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Displaced Workers, 1981-85 Displaced Workers, 1981-85 U.S. Department of Labor William E. Brock, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner September 1987 Bulletin 2289 ^.M .S .U . L i JRAR s U.S. D E P O S IT O R Y OCT 28 1987 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 P reface This bulletin discusses the plight of workers who were dis placed from their jobs because of plant closings or employ ment cutbacks during the January 1981-January 1986 period. The article was initially published in the Monthly Labor Review, June 1987, and is reprinted with additional tabular material and an explanatory note. The data were compiled from a special survey conducted in January 1986 as a supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS) which is conducted and tabulated by the Bureau of Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Contents Page The pulse of economic change: Displaced workers of 1981-85 Appendixes: A. Explanatory note.......................................................................................................................... 1 B. Supplementary tables:.................................................................................................................. 15 Displaced Workers: B- 1. Year of job loss, sex, race, Hispanic origin,and employment status in January 1986 ................................................................................................................ B- 2. Full- or part-time status on lost job, age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status inJanuary 1986 ................................................................................. B- 3. Educational attainment, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1986...................................................................................................................... B- 4. Educational attainment, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss................ B- 5. Industry and class of worker of lost job and reason for job lo ss.................................. B- 6. Sex, whether they received advance notice orexpected layoff, reason for job loss, and employment status inJanuary 1986.................................................................... B- 7. Reason for job loss, whether or not they received or exhausted unemployment insurance benefits, age, and employment status in January 1986.................................. B- 8. Full- or part-time status on lost job, sex,group health insurance coverage on lost job, and employment status and coverage in January 1986 .................................... B- 9. Weeks without work after job loss and other selected characteristics.......................... B-10. Median weekly earnings of displaced workers on lost job and on both the old and new job for those reemployed in January 1986 by industry and class of w orkers............................................................................................................... B-l 1. Industry of lost job and industry of job held in January 1986 ...................................... B-12. Selected manufacturing industry of lost job, sex, tenure when job ended, and median weeks without work after job lo s s .............................................................. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 The pulse of economic change: displaced workers of 1981-85 Of the 5.1 million workers who had lost jobs at which they had worked at least 3 years , about two-thirds were reemployed as of January 1986 F rancis W H o rva th • One of the harsh realities of economic change is the closing of plants or the severe cutbacks in their operations. The mass layoffs create instant pockets of unemployment, often made up of people with years of dedicated service and acquired skills and no place to apply them. The ability of these workers to readjust after plant closings or large cut backs has been a subject of considerable interest to policy makers, labor leaders, and economic analysts. In January 1986, the Employment and Training Adminis tration sponsored a special supplement to the Current Popu lation Survey designed to answer some of the questions about “displaced workers.” The survey was almost identical to a study conducted in January 1984, which permitted additional insight into the problem.1 The principal findings of the survey include: • • • • • • • A total of 10.8 million workers 20 years of age and over lost jobs because of plant closings or employment cut backs over the January 1981-January 1986 period. Those who had been at their jobs at least 3 years num bered about 5.1 million. This estimate was very similar to that obtained in the 1984 survey, which had covered the 1979-83 period. While both surveys yielded about the same number of displaced workers with at least 3 years of tenure on the lost jobs, the reemployed proportion was much higher in 1986 than in 1984-67, compared with 60 percent. Close to 18 percent of those displaced were unemployed when surveyed in January 1986. This was an improve ment over 1984, when 26 percent of those displaced were looking for work. Measurement of displacement Interest in the issue of displaced workers increased in the early 1980’s, as two back-to-back recessions led to the elim ination of many jobs.2 Indications that the cutbacks in many industries might be permanent rather than cyclical spurred an effort to better identify those workers who had lost their jobs. The terms “displaced” or “dislocated” were used to describe workers who had put in years of service and ac quired very specific skills, only to find that those skills were no longer in demand. As noted above, only a small proportion of the displaced were unemployed when surveyed. In fact, many may have Francis W. Horvath is an economist in the Division of Labor Force Statis tics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The number of labor force exits among displaced work ers was very close to the 14-percent level observed in 1984. More than 1 of every 3 older workers (over 55 years of age) left the labor force after losing their jobs. Of the 3.4 million workers who found work following the displacement, 2.7 million were working at full-time wage and salary jobs. More than half of those reem ployed earned as much or more in their new jobs as in their lost jobs. About 2 of 3 displaced workers were men. The geographic distribution of displaced workers was again heavily concentrated in the East North Central States. More than 1.1 million workers there had lost jobs since 1981. Following displacement, reemployment was more diffi cult for black and Hispanic workers. The percentage of those who were reemployed as of January 1986 was about 10 percentage points lower than the comparable level for whites. 1 By January 1986, the rate of reemployment among manuiacturing workers had improved considerably relative to 1984. About 2 of 3 workers displaced from manufacturing had found new jobs as of January 1986, a rate of reemploy ment quite similar to that for workers who had lost jobs in other industries. In the 1984 survey, the reemployment rate for manufacturing workers was much lower— 59 percent. The services industry accounted for about 10 percent of the displaced workers. This proportion was relatively small considering that these workers accounted for over 30 per cent of all employed workers. Also, more than 2 of 3 service workers who had been displaced were able to find new jobs as of January 1986. The largest number of displaced workers—some 1.9 mil- found another job rather ^quickly, although it may not have been at a pay and skill level comparable to the one from which they had been displaced. A frequently mentioned example of a displaced worker is the steel or automobile worker, who had been employed at a relatively high paying production job and who, upon losing that job, finds little prospect of replacing the earnings to which he—and his family—had become accustomed. Some displaced workers might give up looking for work altogether, believing that there are no suitable jobs avail able. Unplanned early retirements often seem to be the only choice for many of the older displaced workers. Altogether, a total of 10.8 million workers 20 years of age and over answered that they had lost a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings, employers going out of business, or layoffs from which they had not been recalled. However, a large proportion of these workers had been at their jobs for only a short period before they were dismissed. For example, about 4 million—or 37 per cent—had been at their jobs a year or less. In order to focus on those displaced workers who had spent a substantial amount of time with their employer, while presumably acquiring a substantial amount of jobspecific skills, the statistical universe used in this study was limited to those individuals with 3 years or more of tenure on the jobs they lost, some 5.1 million. Table 1. Employment status of displaced workers by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, January 1986 [In percent) Characteristic Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force 5,130 222 3,950 789 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.9 69.1 72.5 47.4 17.8 23.2 18.1 17.6 15.3 7.7 9.4 35.0 169 100.0 23.4 4.3 72.4 3,321 146 2,605 482 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.9 74.1 76.1 50.2 18.6 20.4 19.6 15.3 10.5 5.5 4.4 34.5 87 100.0 24.5 6.2 69.3 1,810 76 1,345 307 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59.6 59.6 65.7 43.1 16.2 28.7 15.2 21.2 24.1 11.8 19.0 35.8 82 100.0 22.2 2.2 75.6 4,452 2,936 1,516 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.2 72.4 59.9 16.2 16.8 15.2 15.6 10.8 24.9 581 312 268 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.7 57.6 57.7 29.2 36.0 21.3 13.1 6.3 21.0 311 208 103 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.6 63.7 42.3 27.2 27.9 25.9 16.1 8.4 31.8 Total Total, 20 years and over ......... 20 to 24 years . 25 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and over............ Men Demographic characteristics Total, 20 years and over ........ 20 to 24 years . 25 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and over............ About two-thirds of the 5.1 million displaced workers were men, and most were in the prime working ages, 25 to 54. (See table 1.) These men were not only the largest group of displaced workers, they also had the highest level of reemployment; over three-fourths of them were reemployed in January 1986. Blacks accounted for 11 percent of all displaced workers, and there were nearly as many black women as there were men. Also, the level of reemployment was just under 58 percent for both black men and women. Following displacement, women were much more likely to leave the labor force than men. Almost 1 in 4 white women and 1 in 5 black women who had been displaced were outside the labor force in January 1986. The proportion of labor force leavers was nearly 1 of 3 for Hispanic women. Black and Hispanic displaced workers were more likely to be unemployed in January 1986 than whites. About 36 percent of black men and 28 percent of Hispanic men who had been displaced were unemployed compared with 17 percent of white men. Women Total, 20 years and over ......... 20 to 24 years . 25 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and over............ White Total, 20 years and over ......... Men.............. Women ........ Black Total, 20 years and over ......... Men.............. Women ......... Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over ......... Men.............. Women ........ Industry and occupation. As was found in the 1984 sur vey, about one-half of the displaced workers in January 1986 had lost jobs in manufacturing. The industries in which much of the displacement had taken place included nonelec trical machinery, electrical machinery, and primary metals. (See table 2.) Number (thouaanda)1 1Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January '.381 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sumto totals because data for the ‘other races' group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 2 Table 2. Employment status of displaced workers by industry and class of worker of lost job, January 1986 [In percent] Industry and c la ss o f w orker Num ber (th o u sa n d s)1 N ot In the Total Em ployed 66.9 17.8 15.3 Total, 20 years and over2 ...... 5,130 100.0 Nonagncultural private wage and salary workers ..................... 4,772 100.0 67.2 17.6 15.2 Mining ........................... Construction .................... 175 316 100.0 100.0 67.4 74.8 17.4 16.6 15.2 8.6 Manufactunng................... Durable goods ................ Lumber and wood products ................. Furniture and fixtures...... Stone, day, and glass products ................. Primary metal industnes Fabricated metal products ................. Machinery, except electrical ................. Electrical machinery........ Transportation equipment................ Automobiles.............. Other transportation 2,550 1,691 100.0 100.0 65.9 66.7 18.2 18.9 15.9 14.4 104 63 100.0 100.0 67.0 (3) 23.2 (3) 9.8 (3) 87 100.0 64.7 17.3 17.9 Professional and photographic equipment................ Other durable goods industries................. Nondurable good s............. Food and kindred products ................. 235 100.0 62.0 15.0 23.0 187 100.0 64.1 24.8 11.0 361 255 100.0 100.0 71.9 54.9 18.6 23.2 9.5 21.9 8.9 8.7 9.2 260 148 100.0 100.0 74.3 70.2 16.7 21.1 112 100.0 79.8 11.0 73 100.0 In du stry and labor force (3) (3) (3) Textile mill products . Apparel and other finished textile products......... Paper and allied products................ Printing and publishing Chemical and allied products................ Rubber and mtscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries.............. Transportation and public utilities................... Transportation.............. Communication and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade . Wholesale trade ........... Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Se rvice s...................... Professional services...... Other service industries ... (3) 66 100.0 (3) (3) 859 100.0 64.3 16.8 18.9 178 100.0 57.1 19.5 23.4 dess o f w orker Agricultural wage and salary workers ......................... Government workers.............. Self-employed and unpaid family workers................... Num ber Unem ployed N ot in the Total Em ployed 123 100.0 71.2 9.9 19.0 171 100.0 51.9 18.0 30.1 39 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 94 100.0 69.8 14.8 15.4 98 100.0 75.2 11.9 12.8 67 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 88 100.0 62.8 25.9 11.3 386 303 100.0 100.0 66.9 66.1 20.0 20.6 13.1 13.3 83 100.0 69.9 17.7 12.4 689 294 395 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.3 74.4 60.3 12.4 12.5 12.4 21.3 13.1 27.4 107 540 342 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 141 172 33 (th o u sa n d s)1 198 labor force 73.5 68.4 12.5 21.4 66.8 19.1 69.3 22.8 14.0 10.2 14.1 8.0 100.0 100.0 66.0 63.0 20.9 18.9 13.1 18.0 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and 2 Total includes a small number who did not report Industry or class of worker. January 1906 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. lion—were formerly employed as operators, fabricators, and laborers, occupations which are quite prevalent in the manufacturing industries. They represented nearly 2 out of 5 displaced workers in January 1986. (See table 3.) The higher the workers’ skills, the more likely they were to have found other jobs. For example, among persons who had lost managerial and professional specialty jobs, almost 3 of 4 were reemployed in January 1986. On the other hand, fewer than 2 of 3 of the displaced operators, fabricators, and laborers had been able to find new jobs. The highest propor tions of displaced workers who were still unemployed were those who had lost their jobs in the transportation and mate rial moving occupations, as well as in the service occupa tions. about half in January 1984. However, among those still unemployed, almost one-third had been without work for 6 months or more. Reemployment was much higher for displaced workers on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. In New England, for example, about 75 percent of those identified as displaced workers had found new jobs. On the Pacific coast, about 70 percent of those who had been displaced were again em ployed in January 1986, and among those who were still looking for work, 42 percent had been unemployed for less than 5 weeks. Tenure on jobs lost. In order to identify workers who had formed a long term relationship with their employers, only those who had worked for 3 years more on the jobs lost were included in the detailed analysis of the data from 1984 and 1986. While persons with shorter job durations may also face hardships following plant closings, their skills are un likely to be tied to an employer or industry. The tenure of displaced workers on the jobs lost tends to be higher than the tenure of the overall work force. Obviously, the restriction to 3 years or more of tenure im parts an upward bias that the general tenure level does not have. In addition, in declining industries, workers with the least tenure are likely to be released first. Should the plant Regional distribution. As in January 1984, the largest concentration of displaced workers in the 1986 survey was found in the East North Central area— 1.1 million. This area comprises the heavily industrialized States of Illinois, Indi ana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin. Close to half of the job losses in this area had occurred in the durable goods manu facturing industry. (See table 4.) But some improvement was found even in the East North Central area. About 65 percent of the area’s displaced work ers were employed in January 1986, compared with only 3 Table 3. Employment status of displaced workers by occupation of lost job, January 1986 [In percent] Number (thousands)1 Occupation Total Employed Unemployed Not In the labor force Total, 20 years and over2 .......................................................................................................................................... 5,130 100.0 66.9 17.8 15.3 Managerial and professional specialty................................................................................................................................ Executive, administrative, and m anagerial.................................................................................................................... Professional specialty........................................................................................................................................................ 782 487 295 100.0 100.0 100.0 74.1 72.0 77.7 14.1 16.9 9.4 11.7 11.1 12.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support.................................................................................................................... Technicians and related s u pport..................................................................................................................................... Sales occupations ............................................................................................................................................................. Administrative support, including c le ric a l...................................................................................................................... 1,125 174 447 504 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.0 76.5 65.1 67.6 12.8 11.7 11.9 13.9 19.2 11.8 23.0 18.5 Service occupations............................................................................................................................................................... Protective s ervice............................................................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective........................................................................................................ 254 32 222 100.0 100.0 100.0 53.5 (3) 52.6 22.6 (3) 24.1 23.9 (3) 23.2 Precision production, craft, and re p a ir................................................................................................................................ Mechanics and repairers................................................................................................................................................... Construction trades............................................................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................................................................... 1,018 268 255 495 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.5 73.7 69.2 65.4 18.2 18.5 22.4 15.9 13.3 7.9 8.4 18.8 Operators, fabricators, and la b o rers .................................................................................................................................. Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations........................................................................................................ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................................................................................. Construction laborers ................................................................................................................................................... Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................................................................. 1,870 1,197 328 345 51 293 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 64.0 64.1 62.6 65.1 (3) 64.6 21.4 19.7 25.7 23.4 (3) 23.0 14.6 16.3 11.7 11.4 (3) 12.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............................................................................................................................................. 80 100.0 72.1 19.1 8.9 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Table 4. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report occupation. , _ . . . _____ . __ . ___ . .___ ,, ,, 3 Da,a not shown where base » less than 75,000. Employment status and area of residence in January 1986 of displaced workers by selected characteristics [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific 5,130 3,321 1,810 226 129 97 733 453 280 1,149 774 375 384 253 131 744 464 280 397 235 162 610 401 209 240 169 71 648 443 205 2,809 1,603 719 143 48 35 427 221 84 580 402 166 206 122 55 444 197 103 223 132 42 311 210 89 123 76 41 351 194 103 359 2,592 1,707 885 417 706 680 55 319 8 141 82 59 19 22 34 2 1 27 428 272 157 62 73 103 10 29 84 646 498 148 B3 164 119 12 41 25 179 120 59 29 69 48 8 25 61 364 177 187 55 96 102 3 62 34 197 101 96 51 49 35 3 27 43 281 185 96 51 80 81 3 71 25 66 41 25 20 39 51 7 32 53 289 232 57 46 114 107 8 31 3,432 912 26.4 23.6 786 168 22 (3) (3) 35 442 162 25.6 25.8 129 749 233 24.9 31.0 167 263 62 (3) (3) 59 535 104 27.1 23.2 105 248 84 25.4 24.2 65 403 103 18.3 16.4 103 174 34 (3) (3) 32 450 108 42.1 17.9 90 Total1 Workers who lost jobs Total ............................................................................................................ M e n .......................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................... Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved ....................................... Slack w o r k .............................................................................................. Position or shift abolished................................................................... Industry of lost job Construction............................................................................................ Manufacturing......................................................................................... Durable goods.................................................................................... Nondurable goods............................................................................. Transportation and public utilities ..................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................. Finance and service industries .......................................................... Public administration............................................................................. Other industries2 .................................................................................... Employment status in January 1986 Em ployed................................................................................................ Unemployed........................................................................................... Percent less than 5 w ee k s ............................................................... Percent 27 weeks or m o re ............................................................... Not in the labor force ........................................................................... 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes a small number who did not report industry. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Note: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England Division; New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose the West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific Division. 4 Table 5. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and tenure when job ended [In percent] Number (thousands)1 Total 3t o4 years 5t o9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years II Median years on lost job 5,130 4,908 3,950 789 169 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.8 31.0 35.0 14.6 15.0 34.2 34.5 37.2 22.6 25.6 15.7 16.4 16.1 17.9 15.6 7.8 8.2 7.0 12.8 13.6 9.5 9.9 4.7 32.0 30.2 6.6 6.9 6.2 12.9 12.8 3,321 3,175 2,605 482 87 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.2 29.4 32.7 14.9 12.9 33.6 33.7 36.6 18.9 30.4 15.5 16.2 16.8 14.6 9.8 8.9 9.3 8.6 12.8 10.8 10.9 11.4 5.4 38.8 36.2 6.9 7.3 6.6 15.4 13.2 1,810 1,733 1,345 307 82 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.7 34.0 39.5 14.2 17.3 35.4 35.8 38.4 28.4 20.5 15.9 16.6 14.8 23.2 21.7 6.0 6.2 4.1 12.9 16.6 7.0 7.4 3.2 21.2 23.9 6.0 6.2 5.7 10.7 12.7 4,452 2,936 1,516 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.6 31.0 35.5 33.6 32.9 34.9 15.6 15.7 15.5 8.1 9.2 6.0 10.1 11.1 8.1 6.7 7.0 6.0 581 312 268 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.1 31.9 38.7 36.8 38.4 34.9 16.0 13.5 18.9 6.2 6.7 5.7 5.9 9.5 1.7 6.2 6.6 5.7 311 208 103 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.6 27.7 45.5 42.3 43.9 39.1 12.9 14.5 9.7 6.3 8.3 2.3 4.9 5.6 3.5 6.4 7.3 5.3 8S Characteristic Total Total, 20 years and over 25 years and o v e r................ 25 to 54 y e a rs ................... 55 to 64 y e a rs ................... 65 years and o v e r ............ Men Total, 20 years and o v e r......... 25 years and o v e r................ 25 to 54 y e a rs ................... 55 to 64 y e a rs ................... 65 years and o v e r ............ Women Total, 20 years and o v e r......... 25 years and o v e r................ 25 to 54 years 55 to 64 y e a rs ................... 65 years and o v e r ............ White Total, 20 years and o v e r.......... Men Women ................................. Black Total, 20 years and o v e r......... Men ........................................ Women ................................. Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o v e r......... Men Women ................................. 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. No te : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the ‘other races' group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. ultimately close its doors, those with longer tenure are likely to be still on the job when the decision to shut down is made. The 5.1 million displaced workers can be divided into three roughly equivalent groups on the basis of their job tenure. About one-third had been on their jobs for 3 to 4 years, one-third for 5 to 9 years, and the remaining third for 10 years or more. Median tenure on the lost jobs was 6.6 years. (See table 5.) The proportion of older workers displaced from jobs of long tenure was noticeably higher in 1986 than in 1984. In the 1986 survey, it was found that nearly two-fifths of the displaced men age 55 and over had lost jobs which they had held for 20 years or more. who fear the anger of disgruntled employees and the possi ble reduction in productivity.3 In both the 1984 and 1986 surveys, a question was asked regarding whether the displaced worker had received an advance notice, or had left the business because he or she expected to be released.4 About 45 percent of the displaced workers in the 1986 survey said they had not received notification prior to displacement. (See table 6.) Among those affected by plant closings or moves, about 40 percent neither were notified in advance nor had anticipated the closing. Among the workers who had received an advance notice or had expected an impending closing, the proportion that was reemployed by January 1986 was greater than it was among those without warning of a layoff, but by a small margin—69 versus 64 percent. Among those who had been laid off because of plant closings, the difference in the reemployment rates between those with and without preno tification was even smaller. Before, during, and after displacements Notification of dismissal. An important issue in debates surrounding plant closing legislation has been the question of advance notification of workers about to be laid off. It is argued that advance notification allows the workers a better chance of finding new jobs by possibly beginning their job search efforts while still employed. On the other hand, ad vance notice is viewed unfavorably by some employers, Reasons for dismissals. More than half of the 5.1 million displaced workers reported that they had lost their jobs be 5 be equated with unemployment, the latter condition imply ing jobseeking. Displaced workers who were employed in January 1986 reported a much shorter period without work, the median being 13 weeks. About 1 of every 3 reemployed displaced workers had spent less than 5 weeks without work. When surveyed, unemployed displaced workers had been jobless for a median duration of 21 weeks. This group and displaced older persons were more likely to report longer periods without work than were younger persons. The measurement of “weeks without work” presents a difficult challenge. For example, for the reemployed the reporting may relate to a period in the distant past, the length of which is only vaguely remembered. For the unemployed, the spell of joblessness may still be in progress and could possibly last much longer than reported in the survey. And, as already noted, for persons outside the labor force, the “weeks without work” could relate to periods which, al though long, might have included few, if any, attempts to find another job. cause of plant closings or moves. (See table 7.) About one-third offered “slack work” as the reason for their dis missals. The remaining persons reported that they had been working on jobs or shifts which were abolished. The reasons offered for the dismissals were closely re lated to age, with older workers more likely to be affected by plant closings. For example, about two-thirds of the workers age 55 and over were dismissed because of plant closings, while only about half of those age 25 to 34 were released for this reason. It is likely that seniority would offer older workers some protection against dismissal during peri ods of “slack work,” whereas they would have no protection if the plant closed down. Weeks without work. Displaced workers were asked to estimate the number of weeks they were without work fol lowing job loss. The median period for the entire 5.1 million was about 18 weeks. It should be noted that, for many persons, this included periods spent outside the labor force. For example, displaced workers who were not in the labor force in January 1986 reported the longest spells without work, typically stretching over a year in length. (See table 8.) For these persons, the time spent “out of work” cannot Receipt of unemployment insurance. For many displaced workers, loss of income was cushioned by their receipt of Table 6. Displaced workers by age, whether they received advanced notice or expected layoff, selected reason for job loss, and employment status in January 1986 [Percent distribution] Plant or company closed down or moved Total who lost jobs Employment status, January 1986 Characteristic Employment status, January 1986 Total Employed Unemployed Notln the labor force 2,809 1,664 240 1,421 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.7 69.8 70.8 69.7 15.2 14.7 10.8 15.3 16.2 15.4 17.9 15.0 16.0 1,145 1 00 0 66.9 15.9 17.2 16.3 15.5 9.1 16.5 8.6 7.6 6.8 7.7 947 598 92 506 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 79.6 80.3 84.8 79.4 13.5 13.7 10.9 14.2 7.0 6.0 5.4 6.1 724 17.5 9.9 349 100.0 78.5 13.2 8.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.2 72.9 83.2 71.0 20.0 17.3 7.8 18.9 9.8 9.7 8.9 9.9 1,240 708 105 602 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.2 74.7 75.2 74.4 17.7 15.1 12.4 15.8 10.1 10.2 12.4 9.8 1,074 100.0 67.0 23.1 10.0 532 1000 688 21.2 10.0 958 497 76 421 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 43.2 41.9 32.9 43.5 15.2 15.7 5.3 17.6 41.5 42.5 61.8 39.0 621 357 43 314 100.0 1000 100.0 100.0 44.9 42.9 (2) 44.6 12.6 15.4 (2) 16.2 42.5 41.7 (2) 39.5 460 100.0 44.6 14.8 40.7 264 100.0 47.7 8.7 43.6 Total (thousands)1 Total Employed Unemployed Notln the labor force 5,130 2,812 387 2,415 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.9 69 0 73.9 68.1 17.8 16.3 7.5 17.7 15.3 14.7 18.6 14.1 2,318 100.0 64.4 19.5 1,864 1,080 132 948 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 75.1 76.9 84.1 75.8 784 100.0 2,309 1,235 179 1,046 Total (thousands)1 Total, 20 years and over Total ........................................................................ Received advanced notice or expected layoff . Left before pb ended ...................................... Did not leave before job e n d e d ...................... Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff .................................................................... 20 to 34 years Total ........................................................................ Received advanced notice or expected layoff . Left before job ended ...................................... Did not leave before job e n d e d ...................... Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff ................................................................... 35 to 54 years Total ........................................................................ Received advanced notice or expected layoff . Left before job ended ...................................... Did not leave before job e n d e d ...................... Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff ................................................................... 55 years and over Total ........................................................................ Received advanced notice or expected layoff . Left before job ended ...................................... Did not leave before job e n d e d ...................... Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff ................................................................... 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data 6 not shown where base is less than 75,000. unemployment insurance benefits. About 3.4 million work ers reported receiving unemployment benefits after they had lost their jobs. One reason why some displaced workers do not collect unemployment insurance benefits is that some of them are able to find new jobs quickly or even immediately after their job loss. Almost 1 in 3 who were employed in January 1986 reported that they had been without work less than 5 weeks. Table 7. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss, January 1986 [Numbers in thousands] Age and m Total1 Plant or company closed down or moved Slack work Position or shift abolished 5,130 222 3,950 1,641 1,326 983 467 322 169 2,809 126 2,062 821 670 571 299 214 108 1,603 68 1,338 608 460 270 101 61 36 719 28 551 212 197 142 67 47 25 3,321 146 2,605 1,091 899 616 286 196 87 1,783 85 1,337 539 439 360 186 125 50 1,145 47 968 451 338 179 68 41 21 393 14 301 101 122 77 32 29 16 1,810 76 1,345 551 427 367 180 126 82 1,026 41 724 283 231 211 113 89 59 458 21 370 157 121 92 32 20 14 326 15 250 111 75 64 35 18 9 Total Total, 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 y e a rs ............ 35 to 44 y e a rs ............ 45 to 54 y e a rs ............ 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 y e a rs ............ 65 years and over . . . . Few displaced workers moved to other areas following the loss of their jobs. (See table 9.) For the 14 percent who moved, the reemployment rate was significantly higher than for those who did not move—82 versus 64 percent. There was a pronounced difference in the relocation ac tivity of men and women. The proportion of displaced men who had moved was almost twice as high as that of women. Older displaced workers were least likely to pull up stakes after losing their jobs. Of those age 55 and over, only about 5 percent had moved to another city or county. Among displaced women, only about 3 percent of those age 55 and over had moved subsequent to the job loss. Moving to another area. Men Total, 20 years and o v e r.. 20 to 24 years .............. 25 to 54 years .............. 25 to 34 y e a rs ............ 35 to 44 y e a rs ............ 45 to 54 y e a rs ............ 55 to 59 y e a rs ............ 60 to 64 y e a rs ............ 65 years and over . . . . Women Total, 20 years and o v e r. 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years .............. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 y e a rs ............ 45 to 54 y e a rs ............ 55 to 59 y e a rs ............... 60 to 64 y e a rs ............... 65 years and over . . . . The loss of group health in surance which usually accompanies a job loss can deal a financial blow to workers.5 Of the displaced workers sur veyed in January 1986, almost 80 percent had been included in a group health insurance plan on their lost jobs. (See table 10.) For these workers, recovery of coverage was closely related to employment status: those who found new jobs were usually covered by some form of insurance, either through their new jobs or through the plans of other family members. Only about 1 in 5 of the reemployed workers were not covered in their new jobs. However, displaced workers who were unemployed in January 1986 had a much higher exposure to health cost risk; almost 60 percent of those who had been covered on the lost job no longer had any coverage when surveyed. Loss o f health insurance. 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. previous job. (See table 11.) Occupational displacement. A major concern regarding displaced workers is that they will be unable to use the hard-earned skills they had acquired in the jobs they lost. Besides earnings comparisons, another way to examine the changes forced upon displaced workers is to examine their occupational mobility. The major occupational groupings and the percent of workers within each group who were able to find new jobs in the same broad occupational classification are shown in table 12. Of the displaced workers who were reemployed in January 1986, 45 percent were working in the same general occupation they had left. For most of the occupational groups shown, the propor tion returning to jobs in the same broad occupation they had left ranged between 30 and 60 percent. The lowest rates of occupational stability across the old and new jobs were found in the occupations of technicians and related support, and handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. Some of these workers may have found better jobs than the ones they had lost. Professional specialty and precision pro duction, craft, and repair occupations had the highest levels of reemployment within the same broad occupation. Job spirals or new careers? About 3.4 million of the 5.1 million displaced workers were reemployed in January 1986. Almost all of these, about 3.2 million workers, had been working at full-time wage and salary jobs when they were dismissed. Of these, 10 percent were holding part-time jobs when surveyed. An additional 8 percent were involved full time in their own businesses as self-employed or unpaid family workers. Thus, the vast majority of those working in January 1986 had returned to full-time wage and salary employ ment. For about 2.4 million of these workers, earnings information was obtained for both the old and the new jobs, making it possible to compare nominal earnings. Overall, about 56 percent were making as much or more than before displacement. More than half of that propor tion were earning 20 percent or more above pay in their x 7 Table 8. Displaced workers1 by weeks without work, age, and employment status, January 1986 [Numbers in thousands] Weeks without work Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 to 26 weeks 27 to 52 weeks More than 52 weeks Median weeks without work Total: Age 20 and o v e r.................................. 25 to 54 y e a rs .................................. 25 to 34 y e a rs ............................. 35 to 44 y e a r s ............................. 45 to 54 y e a r s ............................. 55 years and o v e r .......................... 1,371 1,089 464 352 273 211 883 734 333 233 167 101 791 634 277 200 157 109 893 674 260 270 144 183 979 664 238 213 212 308 18.3 16.5 13.4 17.4 20.1 32.8 Employed: Age 20 and over ............................. 25 to 54 y e a r s ............................. 25 to 34 years ........................ 35 to 44 years ........................ 45 to 54 years ........................ 55 years and over ...................... 1,103 932 406 302 224 113 628 526 254 174 98 65 533 446 195 142 110 57 605 495 200 205 89 91 424 347 140 114 93 74 12.5 12.4 12.2 14.1 12.5 20.7 Unemployed: Age 20 and o v e r ............................. 25 to 54 y e a r s ............................. 25 to 34 years ........................ 35 to 44 years ........................ 45 to 54 years ........................ 55 years and over ...................... 157 122 39 42 40 26 191 167 62 49 55 16 194 155 68 46 41 25 151 114 34 56 24 26 187 137 37 52 48 45 20.5 19.9 17.0 24.1 16.9 30.2 Not in the labor force: Age 20 and o v e r ............................. 25 to 54 y e a r s ............................. 25 to 34 years ........................ 35 to 44 years ........................ 45 to 54 years ........................ 55 years and over ...................... 111 36 19 8 8 71 64 41 17 10 15 20 64 33 14 11 7 28 137 65 26 9 30 67 368 180 61 47 71 189 53.8 54.3 52.6 61.7 67.7 54.8 Age and employment status, January 1986 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts, Table 9. Displaced workers1 by whether they moved to a different city or county to find or take another job, age, sex, and current employment status [In thousands] Nonmovers Movers Employment status, January 1986 Age and sex Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Employment status, January 1986 Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Total Total, 20 years and o v e r............................................................................................................... 25 to 54 y e a rs ............................................................................................................................. 25 to 34 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................ 35 to 44 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................ 45 to 54 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................ 55 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................................... 4,395 3,318 1,330 1.139 848 902 2,831 2,340 983 826 531 376 832 644 221 227 196 141 733 333 126 66 121 385 713 618 302 183 133 51 582 510 253 154 104 34 81 70 31 23 16 5 51 37 18 7 13 12 Men Total, 20 years and o v e r .............................................................................................................. 25 to 54 y e a rs ............................................................................................................................. 25 to 34 y e a rs ........................................................................................................................ 35 to 44 y e a rs ........................................................................................................................ 45 to 54 y e a r s ...................................................................................................................... 55 years and o v e r ................................................................................................................... 2,758 2,119 855 755 510 525 1,884 1,571 664 571 335 236 553 450 165 155 131 74 321 98 26 29 44 215 548 478 229 144 104 41 455 403 198 122 83 24 66 59 25 19 16 5 28 16 6 4 6 12 Women Total. 20 years and o v e r ............................................................................................................... 25 to 54 y e a rs ............................................................................................................................. 25 to 34 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................ 35 to 44 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................ 45 to 54 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................ 55 years and o v e r ...................................................................................................................... 1,637 1,198 476 385 338 377 946 770 318 255 197 140 279 194 57 73 65 67 411 234 100 57 77 170 165 140 72 39 28 10 127 107 55 32 21 10 15 11 7 4 24 21 11 3 7 - 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts, 8 _ - Table 10. Displaced workers by health insurance coverage, employment status, and selected characteristics, January 1986 [Numbers in thousands] Covered by group health insurance on loet job Not covered on lost job Not covered under eny plan In January 1966 Total1 Characteristic Total Number Percent Total Total, 20 years and o v e r........................................................................................ Employed............................................................................................................. Unemployed......................................................................................................... Not in the labor force ........................................................................................ 5,130 3,432 912 786 3,977 2,722 678 577 1,274 610 398 265 32.0 22.4 58.7 45.9 1,082 661 220 201 3,321 2,353 619 349 2,711 1,937 479 295 809 390 288 130 29.8 20.1 60.1 44.1 562 382 129 51 1,810 1,079 294 437 1,266 784 199 282 465 220 110 135 36.7 28.1 55.3 47.9 520 279 90 150 4,452 2,936 1,516 3,478 2,427 1,051 1,036 681 356 29.8 28.1 33.9 916 472 445 581 312 268 437 236 200 217 116 101 49.7 49.2 50.5 134 69 65 311 208 103 214 149 65 94 60 34 43.9 40.3 52.3 84 49 36 Men Total, 20 years and o v e r........................................................................................ Employed............................................................................................................. Unemployed......................................................................................................... Not in the labor force ........................................................................................ Women Total, 20 years and o v e r........................................................................................ Employed............................................................................................................. Unemployed......................................................................................................... Not in the labor force ........................................................................................ White Total, 20 years and o v e r........................................................................................ Men . Women ................................................................................................................ Black Total, 20 years and o v e r........................................................................................ Men . . . Women ................................................................................................................ Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o v e r........................................................................................ Men ....................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................ 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1966 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts, Table 11. Displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in January 1986, by industry of lost job and characteristics of new job [In thousands] Full-time wage and aaiary job Earnings rotative to thoae of lost job Total reemployed, January 1986 Parttime job Total1 Total who lost full-time wage and salary jobs2 ........................ 3,236 333 Construction.............................................................................. Manufacturing............................................................................ Durable goods....................................................................... Primary metal industries.................................................. Steel3 .............................................................................. Other primary metals ....................................................... Fabricated metal products.................................................. Machinery, except electrical............................................. Electrical machinery ........................................................... Transportation equipment .................................................. Automobiles....................................................................... Other transportation equipment .................................... Nondurable goods................................................................ 250 1,657 1,105 146 118 28 116 258 136 190 102 88 552 15 162 106 13 13 Transportation and public utilities ............................................. Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Finance and service industries.................................................. Public administration .................................................................. Other industries4 .......................................................................... 257 415 426 34 197 Industry of lost job 20 percent or more below Below, but within 20 percent Equal or above, but within 20 percent 20 percent or more above 2,655 730 342 651 712 248 16 18 11 19 12 6 56 198 1,410 931 122 97 24 85 232 119 165 87 78 478 53 432 300 54 51 4 29 76 46 38 11 27 131 24 186 102 10 8 2 8 33 16 7 7 84 51 333 216 24 14 10 16 58 21 53 30 24 117 63 356 243 20 16 4 21 53 31 54 38 15 113 37 85 68 11 7 3 15 8 6 6 3 3 17 15 43 68 3 28 217 331 309 28 162 68 62 59 4 53 28 40 41 4 19 59 78 87 7 35 37 116 100 9 30 25 40 49 3 7 - 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a full-time wage and salary job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or their positions or shifts were abolished. - 3 Includes blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and finishing mills, and iron and steel furnaces, .. . . . . ^ . Includes a small number who did not report industry. 2 Includes 220 persons who did not report earnings on lost job. Self employ ment or other full-time job 9 Table 12. Displaced workers by selected occupations and percent reemployed in the same occupations or in service occu pations, January 1986 [Numbers in thousands] Percent in same occupation Percent in service occupations Total12 Total reemployed Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................................................................................... Professional specialty.............................................................................................................................. 487 295 351 229 43.0 59.8 0.2 5.2 Technicians and related support.......................................................................................................... Sales occupations .................................................................................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical............................................................................................ 174 447 504 133 291 341 30.1 45.3 44.9 6.7 6.2 7.6 Service occupations................................................................................................................................ 254 136 52.2 52.2 Precision production, craft, and re p a ir................................................................................................. Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................................................................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .................................................................... 1,018 1,870 1,197 328 697 767 205 225 55.7 36.6 45.9 26.7 7.3 18.4 11.2 10.7 Farming, forestry, and fishing............................................................................................................... 80 58 Occupation 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of (2) (2) their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. It is interesting to compare the shift into service occupa tions found among reemployed displaced workers. Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors, who accounted for almost one-fourth of all displaced workers, were more likely than most other workers to move into service jobs. Still, only about 18 percent of the displaced operators, assem blers, and inspectors were working in service-related occu pations. Total Two jobs or more One job No jobs T o ta l...................... .. 100.0 29.0 48.5 22.5 Employed.............. .. Unemployed.......... .. Not in the labor fo rc e .................. .. 100.0 100.0 36.7 16.5 63.3 18.6 — 64.8 100.0 10.2 18.3 71.5 Summary The 1986 survey of displaced workers presents a more positive picture of post-displacement success than the one conducted in 1984, reflecting the effect of continued em ployment growth in the economy. While the overall level of displacement was little changed, the number of displaced workers who were reemployed at the time of the survey was 7 percentage points higher. The regional distribution, while still not evenly balanced across the country, improved slightly, in that the rate of reemployment in areas which had been hardest hit was now closer to the national average. However persistent unemployment has remained among some groups. Levels of reemployment among older workers were still relatively low. Reemployment rates of women lagged behind those of men by about 10 percentage points. Number of jobs held since displacement. Another indica tor of the stability or suitability of the new jobs is the frequency with which displaced workers change them. Nu merous short-term stretches of employment or quits could indicate the difficulty of finding acceptable work. A ques tion was added to the 1986 survey regarding the number of jobs held since displacement. About one-third of those un employed in January and just over one-fourth of those out side the labor force had held a job at some time following their displacement. As shown in the following tabulation, nearly two-thirds of those who were employed when sur veyed were working on their first and only job held since the original job loss. The remainder had, of course, held more than one job since displacement. 1 For a more detailed discussion of the findings from the first survey of displaced workers, see Paul O. Flaim and Ellen Sehgal, “Displaced work ers of 1979-83: how well have they fared?” Monthly Labor Review, June 1985, pp. 3-16; Richard Devens, “Displaced workers: one year later,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1986, pp. 40-43; and U S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technology and Structural Unemployment: Reemploying D isplaced Adults, ota -ite-250 (Washington, Government Printing Office, February 1986). Budget Office, D islocated Workers: Issues and Federal Options (Wash ington, Government Printing Office, July 1982). 3 Additional information on advance notification is available from the Permanent Mass Layoffs and Plant Closings program. See the accompany ing article by Sharon P. Brown. 4 “Advance notice” was defined as 30 days, but the definition did not appear in the specific wording of the question asked the respondent. 2 The level of concern about displaced worker issues can be seen in Kevin Hollenbeck, Frank Pratzner, and Howard Rosen, eds., D isplaced Workers: Implications fo r Educational and Training Institutions (Colum bus, Ohio State University, 1984); and U.S. Congress, Congressional 5 For another look at the loss of health benefits for displaced workers, see Michael Podgursky and Paul Swaim, “Job displacement and health in surance loss,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1987 , pp. 30-33. 10 A p p e n d ix A . E x p lan ato ry N ote As noted earlier, in tabulating the data from this survey the only workers considered to have been displaced from their jobs were those who reported job losses arising from: (1) The closing down or moving of a plant or company, (2) slack work, or (3) the abolishment of their position or shift. This means that workers whose job losses stemed from the com pletion of seasonal work, the failure of self-employment businesses, or other miscellaneous reasons were not included among those deemed to have been displaced. A further condition for inclusion among the displaced workers, for the purpose of this study, was tenure of at least 3 years on the lost job. In examining the displaced workers who were unemployed in January 1986, it is important to note that not all were con tinually unemployed since the job loss they reported. Many, particularly those who reported job losses which occurred in 1981-82, may subsequently have held other jobs, only to find themselves unemployed once again in January 1986. The data presented in this report were obtained through a special survey conducted in January 1986 as a supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 59,500 households which provides the basic data on employment and unemployment for the Nation. The purpose of this supplementary survey was to obtain infor mation on the number and characteristics of workers 20 years of age and over who had been displaced from their jobs over the previous 5 years, that is, over the period from January 1981 to January 1986. This survey updates a previous sup plement on displaced workers conducted in January 1984. Concepts and Definitions In order to identify workers who had been displaced from jobs, the survey respondents were first asked whether the household member had lost a job during the period in question because of a plant closing, an employer going out of business, a layoff from which the respondent was not recalled, or other similar reasons. If the answer to this ques tion was “ yes,” the respondent was asked to identify, among the following reasons, the one which best fit the reason for the job loss: Plant or company closed down or moved Plant or company was operating but job was lost because of: Slack work Position or shift was abolished Seasonal job was completed Self-employment business failed Other reasons Estimating Methods The estimation procedure used in this survey involves the inflation of the weighted sample results to independent esti mates of the total civilian noninstitutional population of the United States by age, race, Hispanic origin, and sex. These independent estimates are based on updated statistics from the 1980 decennial census and the statistics on births, deaths, immigration and emigration, and the Armed Forces. The estimation procedure for the data in this report also involves a further adjustment to control weighted sample results to composited CPS estimates of employment characteristics. Rounding of estimates After ascertaining the reason for the job loss, a series of questions were asked about the nature of the lost jo b including the year it was lost, the years of tenure, the earn ings, and the availability of health insurance. Other ques tions were asked to determine what transpired after the job loss such as: How long did the person go without work, did he or she receive unemployment insurance benefits, were the benefits exhausted, the number of jobs held, and, finally, did the person move after the job loss. If the person was reemployed at the time of the interview, follow-up questions were asked to determine the current earnings. And, regard less of the employment status at the time of the interview, a question was asked of all those who had been reported as having lost a job to determine whether they currently had any health insurance coverage. The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of independent round ing of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Simi larly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal 100 percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates Since the estimates in this report are based on a sample, they may differ somewhat from the figures that would have been obtained had a complete census been taken using the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. There 11 of the large standard errors involved, there is little chance that summary measures would reveal useful information when computed on a smaller base. Estimated numbers are shown, however, even though the relative standard errors of these numbers are larger than those for corresponding percentages. These smaller estimates are provided primarily to permit such combinations of the categories as serve each user’s needs. In order to derive standard errors that would be applicable to a large number of estimates and could be prepared at a moderate cost, a number of approximations were required. Therefore, instead of providing an individual standard error for each estimate, generalized sets of standard errors are provided for various types of characteristics. As a result, the sets of standard errors provided give an indication of the order of magnitude of the standard error of an estimate rather than the precise standard error. The figures presented in tables A-2 and A-3 are approxi mations of standard errors for various estimates. To obtain standard errors for specific characteristics other than Hispanic levels, factors from table A-l must be applied to the standard errors given in tables A-2 and A-3 in order to adjust for the combined effect of sample design and the estimating procedure on the value of the characteristic. Standard errors for Hispanic levels should be calculated directly using the formula for the standard error of an esti mated number and the parameters in table A-l. Standard errors for intermediate values not shown iri the generalized tables of standard errors may be approximated by interpo lation. Two parameters (denoted “ a” and “ b” ) are used to calculate standard errors for each characteristic; they are presented in table A -l. These parameters were used to derive the standard errors in tables A-2 and A-3, and to calculate the factors in table A -l. They also may be used to calculate directly the standard errors for estimated numbers and percentages. Methods for direct computation are given in the following sections. are two types of errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey—sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided for this report primarily indicate the magni tude of the sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumer ation, but do not measure any systematic biases in the data. The full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, particular care should be exercised in the interpretation of figures based on a relatively small number of cases or on small differences between estimates. Nonsampling variability. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., inability to ob tain information about all cases in the sample, definitional difficulties, differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, inability to recall information, errors made in collection such as in recording or coding the data, errors made in processing the data, errors made in estimating values for missing data, and failure to represent all units within the sample (undercoverage). Sampling variability. The standard errors given in the fol lowing tables are primarily measures of sampling variability, that is, of the variation that occurred by chance because a sample rather than the entire population was surveyed. The sample estimate and its estimated standard error enable one to construct confidence intervals, ranges that would include the average result of all possible samples with a known prob ability. For example, if all possible samples were selected, each of these surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its estimated standard error were calculated from each sample, then: 1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. 2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.6 standard errors below the estimate to 1.6 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two standard errors below the estimate to two standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. Standard errors of estimated numbers. The approximate standard error, °x, of an estimated number can be obtained in two ways. It may be obtained by use of the formula (1) v 4 x 2 + bx where x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in table A-l associated with the particular type of characteristic. Alternately, the standard error of an estimate may be obtained by use of the formula The average estimate derived from all possible samples is or is not contained in any particular computed interval. However, for a particular sample, one can say with a speci fied confidence that the average estimate derived from all possible samples is included in the confidence interval. As a general rule, summary measures such as medians, means, and percent distributions are not published when the monthly base of the measure is less than 75,000. Because ax = (2) ox = fa where f is the appropriate factor from table A-l and a is the standard error of the estimate obtained by interpola tion from table A-2. The standard errors in table A-2 were derived using formula (1) above and the total employment 12 the appropriate b parameter is 2,206. Using formula 3, the approximate standard error on 54.8 percent is parameters given in table A -l. Direct computation of the standard errors using formula (1) will give more accurate results than use of the interpolation in the standard error table. 0(x,p)= Illustration: As indicated in table 4, there were 3,432,000 workers who lost or left a job involuntarily in the past 5 years and were employed in January 1986. From table A-l the appropriate parameters are a = -0.000016 and b = 2,327. Using formula (1), the approximate standard error on an estimate of 3,432,000 is a *VA).000016 (3,432,000) n2 + 2,327 (3,432,000) i = 88,000 Alternatively, by interpolation in table A-2, the standard error on 3,432,000 using a factor of 1.0 and rounding to the nearest thousand is 88,000 (1.0 x 88,000). Using the 88,000 estimate of standard error, the 68 percent confidence interval as shown by the data is from 3.344.000 to 3,520,000. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 68 percent of all possible samples. Similarly, we could conclude with 95 percent confidence that the number of displaced workers who were currently employed in January 1986 lies within the interval from 3,256,000 to 3.608.000 (using twice the standard error). °(y.p ) = Alternately, by interpolation in table A-3, the standard error on 54.8 percent using a factor of 0.97 is 1.0 (0.97 x 1.05) percentage points. Therefore, using the 1.0 estimate of standard error, the 68-percent confidence interval of the percentage of displaced workers who lost their jobs when a plant or company closed down or moved is from 53.8 to 55.8, and the 95-percent confidence interval is from 52.8 to 56.8. (5) V y ) = V o !x where ax and are the standard errors of the estimates x and y; the estimates can be of numbers, percents, ratios, etc. This* will represent the actual standard errors quite accurately for the difference between two estimates of the same characteristic in two different areas, or for the differ ence between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. If, however, there is a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error. Illustration: Suppose that of the 3,321,000 male displaced workers, 2,353,000 or 70.9 percent were employed in January 1986, and of the 1,810,000 female displaced workers, 1,079,000 or 59.6 percent were employed in January 1986. The apparent difference between these two groups is 11.3 percentage points. Using formula (3) and the appropriate b parameters (2,013 for males and 1,725 for females) from table A-l, the standard error on 70.9 percent with a base of 3,321,000 is approximately 1.1 percentage points, and for 59.6 percent with a base of 1,810,000 is approximately 1.5 percentage points. Using formula (5), the standard error on the estimated difference of 11.3 percentage points is approximately V t - .p (loo-p) where y is the size of the subclass of persons which is the base of the percentage, p is the percentage (0< p < 100), and b is the parameter in table A-l associated with the particular type of characteristic in the numerator of the per centage. Alternately, standard errors may be approximated by use of the formula (4) <*x = f o where f is the appropriate factor from table A-l and o is the standard error of the estimates obtained by interpola tion from table A-3. The standard errors in table A-3 were computed using formula (3) above and the total employment parameters in table A -l. Direct computation of the standard errors using formula (3) will provide more accurate results than use of the standard error tables. ° (x-y) = V d . l) 2 + (1.5)2 = 1.9 This means that the 68-percent confidence interval around the difference is from 9.4 to 13.2, and the 95-percent confi dence interval is from 7.5 to 15.1. Since this interval does not include zero, we can conclude with 95-percent confidence that the percentage of male displaced workers currently employed is greater than the percentage of female displaced workers currently employed. Illustration: Suppose that of the 5,130,000 displaced workers, 2,809,000 or 54.8 percent lost their jobs when a plant or company closed down or moved. From table A -l, (54.8) (45.2) = 1.0 Standard error o f a difference. For a difference between two sample estimates, the standard error is approximately equal to Standard errors o f estimated percentages. The approximate standard error of an estimated percentage, O (y,p), can be computed in two ways. It may be obtained by use of the formula O) V 2 ' 206 ■■ 5,130,000 13 Table A-2. Standard errors for estimated numbers (In thousand) Table A-1. “ a” and " b ” parameters for computing approximate standard errors of estimated numbers, percentages, and labor force participation rates for estimates of CPS labor force data C haracteristic a Agricultural em ploym ent: All ra c e s ......................................................... -0 .0 0 0 0 2 8 Hispanic o r ig in ............................................. -.000141 b 3,702 1,753 1.26 .87 All labor force data other than agricultural em ploym ent and unem ploym ent data: T o ta l................................................................ -.0 0 0 0 1 6 2,327 1.00 W hite ............................................................. Black ............................................................. H ispanic o r ig in ............................................. -.0 0 0 0 1 8 -.0 0 0 1 4 4 -.0 0 0 1 0 9 2,327 2,327 1,241 1.00 1.00 .73 Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ..................... White, 16 to 19 years ............................... Black, 16 to 19 years ............................... Hispanic origin, 16 to 19 y e a rs .................................................. -.0 0 0 1 8 3 -.0 0 0 2 1 4 -.0 0 1 2 6 2 2,327 2,327 2,327 1.00 1.00 1.00 -.0 0 0 7 9 9 1,241 .73 -.0 0 0 0 2 5 2,013 .93 -.0 0 0 0 2 7 -.0 0 0 2 4 3 -.0 0 0 2 2 2 -.0 0 0 0 3 0 -.0 0 0 2 7 8 2,013 2,013 1,241 2,013 2,013 .93 .93 .73 .93 .93 M e n ................................................................ Men, 20 years and over or white m e n ............................................. Black m e n .................................................... Hispanic-origin m e n ................................... W hite men, 20 years and o v e r .............. Black men, 20 years and o v e r .............. W omen, total or w h i t e ............................... Women, 20 years and over, total or white ............................................. Black wom en, total or black w om en, 20 years and o v e r ................... H ispanic-origin w om en ............................ U nem ploym ent Total or w h ite ............................................... Black ............................................................. Hispanic o r ig in ............................................. Standard error1 1 0 ........................................................ 2 5 ........................................................ 5 0 ........................................................ 1 0 0 ........................................................ 250 ........................................................ 500 ........................................................ 1,000 ........................................................ 2,500 ........................................................ 5,000 ........................................................ 7,500 ........................................................ 10,000 ........................................................ 15,000 ........................................................ 20,000 ........................................................ 30,000 ........................................................ 40.000 ........................................................ 50.000 ....................................................... 70,000 ........................................................ 100.000 ....................................................... 5 8 11 15 24 34 48 76 106 129 147 177 200 235 260 276 291 270 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 1,725 .86 -.000021 1,725 .86 -.0 0 0 1 6 4 -.0 0 0 2 1 3 1,725 1,241 .86 73 -.0 0 0 0 1 5 -.000151 -.0 0 0 0 9 4 2,206 2,536 1,075 .97 1.04 68 1 To obtain standard errors for the characteristic of interest, multiply these values by the appropriate factor provided in table A-1. Table A-3. Standard errors for estimated percentages (In thousand) Estimated percentage Base of percentage 75 100 250 500 1,000 2,500 5,000 7,500 12 000 25,000 50,000 100,000 1These factors are to be applied to the standard errors in tables A-2 and A-3 to compute standard errors for the given type of characteristic. NOTE: Unless otherwise indicated, parasseter refer to persons 16 years of age and over. Size of estimate f' ........ ....... ........ ........ ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 15 or 85 25 or 75 50 1.8 1.5 1.0 .7 .5 .3 .2 .2 .14 .10 .07 .05 2.5 2.1 1.4 1.0 .7 .4 .3 .2 .2 14 .10 .07 3.8 3.3 2.1 1.5 1.1 .7 .5 .4 .3 .2 .15 .11 5.3 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.4 .9 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .14 6.3 5.4 3.4 2.4 1.7 1.1 .8 .6 .5 .3 2 .2 7.6 6.6 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.3 .9 .8 .6 .4 .3 .2 8.8 7.6 4.8 3.4 2.4 1.5 1.1 .9 .7 .5 .3 2 1 To obtain standard errors for the characteristic of interest, multiply these values by the appropriate factor provided in table A-1. 14 Appendix B. Supplementary Tables Table B-1. Displaced workers by year of job loss, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1986 Percent distribution by employment status in January 1986 Sex, race, Hispanic origin, and year of job loss Total' (in thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force 5,130 775 1,082 949 971 1,349 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.9 75.7 76.6 71.6 70.3 48.1 17.8 9.2 6.7 10.9 14.1 39.2 15.3 15.2 16.7 17.5 15.6 12.6 3,321 541 719 584 606 867 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.9 79.8 82.0 76.9 74.9 49.1 18.6 9.9 7.0 11.5 15.2 41.0 10.5 10.3 11.0 11.6 9.9 9.9 1,810 234 362 365 365 482 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59.6 66.1 66.0 63.1 62.8 46.5 16.2 7.5 6.1 10.0 12.1 36.0 24.1 26.4 27.9 26.9 25.1 17.5 4,452 2,459 1,988 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.2 75.2 59.4 16.2 7.7 26.9 15.6 17.1 13.7 581 297 283 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.7 70.1 44.6 29.2 18.0 41.0 13.1 11.9 14.4 315 154 161 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.2 67.2 47.7 26.8 12.1 41.0 15.9 20.8 11.2 TOTAL Total, 20 years and over................................................................................... Lost job in: 1981 ............................................................................................. 1982 ................................................................................................ 1983 ................................................................................................ 1984 ................................................................................................ 19852............................................................................................... Men Total, 20 years and over .................................................................................. Lost job in: 1981 ............................................................................................. 1982 ................................................................................................ 1983 ................................................................................................ 1984 ................................................................................................ 19852 ............................................................................................... Women Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................. Lost job in: 1981 ............................................................................................. 1982 ................................................................................................ 1983 ................................................................................................ 1984 ................................................................................................ 19852............................................................................................... White Total, 20 years and over................................................................................... Lost job in: 1981-83 ....................................................................................... 1984-852 ......................................................................................... Black Total, 20 years and o ver................................................................................... Lost job in: 1981-83 ....................................................................................... 1984-852 ......................................................................................... Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over .................................................................. Lost job in: 1981-83 ................................................................................ 1984-852 ................................................................................. 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report the year of job loss. 2 Includes a small number of workers who lost jobs in January 1986. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 15 Table B-2. Displaced workers by full- or part-time status on lost job, age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1986 Percent distribution by employment status in January 1986 Total' (in thousands) Full- or part-time status on lost job, age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force 5,130 100.0 66.9 17.8 15.3 4,857 199 3,783 745 129 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.6 66.6 72.9 47.9 25.0 18.3 24.9 18.4 17.8 5.6 14.2 8.6 8.6 34.2 69.4 3,259 129 2,577 478 75 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 71.2 72.2 76.3 50.4 28.5 18.8 21.5 19.6 15.4 7.2 10.0 6.3 4.2 34.1 64.3 1,598 71 1,206 267 54 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.1 (2) 65.8 43.5 (2) 17.3 16.0 22.1 22.6 ft 18.2 34.4 ft ft 4,199 2,885 1,313 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.0 72.8 60.7 16.7 16.9 16.4 14.2 10.2 23.0 565 303 262 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.3 57.5 57.2 29.2 36.0 21.3 13.5 6.5 21.6 306 205 101 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.4 64.7 42.6 27.7 28.3 26 4 15.0 7.1 31.0 270 60 210 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.8 9.2 36.0 TOTAL Total, 20 years and o ve r.................................................................................... FULL TIME ON LOST JOB Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... 20 to 24 years.................................................................................................. 25 to 54 years.................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years.................................................................................................. 65 years and over............................................................................................ Men Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... 20 to 24 years.................................................................................................. 25 to 54 years.................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years.................................................................................................. 65 years and over............................................................................................ Women Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... 20 to 24 years.................................................................................................. 25 to 54 years.................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years.................................................................................................. 65 years and over............................................................................................ ft White Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Women.............................................................................................................. Black Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Women.............................................................................................................. Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... M en ............................................................................ Women.................................................................................................... PART TIME ON LOST JOB Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... M en .......................................................................... Women.................................................................. 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report their fullor part-time status on lost job. ft 55.8 ft 8.4 ft 35.8 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 16 Table B-3. Displaced workers by educational attainment, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 1986 Percent distribution by employment status in January 1986 Total1 (in thousands) Educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force 5,130 466 686 2,362 956 661 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.9 41.9 57.4 68.2 73.4 80.3 17.8 26.6 21.9 17.4 16.7 10.3 15.3 31.4 20.6 14.4 9.9 9.4 3,321 325 441 1,448 629 477 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.9 47.5 62.2 71.9 79.4 80.3 18.6 27.1 24.2 18.6 16.0 11.3 10.5 25.5 13.6 9.5 4.6 8.4 1,810 141 245 914 326 184 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59.6 29.3 48.8 62.4 61.8 80.1 16.2 25.6 17.8 15.4 18.0 7.7 24.1 45.1 33.3 22.2 20.2 12.2 4,452 963 2,088 1,401 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.2 51.8 69.6 77.2 16.2 22.7 15.7 12.6 15.6 25.5 14.7 10.2 581 168 240 172 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.7 45.4 60.9 65.1 29.2 31.5 28.9 27.4 13.1 23.1 10.1 7.5 315 161 71 83 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.2 42.8 26.8 36.7 15.9 20.5 ft ft TOTAL Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................. Elementary school only................................................................................... High school: 1 to 3 years............................................................................... 4 years............................................................................................ College: 1 to 3 years ................................................................................. 4 years or more ............................................................................. Men Total, 20 years and o ver................................................................................... Elementary school only................................................................................... High school: 1 to 3 years ............................................................................... 4 years............................................................................................ College: 1 to 3 years................................................................................. 4 years or more ............................................................................. Women Total, 20 years and over .................................................................................. Elementary school only................................................................................... High school: 1 to 3 years............................................................................... 4 years............................................................................................ College: 1 to 3 years ................................................................................. 4 years or more ............................................................................. White Total, 20 years and over ................................................................................... Less than 4 years of high school.................................................................. 4 years of high school .................................................................................... 1 year of college or more............................................................................... Black Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................. Less than 4 years of high school.................................................................. 4 years of high school ............................................................................ 1 year of college or more............................................................................... Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o ver................................................................ Less than 4 years of high school.......................................... 4 years of high school ................................... 1 year of college or more........................................................ 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 80.1 8.7 ft 11.2 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 17 Table B-4. Displaced workers by educational attainment, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss Percent distribution by reason for job loss Total Plant or company closed down or moved Slack work Position or shift was abolished 5,130 466 686 2,362 956 661 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.7 61.1 63.2 56.1 48.4 45.8 31.2 29.9 29.8 31.7 33.8 28.4 14.0 8.9 7.0 12.2 17.8 25.9 3,321 325 441 1,448 629 477 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 53.7 58.7 62.5 54.6 48.3 46.5 34.5 32.6 32.1 34.6 37.9 33.2 11.8 8.7 5.4 10.8 13.8 20.3 1,810 141 245 914 326 184 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.7 66.7 64.4 58.6 48.7 43.8 25.3 23.9 25.6 27.1 25.7 15.9 18.0 9.4 10.0 14.3 25.6 40.4 4,452 963 2,088 1,401 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.7 62.9 55.8 47.4 30.9 28.9 31.9 30.9 14.4 8.2 12.3 21.7 581 168 240 172 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 53.6 59.0 56.1 44.9 33.9 34.3 32.2 35.7 12.5 6.6 11.7 19.4 315 161 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.8 60.3 31.1 30.9 12.1 8.8 Total’ (in thousands) Educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin TOTAL Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Elementary school only.................................................................................... High school: 1 to 3 years..................................................................... .......... 4 years............................................................................................. College: 1 to 3 years .................................................................................. 4 years or more .............................................................................. Men Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Elementary school only.................................................................................... High school: 1 to 3 years ................................................................................ 4 years............................................................................................. College: 1 to 3 years.................................................................................. 4 years or more .............................................................................. Women Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Elementary school only.................................................................................... High school: 1 to 3 years................................................................................ 4 years.................................................................... ......................... College: 1 to 3 years.................................................................................. 4 years or more .............................................................................. White Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Less than 4 years of high school.................................................................... 4 years of high school ..................................................................................... 1 year of college or more................................................................................ Black Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Less than 4 years of high school.................................................................... 4 years of high school ..................................................................................... 1 year of college or more................................................................................ Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and o ver.................................................................................... Less than 4 years of high school................................................................... 4 years of high school ..................................................................................... 1 year of college or more................................................................................ ' Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 71 83 ft ft 44.8 26.3 ft 28.8 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 18 Table B-5. Displaced workers by industry and class of worker of lost job and reason for job loss Percent distribution by reason for job loss Industry and class of worker of lost job Total' (in thousands) Total Plant or company closed down or moved Slack work Position or shift was abolished Total, 20 years and over.............................................................................. 5,130 100.0 54.7 31.2 14.0 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers............................................ 4,772 100.0 55.8 31.7 12.5 Mining.............................................................................................................. Construction.................................................................................................... 175 316 100.0 100.0 61.3 46.1 31.6 43.7 7.2 10.2 Manufacturing.................................................................................................. Durable goods.............................................................................................. Lumber and wood products...................................................................... Furniture and fixtures................................................................................. Stone, clay, and glass products................................................................ Primary metal industries ............................................................................ Fabricated metal products ........................................................................ Machinery except electrical ...................................................................... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies........................................ Transportation equipment ......................................................................... Automobiles............................................................................................. Other transportation equipment.............................................................. Professional and photographic equipment................................................ Other durable goods industries................................................................. 2,550 1,691 104 63 87 235 187 361 255 260 148 112 73 66 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.2 50.3 61.8 0 66.3 45.4 48.1 44.5 45.7 51.3 60.9 38.6 (2) ft 32.8 39.3 28.5 ft 29.1 41.0 39.6 47.2 41.7 40.8 29.2 56.1 0 11.0 10.4 9.7 (2) 4.6 13.6 12.3 8.3 12.6 7.9 9.9 5.3 (2) Nondurable goods........................................................................................ Food and kindred products....................................................................... Textile mill products.................................................................................. Apparel and other finished textile products.............................................. Paper and allied products......................................................................... Printing and publishing............................................................................... Chemical and allied products................................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products........................................... Other nondurable goods industries........................................................... 859 178 123 171 39 94 98 67 88 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.8 73.1 62.7 84.6 0 65.3 40.9 <*> 76.3 19.9 17.2 26.3 10.7 ft 14.7 43.7 0 10.6 12.3 9.7 11.0 4.7 ft 20.0 15.5 (2) 13.1 Transportation and public utilities.................................................................. Transportation............................................................................................... Communication and other public utilities.................................................... 386 303 83 100.0 100.0 100.0 52.6 54.8 44.6 31.7 33.8 24.0 15.7 11.4 31.4 Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................. Wholesale trade ........................................................................................... Retail trade .................................................................................................. 689 294 395 100.0 100.0 100.0 62.9 54.0 69.5 22.9 29.1 18.3 14.2 16.9 12.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................................... Services........................................................................... Professional services........................................................................... Other service industries ............................................................................... 107 540 198 342 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 55.3 51.5 38.8 58.9 27.5 31.3 40.8 25.8 17.2 17.2 20.4 15.3 141 172 33 100.0 100.0 100.0 43.9 30.1 (2) 30.1 20.9 (2) 26.0 49.0 Agricultural wage and salary workers............................................................ Government workers.......................................... Self-employed and unpaid family workers...................................................... Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or ft ft ft shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report industry or class of worker. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 19 Table B-6. Displaced workers by sex, whether they received advance notice or expected layoff, reason for job loss, and employment status in January 1986 (In thousands) Plant or company closed down or moved Total who lost jobs Total’ Employment status in January 1986 Employment status in January 1986 Employment status in January 1986 Sex, and whether or not workers received advance notice or expected layoff All other reasons Not in Total the labor force Employed Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force 454 2,322 257 1,148 213 993 197 1,173 1,504 777 655 727 486 215 210 271 332 157 128 175 282 145 122 137 212 1,538 724 126 632 103 814 86 1,064 533 462 531 337 135 133 202 137 56 36 81 145 100 96 45 242 131 111 111 440 243 193 196 149 80 77 69 195 101 91 94 Not in Total Unem- the ployed labor force Employed Unemployed 5,130 2,812 2,415 2,318 3,432 1,939 1,645 1,493 912 459 428 453 786 413 341 372 2,809 1,664 1,421 1,145 1,929 1,162 990 766 426 245 218 182 3,321 1,749 1,504 1,571 2,353 1,288 1,109 1,065 619 280 255 339 349 1,783 182 1,025 139 872 167 758 1,289 754 647 535 1,810 1,063 910 747 1,079 651 536 428 294 180 173 114 437 1,026 231 639 202 549 387 205 640 408 343 232 TOTAL Total, 20 years and over............................................ Received advance notice or expected layoff......... Remained at job until it ended.............................. Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff .... Men Total, 20 years and o ver............................................ Received advance notice or expected layoff ......... Remained at job until it ended.............................. Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff .... Women Total, 20 years and over............................................ Received advance notice or expected layoff ......... Remained at job until it ended.............................. Did not receive advance notice or expect layoff .... Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant 783 424 361 360 closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 20 Table B-7. Displaced workers by reason for job loss, whether or not they received unemployment insurance benefits, age, and employment status in January 1986 (In thousands) Plant or company closed down or moved Total who lost jobs Age and employment status in January 1986 Received benefits Received benefits Received benefits Total’ All other reasons For 27 weeks or more Total For 27 weeks or more For 27 weeks or more Total Total 5,130 4,908 1,641 1,326 983 958 3,365 3,241 1,078 903 643 616 1,077 1,060 317 305 205 233 2,809 2,682 821 670 571 621 1,762 1,700 496 427 359 418 560 555 141 141 110 163 2,322 2,226 820 657 412 337 1,603 1,541 582 476 284 199 516 505 176 164 95 70 3,432 3,279 1,245 983 637 414 2,182 2,096 788 651 394 264 693 682 232 227 124 99 1,929 1,838 663 506 390 279 1,149 1,105 384 307 231 183 362 358 108 108 72 71 1,504 1,440 582 477 247 134 1,033 991 404 344 163 81 331 324 124 119 52 28 912 861 253 251 211 146 673 642 184 186 162 110 184 178 46 51 48 33 426 399 101 116 104 78 323 307 69 89 84 64 91 89 20 22 27 21 486 461 151 135 107 68 349 335 115 96 79 45 93 89 27 29 21 12 786 769 144 92 135 398 510 503 106 67 87 243 200 200 38 27 33 101 454 445 57 48 77 264 290 289 43 31 44 171 108 108 13 11 12 71 332 324 87 44 58 134 221 214 63 36 42 73 92 92 25 16 22 30 Total Total TOTAL Total, 20 years and o ver............................ 25 years and over.................................... 25 to 34 years....................................... 35 to 44 years....................................... 45 to 54 years....................................... 55 years and over................................. Employed Total, 20 years and o ver........................... 25 years and over.................................... 25 to 34 years....................................... 35 to 44 years....................................... 45 to 54 years....................................... 55 years and over................................. Unemployed Total, 20 years and o ver........................... 25 years and over.................................... 25 to 34 years....................................... 35 to 44 years....................................... 45 to 54 years....................................... 55 years and over................................. Not In the labor force Total, 20 years and o ver........................... 25 years and over.................................... 25 to 34 years....................................... 35 to 44 years....................................... 45 to 54 years....................................... 55 years and over................................. Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report whether or not they received benefits 21 Table B-8. Displaced workers by full- or part-time status on lost job, sex, group health insurance coverage on lost job, and employment status and coverage in January 1986 (Numbers in thousands) Covered by group health insurance on lost job Full- or part-time status, sex, and employment status in January 1986 Total’ Total Not covered under any plan in January 1986 Number Not covered on lost job Percent TOTAL 5,130 3,977 1,274 32.0 1,082 Total, 20 years and o v e r............................................................................................ Employed............................................................................................................... Unemployed........................................................................................................... Not in the labor fo rce ............................................................................................ 4,857 3,281 888 688 3,897 2,671 676 551 1,242 592 398 251 31.9 22.2 58.9 45.6 894 566 197 131 Men, 20 years and o v e r.......................................................................................... Employed............................................................................................................... Unemployed........................................................................................................... Not in the labor fo rce ............................................................................................ 3,259 2,321 611 327 2,690 1,922 479 289 800 385 288 126 29.7 20.0 60.2 43.7 523 365 122 35 Women, 20 years and o ve r..................................................................................... Employed............................................................................................................... Unemployed........................................................................................................... Not in the labor fo rce ............................................................................................ 1,598 960 276 362 1,208 749 197 262 442 207 110 125 36.6 27.7 55.7 47.8 371 201 75 95 270 76 32 41.8 189 Total, 20 years and o v e r............................................................................................ Full time on lost job Part time on lost job Total, 20 years and o v e r............................................................................................ ' Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report full- or part-time status or health insurance coverage. 22 Table B-9. Displaced workers by weeks without work after job loss and other selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Weeks without work after job loss Characteristic Total1 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 to 26 weeks 27 to 52 weeks More than 52 weeks Median weeks without work after job loss TOTAL Total, 20 years and o v e r.................................................................... M en.................................................................................................. W omen.............................................................................................. White ................................................................................................. Black.................................................................................................. Hispanic origin.................................................................................. 5,130 3,321 1,810 4,452 581 315 1,584 1,123 460 1,436 120 81 883 608 276 778 84 67 791 485 305 682 96 57 893 543 350 747 130 63 979 561 418 809 151 48 18.3 15.2 24.9 16.7 30.0 18.3 4,857 3,281 888 688 3,259 1,598 4,199 565 306 1,502 1,185 183 135 1,105 397 1,361 115 80 845 603 188 55 601 244 740 83 64 762 520 185 57 473 289 654 96 54 840 568 148 125 533 307 703 123 61 908 406 184 317 547 360 740 149 47 18.1 12.5 20.7 53.6 15.1 24.8 16.6 28.8 18.0 270 60 210 79 19 61 39 7 32 27 11 16 53 10 43 72 14 58 24.8 0 25.6 Full time on lost Job Total, 20 years and o v e r.................................................................... Employed in January 1986............................................................... Unemployed in January 1986 ......................................................... Not in the labor force in January 1986 ........................................... M en............................................................... ................................... Women............................................................................................. W h ite ................................................................................................ Black................................................................................................. Hispanic origin.................................................................................. Part time on lost job Total, 20 years and o v e r.................................................................... M en................................................................................................... Women.............................................................................................. 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report full- or part-time status or weeks without work. 23 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table B-10. Median weekly earnings of displaced workers on lost job and on both the old and new job for those reemployed in January 1986 by industry and class of worker (N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ) Workers who lost jobs in 1981-85 but were employed in January 1986 Industry and class of worker Total' Median weekly earnings on lost job Total Median weekly earnings on lost job Median weekly earnings on job held in January 1986* Total, 20 years and o ve r............................................................................... 5,130 $322 3,432 $343 $304 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ............................................ 4,772 327 3,205 347 306 M ining............................................................................................................... Construction...................................................................................................... 175 316 485 359 118 236 488 424 365 406 Manufacturing................................................................................................... Durable goods ............................................................................................... Lumber and wood products....................................................................... Furniture and fixtures.................................................................................. Stone, clay, and glass products................................................................ Primary metal industries............................................................................. Fabricated metal products ......................................................................... Machinery except electrical ....................................................................... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies......................................... Transportation equipment .......................................................................... Automobiles.............................................................................................. Other transportation equipment............................................................... Professional and photographic equipment................................................ Other durable goods industries.................................................................. 2,550 1,691 104 63 87 235 187 361 255 260 148 112 73 66 330 359 294 0 346 413 349 400 328 402 396 432 ft (3) 1,681 1,128 70 42 56 146 120 260 140 193 104 90 56 46 353 387 296 314 ft ft ft Nondurable goods.......................................................................................... Food and kindred products........................................................................ Textile mill products.................................................................................... Apparel and other finished textile products.............................................. Paper and allied products .......................................................................... Printing and publishing................................................................................ Chemical and allied products .................................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products........................................... Other nondurable goods industries............................................................ 859 178 123 171 39 94 98 67 88 276 310 246 209 Transportation and public utilities................................................................... Transportation..................................................................................... .......... Communication and other public utilities..................................................... ft 428 337 413 372 412 401 464 ft ft 311 286 348 292 348 399 341 ft ft ft ft 299 345 258 213 321 329 ft 320 553 102 88 89 30 65 74 50 55 ft ft ft ft 263 243 222 211 ft ft ft ft ft 386 303 83 434 431 448 258 200 58 428 426 ft 395 400 ft Wholesale and retail trade............................................................................... Wholesale trade ............................................................................................ Retail trade .................................................................................................... 689 294 395 256 313 212 457 219 238 279 318 242 293 321 262 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................................... Services............................................................................................................. Professional services..................................................................................... Other service industries ................................................................................ 107 540 198 342 303 274 273 275 78 369 132 237 412 293 298 291 365 280 293 275 Agricultural wage and salary workers............................................................... Government workers.......................................................................................... Self-employed and unpaid family workers......................................................... 141 172 33 224 284 93 109 19 239 299 237 296 ' Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Includes a small number of persons who did not report industry or ft ft 0 ft 2 Median weekly earnings on job held in January 1986 are based only on wage and salary workers (excluding incorporated self-employed) and therefore are not directly comparable to median earnings on lost job which are based on earnings from all classes of work. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. class of worker. ft 24 Table B-11. Reemployed workers by industry of lost job and Industry of job held in January 1986 Percent distribution by industry in January 1986 Industry of lost job Total’ (in thousands) Manufacturing Total Con struc tion Total Non Durable durable goods goods Transpor tation and public utilities Whole sale Services and retail trade Other2 Total, 20 years and o v e r.......................... 3,432 100.0 10.3 28.7 18.2 10.5 8.6 18.3 23.1 11.0 Construction................................................... Manufacturing................................................ Durable g oods............................................. Nondurable goods....................................... Transportation and public utilities................. Wholesale and retail tra d e ............................ Services.......................................................... Other2 ............................................................. 264 1,710 1,135 575 278 464 391 325 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.1 7.0 7.0 8.2 5.3 47.0 48.3 44.4 11.6 11.9 13.4 8.1 2.8 30.7 40.7 11.0 8.9 5.9 5.2 6.0 2.6 16.3 7.6 33.4 2.7 6.1 8.2 2.1 12.0 4.0 4.5 3.0 45.8 6.7 3.7 6.8 10.2 15.8 15.2 16.9 12.6 39.8 16.9 13.8 20.4 17.6 16.1 20.5 14.7 24.0 49.7 28.3 8.1 7.9 8.1 7.5 8.2 10.5 9.3 34.8 ’ Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes mining; finance, insurance, and real administration; and farming, forestry, and fisheries. 25 estate; public Table B-12. Displaced workers by selected manufacturing industry of lost job, sex, tenure when job ended, and median weeks without work after job loss Percent distribution by tenure Industry of lost job and sex Total1 (in thousands) Total 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years Median Median weeks years 20 on lost without work years after job loss job or more Total, 20 years and over, all industries................................ 5,130 100.0 32.8 34.2 15.7 7.8 9.5 6.6 18.3 Machinery except electrical: Total, 20 years and o v e r................................................. Men, 20 years and o ve r................................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.......................................... 364 295 69 100.0 100.0 100.0 26.3 24.7 O 33.1 31.5 (*> 17.4 18.2 <*> 14.9 17.2 <*> 8.4 8.4 <*) 7.9 8.5 (2) 23.0 18.8 (*> Primary metal industries: Total. 20 years and o v e r................................................. Men, 20 years and o ve r................................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.......................................... 237 202 35 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.5 17.3 (2) 34.4 35.9 (*) 12.4 12.4 (2) 11.9 13.9 ft 18.8 20.5 (*) 8.6 9.1 (*) 39.8 43.0 (2) Automobiles: Total, 20 years and o v e r................................................. Men, 20 years and o ve r................................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.......................................... 152 112 40 100 0 100 0 100.0 20.2 19.1 (*) 34.6 30.6 0 19.4 19.9 (*) 11.3 12.3 14.4 18.0 O O 8.6 10.0 (2) 24.5 24.1 (*> Apparel and other finished textile products: Total, 20 years and o v e r................................................. Men, 20 years and o ve r................................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.......................................... 171 26 146 100.0 100.0 100.0 26.8 23.5 (2) 23.0 25.0 O 23.4 9.6 (*) 9.7 15.1 9.8 22.4 0 17.8 O 10.2 24.5 Textile mill products: Total, 20 years and o v e r................................................. Men, 20 years and o ver................................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.......................................... 123 55 68 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.1 <*) l2) 21.2 <*) (2) 3.9 (*) (2) 17.4 (*) (*) 7.2 (*) (*) 25.8 <*> (*) 1 Data refer to persons with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1981 and January 1986 because of plant closings O 26.0 33.3 O 0 0 or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts, 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. * U .S . Gov er nme nt Printing Office 26 : 190 7 - 181 -S 19/74335 Region I Kennedy Federal Building Suite 1603 Boston, MA 02203 Phone: (617) 565-2327 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.W. Atlanta, GA 30367 Phone: (404)347-4418 Regions VII and VIII 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Region II Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, NY 10036 Phone: (212) 944-1321 Region V 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Regions IX and X 71 Stevenson Street P.O. Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119 Phone: (415) 995-5602 Region III 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, PA 19101 Phone: (215) 569-1154 Region VI Federal Building 525 Griffin Street, Room 221 Dallas, TX 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 Third Class Mail Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 Lab-441 Y e a rs o f W o r k in g fo r A m e r ic a s F u tu r e
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