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13966
us
f,
}!OP.f<S PROGRESS /\OM I N I STR TI ON
F. C. Harrington , Administrator
Corrington Gill, As s i stant Ad.minis trator
JIVISION OF SOCIAL RESE~RCH
Howard B. Myers , Dir e ctor
**********
PU,N FOR CO OPERA T I VE RURAL RESE/IR CH
0RGAN I ZATION -- ScoP E-- RESULTS
**********
Prepared. "by
S. H. Eobbs , Jr., Ir ene Link, and Ellen Winston
unde r t ::1e supervision of
T. J . Woo fter , Jr.
Coord.ine.tor of Rural Resec.rch
Washingto~: 1938
Series II
u1y1, Lt'L - IJy
NESTERN UNIVERS TV
No . 17
CTfiginarnom ·- · · · · -·--·- · ·- --- · ·-- · ·
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
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13966
CONTENTS
Page
Results
1
Pe rsonne l---------------- ----- - ---------------National--------------------------------------Sta t e---------------- - -------------------------
2
3
5
General pl an of or gan iza tio n -----------------------
6
All ocation of res ponsi bi lit y ------------------- 8
Sta t e supe rvisor of rural r esearch ------------- 9
Assis t ant St a t e supervisor of r u r al r esearch --- 9
Supe rvi sion~--------------------------------- -- 10
Publ icat i on of r e su lts------------------------- 11
Coop er at i ng agencies ------------------- - ------- 11
Coop e rating St a t es ------------------------------- - - 12
Appendix------------------------------------------- 17
Feder a l publications --------------------------Fe deral surv eys-------------------------------Sta t es pa rticipat i ng in Federal surveys -------Subj ect biblio gr aphy of State bull et ins -------State p r ojects --------------------------- ------
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19
36
37
57
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PLAN FOR COOPERATIVE RURAL RESEARCH
UP TO THE ADVENT of the depression of the early thirties research by Federal a nd State a genc i es working in the r u ral field was largely concentrated
on the physical and economic aspects of rural life with much less attention
paid to t he human elements.
As a result, when t he Na tional Government was
faced with the necessity of dealing with widespread distress in rural areas,
the requisit e knowledge of the human elements in the situation was far from
co mp l ete .
To supply such knowledge general na tional pictures were nec essary as
well as de tail ed analyses of l~cal c onditi ons.
For this reason the Federal
Emer gency Reli e f Administration early decided to centralize only part of
its p r ogram of study in Washing to n and. to st im1.,-:. l a t e local res earch in the
Stat e agr icultura l colleg es .
Through t he Pla n for Coop erative Rural Re-
s earch developed in t he l a tt e r part of 1934 St a te supe rYi sors of rural research wer e appointed in the various States and provided with the staffs
necessary for conducting l arge -sca l e fi e ld surveys .
Not only wer e the
sup ervi sors r espons ible fo r the coll ection of data in connecticn with studies
set u p in the Washing t on office but t hey were a ls o encourag ed to initia te
l ocal res ea rch p r oj ects.
Results
While it is to o ea rly to evaluat e the full r e sult~ ema nating from the
fir st 4 years of t he ope r ation of the Plan for Coope r ative Rur al Res r:: a rch,
it is cl ear that it has had an importP.nt effect on t he developme~t of rural
sociology and rural r esearch throughout the United Stc1.t e s.
A number of
States , in orde r to t ake full advant age of the c oope r ative p l a n , s trengthened their d epa rtments of rural sociology and of rura l s ocial r es earch.
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In a few instances rural s oci ol ogi s t s we r e a dded t o the s t affs of State
agricultural exp e riment s tations for the first time and t he first courses
in rural sociol ogy in t ho s e institutions wer e inaugurated.
In p ractically all States included in the c oop e rative arrangement ,
rural social res earch was expanded and was more carefully g eared to p ractical probl ems of administration than hitherto.
The utility of the var-
i ous surveys for Sta t e as well as na t ional administrativ e purposes was
c onstantly s tre s s ed.
In many ca s es t he Sta t e supervis ors of rural res earch h2d Feder A-1
funds made a va ila bl e f or Sta t e p roj e cts or for the anal ysis of State data
fr om national surveys which made pos s ibl e res earch on a much bro~der scal e
than would r.av e b een p r .:ic t ica l ·under loca l r e s earch budget s, even though
l ocal budgets we r e a ls o i ncr eas ed under the impe tus of the expanded scop e
c f t he fi e ld surveys und_e rtaken .
At a ll times, mo r eo ve r, the supe rvisors
ha d a va ilab l e cons tructive as si s t ance on t he ir spe cial problems and access
t o da t a and t echnique s f or c ompar a tiv e purpose s.
To a limit ed ext ent also
r egi ona l conf er en ce s we r e hel d fo r the cl a rifica ti on of p robl ems incurre d
in both na tiona l a nd Sta t e surveys .
Henc e , it seems justifia ble t o state
that rura l r e s earch in the Sta t e s ha s benefit ed no t onl y qua ntita tive ly
but a ls o qualitatively fr om the se tup .
Pe rson ne l
Sta t e supe r v is ors, ca r efull y s e l ect ed on the bas is of r e s earch ability, have rad the oppo r t un it y t o de•re lop g r ea t e r f a cility in survey t ech-
nique s a nd t o pub l ish s ignificant studi es based on orig ina l da t a .
No t on ly
ha s t he ir wo r k i n indiv idua l institutions bee n s trengt hened but a ls o a
numb e r of them have b ee n sou gh t f or mo r e impo r tant pos itions .
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As as s i s t a nt sup ervis ors a munb er of r e lativel y inexpe ri enc ed college
g raduat es in the social sciences were able to ga in expe ri ence in p ractical
r e search Wld.er competent supervision .
As t he t urnov e r among these assist-
ants was substantial, t he number so tra ined was cons id e rabl y great er than
t he number of States i nvolved.
Some advanced t o b e tt er jobs with other
agenc i es, a number go i ng t o t he Resettlement Admini s tra ti on , State Departments of Public Welfa r e , and Wo r ks Progre s s Adm inist ra t i on as statisticians
and r es earch wo r ke rs.
Others went on with the ir train ing by comp l eting the
r e quir emEnts fo r an a dva nc ed degree .
In this r espe ct t he assistant supe r-
vis or's job was in t he natur e of a f e llowship for laboratory expe ri ence in
r u ral r eseDrch.
A gr oup of t e chni cians i nte r ested i n the social scienc e fi eld was
trai ned i n ea.ch coope r at i ng Ste. t e t o perform the function s incident t o
schedul e enumeration, loca l t abul ations , and pr e limi nary anal yses of data.
These t echn icians have i n many cas e s been r e tained by the agricultural c oll eges on the ir permanent r esearch staf fs , while some of them have us ed this
exper i ence as a stepp i ng- stone to more r e spo nsib l e r esear ch po s it i ons or
have continued the ir pr ofess iona l train i ng .
National
The maj or r e sult of t he P lan f or Coope r a tive Rur a l Re s earc h from the
Fed er a l viev1point was the pr ovision of a l ocal agency for fact- ga thering
on a Nation-wide basis with a staf f alive to local situations and pecul ia ~iti os .
The local knowl edge was of particul a r va lue in s e tting u p the
syst em of sampl e coun ti es upon which the r e lie f census e s we r e bas e d and in
int e r p r et i ng variati ons i n the survey data .
By decen tralizing supe r ~i s ion,
mor eo ver, it made poss ible a much small e r Washington staff than would have
b een p rac tical with c ent r a l control of field work.
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The da ta collected unde r the co ope rative plan have b ee n made wi1ely
avai l able thr ough three gener a l types of publications by the Washington
staff, exclusive of memo r anda t o me e t admin istrative n e eds. With few ex'
c eptions the majo r findings of all rural r esearc h surveys have been i nco rpo r ated in a seri e s of monographic reports.
The pur po s e of thi s s eri es
has be en not onl y to anal yze the resu lts of the surveys for administrative
use but a ls o to expand the knowledge and understanding of r u ral destitution and rural institutions in general and to make the basic data avail1
able fo r furt he r study . To dat e 11 mon ogr aphs have b een comp l eted,
and
additional monographs are i n p r epar ation .
All of thes e r epo r ts 2,r e the
r e sult in whol e or i n part of special r u r a l fi e ld studi e s
ception of Rural Youth :
2
with the ex-
The ir Situation and Prospects, which is based on
p r ev i ous studi es by vari ous agenci e s , the g ener a l li tera tur e , and c ensus
data deal i ng with r u r a l youth.
In the aggregat e these monogr aphs p res ent
a deta il ed analysis of the maj or aspects of the rural r e li ef s ituatio n
si nc e 1932.
Bot h broad gener a l surveys and de t a il ed studi e s of spe cial
p r obl ems have b een utiliz ed in the att emp t to sur vey the full gamut of
r u r a l r e li e f ne eds .
A second cat egory of publica tions i nclud e s r epor ts on the rura l r eli ef
situation wh ich a r e of wider s cope and s i gn ificanc e t han the usual bull e tin,
but which do not contain the wea lth e f data or the detailed analysis charact e ri st ic of the monograph s e ri e s .
They a r e bas ed b ot h on su rvey data and
on material from sec onda r y sour c e s .
To da t e f our such special r eports
have b een p r epa r ed. 3
1 For list s eep. 18
2 For de sc r i p tions of the s e f i e ld studi es , s ee pp . 19- 35.
3 For l ist s ee p . 18 .
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To meet immediate needs for information on special top i cs, numerous
bulletins in the rural relief field have been issued.
While the data
included in more than 100 such bulletins have been incorporated subsequently into research monographs, in numerous instances bulletins on
topics which did not warrant the more extensive treatments afforded by
the monographs and special r eports have been made available.
such r esearch b1.illetins have been published.
To date 31
In addition a seri es of
r eports presenting current statistics of public and private relief in
rural and town ar eas was issued for 18 months and was then transferred
to the Social Security Board.
State
From the vi ewpoint of productive r es earch the Stat es hav e be en able
to illuminat e local situations and l ocal pr ob l ems not cover ed in detail
in th e broade r, :i:fat ion-wide s tudi es.
More than 200 State publications 4 have
been issued a s a r e sult of this coope r e ticn.
They fall into the following
broad class e s:
Rural probl ems generally r el n ted t o r eli ef, such as
part-ti me f a rming, mobility, standa rd of living, t enancy,
reha bilita ti on, etc. - 37 bull etins.
Loca l data ga ther ed for nationa l r eli ef census - 58
·oulle tins.
Loca l r eli e f p robl ems - 31 bulletins.
Miscellaneous nonreli ef rura l pr obl ems - 83 bull e tins. 5
The r esults of the studies have been widely us ed by Stat e and local
r eli ef administrat ors, employment offic es, Sta t e agricultura l experiment
stations, Sta t e Departments of Public Welfa r e , and Sta t e p1a nnir.g boa rds
4 For list se e pp . 38-56.
5 Of the 83 bull e tins so classified 65 we r e issued by Tenness ee.
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as a basis both fo r meeting curr ent problems and fo r develo p ing long-time
programs.
Not only have the studies had defi nite utility in making avail-
able accurate and. concrete data but also many of them have attracted gene r al att ention to special problems within the State s and have led to a
kee ne r a pp r eciation of t he value of so cial r esearch.
In a number of instances the Plan for Coopera tive Rura l Res earch has
b een instrumental in bringing the r esearch worke rs more closely in touch
with t he various State agenc i e s and in fost eri ng the develo pment of coope r a tiv e arr angements with them.
I n add iti on the diffic·,1ltie s fr equently
e ncount er ed in se cu ring complete ca s e data have fr equently r esulted in
improved loca l r ecords.
Eve n duri ng the bri ef p eri od a na lyz8d the natio nal surveys we r e of
im~orta nc e as a s ou rce of stim11lat io n f or other r es ea r ch i n the Stat es .
6
At the same time t he f ounda tion s wer e l a id for much valuable r e s earch in
the futur e on ba si c socio- economic prob l ems within t he individual Sta t es.
Gen er a l Plan of Organization
The pr eli minary st eps ir. t he deve lopmen t of the Pla n for Coope r a tive
Rura l Re s ea rch wer e t aken a1mos t immedia t ely after t he orga niz a ti on of
the Fede r ~l Eme rgency Relief Administra tion in order to meet the pressi ~g
demand f or data c onc er ning r eli ef needs in rura l a r eas.
I n August 1933,
E. L. Kirkpatrick of th e Wisc onsin Ae ri cultural Expe riment Sta ti on joined
the sta ff of the Fede r a l Eme rgency Reli ef Administration as Rural Relief
Advisor.
He wa s r esponsibl e for bri ng i ng aE i nit ial gr oup of rural soci-
olo g ists to Was hi ng t on t o carry on r es ea rch essent i a l t o t he a dmi nistratio n o.f the r elie f p r ogr am and designed t o po rtray the rural situation
6
For numb e r and fi elds of Stat e surveys s e e a ~pendi x tab l e s land 2.
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Arrangemen ts were quickly worked out for the appointment of a number of
tempora ry State su~ervisors, usually well-trained rural sociologi st s and
economists at the State college of agricultu re, to handle the fi eld staffs
for rural surveys originating in the Washington office .
The first con-
side ration in selecting States to include in the early surveys was roughly
to scatt er the sample areas over representative parts of the United Sta tes,
taking into a ccount the 9 ri~cipal typ e- of-farming areas .
Much of the cooperative research during the latter part of 1933 and
early 1934 was cP. rried on in connect ion Tii th the short-lived Civil Works
Administre.ti on.
Then, in July 1934, as a result of the propos ed expansion
of rura l resea rch a special Rura l Sectio n was orga.nized within t he Division of Re search and Stati s tics of the FERA, and Dwi ght Sande rs on of the
Department of Rural Soc i a l Org~nization, Corne ll Univ e r sity , became the
first Coordina tor of Rura l REs eP.rch .
The mutua l advnnt[ges t o be derived fr om definitely tyi ng up the
rura l r es earch of the :B 'E-g,A with the rural sociologh,ts in the o.gricul tural
exp e riment stations was ·oe com ing increasingly eviden t .
Only through con-
side rabl 0 decentralizat i on with heavy r elianc e on loca l kno wl cdgG of condi t i ons could l n,rge- scalo rura l surveys be most satisfa ctory .
Au.gust 1934
7
Hence , i n
.
formal cooper a tion in r esearch on probl ems rela t ed to r u ral
r eli ef was off e r e d to a group of about 20 Sta t os with whi ch i nformal a.rraneem8nts h,.-1,d already proved effe ctive .
immbdi a t ely, howeve r,
8
The numb er of States r ose E' lmost
as t he adva:: t ace s to b e deri vcd f ro:n t ':10 coope r a tive
arrangement became evident.
At the close of the year Dr . Sanders on
7
A Plan for Coone rative Rural Research , Divisi on of Res ear ch and
Stat istic s , Federal Emerge ncy 3eli ef AdministratioI'-, Was hing ton, D. C.
August 14, 1934.
8
See p . 12.
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returne d to Co~ne ll Un i ver sity.
8 -
For the nex t few mon ths, T~ C. McCo rmic k ,
whc was alr eady a member of the s taff, served as acting co.o rdinat or until
J. H. Ko lb of t he University of Wi s consin t oo k over the work in March 1935.
In the fall of 1935 Dr. Kolb returned to Wisconsin, and T. J. Woofter, Jr.,
of the University of North Ca r olina became Coordinator of Rural Research.
9
The plan of organization submitted to the Stat es under the cooperative arrang ement was highly f l ex ible and r eadily adaptable to me e t varying conditio n s within the diff e r ent States as well as fluctuat~ons in the
numb e r and scope of surveys initiated by the Wa shingt on office .
The pr o-
p osa l was entir ely opti onal, and the pr ogr a m was set up only with the full
app rova l of the StQte Eme r ge ncy Reli ef Administra tion.
Its esse ntial
f eatures, which have bee n char a cteristic of the Wor ks Progress Administration pe ri od a ls o , we r e develop ed as foll ows :
All ocat io n ~f Re spo nsib ility
Fed.er a l funds f or rur a l r esearch were made avai l ab l e t hrough spe cial
allocations by t he FERA and WP.A..
In a ddition Sta t e funds were availabl e
f or r esearch unde r t he p r ov i sions of the p r ogr a m f or Profess ional and NonManual Works Pro~ ects .
Offi
09
and mi scellaneous facil iti e s we r e made availabl e by the State
a gricultura l coll e 6 es or by o t h er local coope r at ing agencies in the f ew
States i n wh ich the p l an ,ms not connocted with t he agricultural college s .
In each c oope ratin g Stat e t he Feder a l Emer ~e ncy Re lief Administ r ation
9
The Rural Sec ti on of the Divis i on of Re s earc h and Statis tic s , FERA,
sub se qu ently b ecam0 the Rural Unit of the Res earch Se ction , Division of
Res ea rch, Sta tisti cs , and Fi nan c e , Fi RA . On November 29 , 1935 , as a r esult of the initiation of t h e Works Pr ogr e ss Admi ni st r ation , the rura l
res earch organizati on be came the Rural Section of t he Division of Sacia l
Research, WP.A..
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p r ovid ed s a l a ri e s and expenses fo r the par t-time s e rvic es of a State
sup e rvi so r of r ural r esear ch and f or an ass i s t an t supe r v i s or.
Proje ct
pe r so nne l was drawn f r om l ocal r e lie f r olls i ns of a r as p r a cticabl e.
Sta t e Supervi so r of Rural Res ea rch
The Sta t e sup e rvi so r of rural r esearc h was s e l e c t ed j o intl y by the
Wash i ngt on staf f and t he Sta t e a dmi n istrati on with t h e appr oval of the
direct or of t he exp erimen t s t a ti on a nd the dean or p r es iden t of the Sta t e
c oll ege .
He was cl os ely a s soc i a t ed with t he sta tistica l and r e s earch
of fic e of the St a t e Eme r genc y Reli ef Administra tion.
His du tie s included
sup e r vi s i on of any rura l r e s ea rc h surveys in h i s Sta t e undertaken by the
Was h i ng t on off i ce of t he FERA , p r epc? r a ti on of l oca l r epo rt s ·,n such
s tud i e s , :p' .:''l.n i ng of spe c i a l State or l oca l rura l r es ea rch p r oj e cts of
a dmin i s trat i ve si gn ifi ca nc e a nd a na l ys i s of t h e r e su l ts of such p roj e cts,
a dv ic e on Sta t e p r oj ec ts of t he FERA , advic e a nd a ssi s t a nce in rura l r ehab i l i t a t i on su rveys , <'1,nd he lp i n coordi na ting rura l r e s earch proj e cts of
t he FERA and othe r a genci e s , such a s State p l ann i ng boards.
Assis t ant St at e Supe r v i s or of Rur a l Re sear ch
The a ss i s t an t St a t e sup er v i s or was s el ec t ed by t h e Sta t e supervis or
a nd St a t e eme r gency r el i ef a dmi n i s t r at or, sub je ct t o t he appr ova l of the
Washi ng t on of fi ce .
Hi s du ti e s i nclu ded immed i at e r e s ponsibility for
s e l e c tion and or gani za t i on of f i el d s t a ff s a nd su ~e r vision of the co ll ect i on of sche dl'-l es with i n -:; h e St [.'_,t e on na ti onal p r oj e c t s p lanned in
Wash i ngton.
He was al s o a va i l ~ol e f or the conduc t of sp ecia l rura l r e-
s ea r ch p r o j ec t s wit hi n t he St a te under the dir ect i on of the Stat e supervi s or a nd f or a ss i s t ance i n t he ana l ys i s of l ocal da ta .
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Supe rvision
The degree of centralized supe rvision and of local initiative vari ed
with the type of p roj ect .
In national surveys where uniformity of r esults
was imperative and time was shar ply limited, cl ose sur ervision was maintained by the Washington office .
Schedules and instructions we r e sent
from WashiI.1gton and central editing and tabulation we r e pe rformed the r e .
On State studies standard procedures we r e occasi onally sugges t ed .
Fo r the
mos t part, however , competent pe rsonne l having been secur ed , the Sta t e
sup ervi sors we r e expected to deve lop thei r own p ro jects with only general
approval and sugges ti ons from the Washington office .
Sta t e p r oj ects had
to be appr oved. , howeve r, by the Sta t e Emer gen cy Reli ef Admini st r a ti on as
well as by t he Washington staff before they ner e U..'1.dortaken .
I n the ea rly days of t he p r ogr a m when ex t er.sive surveys we r e b e i ng
put into the f i eld concu rr ently or in r apid succ efls i on , it vms necessa r y
to maintain a sma ll grou:? of fi e ld men
011
t he ·,Vashington sta ff, r espons i-
bl e t o the Coor d ina tor of Rura l Res€ar ch , who could keep cl os ely in touch
with the p r ogr ess of studies f r om the ce n tra l office and ye t could be
avai l abl e fo r extende1 field Tio rk .
Much of the credi t for ma intain i ng a
smoo t h- workL1g organ ization with the Sta te ur.i ts is d-i.:e t o the ef ::o r ts of
this s t a ff i n i 11terpr e ting t he p ro gram, in helping s el ect compe t ent pe rsonr.el , in assisting in setting up the fi e ld wo r k , and in coordina ti ng the
r e s l. , arch ·,,i t h in tl:e va r ious St a tes .
Ar ea r esearch supe rvis ors kep t in
gene ral touch with a ll r esearch pr ojec ts although they did rrot actvally
dir ect rura l surve ys .
They were r e~ponsibl e , however , fo r the nece s sa r y
fisc a l arra nge ments with State ad.min i s trat io ns on all p r oj ects i nvolvi ng
the us e of d i r ect F6deral alloca tions .
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With the develop~ent of an eff icient organization in the various State s
and with the shift in emphasis from extensiYe general surveys t o more detailed analyses of specific problems, this special fi e ld staff was no longer
necessary.
Thereaft er, all arrangements were handled by the Coordina.tor of
Rural Research working in conjunction with the regional r esearch supervisors
,. who served as the field repre sentatives of the Division.
Publicaticn of Re su lts
Righ ts of publication of the r e sults of Federal proj ects we r e r e served
by the Washington office .
In most instanc e s copi es of the mat erial wer e
r etained by t he Sta t e supP rvisor or wer e made avai labl e to h im for more detail ed analys i s than was possible i n Washingt on.
For example , on the re-
li ef c ensu s es t he .national publications con ta i ne d only State and a r ea t otals ,
but a number of Sta t es us ed tho county data f or de t a il ed analysis .
In a d-
diti on t he cooperating Stv.tes ha ve publ i shed t.he r esults of Sta t e p r ojec ts.
All Sta te publicat ions fi nanc ed. i n whol e or in part through the coope r at ive
agree ment have r e ceived a gene r a l editing in Washington , mainly f or consisten cy with Nation- wide t ot a l s .
A complet e fil e of the State bull e tins
bas ed on bot h Feder a l and l oca l surveys has been ma int a ined in the central
office for r 0f er ence .
Coon erating Abenci e s
It was i nevitable that a r e s earch p r ogram of the scope devel oped unde r
the coope r a tive p l an would l ead t o j oint undertakings with othe r agencie s
as well a s t o dependence on cthor org.?.n izations for spec ial informat ion and
t e chnical ass: 3tanc e .
Chief among the se have bee n the Divi s ion of Fa rm
Population a~d Rur al Lif e of the Bureau of Agricultural Economic s ; Division
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- 12 -
of Farm W.tanagement and Co s ts of the :Bureau of Agricultur al Ec onomics;
Resettlement Administrat ion ; Fa r m Se cu rity Admini s tration; National Youth
Adfilinistration ; Civilian Conse~vation Cor ps ; and Bureau of the Census.
In
addition the Rural Secti on of the Division of Soc ial Research and its p redecesso rs have had the advantage of close c ooperat i on with a subcommittee
of the Committee on Soc i a l and Economic Resea rch in Agriculture for the
Social Sci ence Res earch Council.
Coop er at i ng States
To ke ep pace wi th the r apid expans i on in tho scop e of the national
surveys unde rt aken , the ori ginal gr oup of coop er at ing States was expanded early in 1935 to include 36 Sto..tes .
At one time or anothe r 41 Sta t e s
ha ve b een i ncluded within t he coope r a tive p lan (tabl e 1 and fig. 1).
The cooper a ting Ste tes have f a ll en i n to two gene r a l groups :
( 1) those
whos e perso nne l in r u r :.1 1_ sociology was of suff ici ent r esearc h train i ng and
exp e rienc e to a vai l t hemse lve s of the full sta ff of sup ervis or, assistant
supe rvis or, and fi e ld workers; o.nd (2) thos e without avai l a bl e , competen t
pe rs onne l in rural s ociol ogy bu t for whi ch it was impo rtant to secure informati on t o help build up a nat i onal p i ct~re of the r e li ef situation.
In
the States within t his latt er group t empo r a r y supe rvisors of rural r esearch
we r e p l aced in the State Eme r gency Re li ef Administra ti on offic e without any
dire ct conne ction with the agricultura l expe rimen t station.
The seven Sta t es wh ich wer e not i:1cluded at any time in the Plan for
Co ope rative Rural Re searc h we r e omitted e ithe r becaus e administ rative agr eeI
ments we r e not r eadi ly avai l a bl e or because thei r i nclu sion was not
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Tabl e 1.-- Sto..t os I n.clnJ.ccl in t~o Pl n..11 for Cooper a tive Rural Resea rch,
D,J ~cTJ.bor 1933- Junt.l 19 38
Peri od of coope r a ti on
Sta t o
Al n.bn.:1a- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·• - - Ariz ona---- - -- - ---- -- - - - - -- - ----- ---- Arkans,-1.s ----·--------------- - -- - ----- - Ca lif orni a---- ----- -- - --- ------------Col or ado ------- - -- -- - ---- -- -- -------- ~
Connec ti cut---- - ------ ----- - ___ ____ ___
Fl or i dal- --- ---- - - - --- --- - - -----· - ---- Ge ar gi a 1--------· -- - - - ---- - - ----------Illinoi s 1- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - --- - -- - - - -- -- .
I ndi a na 1
Dccur.b or 1933-June 30 , 1937
So:p t onbc r 1935- Jl.mG 30 , 1937
Oct ob er 1, 1934-- opc.ratin 5
Novcubor 1 , 1934- March 31 , 1937
Dc cer:,b or 1933-- 0:por c1ting
Oct obe r 16 , 1934-- opc r a tin6
Ap ril 1935-J·o.ne 30 , 1936
M::-,rch 1935- JlL"l.e 1937
Surmo r of 193L'r Mc.W 31, 1907
No vcr.:b or 193•1- J une 30 , 1937
September 16 , 1934-- op erating
Sep tembe r 16 , 1934-- o:pe r at ing
Sep t ember 16 , 1934-June 30 , 1937
October 1 , 193,-l-- oner at in€
November 1 , 2.935-- ope r a ting
l.:ay 16 , 19 35-- oper at ing
October 1, 1934- Novembe r 30 , 1936
October 1934- June 30 , 1937 ; Jul;;7 1938oper a ting
Fa ll of 1934- June 3C, 1937
Mar ch 1935-- operating
July 15 , 1935-- 0:pe r c:1.ting
November 1934- June 30 , 1937
June 1 , 1935- Febr uar;y l , 1936
Feb~uary 4 , 1936- June 30 , 1936
Augas t 4 , J. 936--o-pe rating
J 2nu.c~ry 8 , 1934- June 30 , 1937
De cember 1933-April 30 , 1937;
JuJ.y 1938- o:por a t i ng
Noverab or l , 1934-- opera t i ng
J amiar:r 1 , 1935- Jru1e 30 , 1938
Do.::cnb .Jr l , 1933- June 30 , 1936
1:·ovcr.:b or 23 , 1934- De combor 31 , 1936
October 15, 1934-June 30 , 1936
Marc h 1 , 1935-- ope r n ting
Juno 1934-- o~cr a ting
Juno 1934-- opor .,,ting
Octobe r 1 , 1934-- opor a ti~g
Sop t cmb0r 24 , 1934--June 30, 1937
lTovcmb ci r 1 , 1934-- opc r r-,ti ng
r-fay 16 , 1935--0"9,ffati n 6
1"ovemb 0r 1934-Apr il 30 , 1937
Augus t 1934--on ~r at ing
1
i~::
------------------------------1I
-I
as - - - - - - - - - - -· - - - - - - - - ·· - - - - - - - - - - Kentucky-- -- -- -- ----- - - -- - - - ··- ----- - - --,
Louisiana---- ----- -- - - - - --- - - - - - - - -- - -Mar y l and-------------- - -- -- ----- ------Massachuse tt s ----- -- - - - - ·-- - - ------· -- -· --Michi gan---- -- ------------------ - -- --Minnesota----- -- ---- -- --------- - -----Mi ss i ssi ppi 1 --- ----------- -- -- -- -- - --Mi ssouri------------ --- ·--- - --- - -- ------ --Montana-------- -- - - -- ---- - ----- ------ ~
Nebraska1 -- - - -- - -- -- - -- - ----- ----- --- ~
New Hamp shir e-- -- - ---- - -- --- -- - - -- ----~
New J er sey-- - --------- - ----- ------- - -~
1
New Mex ico----------- ------ ---------New York------ - - ------ -- ---- -- -- - ---- Nor th Ca r olina - - ---- - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - -North Dakota- - ---- - - - ------- ------- ---Ohio---------- ---------- - - --------- --Oklahoma------ - - - --- ---- - --- - - - -- - ---Oregon-- - - - --------- - -- - --- - -- - - -- - -- 7
P ennsy lvani a---· --- - -- -- - - - ------ ---- -- - - --'
South Ca r olina - -- - ------ ---- - ----- - -- - South Dako t a-- --- -- ----- -- -- - - ----· - - ---Tc nne s s ee - -- ---- -- --- - -- - - - --- -- - - - --- 1
i ~:s---·------------- --------- -------·---~
Vi r gini a -- --- -------- - ------ - -- - -- - -- ~
Wwashtivn~to~-~-i--- - -- --- ---- ---- ------ j
cs
1rg1n1 r.1, - ----- - ·- ---- --- ----- --.
.
- - ---- ---- -- ---- 7I
w1scons1n------------l
Tempora r y supe r vi so rs only .
Noto .--The peri ods cover ed include i nformal a r rangements pri or to August 1934
as well as for mal n.gr ocmo nts a ft er tho..t dato .
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FtG. I- STATES INCLUDED IN THE PLAN FOR COOPERATIVE RURAL RESEARCH
DECEMBER 1933 - J UNE
States
wi th .
No cooperat ive
Temporary
State
19 38
arrangement
supervisors
superv isors
onl y
of rural
research
AF - 2900 . W PA
M-1 678
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- 15 considered c ss or. t i a l t o tho -pr (.;s1 n~tnti on of a na tior.al p ictur e of the
rural r oli of s itu::~ti on . 1 0
Tho i ndivi dual Stnte s hav e p l a,yc d a tri p l e rol e in tho function i ng
of t he Plnn f or Coo:pe r a t i v o Rtrral Re s earch with wide ly var ying d egr ee s
of omihas is on e a ch asp oct from State to StQt e .
Fir st , all State s which
ha v e c oope r a t e d with the Was hi ngt on off ice ha v e assumed r e spons ibility
f or the fi old wo r k of such Fe de r a l surveys a s we r e c on duct e d wi thin t h eir
b ound,,,ri e s o.nd f or ch o pr omp t transrni tta l of s chedul e s .?.Ild other r e que sted
i n formD.ti o::i .
Tr.i s has i nv olved t he s e tting u:p of
Fl.
c or:ipo t ont s t a ff within
each Sta t e wr~ich c ould b e uti l iz e d f or b o t h Fede r a l a nd Sta t e r esear ch .
The s iz e of t he: sto.ff ha s fluctUl'.t cd i n c>..c c or dru1ce with the s urveys under
wa y .
Se ccnd , c ombi ned Fod.or a l - St:1. t e r ospons i bili ty fo r the i s suan c e of th e
r esult s of nationa l surveys has p rove d ex c ee di ngly no r thwhil e i n a l a r ge
p r op orti on of tho coopor L:. t i r..g Sta t o s .
Unde r t h e g01ce r 2,l coop or a ti ve agre e-
mon t t ho Stc,t os h2.v e had t ho compl e t e da.t a fr om :tedor a l surveys c onduc ted
vii thi n the ir c ou..t1ti os or t ovmsl::.i p s av a i l ab l o f or cic t ai l ed anal y si s .
Tho third aspe ct of the c oo:9c r 'lt i v o a rra:-1ge;;1en t of va luo t o the Sta t e s
has b oon tha t p r ovi di ng fo:::- tho :1ll 0 cati on of Fed.or a l f unds f or t h e pur suan c e of ap~rov e d , Sta t e-i~iti o. t cd pr o j 0ct s .
It is to be r eg r e tte d t h a t mor e
Sta t Gs ru:i,vo no t t aken full D,dvc.nk,gG of t h i s r:ie t hod of dcv e L ,p i ng l oca l .
r esearch , br:. t in thos e State s Hh c r e su ch p r o j e ct s have b een ca rri ed out ,
hi ghl y signi f i c&VJ.t :md vo.luabl e r esul t s !:lav e been obta ined .
10
Mo.i nc Has i n cluded in t n n Survey of Cl o so d , Ope.m od. , Md Re op ened Case s ,
but the supe r visi on nas ho.:.-idl c d en ti r e ly by the Wc,s h i n g t on s t o.ff .
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- 16 The
d o t a il cd pro j e ct r eport s by St o. t os l e ave t he ov or TThe l ming i m-
pr e s s i on of n. tr c:·1endous n.::1ou.n t of ,lor k QCcomnli she d. M d a wc.:-1 th of data
c oll e cted .
As mru1y of the s upe r v i sors hav e po inted out , h ono v er, it
appear s J)r obc:-,b l e that t oo lit t l e cmphas i s has boon p l a c ed on t ho onnl y si s
of t he d['..t a on a Sta t e bas i s .
I f t he full val ue is t o be d e rived fr om
tho cooper .:i.tive a rrangenen t , it appc«.r s t hn t h enccfrJrth mor e a tt enti on
mu s t b e dev o t ed t o such orJ.a,ly s i s a nd t o t he :publica ti on of Sta t e r epo rts.
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APPEND IX
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Publica tion s
of t he Rura l Section
Divi s ion of Soci a l Resea rch
Wor ks Progr e ss Admini s tration
Re s earch Monogr aphs
I.
II.
v.
VIII .
IX.
XI.
XI I I .
XI V.
xv .
XVI.
XV II .
Six Rura l Probl em Ar eas , Re li ef --Re s ource s--Rehabilitation
Co.lI'f;)ar a t i v e St udy oi Rura l Reli ef and. Non- Reli ef House holds
LD..Ild.lord and. Tenant on the Cott on Planta tion
Fa r mers o~ Re li of a nd RehQbilita ti on
Po.r t - Ti me Fa:..·ming i n t he SouthGas t :
Rura l Youth on Roli e f
:Effo cts of tho Wor ks Progr am on Rural Reli ef
Changing Aspec t s of Rw.·al Reli ef
RUl'8-l Youth : The ir Si tu.:.'lt i on and Pro s-pects
Fo.r minc Ha.zo..r ds i n the Drough t Ar oa (i;_ pr e s s)
Rura l Fami li ·J s on Reli ef (in pr ess )
Rurnl Populat i on Mobility i n t~10 Uc1i t ecl Sta t os ( in pr epa r c,tion)
Youth i n Agricul t ura l VillQgos (i n p r cpa ~a ti on)
Publ i c Ass i s t o.nce in t he Dr ought .AJ.•ca ( i n p r cpa.ra t i on )
Spoc i a l Report s
Ju· o.-:,,s of I ntense Drough t Di s t r ess , 193 0- 19~56
Th o Peop l e of the Drough t States
Re li ef nnd Reho.bil i k .t i on i n the Drought Ar ea
Five Yco,rs of Rural Re li ef ( in press)
Cul turo..l Rogi ons Wi thi n t ho Rura l P opulati on ( i n p r epara ti on)
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- 19 Fc d.or nl Surveys
To mee t ad.mi n i s tr.'.ltivo noo d.s for b1·O0.d. s ur v oys of tho r el i e f
popul a ti on as woll as mo r o d e t a il e d. s tud i os , Fe d e r a l surveys we r e
d e v e l oped. in r[tp i d. s e quence both p ri 0r t o rmd. a ft e r the f orm.'.ll d.cv e l o:pmo n t of t he coop e r a tive pl D.n .
Whi l e the sme.ll e r studi os , sup e r vised
e nti r e l y by the Wash i ngton s t a ff ond i ssued i n bullotin form , a r c no t
includ.od , t he f oll owing summar i es give the pur p os e ru1d scope of all
ma j or surve~rs c onduc t ed in c oope r a ti on wit:o. tho Sta t e s .
Ass i s t anc e
by the State suporvi s or s r ange d. fro m c omp l e t e r esp on s ibility fo r fi eld
surveys in c e rta i n Sto., t os to advi so r y s c:rvic e s w~1en supe r vi s i on wo.,s
p rovi a.od fr om ot h e r sources .
De t o..il e d me thodol ogica,l s t a t ome:1ts have
b een :pur,_Jos c l y omi tt od as t hey ca,n b e f ound in t he publi s h e d r eport s
bas od on t hG s urvoys .
At the h1cop ti o:1 of rura l r eli ef stu d.i o s t h0 :pr obl em of d ov oloping snm:pli11g p r o c edur es a nd survey toclmi que s whi ch vro uld nak o po ss ibl e
tho r [tpi d coll o cti oi1 of l a r ge qu an tit i e s of do. ta gen or o..lly r ep r c s ec1tativo
of rura l r el i e f c ondit:L 0ns thr ou 6 h out t he Un it e d Sta t es immeclia,t e ly
nr oso .
I n mru1J"- r espe ct s t t10 f i el d was en unchnrte d one .
I n the earli e st
st u dios , put int o the fi e l d wi th l it t l e adv2.n ce :pr op2.r o. ti on , the
s cunpling was adm i t t edl y t e clmi ca lly d efe c tive on many coun t s 2..lthough
sub se quent s1..,1.rveys sub st,\.:l ti a t od tho fi ndi ng s t o a s ur:ori s i ng d egr ee .
With the p.::tssn.gc of tirac sruLp ling t e ch. .nique s we r o d.ove l ope d which we r e
v1id.oly O.I.'p licabl e c..nd vrhich r c; sul t E: d i n i nc;r,3as ingly r el i a blo s1u-veys .
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Surve y of Rura l Rol i e f a Dd Non-Re li e f F2.mili e s , Oc t ob e r 1 933
The Survey of Rural Re li e f a nd Noi1- Re li e f Fru:iili e s , Oct ober 1 933
(DRS- 3 C 811d 1 6) n o.s d es i g n e d t o ru::1p lify tho information obt a i n e d by the
Unemp l oyn c nt Re li ef Ce n s us of Oct ob er 1933 .
Da t a wor e obta ine d c1uriEg
t h e Hint e r of 1933- 34 i n 47 samp l e c ount i e s i n 19 St.:'. t es falling v,i thi n
13 d i stinct t ypc - o f - f2.I' n ing a r eas .
The ch i e f value of the i nvcsti ::;n-
tion l i e s in tho so ci al and e cononic c or.1p r.1r i s ons it mforde d b e t rJC on
f a irly l a r g e r e l i e f and n on r oli e f po:pul n.tions i n s e l e ct e d rur a l a r eas .
I n each c ounty survey e d a. r andor:i s anp l c of r el i e f h ous e h ol ds and tho t wo
n ear e s t n e i ghb or s n o t on r e li e f ,~,or e int e rvi en od .
Ab out 5 , 600 r e li e f
and 11,200 ,.rnnr o li of fru.1ili o s living ou t s ide c on t ors of 2,500 popula ti on or n ore ,;rn r e incl u d.e d i n the s urvey .
Th e sw-.rpl o fo r 02,c h c ounty wc.,s t h en TT ci ght od i n a ccordan c e TTi th tho
total rurn.l r e l i e f populati on of Ylh ich it nas r op r o s onta ti v e .
I n c on -
pari son n i th nonr e l i of f o..7ili es i n tho s ane n e i ghb orhood , it was f ound
tho.. t h ou se:1ol d s on r el i of o..v c r 2-.g od ab out ')no p e r s on l arge r, shov;re d c;r c a t or
une np l oyn ont , snc,ll or i n c onos , l oss f or n a l e du ca t i on , an d l o s s onnersh i p
of tho n eens of p r oduct i on .
Th e r o we r e a l so dif: e r on c o s in age , n ob ility ,
fan ily c on p os i t i on , o.n d u sual oc cup n. ti on .w d i n ~lus try .
Al th ou gh s i gni-
f i can t diff c r on c e s b o t m:; on t h o r el i e f rm d :".1.0ilr e l i of h ou s eho l d s m :r o fo und,
t h e r e n ei.s con s i d e r a bl e ov e rl a:rip i n g in t h o case of ev e r y tra i t n oasur od .
Th at r..o shar p line c 0u.l d b e dran:i -b c tw oen the t.10 gr ou p s i s r e f l e cte d. in
t h e f a ct t !1rt t r.,an;y rurn.l h nu sohol cl s n o t on r ol i of i n Oc t ob e r 1933 :b.ave
b oon ob l i g e d t o se ek as s i s t anc e s i r1 c e t ha t ti n e
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Survey of the Rura l Re li ef Situa tion in Se l e ct ed Ar ea s of Ei ght een Sta t e s
With a v i ew t o supp l ementing the Octobe r 1933 data r egarding the curr ent and p roba bl e r e li e f s itua tion, a spe cial Survey of the R~ ral R~l ief
Situ a ti on i n Sel e cted Ar eas of Eight e en Sta t e s (LSB-25) was made as of
May 1934.
Of the 51 s el e cted counti e s cover ed 47 had b ee n included in::
t he p r evi ous s urve y.
A county schedul e was filled for each county or
p art of a c ounty surveyed, inf ormati on being obta ined from local offic i a ls.
AlthouF)l t he a r eas s t udi ed we r e not consider ed typical of the c ountry at large , they did r ep r ese nt characte ri s tic r eli ef areas and associ a t ed t yp e s of p r ob l ems .
Sta tistica l and des c ri p tive data were assembled
d ealing sp e cifica lly wi th t he f ollowing f our sub jects:
hous eholds on r e l i ef
tm
t he numb er of
May 15 , 1934 , i n t he open country , in village s
of l e ss t ha n 2,500 popu l a ti on , a nd i n populat i on cent ers of 2,500-5,000
p ers ons, t oge t he r wi t h the amoun t of r e li ef r e ce ived during the entire
mont h ; p r ob~b l e r eemp l oymen t p r osp ects and the futur e tr end in r elie f;
r e sou rc e s ava ila bl e f or t he r ehabilita ti on of f a rm famili e s; and the
p r ospe ct s of r ehabi l ita t ing vill a ge famili es , t he r e s ourc e s with which
t hey should be suppli ed, and t he p r ob l ems t o be f a c ed in such a pr ogram
of r ehabili t a ti on.
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Survey of Ru r a l Probl em Area s
Th e Unemp loyment Reli ef Census of October 1933 r eveal ed that mo s t
of the a r eas wi th exc eptiona lly high r e li ef r a t e s wer e rural r egions in
which the ma jority of t he pe op l e lived in t he ope n c ountry or i n villages
a nd t owns of fewer than 5,000 inhabit a nts.
Furt he r inve stiga tion of
t he s e a r eas indica t ed t hat cer t a in perma nent combina tio ns of f a ctors
wor e asso cia t e d with the high r eli e f r a t e s .
Six such a r eas, c ontaining
app r oxima t el y one- ha lf of the rural r el i ef popula ti on, 36 pe rcent of the
t o t a l rura l p opula t i on , a nd 43 pe rc ent of all f a rmers in 1930 vrn r e dolinea t ed fo r spe cia l s tudy i n the Survey of Rur a l Probl em Ar eas (DRS-60).
Six ty- five counti e s in twen t y- thre e Stat es wer e s e l e cted to r epr esent
insof ar as pos s i bl e i n a l imit ed samp l e t he range of conditions prevalent in these a r ea s .
Data we r e obta in ed from case r ecords , through in-
t e rvi ews with l oca l r el i e f worke r s , and from ot he r available sourc e s .
A t o t a l of 10,770 s che dul e s was fill e d.
The cau s e s unde rl y i n:~ t he ne ce ss it y f or r e li ef, the characte ristics
of t he r e li ef popul a t i on., a nd t h e p r ospects fo r t he r ehabilitati on of the
rura l f amili e s on r e li ef i n June 1934 wer e i nve s tiga t ed.
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Su rvey of Closed , Opened , a nd Reopened Cases
A Survey of Cl osed, Op en ed, and Reop ene d Case s (DRS- 12.A and 14A)
was p:iade in 49 counti e s in 22 Stat es from No vemb e r 1933 t hrough Ap ril
1934 to reve a l the volume and rat e of turnove r of rural r e li ef case s,
the ext ent t o whi ch t he r el i ef population was aff ecte d by the vari ous
opportuniti e s f or r e employment, espe cia lly the program of the Civil
Wor ks Ad.minist rati on , change s in t he chara ct eristics of the r e li ef
population comi ng on and going off r e l i ef r olls, the me t hods by which
f am ili e s wer e transfe rr ed fr om r e li ef t o s elf- ma int enanc e , and the
r e l a t i on of t h e s e pr oce s se s t o tho va ri ou s rural oc cupa tio ns a nd indus tri es .
Sc:"l1edul e s ·we re t a ken by p ers onal int e rvi ew f or a l l cases as
they came on and wen t off the r e l i e f r oll s du ring t he per iod of survoy .
A t o t a l of 92, 244 s chedu l es was f ille d.
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Survey of t he Rural Reli e f Si tl1-a ti on, Oc to b e r 1934
As t he first of a se ri e s of surveys of current change s in the rural
relief s i tuati on, the Survey of the Rural Reli ef Situati on, Octobe r 1934
(DRS-77A and 77:B) was conduct ed in rural and town areas.
Approximat ely
29 , 800 schedul e s we r e tra nscribe d fr om r el i ef r e cords in 136 counti e s
r ep r ese ntative of 9 maj or a gri cultura l areas and 2,500 schedul e s in 6
Pacific Coa st c ount i e s and 41 Connect i cut to wns h i ps .
Supp l ementary to
t he r e l i ef sche dul e , a simila r f orm was u se d fo r case s r ec e iving adva nce s
under t h e I"Llr a l r ehabi li tation p r ogr am.
:Bull e ti ns bas ed on the surve y ,
indi ca tive of the s cope of t he da t a obta i ne d, c ove r e d u sual occupati on
of t he headr: of r e li ef households ; r e s idenc e of the r e lief popula ti on;
the tr end of rural r elief f rr m Octob er 1933 to Oc t obe r 1934 ; an es tima t e
of t he pr opo r t i ons of f a r ;n ope r a t or s and o t h er gr oups expe ct ed to nee d
r e li ef by February 1935 ; expe ct ed change s i n the r el i ef s itua ti on between Octobe r 1934 and Februar y 1935 ; worke r s and depe ndent age groups
i n r e li ef househol ds ; mob ili ty of the rura l and town populat i on; type s
a nd valu e of r eli ef r ece i ved; r e l i ef h i story of rural and t own ca s e s
fr om Ma y thr ough Oc to ber 1934 ; and a compari son of r e li ef and r ehabilit a ti on cas 2s in rura l a r eas i n Oc t ob er 1934 .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 25 -
Survey of Current Changes in t he Rural Reli ef Popula t ion
The most ex te nsive rura l relief survey wh ich was undertaken was the
Sur vey of Current Changes in the Rural Reli ef Population (DRS-109 and
109A and sup~l emen t ary forms), initiated in Feb ruary 1935 and continu ed
until the end of t he year.
Data were obtained from ca se r ecords.
In
Fe bruar y 138 sampl e counti e s, r epr esentative of 9 agricultural areas,
we r e surveyed.
For June and subs equen t months the sampl e wa s expa,nded
t o inc ludo 304 coun ti es and 116 New England townships s el ect ed as
r ep r esen t a tive of 34 Sta t es in (')rdor t o mee t t he ud.m i ni s tra tive need
f or infor ma t ion concerning t he r u r a l r elief situati on in part i cular Sta tes
a s we ll as i n agricultur a l a r eas .
I n a dd iti on t o cros s- sec ti on studies of
t h e r u r a l and t own r e li ef popula ti on made i n Februar y , June , and October
1935, sampl e s wer e t aken of cas es closed duri ng t he i n t erval Ma rch to June ,
i nclus ive ; of case s clos ed , r eopened, and clos ed each month July to Oc tober 1
inclusive ; and of ca ses opened and r eopened duri ng No.v ember and Decemb er.
A t ot a l of app roxi ma t el y 286 , 900 s chedul es was f i lled.
The spe cif i c ob ject i ve s of t he survey we r e t o obta i n i nf orma ti on
p er iodi ca lly conce r ni ng the number and char a c te ri s tics of rura l famili es
and pe r s ons on r elief , t o ana l y ze the mont hly r eli ef turno ver, t o determi ne t he t y pe s an~ amoun ts of assis t ance gi ven i n r ur a l ar ea s, t o evalua t e t he eff e c t of t he vari ous p r ograms deve loped t o ~ee t t he s itua ti on ,
and t o obta i n inf or mat i on concer ning t ho b~s ic f a ctors und erly i ng t he
r el i ef s ituation i n rura l a r eas .
The wea l th of de ta j_l ed data r esult ing
fr om t hi s survey made poss ibl e a number of compr ehens i ve r eports .
They
i ncluded r.o t onl y a cc..r eful anal ys is of t he chang ing as pe c t s of t he r u r a l
r eli ef populat io n as a whol e bu t a l so spe c ial s t udi es of f a mili es , of
f a rmers, a~d of yo uth on rura l r el i ef r ol ls .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 26 -
Plantation-Tenan t Survey
I n order to analyze the human e l ements associat ed with the land
t e nure syst em in the East er n c~tton Belt, an enumeration of landlords
and t enants on 646 cotton plantations in 6 Southeast e r n State s, with
supp l emen tal dat a fo r South Ca r olina , was c onduct ed in the summe r of
1935.
For purp ose s of the Planta tion-Tenan t Su rvey (DRS-200 and 204),
a plantatio n was d efi ne d as a tract farmed by one owne r or manage r with
fiv e or nore r e s iden t f amili es.
The se @i ght i nclude the l an dlord,
labor e rs, shar e t enan ts, ir-r r en t ers.
The pl antations s el e cted for
study wer e d.i s tributed propo rt ionate l y by Sta t es and by the honogeneous
are as of t he Co t t on B::i l. t which ex t end across State li n es.
The alar n ing
increase of tenancy , t he burden of debt and exorb itant i nte r es t r ates ,
the social ef fe cts of exc ess ive devo tion t o cash- crop farm ing, the soilexhausting traits of cotton f a rming , l ow inc ome s, inade quate standards
of living , poo r educa ti on al facil iti e s , and othe r difficulties c onfronting the c otton f arme r we r e anal yzed.
The spec i a l efforts for the r elief
and r ehabilitati on rf cotton t ena nts wer e also de sc rib ed with emphas is
on the i mport a nce of assis t anc e by the FedfTal Government in the future
r e construc t i on of t he Cotton Belt .
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 27 -
Survey of Combined Fa rming-Industri a l Empl oyment
In the sprtng of 1935 the Survey of Combin ed Farming-I ndust rial
Emp l oymen t ( DRS-138 a nd 139) was widertaken by t he Federal Emergency
Relief Ad.mi nis t r a.t ion i n c~o pe ration with the Land Util izati cn Di vi s i on ,
Resettl ement Ad.mi nis tration, to determine the possibilities f or further
development of desirable farming-indu strial combinati ons in the Southeast
a s a means of i mpr oving living conditi ons a nd increasing e conomic s ec11ri ty.
Inf ormation was s e cured by pe rsona l i n t er view on the f a rming activiti e s
and off-theufarm employment of a s e l e ct ed samp l e of 1,113 hou se holds in
5 major indust ri a l areas of Al abama , Geor gia , and South Ca r olina .
For
c omparative pur poses hous eho ld and emplo ymen t data for a s ampJ.e of 1,334
nonfa rming industrial worker s we r e a ls o included in the study.
The survey
mad e poss i bl e the appr a i s al of ex isting t ypes of combined faroing-industrial
emp l oynent a nd showed t hat a cash i ncone fr oo industrial enp loyment is
e ssential to the succ e ss of hous eho l ds enga g i ng in snall f a r I:J ing en t e rpris es.
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
l3966
- 28 -
Farm Rehabilitation Survei
To analyze the natural and economic factors wh ich have determined
the r elief needs of farm families in the drought area of the Great
Plains, a Farm Rehabilitation Survey was initiated in the spring of
1935 b y the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in coope ration
with t he Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
Ava ilable information pe r-
taining to t he area was assembl ed from weather repor t s, soi l surveys,
report s of t he United Sta tes Cen sus, and farm p rac t ice studi e s previously made.
I n addition, a lmost 1,000 farmers in 13 s el ected coun-
ties wer e i nte rvi ewed to determin e t he f a rming system f oll owed, the
past r ecord of crop yi elds , the fin anc ial condition of the f a rmer~,
and the ir financi a l pr ogr e ss si nce they began far~ing in t he area.
Sinc e the 1934 drou ght mer el y a cc entuat ed s erious egricultural ills,
ma jor emphasis wa.s pl a ced on needed pro gr ams f or the permanent r ehabilitation of tho f a rmers of the a r ea.
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 29 -
Survey of Hous ehol ds Tha t Received Re lief in June and We r e Clos ed Prior
t 0 Decem~~ r 1 , 1935
In order to analyze the effects of t he t r ansfe r during t he latt er
half of 1935 of ne e dy r ural case s f r om the r olls of the Feder a l Emer gency
Rel i ef Admi n istration t o mor e spe cial ized p r ogr ams of assis t anc e , i ncludi ng emp l oymen t on t he Wor ks Progr am , ca r e by t he Re s e t t l eme nt Admin i s trati on , or r e li e f or other public a s s i s tanc e from Stat e a nd loc a l agenci es,
a Su r ve y of Ru r a l Hous eho l ds Tha t Re c e ived Rel i ef in J une and We r e Clos ed
Pri or to Dc c c1I1be r 1, 1935 (DRS- 409A) was initia t ed.
A total of 5,377
r u r a l f a1d l iic s in 71 samp l e coun ti e s i n 7 Sta t e s was s tudi ed.
The
s ol e ct e d St E. t es r ep r ese n t ed diff e r ent typ es of fa r mi ng and of r u r a l nonagri cultura l indust r i es , va r yi r..g degr ee s of r e li 0f intensi t y in June
1935 , and diff er on c e s i n t he d egr ee of thei r dependence on Feder a l funds
f or r e li e f .
I n ge ne r al the p r opo rti ons of t ho cl os ed June r e li ef cas e s
which r e c e ived r eli ef a ga in i n De c emb er ~ppear ed t o va r y in di r ect r e l ati on to t ho c ompr ehensivene ss of St a t e r e li ef p r ogr a ms .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 30 -
Survey of Publ i c and Pr ivat e Assis t ance in Rural and Town Areas
The Survey of P-~blic and Priva t e As s istanc e in Rura l and Tov,n Areas
(DRS- 160 and 162 ) was undertaken to p r ov ide a n indicato r of mon t h- tomonth changes in t he volume a.nd c ost of r elief i n rural and town a r eas
wh ich would co mp l ement the urban s eri es of r e l ief sta tistics of the Social
Se curity Bonrd.
2.1be t ype s of assis t a nc es included we r e public gen er a l
assis t anc e , public ve t er a ns ' ass istance , public a id to the a ::;ed , t o the
blind , aud to dep 011den t children , Re settlement emer ge nc y gr a nts, and
priva t e assist ance .
The survey was made in 385 rur a l and t own a r eas .
The list of c ounti e s included in the curren t change survey was modifi ed
only t o i ns-~:r e r op r esentR tive countie s with towns of up t o 25,000 :populati on and t o i nclude sampl e c ount i e s i n 3 additional Sta t e s .
Curren t
r epo r ts on cxpc11ditur os and cas e s we r e secur ed from all agencie s in the
sample a r eas fr om J anuar y 1936 t ~rough June 1937 .
In addition r eli ef
statistics wer e comp il ed for trio years 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , and 1935 in
as many of the co11n ti 8s c,s had r e liab l e r e co r ds fo r t hose year s . . In
July 1937 t he se r ies was tr,ms f e rred t o t lw Socin.l Socur i ty Board.
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 31 -
Su rvey of Village Yout h
To as c e rtain the pl a c e yo u t h occup i ed in the economi c a nd so c ial
or ganiza ti on of a selected gr oup of 45 agricultura l villages , a su rvey
was made as of J un e 1, 1936 , u nd er t he joint ausp ic e s of the Works
Progr ess Admin istration , the American Youth Commiss i on , and the Columbia
Unive rs ity Counci l on Socia l Research .
The villages r anged. in siz e from
a J. i tt l e ov er 400 t o almost 2 ,700 popul a tio n .
:B;i,• means of t he Survey of
Vil l a ge Yo u t h ( DRS-11-005 ) schedul e informa tion on s ex , a ge , ma1~i t al
sta t us , r a c e , r esi den tia l and work h i s to r ~,r , educationa l a t t a in men t s ,
ec onom i c s t 2. t us , and r e cr ea t ional a ctiviti e s was s ecur e d fo r village
youth .
I n a ddition mor e li mited dat a wer e obta i ne d fo r eco no mica lly
i ndepe ndent youth w110 hnd migrat ed fro m t he vil l age s a nd for t h e tota l
popul a t ion in E:ach vill age .
Sched.ul c s wer e s ecur ed f or appr ox i ma t e l y
8 , 000 youth 15- 24 yeA. rs of ago a nd 3 , 200 youth 25- 29 y(:a r s of age .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 32 -
Survey of Public Assi stance Extended to Households in Drought Areas
To supp l ement preceding analys es of the reli ef situation in the
drough t area , a Surve y of Public Assistance Extended to Househo l ds in
Drought Ar eas (DRS-275) was conducted in 64 counti es covering the
p eriod July- December 1936.
A mon thly r ecord of r elief exp enditure s ,
by agenci es, was secured for each household in which one or more memb ers r e ce ived a ny type or t ypes of public as s istance.
cas es wor e enumerat E:!d.
Mo r e than 75,000
The survey de t ermined the extent to which
famili e s r ece ived aid fro m t wo or more agenci e s simultaneously during
a given mon t h or alte rnat el y during a period of months , measured incidenc e of r elief among t he va rious t ypes of f a r m oper a tors and nonf a rming f amili es , ob t a ined infor mati on on t yp es and amounts of a id
ext ended and on the ex t ent of r el i ef turnover, and dete r mined. the household co mpos iti on and char a.ctcri s tic s of members .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 33
Resurvey of Agricultural Villages
1
To determine changes in rura l s ocial life since 1930 and to study
140 village-c ent er ed aericul tur a l communities pr eviousl y surveyed in
1923-24 and 1929- 30 , a r esurvey of these villages was conducted early
in 1936.
Data secured from local r ecords and local l eaders il'l each vil-
lage made poss ible a detailed institutional analysis of each village and
indicat ed rura l trends .
I nformation was s ecured on such topics as migrations , trade a r eas ,
town and county coope r a tion, industri es, soci~l or ganizations , coo pe r atives , schools , adult educatio n, and churches .
Although t he survey was a joint proj ect of the Council f or Resear ch
in the Socia l Sci enc es of Columbia University und the Bureau of Agricul turo,l Economics of the Unit ed Sta t es Department of Agricul ture ,
2
the
Sta te supervi sors coo per ated by conducting or supervising the fi eld survey~
in a large numb er of villages .
1
Not a surve y under the Plan for Cooperative Rural Research . It is
included he r o , however , because many of t he State supervisors assis t ed
in the survey.
2
It was dir e cted by Dr. ~d.mund deS . Brunner and Dr. Irving Lorge.
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 34 -
Survey of Rural Popul a ti on Mobility
In ord~r t o pr ovide more detail ed da ta on rural populati on movements
and t he characte ri s tics of the migrants than are available from census
data , special studi es have been carri ed on in e igh t Stat es since the beginning of 1935.
Within each Sta t e t he s el ection of the s ampl e area s and
the size of t he sample wer e de t e rmined by local needs, int er ests, and r esourc e s.
In t he Survey of Rural Population 1!obility data wer e s ecured
for the period fro m Janua r y 1, 1926, t o Janua r y 1, 1936, or from Janu[1..ry 1,
1928 , to J anuar y 1, 1935, in the va rious Sta t es.
Onl y cha nge s of a
r e l a tivel y permanen t na ture wer e i ncluded by a rbitrarily limiting the
r ecorded migr a ti ons t o t hos e which invol ved a change of r esidenc e from
one mi nor civil divis i on t o another.
Approxima t el y 25,000 s chedul es wer e
fill ed in t he va rious Sta t es .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 35 -
Survey of Emnloyable Cases on General Relief
As of both January and February 1937, investigations were undertaken
to det e rmine the extent to wh ich employable cases on ge ne ral r elief had
been transf e rred to WPA employment.
were analyzed:
Two d i stinct phases of the problem
(1) polici es of local r elief agenci es with respe ct to
care of emplo J able cas es and the ir definition of employability as compar ed with t he crit eria use d f or certification ; and (2) individual int ervi ews with cas es r ef erred by loca l agenci es a s employabl e to det ermine
thei r ability to ho ld WPA jobs and the ir avai l a bility for as signment .
The Survey of Emplo.rabl e Ca s es on Gener a l Reli ef (DRS-290 ) was conduct ed in 127 coun ti es in J anuar y and 123 count i es and Conne cticut in
February.
Whi le t he only r epo rts consisted of admini s tra tive memoranda
and tho survey was conducted by t he Sp ecia l Inquiri es Section r a ther
than the Rural Secti on , it i s i nc luded her e becaus e of the large numb er
of State superv iso rs and their staffs who assisted in the f i eld .wo r k.
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
11-1686
Ta ble /.-States in Which Specified Federal Rural Relief Surveys Have Been Conduc t ed
Rural relief surveys
z
Une
0
State
No.
~
DRS-3C
Md 16
LSB-25
DRS-I)()
I DRS-77A I DR&-1091
14A and 77B and 109A
DRS-12A
and
Fann
I DAS- I :is I Rehabi!
1-IDRS-409A I DRS-160 I DRS-lland 204 and 139
talion
and 162
005
DRS-200
I
Survey
~
To lal-40 States 2 ____ _
19
Alabama ________________ _ ___ _
X
m
l/lo
- j <.O.
m rt
:;;o ;::;·
Z ro
0..
C o-
z
'<
<
m
I
2
l/l
~
Cal 1 fo rnio _________________ _
Colorado ________________ ___ _
5
II
12
l:J
M
t ,5
0
~
I
~
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hi
Massachuse l\.e, __________ ____ _
X
X
.17
18
Mi chlgan--------------------
X
X
Minnesota ___ - - --- --- -- - - - - - -
X
X
X
X
X
X
20
Mi ss Jss ippi ______________ __ _
Mi ssourJ ___________________ _
. 21
Monluno .. _ - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - --
22
Nellroska. _- ___________ - ____ _
23
24
New llrunpshire ___ _
Ne w MexJco ______ _
---
25
New
-- -
2(3
North Curol lno. _____ ___ -----No rth Ou.kota ----------------
28
29
:12
South CaroUno ...... _______ _
So ulh Dako ta _______________ _
~
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
:;;o
:;;o
X
fj
X
Penn sy l vuniu ___ ____________ _
l/l
X
X
38
loulslona ..... _____________ _
Maryland . __________ -- - - - - ---
:J I
eel
z3
X
33
Kansas .. - - - -- - -- - -- - - -- ---- Ken w cky ___ ------ -- ---- -----
I
- j lO
ru
X
X
Georgio.-- -- - - - - - -- ---- -- - - -l 111 no ls - - - - -- -- - - - - -- - - - -- Cndiano _ ... ____________ __ ___ _
Oklahomo . ________________ __ _
Oregon ______ ____ _
z::;;
X
Connec ticu L --------- _ -- ___ _
.Flo rida------ -- - - - - - -- - - - __ -
30
m 3·
'22
X
X
X
27
mo
V) ::::::!.
X
X
X
23
X
X
X
rn
z
18
Ari zonu ____ ________ ________ _
Arkonsus _______ _______ _____ _
6
7
8
0
IO
:;;o
<
m
Resu rvey
DRS-275
33
34
35
X
Virginia _________________ __ _
:18
Wo.shing ton .. _ - _____ -- ______ _
39
10
Wes t Virg inia ______________ _
Wi sco nsin _____ _
1 States
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
20
.1 0
X
528
B
Line
llRS-290 1
No.
Jan.
1937
Feb .
1931
30
29
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
l
2
3
X
X
5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
36
X
X
X
X
X
6
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10
X
X
II
12
X
13
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I :;
X
X
X
19
20
X
X
2J
X
X
X
22
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
in 11hi ch stud y • as confined to cities are not included.
2 New Jers e y was in the coope rat ive plan for a few months but was not in c luded ln any Federal s urvey.
3 In cludes \lain e which was not 1n the cooperative plan.
4 Includes Wy om ing which was not in the coope rative pl an .
5 In cludes Delaw a re and Idaho whi ch wer e not tn the co operative plan.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
·X
2G
27
28
29
X
30
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
31
32
33
X
X
X
X
37
X
X
38
39
10
X
X
25
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
18
24
X
X
X
X
14
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
15
X
X
X
X
X
X
B
9
23
X
X
X
X
30
37
X
7
I\Jral
Population
Mobili ly
X
X
X
Tennessee . _________ ___ _ __ - __
Texas
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
47
of Ag rlcul turnl
VllluJ,_es
X
34
35
3r,
13966
- 37 -
Subje ct Bibli ography
of
Sta t e Bulletins
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 38 -
Agricultural p roblems :
Allre d , c. E. and Robinson , A. C., Significant Cnanges in Agriculture
of No rtheast er n Highland Rim, Rural Re s earch Seri es, Mo nograph
Ho . 61 , College of Agr i cu.lture- , Universit y of Tenne s see , Knoxville ,
Tenn., Oc to ber 1937, pp . 41 .
______ ., Atkins, S. W., e.nd Hendrix, W. E., Human a.nd Physica~
Resourc es of Tennesse~-Agriculture , Rural Research Seri e s, Monogr aph
No. 53, College of Agriculture, University of Tennessee , Knoxville,
Te nn., July 1937 , pp . 41.
Gr aphic Summar y of the Agricultural Situation, With Some Rela ted
General Economic Factors , Re~o rt No . 21, Tennessee Agricultural
Experiment Station , Knoxville , Tenn., Novemb er 1936 , pp . 36.
Almshouse population , rural :
Pihlblad, c. T. and Others, Th8 Rural Almshouse in Mi ssouri,
Resear ch Bulle tin No . 3, Missouri Agri cuitura l Experiment
Stati on , Columbia, Mo ., J,me 1938 , pp . 40.
Coop eratives:
Markets:
Allred, C. E. and Luebke , B. H., Coouerative Wiarketing of Swee t
Potato es in Tennessee , Monograph No . 34, Tenne s see Agricultural
Experiment Station , Knoxville , Tenn ., April 1937, pp . 41 •
• , Butt erfi el d , J.P., and Neskaug , S. R., Marke ting
-----Lives t ock Coope r at ively in Tennes s ee , Rural Research Seri es ,
Monograph No . 49, College of Agriculture, University of Tenness ee ,
Knoxville , Tenn ., June _l 93?, pp . 37.
Telephone s, rural:
Allred, C. E., Robinson , T. L., Luebke , B. H., and Neska.ug , S. R.,
Rural Co ope rative Tel ephone s i n Tenne ss ee , Rural Research Seri e s ,
Monograph No . 45 , Coll ege of Agriculture , University of Tennes s ee ,
Knoxville, Tenn., Ju..., e 1937 , pp . 34.
Cot t on:
Compress i ng of.:
Allred, c. E. and R.1.skopf, E. D., Cotton Compress i ng in Tennessee
and United States , Rural Research Seri es , Monograph No . 71,
Tenne ss ee Agr icultural Exp eriment Sta tion, Knoxville , Tenn.,
April 1938 , PP • 45 .
Consumption and pr oductio n :
Allred C. E., Rask,pf, B. D., Bo ye r, P. B., and Hatfield , G. H.,
Relation of Cotton Production to Consumption , by Areas, Tennessee ,
Rural Research Seri es , Monograph No . 58 , College of Agriculture,
University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tenn ., Octobe r 1937, pp . 29 .
Varieties gro wn :
Allred , C. E. and Staff , Cotton Varieties Grown by Tennessee
Farmers With Re 6 ional Comparisons , Mo nogr aph i:Jo . 35, Tennessee
Agricultural Exper i ment Sta ti on , Knoxville, Tenn ., Apr il 1937 ,
PP • 39.
Credit, rural:
Allred , C. E., Robinson, J . L., and Luebke, B. H., Rural Credit in
Tennessee , 1923, Rural Research Seri es, Monograph No . 82, Tenne ss ee
Agricultural Experiment Stati on , Knoxville, Tenn., Octob er 1938 ,
PP • 51.
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Drought pr oject :
Ne lso n , Lowr y and St aff , An Economic and Soci ological Repo r t of
the Green Rive r Drought Pumping Pro j ec t of 1934 , HDitto" bu ll etin,
Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , Marc h 1935 , pp . 70 .
Educati on:
Allr ed , C. E., Atk ins , S. W. 1 and Fit zge r a ld, F. M., Human and Physica l
Resour ces of Tenn es s ee-Education: Pu.blic and Priva t e , Illit eracy,
Read i ng Habits I Li orari es, Ru r a l Resear ch Seri es , lvionogr aph No . 81,
College of Agricult~re , Un iv ersit y of Tenn e s see , Knoxville , Tenn .,
October 1938 , pp . 50 .
Mc Cra e , J. A., Su rve y of Rura l Education in No rth Dakota , Himeo graphed
Bull e tin FERA NDRS-2, Unive r s ity of No rth Dakota , Grand Forks, N. Dak.,
pp . 44.
Educational atta inme nt:
Farm famili es, rural:
Allred, c. E. and Raskopf , B. D., Educat i on of Fa r m Owne r s and
Te nants in Tenne ss ee , Monogr aph No . 25 , Tennessee Ag ric ultural
Expe ri ment Sta ti on , Knoxvil le , Tenn., J anuary 1937, pp . 40 .
_______ • and ________ ., Education of Fa rmer s ' Wives a nd
Children in Four Counti es of Tennes see , Monograph No . 27, Tenn ess ee
Agricultura l Exp e riment Stat i on , Knoxv il J.e , Tenn ., February 1937,
p p. 43 .
and
., Re latio n of Educat i on t o Social
St a t us of Farme rs in Tennessee , Monogr aph No . 29 ,
Tenne ss ee Agricu l tura l Exp er i me nt Sta ti on , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., March
1937, pp . 34 .
Rel i e f hous eho lds, rura l;
Allred , C~a rl e s E. and Rasko pf , Benjami n D., Educat ional Sta tu s of
Rural Re li ef Famili e s i n Tenne ss ee , Repo r t No . 22 , Tennessee
Ag ri cultur a l Expe riment St 2, tion , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., l~ove mb er
1936 , pp . 4 1.
•
-and Economic
__________ • and ___________ ., Re l ation of Edu cation
t o Econo mi c and Social Status of Rel i ef Cli ents in Tenne ss ee ,
Repo rt l;o . 24 , Tenne ss ee Agr icultur a l Exp e riment Sta ti on , Knoxvill e ,
Tenn ., J anuary 1937 , pp . 37 .
Hoffsommer, Haro ld, Educa ti on and Rehabi lita ti on i n Alabama Fa rm
Households Rece iving Re lief , Vol. ::C·:X , Bull et in No . 7, Alabama
Po l ytechn i c I nstitute , Aubur n , Ala., July 1935 , PP~ 20
Hummel , B. L. and Senne tt , C. G., Educatio11 of Pe r s,;1ns i n Rur a l
Reli ef Hou s eho l ds in Vi r g i n i a , 1935 , Rur al Reli e f Se ri e s , No . 8 ,
Virgi n i a Polyt e chn i c I ns ti tut e , Bl a cksbur 6 , Va ., J anuary 1937 ,
pp . 23 .
Pe t he r am , Ve r a , The Relati on ship Between the Extent of Educa ti on
and the Re li e f Status of Rur :-,.1 .:Ious eho ld.s i n South D~kota , Soci a l
Re searc h Se: ri e s , 1Ii meogr aphed Cir cul a r No . 10 , Depart men t of
Rur a l Soc i ol ogy , South Dakota St a t e Coll ege , Br oo kings , S. Dak .,
July 1937, pp . 20.
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Reli ef Lo useholds , rurn.1 .:1nd to'lVU:
Holley , W. C. a.i.1d Ullrich , C. E., Educa tton of Heads a nd Children
~n__~ 1e Texas Rur~l ar.d Town Relief Population , October 193_g ,
Pre l iminary Repo rt Humber 2, Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta.ti ori,
College Stat ion, Tex., June 26 , 1936, pp . 13.
Re li ef and no nrelief hrmseholds, r'.lral:
Ee l son , Lowry and Cottam, Howard R., ~_Q_oE:E_arison of Educational.
AdvaHt ages anJ. Acb ievements of Rural Relief and Nonrelief
HciusehoTd.s _of _Two Conn ti es in Utc1 h, Reprint, ut;ili-Academy of
Sci ence s , Arts, and Letters, Vol . XII, 1935, pp . 125-128.
Fa.r m:
Business survey :
Linds tram, D. E., Case , :-I. c. I.1., anJ. Leonard, Arch i e , Fa rm Business
Survey of 120 Farms in Southern _Illi nois _l934, RSM-3, Illinois
Agricultural Experiment Sk. tion , Urbana , Ill., August 1935, pp . 15.
FRII1ili es , social and economic st~tus of :
Hamil t on, c. Hor ac e , Recent Ch:1ng8s in the Social and Economic
Sta t us of FaI'l!l Famil i es i:a No rtl1 Caroli na , Bull et in No . 309,
North Ca rolinn Ag~icultur a l Expe riment Stn. tion, Raleigh, N. C.,
May 1937 , PP • 180.
Femi li e s, rura l n.nd town, re l i ef stutus of :
Ullrich , C. E., The Fa rm Op er e tor i n the Texas Rura l and Town
Roli ef _Popu~atio::1 , Octob er 19;3_g , Preliminary Report No. 3,
Texas Agricultura l Experinen t Sta tio n , Coll ege Station, Tex.,
Augus t 5 , 1936 , pp . 29 .
Labor p r oblems :
Hoffllia.n , C. s., Preliminary Informa tion Concern i ng Enployment_..9_!
;B erry Pickers i n the Gresham_Berry Distri_c_t, Sta ti on Circular of
I nfo r nat io:1 No . 152, 0:--egon Agricultural Experinent Station ,
Corvalli s , OrGg., June 1936 , pp. 13.
_______ •, Sta t~_s t ica l Data Regarcli11.£_Farr:1 L?-bor in O_rog<?._12,
Circular No. 151, Oregon Agricultural Expe rinent St a t i on,
Corva ll is , Oreg., May 1936 , pp . 9.
Land is , Pau.l H. and :Brooks , Me lvi n S., Far m Labor i n the Yakima
Va lley , Washi:1gton , Rura l Sociology Seri e s ii1 Fa IT.i Labor, No. 1,
Bulleti11 No . 343 , 'Wa shing t on Agricul turc:.l Exp eriment Sta tion,
Pullwan , Wa sh., De cenber 1936 , pp . 75 •
• and Wakef iel d , Richard, The A.n,rnal E:.1p loyr.ie nt
------C~cle of the Fa rn Labo r Hous eho ld, Rura l Sociology Seri es in
Farm Labor, No . 2 , Washington Agricultural Experiten t St a tiin ,
Pullr.mn , W.'.lsh., July 1938 , pp . 24.
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Fa r m -- Ccntinuc d .
Labo r p roblems -- CoLti nu ed.
Reuss , Carl F., Landis , Paul H., and Wakefield , Richard, Migr atory
Farill Labor and the Hop Indust r y on the Pacific Coast , :Bulletin
No . 363 , Washington Agricultu r al Experiment Station , Pullman ,
Wash ., August 1938 , pp . 64.
S:etreau , E. D., Hire d Labor Requirements on Ariz ona Irri ga t ed
Farm~ , Ar izona Agri cultural Experiment Sta ti on , Tuc s on , Ariz .,
May 1938 , pp . 35.
_______ ., Seasonal Labo r on Ar i zo na Ir~igated Farms ,
Co l lege of Agri cul ture , Uni ve r sity of Ari zona , Tucson, Ariz .,
Jy:ne 1937, pp . 14 .
Laborers , relief:
Larson , Ol af F., :Beet Worl·:e r s on Relief i n Weld County,
Colorado , Res earch :Bulletin No . 4 , Color,.J. do Agricul tural
Expe rimen t St a tion , Fort Collins , Colo ., May 1937, pp . 31.
Leases :
Allred , C. E. and Bri ne r, E. E., What ~An _§uitable Farm Lease ?
Rur a l Re search Se ri e s , Monogr aph No . 52 , College of Agri culture ,
Univ er sity of Tenn esse e , Knoxville , Tenn., Jul y 1937, pp . 35 .
Organization :
Al lred , C. E., Raskopf , E. D., and Es r y , D. H., Or gan izat ion of a
Succ e ssful Small Far m in Central We st Tennessee , Monogr aph No . 32 ,
Tenness ee Agricultura l Exp erimen t StQtion , Knoxvi lle , Tenn.,
March 1937, pp . 38 .
Practice s :
Allred , C. E., Neskaug , S. R., a nd Hendrix , W. E., How t he Swiss
Far me rs Op e r ate on the Cumbe rland Plat eau , Monogr aph No . 33 ,
Tenn ess e e Agricul tur a l Exp eriment Sta tion, Knoxvill e , Tenn.,
April 1937 , pp . 30 .
Bl a l ock , H. W., Plantat ion Op e r a t i ons of Landl or ds and Tenants i n
Arkansas , Bulle tin No . 339 , Arkansas Agri cultur a l Expe r iment
Stat i on , Fa ye tt evill e , Ark., Uay 1937 , pp . 45 .
Hall , Orville J . , How Doe s Your Farm Compare With the Ave r nge Far m
in the No rt hwest Arkansas Mixed Farming and Fruit Area , Arkansas
Agricultura l Expe riment Sta tion, Fayetteville , Ar k. , Octobe r 25 ,
1935 , p p . 5 .
Pric e l eve l , trend in:
:B r e ithaupt , L. R., De r em iah , J . W., and Ho r re l l, Elver a , Relative
Aver a.ge Prices Re ceived b:r Far mers in Ore gon , by Dist rict s and
Count i es , 1926- 1935 , Sta tion Circula r of I nformation No . 161 ,
Oregon Agricultural Exp erime~t Stati on , Co rval lis, Oreg.,
Novembe r 1936 , pp . 8 .
Pr oducts , p r ices of :
Allr ed, c. E. and San t, P. T., Facto r s Affecting Fa r m Pr i ces , Rural
Research Seri es , Monograph No . 80 , Coll ege of Agri cultur e ,
Univer sity of Tenness ee , Knoxvill e , Tenn., October 1938 ,
PP • 40 .
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- 42 Farm -- Continued.
Products , p r ic es of -- Continued .
Al lred , C. E. and Sant , P. T., Pri ce Areas of Farm Products i n
Tenness ee , Rur a l Research Seri es , Monogr aph No . 7 5 , Tenne ss ee
Agr i cultura l Exp eri ment Sta tion, Knoxville, Tenn. , September
1938 , pp . 36 .
______ _ • and ___
• , Regional Diffe r ence? i n Fa rm _E._~ i ~e
of Ho r ses a nd Mul es , Tenn essee and Un~ted States , Rura l Research
Seri e s , Monogr aph No . 67 , Coll ege of Agri culture , Univ f:' r s ity of
Tenn e ssee , Knoxvil le , Tenri., Januar y 1938 , pp . 17 .
_____ • and
_____ ., J{eF,ional Differenc es in Farm Pr ic e
of I:1iilk Cows and Da iry Products, Tenne ssee and Un it ed Ste. t e s , _
Rural Re s ea rc h Seri e s , Monograph Ho . 68 , Coll eg e of Agri cul t ure ,
Unive r s ity of Tenne ss ee , Knoxvill e , Tenn., Janua r y 1938 , pp . 41.
______ _ . and _______ ., Rcg i 9na l Variation in Fa r m Price
of Sma l l Gr a i ns Tenne ss e e and Un i t ed State s , Rural Researc h
Se r i e s , Monogr aph No . 55 , Coll ege of Agriculture , University of
Tenn ess ee , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., Sep t emb er 1937 , pp . 32.
________ •, ______ •, and Shanno n , E. M., Reg i onal Differ enc e1
i n the Far m Pri c e of Ir i sh Potato 8s and Swo0. t Potato e s , Tennesse e
a nd Un it ed St a t es , Rur al Res 0a r ch Ser i e s , !iionogr aph No . 56 ,
Coll ege of Agr icultur e , Un iv er s i ty of Tenne ss ee , Knoxv il le , Tenn . ,
Sep t emb e r 1937 , p p. 32 .
_ __ _ _ _ _ _ • , ___ ______ ., ancl. Smi t h , C. N., I ndex Numbers of~
Pri c 8s Rec e i ved by Teuness ee Fn~mcr s , 1910- 1936 , wi t h Compari s ons ,
Monogr a ph No . 41 , Tenness ee Agricultu r a l Expe rimen t Sta t i on ,
Knoxvill e , Tenn ., Muy 1937, pp . 37 .
________ • , _____ ___ • , and ______ • , Reg ional Diff_er cnc E
i n Farm Price of Co r n , Tenne ss ee and United St a t es , J,fon ogr aph No . 31 ,
Tenn ess et! Agricultura l Expe ri ment StE',t i on , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., March
1937, pp . 38 •
• , ___ _ ____ ., a nd _ _____ _ ., Reg i onal
Diffe r ence s i n Farm Price of Hogs , Tenne s s ee and Unit ed St2.t es ,
lvionogr aph No . 37 , Tenness ee Agr icul t u r "3.l Exp eri ment Sta t ioL,
Knoxvil l e , Te n:1 ., May 1937 , pp . 42.
_______ •,
____ ., and _______ •, Seasonal _ Pri ces of
Fnr m Products ir Tenne ss e e , 1908 to 1936 , Rur a l Re s earch S8ri es ,
1-ionogr aph Ho . 51 , Coll ege of Agri cultur e , Un iversity of Tenne ss ee ,
Knoxvill e , Tenn., July 1937 , pp . 45 .
Si ze of , a..~d r eli ef s t a tus :
Banke rt, Ze tta E., Sizo of Fa r m e.nd Re J.i ef Stat ns in South Dako t a ,
Soc i al Res ea r ch Studi e s , Mi r:•eo gr a phed Ci r c1;.lar No. 9 , Depa rt me nt
of Rural Sociology , South Dlckota Sta t e Col l egr:: , Bro okings , S. DLl.k .,
June 1937 , pp . 25 .
Tenaucy :
AllrE: d , C. E. and :i3r i ne r, E. E ., Typ es of Tcna:1 t Ar eas i n Tennes s ee ,
Rura l Resear ch Se ri e s , l,Lonogr uph lTo. 73 , Tenne ss ee Agr icultura l
Expe ri ment St ntion , Knoxvi l l e , Tenn ., June 1938 , pp . 48 .
_ __ _ _ _ ., Hendri x , W. E., and Ras kopf , E. D., Fa rm Tenan cy i n
Tenne ss ee , Report No . 17 , Tennes see Agricu ltur a l Exp e r i ment Stat i on ,
Knoxv ill e , Tenn ., July 1936 , pp . 31 .
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Fa rming, p~rt- time :
liu..rnmcl , B. L. and. Humme l, R. B., Pnr t - Time Fa_r r1inc i :: Virgin i a ,
!iii r:. 0. of;rap':1.ed bl:ll c ti n , Vir 6 i n i a Poly t echn i c Insti tu t e , Blacks bu r g ,
Vn ., 1908 , pp. 104 .
Oyh' r, 1forto :i and Ros e , W. W., Pa rt-Ti mo Fa r n: i ng i n Four Repr es e,·1tn. t_.;_ v c
Areas of Kcn t u c_ky , Bulletin No. 358 , Xentucky Agricul tura l Exp f' l'i ' , 1t
Statio n , Loxiagt on , Ky ., .Au.gust 1935 , pp . 150 .
By Nc 6 ro e s :
Oyl e r, Me rtor. , Ros e , W. W., and Ni chol ls , W. D., Par t - Ti r.10 Fa r ning
by Nog~o o~ Near Lex i ngton , Ke ntuck-,:r , Bull e ti n Ho . 365 , Ke ntucky
Agricu ltural Exp ori nent Sta t i o:1, Lexi ng ton , K;f ., Septe:..1be r 193 6 ,
PP• 13.
Fa r n i ng , typ e s of :
Al l r ed C. E. an.d La Eh.c...:1 1 B. T., Jr., F11c to r s Dc t e r n i n i n.; T~rpes of
Fa,r niicG , Rur nl Res o;:,.rch SP- ri e s , Eonor;r r:.ph Ho . 79 , Coll ege of Ag ricultur e ,
Universit y of Tennessee , Knoxv ille , Tor,n ., Octob e r 1938 , p p . 39 .
Hall, o. J., Aru:t l ys is of 1934 Far r2 ~ _r ators 1J1 T:[P c of Turn ing Area s,
J.f.ineogr o.phod bull et in , Arkans a s AGricu l tur a l Experinent Stat ion,
Faye tt ev i ll e , Ark . , Octob e r 1935 .
Fiscal c apaci t y , c ounty :
CoLlpar ativo nnnl ys i s of :
Allre d, Chccrl e s E. a nd Steff , Conpe. r a tive Ab ilit;y- of Tennes se e Coun ti es
t o Fi nnnc c The i r _G-ovc r nne nta_l Functio ns , Repo rt No . 9 , Tonnoss ee
Ag ricu l turol Exp e r i nen t Sta tion , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., March 1936 .
pp . 44 .
!Iealth:
Allred. , C. E., Atk ins, S. W., and Milk, R. G., Hnman a nd Phys i cal Resource s of Tenne s see- Health, Welfare TTo r k , Rura l Re s ea r ch Se ri e s,
Monograph No . 83 , Coll ege of Agricul ture , U11iv e rs ity of Tenne ss ee ,
Knoxvill e , Tenn ., Novembe r 1938 , pp . 45 .
Insu ranc e , fir e , f a r me r s ' mut UD.l :
Developme nt :
Allre d , c. E., Rob i nson , T. L., and 11:.ebke , B. H., Fa rme rs ' Mut ual
Fire I ns urance in Tenne ss e e- Dev e lo:9rue nt , Rur a l Research Se r i e s ,
Mono g r aph No . 46 , Colle ge of Ag ricu ltu r e , Univ ersity of Te nn es s ee ,
Knoxvill e , Tenn ., June 1 937, pp . 21.
Mar.agc me n t and o r gan izat ion :
Al l r ed, C. E., Robinson , T. L., and Lu e bke , B. H., F.,~_ rme r ? ' Mut u a l
Fi r e I nsu ~·anc o in Tenn0ss c c- Organ i za tion and M~u:i. a_P:t ID <:m t , Rurc:i.l
Re s ea rch Se ri e s , rv:onograph Ho. 54 , Coll e~e of A€r icul turc ,
Uni ve r s ity of Tenness ee , Knoxv i l l e , Te nn . , Sept emb e r 19 37 , pp . 48 .
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Le.nd gr a.n t coll eges , cou r ses in :
Al l r ed , c. E. ar:d Hendri x , W. E., Cou rs es in Agricultura l Ec onomics
and Rural So ci ology , Land Grant Colleges , 1935- 1936 , Monogr aph
1fo . 39 , Coll ege of Agricu l tur e , Univer s it;r of Te:ane ss ee , Kno xvill e ,
Ton::., Me.~' 1937 , pp . 20 .
Lrn1d ow!1e rship , co rporo.t e :
All r e d , C. E. and Law , D. K., Acquisitto n of Far m Land by Cr edit
Co r po r o. tio ns in _Ter=.?see , Rur al Re s ear ch Seri e s , Mo,;: ogr aph l'Jo . 77 ,
Tem:essee Agricu l t ura l Exp e riment St8. t i o11 , Knoxvill e , Tenn . ,
Sep t embe r 1938 , pp. 52.
Land , qua li t y of :
Socio- economic f ac tors r el a t ed to :
Allred , C. E., Bo nse r, H. J . , Hendr i x , W. E., and :Br i ne r, E. E.,
Eco nomic a nd Social Factors As s ocia t ed Wi t h Land Class in J eff er so n
County , Tennessee , . Rti.ra1 Re s efl.rch S•"' ri ,::- s , r,io~1ogr aph Ko . 76 ,
Tennessee Agricu l t u r r,l Exp eri men t Stc:1 tion , K:1oxville , Tenn .,
Sept emb er 1938 , pp . 77 .
Land us e :
Allred , C. E. and Sant , P . T., Land Us e Pr ob l e;ns i n Cr ocke tt County ,
Tenness ee , Rur a l Res 00.rch Se r i e s , Monogr aph No . 72 , Tennessee
Agricultu r a l Exp er imen.t Sta tion , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., June 1938 , pp . 46 .
Dra inage and :
Allred , C. E., Atk i ns , S. W., ar.d Hendr ix , W. E., Human and Phys i ca l
Re sourc es of Tem:.e s soe-La:i.d Util i za ti on- Land Dra i nage , Rur a l
Re s enrch Se ri es , lvio ::ogr aph No . 48 , Coll ege of Agr iculture , Un i versit y
of Ten,rnss oe , Knoxville , Tenn ., Jw,e 1937 , pp . 23 .
I nven t ory :
Allr ed , C. E., Atk i ns , S. W., Cotto n , W. P., ar.d?.1as on , J . E.,
I nven tory of Land Use i n Tenne ss ee , Repo rt No . 5 , Tenne ss ee
Agricul tur~l Ex~ 8ri ment Sta tion , K~oxvill e , Te~n ., Febr uar y 1936 ,
PP • 38 .
Soil f ertilit y aLd :
Allred, C. E. , Hendri x , W. E., and Luebke , B. H., Effect of Soi l
Fe rtility on La:1d Use in Te:messce , Repo rt No . 12 , Tcn~nos s ee
Agricu l t ura l Stat i on , Knoxvill e , Te1,n., May 1936 , pp . 38 .
Mobility , rurD. l population :
Bre i t hm,.p t , L. R., Pre li minn.r v Dat a Conc er ni ng an Immi gr P,n i; Famil;y:_
Su rve;y i n Ore5on J p,nua ry 19~0 to Nove:nb er 1936 , St c1t i on Circu l a r of
I nfo rmatio n No . 164 , Or ego n Agr icul tur a l Expe ri men t Sta ti on , Corvallis ,
Oreg. , J a nuary 1937 , pp . 10 •
-- - -- --- • , a nd Hoffman , C. s., Prelimi nar y I n formation Concerning
I mro i gr a~ i on I n to Rura l Di st r icts i n Oregon , Januar y 1933 to June 1933 ,
Station Circul a r of I nformati on i.fo . 15? , Or egon Ag1 icultu ral Expe rimen t
Sta tio n , Co rva llis, Or eg ., Augus t 1936 , pp . 8 .
Kumlien , W. F. , hcHamar a, Robert 1 ., and :Banke rt , Zetta E. , Ru r a l
P opul ati on Mob ility in South Dakota (1928- 1935 ), Bull e ti n 315 ,
Depa rtmen t of Rura l Sociol ogy , South Dakota State College , Br ooki ngs ,
s. Dak ., J anua r y 1938 , pp . 34 .
1
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Mobility, rural popu la tion -- Continued.
Landis , Pau l H., Ru~a l Immigrants to Washington State , 1932- 1936 , ~ural
Sociology Se ries in Population #2 , Washington Agricultural Experiment
Station , Pullman , Wash., J u l y 1936 , pp . 21 .
Lively , C. E., Le ngth of Residence of the Head.s of Famili e s in Selected
Rural Ar eas of Ohio , Preliminary Res ea rch 3ulletin , Oh io Agr icultural
Expe ri ment Sta tion , Columbus , Oh io, Septemb er 1 , 1935 , pp . 5.
Wakeley , Ray E., Diffe ::-ent ial Mobility Within the Rural Population in
18 I ov7a Townsh ips, 1928 to 193F> , Res earch Bulletin 249 , Iowa
Ag ri cultur al Expe riment St a t i on , Am es , ! owa , De cemb er 1938 , pp . 40.
Populati or1 :
Di st ribu tion:
Allred , C. E., Atkins , S. W., Ras l-copf , B . D., a:r.i Hend.rix , "il . E.,
Huma n a11d Physical Re sou r ces of Tenn ess ee- Popul at ion , Ru r a l
Re s ea rch Seri e s , Mo iiogr 2.ph No . 50 , Coll ege of Agr icul t ure ,
Unive rsity of Tenne ss ee , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., July 1937 , PP • 32.
Tr ends :
Ne l son , Lowry and Re ttig , T. Da vid , So me Change s in t he Popul at ion
of Utah a s Ind ic o.. t ed by the Annual L.D.S. Church Census , 1929- 1933 ,
R~p ri nt, Utah Aca d.emy of Sci enc e s , Ar ts , a nd Le tt er s , Vol . XII,
1935 , PP• 107- 118 .
Populat i on , r u ral :
Class i f ica ti on of:
Gedde s , Jos eph A. , A Class ific'ltio n of Rural Ut2.h Gr oups , Mimeogr aphed
Bu ll e t in No . l , Ut ah Ag ri cultur al Exp e r imer..t St ,-=- t i on , Lo~c::n , Ut,,.h ,
J w rn 1935 , pp . 8 .
Tr end s :
La:-id i s , Paul H., Rural Popul a tion Trer~ds i n Washi nf;ton , Rural
Soci ol ogy Seri es i n Popu l a ti ~n , No. 1, Bull e t i n ITo. 333 ,
We.. shington Agricultur al Exp eriment St ·,t i on , Pullman , Wl'. sh.,
J ~l y 1936 , pp . 64 .
Livel y , c. :E. and Fo l s e , C. L., The Tr enc! of Births , Deaths , Na tura l
I nc r ea s e and Mi gr <'.: tion i n the Rnral Pouula tion of Oh io , :.1imeograph
Bull e ti n No . 87 , Ohio Agr icultur a l Ezpc r i ment Station , Columbus ,
Ohi o , Apri l 1936 , p ~. 30 .
Problem a r eas :
Popul a tion , a nal ys i s of , i n :
Smith , T. Lynn and Fr J' , Ma r t ha Ray , Th e Popu l a t i on of a Sel ect ed
11 Cut- Ov0r 11 Ar ea i n Loui s i ana , Lou is ian[l. B11.lle tL1 No . 268 , Loui s i a na
Af:-r i cu l tur a l E:x--pe ri me nt St c:1.tio n , En. to n Ro-i.,;.ge , La ., J a nua r y 1936 ,
PP • 46 .
Rehab i lita t i on a nd r es e t t lement in:
Ki r k--pa t ri ck , E . L. anc. Tho ma s, Ru 'v h :,:. , Re s et tlemr-m t and. Rehabil i t a. tion
i n the Cra udon Land Pu r cha s e Aree., Prel i mi nary Rep ort, Wisc onsin
Agr i cultural ~xpe ri ment StE.tion , Mad is on , Wis ., Augu s t 15 , 1935 ,
pp . 45 .
., Y. r a en zel , Ca rl? . , and Thoma s , Ruth hl., Re s e ttle--- -::1ehab
- - -men
t and
ilita t i on i n t l:..e Centra l Wisc 0nsin Nesting Area ,
Mimeogr aphed bu l le tin , Wisc onsin Agricu l t u r al :Expe ri ment St :-tt ion ,
Madis on , Wis ., October 15 , 1935 , pp . 37.
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
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13966
- 46 Probl em a reas --Continued.
Relief situation in:
Nelson , Lowry, Concon , David de Lancey , and Staff , The Significance
to the Rur aJ. ReliPf Problem of Economic Fluctuations i n the Tinti c
Metal Mini ng Region of Utah, 11 Dit to 11 bulletin , Br igham Young
Unive rsity , Provo, Utah , Feb r uary 1935 , pp . 218.
Public and p ri vate assistance :
Rural a:..ia. town areas :
Johns, Ida and Handschin , Robert, Rural Welfa r e and Re li e f 1:'!o r lr
in El ev e n Counti es Repre sentative of Ri1ral Illinois, RSM-5 ,
Illinois Agricultu r al Expe riment Sta tion , Ur bana , Ill., r.1arc h 1937 ,
PP • 21.
Kumli en , W. F. and McNama,r a , Robe rt L., Public and Privat e As si.s t anc e
Ext end e d. t o Hous eho lds in Ru ral and Town Ar eas i n South Dt>.kota ,
J anUc..t,ry 1 , 1936 to March 31 ,1937, Mimeogr aphed bulletin , Departme nt
of Rural Sociology , South Dako ta State Coll ege , :Br ook i ngs, S. Dak.,
May 26 , 1937, pp . 15.
Lars on , Olaf F. a nd Wilson , Johil E ., The Re li e f S itu at i on i n
Colort:do Rural and Town AreE>.s , Re s ea rch Bull et i n No . 5, Colora do
A6 ricu l tur a l Exp ori mon t St a tio 1l, Fo r t Collins, Colo., August 1937,
pp . 31 .
Publications :
Public o,tio ns of the DE: pa r tment of Ag ricu1 tura l :Eko!10mics and Rur a l
Sociology , Rur ctl Research Se ri e s , uionog r nph No . 60, Co ll ege of Agricul t u r ~ , Unive r s it y of TenB essee , Knoxvil le , Te~n ., October 1937,
PP • 17 •
Reh a bilit8. tion , rure.l :
App licants fo r:
Hoffma:1 1 c. S., Summe r y a n d An'll ;vs i s of Applica.'1ts for Rnra l
Reh ao ili t c:,tio :1 i n Four teen Counti e s, St l'.. tion Ci rcula r of Informatio n No . 154, Oregon Agricultura l Experiment St at ion , Corvallis ,
Or e g ., June 1936, pp . 12.
Fam ili e s , cha r ~ct e ristics of :
Font e i n , El a,iiie , Spot Survey of Si:dy Fam ili e s Ref e r r e d fo r
Rehabilitatio n to the Resett l emen.t Admi n is t r at io n by P inal County
Boa r d of Welfa r e , ArizonG Agricultur~l Exp e riment Station , ~1cson ,
Ar i z ., June 1936, pp . 33.
Wilson , W. T. and. Uo tzl e r, W. H. , Charact e ri stics of Arkansas
Rehabilitation Cli ents , Bull e tin I-Jo . 348 , Arkan sas Agriculturc'.l
Expe ri ment Stntio ~. • F0,yett eYille , Ark., June 1937, pp . 48 .
Proposals , fo r rural county :
Co llir:s , Eugon c W. and lfatthews , M. Ta~rlor , Locr:>.l Ro hn,bilita tio~
Proposals for a Tenn e ss ee Rural Cou!lty , Ro:po r t No . 6 , Confide ntial,
Ter:ne sse e .A 6 ricul turE1.l Expe riment St a tion , Knoxv ill e , Terra.,
Ma:c·ch 1936 , pp . 20.
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- 47 -
Rehab ili tahon , rural -- Continue d .
Prospe cts of relief househo lds :
Humme l, B. L. and Bep.ne tt, C. G., Farm Rer.:ab ilitation Po c, s_ibL!j:_!;_~Ps
Among Rural Hj useho l d s on Reli e f in Virgin i a, Rural Rel ief Se ri e s ,
No . 10 , Virginj_a Po lytechni c Institute , Black sburg , Va.,
Ap ril 1937, pp . 36 .
Kirk"pa tric k , E. L., Rural Rehabili tat ion and Re li e ~ , Pr e l imi nary
Report , Wis c onsin Agricultural Expe rime n t Sta tio n , Madi s on , Wis .
Novemb e r 1, 1 934 , pp . 22 •
• , and Fe r guson , Wi n if re d, Su rvey of Re li ef With
Re fe r 8 n c e t o Rnr a l Re hab ilit a tio:'.1 , Mime ogr aphe d bull et in ,
Wi sconsin Ag ri cul tural Sta tio n , Madis on , Wi s., Septembe r 1, 1935,
PP • 69 .
Re lief and nonr e li e f hous e:iolds :
Compa r a tive anal ys i s :
An d erso n , w. A. , SUirJmar y o f a Compn.ra_ti vn St u d~r of Rural F_aruili c s
on Re J.i e f and Rur n.l Fo n- Re 1. i e f Jhmili es i n Two Ne w Yo r k Counti e s ,
Mime og r aph e d Bull et in 7 68 , De1)c1 r t men t of :Rura l So cial Organization ,
Corne ll Univ e r s ity , Itha c a , N. Y., pp . 8 .
Lar s on , Ola f F., Rur a l . Hou seho l ds and Depen d.ency, Bulle tin 444 ,
Colora do Ag ricul t ural Exp erime nt Stat i on , Fo rt Collins, Co l o .,
May 1 938 , p p . 48 .
Whe tt e n , Na t hnn L . and McKai n , Wa lt e r C., Jr., A Soc i ol ogical Anrtl ysis_
of Re li e f m1d :i.Jon- Re li e:: F'c1.mili e s i n a Rura l Coc1ncct i cut Town ,
Bull e ti n 219 , S,t orr s Agricultur a l Experiment St a tion, Storr s , Conn.,
J u ly 1937 , pp . 7 9 .
Reli e f case stud i e s :
Humme l B. L., :Sennett , C. G., and. Adams , Lois , Se lected Case Stud i e s of
Rur a l Reli e f and Rehabi l _i ta t i on Ca Res in Virg i n ia , Rura l Rel i8f
Se r i es , No . 12 , Virb inia Poly technic I nst itu te , Blacksburg , Va .,
May 1 937 , p p . 35 .
Rel i ef c a s es , r u r ~ l:
Histo r y of :
HUIIll.lle l, 13 . L. and :Benne tt, C. G., Re li e f Hi8 t or y ; Rur cJ.l Eme r ge:1 cy
Re l i e f c~s es in Virginia , 1935 , Rura l Re l i e f Se ri e s , No . 3 ,
Virg i n i a Polyt e c hn ic I nstitut e , Blacksbur g , Va ., Ap ril 1937 , pp. 43 .
Reasons fo r opening a nd cl o siug :
Hum;nel, B. L. a:id Be nYie tt , C. G., Ih.1ra l Eme r genc y Re l ief Cas e s in
Virgin i n Ac c e-pt e d f or Emp l oyment i n the_!o r ks Progr 2.m, July- De c i: - mb -:: r,
1 935 , Rura l Rel i e f Sc:; ri os , 1~o . 11 , Yir.c;inia Po l yt e ch nic I nstitut e ,
J31Gcksbu r g , Va ., Oc tober 1936, pp . 18 .
Mo r gan , E. L., Snee d , l1:e1 vin W. , K ism i ngor , Douglas, a n d Dale , Mari e ,
The Rea son s f or OJ)en i ngs and CJ. osi n 6 s i n t ho Ru.reel e.nd ~own Ca s el oad. i n Mi ssouri, Octob c r-Dc coi;f~_("_£__} 93~., Repo r t No . 2 , Missour i
Roli e f Co mmi ssion , Colu.,ryibi a , Mo ., J uly 1936 , pp . 42 .
Pethcram , Ve r a , .Reo..sons fo r Openi n~,; , 3.e o:;:>c_~ i ng , and Clo sing Re li e f
Cnsc, s of Feb r u ci.r y- June , 1935 , as Comur~red With t he Re-:>,sons fo r
Onc.ni11 6 , Reopmii ng , and Closi:1g Re li e f Cn.so s of July- O~to ·hc r , 1935 ,
Bull e ti n 4 , Cu rr en t Rural Re li e f Tr end s , Departmcm t of Rura l
·
So cio l oi;;v , Sou t h Dakota Sta t e Coll e ge , Br ooki nss, s. Dak., Me. rch 9 ,
1 936 , pp . 4 .
----------
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- 48
Reli ef cases , rural -- Continued.
Reasons for op ening and closing -- Continu ed .
Rapp , Rob er t E. a nd Sta ff, An Analysi s of Reas ons fo r Opening a nd
Closing Rura l Re lief Cas e s i n Twelve Califo r nia Cou..rities , Rural
Res ea rc h Bull et in No . 1, Ca lifornia State Rel i ef Admin istrat i on ,
San Francisco , Ca lif., Augus t 1936 , pp . 70.
Whi te , Dori s E., Reasons for Closing 3 , 300 Rural Relief Cases in
Arizona J u ly 1, 1935 Through Decembe r 31 , 1935 , Ariz ona Agri cultural
Exp e ri ment St a t i on , Tuc so n, Ariz., Oct obe r 1936 , pp . 13.
Relief expendi t ures , l~ cal agenc i e s :
Works Prog r e ss Admini st rati on , Reli ef Expendi tures and Cont ribut i ons to
Wor ks Progr ams by Local Public Aeenc i e s , Ge orgi a 1935 , Rot op rin t ed
bull e tin , Atlanta , Ga ., J u..~e 1936.
Reli ef hous eholds, r u ral:
Chara ct eri stic s:
Banke r t , Ze tta E. and Pe theram, Ve r a , The Char ac t eri s tics of Reli ef
Ca s e s in Rel ati on to t ~1e Numbe r of Mont hs on Re li e f Si nce Ma rc h ,
1934 , Bu ll e ti n 5 , Current Rura l Rel i ef Tr ends, Depart ment of Rural
Socio l ogy , Sou t h Da kota Sta t e College , Br ooki ngs , S. Dak.,
Ma rch 31, 1936 , pp . 11 .
Hoffman , C. s., Age , Sex , Re s i denc e and Occupa t i on of Ru r a l Re li ef
Pop1.~l a ti on in Six Count i e s i n Oregon , Ci r cula r of I nfo r ma t i on
lfo._ .t 5 6 , Or egon .Agr icu l tural Exp er i ment St a ti on , Corvn.llis, Oreg.,
J u ly 1936 , pn . 7 .
Humn1c l , B. L. a n d :aenne t t , C. G., Compositi on of Rur P.l. Re li of Hous e- .
ho l ds i n Virg Li Ft , Ju n e and Octob er 1935 , Rur a l Re li "f Seri e s , No . 4,
Vi r gi n i o, Po l y t ec:mic I ns t i tu t e , Bla cksburg , Va ., August 1936 , pp . 46.
Landi s , Pc.ul H., Fa rmer s and Villagers on Re li ef, Washington Sta t e ,
J une 1935 , Rura l Re l i e f Seri 8s , No. 2 , Rural Soci ol ogy Res ea rch
Lab or at or y , Washing t on St a t e Coll ege , Pullman , Wa sh., June 1936 ,
PP• 18 .
McMilla n , Robe rt T., A Soc i a l a nd Ec onomic Study of Re li ef Famili e s
in Ot t a wa Coun t y , Okl ahoma , 1934 , Te chnic a l Bull e t in No . 2,
Okl ahoma Agri cul t u r a l Sxp ori ment Sta ti on , Sti llwat er, Okl a .,
J u l y 1938 , pp . 58 .
Whe t t en , N. L., Da rli ng , H. D., and. lvicKa i n , W. C., Rur a l Famili es on
Re li e f i n Connecticu t , Bulle t i n 215 , St or i·s Agri cultural Experiment
Sta ti on , St or rs , Co nn ., J anuA.r ~, 19:-57 , pp . 76 .
Emp l oyability :
HUiiID1 el , B. L. and Ben::-1e tt , C. G., Emp l oyability Compos i t i on of Rur a l
Reli ef Hou s eho lds i n Vi r r; i ni a , J une 1935 , Rur al Re li ef Seri es, No. 5,
Virg i n i a Po l yt eclm ic I ns '; i t u t e , Bla cksbur g , Va ., Octob er 1936 ,
PP• 19 .
Ul l r ich , C. E. , A Stud;y· c f Family Hea ds and Other Memb ers in the
Texo.s RurC1.l a nd. Town .de li c f Popu l at i on , Octobe r 1935 , Prelimina ry
Repo rt No . 5 , Texas Agri cultu r a l Expe r 1mcn t Sta ti on , College St a tion ,
Tex ., Febr uar y 15 , 1937 , pp . 23.
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Reli ef households , r ural -- Continued .
Mob ili ty :
Allred , Ch2rl es E. , Luebke , Benjamin H. , and Tos ch , Charle s A. ,
Mobility o f Rtiral Rel i ef F-amilies in Tenne ssee, Repo r t No . 14 ,
Tenne ss ee Agricul tural l!Jx:pe ri ment Sta.tion , Knoxville , Tenn .,
Jun e 1936 , pp . 35 .
Hoffman, C. S. , Mob ili ty and Mi gratili n of Rnral Re li ef Househo l ds in Six OregGn Counti e s, Circular of I nfo r mation No . 155 ,
Qregon Agricul tur al Expe riment Stat ion , Corvallis, Oreg . ,
J une 1936 , pp . 8 .
Hummel , B. L. and Be nnett , C. G., Mobili ty of Heads of Rllr al Re li ef
Households in Virg i n i a , J une 1935 , Rural Relief Se r i.es, No . 2 ,
Virginia Polyte chn ic I nstitut e , Blacksburg , Va., May 1937 , pp . 18 ,
Typ e s of :
Ander son , W. A. and Bar ri nger , B. E ., TyP e s of Famj_ li es on Rel i ef
in the Rur a l Areas of Four New York Counti es , Octobe r , 1934 ,
Mimeogr ~phed Bulle t in 827 , Depar tment of Rural Social Orga nization ,
Corne ll Universit y , It ha ca , N. Y., pp . 15.
Reli e f lo ad , r u r a l :
Re sidua l, anal ysis of :
Hill , Geo rge W. , Sl ocum , Walt e r , and Smith , Ronald A., The Rural
Reli e f Populat i on of Wisc on sin in An ril , 1936 , Conf idential Repo rt ,
Wisconsin Agr icultural Exp eriment Sta tion , Madis on , Wis .,
Dece mber 1936 , pp . 15.
Tr ends :
Bankert , Ze tta E . , Numbe r of House:1olds Participatin 6 in Thr ee
Emergency Progr a ms and Coun ty Welfa r e in Ni ne South Dakota Counti e s ,
null otin 6 , c~irrcnt Rural Re li ef Tr ends , Departmen t of Rural
Socio l ogy , South Dakota Sta t e Colleg e , Br oo kings , S. Dak .,
May 1936 , pp . 5.
Larson , Olaf F. , With Rurnl Rel i ef in Colorado Febr uary- November ,
1935 , Research Bulle tin No . 1 , Colora do Agr i cul tur a l Exp erimen t
Sta tion, Fort Colli ns , Colo . , Ap ril 1936 , pp . 28 .
Pe the r a m, Ve ra , Th~ D0c r eas ,3 s i n tho Ru r a l Reli ef Rolls in South
Dakota , July 1 , 1935 t o December 31 , 1935 , Bulletin 3 , Cu rrent
Rural Relief s:'rends , Department of Rural Socio l ogy , South Dako t a
State College , Brookings , S. Dak., Feb r uary 1936 , pp . 5.
Rel i ef needs , r ural :
Agri cultural Adjus tment progr am a nd:
Hamilton , C. Horace , The Relation of the Agri cultural Ad justment
Pro l'sram to Rural Relief Needs in Ko rth Ca r oli na , Pre limina r y Repo rt ,
No rt h Ca r ol ina Agri cul tur a l Experi ment St a ti on , R,l eish , N. C. ,
No v ember 22, 1935 , pp . 5 .
Reli e f populati on , rural:
Changes in :
Hill , Geo , W. , Slocum, Wo.l t er , and S:ni th , Rona ld A. , Ru r a l P.elief
Change s i n Wi s cons i n , St encil bull otin , Wisconsin Agricultur a l
Exp e rim ent St a tion , Madison , Wis . , Feb r uar y 1937 , pp . 62 .
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Reli ef populati on , rural - Continued .
Characterist ics:
Fol s e , C. L. and Lively , C. E., The Rural Rel i ef Population of
Ten Ohio Countie s , June 1935 , Mi meogr aph Bull eti n No . 100 , Ohio
Agri cul tu.ral EYperiment Stat ion , Colu.Inbus , Ohio , June 1937 ,
PP • 24 .
Kraenzel, Carl F . and Mc I ntosh , Ruth :B ., The Reli ef Problem in
1v!ontana , A Study of the Change in the Character of t he Reli ef
Po-ouJation , Bulletin No . 343, Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station , Bozeman , Mo nt ., Jun e 1937 , pp . 64 .
Kumli en , W. F. and Hill , Geo r ge W., Residential Class ifica tion
and Occupational Characteristics of Relief Cl i ents in Sou th
Dako ta , October 1934 , Bull etin No. 1, Depart ment of Rural
Sociology , South Dakota Stat e College , Brookings , S . Dale .,
May l , 1935, PP • 6 .
Manny , '.r·heodor e B . and Cl owes , Harry G. , An Anal ys is of . the Reli ef
Popule,tion i n Selected Ar eas of Maryland , lviimcogr a:phed Circular
No . 1 , Department of Sociology , Univer s it y of Mar yland , Coll ege
Park , Md ., August 1 937 , pp . 77 .
Morgan , E. 1 ., Sneod , Me lvi!l W., Ensminger , Dougl as , and Dal e ,
Mar i o , Current Changes ~n the Rural Re li e~ Population _in
Missouri , July- De cember 1935 , Report No . 1 , Mi ssour i Rel i ef
Commission , Columb i a , l,fo ., Febr uro-y 1936 , pp . 21.
Indus tri es and occup~tions :
Hummel , 13 . L . and Bcrniett , C. G., I ndus_tri~and Occupati ons of
the Ru.ro,l Rel ief Po-oulation i n Virgini c:1: , Rur al Reli ef Seri es ,
No . 5 , Vir ginio, Pol ytechnic I ns titut e , :Bl a cksburg , Va .,
December 1 936 , pp . 52 .
Trends :
Ku:nli on , W. ]' . and Hill, George W., Rur al Reli ef Popul a ti on Trends
in South Dakota , Octob er 1934-March 1935 , Bull etin No . 2 ,
Department of Rur a l Sociol ogy , South Dakotc St at o Col l 8ge ,
Brookings , S. Dak., June 25 , 1 935 , pp . 6 .
Re li 8f probl ems , r ur a l :
Al lred , Charl es E. , Matthews, M. Ta;ylor, and Luebke , :Bonjami n H.,
Some Pr oblems of Rural Relief i n T0nne ss oe , Report No . 1 , Tonnoss ce
Acricultura l Exper i ment St a t ion , Knoxvill e , Tenn ., October 1935 ,
PP • 17 •
Rap~ , Rob ert E. and Staff, T~o Economic Problem of Rural Rel i ef i n
Califo r i:i,i0. With Special Refer ence to Sel ect ed Counti es , Rur al
Research Bull et in Nos . 2 to 11, incl ., Ca lif ornia State Reli ef
Administ r a tion , Srui Francisco, Ca l i f ., Sop t8mbor 1 936 .
Re li ef program :
SLggos tions for :
Mc.'1.t-chews , M. Taylor and Tosch , Ch.:i.rl es A., Sugges tions on n Rel i ef
Progrnm f or Tennes s ee , Repor t No . 8 , Confi denti Ql , Tennesseo
A:9;ri cultural Exper iment Sta ti on , Knoxvill 0 , Tenn ., Mar ch
1 936 , pp . 17
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Relief prosr am , rural :
Tr er.ds and costs :
Land i s , Faul H., ?rite.har d , Mae , and Brooks , Me lvin , R'J.ral
Em13rge:nc y Reli ef in Washington 1h t h Atte n ti on to Charact e ristics
of Rural Reli e f Househol ds , F.ural Sociology Se ri es in Rural Relief ,
No . 3 , Bulletin No . 334 , Washi ngton Ag ricultura l Expe riment St a ti on ,
Pull~an , Was h ., July 1 936 , pp . 39 .
Re li e f situation , rur a l :
Al lred , Charles E . and Staff , Grundy County, Tennessee, Re lief i n a
Ooal l1~i ning Cor.ununi ty , Re p ort No . 11 , Tennessee .Agricult ural Expe ri rner1t
St a tion , Knoxville , Tenn ., Ap ril 1 936 , pp . 51.
, Eural Re lief and Rehabilitation ?ossibilit i e
i n_V!"?,yne Conn t? , Tennessee , Re port No . 2, Te nne ssee Agricultura l Experime1~
St a tion , Knoxvill e , s:'enn ., Novembe r 1935 , pp . 31. Simila r r eports were
p re par ed for Houston , Ov e rton , Henderson , J eff e r s on , and Vlilliamson
Counti es .
Gill et t e , J . lti . and St a ff, Ar1alys is of the ] 'arm Reli ef Lo a d, June 1 935 ,
Hirnoograp hed :Bull e tin FERA 1'0P..S- 4 , Universit y of No rt h Dakot a , Grand
Forks , N. Dak . , up . 16 .
Xunli e n , r;. F ., A G-r,q,phi c Su.,'!l;TJ.ar y of t h-2 Re li e f Si tua.tion in South DaJcota ,
(1 S3O- 1935) , J3ullo tin 31 0 , Sout h Da.1.co t a Ag ricultur a l Expe ri me nt St a tion ,
:Br oo!dngs , S . Dak ., £1iay 1 937, p:o . 63 .
Landis, Paul H., Rur .3,l Re li ef _i n Sou:.h Da.".<:o t a , Bull e tin 2 89 , South Dakota
Agr icu ltural Expe ri m(,n t Station , Bro oki ngs , S . Dale ., June 1 934 , pp . 63 .
_ ________ • a nd For schmied t , Rachrn i e l , Causo s 2-nd Conse ouonc es , A
Stud~/ of Rural Re l ief in Re l at i on to Count y Back:;;rounds , Rur o.l ?.oli c f
Se ri es , No . 1 , Ruro.l Soci ol ogy Re search La bora t or y , Wo.s hi ngt on State
Coll c, ge , Pullracm , Wo.sh . , ;,,1o.y 1 936 , pp . 1 7 .
Murch i e , R. i7 . a nd Vasson , C. R., Ar 02 s of R11r11l Di s tr ess in Mi n n eso t a, ,
I.ii mc ographod bu l le tin , Ei nneso t a Ar;;r ic"C"..ltur r:cl E:x:-p c ri me nt St nt i on,
Univer s ity Fa r in , St . Pnul , i.Iinn . , Dec emb e r 19313 , pp . 35 .
Wo.k c l ey , P..uy E. nnd Ando rso:i , A . H., fleUo f in Ru~o.,l Iowc.. , Bul l e tin 377 ,
I owa Agricul turn.l Ex1}c rime n t Sto.tion , Ames , Iowa , Se p t emb e r 1 938 ,
PP • 42 .
\blton, J e~\no tte D.nd Bo or s , ~Iowa r d U., Lno r gen cy Rolie:f in Th r ee Hew
J or s cy Cou nti e s , A Parti a l Su rv o;y- , Eimoogr a phed bull o t in , lifov1 J e r soy
St o.tc Coll ege of Ag ricultu re , New Br uc1.swi ck, N. J . , Sept emb e r 1 , 1 93S ,
:9p . 22 .
Rel i e f tr e nd , rur a l :
Fols e , C. L. and Liv e l ;/ , C. E ., The IJ:r cn d of Rur r•,l Reli e f i n To:1 Ohio
Coun ti es , Ju:'.'l.e 1 to Dc c e:nb or 1 , l 'K55 , i:'. i me ogro.ph B1;_l l e ti n No . 96
Oh i o AGricu l tur.:, l Ex!)Ori mont St a ti on , Columbus , Ohio , lifovcmb or 1 906 ,
pp . 22 .
To tr enu , E . D., Unomp l o2•l:lor.t 5.ol i c f i n Ari zoi1:-t :?rom Oct obe r J. , 1 932_,
Throug :1. De cemb e r 3~. , 1 936 , V:7 i t 1:J. o. Sp c c i o..l 1\no..l ys i s of Rur o,l C1.nd
Tonn R0li 0f Househo ld s , Bu ll e tin ITo . 156 , Arizo na Agricultural
L;:po r i:;1011t St.:1.t i on , Tuc son , ,friz . , Jul y 1937 , pp . 128 .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966 ·
- 52 -
ReJief tr end , rur~l- -Conti nued .
_The trend. of P.ur:~ -~'.?.l-.i~:f in ~1·izo"'.lc1, .Jun13 ::ZO , 1 9::.Z':i Through Dec eP1ber 31 ,
1 93 5 , A1:i zuna A.gric·~1lt .lral E:xrerim,mt Station , Tuc s on, Ariz .,
.A1:ril 1 936 , pp . 22 .
Resources , h1.;..man :
Allred, C. E . and Hendri x , VT . E ., Loss es a nd Gai ns of Outst a ~ding
~.)eacler :; i n TGnnessee , Monograph No . 36 , 1i'ennessee Agr i cu ltur al
:Sx-pe ri ment Station , K.:ioxville , Tenn ., Ap ril 1937 , pp . 21.
:Res ourc es , phys ica l :
Chu.r ches :
Allred , C. E ., Atkins , S . 't'i ., and Fitzgerald. , P . M., Hunan a nd
PhysicaJ Resources of Te nnessee- Ch11rches and Church A1.1x ili a rie s ,
Ru.ral Re se etr ch Seri e s , Monograph No . 78 , College of Agr icu lture ,
Unive rsity of 'I'cnne c;se r.~, :Cnoxville , Te nn ., September 1938 ,
2:JP • 3 5 .
Cli :nate :
Allred, C. E ., At k ills , S , i7 ., a.iid?...asl ~opf , E . D., Hu:nanand.
?hysical Reso1i.rces of Ten 1 1e sc;ee- Cliri1ate , i.fonocr aph No . 40 , Coll ege
of A6 ricul tur e , Uni ~.rersi ty of Tenrossee , Knoxville , Te n n .,
May 1937 , pp . J.5 .
Con s truct i on :
.Allr ed , C. E ., .At:-cins , S . ~7 ., and Hendrix , W. E ., !fu ma.n an-i Physical
Roso1.1rces of Te n11e ssc,e- Gonstruction , Ho t e ls , 1I'ouri s t ~i~_me s ,
Convention s , P..ur o..l Re search Seri e s , ifonogrc:;.p h No . 69 , Coll ege of
Agricultur e , Uni-,.re r si t y of Te nnes see , Kr_oxvillo , Tenn ., Fobr uar ~r
1 938 , pp . 26 .
Dis ease s , plant an d animal:
Allr ed., C. Z ., At kiLs , S , VI ., a21dNo sl:auG , S . P. ., H1E1an o.nd Fhysi c c:.l
Resourc e s of Tonnosseo- Plant Dis eas e s , Animal Di~~scs , I ns o c"ts: - and !Iicr obc s , Rural Research Series , .Monogr aph Ho . 57 , Coll ege of
.A[;ri cul tur e , Uni vo r s ity of Tenn.Jsso c , Knoxv i ll e , Tenn ., Octob e r 1 9·: 7 ,
:pp . 24 .
Electrical r esour ces , devo lo prncnt :
Allred, C. E . , Atkins, S . r! ., and Ee nd.r i x , TT . E ., Humn_~ "l.nd P:i.~rs ica l
Rcso1_1.rce s of Tcnnoss 8c- El e ctrical Rusour c c s a nd Deve l opm,·mt , Rur al
:r?.e: s e:J.rch Sc ri r:: s , Monograp~ Ho . S4 , Collo.:sc of Agricultur e , Un i v c r sHy
of Tenne ss ee , Kno:xvill o , Tenn ., Nov ember 1 937 , pp . 15 .
~ino,n c io.l i nst ituti ons :
Al l r ed , C. 3; ., At ~cins , S . 17 . and Hendrix, 11 . E ., :Iumm~ _.,_nd Physical
Resourc es of Tcnncssoc- F ino.ncial Inst_i t1-.,_t i ons e.n~ Insu:r:c,nc c , Ru.r 2.l
Rese:-i.rch Se ri es , l,:onogr3.ph lfo . 66, Co ll€ S"' of A6 r icul tur c , Uni vcrs i t y
of Tennes s ee , Knoxvill s , Tenn ., ?Jovembc r 1 937 , PI' • 30 .
For es ts and woodland :
.Allrocl , C. E . , Atkins , S , r: ., nv.d Re nd.rix , W. E ., Human c.,nrl Phys ic;:,.l
Ro sour ces of Tennessee- For e s t s a.~:d Ifoodl!',r:.~ , Ru:al Rosco.rch Seri es ,
~-Iono5r~:i:_~h No . 4 7 , Coll ege of i.gricu.l tur e , Uni varsity of Tcnr1esscc. ,
Knoxville , Tenn . , Juno 1937 , pp . 18 .
Digitized by
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Resources , physical -- Continu ed .
Geology, topograp hy ,_ and so il s :
Allred, C. E ., Atkins, S . W., and Raskopf , B . D., Human and Phvsical
Resour c es of Tennessee- Geology, Topogr aphy , Soils , Uonograph No . 38 ,
College of Agricultm~e, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tenn .,
May 1 937 , pp . 21.
Homes :
1\.llred. , C. E ., At k i ns , S . W., and Hendr i x , W. E ., Human and Physical
Resources of Tennessce - Hom,~ s, Rural li.esearch Series , Mono 6 ra:ph :i:Jo .
70 , Co l l ege of Ag riculture, Un i ve r s ity of Tennesse e , Knoxville ,
Tenn ., 1,iarch 1938 , pp . 28 .
Mrnmfa cturing and trade :
Allred , C. E. , .Atkins , S. W., a n d Hendrix, W. E., Human and Fh7sic.:1l
Resources of Tcnnos see- Hanufactu.rine and Trade , Rur a l Res co.rch
Series , l.:onogr o,ph No . 62, Colleg•?- of Agr i culture , Unive r s ity of
Tenne ssee , Knoxville, T0nn ., Oct ober 193 7 , pp . 40 .
Minerals and mining :
1
Allred , C. E . , At k i ns , S . tl . , and Hendr ix, H. E ., Humr1,n ar1;d Fhysico.l
Rosou:rces of Tem1ess0.o- Liine rals .1.11d :iining , Rur a l Re s earch Se ri es ,
Monogr m:ih No . 44 , Co1l cgo of Agricultur e , Univcrsi ty of Tennes see ,
Knoxville , '.I1 em• • , June 1937, pp . 22 .
Orgo.niz::ttions :
Al lred. , C. E . , Atkins , S . r:r ., and Rns~~opf , 13 . D., Humnn rmd Fhys icn.l
Ro sourc es ,Jf Tennns scc)- Orgn,niza ti ons I Re er co.ti on , Cu ltu r e , Rurn,l
R.osco.rc.h Seri es , Honogrrtp.h No . 74, College of Agriculture , Unive rsity
Of Tonncssco , Kno::villc , Te nn ., August 1 938 , pp . 41.
St orage facilities :
Allr ed , C. E . , At k ins, S . i7 ., and. He ndr i x , 'ii . E ., Humn.n ,:1,nd Physical
Resources of Tonness ee.:.Storo.~o Facili tics , Rur al Re s en.rch Series ,
l-.ionogrr.tph lfo . 65, College of Agricul ture , Uni vcrsi t y of Tonnes sec ,
Knoxville , ':!:01111 ., Novembe r 1937 , pp . 12 .
Trt\:1sportation and. c ommunicati on ~
Allred, C. E ., Atkins, S . Yl ., an.d Hendrix , Tl . E ., Hu.i'Ilrtn and. Physicc.l
Rr:: sourcos of. Tc n!1essec- Tr nns po r tation nnd Comr:runic::i.t ion, Rur::1.l
Rosc . :.i.rc~1 Series, Monograph No . 63 , Coll ege of Agricul taro , Uni v orsi t y
of T1.: mnessee , Knoxvil l e , Tenn. , Novembe r 1 937 , pp . 36 .
Social orgn.nizati0ns :~nd n.gcnc ios :
H::i.y , Doru::tld G., Soc i a l Orgun izati ons .:1no. Agencies in No rth D:i.kota ,
A _Studv of Trends , 1926 t o 1 ~36 , Bull et in 288 , Ho rth Dn.l~o ta
~ Gricultur nl Expe ri ment St Qti on , Fn.rgo , N. Do..k . , July 193 7, pp . 90 .
So cial So curHy p ro g r n.m :
l1:p1)lic.'.1nts , o.ccepted for :
J oh::msc:1 , Zoh:1 P ., Soci c1,l n.n d. Economic Circumstc.nc os of Acc ei::•t Gd
A,,plic2.nts for Ol d- Age ;~ss iskmce L1 Son th D~1':otn. , 1 936- 19~7 ,
:Bullet i :::i c23 , South D.:l.::ota Agricultural Exporim e?J.t Stn.t i o:i , :Sro ok ings,
S . Dc1.k ., Jane 1 S38 , P.P . 55 .
0
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 54 -
Social S8 cu:rity pror:carr:-- ContinueJ .
De~eade ncy , extent ~f , o~ :
Joha;;.sen , cTohn P . , The Ext e nt of Dep endency Upon Old Af,e As s i st3:.nc~_
in South Da1:-:o t.1. , :Bul let in 318 , South. Dakota Agric1,.l tur al E:g_Jerimt.=m t
St s.t ion , Br ookings , S . Dak . , February 1938 , l-JP • 47 .
Lars on , Olaf :E' . and Wilson , John E . , Sncial Securit y and Rur a.l :EeJ.ief
i n C:ilorado , Research Bulle t in No . 2 , Colorado Agricultural Experi ~e nt Stat i on , Fort Collins , Colo . , J une 1 936 , pp . 1 3 .
Social welf a r e , rural factors aff8cting :
Lind s tr om , D. E . , §01:ie Fac tor s Affec t ing Social Vlelfare i~ Rur a!_
Ar eas of Alexande r:_ Countl.i_ I llin ois , 1934 , RS E- 4 , Illinois
Agricultu ral Bype r ime nt St2.tion , Ur bana., Ill. , Januar y 1 937 , pp . 45 .
Soil cons e r vat ion p ractic es :
Allr ed , C. E . 2.ni Esry , D. H. , Soil Ccmse rvatio 11. Pra c t ices i n Actuo.1 Use
by F2.r me r s , E;,.~t e rn Highl qr:d -Rim,_ J.~'"?, - 1936 , Mono~ra~Jh No . 28 ,
Tennessee Agricul tm:al Ex:pe r ime:1t Sta : ion , Knoxv i lle , Tenn ., F eb rua ry
1 937 , :nP • 38 ~
________ . , Lu9bke , B. H. , a nd Lanham , :B . T., J r . , Snrve y of Soil
Con se r vation Prac tic es i n Central Wes_! 'l'ennesse..2., P.ure.l Res earch Se ri es
Ifonograrh No . 59 , College of Agricul t ur e , University of Tenness ee ,
Knoxvi ll e , Tenn . , October 1 937 , pp . 48 .
Standa r d of living , n : r a J. :
Allr e d , C. :E . and. Hendrix , W. E . , Fa rm ii_o using in Te;nncss ee , With
5.c gioinl Cornpari so12 , ~fonograph Ho . 26 , TGnnosse e Agr icul tur a l Expe ri m,,l
Station , Knoxville , Tenn . , February 193 7 , pp . 45 .
_ _______ _ . and _ _ _ __ _ _ ., Home Convcni once;s on 1!.'onncssc e Farro_~
\h t £1 Rogiono.l Compo,ris ons , Mono~rD.ph No . 30 , Tennessee Agr i cul tural
Expe riment Sto..tion , Kn oxvi l l e , Tonri . , March 1 937 , pp . 4 1.
_ _ ______ • and Powe ll , J . C. , Consum1Jti on of Dc""iry Pr oducts and. Eggs
in Ru.r n.l Ten"lessee Vvi t .i1 RE:: £i.or:.e1.l Comuari so ns , Repor t No . 19 , Te nnessee
i\grict1ltu1\2l Ex~Je rimc nt St0.tion , I{noxv ill e , Ten11., August 1 936 , Pl) • ~3~~ .
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ • and , - , - - - - - - --• , Consump ti on of Vege tative Foocls i n
Rural Tenn e sse e With ~iono.1 C•)ffiTYtri:J ons , Report Ho . 20 , Te nnes s e e
A5 ricuJ.tur a J. Ex:.oo ri r,10 nt St2, tion , Kno xv ill e , Toj_m., Sep tembe r 1 936 ,
FP · 33 .
_________ . J.nd __ _ _
__ _ ., Heat Conslurrntion i ::c _J=tur _n.l _Tonne ss r: c
:ii th RcEci onal Cor.-roexis nns, :ii0po:ct No . 1 8 , Te nnossoe Agri cul tnra l
~xporimcnt St :,,tlon , Knoxvt ll e; , r.:1:enn ., Aus-ust 19:::,6 , pp . 26 .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _• rmd _ __ __ _ _ __ . , Fl.ircl1: ,sc r>ni S.: ->.l c of \.,:; c_1,ts ,,ni St i.crchy
Foods by Ton'?'lossoo :Fnrrn Fci.rn-il:l. c s , R('-po rt No . 23 , Te nnosscc Agricul tur Ql
Exporir.10nt St at ion , Kn ozville , 'rcnn ., l' oc c mbcr J.9~6 , pp . ~H •
- - - - - -- - • , Hendrix , E . , F.!..'1C1 ~as~co::pf , B. D. , Rcg io::i:-i. l Comp.:,,,ri son of
Rur .~1 St ::u1d1.r c'I s of Living in Tc:,.ncc sec , Report No . 15 , Tonnc ssco
Ag:cicu.lturn.l E:KDc ri r.ie:-i.t St[l.tion , KJ1oxvi l2. e , Tenn . , June 193G , pp . ;::<6 .
0
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
1 3966
- 55 -
S tandard of living , rural--Continued .
Bankert , Zet t a E ., Th e Farm Family Sta.1dard of Livi ng in Co dington
Cou...1ty , Sout~1 D.:.:.k2 t a , Standard of Living Studi es , Bull eti n I ,
De:9artrne:1 t o :f Rt1r i?.,l Soci o l ogy , South Dako ta State Co lleJ;e , Brooi::ings ,
S . D8k. , Dec er:1b e r 1936, pp . 33 .
Kirkpatrick , E. L., Needed Standards of Living for Rural Resettle~e nt ,
Mimeographed bulletin , Wiscons i n Agricultural Exp e riment Stati on ,
Mad_is on , Wis ., May 1 936 , pp . 62 .
Kumli en , W. F . a nd Others , The Standard of Livi ng of Fa rm and Vi l lag e
Fa~i l i e s i n Si x South Dakota Counti e s , 1935 , Bull e tin No . 320 , South
Dako t a Agricu ltm·al Exp e rim ent Stati on , Br ookings , S . Dak., March
1938 , PP • 63 .
Subu.rb 2,ni za tio n :
1?fue t tcn , N. L . and Devereux , E. C., Jr ., Studi e s of Suburbani zat i on
in Conn e cticut , 1 . Windsor : A Highly Dev clo~ed Agricultural Ar ea ,
Bulletin 212 , Sto rrs Agricultura l Exp e riille nt Stati on , St or rs , Conn .,
Octobe r 19 36 , pp . 1 44 •
-- - - - - • and Fi eld , R. F ., Studi e s of Suburbaniz ati on in
Connec ticut , 2 . Norwich : An Indus tri 2.l Part- Time Fo-rming Ar ca ,
Bull e t in 226 , Sto rrs Agricu ltur al Expe ri ment Station , Sto rrs , Conn .,
May 1 9 38 , pp • 1 21 .
Tax de li nqueri cy , r ural :
Brannon ., C. O., Tax Del inquen t Rural Lands in Arkansas , Bulletin
No . 3:1_1 , Arkansas Ag ricultural Expe ri men t Sta ti on , Fayettevi l l e , Ark.,
Eo v em~e r 19 34 , P:9 • 63 .
Tr ade c en t er s :
Allr ed, C0 E ., Luebke , :3 . H., and Marshall , J . :I., 1l1rade Ce nters in
T~nnessee , 1900- 1 900 , Repo rt No . 16 , Tenn essee Agr i cultural Expe r i men t
Stati 0ri , Kno :~ville , Tenn ., July 1936 , :9P • 30 .
Un employabl e CJ.s os , r ural :
Holl ey , W. C., 'IJzas Unempl cyab l e Cases in the Rural a nd Toi'm Re J.:.of
P opu.l:- tion , J a.:.111ar;,r 1936 , B.epo rt No . 1 , Texas Ag ric11l tur a l :;.;x-_pe riment
Station , Col:'..e:=~o Sta tion , Tex ., May 25 , 1936 , :9P • 33 .
Liv e l y , c. E. and Tua.o r , W. J ., Rur ,,J_ 0<1s e s Not Ref e rr ed t o Non- Reli e f
Agenc i e s in 10 Ohio Coun ti es , Confide:1 tial ?.escarch 3ulletin ,
Depar tmen t o f Rur a l Eco:nofilics , Ohi o Stat e Un iv e r sity , Columbus , Ohi o ,
J une 10 , 1 936 , pp . 6 .
WPA ass i gr1-11ents , analys is of :
Larson , Ol af F . and Wilson, J ohn E., Surv ey of A-op lic an ts for WPA
Aid Weld Count:, , Colo r ado . Febn•.ary- 1 936 , Confidential Re s ea r ch
Bull e tin No . 1, C'.) lorado A; r icul tural Exo c rimon t Sta ti on , Fo rt
Coll i n$ , Col o ., March 1 , 1 936 , 9P • 10 .
Digitized by
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
13966
- 56 -
rrPA assj_:';:a :ei1ts , anal;,,si s of--C0 nt inued .
State tirector cf ?..'3Jc'arch 2.ncl Stat i s tical Projects , St..:..dy of ? -3 ~1s
Awai tin 6 Assi?; nment or Reassig~ent _t o t ~1e 17To r J:s Pro_;r~, Research
Bulletin Vol . I, No . 1 , Atlant a , Ga., May 20 , 1936 , ·:Jp . 1 2 .
'l'JPA norke~·s , rm·al; c~1ar a c t e r i s tics of :
Horgan, E. L., Ensminger , J. D., and Sneed , M. W., RurA.l 117omeli 2.r.d
tl:.e Vlo rl:s . Progress. Progar.-- , A P.::-.rtial Analysi s of Le v-els of Li v i !\:; ,
Researc:1 Bulle tin 253 , Mi sso1:ri ~~ricu l tural E::pe:::ime n t Stat i o n ,
Col JT11oi.a , 1',:o ., April 1937 , "9:P • 29 .
1
Youth , r el i ef :
P.\unmel , 13 . L., :Eure , TT . VT ., ancl. 3 0nnett , C. G,, You t h on Reli e f in
. Vir£;i ni ~ 1935 , RQro,l B.eli e f Se:::i e s , 1fo . 9 , Vi rgi n ia Polytochnic
I nstitute , Blacksbm·g , Va ., Dc cunbc r 193S , P:9 • 38 .
Youth , I'U2'al :
ActivitL.s a.TJ.d char act e ristics :
Mor:;a.YJ. , E. L . and Sneed , Mel ·..rin W., T11e Activiti e s of Rurc.cl Young
Peo ple in Mis souri , A Surve~- of 2,297 You.ne; Poo:pl e At t 1JfoJ.ing Ei,:s:;_~
School , Resea.rcl1 :Bc-:..ll c tir. 269 , Mi sso·.iri Ag:d c1J.lt1...1r a:!.. :S:::poriment
St a t i or1 , Columb ia , 1~o ., :fovemb ~r 1937 , PP • 68 .
St ::1.tu.:::; of :
Live l y , C. E ., T~rn Status of Ru:-al Yo ~J.t l:. , 19- 24 Years Ol d , in
Se:i.e c t ,, d Rw:a.l Ar 02 s of Ohi o , Prol i mi ria.rJ Ro search Bull e tin , Ohio
Agri ccLl tural Ex;-.c rimcn t Stati on , Col '.llllbus , Ohi o , 1:ovcmbcr 1 , 1935 ,
PP • 5 .
You.th , rural r 0l i of t
Godd8s , J oseph A. and gett i g , T. David , Rura l Youth on Re J.i ef i n
Si x Utah Co·..mties , October 1935 , ML.ne ogro.phe d Bu lletin No . 2 ,
Utah A10 ricul tur2i Exo c. rinent S+,aticm , Loga.n. , Utah , Nov13r.1ber 1 936 ,
pp . 44
Lf-l.rs ori , Ol af F . 8.nd Wilson , J ohn E., Rural Yout:1 and 3.e li cf in
Co :i..o r e.6.o , R.:) se:,,rch :B'J.11 ::;t in No . 3 , Co:..o :c.:-,do Agri c1.1.l t 1JraJ. 3'::p ,:;rimr:m t
Sta ti on , Fo:c t Co l l ins,C olo ., J m:e 1936 , l'JP• l? .
illlrich , C. E . , The Youth j_n the Te '{as Rm:a l &'1.d Tovm ::eli e f Population , Octc b ~193_~ , P:::el imi:1a~r Roport No . 4 , '.L'exas Agricul t 1.11·8.l
Er)e ri men t St 2.t i on , Coll 0ge St .::l. ti on , Te~: ., September lJ. , J.936 ,
P"9 . 23 .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
z
0
~
11-1686
I
~
Table 2, - State Projec t s Con ducted Under the Pla n fo r Coooe rative Rural Research' Th rough June 30, 1938
m
l/lo
--1
co·
m rt
:;;o ;:::;·
Z ro
0..
C o-
z
Lin e
No .
State
'<
<
m
:;;o
l/l
~
z
0
Alabama _ __ __ _
Ari zono __ ___________ _______ _
2
3
4
5
Ii
7
8
9
10
Geo r g.t O -- - - - - - - -- --- - - -- ----
t
I I ll no l S--------------------
3
Mobility
I
Su rplus
commod1 ti es
I
Line
No,
M.l scel-
laneous
6
7
8
9
Kentu cky . ____ - - ___ ---- -- - - --
10
r,
15
Minnesota- - _ --- - - - -- -- - - -- --
16
17
18
Missou ri ________ - -- ______ - - -
Massachusetts -- -- -- - -- -- - - - Michi gan- - - - - - -- - - --- - - - - - --
19
20
Mon to.nil -- - -_
New Mexico --------------- -New Je r sey- --------- - -- ---New Yo r k . . - ------ -- - ---- - -
2
2
2
2
10
17
18
rn
20
3
21
2
2
2
2~
Ok l o.homo ------Or egon - - -- - -- - -- - - -- - - - - -- - -
31
r,
I
Pennsy l vn.ni O- - -- - - --- _ -- - __ South OnkotO ----- - ---------Tennessee. __ ____ - -- - -- - - - -- -
~I
n
29
<
m
~1
Was hing t.ou - - - - - - - -- - - - • - - - - .
I)
32
Wis co nsin - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - --
7
l/l
lg States includ e d 1n the coope rat i v e pl an did not condu c t Stat e su rv e y s .
1
I
11
12
13
14
15
1
3
7
~
educa ll on
I
Youth
Kan sas ______________ __ ____ - -
2
,
I
and
t
2
5
1 rginja . - - --- - - - - - -- - - - - - - -
:;;o
groups
Social
we lfare
Standard
of
living
t
loul s iono . ________ _ - - -- - - - --
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