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N orthwe stern

1'

Un lver11ity

r.vv/

JU

Li b rar y

7l O R K S

P R O GR E S S

8

13

8625

A D M I "J I S T R A T I O N

Harry L. Hopkins, Administrat or
Corrington Gill
Assistant Administra tor

RESEARCH

Howard B. Myers, Director
Social Research Divi s ion

BUL L E T I N

I ntensity of Relief July 1 9 33 - Jun is 1 93 5

Seri es I, No . 18 ,

· Mar ch ;.;:5, 1 936
Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

8625

- 1-

I ntensity of P.e1ief from Julv 1 ~33 to J une 1 935

Over
the t wo y eA r pe rio d from
July 1, 193~~ to J un e 3 C, , 1935 thP.
mont:C.ly_ ,:iver.o. 6 e numbe r cf ::,erron'.3 on
gene r al re l i ef rolls in c on~\ ne!1taJ.
United ·states was 1 6 , 293 , 662Y , wl.dch
is equiv a l en t to 12. 8 pe rc ent of the
estimnt eq. av era,gt; ropulation of the
countryc/
(:1able 1) . ·
The month
with th0 hirh·.,st incid8n c e of relief
dur ing this :pe ri on w;_:s J8Jl.u•.1.ry 1 835
when 2C.1 ,1 37 , 841 pcr,~cn s,
,~1u.iva::_ent
to . 15 . 8 p,.rcfn t of t l.d E;sti·ns,t':ld
p opul :=:i.ti on, were on t he general r elief rolls .
From Jul ~: to Sept •:;mb 3r 1933 the
intensity cf r eli0f Q3Clin5d from
11 . 7 po rc 0nt t o 10 . 0 perc0nt of t he
p o:9ul ati on , ; !'ld then i i:c r eas cd t o
12 . U perc\?nt in Novembe r . .As a r •.jsul t of tha C. W• .A. p ro g r am , r elief
int ensity declinRd i"'.l. D0c c n'be r, o.nrl
dropped to the low .; s t p o in t (8.7 p~ r cent) in J :=mue ry 1934.
Exceut fo r
the peri o ds from l\: 1y to J une c,nd
from August to October 1934 it r ose
steadily t. h roucsh t h e ;/eri.r from J MuFrom
a ry 1 934 to Decembe r 1 934 .
J 3Il.uary 1935 to June there wgs a
steady decline .
0

Int ensity of Re li ef bv
Region s and st ~t es .
Th e Mount a in s t a.t es stand. out E.s
t h ose with the highes t intensity of
r elief for the two y ear pe riod un~e r
considera tion (lE.l' pe r cent ) .
.At
the othAr ex tr eme we r e the Pa cific
and New :S."1gland
states (lC. 6
and
10. 7 pe r cent , r espec ti vely) , the Atlmtic and South Central r egions
wer e 8b ov e the ns.tiona l ave r age , t h e
East North Central wa s alm o s t iden tical wi t11 the av er age , arid the Wes t
~ortt Centrnl r egi on ,in sp ite of the
droutl". , was bel ow the r.1 ve r :3,f'e .
T:1e lfow En .c;la'1d StRtes . Massachus e tts hq,d the highest i ntensi t y
of
rdi Gf of the New E..'Ylgl a.n :l
s t?.tes
( 12 . 8) , Vermont the lov.ces t (5 . 9 pe rcen t), .All the states in the r egion
but ~~assachusri tts W':, r e below a v e r age
in r elief intensity.
Tho r eli3f
p r oblem i n t he New Engl P.nd sti1.tes
was p rop orti onatel y net
se r ious
unti l
Ap ri l 1 934 , w-3,s smc1llest in
J An~P r y 1 934 (E . 3 percent) ,
and
r eached its ,peak in Feb rua r y 1935
(14 . 2 per cen t in Februar y and May) .

i}

Figu:i:es ( revised a s of Hov€;--mbr> r 15 , 1935) obtained. from ·r ec ord.s of the
Fede r a l j~rner;""enc y Relief Ad..niinid:cati on . Gem·r a l
r el i ef includes dir ec t
r elief furni ~hed by E . R. A. or organized r elief b o dies Pnd work r elief p rovid.ed U'.1d.er the ~~m(.; r •:ency Wo r k P.•:l i nf Pro gr em , but excb'dec the special p rogr·nris of r u:cal r ehr;1.bil i ta. tion, eme r gen cy education and college stud.cn t a i d .
In J ,:i"1.uar
..
y 19.35 , a t whi ch time both the general and spec i al p r oer a.ms were
a t the peak , a l together 2 J , 676,791 per£:ons we r e on gene r '.ll and speci '1l reliE::f rolls.
~/ The p o:mlg,tion estima tes wen, made by strai 6 h t line in t erpolati on from
u n:uubl ishe::l l~3J A.nd 1 935 es ti m,c:i,tes of p opul3.tion wi t h age g r OU}"'! 0--4 :>rea rs
not c ompc1r:.,.r.l2 tc, the census, asm1ming n o mi gr::: . tion , made in 1 934 by Wa rren
S. Tho m_p~on o f the Scripps Founda ti on for Ee.sc,...rch in Po:nul P tion Problems .
The s an1e po:pul a tion es timate for 1933 v,as emp loyed for e",Ch mo nth of
1 933 included in the study ; the same estimate for 1934 was empl oyed f or
e-9,ch month of 1934 ; and U1e sAme es tima t e for 1 135 was emJJl O;/ ed for each
month of 1 935 includPd i n the study .
Avera@·e3 fo r int ensi t ~.- of relief fo r hGlf y ear and. y eRr pe rio ds wer e
computed from a verage s c,f reli ef lo ".Ld and. actuA.l estim.c;t es of 1 933 ,1 '3 34 r-i.nd
1 935 general popul-s.tion .
The a ,-~r~ige inten si t y fo r the en ti r e tw0n t y- fou r
rnorith was co m11ute i.l fr om the av e r lge r elief lo ad for the vrhole neriod di~
vided oy the popul-3.tion es ti mete for the s;:,,me :::::,r. ri od.
1

0

Digitized by

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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

8625
-2-

The Atl~ntic Sta tes exhibited a
very different trer.d from lTew England.
~~e inten sity rate for the
region was h~gh during most of the
period , never falling below 9.5 and
naving a to p fig~re of 15.5 percent
(J2!lli.ary and 7ebruary, 1935).
West
Vir:;ini a and Floricla exhibited the
highes t r ate ( 20 .4 and 19.7 rercen t
r e spec ti vGl ;)T fo r t ho t ·.:o ;:rear ':)8riod).
Penn svl v,, nia end Sou. th Ca rolina were aJ.so f :-ir above A.verage,
while Virginia was lowest (5.S percent), and Georgi a , Delaw8 re,
, .!'lti
North Carolina a vera c ed le s s than 10
percent. Some of the Atlantic sta t8s
reached a !)Ca1,: in 19 34, including
Delaware, ~.lc' lr :'land, Nort:1 C~rolina,
and Georgia .
Wost Virginia ren.ched
a peak in Au~us t, 1933; South C2-rolina in Noverr.ber , and Florida in
September 1 9 33 .
Relief intensit y in the South
Central States wa s smallest in September 1933 and gr~ate.st in Auf'.Ust
1934.
At the beginning cf 1935 it
again reached· a point al most as high
as in the surnnPr of 1934. Tennes i.ee
had the lowest a verage r ate (10.2
percent), for the two year pe riod
and Okla homa haa the hi ghest rate
(18.8 percert) .
Diver se change:, in
intensity occured within the r e:;ion .
K.,.,ntucky vias at its worst in July
1933 (19.5 percent) and re~~rned to
almost tho same rate in May 1935
(18.6 percent).
Al abama reached a
peak in 1933 and declined mP-rkodly
thereaf ter. TLe reverse ~as true of
Oklahomq and ~ex8 s .
The 2 A st Nurth Cen tr:=il Sta t F: s as
a group were f airly t:rpical of the
United Stat es. Tl.ie low point in in-

tensity v.a s 8. 7 percent in January
1934, and the region reached its
peak in January 1935 (15.8 perce~t).
The various state3 were very similar
in relief intensity, Ohi o having a
higher rate than any other state in
the group .

The West North Central States
differ fro,u most of the other rer,ion~l groups in the extremely low
rate of relief in 1933 (6.6 percenti
Ho wever, in 1934 the rate was almost
averar,e for the country and in 1935
was a bove aver~ge. The Tutko tas were
mainly respon sible for the increased
intensity of relief, South Dakota
reaching the highest rate in the
country (39.1 pe rcent in
December
1934), followed by
North Dakota
(30.8 percent in April 1934).
The
drouth was an i mportant factor , hitting in full force in 1934, causing
relief intensity rates to increase
in comparison with the low point in
1933, more t han doubling in Iowa. and
increasing almost six- fold in North
Dako ta and South D8kota.
The Mounta in St a tes were consistentl y above average in intensity of
re.lie f .
Nevada had a very low rate
(8.1 9ercent), Utah and Arizona the
hi 6 hest r ates (1 8 . 6 perc ent).
°W'Joming 1s averege r elief intensity was
extremely lo w in 1933 (2 . 5 percent),
but increase d to 13 . 5 perc en t from
January to June 19 35.
The Pacific St a tes were slightly
below the 2veragc for the United
States from conth to month, and were
very similar in reli ef intensity
rates.

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

8625

-3-

Table 1.

Perso:1s on 8-enera l F.elief in Co~ti nen tal United. States as a
Percent of the Estimated Total Po~l 8. tion, by States
a!l.d Gecgra:-?hic Areas J uly 193.S - June 193:S

Average
for
July 1933
to
June 1935

Geographical Areas
and States

t

Average
for
1933
(6 mo.)

1933
J·..i.ly

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total

12.8

10.8

11.7

11.3

10.0

10.7

12.0

9.2

New England
Meline
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut

10.7
8.0
7.9
5.9
12.8
9.1
9.4

7.4

8.0
6.4

7.2
5.8

7.1
5.9

7.1

5.8
5.9
3.9
8.6
7.3
7.3

5.6

7.7
5.9
5.9
3.7
8.8
8.3
7.2

7.1
5.2
6.0
·3.2
8 .8
4.0
6.2

Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virgini =1
North Carolina
Sou th Caroli na
Georgia
]'lorida

13.5
13.6
12 .6
1 6 .6

§:)

Q}

4.8
9.1
9.0
8.5

4 .,0
8 .2
8.0
7.7

4.0
8.3
7.4
7.1

3.0
8.5
7.3
6.8

13.5 12.9
11.8 11.6
10.4
9.8
18.7 17. Ei
14.3 11.6
8 .2
8.0
7.5
8.6
2.8
§:.I
29.9 30.9
9.7
8.3
20.2 19.1
5 .5
6.3
24.6 25.2

11.9
10.4

10.4
11.4
5.9
20 .4
9.4
15 . 6
9.7
19.7

12.2
10.7
9.6
'16.2
11.2
8.4
8.4
3.0
25 .5
8.5
18.9
7.4
23.6

15.7
10.4
7.9
9.5

12.1
10.5
9.1
15.3
9.3
8.0
9.5

24 .1
7.3
20.7
6.6
28.5

23.2
7.7
21.9
9.3
27.8

9.5
13.4
12.1
7.8
9.9
9.2
15.2 14.6
10.6 11.2
9.4
8.6
10.1
5.0
2 .9
3.2
28.8 16.3
9.5
8.5
8 .9
22.8
4.9
12.1
28 •.4
7.4

Sou th Cen trnl
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama .
Mi ssi ssip-pi
Arkansas
Louisiana
Okl ahoma
Texas

13.1
16 .1
10 .2
13,0
11.7
13. 6
10.7
18 .8
12.9

11.3
14.1
7.1
16.9
10.7
12.8
13 .8
17.7
9.2

11.8
19.5
9.3
14.2
13.7
10.8
13.3

8.5
4.1
7.2
19.1

12.5

11.8

6.4

11.8
12.7
7.1
17.0
9 .7
11.7
14.7
18.6
7.8

13.1
17.4
8.1
18.9
10.7
10.3
14.7
19.8
9 .3

East North Central
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wi sconsir.

12 .9
J.Ll, 3
11.3
12.7
13.2
11.7

11. 8
12.7
9.0
11.7
14.1
9.2

12.4
14.3
9.2
13.0
12.6
10.1

11.8
13.4
8 .8
11.9
13.2
9.0

11.3
12. 5

11.5
12.0
10.1
11.l
14.1
9.0

12.8
1-3. 9
10.5
11.8

West North Central
Minnesota
Iowa
:V.is souri
Horth Dakota
Sou th Dako ta
Nebraska
Kansas

11.9
12.9
7.6

6.4

6.2
6.2
6.4
5.8
4.6
8.0

6.0
5.7
G.4

9.4
11.5

6.6
6.1
5.9
5.1
9.4
11.8
5.5
9.2

Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
.Colorado
Hew Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada

16.1
15.8
12.4
8 .9
17.2
17 . 9
18 .6
18.6
8.1

13.7
6 .3
2 .5
11.6
6.5
18.3
15.l
5.4

Pacific
Washineton
Oregon
Cali fo rniA.

10.6
11. 3
9 .9
10 .5

9.5
10.2
6.8
9 .7

9.1

11.0
21.li
25.7

.. i.i:ed b¥

a/

Data not f'iORiTt!tMJm...Tt;: N UNIVERSITY

11.3

el

12.4
18.7
7.8
17.5
13.4
17.2
14.2

el

~/

0.1

~

7.7

13.9
14.2

§)

8.8

11.1
12.8
9.1

e.l

el

10.2
11. 9
2 .8
15. 0
9 .1
13.0
11.9
14.7
7.6

10.8
10.3
6.6
11.1
16.4 15.5
9.8
8 .4

11.0

11.2

10.3

6.8
5.7
~ .7
5.5
8.8
15.8
5.3
9.2

13 . 2
14 . 8
8.2
3.2
13.l
5.9
23.0
19.3
6.1

11.4
13.3
6.6
2.2
11.3
6.5
19.5
16.3
5.3

10. 6
12.9
6. 1
2.1
10.2
6.2
18.7
14.4
4.2

10.2 11.8 10.4
12.l 15.5 13. 7
6.6
4.0
6.4
2.4
2 .4
2.7
10.7 11.4 13.l
5.9
7.2
7.6
18.6 19.1 10.9
13.5 1 5 . 3 11.8
5.6
6.6
4.8

11.6
14.5
8.1

11.3
9.8
7.0
12.4

8.8
8.2
5 .2
9. 6

6.3

6.7
6.5
5.3
5.9

~

ll.4

5.2

5.2
10.1

!}}

?:.I

8.8
8.5
5 .8
9.3

'gii:i.il f~or:i:i

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

8.3

6.Z

7.0

5.8

e.~

3.9
6.8
18.7
10.0
5.3
2.9

6.9

13.5
20 .7
5.9
10.6

9.2
11.8
7.3
8 .8

7.2
8.3
7.5
6 .S

UU C.:J

-4Table 1. Persons On General Relief i!1 Contine r.t al 'Jn.i tcd :-' t a" e:: as a
Percent of t he Estimated Total Population by St'J.tes a~11
· Geographic Areas July 1933- June 1935 ( Conti..,1:0-l)

Geographic al Avg .
Areas and f or
States
1934 .Jan. Feb. 1\:ar .- Apr .

1934
l!Iay ,June July Aug .

(J c_ ;:: .

L C',Y.

Dee .

13 . 2 13.4 14. 2 14. 2

14. 2

l l :.• 6

l'.j . _
l.i.

12. 6 13 . 1
9. 9 9. 4
7-4 B. 9
6. 5 7. 3
15 . 0 15 . 8
11. 0 10 •.7
11 . 3 11 . 0

- --- Total

12. 9 8. 7 9. 2 10. 6 13 . 2
10. 6 6. 3
7. 7 4. 9
6. 9 6. 3
5. !.:. 3. 2
12. 8 7. 2
9. 0 4. 3
9. 4 6. o

6. 5
5. 9
7. 2
3. 6
7. 2
4. 4
6. 1

Atlantic
13 . 5 9.-6
New York 13 . 7 7. 6
!~
Tersey 13 . 0 'l 4
Penn.
15 . 9 15 . 0
Delav,rare
9. 1 10. 7
Maryland 11 . 3 10. 3
Di st rict of
Columbi a 12. 5 5. 8
Vir gi nia
6. 6 3. 4
West Va .
17 . 7_13 .7
N. Carolina 9. 8 9. 6
s . carolina 15 . 3 9. 3
Georgi a
10. 6 6. 6
20. 0 6. 5
Florida

10. 2
8. 1
9. 6
14. 6
14. 8
11. 9

new England
Maine
N. H.
Vermont

Mass . ·
R. I .
Conn .

'- .

0,1d-

- - -·- ·

7. 0 12. 0 lJ . 3
6. 1 11 . 2 6. J
7.9 e.s 6. 4
4~2 6. /.+ 6. 3
7 ~8 13. 0 13. 8
5.4 9. 9 10. 2
6.6 12. 9 10.1

11 . 4
7. 5
5. 9
5. 6
11-1-. 0
10. 0
9. 9

11. 4 11. 4 12. 1
7 . 7 6. 9 7. 2
5. 6 6. o 6: o
5: 5 5. 0 5. 2
l~.: 4 11~~4 15:3
10. 0 10. 1 11 . 1
9. 2 9.4 9. 8

12. 7
8. 5
6. 9
5. 5
15 ~7
10. 8
10. 7
11.i . 4
15. 2
14: 2
15 . 6

11 . 8
9. 0
10. 4
14. 9
15 . 9
14. 3

14. 6
16. 2
16. 8
15 . a
12. 2
15 . 0

14. 8
15 ~9
13 . 5
17 . 3
6. 5
12. 6

14. 2
15 . 2
13 . 0
16. 1
6. 5
11. 5

14. l
15 . 4
12.8
15 . 5
6. 7
10. 4

14. 4
15 : 3
13 . 0
16. 2
6~9
10. 0

14. 5
15. 2
12~9
15. 7

9. L. 11 . 9
l+. 6 7. 3
l~.•h 16~5
10. 5 12. 5
9. 2 11 . 6
7 .7 9. 6
7. 0 20 . 1

14. 4
5. 1
14. 1
9. 5
16. 9
9. 3
22. 5

14. J-1- 13 . 1
s.1 7. 3
17 . 3 18. 4
9. 6 9. 6
17 . 3 15 . 8
10. 3 10. 6
21 . 6 22. 2

13. 0
6. 5
18. 6
9: 8
16. 5
10. 7
24. 5

14. 2
7. 5
18: 6
10 . 5
16. l-111. 3
25 . 4

13 . s
6. 9
19. 5
10 . 1
19: 2
13 ~3
24. 9

13. 6
7. 0
20 : 0
7. 8
19~2
12: s
23 . 7

13 ~3
7. 3
20~2
8. 8
16. 3'
12:9
21. 6

20. 3

12. 1
17 . 9
ll . l
13 . 2
17 : 3
14. 2
6. 2
1n. 2
~-9

12. 4
11 . 7
10. 5
16. 9
11: 8
16 .. 6
12. 9

13. 0 12. 7
16. 4 16. 2
13. ~- 13 . 3
15 . 4 13. 6
12. 5 13 . 0
G. 2 11 . 2
8. 8 8. 6
14. 0 12. '.)
13. 1 12. 1-1-

l L~. 1
16. 6
1.3: 6
14. 3
13. 7
10. 3
8~8
18. 0
lh. 8

16. 4
17 . 0
13: 9
16~4
14: L~
1s : 8
9. 7
23 :7
16.7

15. 8
16~3
11: 5
16: 8
12: 7
21: 1
8. 9
24. 3
15 . 3

lJ-1-. l
16~1
10~4
12. 1
10: 9
13:1
8.,6
22: 6
15. 8

14. 6
16: 5
10. 2
8~9
10~6
14: s
7: s
26. 4
17 . 1

15. 2
17 . 5
10: s
s.5
11 . 6
16. 7
7~9
26: 3
1s. 2

12. 9
14. 6
11 . 7
13. 0
12. 3
11. 6

12. 9
14. o
11 . 5
13. 0
11. 6
14. 0

12. 8
13. 6
11 . 1
13 . 6
11. 1
14. 0

12~8
13. 9
11 . 0
13.7
11: 4
12. 1

n ~3
14.s
11 ~5
13. 5
12: 5
12. 6

Centr al 13. 5 10.8 11.2
Kentucky 16. 0 14. 1 16. 0
Tenness ee 10. a l+. 5 6. 9
Alabama
13 . 4 13 . 1 ll . 2
Mis-s .
13. 2 13. 6 16~a
Arkansas
13 . 8 16. 3 15 . 6
Louisiana 10: 2 17 . 9 19. 9
Okle.homa 17 . 1 7. 8 2. s
Texas
13 . 4 6. 9 7. 9

So .

s.s

5. 8
0. 8

{ .8

9.7

14. 6
15: 6
15 : 2
16~1
6:s 7. 4
9. 8 9. 9

15 . 1
16: 1
15 . 9
_17 . 5
7.8
10. 4
13. 3
7. 6
21 : 0
9. 6
15 . 8
11.8

12. 6
13 . 8
11 . 1
12. 4
12. 6
11 . 9

8. 7
8. 6
6. 6
8. 8
11 . 0
6. 6

10. 3
9. 9 11 . 5
7. J.i 9. 0
s.5 1n. 1
9. 2 <J . 9
8. Cl 10. 0

13. 8
15. 3
12 . 3
13 . 5
13. 4
13 . 1

14:3
16. 0
12~9
13 . 6
14. 9
13. 1

14: 8
16. 3
13 : 6
13. 6
16. 3
13 . 3

15: 6
17 . 2
14. 5
14:1+
17. 0
14. o

West N. Cent . 12. 4
Minn.
11.i.. s
I owa.
7. 4
Mis s ouri
10. 9
l{ . Da.kota
24. 4
S. Dakota 29. 3
Nebraska
8. 5
Kansas
10. 4

6. o
5. 2
4. 0
5. 3
18. 9
15 . 5
4. 7
3. 6

6. 5 G. 6 12. 6 12. 9 13. 2 13 . 2 13. 3 14~0
5. 7
3. 7
6. 1
22. 9
15. 0

16. 0
7.• 0
10. 2
30. 8
28~6
8. 2
10. 3

19. 5
7. 5
9. 6
20. 3
32~9
7. 6
10. 7

19: 8 16: 2
8. 7 8: 8
8. B 12. 1
26. 7 20. 4
33.e 32. s
7. 5 7. 3
9. 9 10. 8

17 . 1
20. 0
10: 0
15 . s
26. 9
39. 1
13. 2
15 . 5

:rifountain
l\Ionto.na

8. 8
10 . 5
5. 8
2. 2
9. 4
8. 7
10. 2
11 . 3
3. 7

10. 2
10. 4
5. 1
3. 4
l ?. . 6
10. 3
10. 9
13. 0
3. 1

12. 9 16. 3
12 . 0 17 . n
5. 9 12. 3
6. o 8. 9
15 . 9 18 . 5
13. 7 12. 6
14. 8 19. 7
16. 2 19. 7
4. 2 5. 7

17 . 2
15. s
14. 0
10. 5
19. 1
16. 8
21. 3
19. 4
6. 2

17- . 3
17-. 0
9. 4
12. 5
18. 5
18. J-123 . 6
19. 6
7. J

EC\.st F. Cent .
Ghio
Indiana.
Illinois
Michi gan
Wisconsin

16. 5
15 . 5
Idaho
11. 9
Wyoming
9. 7
Colorado
17 .s
New Mexico 19. 7
Arizona
18. 8
Utah
18 . 6
Uevada
7. 7

~

n.4

Ser~ .

Pacific
Wash .

Oregon
Calif .

8. 1
5. 1
7. 7
28. 4
19. 1
~.-0
6. 8
3. 7 5. 4

·-

9.7 6 l 6. 2
10.7 8. 1 9. 4
10. 0 7. 5 7. 4
'J. 4 5. 3 5. 0

7. 6 9. 9 10. 2 10.1
9. 9 12. 4 10.9 10. 5
B. 9 10. 3 11 . 7 8. 8
6.7 9. 1 9. 8 .10. 2

Digitized b

N6RTHWE5"FERN tJNlv'ER51'F1'

15 . 7
8. 6
12. 3
19.7
32. 2
8. 5
12. 5

15 . 7
s.3
13 . 1
23 ~4
31 . 7
10. 6
13 . 1

15 . 2
16. 6
8. 5
15: 1
27 . 2
33 . 3
11 . 1
13. 8

16: 1
18: 4
8. 9
15. 0
27 . 1
37 . 2
12. 1
15 . 0

17. 0
10. 8
12. 5
19. 4
21+.9
22 . 6

19. 6
17. 5
12. 2
11. 2
20 : 6
29: 5
21. 6
2~.o 21.4
s . o 9. 4

19. 0
17 . o
13. 2
11 . 1
20. 1
25 : 8
21 . 4
21. 5
10. 1

18. 2
16. 6
13. 7
10. 9
19. 7
22. 5
19. 9
20 . 2
10. 5

18. 8 ~:\) . 9
16. L~ 18. 7
17 . s 22. 1
12. 2 l h. 4

10. 4
11. 2
10. 7
10. 1

10. 5 10. 0
11~1 9. 9
10. 2 9. 5
l '.J . 3 l J. l

10. 7
10. 5
9. 9
10. 9

Fl.4

19 . 1

2\.) . 8

24. :;
19. 8
20. 0
11 . 9

28 . 4
20 . 1
2:i: 3
12. 1

11 . 5
11 .9
12. 0
11 . 4

13 . 4
12. 5
12. 5
13. 8

-5-

Table 1.

Per ~ons 0 :.1 Geri e:-el ReJ.ief in Continental United St 2.t"3s a s a
Per cent of the Estima ted I1otal Pc-pu 7 ation by States and
Ge os ra~Lic Ar eas July 1933--June 1935 (Ccntir,ued).

--------Average
fo r
1935
J anuary
(6 1~.)

Geographi cal Ar e::-. s
and Sta tes

►

1935
Februa.ry

March

A'lri l

May

June

Total

14.8

15.8

15.6

15 . 3

14. 7

14 .l

13.l

Ne,v England
Maine
New Hamp::.hire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode I sl and
Sonnee ticu t

14.0
10.7
10 . 6
9.1
15.8
11.0
11. 5

13. 7
10 . 3
7.9
8 .9
1 6 .5
11. 1
11.9

1·1.2
10.3
9.8
9.4
17 .2
11.1
11.9

11.1
11.2
11.4
9.4
16.9
10 . 8
11.7

14 .1
11.1
11. 9
9.2
16.8
11.2 .
11.5

14 . 2
11 . 2
11.9
9.0
1 7 .2
11.0
11. 2

13. 7
10 . 4
10 .7
8.9
16.6
10 .6
10 .9

Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virrinia
No rth Carolina
Sou th Caro 1 i na
Georgia
Florida

14. 9
16.2
14. 8
18 .5
6.8
10 . 8
12 . 0
8.8
20.8
9.4
13 . 0
10.2
15 .0

15 .5
16 .7
15.5
18.1
7.6
11.3
13. 7
8 .5
21.9
10 . 0
15 . 9
11.2
19.6

15.5
1 7 .1
15 .5
18.7
7.5
12 .1
13.5
8 .7
21. 6
9.6
14 . 4
11.1
15. 3

15 . 3
l o. 6
18 . 9
7.2
11.8
12.4
8 .9
21.1
9.8
13 . 6
10 .7
13.8

14 . 9
16 . 2
14 . 8
18.7
6. 5
10 . 9
12.1
9. 3
20 . 4
9. 7
11.4
10 .4
13.7

14.5
15 . 6
13. 9
18 . 8
6 .2
10 . 0
1 0 .9
9.0
20.4
8 .9
11.4
9. 8
13. 9

13. 7
1 5 .1
13. 4
17.8
6 .1
8.4
9 .8
8 .3
19.5
11.2
7.7
13 . 6

South Centr0.l
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Arkansas
Loui siana
Oklahoma
Texas

14 .0
18.1
12.l
8.5
9. 6
1-±,0
8 .4
22 . 6
15.4

15. 6
17 .9
11.7
8.5
12 .5
17 . 9
8.0
25 . 6
18.5

15 .2
17. 8
12 .0
8 .2
11.0
17.2
8 .2
18 . 0

14 . 6
18 .0
12 . 4
7.9
10 . 3
l •L l
8.3
24 .2
16 . 9

13. 7
18 . 4
12 . 6
8.6
8.6
12 . 3
8. 6
21, 9
15 . 0

12 '. 8
18 . 6
12 . 3
8 .8
7 .6
11.5
8 .7
20 . 2
12 . 9

11. 8
1 7 .7
11 . 8
8.8
7 .3
10.7
8 .6
18 .8
10.9

East North Cen tral
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin

14 . 6
16. 7
l<± . 0
14 .1
13.4
13. 7

15 . 8
1 7.8
14. 8
14 . 7
15. 7
1 5 .1

15 . 5
17. 3
1 5.0
14. 8
14 . 5
15 . 5

15 . 0
16.9
1,1 . 5
1 -i . 8
13 .8
13. B

14.5
16.5
13.9
14.3
12 .9
13.5

13.7
16.1
13.3
13. 4
12.0
12 .5

13.2
15.9
12.4
12 . 8
11.7
11.8

West North Cen tral
Minnesota
I owa
Missouri
North Dakota
Sou th Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas

15 .9
15 . 8
9 .6
15.9
27.9
32 .3
13.0
16 . 0

17 . 4
18 .2
10 . 6
17 .1
28.3
36.7
14.4
16.4

17.3
1 7 .6
10.6
17.1
28.7
14. 7
17.0

1 6 .9
16.0
10. 5
16.9
29 . 3
34.4
14.3
1 6 .8

1 6 .1
16 .0
9.6
15.9
29 . 1
33.5
12.4
1 6 .4

15.2
14 . 7
8 .8
15.0
27.5
32 . 6
11.9
1 6 .1

12.7
12 .l
7.4
13. 6
24 . 4
21.l
10 . 2
13.1

Mountain
Montana
Idaho
7iyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
!Tevada

20.2
18 . 6
19.5
13 .5
21.3
25 . 2
18 .4
21.9
11. 6

21.8
19.1
22 .2
14.9
22 . 6
29 .5
19. 5
~2 . 7
14.0

21.4
19 . 5
19.6
15 . 4
22 . 8
23 . 5
18 . l
23 .1
14.3

21.9
19 .8
20.4
15 . 9
23 .l
29 . 9
19 . 2
23 . 3
12 . 2

20 . 3
19 .0
20 . 2
15 . 5
21.0
18 .8
22 . 9
10.9

18 . 9
18!3
18 .7
10 .6
20 . 5
21.0
18 . 2
20 . 8
9. 8

16. 7
15 .9
15. 8
8. 6
18 . 2
18 . 8
1 6.7
18 .6
8.6

Pa cific
Washington
Oregon
California

13.4
13. 6
12 . 7
... ¼~y· 4
D1qit1ze

14 . 0
13 . 4
1'1 .1
14.1

13 .8
13. 9
14. 5
13 . 7

13 . 7
1 3 ,3
13 . 4
13 .l
1 3 . ci
12 . 8
~~
-8 from 13 . 5
r ginal

13 . 2
13.8
11.3
13.3

12 . 3
13. 8
10.0
12 . 2

- - --

NORTI IVVESTERN UN+VffiSlTY

2 -1. 9

35.5

l:i . 11

23.4

NORTI !WESTERN UNIVERSITY

p.3

FIGURE I

INTENSITY OF GENERAL RELIEF *
JULY 193 3 - JUNE 193 5

z

0

PERCENT
UNDER 10

~

t-:-:-:-:- j

~

~ 10 - 14 .9

I

mo
lJ) -,

~ 15 - 19 .9

--l \C.
m-·
::0

iii

-

zca'

20 ANO OVER

z3

<
m
::0
lJ)

~
l$TRATION
FEPERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF AOMIN
ANQ [!NAN CE
DIVISION Of RESEAR!;H, STA!IS TIC$

*

BASED ON AVERAGE RELIEF FIG\.IRES
AND AVERAGE ESTIMATED POPU\.ATION

' NO. Af-98 7

-

40

z

0

~

I

~

30

mo

l/l --

--l lO
mrt
:;;o ;:::;·

z~
C

z

o'-<

<
m

~

z

:;;o

w
a::
w
. a.

l/l

o 20

~

10

-

~

-

--- ~

"'--

~

--~

/

z

0

~

I

~

mo

l/l -,

0

m :::;·

JUL

-! co·

:;;o

ru

z:::;;

eel
z3

<
m

1933

OCT

JAN

APR

JUL

OCT

APR

JAN

1935

1934

FIGURE II

l/l

INTENSITY*OF GENERAL RELIEF IN THE UNITED STATES

~

JULY 1933-JUNE 1935

:;;o

* PERCENTAGE

OF ESTIMATED POPULATION ON RELIEF

FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATJ.QN
DIVISION OF RESEARCH STAnST.ICS ANP FINANCE ·

NO. AF-989

JUN

FIGURE

m

RELIEF ~:~
L
A
R
E
N
E
G
F
O
INT ENSITY
R 193 3

2

0

JU L Y -D E C E M

~

:J:

BE

~

mo
--

l/') a
-;<

m; ::;. ·

;,;:,;::;;·
<D
2 a.
C o2' <

<

m

;,;:,
l/')

~

:~: ~:: ~: ~: ~::::::::::::::
2

0

1
~

~1

· • ·• • • • • ·•· · · · · }l'li1;l:;,·;~m~, ~

mo
l/') .....

:il!l!iii[l~ii:(\\\\\\\\\l\l

PE RC EN T
10

f-:::-:-:- J UNDER

~ 10 -14 .9

-;( Q·

l!§§§lll

1s -1 9 .9

;,;:, ~

-

20 ANO OVER

m --

z....,

co
3
2

<

m

;,;:,
l/')

~
N
ADMINISTRATIO
GENCY RELIEF
FEDERA L EMER
O FINANCE
ST AT IST ICS AN

SEARCH ,
DIVISION OF RE

FIGURES
ERAGE RELIEF
~' BASED ON AV
PULATION
PO
ED
AT
ESTIM
ANO AVERAGE

NO. AF - 991

FIGURE

.nz:

~~
INTENSITY OF GENERAL RELIEF
FOR YEA R 193 4

z
0

PERC ENT
UNDER I 0

~

f_ -:-:->:l

~

~ 10 - 14.9

l/) --,

~ 15 - 19. 9

I

mo

-I'°.
m-·
::x:,

iii;

-

z::::;;

2 0 AN O OVER

co
z3

<
m

::x:,
l/)

~
ISTRATION
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMIN

AND FINANCE
DIVISION OF RESEARCH, STATI STICS

ES
BASED ON AVERAGE RE LIEF FIGUR
ION
AND AVE RAGE ESTIMATED POPULAT

NO. AF - 993

FIGURE JZ:

INTENSITY OF GENERAL RELIEF

z

0

~

JANUARY THROUGH

I

::c

JUNE 1935

~

mo

l/) - ·

..., <e.
m~

:::0

N

z~

C o-

z

<
m

'<

;::o

•

l/)

~

z

0

~

I

~

j:-:-:-:-:-j

l/) .....

-

mo

-i <C.
m-·
::::,
;::o OJ

zca'
z3

<

m

;::o

PERCENT
UNDER 10

~

10 - 14 .9

ml88I

15 - 19 .9

20 AND OVER

l/)

~
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISMATION
DIVISION OF RESEARCH, STATISTICS AND iftNAN CE

* BASED ON AVERAGE

REl.ltF FIGURES
AND AVERAGE ESTIMATED ' POPULATION

.....

NO. AF-995

1933

.UL

OCT

1934

JAN

APR

JUL OCT

1935

1933

1934

JAN APR JUN JUL OCT

JAN

APR

JUL

OCT

I

l

I

L

I
MAINE

1935

1933

l

~kI

I
I

JAN APR _,!lN

VL\bj_,,-~

7
--=---l_ ,__
,. .: ,_f - .-:---1-----~

-

~

--7-

/:

I

✓

I

-

I

I
I
KENTUCKY

I
I
DELAWARE

NEW HAMPSHIRE
I

1~5

J

I

I

O

JUL OCT

FLORIDA

PENNS YLVANIA

,,~L--;~f--:- ------::::

JAN APR

7

1
301-----+--+-+--+----+--+-+----J

20 1---~--+---+-~-t---+--+----<

1934

JAN APR ,JLtl JUL OCT

I

301-----+--+-,---+,--+--+--1---+----I

I

I
201---+----+---+--I----+--+--+----<

I

1-------------

1

10 ~ p ~ L 'I '--l-__,1
_
___..... y

['I._

--J

\

01---+---+I --,-+---+--+-+------I
I

I'

I

-- -

,__I/) -----1--

--

~

I/ \ V'\ V- --,
-1------'---l_

k."",,._1_,,,

l

I

TENNESSEE

MAR'l'LANO

VERMONT
I

301-------,---+-+--l-1 -+--+--+----J
2 01--- + - - + - - - + - - - - - + - - + - - + ----<

10 -

. ., ___ 1--+
--T--T--TL

,------_J"1______

~-<~~

~"-:::::.~--:.::::s,'l

__:.:.:. . -!' I

I

........ ,.

I

I
.....
••• , DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

- r ~T - -

~

r--,.._

~ I/

I

Ot---+--1-1 -+l- -li ---+l--+--+--I

I

I

I

MASSACHUSETTS

I

ALABAMA

VIRGINIA

301---+--+--+--i---+--+--+--I
201---+--+---+--I----+--+--+----<

ot---+--+--+--1------1-----1--+--1
RHODE ISLAND

301----+--+--+--l---+--+--+--I
20 -

,,,,.-----,--r---

,o~

~- .... /;------------~
I

:t'-~~
~ -✓-

Tl

I

01----+---1---....,--1-1 ----1-,--+--+--I

r

--l
-

I -

~

--~~---;----1
.__

~

h,.L._._

1 -+--+--+--I
301----+--+--+--l--

i _

I

_.._

I

I

I

ARKANSAS

NORTH CAROLINA

CONNECTICUT

.....

MISSISSIPPI

I
--.
\Y; V"T:"_L ----l_

...=,_. ~,--+-:;- ✓-

:..-- ____

-

WEST VIRGINIA
I
I

\. I\

~

I .
-

-

_---- 1-

,,., --1---I
.....

....

r-- ,...~

""1) [7~1--!--"'- -,,._--

~

--•4
I

SOUTH CAROLINA

1--\
,...::, _

I
V~
_\ F-----_
~--

-

O•t----l--+---+1--+-+--l---+----I

1---

~

I

I

JAN

1933

1934

1935

1933

APR

--JUL OCT

I ----

--

I
7

-

n-~ r'---11

/:--,~----

~~

_j_

~

OKLAHOhlA

I

~-u"'L-o""c""'T_JA._N_A,P-;.,,R--,J.,.UL_O..,.C"'"T.......
JA"'N,....,.,
AP"'R,....-J
... N JUL OCT

-~-

I

---~--~

/ I

T

~--

201-----+--+--+--+---+--+--+--I

I

I

~-_::-_

-

301---------+----+---+--+----+--+--+----<

10'

._. 4-\

I
,GEORG I A /

NEW JERSE'I'

I

LOUISIANA

-

30•1----+---+--+--+--+--+---+----<

20 1--------+---+---+--+---+--+---+----<

-C--

f\..,
....:-,_

r

NEW 'l'ORK

j

~

-

I

Ot-----+--+--+--+---+, -1---+----I

1934

--

P--~--r- -~

rf'S v

JAN APR JUN JUL OCT
1935

1933

JAN

APR

I

-,

JUL -OCT

1934

JAN Al 'R JU N
1935

FIGURE :llI

INTENSITY* OF GENERAL RELIEF, JULY 1933-JUNE 1935
* PERCENTAGE OF ESTIMATED POPULATION ON RELIEF

FE_QERAL EM_~RGEN.CY R_tLIEF ADMINISTRATION
DIVISION Of RESEARCH STATISTICS ANO FINANCE

--STATE
- - - - UNITED STATES

DIVISION OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
NO AF-997

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

1933
1934
JUL OCT JAN APR

1935
JUL

OCT

1933

JAN APR JUN JUL OCT

1934
JAN APR

JUL

1935
1933
JAN APR JUN JUL OCT

OCT

1934
JAN APR

I
I
MISSOURI

l
TEXAS

I
I
I
COLORADO

.,,.i----,._

20 t-----t----+--+----+--+--±:---+--t

.,,.

1or\:_4~

~

01---+--+----+--+--t---+--1
OHIO
30 -

l

-

--

-

20 - - - --+---t-----+-

~-- ....

--+--- _---+----1

....-=:::- ~

~,r-- ~

-

---✓1

~

.,~: -~J~

/\/\ 4+-"

~. ll✓,, . -------- --1-

i

_ __L

-I

-

1.r---,__,,("1-........
SOUTH DAKOTA

_J
V

~\J--J

/

I I

✓--

L--L -

f\

I

I

I-

-

I

r

I

- -

'

I

,m
I

,_

f _i__ -f's
------...... __

-t--

~ ~ -1 ... .,

'

IN DIANA

I
NEW MEXICO

I

J

o t----'---+--<-l -+-l--+--+---+---1

I

I

I

NORTH DAKOTA
I
I

L--l--1----

""'- I

I

+---+--+----l

-

I

-

30 t----+--+--+--+--t--+--+---I

v---------::~
~.-..,,-----

1935
JAN APR JUN

JUL OCT

ti

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FIG-UAE-· m

INTENSITY*OF GENERAL RELIEF, JULY 1933-JUNE 1935
•PERCENTAGE OF ESTIMATED POPULATION ON REUEF'
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADM INISTRAT ION
DIVIS ION OF RESEARCH STATISTIC S ANO FINAN CE

- - S T AT E
- - - - UNIT ED STAT ES

NO. AF - 999

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY