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PROGRESS O F
E WORKS.PROGRAM
OCTOBER 15 , 19 36
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Works Progress Administration
HARRY L. HOPKINS,
Administrator
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF
THE WORKS PROGRAM
OCTOBER 15, 1936
CORRINGTON GILL,
Assistant Administrator
EMERSON ROSS,
Director, Division of Research,
Statistics, and Records
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FOREWORD
Works Program employees, taken largely from relief rolls
and numbering approximately 3,800,000 at the end of February
and 3,400,000 at the end of August 1936, have found jobs in
all parts of the coumry on the 100,000 and more project,
prosecuted under the Works Program.
This report revieWB the
various kinds of projects operated by the Works Progress Administration and outlines the activities carried on by the
other agencies participating in the Works Program.
It discusses the workers and their earnings, and summarizes the disposition of the funds provided for the Program by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1936 and 1936. In conclusion, the report devotes a brief section to relief before the
inauguration, and during the operation, of the Works Program.
The statutory provisions and the Executive orders pertaining
to the Program as well as the operating procedures adopted by
the Works Progress Administration are summarized in the first
section of the appendix; this is followed by a section covering Works Program employment and finances.
In Executive Order No. 7034, dated May 6, 1936, the
President created the Works Progress Administration and made
it responsible to him for the honest, efficient, speedy, and
coordinated execution of the work relief program as a whole.
Among the responsibilities with which this agency was charged
ii that of gathering information such as is presented in this
report. The order made it the duty of the Works Progress.Administration to formulate and require uniform periodic reports of the progreBB on all project, and to formulate and
administer a system of uniform periodic reports of the employment on projects.
This report is indebted to the records of the Co111nis1ioner of Accoum1 and Deposits of the Treasury Department
for certain financial data, relating chiefly to obligations
incurred and expenditures made under the Works Program.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
THE WORKS PROGRAM IN REVIEW
• • • • • • • • • • •
1
PROJECTS OF THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION • • • •
4
•
•
•
•
•
•
9
Public Buildings Projects of the WPA
• • • •
WPA Sewer System and Other Utility Projects •
WPA Conservation Projects • • • • • '• • •
Emergency Flood Relief Under WPA • • • • •
Emergency Drought Relief
• • • • • • • •
WPA Park and Other Recreational Facility Projects
WPA Airport and Airway Projects
• • • • •
WPA Sanitation and Health Projects • • • • •
WPA Goods Projects
• • • • • • • • •
WPA White Coll• Projects • • • • • • • •
National Youth Administration
• • • • • • •
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31
41
• •
46
49
52
WP A Highway, Road, end Street Pro;ects
•
PARTICIPATION OF SPONSORS IN THE WORKS
FEDERAL AGENCY PROGRAMS • • • •
Emergency Conservation Work • • •
Non-Federal Division of the Public Works
Resettlement Administration • • • •
Housing
•
•
•
•
•
•
War and Navy Departments
•
•
•
•
• •
• •
• •
• •
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
of Public Roads
• • • • • • •
Land-Use Development • • • • • • •
Statistical, Clerical , and Research Projects • •
Forest, Plan~, and Game Conservation • • •
Works Program in Territories and Possessions
Other Federal Agency Activities • • • •
WORKS
PROGRAM
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
Administration •
• • • • • •
Bureau
WORKERS AND THEIR EARNINGS
•
• • • • •
•
•
•
•
. . . . . .
• • • • • • •
. . . .
• .
• • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
.
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. . . . . . .
22
26
29
32
34
56
59
6!
65
67
69
73
76
79
83
•
89
PROGRAM FUNDS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
100
RELIEF AND THE WORKS PROGRAM • • • •
• • • • • •
18
21
• • • • • • •
APPENDIX A: Statutory Authority, Organization, and Procedures
105
• • • •
111
The Emergency Relief Approp;.tion Acb of 1935 and 1936 • •
Executive Orders • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Operating Procedures of the Works Progress Administration • • •
112
APPENDIX B:
Tables
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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118
123
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The Works Program
•
In
Review
With the twofold objective of giving
jobs to some 3,500,000 destitute, employable
persons and utilizing the efforts of these
people in adding to the country's wealth, the
Works Program was initiated during the summer
of 1935.
This report covers the different
aspects of the Programs
the jobs provided,
the work done, the organizational framework
established for the operation of the Program,
and the setting in which the Program was instituted.
Worlcers
At its employment peak, February 1936,
the Works Program provided jobs airectly to
more than 3,800,000 people, more than 90 percent of whom were from relief rolls.
In excess of 3,000,000 of this number were at work
under the Works Progress Administration, the
balance being either enrolled in .Emergency
Conservation Work (chiefly in the Civilian
Conservation Corps) or employed on projects
of cooperating Federal agencies including the
Public Works Administration and the Bureau of
Pub lie Roads •
Employment has decreased since February
1936 to about 3 1 400,000 persons at the end of
August due to curtailment of the Program in
response to improved conditions in private
industry and seasonal employment in agriculture. This decline ha.s been effected chiefly
by restricting WPA employment, although there
has been a drop of 50,000 jn the number of
CCC enrollees. The reduction has taken place
despite the provision of 135,000 emergency
jobs for drought-stricken farmers (mostly under the WPA) and a 200 1 000 inc:rease in the
employment of Federal agencies other than the
llPA and the CCC.
As of the end of August
1936, the 3,400,000 total was composed of the
f'ollow:l.nga 2,377,000 9111ployed under the WPA,
S86,000 employed under ECW, and 637 1 000 en•
gaged on Works Program projects of other Federal agencies.
Tha youtlha who have
benefited
either
through the student aid program of the National Youth Acbninistration or through parttime work on projects of the National Youth
Administration are not included in employment
totals.
Since the turn of the year., these
youths have numbered as many as 400,000 under
the st.udent aid program and between 175,000
and 200,000 at work on NYA projects.
Payment to persons employed on Works
Program jobs has, with certain exceptions,
been made in accordance with a monthly security earnings schedule based on a number of
relevant factors.
The schedule varies for
different sections of the country and is adjusted according to the skills of workers,
the density of population, and costs of living.
Under the established schedule, actual
average monthly earnings of secm-ity wage
workers employed on Works Progress Administration projects in March 1936 amounted to
approximately $46.
Work habits have been cultivated through
the jobs provided, a factor which makes employees better able to secure private employment and resume their normal place in the
communities where they live.
This is particularly true of the great number of persons
whQse Works Program jobs either utilize old
skills or develop new ones.
The Program has
attempted to make available the proper kind
of jobs through diversification in the types
of work prosecuted.
Proiccts
Considerably over 100,000 projects have
been completed
or are being
prosecuted
throughout the country.
Construction work
has been accorded major emphasis.
This includes building or repair of roads, renovation or construction of public buildings, extexi.sion of public utility facilities, and
other improvements to public property (Federa~, State, and local). State and local projects have been prosecuted under the WPA and
the NA, the latter through grants and loans
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1
by which local and State authorities have
been enabled to undertake substantial construction jobs.
Schools predomi:cate in PviA
projects. The wealth of projects operated by
the WPA constitute the major part of the
Works Program.
New construction and repair
and improvement projects, supplemented
by
white collar projects and projects for women,
have accomplished results of vital significance to the communities where they are prosecuted.
The accomplishments of the CCC,
chiefly in conservation, have likewise been
notable.
Projects for the improvement of
Federal property for the most part have been
carried on by the Federal agencies that normally have jurisdiction
in the various
fields.
The work of the Forest Service in
the national forests illustrates this point.
When emergencies have developed, every
effort has been made to cope successfully
with them by use of Works Program facilities.
In the case of floods, preventive and protective measures have been taken, and where
damage has been done part of the task of reconstruction has been borne by the WPA. During the spring of 1936 emergency flood work
alone involved the transfer of tens of thousands of persons from regular. WPA projects to
emergency flood projects. With the advent of
the drought in the SUL'llller of 1936 the WPA,
aided by other Federal agencies cooperating
in the Works Program, provided employment for
drought-stricken fanners.
Jobs of this kind
totaled 135,000 at the end of August 1936 and
the number was still increasing at that time.
Fremcworlc of
the W orlc1 Pro9rent
The Works Program, as inaugurated under
the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of
1935, coordinated the emergency activities of
the Federal agencies undertaken to provide
security in the form of jobs for the destitute unemployed.
Cooperating in the Works
Program are many of the regular Federal agencies as well as several emergency agencies
which were in existence at the till'le when the
a-ct became effective (n.otably,, the
Public
Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps).
Up9n the passage of the act
three new organizat·ions were created by Executive order, namely, the Works Progress Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and the Rural Electrification Administration.
The Works
Progress
Administration was
given responsibility for the coordinated operation of the entire Works Program.
Thie
responsibility included the making of regulations concerning eligibility for emplopnt.
the investigation of wages and working condi•
tions to aid the President in his determi:cation of policies pertaining thereto, and the
setting-up of a reporting system covering the
Works Program.
The WPA was also given re•
sponsibility for the review of projects submitted and the equalization of employment
provided under ~he Progra111 in various camnn.mities.
The latter
was
aooamplished
through the operation, in oonjunot1on td.-th
projects of other agencies, of a sufficient
number of projects to fill the work relief
requirements of the different conununities.
The National Youth Administration was created
under the Works Progress Administration to
help the needy youth of the Nation either
through a student aid program or by providing part-time jobs on projects.
The Resettlement Administration was assigned the function of aiding the needy rural
population chiefly by making loans or grant,
to farmers. This administration also has operated projects, including land utilization
and suburban housing, and has been inst:rumental in aiding a limited number of farm
families to move from submarginal lands.
The task of transferring persom f'rom
relief to Work& Program jobs was accomplished
with the aid of local relief agencies who
certified employable persons from
relief
rolls to the United States Employment Service.
This agency, in cooperation with the
WPA, assigned workers to Works Program jobs.
Disbursement, accounting. and procurement
of' materials and supplies for the Works JTQ-·
gram have been carried on by the Treasury De•
partment. The Works Program., as thus roughly
sketched, encompasses the cooperative efforts
of 40 agencies.
Funds for the Works Program were provided by the Emergency Re.lief Appropriation Aots
of' 1936 and 1956; under the first an MlOUJd
not to exoeed 14.eso.ooo.ooo was appropriated
and under the second• Jl,425,000,000.
The
President has ma'de allocations of these funds
to the various agencies participating in tbe
Works Program., amounting, as of August Sl,
1936, to $5,430,063,869.
Nearly one billion
dollars was allocated to the Federal Emergency Relief' Administration for continuing
its relief activities until the new Wrka
Program was under way.
Allocations to the
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WPA totaled a little over two billion dollars
while the CCC• the Bureau of Public Roads,
and the PVlA. each have received approximately
one-half billion dollars.
Allocations to
other agencies have been made in. smaller
8JDOunts.
As of August 31, 1936, checks had
been issued to the amount of $3,940,351,932
against the total Works Program allocations.
Baclcgrouncl ol ti. Worlcs Pro9f••
The genesis of a large scale and diversified work program is found in the relief
developments of the past several years. Outstanding among such developments was the
gradual widening of the area of governmental
responsibility for emergency relief activities which progressed, between 1929 and 1933,
from local to State and finally to Federal
participation. Another important development
has been the trend toward work relief.
Some
comments upon these developments are necessary to clarify the objectives and achievements of the Works Program.
Prior to the depression the relief problem centered primarily about the care of unemployables.
The increase in unemployment
which accompanied the business recession beginning in 1929 resulted in widespread demand
for relief of unemployment.
Despite the expansion of local relief and the inauguration
of State unemployment relief measures it was
recognized by the middle of 1932 that neither
State nor local governmental bodies could
cope with the growing relief problem. Federal assumption of part of the relief burden
came in 1932 with provision of $300.000,000
tor loans to States and municipalities to be
used for emergency relief.
In May 19S3 the
Federal Govermnent expanded its relief activities by creating the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and authorizing grants to
States for relief purposes.
Thia step was
necessitated by the magnitude of the relief
problem which, as indicated by relief loads,
involved the care in March 1933 of nearly
s.000.000 families and single persons, or a
total of 20.soo.000 persona including depen•
dents.
Subsequent Federal aid has been provided under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. the CiTil Works Administration,
and the Works Program.
The FERA at the outset accepted as a
desirable objective the extension of the work
relief movement that was already tmder way in
many communities as a part of early State and
local relief activities.
In consequence,
State emergency relief administration work
programs, financed largely by FERA grant,,
were developed.
These programs recognized
the principles that work relief should be
sufficiently diversified to afford jobs suit•
ed to the workers' previous experience and
that relief projects should be genuinely useful to the oo:rmnunity.
The operations of the
CWA in the winter ~onths of 1933-34 gave further impetus to a work program.
Employment
during this period was also provided under
the CCC and the PWA. • Having these preoedmt;1,
the Works Program was inaugurated in 1936 •
With the inception of this program the Federal Government announced its intention ot withdrawing ft-om the field of direct relief and
ooncentrating its energies on the problem of
providing work.
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I
Projects of the Works Progress Administration
Certain fundamental factors have governed the selection of projects prosecuted
under the WPA. One primary consideration has
been to create jobs sufficiently diverse to
fit the varied abilities of from two to three
million employable persons in need of relief.
This required selection of projects in the
various communities which were adapted, as
far as possible, to the occupational training
of available laborers.
Another factor was
the necessity ot using the available manp01V8r on projects genuinely benefiting the
communities where they were sponsored.
In
some oases the work 1-.s t aken the form of constructing permanent buildings and other fa.cili ties or reconditioning existing
structures
and equipment. Al though this work was highly
desirable, it could not have been performed
without the aid extended by the WPA. In other
oases projects have provided cultural opportunities to a large number of needy citizens.
Since practically all ,WPA projects are proposed and sponsored by local authorities, the
WPA undertakings serve both the needs and desires of the communities where they are operated.
ly skilled or t echnical labor to a:ay oonsidable extent received little emphasis under
the WPA program.
Most of the projects selected for operation were necessarily of the
types which provide employment
for large
numbers of unskilled workers. For this group
certain types of highway, road, and street
projects, conservation, public utility, sanitation and health, and recreational projects have been found suitable.
Since a large majority of all employable
workers on relief rolls are unskilled laborer s, projects requiring the services of high-
Anot her group was composed of approximately half a million women who are heads of
relief families.
With the exception of
Although not nearly so ntnnerous as the
unskilled group, a large ntnnber of skilled
and semiskilled workers were certified by
local relief agencies as eligible for emEmployployment under the Works Program.
ment for these 1f0rkers has been provided by
many of the types of projects listed above,
and more particularly by public buildings
projects.
Professional and technical persons composed another group of unemployed persons in
need of relief.
It is primarily for these
persons that white collar projects have been
instituted.
JltMml OI Pllt80JIS IMPLOD:D, IRXN, DD URJIDGS CB WPA JIRo.JD:."!S, Br
nm
o, Jlll)J1L"!S
Sedmon-tbly Perio4 W1ag A-agat 15, 1936
(Subject to Rnilion )
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s.... .,.nais al nMr wtWUn
.ur,.rt• aal nbe ~ U o a
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Geo48
Salv.tt.. -
Meoell1■ens
V
~!!!f.~
1f
C'Oellt
V
:r..1. . . 1Ml1c oup.
~T-iiii
$59,641,157 100.0
2,282,654
100.0
117,854,694
100.0
817,836
219,211
233,ffl
06,201
35.8
4,005,m.
10,220,372
11,eoo,1!0
.,818,292
9,712,Sl86
2,741,280
lA,129,515
34.0
1'1,V19
~,386
241,091
290,m
•al.tk
....~;re#
69,881
69,337
9.6
io.,
4.2
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16,212,042
3,590,595
3,719,41
a.,
9.8
4.1
a.2
2.3
12.0
u.e
3.0
1.2
18,732,282
0,490,163
6,060,889
2,380,217
5,050,267
1, 48, 728
t,119,7GO
0,565,5e0
J..518,CMO
1,70611261
31.44
10.e
u.2
4.0
8.5
2.4
15.3
u.o
2.5
2.0
PIR0lllUGZ DDTRIBfflOB or DIPLOD&ENT, HOUR~ .ABD llRIIBGS
(S WPA. CQlCS:fRlk.,ttUN JBD 1101'-c-oNS'.rRU~ ~
S ~ P.-1.ocl
Win, A..-t
15, 1936
(hb.2e<>~ '9 Rrd..S.on)
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lilDJ.oYMDt llo1lra
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n ....., roaa.,
&114 •beet•
Pllblio buil41nga
Sftff . , . . ~ u4 other 11tilitiea
otllar Aft' ooutnoUon
Jlepa1n aD4
Dip'VtWll'h
lli~ya, roacta, u4 atreeta
Pulio litt\l41na(I
_,..1;_
Sftff
an4 other uUlitiea
other repa1.ra and improTemeDta
N~V
V
100.0
100.0
100.0
72.0
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60.2
30.5
lln Couvaotion
. . p.1 ....
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28.0
30.7
3.9
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40.0
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2.2
8.5
30.8
1936. Eighty-six percent of the
sppnsors' funds a.re being spent for
materiala-, .supplies, attd equipment,
and other non-labor costs. Federal
funds a.re used predominantly { 7 8
percent) for meeting payrolls. Out
of each $100 made available for WPA
projeots $36 goes for the repair
and construotion of highway~ roads,
and streets, $13 for improvement to
parks and other recreational facilities, and $12 for work on public
buildings. Funds for sewer. systems
and other utilities projects, -white
oolla.r projects, and goods projects
accounted for $10, $9, and $8, respectively, of the $100.
Smaller
amounts a.re being expended for conservation, sanitation and health,
and airport and other transportation projects.
Inolu4ea white oollaJ' pl"Ojeota, foocla pl"Ojeota, forestation.,
...pnitatioa ul bealth, cU.Jtribution of aurplu ocmao41~••
women aui ted to employment on wh1 te collar
projects, their abilities were not such as
could be utilized to any considerable extent
on the types of projects mentioned above.
Consequently goods projects (for the most part
sewing projects) were initiated for these
workers.
Individual projects of' each type included under the WPA program were selected not
only on the bas~s of their suitability for
providing the proper types of jobs but also
in view of other carefully considered factors.
These factors include the proximity of the
project site to the supply of relief labor,
the proportion of total costs that sponsors
were willing to assume, and the proportion ot
Federal funds to be expended directly for
wages of persons in need of relief.
There wa.s need also to make certain that
the work involved did not displace regular
employees of local governmental bodies, that
engineering plans for all construction projects were sound, and that the work on all
~rojects in each conununity was ao scheduled
as to insure operation of a suffieiently diverse work program at ,~11 seasons of the year.
Local projeot sponsors and the Federal
Gover:mnent have provided funds jointly- for
the operation of WPA projects.
Sponsors
pledged mot"e than 18 percent of the estimated
cost of project• selected through Apri 1 16 ,
The emphasis that is being
placed upon the various types of
projects is indicated by the distri1:>utions of employment, hours worked, and ea.ming~ &n WPA projects during the first half' of
Au·gust 1936. Highway, road, and street project,, account fer about a third of the WPA program. Approximately 10 percent of total WPA
activity takes place on each of five types of
projects, i.e •• public buildings, sewer systems and other utilities, recreational facilities, white collar projects, and goods projects. The remaining types are substantially
less important.
The majority of the projects operated
under the 'WPA are of the construction type
which provided about 70 percent of total WPA
employment during the first half of August.
New construction accounted ror somewhat less
than ha1 f, and the remainder consisted of repair and improvement work.
Highllay, road,
and atreet work predominated among the construction projects. as indicated in the accompanying table.
The
non-oonstruc ti on
ALL WPA PROJECTS
Wases & Salaries
Materials Etc.
WPA
Funds
Sponsors'
Funds
331.
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671.
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WATER FILTERS
MOSQUITO ERADICAT ION
CLERICAL WORK
At Worlc on
CHEMICAL
HOT LUNCHES FOR
SCHOOL CHILDREN
RESEARCH
SEWING PROJECT
f ,.
STADIUM CONSTRUCTION
FARM-TO-MARKET ROAD
WPA
Projects
PUBLIC
BUILDINGS
NEW SIDEWALKS
FLOOD CONTROL
group consists for
the most part of
white collar, forestation, sanitation and health,
and women's projects.
DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS WORKED ON WPA PROJECTS
By Types of Projects
*
October 1935 to Ausust 1936
PHCIENT
PUCDff
..~.~~~-,-,--.. . . ,. .,. ,. .,. .,-;--.-..-.-.---------!~/~)~/
100 - - - - - - · -
~.~.~
· ·· ·'.
MIIClL~:~~::.......--.~
IANfTATlON
IO -
100
•:-:-: -:-:_;:::::::::::_::::::::::::-::::::::::'- 90
a HI.ALT.,._
"';:::;;o'in°.\~«:t-
IO
The acoompany'"""' a
70 ing chart shows haw
,,.c,unu
the hours worked
IO 60
on different types
•••••
•.·.·. •, •.·
CONIIJIYAT10,._
,uauc UTILfTIIEStprojects
of WPA
50 50
distributed
were
,u■uc ■UILDINCS~: ~: ~: ~:::::: : ~:; :~: ~: ~: ~ :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : •: ••
40 during the period
from October 1935
JO JO
to August 15, 1936.
Not until December
20 20
1935 had the pro10 10
gram expanded to
in
quota levels
0
0 - - - - - - OCT
,
many States and,
1935
1936
as a result, the
early distribution
• N...,.. lncllltle • Nllativefy •man number of houn credited in
a.-• •.-Y wort<od durlns the period.
among
of hours
different kinds of
highly skilled or technical workers were emprojects was influenced by the types of proj\VPA workers have
ployed on the projects.
areas
those
in
ects given particular emphasis
avera~ed 44 cents per hour during the operawhere t~e WPA program first got under way.
tion of the program. The higher hourly earnOne of these areas was New York City, where
ing on white collar projects and on public
park work has always cccupied a leading posibuildings projects (averaging 60 oents and
tio.n, hence the e~r ly stress on this work in
.Another factor tend55 cents. respect ively) may be attributed to
the country's average.
prothe fact that large proportions of persons
ing to make early operations of the WPA
employed on these types of work were skilled•
gram somewhat different from those of later
technical a.nd professional workers and to the
months was the comparative ease with which
certain types of projects could be started.
concentration of these projects in urban cenWork which required less extensive planning,
ters where higher r ates are paid.
and the use of a relatively small amount of
equipment and materials, could be initiated
AVJ:IW;I HOURLY ~ ON 1'PA FROJIC'rS,
Thus, af'ter the drive to provide
promptly.
BY TYPES or PROJIX:TS j/
WPA jobs during November, employment on highOoto'bc- l, 1~5 to AUC'Ut 15• 1936
way, road, and street projects represented a
greater share of the total WPA program than
(Su"9ot to Rnilin)
during subsequent months.
.lTerage
OTHIUI:
RICltl.ATlONAL ►
NOV
White collar, goods, and public buildin importanoe
ings projects have increased
since the early months of the program. These
increases have come about me.inly as offsets
to the enrly over-emphasis accorded highway,
road, and street projects and conservation
work.
Average hourly earnings of persons employed on WPA projects varied among the types
of projects according to their concentration
in regions of hig\1 or low prevailing wage
rates and according to the extent to which
O[C
JAH
..
.....
MAY
APR
JUN(
AUQ
JULY
Hourly
Type of Pro~
E&rninge
(cgta l
TOf.&I,
Highw.ya, roa41• an4 11:Ntrh
Publlo lndl41nt•
~-3
Para u4 other NONaUonal faoilitiee
ConaerftUOll
Sewer .,at.a an4 othar utWUea
ilrporte an4 oti..r t.:ranaport&tion
White collar
Goo4a
Sui t&tion an4 health
Mieoell&Deou
!/ J::IIOluahe
of work oampa.
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51.1
41..6
45.4
46.7
6().2
36••
36.2
40.5
WPA Highway, Road and Street Projects
The most important among
the various activities car•
ried out under tr-e WPA program is the work being done
to
improve
the ootmtry •s
thoroughfares.
Projeots of
this kind, while improving
transportation facilities in all parts of the
oountry, also serve particularly well in providing suitable jobs for a large number of
persons in need of relief.
Not only beoause
of their universality and their oapaoity to
·use available relief labor, but also beoause
of constant demands from the public for im•
proving and extending highways, roads, and
1treets, these projects have been stressed to
the extent that they account for well over a
third of the total WPA program. In giving
expression to popular demands, looe.l publio
administrative bodies entrusted 'with road and
street work have sponsored a wealth of projects that are intended to serve local needs.
The projects chosen for operation from this
group are for work on both primary and secondary roads, on streets, alleys, and sidewalks,
and on roadside improvements, bridges and vie.ducts.
ed by many local governmental bodies because
of inadequate funds.
Roads were of'tien in
poor condition, streets had become rutted and
worn, and many bridges were in serious need
of repair.
Through failure to remove sharp
curves and dangerous grade crossings, the
public was subjected to inconvenience and
danger.
Work to alleviate these conditions,
b9gun under the CWA and carried on under the
FERA, is being continued under the Works frcg::-ess Administration.
Roadc and streets are
being drained and resurfaced and new macadam
or bituminous surfaced streets are being constructed in sections hitherto served only by
dirt roads.
Markets are being made more aooessible to farmers and other rural citizens
through
L~provements to secondary roads.
Brush, fallen rock. and earth are being removed from roadsides.
Sidewalks and curbs
are beinb constructed and bridges and via•
ducts are being reconstructed or replaced by
safe modern structures.
To a limited extent
grade orossings are being eliminated through
relocation of roads or construction of underpasses or overpasses.
The need for the WPA highway, road, and
street program is in no small measure due to
the fact that during the early years of tho
depression these facilities had been neglect-
The farm-to-market road aspect of the
program, which comprises about a third of all
the road and street vrork undertaken, involvos
a variety of improvements to the dirt roads
Kinds
of Projects
HIGHWAY
DIPROVBMEHT
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distribution, es in
the
case of a projBy Counties June 30, 1936
ect in Florida. A
minor portion
of
the secondary road
work is being performed
on gravel
and macadam roads.
In all cases the
activity
is concerned with conditioning and reconditioning roads for
motor tra~el. Heretofore, automobiles
and
trucks
have
been of
limited
value to farmers in
many localities because the modern,
Countte. In which operation of one or more
low-slung motor ve•
STREET & ALLEY prolecb
haa bNn undertaken
hicle
cannot
be
driven successfully
of the country.
Sometimes this road work
over soft or deeply rutted roads.
consists merely in filling in hollows which
Street improvement projects account for
do not interfere with travel under normal
about a fourth of the funds being spent on
conditions but render roads impassable in
the entire highway, road, and street program.
rainy weather. In other instances projects
Such projects include the widenine; of streets
call f'or grading and leveling to remove ruts
and low places and insure better drainage.
to relieve traffic congestion and provide
added parking space, the removal of abandoned
In this connection, drainage ditches frequently must be dug.
Dangerous curves have
streetcar tracks, and the replacement of
been removed from meny roads by WPA projects
rough cobblestone paving with even-surfaced
involving excavation and hauling of earth and
concrete and asphalt. In extending the benestone to other sections of roads which need
fits of paved streets to new or neglected
neighborhoods, the WPA is cooperating with
filling in.
Often road beds are elevated to
sponsoring municipal departments whose r eguimprove drainage and raise the level suffilar function is to plan and carry out these
ciently to keep the road free from snow in
winter.
On some projects gravel or macad8Jll
improvements.
As a general rule the wor k is
is added to the surface, while on others the
being coordinated with the activitie s of
o~her city denA..rtments.
dirt surfaoe is retained but put in
good
Before a street is
condition.
WPA
STREET
PROJECTS
Frequently, excellent materials to pro•
a hard surface are found near at hand.
On roads being improved near the seacoast,
for example, shells and marl are used. On
inland roa1s, rocks available from nearby
farms are broken up with sledge hamners,
hauled away, and run through crushers to provide crushed stone for road surfaces.
Work•
ers on some projects are also removing hedges
from rights-or-way and building fences along
the most dangerous banks.
vide
In some
instances the secondary roads
from mines (rather than farms) to mar•
kets, as in certain sections of West Virginia,
or from coastal fishing waters to centers of
lead
ASPHALT SURFACiffO
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res ur faced or a new pavement laid, all necessary sanitary and storm sewers are put in ,o
· that the new surface will not have to be torn
up later. Wherever po s s ible, materials
are
salvaged when streets are torn up to make way
for new boulevards. Old concrete pavement is
frequently broken up and u sed in foundations
for macadam surfaces.
Improvement of alleys
in urban residential areas by WPA workers ia
rendering garages more accessible, facilitating deliveries of merchandise, and insuring
more sanitary drainage.
1:00RI .DID IAREJICS OJf WP.&. HICBUY, ROAD
.ilD S'l'RD:r PROJJL"fS
l:IDludint illd.ni1tratift Jaployee1
()otONI" 1935 to
J"Cll1' 1936
(SU.,eot te lma1oa)
.........
f;
Hour
l&>a'\h
Roura
t'.rhouaan41l
l&rn1llg1 111.rning,
(!houaanu) (Cent,)
976,684
$380,1"'6
38.9
10,208
23,037
,e.o
Deoab•
26,862
61,157
116,653
1936
.fan11&1"7
130,364
TO'li.L
1935
?Joro'bcNo"Nllber
Employment end E•nings
For four months last winter more than
1,000,000 men were employed by the WPA on
highway, road, and street projects. About a
third of these worked on farm-to-market roads
and a fifth on streets and alleys.
Subsequently employment fell off , with the result
that in July about 776,000 persons were at
work on the combined group of projects,
and roughly the same proportion applied to
the distribution of workers among the different types of projects as ~xisted during the
winter.
During the f irst half of August the
number increased to nearly 818,000 persons
since a large proportion of the emergency
drought cases were furnished employment on
road projects.
WPA
The State having the largest number of
workers on highway, road, and street
projects during the first half of August was
Pennsylvania, with approximately
143,000.
Nearly 67,000 were employed in Ohio, a 11-ttl•
over 67,000 in Illinois, almost 83 1 000 in
l41.chigan, about 31 1 000 in New York City, and
S0,000 in Indiana. 191th respect to the vari•
1•m"UAl"7
130,948
-
128,617
109,321
97,172
lfa1"Qb
.April
J,me
91,242
84,348
JaJ:r
43,!560
'48,313
49,033
49,684
412,806
39,422
37,433
36,~
-n.7
-n.3
n.1
37.-4
38.6
39.2
'40.6
41.0
43.5
ous State WPA programs as a whole, North Dakota and West Virginia were employing the
largest percentage of their workers on highway, road, and street projects. North Dakota's total represented nearly 70 percent of
it• aggregate employment,and West Virginia'~
approximately two-thirds.
Other states employing more than half of their workers on
the road and street program weres
Kentucky,
Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Maine, and Arkansas.
Farm-to-market road projects were
being stressed in Arkansas, Maine, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and West Virginia, all of which gave employment to more
than a third of their workers on this type of
project a• oompared to 12 percent in the
oountry as a whole.
Street and alley projeots were emphasized particularly in Conneoticut, Maryland, and Michigan, which were employing 1Se4 percent, 20.6 peroent, and 16.1
percent, respectively, of their workers on
street construction and repair work while the
number of persons employed on that type of
project throughout the oountry represented
7.6 percent of all WPA employees.
Average hourly earnings on highway,
road, and street projects ranged from a low
rate of 37 cents during December, January,
and February to a high of 45.6 oents in the
first half of August (see above table and the
table on page 134). The trend ha• been steadi•
ly upward for every month in the present year.
On secondary road projects earnings were lowest, averaging from 30 to 39 cents per hour.
while on street and alley work the rate in•
l:':~:-.
,...:-•
·-·
11
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cree.sed from 41 oents in December 1935 to
nearly 50 cents in August 1936.
Workers on
grade-crossing elilnination, who represented a
very minor portion of the amployees on highway, road, and street projects, received the
highest hourly pay, averaging 57.4 cents per
hour during the first half of August.
The total estimated oost of highway,
road, and street projects selected for operation in the United States through April 15
Highways Roads & Streets
Materials Etc.
·
Wases & Salaries
WPA
Funds
Sponsors'
Funds
37Z
63Z
was a little over $528,500,000, or 36 percent
of the estimated oost of all WPA projects.
Farm-to-market roads accounted for 32 peroent
of this total; streets and alleys for 27 percent; roadside improvement for ll percent;
sidewalks, curbs. and paths for 3 percent;
bridges e.Ii.d viaducts for 3 percent; highways
for 2 percent; grade-crossing elimination for
less than l percent; and projects classifiable imder more than one of the above headings for 22 percent.
Sponsors' funds comprised 22 percent of the total estimated cost
of the work undertaken.
Sixty-three percent
of funds from all sources was to be expended
for labor and 37 percent for other oosts.
About 71 percent of the estimated total cost
represented repairs and improvements, and 29
percent represented new construction.
Expenditures for aaterials, supplies,
and equipment for use on highway, road, and
street projects amounted to about $71,000,000
through August 1936. This represented
approximately one-third of the amount expended
for this purpose on all WPA projects from
both Federal and sponsors' funds.
In addition to the road and street work
being carried o·.:, ·.__-:y the WPA, projects of a
similar nature are being prosecuted throughout the United States and its Territories by
such Federal agencies as the Bureau of Public
Roads, the National Park Service, and the Civilian Conservation Corps.
These activities
are described in an ensuing aection of this
report.
Public Buildings Projects of the WPA
Of all industries in the
United States, the building
industry was probably most
severely hit by the depression.
Consequently,
over
400,000 skilled
and semiskilled workers in the building industry were found on ralief rolls at
the beginning of the WPA program.
These included such persons as
bricklayers, carpenters, cement finishers,
electricians,
painters, plumbers, truck drivers, and sheet
metal workers.
To provide employment for
this group, an extensive program of repairs
and construction of public buildings was inaugurated by the WPA.
In addition to miscellaneous repairs, painting, and renovating,
this program includes more extensive activities such as improvements to electrical wiring systems, elimination of fire hazards,
modernization of water, heating, and sanitation systems, construction of schoolhouses,
and additions to existing structures.
In some communities,
administrative
buildings such as the city hall, the courthouse, or the firehouse were in urgent need
of repair, modernization 1 or replacement. In
one city the number of tubercular patients
requiring care necessitated construction of a
sanitarium for their proper treatment; in
sti'll another the library had grown too small
for the demands placed upon it. School facil~
i ties were in some instances inadequate for
12
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the increased enrollment.
The erection of
oammunity oenters with social and recreational facilities also was recognized as a means
of integrating community life and of providing socially desirable activities for young
school only part time or were housed in temporary structures and condemned buildings because of inadequate facilities.
To provide
accommodations for such pupils, as well as to
improve existing equipnent, extensive school
WPA EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS PROJECTS
building operations
were undertaken by
By Counties
June 30, 1936
the WPA in every
State of the Union,
both in urban centers and in rural
areas.
■
C:......lll w h l d i ~ •f-ormoN
IIDUCATIOIIIAL ■UILDINCI -Jecb
.................
people.
other projects involve the improvement of grounds on which public buildings are
located.
Of the several types of public building
work, projects for the repair and construction of schools have been most frequently requested because of the continual increases in
enrollment and the deterioration of existing
school facilities.
It has been estimated
that in 1932 about 2,700,000 pupils attended
Illustrating
one kind of work
being carried
on
under this phase of
the public buildings program is the
construction of a
two-story
modern
"little red schoolhouse II in the eastern part of Maryland to replace a
dilapidated wooden
structure built in
1876 and long considered unsafe. For 10 years the local county board of education had sought unsuccessfully to obtain the funds needed to remedy
this situation.
---~- . .
To keep the costs of the school buildings at a minimum the materials used in construction are manufactured, wherever possible, by the WPA workers themselves. In a few
oases bricks were ma.de, but more of'ten native
stone or logs out from adjacent 110odlands
are used as the basic construction material.
In one instance in eastern Colorado material
crune from a quarry located nearby from which
chalk-white stone could readily be out with a
power saw.
Special types of improvements to schools
include the installation of new blackboards,
modern electrical fire alarm systems, refinishing desks and furniture, and covering dilapidated walls with fabricated wallboard.
As a result of these and other major structural improvements, the life and usef'ulnesa
of buildings have been prolonged. Modernization of some old buildings and replacement of
others, in addition to providing work for the
lQoal unemployed, have resulted in raising
educational standards.
WPA GYDASIUJI
In addition
to
grade
and
aeoondary
11
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sohools, the educational buildings program is
improving the physical equipment of schools
for the blind and deaf, as well as of public
colleges, universities, and musewns.
Particular emphasis has been plaoed on
the sohool buildings program in New Mexico
where nearly 15 peroent of the total employment is provided on eduoational buildings as
compared with 3 percent for the
country as a whole. In Kentucky and
Maryland approximately 8 percent of
the workers were employed on eduoational buildings.
Hours Ind Earnings
Employment
During the semiJnonthly period
ending August 15, repairs and oonstruction work on public buildings
provided
10,000,000 man-hours of
employment, of which almost a third
were utilized on eduoational buildings. About a sixth of the total employment
was devoted to work on social and reoreation&l buildings, over an eighth 1D improvement of
grounds around buildings, and work on administrati-o:e buildings acooUIIted for approximately a tenth.
Most of the remainder was
spent on oharitable, medical, and mental institutions, Federal buildings, and housing
projects.
Work on public buildings has provided
between 7 percent and 10 peroent of the employment on all WPA pr ojects since the inception of the Works Program.
The number
of
persons employed on projects of this type increased rapidly during the autumn months of
1935 until almost 200,000 were at work in Deoember. After reaching a peak of nearly
260 1 000 workers in March 1936, 8111ployment deEarnings of -WPA workers on all types of
clined gradually.
The 219,000 workers empublio buildings averaged about 63 oenta an
ployed on public buildings projeots during
hour duri111 the half month, or 12 oents more
the first half of August represented 10 perthan the average for all WPA projeots. This
oent of all WPA workers.
DitPLO?YENT .lllD BOORLY l'.AlUO:NGS ON 11P£ PUBLIC BUIU>~
PROJJCrS, BY TYPES
or
BUILDINGS
The relative i.mportanoe of
Zmluding .Amdm.atrathe :111:plo:,eea
work on public buildings in the
various State WPA programs has
Seadmonth~ Period lncll.ng August 15, 1936
va.ried oonsiderably.
Although
(Subjeot to Rmsion}
the number of persons employed on
lffft,building projeots during the semiBevJT
Type
of
Baililllf
monthly period ending August 15
P•aou
(Cata
Hii\iii U'O
represented about 10 percent of
all WPA workers, as muoh as 28
TOTil
219,211 100.0
62.9
peroent of the employment under
£dminbtrati ff
24,076
11.0
71.4
New York's WPA program was provid•
Chari table, madioa.1 1 and
ed on suoh projeots.
Nearly a
mental institutiona
18,240
8.3
76e0
.fourth of the workers in New MexiJ:duoatio n&1.
71,461
32.6
63.7
Sooi&l am reoreational.
34,498
15.7
!57.e
oo and 19 peroent in Arizona were
1e4eral Gonrment ( memployed on this type of projeot,
oluding mill taey and naT&l.)
17,700
e.1
63.6
ImproTa:De!lt of ,rounda
llhile approximately 16 peroent of
29,208
13.3
48.5
Houd.nt
8,730
4.0
61.8
the workers in Louisiana., Mary15,298
other V
1.0
69e3
land, Florida, South Carolina, and
utah were 10 ocoupied.
At the
y Iaolu4ea proJeota ola11if1able under more than ou ot the
other extreme, public buildings
hea41aga above.
projeots in Oregon and Maine .furnished work .for less than 3 percent of all
higher wage rate is due prinoipally to the
per•ona employed on the WPA program in those
large proportion of skilled and teohnioal l&•
State••
bor used on publio buildings projeots 1.114 the
~°iii J:ani:f•
1,
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relatiftly high wages prevailing in the construction industry.
Affrage hourly earnings
varied on the different types of' buildings
according to the proportion of highly trained
workers employed, and the concentration of'
the projects in regions of high or low prevailing wage rates. The highest average wage,
76 cents per hour, was paid to workers on
buildings f'or charitable, medical, and mental
in1ti tutions, while the workers receiving the
lowst average earnings were those employed
on impro'V9818nt ot grounds around publ i c
buildings.
buildings program.
Sponsors ot these proj•
eots agreed to supply almost 28 percent of
the required costs.
A like proportion n.1
provided by sponsors of buildings tor social
and recreational purposes which, troa a cost
standpoint, comprise about 16 percent of that
of' all public buildings.
Administrative
buildings and those for charitable, :medical,
and mental institutions were the only other
types that represented :more than 10 percent
of the cost of all public buildings.
Sponsors' funds on all these types averaged nearly 23 percent.
The estimated cost of the 13,325 WPA
public buildings projects selected for operation as ot April 16 amounted to nearly $168,000,000 (roughly 12 percent of' the total val-
The public buildings program not only
provides direct employment but also -.lees a
substantial contribution to general industrial recovery because ot the large quantities ot building materials used.
Industries
particularly benefited are those manufacturing lumber, bricks, cement, tile, concrete,
and heating, plumbing, and electrical equipment. Through August 1936 expenditures for
materials, supplies, and equipment used on
buildings projects amounted to nearly $41,000,000, of which 58.3 percent came from Federal and 41. 7 percent from sponsors' funds.
These expenditures represented 19 percent of
total WPA purchases of m.teriala, supplies,
and equipment.
Public
Bui Id
•
In
9
5
W..S &Salaries
Materials Etc.
~ WFunds
PA
Sponsors'
Funcl1
371.
631.
ue of all WPA projects), or an average cost
per project of $12,680. Repair work, a.mounting to approximately $95,000,000, constituted
57 percent of' the estimated cost.
More than 6,000 of the projects selected
W9re tor educational buildings, estimated to
cost approximately $60,000,000, or in excess
of' one-third of the cost of the entire public
:?ublio building activities with Works
Program funds have been conducted by a number
of other Federal agencies during the past
year.
These ·include construction and improvement of public buildings (particularly
school buildings) and housing projects. Detailed discussions of the Works Program operations or these agencies appear in a subsequent section.
A DW BRICK SCHOOL REPLACES THE OLD
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16
WPA Sewer System and Other Utility Projects
During the
past year
coI!lllunities in all parts of
the country have been enabled
by emergency relief funds to
improve their sewer systems
and other public utilities
a.nd at the same time work has
been provided for the unemployed. Activity
of the WPA in the public utility field haa
made possible the correction and replacement
of faulty systems in urban areas and has en•
abled to,mships and rural communities to modernize their facilities. Serious health menaces have been eliminated through some of the
projects; through others, a more ample water
supply for fire protection has been assured
in localities where it has been inadequate.
Hundreds of dollars have been saved taxpayers
through the discovery and repair of leaks in
the main water lines.
Public utility projects constitute about
a tenth of the entire WPA program. They consist of construotion and improvement of water
purification and supply systems, sewer systems, and electric power generation and distribut1on facilities.
to
prevent
the
flooding
of
The replacement of a 67-year-old sewer
in the center of the business section of
Utica, New York, is one of the types of sewer
system work done by the WPA.
Since the installation of the original system in 1869,
many buildings have been erected in the vicinity with their cellars below the level of
the old pipe line, necessitating replacement
of the line at twice the original depth.
Plans called for six weeks' operation, but in
order not to hinder business unduly it was
decided to prosecute the project continuously
in three 8-hour shifts by the use of flares
and eleotrio lights. This procedure resulted
in less than a week's delay to traffio in
that congested section.
Six feet below the
surface, platforms were erected on which to
load dirt temporarily .before bringing it to
the street level.
Pipes were placed, · manholes were constructed so that lateral outlets could be connected, and the trench was
backfilled carefully in order that the top
dressing could be spread with minimum delay.
The project wa.s completed at a cost of $3,986,
·~ "'i-{ '*
-:.
)
storm sewers
streets.
~..,,...._,....,....,.,.
CONSTRUCTION OF A SEWAGE DISPOSAL PLANT
FOUNDATION FOR A RESERVOIR
several htmdred dollars less than
Sewer Systems
estimated.
Construction and repair of sewer systems
represent about two-thirds of the cost of all
WPA public utility projects.
Work on sewer
systems includes repair of leaks, rectification of illlproper drainage,
clearance of
ditches and atom sewers, extension of sewer
lines, installation of manholes to allow for
more efficient flushing, and construction of
Weter Systems
originally
Projeots involving oonstruction and improvement of water purification and supply
systems represent nearly a fourth of the total estimated oost of WPA public utility
projects. The soope of these projects varies
16
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trom the extension of existing systems to the
design and construction of complete new systems with pipe lines, pwnping stations, end
reservoirs.
One small township in West Virginia was
recently faced with the problem of obtaining
a new source of water supply.
A mining oom•
pany a short distance away had provided water
for the town for many years at the high average rate of $2.50 per 11 000 gallons.
Water
scarcity caused by drought resulted in the
mine's refusal to renew the water contract.
Consequently the town arranged to obtain a
plentiful supply at a ~uch lower price from a
neighboring city which has a large water
plant and a good water supply. Ple.ns are now
under way for the laying of 19,500 feet of 3inch water mains to connect the town with the
new source of supply.
The townspeople have
raised the Jl,860 required in addition to the
tl2,547 which the WPA will expend on the
project. Completion of this project will result in a permanent supply of good water and
a large saving on water bills.
work as gas development.
About 6 peroent of
the total estimated cost of all public utility projects is to be expended on this group.
Employment and Earnings
Although some public utility projects
had been started by the end of August 1936,
this phase of the program did not get well
under way until November. · The peak in employment, totaling about 274,000 persons, was
reached in the early spring of 1936 and has
been followed by a gradual decline.
During
the two weeks ending August 16, approximately
192,000 persons were working on WPA public
utility projects.
Persons working on sewer
systems aooounted for 72 percent of this total} those employed on water purification and
supply systems constituted 21 percent. Electric utility project employees accounted for
only 2 percent and the miscellaneous group
for about 6 percent of this employment•
The 192,000 persons employed on public
utility projects during the first half of
August 1936 represented approximately 8 perOther Ut~1ty Pro;ccts
cent of the workers on all WPA projects.
Projects of this type were operating in every
Electrification projects, representing
State of the Union but their relative impornot quite 2 percent of the total estimated tance in the various State WPA programs vaoost of all WPA public utility projects, inried considerably.
In six States - Georgia,
Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York (excl~sive of
JMPLODmf.l' .Am> HCIORLT UUfINGS OH WPJ. Snn:R SYS'lDi
JJ11D O'.rBJll U'lILl!'T monms, 11T ~ ar PROJJt'TS
New Ycn-k City), and Rhode Island
- and in the District of Columbia, such projects constituted
a much greater portion of the
S.S-n~ Pei.el
A.,....-t 1!51 1936
program than in the country as a
(M.feot to Rnlalon)
whole, more than 16 percent of
the workers being employed on
Hour~
utility projects
in
each of
~ of Pzio.tM
these States.
In eight other
States - Arizona, Arkansas, llia101,m 100.0
'IOf.G
52.0
siss1pp1, Nevada, New Mexico,
«>,667
21.2
- . parifte&Uoa • • ~
North Dakota, Oregon, and Ten138,305
12.1
52.0
nessee
- however, the construcl:1aotrJ.o. 1$llit1oa
.,21!5
2.1
57.2
tion and improvement 0£ ~ublio
8,792
•.e
utilities
received relativoly
little
emphasis,
employment of
I/ IMhllea . - ~ • olaad.fS.able 1lll4e aoN thaa o• of the
thia type amounting to less than
i,-,,-,. · - ·
3 percent of the State total.
volve the construction or generating plants
or the ereotion of transmission and distribuA total of tS,060,000 was paid to WPA
tion lines.
public utility employees for 9,713,000 hours
of 1'0rk during the s•imonthly period ending
llisoellaneous utility projects are made
Auguat 15, resulting in an average hourly
up of combinations of the three main types,
wage rate or 68 oent1 aa compared to ~o.e
but also include isolated inste.noes of
such
cent ■ for all WPA workers.
The 1'0rkers on
11141n'
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~~..
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electric utilities were paid the highest average rate, slightly more than 57 cents per
hour, due largely to the greater proportion
of skilled and technical workers employed.
The table on page 17 shows the average earnings for persons employed on each type ot
p~•oject.
The estimated cost of 11PA public utility
projects seleoted for operation through April
16 totaled approximately $145,ooo,ooo,
or
10 percent of the cost of all 'WPA projects.
Sponsors have assumed
responsibility for
nearly one-fourth of the oost of all public
utility projects but have underwritten a larger proportion of the cost of water purification and supply system projects than of the
other types.
!Deal sponsors supply a large
Sewers & Other Utilities
Material Etc
Wasa & Salaries
WPA
Funds
~•ors'
Funcls
401.
part of the materials, supplies, and equipment necessary for the prosecution of public
utility construction projects, thereby permitting the greater proportion of Federal
funds to be expended for labor.
Through Au•
gust 1936 the value of materials, supplies,
and equipment used for WPA public utility
projects amounted to approximately $34,000,•
000, or 16 percent of the total of such costs
for all WPA projects.
In addition to constituting an important
portion of the WPA program, public utility
projects also form a significant part of the
work under the Non-Federal Division of -the
Public Works Administration. Water syetem
projects are the greatest in number, while
oonstruction projects tor sewer systems involve the greatest expenditure among the public utility projects
prosecuted by this
agency. That phase of the WPA public utility
work whiah consists of electric power generation and distribution finds some parallel in
the work of the Rural Electrification Adminiltration which is attempting to
extend
the use ot eleotrioity in rural areas. (Subsequent sections ot this
report discuss
these PWA and Rural Electritication activ•
ities).
601.
WPA Conservation Projects
In keeping with the general recognition of the need
for conservation measures, a
group of projects has been
included in the WPA program
whose objective is that of
protecting and developing the
national resources as well as preventing, in
some measure at least, the destruction and
loss so o:rten associated with floods and
drought•
The need for the latter kind or
conservation work has been reemphasized b1
experiences of the current year.
The work
that has been done to alleviate the distress
and loss following in the wake of recent
floods and drought is noted elsewhere in this
section, in the discussion of emergency flood
and drought relief•
The WPA has also instituted projects which tend to preyent the re-
currenQe of serious damage. These activities
are included within the conservation group in
addition to other work equally constructive
though less dramatic.
The conservation group ot WP.A. projects
constitutes about 5 percent of the entire WPA
program and covers a fairly
diversified
field. Irrigation and water eonservation,to:Pestation, erosion control, land utilization,
plant, crop, and livestock conservation and
similar activities undertaken by WPA work
projects all contribute generally to the conservation of natural resources and in JDaJ:JY
instances are specifically operated as measures for reducing possible future destruction by floods and drought.
In some areas,
control
of
floods
18
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and
loss of livestock during floods.
The cities
prevention of loss from drought are closely
of
Indianapolis,
IndianaJ
Augusta,
Georgia;
interrelated.
Dams built in streams to hold
and Springfield, Ohio; are being
provida.d
water back during the spring also provide
with greater protection against floods through
storage basins.
The water may be used later
the construction or strengthening of miles of
for irrigation or, as is more o_.f'ten the case
dikes along the rivers that flow within or
in the smaller undertakings, it becomes a readjoining their boundaries.
serve ,vater supply for cattle and other animals during the dry season. Such a dam, beIn addition to this kind of work a mising constructed on Valentine Blood Creek in
cellaneous group of projects is being operaMontana, will impound a. sufficient reserve
ted in various parts of the country for the
supply of water to serve the needs of grazing
conservation of plants, crops, and livestock.
stock on the surrounding range during dry
Crickets, which menace alfalfa and wheat in
spells.
The effect of this type of dam i]l
Idaho, have been exterminated by the spraying
maintaining a more nonnal supply of sub-surof fieldc with dust guns. Noxious weeds have
face water is also beneficial.
Trees and
been removed in many places. In New Mexico a
grass are being planted, not only to prevent
project has been devised to check the develerosion and excessive run-off during
rainy
opment of tent caterpillars,
seasons, but also to store
a menace to forests.
Digup moisture as a reserve
ger wasps
and
trachina
against the dry days of
flies, which are natural
stmrner. This work is being
enemies
of the tent caterstressed especially in Wispillar, are collected
by
consin. In addition to the
field workers and propaplantin 6 of trees, the work
gated in laboratories. The
includes cutting dead timber to reduce fire hazards
offspring will be released
in forests next spring with
and
improving
banks of
streams and lakes to prethe expectation that they
vent erosion.
In many rewill greatly
reduce the
gions WPA work serves to
number of tent caterpil•
complement the terracing of
lars.
hillsides, the planting of
erosion-resisting
vegetation, and the making of
Location of Projects
check-dams in creek beds
under the supervision of
Praotioally
all
of
the Soil Conservation Servthe States which have
a
ice and Emergency Conservalarge proportion of their
tion Work with funds prototal progr8Jll in co?lflervaYlATER CONSERVATION
vided
directly to these
tion projects are looated
IN NORTH DAKOTA
agencies.
in the West
and Middle
West, where the need for conservation and
Land reclamation is frequently .correla~control of water resouroes
is greatest.
ed with flood control work.
Near Portland,
Washington is spending 17 peroent of its
Oregon, for instance, a valuable farming area
funds on conservation work, acoording to eerecently unused because of inadequate draintim.a.tes of the value of projeots selected
age and the ever-present threat of floods, is
for operation through April 15; Idaho and
being reclaimed through the clearing of the
Wisoonsin, 16 peroentJ Colorado, 15 percentJ
Colu:nbia River channel and the construction
California, 14 peroent; and New Mexico, Oreof a levee along its banks.
Similar stream
gon, and Wyoming, 10 peroent.
The bulk of
clearance and levee construction work is bethe funds in most of these states is being
ing carried on throubhout the country.
In
spent on irriga~1on and wator conservation.
Pennsylvania, especially, projects are being
prosecuted for relocation of channels to preEmployment and E«nings
vent flooding of large areas at high-water
periods and for construction of masonry walls
to confine flood waters within the channels.
In the early spring of 1936, when the
In the western States, banks are being ripemergency flood relief program was at its
rapped to prevent damage _to farm property and
height, more than 200 1 000 workers were listed
19
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on payrolls of WPA oonse.rva.tion projeots.
Persona previously as~igned to other types of
projects were transferred to flood relief
work during the emergency.
Since March,
marked reductions have ocourred with the result that in July and August approximately 95,000 persons 11ere working on conservation
projects. The number of persons employed increased slightly to a little over 96,000 in
the first half of August. as indicated in Table
6 in Appendix B.
More then two-thirds c:L
this number 11ere at work on irrigation and
water conservation projeots.
Among the various States, during the
first half of August, the largest number of
HO'l2S J.llD liRRDGS OR 'IP.l OOJJSDlVUIOll PRO.m:TS
conservation projects during the first halt
of August. This repreaented 4 percent of the
total hours on all WPA projects. Persons 9111ployed on conservation work awraged 49.5
cents per hour as oompared to the 50.6 cents
per hour average on all types of projects.
The total estimated oost of all llood
control and other oonserfttion proje.c ts ae-
Conservation
Wages & S.lwics
Material; Etc.
WPA
Funds
Sponso,s·
Funds
lmlding .laminiirtrati fl Daplo:,Ha
71Z
Ootobar 1935 to .Tuly 1936
(Sll)Jeot to Rniaion)
.l.ftl"a. .
Bour~
11,mh
TOfAL
1935
~
Ro~r
Deoeber
1936
,.~
ian'll&l"7
Marah
.lpril
Ma7
J'une
.r~
Roura
larDiaC•
(1houaada} {'l'houaanda}
marn1:,
·
,cent!.•
139,283
$57,.624
41.4
3,382
1,112
3,302
6/516
34e6
e,!555
16,252
18,401
19,304
19,063
19,7<40
13,346
11,309
9,931
1,m
7,60Z
7,998
8,432
5,738
4,873
4,618
38.&
40.1
40el
39.4
-12.0
-12.1
43.0
43.1
..a.,
persons, approximately 9,000, were employ6d
on conservation projects in the State of
Pennsylvania.
California furnished work on
this type of project to more than 8,000 persons, and employment on similar projeots in
Missouri, Ohio,
Illinois,
and Wisconsin
ranged between 5,000 and a,ooo.
WPA employees worked 4,818,000 hours
on
lected for operation in the United States
through April 15 was slightly more than $77,000,000, or 5 percent of the total for all
WPA projects.
Sixty-eight percent of this
amount was to be expended on irrigation and
water conaervation projects, 10 percent for
erosion control and land utilization, 4 percent on forestation work, 3 percent for plant.
crop, and livestock conservation. and 15 percent for misoellaneous projects some of which
are classifiable under more than one of these
headings. Fifteen percent of the total estimated oost of all projeots was to be paid for
by funds supplied by sponsors. Nearly 71 peroeut of the cost was to go for direct labor
payments, and a little over 29 peroent for
other purposes.
Funds actually expended for
materials,
supplies, and equipment on flood control and
other conservation projects through August
1936 amounted to approximately $8,500,000, or
roughly 4 percent of the total expenditures
for these purposes on all WPA projects
throughout the country.
A CHANNEL THil
PRBVBlft'BD
FLOODING IB THI
SPRIWG 0, 1916
20
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Emergency Flood Relief Under the WPA
In addition to operating
projeots speoifioally d9signed
to preYellt flood oonditions
or to conserve water supplies.
the WPA has been aotive fn
emergenoy flood relief work.
WPA funds have been used to
aid stricken communities in oases where unforeseen emergencies have arisen as a result
of flood damage. The services of WPA employees were utilized during periods of imnediate
danger from floods, and these 1'f0rkers also assumed a large share of the burden of clearing debris and repairing damage af'ter the
floods had subsided.
built.
Roads were cleared, regraded, resurfaced, and opened for traffic,
In the early summer of 1935, shortly after the WPA program had been approved, the
first necessity for emergency flood activities arose.
On July 31, 1935, the President
allocated $5,000,000 to the WPA for repair of
damage caused by the 1935 floods, and almost
before the flood waters had ebbed WPA workers were busy clearing debris from homes,
During 1936 the activities of the WPA in
connection with emergency flood conditions
were even more extensive.
Preparations had
been made in advanoe of actual floods so that
the WPA was ready to act promptly when emergency situations arose.
EMERGENCY FLOOD RELIEF
public ouildings, streets, and roads. Dikes,
levees, and dams were strengthened and repaired.
In Jefferson and Arkansas Counties
in Arkansas, for example, 160,000 cubic yards
of earth were moved in restoring 3,600 linear
feet of levee breaks. Bridges that had been
wrecked by floods were. repaired w~NTer
practicable or replaced if too badly damaged.
In Colorado 309 bridges with a total length
of 26,600 linear feet were repaired or re-
In the stricken area of New York State
during the first days fo.llowing the floods,
roads were so impassable that looal authorities had difficulty in reaching WPA offices
to submit applications for projects for repairing flood damages.
Water systems and
sewer systems required cleaning and repairing.
Debris had to be cleared away and immediate action was necessary to prevent development of unsanitary conditions and to
avoid the possibility of epidemics of contagious diseases.
In anticipation of flood conditions, imminent because of the unusually early thaw
following a severe winter, the WPA durin{; the
latter part of February 1936 requested its
State Administrators
to submit emergency
flood work projeots wherever there was danger
of overflow. The President approved approximately $18,000,000 worth of these projects on
February 29, 1936,
Suoh authorization did
not allocate new funds to the States, but
merely permitted the State Administrators to
use previously allocated funds for the prosecution of emergency flood control work should
this become necessary.
As flood conditions became serious in
the New England States, in Pennsylvania, and
in the Ohio valley, crews of WPA workers went
into action promptly and were engaged in a
wide variety of activities during the height
of the danger.
The first steps adopted by the WPA in
meeting the emergency conditions were: to
warn persons li vingin the path of the watersJ
to move families,furniture,and valuables from
danger zones; and to cable and rope down
houses and small buildings to prevent the current from washing them away. In some looalities WPA workers wre sworn in as special polioe to aid in protecting life and property
and in directing traffio.
Dikes, sandbag
21
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barricades,
and abutments W8re built or
strengthened to check the flood waters. At
grave personal risk many relief workers took
a prominent and heroic part in rescue activities to save persons endangered or marooned
by the waters.
Food, bedding, and clothing have been
distributed to refugees through WPA surplus
commodity projects.
In the Ohio flood area
8,000 blankets and 6,000 mattresses were distributed in addition to thousands of pounds
of food.
In numerous other communities WPA workers were engaged in strengthening dikes and
dams, weighting down bridges with sandbags,
and related activities. By these efforts the
water was often prevented from reaching towns
and cities which otherwise would have suffered. In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as
many as 30,000 WPA workers were rushed into
the flooded areas. strengthening dams and
dikes. patrolling roads, and protecting life
and property.
Even before many of the unfortunate residents could return to their homes, WPA workers proved themselves indispensable in clearing roads and streets of debris.
Then came
the task of cleaning out public buildings and
homes• Wells and other sources of 199.ter sup-
Emergency
ply and sewers W8re reconditioned., and chloride of lime was used in order to make the
flooded areas sanitary am habitable.
In Johnstown, Penn11Jlvania, which ha4
been severely affected, 6•000 WPA •ploye.es
were set to work to clean up the city. . Jlore
than 20 miles of streets were cleared of de~
bris., nearly 100 tons of ~rated lime W8re
spread, and water was pumped from a great
number of cellars.
These measures succe11fully prevented the outbreak of poet•floocl
contagious diseases.
About taoo.ooo was
spent in Johnstown by the WPA in the r•oval
of WB.ste.
As the waters receded throughout the
Northeast, tens of thousands of WPA workers
began reoonst.ruction and rehabilitation 110rk.
This work we.s confined to the reconditionin'g
and reconstruction of public property.
The total oost of emergency flood relier
operations through July 31• 1936, was slight•
ly over 112,000,000. Approximately $3,500.000 of this total was spent for emergency relief work following the nood of 1936. About
$5.,250,000 was used for preparatory work and
emergency activities in the spring of 1936.,
and $3,250,000 went for reconstruction activities following damage caused by floods in
the spring of 1936.
Drought Relief
The flexibility of the
WPA in meeting emergency conditions and cooperating with
other agencies is further exemplified by the mam1er in
whioh the Federal
Government's forces were mobilized
to meet the situation engendered by the
drought of 1930 • Continuous heat and lack of
rainfall were destroying crops at a constantly acoelerating pace, and ravages of insect
pests such as the grasshopper and the Mormon
cricket oontributed further to the general
crop destruction.
Thousands of farmers in
the Great Plains
and starvation.
area were faced with ruin
In response to this emergency the President formed the Inter-Departmental Drought
Comnittee, composed of representatives of the
Department of Agriculture, the Resettlement
Administration, the Works Progress Administration, and other interested agencies.
Thia
committee was charged with the function of
ooordinating and integrating the activitie•
ot the various Federal agencies operating in
the drought area. The Department of Agrioul•
ture Drought Comnittee was established. Un•
22
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der it• immediate supervision the Department
of Agriculture Drought Committee was given
the function of officially designating emergency drought counties, based on reports and
EMERGENCY DROUGHT COUNTIES
■
COUNTIES DESl6NATED BY DEPT.
Of AIRICULTUAE DROUGHT GON NITTEE AS EMERl£NCY DAOUIHT
AREAS .
SOURCE - U. S . DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
recommendations of directors of State agri•
cultural services and of representatives of
the Bureau of Agricultural Economios.
The
determining factor in making suoh designations was the need for emergency drought assistance on the part ot a large proportion of
the farmers of a county. These designation•
served as a guide to all governmental agencies providing aid to farmers in regions affected by the drought. By September 15, 1936,
a total ot 1,149 counties in 24 States had
emergency
been ottioially designated as
drought counties.
Department of Agrioul ture Drought
Committee also completed arrangements with
four large western railroads to reduc.ct rates
on the shipnent of hay and other fodder into
the dr~ught areaa. The reduced rate on ha.y is
two-thirds of the nonu.l rate and the rate on
coarse types of roughage one-half of the normal rate, These reductions have been authorised by the Interstate Ccmmeroe Commiasion.
Those persons too needy to be aided by
Resettlement Administration lot.na or grants
were certified, generally by local relief authoritiee. tor "IIPA employment. Special procedures nre devised to facilitate this certification and the
subsequent employment of emergency drought relief oases on
WPA projects. On .August 1, less
than a month after -tii. first
emergenoy drought counties wre
officially designated• nearly
se.ooo certified ttrought relief
oases Wltre employed and -working
on WPA projects.
By September 12, less than
three months after the first
county was designated,
over
170,000 certified drought relief oases were being oared for
in the drought-stricken areas
througn employment on all types of WPA projects, North Dakota and South Dakota re porting more than 30,000 drought oases eaoh.
Victims of
DROUCm IMPLODIDff
Week b4s.n, Septeal,er 12, 1936
(SubJeo-t to Rm.lioa)
Total
S1iata
TCPUL
Arkauu
Celon.clo
Geor~a
A/
ron
Agemoie•
WP.A
188,34
170,414
17,905
l,lm
2,3S'3
3,300
l,9
Z,3m
1.~
rr,
2.aa:,
,.~
,.2e1
e.2.i12
,.,.
e,-ez
7,002
rmaoq y
Mln:naota
21,129
Ms.Henri
Molltua
10,3!5!5
,. 7'11
8,900
••brub
Borih Dab-ta
Olr'JaJu,..
Scnr\ll C&rolba
Sfttll llab1ia
TftMHN
Tau
••WI
7,373
,s.on
15,879
z.•
31,272
14-M
36•705
320
12
2.,016
Vb1ln1a
W!aoouin
n41Jaf S e p ~
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«
100
1.774
1,193
478
,.'7!'6
1,236
17
12
218
1,001
u,
31
t,!DS
16,4'80
1,111
!/la~W.
•
1,720
1,736
14,UO
•!I
16,&46
w,.inc!J
.llno1N
•-187
4.218
l'auu
ror weJc
oiher
z,aa:,
Illlnoil
t
Total
ill
The
The WPA and the Resettlement Administration cooperated in providing financial aid,
through direct relief or work relief, to
farmers in the emergency drought areas.
Local relief authoritios in conjunction with
representatives ot the WPA and the Resettle•nt Administration determined: (1) the need
of the persons af'feoted by drought conditicm.a,
and (2) whether the needy person oould best
be aided by Resettlement .Administration loans
or grants, or by work provided on "IIPA projects.
drought conditions were as-
ffl
-
l,81.4 J/
157
817
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II
signed to projects which were already 1n operation or to new projects initiated with the
twofold purpose of providing additional employment in drought areas and of carrying on
work that would alleviate the effects of
drought.
Farm-to-market road projects, because of their widespread distribution in rural areas and the tact that relatively unsld.lled labor could be used, offered a ready
means ot employing the largest proportion of
drought-stricken farmers.
Thousands of fannerG are being employed with their teams and
tractors on farm-to-market roads and conservation projects.
EMERGENCY DROUGHT EMPLOYMENT
ON WPA PROIECTS
---
WNldy lldM wals, I~ 18, -
l ■p ......
..
•
lZ, 1936
_,,, V
/~
~
/
/
--- - ~
.
~
8
d
.M.Y
a
•
I
D
---..
-
save both lives and property.
Besides prosecuting previously apprond
projects the WPA program was expanded by the
institution of new and useful water conaenation projects.
From June 30, 1936, through
September 4, 1936, applications for 585 projects totaling $25,280,250 in Federal tlmda
were received by the llPA for the construction
of small concrete dams, reservoirs, irrigation ditches, and other water conservation
undertakings in the emergency drought counties.
Of the projects sul:mitted, 463 car1"7ing a total Federal cost of $19,143,029 had
been approved through September 4, 1936.
These projects are part of a long-range water
conservation program which will dot the
drought area with ·small lakes and reservoirs,
thus preventing water run-offe leading to
flood conditions, and stabilising the water
•upply in the dry seasons or the year. lu•
•roue welll are also being dug to aid in pro~iding an adequate supply.
One hundred and
five water conservation projects have been
submitted tram North Dakota and m.ve been approved by the President since June 30, 19~
and 77 suoh projects have been approved tor
operation in Oklahoma •
•
1938
Approximately 70 percent of the certi•
fied drought relief cases employed in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wiscon•
sin during the half month ending August 31,
1936, were working on farm-to-market roads.
About 15 percent were working on other highway, road, and street projects and 8 peroent
on conservation projects.
This distribution
of workers varied somewm.t among the different States.
For example, in South Dakota as
many as 12.5 percent of the certified and employed drought relief cues were working on
conservation projects.
Special emphasis, both in the operation
of previously approved projects and in the
initiation of netr projects, has been placed
on water conservation work of all types. WPA
workers are busy building dams along streams,
constructing reservoirs, digging community
wells, and carrying out other water conservation projects which were plamied for the
drought area following surveys made in these
States.
When forest fires broke out in Wyoming
and other drought states, the WPA relief laborer played a significant part in helping to
In addition to these water conservation
projects, 788 other applications have been
received for projects suitable to the employment of farm labor in the drought counties.
The cost in Federal f'unds for these projects
is $30,106,146.
Approval by the President
has been given to 419 of these applications,
having a Federal oost of $13,89g,so1.
The
faot that approval has been given to leas
than 50 percent of these applications as compared with approval of more than 76 percent
of the water conservation projects is indicative of the emphas.is placed on water conservation in the drought area.
The first consideration of this program,
as in other emergency activities, has been
the preservation of health and the protection
of life and property. Food and clothing have
been furnished through the surplus commodity
projects of the llPA. Water has been supplied
by wells dug under WPA auspices and sometime•
has even been carried by truck into the
stricken areas.
Through September 16 the Resettlement
Administration had designated a total atti,,296,436 for making loans and grants to farmer, wbo oould best be aided in this manner.
By this date 8,742 loans totaling $1,638,660
Digitized by
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had been made for livestock. feed or for
quick-maturing forage crop seeds, and 96,216
grants for subsistence needs amounting to
$1.406.924 had been arranged.
The Resettle•
ment Administration has also provided for a
year's moratorium on all previous rehabilitation loans to individuals in the officially
designated drought counties, on evidence furnished by the borrower of a lack of cash resources.
Finally, the long-range land-use
adjustment program of the Resettlement Administration has been amplified in the drought
areas by projects involving the purchase of
about four million acres of land at a cost of
almost $14.ooo,ooo.
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration cooperated in the drought areas by modi•
fying the -agricultural conservation
program
so as to increase the production of food and
forag~ crops and to enable farmers in the
drought area to take advantage of the crop
income i nsurance features of the agricultural
conservation program.
This Administration was allotted $5,000,•
000 for the purchase of cattle at market
prices.
Purchases were restricted to cattle
originating in the drought area.
The cattle
were to be processed by private packing concerns under contract, and the meat was to be
turned over to the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation for distribution to families
on relief rolls.
In contrast to the 1934
drought progr8Dl special benefit payments were
not made to livestock growers.
This year's
program was designed to prevent demoraliza-
tion of cattle prices by the forced liquidation of livestock holdings in the emergency
drought area.
In cooperation with the Interstate Commerce Jommission the AAA secured reductions
on freight rates for livestock shipped from
the drought areas to good pastures.
On an
outgoing shipment the rate was set at 85 percent of the normal rate and on the return
shipment at 15 percent of the normal rate.
This permits cattlemen to ship their cattle
to good pastur.es during the drought emergency
and have them returned with a 50 percent reduction in transportation costs.
Since early June the Federal Surplus
Commodities Corporation has purchased from
growers approximately 1,600 carloads of surplus food and feed for distribution to the
needy in the drought-stricken States.
The
Corporation also underwrote and supervised
the purchase of 7 to 9 million bushels of
small grains f or seed purposes. This was accomplished with an advance to the Farmers National Grain Corporation of $10,000,000 by
the Farm Cred i t Administration.
A number of other Federal agencies · operating pro j ect s under the Works Program in
the emer gency dr ought areas expanded their
programs in these r egions in order to employ
certified drought cases.
The Federal agencies employing the greatest number of drought
cases include the Soil Conservation Service,
the Forest Ser v i ce, and the Bureau of Public
Roads.
JULY 29, 1938
Ill 'l'BE DROUGHT AREA
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26
WPA
Park
and Other
Recreational
In order to improve recreational facilities of local
and State governments, t he
WPA has entered . upon an extensive program of developing
public parks, playgrounds,and
athletic fields and providing
swirmning pools, bandshells, and similar physioal equipment.
Approximately ll percent of
the total work done on all WPA programs has
been on projects of this kind. In some measure the recreational facility program represents an extension of work previously carried
on under the Civil Works Administration and
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Projects initiated under these antecedent
agencies have, in certain instances, been
completed under WPA.
Kinds ol
Projccb
Projects for the landscaping of parks end
the development of play areas are ?Ttiaularly
suited to 'WPA operation because of the low
expenditures for materials required.
Some
recreational projects which involve the development of lakes in dry areas accomplish a
twofold result since in addition to their recreational value they also are of importance
in the preservat1on of migratory bird life.
Besides projects of this kind, the heavier
-
- l n w N c h - - o f o M or
.....,. ,ARK proJkb
.... -...-..
Facility Projects
construction projects
providing
81t'ilmning
pools, bathhou1es, stadia, and auditori'lllUI
have been initiated when sponsors furnished a
substantial part of the materials necessary
to construction.
A bandshell and outdoor amphitheatre
have recently been completed by the Works
Progress Administration in Toledo, Ohio, as
part of a general development program of the
Toledo Zoological Park which was started under the CWA and continued under the state
ERA .
The bandshell was constructed entirely
of salvaged materials.
Among the other
phases of this project is the natural history
work being done in the Zoological Park.
In
cooperation with the Toledo Zoological Sooiet y , the WPA assigned a staff of artists and
naturalists to construct 50 habitat groups of
natural history subjects with appropriate
photographic or painted backgrounds and aocessories. Each exhibit, the size of a small
traveling bag, will be complete with a glass
front for display and a table support.
Interiors will be arranged to duplicate exactly
t he environment of the subject.
It will be
possible to transport the entire display to
schools and museums for exhibitions.
Improvements are under way in Des Moines,
Iowa, for the elimination of the city dump
which covered a 26-acre tract and for the diWPA
PARK
PROJECTS
version of sewage
which has been empBy Counties June 30, 1936
tying into the Des
Moines River within
the city
limits.
'l'hese
coniitions
have been a serious
menace to
public
health.
Under the
WPA the
dumping
is
being
ground
transformed into a
park with lawns,
flower gardens,bridle paths, a baseball diamond, tennis courts,
boat
landing, and many
other recreational
facilities. Retain•
ing walls are being
oonstructed
along
26
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the river, and a dam will form a lake adjoining the park.
A tract of 90 acres located one mile
from Greenville, Illinois, at the interseotion of two important highways, is being made
into a municipal park.
About 40 aores will
be left in its present wild state except for
footpaths leading to picni~ areas. Trees and
shrubs will be set along the shore line of a
lake, and driveways, parking spaces, tennis
courts, and an athletic field are to be added,
playground will include a girls' play area
containing two tennis courts, a basketball
court, a volleyball court, and roller skating
spaoe. For the boys there will be eight handball courts, three tennis courts, and areas
for basketball, volleyball, horseshoe pitching, and roller skating.
An enclosed area
for smaller children will be provided with a
W9.ding pool, sand boxes, and play equipment.
A novel project was completed recently
by the WPA at the Indiana State School for
the Blind at Indianapolis. This is a rollerskatin& rink for the blind with an oval track
about one-fifth of a mile in length and about
one-sixteenth of a mile wide,
The skating
surface is of concrete and is about six feet
wide, Banked curves make it possible for the
ska.tars ·i;o detect the direction of the skating lane,
A majority of the students take
advantage of this recreational facility.
BOORS i l l > ~ Olf 111'.A PJRX JJID C7l'Bm
RJX:RD.TIONAL 1.l.CILI'l'Y PROJECrS
J:IDlud.ing AcJndn1 nraUw Jmpl.oyee1
Ootober 1935 to
~
1936
(Subjeot to Rtni1ion)
~Terage
Bour~
Month
Houri
Earn1.ng1
{'l'houaan4j (Thoupanda}
292,572
$148,746
50,8
13,949
21,939
36,245
7,235
11,083
17,229
51,9
50,5
47,5
Maroh
Apl"ll
36,723
34,862
34,551
31,006
M&7
29,874
17,884
17,209
17,397
15,782
15,726
14,417
14,784
TO'UI,
1935
'lSoto°ber
HoT«mbcDeomiber
a.17
1e'br\».1"1
27,314
26,109
1'1ne
STADIUM CONSTRUCTIONREINFORCEMENTS FOR SUPPORTING BEAMS
i:t.ndnf•
(cents
~
48,7
49.4
50,4
50,9
52,6
52.8
56.6
Employment and E•nin9s
A swimming pool 36 feet by 81 feet has
been completed at the grammar school
in
Bowie, Arizona, by the WPA.
Two adobe brick
dressing rooms have been finished and a 700foot well has been drilled to supply water to
the pool as well as to irrigate the school
grounds.
The total cost was approximately
$12,000, of which the Federal allotment constituted slightly more than one half.
On an old reservoir site at Buffalo, New
York, a project for the construction of a
playground has been started by the WPA. The
Since the inception of the WPA program,
projects for reoreational facilities
have
supplied over 10 percent of the total WPA employment. In September 1935 about 21 peroent
of all WPA workers were Employed on this type
of project.
The proportion deoreased to 13
peroent at the end of the year, and sinoe
March slibhtly more than 10 peroent of all
WPA workers have been employed on recreational projects,
By the
end of Ootober more than 109,000
27
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persons were working on reoreational projects.
This total was more than doubled b,t the end
of November and more than tripled when the
peak employment of 352,000 persons was reaohed at the end of the year.
By the end of
Apr 11 the number employed on this type of
projeot had decr~ased to approximately 281,000 persons.
The decline oontinued throughout , 1ubsequent weeks until by August 16 the
number of persons working on recreational
facilities had been reduoed to 234,000.
Duri·ng the semimonthly period ending August 16, 1936, New York City had the largest
program of recreationAl projects with 47,510
persons working. Illinois was employing more
than 25,000 persons and Ohio more than 20,000
Pennsylvania had
on chis kind of project.
more than 18,000 people 110rking on its recreational program. New Jersey employed slightly less than 13,000 persons, while Louisiana
and Wisoonsin were the only other States
whioh had more than 10,000 persons working on
recreational projeots.
Four areas are outstanding in their Elllphasis c~ reorea~ional work under the WPA.
During the first half of August Louisiana employed 31 peroent of all its workers on this
phase of its program; New York City m.d more
than 25 percent of its WPA employees workinf;
on the recreational program; and Wisconsin
and Nevada both provided similar employment
for about 21 percent of their workers.
Peroentages for all states are presented in
Table 1 in Appendix B.
Average hourly earnings on reoreation
projeots have shown a fairly constant increase since December 1935. With the exoeption of two months, December 1935 and January
1936, when workers averaged 47.5 and 48.7
cents per hour, average hourly earnings on
recreational projects were in exoess of 50
28
cents during the entire period from October
1935 to A~ust 1936. Reoent increases may be
explained by adjustments to prevailing wage
rates tm.dertaken on all WPA projects in conformity with the requirements of the Emergency Afpropriation Aot of 1936.
The first projeots for the construction
of recreational facilities got underway in
the fall of 1936 aJJd by April 15, 1936, 6, 722
recreational facility projects had been selected for operation at a total estimated
cost of $182,000,000. Of this po\lJlt approximately $162,000,000 came from Fed•ral tund1,
the remaining $20,000,000 having been pledged
by local sponsors.
Parlcs a Recreational Facilities
W..&S.laria
~ W PA
fjj301.
701.
end of August purchases and oontributione or materials, eupplie1, and equipment for use on recreational projeot1 uaounted to about 128,0001 000, or 13.3 peroent of
the total value of materials, aupplies, aid
equipnent prooured for all WPA projeot1.
By the
Another important aspeot of recreat1on
work under the Works Program ie the reoreational facility work prosecuted by the Ci'V'ilian Conservation Corps. This agency'• aotiTities are described in a followi.Jlg eeotion.
WPA Airports and Airway Projects
Although airport and airway projects operated tmder
the WPA form only a small
proportion of the entire program, they are relatively of
muoh greater importance than
their dollar value would indicate. In addition to the significant contribution which they are making to the national program of airport and airway development, these projects provide an example of
olose cooperation between the
interested Federal agencies.
WPA and other
Early in the development of the WPA program the Division of Airways and Airports was
created to cooperate with interested agencies
of the Federal Government as well as with
State and local governmental bodies in the
planning and administration of a comprehensive national program of airport and airway
development on publicly owned land.
The De-
I
BEFORE
AF'l'ill
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29
partments of Co:umerce, War, Navy, Post Office
and Treasury were consulted for technical advice and information as to the manner in
which their respective needs could best be
served.
Plans worked out by State organizations were utilized in developing the program.
All projects, however, originated in
the localities and were sponsored by local
communities and organizations.
The Bureau of Air Commerce plays en important part in the supervision of the airport program, since the Bureau must give
written approval of technical aeronautical
features such as suitability of site, size
and arrangement of runways, and design of
buildings before any project is actually selected for operation by a State .Administrator.
In addition to its cooperation in the approval of plans and specifications prior to construction, the Bureau gives technical aeronautical advice to sponsors of projects and
to the 'WPA during construction and is responsible for final inspection when projects are
completed, discontinued, or suspended.
Typcs of Work Under W •Y
extension of the field and runways and the
construction of a large hangar. Improvements
are likewise being made at Boston, Chicago,
Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
Minneapolis, San Francisco, and st. Paul.
Illustrative of the work being done
along the airways betlreen major stations are
several projects in Pennsylvania, a state
which is crossed by five of the most heavil7
traveled air lanes of the country, including
all four of the transcontinental
airmail
routes.
Inadequate ground facilities at one
illlportant junction of the State's airway network (Harrisburg) forced the discontinuance
of airline operations there.
Under the WP.A
this airport is being rebuilt.
Three hardsurfaced runways are being extended to more
than double their previous length, and for
test purposes several different types of bi•
tuminous surfacings are being used. Construction of a new airport at Connellsville ma7
eventualq make it possible to sr.orten and
straighten the air route between Pittsburgh
and Washington.
Engineers report that the
speed and quality of the work being done on
this project equals that on e:n:y similar private undertaking.
Construction of new runways. extension and grading of old rmwa7a,
and the installation of lighting systems are
improving facilities of a number of other im•
portant airports in the State.
The WPA airport program which has developed through this system of cooperation embraces a wide variety of work, including airway marking, construction of emergency (intermediate) landing fields, and conditioning
of local airports throughout the country, as
well as illlprovements to major metropolitan
air terminals.
It should be borne in mind
that the Federal airway system developed from
the flow ot traffic between major centers of
population.
While improvement of landing
fields and airports along these airways benefits the public which uses the airlines for
travel, it likewise benefits and contributes
greatly to the safety of the non-scheduled
and miscellaneous flying which 11.lso tends to
be oonoeutrated between such centers.
.Airport development under the WP.A has not been
confined to work along the airways, however,
but has followed the requests of local sponsors whenever the projects submitted have
come within the limitations placed upon Works
Program activities and have provided landing
fields useful to the Federal network.
Airport construction in Florida provides
an example of what may be done in sections of
the country where there is only a limited
number of open fields of sufficient size to
permit safe emergency landings.
The state
Aviation Com:nission recognized the need for a
landing spot in the heavily wooded areas east
of Pensacola.
The town of Milton aoquired
the site selected by the Commission and ini•
tiated the work of clearing it under a previous work: relief program. Under the WPA the
clearing has been completed and two adequate
runways have been sodded. The local plan anticipates the development of an airpark at
-this site with a. combination hangar and reoreation building, but this is not included in
the present project.
However, the provision
of an adequate landing field in this locality
is an important contribution to the state
airway system.
Extensive improvements are beillg made at
terminal airports in 10 of the 12 cities
which supply the bulk or passenger traffic.
Newark, the world's busiest air terminal, is
the site of major developments, including the
At another site (Lakeland,
Florida)
,mere work was commenced under earlier work
relief programs, two runways have been paved
under the WPA, leveling and sodding of additional areas has provided two more runways,
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and considerable other grading has been completed to increase the size and make a rec•
tangular, all-way field.
A hanga r has been
built and a concrete floor and aprons are now
under construction.
In addition a seaplane
ramp is to be installed in the lake bordering
on the field.
The combining of airports with recrea•
tional facilities is another type of development included under the airport program.
These "airparks" provide a double incentiv~
for the adequate maintenance of the land or
which they are situated and are particularlJ
well suited for communities where heavy air
traffic has not yet developed. Recreational
facilities are also being provided where land
is available on active airports.
Illustrative of this tendency is a small project at
Shushan Airport in New Orleans. A large reservoir was necessary for the fire sprinkler
system in the hangars and terminal building
and also as a cooling pond for the condensers
of the terminal's air-conditioning system.
Both these purposes are being served by a
swimming pool built entirely by VfPA labor,
with the city furnishing the materials. The
revenue from the pool will provide for its
maintenance, and the waste water is used to
irrigate the park surrounding the airport.
Also included under the VfPA airport and
airway program of 30 of the States is the
airmarking of towns and cities. The work
consists largely of painting
directional
signs on highways or roofs. These signs show
the name of the town and indicate the names,
distances, and directions of the nearest _airports.
They are of particular assistance to
privately flovm planes and others not carrying radio equipment and therefore unable to
take advantage of the radio directional beams
followed by commercial airliners.
In all types of airport and airway work
efforts are now beine; directed toward the completion of projects now under construction.
This may involve either entire projects as
originally approved or useful units of the
projects.
New projects are being started
only where there is specific evidence of the
availability of certified relief labor and
adequate funds for the completion of the work.
Employment
Employment
on airport
and airway proj-
ects has been relatively stable since January
1936, when the airport program first attained
full de,relopment after its initiation in September 1935.
More than 40,000 persons have
been engaged in this work since the beginning
of the year, with the maximum of _approximately 45,000 workers reached during the last
CONSTRUCTING A RUNWAY
half of March. About. 44,000 persons were employed during the first half of August, the
latest period for which data are available.
During the period of operation from September
1935 throug,h August 15, 1936,almost 41,000,000 man-hours of work have been provided on
these projects.
Project workers have received in excess of $18,000,000 in earnings,
which represents compensation at an average
rate of about 44 cents per hour. This average is the same as that applying to all WPA
projects in operation during this period.
Projects being conducted under several
other Federal agencies involve airport improvement~ or construction work. The Quartermaster Corps of the War Department has received allocations of over $2,000,000 and the
Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department almost $2.000,000 for the improvement of
runways and grounds e.nd the construction and
repair of buildings at A:rrey and Navy airports.
About $750,000 has been allocated to the NonFederal Division of the PVlA for four similar
projects.
Emergency
Conservation
Work
through the activities of the CCC camps, has
resulted in the construction of 16 complete
lending fields and the maintenance of 17
others.
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Sl
WPA Sanitation and Health
Projects
Through its sanitation
and health program the Works
Progress Administration
is
assisting in the oontrol of
numerous faotors that oontribute to ill health and disease. Projeots included in
the sanitation and health classification are
those dealing with the elimination of stream
pollution, mosquito eradication, and a large
miscellaneous group consisting for the most
part of sanitary toilet construction and mine
sealing. These sanitation operations promote
the elimination of, or protection against,
such diseases as malaria, hookworm, and typhoid.
Mine-sealing projects aid materially
in the prevention of stream pollution in coal
mining regions.
Kinds of Pro;ccts
Drainage of the Ma.sury .Marsh, a stretch
of several hundred acres of salt marsh on the
north shore of Great South Bay, Long Island,
is an example of the mosquito elimination
WPA SANITATION AND HEA'-TH
food nor shelter was available for wildlife,
and the pools provided breeding places tor
mosquitoes.
Under a WPA mosquito control
project miles of ditches were cut across this
area in order to drain the low spots.
As a
result the section is now dry, the mosquitobreeding pools no longer exist, and the removal of the salt water has permitted the
growth of beach grass, providing a suitable
habitat for wild fowl.
In addition to projects for the drainage of swamp areas, suoh as
the one just described, the mosquito control
work includes the killing of mosquito larvae
by spraying oil on the surface of stagnant
pools.
A project in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for the elimination of stream pollution
is typical of this phase of the WPA program.
A number of oreek channels running through
the city were choked by the dumping of waste
materials.
Stagnant pools and numerous undesirable deposits all along the creek beds
presented a constant menace. These pools now
are being drained by 'WPA employees, who are
also shaping the creek channels and banks to
prevent future obPROJECTS
struction.
Less
~
•
.......
........
__ . __ __
IAMTATION AND HULTH _.....
~
work. Prior to the operations of the WPA in
this area, large pools of stagnant salt water
deposited by unusually lu.gh tides coverQd wide
stretohea, preventing plant growth.
Neitb,r
32
familiar
to the general public as a source or
stream pollution is
the seepa·g e
from
abandoned
ooal
mines.
The
sulphuric acid formed
by the combination
of
seepage water
with the sulphide
compound in
such
mines
frequently
finds its way into
nearby
streams,
contaminating
the
public water supplies and causing
deterioration
of
- - - -·
culverts, bridges,
dams, and vessels.
The impairment of the
reoreational value of streams for camping,
swimming, and fishing is no less serious from
the publio viewpoint. In 1914 Army officials
estimated that mine seepage cost the Pittsburgh district $9,000,000 a year.
The health and sanitation program of the
WPA is devoting considerable attention to
this problem.
Numerous projects are being
operated to air-seal abandoned mines, thus
effectively preventing the formation of such
destructive acid solutions. In We•t Virginia
alone 345 abandoned mines have been airaealed and it is estilllated that as a consequence t1.ooo.Q00 1'111 be saved annually in
that State.
of sewer systems and drainage facilities, for
the purification of water supplies, and for
flood control.
Funcl1
The amount of money being spent on sanitation and health work is small in comparison
with the total WPA costs, amounting to about
$44,000,000, or 3 percent of the total cost
of WPA projects selected for
operation
through April 15, 1936.
Of this amount 36
OB A
MALARIA
CONTROL
PROJECT
The purpose of the sanitary toilet construction program is to check _the spread of
such diseases as typhoid fever, dysentery,
and hookworm by eliminating the sources of
infection. WPA projects are replacing thousands of unsanitary toilets with fly-proof
structures approved by the United States Public Health Service.
This type of project is
one of the few involving improvement of private property which may be operated under the
Works Program. The exception is made because
the work is essentially for the protection of
publio health.
In addition to projects included under
the sanitation and health classification, the
WPA is conducting operations classified under
other headings which have important, though
incidental, public health features. Foremost
aJD9ng these are projects for the construction
percent is being spent for mosquito eradioation and 2 percent on projects for the elimination of stream pollution.
The remaining
62 percent is being spent for a miscellatl.eous
group, which is composed chiefly of projects
for the construction of sanitary toilets ,md
the sealing of mines.
More than two-thirds
of the aggregate cost is designated for labor.
Of the total funds 26 percent is being
provided by sponsors, a figure materially
higher than that reported for the entire WPA
pr~ gram ( 18 percent).
Through April 15 New York State had selected for operation 22 sanitation and health
projects at a total cost of approximately •
$6,400,000, or 14 percent of the cost of all
projects of this type, New York City alone
accounting for more than 85 percent of these
funds. For Indiana the cost of 96 sanitation
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ss
and heal th projeota waa estimated at about
13.200.000.
These two States, together with
Ohio, Olclahoma, and Illinois, •ooounted tor
4rO peroent of the estimated total ooat ot
this group of projeots in the United States.
The importanoe of sanitation and health projeots to the 'IPA programs of Delaware. South
& Health
Sanitation
w...,
& Salaria
WPA
Funds
~son•
1
Funcls
by the initiation ot other types ot pr~.ot•
whlch had required more plann,ilg and the ue
of more equipient and material••
Daring the
first half ot August 1936 the 70,000 peraom
employed on sanitation projeots oon■tituted
onl7 S percent or the total WPA •plo,-.nt.
The employment peak on these projeots, oom•
oident with that of the entire progra, 00•
ourred in Febrmey and Maroh, when OTer 110,•
000 persona were employed.
681.
Carolina, TenneHee, and Ubah is evidenoed by
the fact that in these states auoh projects
amo\Dlted to more than 10 peroent of the state
total as oompared with 3 percent for the entire country.
Employment encl E•ninp
8anitation and health projeots got under
way more quiokly than many other imdertalcinga
of the WPA program.
During September 1986
the number of persons working on this type of
projeot represented 7.6 peroent or the total
number employed on all WPA projeots.
Subae•
quently this proportion was gradually reduced
During the semimonthly period ending
August 16, 1936, persona snployed on sanitation and health projeota received ll,~18,000
in payment for 3,631,000 hours or work, or an
average of 43 oenti per hour. Thia figure iii
somewhat higher than averages duri.J2g earlier
periods due to the recent adjustments m
hourly wage rates and required hours of work.
to bring llPA earnings into line with the 'l,revailing wage rates aa required by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Aot ot 1936.
At
all times during the operation of the progra
the average hourly earnings on sanitation and
health projects have been less than the general. average for all types of pro jeota • fld.8
1ay be explained ohiefly by the taot 'bbat
sanitation and health projeota typioally N-.
quire -ller proportiona ot laborer■ Ullll
peraou with teohnioal training than otllff
type■ ot projeot1. It 1 ■ allo true that •■'
sanitation ad health projeot• operate in I'll•
ral areu where low Nouri't7 wap r a te1.
prevail.
WPA Goods Projects
St?Wing, oanning and gar•
dening, and the renovating ~
shoes• o lothing. and tumit1m1
are the ohiet aotivities oarried on under the good1 projeots olaasitioation. Work of
this kind ia reoognizecl as
partioulv~ well adapted to the WPA program
sinoe it not only turm.shes jobs to unemployed persona but alao supplies olothing, household articles, and toodatutfs for distribution to persona in need ot r;,tlief •
In a.441tion to projeota designed to provicle neoessi•
t1e1 for the needy there are alao a limited
number of projeot■ aet up for making materi-
all and equipment, wh1oh are inoluded in the
general good• olasdt1oation. Thia equipn811t
11 used on other WPA projeota.
Goods projeots, particularly the sning
projeots, have proved the moat appropriate
and ef'feotive means of providing employment
for large numbers ot women whose training and
work experienoe are r•la"tiffly 11111.tecl. De■pite the reoent 4efflopment of a :.>re diwraified program of wamen • • work, such projeota
still oonatitute the prinoipal media of pro•
'ricling mnployment to 110MD under ~he WPA.
Relationahipa with aponsoring ad 000,-
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erating agencies determine in large part the
actual service rendered by goods projects to
the communities. A few of these projects are
approved as State-wide projects and adminislftllBlll <11 MIR MD 1ftlSlf D&PLOnD 01' 11PA
G001DS
JIIR()JJC!S,
BY nn.,
or PROJJCTS
Jlm11111lin. Mm:lninr&t1.,. lblploy-••
S.S-mhl1" Period. ln41q .&1lpn 151 1036
(SubJtot to Rnh1on)
!ypeof
Pro~eot
1'0'Ut,
Sewing
Cannini
oth.-j/
Total Per10:u
1'11111. ,eroeni Ma
·--
iCDen L
cost of all WPA projects. For the semimonthly period ending August 15, 1936, goods projects employed 290.777 persons, or about 13
percent of the total number employed on all
projects operated by the WPA.
As indicated
in the accompanying table, 87 percent were at
work on sewing projeots.
Women constituted
88 peroent of the number of persons working
on goods projects, and the women so employed
oonstituted two-thirds of the total number of
women employed on all VlPA projects.
Pel"Oat
of Total
290,777
100.0 35,877 254,900
87.7
252,201
2,881
35,695
86.7 7,625 2'44,576
2,2416
1.0
635
12.3 27,617 8,078
97.0
78.0
22.6
N Inoludea pro,19°'1
ola11it1able llDller both of
the hea41Dgl abOffe
tered at selected points within the State under supervision of a State director; but by
far the greater number are sponsored by local
relief administrations or by the county or
city governing bodies in the jurisdictions
where the projects are operating.
Upon the initiation of every project an
arrangement is made for (1) a definite system
of securing the materials, (2) a recognized
procedure for determining beneficiaries, and
(3) a method of distributing the products.
Materials for canning, such as fruit and vegetables, which must be secured near the place
of operations because of their perishable nature, are for the most part provided through
the project sponsors.
Cotton textiles for
all sewing projects throughout the country
are purchased through the Procurement Division of the Treasury. Sponsors make periodic
requisitions for such clothing and similar
goods as are needed by relief clients.
In
most states the goods are stored and distributed through the coDD11odities
distribution
projects of the Works Progress .Administration.
The significance of goods projects is
indicated by their n'Ulllber and co st, by the
~umber of persons employed, the quantity and
quality of production, and by the number of
needy persons benefiting from the distribution of goods.
Of the 90,695 projects selected for operation under the Works Progress Administration through April 15, 1936, more than 6,000,
or 7 percent, were goods projects.
They represented 8 percent of the total estimated
Earnings on goods projects amounted to
$6,565,550 in payment for about 16,000,000
man-hours of work during the first half of
August.
These earnings represented 11 percent of the total earnings for all VfPA workers.
The amount earned per hour on goods
projects averaged 40.5 oents, as compared
with an average of 50.6 cents an hour for all
WPA workers.
Data on hours and earnings for
the various kinds of goods projects, along
with similar information for other types of
projects for the semimonthly period ending
August 15, 1936, are presented in Table 6 in
Appendix B.
Good s
,WPA
Materials Etc.
Project s
w.,••
& Salaries
Funcls
Jponsors'
uncls
301.
1
701.
Sew1n9
The bulk of the goods production program
is carried on in se"'":l ng rooms.
A special
analysis of the goods projects in operation
during the semmonthly period ending April
15, 1936, indicated there were 3,873 sewing
projects operating in the United states. The
number ranged from leach in the District of
Columbia and Wyoming, 3 in Delaware, and 4 in
New York City to 277 in Massachusetts and 293
in Texas.
In most States county-wide projects were divided into units located in the
towns and villages of the area, with the number of such t..nits varying from 2 to 45.
The
average number of relief workers per sewing
project for the United States was 72; the average rrumber per unit was 31.
Work on sewing projects consists chiefly
in making cotton garments such as infants'
36
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wear, boys' e.nd men's shirts, pajamas, underwear, and overalls; women's and girls' dresses, sleepint; garments, slips, aprons, blouses,
and underwear; and simple household articles,
including sheets, pillow casE's, towels, quilt
tops, blankets, rugs and curtains.
Comforters are ma.de on some projects, and considerable efficiency has been attained in a number
of sewing centers in spinning and weaving.
Toys and incidental household articles are
fashioned from lef't-over materials.
During the year July 1, 1935, to June 30,
1936, cotton textiles allotted to all sewing
rooms totaled 142,878,304 yards.
The total
cost amounted to about $15,ooo,ooo, with an
average of 10.6 cents per yard.
By purchasing in large quantities the Procurement n1·vis ion of the Treasury Department is able to
secure favorable prices.
Agencies such as
the United States Bureau of standards 1 the
Bureau of Home Economics, the Cotton Textile
Institute, and the New York Association of
Cotton Textile Merchants are consulted with
re~ard to specifications.
Inspection of materials at the mills by .Army Quartermaster
inspectors insures conformity with specifications.
In virtually all sewing projects throughout the country, standards have been established covering working procedures and conditions, organizati0n of activities, and production.
In many States and in the majority
of tho larger urban sewing units using electric machines, uniform work rules have been
adopted. They include qualifications and duties of supervisors, directions for adequate
record-keeping, and regulations
governing
safety, h9alth, sanitation, space, heating,
li ghti ng, ventilation, and equipment.
A large majority of the women on these
projects are assi gned to the unskilled wage
class group. Of the 288,328 women working in
sewing rooms during the first half of April,
78 percent were classified as unskilled and
the r emaining 22 percent as intermediate and
skilled.
WPA SEAMSTRESSES MENDING CLOTHES
AT A CHILDREN'S HOME
...__
·~· -..
'
:.f
\
'
\
l
DISTRIBUTING CLO!'HING FROM
WPA SEWING ROCl&.'3 TO RELIEF CUENTS
Dressmakers have been assi gned to the
sewi.n 6 rooms, as well as a number of persons
formerly employed in textile and clothing industries. Some of the women have had limited
experienc~ in sewing in their own homes and a
ffffl have received previous training . Because
of the great diversity among processes in all
the sewing units, however, most of the workers are receiving training which they
previously lacked, not only in the use of sewing
machines but also in designing, cutting,
tailoring and finishing.
The number of articles produced on WPA
sewing projects through April 15,
1936,
amounted to more than 27,000,000. During the
months of May, June, and July. 1936, exolusive of some distribution through local sponsoring agencies, the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation distributed 10,300,000 artioles of clothing and 51 600,000 household articles produced by the sewing and supplementary repair projects.
The number of persona
Digitized by
Google
served by sewing projects in 14 mid-western
states during June 1936 is es'Mmated at about
4 1 000 1 000.
On this basis the country-wide
service would reach considerably more than
12,000,000 persons.
Ca nnin9 and Other Goods
Pro;«cb
Of the total value of goods projects selected for operation through April 16, 1936,
cazming projects represented one percent.
Such projects were reported to have been in
operation since June 1936 in the following
States i
California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, IndiaD&, Massachusetts, Ohio, Te:xaa,
Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
other goods
projects, including gardening, shoe repair,
furniture renovation, equipment construction,
and those projects which combine aotivitie1
classifiable under more than one of the above
headings, were operating in 33 States, New
York City, and the District of Columbia.
In
the State of Idaho, in which there is a relatively large canning program, July production
reached a reported total of 18,672 cans of
vegetables, fruits, jellies and jams, and
soups.
WPA White Collar Projects
The problems involved in
providing work for the large
group of persons normally employed in white collar activities have proved considerably more complex than those
involved in employing manual
labor.
The need, however, for such work is
evident from an analysis of previous occupa•
tions of persons eligible for Works Program
employment in January 1936.
According to
this inventory white collar workers represented 12 percent of all persons having employment priority as the economic heads ot
families.
Employment end E.nin91
Despite the desirability of providing
white collar employment f'rom the very start,
WPA projects designed for white collar workers were comparatively slow in getting under
way. In October 1936 only 6.4 percent of the
persons employed on WPA projects were working
In November, due
on white collar projects.
to the concentrated effort to get large numbers placed on comtruction projects, the
proportion on white collar projects dropped
to -'•6 percent.
Therea:rter the relative importance ot white collar projects in the WPA
program increased steadily until July 16 when
white collar workers constituted 11.6 percent
of all 'IPA workers. This proportion declined
slightly b_y August 31 when 242,000, or 10.6
percent of all person~ employed on WPA projects, were white collar workers.
White collar work is given particular
emphasis in areas having large urban popula•
tions.
In New York City 23 perceni of the
WPA workers were E1Dployed on this lciDd of
project during the second half of August, and
in California, the District of Columbia, and
Massachusetts, between 16 and 20 pe~cent of
the WPA workers were ao employed.
During the semimonthly period ending
August 31, women accounted for 40 percent of
the employment on white collar projects. In
the aggregate, these projects employed 97 1 000
women, or 26 percent of the total women employed by the WPA, and 145,000 men, or 8 percent of the total men employed• Earnings on
white collar projects during the halt-month
amounted to $9,123,000, or 14.6 percent ot
the $62,897,000 earned on all WPA projects.
A.Terage hourly earnings on wh1 te collar proj•
ects were 64.8 cents, as compared with an average of 60.7 cents on all WPA projects.
The total estimated coat in Federal
funds of those white collar projects selected
for operation by April 16, 1936, amounted to
11171600,000, or nearly 10 percent or the total estimated WPA expenditure tor all projects.
In addition aponsora had pledged more
than 112.000,000 for these project.a. As
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Google
might be expeoted, direot labor costs represent a greater proportion of the expenditure
on white collar projeots than on any other
type of llPA project. Out of every 1100 spent
on white collar projects. tea.so is used for
the payment of wages to project workers. in
comparison with an average of $66.90 for direct labor costs on all WPA projects.
White Collar Projects
Materials Etc.
Wases & Salaries
WPA
Funcls
Sponson'
~ Funcls
84
I .
881.
Not all white oollar workers employed
under the Works Program are on white collar
projects.
Approximately 36,000 architeots.
aocountants, auditors, draftsmen, engineers.
stenographers. typists. payroll clerks. and
timekeepers are working on other than white
oollar projects of the Works Progress Administration.
Another group of white oollar
1VDrkers are employed on projeots of Federal
agencies such as those or the Department of
the Treasury and the Department of Agrioulture. On the other land, more than 36.000 of
the 242 1 000 persons amployed on white collar
projects, among them maintenance men on recreation projeots. charwomen and cleaners on
theatre projeots, and janitors and caretakers
on education projeots, are unskilled manual
workers rather than white collar workers.
Typcs of Work
White collar projects are of wide variety.
Educational projects alone (literaoy
classes, general adult education olasses.
nursery sohools. vocational instruotion, vocational rehabilitation. parent
eduoation,
and worker•• education) accounted for 41.100
workers during the second ha.lf of August.
About 38,000 persons were employed on
the Federal art, music, theatre, and writers'
projects.
The nature and scope or these Nation-wide projects are indicated under a following oaption.
.Another 6 1 000 professional
workers have found jobs on the Nation-wide
surveys of Historio Records, Federal Archive~
Historic Amerioan Buildings, and Historic
American Merohant Marine.
Planning projeots employed 6,000 person■ ,
a third of whom were furnishing professional,
technical, and clerical assistance to S'bate
and regional planning boards in their efforts
to collect. compile, and analyze information
relative to the physical. economic, and social deveJ.opment of the various States.
Nursing and public health projeots. operating in 39 States. New York City, and the
District of Columbia. furnished employment to
12.soo persons, of whom 61 000 are trained
nurses.
Clinics have been established in
many States for the examination of children
for communicable diseases and optical, den•
tal, and other physical defects.
Corrective
measures are taken whenever possible
and
children are immunized against typhoid• small
pox, whooping cough and diphtheria.
Nearly 46,000 persons were at work on
research and statistical surveys. making real
property inventories, studying population
shif'ts. wages and income data, surveying
traffic conditions. and doing similar research work.
One of these research projeots
carried on in Texas provides for tracing the
title to every parcel of land. oard indexing
the information, and supplying county assessors with the data necessary for making oo:mplete and accurate assessment rolls.
The
work is resulting in the taxation of many
acres of land which have not previously been
on the rolls.
Projects involving the renovating and
recopying of publio records, codifying. in•
dexing. and filing, provided employment for
26 1 000 persona of clerical training.
Housekeeping aid projects employ 5,000
women to give assistance in housework and
child care in homes where the housewife is
ill or otherwise incapacitated. This wervioe
has helped to keep many needy families together during a difficult period.
Another
thousand women are at 1V0rk preparing hot
lunches for und6rnourished school children.
Recreation projects employed 37.000 workers.
Twelve thousand persons
have been
working on library projects, prepari11& loan
emibits. supervising children's
reading
rooms. and repairing millions or volumes that
would otherwise have been withdrawn trom oirculation.
Through the Braille transcription
projects, technical 1'10rks and texbboolc■ are
being made available to the blind.
College
textbooks are in particular demand amcmg the
18
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JmMBIR or MEN AND 'W<Ja:N IMPlDYDl A.JD AVERAGE HOURLY F.AJUr.[NGS
Cit WP.A.
,mm: COLLAR JROJro.rS, BY TYPES
or
FROJ!C'l'S
bolwting .A.dminiatrative lmployeea
Semlmon:tbly Period Ending August 31., 1936
(subject to Rmsicm)
Type
of Project
Affr&ge
Persona Jmployed
Total
;tiger Egent
MG
Hourly
!lamblgs
wan (~eni1 l
64.8
241,na 100.0
144,649
97,129
15.7
21.401
3,§62
3,324
l,127
4,718
8,270
161492
251058
1,434
3.,746
3,368
2., 395
13.,304
69.8
88.2
65.3
84.2
2,802
3.7
5.0
6.1
.15.3
1.2
56.010
3.,ffl
5.,114
8,705
12,382
24,041
1,991
811
57.3
59.2
J:4uoatloD&l
41,101.
17.0
16,545
24,556
67.6
Reaearch and statistical
45,689
18.9
31.,595
14,094
59.8
25,574
10.6
12.,499
13.,075
58.l
T<7llL
Profeld onal and Technical
Meclical an4 aental
Libru-y
Maseum
~!=~
37.893
a,626
11,743
2,215
5,606
9.,709
Art, L1'tenry., ancl Reoreat1onal 811068
5,211
Art
Wrlt1ng
8.,860
12,073
Theater
14,n7
Masio
Recreational
otur Al
Clerical
37,345
""'3:6'
4.9
0.9
2.3
4.0
33.5
7.2"
62.3
4,658
~
888
12.1
l.,439
69.0
8,419
1,088
55.5
65.8
92.2
the WPA.
Adult
eduoation
classes in such subjects as
history, mathematics.,
economics, sociology, and English
were taught by 15,000 needy
teachers and were attended by
nearly 800,000 persons.
Enrollment in literacy classes
exceeded 266,000 persons, and
the enrollment for vocational
instruction exceeded 260,000.
A total of 88,000 persons
participated in parent education courses., i.e., courses
dealing with homemaking, child
guidance, the purchase and
preparation of food, and related topics.
Workers' education classes benefited almost 61,000 men and women who
had little formal education
but were seriously interested
in social and industrial problems.
Nursery schools for
underprivileged
pre-school
children had an enrollment of
52,500 during the month of
May.
Recreation projeots offer splendid
opportunities
for assisting persons back to
A/ Inolmea project■ claH1fiable uncler more than one of the heading,
normal employment. With conabcrn.
tinued reduction in working
hours and increasing amounts of leisure ti.me,
blind students taking graduate courses. Fifty workers on a Boston project have trfUlthere is reason to look forward to a steady
demand for the trained leisure-time leaders
soribed books in La.tin, French, Italian, and
now employed as WPA instructors in handiGerman, as well as in English. On all these
craf'ts., dramatics, and music as playground
projeots blind persons act as proofreaders.
supervisors, swimming instructors, lifeguards,
In Tennessee and Kentucky, packhorse library
projects are furnishing reading material to
and camp counselors.
In New York City, more
than 200 of the workers formerly attending
the inhabitants of remote mountain areas.
and manning recreational facilities operated
The oarriers, af'ter collecting their books
by
the ffl>A are now pennanently employed by
and other literature from headquarters, travel into the mountains, appearing regularly at
the New York City Department of Parks.
designated sub-oenters - churches.,
country
stores, or crossroads - to distribute
and
In Indiana during June 1936, over 1,100,oolleot books.
As many as 32 mountaineers
000 persons participated actively in 59 rechave been found waiting at a sub-center for
reation projects which employed 2,000 persons
the packhorse carrier.
In one county alone
paid from WPA f'unds.
In addition 1,200,000
about 800 families are availing themselves of
spectators witnessed the games and competithe packhorse library service.
tions carried on by the participants.
other
10,45'3
4.3
6,599
Acco...,li1l1111cnt1
During May 1936., a typical month, more
than 1.a2s,ooo persons were enrolled for instruction under the educational program of
3.,854
66.0
During the fir st half of August, 700,000
persons in Minnesota participated in organized athletios, hobby olubs, arts and handioraf'ts, dramatics, and music., and an equal
number came into contact with the program as
spectators.
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S9
Federal Art, Music, Theatre,
and
Writers• Projects
Nation-wide cultural progr8.llls for white
collar workers are being carried on under
recognized experts who head the Federal art,
music, theatre, and writers' projects. These
progr8.llls are discussed in some detail in the
following paragraphs due to the interest in
this phase of the white collar program.
The Federal art program employs painters, sculptors, graphic artists, craf'tsmen,
art teachers, art lecturers, museum workers,
and photographers. The objective of the program is to provide employment to persons of
these occupations in need, to educate the
public to a higher appreciation of art and to
encourage activities which lead to a greater
use and enjoyment of the visual arts by the
co:imnunity at large.
The art work produced
either remains the property of the Federal
Government or is allocated to States and municipalities or institutions supported in
whole or in part by tax funds •
.More than 51 000 artists are now employed, half of whom work on murals, sculpture,
easel paintings, and graphics.
A quarter of
the artists are engaged in. making posters,
designing stage sets, doing arts and oraf'ts
work, or illustrating the Index of American
Design, a souroe-reoord showing the rise and
development of American decorative and ap·•
plied art.
Others teach art classes, engage
in art research, or work in WPA art centers
and galleries.
Nearly 200,000 different works were produced under the Federal art project between
October 1935 and August 1, 1936. These include more than 3 1 000 easel paintings, about
300 murals, 600 pieces of sculpture, 50,000
posters, 50,000 photographs, and 3 1 000 maps
and drawings.
The balance are primarily
prints of ori~inal outs. Attendance at exhibitions and lectures in the 18 art oentar-s and
experimental galleries opened between December 1935 and August 1, 1936 in seven southern
States totaled nearly 300,000 persons.
The Federal music project
employs about
15,000 instrumentalists, singers,musio teaoh•
ers, and other workers in the field of music.
Each applioant is examined by audition boards
of established musicians in his community, to
determine whether he should be aided as a musician or given assistance on another type of
project. These tests determine also the kind
40
of project to which the applicant is assigned.
At the end of June 1936 about 5,700
of the 16,000 WPA musicians were enrolled in
141 1ymphony and concert orohestrasJ 2,800
persons in 77 symphonic, military, and ooncert bands; 2.000 persons in 81 dance, theatre, and novelty orchestras (including Tipica, Gypsy, Hungarian, Hawaiian, and Cuban
marimba groups); and the remainder in musio
ensembles and choruses or on teaching projects, and projects for copyists, arrangers,
libraria~s. and binders.
WHITE COLLAR WORK
Since last October audiences totaling
well over 20,000,000 persons have heard the
30 1 000 concerts and performances by units or
the Federal music proj~ot.
In addition hundreds of radio concerts have been broadcast
and one hundred- transcription records have
been produced for distribution tQ smaller
stations.
A number of the country's best known oon•
duotors and concert artists have given their
services to the Federal music project. Unanticipated talent has been developed amo:ng
some of the younger unemployed artists and
conductors hitherto almost unknown in the mu•
sio world.
The Federal theatre project employs 12,playwrights, vaudeville and variety artists, circus entertainers, marion•
ette manipulators, stage teohniciana, and
other workers in the professional theatre and
allied fields. In addition to the produotion
000 actors,
of :many kinds of theatrical entertaimnent,
project workers oonduot research of value to
the .American theatre and give professional
instruction in the production and appreciation of drama for educational and recreational purposes.
Through June 30, 1936, attendance at the 20,000 performances given in 30
states totaled
nearly a,soo,ooo persons.
Since June SO, attendance throughout
the
United States has increased to an average of
more than 600,000 persons per week.
The type of play selected for presentation has varied with local demands, local
traditions, and available personnel. Racial
·and language groups are presenting plays based on their own life and literature. Vaudeville units have played to large audiences,
chiefly in CCC and work camps, in public
parks, and in State and municipal institutions.
In New York more than 400,000 children attended the WPA circus project, a
single matinee attracting over 14,000 children.
The Federal writers' project has concentrated most of it1 efforts upon the production of a comprehensive .American Guide which,
in addition to material concerning physical
facilities of interest to the traveler, will
include brief coJl'Dllent on the historical back•
ground, landmarks, historical figures, customs, folklore, scenery, climate, industrial
and agricultural developments, art muse\.Dlls,
sports, educational facilities, and other institutions of the community. The preparation
of the material needed for the Guide has required the services not only of writers, edi•
tors, and historians, but also of architects
to describe architectural landmark ■, geologists to describe geological characteristics
of different regions, photographers to take
pictures of noteworthy monuments, and cartographers and dra.f'tsmen to make maps
and
charts.
Guide writers have received the cooperation of local clubs and of uni.:versities
and colleges, the latter helping particularly
to insure the accuracy of the information
presented in the Guide.
Employment on the writers' project
reached its peak during March and April 1936,
when more than 6,000 persons were engaged in
covering every county in the United States.
It is expected that by late December of the
cun-ent year approximately 160 separate books
of various kinds will have been produced by
the writers' project.
The first volume of'
the .American Guide, the section covering ~he
southeastern region, is at the present time
nearly ready in rough copy form. A number of
distriot and local guides for various parts
of the · country have already been published.
In Ohio a condensed book of tours is to appear during October and will be followed later by the Cleveland City Guide.
In New York
City 30,000 copies of a small pamphlet entitled ''Your New York" have already been distributed.
Somewhat related to the writers' project
are two other Nation-wide projects, the Survey of State and Local Historical Reoords and
the Survey of Federal Archives.
These projects, which together employ 6,000 persons,
have brought to light many documents long
packed away in attics, vaults, and storage
warehouses.
Some of these forgotten documents bear the signatures of George Washington, John Ad8llls, Alexander Hamilton, Thoma~
Jefferson,
John Jay,
James Madison,
and
Andrew Jackson.
National Youth Administration
The impact of the depres sion was particularly hard
on young people.
During the
period of declining employment it we.a natural tor employers to release employees
with short work records and
those without dependents. The application ot
this policy on a large scale, together with
the inabi 11ty ot hundreds cl thousands ot 7ouths
to find stea47 employment after leav.l.ng school,
resulted in wide-spread unemployment among
the younger age groups in the population.
Prior to the establishment of the National Youth Administration, programs for the
benefit of unemployed young persons were undertaken by the Civilian Conservation Corps
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41
Federal Emergency Relief Administra-
The f'our major objectives of' the •di~
al Youth Administration are as f'ollowaa
The Emergency Conservation Work program,
initiated in 1933, provided employment in
Civilian Conservation Corpe camps for umnarried young men whose families were in need.
Youths enrolled in the camps were paid at the
rate of t30 a month with the provision that
125 of this sum be sent to an "allottee" who
was, in most instances, one of the pa.rents or
a dependent.
1. To provide funds for the part-time
employment of needy school, oollege. and
graduate students between 16 and 26 years of'
age so that they can continue their eduoation.
and the
tion.
In the fall of 1933 the Federal :Dnergenoy Relief Administration supplied 1so.ooo
on a dollar for dollar matching basis to the
University of Minnesota, to be used 1n assisting needy college students.
The success of
this experimental program led to its expansion and application on a Nation-wide soale
during the last half of the school year 193334 when 65,000 undergraduate students received aid. During the academic year 1934-35 assistance was rendered to 95.000 undergraduate
college students at a total cost of approxi•
mately ll3.5oo.ooo.
Passage of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 made possible an expansion of those activities designed to assist
young persons.
Under this act the National
Youth Administration was established on June
26• 1935, by Executive order. to provide employment and eduoational opportunities for
young people. The nft' organization was to
function as a divisio~ of the Works Progress
Administration.
2 • To provide funds fbr the part-time
employment on work projects of' young pereone
between 18 and 25 years of age• chietly tram
relief families, the projects being designed
not only to give these yoUDg people valuable
work experience, but to benefit youth generally Et.'1.d the looal 00D111unities in whioh they
live.
s. to eatablish and encourage the •••
tablishment of job training. oounaeling. and
plaocent services for youth.
'• To encourage the developnent and .,._
tension·of constructive leisure-time aoti'f!ties.
St.dent Aid
During the 1935-36 school year the National Youth Administration, which had taken
o~ the supervision of student aid developed
under the FERA. extended the program to in•
clude high-school and graduate college atudents in addition to college undergraduates.
The NYA has acted primarily as an admin•
istrative agency. supplying funds and supervision where necessary for student aid and
work relief activities that have been initiated by local interests throughout the country. Work relief projects in practically all
instances were planned by local agencies and
submitted for approval and subsequent operation by the National Youth Administration.
The Washington staff of the NYA has been
by an executive committee of six
members and by a national advisory committee
of 35 members, all appointed by the President.
The NY.A State Directors lave been a■ siated in
their administrative work by State advisory
committees and by more than 1.600 local ad•
visory committees. The mfl!lbers of these state
and local oommittees are appointed by NYJ.
state Direotora to advise the on the various
aspects of the program.
assisted
LABORAl'ORY WORK
Tne college student aid program operated
in all oases on a work project baeb,, that ii,
the performance of work was reqllired for all
money paid to students•
The saleotion of
work to be done was le:f't to the adlninistering
officials of the cooperating schools. The
rate of pay for undergr&du.ue student• wu
set at an average of 115 a month• with 120 a
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month as the maximum for any one student.
For students in th~ first year of graduate
work the same rates applied, with the additional provision tmt this amount might be
supplemented by not more than $10 a month
from funds allocated for graduate aid.
For
advanced graduate students. the rate was set
at an average of $30 a month, with a maximum
of $40 a month to any one student.
The work covered a broad range of activity. Students performed clerical and manual
work of all kinds•
The college program may
be illustrated by Morton Junior College. Morton Grove, Illinois, where 42 younE women and
70 young men were employed in a wide variety
of work.
Half of the ;'«)men and about 20 of
the men had clerical and office jobs.
Sixteen of the group worked in the library and
~useum, and 11 others were laboratory assistants. others were engaged on research work.
Six young women ;-«>rked as junior counselors
in the office of the dean of girls.
Another
group of girls operated a lost-and•fo\:llld department, and a number worked at reconditioning some 4,000 articles of clothing which
were distributed to needy students.
Eleven
men working on a shop project constructed approximately 1,000 toys for distribution among
needy children.
At Northwestern University,
Evanston,
Illinois, students employed on the NYA pr.ogram assisted in an elaborate program of research in the natural and social sciences. At
Amherst College, in Massachusetts, students
catalogued three nearby museums, prepared
ground and floor plans of the campus and all
buildings belonging to the school, and re•
claimed and landscaped 10 acres of ground
which were added to the campus.
The work performed
by the students
em-
ployed in the high-school student aid program
embraces many types of p1·ojects.
Students
have assisted teachers in the preparation of
study courses and bibliographies, and have
worked as library, gymnasium, and laboratory
aides. Secretarial and stenographic services
have been provided for teachers and principals.
In addition to work which is closely
connected with the operation of the school.
students in many instances have perfonned
valuable work in commtmity projects in music,
art., drama, and museum exhibits.
The accompanying table shows the number
of the three respective classes of students
who received aid during each month of the
1935-36 school year.
The number under the
program reached a peak in April when 404 1 000
students were receiving aid.
tnMBJ:R or S'.rUDDfl'S 1<1£nvING AID UND1:R THE STODDff
AID PROGRAM or Tm: N.l'riaw. YOU'rB JDIQNISTRATICB
Septeuiber 1935 to June 1936
(Subjeot to ltnilion)
Montll
ti& £Coi eoiie1te &.iu.ie
S'Wla.ta
Total
1935
'"'liptember 34,924
Ootober
183,5P4
234,«iO
BO"ftllllHr
Deoember
281,G.
~
February
309,561
350.,151
379.,195
M&roh
l.pnl
May
397.,"429
Jae
212,M
V
-404.,032
N_ Stuaenta S'Wllat1
26,163
75,033
ll.8,273
157.,766
8,700
104.,969
lll.,500
U8,415
61
3,592
188,216
226,!135
256,123
274,677
265.,504
125,?N
112,541
118.,575
116,970
122,635
125,625
80,507
4,804
5.,041.
6.,102
6,720
6,300
6,550
4,677
5,220
Inoll!Aea a ..:U aaiber of elaaitarJ"
aobool at-aam1.
Work Projects
Allocations of funds to the National
Youth Administration fbr work projects were
made fbr four typesz
(1) community development and recreational leadership, (2) rural
youth development., (3) public service training, and (4) research projects.
The National Youth Administration work
program was somewhat delayed in order to enable the administration to center its attention on the initiation of the student aid
program. In December some 10,000 youths were
assigned to work on regular WPA projects at
the NYA wage scale of approximately one-third
of the regular WPA hours and earnings.
The
number of persons employed on NYA work proj,9cts increased rapidly from about 16,000 in
January of this year to a mazimum number ot
182,000 in June.
The table on the following
page ahon the trend ot employment on NYA
work projects from January through .AJ.Jgust 1936.
The general regulations governing employment on NYA work projects are simple.
As on
WPA projects, at least 90 percent of all per•
sons employed must be manbers of families
certified as eligible for relief.
The salaries paid and the hours worked were set at
approximately one-third the standard WPA
hours and wages applying in a given community
for a given occupation, with the additional
provision that the wage pe.id shall in no oase
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exceed $25
ployment.
per month
for the
NUMBm or
part-time em-
PERSONS DmiOYID OR IYJ.
1'0RX PROm='?S, BY SEX
V
Janua.r;y to .lquet 1936
(SubJeot to Rml1on)
Total
Month
J'amaary
Fe'brua.?-y
Ma.rob
.lpril
May
174.367
June
Jul)"
.l\Jg'llst
,I
!/
15,681
76,668
165,347
180,353
18Z,4n
!/
179,936
154.241
Fem&le
9,539
46,531
99,180
105,229
97,888
99,823
96,612
81,918
6,1-42
30.,137
ff.,167
75,124
76.,479
82,654
83,324
12.323
Inol\14es adults employed in supenisory
&D4 1killed oapacitie1
Prel1wdmtry
Work projects represented such varied
activities as the extension and wider use
o! existing recreational facilities; landscaping of school grounds; roadside beautification; extension of social services to
youth by means of youth community centers;
assistance in the performance of cleric~l and
stenographic work in the local offices of
welfare abencies and bureaus; historicnl, municipal, archeological, health, and delinquency studies; sewing and nursery projects;
and toy projects involving the conditioning
and distribution of toys to children in needy
families.
A concrete illustration of one type of
project operating under the NYA is the establishment of youth centers in comunities
where no meeting rooms were available to the
young persons of the community.
These youth
centers have been instituted throughout the
country. In the State of Pennsylvania alone,
for example, 191 youth centers were set up
af'ter surveys of the recreational situation
in many communities revealed the need for
such centers. The youth centers are run on a
cooperative basis, with the building, lighting., and equipment donated by the community.
They are usually in continuous daily operation, with youths anployed as recreational
attendants and instructors.
Gymnasium instruction is given to young persons in the
neighborhood and classes of various kinds are
conducted.
In Philadelphia, in a crowded Uegro residential area entirely lacking in recreation-
al facilities for Negro youths, the parish
house was donated by St. Simon's Episcopal·
Church to be used as a youth center.
The
project itself employs approximtely 30 young
Negro men and i.·romen, and approximately SOO
Negro youths use the center daily.
Illustrative of the types of project·•
operating in smaller communities is one being·
conducted in Fort Morgan,
Colorado•
where
52 youths are employed in building an outdoor.
swimming pool. The area was first drained ot·
stagnant water and thoroughly cleaned.
TU.,·,
new pool is now filled with warm water com1~
from the city power plant.
Sand beaches
gether with diving boards and towers baW." ·'
been oonstructed,
Adjoining the " " 1 ~
pool are several acres of picnic gro •• ,.. which have been thoroughly cleaned and p:r\f, ) •
vided with picnic tables and park equipnenf··
constructed by the youths employed on t1f4ii_
• •,;y.project.
Several acres of recreational f'&~
cilities ,have also been provided,
inolud~:
two double cement tennis courts, a soft-bail;
diamond with lights for night playing, ~d
wading pools for children. This recreational·
area is in constant use by hundreds of boys
and girls.
t4'
Extension of library facilities has been
an NYA activity of Nation-wide importance and
has given employment to the youth of every
State.
The project has involved establishment of book-rack libraries in rural coDlll.unities where library facilities are all:lost nonexistent; collection, repair, and distribution of books in rural areas where no reading
facilities were available; expansion of inadequate staffs in public libraries to keep
libraries open for more hours per day; and
establishment of small circulatine libraries.
Thus, in Atlanta, Georgia, through the
cooperation of civic clubs, church olubs, and
interested individuals, 14.000 books
and
30,000 magazines were collected.
Thirty-one
girls were employed under the supervision .of
a competent librarian to repair and bind
books and magazines, and to ship them to various sponsors in nearly 100 rural communities as nuclei for small circulatin~ libraries.
In each of these communities a small
number of youths were employed by the National Youth Administration to operate the projeot.
Joi, Plece111ent
To assist yo'llllg persons
44
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in industry, registration with the 'United
states Employment Servioe was lll.6.de oompulsory
~r persons employed on the program, excluding only those receiving student aid.
Many
of the State Youth Directors have appointed
State vocational counselors to oooperate with
the vocational counsel services of such private organizations as the YMCA and YWCA.
In
38 cities in 14 States the NYA established
Junior Placement Offices by placing vocational youth counselors in the offices of the
STUDENT LIBR/!'R.Y WORKERS
United stateb Employment ~ervice and the National Reemployment Service.
The
Junior
Placement Offices had placed 11.652 young
persons in jobs in industry by October 1,
1936• the September total alone amounting to
3.132 persons.
NYA employment
counselors
visited 10.955 private employers
jobs for young people.
to solicit
Apprentice Tr•ining
The objective of preparing youth for
placement in industry has been carried out by
stimulati21g apprentice training through the
Federal Conmittee on Apprentioe Training.
This comnittee. which had been established as
part of the National Recovery Administration.
by Exeoutive order in June 1934, beoame a
part of the National Youth Administration
and its activities were financed by a grant
of $53,000 from NYA funds.
The work of the
committee has been primarily in the field of
coordinating the activities of existing public and private apprentice-training bodies
and in stimulating the fonnation of new organizations devoted to this purpose. A close
working relationship has been maintained with
a number.of craft unions that have sponsored
apprenticeship programs.
The National Youth Administration received net allocations of $42.331,268 from
funds of the ERA Act of 1935 to carry on its
program.
Of this amount $25,106,268 was set
aside for student aid and $17.225,000 was
allocated for youth work projects. By Au~ust
31, 1936, the President had allocated more
than $13,500,000 for the NYA frora the ERA Act
of 1936.
This sum inc"lucted $3,000,000 for
student aid und $10,501,239 for work projects.
46
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...
Participation of Sponsors in the Works Program
The great bulk of the projects prosecuted under the Works Program are cooperative
undertakings in which local and State authorities play an essential role.
In particular
the r rojects of the WPA and the Non-Federal
Division of PWA have been devised and put into operation by combined Federal and looal authorities. These projects have been initiated and supported by public bodies in the localities in which they operate - a procedure
which insures selection of projects in keeping with local needs and preferenoes. Looal
sponsors have provided a considerable portion
of the project costs either in the form of
cash, mate~ials and equipment, or supervisory
personnel. Suocessful operation of the works program would be next to im•
possible without the oooperation,advice, critioism,
and material support of
thousands of looal sponsors.
Sponsors of W PA Projects
Any governmental authority, such as a State,
county, city, village, or
township, may act as sponsor for a WPA projeot.Nongovernmental groups suoh
as boards of trade, clubs,
societies, ohurches, orphanages, veterans' organizations or other private,
sectarian, oivic or similar organizations may not serve as sponsors,
though the cooperation of these latter groups
is frequently enlisted in preparing projeot proposals and in advising with sponsors
and WPA officials as the work on a pro jeot
progresses.
Ci ties, villages, boroughs and towns
sponsor more than half the
WPA projeota.
State govermaents sponsor about 12 peroent ot
all projects, oounties about a fourth, and
townships about a tenth. The remaining projects are sponsored by various special bodies,
such as sohool districts and sanitary districts.
State and local departments of publio works, highway oammiasions, boards of education, boards of health, welfare departments, park boards, and reoreation oommittees
are representative agencies whioh frequently
have sponsored projeots.
Before any WPA project can be started,
colilpl~te plans for its operation must be prepared by the sponsor in cooperation with the
officials of the nearest district WPA office.
It is the responsibility of the sponsor to
supply detailed outlines ,
blueprints an d specifications if these are required for the satisfactory operation of the proposed projeot.
I n most
cases the sponsors are also expected to supply . a
substantial share of the
materials, supplies., ~quip•
men:t, and tools that may
be necessary. If any purchase of land is required,
this must be undertaken by
the sponsor. As the proj•
ect progresses, the sponsor is expected to provide
whatever technical super~
vision and advice are required. If travel is neo•
essary from the homes of
workers to projeots located in isolated areas, transportation is usually provided by sponsors'
trucks.
Prior to the final approval <:£every proj•
ect. each ot the following requirements is
carefully considered.
The project must be
useful and of genuine benefit to the oommuni ty. A predominant share of Federal funds
must go for wages of relief persons. The nature of the work must be suited to the oapa•
bilities of available relief workers in the
community.
Projects must be planned with
~aspect to the number, age, sex, and occupational characteristics of relief persons in
the locality where the proposed project is to
be executed.
Such information is available
at the district offices of the Works Progress
Administration.
SPONS<ES' l'tJlfDS .AS Pl2C1m fY 1'0r JL ISTDIU'Erl COST
fY 11PJ. PROJECTS SELl!C!J:D 1'0R OPERATION,
Br ffPl5 or PRO.m;TS
y
'-'YP• of ProJeot
Sponaora' J'unda
.la Percent of Total
Eatimat ed Co st
ro.l'jL
Bigt1a71, N&da, and streets
Publio 'bullcliDga
Parb and o1her recreational
faoilitiea
Coun"fttion
s...- qll't•• an4 oth.- utilitiea
.Airports &114 other transportation
White ooll&r
Gooaa
Sanitation and health
Mieoell.&Deou
18.2
21.9
22.e
11.1
15.3
23. 7
14.6
9.4
8.5
25.8
17.9
If Buea
on uta for projeota aeleoted for operation
through April 151 1936.
for by sponsors• funds for each main type of
project selected for operation.
Construction projects are also the kind
upon which large expenditures are re quired
for supplies and materials.
Sponsors have
undertaken to provide a large share of these
non-labor ex)!l8nses.
Over 47 percent of all
non-labor project costs involved in the entire WPA progr8.lll will be met from sponsors'
funds.
Federal funds are consequently left
free chiefly for expenditures on direct labor
costs, with the result that about four-fifths
of all Federal funds spent on WPA projects go
for wages.
Through July 31, 1936, reports had been
received for 13,462 projects on which work
had been physically completed or work had
been ended after completion of some useful
part of the job originally undertaken. Generally speaking, these projects are small
ones which were started and completed quickly
during the early days of the program.
As the following table indi_cates, sponsors have borne over 21 percent of the total
costs of all projects reported as completed
or discontinued through July 31, 1936.
No project can be approved which involves: work for which local funds are normally appropriated; work which is generally
included in the governmental operations of
sponsoring agencies (this does not include
expansion of physical facilities); or work
which would result in displacing regular employees.
Tabulations of the estimated costs of
WPA projects selected for operation by State
Administrators indicate that sponsors have
pledged over 18 percent of the total costs of
all projects.
The percentage of sponsors'
funds is by no means uniform, however, f o r
the different types of projects. The highest
proportions of sponsors' funds are for con~
struotion projects involving work on highways, roads, and streets, public buildings,
and sewer systems and other public utilities.
More than a fifth of all costs of construction projects are met by sponsors, in contrast with approximately a tenth of all oosts
of white collar projects, goods projects, and
others of a non-construction nature. Almost
88 percent of all funds pledged by sponsors
were designated for expenditures on construction projects.
The preceding table indicate• th.e proportion ot total oosta accounted
J:XPZRDI'l'tm:s ON 13,462 OCMPLJ:rED OR msoo:mnrom
11PA PRO~S, Br s:>URCIS or rma I/
Jmout
Soaroe
$66,350,999
'lO'.W,
rea....i tum•
SponMra' tuna.a
y
Percent
100.0
52,273,821
14,077.178
Buea on reports reoeiTea tbrough J'Qly 31, 1936.
Data for Maaaachuetta and for Nft' York are not
iDOlu4ecl in thia tabulation.
Sponsors of PWA P,o;ccts
The Non-Federal Division of the Public
Works Administration was authorized by the
Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts to make
loans and grants for projects sponsored and
operated by States, counties, cities, Territories and Possessions. Under the provisions
of this progr8.lll, grants of Federa1 funds may
be made to oover not more than 45 percent ot
the total costs of any project proposed by
a local sponsor and approved by the NonFederal Division of the Public Works Adminis-
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tration.
The remaining 66 percent must be
provided by the local or State governmental
body sponsoring the project. A loan to aid
in financing the remaining 55 percent. however, may be made by the PWA from funds provided by previous appropriations. Actually,
however, most of such funds have been raised
locally.
PWA non-Federal projects differ
distinctly from WPA projects in that prosecution of PWA projects is in the hands of the
local sponsoring bodies - subject
only to
general regulations and limitations ot PW.&.
intended to insure fair treatment ot labor.
sound engineering construction, aad similar
necessary elements.
Details in regard to the f'inanoing ot
projects operated by the PWA. as reported
through August 13 • 1936 • are included 1D. Table
16 in .Appendix B.
l
\
..
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Federal Agency Programs
re ■pectiw
roles played by Federal
agencies, other than the Works ProgreH Ad•
ministration, that are cooperating in the
prosecution of the Works Program are set
forth in the following pages and the 110rlc
performed by each or the agencies is disou11ed in same detail. Al though the activities of' the Works Progreas Adm1n1stration are
generally mown to be part of' the Works Program, it is perhaps not ■ o generally understood. that Jll8llY permanent and other emergency
agencies of' the Federal Govermnent are also
participating in the Works Program.
The
Kinds of
Activities
The project.a approwd for proseoution by
the permanent departmeJXts haw almost invariably involved extension of their normal actin ties. As a coneequence the work of' the
bureaus or depar'bnents has, in many instances,
been advanced eewral years. This is particularly true of' those agencies 'Whose work is
connected with conservation and reclamation.
While attaining this end, the Federal agencies haw also pron.dad jobs to persons in
need of relief' in keeping with the tundame-utal objectives of' the Works Program.
Federal agencies (other than WPA)
par'id.cipating in t.be Works froga fall into
two classess tho■e prosecuting 110rk projects
am those performing •cbdn:t ■ tratiw, advisory-,
or service duties. Of' the 10 Cabinet departments, all but the Poat Office Departanent haw
bureau• or services engaged in operating work
projects. ~ of' the ■ o-oalled "independent" deparinents or the Federal Gowrmnent
are similarly engaged. The tunotione of' acoounting, di■bureament, and procurement or
materials, supplie ■ ,and equipn.ent are handled
by the Treasury Deparianent. llany bureau• act
in an adn.sor,- capacity under the Program.
Thus, the Corps of' EnginNrs or the War Deparianat is tarnishing a ocmaiderable U101mt
ot agt..mering serrice. The United States
Jllaployment Semoe, ader the &nergenoy ReThe
liet Appropriation Act ot 19S6 has sernd as
the employment agency f'or the Works Program.
The Emergency Relief' Appropriation Act
of' 1936, in general, continued the worlc provided tor in the 19S5 Act. Certain changes,
howewr, are significant. The work of' the
Civilian Conservation Corps -.s remowd f'rom
the emergency worlc relief' program and placed
within the regular budget. 1'he Public Works
Adm1n11tration -.s turni ■hed with approximately 1300,000,000 ot additional tunds b7 a
provision in the 1936 Act which will enable
it, upon ■uch direotion by the President, to
make grants to local govermae:at;s f'or work
proj-.ots from f'lmds hitherto u■ ed tor loans.
The types of' projects conducted by the
Federal departmnte of' the Government under
the Works Prcigram are so.mewha.t similar to
those previously disoussed under the Works
Progress Adm1n1stration.
Each cooperating
agenoy naturally tends to emphasize certain
types of' work. Certain agencies, honwr,
such as die Housing Division ot the PWA and
the Resettlement Adm1n11tration, prosecute
project■ which haw no counterpart in the WP.A
Program. The .following table llhil.oh 11 s ts
WatD PRCGlUM DPDID?'flJUS a, 1'IDIIW, JGDCIJ".,
DCLUSIVI or 11PA JJI) J'IRl, BY TYPES or PBO.m::TS
bol'1141.ag Aaad.ml1:Nt1w l:xpen<,_..a
Tbrcnie .1une ,o, 1ose
hp ot ProJeot
12.1
7.9
1.8
Higlraya, roa48 1 al n:reeta
Pablio lndlllaga
Boula,
P.-11:s a4 0 ~ NON&tioal
taol11U•
com...,..tion
s...- 1yat- aal o111er
dllt1•
!r&upclriatlon taalli ts.ea
"lh1til oollar
Mlloellaeoaa pl'OJec,ta
Rval naettl-t Ul4
r911e!;Dep\• Npori
Soaroea
prona.a ta•
1061
Oil
9!tl3 of faL
e.e
IRA Aot ot 193!5, u of.,_. 30, 1930.
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'ffl:RJS PROGRAM EXPENDI'1'tJRIS OJ' nm:RAL
DCLUSIVJ: or llP.A j1'l) rmJ., BY CEJIL"TS or
•IX]>n,w,llffl'l-.ioo
Inol'llilS.ng .&.abl1tratin bpemtitvn
'l'hroqh Jun• 30, 1936
$1,189,040,588
TO'UL
Personal 1errloe1 (J'ecleral payroll)
Supplies and material.a
Rent (buildings aa4 equipment)
Conatrootion, aintaaD0e, &nd
repa1r oontraot1
Grant• to 1Il41Ti4ual.•
Grants to state,
Contractual ee:MioH (trauportation,
ooamunioa;tion, heat, li,rt, etc.)
Purchase of equipnent
Purohaae of l&nd
Loana
Employees• oompeuation
448,172,723
190,802,928
9,582,188
74,633,053
15,378,310
232,549,&72
55,490,552
38,-462,150
23,068,758
99,337,2"'6
1,562,808
souroe, 'l'Nasury Dept. Nport en natua of fa4a
p-m4e4 in the
au. .lot
of 1935, •
of J'aDe 30, 1936.
expenditures by types of project, tor Federal
agencies through June 30, 19Z6, is roughlyindicative of the importance of the variou
typesJ but since these expenditures total
only one-half of the allocations to these
agencies, the proportions may be expected to
change somewhat as the tull sum is expended.
Fund,
By August 31, 1936, the President had
allocated i2,385,000,000 to various Federal
departments, not including the FERA and the
WPA. F.mrgenoy ConSel"T&tion Work with over
$600,000,000, the Department ot Agriculture
with about t590,000,000, and the Public Works
Administration with 1464,000,000 received the
largest allocations.
other agencies receiving allocations ot :more than $100,000,000
eaoh were the War Department, the Interior
Department, and the Resettlement Adminiatration.
gust 31, 19Z6J and against these obl"igationa
ohecks amounting to ll,SSS,000,000 bad been
issued in payment. The dietributiona o~ these
sums among the agenoies are ahown 1n Table 1,
ot Appendix B.
By June 30, 1938, over
tl,100•000•000
had been iuued in oti.oks bf the Treaaury Deparbaent or its authorized represent&tiv-es in
payment of' Worka Program obligations incurred
by agencies other than FERA and WPA. Thia ha•
been analysed by the Treaisury Department into
ita components ot payrolls., materials and supao
plie1, eto.
'l'w0 ot the item.a listed do not
permit a breakdown into such classifications.
These are payments made against oonatruotion.
maintenance, and repair contraot1 and grants
made to States or public bodies tor projects.
The latter item arises through the operations
of' both the Bureau ot Publio Roads and the
Non-Federal Di vis ion ot the PWA, whioh make
grants to local publio bodies.
Pa,ments are
made directly to the sponsor
and there1'ore
cannot be se gre gated by the Treasury Department aooording to
object of' e xpendi'ture.
Expenditures aooording to the eewral olasei•
fioations are listed in the aoooapanying ta.le.
Eaploymcnt and Earnings
At the inauguratJ.on o:f the Worka Program
the CCC n• a tull-tledged organisation - -
In addition to Federal funds thus allocated, looal publlo bodiea prosecuting P¥ll
projeota had pledged their own funds to the
amount or lt70,000,000 by August 13, 1936.
or thi• total tn.7 had borrowed t120,000,.
000 from a apeoial NTOlving tund maintained by the PWA tor tbia J.JW"PO••, f'inanoed
by appropriation• made prior to the Emergenoy
Relief Appropriation Aot of 193&.
ot the total or $2.386,000,000 allocated, $2,018,000,000 bad been obligated by Au-
CCC ERECTING A LOOKOUT TOWER
60
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DLDI' ST.&ftS OJ' PDIIOIII lll'IDm> Clf 1')ID Jl!IIDGIW(
IWtR ~ mmI'Y.I OJ' llPA
Zml:a.aina £Mbd wtnU"" llllployee1
1fNlc
batn, J.qaat 29, 1936
ilmcmac::ciH.i
UOIO'f
Total
PG"SOU
.....
l,aiaJ1N4
Of Relief
Peroeai
1.023,031
646,663
63.Z
.._.,acy Conaer-n.Uon Work
385,600
337,800
87.6
Depariaent of jgrioultwe
Entomology ud Plant 0:1aranttne
FC11N1t Seniee
Publlo Roe41
Soll Couerntlon Senioe
other BaNau
275.685
27, '16§
20,-191
207,218
16,737
3,!536
130.788
14,653
2,694
90.6
34.9
87.5
76.2
4,182
3.,781
90.4
!aw. (aolllilDC WPA)
D ~ of CCIIIIDffOe
Depariant •f the lat.nor
Jlatioul. Parle Senice
Puerto Rioo ReoonatruoUon Adml.n.
Reo1-t1en
otMl':S.......
lla-w:, D-,.rtant ('nrcl1 •d Doob}
73.154
14,zcs
zz,52!
18,~
72,360
57,096
47.4
'lr.1'
78.0
ii,oili
Tr.&
4',68Sl
10,386
4.,834
«>,~
1,357
4-383
13el
90.7
15,598
14,325
91.B
hbllo Wwb ~•tration
Jlnaiq Din.lion
won,.1ea.era1 Dln.11011
170,901
4'21541
~.2
24.9
164,n7
z,m
~
«>,33!5
24.6
RNottlaeDt Aa.lni1tr&tlon
!54,SIBl
29,072
~toftheTrNsvy
6.,!503
!5,!579
sz.g
8!5.e
War Depu-1aeat
C.-p• of J:Dgluer1
~•tercorpa
other Agenoi••
6,684
34.235
to;b31
5,204
2,190
2~272
10.s,
2~001.
113
4.271
82.1
l,409
64.3
reau of Pub11o Roads, and the
Resettlwnt Acbn1n1atraticm.
AJs shown in the accompanying
table tour other agenoies were
employing over 20,000 persons
during the last wek of August.
It has not been possible
tor the Government agencies
as a whale to maintain a proportion ot 90 percent of re•
lief employees on their proj•
ects. Although it is true
that most of t h e agencies
whose work wa■ done on f oroe
aooount wre able to :maintain
a high ratio of relief labor,
nevertheless large emplo19ra
such as the Public Works Administration, the Bureau of
Public Roads, and the Corps
of Engineers, who1e work was
prosecuted primarily through
contracts, had a high non-relief percentage.
During the
past three months the number
of relief employees from relief rolls employed on Feder•
al agency projects (other than
CCC) has been approximately
equal to the number of those
from non-relief sources. The
accompaeying t.Lble present•
these de.ta by major age n cies
tor tbe wek ending August 29,
1936.
ploying about 400,000 enroll.ea •n and over
60,000 "non-enrollees," that is, persons in
supervisory and administrative capacities,
many of them frcm the regular .Ar'tq. At the
same tine (July 1936), howver, the other
Federal agencies had fewr than so.ooo persons at work.
Employment under the CCC, e.£ter riaing to a peak of 656,000 persons in
October 1935, has consistently deolinecl until
at the end of August 1936 the total stood at
386,000.
In the manti:me the other Federal
dqarblents had increued their per10:miel
1teadily trom month to month so that sinoe
lfaroh more person• have been working on other
Federal agency projects than have been - ployed by CCC. At the end ot August 1936 the
total naber employed by the other Federal
agencies was 637.,000 persons.
Federal agenoies showing the lar&e•t current employment are the Cinlian Conservation
Corp•, the Publio Works Ad:mi ni atratioz». the BIi.•
Under the ERA .lot of 1935 the security
wage schedule has applied in general to Federal agencies, as bas the provision that working hours were not to be in excess of eight
hours per day and 40 hours per 118ek.
Contract work, however, suoh as that done by the
Public Works Administration and the Bureau of
Publio Roads, wa• exempted from the monthly
security wage 1obedule.
These two agenoie•
have also set a monthly maximum or 130 hours
of work per :month. Certain projects of other
Federal agencies, involving the construction
of public buildings tor the uae of the Go,_..
•nt of the United States., paid prevailing
wages in acoorclanoe with the Bacon-Davis Aot.
Sinoe the passage of the ERA Aot of 1936,
hourly wage rates not lower than prevailing
rates kave been paid under the entire Work■
Program so that at the present time all workers on Federal agenoy projeot1 reoeive oampen•
sation at the going hourly rate of wages in
the community in which the work is pertor:med.
61
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Emergency Conservation Work
Emergency Conservation Work we.s authori zed by Act of Congress, March 31, 1933, and
was put into operation almost immediately
(April S) Ul:l.der Executive Order No. 6101.
This Executive order appointed a Director ot
Emergeney Conservation Work and provided for
the transfer to the .new agency of funds
amounting to $10,000,000 from the unallocated
balance of an appropriation approved July 21,
1932.
During the ensuing two years, additional funds were ma.de available from various
sources with the result that by March 30,
1935, just prior to the passing of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, a total of $763,077,515 had been provided.
Subsequently this work we.s financed entirely
from funds made available under the ERA Act
of 1935 from April 8, 1935, to June 30, 1936,
and thus became a part of the Works Program.
The activities of this agency may be divided into three major groups: work carried
on by the Civilian Conservation Corps, emergency conservation work performed by Indians
on reservations, and emergency conservation
work in the Territories. il may be seen from
the table on page 55 the Civilian Conservation Corps is by far the largest of these,
providing almost 97 percent of the total employment.
The agency's program is unique in the
sense that it is primarily a young men's program.
In order to be enrolled as a member
of the Civilian Conservation Corps, a man
(unless he belonge to one ot the excepted
groups described later in thi1 paragraph)
must be between the ages ot 17 and 28 inclusive, a United States citizen, unmarried, unemployed, physically fit, and a member of a
family on the public relief' rolls.
War vet•
erans are permitted to enroll in the CCC
without regard to age or marital 1tatu1.
A
third type of enrollee is com.posed of local
experienced men who are selected by the tech-.al experts at the camps without regard to
age or marital 1tatua.
Enrollees are paid a basic rate ot t30
per month.
Of this amount, junior enrolleea
are required to allot to their dependents a
substantial proportion - usually $22 to $25 a
month - and enrolled veterans having dependeats are required to allot them a substan-
tial proportion of their pay. In a number of
instances enrollees have received prom.otiou
to positions requiring a greater degree ot
skill and paying higher salaries.
In these
oases the status of the enrollees is changed
to that of non-enrolled personnel.
Emergency Conservation Work activities
are under the guidance of a Director who is
assisted by an Advisory Council in Washington
com.posed of representatives of the Departments of War, Interior, Agriculture. and Labor.
These four departments also cooperate
in conducting the Corps• program.
The War
Department provides for the construction, organization, and administration of' camps and
looks after the general welfare ot the men.
supplyin~ such necessities as food and olothing.
In a few instances technical supervision of' work projects is an jrmy tunotion.
The Department of Labor is respouible tor
the selection of enrollees and determination
of their qualifications. The Veterans• Bureau
makes selections of eligible veterans.
The
Department of Agriculture, through the Forest
Service, the Biological Survey, and the Soil
Conservation Service, is responsible i'or se•
lecting, planning, and supervising the work
of' the Corps in each of their respective
fields.
The National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Office ot Indian
Affairs of the Interior Department plan and
supervise the work undertaken in their respective fields.
CCC Work
In planning and conduoting the work ot
the Corps, emphasis has been placed upon the
completion ot projects which improve the Nation's forests and parks and protect agaiut
losses due to fires and the ravages ot insects and diseases.
Other major objeotivea
include the control ot soil erosion on valuable agricultural and timber land, the development of more adequate recreational areas
in parka and forests, the prosecution of
flood control operations, and the conserva•
tion of wildlife.
While the partioular type of work done
varies from section to section, there is considerable similar! ty in the work oarried on
THE ROAD
WAS BUILT
BY 'l'BB CCC
in States in the same general region. However, forestry and recreational facility activities, as well as road and trail construction, have been prosecuted in e.11 the States.
The following brief descriptions of CCC activities in selected States are considered typical of the programs of major regions.
In Ohio and the nei191boring territory
speeial emphasis has been placed on the rehabilitation of existing drainage systems and
other programs providing for the protection
of agrioultural lands a gainst erosion.
In New Jersey, typical of another section, the most important projects carried on
by the CCC have involved the restoration of
northern New Jersey's pine barrens to forest
productivity and the develo:EJllent of State
park areas for reoreationa.l use.
In Virginia, where 83 CCC camps are operating, the work consists chiefly of forest
proteetion and culture and extensive development of both national and State parks.
In the State of Oregon, the principal
objeotive of the work of these camps has been
the protection of the valuable forested areas
against the attacks of fire, predatory inseots, and diseases. Also, as in the oase of
Virginia, enrollees have me.de extensive i mprovements to the national forest and park
recreation areas in the State.
The majority
have been
of Maine's 15 CCC oamps
carrying out proteoti ve and im-
provement operations on forest lands. The
work on these forests is under the supervision of the Maine Forestry Commission in cooperation with the Federal Forest Service.
Emphasis has been placed on strengthening
fire, insect and tree disease protection systems, improvement of valuable forest stands,
and development of better recreational facilities through the construction of roads and
trails.
Wildlife cc,nservation activities
have also formed part of the program.
Of
particrular interest to hikers is the work
done in the Maine link of the famous Appalachian Trail.
This section cuts aoross the
White Mountain National Forest as "All as
State forests and park lands, extending a.bout
200 miles from Mount Katahdin in Maine to
Grafton on the New Hampshire border.
In the opinion of conservation authorities, the work of the Civilian Conservation
Corps has advanced the program in this country from 15 to 25 years. Nearly 75,000 miles
of truck trails and minor roads have been
constructed throu191 timbered areas, approximately 45,000 miles of telephone lines have
been built, about 3,000 fire-lookout and observation towers have been erected, and nearly 60,000 miles of fire breaks ha Te been
built.
This means that Federal, State, and
private forests oan be protected from fire
much more efficiently than before.
The forest stands on over 2,225,000 aores have been
improved and approximately 600,000,000 seedlings have been planted in connection with
the reforestation of out-over, burned, and
eroded lands.
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In conneotion with soil conaeM"ation.
about 2,000.000 soil erosion dame have been
conatrueted., nearly 3,500 miles ot ta.rm terraces built, ..a OTer 20,600,000 linear teet
of drainage di tohes cleaned and improved.
Through the oonstruction of over 3.,600
fish-rearing ponds, the developnent and improvement of 5.,000 miles of stream, and the
improvement of lakes and ponds, the CCC has
made available great numbers of fie h tor
stocking and has imprond the oondi tion ot
streams and lakes tor the propagation ot
fish.
A good illustration of the work done by
CCC men in connection w1 th the oonseM"ation
of wildlife is the project at Tule I.alee.
This project is operated under tb8 supervision of the Biological Survey whioh makes the
following statement re garding the work:
"For more than a yec.i.r young men in a CCC
camp at Tule Lake c~ the Oregon-California
State line have been improving a migratory
waterfowl refuge under the direction or the
U. s. Biological Survey.
Dykes are being
constructed around vast pools of shallow
water.
In them is being planted the aquatic
vegetation on which waterfowl live. The are&
is on the Pacific _flyway on which wild ducks
and geese migrate yearly to their Alaska
nesting grounds. Civilian Conservation Corps
men are building roads over the wide area.,
throwing up nesting islands in Tule Lake and
covering them with shrubbery, and have es-
CCC . .
naanH PODS! ,mu
ta.liahed a nursery in whioh 1s.ooo tree• are
growing tor further wi ldlite oover. .A tavor•
able environment tor ma.ey wild apeoie• 1•
being ore&ted.
The CCC men do aoat ot the
work, receiving in.atruotiona tram experts u
to the neoeesi'l;y for each step &a it 1• ma.de.
'l'o carry on the job they haft designed and
built their own boats, and inT9nted a metal
sea. sled whioh will break the ioe on Tule
x.ke in winter.•
Flood oontrol aoti 'ri. ties haft been oarried on irt several States. The project in the
1finooald Talley of Vermon't is &Zl ollt;•ta:ocll'llC
one. This work was done by companies ot War
veterans working under the technical super•
vision of the Corps of Engineers ot the Jrztry.
In 1927, 55 lives wre lost due to floods in
the Winooski Valley and the property damage
amounted to $13,500,000.
The deatruotion ot
oattle was extensive.
During the flood conditions in the spring of 1936., which were
estimated to be as severe as those of 1927,
there was no widespread destruction in the
Winooski Valley. Barre and Montpelier, which
are, except for Burlington, the most densely
populated seotionl of the State, escaped
praotioally unscathed.
The contribution ot
the dams to the protection of the Winooski
Valley has been widely acknowledged.
It haa
been demonstrated that these dams han al•
ready paid for themselves through the destruction they have prevented.
The reclamation 110rk or the Civilian
Conservation Corps has oonaisted largely of
cleaning and clearin& a.pproxiJl'\8.tely 29.,000,000 aq'1are yard.a
of brush and trees that interfered with the mechanioal removal of silt f r om canals., reconstructing irrigation wateroontrol structures, manufacturing and placing concrete
pipe, riprapping canal banks, ·
and clearing areas for reservoirs.
In addition to tM CCC
work, ECW aotiviti•• include
the operation ot pro j e o t •
on Indian reae~tiona. Thia
WO!"k has been
a 1 ailar in
oharact6r tio tbat 4oae ei..where bf the Corpe~ The Indian1
often lift at h0111e instead of
in oampa.
In ~ in■ tano••
whole families ot Indiana haw
mowd their tent, near wort
projects, making a "family camp." Emergency
Conaervation Work has also been carried on
in Hawaii. Puerto Rico. the Virgin Islands,
and Alaska.
following table shows
August 29 total.
the
breakdown of the
.JMPLODIIII! Olf 11if1Nmk,. (X)JIDRVJ,T]DI( - -
Week bding J.U,U.t 29, 1936
CCC
Camp
LiJe
Life -.no. work in the camps has been beneficial to the members of the CCC camps in
several ways.
In the first place, it has
strengthened the morale of the men.
Since
over 50 percent of the junior enrollees are
between the ages of 17 and 18 and only 17
percent are over 21, many had never been employed.
Some of them had recently graduated
from high schools and a few from colleges and
all had looked forward to securing positions
-which failed to materialize.
Being selected
for membership in the CCC gave them definite
jobs on worthwhile projects.
Secondly,ce.mp life has benefited the men
physically. Steady work, regular and -well
balanced meals, a regulated program of recreation, exercise, and sleep, and sanitary living quarters, have produced a marked improvement in their physical condition.
Thirdly, t}\e educational and vocational.
benefits have been considerabl~.
Sino• approximately 2.5 percent of the men are illiterate when they enroll, elimination of illiteracy has been considered one of the primary objectives of the educational pro gram.
The various CCC camps employ about 2,100 educational advisors who teach acadendc subjects in addition to giving instruction in
vocational training.
A most important phase
of the educational program is the practical
training of enrollees "on the job" by the
technical supervisors under whom the enrolees work.
Approximately 40,000 enrollees
have been taught to read and write. Although
it is not mandatory, a majority of the enrollees take advantage of' the edu oa tional
opportunities.
The methods used in training
these boys are adapted to individual needs
and the desire to learn is stimulated by an
appeal to future employment possibilities.
Employment
At the end ot August 1936 employment
totaled 385,600 persona. or almo ■ t exactly
eq:ual to the number f'or May. 1986, when ECW
first began to operate under ERA funds.
The
!!!!!
'fOUL
occ campa
IJMUan reaenatlou
'ferrUorl"
V 'feolm1oal -,.z-u,
RODEnroll••• Enrollees
385,600
337,800
47,800
373,500
,21,000
7,!500
3,300
"'6,500
a,e>o
,,100
V
900
41()()
bnnotan, 11d.lle4 aobanloa,
etc.
A peak of employment had been reached in
August 1935, when 594,000 were employed on
Emergency Conservation Work. It is estimated
that from April 1938 to AJ.lgust 1936 employment was g1 ven to over
1,700,000 men,
including 1,425,000 young men and veterans, in addition to meobanics. adTiaer1, reserve officers, and Indians.
A number of enrollees
have been honorably discharged f'rom the camps to accept employment.
From June 1, 1935, to July 31,
l9S6, there were 169,778 who left for this
reason.
The number of persons leaving the camps
during July 1936 was distributed as follows:
To accept employment
Physical disability
Expiration of term of enrollment and other causes
14,322
Total
26,452
11,400
730
Total allocations by the President for
Emergency Conservation Work under the ERA Act
of 1935 amounted to $605,520,251 of which
$604,908,725 had been obligated by August 31,
1936. Of this sum $577,431,000 had been expended, leaving $28,089,231 as the unexpended
balance on that date.
Beginning July 1, 1936, Emergency Conservation Work hae operated with f'unds pro•
vided by a specific appropriation of $308,ooo,ooo contained in the Firet Deficiency Ap•
propriation Act, fiscal year 1936. Thie appropriation provides funds for operations
through ?faroh 31, 1937, when the present au-
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66
thority tor the existence of tbe CCC expires.
The appropriation or tsoe,000,000 will be
used to operate 2,10'9 CCC oamps • unless the
work of some of these oemps is oompleted pri-
or to Maroh 31, 1937 - and to tiname Blier•
gency Conaervaticn Work ope~ations on Indian reservationa and in A].aalca, Paerto Rioo,
Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands.
Non-Federal Division of the Public Works Administration
The Publio Works Administration was cre-
ated "to provide tor the construction of oertain useful public works, to reduce and relieve unemployment, to improve standards of
labor, and otherwise to rehabilitate industry
and to conserve national resources." The Administration's program of Federal and nonFederal projects has been designed to stimulate recovery by creating direct and indirect
employment through the construction of public
works and the production and transportation
of materials and supplies.
Federal projects are those conducted by
Federal agencies on Federal property, as distinguished fran the nonFederal projects operated
by local pub 110 bodies
(States, cities, counties)
using Federal funds in combination with looal funds.
The former include suoh
Federal activities as construction of vessels by the
Navy, Army housing, work by
Army 91'\g1Deer1 on ri Ters am
harbors, and Federal-aid
highways.
Non-Fe de r al
projects involve the construction or needed public
buildings .f'cr lo cal governments and include schools,
water systems, and bridges.
the exception or a few large projects. Both
Federal and non-Federal projeots wre inolud•
ed in this program, as wll as irojeots ilnol:wing railroad improvement.
·
With funds provided by the ERA Aot ot
enabled to continue the
non-Federal type of work started under the
first program.
The projects conducted under
this second progr8.111 cover a wide range ot
activities and include such works as the construction of school and college buildings,
a.thletio stadia, recreational fac ilit ie s,
courthouses and jails, nurses' homes, munioi•
pal buildings, sewage disposal plants, power
plants, streets and highways.
These projeote are
widely distributed througb.
out the entire Ulli ~ • d
States.
1935, the PWA was
With the passage ot
the Emergenoy Relief APpropriation Aot or 1936,
the PWA was authorised to
use up to $300,000,000 tor
the making or grants troa
funds hitherto uaed tor
loana. These funds tor tie
third program had been p-ovided by previous congr•••
sional appropriations.
PWA P,o,r...
The PWA's first public works program, started
in 1933 from funds provided by the National Industrial Recovery Aot, i 1
praotioally complete, with
PW.A CONSTRUCTS A POWER PLAIT
Projecta ot the BonFederal Division are tinanoed in part through
grants trom ERA Aot tunda
and in part through PWA
loans or funds trom earli•
er appropriationaJ the re-
66
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......
STMOS or AH'Ron:D PB. Jal-l'l:ISIW, PRO.JICfS 1111.&ICID BY TBI l b AC! O'I 1035
j/
.la of Sep\aber 10, 1936
Jl'w6J' of
Grata
n,,1eota
4,600
TO'UL
Cou1irm'Uoa oaapletel
oouvw'1o•
11m oostnot ...a.a
'Olllaz'
1aru.. •••
j/ 0Dl.7 ,rata are••
Pia 1Nal fJ'ta _
57e
3,286- 91
7' !,
165
$370, 76!5, 510
$124,883,4'89
9, 784, 784
312,783,365
2,2!15, 734
v,,122,100
21,880,189
712,380,722
10,515,267
'139, 1.-s,m
!I
flm4••
fl-am IRA £ot of 193!5
_. &PP!'OJl"iatlou .- ffta
1nhr ot the
taa,.
!/ na ._tar ,-,ti.oa of u ... p-oJeota Jaw 11. . al.lettel tuna.
u.inder 1a supplied b7 the looa.l bodies sponsoi'ing the projeota. In eaoh oase tlw comIIU!lity to be benetited selected the worlc in
light of knowledge of its own needs and baolced its ohoioe with an otter to provide •ore
than halt ot the tinanoes required. More precisely-, the regulations provide that the PWA
...,. make grants tor not more than 45 percent
ot the total oost ot the project. HonTer,the
spon1or Jla1' borrow some or all ot i ta oontr ibution from the PW.l's revolving fund.
i'hi •
fund, provided by appropriations prior to the
ERA MSt of 1935,is in exce1s of t2so,ooo,ooo,
and ia lcept liquid by sale of :securities to
the Reoonstruotion Finance Corporation.
Through September 15, 19S6, the Prelident had alleoated a total ot 1371,816,288 to
the Bon-Federal Division trom ERA Act funds,
B7 September 10, NA had approTed grants fer
tS70,765,610. Local spoaaors are contributing
t51S, 765,825 toward tJie total 001t ot the progz"DJ of this amount NA ii lending th-.
$124,883,489
tram. tunds reoeiTed in earlier
appropriationa.
Fuads frm all
souroea,
theretore, aggregate ts&&,6Sl,S36.
u of September 10, a total ot ,,600
projeots wre appro'ftd and in various stages
of oonatruotion or operation.
0t
t heae,
4, 58S wre looated in tJie Continental United
States, and 17 in Territories and PoHeHiou.
The aoom~g table indioates the 1tatua
of the projects.
The ,,600 projects oan be roughly- cla•eitied with reepeot to type of worlc u tollon s projeota tor the oonstzniction ot edu•
cational buildiDga auoh a• sohools and auditoriqu, 6S peroentJ coutruotion ot other
buildings such as oourthouaes and sillilar
JIIUDioipal atruoture•• 11 peroentJ sewrage
projeota er cliapoeal plant. and system.a, 8
4,4'00,m
43, 796,e
The r
■pou_..t
Loau
total
001i
o - • ebllff
s,aga,ooo
20,w,cm
&.
11.Do• J'llly 21, 1gJ6.
peroentJ w.ter qsteJu, 1, peroentJ other
municipal projects, ~ peroentJ and streets
and higm1a71, elLgiMering 1tructures, rec~
ational facilities, and all other projects,
about 10 percent.
Coapletcd Pro;ccts
By September 10, 1936~ there had alread7
been oam.pleted 576 of the NA projects initiated under the WoPks Prograa. These inoluded
buildings tor eduoational purposes (ranging
trom ■-J.l, om-1toey rural schoolhouses to
extenai w, •ulti-story- higb-sohool and oolle ge buildings), hospitals, munioipal buildinga, auditoriwu, reoreational buildings,
snerage projeot1 and water system.a, engin•
Mring projeot1, street and h1ghwa¥ projeots,
recreational projects, aids to navigation,
and reolulation projeota. The 191'8rage projeots involwd, 1D JaUl1' • • • , not onl7 the
laying ot maim and lateral■ but also the
oonatruotion ot pumping 1tationa and treatJ118Jlt plants providing tor modern anage disposal.
The completed project• 1how an awrage
esti-.ted cost ot slightly- le•• tba tlB,000
per project.
The total ooat et
678
projecrta at0unt1 to alaoat 122,000,000, of:
wbioh allloat t10,ooo,ooo o... · tr• Federal
p-anta and about t2,ooo.ooo waa a4ftDOed u
loan■•
!be 'balanoe ot the oo ■t wu ,supplied
by- looal bodies epouoriDg t.111 project•.
the••
PWA Scl.aol,
One ot the aost illportant aotivitiea undertabn by- the Pll. Jaaa been 1 ta aohool oonetruotion prograa.
More 'tbaa 60 percent ot
the pro~eots tor which BU .lot tunda haft
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been allotted involff 1chool oonatruoticm _.
impr0Ynl8nt. This type ot conetz-uction wl1c
was started under the Non-Federal Divi don ot
the PQ. in 1933 and has been oontinuecl by
funds supplied by the ERA Aot ot 1938.
'l'he
figures in the following paragrapu apply- OD•
ly to that portion ot the prograa which has
been tinanoed with funds pronded by the ERA
Aot of 1936.
The 2,890 new buildings financed in part
by PWA non-Federal grants and loana will ha.ff
facilities tor 766,990 pupils.
Improvement.
to more than 761 existing buildings (increa•ing taoili ties and providing eater, more san•
i tary, and generally improffd con di t ions )
will provide for additional thousands or
dents. The ■e improvvments range trom atruotural repair OD unaate buildings to remodelingot obaolne struoturea.
,tu.
Funds expended on the school program to
date have created more than 600,000mm-montha
ot direot labor at the comtruotion sites,
whioh doe• not take into account the extensive indirect employment in the industries
supplying materials and equipment.
New York leads in PNA so hool bui ldi n g
activity with a program estimated to cost
$45,945,430; Calitornia ranks second with a
program estimated to cost $33,776,471J Penns7lvania, third, wi tb 131,148,573 J Texas,
tourth, with $15,116,271; and Illinoia,fitth,
111th a $13,076,568 program.
In California, PW.A assistance has made
possible a greatly needed school improvement
program, plana tor which ,....
made following the earthquake
ot 1933 which destroyed many
school buildings•
The Iituation in Loa Angele ■ and Long
Beach, where earthquake• in
the past had done the m o st
damage, was serious.
Under
the State PWA progrU1, school•
are being replaced or remodeled to make them tremor-proot.
To guard agaimt e a rthquakea
provision i • made r or i ncreaaed reintoroement and the
introduction or ■tronger cross
wall• to acooaodate lateral
1tre11e1 in emergencies.
llaJJ1' ot the school projects launched throughout the
country with the aid ot the PWA
are u ■ipacl to Nrw u 1:be amleu ot
group, of builcliq• to be ooutruow4 -1d.nly out ot leoal tum■ iJl the future•
Better tacilitie1 tor rural i.;,e
•n1fd••
also haw been -.de aftilable thl-owgb the aU
ot the PWA. The oonsoliclation ot rural Hbool
districts ha1 made possible the eoutruoid.oa
ot seoon.dary- schools whioh ,n,uld nqt baw
been teasible tor~ one ot the in4i'f'l4ual
district..
Suoh ocabiDatian• ot cliatrina,
joined in o011110n support ot oentn.1 aohool••
alao haff meant a greater aoun:b ot prepel'tJ'
pledged in ■upport ot PlfA
1..,..
The medical building now under coutnotion tor the Jersey- City lledioal Center is
typioal ot those PIA IObi.Titiea that are bel~
ing to suppl1 badl1 naeded hospital taoili•
ties in JDaD1' ocam,m1 tie1.
Plana tor this
building provide setback■ tor ea.eh floor,
forming open-ail" solaria w1 th aouthern exposures so that patients mar baff tlw benetit
ot fresh air and ■UDShine. ER.A. .&.ot tunda in
the amount of $2,046,45-i haff been •eel a1
grants by the l'WA, together with loaa and
locally raised funds to make possible th11
t4,545,454 project.
E.ployacnt
Employment from ERA A.ct tund1 on projeots
operated by the Non-Federal Division of the
PWA has increased continuously, with noteworthy gaina within the last tour months.
During May the PlfA. reported an increase in
employment from 132,366 to 1•6,88S pers0111.
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IEMOIJELIBG AID UIIPOllCIIG .&. ICB>OL
58
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In ' b tollftiag aoatha, e:xpusioa oon.ti:nued
until ia August employment reached a peak ot
189,616 WOl"brs. With the coming ot collier
weather, it 1a anticipated that employment
naturall7 will ahow SOJIII deorease.
Approxi.Jlatel7 -'6 percent ot all workers
emploJ"9d on PWA non-Federal projeots are uaskilled worlmr•. Skilled worars ill building
and ooutruotion trades account tor approxi-
matel:, 28 percent, Hlliakilled wrkera uao\JJ!t
to 11 peroent, project superrisors and foremen
repreaeat about 9 peroea-111..tatilled wrlcer•
not in building or oonstruotion trade• total
lees than 2 percentJolerioal and office workere, lees than 2 peroenb.J professional aal
wohnioa.l worlcel'•, sl1ghtl7 OT9r 1 peroen'tJ
ud skilled wrbre not ill building and eonstruotion trades, less than l percent.. These
figure• CO"NreaploymentC11 project site• 0D17.
Resettlement Administration
Large numbers ot ta.rm fail.id had beo. . reoipients ot direct relief 4ur1ag the
79ara ot the depression, and at one tim or
another had been dependent on various types
ot local, State, or Federal aid. In order'tx>
provide aid consistent with the particular
needs of these destitute members ot the rara
population the Resettleme11t Administration
was established on April 30, 1935.
To the
D8W' administration were
tranaterred the activities ot tour governmental agencie1 which
had previously been dealing with such various
aspects ot the tanners' problem u the uneconomic farming ot submarginal land,
the exploitation and exhaustion ot natural resources, and the owr-tarming and owr-grasing ot
land.
Under the Resettlement Adm1n1~trat1on
three closely related types ot activity are
being carried 01u rural rehabilitation, rural and suburban resettlement, and land util•
ization.
For these purpose& the Adm1n1s•
tration had receind $290,67,,292 frcm Eller•
gen07 Relief Appropriation Aot tunde through
August 31, 19S6.
01' this 1UDOunt $29,928,029
was made aTailable from WPA allocations.
In
addition al.moat 126,000,000 •s provided
tram other sources, bringing the total ave.il•
able to the Resettlement Administration up
to $316,472,696.
transferred to the Resettlement Administration on J'une SO, 19S5.
This marked the end
or FERA grants to States tor rural rehabilitation.
A program was planned tor the eneuing year to include individual farm loana to
200,000 farm families at an awrage or 1450
eaoh, as nll as a community and cooperatiw
service program involving an estimated tot a 1
cost ot about $4r500,000.
Thie rural rehabilitation phase ot the
Administration's activities was designed particularly to assist the needy farm families
whose land 1 s of tair or good quality, but
has not produced an income sufficient to provide an adequate 1tandard or living.
Four
methods are uaed in aiding these tamiliesa
(1) loans tor the purohese of capital goods
such u li"t"8stook, farm equi:E111Snt, repairs,
teed, and eeedJ (2} grants tor aubsietence
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The Rural Rehabilitation Division ot the
Federal Emergency Relief Adminiatration was
CONSTRUCTION AT A
SUBURBAN RESETTLEMENT PROJECT
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needsJ (3) loans for community and oooperative servioesJ and(-&) negotiations tor the
adjustment ot farm debts.
The bulk ot rehabilitation aotivities
are conducted under the first two JDe"t.hods.
LOANS .AND GJWfTS Ml.DE B Y ~ mMINISTWI<Jl
1JNDIR '!'BE DU. JC?S fY 193!5 .AND 1936
Through September ll, 1936
Type of
Lom or Gr'mt
N,miber of Initial
.Amount of
P1fP!nt1
Papnta
c.-t1n..a
TO'.l'.AL
Reh&bilitat1on lo&na
re.a ua OZ'Op lNDI
IIDtlr"genoy 4roqht feocl
m4 crop loaa1
Corpor&t1on aut~
ization loana A/
Rehabilitation grant,
naergtnoy arought
324,«n.
91 307
801 1861 501
735,858
71 906
1,465,241.
10,184
3261 862
41 8521 975
15,778,ln
1
52 208
1 3-48 067
Mid• fram fa4a originally allotted to state
Rehabilitation Corporations by n:ia am later
tnuferred to the ReHttlesmm .l&ld.niatratlon.
shown in the accompanying table, loans and
grants to individuals had amounted to about
$104,000,000 by September 11, 1936.
Funds
made available by the ERA Aots of 1936 and
1936 nre utilized for the grants and for all
loans except those made f'rom funds transferred
to the Resettlement Administration f'rom the
state rural rehabilitation corporatiol'iS whioh
had been set up through the FERA.
As
Serious drought oondi tions during the
summer of 1936 necessitated substantial allocations for emergency relief to tanners in
the stricken areas.
For this purpose $20,•
000,000 had been allooated as ot August 31,
1936. As of September 4, 1936, more th a n
44,000 initial emergenoy drought grants totaling $1,096,318 had been made from these funds~
In many oases families receiving assistance under the rural rehabilitation program
also participate in other activities ot the
Resettlement Administration. More
than 7
percent of the persona employed on land-utilization projeots have received either loans
or grants, or both, while about 5 percent of
those employed on housing projects operated
under the resettlement program haw received
either loans or grant,.
Persons to whom
loans haft been made predominate in both
group1.
Community and oooperative service loans
are made primrily to provide supplemental
I.id to destitute and low-inoOIDII tarm fem:IJ1•~.
The community type ot loan, an extension ot
the individual tarm-loan plan. aa■ ist■ group•
of families in -.king purobases ot suoh ite•
es farm and home supplies, equipnent,
an4
other essentials tor profitable tarm operation. The loans are usually ade to ooffr
agricultural oooperatiw activities oonoernecl
with producing, processing, and •arlmting,
and are made either to cooperative assooiations or to individuals participating in suoh
associations.
As or August 31, 1936, allotments to oooperative assooiatione under the
Resettlement Administration totaled ll,964,950, all of which has been expended.
The farm debt adjustment
phase ot the
rural rehabilitation program assists debtburdened farmers by securing agreaments with
their creditors tor the adjustment ot financial obligations.
Through this program. it
has been possible to reduce the number ot
families in need ot rehabilitation loana or
grantt. • A fund ot 12,000,000 was allooa t e d
to the Resettlement Administration tor the
administrative expen.es ot this serYi c e •
During the period between September 1, 1935,
and August 31, 1936, a total or 75,381 oases
were under consideration.
Through August
1936 a total of 38,728 oases had been bene•
fited by this service, and their indebtedness, originally amounting to 1118,940,-&10,
had been reduced by IS0,446,610 through suoh
adjustments.
This phase ot the Resettlement Administration's aotivities may be divided roughly
into two parta I rural resettlement and euburban developnent. As of August Sl, 1936,
160,466,700 f'rom ERA Act ruDd1 had been allocated to the Resettlement Admini,tration tor
land acquisition and dewlopnent in these
phases of i ta work. ot the total ERA Act
funds, IS4,456,700 (including 19,581,000 tor
subsistenoe homesteads) was allooated tor rural resettlment worlc and 126,000,000-..
designated for suburban houaing. An addi•
tional $2,478,508 was transferred to the Resettlement Acbnin1stration troa the Department
of the In~rior tor subaistenoe bame■teus.
Plans tor rural re settlement 110rk a■ ot
August 31, 1936, oalled tor the oompletion of
39 ■ubsiatenoe bamesteads begun under the
Subsistence Home1teada Division ot the De•
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partaent ot the Interior and 30 rural re1ettl.nent p-ojeot1 ,tarted under the FERAJ
the 1.Ditiation of 79 new rural resettlement
projeotaJ am 'the open.tion ot an Indian
projeot and 2 Fore1t Senice projects. As of
Auguat 29, 1916, a total of 8,193
worker,
~re •ployed on these projeots, o-..r 4,000
ot wham ha4 been taken fTam relief' rolls.
need for sohool• and
road■ in iapoffriahed
land areas. For adm1nietratiw purpoae ■ thia
program has been di'rided into two partu land
aoquilition and land dewlopnen.t.
Through
August 31, 1936, the Resettlement Adm1n1atration'• land program had involved tlle purohaH
or 9,287,406 a.ores of submarg1nal land in 43
Sta.tea,. atan. acquilition coat ot approximately 14,6., 000, 000.
suburban reaettlaent projects wre de•
»any of' the tamilies li'ring on the laml
aigned to demomtrate, through efrioient land
purchaaed by the Govermnent are being resetand town planning, the feuibillty of pro'ri4tled elsewhere with the aid ot the Resettleing low-inoau worbra wi:th low-rental haua
ment Adw1 ni etrationJ others are moving within heal thtul, ooun:tiz7 aurrounclinp. Operationa are under ~ tor the dewlopnent of out such aid. A r..,,, remaining on the land,
--.. suburban houaing projeotas one at le~ are employed in ite dewlopnent and maintenance. By the end or August 300 tamilies
wyn, Maryland (near Washington, D. c. )J one at
Kilft.ukee, WiaoonainJ and one at Cinoi:zmati, had been mOTed with the help or the Adm1u1sOhio. A fourth project, at Boundbrook, New tration. In ~ oaae1 land now being oropJersey, haa been suspended because of legal ped unproti tably 11 to be put to more remunerati ft use~, auoh aa grazing and forestation..
oom:plicaticma.
These suburban carmmmities
In other in.stances the land is being dewlopbaw been oalled "greenbelt" tom:i1, becau1e
ed
into parka, reoreatioml areas, wildlif'e
ea.oh i• surrounded by an area of farm and garaanotuaries, and Indian re1el'Tationa. 1'be
den lam. Thia greenbelt serves a double purpoae in that it prewnts OTWJ"Crowding and in- allocations, apecitio types or developnen.t,
terference by undesirable building dewlop- and employment under this pha.ae ot the program are d11oua1ed in a following section or
men.ts, and also gi ws ea.oh ocmrmmi ty acoeH
the
report entitled •t..nd-Use Deftlopnent."
to agrioultural land and enables it to control land whioh ~ be needed tor tuture expansion. Part of the greenbelt area will be
used by full-time tanners. Other land will Employmcat
be reserved tor allotment gardens where members of the community may raise fruit and
iaplo,-nt on a 11 Resettlement Adain.isvegetables. A.oreage will alao be set aside traticm projecta as ot Augu■t 29, 1936, totaled 64, 98S persona, or whca 52 peroent wre
for parks and plqgrounda. In the projects
near Washington, D. c., and Cinoin1nlmR 01 PIRSOlfS DIPID?ID Cll Rnm'Ll!JOmu.ti, Ohio, part of the greenbelt
~ T R m Clf ~GIWE, BY REL!EP' S'llTIE
'rill be used by Gownment agenoiea
Week lacl1J11 A,qtUt 29, l.93e
tor demon.atrations in forestry and
soil oon.serfttion. M of .A.ugust 29,
Penouc....
1936, a total ot 7,664 worker•, 4,98S
tU1•4 A.I
lionPro,raa
Total
1n x..a
Relief
of whom wre trcm relier rolls, were
Persona
of Relief
employed on these suburban projeota.
'fOtAL
29,072
25,m
Sc\989
Further diaouasion of the rural
Land bftlopient
39,236
19,m
u,m
reaettlement and ■uburb an development Rwal nsetU-•
8,193
4,364
3,829
S11h111"11u z,eae-ttlaaent
projeots conducted by the Resettle7,554
2,571
ment Administration is included in
the s~otion entitled "Bouaing," on page n.
taken tram reliet rolll. The di ■tribution. ot
this total aaong land utilization, rural reHttlemnt, and suburban reaettlftl9n.t projeot■ 1• shown in. the aocOIIP&DYing table. Reoipienta ot rural rehabilitation or ••rgenoy
The land-use program ft.I planmd to oondroua:ht loans and grant• are not inoluded in
aene land resources, to aid tmll•• in mov- the -ploymen.t figure• ot the Resettlement
Adll1n1•trat1.on.
111g to ■or• nitable lu4, and to reduce the
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Housing
The inadequaoy of housing faoilities for
low-income families, both urban and rural,
has only reoently been recognized as a major
national problem.
The Federal Government,
during the laet three years, has undertaken
to deal with this problem through such Federal agencies as the Housing Division of the
Public Works Administration, the Resettlement
Administration, and to a smaller degree,
through the Alley Dwelling Authority.
PWA Housing l>i¥ision
The housing problem falls into two main
divisions - urban and rural.
In an endeavor
to cope with the urban housing problem, the
Housing Division of the Public Works Administration is prosecuting 27 projects for clearing and rebuilding slum areas, and 2.3 lowrent housing projects in urban areas which
were formerly vacant - a total of 50 projects
in all, situated in 35 .American cities and
the Possessions of Puerto Rioo and the Virgin
Islands.
or these projects, 40 are financed tram
funds supplied by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 and the remaining 10 are
financed from funds supplied by an earlier
appropriation.
Foundations have been completed or are
nee.ring completion on 23 of the 40 projects
financed from ERA A.ct funds.
Ten pro jeot1
are in the superstructure stage. General oontracts have been let for the entire job on S
projects which are,on the average, more than
30 percent complete. Of the 2 remaining proj•
ects, the one located in the Virgin Islands
(comprising 3 developments on as many different sites) is well past the foundation stage,
and the other involves land purchase only.
In each area the projects are designed
to satiefy looal arohiteotural needs, and to
fit in with prevailing arohi tectural traditions. In Boston, for example~ the housing
project is known as Old Harbor Village and
calls for three-story apartments and twostory group houses of a modified colonial
ARCHITECT'S DlWflliG OF .A. BOUSIJfG PROJIC!
62
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type of architecture.
Thi• project ra.n-k s
seoond largest in the entire national housing
program being conducted by the PW.A.
'l'be
building• provide attractive, sanitary hanes,
modern in every detail. The project known as
Durkeeville, located at Jacksonville,Florida,
has been designed in an architectural style
typical of' the Southeastern States, s.nd is
reminiscent of the early colonial dwellings.
The group of housing projects being con•
ducted by . the PlfA wi 11 provide homes ot stand-
The entire low-coat housing and a 1ua
clearance program of the Pll'A Housing Division,
including those projects of the limited dividend corporation type, involves total Federal
allocations of $142,749,228. Of this, tlO5,685,289 has been allocated by the President
from funds made available by the ERA .A.ct of'
1936 and $37,163,939 from NIRA funds of 1933.
Of' this latter amount $10,971,600 was allaoated for the specific purpose of paying the entire cost of the limited dividend corporation
projects.
IEED FOR fflE HOUSING PROGRAM• ORE OF fflE
a.rd, fireproof' construction for approximately
100,000 persons of the lower income group, at
rentals within their means.
PW A housing
standards call for installation of modern
sanitation facilities, electric li@;hting, and
meohanical refrigeration wherever mass purchase of utility services permits rates sufficiently low to make their use economically
feasible.
.Architectural plana provide for
cross-ventilation by limiting the depth of
each dwlling to two rooms. Buildings wi:11
be ·so oriented that occupants will receive
full ~nef'it from. pre-n.iling breezes, with
structures in almost e-very case covering lees
than one-fourth ot the project area. The remaining grounds w111 be landscaped and converted into play centers.
JIAIY
ILLUSTIU.!IOJfS
R.tcttle .. 11t Aclml11l1tr1tlon
The rural housing problem is largely in
the hands of the Resettlement Administration
and may be separated i nto two main divisions
- suburban developments and rural resettlement projects.
Under the former, low-cost
suburban communiti es are being developed in
the vioinities of selected large cities. 'l'be
rural resettlement developments are of five
kinds: (1) the olosed community type, where
the land is all located in one block and oommuni ty facilities are providedJ (2) the in•
filtration type, in whioh the farm units to
be established are interspersed among existing farms J ( 3) the tenant security type, in
which t he farm units purchased are those now
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.,n,_
teMD'bed. by tudlie ■ who are to reoei w aid.J
(4) garden home tor ind.u■trial and agi-ioultural 110rbr■ a and (6) oaap ■ tor migi-atory
tara laborers.
faille• now 1D1a.ble to attain nwn a
■tandard ot lin.ng.
ill ot ite 1"2 :m;:w
have reoently' been ooapleted. am at ·1--,t"
62 are alread.y oooupied bT 2.111 p•raou.
Ot the three ■uburban tcnrm tm.der developnent. one. the Greenbelt projeot near Wa■h-
The land on eaoh ot tbeee t&rJUteact■r:bu
been oleared and ■ hrubbery am 1&11118 h&w
been planted.
Eaoh tanaatead oontaim a'
hou■e,
barn, hoghou■e, ohioken hou■e,. ·am
pumphouae.
Provision ot live ■took am e91i~
ment prepares eaoh taraatead uni't tor operation.
A ooaplete system ot r-4■ baa 'becaonstruo.ted, leading from eaoh houe to the
oommunity oenter. The one-■tory• t ~ tiw•,
and. six-room dwelling■ are ot fra1119 drop-ei4•
ing oonatruotion. Every hou■e baa a oomple~
modern bathroom, eleotrioal equipaent • h•ot
water tank. tireplaoe. and. ■oreen poroh.
..: ·;
STATUS OF FAMILY ACCCMODATIONS ON
SUBURBAN RESETTLWENT PRO ~ S
As of September 15, 1936
Location
of
Project
!/
NUl!lber of
Family Accomodationa
Planned
Started
TOT.AL
3,750
Boundbroo:ic_ N• J.
Berwyn, Md•
Mil-.ukee, Wisc.
Cincinnati, Ohio
y
750
1,250
750
1,000
1,538
740
426
372
A/ Up
y
to September 15, 1936 no family accomoda tions
had been car.nleted.
This project· is at present suspended awing to
legal proceedings.
ington, D.
c.,
is nearing oompletion. With
740 unit■ ot the propoaed 1.250 under oon■ truotion it ii
antioipated that this model
town will be oooupled by 1.000 families soon
after the first of the year. More than 5,000
per■ ons are reported to have made application
for tenanoy in Greenbelt. Tentative requirements tor aoceptanoe ■peoify that tami ly hew
earn \ecw.,. tl.400 and ta.OOO uzmally• be
steadily employed, and have good oharaoter
records.
The Resettlement Admini ■tration reoei~:
the following allotments tor housing projeot■
from ERA Aot funds ot 1936s t2s.600.ooo tor
suburban developnent■ and. t33.038.215 tor rural resettlements.
An additional t2.,,s.&0e·
was tranaferred from the Department of the·
Interior tor the oompletion ot aubaiatenoe.
haneatead projeota that had been initiated bT
that Department.
In addition to the hou■ ing progi-ama di ■•
ouased thus far, the Alley Dwelling .luthoritj
of Washington, D. C. • has an allo't:atnt dt
$190,194 for the removald'oertain alleJ ■;11118
and for the oonstruotio• ot low-o~t clwellinga. This sum is all from ERA Aot tund ■ aal-
lfoat ot the houeea in thie suburban oa.munity are two-story, ■ ix-room dwllings with
gabled roots. A tew are of the bungalow type.
All are roOJll1', well ventilated, i n ■ ulated.,
eoundproot, titted with modern equipment. and.
attraotively landaoaped.
Eaoh blook will be
heated by a oentral plant looated u■ually in
the basement ot the end house ( the only one
haTing a ba■ement).
Spaoe tor park■ or ocaJIOD.■ baa bee n allowd on eaoh blook,.,
and all
hou■ ea are within nlldng clinuoe
ot parka,
reoreation oenter■, ■tor••• &lld the )IO■t ottioe. Traf'tio at bu■y oro ■-ing■ i■ d.iverted
by un.derpa■ ua.
Re ■ettlement Administration hu at
208 aoti Te rural re ae t tlement proj•
eota of wbioh 28 haw been ooapleted and are
now partially oooupied.
The Penderlea Bome■'bea4■ projeot in Borth CaroliJla i ■ typioal
ot tm rural resettl...nt■ developed tor tara
The
pre ■-nt
IOISilitiCI JIDIIISmD
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supplements an additional $500,000 which
was a direct appropriation from Congress.
Combined Federal funds,
covering all
housing projects mentioned above, total
$205,477,637.
About 80 percent of this to•
tal, or $166,313,698, is trom funds made
available under the ERA Acts of 1936 and
1936.
War and Navy Departments
Under the Works Program, the War Department and the Navy Department are prosecuting
work projects through three of their bureaus
or divisions. The Corps of Engineers and the
Quartermaster Corps are carrying on the work
for the War Department, while the Bureau of
Yards and Docks is conducting Works Program
projects for the Navy Department. Sinc,projects of the Quartermaster Corps and the Bureau of Yards and Docks are similar in many
respects, it is convenient to consider these
two agencies together.
Discussion of
the
work of the Corps of Engineers is undertaken
separately.
ments of' waterfront structures; and the remaining 12 for foundation and lll8.p surveys.
By the same date the Quartermaster Corps
had completed 162 of its 247 approved projects.
These included 6 projects f'or the im•
provement of airportsJ 68 for construction,
reconstruction, and repair of buildingaJ 3
for the repair of boatsJ 58 for improvements
to cemeteries; 2 f'or improvement of grounds
at Army posts; 3 for improvement of utilitiesJ
15 for the improvement of' National Guard
camps; and 7 f'or repair of storm damage at
various Anny posts.
O.erter...ter Corps end B•eau of Yards ind Doclu
The .projects of the
Quartermaster Corps
and the Bureau of Yards and Docks are similar
in that they are generally devisedfbr repair,
reconditioning, and improvement of certain
physical equipment and facilities of the two
agencies.
This work is prosecuted at J,rm:y
posts and airports, national cemeteries, Navy
yards, naval bases and air fields throughout
the United States and its Terri t o r i e s and
Possessions. In the main, it consists of conatrwrtion and repair of building■, water,
sewer, and lighting systems, railroads, roads
and walks, and general improvement ot grounds.
By the end of August 1936 the Bureau ot
Yards and Docks had completed 145 of its 228
approved projects. Of these, 35 projects re•
lated to the reconstruction, repair, and im•
provement of buildinl!sJ 23 "Rre for improvement and repair of dist.ributiag ■yateaaJ and
12 for improvement and repair ot tools, equip,ment, and physical apparatus. Four projects
involved improvements to air fialds; 13 119re
tor repair and improvement ot rtdlroadsJ 42
tor im~rovements to grounds; 4 for improve-
IUC!IIG A LIGHT st.um.ARD At J.
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avr DID
Google
.
Because the type of work done by both
the Quartermaster Corps and the Bureau ot
Yarde and Dooka is suoh that few s pecialq
skilled workers are required• beth of ._..
agencies have been able to prosecute their
projeota with practioally no exemptions trca
the general Works Program requirement t.ba.t at
least 90 peroent ot the workers be taken from
re lief rolls.
eral project, on which 90 percent ot the - ployee• are from relief eouroe,.
'!lie .,..
outstanding projects of this latt.r ~ i•
the !A,s Angel•• Flood Control Projeo-t.
This project has as its purpoae the provision of more adequate control ot the tloocl
waters of the Loe Angeles, Rio Hondo, and San
Gabriel Rivers o:f Los Angeles County.
Praotically
dry
the
largest
part
ot
the
n.a>LOYMENT ON PRO.T!'.CTS or THE WAR J.ND
NJ.VY DEP.lRTMnn'S, BY RELI Er ST.lTUS
year, the streams nevertheless are
subject to serious flooding during
Weck Ending J.ugu.st 29, 1936
the season of heavy rains (December
Persons
to April) when 78 percent of the
Certified
Non~eli•f
annual rainfall may be expected.
Total
Agency
As in Need
Persona
The mountainous sections ot the
of Relief
river basins are sparsely co'ftred
TOTAL
49,833
38,597
11 ,23 6
with chaparral and han been burned
9,030
over periodically.
AA the result
Corps of Engineers
29,031
20,001
Quartermaster Corps
5,204
4,271
933
of the periodic and heavy precipi•
Bureau of Yards and Dooks
15,598
14,325
1 , 273
tation and the condition ot the
steep, denuded mountains at the
headwaJ';ers, great discharges of water debouch
Cor Pl ol Engineers
from the canyons, carrying debris and boul dThe Corps of 'Engine er s , on the
o the r
ers, and causing severe floods.
The probl•
has been rendered more acute by recent gaiu
hand, is carrying on work of a quite different nature designed to improve river and har- in population in Loe Angeles, Pasadena, and
bor facilities through dredging, breakwater
nearby towns, with the attendant increase in
construction of buildings and highways. u a
and jetty construction, stream clearance, and
flood control.
Through August 1936, $130,- result of this factor, the proportion of the
000,000 from the funds ma.de available by the
area which is unable to absorb rainfall ha•
ERA Act of 1935 and an additional $16,000,000 been enlarged; this, in turn, has increa■ed
from the ERA Act of 1936 funds had been allothe amount of water that must be taken care
of, and unless it is efficiently carried off,
cated to the Corps to carry on this part of
floods will be higher and the damage to propthe Works Program. While the majority of the
erty will be greater than,. before.
78 approTed projects (because of the more
specialized type of work being prosecuted)
The Los Angeles Flood Control Diatriot
show a fairly high percentage of non-relief
was
formed
by special act of the State !Atgia•
labor,the Engineers are also prosecuting sev-
lmtllllWW
L08 !IGILIS
lPLOOD COlffllOL Pltonct·
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Google
lature and became ettecti'V9 in 1916. The
Diatriot has prepared a comprehensi V9 p l an
tor the regulation and control ot all the
streams in Los .Angeles County, and up to
April 3. 1936, had expended ( or authorirsd tor
expenditure) t62,449,370.
The Los Angeles
Flood Control project is sponsored jointly by
the Flood Control District and the Corps of
Engineers. The $10,269,000 allocated to this
projeot under the ERA Act of 1936 has bee n
supplemented by the District's appropriation
ot f'UDds amo1mtin.g 1:o tS,500,000.
These funds are being used for the building of' dllt'l\8~ conduits, divers1on ditches, ad
both open and closed drains to control the
flood waters,, as well as for the excavation
of basins to collect sediment and thus prevent the clogging of the drains; and for the
alteration and reoonstruotion of bridges so
that these bridges will not aerva to reduce
channel capacities for flood discharges.
Bureau of Public Roads
During the past six years Federal appropriations tor highway construction ha'V9 been
aubatantially i:a.oreased, primarily as a means
ot atimulating employment.
The regular appropriations i:a.oreased trom t75,000,000 in
1930 to t12s,ooo,ooo in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
In 1931 there was also an additional special
appropriation ot $80,000,000 and in 1932 a
similar appropriation of $120,000,000. Beginning in 1933 about t1,ooo,ooo,ooo has been
provided by emergency acts for highway work.
Allotment ot $400,000,000 was made from funds
provided by the National Industrial Recovery
A.ot ot 19S3., and $200,000,000 was authorized
by the Hayden-Cartwright Act of 1934. Of the
latter t100,ooo,ooo was appropriated from
tunda made available by the Emergency Relief'
Appropriation A.ct of 1935, from which the
President allocated an additional 1400,000,ooo. Of the Presidential allocation $200,000,000 'fts provided for the elimination or
hazards at grade crossings and $200,000,000
for highn,y work.
Prior to the Emergency Relief Appropriation .Aot of 1935 a considerable amount of
farm-to-market and feeder road construction
and repair was accomplished through the work
relief activities of the Federal Emergency
Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration. Work of the same type is now
being done on locally sponsored 'WPA projects.
The following discussion is oon.f'ined to the
operations ot the Bureau of Public Roads, the
major part of which is now being carried on
w1 th tunds f'rom the Emergency ael:ief Appropri•
ation Act of 1935.
G-.dc Crossings Elimination
As of August 31, 1936,
a total of' 296
grade orosaings had been eliminated and pro•
tected in 40 States, at a total cost ot tll,407 ,438, or which the Federal Go'V9rnment contributed $11,314,074. or these completed improvements 250 wre newly oonatructed grade
separating bridges, 34 invol'V9d reconstruction
of existing structures, and 12 provided signals, gates, or safety devices tor the protection of lite at grade crossings.
In pro~esa
of construction were 1,279 projeots located
in all States, the Distr~t of Columbia, and
Hawaii. involving expenditures of $108,271.920
ST.A.TUS OF '\'ORlCS PROGRAM GRADE-CROSSING ELJMINATION
PRa.m::TS or THE BURF.AU OF PUBLIC RO.ADS
As of the End of the Month
November- 1935 to August 1936
Month
Projects
Completed
Projects Under
Construction
1935
88
185
Novt3xiLer
Decem,er
1936
"iamii.ry
2
February-
4
March
April
May
10
13
24
n
June
July
158
August
296
Digitized by
311
394
519
680
829
1,122
1,233
1,279
Google
ST
ot Federal tads. ot the••• 1.091 inftlftd
new oonatruotion,
151 wn reoonatruotion
projecta and SI nre to pronde aatety de•
noes.
Beside• these projeots oompleted and
under construction there nr• at the encl of
A.ugwat 931 projeots, including a n\llber ot
each type, approwd and NUT tor oonstruo•
tion. The table on the preoeding page 1hon
the progreH of the prograa as ot the end of
each month trom Noftlllbel' ao, 1916 through .August Sl, 19S6.
The grade-orosaing elimina.tion program,
f'inanoed with re lief' appropriation tuncle, ...,.
inaugurated in Augu-b 1936.
During the we1c
ending Auguat 29, 1936, it wu giTing •ploy•
:ment to -il,322 peraons ot whom 14,306 wre
drawn trc:a relief' rolls and of' wbca 34,465,
including the relief personnel, wre obtained
through the United States Emplo1J119nt Servioe.
The remaining 1200,000,000 w.• allooatecl
by the President tram the l9S6 Works Prograa
funds tor h i ~ oonatruotion purpose•• Ot
the whole sum allooatecl, it w.s requirod that
not less than 26 peroent be expended tor the
conatruotion ot aeoonclary or
teeder road•
outside ot :amioipalitie• and not inoluded 1D
the State or Federal-aid highway •y•teal• An•
otlier part. mounting to not le ■■ tbu. 26
peroent • s to be •pent on projeot■ within
munioipalitio ■, and the balanoe~
ot not more
than 50 peroent • • made available tor proj•
eots on the Fedoral-e.id highwq apt.. outside ot amioipalities.
Sinoe the priaary pm-po■• of the Work■
Prograa w.s to proncle a •:d•111 ot •ploy•nt with fund■ available• the rules govel'Ding the Work■ Prop-• h i ~ allooation at
tir■t lillit■cl the States to an expaditure ot
not ac,re than ll,-100 tor eaoh man-year ot • plo1J119nt. When it w.■ found that this ro•
atriction would -.b it dittioult to oarry
out needed intel'Jlledia'be and high tJpe roa4
ocm■ trllnion, an al'bernate plan wu dewlopn.
lJDller 1111• pla tr. State agreed tor eull
11.-&00 ot it■ appcrrt1.oDll9m to pronu ...
..._,.... et •plo:,Jllat tor peraou NOVN
tm-ougb the UD1te• state■ 111p1.,_at S.l'fl.oe.
gbiDg .-,..._. to reUet labor. Tm State i1
thn P91'11l'ttet to
ncdl ltldiYlclal• • _,
ftl'Jc being um ,...r 1 ta 41.notio-. iuoluing
State ain1:lnaDN an4 repair wrJc u wll u
State eout.raetl• I I " ~ .Jeilu'al..U pl'Oj•
oota u4 Wol'b , , . . .
Jl'Ojffta• !h11
u•
Id.__,.
prooeclure iuure ■ the pronaion ot year ot •plo1J119nt tor ea.oh 11.-&00
State•• apportionant.
_..
.t tile
ot August 11, l9S61 a total ot 4.180
mile• ot bigmrap• road•• u4 ■tneta ha•
JA
been oon■truoted
111th Work■ Pl"ogr• Id.. . .
in 43 State ■, the Di■triot ot Colmabla,
and Hawaii, with an ••tiatecl wJ.a ot 161.•
662,969 (141,109,218 ot Federal tand■ and•
r ....iuder tr«. other ■ouroe ■).
In adclitlca
8,898 ml.ea ,..... ...s.r o o u ~ ..a
pro~ lme1Tlq 1.ID llllN , _ . a,prowcl and ready tor oontl"aot■ to lte ....-....
repreaen'ting projeot■ Taluecl at lll&.087.MI
and ll9,6S7,112 reapeotiwly.
tund■
By .A.uguat 29 OWi' . 41,800,000 --hoan
ot a:ployment had bND proncled tor relief
labol"' out ot a total ot about 81' .000.000 - hour■ wor-Jmd by all ola■ n• ot laber on 1forb
Prograa. h i ~ projeot■•
Tm aplo,-:d ca
this olaH ot wrlc reaohecl a peak ot uar~
116,000 person■ in July 19S6 u4 'by J.llgut ZI
had dropped to 89 .3M person• ot • • M.OU
wre obtamed through the UD1'becl Sta'bea .._
plo1J119nt Senioe, ino11141.Dg S9 .08T clraa tl'CIII
relief' rolla.
The u o ~ n g table indioatea the
JDOnth by Mnth statu■,trca BOfflllber so. 1911.
to August Sl, l9S6, ot the progress Mde •
Worlc■ Progrua h i ~ projeot■
i• tel"III ot
the naber ot Jdlea ot road oaapletecl ·aal
the nuaber ot mil•• ot road under ot11atl'ae•
ti.on.
S!J!l'OB
a, 1DD
JIROGUK BIGBD.T aOJDI
a, '!'D BODA1J a, PUBLIC IOIDS
.u
of tu EDA of tu llllailL
.c:,..... 10'3!5 to
lllln
N!ell
JIOftllHI'
Deoa1>e
of Roel
c-,,1et.a
173.6
-....
283.1
.,..
~
ffl.o
90.8
118.4
,
llllea da.4
25.0
3•-.:l'T
~
1936
110.,
l!!!
.,s1
~
i._049.2
, . . . .2
... zs.o
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4,234.5
••s.MOJ
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,1.427.4,
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Pul,lic W orlcs Hi9hw•y •
projeota inoluded in
this prograa wre under oontraot or wre aPprcned tor ooutruotion by July 1, 1936. The
appropriation. ot the ■eoond 1100,000,0001111.s
in the nature ot a oontinuing proTision tor
work already authorized and begun. The status
on that date or the whole 1200,000,000 urtlaorbed by the Bayden--Cartwright Aot was a.a tol•
lcnras 130,071,390 had been ■pent on oampleted
projeot1, work 'ftlued at IUS.,520,398 was under oonstruotion, aDd plans and speoitioatiom tor projeote to 001t t23,l66,829 had
been approTed and wre ready tor a.ward cl oon.traot. During the ensuing year, up to August
Sl, 1936, about tl40,ooo,ooo worth ot additional oonstruotion 1111.s ccapleted, bringing
the total Talue ot oompl•ted pro j e o t ■ to
$170,096,634.
On August 31, 1936, projects
under eGD1truotion involwd cos ta of $20,949, 34-1 am others e ■timated to cost tS,259,987
wre approwd tor oon.avuotion. leaTing a bal•
anoe or 16,69-i,136 aT&ilable tor ne,r projecta.
In addition to the 1200,000,000 author•
ised as an outright Federal grant tor highway
conatruction by ~ Hayden-Cartwright Aot ot
193-i, there was a further authorisation of
$125,000,000 to be appropriated tor eaoh ot
the ti ■oal year■ 1936 aml 1937 tcr oxpendi tuN
with matching State tuncls, in accordance with
the requirements ot the Federal Highway Aot.
Tbeae funds are available only tor the oonstruction ot roads inoluded in the Fedoral•
aid highway system and, in general, a11st be
11&tohed by at least equal amounts ot State
JDOney, a rule to which ezoeption is made, hcnreTer, in tlle n ■wrn State ■ which con'tain
large peroentage ■ et publid. lan4a. The tirat
of the funds so authorised becae a'ftila b le
tor expenditure at the beginning ot the ttaoal year 1936. During the wek ending August
29, a total of 67,971 persona wro employed
on ■uch projeots,ot whom 51,468 wre reterred
by the United States Employment Service, including 13,098 drawn from relief rolls. Peak
employment on this phase of the highway work
has not yet been reached but up to the 8Dd ot
August employant had been g1nn in tbe &1IIOQDt
of -i7,670,62S Jl&Jl•hours ot 4irect labor, ot
which nearly 39 6 000,000 wre performed by
labor retorrod by the United states Employ•
ment Servioe and more than 10,000,000 by relief workers.
Eaployment on this phaae ot the h i ~
prop-• 1111.s at ita peak in July aml Augu ■t
1936 when owr 120,000 •n wre employed.
Eaployment deolined to about 8,000 workers in
l'e'bruary- 1936, and thereafter inoreased
t o
about lt,500 per■on■ in June, atter wbioh
tbe rap14 ooapletion ot projeota oaused a
turtber reduction te 8,M6 persona by Auguat 29.
In addition to the 11m1-hour ■ of labor
utilised on Federal-aid and Works Prop-•
highway projeota, ondiwcr to State ■ under
the alternate plan, there had been prcTided
on St.ate conatruotion an4 -iutenanc,e 1110rk.
up to Angust 29, a total ot lt,730,8?, Dml•
hours ot labor reterred by the tJnited State ■
Employment SerTice or which 6,118,701 manhours wre provided from reliet roll••
The Department
ot jgrioulture Appropriation »t ot 1936, approwd 1111¥ 17, 19 S 6,
■peo1t1oally appropriated {a■ the seoond halt
et tbe t200,ooo,ooo authorised by the HaydenCartwright »t ot 1934) ll00,000,000 to be
drawn trca tbe Emergenoy Reliet Appropriation
ot 19S&.
llearly all ot the
Land-Use Development
Under the ll'ork■ Program., the broad teN
•1am-uN developaent" has ooae to oover :m&D1'
diwr■o utiTities 'llhioh haw the oommon purpoN ot pre ■enilag _. inorealing the 'ftl11e
et tu 1an4 n■ovoe■ ot tM 11&1:.1.-. !lie re•
olaation ot arid and Mml.111"14 land.a ot the
West through the oonatruotion ot irrigatica
daas and canals, the retirement troa produc,.
tion ot nbaarginal tana l&Dlla an4 tlleir
traufol"ll&ticm 1mo parlca a4 tere ■t■• u4
tale eatabli ■-at et 4-on■ tratien ..mere
wt.re f'U'lllr ■ oan. obHnw proper •tbo41 ot
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19
ero1iou-prnent1Dg oultiT&tion - all theee
are grouped under the general title of landuse development.
The la-nd•use development phase ot the
Works Program, carried on by Federal agencies
with funds provided under the Emergency Re•
lief Appropriation Aots, is concentrated in
three agencies a the Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Resettlement Administration.
The work of the
agencies in this connection is described in
the following paragraphs.
Cognizant of the extent to which tM Nation's land resources were being depleted
through erosion, drying up of streams, and
dust storms, Congress created the Soil Erosion Service in September 1933, placing it in
the Department of the Interior. During April
1935 the designation was changed to Soil Conservation Service and the agency was transferred to the Department of Agriculture.
On
August 3, 1935, having received an allocation
of ERA Act tunds, the agency issued its first
instructions for operations under its new
five-year program, which centered aro\md
three major activities involving demonstration, research, and nursery project,.
At the time the allocation of ERA Aot
funda waa received the Servioe was proeeouting 40 erosion control demonstration projects.
The Works Program provided for 94 new
erosion control demonstration projects in 13
additional States. By the end of October all
of the new projects W9re in operation.
The
de:monetration program has now been extemed
to 168 areas in 43 States.
The maber ot
farmer• oooperating ha1 reached marl7 lT,008
and the lie-I; is continuing to grow.
!h11
group of' tarmer1 operate•
appronll&t•l.J
2,500,000 aoree, mt inolud.111g tm Federal~
owned grazing land• il1 the West.
Demonstration projeote are oonduoted ei•
ther on private lands, with the cooperatioJl
of the farmer, or on Federally-owned property. About 15 peroent of' all demomtratiot
work is on privately-owned fanaa.
.Aoo-.
pliehmente under this phase of the Ser:rioe•1
program during the period July 1,, 19S6• to
April 30, 1936, are atte1ted by the tollcndDg
partial list of aotivitieea
Soil Treatment
Aoree
Acree
Acree
A.ores
Aorea
etrip-oropped
contour-tilled
of' crop• properly rotated
contour-furrowed
taken out of cultivation
A.ores protected by terraces
Area of gullies oontrolled (aeree)
5S,682
11,.,6'
116.688
62.6S8
Sl,,61
l08,02S
,,1,638
Construction Work
Temporary and pennanent terraoe
outlet e-t;ruottll"ee built
Temporary and permanent dams conetruoted for gully_control
Rods of fenoe erected
670,67.
290,919
MoreOTer, numerous areas of enerely
ft.shed land and land susceptible to destructive washing have been retired from cultiva•
tion.
On these, trees or permanent graeae1
have been planted. Rapidly expanding gullie1
have been controlled, covered over, am seeded to stabilize vegetationJ and
ravinH,
which had drained away subsoil aoi1ture to
such an extent that the productivity of the
rioh top-soil had greatly deteriorated~ haTe
been closed up.
The Soil ConeerT&tion Service i1 engaged
in a diversified program of' research projeot1
designed to 1tudy the various aspects ot 1011
erosion and to develop preveJitive and re•dial
methods of coping with the probl••
IROSIOI CllBOX nA118
Nur1ery projects are a nece1eary part ot
the Soil Con1ervation Service :progra. partioularly in developiDg soil binder• ad eroaionreeietant vepta'bion.
It ia plunecl that a
few nurHri•• •hall be ••peoiall7 oooupied
70
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Google
PLACING STEEL SIPHON FOR THE OWYHEE PROJECT
with assembling, propagating, and testing a
The Service is
good many species of plants.
also making a determined effort to meet the
need for immediately covflring a portion of the
dry regions of the West with permanent sod,
through the use of native grasses now found in
the various regions.
In this connection it
is hoped to enlist the aid of farmers who ma.y
harvest the grass seed as a source of income
and thus advance the erosion-con~rol program
in a few years far beyond what the Soil Conservation Service might hope to accomplish by
itself.
Allocations of ERA Act funds to the Service as of August 31, 1936, were $21,787,198.
Approximately 70 percent of expenditures already made are reported as having gone for labor. An average man-year cost of $865 was reported by the agency up to June 15, 1936.
One month after the agency's program was
inaugurated, approximately 4 1 700 persons had
been taken from relief rolls and given employment. During the next two months about 2,200
persons were added per week, and by December
1935 the agency had reached its maximum employment of 33,000 workers.
From this point
on employment declined.
Total employment as
of August 29, 1936, was 16,737, with about 88
peroent taken from relief rolls.
creation of irrigation facilities.
Through
the conservation and utilization of available
water supplies throughout the western part of
the United States, this agenoy is making possible the eoonomic development of low-produotion territory which presents every natural advantage except that of an adequate mter
supply.
It is estimated tret the ERA Act allocations of $64,697,000 (all of whioh is recoverable under the Reclamation law which provides 100 percent repayment on all irrigation
work) for 23 projects will provide for the
oonstruction of 265 miles of canals, 1,430
canal structures, 13 miles of canal lining,
30,984 feet of tunnel excavation, seven dam
spillways, and three dams and for increasing
the height of another dam.
Chief among the operating projects (both
in tenns of amount of construction and employment) are the Grand Coulee Dam which has received an allocation of t20,ooo.ooo, the All.American Canal with $11,500•000, and the Casper-Alcova project with an allocation
of
$5,300,000.
During the week ending August
29, employment on the Grand Coulee project
totaled 5,187 persons, or nearly 50 peroent
of the Bureau's aggregate of 10,386, while
the All-American Canal and Casper-Aloova projects reported employment of 1,238, and 816
persons respectively.
Btn.u of Reclamation
The Burea.u of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior is engaged in bringing
into use land of potentially high fertility,
cultivation of which ia made poasible by the
The Grand Coulee Dam (only partially financed by ERA Aot funds), one of the major
projects in the Bureau's program for the develoi;ment or the resouroes o~ the Nation, is
the cardinal phase of a program to equalize
71
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the flow of the Columbia River, to develop
its power potentialities, and to reclaim by
irrigation 1 1 200,000 acres of land in north
central Washington.
Towering 500 feet above
bed rook, the completed da.m will be the
world's largest masonry structure.
It will
form a lake in the Columbia River extending
upstream 151 miles to the Canadian border and
will contain more than 5 1 000,000 aore-feet of
useful storage.
The dam, with a hydroelectric installation of 1,890,000 kilowatt capacity, is one
of a series of 10 designed t~ utilize 92 percent of the fa.11 below the International
Boundary in meeting the increasing demand for
power in the Northwest.
located
in
The All-American Canal,
southern California, is one of three construction features authorized under the Boulder Canyon Project Act, approved December 21,
1928. By diversion of waters of the Colorado
River, the Canal will provide an adequate
supply of water for the fertile Imperial and
Coachella Valleys. It will make possible the
year-round production of alfalfa, cantaloupe~
lettuce, barley, corn, milo-maize, and small
fruits, and thus facilitate the development
of a prosperous agricultural district.
The Casper-Alcova project in Wyoming, as
the first unit of a 66 1 000-acre project, will
provide irrigation from the Seminole Reservoir for 35,000 acres of agricultural land.
It is intended to devote this land largely to
alfalfa in order to meet the imperative need
for winter feed for range livestock in an important grazing area of which the CasperAlcova district is the center.
CONTOUR FURROWS
Resettlement Ac:lminl1tr1tlon
Three chief objectives are involved in
the Resettlement Administration's
land-use
programs (1) to conserve the land resources
of the country and to utilize land to the
best possible advantage; (2) to aid families
stranded on poor agricultural lands to move
elsewhere and attain a higher standard of
living; and (3) to reduce the costs of local
government by retiring submarginal land from
habitation and thus reduce the requirements
for roads and schools in such areas.
lt is pertinent to note that a study of
the many thousands of families occupying the
10,000,000 acres of land optioned by the Resettlement Administration revealed that their
gross income in 1934 averaged $289, including
$72 received from relief and other 11 outside 11
payments. Average net family income was only
$88, clearly indicating the urgent need for
land improvement or resettlement on better
soil.
There are 203 development projects in
the Administration's $22,275,000
program.
These include 94 agricultural
development
projects, 46 recreational projects, 31 Indian
land projects, and 32
migratory-waterfowl
project~.
The Indian and waterfowl projects
are being turned over to the Departinent of
the Interior and to the Department of Agriculture, respectively, for development.
The
recreational projects were recently placed
under the supervision of the National Park
Service.
The major portion of the development
vmrk centers around agricultural demonstration activities, involving an area of 6,d74,113 acres# about 10 percent of which has already been purchased.
The projects, carried
on in 41 States, consist principally of
planting trees, building fire towers, cutting
fire lanes, constructing check dams, terracing to prevent erosion, constructinG reservoirs for recreational purposes or for the
conservation of wildlife, improving streams,
building roads, restorin6 range grasses, and
constructinG rec~eationnl and administrative
buildings.
The recreational projects, consisting of
wayside areas located on or near highways,
are mostly in areas readily
accessible to
large centers of population.
They involve
the purchase of 428,429 acres, 15 percent of
which has already been purchased. The Indian
projects, intended to make available to the
Indians a more ample supply of land upon
which to maintain themselves, involve the acquisition of 1,260,039 acres, nearly 42 per-
72
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cent or whioh has been purohased. The mgr&•
toey-wateri'owl projeota inTolve the aoqui■ i
tion. of 'TSS,389 aorea., 57 peroent ot whioh
has been. aoquired.
Statistical, Clerical, and
Research Proiccts
It ha• been reoognieed from the beginning of the Works Program that a comprehensive work relief program must provide a range
of work opportunities appropriate to the partioular skills of persons :oeeding assistanoe.
In the metropolitan areas of the Nation a
oomparatively large number of the unemployed
population on relief rolls are white collar
workers.
As of January 15, 1936, approximately 1 out or 12 or the total employable
relief' population throughout the United
States belonged to the professional, technical, and clerical group.
The problem of planning worthwhile projeots upon which these persons could be employed to the best advantage was solved in
part by white collar projects of the Works
Progress Administration, and in part by the
·proposals of the several Federal agencies
whose interests invol~ed suitable operations
of this type.
A white collar program sponsored by Federal agencies was approved, and
operations were begun in the late summer of
1935.
Kinds ol Pro;ccts
The several projects included in the
program may be segregated generally into four
classifioations, namely, (1) the colleotion
and tabulation of statistical data,
(2) investigation, (3) education, and (4) research.
Each olaasif'ioe.tion is here1naf'ter 'trK'bed
separately.
Colection of
Employme!l't on land-utilization projeots
a■ or September 4, 1936, amounted to 36,362
per sou, ot whoa appro::ld.mate ly 57 p e r cell't
oame from reliet roll.a.
D1t1
Tne table on the following page outlines
the Works Program activities of Federal agencies that involve the collection of diversified statistical data and the tabulation of
already available data.
The Bureau of the Census is oonducting
two projeots, one of which is statistical and
the other clerioal in nature.
They are, respectively, the Census of Business Enterprise
and Retail Trade in 1935, and the Alphabetical Index of the Population Census of 1900.
The. Census of Business Enterprise and
Retail Trade inoludes collection of pertinent
data concerning employment, operating costs,
sales or receipts, and problems of distribution for e~tablishments in all phases of bueiness and in every State in the Union. Tabulations of these data will present basic information and, when combined with that regularly obtained by Federal .Agencies, will make
possible a fairly well rounded picture of
business in 1935.
Twenty-four
preliminary
reports, covering four industries in several
States, had been made public by September 1,
1936. The final report for the United states
will probably be released in June 1937.
The Alphabetical Index project, located
in St. Louis, Missouri, is employing about
2,500 persons in transcribing the records of
the Population Census of 1900 to a card. index. This work was undertaken as a n>sult of
a survey to determine the most reliable
source of information concerning the age and
birth date of pgrsons applyi~ for pensions
under the Sooial Security and Railroad Retirement Acts.
This information is indispensable to the individuals affeoted by the
acts.
Since the cost of searching for this
information through the mass of unindexed
census records averaged about 13 for each individual search, it was felt that an alphabe~
ical card index, which would reduce the cost
to a few cents in eaoh instance, would introd uoe substantial economies. It is intended eventually to transfer the card record to
film so as to further reduce the oost of
searches and increase the utility ot the reoord.
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These projects are examples of the statistical and clerical phases of the white collar program.
other agencies, as outlined in
the table above, are conducting studies which
serve the double purpose of providing employment to persons of the white collar class and
of supplying valuable information on a variety of subjects.
The Study of Consumers'
Purchases, being conducted jointly by the
Bureau of Labor statistics and the Bureau of
Home Economics, will make available for the
first time comparatively complete data concerning consumers' habits and the relative
magnitudes of the purchases of various commodities by families of.different income levels.
The Perpetual In:ventory project, conducted by the United states Employment Service, has bee&1 undertaken in order to provide
a centralized source where statistical infor:aation will be available currently as to
persona registered for placement by the laployment Service, and will permit periodic
summaries of theae registrants by geographi•
cal area, age, sex, veteran•' status, 8Dl oth•
er claaaificationa.
The second classification of the white
collar program includes projects of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
The Bureau of In-
!111,440
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ternal Revenue is conducting three ta.x investigations involving the inspection of the
books and records of persons paying income,
alcohol, and miscellaneous excise taxes, in
order to deteot delinquencies and evasions in
payments. The program was conceived with the
idea of determining the advisability of extending investigations under regular appropriations to include all taxpayers.
The
three projects have demonstrated that the in•
creased activity -oould be self-supporting as
a regular function and would tend to decrease
the frequency of delinquency and evasion.
A
measure of the material sucoess attained is
found in the statement of recovered funds.
During the 12 months of operation, assess•
ments amounting to about $20,555,000 were
made against delinquent taxpayers, of which
about $7,600,000 has been collected and the
balanoe of approximately $13,000 1 000 ia expected to be about 70 percent oolleatible.
When compared with approximately t4,000,000
obligated against the projects, it is evident
that more than $6 has been a88essed IIDd nearly
$2 colleoted for every dollar spent on the
prosecution of the projects.
The projects included in the eduoation
ola.ssifica.tion a.re under the sponsorship of
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the Oi'fioe of Education.
They a.re ot two
1cinda, namely, the Radio Educational Project,
involving periodic broadcasts (from \'il.shing•
ton) of 15-minute programs over stations ot
the two major broadcasting companies, and a
Public Forum project devoted to the establish•
ment of civic education centers in 10 communities in as many States.
The Radio Educational Project is designed to promote the use of educational programs
in radio broadcasting by demonstrating the
possibi'lities of presenting entertaining pro•
grams which will also be of educational value.
In the several months in which this work has
been in full swing, five programs have been
presented weekly and have been received with
oonsiderable enthusiasm by the public.
Public fortm1s were designed to promote a
better tmderstanding and a more general dis•
oussion of current problEl!ls in govermnenb and
world affairs.
The 10 units in operation on
September 1, 1936, have been received with enthusiasm by the communities where they are
located.
A library service has been established in connection with each unit of the
project, and a measure of the stimulation of
iJ:rt;erest occasioaed by the forums is the de•
mand for the publioati-0ns offer~d by the li•
brary service.
Research projects are being conducted by
the United Sta.tea Employment Service, the Bureau of Standards, the Office of Education,
the Bituminous Coal Commission, and the Public Health Service. The Occupational Research
project of the United States Employment Servioe i• devoted to the development of specifications or descriptions of jobs in a.11
types of industries. Results of the research
will be of considerable value to the United
States Employment Service and to private organizations in facilitating the placement of
applicants.
Also, it will permit the placement of applicants in industries in which the
individuals have never been employed, but
which call for skills similar to those required on their previous positions.
Up to
September l, over 28,000 job descriptions had
been •ecured from a number of establishments
in each industry, and nearly 1,600 standardized job descriptions had been prepared. Approximately 25 percent of the total amount of
work contemplated had been accomplished by
September 1.
The Bureau ot Bban~s ie conchloting a
study of the permanency of building materials which are used in low-ooat house con•
atruction and the results are expected to be
of great value to the Federal agencies con•
ducting (or planning to conduct) housing
programs.
The Office of Education is sponsoring
200 separate studies in 57 universities and
colleges throughout the country.
.Among the
projects undertaken are the following stud:t.esr
local and individual art units, student mortality in institutions of higher education,
and correlation of high-school aptitudes and
interest with success in college.
The survey being conducted with Emer•
gency Relief Appropriation Act funds by the
Bituminous Coal Commission is designed to determine the available supply of bituminous
coal in this country, and the ease with which
it may be extracted; new uses and markets for
the supply; the amotmt of bituminous coal extracted from the several fields in operation
during the past f6W years, and the disposition thereof; and the effect of importation
on the industry. The work has been undertaken
in the hope of developing means to ral.um, unemployment among miners and to aid in solving
the various problems now faced in the bituminous coal industry. The survey is purely the
work of compilation, tabulation, and analysis
of data already available and does not contemplate any engineering surveys under the
present scheme.
The Public Health Service has finished
the work of collecting data for the Health
Inventory, a study of the standards of pub•
lic health throughout the Nation, a study of
occupational morbidity and mortality, and
communicable and chronic diseases in impor~
ta.nt cities of the United States.
.Analysis
of these data, when finished in July 1937,
will furnish information on the health of the
Nation never before available in comprehensive form.
Employment
Since the first white collar project was
started in August 1935, projects of this type
prosecuted by the several Federal agencies
have provided employment for an average ot
about 16,000 persons daily, the peak being
reached about February 15, 1936, when 21,86J
persons were at work.
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Forest, Plant and Game Conservation
Needless devastation of forests and wildlife has been depleting these national resources to the extent of millions of dollars
annually.
The abundance of these natural
resources in the early stages of the Nation's development permitted the population
to use and to abuse them almost without restriction. Interest in conservation has been
growing, however, for a generation or more,
and during the past few years has been greatly advanced by the steps which the Federal
Government has taken in promoting the conservation of forest, plant, and game r esources.
In order that the Federal Government
might continue its conservation activities on
an expanded scale, the
President approved
$41,415,499 of funds ms.de available by the
ERA Act of 1935, and $9,336,333 of ERA funds
of 1936 to be expended by four Bureaus of the
Department of Agriculture (Forest Service,
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Animal Industry, Biological Survey) and the Bureau of
Fisheries of the Department of Commerce. The
allocations by agencies are shown in Table 10
of Appendix B.
By means of these allocations the Government was able to advance its forest,plant,
and game conservation programs by at least
six years. Aprpoximately 37,781 man-years of
employment, at an average cost of $767 per
man-year, were used in this work.
B•ceu of Animal Industry
The passage of the ERA Aot of 1936 provided funds which allowed the Bureau of Animal Industry to carry on extenaive aot1v1tie1
in the eradication of the cattle fner tiok
prevalent in Florida, Texa.1, and LouisillDII•
This species of tick diseemina.te1 the cattle
disease, splenetic or tick fever, which baa
prevented the develop:nent of a
profitable
cattle industry in the infested area,. Allocations of $1,127,100 allowed the Bureau to
utilize 1,096 man-years of labor in inapeoting or dipping 1,291,533 cattle and 143,442
horses and mules. This treat'ment considerably reduces the danger of spreading the infestation to other sections of the country.
Because of these preventive measures, the Bureau has been able to permit the free move•
ment of cattle from these areas and has made
safe the introduction of pure bred cattle.
Furthermore, such activities have assisted
generally in diversifying the farming activities of the section through facilitating livestock growing.
Another activity of the Bureau is the
control of the liver fluke disease which has
become serious in Washington, Utah, Oregon,
and Idaho. With the funds available, the Bureau has been able to conduct 25 demonstration projects in as many counties. The purpose of these projects is to inform the cattlemen how to control this usually fatal dis-
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ease whioh attaolca the linrs of oattle.
u a result of the benefits derived by
the oattle induetry from the Bureau•• "To'Ork,
additional demonetration projaots have been
established by a number of States in the territory affeoted.
Biolo9ic1I Survey
One of the most importe.n-t measures for
the preservation of wildlife is the extension
of the system of public wildlife refuges for
waterfowl and upland game. In reoognition of
this fa~t, the Bureau of Biological Survey
proseouted by the Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quaranti:tl8 in oooperatioD with publio
and private agenoies.
The Bureau's control
and eradication activities affeot species of
inseots and plants injurious to trees as wll
as to vegetative plants • .l total of tl7,058,•
431 has been made available to the Bureau
from ER.1 funds of 1935 and 1936 to expand 12
of its regular activities. · Six of these involve disease control work; five relate to
control of species of insects destructive to
trees and plants J and the remaining activity,
of minor importance, involves the construction of field insectaries and other faoili•
ties.
DUTCH Ell(
1'ISBA.SB llW>ICATIOI
has UDdertaken the construotion of 70 small
wildlife refuges in nine States, principally
in the Dakotas.
These projects are selected
and designed to check ft.tor flow and prevent
soil erosion, as wll as to provide refuges
fc,r wildlife. During the reoent drought the
small reservoirs provided by these projects
proTed to be a Taluable source of water supply. In addition, the wildlife that has been
conserved is of incalculable value inde.-troying inseots whioh attaok orops and trees.
Work ns done on 57,932 aore1 (27,323 of
whioh wre submerged) and involved the oonatruotion of 27 dams and 7 diversion ditohes.
jn island and a few miles of trail wre also
oonatruoted to make these refuges more aooessible.
Bwcau of Entomology end Plant Ouarentinc
Werk ma.ssary to oontrol or
inseot pests aDd plant di1ease1
eradioate
11 being
Through the disease control projects of
the Bureau, work is carried on to oontrol the
Dutch elm, white pine blister rust. c i true
canker, phony peach, peach mosaic, and black
stem rust diseases. Seventy-nine projects involving such activities were in operation in
41 States on August 31, 1936. Easily the most
important of these projects are tm white pine
blister rust oontrol and Dutch elm disease
control. Both of these diseases are taking a
hea-.y toll of white pine and elm trees.
On
the Dutch elm disease control project to date.
over 8,000.000 elm trees have been inspected.
over 6, 700 diseased and 843 • 000 dead and ~ g
trees have been removed. and over 338.000 haTe
been marked for remoTal. Under the white pine
blister-rust disease control progr&DI, approximately 2,300,000 acres of white pine lands
haTe been cleared and more than 110.000 1 000
ourrant and gooseberry bu1hes(which are ho1ts
for a fungus that liffe alternately on thea
and on white pine trees)and 57,000 whit. pine
trees have been treated to elhd.nate the rust
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infectiou.
These accomplisbments a.re esti•
mated by the Bureau to have advanoed the control of these diseases byat least five yea.rs.
In addi tion, encouraging progress has
be en
ma.de on each of the other four disease-oontrol
projects.
a capacity of 800,000 fingerling trout, and
1,250,000 pond fish.
The Bureau estimates
that the value of the fish that will be reproduced by these hatcheries will greatly exceed the funds expended for their oonstruotion.
Of the insect-control aotivities, projects for the exte:nnination of the gypsy moth
are by far the most important.
Large d8.lll8.ge
In Alaska, in contrast to the States,
the Bureau has regulatory authority over all
aquatic life. For the improvement of the salmon-spawning streams and grounds in southeastern and central Alaska, Works Program acti'rity has befil!ll devoted to the completion of several buildings and ponds, as described in the
following section of this report.
Forest Service
RAINBOW TROUT POND
.
to fruit, shade, e.nd forest trees by defoliation is brought about each year by the gypsy
moth. As of August 31, over 3,000,000 .acres
of land and 12,000 miles of road had been
scouted in determining the extent of the
areas suffering from this insect. Additional
work directed against the brown-tail moth,
the thurberia weevil, e.nd the pink boll-worm,
and a comprehensive survey of the Euro?9an
corn borer are being conducted.
Bureau
One of the most immediate considerations
which faces the Forest Service in preserving
the forests is the protection of existing
forest areas against the ravages of fire, insects, and diseases which are responsible for
the annual loss of forest stands worth millions of dollars,
Allocations amounting to
~18,647,625 were provided for the construction of lookout houses from which fires may
be quickly discovered, telephone lines over
which r eports may be transmitted, and roads
e.nd trails over which firefighters may be
readily transported. Man-power has been fur-
of Fisheries
Under the Works Program, allocations
amounting to 845,996 were provided to the
Bureau of Fisheries for the improvement of
salmon-spawning streams in Alaska.
This is
being accomplished partly by destroyillg predatory enemies in Bristol Bay and partly by the
construction of necessary fish
hatcheries.
Other operations of the Bureau are carried on
in Texas, New Mexico, and North Carolina.
As the Bureau has no regulatory power
over aquatic life in the States, its activity
within States is limited to replenishing the
supply of fish in strelllll8 and rivers.
Under
an a.llocation of 1110,000, construction ii
nearing completion on three hatcher ies , with
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IN
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NATIONAL FORESTS
nished for spraying chemicals on diseased
trees and insects and for other eradication
activities.
In the establishment of these
faciliti e s , the Forest Service has planned 49
projects located in 46 States, 2 Territories,
and the Distriot of Columbia.
Th.is work includes researoh in forestry and forest strip
78
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planting whioll prevents erosion. In addition,
the Servioe reoeived t12,12s,ooo for the acquiaition ot land for national forests.
To
date this allocation has enabled the Service
to aoquire options tor the purchase of 2,891,918 acres, at a oost ot $11,598,336.
The Service's projects have been planned
and executed not only to protect the forests
against tire, insects, and diseases, but also
to improft existing timber stands by thinning
and other cultural trea'bnent, to develop nurserie• and reestablish forest stands by the
planting ot deforested areas, to reduce or
oontrol soil erosion as a means ot flood control, and to oreate more favorable conditions
for wildlife. Operations have been completed
on about 80 percent of the jobs oontem plated
under the allocation tor work projects.
ot the benefits derived from the Service's projects must take
into acoount not only the millions of dollars
in timber stands that have been saved,
but
al•o the importance of !'oreats stands as a
regulator of atreaa flow, a prevnter of ■oil
erosion, a habitat for wildlife, and as a
recreational facility.
.A true eTaluation
Employment
Works Program operations in the field ot
forest, plant, and game conservation got under way by June 30, 1935, when a total of
2,076 persons are reported as employed by
the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine.
Employment expanded during subsequent months
and by October 30, 1935. the total bad reached
37,757. Ot this number, 19,383 persons 119re
employed by the Forest Service and 17,559
by the Bureau ot Entomology and Plant Quarantine.
After this date, inclement,r•ther forced these two major Bureau• to ourta.U
their operations so that employment dropped
to 28,616 persons at the end ot Jan\1&1')"•
Each succeeding month showed a moderate in•
orease in employment until on April 26, 1936,
a total of 36 1 245 persona were at work.
More favorable wather oonditi't>Ds permitted a
sharp inerease in employment to 51,764 persona by the end of .August.
Of this number,
the Bureau or Entomology and Plant Quarantine
employed 2'7.703 persons, and the Forest Service, 20,491.
The Bureaus expect employment
on their projeots will show little oha.nge until the latter part of December 1936 when
unfavorable weather will foroe ourtailment.
Works Prosram in Territories and Possessions
Works Program rehabilitation and work
relie£ in Possessions and Territoriee is being carried on largely through the aoti vi ties
of the following Federal agencies: the Puerto
Rico Reconstruction Administration, the Temporary Goverment of the Virgin Islands, the
Public Works AdminiatraH.on, the Alaska Road
Commission, the Quarterma.eter Corp■, the Bureau ot Yards and Docks, the Forest Service,
the Treasury Procurement Division, and the
Office of Education. The work of these agencies is all part ot a closely integrated program having as its chief objectives:
better
hou■ing, more extensive electrification,
imprcned roads, and a general improwment in
standards ot living.
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is predominantly agricultural. For years, however, heavy tropioal rains
have eroded the land and driven large numbers
of those dependent upon the soil into congested urban centers. A comprehensive reconstruction program, both rural and urban,
has therefore become easential to the island's economic existence.
Since Puerto Rico was unable to tinanoe
thie reoonstruction program alone,
Federal
aid bas been extended for that purpose.
The
Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration wa.•
created May 28, 1935, and aesigned to carry
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A RPM BUIU>IHG
FClt 1'BE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO
out a program for the islands whioh oovers:
(a) rural rehllbilitation, (b) rural eleotrifioation, (o) slum olearance and low-cost
housing. (d) university building construe•
tion, (e) reforestation, forestation and prevention of soil erosion, (f) the oonstruction
of a oement plant, and (g) other work relief
projeots. These seven major divisions encompass some 62 projects and involved a total
allocation up to August 31, 1936 of $33,240,395 from ERA Act funds of 1935. An additional allocation of $1,106,400 has been made
from 1936 ERA Aot funds for several new types
of projects. At the end of August 1936 total
employment on all projects amounted to 43,790
persons.
tion or the ooffee industry and the impairment of tobaooo farming.
As a re s u 1 t many
persons have migrated to San Juan, Puerto
Rico's oapital. This influx has not only increased poverty there, but has also endangered the well-being of the inhabitants by orea ting unsanitary living oondi tions. II a l'JJ
houses are fire traps.
Housing projects are
therefore essential to the welfare of the islands. To this end $2,200,000 was allotted
for slum clearance and low-cost housing oonstruotion, which was started October 15,
1935.
Another major part of the reconstruction
program has to do with the construction of
various buildings, laboratories, roads, and
sidewalks in conjunction with the University
of Puerto Rico.
This institution supplies
the islands with technically skilled men to
develop their agricultural resources and to
protect public health.
The Housing Division of the Publioe1tot'ks
Administration ha.a two projects in Puerto
Rico.
These projects are entirely distinct
from those of the Puerto Rico Reoonatruotion
Administration and are being developed under
an allocation of $775,000.
One is in San
Juan, Puerto Rico's capital, and the other is
in Caguas, an i1land city of Puerto Rico.
About $23,500,000 was allocated for the
rural rehabilitation program.
These funds
covered the financing of loans to farmers for
purohase of farm lands;
the purohase of
75,750 acres of public land; the construotion
of 13,073 houses, 2,250 animal sheds, 10 central service farms, and 45 workers' re construction campsJ and the purchase of equiPment, fertilizers, and fences.
All of this
work is well under way.
The rural eleotrifioation program embraces primarily the development of fiw hydroelectric projects, three of which are for
transmission and distribution lines. These
projects, nearly one-half completed, wi 11
furnish the electricity urgently needed for
lighting and other household purposes, and
tor the operation of coffee mills in the rural areas.
Soil erosion and disturbed natural irrigation have brought about widespread destruc-
BEW ROADBED IB lWJAII
These new oammuni ties will provide low-rent
houses of simplified, one-story, reinforced
concrete oonstruotion with practioal provision age.inst the rigors of hurrioanes a n d
earthquakes.
The privilege of gardening in
the rear of the houses will alleviate one of
the problems oonfronting the Puerto Rican -
80
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COTTAGE DEVIU>PIIEB!' - VIRGIN ISLABDS
that of obtaining home-grown foodstuffs.
An allocation of $7,000 has financed the
work of the Forest Service in Puerto Rico.
This has consisted wholly of land acquisition
surveys, mapping, and examinations of proposed additions to the Toro Negro Purchase
Unit which has been established on the island.
The Emergency Conservation Work (CCC)
employs 1,752 persons and has nine oamps in
Puerto Rico: four in the Caribbean National
Forest, three in insular forests and two in
military reservations.
The work, which is
similar to that done in the States, involves
principally the improvement of national parks
and forests; the increase of recreational facilities by construction of roads, bridges,
trails, picnic grounds, and sheltersJ and the
construction of firebreaks, telephone lines,
and observation towers, as a more efficient
means of preventing forest fires.
Virein Islands
The Virgin Islands also have suffered
from the depression in recent years.
In an
effort to improve conditions an allocation of
$434,600 for a work relief program was ma.de
on November 23, 1935, to the Temporary Govermnent of the Virgin Is lands.
Under th i a
program 761 persons were employed during the
week ending August 29, 19S6.
The program is planned largely to effect
BOX CULVER'l' - C.AlU.L ZONI
permanent improvement in the economic conditions of the Islands and to establish tourist
facilities. It involves three major efforts:
(a) the construction of roads, (b) con:anunity
development, and (c) hotel and cottage construction.
Road construction and resurfaoing work
has progressed rapidly during the past six
months.
To date nearly 21 miles of road and
12 miles of scenic trails have been completed.
The rural rehabilitation program is devoted chiefly to the establishment, maintenance and operation of six community projects.
In addition, a group of small holders
is acquirin~, under an easy amortization
plan, plots of land averaging six acres, with
a small comfortablA house on each plot. The
homesteaders will be able to raise food for
subsistence and enough in excess to augment
their small incomes. There are already indications of the success of the program. To
date over 90 percent of the homesteaders, who
are paying for their land and buildings under
the terms of a 20-year contract, have me.de
payments to the Government on the due date.
Some advance payments he.ve also been made.
Sinoe 1932 a total of S,639 aores of
land have been purchased for homestead projeots in the Virgin Island,.
Of this land,
216 aor•• ere transferred to the Navy Department for airports.
Of the re mairu.ng
3,424 aorea, 1,569 are already under cultivation by 268 homesteaders and approximately
1,166 aores (including 1,005 purohased with
ERA ,lot funds) are now being oleared for
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early allotment to 105 additional homesteaders. Sixty-four :Dew or rebuilt houses (146
rooms) of sto:DS or oonorete have been oompleted, and 47 additional houses are being
oonstruoted.
The Federally-owned Bluebeard
Castle
Hotel, looated on a hill in St. Thomas, was
construoted in 1934-35 from an appropriation
of Publio Works funds.
It is part of' the
program to develop the tourist and winter
resident trade in St. Thomas. Bluebeard Castle Hotel has operated at oapaoity throughout the winter season.
Funds are now being
used to improve and extend the hote 1 's faoili ties by construoting three or f'our additional cottages and a multiple cottage unit
~f 15 rooms, whioh will considerably increase
its capaoi ty.
The Public Works Administration has two
classes of work under way in the Virgin Islands: first, municipal and civic improvement
projects, and second, low-oost housing and
slum clearance projects.
There has been an
allotment f'or the first type of project of
$40,000 which is being used for street improvement on St. Thomas and st. John Islands.
These projects are being pushed towards completion. A $91,939 project f'or municipal improvements is making satisfactory pr ogress.
The $64,892 low-cost housing project on st.
Croix Island is 45 percent completed; and the
projects on St. Thomas Island, costing $109,140, are about 40 percent complete.
A third
housing project, to cost $41,800, on St.
Croix Island, is still in the hands of the
architects.
Emergency Conservation Work
anployed
221 men in two CCC camps in the Virgin Islands during the last week of August 1936.
As of August 31, the Procurement Division reports one projeot operating in the Virgin Islands, w1 th a total of five artists engaged
in easel painting.
Alaska
The Alaska Road Commission has received
allocations of' $671,6001 $426,500 for construction of a road from .Anchorage to Ma.tanuska, $120,000 f'or the construotion of local
public roads in the Matanuska ValleyJ and
$125,000 for the Pt.lmer•.Anchorage road project.
the Commission's projects reached a peak ot
about 250 workers.
At'ter the ineTitable N•
duetions in operations during the following
winter some increase in employment ooourrecl
in the spring of' 1936. During the subaequent
months the number employed totaled ■OJ111911hat
less than 100 persons.
Allooations amounting to '46.996 w,tre
made to the Bureau of' Fisheries tor the improvement of' salmon-spawning streams in Alas•
ka. This was partially accomplished by destroying predatory enemies in Bristol Bay.
This activity created 126 man-years of employment in constructing 10 buildings, a
pumphouse, 70 ponds, and about a mile f£ road.
Under an allocation of $68,670 the Forest Service is making land acquisition surveys and maps of the Tongas and Chugah N a•
tional Forests of Alaska.
The Non-Federal Division of the PWA has
six projects under way in Alaska, involving
the construction of a waterworks and sewer
system in Douglas, schools at Juneau and in
Valdez, a city hall at Anchorage, municipal
improvements at Cardova, and street improwments at Petersburg. The total cost of these
projects exceeds $270,000.
On August 29, 1936,approximately 160 CCC
enrollees in Alaska were engaged in activities similar to those in the United States.
Hawaii
The Territory of' Hawaii has received
$1,379,736 of the Works Program highway and
grade-crossing funds. Of this $926,033 is to
be spent on hi ghwa.ys, roads, and streets, -and
$453,703 on grade-crossing elimination projects.
Employment provided by these projects
rose f'rom 20 persons on January 1, 1936, to a
total of' 331 persons on August 15, 1936.
has three
projects approved and started in Hawaii under
an allotment of $65,000 from 1936 ERA Act
funds. These projects involve the repair and
construction of buildings,
roads, walks,
transportation facilities, public utilities,
and the repair of waterfront structures. M
of August 29, 1936, a total of' 467 workers
were employed on these projects.
The Bureau of Yards and Docke
The Quartermaster Corps has ■ix proj•otl
During the summer of' 1935 employment on
in the
Territory of Bawa.ii•
tor which u
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allocation of tl,733,170 has been made. There
wre 633 persons employed on these projects
on August 31, 1936. The Hawaiian projects ue
of three distinct types: ( l) the reconstruction and repair of buildings and other iJDprovements at various forts (four of these
projects have been completed); (2) construction at Schofield Barracks, including the improvement of buildings, electric and sewerage
systems, and grounds, and provision for an
adequate water supplyJ (3) the construction
of highways, including the Kole Pass Highway
( to provide adequate oonununication be tween
Schofield Barracks and Lualualei Naval Reser_vation) and the 21-mile Wahaiwa-Pupakia Trail
Highway. Blasting has begun on the former
project preparatory to building the road.
On the latter project six miles have been
paved.
The Public Works Administration has four
projects in Hawaii, involving the constru c tion of waterworks at Honolulu, Kauai, and
Hilo.
These will cost $661,818, $19,040 and
$328.160. r9spectively. A hospital at Keokea
will cost J505,578.
Emergency Conservation Work (CCC) on
Au~st 29 had l,062 employees in Hawaii. This
work, similar to that in the States. is under
the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.
Canal Zone
The Quartermaster Corps is operating two
projects in the Canal Zone, under·an allocation~ $700,000.
During the last week of
August 253 persons were employed.
One project, concerned with the construction of army
barracks, includes work on buildings, sewer
mains, and water connections; the other has
to do with the construction of highways to
connect military reservations in the Zone.
This work, proceeding rapidly, is about 70
percent complete.
Other Federal Agency Activities
To complete discussion of activities of
Federal agencies participating in the Works
Program, attention must be directed to three
groups of agencies that have not been dealt
with thus far. These groups consist of agencies prosecuting projects for the improvement
ot Federal property, agencies carrying on
special rural programs and agencies with certain miscellaneous programs. Generally speaking. the 16 agencies comprising the th r e e
groups are carrying on programs more limited
in scope than those of the agencies already
discussed.
Total f111I1ds allocated for their
work, as of August 31, 1936, amounted to $38,, 124,671.
Improvements to
Fedcral
Properties
At the inception of the Works Program,
when established Government departments were
requested to survey their activities with a
view to the developnent of projects which
could be included in the Works Program, a
number of divisions of Federa 1 depart me n ts,
with scattered field stations and other properties. found portions of their facilities
in need of repair, reconditioning. painting,
or landscaping.
The agencies had insuft i •
cient appropriations to prosecute this work.
Much of the necessary work fitted in well
with the requirements of the Works Program:
it would bring lasting benefits in the form
of improved public facilities which would not
be developed otherwise; it would be of such a
nature that it could be initiated and brought
to completion quickly; the major portion of
contemplated expenditures would go for payrolls of workers available from relief rolls.
Allocations totaling $6,977,482 had been
approved by the end of August for 91 projects
involving improvements, repairs, reconditioning and construction on properties operated
by 11 Government agencies. namely, the Extension Service and Bureaus of Agricultural En-
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gineering, Dairy Industry, and Plant Industry
of the Department of .Agriculture, the Bureau
of Lighthouses of the Department ot COJD11Sroe,
the Geological Surwy and St. Elizabeths Hospital of the Department of the Interior, the
Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization of
the Department of Labor, the United States
Coast Guard and Procurement Division of the
Treasury Department, and the Veterans Administration.
.
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f'or 15 projects involving the rebuilding, re•
pair, and modernization ot telephone line•
which comprise the communication system be•
tween Coast Guard stations, and the dredging
of a channel leading to the Coast Guard station on Governors Island in New York ha.rborJ
25 projects devoted to the reconstruction
and reconditioning of shore facilities, modernizing and rebuilding 127 Coast Guard stations, and miscellaneous work on station
buildings; and 8 projects for the oonatruotion of' patrol boats, picket boats, harbor
craft, crash boats, life boats, and other
craft to replace obsolete equipment am to
make possible more effective operations. M
of' August 31, 1936, the Bureau reported that
about 49 boats had been constructed, about 126
miles of' transmission lines laid, about 82
stations repaired, and that dredging operations were nearing completion.
Veterans' Administration
Allocations to the Veterans' AdmiJdstration were approved for the repair am improvement of 16 hospital buildings and surrounding
Five of' these projects have been
grounds.
completed and the remainder are nearing completion.
Procurement Division
COAST GU.ARD LIFEBOAT BUILT WITH ERA FUBDS
SELF BAILING .Al"'ID SELF RIGHTING
The major projects in terms of'
the
anounts of money involved were those sponsored by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, the Coast Guard, the Veterans
Administration, and the Procurement Division
of' the Treasury.
Bureau of' Illlnigration and Naturalization
Four projects approved for operation by
the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
involve removal ot debris, cleaning of walls
and floors, landscape grading, repairs
t o
furniture and equipment, and similar work at
immigration statidns at Ellis Island, New
York, Gloucester City, New Jersey, Boston,
Massachusetts, and the district headquarters
building in Detroit.
The repair work at
Boston has been completed and the remaining
projects are approaching completion.
Coast Guard
The Coast
Guard received
allocations
Allocations to the Procurement Division
of the Treasury are making possible the decoration of Govermnent buildings tbroughmt the
Unit-4 States with murals and sculpture re•
quested by various departments or agencies of
the Federal Government. A group of artiste is
also working on easel paintings which are m..tributed on request to Federal agencies. By
September 10 of this year 4,712 easel paintings had been completed, 101 additional
sketches approved, and 14 mural• sculpture,
and poster project ■ campl•ted.
other Agencies
Ot;her projects tor improv•ent to Peel•
eral property have been operated by the 11tenaion Servioe, the Bureaua ot Agrioultural
Engineering, Dairy Indutry, and Lighbho111••·•
ancl st. Eliaabetha Hospital. All projen■ of
these agencies were completed by J111» 10,
19S8.
The nature of the work clone by t:U
agencie ■
discussed in this section that ban
pro1eouted project ■ for impro'Y81D8Dt ot Peel•
en.l. property is 11UD11Uized in the table cm
the following page.
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Jl!l0.1lCTS J'Cll 'ml lMPROVDmJ'! O.r 1EDER.lL PROPm.t'r
.A.a of .A:aguat
y
31, 1936
N1ID er
ot
.ltf/DIJ7
rn,1,0t 1
!O.UL
91
Net
Deaoription of ProJeota
AJJ9oa.tiop1
Department of Agrioultve
.l#ioult11Nl in,1:Deering
2
7,151
Dai1"1 In4uatl'1
l
3,000
llnenaion Semoe
1
4,066
13
-40,493
1
20,000
2
104,913
Plant In4U"l'1
L&a41oapiag pa"fing ffl•J ooutr,1,U• of
loading platfonal at WO ape1"5aatal. n&tiODle
'ferraoing, faoia,. an4 repair wark at a:pa!matal 1tation.
lbao4ellng u.4 Smproflllllnt of n.p•t. ot A0-1oul.tve ah1Ut1.
Reoonilti.onini u4 !mpro"f'llll8t1 at a ~
tural atatioDI an4 a:perSmmrhl famle
Depu-blmtofCcam_.N
Lighthouea
Depal"tmed of· the l!lterior
Geologloal hJ"N7
Repair aDll oonnl'l10tion ot roa41 oa u,it•
hOUN Nlerfttion1.
RemgTing fire hazard1 an4 impro"fiq eq'llipunt
at Nafll Petrol.,. Rea...,.; repair or Nplao--' of 1tream gau'1ng ataUou
St. Zllsabetha Boapital
l
9,4!53
4
175,752
Deplil"lmlm of Labor
lmn1gration an4 llatvalisatio:a
•.•Coast··••ta.~
Gar!
t!
StatiftMoael'lliu.tioa
25
Prooureeal
4m&i.t.
ReooDditio~g, painUng, l&Dllaoaping, r.p&in to lnd141ng1 and fluoa1. hre,
at
tour Dmd.gr&tion Station••
eto.,
48
C--5.oation Progra
Boat CouW11C)ti•
o,, 4e1tro,..a in 1936 floo4a.
DllproTtlllllnt of O-OUD4• an4 building1.
Rebuilding, repair, and. mo4erninUon of
telephone llu1; dre4'1.DC•
Reoo:a1tnc,tbg and. reooDdiUoaing shore f.,.
oilltieaa mo4a'lliz1ng ana rebuiltiai Coan
8
1,926,758
2
543,584
Garcl 8tatien1.
Conatraotton of ll pavol boat1, l8 piotin
boats, 2 harbor oratt, 5 Ol"&ah boat,, lit•
boat, ancl other oratt, with eq-cd.JBmR•
Decoration of Federal building, with pai:at..a enlphNa nsbf •• 1ndl'1,c.
1-,a
16
1,218,120
Repair &D4 !mpro"NDent of b'llilahga an4 land•
on hospital propertieae
y
Jin IJI0194iq 15.mlar
p:a,oJecn• ot agaoiea 'llhoae aoti"fiti•• are 4bouaea 1eparate~ in th11 1-,.n.
Special Rural Programs
In addition to the Resettlement Administration, the Soil Connrvation Service, and
other agencies previously mentioned. the Rural
Electrification .Adminietration and the Extension Service of tl\e Department of Agriculture
have received allocations under the ERA Jot of
1936 for the prosecution or special activities
in rural area.a.
Rural Electrification .Administration
· The Ada1n1 ~ra1;1on engage• 1n aniriti•
designed to acquaint the tara population with
the poaaible uaea ot eleotrioity cm ta.nu an4
to advise looal f'l.m and bualneH groupa regarding the conatRo1;ion ot r-ural •leotrio
transmission and distribution lines and aya1;eana. ThJ-ough loans to private corporatiom.
oooperatin associations and State and publio
bodies, it finances the construction of rural
distribution linea.
Through August 31, 1936,allocations had
Five
been approved totaling $16,086,128.
projects had been completed involving allocations of $741,542 and providing 715 miles ot
electric lines to serve 3.026 c uatomers.
Seventy-six projects,
with allocations or
$14.314,686 representing 12,923 miles of line
and serving 48,595 customers. were under construction or in the stage of preliminary negotiations.
One allocation or $30,000 had
been made for the purpose of financing the
wiring of customers' premises. Loan contracts
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liminary survey and construction work tor tbe
Natohez-Trace Parkway from Natchez to Tupelo,
Mississippi. Of' this amount $160,000 1a ~ing used for the preliminary surve7 am the
remainder has been reserved for the conatruotion phase of the project. Work is to~ oonducted by the Bureau of Public Road• and ti•
nanoed by monthly reimbursement
v o u oher1 •
The survey portion of the project is in progress but construction has been held up peming the outcome of a ruling by the Attorney
General of Mississippi that OO\Ultie1 must
match State funds which are provided to aid
in finanoing the project.
had been executed on 61 of the distribution
line projects and 19 wre aotually under construction.
On May 20, 1936. the President approved
the Rural Eleotritication Aot of 1936 which
continued the Rural Electrification Administration for 10 years. Under this aot, moneys
to be loaned by the REA during the fiscal year
ending July 30, 1937, will be me.de available
by the Reconatruction Finance Corporation.
Projects for which allooations from 1935 ERA
Act funds have been •de will be completed
with these funds.
Extension Service
An allocation of $2,000,000 was made to
the Extension Service, pursuant to the provisions of the Soil Conservation and Domestic
Allotment .Aot approved February 29, 1936, for
"a.llooation and payment to the States in the
Southern Great Plains area or to farmers
there~n for wind erosion control."
The primary purpose is to make funds available for
grants to farmers in the "Dust Bowl" area. for
the purchase of gasoline and oil to operate
tractors with which they are able to furrow or
otherwise treat the land to reduce loss from
soil blowing.
Allocations for land purchase totaling
$922,750 have been ma.de to the National Park
Service, and $77,240 has been provided tor
the repair of flood-damaged Federal property
in the District of Columbia.
In addition,
$6,750,000 has been approved for the Jefferson Memorial project in St. Louis, Missouri.
Pending the outcome of injunction suits on
this project, work preparatory to land aoquisition is being continued.
The National Park Service is cooperating
with the Resettlement Administration in the
development of a program for the utilization
of lands,purchased under the I.and Utilization
Division of the Resettlement Administration,
which are adaptable to use for recreational
purposes.
In line with its policy of establishing a system of aooessible outdoor recreational areas distributed over the country in
suoh manner as to meet the urgent and immediate needs of people in various sections of
the country,
the National Park Service has
u of July 1, 1936, grants totaling
$1,394,066 had been approved, covering 39,864
applications for f'11.nds for the protection of
over 8 1 760,000 acTes of land.
Other Activities
National Park Service
!he Jfational Park s.-rl.o• bu reoeiTe4
allocations totaling $1,426,186 for the pre-
IITIRI<ll OF A !RAILSIDB SBBLTIB
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set up 46 projects in demonstration of the
recreational uses to which these lands might
be put.
These projects are operated by the
National Park Service personnel with funds
allocated to the Resettlement Administretion.
On August 1, 1936, the full responsi bi 1 i ty
for their operation was placed up o n the
National Park Service and allocations totaling $3,487,162 were approved for prosecution
of 1V0rk projects involving the construction
and improvement of recreational and related
facilities, and for the operation of 34
transient camps and a beach erosion control
projeot which had previously been operated
by the Works Progress Administration •
.Office of Indian Affairs
Practically the entire Indian population
of 332,000 persons is in need of ma.terialassistance. In an effort to relieve the poverty of these persons, the President provided
the Office of Indian Affairs with $1,879,250
to conduct a program of rehabilitation involving direct relief grants, community improvements, and self-help projects.
Of the
allocation, $482,500 was earmarked for direct
relief and the remaining $1,396,750 is being
used largely for loans and grants to individuals or tribes for the construction and repair of homes, barns, out-buildings and rootcellars; for the development of wells and
springs; and for the clearing and improvement
of lands for small farms and gardens. Social
standards have been raised considerably by
better and more sanitary housing facilities
which are being constructed under this rehabilitation program. Root-cellars and canning
kitchens are helping the Indians to conserve
their food supply and are thus helping to
solve the problem of undernourishment. Sewing, woodworking, rug weaving, and other hmdicraft shops are enabling the Indians to provide more adequa.te furnishings for their hoires
and to gain a small income through outside
sales.
Since February the program has advanced
steadily.
Construction is more than 90 percent complete on 664 new houses, 561 new outbuildings, and 380 buildings to house selfhelp enterprises such as canning kitchens,
woodworking shops , grist mi 11s, arts
an d
crafts projects, and similar undertakings. In
addition, 749 houses have been repaired.
Library of Congress
In view of' the fact that blindness is be-
ASSEMBLING TALKING BOOK MACHINES
coming an affliction of old age to an increasing extent and that older persons generally do not readily learn the Braille system
the need for a device to aid this handicapped
group is growing greater.
To a~sist blind
persons (who number about 115,000)allocations
totaling $423,000 were made by the President
to the Library of Congress for assembling
11,000 talking book machines which are to be
distributed among the States according to
population. The machines, a specially adapted
type of phonograph contained in a single portable unit, are then made available to
the
blind on a loan basis.
Special book-length
sets of records also are provided. Of the machines to be constructed, 1,000 are tu be
spring-driven in order to provide for those
not having access to electrical energy. The
other 10,000 machines are electrically operated. About 4,830 of the latter are completed and have been distributed.
The Weather Bureau
Of the tl9,224 received by the Weather
Bureau from ERA Act funds of 1935, $14,224
had been allocated for a project to develop
a method of long-range weather forecasting.
Ftmds for this project were exhausted early
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in August.
The Geological S\ll"'\l'ey is to con•
duct the actual work of the Bureau 'a other
ts,ooo project for the repair of flood-damaged
river gauges in Virginia.
This project is
scheduled to begin early in September.
Employment
Operations on the projects involved in
the three activities included in this section
began during the week ending August 31, 1936,
when a total of 60 persons were employed.
From this date there was a steady increase in
employment until December 21, when a total of
2,859 persons were at work.
Until February
29, 1936, each succeeding week showed a decrease in employment, with minor fluctuations
due to seasonal influences and the completion
of projects conducted by the Bureau of Dairy
Industry, the Bureau of .Agricultural Engineering, the Extension Service, the Bureau of
Lighthouses, and st. Elizabeth• Hospital.
Largely because of more favorable weather
conditions, beginning with the spring months,
there was a steady increase in the total number of persona employed tmtil June 27, 1936,
when a peak of 6,687 persona was re1>9rted.
Subsequently the trend of employment under
the group, excluding the National Park Service, baa been dowmra.rd.
During August the
National Park Service took over projects
which had been prosecuted previously by WP.A
and the Resettlement .Administration, with a
resulting marked increase in employment by
this agency.
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Workers and Their Earnings
Nu.bcr of W or~cr 1
During the month• following the initiation ot the Works Prograa, employment wa.e
neoeHarily delayed while thousands ot projects submitted by sponsors ot 11PA project,
and by Federal agencies were being examined
and &pprowd.
By the end ot Noveaber 19S6 a
large r•aervoir ot projects had been apprOTed
and those actually under way were sutticient
to treble employment during the month and
virtually achieve the goal of putting 3,600,000 persona to work.
During the next three
aonths employment continued to inoreaae, although at a reduced rate. By the end of February, S,860,000 persons bad Works Progra
jobs.
Subsequently, W'i th the impronmmt 1J:L
industry and the seasonal piok-up in agriculture, employment wa.a reduced.
In July the
occurrence ot a. new emer genoy, the wide1pread drought, necessitated an expansion ot
employment to provide aid tor tarmers in the
:moat seriously striclr:en State,.
early in 193S but became part ot the Works
Program in j,pril 1936 through the provisione
ot the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act ot
1935.
The 487,000 men engaged in this work
at the end ot July 1935 represented 85 percent ot the total Works Program employment
and the 694,000 working at the end ot August
(the all-time peak for Emergency Conservation
Work) constituted about 65 peroent of the total tor the Program.
By the end ot the next
month (September 28, 1935) the WPA program
wu under way, and ECW, although still showing the largest employment figure, represent•d. leH than halt the total ot all agenoiea.
'fMNattier the gemral trend ot aployment on
._rgenoy Conservation Work n• downnrd,
with aome tluctuation at the beg1nn1ng ot mw
em-oll.-ant periods.
:Sy the end ot August
1~6 leu than 400,000 men •re working under
th11 agenoy • .
WPA projects haw proTided the bulk ot
Work• Program employment sinoe the end ot O.•
tober 1955.
More than 2,740,000 persona,
TM reapecti"t'9 roles played by the dit- constituting about 78 pePOent ot the total,
terent agenoie, participating in the Worn
wre working on these projects by the end ot
ProgrUl have changed materially in the course
the y.ar.
At the peak of Works Program Ulot the pe.st year. At the beginning, the bulk ploymnt in February, when the number ot perot 911Ployment was provided under Emergency sons on WPA payrolls exceeded S,000,000, the
Coneerva.tion Work whioh had been initiated
proportion was slightly higher.
From that
time until the end of June WPA
WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
employment was ourtailed in aoThroush Auaust 29, 1936
oordanoe with the policy
ot
.u.lOOIS
OP'l'DSONI
OP' . . . . . .
tranaterring
all
possible
work4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~--~4
ers to projects of other Federal
agenaia1 and to private 1.n4uetr,.
1f1th the continued •xpandon of other agenoy projeota
and the inoN&Nd aotirl
1J:L
agriculture and private induatrJ
there wa1 a declim in tbe ~
ber . .ployed on WPA projeot..
B7 the end ot June 1lightq ~
t han 2,260,000 per1cme, or about
68 peroet ot the Worn Progna
ti••
19
936
total, WN mapl07K GA tu..
proj•o-.
!hia dOIIDIIU"d 1inD4
oontinued 1n July at 11h1oh tim
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••
WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
BY AGENCIES
August 29, 1936
MAJOR AGENCIES
HOO
WPA
CCC
OTHER AGENCIES
OTHER AGENCIES ( EXCLUDING
WPA AND CCC)
THOUSANDS OF' PERSONS
0
SO
100
150
AGPJCU1J"\JRE
ENTOMOLOGY, PLANT QUARANTINE
P'ORUT SIRVICI
PU&UC ROADS
SOIL CONSERVATION
arHER
COMMERCE
i;
PUERl'O RICO
INTERIOR
RICLAMATION
arHeR
LABOR
NAVY
YARDS ..
DOa(S
RESETTLEMENT ADM.
RURAL B.ECTRIFICATION
TREASURY
VETERANS ADM.
WAR
_fl!NGINHRS
7_CILIAlffUMASTU
ALL OTHER
WOIIKI NOGIIDI --TIIATION
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1 7 4I
WPA employment had declined more than 25 percent from its February peak.
During July
drou,:h.t conditions in the Middle West reached
emergency proportions and expansion of employment was authorized in States where a
large percentage or the counties had been
designated by the Department or Agriculture
Drought Committee as emergency drought areas.
With the addition or certified drought oases
to projects in these States WPA employment
increased to a total at over 2,370,000 by the
end of' August. At that time almoat 136.000
drought cases (see the table on page 92),
about 6 percent ot the 'IPA total, had beeJa.
given employment on water oonservation and
high.111&.y work in the drought areas.
Employment UJJder Federal agencies other
than the CCC and the WPA expanded at a relatively slow rate during the early months or
the Works Program.
This may be attributed
partly to the fact that much or the work was
to be done under contract,
necessarily invo 1ving some de lay, and partly to the difficulties inherent m operating larger construction jobs during winter weather.
By the end
of 1935 more than 250,000 persons 1V8re working on projects of these other agencies, but
they represented only 7 percent of the Works
Program total. With the approach of more
favorable nather, however,
employment on
these projects increased more rapidly, and at
the end or JUDe more than 665,000 persona
were at work, constituting about 20 percent
of the total employed on Works Prouam jobs.
Subsequent employment by other agencies has
been relatively stable, although the completion or approaching completion or projects
and the exhaustion or funds allocated under
the ERA Act or 1935 have resulted in some
WORKS PROGRAM ll1PLOYME!lr, BY MAJOR .AGENCIES
J:xoluding Administrative Employees
July, 1935 to August 1936
(th0\181.Dds of Dnployees)
other Agencies
~
Week
Ending
Grand
Total
WPA
Resettlement
Agrl-
genoy Total
Conser- Other
w.tion Agenoies
Work
oulture
(Excle
Navy
Public
Roa.ds
PWA
Public
ill
A.dmi.nis-
tration
Roads)
War
W
other
~
2
3
6
16
£1
6
l
4
31
8
31y
l
4
5
6
48
55
13
27
17
74
53
15
17
54
35
18
66
68
34
41
32
61
17
15
107
77
47
60
55
54
56
49
68
69
555
624
65
17
161
lJ.9
70
72
152
55
54
665
10
199
232
63
381
71
15
168
65
50
68
69
69
390
400
408
404
639
61fl
649
66
10
221
167
61
46
68
64
59
9
170
10
62
10
64
63
64
43
43
43
67
657
230
236
239
10
12
64
54
55
54
55
42
42
36
66
BO
34
85
34
86
487
594
16
7
1
68
8
557
113
35
51
777.
2,484
555
544
173
60
3,272
244
28
3,51J.
2,740
519
252
62
61
Janum-y
February
Maroh
25
29
28
3,724
2,926
3,036
486
312
355
58
60
445
April
May
June
25
30
3,516
3,373
3,302
2,570
2,340
2,256
391
409
4
3,269
ll
3,280
3.296
3,309
2,240
2,233
2,239
1,126
October
November
26
30
Deoember
573
915
1,505
oy
ow.
7 y
g/_
g/
70
253
456
July
31
.lugusi;
31
September 28
11
15
16
~
J'llly
27
18
25
1
8
15
22
29
1/. Doea
E/ Does
3,850
3,751
2,872
2,248
459
434
3,303
3,325
3.364
2,263
403
637
57
2,200
400
395
645
56
2,351
389
646
644
60
3,384
63
13
15
3,400
2,377
386
637
68
16
2,323
223
226
224
219
207
171
171
175
175
176.
174
171
67
68
82
not iDolude rural rehabill tation oases.
not inolude employment on Publio Roads projeots previously authorized um.er the HaydmM:artwright
M:St, but financed by $1001 0001 000 apportioned to States out of the funds proTided by the J!ml!lrg11D01 Relief
J.ppropriation .lot of 1935.
500 persons.
g/ Le11 than
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91
J10MB1R
or
CIRl'D'D:D mwoom C&Sl2! ilD TOrAL 1'tlmlR
IMPLOYED Clf WP.A PRO.TrrS
WNb la4i.llg 3tl.l;/ li3 to
.&Deust 29,
(hbjeot to Rnbion)
Week
ln41DC
1934
'Jii!i
18
2!5
.bguat l
8
15
22
29
2,238,974
21 248,U!
or PDSOMS
persons employe.d under the Worb
Program 'ftre located in
three
States.
More
than
100.000
per•
1936
sons had Worka Progra job ■ in
each of six other State ■ • O&li•
certified Dro,aaOlt f ornia, ?lassachuaett1, Jlichipn,
CUH u Plll'Ocmt
Miesouri, Ohio, and Texa.1.
CerH.fie4
Dro\140l,t
Caae1
Other
23,891
30,790
2,215,077
2,217,323
2,262.761 37,900 2,224,861
2,279,612 50,392 2,229,220
2,322,594 93,208 2,229,386
2,350,750 114,531!;' 2.,236,219
2,376,565 135,83'4 2,240,731
reduction in the numbers of persons working.
Among Federal agencies (other than the
CCC and WPA) operating projects under the
Works Program, the Bur'eau of Public Roads and
the Public Works Administration are of outstanding importance in regard to numbers of
employees.
The programs ot these agencies,
howver, were not well under way during the
early months ot the"Program.
In September
1935 the Bureau ot Entomology and Plant Quarantine, the Forest Service, the Corps of En•
gineers, the Quartermaster Cprps, and the
Bureau of Yards and Docks provided most ot
the other agency employment. By the end or
March 1936 the Bureau of Public Roads wa1 employing almost a quarter of the 445,000 persons working an the projects ot other agencies•
The Public Works and Resettlement Adminis;t;ra•
tions were employing about 17 percent and 13
percent., respectively.
A.t the end of A.ugust
almost a third of the Works Program employ•
mnt provided on projects of agenoie1 other
than the CCC and WPA was report.d by the Bu•
reau of Public Road ■•
More than a quarter
was provided on PW.A. projects. No other agency
provided halt as J111LDY Works Program jobs as
either of these agenoies.
The State-by-State distribution ot per•
sons working on projects ot the 'IP.l, CCC,
and other Federal agenoie1 i• ahown tor A.u•
gust 29. June 27, and preoeding three-aonth
interval ■ in the table on page 128.
For the
nek ending A,uguet 29, 1986., Bew York (inolud.•
ing New York City) reported the largeat total.
tollOW8d by Penmylft.Di& u4 Illinoi•• the
only other State• in whioh more than 200,000
persona wre employed. jbout a fourth ot all
the••
of Total
1.1
1.4
Person, From Relief Roll,
The major objeotiw ot the
Works Program has been -to pron.de
4.0
work tor employable persona who
4e9
5.7
would otherwi ■e be on the roll■ ot
public relief agenoies.
In order ·
to achieve this pvpoee it ft8
specified by Ezeoutive order at
the initiation ot the Progrm that
preference in emplo)'Dlent be g1ven to pereona
from relief rolls and that other per1ona be
employed only when worker• with the neoe11a17
skills 119re not available from relief IIOUl'ON.
Employment ot such non-relief persona 'ft■
limited to 10 peroent ot the total nuaber ot
worker• except in oase1 where specitio esemption was secured.
1.7
2.2
To inaure the tultilblent of thi1 requirement local publics Nliet agenole■ llllde
oertitioation a1 to the N liet ■tua41Dg ot
worbra nterred to the United str&te• llllpl07mnt SeMioe tor a11igament to Work■ ProgNIII
jobs.
Aaligament or worbre ade prior to
June 30, 1936, and referral■ tor Work• Program employment dnce that date., haw bNn
made by the USES whether wcrbra
tr•
relief rolls or other sources.
The e zaptiona to thia policy 'ftre usually oooaaiom4
by the abnnoe ot looal emplOJmnt ottioea.
o-
Throughout the operation of the Works
Progress .Administration program about 96 per•
oent of the persons employed have been certified as in need of relier. Relief employment
on Emergenoy Conservation Work has been al•
moat as ooui ■tent., but at a level 1Clll9Wh&t
below that on WPA projects. with the proportion ot persons from Nliet sowcea running
around 88 percent during the pa1t 12 aonth■•
On projects ot other Federal agenoi•• the
proportion ot worlcel"a absorbed trca re Uet
roll• 'ftries widely, not only among agenoie ■ _
but allo under the same fl,genoy from month to
aonth. !he ti1"1t type ot variation i■ a 41•
reot naultot the diwr1ity in tn,e, ot proj•
eota in operation,
ageno1•• proaeouting
-.jm- conat.r~ction projeot■ lmd.er oonwaa-t
92
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tizui it moeae&r7 to aeoure a much larger
pr'oportian ot their workers trOJR non-relief
eovoes than do agencies doing repair and improTemnt jobs and O'ther work requiring le11
highly sld.lled worbr1. An important faotor
in the ft.riation under a single agency over
a period ot tiJlle i• the usual :aeoesai ty ot
employing supervisory and skilled persons almoat exoluaively at the initiation and alao
at the oompletion ot a project; the bulk ot
the employment ot uneld.lled and other worbre
obtained trom relief rolls oomea during the
tull operating stage a.
Thus, the proportion
ot workers tram relief rolls often Tal'ies
with the stage ot operation of the e.gency's
projects.
number of other agencies w1 th relatively small
employment whioh ban reported more than 90
percent ot their workers taken from relief
rolls.
Occupations
The ocoupations at whioh workers on these
projects nre given jobs are shown in the
aooomp~ tabulation. ']/ The table oovers
all persona employed under the Works Progrma
exoept those engaged in Emerge:aoy Conservation Work, youths employed on NYA and 'WPJ.
projeots, and persons working on projeots of'
a t.-. other Federal agencies ftr which reports
nre not submitted but whioh in no instance
Three Jl&.jor agenoies other than 11PJ. re- employ more than a f.,,. hundred persons.
The
ported aon than 90 percent ot their total
3,462,000 persons included in the tabulation
employment at the elld of J.ugust u oompridng have been cla.ssitied aocording to about 50
specific types of jobs grouped under 6 major
oertitied reliet persou .
These agencies the Puerto Rioo Reoonstruction Administration, oocupational olasses in addition to the unthe Forest Service , and the Bureau of Yards
skilled t!rdld unknown groups. J.].most 88 peroent
and Dooks - had gene1·a Uy maintained this
of the workers, or about 3,051,000 persons,
level throughout their operation,
although nre employed under the WPA,while the remainthe mmber ot reliet persons empl oyed under
ing 431,000 were working on projects of other
eaoh ot tbe1e agenoies had dropped slightly Federal agenoies,nota.bly the Bureau ot' Public
below the~ percent level during some months.
Roads and the Public Works Administration.
Tiro other agencies, the Bureau of Entomology
Four percent of all persons empl0)'9d
aDd Plant Quarantine and the Quartermaster
Corps, had employed large numbers ot persons under the Works Program are assigned as protrOJR the relief rolls, running to more than fessional and teohnical workers, auoh u
teachers, teohnioal engineers, draftsmen, mu90 percent ot their total employment during
earlier mouthe.
By the end of August, howsicians., and playground workers. llore than 5
enr, the proportions had dropped to a little
percent are employed as office workers. ohiet'more than 80 percent. The decline in the rely clerks, stenographers am typists, am
lative number of persons from relie f rolls
statistical editors and enumerators. ! slightwho had jobs on Quartermaster Corps projects
ly smaller proportion are engaged in a supercoincided with the general decline in employvisory oapacity as project supervis ors or
. .nt following the completion or approaching
foremen.
Persona working as skil led and
completion of projects.
The major cause of
aemi1ldlled laborers, employed
l argely on
the drop in proportion of workers from relief
roll• on projects of the Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine was the progress of work
on the Dutch elm disease and white piIJe blister rust projeots. Most of the work of eradioating the plants whioh are hosts to these
diseases has been completed and the treatment
ot trees has begun. Since the treatment work
requires relatively skilled workers who often
are not aT&ilable tram relief rolls, the proportion ot total workers aeoured from relief
:roll• has dropped. There are, in addition. a
y
Information regarding oooupationa, ~
w.p ratea, and aotual earninge ie. .deriwd
from a s ~ ot persona -.,hose ~ • appearw
on the Works hogra pqrolla e:ading 4uring
llu'eh 1A6.
SBIIISlILUm AID UISID.JBD lllQltlO•
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•
HtM3J!R
or
1ml' JHD 1faml Da'LO!D> OH !1111IORD JlllOGlUM, Br .ISSlCdD OCCCPJ.TialS
I/
Varoh 1936
Assigned OOOUpation
GIUHD 'l'Ofjl,
Profeuional and Teohnioal Worbn
.&o'tcrl
'l'otal
Ma
3,4162,220
2,ffl,339
4'70,111
136.800
84.811
22,41153
22,228
w
&,Hz
Arohi toota., c!rattlll!eD., ..a teolmSoal ncmen
1,rt!ata, 80Ulptm-a, -4 teach.era of al"\
L1'bn.rla11• lihra.riau'
MuSoiau ud teacher, of auaSo
lhraea
Plarground and recreatioul ....an
Teaclur a ( e:xoept ol &rl u4 aiaio)
Wrltera .a ectitora (aoept atatiat!oal. e41ton)
Other Jrofeuional •4 aad.Jrefe11ioul pes-aou ·
'4.,847
5,139
13,244
4,11/67
18,616
«>,365
·••Sa--'•
a,u
-
1,w
3.,701
791
4-3•
2,oaa
4-191
U,241
ffl
12,201>
61 "1R
25.,0D
1.,011
15,282
3,560
2,523
12,312
Office Worbn
Booldl:eepera, aooo\11ltat1, e4 au41ton
PIIJTol1 olerb u4 Umell::eepar' s
Clerb ( aoept ,ayrol1 oltrb ea4 t iabepen)
Stat1ttio&1 e41tora u4 a'IDlll'&WI
Stenogn.phcr1 aA4 typiat1
other clerical. u4 offtoe ,.,rbn
185.214
d,&!1
~,300
128.888
22,950
23,163
3,266
18,82!5
3/l77
1,642
Pro.1oot Supeniaors anc! roremell
J'creaell - oomtnotion
•--•ta, UIII lft181'8)
J'or911811 - oom1.notion acept rc:ac!a., •---t•., UIII aft181'8)
rcre:11111m - non-oomtraction JroJN'\1
ProJeot 111pem.1ccr1, . . ,era, ... u1iataat1
174.854
l!D 1 U4
2L7«>
47,624
211 3ll
'57,650
47,624
12,12&
.«i,104
12,ffl
Sld.llecl Worker• in Building aA4 Coutnotioa
Blaokan1+.ha
Brioklayen u4 1toJaa11UOm
208.376
208.376
17,S:37
76.,898
1ro&ta,
ae,zdo
6.,375
_29.,791
77,012
Carpenter•
Cmieut f1n1thera
Eleotrio!au
Operators aD4 engbee:r1 - ooutraotion eq,d.i-'
Painter•
Plaeterera
Plumber-a, amt gu, pipe., UIII 1tea fitten
Sheet mtt&1. 'IID1'lan-l
Stone outter1, C&1"'Yft'a 1 aa4 aettera
S1.notlral iron an4 ateel. 'Rl"IIBra
Other akillecl warlaara ill buil41JIII aa ocn1.1"1-m1iion
9,722
6.,687
13,671
30.,337
4,177
9,780
2,316
5,122
5,083
8.303
SJcillecl WOl"kerl not in Buil41ng UIII Cosanr,mtion
Maob1Di1t1
MecbaniDI
Other 1Jc1llecl ,moan (no" ela8'11MN aluaifiel)
1,a
-
4,077
242
22,C157
22,0!57
242
3,204
4,457
13,9419
5,509
8,014
61,908
8,01'4
61,908
23,939
23,939
63.154
24.!567
38,S87
3.,768
34,353
18,200
1,133
15,732
2,U!S
33.,473
2,•
2,5?.9,077
2,228.,2'76
300,801.
10.,806
9,610
1.,198
Smd.1Jc1llecl lforbra not in lhd.ldillf UIII Coutnotioa
Qaar4a an4watclmm
OperaUw1 - p:rh!Ua,_ doe
Seaatreates, u4 othw •""5.JC reoa wmn
Other 1a11dll.el woran (not
olu1UW)
6,833
w...-.
t1Mk:1ll.el Yccrkm'a
5,083
8,303
143.097
5,50P
9.,1.m
13,671
30,337
4,177
9,780
2,316
5,122
1"43.037
13,9419
4,125
l.S>,880
1.,624
11,012.
9,722
6,687
5.,094
. ,~
Bluten
Helpers - oarpmtera •, eleotr1o1&1 •, plaiben •, no.
Operator• of lnl1.ld1JC an4 oomtraotion eq,d.pas
Pipe layers e4 c,nerera
Roclmm aD4 ohai.nDlm - ~
Traotcr ud ~Jc ar!.Ten
Othtr aad.11dlle4 ._.._.. 11l 1nd.l41.n, UIII oomtnotS.•
zs,e
6,379
29,791
5,094
3,204
.lppNlltiOOI
i,iU
3,574
41,Ho
10,eeo
4,319
Smd.akilled Yorkers in lhdlcling u4 Coutno,_ion
,,om
416,726
51,415
10.902
1,40
s,m
se,m
OOcnlpatS.on no" apeo5. ftecl
n
6,822
880
yoda ~
11lu a fw !nmSN4 pe:nou,
j/ Does not in.olu4e adm1Dinratiw employeea, penou eplo,.4 in n.r,9D07 ComtnaUon Werk, _.
ploye4 at NY.l ratea.
are not a-n.ilabl••
Data on anwal ainotea, DOile of 1lh1oh aplo,.4
1mre
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SKILLED WORKERS
PROFESSIONAL
building and construction projects, make up
more than 12 percent of the total employment.
The remaining 73 percent are working at unskilled jobs involving both the heavy manual
work and the lighter tasks that require little
skill or experience.
Skilled s.nd semiskilled workers, largely
employed on building and construonon iro jects, made up a much larger proportion of
the workers on projeots of other Federal a gencies than on WPA projects.
However , wi th
respeot to actual numbers WPA projects employed about three times as me.ey skilled and
more than twice as Jll8llY semiskilled workers.
Carpenters, painters,and bricklayers lf8re the
most important of the groups represented among
skilled workers on WPA projects, and carpenter~ and operators of construction equipment were outstanding on those of other agen-
cies. Of t~ semiskilled workers on both WPA
and other agency projects, tractor and truck
drivers •re most numerous, but they represented a much larger proportion of the total
workers on other agency projects than on WPA
projects .
Office workers also made up a
greater proportion of the employees under the
other agencies than under WP.A.chiefly because
of the large numbers of statistical editors
and enumerators, and clerks working on projeots of the Bureau of the Census.
On the
other hand, professional and technical workers
constituted more than twice a.s large a prcp:>1'tion of WPA than of other agency employment.
Three-quarters of the WP.A workers were engaged
in unskilled work as compared with 54 percent
of the persons employed on projects of other
Federal agencies.
Monthly
or
n
PDCIR'rJ.GI DISTR.l.B\Ji'IOB
~
EACH MA.JOR OCCUPilIOIW, GROUP JMPLOYED BY llP.l JJID OTHER .AGJ!tCIJZ
Mardi 1936
otbc-
Ooou],ational Gro!i
ro'lJ.L
Total
WP.A
!&enoiH
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.0
1.e
s.o
4.3
4.9
4'.S
6.7
~
~
0.3
5.9
0.2
4.8
PnteHional la teohnioal.
Oftioe wrlaar1
Pio
1upeni10r1 & tormum
SJd.lJ.e4 1C> l'Drl
Ill bl4g. & oonll'U"'QOtion
Jfot ill 1t14f • & OOM~ion
.,eat
Sembldlle4 wo:rbrs
In blag. & ooutruction
Not in '141· & OOllltruction
1luldllec1 worlar1
0oou:s-tion not apeo1fie4
5..4
6.3
4-!'
1.8
73.1
0.3
5.3
T.J
1.1
75.8
0.1
a.1
~
o.a
Wege Rates end Earnings
A policy adopted at
the initiation of
the Works Program was the provision of an assured monthly security wage.
By Executive
order a monthly earnings schedule was established to apply to all workers exoept those
employed under Emergenoy Conservation Work,
the Public Works Administration, and the Bureau of Public Roads. Subsequently exemptions
were provided in the case of persons employed
on projeots prosecuted under contract as well
a s for a small peroentage of WPA project employees.
l4el
"1I:t
3e0
54..4
1.0
Under the monthly earnings schedule the
country was divided into four wage rate regions according to general lewls of wages
and costs of living. Within each region, wage
rates wre varied according to the four dif'-
96
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tbe ftriatiou ot N'lll _.,..... ~ .....
am u.nwip troa oae 1111P rat. nsl•
to autber. !he higbe ■t ap raw,. awnging t60.S6, wre reported tor bpon l ,._..
the higbe ■t rate• in the ""11.nga __..ale ·
apply and where a relatiwly 1arp proponlon
ot the worbra wre a11ipcl in the aore
highly pe.14 wage oluNs. IIDa1t1lq age r«w•
in Region II aTeraged l.fa0.99 M eapare4 with
tao.28 in Region III and t2e.sa in bsl,• IV
where the lonst rate ■ 1peoitiecl in tbe.....,
ule are in etteot.
The aall clitterenoe bet.en the anrage1 tor Region■ III u4 IV la
a re1ult ohietly ot the larpr proportion ot
workers in Region IV who wre u ■ipe4 in tbe
more highly paid wage Ola.IN ■ Oil job• requiring more highly skilled tne• ot WOl"lc.
SubHquent to Karoh the clitterentiation i n • •
rates betwen these two repou •s elillinated, Region III being red.etined to inol,au a.gion IV.
rate ■
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION or 'WPA WORD:RS,
BY WAG! CLASSES AND WAG! RATE REGIONS
March 1936
IBTEBJIEDUTE OR SEIIISD:LLID
United
Wage Rate Region
Wage Class
t91"9nt classes ot work &t which worker• might
States
I
Ill
II
IV
be usigned (unskilled, intermediate, sldlJed,
and professional and technical) and aooording
TO!.t.L
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
to tiTe ditterent population groups tor the
oount1e1 in whioh the projects might be oper- Security Wage Workers 95.5 95.5 94.9 96.4 95.1
-.,;r.f ~ ~ ~ ~
Unskilled
ated.
!he highest wage rate• 1n eaoh region
Intermediate
8.5
8.6
5.4
6.9 12.1
are pe.id 1n oounties where the 19SO population
Skilled
9.1 10.1
4.9
6.7
1.9
Professional and
ot tbe-large1t mmioipality exoeeded 100,0001
technical
3.2
3.6 1.9
2.~ 2.e
.rhile the low1t rates apply to oountie1 in
whioh the largest urban center contained leae Non-Security Wage
Workers
4.5
4.5
5.1
3.6
4.9
than 6,000 persona.
Security Wage Workers
The 2,819,000 per1on1 who wre employed
on WP.A. projeota at aeouri t, wage rat.ea iJl
March wre aHigned at an aTerage wage rate
ot ts2.03 tor the month. Their aotual earning• during the month aTeraged t45.91 per
worker, or •lightly more than 88 percent ot
the tull aaeigned rate.
Per1ona mwly uaigned to projects as wll as tho■e who lea'ft
the progr• during the :month reoein cmq
pro-rated oompen■ationJ tb.11 te:14■ to re4uoe
the general aYerap ot earnings below the a■•
signed • P aoale.
Deduotiona ot i-,-- ...S.
beoauN ot illne11 or otMr lo1t t1JIII al■e
tend to reduoe the aTerage.
The ditterentiala 1-orporatecl in the
monthlf
1oheclule an reti.o-4 in
•andng•
Similar variations ooourred in anrap
trca State to State within tM
wage rates
same wage rate region.
The se result in pan
from ditterenoesim the proportion ot ocnm.tl••
looated in the higher population group• 1lller9
higher wage rate, apply, an4 in part to Tari•
atioDS in the proportiona ot worbra a■■ipe4
to the higher wage olaaees. Dltterenoe■ in
the aapi tude and soope ot n.p adjuta..nt■
authorised by State Admintstratora alao ooatri.bute to the ftl'iat:lona aong the State■•
■tw!y Jl&cle tor Karoh 1H8 larougb.17 to what extent worbr■ e&r11N
le11 thu. tM tull •P rate tbrcnagb peraonal,
a• oontrutecl to projeot,taotor■• Lud.1-4 to
person■ 'lm4er •ontimaou uaigu,w.At - perHU
no ,ovl.d baw warka4 tbrnpnt ta ntln
•nth an4 ear.4 tm full ...thq 1111P at
whioh they wre uaiped. - thla naq rewrl1
I. apeoial
41.oaw■
.
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that workers cn 11PA projeota lost about 5 percent of their potential monthly earnings
through abaenoes due to illneu and other
causes not connected with project operations.
It was allo found that the larger the amount
the W'Orker could have earned, the smaller the
proportion which he voluntarily lost. For in•
stance, workers in the most highly paid wage
class (professional and teehnical) lost only
2 peroent of their potential earnings as compared with almost 6 percent lost by workers
(unskilled) in the l0119st paid wage class.
Even within th~ unskilled wage class, r.>rkers
who wre assigned at the higher rates (those
applying to the larger population centers) in
general lost a smaller proportion of their
pote.1.1tial earnings voluntarily than the une.ldlled pe~sons assigned at l0'1'8r rates.
This tendency of losses to diminish as potential earnings rise was observed among both
men and women, and among workers from relief
rolls and non-relief workers alike.
It also
held true in all but seven States, in only
one of which was the tendency definitely reversed.
Special Groups of WPA Workers
Distinct differences in the characteristics of certain ~oups of WP.A workers have
neoessi tated their employment on bases some1'hat different from that governing th:! employ•
ment of most WPA workers.
These groups are
composed of persons employed in supervisory
and technical capacities at wage rates other
than the established monthly earnings schedule,persons working on "ll'PA projects operating
their own equipment, persons employed at WPA
work oamps,and young persons between the ages
of 16 and 25.
An administrative order provides that up
to 10 percent of the project employees may be
exempted from payment in accord with thesecurity earnings schedule. In March 1936, exemptions of this kind were made for less than
6 percent of all persons working on WPA JrOj,,
ects.
Most of these persons, who are paid
in accord with wage rates prevailing looallf,
are employed in supervisory capacities as
project managers or foremen, olerks (particularly payroll clerks or timekeepers), or technical engineers.
For the prosecution of maey WPA projects
various types ot equipment, particularly
trucks, tractors, or drays, are essential.
This equipment is obtained in many instances
from persons who operate their own equipment.
The amounts paid to owner-operators include
compensation for the rental of the equipnent
as 1'1811 as for the personal services of the
owner. Toeir earnings therefore are not comparable to those of regular employees on WPA
projects whose wages represent 001apeusation
for personal servioes only.
In March 1936, when WPA employment waa
practically at its pealc;almost 39,000 persons
were listed on WPA payrolls as operators of
their own equipment. Almost all (97 percent)
of the persons employed on this basis were
from relief rolls. More than 22,000 of them,
or about 67 percent of the total,were tractor
or truck drivers, and & third were teamsters
or draymen.
Employment has been provided at WPA work
camps for persons non-resident to the communities in which they sought aid. These persons., typically men without families, have been
supplied subsistenoe,including food, lodging,
and other services, in addition to wages set
at the rates of tl6, $20, and t25 for unskilled, eeaiskilled, and akilled work, respectively. In March 1936 nearly 40,000 persona cap~ in about 190 different oaJllpe
W8re working on flood control, public buildings, roads, and other projects located in 41
states.
97
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Sinoe Ka.rob 1936 the mmber ot peraom
at 110rk aapa baa deollnecl.
!bi• 1 ■ ct..
largely to tbe achdn\atratiw 4eoidon 1;o
diacontbm wrk uapa Ma d 1 • ~ plla-. .rWPA aotivity and to giTe tM wrk MaJ per•
sonnel the 1am treatment u
that aocorded
other 11PA wrlmra • In this way no~residenta
are better enabled to enter into the lite ot
the oOlllllunitiea in whioh they are being aided.
National Youth Administration
In addition to it. Student Aid Program
which assists needy yoang persona to continue
in school, the Bat.tonal Joutll .&dain1strat1on
is charged with providing •ployment on projects tor young persona from relief families
who are not in full-time attenda.noe at school.
Youths employed in this manner work approximately one-third the normal WPA hours and reoei ve approximately one-third the security
wages specified in the established schedule of
monthly ea.rnings. Such employment of a young
person from a reli4Jf family is not prevented
by another :member of the family having a Works
Program job.
Jllllml 07 PDSCIIS DG'LO!ID <II ff.&. JIRODC!S,
Br 1W3 CL&SSIS I/
...... 103e
. , . C1eH
TOUL
JID.W.,•-••11
VuJdllel
Iatnall.1.at•
Zlld.ll ..
Pref••iom.l. ul teoMNl
• • huwt 1'7
I/
I/
'1111• Yarlr:Bft
IJlol.114u 4-890 ~
....
.u
, ...,
Paroat
lff,115
100.0
1651957
!51., 702
ti
30.S
1,C
1.2
0.0
3,208
1.9
ibo,!ti
12,171
WW Di I
YOO!B AT
wcax
the rate at which regulal" aeourity w.ge. workera. ware assigned to WPA projeota during the
same period.
Besides the youths employed
part-ti:me, about 4,800 full-time workers wre
engaged on NYA projects to fill positions tor
which the available young persona did not haw
the necessary skill or experienoe.
Hourly Earnings
During the period from Auguat 1, 19S6•
to June 30, 1936, persons enplo,_d on WPA projects earned an average of 43 cents per hem-.
The n.rio•• States and other adminiatrative
areas exhibit consi.derable variation, with
highest average earnings of 67 cents in New
York City. Elsewhere averages range d ~
reflecting the application of the security
earnings schedule, as modified. The lonst
average hourly rate, 21 cents, was toUJ:14 in
.Arkansas.
of - - 1,622
..,. a.s.c-a at hll aeoari.'7 ,ago rates aal
3,2C8 at IIOD-4ecnar1'7--,. rate..
hol.11ie1 tJae 1,622 peraou aHl,n.4 at fall
H0111'l'7 ,ago rat.a.
Although expansion of NYA work projects
was delayed until after the student aid program
was in full swing, by Ma.rob 1936 more than
164,000 youths W8re employed on HY.A projects.
(About 9,000 youths in addition were worlcing
on WPA projects at NYA hours am wages pending
transfer to NYA projects.)
Of these youths
almost 40 percent were young women, and all
but 2 percent were members otl"elief' families.
The ..verage aottthl.7 wage rate at which these
young persons 119re &aaigoed to NY.i jobs
was
tl6.90, a tigure ~uali'D.g about 31 percent of
In the latter part of June 1936, when
hourly earnings were determined in accordance
with prevailing rates in keeping with provisions of the Emergency Relief' Act ot 1936.
there was a distinct change in the level ot
the hourly paymant ti gure. This is evidenced
by the rise from approximately 46 oenta tor
the May-June period to a little OTer 60 oenta
tor the last half' ot July and tirst halt ot
,August. The acoomp~g table ot awn.ge
hourly earnings obscures the exaot tia at
which the transition was made•
This is 4•
to the fact that the table is based upon ~
rolls ending during the stated aemillonthly
perioda.
N
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. _ OI)
UDDGS tJ/1 ,___ M'IDIID
ar11P• noncn
lale'!a, u-,n1,va,1w
~
~ o b ...,., ..,.., 15, 1•~
•w,.t 15, 1916
,,..,,, ,. WM1• 1
LL
.....
~~
lnm1111 l
. .111
z.•.-
!Of.IL
&
l!I
31
. . . . . . . 19
IO
~
.......
.,_.....,.
.917
~
--
. jprU
.,...
1,•
1,351
14,MO
Z'l.740
•wn,e•
s.n•:r
1lom-l7
Sl.rldaf•
lao!11ll1l
U,119,ffl
1-1•
,,..,
•••
•• 4
...o
e,a
t,6!911
.w.1
... 4
U,700
45.l
l!I
31
30,IM
41.,ee?
JS,721
1!S
11,U0
'5,121
n,oaz
41..1
15
31
136,331
'5,552
e,218
"10.7
154,378
19
n
1'0,Dl
W,572
e,16!5
ee,c
"10.0
15
W,311
iae,?51
. , 7Z1
70,420
41.3
21
l!I
112,m
172,,517
74,051
74,813
43.4
IO
n
25,777
U0,977
IO
m,ne
70,179
17,97
1!5
n
145,M
Ut,317
8',283
83,852
15
136,W
113,18'
02,171
61,298
15
,0
iM.M
~
l!I
n
123,226
a,an
15
U7,8!1!5
....
!518,'27
02,538
City.
As the 1'PA programs in the
varioua
States expended to quota levels. by the end ot
December 1935 or before, the undue effect ot
the higher earnings in New York City on the
Nation-wide average was eliminated. Beginning
w1 th January, average hourly earnings for the
entire United States olosely paralleled those
for the United States exclusive of New York
City.
The trend since that time has been
steadily upward, with the average rising trom
40.6 cents per hour for the first halt of January to 60.6 oents per hour for the last halt
of August.
44.9
42.2
41.0
41..1
41.7
42.e
45.6
44.5
44.9
The inorease in hourly earnings refleots
Upward rensiona of the original earnings schedules and
adjustments in the standard Dumber d hours to
be worked per :month were me.de in certain areu
in order to bring WPA hourly rates more mar]¥
into ooni'ormity with looal prevailing hourly
rates for the various types of work.
There
was also some reolassifioation ot workers,
from the unskilled to the intermediate
wage
olus or from the intermediate to the skilled,
for example, when their demonstrated oapabili ties and the need for workers of higher
skill made suoh reclassification
advisable.
Another factor which contributed to the upward
trend in average hourly earnings was the inoreased importance, in proportion to the total, of employment in large cities and on certain types of projeots needing highly skilled
or professionally trained workers.
the effects of several factors.
45.8
45.7
••o
46.9
,0.8
,o.o
Other ohanges in average hourly earnings
from August 1, 1936, through August 16, 1936,
may be aeen in the accomp~ng table.
The
d8"Ji»1 ng rate of average hourly earninga- during the tall and -.rly winter is 1he re1ult ot
a combination of faotors. The highest rates
of pay for work on 1'PA projects wre applicable in New York City, and these rates were
heavily wighted in the early month ■ because
of the relatively large employfflent in 1'ew York
Eduoational, professional, and clerical
projeots and public buildings projects, on
whi.oh the highest rates were paid, gradually
inoreased their proportionate contll".i.bution to
the total number of hours worked.
The faot
that employment on these types of projects wu
somewhat ooncentrated in urban centers, 'Where
higher rates are paid, accentuated their importance in contributing to the upward trend
in average hourly earnings.
On
the other
hand, employment on highway, road, and street
projects (among the lower average hourly -.mings group) beoame proportionately leas 1m portant as tbe progr&lll developed, although
theM projeob still aooo,mted for the greatest mmber ot hours of &ll¥ cme major tn,e ot
projeot olanitioation.
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Works
Program
Funds
Approprietions
Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation
Acts of 1935 and 1936 a total of $6,111,423,•
116 had been made available by August 31.1936,
for the operation of the Works Program.
The
act of 1935 specifically appropriated $4,ooo,000,000 and provided for thE' transfer of funds,
not to exoeed $880,000,000, fl-om the unexpended
balances of certain prior appropriations. ~y
August 31, 1936, there had been transferred
from these balances to the Works Program account a total of $686,423,116,ali shown in the
table below. The ERA Act of 1936 pr9vided a
new appropriation of $1,425,000,000 for the
continuation of the Works Program.
The funds appropriated under both acts
were to ..ie used "to provide re lief', work relief, and to increaso employment by providing
for useful projects," in the discretion and
under +.he direction of the President, subject
to limitations on each class of expenditure.
These classes and the fund limitations for
each are shown in the "Limitation" column of
the table on thA next page.
The President
has raised the. limitations on funds available
for two classes of projeots under the author•
ity granted in the act or 1935 to inoreaae
any limitation of that act by an amount not
exceeding 20 percent of the total appropriation. The 1936 Act authorized the President
to increase any of the limitationsl:¥ an amount
not to exceed 15 percent of the limitation
being increased.
or
ALLOCATIONS, OBLIGATIONS INCURRED AND EXPDIDITURD,
UNDER THE WORKS PROGRAM
CumulallY• bJ Ten-Dar Periods
Octeber 1935-Aupd 19N
DOU.Altl
•
-
..._..
1,-----.-,--,1-----,--.----,-----,~.---.-~-.---'--.----,----r-r~•
I
5
_
ALLOCATIONS-"\
4
I /1-/
........... ..
························
/
O■LIGATIONI
~
3
_r
->----+-----;--+-+-----l---+--+--+l/~==F;__+------11
·••' .......
--
4
---
_ ... i---
INCUltltl:.:.,.••. ,.•••··
__
t---t---+--t--+_.-_...r,'-t--t--t-_=.--·~~-----;---t---+----II
... ••'
.,,,,. ....
....•.. •...
- - - ~ IXNNDrTUltU
----
Zt--+----h'~+----=lo~---+---+---+--+---1---+--+------iz
•····
...···•"'''' ...___
_.
OCT
NOY
,,,.---DIC
IAN
Fl■
MAIi
AN
1935
IIAY
IUNI
JULY
Aue
KP'I'
1936
WOlllll . . . . . . . . ~ l ' U , T l l a Dal
Allocet1on1
The Emergency Relie~ Appropriation Acts
designated the general character
of the p1 ogram to be inaugurated.
TRANSJ'ZRS JRCM PRIOR n..imGDCY .lPPROPRUrIONS
Subject to these conditions the
TO fflE llORXS PROGRAM .A.CCOUN'?
President has allocated funds to
Through .luguat 31, 1936
many agencies to enable them to
participate in the Works Program ..
&iuit
Of the $5,401,896,627 that t,.,.,d
Transferred
Appropriation
been allocated to various ageneies
$686,423,117
TOTAL
through August 31, 1936, a total
of
$4,663,219,381 came from funds
500,000,000
Reoonstru:,tion ~noe Corporation .lot
made available by the 1936 .Act
DDergenoy .lppropriation .lot, 1'1.soal Year 1935
and $738,677,246 from funds of
26,455,000
l'lmda tor relief in atriobn agriaultural areas
the 1936 Act. By the end of Au42,193,500
1'1md1 for emergenoy relief and publlo 111>rb
gust, 99.5 percent of the funds
78,026,000
Fo12rth Defiaienoy .lot (llW. appropnat1on)
appropriated•by the 1935 Aot and
52 percent or the 1936 .Act funds
7.300,000
Dllergenc,y Relief and. Ch11 Works .lot
had been allocated.
The amounts
19,527,114
Aot to relie-.e aemplo,ment, appro-.ed March 31, 1933
allocated under each of the aot
limitations of both of the acts
12,921,!503
~ l t u r a l .l4Juatment .lot of Ma:y 12, 1933
are shown in the table on the following page.
Source:
u. s.
Treasury Department report on atatua of funds provided in the Dnergeno:y Relief .lppropriatlon J.ots of 1935
am 1936, •• of J.uguat 31, 1936.
Allocations
to
the
100
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Works
.W.oe&nCIIS tJIDIR TD 1M .&C!S or 1935 JJID 1930,
Br JD'f Ln«T.lfiOIS
Tbroagb .lu,a.t 31, 1936
DmtGDEY llLDI' DPROPRU!IOJf JCf
a,
1935
Allooatiou
Mm5tatio9
(!'!tt!:!-te
APw:oml
$4, ooo, ooo, 000
(A)
a__.,-,
NKI, l'treetl
u4 grade orouing1
Jtan1 N!labilitatiOD
800, ooo, 000
500,000,000
100, ooo, 000
4'50, ooo, 000
Run1 eleotrifioatiosa
Bouing
500,293,305
274, 1515, 250
15,233,074
1cn,975,e
for e4uoat1oul,
etc. penou
300,000,000
CS...S.llaa Couenatiosa CClll'pll
600, ooo, 000 JI.
Loans or grants to State•, eto.goo,000,000 'JI
.lHl■tanoe
108,560,692
605,520, 2S1
1,622, 064.,182
223,G.,"'183
Suitatioa, etc.
350, 0001 000
Itema saot S.nolu4ec1 in apeo1f1c
lilldtaU01ll
JMDlGDICY' m:LD!I' J.PPROPRiil'IOJf JD'f
1,205, 9515, 601
or
1936
AllooaUou
LimltatiOD (WN7Mtp ,&:pmffl4}
!O'UL
n__.,., roaa.
$1,425,000,000
$738,677,2416
413,250,000
156,750,000
19,256,560
12,135,343
u11tnet1
hbllo baililsaga
Para aa4 other nareatioul.
tao111t1••
hblio ut111t1e1
nooa ontrol Ul4 other
oou..,,..tlosa
(r) J.11S..taqoe for e4uoatiou1,
etc. pel"IODI
...... proJeot•
rc1
l:J
Iii
Mboellaneou work proJeo'\1
!Jatloul Youth .Aalll:l.D11tratS.Oll
Rural. rehabllitatiOD
WPA proJeot• t.pproffd pi.or
to the pult.fe of the J.ot
other s.tema ut 1Do1mec1 ill
1peo1flo Umitatiou
156,~,ooo
111,000,000
128,250,000
85,500,000
85,500,000
71,250,000
71,250,000
85,500,000
Administration amounted to $2,081,897,000, or 39 percent of the total tunds allocated tram both appropriations.
The Federal an.rgenoy Relief Actndni•tration-.a allocated $935,006,000, or lT peroent of the total,
tor relief grant• to States. Jlearly all tbeH
grants wre made in the period prior to the
tull operation of the Works Prog;NJB.
Other
agenoie s to whioh 1ar ge amounts have been
allooated are the Emrgen.oy Conaenation Wark,
$606,620,000 (11 peroent)J the Bureau ot Publio Roads of the Department of Agrioulture,
t604,026,000 (9 peroent>, the Non-Federal Di•
vision of the PW'A, t368,812,000 ('7 peroent)J
and the Resettlnent Administration, t260,Progre ■ s
9,750,810,
9,782,864
746,000 (6 peroent). .Allooationa
tor Emergency Conservation Work
bave been made only from tund1 apa
propriated under the aot of 1936.
Fund• tor the continuation ot thi ■
work oome trom a specific oongrealional appropriation r£ $308,000,•
000 made in June 1936. A list of
the agencies whioh have received
allooations is shown on page 102
and further detai 1 ia g1ven in
Table 14 ot Appendix B.
The first allocations
of
funda appropriated by the ERA Act
ot 1936 wre ma.de soon after the
act beoame eftecti Te, and by the
end of December 1936 the bulk of
the 1'unda appropriated had been
allocated.
Prior to August 1936
allooationa wre prinoipe.lly tor
the Federal Emergency Relief Admini ■ tration, Emergency Conaer-ration Work, and the Bureau of Public Roads. Later allocations increased the proportion of WPA
tunds 11 the allocations being •de
ohietly tor WPA State work pro•
gl°UUI•
Except tor the two 11Jlita•
tiona • (F) and (G) - that have
25,917,733
7,585,768
been incr•aHd by the President
4,0S18,258
as shown in the
accompa!JJing
13,501,239
table,allocations under the variZ0,500,000
ous limitations ot the 1936 Act
532,920,089
are substantially le11 than the
.... ,._ - ~
maximum amounts set.
Included
under Limitation (G) (Loans and
Grants to States) ar• allotments
to States, n-.r ly all or which are
made to the programa ot the 11PA
and the Non-Federal Division of
the PW.A.
Most or the 1936 Act
allooationa under •1t- not included in specirio limitationa• wre tor the FERA.
Suoh
allooationa are authorized in the ERA Act ot·
1936 w1 thout the 1etting ot arq speoifio limi tation.
Unur the ERA .A.ot ot 193a • total
ot t6T'7,0T2,6ll wa1 allocated ttw • I t - not
inolwied in speoirio llmitat1ona.• The tad•
so allooate4 ar• in larp part tor the tinanoing or thoae 'IPA projects which had been
approwd by the President under the ERA Aot
ot 193&, prior to the paaaage of the 19 S6
Aot. Authority tor suoh allooationa ii granted. in th• 1936 Aot w1 tbov.t
1peoitio 111111tation on the amount that "/ll&Y be UHd tor auob
-,-, ....
purpose ■ •
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101
ST.ATOS OF FUNDS
mmm
THE !MERGENCY RJ:LIEI' .A.PPROPR:UnON
.lC'l'S OF 1935 AND 1936, BY J.GENCI:m
As of August 31, 1936
Allocations
(warrants Approveci)
Obliga tiona
Expenditures
Total
Ullexpended
Balances
$589,2772.687
504,025,069
75,6Q9,908
101 0571 710
$495,21041013
65,342,091
8,394,940
!2391 783.560
180,005,457
52,4"'.2, 708
7,335,395
~49.9891127
324,019,612
23,247,200
2,722,315
10,061,944
a,453,560
0,021,303
2,034,641
120.624.987
65,447,000
35,999,795
16,770,214
2,407,978
6317401448
46,298,731
11,748,340
3,942,842
1,750,535
33 1 988 1 718
20,205,113
9,006,360
3,161,619
1,615,626
8616361269
26,993,435
13,608,595
792,352
1~1 4551 314
12,939,060
12,874,183
2,581,131
423,000
336,696
239,238
183,762
Na-vy
24,109,176
18,872,680
17,229,912
6,879,264
Treasury (including revol~
fund of $3 1 0001 000
50,987,908
41,262,320
39,108,110
11,879,798
166,.5621273
146,020,625
19,377,291
1,164,357
1441 5281 771
12a,§42,21a
14,563,486
1,023 1 011
107.415,.802
94,002,193
12,399,316
1,014,293
5911461471
s2,01e,432
6,977,975
150,064
190,194
65,486
36,440
153,754
605,520,251
604,908,725
577,431,020
28,089,231
Dnployees' Compensation Comnission
26,210,000
2,704,527
2,626,118
23,583,882
Farm Credit Administration
20,000,000
13,144,926
13,144,926
6,855,074
Federal »nergenoy Relief .ldministrP.tion
935,005,625
932,670,932
931,598,029
3,407,596
Public Works Administration
Housing
464.3971577
105,585,289
358,812,288
390.0531<'99
56,145,724
333,907,375
16510061065
142,104,475
299.3911512
82,683,699
216,707,813
260,746,263
202,044,521
155,250,694
105,495, 569
18,398,760
11,256,354
2,194,457
16,204,303
1,238,350
1,137,395
1,077,467
160,883
2,.0011896,.967
1, 992,'496, 967
89,400,000
1 1 0001 2961279
1,719,474,547
eo,021,132
11 626,.0941 995
76,400,443
455.801,.972
442,808,415
12,993,557
10.295,.351
71582,.387
7,.2241895
31 0701456
$5,401,896,627
$4,751,102,179
Agenoy
.A.grloulture
Public :P.oo.c.s
other Bureaus
Administrative expenses
COl!Jllerce
Interior
Reclamation
Puerto Rico Reconstruction .&.clmin.
other Bureaus
J.dministrative expenses
Labor
Library of Con~ess
Wa.r
Corps of Engineers
Quarte:nnaster Corps
Administrative expenses
illey·Dwelling Authority
Dnergenoy Conservation Work
Non.-Federal
Resettlement Administration
Rural Electrification .ldministratiQn
Veterans• A.dm:i.nistration
Worka Pro~ess J.dministration
Work projects !/
Administrative expenses
Other J..gencies
TOTJ.L
Warrants pending approval
Total allocations by the President
Unallocated
Total available far allocation
Source:
421,366,982
22,Mi,s§o
i,549,688,552
45,24i,ee1
$3,940,351,932 $1,461,544,695
28.167.232
$5,430,063,859
681.359,.257
$6,ill,423,i16
u. s. Treasury Department report on status of funds provided in the »nergency Relief .A.ppropriation
J.ots of 1935 and 19361 as of August 31, 1936.
A/ Inol114ea
RY.A proO-- •
102
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AIJ~cn .AJID ~DlTlDtlS 011D1R TD IRA JO!S '11
~
.1.-t !1,
iliooaUou
S'\ate
(Warran'\1 .lppro"f84}
'fOlJJ,
......
C&l.Uon!a
Colal'a4o
Coauot1od
Delaw.N
Diaw,l.ot of Co1Wllb1a
J"lori4a
GearO,a
I4uo
n11ao11
Inliua
Iowa
ruaaa
X'ntuoir,
Louilliua
11&!.Jae
lfar7lu4
lluaaohuaett,
Mloh!.,U
MlzmHO'\a
Mbdta1pp1
MS.110111'1
Mosa'\ana
We'brulra
Rew.a&
Rew Bampahin
Somoet
1W6
State
illoo&tiODI
(WUTUtt A.pprond ~ lzpe41turet
$ 5,G,990,m $ 3,9-40,351,932
53,280,06!5
. . . Jf/N.,
33,0&5,079
51,133,980
144, sos, 107
44,565,626
6!5,256,..eo
••Memo
41,041,908
35,054,M
234, !50!5, 084
6831 3M, 720
69,567,079
«>,519,335
273,677,234
89,277,938
!535, 078, 14
Jl0,273,90!5
••York
North Caroll-.
•orth Dakota
Ohio
OJclah-
Oregon
50,678,802
~,181,882
20,167,ffl
!5!5,48!5,3U
412,301,672
79,-M6,379
l?S,782,ffl
38,0U,117
322,592,94'9
13,538,078
73,333,208
Al•ll-
'1'5.sou
Z:lpa4ihre1
1995 JIii> 1996, BY ftAftS
69,609,034
!54, 876,024
e,ue,063
35,M,SC
7,691,808
!5,1~,010
82,602,637
68,190,570
80,170,328
37,6-tZ,2~
ffl,109,276
108,650,104
!54,335, 924
63,525,205
-4Q,870,677
!57,678,81..
30,883,812
PeJmaylftlda
Rhode Ialu4
South Carolina
221,812,108
South Dakota
Tenneuee
Tena
66,058,830
70,246,293
M,5601 650
30,716,522
59,713,343
187,699,973
164,874,888
52,287,196
50, 799,2!58
4'0,811,717
2-4,967,222
39,293,046
147, 578, 571
125,898,688
Utah
116,&&5,87!5
73,903,11!5
123;373,022
61,792,6«>
57,905,574
14,158.,763
17.,309,659
91,719,758
46,830,239
84,229,267
38,182,887
00,37!5,227
47,536,!506
38,526,585
10,663.,356
13,128.,607
Vermont
Virginia
Waahi~n
Weat Vir~nia
Wlaoona!.a
Wyoming
32,986,372
17,94'0,<407
69,146,-487
97,905,147
74,006,015
127,680,17-4
27,288,333
U0,3'4,47
51, 944, 938
27,159,637
206,737,906
67,2!52,377
-«>,184,941
29,858,190
!54,3~,100
122,833,399
26,803,693
15,269,877
52,288,~
7!5,'JJ:11,957
58,168,337
90,595,798
15,877,184
.., 76!5,661
10,198,684
700,000
35, "430, 55!5
1,258,419
4,536,774
6,963,!54'3
346,013
25,589,626
726,723
Not allooatecl to Statea 268,-455,187
62,53-4,391
A.lub
Haw.ii
Panama Canal Zone
Puerto Rico
Virgin Isla.ncls
u. s.
Treaaury Department repart on status of funds proTi4ed 1n J.:lmrgenoy Relief A.ppropriation Aota
of 1935 a.ncl 1936., as of August 31., 1936.
Expcnclit..-cs
The oh.art on page 100 dealing with allooations., obligations incurred., and expenditures relates to funds provided by both Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts and shows the
Arter
status of funds at 10-day intervals.
obare
funds
provided.,
been
have
allocations
Later the funds are
ligated by the agenoy.
expended (oheoks issued). Thus., allooations.,
obligations., and expenditures show progressive
phases of the financial progress of the Works
Progr8Jll. Obligations incurred and actual expenditures have grown steadily, with obligations approx:unately $800,000,000 in advanoe
of expenditures sinoe February of this yea,r.
Expenditures of all agencies, from both appropriations through the end of August 1936,
amounted to $3,940,351,932, or 73 percent of
Under
the amo\mt allocated up to that t:une.
totaled
the ERA Aot of 1935 expenditures
tS,667,297,428, or 79 percent of corresponding
allocations. Expenditures under the 1936 Aot
were $273,054,504, or 19 peroent of the allocations.
Of the total expended by all agencies
through the end of August, the WPA has been
charged with $1,626,095,000, or 41 percent.,
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
with $931.,598,000, or 24 percent; and Emergency Conservation Work with $577,431,000, or
were made
FERA expenditures
15 percent.
chiefly before the Works Program was fully
under way., and have been relatively small in
recent months. other agencies which have expended more than $100,000,000 through August
are the Bureau of Publio Roads, with a total
of JlS0,006,000; the Resettlement Administration with $155,251,000; and the Non-Federal
Division of the PW.A with $142,104,000. The
total expenditures of eaoh agency through August 1936, and their unexpended palanoes as
of the same date, are shown in the status of
funds table on page 102.
Total monthly expenditures have declined
since April, the month when the peak in exDuring August, expenditures was reached.
penditures amo\mted to $239,771,000,a decline
of 13 percent from the previous mouth's total,
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103
and a drop or 26 peroent trom Apr.il expenditures. Thia is shown by the •A.11 agenoiea"
line on the chart of monthly expenditures.
The reduction in expenditures during July and
August was caused to some extent by the taot
that a large part of the tunda tor Emergency
Conservation Work during these months came
from a separate congressional appropriation,
whereas in previous months the entire amount
came from Works Program funds. The inclusion
of expenditures tor Emergency Conservation
Work would have raiHd the July total by about
t4,000,000, and the August total by approximately $23,000,000.
Monthly expenditures ot the WPA are ~
wise shown on the chart.
Total WP.A monthly
expenditures have declined since March 1936
to the sum of $167,422,000 in AuguatJ
thie
amount ii 3 percent below the figure tor the
preceding month and 18 percent be low the March
total. Expendi turea due to emergency drought
conditions have prevented mare substantial de•
cline• in expenditures in July and August.,
Allooations and expenditurea by States
are shown in the table on the preoeding page.
MONTHLY IEXPIENDITUIIU OF THIE WOIIKI PIIOGIIUI ADMINIITIIATION
AND OF ALL AQIENCIU PARTICIPATING IN THIE WOIIKI PIIOGIIAM
Ausuet 1935 -
..
-·+-·
I
•·
I -+---+----..-+---1 . .
1---+----
I
WPA
-1--~~~~------/--+--+--+---+-~.
..........___...-~---- . -;--..... _......... -····· ······· . _
-
-
::in-v•
'. ' ~ -✓-., :-:.-::··--t-+--t---+--+--i ::
., - - - t .
'
....
• •••c-11•.-c• -
.~. -•"oc.•
. -----APT
_.,...,.. I
...
OCT
i-- l ____I
I
Y·-l
NOW
NC
JM
,a
-• - -.1• ,,.. ••ooo ,.,. _, - - • UlloK--• -L-D
ICC.ti-~
.
I
'
~llrolqOl
'f7pe of
J'ol7
n,
1•
PN3eot
!CR.IL
m.--.ya, roata,
aa4 • .....,..
hl,llo lnd.145.n,1
Bouin,
Parb alll
nw r .....t1...i
tMI.U·U.e1
c. ._..tl•
s...-
179t- ... nlle
11ti.litl••
'!Nmpcrtatioa faollltlet
Wb1 te ooll&r
Mboellaaeou pr•~ot•
Ranl. re,nu..a ua
rehal»ili'\&tion
Snroea
tz,eio, 072, '701
100.0
Gt,II0,371
22l,9tl7,271
n.1
.,
21,021,1•
1.1
. . . . .114
. , , • •144
14'.I
HZ,313,...,
e.2
UJ
...
100,7. . . .
202, 9'11, 718
230,692,051
•••
7.1
U4,788,07'
41.4
v. s. TNulllT J>epartaat
n,-'\ • • • •
ot f'lm41 pro'fl4e4 la tlae . . . . , _ , Relief
App1 opriattoa Jo'\e of 1935 ul lfle, u
Septtmbelr ZO, 1936.
A/
J>NI
aot inol'Gle a61lnl1tntlw . , ....
'ti&• l'IRl•
of
GI'
411-eot Nliet atnle4 t ~
It may be seen that allocations and e:xpendi•
turea vary in general with population and the
oonsequent needs.
Ausuet 1938
ALL AGINCIU
-
iiPilWl'flkd ca Jlll03IC!S CWWW mlllll !'II
1aD Pll0CDUII, ff TIM Of rRW&B I/
..
APlt
+---+--+--+~ ..
...
IIAY
Ju.a
M,.1'
AUi,
APT
Some indioation of expenditures by type
of project for the entire Works ProgrammaJ
be seen in the table above.
Thie table,
based on data through July 31, 1936, excludes
expenditures for relief extended under the
FERA and the relatively 11D&l1 amounts expended for administration purposes.
At the end
of July 24.3 peroent ot the total had been
spent on oonservation and flood oo ntrol.
Highway~ road, and etreet projects aocount
for expenditures amounting to 23.7 peroent ot
the total.parka and other recreational tacil•
ities for 11.3 percent, and public building•
for 8.5 percent.
106
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Relief and the Works Program
Relief Before
1933
Prior to 1929 the care of destitute pereons was almost universally the respCllSibility
of local public officials. Agenciea financed
with private funds, however, assumed a con1iderable portion of this burden.
State assistance was limited to small appropriations ina
fflW States where provision was made for apecial classes of dependents such as the aged.
the blind, mother ■ with dependent children,
and soldiers and sailora. There was no State
administration or supervision of general relier. and no State government appropriated
funds for this purpose.
To care for the steadily increasing number of unemployed persons during the winter
of 1930-31• four State govermnents for the
first tune appropriated funds for general relief and local agencies attempted to expend
their relief activities.
Theae efforts,
firat made in the larger cities where unemployment; was most acute, in many instances
took the form of expansion of the programs of
municipal public works• or of the establish•
ment of work relief programs, both of which
formed basic patterns for later developments
of' State and Federal plans for aid to the unemployed. In some areas, such assistance was
1trictly limited to persons receiving relief
from public and private relief agencies.
In
others, programs of broader scope were plamled
to provide work for the unemplo~d in general.without regard for need.
During the f'o llowing winter it became
evident that many localities were unable to
meet the need, and appropriation■ were made
by a few states to supplement local funds.
De.ta compiled by the United States Children's
Bureau for 120 urban areaa repreaenting 66
peroent of the 1930 population of the United
States indicate that expenditure, for relief
wre four times as high in 1930-31 aa in 1929
and that expenditures in the winter ot 1931-82
wre twice as great as those in 1930-31.
Although it became apparent early in the
depresaion that local public and private f\mdl
were inadequate for providing relief, the Federal Govermnent gave no financial assiatanoe
UJitil July 1932 when the Reconstruction nnance Corporation was authorized to make loam
to State and looa.1 government ■ for emergenoy
relief.
A total of l3001 0001 000 waa loaned
by the ReconstructiOJI. Finance Corporation:fran
July 1932 to May 1933, at which time approximately 4,700,000 families and single persbns
were receiving relief.
Advances to State ■
were to have been repaid from Federal highway
allotments, but repayment fro~ this source
was waived in 1934.
Additional Federal provisions for the
relief of unemployment were made in 1933
through the first of a series of appropria•
tiona for the Civilian Conservation Corps and
the P.~blic Works Administration.
Relief Under FERA end CWA
The necessity for- •ore extensive Federal
aid than that provided in 1932 was recognized
when the Federal Emergency Relief Act was
passed by Congress in :May 1933.
The act authorized the establishment of the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration for the purpose of making grants of Federal funds to the
States to aid them in meeting the unprecedented relief' problem.
Many States had set up temporary State
relief agencies which were administering the
disposition, for relief purposes, of State
funds and funds loaned by the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation.
By the fall of 1938
State emergency relief' administrations were
functioning in every state.
Local emergenoy
relief adminiatrations were also establiahed.
or existing local public agencies were designated, for the purpose of adainiatering the
various phases of the Dnergency Relief Pro•
gram with the assistance of Federal tund1 and
auch state funds aa were appropriated. Coun-
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ties and mw:doipalitiea thmue1Tea continued
to supply fund• for emergency relief aa well
aa for institutional care and categorical assistance.
Under the early Emergency Relief Progrq
both direct and work relief were provided.
In D.l&Jl¥ instances experiences with work relief were not entirely satisfactory. The work
performed was o:f'ben of limited social or econamic value and the types of projects ccmduobed were usually such that only u:naldlled
jobs could be provided.
These emergency employment measures were
supplemented during the winter of 1933-34 by
the activities of the Civil Works Administration.
The Civil Works Progre.m was in part a
recovery measure and in part a method of oaring for persons in need of relief.
Approximately half of the total number of persom employed under this program were taken from relief rolls.
Although it was a Federal program, the Civil Works Program was administered in most States by the same persona who
were administ,ring the State and local emergenoy relief administrations.
Federal :f'unds
were supplemented by funds made available by
State and local sponsoring agencies.
The peak of employment under the Civil
Works Program was reached during the week
ending January 18, 1934, at which time over
4 1 000,000 persons were at work.
During the
entire program, a total of $820,000,000 from
Federal funds was expended on Civil Works
projects. State and local :f'unds amounting to
$87,000,000 were used in the operation of
these projects.
Af'ter the curtailment of Civil Works
projects in April 1934, work relief was continued through the inauguration of the Emergency Work Relief Program under the State
emergency relief administrations.
The projects were carried on under the supervision of
State and local emergency relief administrations. although grants to states by the FERA
supplied a major portion of the funds expended.
of workers under the Emergency
Program were determined on a
budgetary deficiency basis, i.e., each worker
waa permitted to work a sufficient number of
hours at prevailing wage rates to provide an
amount which, together with a~ other income
received. was equivalent to hi• minimum
budgetary requirements as determined by the
social servioe division ot the emergenoy relief adminiatrationa.
As· a result, worker•
were •ployed for a limited and varying mmber of hour• each month.
!his neoesaitate4
amploying workers in shii'ts• with a conaequent handicap to the efficient operation of
projects.
llan;y" or the projects which were initiated
under the Civil Works Program were ocmtinued
and completed under the :&nergenoy Work llellet
Program.
Continuoua effort ...,. made to Saprove the social usefulness of the projeota.
The Federal :&nergenoy Relief Administration
also attempted to improve the Work Relief Pr~
gram by expanding certain types of projects
in_order to utilize and preserve the wide
range of skills represented on relief rolls.
A majority of the projects involved the oon•
struction or repair of roads, streets, sewer
systems, parks, and public buildings.
Although most of the work provided was unskilled, these projects also furnished aaployment to many skilled construction workers. In addition to construction work, proj•
jects designed for the employment of women
and white collar workers were initiated in
order to provide jobs more nearly fitted to
occupational skills.
For this purpose projects were organized in music, painting, library work, clerical work, sewing, gardening,
food preservation, and special statistical
surveys.
During this period, however, a majority
of relief cases received direct relief a.mnot
work relief. In the United States as a whole,
the proportion of families and single persons
provided with vrork relief never exo-eeded 46
percent of all families and single persona
aided under the general relief program.
In addition
to the general relief program, the Federal Emergency Relief Achn:rn1~ation inaugurated certain special programs to
meet special needs. The act establishing this
agency stated specifically that transient persons were to be aided from Federal funds.
Aid was provided at shelters and camps operated by the special transient divisions of
the State emergency relief administrations.
Earnings
Work Relief
In order
to meet the needs of the thousands of unemployed teachers who were reoeiv•
ing relief, the emergency education prograJD
was instituted.
Under this program partiou•
lar emphasis was given to adult
literacy
classes,
workers'
education,
vocational
training and rehabilitation, parent education
106
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eoboola. The college student aid
program waa instituted in order to provide
part•tillle employment for persons of college
age who would have been unable to attend oollege wi.thout financial assistance.
and
nur■ery
In reoognition of the differentiation
between the rural and urban relief' problems,
the rural rehabilitation program wae eatab•
liahed.
Under this program an attempt waa
:made to &Hist needy farmers to become self-
auttioient by supplying them with necessary
tool•• equipment, and working capital.
"lhese phases of' the Emergenoy Relief
Program were continued through June 1935. In
addition to the Federal Emergency Relief activi.ties, Federal assistance was given tbrcugb
anplo,ment on projects of the Public Works .Administration.
Emergency Conservation Work
amployment was also provided through the operation of CCC camps.
Relief Durin9 the Worlc, Pro,,••
1935-36
With the inauguration of the Works Program in 1936 the Federal Govermnent assumed
the responsibility of giving jobs to the
great majority of employable persons in need
of relief. Under the Social Security Act, in
the smne year Federal funds were provided for
grants-in-aid to the States for three classes
of unemployable persons - the aged, dependent
children, and the blind.
The care of all
other dependent persons became the responsi•
bility of the States and localities.
In the summer of 1935, persons employed
on Federal Emergency Relief Administration
work relief projects and employable persons
receiving direct relief were certified as be•
ing eligible for employment under the Works
Program.
Such persons were assignable to
work either on Works Progress Administration
projects or projects of other Federal agenciea participating in the Works Program.
Various activities of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration were continued
under the new program. The 2,000,000 workers
employed on the Emergency Work Relief Program
were for the most part transferred to projects
of the Works Progress Administration.
The
Resettlement Adm1nietration assumed responsibility for the rural rehabilitation program.
Liknise. the National Youth Administration
was established to conduot a work program for
youth which included a continuation of the
college student
aid program.
Educational
projects were established by the WPA to provide for teachers.
The transfer of persons
tram Federal Emergency Relief Program■ to
Works Program projects began in July and wa.1
1ubatantially completed by December 1936 when
a total of 3,500.000 persona were amployed.
The number of persons receiving direot relief. as well as the number employed under
the various relief programs, is shown in the
chart on the following page.
Total employment on the Works Program,
including WPA. CCC, and other Federal agencies, reached a peak of 3,863,000 in the week
ending Maroh 7, 19S6. Of this number, 3,026,000 were employed by the Works Progress Ad•
ministration, 456,000 by the CCC, and 37'2.000
by other Federal agencies. Since :March, Vbrlm
Program employment has been reduced in response to employment gains in industry and
seasonal activity in agrieulture. During the
week ending August 29 the number employed on
the Works Program totaled 3,400,000, of whom
2,377,000 were WPA workers, 386 1 000 CCC workers, and 637,000 employees of other Federal
agencies.
Primarily, as the result of the opera•
tions of the Works Program, the number of
families and single persons receiving relief
from State and local relief agencies has declined substantially.
The estimated number
of families and single persons receiving relief through State and local relief agencies
numbered 1,450,000 in July 1936, as compared
with 4,397 .ooo in July 1935. During the first
seven months of 1936 the number declined from
a total of 2.210,000 in January 1936 to
1,4501 000 in July 1936.
Administrative and
financi~l factors were responsible for part
of the decline during the first sev~n months
of 1936.
Considering both the persons from relief
rolls employed under the Works Program and
the number receiving relief from State and
local relief agencies, there has been a substantial decline during the past year in the
number of persons from relief rolls receiving
public aid.
In July 1936 the net total number of relief families and single persons either on local relief rolls or employed on
the Works Program in the Continental United
States - was 3.766.000 as compared with
4,397,000 in July 1936.
The number 1n July
1936, the lowest since 1933, represents a decline of almost 20 peroent since Ma.rob 19S6
and compares with a peak of 5.,316•000 reaohed
107
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EMERGENCY RELIEF AND
WORK PROGRAMS
CHART I
MILLIONS OF CASES
6
EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM
MILLIONS OF CAIIEI
&
I
TOTAL RELIEF
4
4
2
2
0
1934
1933
CHART 11
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
2
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS
EMPLOYMENT
111
I
I _I
0
I
'/,f:,:'.'; './h'.~ /~CCC v,
/, / /
'/
/
I
!I
*i
i
0
1936
193S
CHART Ill
i
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
2
i
III IIII
I
EMPLOYMENT
TOTAL PWA0
1/
I
1934
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
2
PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
2
I
I
1933
0
1936
193S
NON FEDERAL PWA
I
*
0
1936
1933
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
6
CHART IV
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
6
CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION
EMPLOYMENT
!
I
I
I
i
!
/)
4
4
f~ ~
@~ ~ ~
2
2
C\I 'A
~ ~~ l/'.~ v,;t½
/
[:} 1/,
0
1933
I
i
,/
I
1936
I
I
'
I
l
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
, I
I
I
4
I i
2
i
i
II
i
4
I
2
WPA
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
1933
1934
0
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
6
CHART V
I
!
i
193S
1934
MILLIONS OF PERSONS
6
WORKS PROGRAM
EMPLOYMENT
0
I
I
1935
0
1936
*
BETWEEN AUGUST IIU AND JULY 19:U THERE All[ INCLUDED A CONSIDEl'IAIILE NUMBER OF l"ERSONS, VAAYING f"IIOM
MONTH TO MONTH, WHO l'IECEIVED WORKS Pl'IOGIIAM l"AY CHECKS AT SOME TIME DUl'IING THE MONTH, AND WHO ALSO
l'IECEIVED l'IELIEl'-A DUPLICATION l'IESULTING LARGELY f'IIOM Tl'IANSFEl'IS Of" THESE PERSONS BETWEEN GENEl'IAL
l'IELIEF' AND T"Ht: WOl'IKS PROGl'IAM,
• • CCC CONTINUED UNDEII THE WORKS Pl'IOCl'IAM IN CHAIIT :IE
*** DATA EXCLUDED
ON PWA
Al'IE
NON-f'EDEl'IAL EMPLOYMENT UNDEl'I THE WOl'IK.1 PROel'IAM
HEIIE BUT AIIE INCLUDED IN CHAl'IT V.
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
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in Jumaey 1936.
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR RELIEF
BY SOURCES OF FUNDS*
In obtaining
MILUO,_
MILLIONI
January 1933 to June 1936
or DOLI.Altl
OF' DOLL.ARI
th••• net figure■,
~ r-r---r-,-r-,-r--~~~~~-,- ,~ ~ - - - ~1~1--,---r-,-,--,-,--,-,--,-,--,-,-~ ~
it i• neoeaaary to
go baok to the
I
aonth of July
oauae of the delay
in the reoeipt of
report• oonoerning
tlw number reoeiT•
ing relief through
state and
looal
relief
agenoies.
During July 1936
an estimated total
of 1.,so.000 familie• and
single
peraona
reoeived
relief
through
state and
looal
relief
agenoies.
o
I
I
At this time there
19 33
I
1934
I
193s
I
1936
wre 2•386.000 ~
sona tram relief
roll•
(exoluding
CCC enrollees) mnployed in the Continental
United
State ■
on the entire Work• Program.
CCC employment is e~
The deoline in relief rolls has thus been
oluded to obtain comparability between the substantial during the past year and has approximated the proportionate deoline in estidata • .usuming that there are no duplioatiou
.u
between the two report ■, a total of 3.asa,ooo mated unemployment during this period.
per ■ona
i'ram relief roll ■ wre being oared has been true throughout the depression, howtor.
Honver, bMauae some persona 'Rre oz,
ever, there remain a large number of unemployed persons who are not reoeiving either
relief roll• during a part of July who,....
later employed on the Works Program and bedireot relief or work through Govermnent aid.
oauae in some areas earnings on the Works
Program are supplemented with direot relief
State govermnents have borne a major
by looal relief agencies, there is a oertain portion of the total oost of general relief
amount of duplication between the numbers on sinoe the disoontinuanoe of FERA grants. The
relief rolls and employment on the Works Pro- amount oontributed by States during the firat
gram. In July, this duplioation is estimated
six months of 1936 was more than 40 peroent
greater
than the amount made anilable by
to involve 70,000 persona, so that the net
total number of families and single persons
States tor relief purposes during the firat
on local relief rolls and persons from relief six months of 1936.
The total amount made
rolls mnployed on the Works Program amounts
available for general relief by local agento a total of 31 766,000.
cies during the first half of 1936
20
percent less than during the oorrespon.ding
Inasmuoh as the Worlas Program was barely period of 1936.
However, a large portion of
looal oontributioAs during the earlier period
UDder way in July 1936, the figure of 4,397,000 for tmt month applies to the number of waa :made in the form of materials, auppliea,
families and single persona reoaiv~ relief
and equipnent used on work relief project■•
through State and local relief egenoie• under During reoent months oontributions of thia
the program of the FER.A.
In oonneotiou with sort by localities have been made to Worn
ihe oompare.ble total for the month of July Progreas Adm1»1•tration projeotsJ these are
1936, a deoline of 631,000 in the oourae ot a not included in the relief data ot reoent
year ia in.dioated.
110nths.
The aoocmipanying ohart ■hon by
b•-
JF'MAMJJA50NOJfMAlolJJASON0JfMAMJJ1,..SONOJfMAMJJASON0
•
0
IJrr,/CLUOES A[L l [f" [XT[NOE.O UNDER ALL PAOGRA""S , ANO EXPENSES F"OR SUPPLI ES AMO EQUIPMENT, SERVICES Of' NOM·REl l Ef' P[RSONS , AOM I N15TRATIO N , AN0 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS . DATA f'OR 1938 COVE" ALL
C[N["AL "[Ll[f' AOM I NIST["£0 &Y STATE ANO LOCAL AC[NCl[S WH ILE THE f' IC.U"ES f'O" PRIO" Y[AR5
A"[ LlMIT[O TO [M[III.C[NCY RE LI Ef' . THE VAR IOUS f'[OEAAL WORII. PROGRAMS SUC.H AS
C.WA ANO W1'A
A"[ MOT I NCLUO[O .
wa•
lOt
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months the total obligation& incurred tor
the relief programs, broken down by sources
of :f\mds.
Fundamental changes have occurred in the
administration of relief aotivities in a number of States sinoe the inauguration of the
Works Program.
Thirty-seven States now have
legislation providing for state acbninistration
or supervision of general relief.
In 23
states and the Distriot of Columbia permanent
public welfare departments are now supervis•
ing or administering general public assistance. Nineteen of these departments are new;
in the remaining four States responsibility
for public assistance has been added to the
departments already established.
In three
States a temporary public welfare department
has been set up by executive order of the
governor, and in one State a temporary State
commission for the allotment of funds was established by legislation. Eleven States have
continued State administration of relief,
pending legislative action for a permanent
This leaves 11 States in which
prograJ:1.
there is yet no State provision for the ad-
ministration of public assistance.
In reviewing the operations ot the past
year, it is apparent that the plans made and
the policies adopted for the relief problem
in 1936 have been carried through into actual
operation.
The Works Program has provided
jobs for the great majority of employable
persons from relief rolls. With jobs adapted
as nearly as possible to the skill and train•
ing of workers on relief rolls, the skills
and morale of these workers are being sustained until, with the revival of business,
these persons are reabsorbed in private employment. Every person employed on the Works
Program is expected to register with a public
employment office designated by the United
States Employment Service and is required to
accept any reasonable opportunity that arises
for private employment.
The residual relief
cases, consisting mostly of unemployables,
are provided for by State and local relief
agencies with the assistance of
Federal
grants-in-aid for certain types (the aged,
dependent children, and the blind) as provided by the Social Security Act.
110
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Appendix
A
Statutory Authority, Organization, and Procedure
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The Emersency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936
Appropriation
Project Limitations
Statutory authority and funds for the
'Works Program are contaiDed in two appropriation acts of Congreass (1) The Emergency
Relief Appropriation Aot of 1935, approved by
the President on April 8, 1936, appropriated
$4,000,000,000 and authorized the transfer of
amounts not to exceed $880,000,000 from other
funds, in order to provide relief', work relief., and to increase employment by providing
for useful project■; (2) the Emergency Relief
Appropriation Act of 1936 (which wa.~,, included
in the First Deficiency Appropriation Act,
Fiscal Year 1936, as Title II), approved by
the President on JUJJ8 22, 1936, appropriated
an additional $1,425,000,000 for the continuation of' the Program provided for in the
earlier act and reappropriated the UJJ8:xpended balances of funds provided under that act.
The funds appropriated by these two aota are
to remain available until JUJJ8 30, 1987, and
will be used flin the discretion and under the
direction of the President.fl
Both acts specified general categorie•
of projects and placed limits on the amount.
to be expended for eJach type of project, with
the further provision that the Preeident
might increase any category within certain
limi ta. The 1936 Act .all0118d an incre~ae in
any type not exceeding 20 percent ot the
total appropriation; the 1936 Act all01r& an
inorease not exceeding 15 percent ot the appropriation for the type affected.
The classes of projects
specified by the two acts are listed below.
The 1936 Act provides that projects approved by the President prior to the paaaage
or the act are exempted from the limitations
provided in that act, and also that no Federal project shall be undertaken or prosecuted unless and until an-amount suf1'1o1ent tor
its completion has been allocated and irrevocably set aside.
AJIIIBOPRI.lTICII' LDillUnmB S1'11:.uDD D !Bl IRA M:fS
s, m~
rm of ~!Iieo
(a)
P1'1naya. road.a, even,, ..a
0-U- Ol'OH1Jli •lf..,na~iOD
A!!!P't
taoo,000,000
or 1935 ill> 1936
id d of Mi
'tfPf et Pz:0,ts\
(a) B1gbw.ya, rou.a, aD4 aveeta
156,750,000
(o) Parka ad other NON&tinal
faoUitiH
1.56, 750,000
SOC>, ooo, 000
(o) ltlll'l,l •l•tnftoaUoa
100,000,000
a...- syat-, •ter npply
ud parifioation, airport•,
u4 other tranaporw.tion
e,000,000
faoU1Uet
(•)
.,.,.,.=
u1iltuoe tor
prof•adoul, u4 o
JMZ"SOU•
(f) Ci'filian cou.....tion CffPI
<•>
Lout w O"Uta, CIII" 'botll tor
proJeot1 of S•te•, TG'l"ltol'l•a,
Pnaeaalou, eto., or tuWi-.1Ii.OU '\uNof
(d)
Pablio utUitln, bolwliag
171,000,000
(o) ftoo4 oon~l ad nlla on,aenatlon
128,ZS>,()()()
300,000,000
eoo, ooo, ooo
(f) ualataaoe tff ecluoat1ou1,
protnalnal., aD4 ol.erlo&l
,-,.ou
85, !500. 000
(g) ,,. .,, proJeota
900,000,000
(h) ll110ellaneou
1IQl"lc
BS; !500, 000
pro~•
(1) Jlatinal Tftth UndnS •11ntlon
(ll) S..S.•tlon, JINftDUon of 1.U
_..aloa, • - - polllltloa, a-..
oout .-oaS.., Nforea•Uon,
fC111"91•tion, floo4 oontrol, riftl'8 ..a llarbon u4 lld.aoeU.Mn8pro,teou
$413,250,000
(b) Public bullcl.hge
(b) R--.1 Nbablli•ti.on an! NU•t
in nriokn ao,lnltural areu,
ud •t.- oouenatin, trana•1mWa - ~ 41.~i.n., brl.g&Uon u4 NOluatlon
(4) lneS..,
and the amounts
(J) Ranl NbabW•tlon, loau.
aD4 relief to tarara aD4
ll'Nltook ...OW"I
~,000,000
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71,250,000
11.s,000
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000
Wage Polioy
when their atatus is diacloeed ..
1'he gemral wage policy prescribed by
•
1936 Aot differs trom. that ot the earlier
aot in that it requires that the rates ot pay
tor pereona •ployed on the Works Program
shall not be less than the prevailizig rates
ot pq- tor 'lft)rk of a eildlar nature. The lfPA..,
with the approw.l ot the President, de'bermm• what oonatitutee pre'ftiling ratea of
pq. The 1936 Aot apecified that the President shall require such rates to be paid aa
wuld acccmpliah the purpose ■ of' the act
without affecting adversely or otherwise
teDding to decreue the going rates of wage•
paid tor work ot a similar nature.
lliglb1lity for &lplopumt
Three prorlsiona relating to eligibility
tor eaployment are contaimd 1J:l the 1936 .A,,t.
It provide• that applioants tor •ployment
who are in actual need, but whose names have
not pre'rlouely been placed on relief rolls,
ahall be acoorde4 the nme eligibility for
•Pl01D9nt as thoee who have appeared on relief rolls. It also prorldes that the reoeipt ot adjusted-servioe bonds or Treasury
oheclca in payment or an adjusted-oompensation
oertiticate shall not be considered in determinizig the actual need or applicants for employmnt. In addition, the agencies superTiaing projects shall not knowingly employ
aliens illegally within the United States,
and must discharge such aliens. if employed.
Pro'ri.aiou Rep.rding the FERA ad the PO.
The 1936 .A,,t
provide• tor the liquidation of the af'taira ot the Federal Emergency
Relief Adminietration and tun.de for that purpose are made a'ftilable until June 30, 1937.
Under the 1935 .A.ot, the FER.l waa continued in
full force ad effect until June 30, 1936, or
such earlier date u the President might.fix.
The Public Work• ,Adm1 nistration ia emp0119red 'by the 1936 .lot to continue to aid in
financing project■ similar to those tinanoed
by it in the past. It ia authorized to uae,
upon the direction ot the President, a eum
not to exceed $300,000,000 from funds on hand
or received f'rom. the aale ot securities for
the making ot grants. Such a grant must not
exceed 45 percent of the ooat ot the project,
alld grants ma1 be made only for projects
which can be
eubatantially completed by
July 1, 1938, and tor which the finanoing or
the remainizig coat ia aHured.
Adminiatration
The President 1a authorized by both acta
preactibe such rule• and regulations aa
may be necesaary to carry out the purposes of
the appropriation.a. Be •Y utilize Government agenoie • and emp0119r them to carry out
the tunotions delegated to them.
to
Executive Orders
him by the two Emergency Relief Appropriation
except as to rates of pay and eligibility for
employment."
Aots, the President has issued 44 Executive
order• which determined or influenced the
operations ot the Works Prorram. Many of
these orders were of minor signifioance, and
other a were limited to amendment ot prior Executive order,. Orders issued under the 1935
Aot wre continued in effect by Exeoutive Ord.er Bo. 7396, issued under authority granted
bf the 1936 Act, "insofar as applicable and
The orders, is sued under both acts am
now in effeot, may be divided roughly into
three groups: (a) those creating new organizations or accompliahing the transfer of certain functions previously performed by other
independent agencies to agencies operating
under the Works ProgramJ (b) those pertaining
to general policy conoerning conditions of
Proceeding under
authority vested
in
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111
employment and methods ot proHouting projects J and (c) those concerned with the operation or Gowrmnent agenoiea partioipating in
the Works Program.
tion, rloocl control, reforestation_ and related projects s and ( c ) to make loans tor
the purchase of' tarm lands and equi paent.
Executive Order No. 7028, April 30, 1935
Administrative Or91nlzatlons
Executiw Order No. 7034, )lay 6, 1936
Created the Di~ision or Applications and information and the Advisory COfflr?lit'bee on A.1lounents.
Transferred property and persomiel ot the
land program of the Federal Emergency Relief ,Administration to the Resettleme~t Administration.
Exeoutive Order No. 7041, May 15, 1935
Created the Works Progreaa Administration as
an adndnistratiw organization responsible
to the President tor the coordinated execution ot the Work• Program.
Transferred property and personnel of the Division of Subsistence Homesteads from the
Department of the Interior to the Resettlement Administration.
Authorized establiabment with.in the WPA of a
diTi.aion of progress inveatigation, and formulation of periodic reports ot progreH of
projects and employment thereon.
Executive Order No. 7037, May 11, 1935
the Rural Electrification Ad•
minist--ration "to initiate, formulate, administer, and supervise a program of approved projects with respect to the generation, transmission, and distribution ot
electrical energy in rural areas," using
relief persons so far as practicable.
Established
Authorized the WPA to prescribe rules and regulationF assuring maximum possible employment from relief rolls and governing selection of persons for employment.
Provided for prosecution by the ~'PA of small
useful projects designed to assure a maximum of employment in all localities.
Executive Order No. 7152, August 21, 1935
Directed the Secretary of the Treasury to
provide for disbursement and accounting of
funds, and procurement of materials, supplies, and equipment.
Executive Order No. 7396, June 22, 1936
Continued for the Program under the 1936 Act
the orders issued under authority of' the 1935
Act, insofar as applicable and except as to
rates of pay and eligibility for employment.
lxecutiw Order Bo. 7027, April 30, 1935.
Amended by Executive Order lo. 7200, S.pt-ber 26, 1936
Prescribed additional functions and duties
for the Temporary GovePmnent of the Virgin
Islands authorizing prosecution of projects
"for providing relief and work relief and
for increasing employment within the Virgin
Islands."
Executive Order Uo. 7057, May 28, 1935
Established the
ministration
minister, and
projects for
lief and for
Puerto Rico."
PUerto Rico Reconstruction Ad"to initiate, formulate, adsupervise a program of approved
providing relier and work reincreasing employment within
Established-the Reaettlement Administration.
Executive Order No. 7086, June 26, 1935
Authorized the Reaettlement .Adm1»1•trati011
(a) to adm1n1.ater approwd projeots in-n>lT•
ing rural rehabilitation. relief in 1tricken agnoultur&l areas, and relief ot destitute or low-inoome t'amil1e1J (b) to prosecute soil and beaoh ero1ion, 1tream pollu-
Eatabli1hed the National Youth Administration
within the WPA, "to initiate and administer
a program of approved projects which shall
provide relief, work relief, and employment
tor persons between the ages of 16 and 26
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who are no longer i~ attendance at a school
requiring full time, and who are not regularly engaged in remunerative employment."
Executive Order No. 7096, July 9, 1935
Appointed members or the Executive Committee
of the National Youth Administration.
Exeoutive Order No. 7194, September 26, 1935
Established the Prison Industries Reorganization Adm1n1stration to be governed by the
'Prison Induatries Reorganization Board or
five members.
Instructed this Administration to conduct
surveys and investigations of industrial
operations of penal ana correctional institutions a.nd the markets for products of
such activities, and to recommend for Presidential approval a program reorganizing
existing prison ind:.1stries systems in order to eliminate competition with private
industry.
Executive Order No. 7065, June 7, 1935
Created the National Resources COJID!littee to
collect data necessary to a planned development and use of national resources; to
cooperate ~th any other public or private
planning agency in carrying out its duties;
and to serve in an advisory capacity with
respect to Federal projects involving the
acquisition of land.
Executive Order No. 7073, June 13, 1935
Reestablished the National Emergency Council
to perform previously assigned dutie~ together with such additional functions as
might be assigned to it by the President in
carrying out the provisions of the ERA Act
of 1935.
Executive .Order No. 7064, June 7, 1935
Authorized the Federal Emergency .Administration of Public Works to continue to perform
functions \mder Title II of the National
Industrial Recovery Aot.
Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
of 1935, authorized the PWA to make loans
or grants, or both, for projects of nonFederal public bodies, and to carry out
projects for slum clearance or low-cost
housinr-.
Authorized the sale of securities acquired
under Title II of the National Industrial
Recovery Act or Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 for making further loans
under these acts.
Reallocated to departments and agencies holding unobligated balances for use after
June 16, 1935, funds previously made available pursuant to Title II of the National
Industrial Recovery Act.
General
Policies
Wages:
Executive Order No. 7046, May 20, 1935
Prescribed a schedule of monthly earnings to
apply to workers on projects. Wages varied
as to region, population, and skills of
workers, and ranged from $19 per month (in
Region 4) for unskilled workers in counties
the population of the largest municipality
of which was less than 5,000, to $95 (in
Region 1) for professional and technical
workers in counties, the population of the
largest municipality of which es over
1ou,ooo.
Provided that the schedule of monthly earnings thus established should be applicable
to workers on all projects financed in
whole or in part from the Emergency Relief
Appropriation Act of 1935, except for (a)
Emergency Conservation Work, (b) projects
under the supervision of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works~ (c)
highway and grade-crossing elimination work
under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads and State Highway Departments,
(d) permanent buildings for the use of a.ey
executive depe.rtment of the Government of
the United States, (e) such projects, portions of projects or activities as the WPA
Administrator shall exempt, (f) supervisory
and administrative employees, and (g) State
relief
administration
projects pending
transfer to the Works Program.
116
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Exeoutiw Order No. 7117, July 29, 1936
Modified Exeoutive Order Bo. 7046 by pron.d•
iDg that:
(a) The 'Works Progreu J.dm1n1 atrator or
his repreeentatiw1 might redefine regiona
de1ignated in the original order whenever
necessary to do 10 in order to avoid undue
inequality U10ng worker• accuatamed to
similarity of wage rates.
(b) Konthly earnings applioable to an urban area 1hall in general apply to oontiguou1 urban areu in adjacent oountiee in the
1ame region.
( c) It the territory covered by aey projeot involve• application ot more than one
schedule or monthly earnings, the highest
1ohedule shall be used.
(d) The Works Progress Administrator or
hia representatives may adjust rate or
earnings ot any ola1s ot work on aey project by not more than 10 peroent.
Exeoutiw Order No. 7203, October 1, 1935
Amended the pron.1ion ot Exeoutive Order No.
7046 e1tabl11hing rate, tor each oounty in
accordance with population ot largest munioipal.1 ty, by gi'ring the Works Progre11 Administrator and hie repreeentati we disoretion to use either county or town.hip ae
the unit to whioh the schedule ot monthly
earnin.g• shall be applioable.
Clarified the abow proviaion ot Exeoutiw
Order Bo. 7046 -by speoii'ying that the
schedule ot monthly earning■ shall be baaed
upon the 1930 population ot the large1t muDioipality within the county or township.
Executiw Order Bo. 715'7, August 23, 1935
Authorized the Work• Progress J.dm1n11tr~tor
or hi1 repreaentatiw1 to exempt trom the
1chedule ot DIOILthly earnings, projeot1 ••
ploying unattached worker• who are turniahed aubai,tenoe in omp1, am to e1tabliah in lieu ot 1uoh monthly eU'Dinga, •ge
rate, not to emeed t25 per 110Dth.
Exeoutiw Or'der Bo. 716', Aupt 29 1 1986,
Aalndecl by Ezeoutiw Order Bo. nii, Mu-ob 11,
1986
Prorided tor aupeni1ion ot student aid projRta by the •t1onal Youth U-1n11trat1on.
Prescribed U10unta ot monthly pa,-nta u
tollon1 high 1chool student, - not to exoeed ts per 110DthJ oollege 1tudenta awrage ot 115 per month tor the 1ohool
year, and not to exoeed t20 to any student
in us:, monthJ graduate 1tudenta - awrage
ot 130 a month per student, not to exoNcl
140 to U¥ atud.ent in U¥ 110Dth.
Exeouti ft Order No. 7433, August 18, 1986
Amending Exeoutiw Order Ho. 716', Augut 29,
1935
Directed the 'Work, Progr-e•• J.dm1n11tration to
determine monthly earning■ (not to exceed
60 percent ot tull aecurity •ge• tor parttime employment) hours ot work, and oo:aditiona ot eaplo,ment tor young peraona eligible tor benefits under the National Youth
.Administration (other than student aid) and
the Works Progress Adm1n1•tration.
Lim.ited monthly earning• applioable to·parttime employment ot such young peraons to
50 percent of the 1ohedule ot monthly earnings.
Hours of 'Work:
Executiw Order No. 7046,
!'!l 20,
1936
Provided that hours ot work ot persona to
whom the schedule ot monthly eU'Dinga 1•
applicable ahall be determined by the 1fork1
ProgreH Adm1ni•trator, but ahall not exceed 8 houri per day and 40 hours per wek.
Set a maximum ot 8 houri per dq and 130 homw
per month tor manual workers and 8 houri
per day and 40 hour• per wek tor clerical
and other non-manual •ployeea OD projeota
under the supervision ot the Federal Paergenoy .Administration ot Public 1forlc1, ~ the
Bureau of Public Road•, and State Bigh'n¥
Departaent1, and on projects exnapted from
the schedule of :monthly earning■ by tbe
'Worlc1 Progre11 Administrator.
Set a wx1na111 ot 8 houri per day and 40 houri
per wek on projects operated u cmp1 or
tloating plan.ta.
Speoitied that pro'riaiona of the aot ot Jlaroh
3, 19Sl, 1hall apply to persons aployed OD
pel"lamnt building■ tor ue ot the U. 8.
GoTernment ex.eoutiw department,, am that
existing rule• and regulationa 1hall apply
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to Eargenoy Conaenation Work and looal
Pargenoy Reliet Adll1n1atration work relief
projeota.
Contract ProTisionas
E:xeoutiw Order No. 7083, June 24, 1935
Conditiona ot Employments
Exeoutiw Order No. 7046, May 20. 1935
Prohibited employment ot persons under 16
years of age or physically handicapped,
where employment would be dangerous to
others and to their own health and safety,
am or persons currently serving sentence
in penal or correctional institutions.
Directed that preference shall be given to
persons from publio relief' rolls, and proTided th.at, unless otherwise speoif'ioally
authorized by the Works Progress Administration, at least 90 percent of' all persona "WOrld.Dg on work projects shall haw
been taken from the publ.io relief rolls.
Provided that only one member of a family
group may be employed, unless otherwise
authorized by the WPA.
Preaoribed rule• aD4 repla:t;:lona applioable
to projects prosecuted by (a) toroe account, (b) fixed price contract, (o) limited i'i:xed price contract, or ( d) management
contract.
Provided for submission to the Director or
Proouremnt by the operating agency, ot estiJDa.tes of materials, supplies, and equipment required. The Director ot Procurement
shall indicate to the operating agency the
part or the materials, supplies, and equipment the Govermnent will furnieh, together
with instructions as to method of' requieition.
Provided for incorporation in all oontracta
of provisions relating to payrolls, purchases, requisitions, conditions or employment, etc.
()pc,etin9 Proccdwc1
EDoutiw Order lo. 7151, August 21, 19S6
Prohibited discrimination on any groUllds except aa specifically provided in the order.
Prodded that projects shall be conducted in
accordance with safe W0rking conditions and
that wages may not be pledged or assigned.
Eligibility:
Allocated to the Secretary' ot the Treasury
ts ,000,000, to be ued as a revol"ri.ng rum
tram which reimbursements would be made to
the general supply tund, tor purohases ot
materials, supplies, and equipaent to be
used on work relief projects, thus facilitating oentrali&ed purohaee or materials,
1upplie1, am equ1IJD8nt.
Exeoutiw Order No. 7060, June 5, 1935
Provided tor reimbursement to the Work Relief
Supply Fund by agenoie11 reoei ving material•
supplies, and equipaent.
Required that, to be eligible for employment,
persona must register with employment of'tioes designated by the u. S. Employment
Servioe and must have been receiving relief in Kay 1935.
beoutift Order No. 7148, Auguat 19, 1935
Provided for certification of persons who became eligible tor relief' subsequent to Kay
1936, when original occupational classes
are exbauatedJ tor •intelWlOe ot eligibility of persons who receive temporary employment elsewhereJ and for notification to
the Work• ProgreH Administration by the
lllployaent Service c£persons empl07ed
OD the Work• Program ,mo have reo•i ved ot~
•ployMDt.
v. a.
A•tbol1.zed the Reeettle•nt .Admini■tration to
ab loans tor tinanoing purohase ot tara
laJlcls and oquipnent, and tor other pvohaeea, to indin.cluals, approwd bona-tide
ageno1es, or oooperatiw aHociatiou.
Authorized the Resettleaent Adw1n11trator to
tiz interest rates not greater tball 6 perNDt v leaa than a peroent.
Preaoribecl t.nu ot leau am prcnia1ona tor
repqmeat.
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Executive Order No. '7805, February 28, 1936
Allocated $30,000,000, to the Farm Credit Administration for making loans to farmers
during the year 1936.
that, except with specific authorization of
the REA, at least 90 percent ot all persona
working shall be ta1c,n from such rolls J and
that only persons certified for aaligmnent
by the U. S. Employment Service, or persona
specifically authorized by the Rural Electrification Administration, shall be employed.
Prescribed regulations limiting loans to any
one borrower to $200, requiring borrowers
to prove that other sources are exhausted,
fixing the interest rate at 5-1/2 percent, Authorized the Administrator to approw and
etc.
execute with the borrowing agency loan conitracts under which the borrcnri.ng agenoy
agrees that the project will be prosecuted
Executiw Order No. 7130, August 7 1 1935
according to procedures and 1peciticationa
determined or approwd by the Rural ElecProvided that funds allocated to the Rural
trification Administration.
Electrification Administration shall be
available for loans to private corporations, associations, and cooperative as- Execu.tive Order No. 7180. September 6 • 1935
sociations, and to public agencies for financing projects included in the program of l,.uthorized the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Adthe Rural Electrification Administration.
ministration to finance the purchase of
farm lands, and equipment for production and
Provided that wage rates and maximum hours of'
preservation of' farm and rural community
work shall be determined by the Rural Elecproducts necessary to the effectuation ot
trification Administration, but that hours
rural rehabilitation projects.
of' work shall not exceed 8 hours per day
and 40 hours per wek except in special Prescribed regulations with respect to eligicircumstances.
ble borrowers J interest rates, which may be
fixed by the Administrator at not greater
Directed that preference in employment shall
than 5 percent, or le II than 3 percent J and
be given to persons from relief' rollsJ
terms of loans.
Operating Procedures of the Works Progress Administration
The Works Progress Administration has
been organized in accordance with the authority and directions contained in Aots of' Congress and Executive orders • The f' ollowing
paragraphs summarize its form and operations.
No attempt is made to repeat the provisions of
Executive orders noted above, or to i:adicate
aey but the broadest outlines of' the WPA organizational form and functions.
Administration
The Works Progress Administration 1111.s
created by an Executive order which assigned
to it the tollowing functions: ( 1) the operation of' useful work projects and the scheduling of such projects 10 as to pro-ri.d.e -.xi:mum continuous em.plOJ1D9nt under the Work•
ProgramJ (2) the genert.l coordination ot the
Program and the determination of policies and
records with respect to selection of employees, wages, hours, and working conditions, and
the investigation of irregularitiesJ (3) the
establishment ot a system of periodic reports
for the effective prosecution of' the ProgramJ
(4) the coordination of' such research and
statistical activities as ma:y be necessary in
carrying out the Works Pro gram.
The Federal Works Progre11 Administrator
was appointed by the President and, under thB
authority granted to him by Executi w order•,
has established the organization necessary to
carry out the functions delegated to the
Works Progress Administration. Divisions ot
the administrative office ot the Federal
Works ProgreH Administration in Washington
are organized under the direct superviaion of'
Assistant Mm1n1etrators reporting to the
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Federal Administrator. The Federal Administration is represented in the field.by five
Regional Field Representatives who act as administrati f t liaison agents of the Federal
.Administrator.
These
Representati -ves are
oharged with the responsibility of giving advice and instructions to State and district
WPA offices.
At the head of each State WPA organization is a State Administrator with various
functional divisions working unde~ him. The
State Administrator, within the limits of instructions promulgated by the Federal Administrator, is responsible for decisions on all
matters of policy and for the efficient and
economical operation of the entire State Administration, including all divisions of the
State office and all districts. He is charged
with the general coordination of the Works
Program in the State.
The district is the basic operating unit
of the WPA and the District Director is
charged with the direct execution and supervision of projects in the field. He is responsible to the State Administra-wr for the
administration of all WPA activities in his
district, except State-wide and Nation-wide
Federal projects administered from the State
of'fice.
Project Approval
The success of the WPA program requires
an adequate number of work projects located
within readily accessible transportation distances and suitable to the numbers and capabilities of persons eligible forworlc on th em.
Except for a few projects of a Nation-wide
character and projects operating on Federal
property, all projects prosecuted by the Worlcs
Progress Administration are proposed by public agencies representing States, Territories,
or their political subdivisions, the District
of Columbia, and other public bodies. The
sponsoring bodies cooperate in the prosecution of projects by financing part of the
costs through provision of labor, equipment,
materials; the use of land, buildings, and
other facilities; transportation of materials
and workers.; engineering, architectural, or
other services; and land purchased specifically for projects.
Project proposals accompanied by plans,
specifications, a working procedure, and other data are submitted to the district offices
ot the WPA by sponsors. After examination,
they are torwa.rded to State WPA offices which
transmit them to the Federal WPA in Washington. Proposed projects are reviewed by the
Works Progress Administration with respect to
their desirability from a social and engineering standpoint, the extent to which they
will aid in accomplishing the purpose of the
Works Program by putting needy and employable
persons to work, the availability of workers
in need of relief, and the cost per man-year
of employment. It found suitable, they are
submitted for clearance to the Bureau of the
Budget and then presented to the President
for final approval. Projects approved by the
President are subjected to review by the
Comptroller General to determine whether they
come within the purposes of the statute.
Certain projects require the approval
of the Federal agencies which have jurisdiction over the type of work involved. These
include projects prosecuted on highways forming part of the Federal-aid highway system,
projects affecting wildfowl refuges, projects
for improving rivers, harbors, etc., airport
and airway projects, and public health and
oommunity sanitation projects.
For. passing upon the technical feasibility of proposed white collar projects of a
statistical nature, a committee representing
jointly the Central Statistical Board and the
WPA has been established. Once projeots are
chosen for operation, this Coordinating C'ommittee follows developments, giving expe~t
guidance and technical assistance.
A sufficient number of desirable projects received from the several States have
been approved to insure a reservoir of projects capable of providing the flexibility
necessary to meet the varying work relief
needs of the different localities.
Finance
In order to make funds available for
prosecution of projects which have been approved, the President from time to time allocates funds for WPA projects itemized as to
States and accounts. After approval by the
Comptroller General, the Federal Works Progress Administration is notified of the amount
of the allocation. It, in turn, authorizes
each State to incur obligations up to a
stated amount during the ensuing month. Upon
receipt of the monthly budget for his State,
the State Administrator makes allotments for
the month to each district and to State-wide
projects in the State.
District offices
then make sub-allotments to active projects
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119
for the mo:p.th.
The Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits of the Treasury Department is kept
currently infonned of these actions so that
delays in disbursement· are minimized.
AB
noted in the above section on Executive orders, the Treasury Department makes disbursements for payrolls, etc., and also is the offioial accounting agency for Works Program
funds. Procurement of supplies and equipment
is consolidated in the Procurement Division
of the Treasury DepartuV3nt.
Coordinating and Scheduling of Projects
State ~'PA Administrators are responsible
for coordinating the execution of all projects under the program operating within their
areas so as to provide a maximum of useful
employment to persons in need of relief.
Federal agencies cooperating in the Works
Program supply State Administrators of the
'WPA with statements of their projects. With
this information, and records of projects
already in operation, State Administrators
have full lrnowledge of the employm~nt to be
given on Works Program projects in each locality. Operations on WPA projects are adjusted to make up the difference between Federal agency employment and total local work
relief needs. Primary consideration is given
to the skills of available qualified relief
persons.
Assignment of Workers to Projects
In order to be eligible for employment
under the Works Program, persons must satisfy
the requirements specified in certain Executive and .Mministrative orders. They should
be actively registered with a local employment office designated by the United States
Employment Service and must be certified as
in need of relief by a public relief agency
approved by the Works Progress Administration.
Local relief offices supply to the 'WPA and to
the United States Employment Service the work
records of all persons eligible for employment. Files containing this information are
maintained on a current be.sis in each WPA
district office.
all work project, operated by the
Works Progress Administration, the assignment,
reassignment, and wage classification of
worker• are the responlibility ot State WPA
organizations. A.asigment is made on the
On
basis of the skills required for the suoces1ful conduct of a project. The WPA endeavor,
to assure continuous employment by reassigning certified relief workers from completed
projects to active projects. Such non-reliet
persons as are required for the sucoessful
prosecution of work projects are referred to
the WPA by the employment offices designated
by the United States Employment Service.
Federal agencies other than WPA that are
operating work projects requisition their relief workers from the WPA, 'llhose responsibility it is to assign all workers certified as
in need of relief. Non-relief workers are
requisitioned by these agencies from the employment offices of the Employment Service.
These requisitions, however, must receive the
approval of the WPA before assignment is made.
Preference in employment is given to
persons certified as in need of relief and,
except with the specific authorization of the
Federal Works Progress Administrato~ at least
90 percent of the workers must be such persons.
Wages and Hours
The basic schedule of monthly earnings
was set forth in Executive Order No. 7046 issued May 20, 1935. State Works Progress Administrators have been authorized to exempt
from the security wage schedule up to 10 percent of the total number of WPA workers employed in their respective States. Administrators have also been authorized to adjust
monthly security wages by 10 percent upward
or downward for any and all wage classes.
Hours of work, as set forth in Executive
Order No. 7046 with a maximum of 8 hours per
day and 40 per week, are limited by Administrative order to a maximum of 140 hours ~or
two consecutive semimonthly pay periods. 1"he
monthly maximum may be waived, however, when
the 140-hour maximum is not sufficient to
enable workers to make up time lost as a result of adverse weather conditions, temporary
interruptions in project operations beyond
the oontrol of the workers, or injuries sus•
tained in the performance of duty causing
absences of 15 days or less. Emergency work
and unusual circumstances such as arise in
connection with flood or tornado relief al•
so permit wai Ting the maximum hour limitations.
Adm:1nhtrative Order No. 44, iHuecl July
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11, 1936, sets forth general regulations
relating to the rates or pay, hours of work,
monthly earnings, and conditions of employment based on the Emergency Relief Appropria•
tion Aot of 1936, It placed upon the Works
Progress Administrator of each State the
responsibility of working out hourly wage
rates for eaoh occupation which shall not be
le•s than local prevailing hourly rates,
Monthly earnings schedules remain the same as
those established under the ERA Act of 1935,
Normal hours or work per month are adjusted
so that workers employed at the various hourly rates oan earn in the course of a month an
amount equal to the monthly security wage.
Payments are now made only for time actually
worked. Bo119ver, workers are afforded every
reasonable opportunity to make up time lost
because of weather conditions and similar
factors beyond their control.
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Appendix
B
Tables
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List of Tables
Number ·
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
!9!,
Title
•l
Employment on WP.A. Projects., Emergency Conservation Work, and Project•
of Other Agencies, by States - September and December 19351 Jlarch.,
June and August 1936
126 - 12'1
2 Relief Status of Persona Employed on Work Projects, by Agencies Week Ending August 29, 1936
128
S Relief Status ot Persona l!mployed on Work Projects, by States Week Ending August 29, 19S6
129
4 Employment on Work Projects of Agencies other than WPA and CCC, by
States - Week Ending August 29, 1936
130 - 132
5 Percentage Distribution of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by Types
of Projects - September and December 1935J March, Jum and August 19S6
13S
6 Ntmlber of Persons Employed, Hours and Earnings on WPA Projects, by
Types of Projects, Semimonthly Period Ending August 15, 1936
134
'1
Percentage Distribution of Persons Employed on WPA Projects. by States
and Major Types of Projects - Semimonthly Period Ending August 15, 1936
1S5
8 Number of Persons Employed Under the Works Program on Projects of the
WP.A. and Other Federal Agencies. by Assigned Occupations,- March 1936
136
9 Number of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by States and Wage
Classes - Jlarch 1936
1S7
10 illocationa Under the ERA Acts of 1936 and 1936 for Work Projects and
other Purposes, by Agencies - Through August 31, 1936
138 - 139
11 Allocations Under the ERA Act of 1935, by Agencies and by Act
Limitations - Through August 31, 1936
140 - 141
12 Allocations Under the ERA Act ot 1936, by .Agencies and by Act
Limitations - Through August 31, 1936
142
13
Status ot Fums Under the ERA Acts of 1936 and 1936, by States Through August 31, 1936
143
14 Status ot Fumls Um.er the ERA Acts of 1935 and 1936, by Agencies Through Auguat 31, 1936
144 - 146
16 Eatimated Total Cost of Approved PlrA Non-Federal Projects Financed
by the ERA Act ot 1935, by States and Sources of Fund.a - Through
Augu.et 13., 1936
148
lMr
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Explanatory Notes
The Works Program employment data recorded in this section relate to persons employed on projects financed, in whole or in
part, from funds provided by the Emergency
Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936.
Qualifying this statement is the exclusion of
the follovdnga (a) administrative employees,
(b) workers on NYA projects - usually employed at one-third the scheduled monthly earnings• and persons benefiting through the NYA
student aid program, (c) employees made available by the sponsors of projects.
The PWA
non-Federal employment :figure, how-ever,
is
based on total project employment, and thus
includes employraent provided through expenditure of PilA loans from revolving funds e.nd of
locally raised funds, as vrell as of grants
from Works Program funds.
Employment under
Er.'lergency Conservation Work (mainly CCC) is
~ncluded for the whole period covered, although since about July 1, 1936, this has
been financed from funds made available by
direct appropriation and consequently not
provided under the ERA Acts. It may be noted
that recipients of rural rehabilitation loans
and grants of the Resettlement Administration
are not included in the employment reported
:Cor that administration.
The employment data presented in Tables
are based upon the number of persons
~~Jio were at work during the indicated week.
I n the case of VfPA, the employment do.ta in
'l' ah 1es 1-4, l'elA.te more
strictly to the
nl.nnher of persons under active assignment to
'l'70x-k.
Tables 5 - 9 are based upon WPA payl:-oJ.1 s made out for pay periods ending during
the designated half-month or month.
Such
d:1.sorepancies as adse between WPA employment
as determined by the weekly series and by the
Pa.:y:x-oll series are chiefly due to (1) the dif~8X-ence in the employment concept used - numb 0 ~ l.mder active assignment to work vs. num"b e~
whose names appear on payrolls and (2)
he time lag of payroll date. behind assign211.ent data, e.g., the nEll:les of' persons assi6ned
e. given time do not usually appear on payo 1. l.s until several days later.
Tables relating to funds refer only to
monies provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936 (except
in the case of Table 15 which includes other
funds made available fol· FHA non-Federal proj•
ects). Terms used in thesetable1 are defined
as follovrsa
1. "Allocations" represent amounts ordered transferred to an agency by t~e President for which warrants have been issued by
the Treasury.
The qualification 1~·1arrants
approved" means that only those allocations
which have been approved by the Comptroller
General are included.
2. 11 0bligations" represent actual
or
contingent liabilities incu1Ted agair-st funds
allocated by the President.
The figures are
cumulative and represent paid as well as unpaid obligations.
On work perfonned under
contract, the value of the contract is set up
as an obligation upon signing of the contract.
Where requisitions for supplies, materials, or equipment have been sub~itted,the
amounts are set up e.s obligations.
Items
which are certain to become due in a short
period are recorded in advance, e.g., payrolls, rents, travel expenses, etc. are obligated one period in advance.
1-4
:"t
3. "Expenditures" represent checks issued in payment or payrolls and other certified vouchers, and in full or part payment
against contracts.
Neither oblii;ations nor
expenditures
necessarily provide a wholly accurate reflection of operations, since obligations in part
reflect future operations, while expenditures
lag behind the true current picture due to
delays in presenting vouchers for payment and
to time consumed by the mechanism of actual
payment.
The lag in expenditures may be il•
lustrated by such agencies as the Bureau of
Public Roads, where States frequently wait
some time before submitting vouchers for reimbursement.
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125
126
T AB LE
EIIPLOYIIENT ON IPA PROJECTS, [IIERGENCY CONSCRUTION IORK, ANO PROJECTS or OTHER AG[NC I ES, BY STATE&
£xCLUDIIIO ADIU NISTIIAT IVC CIIPLO'lffe
SEPTDIKR AND DEC:OKR 193!5; IIAIICH, JIIIE AND AUCIUCIT 1936
LINE
NO,
- D I or P b - Dll'LOffll Dlat•
IDie [IIDIH IIMCII 211 1 19141
--Ell or Paleo... DIPLOYl:D .,... ....
RDC ENDING DECIIIBER 28 1 1935
[NERGEIICY
OTHER
CONKIIVATION
--Ell OP' PER80Ne lJIPLOV[l) Dull I NG
• a [IIOINQ SEl'TE•EII ze, 1935
EME!IGENCY
C..81:NCY
C-IIIVATIOII
TOTAL
10
Tl
I
QRAND TOTAL
( 1)
(
(
(
(
(
(
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
TOTAL DteTRIBUTED BY STATH
ALABAMA
ARIZONA
MKANUe
CALll"'OltlllA
COLORADO
( 8)
C-CTICUT
( 9)
( 10)
(II)
(12)
DELAWARE
( 11)
(14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)
( 18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
DleTRICT or COLUIIBIA
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
IDAHO
ILLINOle
IIIDIANA
IOWA
ICAN8H
KENTUCKY
LDUIBIANA
IIAlhE
IIAIIYUND
IIA88ACHU8ETT ■
(23)
lflCHIGAN
(24)
(25)
(26)
IIINNE&OTA
(27)
IIONTANA
(28)
(211)
NHIIA&KA
(30)
(31)
(32)
111 . . IHIPPI
IIINOUIII
NEVADA
NEW HAll,eHIIIE
NEW JEIIIEY
Nn ta:x1co
(33)
NEW YOIIK CITY
(14)
11n YOIIK ST ATE (Exc:1.. 11.v.c.)
(35)
-TN CAROLINA
-TH OAKOTA
OHIO
(36)
(37)
(38)
111, ,n
3,510,670
2,7<40,070
51P,1128
251,672
1,750,&40
2,871,637
413,TIO
,, 104,682
15,201
7,553
10,752
28,924
9,859
-,013
24,098
96,336
t,458
t,54
,. 154
7,885
2,914
3,478,028
IIZ,497
23,156
57,146
1511,138
50,011
z,1<10 1010
48,821
I t,672
41,775
125,717
40,365
514,8,356
5,569
10,868
17,596
5,219
223,459
5,320
5,915
4,!103
15,755
4,427
1,698,794
61,«D
23,094
53,914
186,046
48,232
2,871.637
19,977
11,439
15,277
4211,eoo
397,'!!l!S1
14,195
6,175
9,314
565
552,333
9,645
6, 1!19
12,317
2 I ,0311
6, ISO
9,533
,, 101
7,551
31,46!1
38,085
2,193
6,521
en
819
98
3,989
15,0!53
19,600
2,853
12,296
11,215
4,120
2,270
34,915
4,359
11,286
55,145
71,821
27,466
2,098
6,915
15,428
53,434
5,888
879
2,776
10,482
13,184
t,561
328
1,595
9,435
5,023
14,861
5,448
13,969
511,011
ee,742
27,810
1,071
8,983
32,514
44,IG
2,!IS
8,041
11,167
364
7,284
57,189
4,772
27,232
I 11 220
8,793
7,704
3,917
2,163
297
871
762
17,178
204,432
91,385
37,"99
54,327
10,845
172,880
B0,279
21,372
42,680
3,711
21,059
9,165
7,912
7,567
1,0122
5,493
1,941
3,615
4,080
11,8811
23'5, 749
99,141
41,311
62,240
12,834
199,821
84,715
10,780
45,076
3,126
22,140
7,!116
6,741
6,784
3,129
11,786
18,009
9,180
3,500
4,315
17,3519
509
756
2,831
907
2,048
81,323
62,591
20,5012
27,788
136,702
eo,685
1,879
3,448
6,791
3,202
6,571
82,795
63,195
18,395
28,253
141,519
62,114
50,508
9,913
18,375
120,372
15,843
7,205
3,179
4,240
12,970
4,818
5,482
5,103
5,638
8,177
( 11)
10,054
18,568
I 13,968
18,759
8,421
3,657
0,018
16,163
t,558
1,636
463
1,788
4,571
114,731
73,790
18,037
12,637
I 1,947
17,020
3,807
6,231
3,553
2,356
8,636
4,535
121,949
76,535
56,246
113,887
29,837
98,534
eo,1189
37,854
87,727
19,861
15,253
11,030
10,215
14,726
,,221
8,162
4,816
8,177
11,434
6,555
(23)
(24)
108,078
22,456
90,463
57,600
32,149
82,GZ
14,114
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27,813
4,867
10,915
I 11,354
23,5!!0
20,461
2,385
7,081
92,457
11,291
5,109
1,086
2,252
13,565
5,890
2,243
1,396
1,582
5,332
6,369
Sl,636
21,497
Z,525
9,5!57
92,136
10,274
4,637
1,154
1,819
10,709
5,176
5,502
2,054
1,496
7,831
8,810
(21)
(211)
(30)
(St)
(32)
12,506
14,584
12,027
6,003
23,808
4,431
5,639
4,827
998
4,585
254,ll05
1411,4"
63,176
19,045
215,357
236,721
127,189
40,034
11,997
186,158
9,792
11,770
9,839
5,352
19,245
8,290
10,340
13,503
1,696
9,754
(D)
(14)
(35)
(36)
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15,745
5,763
32,416
3,000
9,597
5,227
2,641
9,405
371
4,344
92,910
30,963
323,784
19,000
51,257
69,6el>
19,972
287,847
14,642
30,419
13,474
4,898
26,009
2,519
8,203
9,767
6,093
9,908
1,839
12,615
(,a)
(39)
5,085
II, 790
27,'36
3,839
2,448
1,421
5,163
13,123
14,779
44,671
103,252
12,170
e,697
4,179
10,100
22,348
3,194
2,111
1,973
B,914
27,899
2,096
1,819
(4')
(44)
(45)
(46)
1,223
20,931
63,685
153,499
17,460
10,467
12,657
8,545
10,838
15,109
11 6Z4
5,821
8,547
Z,271
3,780
1,518
519,433
'4,638
68,604
82,741
8,922
34,581
46,114
56,433
63,179
4,897
10,987
6,873
9,118
13,113
1,455
13,965
I 1,851
3,053
6,449
2,570
(48)
20.4011
710
2,815
4,429
15.980
358
1,280
«>,022
4,170
382
1,744
16,651
233
Z,3011
233
14,342
13,635
992
35.1152
295
2,480
31,854
729
(54)
('5)
(56)
(57)
12,024
(511)
9,053.
Je,859
68,688
9,"64
9,192
17,281
926
5,419
919
Sl,587
22,504
14,371
22,038
9,334
12,115
7,746
1,000
t,254
17,914
13,122
12,915
18,996
4,763
7,581
1,017
1,974
28,025
9,321
790
1,386
9,467
6,203
812
1,795
14,376
998
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4,182
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169,204
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15,273
14,222
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21,983
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2,233
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1,445
257,1411
161,94!5
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18,675
201,563
fl 240,lOI
16,940
5,985
12,773
2,812
10,744
542
2,047
5,540
222
107,914
28,471
274,196
19,719
46,471
86,962
20,067
186,998
22,195
17,225
6,013
53,153
22
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17
29,925
(42)
(43)
SOUTH DA KOT A
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(45)
(46)
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14,102
6,101
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(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)
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12,6Z7
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30,109
8,492
(40)
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SOUTH CAROLINA
(19)
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16,348
. 15,562
18,299
16,772
22,763
3,635
5,114
499
1,851
480
6,373
1,048
639
2,564
1,520
706
3,717
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3,195
5,743
14,182
29,468
4,472
2,559
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2,886
990
626
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2,318
11,000
11,636
14,273
1,797
e,5193
4,381
241
1,356
570
1,419
2,019
281
m
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405
46,.SZ
50,722
141,722
38,298
11,674
173,170
232,375
16,348
32,530
22,566
62,343
124,267
20,467
8,598
16,()j!O
411,390
83,608
14,997
58,426
4P,297
14,554
79,910
8,322
39,948
32,205
51,445
61,021
4,927
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352
1,535
684
,,a,
5,733
12,872
110,676
24,()j!O
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IG,!5114
19,093
7,231
5,280
9,323
11,925
4,192
4,7411
m
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4,238
480
2,s1
203
2,•1
16,091
'
203
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12,233
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2,J02
1,1105
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( 17)
10,380
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
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(28)
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12,540
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10,580
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18,035
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156,805
40,om
2,376,565
30,970
9,034
30,172
106,783
29,631
BJ..2l!2
8,429
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11,0!III
11,567
4,a50
15,731
-4,990
10,204
311,4115
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32,391
9,332
29,945
110,541
28,328
so,eai
6,!ZI
( 7)
P,370
5,056
12,01Z5
49,316
56,0!55
22,508
2,344
7,546
27,124
33,881
3,966
671
2,150
8,0711
11,232
6,1116
31,.el>
12,18-4
«1,7415
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20,933
2,118
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26, 1-47
36,881
4,012
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2,275
8,904
12,116
••~14
889
2 1 9611
10,604
10,IIIP
( I)
2,041
2,329
14,183
10,942
11,6011
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91,119
36,67!5
46,966
6,380
155,610
61,217
19,408
30,4(2
2,525
17,882
6,674
5,245
5,599
9,704
29,367
16,1!58
12,022
10,1165
17,156
205,0De
91,131
37,888
57,155
6,119
161,220
68,726
23,139
40,989·
2,331
18,907
6,590
5,147
5,281
8,708
1-4,IIOll
15,115
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17 l
66,6111
50,52Z
17, 151>
21,211
129,126
45,1111
36,510
7,971
14,606
104,557
10,706
6,173
2,251
3,923
12,407
10,074
7, 1311
6,934
9,682
12,162
72,957
lf7 ,359
15,1118
27 ,DCIZ
111.,252
51,1134
34,652
7,883
14,322
95, 101Z
11,e1
7,670
2,115
3,812
12,459
10!5,086
71,824
-41,083
95,904
21,028
75,771
44,805
26,651
66,602
.1.0,489
12,229
9,450
10,017
U,129
2,767
17,086
17,569
11,415
16,173
101,DCIZ
73,78-4
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30,01Z7
12,030
10,194
10,941)
13,105
3,649
13,737
16,263
12,0M
111,221
1,nz
76,195
47,327
211,777
14,337
18,3111
21,255
5,00J
12,338
99,515
21,310
14,512
2,1.
3,!1126
7,etn
1,eal
10,816
5,193
30,581
4,214
12,17-4
97,177
21,807
23,468
1,773
8,745
77,994
9,506
J,11116
754
1,590
9,371
4,776
9,217
1,687
79,811
7,899
9,817
1,959
3,078
8,888
9,218
10,512
7,525
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
225,laZII
139,524
51,511
19,942
186.495
20!5,490
101,6118
27,994
8,31111
152,850
9,705
11,580
8,515
222,047
4,524
15,126
10,734
26,246
15,012
7,019
18,5111
IMl,210
51,71-4
54,837
187,270
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97,167
30,01Z4
41,378
150,820
9,838
11,696
9,319
5,228
15,873
12,1ee
31,kr
12,301
8,231
20,577
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(14)
(35)
(36)
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81,718
27,Wl
282,375
17,501
45,150
55,,Di;
14,4611
235,047
10,888
25,470
14,662
3,740
19,998
2,359
7,728
11,460
9,788
27,330
4,254
11,952
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25,80!>
296,345
16,066
«s,209
58,357
13,11611
248,356
10,538
25,182
12,752
3,664
18,708
2,441
8,603
10,283
8,176
211,281
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19,1111
59,994
138,782
16,!1126
10,110
9,400
36,50!5
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10,010
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3,593
8,100
20,477
Z,499
1,777
6,191
14,679
38,920
4,347
3,933
59,r'19
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16,83-4
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35,036
78,0IZ8
10,377
4,117
3,776
9,706
18,315
7,078
1-4,537
30,387
2,6011
3,1•
53,350
27,180
25,941
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2,7111
ll,e7
5,737
7,207
10,764
1 ,-452
16,513
13,'69
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16,482
4,J71
57,609
85,264
10,043
24,222
26,645
42,716
57,047
3,789
ll,396
6,00II
7,'57
11,004
1,522
1.1512
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3.700
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2,100
3,311
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35,1156
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1,347
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286
2,251
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272
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(55)
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(57)
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8,821
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56,7..
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1,619
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218
1,261
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222
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100.0
34.9
,,1ez
11.7
1,931
t.4
134,8!8
2,014
,
Sl
162
1
11. 1
(15)
.,
(16)
...
w
Bai
1,IM
t,Olt
M
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100.0
6.I
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22
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11.0
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24.6
4,471
123,aez
67.0
75.4
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25,911
47.1
(40)
•••
(4'1)
(41)
(41)
(44)
(41)
(4')
1,• •
,._.,
<•>
(19)
,-,,c IDMCI ANl•IITUTI•
.._,. . Dtw11t•
IIClll-f'CHIUt. D"11t•
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Sam
(40)
lacTTLUDIT ANt•IITIIATI•
54,tU
a.on
sr.,
(41)
. . .L l&.&cT•t,IOATI• ANt•IITIIATI•
751
215
11.2
,...
(CZ)
(a)
(44)
(45)
IIOMYlal!T . , nc 111uaun
wa
.,
LIZ!
ILi
JU
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112.,
I0.7
a.3
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67
75
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..,..,
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IQ
11.0
Dal
LIii
ILl
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(47)
(41)
(49)
(90)
(51)
......_,
YnlEIIAN 1 A11111•11TMT1•
C..N W
DIii•-
OIIM,...,..,111 o..a
.,..
M7
1,125
114
2,111>6
"°•'"
516
1,179
210
1,050
554
,.
...,
!!am
li.&21
Zt,Ol1
5,204
(11)
727
17t
MUUWln....._acn.,c
(ZI)
(IZ)
(ZI)
(14)
(25)
(21)
(17)
,,
1.,
I01
, _ . . . . , . , D19111•
l'WUI MDLIII 1111\ftK
IUHTM\' 1 1 CIPPtOI:
(17)
(18)
(1t)
(IO)
...
22.4
181
6,...
114,217
( 8)
( t)
(10)
(11)
(11)
(11)
(14)
lLa
.
77.6
( 7)
6'.I
•
,.,
15.t
..
( 4)
12.,
4oZ
100.0
15
11
162
41
114
91.0
.,
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111
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3,399,596
308,86'
OTHO AGENCIES
(17)
(18)
(1t)
(20)
(27)
,11
,:11
400
ALLIY o.i.1..tt11G Alml•lrt
(25)
(2')
,41
w••,.._,
I0.2
(16)
(14)
lil
1ta11-!!11.1 IE
11!1111!
tll&III
,
DUIRTIIENT o,- AUl:ULTUIII
MUIAL INOUITN'I'
ltOLNt;AL Suave-,
ENTO•OLOIY AND PL.MT QUAIIANTINI
(21)
Iii
11■111!
46,,00
900
CCC CAll~I
11101411 IIDEIIYATl:Nfl
T1111uroa1a
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(ZZ)
11152 !! !!lli'E
I2Iel.
I0,001
4,271
154
l!ai
u.o
ll.6
465
...,
t,OIO
m
•• 1
■--
47.4
7.5
11.1
11.1
17.t
(■)
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(M)
<•>
<•>
(17)
(47)
<•>
<•>
(,o)
(91)
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flf
I
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ExC\.WIN Aat•tlTIIATIWC DIPl.e'la8
ltllC E•1H AUIUIT 29, 19H
!Y;
LI•
••
ITAl'C
M
( I)
( 2)
( I)
'4)
'5)
' 6)
( 7)
•All) TOTAL
TOTAL DIITIIIIUT&O IY STATEI
.......
ALM.-A
MIZONA
C. . .CTIOWI'
' •>
Da.AWAIIE
(10)
(11)
(11)
(14)
.....
DIOTRtcr ... COLlallA
F'l.•tDA
(15)
(II)
IDAIIO
ILLINOII
l•DIANA
IOWA
(17J
b■IAI
(II)
(ltJ
(IO)
(11)
(ZZ)
(D)
("4)
(15)
(It)
(17)
(D)
(It)
(IO)
(11)
(12)
(a)
(14)
(15)
(N)
(17)
<•>
<•>
(40)
(41)
)
(45)
....
(SI)
(54)
(9)
,.,
,.,
(111)
(17)
1
14,224
40,7.M
111,896
M,889
zt,130
45,"MS
lt,1'71
50,708
'12,957
47,359
15,1•
n,a
IAltYUIID
IAIIACHUIETTI
111,H2
......,...
101,962
71,714
,z, '7110
11,,.,
■IINHU
......
S1,45t
1,616
11,1. .
t1,111
117,!98
57,1!5!5
,,.
Z,'58
11,058
173,!169
7!5,540
29,593
47,985
64,778
41,264
12,zoe
11, '40
110,195
.,,.,.
IIONTANA
IC>,0127
61,470
111,69'1
100,168
2:s,ee1
llhADA
16,581
4.,214
12,l"H
l0,1115
2,19!77
10,.eez
V7,rtn
•,421
21,807
11,oee
m,047
140,210
190,207
115,19
■ 1..aora
■ INOUIII
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. . HHNNIRE
. . . .y
Nn IIEx,co
. . YCMIC CITY
STATE (ExcL ••• ,.c.)
. . y-
loaTN CAROLINA
NlltTH OAICOTA
....
ONIO
GICUNOU
. . . .YLWMIA
IHODE la.aie
louTH CMIOLIU
IOuTN DAICOTA
TK!alEIIU
'IUAI
v-
........
IY•••
....ALA••,,
o.. ,.,.UTED 8Y
, • ._ CAML
Ta.noau:•
zoa
Pwn• ....
YI. . • IIUIIDI
•n
.,872
54,837
187,2'10
51,516
1'10,9111
11,.
,,,,~
1,,oee
19,691
U1,717
11,7111
45,209
16,ffl
41,404
59.,270
1211,no
1Cl,U4
9,'51
44,774
47,314
101,124
14,2315
47,711!5
45,'709
57,eot
85,264
10,041
IUT V1•.,•1A
TeTAL
51,714
Z!S,eot
Zte,Me
v1 ....,.
(,o)
(SI)
(91)
z,M 111
17,156
llrAH
(41)
1.m.m
!l!S,1IO
205,096
,,.,.
,.,
,.,<•> ....,....
(«)
2,900,304
'9,IIN
ICDffllCICY
leutltAU
., fiI
1.,399,'86
18,0315
49,4315
156,8015
40,008
CALtitOa•tA
CoL•aoo
( I)
(11)
Torr
(2
ASIICII !I Ce1111••
ll'IIIIClll9 CEIITt,aa
Alt• NEED
1
Er
TftAL
t1an11aurs• "'
ITATU • Tlan•ra
....
51.!IOt
1,111
251
46,101
1,147
1,a1
a,11112
··-
M,no
.......
IIO!t-llELtEr
491>,2'11
2,376,565
2,ffl,641
122,924
( I)
~
10...,.1
1,a11
1,,01
Z1 376 1!5e5
10,970
9,034
JO, 172
106,783
29,631
2 1 253 1641
ID,901
a,6eo
28,561
101,9!'7
28,234
J.B.e
,.~
( I)
374
1,804
4,846
1,197
'4)
'5)
'6)
20,933
2,118
6,940
26,147
36,881
19,548
22,959
5,11t
5,129
1,0158
z,ecn
1,969
t,211
(6)
'·'°'
6,323
24,917
35,429
(7)
,,,es
20t
617
1,210
I ,-452
482
( Z)
( 7)
( I)
l t)
(10)
(II)
( 12)
(11)
(14)
6,119
161,220
68,726
2!,139
40,989
5,637
150,!'73
51,934
2,722
!572
1,299
( It)
7,883
14,322
95,102
41,212
M,080
6,584
11,515
99,424
f/J7
(21)
1,171
(22)
76,195
"1,327
~.777
84,337
18,319
73,408
«5, 186
27,478
70,351
17,644
2,S7
z, 141
2,299
4,986
(23)
23,46a
1,773
8,745
77,994
9,506
22,897
1,11154
7,1121
72,322
8,547
571
119
t20
116,112
11,278
200,021
V7, 167
J0,024
41,378
150,820
7,718
,,111
14,628
2 1 281
1,211
58,357
13,999
248,356
10,518
25,182
J,AO
J7,!'-SO
35,036
78,028
10,377
4,187
6,098
11,527
15,!WI
l.,ZQ!I
t,170
1,170
4,0ll!S
z, ...
1,162
7,1167
10,174
12,305
13,069
16,49!5
6,3'71
··1,317
2,422
11,456
4,"42
22 1 840
15,058
12,842
1,251
11,9'4e
15,801
Z,'99
Z,119
9,921
10,179
l,eot
11,424
1,211
-
••
LI•
(4)
71,MO
•••
......
TOTAL
(5)
51,000
.,.,o
l'Olllcl !:!!!MEIi Aal•!ITIIAT!2!
l'allOH CDITtrtE•
Al IN NEED
~Lll:r
fl RELIU
1115,062
21,914
39,106
14,652
67!5
(tS)
( IIJ)
( 17)
( II)
(20)
(24)
(Z5)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(20)
5,&72
(30)
(SI)
95
(32)
IJ, 709
4,0,0
l,!594
(33)
(14)
s
(Ja)
5,244
(37)
56,157
2,200
IJ,262
707
<•>
(19)
229,675
10,254
ZJ,977
18,681
214
1,zo,
(40)
(41)
(42)
H,779
Jl,297
771
1,m
(44)
93,117
28,430
40,819
1«1,576
74,561
t,151
1,252
D,MO
H,121
40,117
24,222
26,6'15
42,7H
57,047
3,7S
IO,M7
1,664
I, 155
1,883
54,4157
J,525
,,..,
519
ns
••
!IZ4
z,,.
Z,'90
ZM
(35)
(41)
(45)
(46)
(47)
<•>
<•>
(90)
(51)
(st)
(SI)
(54)
(915)
~
2,112
.,
42,387
1,714
1,211
111
(17)
(91)
4,281
4,540
'9)
,,.,
10I
151
IOIII flllOIREII IIIIINIITIIATt•
PICNIIDI IEPGIT, - - - 15, 1911
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T A 8 L [
...
E•PLO'fll(NT ON WORIC PRO.ECTI OF AOCNCIES OTHCR THAN l'A ANO CCC, flt ITATCS
[XOUIOlff AIIIIINIITIIATIVC EIIIPLOYm
ftD £111 lff AUIWT 29 1 1t96
ITATI:
(1-4)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(11)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
!•l
IIAII> TOTAL
1137,-431
27',e85
27,703
20,"91
207,218
16,717
,
4,182
4 1 120
•
TOTAi. DlffllllUTU 1tY STATD
AI.AUIIA
AIIIZONA
AIIKANIAI
CAI. l!''OIIN I A
COI.OIIAOO
580.SQB
15,731
-4,990
10,204
38,455
6,327
273.537
6,478
4,196
-4,404
10,973
-4, 190
~
2011.505
5,m
1,994
3,979
7,219
19. . .
1.516
"',177
4.1ZO
E
4
5
4
( 9)
( 6)
282
20."4611
15!5
1,1128
-433
2,075
1, ,,.
5
( 7)
6,514
889
2,969
10,ee4
10,299
2,179
-4ff1
188
3,166
5,059
780
7
1,302
-4ff1
CONNECTICUT
OIITIIICT 0~ COI.WIIA
F'I.OIIIOA
8EOll81A
IOAHO
ILLINOII
,.,,..A
IOWA
KAIIUI
.....
KDITUCKY
LllulllAIIA
9,372
5,037
5,130
9 1 7GB
10,101
...,083
...,388
2,803
...,,..
33
!el
-40
210
551
1,034
132
100
1115
207
m
2,4'8
21
155
819
(1-)
(1t)
(IO)
(21)
-4,521
8,351
3,ece
22
291
e29
1,394
e,ZZ6
533
2,NO
922
4e!S
183
409
788
130
289
2
5,627
1,361
627
1, 7"7
2,157
6
6,-419
9,870
...,"28
10,s«s
1,436
440
789
98
303
454
-439
IIGNTAIIA
13,737
16,263
12,034
19,221
8,059
. .IIIAIICA
. . VADA
NEw HAIINHIM:
Nn JERKY
Nn •x100
9,217
1,ee1
2,539
10,512
7,!525
6,339
1,~
1,704
5,156
3,900
Nn YORK CITY
Nn YOIIK {[XCl.o N,Y,C.)
NOIITN CAIIOI.INA
NOIITH DAKOTA
OHIO
12,188
31,347
12,301
e,n1
20,577
15,359
7,564
6,155
2,1:13
1117
9
400
tn
6;i&3
3D5
233
93
-·-
187
1,842
-411
1..0
1,075
-403
11-4
3,405
1,011
3.101
4,930
15~
1,416
1,454
1,190
121
119
7.et
515
,,2n
,,.9
2,714
8,ffl
1,971
!!
Z!1
OICUHOelA
3,IQO
27
66
9Q
11.◄2◄
(41)
(44)
(445)
(46)
(47)
IOUTN OAICOTA
5,2-43
5,618
17,274
2,427
2,9GB
13
266
1:,0
1
1,-4«1
632
292
257
-T
7,078
1-4,537
30,.7
3,848
3,7Zt
WIMINIA
WMHIHTO.
IDT YININIA
WIIOONIIN
14,167
13,0!515
7,310
17,211
572
456
1,051
286
....112
1,120
2,em
3,527
10,7'8
2,131
£t§.f&.
m
UTAH
"-••·
(SI)
....
(97)
Ml!Te
f_,.AL DIITIIIIUTID IY TUIIITOIIIEI
ALMICA
,AIIAIIA
CAIW. Z~ I ot
WIMIN Ill.Alee
TOTAL NOT IIITlllaUfD n
ITATD • , . . ,r.,a
286
2,251
253
41,m
184
3N
3
2-4
(ZZ)
71
(a)
(M)
(l!S)
27
2,530
fM)
fi7
•
<•>
<•>
(.,)
27
781
(11)
Cle)
62
383
453
1,083
112
,.,
,.
...
3,507
7,'1'1)
109
402
1,304
2
1,007
19
1,413
19
,.
1,a
-41
Z7
99
826
119
(14)
(IS)
(N)
f17)
,.,
...,
,...,
119
(It)
1,216
1,111
(40)
309
711
zz
1J,'88
6,453
3,524
6,276
(41)
n1
sn
9110
11
111
(41)
(44)
IO
4
(41)
,0
4
(47)
10
(41)
(!IO)
(51)
74
111
m
9
i
711
Z2
1,411
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42
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1,111
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2,90
204
IOUTN CAMI.I IIA
Tl!alUeU
YIXM
•
( I)
( t)
(10)
(11)
(11)
3,007
3,ZM
1,975
871
1,208
7,412
9,53-4
5,080
8,642
1186
..., ...79
151
( Z)
( 1)
'4)
(16)
(17)
IINoKIILMD
(IP)
7
( 1)
42
(42)
(SI)
141
2,,.,
3,0P4
2,200
. . . .YLYAIIIA
i:i
,.
2-4
(41)
(91)
133
214
158
335
111 1
317
84
183
388
5,729
-4,832
10,094
3!J8
-4,690
(51)
HO
..
f10J
LI•
••
(13)
(14)
(11)
393
10,283
s.1111
29,281
3,087
(52)
M
798
44
<•>
<•>
(40)
(41)
(Ml)
(,o)
2,+11
COIIICIIYAT I OIi
SCIIYIO&
963
IIIARYUIIO
IIAIIACHUl&TH
■ IIIOUIII
(M)
('5)
(16)
(17)
15,815
9,00Z
10,885
8,091
e,o;rz
9,859
5,870
8,933
141
8
1,521
l'WI.IC
IIOAH
2!S7
108
(26)
(27)
(13)
8,706
2-4,969
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(32)
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(24)
(25)
(28)
(29)
1,J
!3!
( 1)
(13)
!•!
ona
!21
(1
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
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5)
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l)C,ANflallT OIMNTIIINT
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Of'
TOTAL
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.,
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(
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( 6)
( 7)
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i~J,
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.....
TOTAL. OIITNIIUTID ff ITATII
CALIP'OMIA
COUMDO
......
(a)
(IO)
131)
32)
(SJ)
(M)
(15)
(N)
('7)
<•>
...
(SI)
(SI)
,.
<5;~
f:;J
(,e)
<•>
y
J/
V
112
n
IIANACNUICTTI
.........
.....,..,,,.,
......,
...........
IICHIUII
s
725
7
12
S5t
967
16
4f1
271
129
16
m
,,
New JDlll:V
30
OICuKOIIA
135
400
164
,,,.
467
1,579
197
-
PDINIYLVANIA
louTM
574
)
CANOLIIIA
495
611
.,
22
1
1,711
22
_,
IITAN
Me
412
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1,122
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114
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761
309
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(k)
(5!5)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(311)
(40)
(41)
(42)
...
11,107
(43)
(44)
(45)
7Z4
(46)
(47)
-
2,Z,S
1,1,z
1,m
2,"3
'°'
~
(48)
(48)
(SO)
(51)
(!12)
4M
(SI)
(54)
(!115)
111
(se)
(57)
(51)
66t
tti
226
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Aulu IIIAO C0.111•••
, - . , 0 Ill 08 lllCOMHUGT ION AIIIUIIIITIIATIOlle
Ts.o■AAY a o c - . n o,.
v1••• ,-.-..
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,,102
11,206
1,t!!O
2,M5
,.,.
1,m
(28)
(29)
(30)
2,10,
2,ns
(26)
(27)
(31)
(32)
119
*
(23)
(Z4)
(25)
532
1,222
1,ffl
11,206
1,t!!O
3,087
(ZZ)
2,164
771
7,179
llOt
44.117
1,eM
183
'•*
,,ee1
147
3,402
5,732
J,5a3
631
956
7M
43
M
7
4.,4154
t,273
5114
5,010
11,211
1012
422
1.11e
126
5"
...,
Ml5
HD
1,820
183
(11}
(12}
..
2,889
5,1570
190
314
( •>
((10}•>
(18}
(19)
(20)
(21)
1,147
4,1144
3,776
5,732
3,563
631
( 7)
4,148
3,236
1,704
73
3,!163
771
536
1,1ao
-
2,189
5,939
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
267
511
15
5,541
,,,,.
2457
13,9'48
4,148
3,236
1,704
!18
293
111
451
2,100
167
1,977
11,111
1,470
2,294
102
ze
158
7
•
l,7Z4
3,220
1,431
197
371
11
11
16
1,121
26
10
10
13
m
148
20
3,'40
118
't;Z7
"
4157
211
173
41
,.
.•-
,
VIIIII . . A
(
(
(
(
(
20
6
1,174
WMNIHTON
2,040
•
IO
•
s
163.541
182
54
152
6
Trxa•
•• 210
525
,t(f1
ze
429
422
TENICHU
169.818
3,108
1457
1,9'77
11,1,S
t,470
7
Z45
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,.
1
1eo
7
4
SOUTH DAKOTA
15. 131
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. . . YOIIIC (EXCL 0 N.Y 0 C0
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m
1
H
451
16
481
IICW 111:XtCO
( 1)
29
219
4153
.alAIU
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1114,217
145
676
"'6
21
42t
6,G84
17
11
22
11
170,901
31
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99
10
LIIC
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15,598
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•
13
no
1,037
82
1 ,7315
111
mllTAIIA
303
159
...
IIAAYU.
481
1,500
!IO
NON-f'IOCRAL
OIVIIION
rn
7
575
510
89!5
.......
llHOoC I tUIID
(51)
11
INOIANA
IOWA
(40)
(41)
(42)
(,o)
1,524
uo
OllrllOII
<•>
(4t)
14.245
474
,,.
(It)
(41)
(44)
(45)
(4f)
(47)
10.JOZ
OIITAICT OF COLullllA
KINTUCII\'
LOUIIIANA
(■)
2 1 378
10
10
182
1•
f'LOIIIDA
(11)
(19)
(27)
28.449
C-CTICUT
KAMAI
(25)
4f,141
592
182
2.201
353
loAHO
(N)
14,Z45
AIUZOIIA
ILLl:IOII
(~)
(14)
10,116
484
('.11)
(ZZ)
2,'82
AUIAIIA
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(IO)
(21)
73,154
HOUIINI
OtVIIIOII
OIi imiT . . . . ,
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STATI
IIHETTU:MINT
ADIi i NIITIIA Tl ON
LINC
•
AURAL
EU:CTltlrlCAT ION
OTNP
TOTAL
c•".,
2
( 1)
WNO TOTAL
54,9G
751
6,!IOI
1,436
3,067
( 2)
TOTAL UIITIIIIUTID IT STATCI
AI.ADMIA
AIIIIOIIA
AIIIIANIAI
CALIP'«-IIA
COLIUDO
~
~
~
...IJIL
LSlll
( I)
(
(
(
(
TOTAL
Dl:NltT-■T
4)
5)
6)
7)
( I)
C..CCTICVT
CCLAIIAIII
DIITIIICT 1/W CO~IA
FLGIIIIA
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
.....,.
(11)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
IDAHO
ILLINOl8
hlDIANA
16
4
35
:u
1,0
112
111
77
79
1011
47
35
YT1
212
ZII
14
15
7
15
22
19
3
:!I
53
2
722
111
611
279
77
zoe
1,112
1'9
169
149
1, 16:9
10
214
211
1
14
14
1
210
142
•
22
..
62
,,
(ZO)
.,.,.,
(21)
(22)
IIIMIYLANO
IIIAIIACNUICTH
(2:9)
(24)
(25)
(26)
IIICNIIM
lll•CIITA
7
571
7011
4,642
Lovlll-
IIIHlual
IIGIITMA
775
1,215
1,IOI
149
2,IJI
llu,tAIICA
546
........~,
7Z
30
41
»
NCWADA
•n---•ac
Nn JDII\'
105
174
Nn IIDICO
(II)
(17)
ND YO. CITY
New,... (ExcL. N.Y,C.)
NOIITN CAROLINA
NOIITN IIAICOTA
ON10
(18)
(19)
(40)
(41)
(42)
OlcLANCIIIA
DIIEIION
f'INNIYLYANIA
RHOOE l1u•
IDUTM CAIIDLI NA
1,034
1,111
1,295
(41)
(45)
souni DMHA
TDelUIU
TCXAI
(46)
(47)
t.-.,
776
1,111
521
1•
(k)
(15)
(36)
(44)
-
u,...
,...
•••
v, ........
........
""
'"' ..........
(SO)
(51)
(St)
1,0M
IIICIT WIIIIINIA
110
IYCIIIN
(93) TOTAL DIITIIIUTID IY
(54)
ALAIICA
('5)
MA•1I
(SI)
,_AIIA CANAL ZOIIC
(57)
f'ucll TO RI GO
(!11)
r..,,.,.
VIIIIN IILMH
•or
TOTAL
DIITllllurU IY
STAHi OIi TIIIIIITOalD
II
1/
1,008
1,11t
720
1,141
1.152
<•>
(91)
51
1,ou
116
KINTUCff
(28)
129)
(JO)
(11)
(32)
1
10
2'9
11
296
3.519
1,M9
11
,
OnD
10
II
u•
545
M,U5
29,0l'I
5,204
115
' 1)
~
16
...-u
111
11.m
.a
712
Ill
( Z)
( I)
m
79
111
11,m
•
911
177
11,761
'4)
,.
195
' 5)
'•>
' 7)
4
1,446
I
1,446
1,114
41
1,1M
17
129
566
16
15
14
e/
•
814
Z27
43
•
265
313
2
•
8
...
t5
HS
16
22
4
146
129
5
282
31
26
7
175
7
1
10
668
91
4
4
I
111
1
7
7
57
t11
57
911
71
72
61
(11)
(1t)
(ZO)
(11)
(12)
(aJ
1
(M)
(15)
(It)
(27)
01
(II)
(It)
7
119
1,-.
.,•
.,z
!II
s,
l•J
1,-.
201
16
•
111
(IO)
(11)
119
(M)
29
12
<•J
'75
241
1,1C57
41
1,221
(15)
(It)
(ff)
<•>
(40)
(41)
23
..
791
...
46
I
1,IOI
I
1 1 IOI
•
- -..
II
11
I
611
251
5
I/
(II)
11
74
1,241
74
1
1
"
.
.. ..
.. ..
21
I
11
66
5
7
1Cl8
(11)
(11)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
Q
1
Z2
60
101
I
95
('(10)•>•>
(11)
6
118
'""
(27)
-
12
10
190
22
278
J85
KMIAI
(18)
(19)
4,711
15
1,110
........
QUII~
151
5
....
,
ALLl:Y Din&. IN AuTfla ITY,
LI-Y fW
7,114
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c........
....... IINlff • . . , _ ••
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(41)
(44)
(45)
<•>
(41)
<•>
(49)
(N)
(11)
(SI)
(11)
(N)
(IIS)
(!11)
<•>
(11)
<•J
131
TABLE
5
PatCENTAIE DISTIIIUI' ION t, PUIIDIII DIPLOYD •
WPA PROJfflS, IT T11'EI t, NOJECTS
ExCLUOING AMI• IITUT I WE E•ltl.OYEEI
SCPTneat AND OECDIKlt 19351 IIHCH, .,..E AND AU8UIT
1936
(SueJECT TO RIEYIIION)
1935
LI•
••
Jy,c OI" PIIO.-c,
,1 J
IRAND
( 1)
( Z)
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
( 7)
( 8).
TOTAL
Ht-Ave, ROAN, MD STRIETI
Ht ...AVI
F'AIIII TO MIIICET A• OTH£1t IECCNIDAltV ltOADI
ST~I MD ALLEYI
MIDIEI MD VIADUCTS
IUDE~IH ELIMINATION
Ona!/
( t)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
PU-.1c IIUIL.DINU
(14)
PAIIICS ANO OTHER RECllltATIONAL F'ACILITIEI
(15)
(16)
(17)
(38)
(11)
C...UVATI ..
F'NHTATION
[-,.ION CONTROL ANO LANO UTILIZATION
IRRIGATION A• WATER co•ERVATION
(ZO)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
SUER S V8 TE• AND OTHDt UTI L IT I H
IA11:R ,URIP:ICATION ANO IUPIIL Y
(25)
(26)
(27)
(ZI)
(20)
(30)
(91)
(32)
(n)
SDtfaaD
(2}
EDUCATICIIAL
F'EOIUL 8DVERNIKNT (INCLUDING IIILITAltV ANO NAVAL)
HOUIINQ
OfHER !/
OflCR , /
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-
,o.o
( Z)
o.,
12.4
7.6
0.1
(
(
(
(
14.7
( 8)
t.7
16.5
13.3
7.6
o.5
0.1
15. I
.!Lt
Z:.!
!:!
8.6
o. 1
0.2
3.a
2.7
o.5
0.2
4.8
20.7
13.0
10.5
L!
~
0.3
o.5
4.0
1.0
!!.!
8.7
!:2
4. I
o.z
0.7
O. I
0.7
2.1
0.7
!:!
y
3.2
6.0
0.1
0.4
·• I
SRING
OTHER!/
37.2
~
0.7
13.2
9.4
0.7
4.8
aoooe
( 1)
34 14
o.3
t.5
11.0
1.7
o.,
11.6
O. I
PIIGP'EIIIONAL AND CLERICAL
100.0
100.0
SEIIER SYITE•
IHITE COLLAR
EDUCATIOlfAL
100.0
100.0
[U:CTRIC UTILITIEI
OTHEII !/
y
100.0
(31
2.2
OTHER
"fr'
IIAIICN
I .6
AlltNIITI AND OTHER TltAMPOltTATION
AIRPORTI AND AtaeAYI
(4}
1911
ME
ls!
DECEIIIIH
hl
1.6
I .8
i:i'
0.5
0 ..4
y
z.o
6.0
~
, •1
4.0
.h!
12.:!
0.3
1,4
o.i
o.z
o.4
s.1
1.0
1.9
6.5
0.1
o.s
-o.•
1.9
1 .s
o.5
11.4
7.4
0.1
0.1
14.0
y
LI•
No.
3)
4)
5)
6)
( 7)
0.2
5.7
,.,
( t)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
1Q.7
10.3
(14)
4.2
it!.
o.,
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
~
1.e
a.1
(21)
(IZ)
!:.!
3.0
o.e
0.1
0.3
2.,
o.,
9.1
,:i
6.7
0.2
0.4
2.3
;:;
0.4
z.o
8.4
~
2.2
6.4
,.2
12. 1
13.1
i:i
o.8
0.4
0.1
0.3
2.,
o.z
0.4
-
(20)
(23)
(24)
2.3
1 .,
0.4
(Z,)
(26)
(27)
10.,
1.g
(28)
8.1
(30)
(29)
(31)
8.5
1.,
10.0
;;:;
~
II. I
(JZ)
2.1
1.6
1.,
(33)
(34)
SANITATION AND HEALTH
7.1
3.7
3.7
,.1
3.1
(34)
(15)
IIIICCLLMUUI
z.o
3.t
2.3
Z.3
z.s
(35)
y
II
LHI THAN 0.0!5 NIIOl:NT,
INCLUDII ,■ OJICTI CL.AIIIP'IAILS I . a . . . , . . . . . . fW THI NUDINI MOWCo
IORKS PROGRESS ADIINISTRATION
PROGll:SS 11:PORT, OOTOHII 15, 1911
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6
NI.UBER Of' PERSONS EMPLOYED, HOIIIS ANO EARNINGS ON WPA PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS
EXCLUDINQ ADIIINISTIIATIVE EMPLD'l't:ES
SEMIMONTHLY PERIOD ENDING AUGU8T
15, 1936
(SUBJECT TO REVIIION)
Avt:IIA•
HOURLY
PERSONS EMPLOVEO
LINE
TvPI:
LIIIE
Of' PROJECT
NO.
NO.
( 1)
IIAND
TOTAL
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
HIIH■AYS• AoAOI• AND STREETS
HI-AV8
(11)
(1Z)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
PUBLIC a,ILDINGI
(ZO)
PAIUC8 AND OTHER AICCREATIOIIAL FACILITIES
PLAVGIIOUlll8 AND ATHU:T IC P' IICLOa
PARICI
(21)
(22)
FARM TO IIAIIICET AN> OTHER IICCONOAIIY IIOADI
STREETS AND ALLEYS
SIDRAUC8• CURN, AND PATHS
ROADSIDE INPROvE-NTS
BIIIDGE8 AND YIADUCTI
8RADE-C-.INQ ELl ■ INATIOII
OTICII
V
ADMINIITIIAT IVE
CHARITASU: 1 -DICAL• AND -NTAL IN8T ITUT IOIII
EDUCATIOIIAL
SOCIAL AMI •cREATIONAL
FEDERAL 90WIIICIIT (INCLUDING ■ ILITAIIY AND NAVAL)
I MPIIOYICIIENT o,- GIIOUNOI
HOU81NG
V
OTHER
(Z3)
OTHICR ! /
(24)
0-ATI•
FOM:ITATION
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Elt0810N CONTROL AND LAND UTILl'ZATION
IIIIIIGATION AND ■ATER CO. .HYATION
PLANT, CIIOP, AND 1,.1 VUTOOIC OD1181CIIVATION
OTHER!/
(30)
IICIIICR IY8TIC• AND OTHER IJTILITIEI
(31)
WATER PURIP'ICATION AMI IUPPLY
IEIIER IYIT!ml
{32)
(31)
(:M)
(1!1)
(16)
(3')
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(49)
(44)
(e)
(48)
(47)
(48)
(49)
EU:CTRIC UTILITIIC8
OTHER!/
AIRPOIITI MIO OTNICR TltAHl'ORTATION
NAVIGATION
AIRPOIITI AND Allt■AYI
OTNICR ~
1M ITIC C0UNt
!,282,«154
100.0
117,155
100.0
159,648
100.0
50.e
( 1)
817.836
14,0124
281,636
172,517
34,524
85,355
,a5,716
9"2
213,122
~
0.6
12.3
7.6
1.5
3.7
0.7
0.1
9.3
41.006
749
14,086
o, 150
1,714
4,514
726
34o9
0.6
12.0
7.8
1.5
3.a
0.6
18.732
310
5,540
4,548
~
45.6
( 2)
( 3)
54
10,103
210,211
24,076
18,240
71,461
10,220
1,1eo
~
17,700
29,ZOB
8,730
15,298
~
1.0
o.8
3.1
1.5
o.8
1.3
0.4
0.7
233.973
36,393
119,709
77,871
10.2
1.6
5.Z
3.,4
11.601
1.eoo
5,994
3,807
;:;-
gfS.201
3,068
5,899
65,907
5,-497
15,830
~
0.1
0.3
2.9
0.2
o.~
4.818
311
4.1
291
0.2
2.7
0.2
0.7
191.979
-to,667
138,305
4,215
8,792
~
1.8
6.0
0.2
0.4
o, 7'13
2,006
7,085
201
421
XJ!!
.1J
2.741
319
2,278
34,408
6,188
-43,546
2,632
.w..2!l.
PIIOP'UelONA&. AIID CURIOA&.
43,745
197,34&
SIC■ ING
m.m
252,201
EDUCA Tl OIIAL
--
CANNl•G
OTHICR ! /
IANITATlh AIID HICALTN
ELI.INATICII OP' ITMAII l'OLLUTIOII
IINOUITO ICIIAIIICATI-
CITMICR
V
0.3
1.9
0.1
12:!
1.9
8.7
325
766
3,172
269
77'5
144
14.130
2,toll
2,403
399
0.1
!/
0.1
8.6
31
4,599
31>.3
49.7
52.7
53.2
55.0
!17.4
1.1
.oee.s
8.7
6.430
904
842
o.8
2.e
1-4
0.6
1.2
0.3
0.6
663
2, 1012
919
476
o.8
6.661
943
3,156
2.,e12
5.1
3.2
o:i
8.2
;:;
600
0.2
0.1
2.3
0.3
1.0
0.1
12.0
z:;
696
Z01
531
2.386
145
151
1,579
143
368
5.050
1,042
3,687
115
206
~
10,212
14,Z49
1!1!1
1,808
11_,1
12.1
o. 1
1.!I
!&!!!
3r!l31
117
1,397
2,011
!:2
0.1
1.3
1.7
f1J!l.
.L.l
76.0
63.7
57.6
63.e
48.5
61.8
69.3
11.2
1.6
5o3
4.3
4.Q
( 4)
( !I)
( 6)
( Y)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(1!1)
(1e)
(17)
(18)
(19)
57-4
(20)
(21)
67.3
(U)
52.4
sz.1
(22)
0.2
46.8
49.5
(14)
0.3
2.1
0.2
0.6
51.9
-4908
53.2
47.5
(zel
(2!5)
(27)
(28)
(Z9)
i:i
sz.o
(IO)
5i:i
6.2
0.2
0.3
52.0
57.2
48.9
{'1)
(32)
(33}
(34)
2.4
~
8.5
15.3
3.4
11.0
7,12!5
2,881
35,695
1. 1
3.5
1.6
o.8
1.2
0.3
o.o
0,120
1at!l!I
62.9
71::i
o::i
o.5
.l!:l
10.8
1.4
203
1,135
81
11,221
11.0
0.1
1.6
2,343
21,487
39.0153
872
3,299
1,596
7-48
, ,-434
41A
0.5
9.3
7.6
1.5
4.0
1.9
0.1
63.6
49.8
!16.S
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
-.i
64.!I
(19)
(40)
'3.5
(-41)
"T.s
40.!5
ii:i
(42)
!5,642
60
864
0.1
1.4
38.8
47.8
(43)
(44)
(45)
0.1
1.2
1.1
1.!518
!58
!529
931
!.:!
0.1
o.9
1 .!5
43.0
40.e
97.9
46.2
(48)
(49)
11.0
(48)
(-47)
(50)
OIHIIISUTltN OP' IURPI.W CoaloolTIH
14,11'51
0.7
11!52
o.8
450
0.1
52.8
(50)
(!51)
Ml8CICLUISOW
41,"4
1.e
2,210
1.9
1,084
1.8
49.0
(51)
(5Z)
IPAINICC_,.
12,eos
0.6
731
0.6
292
0.4
,1.7 J/
(52)
.,,
J/
II
I. . . . . .
LIN TNM
.....,n 01.Mel,-&AaLC ..a o.e ......,.
ftlM . . .,. TIC . ., . .
AIOYICo
IIEDUCTIONI , . . . TIC ■Ma OP' . . . . . . IN ■GIii( OAIIN AIIIC ■AN P'OII aoAII• ANO LODGING AIID •DICAL MD DICNTAL CAIIIC.
1•a Pl-QI
Pl-DI
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1111
TABLE
7
PERCENTAGE DIITRIIUTIDN a, PERSONS EIPI.OYED ON IPA PRO.ECTI, BY STATES ANO IAJOR TYPEI
SEIUIIONTHLV PERIOD ENDIIIQ AueueT
(suaJECT TO
f1F PIIO.ECTI
15, 1936
REV1810N)
SElll:A
SnTaee
&TATI
LUC
No.
( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
UNITED STAT[S
35.8
12.3
7.6
CoNIIECT ICUT
( 0)
(11)
D1er•1cr or COLUIIIIIA
fLOtllDA
IE-IA
(12)
IDAIIO
(13)
(14)
INOIANA
01:UWAIIE
IU.IIIOII
(15)
IOU
(16)
KA111a1
(17)
(18)
(10)
KDITUCICV
(211)
(21)
(22)
(23)
2.5
1 .1
5.2
4.7
3.7
ALABAMA
AIIIZONA
.lllll<ANIAI
CALIP'OANIA
COLOIIADO
( 7)
( 8)
(10)
HleHWAY8 1 ROADS ANO STAEET8
fARII TO
STIIEETB
TOTAL
IIAAKET
ANO
ROAOI
ALLEY8
LOUl81ANA
Ila INE
IIIAIIVLANO
IIIA&SACMUIETT8
32.8
6.0
16.7
27.5
14.5
11.7
34.8
(27)
(ft)
(ZO)
(30)
(3'1)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(15)
(36)
('7)
(18)
(30)
NHIIAIICA
NEVA.DA
Nn HAll~IIHIRE
NE• JERIET
NU IIEXICO
Nn YOIIIC CITY
NU Y- (ExCL. N.Y,C.)
NOIITII CHOLINA
NOIITtt 0Al<OTA
01110
DlcLAIIOIIA
l'EMclTLVANIA
RHODI: IILANO
SOUTH CAROL I "A
(42)
&OUTII 0Al<OTA
(G)
T-EHEE
TEXAI
(47)
(48)
(40)
(,o)
(SI)
UTAII
VOIIONT
VIRGINIA
IAIHINITOII
IHT Yll181NIA
11 ec111111 •
IYOIII ...
!/
27.0
31.6
116.0
23.2
19,5
TIONAL
(6)
CONIC.VATION
TIii
(7)
2. 1
4.5
5.9
819
8.5
l2. 1
1e.1
8.1
8.o
6.7
4.1
0.7
1 .o
5.3
3.4
4.0
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
36.9
9.6
5.2
12.3
15.4
1 .4
14.9
11 .2
8.0
2.2
0.2
8.1
2.3
12.5
15.5
22.2
23.3
17.0
8.2
9.9
20.7
3.1
16.5
6.1
15.Z
AND
(8)
1 .7
31.2
5.6
8.6
6.2
5.0
3.1
25.1
6.3
4.8
1 .7
0.6
11 .1
49.5
36.9
25.8
15.0
10.6
2.8
3.7
6.5
6.5
2.0
1.e
3.4
(9)
(11)
(12)
2.,
10.6
12.7
21.2
1.6
o.8
10.2
6.2
2.3
9.9
6.0
5.2
19.0
2.5
7.7
26.6
14.4
25.4
19.1
4.1
0.7
12.8
13.8
14.6
19.5
12.0
11 .1
6.1
35.0
22.,
17.3
20.0
0.4
0.1
3.7
1 .2
2.6
0.9
15.0
o.8
3.2
16.4
3.0
14.4
12.0
7.7
12.8
2.e
5.7
8.1
14.3
4.7
7.6
7.4
14.8
5.1
{10)
2.6
o.3
8.6
20.7
14.7
4. 7
4.8
3.0
1.2
5.0
1.2
3.3
,.2
eoooe
o.o
15.1
7.0
16.2
TATION
IIIIICEL-
ANO
LA•-
HULTII
{11)
1 .4
4.5
5.2
6.8
20.3
9.0
0.3
1.0
8.7
1.0
15.2
4.9
2.9
7.8
8.8
o.8
1.1
6.0
1.8
2.2
4.0
1.4
3.3
0.6
11.7
7.5
4.8
2.8
2.1
2.5
3.6
1.1
2.1
16.0
16.4
19.9
8.7
10.6
0.7
2.2
9.5
20.1
6.9
22.9
5.4
11 .5
2.2
0.6
4.0
2.1
3.3
12. 7
0.6
3.0
20.8
1.0
4.6
21.2
6.0
1 .9
9.9
o.3
8.9
4.4
o.8
0.7
o.8
5.8
o.,
1.9
11 .9
2.7
0.6
10.3
8.2
1.0
0.9
3.8
( 7)
(( •>9)
I
0.1
7.5
1 .2
18.6
9.7
2.3
I 5)
( 6)
(10)
(11
6.0
9.8
20.8
22.2
15.9
2.9
7.7
7.0
13.4
4,6
1.3
1.0
9.1
12.2
4.4
6.2
12.1
1 .4
I 4)
6.3
0.9
1 .3
4.9
2.5
3.5
10.0
( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
5.5
1.4
12.3
5.8
10.6
11.,
2.0
0.5
13.4
7.4
9.4
9.3
Z0.3
4.6
4.1
5.8
3.0
(15)
2.5
3.8
7.2
7.4
9.1
16.1
3.1
0.2
1.6
3.6
(14)
o.o
7.6
13.3
5.6
11.6
7.2
7. 1
1.7
18.3
7.3
4.8
14.6
~ATATION
,4.7.,
1.7
3.7
2.5
5.5
10.2
f!U
TIIAN ►
SANI-
1M In:
COLLAR
12.5
0.2
1.9
0.5
4.0
5.0
4.2
9.2
18.0
10.0
9.3
7.3
9.2
AND
OTHEll
0.9
2.1
3.3
7.5
13.3
9.7
6.8
5.2
10.1
7.7
Alll~HI
OTHER
UTILI-
4.2
8.7
9.9
9.1
6.1
5.3
16.3
29.4
21.4
69.4
40.8
OtlEGON
(40)
(41 )
(44)
(45)
(46)
35.8
8.5
28.5
33.2
27.5
{5)
1.2
7.0
5.2
1.6
e.6
8.5
10.0
2.6
45.6
39.8
35.0
(24)
11111111gg1~~,
(2!1)11,_,
(IN) IIOIITANA
TOTAL
5.4
1.8
14.5
IIICHICAN
11 INNEIOTA
EDUCA-
13.4
n.o
59.6
22.5
55.2
32.6
26.!I
Put!LIC BulLDINGS
RECIIEATI ONAL
f AC IL 1-
2.8
2.0
1 .1
1 .1
1.5
1.0
7.8
1.8
1 .4
1.9
0.7
10.4
5.0
1.8
7.1
1.7
0.2
2.8
2.0
0.2
0.2
2.0
2.5
3.1
2.1
1.5
(12)
(11)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
5.2
6.2
2.0
2.0
2.1
11.9
8.1
1.1
0.1
2.5
y
0.7
1.2
2.1
12.9
1 .1
0.2
0.4
o.•
0.1
(22)
(D)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(211)
(30)
(J'I)
(32)
(31)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(311)
(40)
1.0
11 .6
6.0
11 .5
12.0
16.8
18.3
8.1
15.9
20.3
7.8
1.8
1.5
4.9
13.5
10.0
(41)
3.2
4.1
9.2
10.6
21.4
14.4
17.5
24.9
13.0
Hio4
o.8
0.1
13.2
5.7
2.9
3.0
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
13.9
10.6
3.9
,, .1
21.5
12.2
10.0
9.8
4.0
(47)
1 .1
1.,
(48)
(49)
(50)
(!51)
15.9
8.4
23.7
5.3
o.8
5.4
4.3
0.9
1.,
,.,
2.0
3.1
,.1
3.o
o.3
o.8
0.5
3.0
3.S
1.8
2,9
LHB TMAII 0.05 IIEIICINT.
IOIIKS PROGRESS ADIIINIITRATION
PROGRESS REPORT, OOT- 15, 19M
Digitized by
Google
136
TA8 LE 8
NWBER OF PERSONS EIPLOTED UNDER THE IORKS Plte,aAII 1N1 PROJECTS OF THE IPA
AND OTHER P'EOEltAL AGENCIES, BY ASSl811£D OCCUPATIONS
1/
1911
11.u!CH
LIIC
AN1G..:D OCCUPATION
No.
M
( I)
( Z)
TOTA!,
~
M
ORAND TOTAL
3,4412,220
136.800
1,262
22,-463
4,M?
!5,139
.13,244
4,467
18,610
( 12)
PIIOP'E8110NAL AND TECHNICAL IOIIICl:111
ACTOIII
AIICHITECTI, DRA~T811£N, AND TECHNICAL ENGII-EIII
MTIIT8, ICUL,TOIII, AND TEACHEIII OP' AIIT
LIIIAAIIIANI AND LIDRARIANl 1 AIIIITANTI
IIUIICIAN8 AND TEACHEIII OP' IIUIIC
NUIIIEI
PLAYOIIDUIID AND RECREATIONAL IIOIIICEIII
TEACHEIII (act,T OP' ART AND MUIIC)
IIIITEIII AND EDITOIII (EXCE,T ITATIITICAL EDITOIII)
OTHEII 'IIOP'EIIIONAL AND IEIIIMGPSNIONAL ~
17,837
( 13)
°"ICl:l'Ollllall
185.214
a,611
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
( I)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
(II)
(14)
8DoKKEE,EIII, ACCDUIITANTI, AND AUDITOIII
PAYROLL CU:IIKI AND T1111:KEE,EIII
CU:RKI (EXCE,Y 'AYIIOLL CU:IIKI AND TIMEKEE,£111)
STATIITICAL EDITOll8 AND £NUlllt:RATOIII
STENOGRA,HEIII AND TY,IITI
Ol'ICII CLDICA&. AIID on'ICC IIOIIIIEIII
( 15)
( 16)
0
( 17)
( 18)
( 19)
(210)
(ZI)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(2!5)
(20)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(12)
(33)
!50,300
11.i,m
22,mo
23,163
3.Z06
~
IKILU:D IOIIKEIII IN BulLOINQ ANO CONITIIUCTION
IILACK.. ,T ..
l!IIIICkLAYEIII ANO ITONEMAIOIII
CARl"ENTEIII
CEIIENT ,-INIIHERI
EU:CTRICIANI
OlorRATOIII ANO ENQINEERI - CONITIIUCTION EQUIPaNT
2(8.376
6,37'5
29,791
77,012
9,722
PAINTEIII
PulTDIEltl
PLUM1E•1, ANO GAi, ,1,r, ANO ITEAM P'ITTEIII
SHEn KTAL WOIIKDI
STONE CUTTEIII, CAIIVDII, MO KTTEIII
STRUCTIIIAL IRON ANO ITHL IORICEIII
OTHIII IKILU:D WOIIKEIII IN IUILOINQ ANO CONITIIUCTIOII
(35)
(96)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
SKILLED IOIIKERI NOT IN BulLDINI ANO CONITIIUCTION
IIACHI NIITI
IIECHANICI
OTICII IKILLED WOIIKERI (•OT ELHIICIIE 01.Alll,-IID)
(G)
(44)
(415)
(46)
(47)
SEIIIIKILLED IOIIKEIII IN 8UILDINI A_, CONITIIUCTIOII
APl'lll:NTICEI
IILAITEIII
HELl"EIII - CAR,ENTPI', ELECTIIIOIANl 1 1 'LWHll1 1 , CTCo
OlorRATOIII OP' DUILDINI AND CONITIIUCTI .. EOUlfllmEIIT
PIN: LAYIIII AND OOVCIICIII
RODIIIEII A• MAI_. - . - . 1 •
TIIAoT• .ue TIIUOK DIIIYDI
OTHIII HIIIIICILLEO IOIIIIEIII IN IUILOI .. AND OOIIITIIUOTION
(!50)
(51)
3,500
PIIOJECT SUPEIIVIIOAI AND fOAEIIEN
fOIIIEIIEN - CONITRUCTICMI (IIOADI, ITIIRTI, A_, Kfflll)
fOIIIEIIEN - CONITRUCTIOII (EXCEl'T IIOADI, ITlll:ne, ..., KKIII)
fOIIEIIEN - NON-CONITRUCTIOII PIIOJECTI
PIIOJECT IUl'ERVIIOAI, MAIIAKIII, ANO AIIIITANTI
(34)
<•>
(49)
«>,30!5
(52)
(SI)
(54)
('5)
(!51)
5all11CILLEO WOIIKEIII NOT IN 8UILDINI ANO CONITIIUCTION
(57)
i.clLU:O l'OMCUI
(91)
OoeUPATlo■ ■oT SN:OIP'IU
OUAIIOI AND WATCHIIE■
O,t11ATIYEI - MINTINI, ETC.
ICMsftlCND . . . . . . . . . . . .....
one■ .. IIICILUD WOIIICIIII ( ■o, ELSRICIIE ou111,-1a)
II
ti
Dorl IIOT INOLUDC ,£1110111 IDll'\.OYED IN
-
•,200
47,024
21,311
57,6159
.,.,
13,671
30,337
4,177
9,780
2,316
5,122
5,C83
8,303
,,.,
10.902
5,094
4,319
1-G.097
3,204
4,457
22,0157
13,Mt
5,509
1,014
.,,.
23,ffl
a,154
1,113
1,.,.
IPA
••
100.0
411,ZW
100.0
( 1)
~
7.7.IJ
.!al
!5,521
,.1
81>
~
!1!
,41
M
100.0
3,os,,011
3.t
~
1,za
PIIICEIIT
o.,
1a,eot
40,334
3,e
15,817
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
o.e
1.3
0.1
o.,
31
110
1,m
o.,
~
.1£!S
~
37 1HII
LZ
0.1
11,M
4,778
!S, IZ!5
13,235
0. I
0.1
0.4
0.1
4-443
o.,
1.2
O. I
..,
0.2
0. I
6,242
46,tee
61,662
1,821
19,t!53
21 1'4
!al
1e,eoo
2.2
0.1
0.1
1.4
1.4
o.e
1.7
42,?M
30,94
18,783
47,"9
,,11,
~
~
0.2
o.o
2.2
o.3
0.2
0.4
o.o
22,753
!54, 181
7,141
4,980
4,510
n,1ze
3,!24
7,511
1,a1
4,638
z,614
O. I
o.,
0.1
0.1
o.,
0.2
2&!
"
!!am
2.,614
3,tllt
0. I
15,m
0.6
0.4
0.2
o.z
,.1
0.1
..,..,
1,1,s
s,e1
lt,119
111 511
.1d
o.,
~
29 1054
..
11,100
2,528
2,.1.
0.2
0.7
!53.111
0.1
,,....
1.4
1.2
o.6
,
e,NO
060
7,098
22,831
1,ae1
1,707
9,111
2,200
,.a
0.3
0.2
o. I
o.o
0.1
0.2
053
...
z,ze
Oe I
0.2
!a.!
o.,
,.,
2.1
0.3
Zam
3,513
3,175
'7
24
2,3'115
3,334
13,236
14,122
3,210
1,012
6,29!5
0.2
0.1
14
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
M7
41!5
2,449
2,0CB
0.1
3.217
54Z
1,91
1,144
!:..!.
• • 73f
Jl
0.1
-
o.,
0.1
o.s
0.3
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.4
570
e,83!5
5,1M
114
2,363
22,CBt
10,406
i
i
j/
o.,
0.1
1.1
1.1
0.1
0.1
!a!
tJ
2.s
o.e
2.3
Z)
I)
4)
!5)
(( •>7)
( 8)
( t)
(10)
( II)
( IZ)
( 13)
(14)
(19)
(11)
(17)
(11)
( It)
<•>
(ZI)
(IZ)
(D)
(14)
(II)
(17)
5.1
0.4
o.4
2.1
0.5
o.z
o.,
0.1
0.1
o.e
o.s
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o.,
0.4
o.s
(Zt)
(ID)
(11)
(12)
(SI)
(M)
(II)
<•>
(17)
<•>
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(41)
(o12)
<•>
,
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(44)
1.z
o.z
0.6
,.1
Z.4
(47)
(4>)
(911)
(51)
am
3,!ICII
.!a!
1Z 1tll!5
3,331
.LI
(■)
1,759
O. I
13
2
o.e
18.ZOO
2,Slt,ffl
73. I
z,ns,•
7!5.1
233,1114
54.4
10,1oe
0.1
l,ffl
o. I
4,ZII
,.o
,..,,,,
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(
(
(
(
,.. ,.,
,.,
12.5
o.z
0.2
0.1
1.0
o.5
34.,353
LI•
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o.i
OTHIII fE!!5!!Ali A!1!!5l5!
11.-EII
PlllolllT
[1J
l'DCCIIT
0.1
(II)
9,649
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(54)
(■)
l,!IISI
,.z
0.1
,.,
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UT
T A 8 LE 9
IUaElt OF' PEIISN Ell'lfflD •
W,A PROJECTS, IT STATES AM> IAIE CLASSES
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EXCLIIDI• A•1NIITIIATIYI: £alLftlD
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!I·
111
( 1)
( 2)
TOTAL
( 4)
(
( •>
.,
( 7)
(
( 9)
(10)
(11)
2,819,288
2,205,191
ALAIIAIIA
42,272
32,618
AIIIZONA
12,207
40,446
1!52,516
38,~
41,252
12,029
!18,054
149,851
36,941
27,97'5
3,333
9,204
35,123
48,282
27,619
3,222
8,825
32,'58
43,220
13,893
199,576
80,003
13,641
10,7'111Z
194,044
159,308
65,162
31,410
38,180
CAL IP'OIIN I A
CO\.DIIADO
C:0-CTICUT
01:LAWAM:
OlaTalC:T 0~ COLijllalA
F'UNUDA
IEOIIGIA
(12)
IDAIO
(13)
(14)
(14)
ILLINOII
INDIANA
IOWA
(16)
ICANa...
(17}
kl:NTUC:ICY
(11)
LOulalANA
(19)
IIAINE
(ZO) IIAIIYLMO
(21) .....ACHUIETTI
(22) IIICl!IGAN
(23) IIINNEaOTA
(Z4) 111es1a11p,i
(25)
(26)
IIIH~III
IIONTANA
(27)
(21)
(29)
(30)
(31)
......ICA
(32)
11n YDalC CITY
IIEw YOIIIC (Exc:L. ■.Y.C.)
NOaTH CAIIOLl•A
NDIITK DAKOTA
ClttlO
(n)
(34)
(!15)
(16)
111:YAOA
Nn HAIINHIM:
11n JERKY
Nn
~,co
(37) 01C\.AHOIIA
(31) 0.ION
(It) PsalffLYANIA
(«>) llttOOE IILANO
(41) SOUTH CAROLINA
(42)
(43)
(4')
(415)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(,o)
(51)
h:l
11!1~
SOUTH DMC OTA
TEMCNU
TCXM
.....
UTAH
,
YI .. IICIA
■...HINTON
ftH VI .. INIA
w1ac:oa1N
av••••
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78,685
8,649
30,872
105,520
30,382
19,224
2,497
7,297
24,818
34,365
81:c:u111n
AND
WAH
.,,,,.
l15l~D
T"f;llil..
-~~
288,242
94,801
132,852
3,0lll5
1,4G2
3,258
15,427
3,278
3,333
1,'50
2,820
19,9129
2,407
1,306
368
1,CIIO
( Z)
178
2,412
2,ee
1,e1
(
(
(
(
3,202
931
3,141
5,538
3,731
320
437
3,205
1,837
1,4G2
101
160
1,394
1,480
2,565
5,062
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
1,104
14,040
6,352
2,629
2,049
1,258
13,560
5,812
1,235
2,134
487
S,036
1,359
265
478
252
4,632
1,318
1,450
2,802
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
:16)
3,474
2,923
725
1,837
16,780
2,598
4,!104
817
1,260
1,968
2,532
404
Z,225
,01
4,807
143
213
1,610
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
2,ae2
5,258
1, 7'53
3,069
881
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
670
262
170
5,115
(27)
(28)
(29)
856
(31)
31,458
(32)
(33)
(54)
INTD-
T~!..
2,952,140
,, .........
( I)
TOTAL
l'llonNIONAL
~!Iii
~
1,084
1,975
874
"5
111
379
36,989
'5,539
45,643
42,841
61,233
56,415
10,211
19,853
130,340
58,701
55,425
10,068
19,640
128,730
99,412
59,ffl
39,401
97,102
17,857
96,550
54,677
37,648
94,033
16,976
24,953
2,500
8,816
88,614
10,408
24,283
2,238
8,646
83,499
9,552
19,567
1,381
7,133
2,305
69,366
6,189
1,965
423
645
5,592
7,530
805
877
232,430
126,040
41,540
1051,430
..,,.
18,!588
9,599
31,ilf7
8,053
150,554
3,841
1,356
19,125
54,678
10,429
2, 7C'C5
1,088
14,420
11,276
195,512
200,972
121,040
39,711
11,139
187,672
3,573
1,829
560
7,840
76,497
22,317
279,8110
15,578
35,317
73,042
21,921
265,920
15,526
54,093
61,589
16,876
223,485
12,047
21,332
4,408
2,535
17,890
1,376
7,579
6,852
1, 77'5
17,610
1,579
4,271
1,093
2,555
735
6,935
524
911
3116
14,760
510,644
14,031
49,711
106,871
1,,20,
1,178
5,064
9,732
1,830
822
878
3,438
5,016
1,735
6,520
11,827
40,018
90,310
9,387
4,891
644
148
201
1,813
251
172
3,601
311
20
35,007
44,855
51,768
61,447
4,263
26,1194
32,136
45,711
44,12'
2,923
2,7'0
5,9'12
2,798
6,680
3,541
5,637
2,042
t7t'
1,573
1,078
9,225
618
1,417
541
,,, 708
110,472
13,514
&,549
36,580
45,733
"·'"
63,596
4,611
51,369
45,630
8,122
15,077
91,642
79,304
45,27&
26,662
84,016
13,281
15,501
8,858
2,730
4,321
3,612
1,432
6,'48
5,725
5,185
.,422
2,t-63
385
562
......
311
-T IIICUa9 1• nu• nM.S A- NIA~ Dl'IMTW OP' l:CIUIW, lllaalllll . , , , . , .._ , _ . . . ,. -
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1,640
946
1,480
1,983
200
446
49
306
Z,!152
l40
5,654
1,417
642
1,085
990
,,ooo
13,970
52
1,224
798
m
,.m
2,149
'48
L1•
!Sh
' 1}
3)
4)
5)
6)
(30)
(3!5)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(510)
(51)
_CII, ••,.,5.
IOAICS PR0GIIESS ADIIIIIISTRAT ICII
PIIOGIIEIS AEPOIIT, ICTaD 191 , . .
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138
T A B L E 10
ALLOCATIONS UIIOEA THE ERA ACTS or 1935 ANO 19'6 ,_ IOIIK P'ROJl:CTI AND OTHER IIUIPOHI, IJ AQENCID
J/
THIIOUQH Aua . . T 31, 1916
LIIC
No.
TOTAL
ALLOCATI-
AIENCY
1
( 1)
(
(
(
(
2)
3)
4)
5)
( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
( 11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
2
GRAND TOHL
DEPARTENT or AORICULTlJ!E
A•IC\ll.TURAL E - I C I
AIRICULTUIIAL [NQINEEAING
ANIMAL INDUeTRY
BIOLOGICAL SUAVl:Y
DAIRY IND. . TRY
ENTQUOLOQY AND PL.ANT QUARANTINE
ExTENIION SERVICE
FOAEIT SERVI CE
HOME ECONOIII :a
PL.AHT INDUSTRY
PUIILIC ROADII
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
IEATHER BUREAU
IIND EROSION CONTROL
0£NEAAL AO.IN16TRATIVE EXPE. .I
.
$5,430,063,8'9
$4,662,215,297
1767,848,!Ml2
14,037,979,157
589,765,687
533,440
7,151
1,494,050
1,293,730
3,000
17,058,431
4,066
30,754,625
687,500
40,493
504,0Z5,069
21,787,198
19,224
2,000,000
10,057,720
572.245.210
17.520.477
'33,440
557.545.471
375,000
600,000
1,.-.,a,o
40,493
499,621,865
19,432,198
19,224
2,000,000
9,8!52, 710
17,128
17,128
1,151
1,119,050
693,730
3,000
13,770,096
4,066
25,681,~5
.,,.,...,,.
aem.121
'33,440
7,151
5,073,000
878,089
3,000
17,058,431
4,006
19,SZ9,IIIS
Wl,!IOO
fllf1,,00
4,403,204
2,3515,000
4119,409,204
11,787,198
19,224
3,288,333
415,641
205,000
10,057,710 (17)
190,194
190, 111-4
(20)
U. S, CIVIL SERVICE COUIIISSION
120,000
;20,000
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
DEPARTMENT or COIIUERCE
CENIU8
f"l8HERIEI
INDUSTRIAL ECONOIIICI
LIIHTHO . .EI
10.~1.944
9,355,948
155,966
100,000
20,000
75,000
395,000
8.847.944
8,231,948
155,996
100,000
20,000
75,000
265,000
(28)
COORDINATOR FOR I NOUS TRIAL coo,ERATION
182,650
1&2,eeo
(29)
EIIERGENCY CONSERVATION IOIIK
605,984,9!51
605,984,9!51
(30)
EIIPLOYEES' COIIPENSATION co•1SSION
26,210,000
17,210,000
(31)
FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION
20,000,000
20,000,000
(32)
FEDERAL EIEIOENCY RELIEF ADIIINISTIIATIOII
915,005,(1125
915,005,etS
.,OIIIS,as
(33)
GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
5,000,000
5,000,000
1,000,000
(34)
( 35)
DEPARTIIIENT or THE INTERIOR
AL.AIU IIOAD CO. I 88 I ON
BITIMINOUI COAL C-IIIION
o~~ICE or EDUCATION
8EOLOOIOAL IU!IYEY
°"ICE 0, INDIAN A~~AIRI
NATIONAL PARK SEIIYI Cl:
,UOITO RICO IIEC-TAUCTION A•INIITIIATI . .
RECLAIIATI ON
ST, ELIZAIETHI HOIPITAL
flllPOAARY Gov•, 0~
IILMN
0ElallAL A•INIITRATIYE 01111:aD
,ag,624.gj37
671,500
70,581
1,8110,328
104,913
1,879,250
11,719,'87
3!5,999,795
05,447,000
9,453
434,600
2,407,978
115.ffl.425
671,,00
70,581
1,860,328
104,913
1,879,250
8,252,425
34,858,19!5
65,447,000
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
v, ... ,.
v
II
,,,1n (11)
120,00D
1 d'1,ooo
1,124,000
9,?96,ffl
9,395,948
155,996
100,000
20,000
75,000
90,000
1•,-
,,,,,
eo.,m,100
9,000,000
Zl,110,00D
(11)
Cao)
(21)
(IZ)
(n)
(Z4)
(25)
(211)
(Z7)
<•l
(19)
<•l
•,000,000 (11)
:,,on.a
111,pn,e
3,487,1G2
1,111 ,«JO
1,&eo,928
104,913
1,l!I0,7S>
11,739,987
33,298,180
65,447,000
0,4'3
434,000
,.,<•>
,.,,.,
..,,. ,.,,.,
Ml!--
171,!IDO
'JO,-
(40)
1,741,019 (41)
(41)
(41)
(44)
2.«>1,m (45)
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(14)
(17)
75,000
BUEi . . WAAIIAIITI 1111111:D IY THE f•UWIY,
IIE&.IEP'1 RWIAL •EHAIILITATIOII, LANO PYICHUE, Eal'LOYl:EI' CGaPDaATI• , - , •EYOLYI• , _ ,oa PIIIGIIMI: o, IIARIIIALI MD IUPPLID, MD
ADIIINIITRATIYE EXPENIEI.
(COIICLUKD •
....
-.-...
190,194
9,4153
434,600
2,JJZ,978
.,
(11)
(11)
(14)
(19)
z,000,000 {M)
ALLEY ll'IELLINO AUTHOR ITV
(37)
2)
3)
4)
9)
6)
7)
.,.,,.
«>,403
(19)
(Je)
(39)
(
(
(
(
(
(
( I)
ADVISORY COIIIIITTEE ON ALLOTENTS
(36)
( 1)
(
11,1n,OOD (10)
(11)
(18)
STANDAROI
OENEAAL ADIIINl8TRAT IYE EXPEIIIEI
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LI•
A-2£816'1!!!1
ERA ACT o, 19"
ERA ACT o, 1936
3
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10 (CONOLUDD)
ALLOCATIONS UNDER THE ERA ACTS or 1935 AND 1936 FOR IORIC l'ROJECTI MO OTHER ,tl!POSD, IT MEIICIEI
j/
T. .OUIN Auauet SI, lfl6
LI•
MIKC'f
1
( 1)
OEPARTIIENT or JUST ICE
(
(
(
(
(
(
DEPAIITIIENT or LAIOR
U,S, EIIPl.0'1'1111:NT SDIYICE
l•IHATION MD NATUIIAL.IZATIOII
LAIOII STATIITI ca
SCCRETAIIV 1 1 O~~ICE
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Gam!AL. A•l ■ IITIIATIYE Elll'l:NIEI
TOTAL.
AU.IC Tl2
I 1,532,309
AP1'11°"16'1!1!!
ERA ACT or 19
3
•
ER
p
ACT or 1936
4
. .IC PltOJUTI
5
I 1,532,JOD ( 1)
1,532,309
19.~5.~14
18,353,401
17'5, 7!12
412,500
286,350
227,311
121:4221 81 :!
11,803,401
17'5, 7!12
423,000
251,500
16 1962.,oo
6,'50,000·
iz,m.m
(
(
(
(
286,3'0 (
227,311 (
I 1,i?91ffi
17,461,604
W'l,7ff1
412,500
175,75!
412,500
171,500
423,000
286,350
227,311
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
( I)
LI.ARY or CONGRESS
( 9)
NATIONAL EIIERGENCY COUNCIL
1,946,959
1,946,959
1 ,946,95P
( 9)
(10)
NATIONAL RESOURCES COIIIIITTEE
1,282,764
1,282,764
1,2112,764
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
DEPARTMENT or THE NAVY
YAIIDII MD OOCICI
GENEIIAL. A-INIITIIATI~ Elll'ENIEI
24 11~1 I 176
23,693,561
437,615
11 1
11111
17,107,561
257,615
~
07,615
( 11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
PRISON INDUSTRIES REORGANIZATION ADIIIN,
213,541
213,541
213,541
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
PUILIC IORICS AOIIINIITRAT ION
HOUIINI DIYIII°"
,._,,EDIIIAL. DIYIIION
191.127 .~zz
m
6.766.000
6,1186,000
180,000
111693.!!21
23,693,561
~11!Z1Rll
105 ,!18!5 ,289
358,812,288
464.p7.ffl
105,!185,299
358,812,288
280,746,263
225,407,510
3,000,000
J,000,000
(20) RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
16,031,976
16,031,976
(21)
47.987.908
4,850,950
4,782,176
543,584
3,031,750
1,079,447
33,700,001
J0.2.-G.320
4,850,950
3,626,588
543,584
2,721,750
806,447
26,700,001
1,238,350
1 ,238,3!50
100.~.g7~
146,020,625
19,Jn,291
1,164,357
1«5.630.600
129,838,381
14,666,384
1,125,835
a5!.931.6?J
16,182,244
4,710,907
38,522
1~.912.0«16
145,534, 77'5
1v,3n,2111
l,IIZ.a:!iUI
1 1;4;5, 1:99 1n4
,.m.-.42,3:,1.268
~.~11,:!!!!
605,010,270
13,501,239
1e,ooo,ooo
, .998.~1
1,M,11e,m
55,832,507
(11) RESETTLDIENT AOIIINIITRATION
(19) REVOLVING FUND FOR PURCHASE or MATERIALS
. . , SUPPLIES
(27)
DEPARTMENT or THE TREASURY
U, S, CO.MT GUARD
I IITIEIINAL. REVENUE
PIOCUIIDIENT DIYIIION
PU9L.IC HEAL.TH SIEIIYICE
IECRETAIIY'I O~r,cr
GENEIIAL. ADIIINIITRATIYE Ell,._11
(21)
VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION
(22)
(ZJ}
(24)
(25)
(26)
(29) HR OEPARTIIENT
(JO)
CORN OP' ENI I NEIEIII
(J1)
QuAIITERIIMTEA CORN
(JZ)
8EICAAL A•INIITIIATIY£ Elll'ENIU
(n)
(M)
(1!1)
(JO)
ICIRICS l'ROOIIESS ADMINISTRATION
IPA WOIIIC l'ROJECTI
ll'IA NOORAIII
8DIEIIAL AIIIIINIITMTIYE Dl'EIIICI
!/
J/
1,942,718,776
55,832,507
811,400,000
71,400,000
( 8)
(15)
(16)
(17)
10!5, !185 ,299
"8,812,288
55,338,753
8.738.588
1,155,588
310,000
273,000
1,000,000
214,126,510
(18)
3,000,000
(19)
15,086,128
945,848
(20)
14,i87.907
4,850,950
4,782,171
543,584
3,031,750
1,079,447
13,700 1001
33,700,001
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
20,uo
(28)
66,619,7'53
1,218,120
.au
1,6l'!>.a5!7 (29)
485,8!50 (30)
(31)
,, 164,357 (32)
!2,199,000
(33)
(34)
(35)
99,400,000 (36)
8AKD OIi WAHAIITI 111.-0 IY THE TIIUIIIIY.
1111.IEP', IIIIIAL IEHAIILITATION, I.AND ....CHIIE, 1111'1.0YEEI' . . . . . . .Tl. P'UIIO, IICYOLYIIHI ~ND ~ PIIICHAIC OP' IIATDIAL.I ANO IU""LIEI, AND U•IIAL.
ADIIINIITIIATIYE bl'l:11111,
IORICS PII0811EII ADIIINISTRATION
l'R08RESI IIEP•T, ICTalll 15, 1911
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T A B L E 11
0
ALLOCATIONS l.NDER TH£ £RA ACT or 1935, BY AGOlC 1£S AND BY ACT L Ill ITAT IONS
y
T ~ AUIIWT 31 1 1936
1!11!£!
I!IAI:
HHHWAY9, ROlDI,
STIIEEH, AND
!!!!DE ~ROSIINGS
,11
,21
l 3l
l4l
,51
l6l
$4,000,000,000
~00,000,000
$500,000,000
$100,000,000
$450,000,000
$4,662,215,297
$500,2!13,365
$274,195,250
$13,1gf2,99()
-57Z~45~10
7,151
1, 119,0!50
603,730
3,090
13,770,0ll8
4,066
zs,ea1,e
-40,4'13
409,621,805
19,432,1118
19,224
2,000,000
9,852,710
44)9 1 621 1ed!5
LI•
l!!a
( 1)
ACT
( 2)
TOTAL ALLOCAT ICINS
( I)
(14)
(15)
(16)
DENR'IENT or AaRICIA.TlllE
a..1CULTIIIAL ENalllURI•
Mt•L IIIOUITRY
IIOI.MICAL SUIIYff
0.JRY l-,STRY
ENT-■-...T MD PUNT QUIMIITINlt
Ex~ION SDVICII:
f'OIIDT IDYICIE
l'UII T I • UITRY
P119LIG ROAN
IOIL CCINUIIYATIOII IEAVlct:
IUTIIIEII BUllt:AU
IIIIO EIIOIION C•TROL
--ML A. . INtaTIIATIVI: EUIMD
(17)
ADVISORY CMITTEE ON aLLOTIIOITS
<•>
ALLEY DWELLINQ AUTHORITY
190,11>4
(1t)
CIVIL SERVICE COIIIISSICIN
120,000
( 4)
( 5)
( •>
( 7)
( 8)
( t)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
ll ■ ITATION
(20) IIUAIITIIEIIT OF Cc.Elle€
CDaue
(21)
, ..111111a
(II)
(Z3)
(14)
(2')
(21)
INDUITRIAL Eoa•aca
LI.-TIIOUIU
,,_aoa
-ML
A. . INtaTRATIY£ IEXl'Dl8D
U. I. OIPL0YEES• COIIPE.NSAT I ON COIII.
17,210,000
(30)
FARII CREDIT AIII IN ISTRAT I CW
20,000,000
(31)
rEOERAL EIIERQENCY RELIEr ADIIINISTRATION
('2)
QENERAL ACCOlNHNQ orrlCE
(33)
(34)
(31!5)
(36)
DEPARTIENT or THE INTERIOR
ALASKA RCMO COl■IIHION
81Tu■ INOU9 COlL C - IH ION
Of'FICIE 0, EDUCATION
IIULNI CAL SURVEY
o,,-1c£ '6 INDIAN .,.,.., . .
NATI_.L PAIIIC SERVICE
PUERTO Raco RECCINITRUCT ION AD■ IN.
RIECLMM TI ON
STo ELIZAKTNS i.l'ITAL
Ta.eun aov-r 1W VtRalN laUNDI
. . .EJIAL. AallH8fMTIW: EXl'EHSD
$900,000,000 g/
$1,620,611,-482
1101
ITDI • .,.
IIIOLUDED I ■
SPl:Clf'IC
b1•11.!II-
( 1)
$223,401,483 $1,205,999,601
( 2)
2715091522
7,151
1,119,0!50
G03,730
3,000
13,710,0lilll
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
4,006
-409,St1,9«1
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
17,1218
(17)
(18)
190,11>4
4401996
20,000
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
2«5,000
(ZS)
(26)
182,mo
(27)
(28)
6015, !B4, 951
11,210,000
(29)
(30)
20,000,000
,om, 6'2!5
(31)
5,000,000
(32)
935
935,005,625
5,000,000
9,453
434,600
2 1 3321 9i8
(19)
1:RS,996
60!5, 984, 951
1515,441,ooo
120,000
100,000
z.zoo.ooo
111221532
70,583
1,051,949
1019991979
99411-40
1416'161424
3,422,7.55
9,-453
(C)
104,913
482,500
8,252,425
2,200,000
151,200
4,999,600
5,000,000
192,000
91>4, 1<40
(41)
vt,400
2,332,9'8
IAKD ON IIA!aAlffa IHUED BY Tl£ Tll£ASUIIYo
IIICIIIEAHD TO $700,000,000 BY ElCECUTIYI: 01111D 7334.
INCISMIED TO $1,700,000,000 BY EX&CllflVI: ORDEII 7186.
(CONCLUDED ON NIEXT l"ADE)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
_(!8)
(39)
(40)
808,379
1,396,750
23,251,900
60,447,000
(11)
(12)
19,224
2,000,000
9,852,710
19,432, 1ga
!!21i4Q&~
( •>
(( •>t)
( 7)
(10)
40,4Gl3
~
671,500
No1
$350,000,000 $1,208,900,eot
182,a50
115.931 .s:l
671,500
70,!583
1,860,328
104,913
1,879,250
e,252,<425
34,868,39!5
L1•
,111
2!5,e81,e
--!/
N
9/
$6()5,g&4,951
II
SANITATION,
f;TCs
.«S111!d23
75,000
(29)
(44)
$107,975,483 $110,560,6Sll2
LOAJIS OR
a,wna TO
STAI!! 1 ETC.
19 1
l8l
$300,000,000 $600,000,000
75,000
Zd!S,000
EJIERQENCY CONSERVATION WORK
(42)
(G)
l7l
814061943
8,231,948
(28)
(41)
HOWINQ
818471944
8,231,943
15!5,1196
100,000
20,000
COORDINATOR rOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION
(38)
(:99)
(40)
RURAL Eu:e>TRIFICATION
CIVILIAN
C-DIVATION
COIi£!
17,128
(27)
(!17)
RURAL REHA•!,!: ITATION
AH 1a TANCE FOIi
[DUCA TIONAL,
t;Tc. 1 P e ! -
<•>
(44)
T A B LE 11 (CONCLUDED)
ALLOCATIONS \IIIOER THE ERA ACT or 1935, BY AGENCIES AND BY ACT LIMITATIONS
y
THROU8H Auaun 31, 1936
LINE
No.
MENCY
TOTAL
(1)
(2)
(12)
DEPARTIIEHT or THE NAVY
YARDI AND DOCIC8
GENEIIAL. A.DIii.it 18TMT IVE EJCPOIIIEI
(13)
PRISCW INDUSTR·1cs REORGANIZATION Afll IN.
(14)
(15)
(16)
PUBLIC IORKS ADIIINISTRATION
(17)
RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION
(18)
REVOLVING ft.ND fOR PURCHASE or
MATERIALS ANO SUPPLIES
(10)
(11)
IIOUII 11• D IV 181 ON
N....-EDEIIAL DIVISION
1,946,959
( 8)
1,282,764
1,282,764
( 9)
1713651176
17,107,561
257,615
17134551176
17,107,561
257,615
(10)
(11)
(12)
213,541
213,541
(13)
225,-407,,io
(26)
3912491320
4,850,950
3,626,!588
543,584
2,721,750
806,447
26,700,001
(27)
VETERANS' AIJil IN ISTRAT ION
(28)
IAR DEPARTMENT
CORN or EMIINEERI
0 (30)
QUARTENIAITER CORP8
GENERAL AmtlNIITRATIVE ElCPENIIEII
286,350
!1051'5851289
105,'585,289
:ni,012,288
$20,009,110
$168,948,400
36,450,000
(17)
3,000,000
( 18)
(19)
2,838,986
$13,1Sl2,990
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
(14)
(15)
(16)
!Y.131812~
3,000,000
DEPARTMENT or JH6 TREASURY
U.S. COAST GUARD
INTE-L REVINUE
PROCURDIENT DIY 181 ON
PUIILIC HEALTH SEIIVICE
SECRETARY 0 1 0,,ICE
GENERAL AOIIINIITRATIVE ElCPENIES
(0 (31)
!111781057
891,707
46413971577
105,!l85 1 289
358,812,288
(20)
(21)
(29)
.
No1
(11)
1,946,959
16,031,976
(25)
(10)
( 7)
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
(24)
(9)
251,500
(19)
(22)
(23)
(8)
251,500
121492.!!14
11,803,401
175,752
286,350
227,311
( 9) NATIONAL RESOURCES COIIIIITTEE
7)
LINE
LIMITATION8
227,311
DEPARTMENT or LABOR
U.S. EIIPL.OYIIENT Sl:IIVICE
l•IQRATION ANO NATURALIZATION
SECRETARV"I o,r1cc
GENERAL ADIIINISTMTIVE EXFEN8£8
NATIONAL EMERGENCY COlNCIL
(6)
SANITATION,
ETC•
ITDI NOT
INCLUDED IN
SPECirlC
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( 8)
(5)
HOUSING
LCMNI 0A
GIIANT8 TO
STATE8 1 ETCo
11131417'7
10,911,694
175,752
$1,532,3011
LIBRARY or CONGRESS
(4)
RURAL ELECTRlnCATION
CIVILIAN
CONSERVATION
COAN
( 1)
DEPARTIIEHT or JUST ICE
( 7)
(3)
RURAL REHAIIILITATION
A8818TANCE fOA
EDUCATIONAL,
Ere., PER80N8
$1,532,309
( 1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
HIQ..A'/9 1 ROAOl 1
STIIEE1'1 1 AND
GRADE CIIOHINQ8
71685.569
3115631751
4,850,950
3,626,588
530,784
2,121,750
806,447
12,800
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
1,238,350
14516301600
129,838,381
14,666,384
1, 125,835
12918381381
129,838,381
26,700,001
(25)
(26)
1,238,350
(27)
1517921219
(28)
(29)
14,666,384
1,125,835
(30)
83.8651930
12,465,930
(32)
(31)
;::;:
N {32)
~ (33)
c:,(34)
'< (35)
IORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
IPA WORK PROJECTS
NYA PROORAUB
GENERAL ADIIINIBTRATIVE ElCPENBEB
~
0 6/
~
~
(v
IIA8ED ON WARRANTS
1 1451 1439 1 n4
1,337,700,506
-42, 331 • 268
71,400,000
921167.586
49,836,318
-42,331,268
1124719601229
1,247,960,229
2714461029
27,446,029
71,400,000
(33)
(34)
(35)
1181£D IIY THE TREAIURY•
IORKS PROGRESS AIJillNISTRATION
PROGRESS REPORT, OCTOBER 15, 1936-
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( I) IIIAU.oc:ATD
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( 9)
(( 7)•>
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ALAIAIIA
ARIIOIIA
( I) AlluNIAI
((10)
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CAU,-IMIA
COUltAN
(11) COIINl:CT I CVT
<•>
(11)
DII.AIIAIIC
(11)
IDANO
(17)
ILLINOII
l•IMIA
(11)
(11)
'""
(11)
KDTIICK\'
(12) UUIIIMIA
(a) IIAIH
(14)
(19) IIAN&-CTTI
....,u.
......
,~.
..,_
(N) IICNIIAII
(17) IU1NUOTA
(II)
(It)
(,o)
IINOURI
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(11)
llcwADA
(11) •a NMINNIRC
(14)
•a.llNC'f
•a11ex100
(N)
•aYNIC
. .ltfll CAROLIIA
<•>
(17)
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(40)
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(41)
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.......
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(■)
<•j
f•
<•>
(■)
(,a)
,
.....
........
(IO) . ., ALUIATD
.....
"au,a OIi
53,280,065
33,665,079
51,133,980
234,505,014
!54,876,0l4
7,512,115
2,419,450
4,m,907
40,457,766
1,272,1912
4,'7!5,696
1 ,541,5110
3,323,127
3,47,,llt
( 1)
( 7)
( I)
41,211,0111
7,191,808
42,169,622
1,1111,122
70,466,545
63,'91,011
66,391,0126
15,941,542
5,145,010
A,915,20!5
6,1117,454
22,104,m
4,714,663
1,014,166
2,345,110
14,NO,Zot
3,478,645
((10)
•>
2,741,119
(11)
57,171,114
t,048,607
S.7'0,456
7,9119,473
3,661,365
156,117
4,2W,Zf7
3,Z00,2111
4,m.we
1,777,126
(13)
(14)
(15)
66,058,8310
35,112,017
270,794,011
1012,573,411
!50,3!10,247
11,901,191
,0,113,812
221,112,108
14,229,267
31,112,117
91,ffl, 191
1,413,625
42,319,479
15,IH,8!10
!5,3M,t14
7,71!5,711
1,706,611
29,111,114
11,655,211
2,710,MI
4,401,512
1,098,.1
17,157,110
1,111,11,
z,122,eu
l,4'i2,411
(11)
(17)
(11)
(19)
(ZO)
70,246,293
64,!510,6!10
J0,716,522
,e,713,343
1W7 ,699,'173
63,419,247
S,901,916
29,014,912
"· 12? ,541
170,325, 0!19
50,799,29
49,111,717
24,967,222
19,Zt3,046
147,571,571
1,323,911
7,570,19
Z,1.,386
4,UJ,121
21,~5,ffl
5,124,514
4,110,491
1,272,534
3,Me,nJ
17,7110,443
3,066,321
3,150,540
7M,179
1,901,717
14,540,051
(21)
(22)
(21)
(24)
(2!5)
164,174,116,865,175
71,901,115
111,173,0122
11,7912,640
151,115,819
107,302,072
66,070,501
101,472,0N
9,a,645
115,1111,618
91,719,7!51
46,U0,239
90,J75,227
47,536,506
21,163,709
14,039,352
1,240,154
17,006,511
4,212,325
14,757,53
8,157,711
3,070,701
10,az,,195
Z,126,772
57 ,90!5,574
14,1'9,713
17,309,1,e
144,IOS,107
43,041,M
s,115,m
13,~,607
1,,.,,386
111,111,e,e
40,791,!MZ
10,163,151
11,121,001
110,354,417
15.054,MI
5,217,115
512,111
1,115,777
24,103,1'9
Z,1181 915
z,.,OM
2IO,ON
1,1'17,411
11,z,0,430
1,516,"7
MS,164,no
61,517,079
40,511,115
271,ffl,214
.,277,tll
• • • • ,7.,
104,1,.,361
70,463,Z,715,114
3,144,154
Zt,CIIZl,161
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111,111,112
1.47,051,411
,..,w,o,m
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535,071,141
51,M4,III
21,,,.,.,,.
eo.•,011
IOl,757,tol
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47,IN,CIIII
a,011,111
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11,909,114
41,W70,411
15-111,a
13,511,071
40,1M,M1
z,,.,.,1 . .
1,a1,m
40,NZ,411
101 445,NI
4,497,NO
75,178,00IZ
1 1 '71, 1ot
5,1!11,111
7,11D,'71
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11,•s,m
1,'M0,576
1 1 061,CIH
1,111,414
75,S07,'57
1,-.z•
l,OOl,11!11
14,U0,131
1,704,411
11,NO,-
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5,9119,962
!54,a,s.100
112,111, ...
11,IOl,tn
1,,111,177
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110,711,417
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11,111,a
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2,411,0N
41,751,4'9
1,511,0l7
1,110,m
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4,706,401
9,147,103
4,,..,174
1,,ue
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1,014
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693,568
117,-
141,0IJ
1,1.,a
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111,7'°
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1,ltl,41t
111,41115, 1'7
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l,'171 1 701
712,111
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(II)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(JO)
1,771,IM
214,110
(31)
(32)
(»)
(34)
(35)
no,m•
11,414,314
1,0121,774
(36)
(17)
41,119,167
1,...,032
1,110.714
zo.•,141
1,111,114
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(ff)
1,ffl,107
(41)
ID,441,7'6
(41)
(43)
(44)
(45)
1,eo,,417
4,715,161
10,1-....
n,•,ez•
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(U)
1,604,161
1,104,254
1,1111,112
1,442,493
4,170,911
7,IIZ9,104
1,706,4417
914,IIO
N,"5,7111
1S,ffl,1M
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Z,GIS.097
Z,115,ZOI
117,.,. .
14.141,,171
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166,904
3,0119,4CII
1,171,363
Z,CM7,420
2,001,U1
11,211,m
no.ooo
TDRl'r-lD
( 4)
66,428,271
41,423,193
61,st0,614
271,3!!1,799
62,831,346
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--··
...,
,,
( I)
73,333,208
44,!565,626
65,256,460
310,273,90!5
69,609, OJ4
74,CIClt,OII
117,MG,174
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( 1)
( 2)
( 5)
..,,.,417
Al.Mu
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1171,054,504
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17,M,407
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71,446,179
179,7.,117
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17M,m,246
41,IO'l,ffl
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(47) Tlllaa
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13,M0,351,932
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411,111,•
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55,4'9,111
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14,751, 102,11,
J7,642,245
ffl,1W,Z76
108,6!50, 104
54,335,9124
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1!5,401,1116,627
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611,35,257
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1,151,IM
114,514
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STATUS OF F'UIIDS u.>Elt THE ERA ACTS 0, 1915 ANO 1990, IIY A8£11CIES
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1935 A• 193'
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GRANO TOTAL
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2,990
15,534,408
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504,025,069
21,787,198
19,224
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18,325,630
14,414
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99.9
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17,126
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ALLEY
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190,194
t!S,416
34.4
36,430
19.2
( It)
(20)
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120,000
119,814
911.8
116,967
97.!5
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zo,000,000
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m,oae,m
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99.8
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s,000,000
1,571,414
71.4
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54.1
87.0
89.7
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12,"56,718
14,771
36,513
lW,045
163,0BS
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79.6
230,238
56.6
16.8
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141,723
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71.7
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200,746,263
(211)
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1,Z82,764
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10l5,S5,289
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1,688,148
(19)
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96.5
flltlSON INOUITRIES REORGANIZATION AOIIIN.
(14)
(15)
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1,879,6711
(14)
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7,000,000
(11)
(12)
(13)
(18)
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(23)
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11,000,000
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11,S6,412
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ALUCATIONI ON THE 1•11 o, HIIU•TI IIIUEO AIIOUNT TO t5,430,063,&. la TMLC 14
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146
T A B L E 15
ESTIMATED TOTAL COST OF APPROVED PWA NOa.-FEDERAL PROJECTS FINANCED BY THE ERA ACT OF 1935,
BY STATES AND SOURCES OF FUNDS
THROUGH AueueT 13, 1936
L111.t
!q
EIITIIIATEO
TOTAL COST
(2l
GRANO TOTAL
S804, 616,890
1334,968,385
41,6
1120,368,389
802,566,719
9, 116,210
958,406
6,210,350
56,674,812
I 11 162,557
334,000,745
4,102,346
429,931
2,788,221
25,412,400
5,023,~7
.!!.:.!
120,2441889
3,014,000
383,000
2,949,7!50
1,067,500
119,000
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
DISTRICT OF' COLUIIBIA
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
I 1,563,817
1,282,202
296,500
14,277,052
9,421,678
5,210,520
576,469
118,500
4,243,190
45,1
45.0
40.0
31,8
45,0
( 13)
(14)
( 15)
( 16)
IOAHO
ILLIN016
INDIANA
{ 17)
KANSAS
1,576,959
52,913,386
16,142,057
10,452,237
6,922,793
706,738
23,123,236
7,202,040
4,656,778
3,093,434
( 18)
( 19)
(20)
(21 J
(22)
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
IIARYLANO
IIA68ACHU6ETT6
9,224,-431
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
STATE
No 1
I)
(
(
(
(
(
(
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
TOTAL DISTRIBUTED BY STATES
AL.ABAIIA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIF'ORNIA
COLORADO
PWA GRANTI Af.
AUOUNT
PERCENT
(4)
!3l
45,0
44,8
44,9
44,8
45,0
PWA lOANS
AIIOUNT
!5l
M
PERCENT
!61
LOCAL FUNDS
AIIOUIIT
PERCENT
!7l
!Bl
LIie
Nol
15.0
'340,280, 116
43.4
( 1)
ll:.!L
3481321,085
1,999,864
1«5,475
472,379
30,194,912
6,020,210
4314
21,9
15,2
7,6
53.3
53,9
( 2)
6,353,297
54.9
55.0
36,4
10,6
51,8
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
33,1
40.0
47,5
1,9
I. I
705,733
( 3)
(
(
(
(
4)
5)
6)
7)
70,000
8,221,300
304,384
23,6
57,6
3,2
108,000
1,510,874
4,874,104
-43,7
44.6
44,6
44,7
312,100
4,039,855
3"2,000
l<Mil,000
98,!500
19,8
7,6
2.1
1.0
1,4
558,121
25,750,295
8,598,017
5,686,4'1
3,730,859
35,4
41,7
53.3
( 13)
(14)
(15)
54.4
53.I
(18)
(17)
3,912,2ee
-43,1
1,699,000
18,4
3,553,166
38.5
( II)
1,985,888
26,914,892
23,125,133
893,819
12,110,574
10,423,562
45.0
45.0
45,1
33,500
190,000
1. 7
0,7
1,058,569
14,614,318
12,701,571
!53,3
54.3
54,9
MICl<IOAN
IIU,N£60TA
IIIH1881'PI
Ml660URI
MONTANA
35,560,75D
12,338,622
38,-497,376
13,934, 187
3, 11e,049
14,571,847
5,405,466
17,307,181
6,171,610
1,688,611
41.0
43,8
45.0
44,3
45,4
12,731,000
836,000
14,661,700
453,200
858,000
35,8
8,257,912
6,097,156
6,528,-495
7,309,377
I, 171,438
23,2
49.4
16.9
52,5
31,5
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
Ntw HAIIPSHIIIE
NEW JERSEY
NEW IIEXICO
14,598,991
1,591,620
2,342,792
22,917,284
3,079,315
6,551,634
648,170
1,058,600
9,95D,352
1,290,433
44.9
#/CJ,7
45,2
43.!!I
41,9
5,585,000
271,000
38,2
17.0
28.7
34.6
16.1
-42,3
54.8
27.8
23,5
(28)
(29)
(30)
6,583,500
1,065,500
2,462,357
672,4!50
1,284,192
6,374,432
723,382
(33)
59,133,926
54,987,518
9,261,828
3,362,586
29,956,877
26,610,466
24,571,378
4,192,391
1,51-4,960
13,471,001
45,0
44,7
45,3
45.1
45,0
9,698,000
9,932,000
1,463,000
400,000
2,710,000
16.4
18, I
15,8
11,9
9,0
22,825,460
20,484,140
3,606,437
1,447,626
13,775,876
38,6
37.2
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
NEW YORK CITY
NEW YORK ( ExCL, N,Y,C,)
NORTH CAROLI NA
NoflTH DAKOTA
OHIO
38.0
43.0
46,0
(36)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
0KLAHOIIA
OREGON
PtNN&YLVAN I A
RHODE IILANO
SOUTH CAROLINA
9,442,651
9,226,738
40,444,770
8,663,756
44,846,621
4,245,633
4,151, 142
18,122,741
3,898,800
3,!507,862
45,0
45,0
44.8
45,0
7.8
I, 700,300
931,300
760,000
18,0
10,1
1.0
37,0
44,9
(38)
(39)
53.3
55,0
(«>)
7,539,800
16,8
3,496,718
4, 144,206
21,562,029
4,704,956
33,798,959
75.4
(42)
(43)
SOUT>< DAKOTA
TENNEHEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
2,210,268
10,368,297
56,350,725
2,637,513
2,022,m
922,968
4,628,851
20,814,951
1,188,215
910,246
105,500
1,901,000
14,294,100
219,600
4.8
18.3
25.4
8,3
1,181,800
3,838,446
21,241,674
1,229,698
1,112,531
53.5
37.0
J7,7
48.6
55.0
(41)
VIRGINIA
IASHINGTON
WEST VIIIGINI.A
116CONIIN
9,529,939
12,896,195
4,342,063
11,968,720
2,112,506
4,278,161
5,-410,998
1,943,766
5,380,396
950,667
44.0
377,500
144,000
1,827,000
4.0
I, I
42. I
11,5
51, I
!56.1
13.2
55.0
43.5
(.-)
(49)
(50)
244,000
4,874,278
7,341,197
571,297
6,~8,324
917,929
2,050,171
343,636
1,574,596
131,939
967,640
147,136
708,565
111,939
~
123,500
123,500
959,031
73,000
866,031
46,7
21.s
55,0
15.2
(5')
35,9
( II)
( 12)
(34)
(44)
( "'5)
{46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
(!52)
(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)
IOIIA
WYOUING
TOTAL DIIITRIIUTED IY TERRltORltl
At.A61$A
!!AWAI I
VIIIQIN Ill.ANDI
y
!/
4,544,878
44,8
(II)
( 12)
(19)
41,7
44,7
36,1
45, I
6.8
38, I
3.2
23, I
45.0
-42,0
44.7
45,0
45o0
42.8
!t.L
4!5.0
84,8
20,000
(2.0)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(31)
(32)
(35)
(37)
(41)
(44)
(45)
("6)
(47)
(!51)
(!52)
(!54)
(!55)
(56)
"'GIi
ruND8
ERA ACT 0~ 1935.
ruNDS P'ROII PREVIOUS AIIPIIOIIIIIATIONS.
WORKS PROGRESS AOIIINISTRATION
PROGRESS REPORT, OOTNIII 15, 1996
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