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Né. IO
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
CHILDREN’S BUREAU
JULIA C. LATHROP. Chief
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
IN THE
UNITED STATES
BY
HELEN L. SUMNER and ELLA A. MERRITT
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
&
INDUSTRIAL SERIES No. 1
Bureau Publication No. 10
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
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ADDITIONAL COPIES
THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED PROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OP DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
"WASHINGTON, D. C.
A
65 CENTS P E R COPY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page.
Letter of transmittal.............. ..................1....................................................................
5
Introduction................................................................ .....................................
7
List of codes, revisions, etc............ ............................. ...................... ............................
24
Abbreviations used in references....................................
25
Abbreviations used in court decisions.............................
26
Analytical tables:
Summary of minimum and regulated ages
........ ..
Follows page 28
Summary of hours of lab or.................... ............................................. Follows page 28
Minimum a g e ..............................................................................................................
29
Requirements for entering em ploym ent..............................................................
100
Working papers required...................................................................................... _ 184
Hours of labor...............
226
Compulsory school attendance....................................
320
Street tra d es............ ...............................
382
Public exh ib ition s.........................
418
Explanatory notes............ ...............
467
T ext of la w s:1
Alabama..........................................................................................................
479
^ A lask a............................................................................................ ......... | ...............
493
Arizona...................................................................................................
497
Arkansas........... ......................................
509
California............................................................
521
Colorado........................
541
Connecticut..................................................................................................................
559
Delaware.........................................................................
569
District of Columbia......................................
585
Florida.....................................
593
Georgia...........................................................................................................................
603
Hawaii............................................................................................................................
609
Idaho.............................................................................................
613
Illinois.......................................................
619
Indiana................................'................................................................. .'.....................
633
Iowa.........................
645
Kansas.......................................
653
K entucky.............................. . ....... .................. ........... ............................. . . ............
663
Louisiana............................................................................................................
677
Maine.........................................................................................................................
691
Maryland.....................................
701
Massachusetts................................... •..........................................................................
721
M ichigan............................................................. ................ ............................... . . . .
749
M innesota..................................................................................
76I
Mississippi.....................................................................................................................
775
Missouri.......................................................................
781
1 The tex t of th e laws is not contained in the reprint entitled Separate No. 1—Analytical Tables.
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CHJLD LABOR LEGISLATION.
4
Text of laws—Continued
Montana.....................
Nebraska....................
N evada.................
New H am pshire---New Jersey................
New M exico..............
New York..................
North Carolina.........
North Dakota...........
Ohio............................
Oklahoma............
Oregon.......................
Pennsylvania............
Philippine Islands .
Porto R ico...............
Rhode Island............
South Carolina.........
South Dakota...........
Tennessee..................
T exas........................
U tah..........................
Vermont...................
Virginia....................
Washington.............
W est Virginia...........
Wisconsin................
Wyoming.................
U nited States.........
Index to tex t of la w s ..
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S.
D epartm ent of L abor,
C h i l d r e n ’s B u r e a u ,
Washington, November 15, 1915.
Sir : I transmit herewith a publication containing texts of the
child labor laws in force on October 1, 1915, together with a com
parative tabular analysis covering the most important points.
This material has been prepared under the direction of Miss Helen
L. Sumner, Assistant Chief of the Children’s Bureau.
The tabulation of the laws is the work of Miss Ella A. Merritt,
who has had the assistance of Miss Jane I. Newell, Miss H. Dora
Stecker, Miss Marie Hourwich, and Miss May Agnes Melling.
'The editing of the text, including the application of the system of
headings and the preparation of explanatory notes, is primarily the
work of Miss Rena Rosenberg.
In the compilation of the text and in the settlement of doubtful
questions of inclusion or exclusion valuable assistance has been ren
dered by Mr. Carl A. Heistermann and Miss Lulu L. Eckman. Mr.
Heistermann also collected and digested the court decisions and
opinions, and Miss Eckman compiled the laws relating to the school
census and many of the enforcement provisions.
Respectfully submitted.
J u l i a C. L a t h r o p , Chief.
Hon. W il l ia m B. W i l s o n ,
Secretary of Labor.
5
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i
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE
UNITED STATES
INTRODUCTION.
All child labor legislation in force on October 1, 1915, in the States
and outlying possessions of the United States is brought together in
this compilation, which is divided into two parts—first, a comparative
tabular analysis of the most important legal provisions; and, second,
the tex t1 of all laws by States. In the first part in addition to two
summary charts, the first covering minimum and regulated ages and
the second hours of labor, there are seven tables covering all legal pro
visions relating to (1) minimum ages, (2) requirements for entering
employment, (3) working papers, (4) hours of labor, (5) compulsory
school attendance, (6) regulations governing street trades, and (7)
regulations governing employment in theaters and public exhibitions.
In the second part is given the text of all laws used in the tables and
of other laws which, either because they represent a type of legislation
not general throughout the States or because they were not considered
of primary importance for the present purpose, were not tabulated.
In order that the exact scope of this compilation may be under
stood, some explanation is necessary of the method of selection and
rejection. In the first place, new laws are often passed without
specifically repealing old acts, and confusion therefore results as to
the exact legal provisions in force at any given time. Usually when
old acts are not specifically repealed the new law repeals ' ‘all acts or
parts of acts inconsistent’’ with its own provisions, and even when
there is no such general repealing section the later enactment super
sedes by a rule of law any earlier enactment with which it is in con
flict. Care has been taken to include all laws which have not been
either specifically repealed or superseded on all important points by
later legislation. If a test suit were brought in court, a doubtful
section might of course be declared no longer in force. But, in the
absence of a court decision or an official opinion of the attorney gen
eral of the State, it was thought best to give, with explanatory notes,
sections which might by such a decision be declared valid. Some
acts are therefore included which, although they may not be actually
enforced at the present time, appear to be valid laws which might or
ought to be enforced. In a considerable number of other cases notes
are inserted summarizing the provisions of laws which, though not
definitely repealed, are probably superseded in all except certain
minor details. Whenever the part of a section superseded could not
1 The tex t of the laws is not contained in the reprint entitled Separate No. 1—Analytical Tables.
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
be determined, the section is accompanied by a note referring to the
superseding act. In order to make the compilation as nearly accurate
as possible, a list of all the sections included and copies of the tables
for each State were sent to the attorney general of that State for
verification.
For the subjects covered in the tabular analysis the basis of selec
tion and rejection is most conveniently considered in connection with
the tables. Any method of tabulation is more or less arbitrary, and
each legal provision must be considered in relation to all other
legal provisions to which it is logically related. For example, a
m in im u m age of 1 4 years for employment in factories does not neces
sarily permit any child 14 years of age, regardless of education or
physical condition, to work in a factory, nor does it preclude a mini
mum age of 1 6 years for employment in many occupations in factories.
A certificate for the employment of a child in “ any occupation” does
not permit his employment in an occupation elsewhere forbidden
by law.
MINIMUM AGE.
For legal purposes the age at which childhood ends can be con
veniently fixed only at the age at which minority ends. For not only
is the power of the State over a minor universally held to be greater
than its power over an adult, and on a more certain legal basis, but
because of this common basis for the exercise of special authority
over all minors of whatever age, differences between States in age
limits to which legal regulations of all kinds apply have almost uni
versally as the upper limit the age when the minor becomes an adult.
This age, moreover, is the only limitation on such differences between
States.
Under laws establishing minimum ages, therefore, are included all
laws—with certain exceptions mentioned later—which prohibit
in particular occupations the employment of minors, whether or not the
exact age is specified. Laws prohibiting the employment of *‘females *>
in certain occupations are also included because they apply to girls
and are of the same character as other laws which apply to both
women and children or only to minors.
Under the common law persons of either sex are minors until they
become 21 years of age. This is the age at which both sexes attain
their majority in 32 out of the 53 political divisions 1 of which the
United States is composed, and in 10 of these 32 divisions this commonlaw age has been confirmed by statute. In the remaining 21 political
divisions, however, the common law has been superseded by legisla
tion leaving 21 years as the age of majority for males but providing
that 18 years shall be the age for females. The age of majority is,
i
These 53 political divisions are the 48 States of the Union, the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii
Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
therefore, 21 years for males throughout the territory of fhe United
States and for females in all but 20 States and Hawaii, where it is 18.1
These 20 States, which include, in addition to Vermont,,1Ohio, and
Illinois, all the States west of the Mississippi River except Louisiana,
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Wyoming, are, in alphabetical order,
as follows:
Arkansas.
California.
Colorado.
Idaho.
Illinois.
Iowa.
Kansas.
Minnesota,
Missouri.
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada.
North Dakota.
Ohio.
Oklahoma.
Oregon.
South Dakota.
Utah.
Vermont.
Washington.
All laws establishing minimum ages for employment in particular
occupations or industries are included except those which seem to
he designed primarily for the protection of the public rather than of
the children, as laws establishing minimum ages for chauffeurs,
motion-picture operators, or masters, pilots/ and engineers of steam
vessels; for the protection of other employees, as laws establishing
minimum ages for hoisting engineers in mines; or for the protection of
both the public and other employees, as laws establishing minimum ages
for steam-boiler engineers. This division according to the purpose
of the law, whether for the protection of the child or of others, was not
always easy to make, and in some instances other practical considera
tions governed. In a law regulating the age at which an elevator boy
may be employed, for example, protection of the public is probably
a more important factor than protection of the boy. Nevertheless,
operating an elevator is an occupation in which young boys are so fre
quently employed that these laws are included. Laws forbidding em
ployment agencies to send women or minors to immoral resorts are
given as attempts to enforce an age limit, either for girls or for both
sexes, in certain occupations where they will be exposed to immoral
influences. Similarly, laws which prohibit the overworking of chil
dren or provide that girls shall not stand constantly mean practically
the establishment of minimum ages for certain kinds or degrees of
intensity of work. In general, laws establishing minimum ages for
employment in saloons are included even for prohibition States, but
the prohibition States are noted in the tables.
The fact should not be overlooked that the minimum age for
employment in certain dangerous, injurious, and immoral occupa
tions is not necessarily that specified by law. In a number of States
the State board of health, the industrial commission, or some other
body is authorized to determine what occupations are dangerous,
injurious, or immoral for children and to prohibit employment under
certain ages in these occupations. , In most States administrative
1In some States both sexes and in others only females become of age on marriage, and in a few States an
act of the legislature or a court decree may confer the privileges of majority for specific purposes.
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CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
regulations on the subject can only increase the number of occupa
tions classified as undesirable for children of the younger age groups,
but in Wisconsin the industrial commission has entire control oyer
the establishment of minimum ages for employment in all occupa
tions. The provisional scale established by the Wisconsin law has
not been changed, however, by the industrial commission, and so little
use has been made in other States of powers of this kind that there
seems as yet little occasion to consider the establishment of m in im u m
ages through administrative regulations.
Two classes of laws establishing minimum ages for employment are
omitted in the belief that they belong properly in a publication
devoted to legal provisions governing qualifications and training for
particular occupations—a publication which would cover the legal
aspects of vocational education in its broadest sense. These are laws
establishing minimum ages for obtaining licenses to practice profes
sions and skilled occupations—not only the so-called learned profes
sions, but such occupations as trained nurse, barber, or plumber—
and laws relating to apprenticeship and to industrial and vocational
education which are not so interwoven with laws regulating employ
ment as to make their inclusion necessary.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING EMPLOYMENT.
All provisions relating to requirements for entering employment,
other than those which relate specifically to vocational education for
the particular occupation, and also all administrative features of such
regulations are included and are summarized and compared in Tables
2 and 3. Table 2 shows the conditions which must be fulfilled before
or at the time of entering employment, the documents, if any, which
must be produced to prove compliance with these conditions, and
also the similar conditions, such as physical examination or school
attendance, which are or may be imposed after employment. If
school attendance, however, is or may be required during employ
ment, the details relative to such attendance are summarized in
Table 5, which covers all compulsory school-attendance laws. Table 3
is a continuation of Table 2 and should be read in connection with it,
for Table 3 relates only to the administrative details provided by law
for the enforcement of the standards shown in Table 2. These two
tables together are meant to summarize the regulations governing
employment of children between the minimum ages permitted by law
and the age of attaining majority except as regards hours of labor
and compulsory school attendance, the legal provisions concerning
which are summarized in Tables 4 and 5.
HOURS OF LABOR.
All laws regulating hours of labor are included except those stat
ing the number of hours to be considered a day’s work in the absence
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
11
of contract, and those regulating periods of exposure to compressed
air, prohibiting labor on Sundays, and relating to public employment.
The recent “ one day of rest in seven” laws are also included, both
in the text and in the tabulation. Laws prescribing maximum hours
of labor for railroad employees and street car employees are
included in the text but are omitted in the tabulation. Meal-time
regulations are included both in the text and in the tabulation. As
in the case of minimum ages, the question of hours of labor is con
sidered as it relates to all minors, of both sexes and all ages. Owing
to differences among States in the ages of children whose hours are
regulated, a table of hours which included only so-called child labor
laws would be incomplete and misleading. For one State may have
a 10-hour day for children under 16 and another an 8-hour day for
children under 18 years of age. At one time California had a 9-hour
day for children and an 8-hour day for all “ females.” A State,
moreover, which has a 10-hour day for children may have an 8-hour
day for all persons engaged in certain occupations, e. g., for miners.
If, therefore, a cross section were made of regulations governing the
hours of labor of young persons 17 years of age, it would be found
that in some States they are covered by the so-called child labor law
while in other States girls in certain occupations are regulated by
the woman’s work law, and boys, in certain other- occupations—
from some of which girls are usually excluded entirely, as in the
•cáse of mining—by general laws for all employees in those occupa
tions. 'In order, therefore, to obtain a picture of the legal provisions
relating to hours of labor of all minors, laws are necessarily included
which regulate the hours of labor of females and also those which regu
late the hours of labor of all employees in special occupations.
COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.
All provisions requiring school attendance, whether at day, even
ing, or continuation schools, are included. Exemptions from schoolattendance requirements are also included whenever they are of such
a character as to make it possible for the exempted children to be
employed, either legally or illegally. Provisions relating to the ex
emption of physically defective children, such as the blind and the
deaf, and to the attendance of such children at special schools are
omitted, and provisions permitting the substitution for school
attendance of some other form of instruction during school hours
are generally included in the text but omitted from the tables. The
minor questions of school attendance, which are more often deter
mined by local regulations than by State law, are omitted, as it is not
possible adequately to present them in a compilation confined to
State legislation. Thus provisions specifying the length of time
schools shall be in session, defining regular attendance, and pre-
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CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
scribing the studies to be taught and the reports to be made by
teachers, principals, and superintendents are in general omitted.
Though not tabulated, all school census laws are included in the
text provided they require census enumerators to secure the names
and addresses of children. In many States where names and ad
dresses are seemed no provision is made for their use in enforcing
school attendance, but obviously this information, even when col
lected primarily for assistance in apportioning State aid to schools,
might be so used as to assist materially in the enforcement of com
pulsory education and child labor laws.
STREET TRADES.
The laws governing children engaging on their own account in street
trades and those employed in public exhibitions of various kinds,
including theatrical performances, are generally different in character
from those governing their employment in manufacturing and mer
cantile establishments and are therefore separately tabulated in
Tables 6 and. 7.
Table 6 summarizes the provisions of State laws relating to street
trading by children on their own account. Provisions relating to
employment of children by other persons in occupations which, though
they may be carried on chiefly in the streets, are not such as a child
would engage in on his own account, are given only in the earlier
tables. Thus laws relating to messenger boys are included in Tables
1 to 4 and are not mentioned in Table 6. So far as possible laws
relating to the work of children in street trades, in so far as they
relate to children hired by an employer, are given in detail in the other
tables and are merely referred to in Table 6, but if the laws relate
only to children engaging in work on their own account they are
given only in Table 6. This table includes all State laws establishing
minimum ages or ages below which badges or permits are required
for engaging in street trades, such as the selling of newspapers or
other articles or boot blacking, and also laws forbidding the distribu
tion by minors of immoral literature, papers containing chiefly tales
of crime, etc.
In a number of States juvenile court laws or laws providing for the
care and commitment of dependent, neglected, and delinquent chil
dren include in their definitions of a dependent or neglected child any
child who is found selling articles—sometimes mentioning news
papers—peddling,' singing, playing musical instruments, or giving
public entertainments on the streets for gain, or accompanying or
assisting any person so doing. These provisions belong rather in a
compilation of laws concerning dependent, neglected, and. delin
quent children than in one concerning child, labor, and are therefore
omitted from the text, but their existence and the age limits which
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
13
they establish are noted in Tables 6 and 7. The States which declare
a child dependent or neglected who is found selling articles on the
street for gain are Arkansas,1Illinois,2Kansas,3Minnesota,4Missouri,5
Nebraska,6 Nevada,7 and West Virginia,8in which the age limit is 10
years; Washington,9in which it is 12; and Oregon10and Tennessee,11in
each of which it is 14. In Louisiana12 a child not over 17 years of age
who is found peddling any article in any street, road, or public place is
considered to be delinquent, while in Michigan13 and also in Florida14
any such child under 12 is considered to be dependent. None of these
provisions, however, are on exactly the same basis as legal prohibitions
of employment in such occupations, for though in general, under this
definition of dependency, any person may make complaint that a child
is dependent, there is no direct mandatory provision either th at chil
dren shall not work in these occupations on the streets or that specific
officials or other persons shall see that children do not so work.
The work of children on the streets is frequently regulated also by
municipal ordinances. This is the case not only in the larger cities in
many States which have no legislative enactments on this subject,
but in many cities in which such work is also governed by State laws.
Table 6, therefore, does not present a complete picture of the actual
degree of regulation which may be found in any special city within a
State, but only of the degree of regulation prescribed by the State
legislature.
PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS.
In Table 7, relating to theaters and other public exhibitions, the
emphasis has been placed upon employment of children as actors or
performers. In some cases general laws govern all occupations in
theaters, whether as ushers, for instance, or on the stage. But the
provisions concerning employment in theaters given in the other
tables do not apply to employment on the stage except as specified in
Table 7. In this table laws regulating hours of labor and prohibiting
night work of children in all occupations are included whenever they
may be applicable to employment on the stage, for if evening hours
are included in the prohibition of night work a serious limitation is
I Arkansas: Acts of 1911, act 215, section 1.
* Illinois: Acts of 1915, page 368, section 1.
s Kansas: General Statutes 1909, section 5100.
*Minnesota: General Statutes 1913, sections 7162, 7178.
6 Missouri: Acts of 1913, page 148, section 2.
* Nebraska: Revised Statutes 1913, section 1244.
i Nevada: Revised Laws 1912, section 728.
8 West Virginia: Acts of 1915, chapter 70, section 1.
»Washington: Acts of 1913, chapter 160, section 1.
io Oregon: Lord’s Oregon Laws 1910, section 4406.
u Tennessee: Acts of 1911, chapter 58, page 111, section 1.
18 Louisiana: WolfE’s Revised Laws Supplement 1904-1908, volume 3, page 393, section 9.
is Michigan: Howell’s Annotated Statutes 1913, section 11644, as amended by Acts of 1915, No.308, section 1.
II Florida: Compiled Laws 1914, section 1208a,
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
placed upon the employment of children in theaters and public
exhibitions .where evening performances are given.
As has already been mentioned, the juvenile court laws which
declare a child dependent or neglected who is found singing or playing
musical instruments or giving public entertainments on the streets
or accompanying or assisting any other person so doing are noted
in this table though they are omitted in the text. In these laws
8 years is the age limit in Oklahoma 1 and Wisconsin;2 10 years in
Arkansas,3 Illinois,4 Iowa,5Kansas,6Minnesota,7Missouri,8Nebraska,9
Nevada,10 and West Virginia;11 12 years in Florida,12Michigan,13 and
Washington;14 14 years in Oregon15 and Tennessee;16 17 years in
Louisiana;17 17 years for males and 18 years for females in Ken
tucky;18 and 18 years in North D akota19 and South Dakota.20 As
in the case of the similar provisions relating 4o selling or peddling
articles on the streets, complaint against and prosecution of a child
for dependency because of engaging in these occupations is permis
sive and not mandatory.
MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS INCLUDED.
Some subjects are included in the text which are not touched upon
in the tabular analysis; for example, a number of Southern States
have laws declaring vagrants men who, though able to work, live
upon the wages of their minor children. Far more general aro
the laws forbidding employment agencies to place children in vio
lation of the child labor laws or to send women, of course including
young girls, to places of bad repute. Two States, Massachusetts and
New York, have legal provisions for the establishment of special
public employment offices for children. A few States have laws
regulating immigrants and their distribution which contain pro
visions for the prevention of the illegal employment of immigrant
children. Other important legal provisions omitted in the tabular
1Oklahoma: Revised Laws 1910, volume 1, section 4412.
* Wisconsin: Statutes, section 573-1.
3 Arkansas: Acts of 1911, act 215, section 1.
4 Illinois: Acts of 1915, page 368, section 1.
8 Iowa: Code 1897, Supplement 1913, section 254-al4.
« Kansas: General Statutes 1909, section 5100.
7 Minnesota: General Statutes 1913, sections 7162, 7178.
* Missouri: Acts of 1913, page 148, section 2.
8 Nebraska: Revised Statutes 1913, section 1244.
10 Nevada: Revised Laws 1912, section 728.
11 W est Virginia: Acts of 1915, chapter 70, section 1.
13 Florida: Compiled Laws 1914, section 1208a.
33 Michigan: Howell’s Annotated Statutes 1913, section 1164, as amended by Acts of 1915, No. 398, section 1.
14 Washington: Acts of 1913, chapter 160, section 1.
18 Oregon: Lord’s Oregon Laws 1910, section 4406.
18 Tennessee: Acts of 1911, chapter 58, page 111, section 1.
13 Louisiana: Wolff’s Revised Laws Supplement 1904-1908, volume 3, page 393, section 9.
18 Kentucky: Statutes 1915, section 331.e
13North Dakota: Compiled Laws 1913, volume 2, section 11403.
30 South Dakota: Acts of 1915, chapter 119, sections 1 and 10.
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
15
summaries are contained in the acts which prescribe that where women
and children are employed seats shall he furnished them and separate
toilets and dressing rooms shall be provided. The minimum wage
laws, which were enacted in 11 States from 1912 to 1915, generally
apply to children as well as to women. All these laws have been
included in the text, even when they specifically mention only women,
first, because they are important regulations of the employment of
young girls, and second, because the welfare of mothers and potential
mothers is inseparably bound up with the welfare of children. But
they have not been included in the tabulation,1 because for the
immediate purpose of this publication they were considered of less
importance than laws covering such questions as minimum ages,
requirements for entering employment, compulsory school attendance,
and hours of labor.
WOMAN’S WORK.
The net result of the process of selection and rejection here out
lined is that all laws governing woman’s work have been included in
the text, except those relating to the recovery of wages and to the
payment of wages of married women and those prescribing a period
of rest before and after childbirth, which have been enacted by only
four States—Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, and New York.
Laws of the latter type are not, of course, child labor legislation,
but as they constitute the only important class of legal provisions
regulating the labor of women omitted from this publication and
are, indeed, the only laws in the country which specifically regulate
the labor of mothers, they are inserted on page 23.
This compilation, therefore, in addition to child labor legislation,
gives practically all laws governing the employment of women.
SAFETY AND SANITATION.
The conditions under which children are employed are of course
regulated by many labor laws which are general in their application,
making no distinction between minors and adults, and these differ
widely in the various States. Of such laws the most important class
consists of those relating to safety and sanitation in manufacturing,
mechanical, and mercantile establishments, in tenement workshops,
and in mines. Laws of general application, unless affecting one of
the main topics, such as prohibition of employment or hours of labor,
have been omitted. But in a few States laws relating to safety and
sanitation, which apply only to establishments where children or
where women and children2 are employed, are included. Obviously,
1 A tabular summary of the provisions of the laws enacted before 1915 is contained in the American
Labor Legislation Review, Volume IV, No. 4, December, 1914.
2 Pennsylvania has a law requiring Are drills in factories employing women or girls, which is om itted
Acts of 1911, Pam phlet Laws 677.
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CHILD LABOK LEGISLATION.
however, no comparison unfavorable to the other States can be drawn
from the data here given on safety and sanitation.
EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY AND WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION.
Attention should be called to the omission of one other class of
legal provisions concerning child labor—those contained in workmen’s
compensation and insurance acts. Though these provisions are of
decided importance in the enforcement of child labor laws, it did not
seem best to give them detached from their context or without some
explanation of their significance and of the significance of the court
decisions concerning employers’ liability for injuries to illegally
employed children. For this reason the sections of workmen’s com
pensation and insurance acts which have to do with child labor are
omitted from the text, though their essential features are here
summarized.
'It is an established legal doctrine that if a child is illegally em
ployed and is injured while so employed the employer can not in a
suit for damages claim in defense that there was contributory negli
gence on the part of the child, that the injury was caused by the
negligence of a fellow servant, or that the child assumed the risks of
his employment. In some States if an employer has an employ
ment certificate or an affidavit of age for a child the employment is
not held to be illegal even when the child is actually under age, but in
these States, as well as in those where no such documents aré accept
able as excuse for employment, an employer is hable to heavy dam
ages for injury to a child if the law, whatever it may be, has not been
complied with.
On the same principle several of the new workmen’s compen
sation acts specifically exclude from their provisions children who
are illegally employed, leaving the employer in case of injury to such
a child to face a suit for damages with all three of the above defenses
removed. The workmen’s compensation acts of Colorado,1 Illinois,2
Michigan,3 Minnesota,4 Nebraska,5 Ohio,® and Wisconsin7 include in
their definitions of employees “ minors who are legally permitted to
work under the laws of the State,” thus by implication excluding
illegally employed children. A number of other States exclude an
employer from the benefits of compensation acts when an injury has
been caused by failure on his part to comply with the laws of the State
relating to safety, but New Hampshire8 so excludes him if the
1 Colorado: Acts of 1915, chapter 179, section 4(e).
* Illinois: Acts of 1913, page 335, section 5.
* Michigan: Acts of First E xtra Session of 1912, act No. 10, section 7.
* Minnesota: General Statutes 1913, section 8230, as amended by Acts of 1915, chapter 209, section 16.
b Nebraska: Acts of 1913, chapter 198, section 15.
6 Ohio: Acts of 1911, page 524, section 1465-61, as amended by Acts of 1913, page 72,
i Wisconsin: Statutes, chapter 110a, section 2394-7.
8 New Hampshire: Acts of 1911, chapter 163, section 2,
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17
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
injury has been caused by failure to “ comply with any statute,
or with any order made under authority of law.” The Oregon1 and
Maryland2 compensation acts specifically provide that they shall
not be construed to “ apply to workmen of less than the m i n i r r m m
age prescribed by law for the employment of minors in the occupa
tion in which such workmen shall be engaged,” and the compensa
tion act of West Virginia3 specifies that its provisions shall not apply
to “ persons prohibited by law from being employed.” The Ken
tucky law of 1914, which was declared unconstitutional,4 provided,
on the other hand, that “ in case any minor employee who is illegally
employed shall be injured or killed in the course of his employment,
his statutory guardian or his representative, if the infant is killed,
may claim compensation under the terms of this act or sue as
though this act had not been passed.” If suit was brought under
the compensation act, however, the compensation was to be paid,
not from the fund, but directly by the employer, and the award was to
be a sum equal to that payable from the compensation fund, but not
to exceed $2,000. In Washington5 and Nevada 6 children who are
illegally employed are evidently expected to recover from the State
insurance funds, but it is provided that “ if any workman * * *
be at the time of the injury of less than the m f l .y i r r m m [sic] age
prescribed by law for the employment of a minor in the occupation
in which he shall be engaged when injured” the employer must pay
an additional sum as penalty. In Washington he is required to pay
into the accident fund 50 per cent of the payment made to or due the
child, and in Nevada he is liable to a penalty of from $300 to $2,000.
In Wisconsin7 compensation is increased 15 per cent in case the
injury has been caused by the employer’s failure to comply with
any statute of the State or with any lawful order of the industrial
commission.
Evidently, then; a decided tendency is to be noted in workmen’s
compensation legislation to penalize the employer of an illegally
employed child, either by making him fully liable for injury under
the old liability laws with all defenses removed or by imposing on
him a heavy fine in addition to his regular compensation or insurance
payments. As juries in such cases are likely to impose severe pen
alties, an employer, whenever he employs a child illegally, runs a
risk far greater than that of a fine under the child labor law. One
i Oregon: Acts of 1913, chapter 112, section 11.
3 Maryland: Acts of 1914, chapter 800, section 33.
a West Virginia: Hogg’s Code 1913, chapter 15p , section 9, as amended by Acts of 1915, chapter 9, section 9.
4 Kentucky: Acts of 1914, chapter 73, section 47. This act was declared unconstitutional in Kentucky
State Journal Co. v. W orkmen’s Compensation Board, 161 K y., 562; 170 S. W ., 1166 (1914),
6 Washington: Acts of 1911, chapter 74, section 9.
»Nevada: Acts of 1913, chapter 111, section 39,
7 Wisconsin: Statutes, chapter 110a, section 2394-9,
"... 72485°r—15——2
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.•
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~
*‘.T
’
18
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
conviction in such a case, therefore, is an object lesson which usually
assists for several years in the enforcement of the child labor law in
that State.
ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTIES.
Specific provisions for enforcement and specific penalties for viola
tion of all laws given are included except when the penalty falls upon
the child rather than upon the employer or directly upon the parent,
and is imposed through court proceedings against the child or jointly
against the parent and child. This latter kind of penalty, which
consists usually in placing the child in some way under the jurisdic
tion of a public or private agency and which therefore falls indirectly
upon the parent, seemed to belong more properly in a publication
devoted to laws relating to dependent and delinquent children than
in one devoted to laws relating to the employment of children and
therefore is generally omitted.. Otherwise, if a law as here given is not
accompanied by any penalty or method of enforcement, it may be
presumed that none is specifically provided. Though this lack of pro
vision does not mean that a court in its discretion can not impose a
penalty or that a person violating the law can not be arrested and
prosecuted by the proper authorities, it does mean that in actual
practice the law is not likely to be effectually enforced.
The details of organization of inspection systems with relation to
other activities of similar character, the appropriations for inspection
departments, and the number, salaries, and qualifications of inspec
tors and school-attendance officers are generally omitted. The omis
sion of these points was not due to any lack of appreciation of their
importance, but- to two reasons of an entirely different character.
In the first place, as the enforcement of child labor laws is in most
States only a small part of the work of factory and mine inspectors
and of school-attendance officers, details of this character are mean
ingless without a complete presentation of all the duties and functions
of these officials—a presentation which would lead far afield into the
entire subject of enforcement of labor and compulsory education
laws. Details of the character above mentioned are given, therefore,
only in case the departments or officials have no duties except in re
lation to the employment of children. In the second place, these
details, as derived solely from laws, do not give a picture of actual
conditions and are therefore of little value for purposes of compari
son. Thus one State may specify exactly how the inspection system
shall be organized, and another may give broad discretionary powers
to administrative officers. In the same way one State may specify
in its laws exactly how many inspectors shall be employed, while an
other may authorize the employment of as many as necessary, the
number being limited only by the possibilities contained in the yearly
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
appropriation. Laws, moreover, give a very inadequate idea of tlie
actual qualifications of inspectors, and appropriations are usually
made for many and various purposes other than the enforcement of
laws relating to the employment of children. On no single point, it
is true, do laws alone tell the full story, but on these particular sub
jects a comparison between States based merely on the laws would
be too inaccurate in fact to be of any value. On these and many
other points a series of detailed studies now in progress of the ad
ministration of child labor laws in different States will supplement
this compilation.
In a few States societies for the prevention of cruelty to children
or to animals and children have been given by statute power to en
force “ any law relating to children.” These societies, however, are
merely voluntary organizations of private individuals, and, though
they have the power, have no duty of law enforcement. Their pow
ers, moreover, are so general that they are probably not exercised in
child labor cases much more frequently than are the similar powers
of private citizens. Laws relating to such societies are included,
therefore, only in case the society, as in Montana, is given specific
authority to inspect establishments where children are employed.
COURT PROCEDURE.
An important detail of the method of enforcement is the question
of who has power to bring prosecutions and what court has juris
diction over cases—in short, the legal procedure incident to the impo
sition of penalties. As these details of procedure are frequently
omitted in the laws here given because they are determined by the
general code of the State relating to court procedure, and as a com
plete study of the subject would be complicated and technical, no
attempt has been made to include all laws bearing upon this subject.
In general,, however, public attorneys have the power to bring prose
cutions. In some States they must bring prosecutions whenever
complaint is made by an enforcing official, in other States upon com
plaint of any person, and in still others they can use their discretion
or suit their convenience. In 26 States the enforcing officials can
themselves, either directly or through an attorney, bring cases before
a court. These States are:
Arizona.
Arkansas.
California.
Colorado.
Delaware.
Illinois.
Indiana.
Louisiana.
Maryland.
Massachusetts.
Michigan.
Minnesota.
Missouri.
Montana.
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New Hampshire.
New Jersey.
New York.
Ohio.
Pennsylvania.
Porto Rico.
Rhode Island.
South Carolina.
Tennessee.
Virginia.
West Virginia.
Wisconsin.
20
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
As to the courts which have jurisdiction over child labor cases, the
judicial systems of the States differ so widely that an enumeration of
the names of the courts having original jurisdiction could have little
significance. Usually a case may be brought in the first instance
either before a justice of the peace or before a county court, and some
times before a circuit or district court. Juvenile courts do not in
most States have jurisdiction over cases in which prosecutions are
against employers, but only over those in which prosecutions are
against children or their parents, as in case of violation of a street
trades law.
COURT DECISIONS.
Decisions of the higher State courts, of the Federal circuit courts,
and of the United States Supreme Court on laws contained in this
compilation are noted in connection with the sections or statutes
affected by them. In a few cases important decisions of lower courts
are also noted. Opinions of courts and of attorneys general upon
certain laws are included as showing, in the absence of decisions, the
interpretation put upon these laws. Rulings and other regulations
made by administrative authorities, however, are omitted, even when
such rulings are of practically the same character and authority as the
opinions quoted or are issued by virtue of special power to make regu
lations concerning certain conditions of employment. In the impor
tant industrial States these rules and regulations are often very
detailed and, except in the few cases where they constitute an abso
lute extension instead of merely an interpretation of the law, appear
to belong in the special studies already mentioned of the administra
tion of the laws of the different States.
Court decisions and opinions upon the laws here included fall into
three main classes—those concerning constitutionality, those con
taining interpretations of the application and meaning of words and
sections, and those relating to liability for accidents. The last class
of decisions has already been discussed, and interpretative decisions,
which cover a wide variety of subjects, need only be mentioned as
included.
As for constitutionality, it is generally recognized that laws regu
lating the employment of minors are on a different basis from those
regulating the employment of adults. Child labor laws are founded
upon the principle of the parental relation of the State toward persons
whose legal rights are limited. No right to contract stands in the
way of the exercise by the State of its police power to protect the
health and safety of its children, and laws passed in the exercise of
that power are not open to attack as class legislation. The State is
acknowledged to have a supreme right to the guardianship of children
which limits even the natural rights of parents if these parental rights
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
21
are in conflict with the welfare of the children or of society. The
constitutionality of child labor laws appears to have been finally and
definitely established by the recent decision of the United States
Supreme Court upholding the Illinois law prohibiting employment
under 16 years of age in trades and occupations classified by the leg
islature as dangerous and injurious.1
Some of the laws here included, however, regulate the hours of
labor of both women and minors, and others regulate the hours of all
employees. Any of these acts if they applied only to minors would
doubtless be held valid; but the constitutionality of laws which
include adults as well as minors has been successfully contested in the
courts. So far as women are concerned, the right of the State to li m i t,
hours of labor appears to have been finally established by the decision
of the United States Supreme Court on the Oregon law.2 The con
stitutionality of laws regulating the hours of labor of miners has also
been affirmed by the United States Supreme Court,3 and that of laws
regulating the hours of labor of railroad employees is generally recog
nized, except when a State law is found to be in conflict with the
Federal law on this subject.4 Of the other laws relating to hours of
labor, though none are here included which have been finally over
thrown in the courts, a number upon which no decision has yet been
rendered may be considered as of doubtful constitutionality.
METHOD OF PRESENTATION.
A few words will suffice to explain the general method of presenta
tion adopted in this compilation. Both in the tables and in the text
particular prominence is given to the occupations or establishments
to which the act applies as well as to the means provided for enforce
ment and to the penalties incurred for violation. In the tables one
column is always given to the occupations or establishments to which
the provision refers and in the text the application of the act consti
tutes the main heading, with subordinate subject headings and more
detailed section headings. In the text the term “ regulated occupa
tions ” is used as a heading to denote enforcement provisions covering
all occupations regulated by the act in which the section or sections
under consideration occur. On the other hand, the term “ all regu
lated occupations n is used as a heading to denote general enforcement
provisions covering all or most of the laws of the State in question
which are included in this compilation.
This method was adopted in the belief that no comparison between
States is fair which fails to give the exact application of acts. One
i Sturges & Burn Mfg. Co. v. Beauchamp, 250 111., 303; 231 U. S., 320 (1913).
a Muller v. Oregon, 48 Oreg., 252; 208 U. S., 412 (1905).
8 Holden v. Hardy, 18 Utah, 383; 169 TJ. S., 366 (1898).
4 Erie R. R . Co. v. People of the State of New York, 198 N. Y„ 369; 233 U. S., 677 ( 1914 ). PeoDle »
N. Y. C. & H. R. R. Co., 163 N. Y., App. Div., 79 (1914).
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22
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
State may have a child labor law which applies only to cotton mills
and another may have one which applies to a long list of occupations
and industries, including practically any place where children could
possibly be employed. On the other hand, it can not be inferred
without reference to the compulsory education law that a child labor
act which specifies only manufacturing, mechanical, and mercantile
establishments, for example, is more limited in its actual application
than one which enumerates many other specific places of employment.
In many States the compulsory education act, by making school
attendance compulsory up to 14 years of age and permitting absence
from school up to 16 years of age only if the child has an employment
certificate, in practice extends the child labor act to cover all occu
pations during school hours. In this question of occupations regu
lated, indeed, as in many other questions concerning the employment
of children, the compulsory education law of a State must be consid
ered in connection with the child labor law.
Owing to the practical impossibility of splitting up laws in such a
way as to bring together all sections relating to the same subject and
at the same time make the exact application of enforcement and
penalty sections clear, a brief subject index, which will serve the pur
pose of cross reference, has been inserted at the head of the text of the
laws of each State.
At the end of the volume will be found an analytical index by States,
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EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN BEFORE AND AFTER CHILDBIRTH.
CONNECTICUT.
It shall be unlawful for the owner, proprietor, manager, foreman, or other person
in authority, of any factory, mercantile establishment, drill, or workshop knowingly
to employ a woman or permit a woman to be employed therein within four weeks
previous to confinement or four weeks after she has given birth to a child.
Any person who shall violate any provision of this act shall be fined not more than
twenty-five dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both.—[Acts of
1913, Chapter 112, sections 1 and 2.]
MASSACHUSETTS.
No woman shall knowingly be employed in laboring in a mercantile, manufacturing
or mechanical establishment within two weeks before or four weeks after childbirth.
The foregoing section shall be included in the notice with regard to the employment
of women now required to be posted in mercantile, manufacturing and mechanical
establishments, and_the provisions thereof shall be enforced by the district police.
Violations of section one of this act shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one
hundred dollars.—[Acts of 1911, Chapter 229, sections 1-3.]
N EW YORK.'
It shall be unlawful for the owner, proprietor, manager, foreman or other person in
authority of any factory, mercantile establishment, mill or workshop to knowingly
employ a female or permit a female to be employed therein within four weeks after
she has given birth to a child.—[Consolidated Laws 1909, Chapter 31, Labor, sec
tion 93-a, as added by Acts of 1912, Chapter 331.]
VERMONT.
No woman shall knowingly be employed in laboring in a manufacturing or mechan
ical establishment within two weeks before or four weeks after childbirth. This
provision shall be included in the notice with regard to the employment of women
required to be posted as hereinbefore provided.—[Acts of 1912, Number 85, section 3.J
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23
24
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
L ist o f codes, revisions, or compilations used, and o f latest session laws examined.
Code, revision, or compilation used.
Latest
session
laws
exam
ined.
Legisla
ture
meets
next in
regular
session.
Code 1907 ..................................................... .........................
11915
1915
1919
1917
21915
1915
1915
1917
1917
1917
1915
1915
1915
(3)
1917
1917
1917
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1917
1916
1917
1917
1917
1917
1917
1915
1917
1916
1916
State.
Mills’ Annotated Statutes, revised edition 1912...............
nödAiQii
_ ___7...........................................................
C o d e ^ l i ......................................: .......................................
Code 1897 ...............................................................................
Code 1897, Supplemental Supplement 1915.......................
41915
RtAhitAS Î9Î5 -
Ohio
.............. .......
P ageand Adams’ Annotated General Code 1912...............
Stewart’s Purdon’s Digest, Supplement 1905-1909 ..........
Stewart’s Purdon’s Digest, Supplement 1912...................
Code 1912...............................................................................
TTtfth
Code Î904...............................................................................
1 First and second sessions.
2 Regular and extra sessions.
8 Session Laws Sixty-third Congress.
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1915
1917
1916
1915
1915
1915
1914
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
21915
1915
1916
1917
1917
1916
1917
1917
1917
1917
1917
1916
1917
1915
1915
1916
1917
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1917
1917
1917
1917
1917
8 1914
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1916
1916
1916
1917
1917
21915
1915
1915
41915
1915
2 1915
1915
1915
(3)
1917
1917
1917
1916
1917
1917
1917
1917
1915
4 E xtra session.
8 To June 10,1915.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERENCES.
A.............
AC .........
App........
art.............
BAS....
C.............
Civ.........
Civ C___
C L.........
Con..........
Crim........
CrimC...
C S .........
D CivC..
D G L__
D PenC..
D PolC..
HAS....
H C.........
H R S ...
GL......
G S .........
G S r.......
K D .........
L O L ...
MA S r e
p
&’a ä g 'c
P C ..............
Pen..............
Pen C...........
P L ..............
P L L ...........
Pol...............
P S . .............
P R ..............
fe :::::::
R Civ S .......
R Crim S......
R L . . . ........
R S . ..............
R S & C........
s.......................
S C ......... .
S P D ............
S Supp....... .
S t . ................
Supp........ ...
t .......................
USStatL...
W RL
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.Act.
.Annotated Code.
.Appendix.
.article.
.Burns’ Annotated Statutes.
.Chapter; Code.
.Civil.
.Civil Code.
.Compiled Laws; Consolidated Laws.
.Constitution.
.Criminal.
.Criminal Code.
.Compiled Statutes.
•Deering’s Civil Code.
Deering’s General Laws.
Deering’s Penal Code.
Deering’s Political Code.
Howell’s Annotated Statutes.
Hogg’s Code.
Hurd’s Revised Statutes.
.General Laws.
.General Statutes.
.General Statutes revision.
.Kirby’s Digest.
.Lord’s Oregon Laws.
.Mills’ Annotated Statutes, revised edition.
.Page and Adams’ Annotated General Code
.Pierce’s Code.
.Penal.
.Penal Code.
.Pamphlet Laws.
.Public Local Laws.
.Political.
.Public Statutes.
.P ell’s Revisal.
.part.
.Revised Code; Revised Codes.
.Revised Civil Statutes.
.Revised Criminal Statutes.
.Revised Laws.
.Revised Statutes.
.Revised Statutes and Codes.
.section.
.Shannon’s Code.
.Stewart’s Purdon's Digest.
.Supplemental Supplement.
.Statutes.
Supplement.
title.
United States Statutes at Large,
volume.
Wolff’s Revised Laws.
25
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN COURT DECISIONS,
App. Div.
Atf . . . __
Cal. App.
C. C. A ...
D. R .......
Fed.........
Ga. App.
111. App..
Ind. App
Mise....... .
Mo. App.
N. E ......... .
N. W............ .
N. Y. S ..........
Ohio Cir. C t..
O. F. D ..........
O. N. P ..........
O. N. P. N. S
Pac.................
Pa. Co. C.......
Pa. Super. Ct.
S. E.
S o...
S. W
u. s.
26
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.Appellate Division Reports (N. Y.).
.Atlantic Reporter.
.California Appellate Reports.
. Circuit Court of Appeals.
.District Reports (Pa.).
. Federal Reporter.
.Georgia Appeals.
.Illinois Appeals.
.Indiana Appeals.
.Miscellaneous Reports (N. Y.).
.Missouri Appeal Reports.
.Northeastern Reporter.
.Northwestern Reporter.
.New York Supplement.
.Ohio Circuit Court Reports.
.Ohio Federal Decisions.
.Ohio Nisi Prius Reports.
.Ohio Nisi Prius Reports, New Series.
.Pacific Reporter.
.Pennsylvania County Court Reports.
.Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports.
. Southeastern Reporter.
. Southern Reporter.
. Southwestern Reporter.
, .United States Reports.
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T h e s e a n a ly tic a l ta b le s a re p u b lis h e d b o th in th e c o m p le te v o lu m e
a n d in th e s e p a r a te r e p r in t e n title d C h ild L a b o r L e g is la tio n in th e
U n ite d S ta te s : S e p a r a te N o. 1.—A n a ly tic a l T a b les.
28
*
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T a b l e 1 .—MINIMUM AGE
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Occupations or establishments
Minimum age
Exemptions
References
II
HI
A Boy 12
[Employment un
der age specified
in B, below, permitted only
“ during such
tim e as the pub
lic schools are
not in session”]
The following in any city of less than 25,000 according to the
latest Federal census:
Mercantile establishment
Business office
1. Duty
State factory inspector and his deputies
Any gainful occupation other than as tabulated in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
I .
ALABAM A
(For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
1915 p 193 s 1, 4, 5, 6,14,17
[For earlier laws prohibiting
the employment of boy
(between
i under 14 or girl of any age B 13September
1,
in any mine, see Code 1907
1915
and Sep
C 30 s 1002, 1035, C 255 S
t
e
m
b
e
r
1,
7418, and 1911 p 500 s 5,
1916)
108,110]
14 (after Sept e m b e r 1,
1916)
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A
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$500
Exemptions:
Agriculture
Domestic service
C 16
i Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including.
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, including those in which dangerous or
poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Employment upon any railroad, whether steam, electric, hydraulic
Employment upon any vessel or boat engaged in navigation or
commerce within the jurisdiction of the State
Mine [See note in column I]
Coal breaker
Quarry
Assorting, manufacturing, or packing tobacco
Employment “ upon the stage of any theater or concert hall, or
in any connection w ith any theatrical performance or other
exhibition or show”
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
D 21
Establishm ent where intoxicating liquors are manufactured or
sold
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, .above
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
(For street trades, see Table 6]
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
to
CO
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
00
O
AGE—Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Minimum age
References
I
E
Any minor
Girl of any age
A Boy 16
ALASK A
III
Selling or serving spirituous, vinous, or m alt liquors [See provi
sions in D, above]
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$500
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—Hard labor or imprisonment for 30 days
Maximum—Hard labor or imprisonment for 6 months
Underground in a mine
A
1. D uty
Territorial mining inspector and, in his absence, Fed
eral mining inspector
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
by
by
by
by
Compiled Laws 1913 s 2587
B
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor's orders
IV
Any minor
Selling, giving, furnishing, or distributing intoxicating drinks, or
Girl of any age
any adm ixture thereof, ale, wine, or beer
1. Duty
District judge:
Should it appear th at licensee permits “ any fe
male or minor in or about the rooms where liquor is
sold or served”
United States marshals and their deputies and United
States attorneys and their deputies:
Must investigate and report violations
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
(In addition to above penalty, license shall be re
voked and license moneys forfeited)
2(a). Subsequent offense (during year for which
license is issued)
Minimum—$50 plus 25 per cent of fine imposed for
offense immediately preceding
Maximum—$200 plus 25 per cent of fine imposed for
offense immediately preceding
(In addition to above penalty, license shall be r e
voked, and no license shall thereafter be granted)
E
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
1911 p 268 S 33,34
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions
II
A L A B A M A —Continued
1913 C 72 s 8 (as added
1915 C 69), 9£ (as added
1915 C 69), 20 (as added
1915 C 69), 30 (as added
1915 C 69)
Occupations or establishments
SUMMARY CHART NO. 1—MINIMUM AND REGULATED AGES
[In the following chart, footnotes apply to all preceding m atter in the same box unless otherwise specified. “ Regulated age” means the ages between which the law imposes requirements for entering employment, usually in the form of an employment certificate. Vacation certificates, temporary permits, etc., are omitted. Reference m ust be made to Table 1 for certain details as to messenger service, to Table 6 for the specific occupations to which the street trades
regulations apply, and the cities in which they are in effect, and to Table 7 for the specific kind of public exhibitions which are regulated. Agricultural pursuits (column XIV), like all other specified occupations, are regulated b y the provisions in columns I and II, and the entry “ exempted” is made only when they are specifically exempted from such regulations. ]
All gainful oceupations
State
All gainful oceupations during Manufacturing establishments Tenement-house manufactories
school hours
or workshops
I
ALABAMA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
II
III
Mechanical establishments
Mercantile establishments
Offices
Messenger service
Street trades in cities
Saloons (retail sale of liquors)
Dangerous, injurious, or
immoral occupations
Mines
Public exhibitions
Agricultural pursuits
V
VI
V II
V III
IX
X
XI
X II
X III
XIV
IV
13, 14.1 2 3
Under 16.2 3
See column I.]
Boy 12, girl 18.1
Boy 12 to 16.4
[See column I.]
ALASKA:
Minimum age
14.
14 to 16.
ARK A N SA S:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.9
Under 16.
C A LIFO RN IA :
Minimum age
Regulated age
15 (12).5 n
15 to 16.
Boy 14 (10),5 girl 14.6
14 to 16.6
Boy 14 (10),5 girl 14.
14 to 16.
15 (12).5
15 to 16.
COLORADO:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.14 15
14 112).5
14 to 16.
C O N N EC TICU T:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.
14.
14 to 16.
DELAW ARE: *
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.19
14 to 16.19
14.6 19
14 tO 16.6 19
D IS T . COLUM BIA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14 (12).5 21
14 (12).5 22
14 to 16.22
F LO R ID A :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.6
14 to 16.6
G E O R G IA :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14 Ü2).6
14 to 14i-
Boy 14 (10),6 girl 14.
14 to 16.
15(12).«
15 to 16.
14.19
14 to 16.19
Boy 14 (10),« girl 14.7
14 to 16.7
Boy 14 (10),« girl 14.
14 to 16.
Minor, female.3
16,18, female.
18, female.
16.
[See Table 6.]
16.8
14,16.
16, female.i«
16.
16, 18, minor.
16.
15 (12).5
15 to 16.
15 (12).«
15 to 16.
15 (12).«
15 to 16.
Boy 10, girl 18.
(12)
14 (12).5
14 to 16.
14 (12).«
14 to 16.
14 (12).« I«
14 to 16.1«
Girl 10.
(8)
16.
16, female. i7
Minor. 1«
16,18.
16.
14,15, girl 18,i9 minor.
IS.«
14.
14 to 16.
14.78
14 to 16.19
14.19
14 to 16.19
14.19
14 to 16.19
14.19 20
14 tO 16.19 20
21.19
Boy 12, girl 14.i9
Boy under 14, girl under 16.1«
14 (12).«
14 to 16.
14 (12).« 7
14 to 16.7
14 (12).« 2i
14 to 16.
Boy 10, girl 16.
Boy 10 to 16.
Minor, female.
12.23
12.
12.2«
Boy 10,4girl 16.
Minor, female.
14, 16,18, 21.
(8)
12.
14.
14 to 16.
14 (12).5 22
14 to 16.22
14 (12).5
14 to 16.
IL L IN O IS :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.14
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.28
14 to 16.28
14.
14.
14.30
14 to 16.
14.30 31
14 to 16.31
14.3 27
14 to 16.
K A N SA S:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.32
14 to 16.32
14.22 32
14 tO 16.22 32
K E N TU C K Y :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.14
14.«
14 to 16.6
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.34
14.
14 to 16.8«
14.33
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
M A RY LA N D :*
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.85
14.6
14 to 16.6
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14 (12).«
14 to 16.
M A S S .:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.
14 to 16.40
14.
14 to 16, 16 to 21.
14.
14.
14 to 16, 16 to 21.
14.
14 to 16, «1 16 to 21.
M IC H IG A N :*
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.14
14 to 16.14
M IS S IS S IP P I:*
Minimum age
Regulated age
15.
15 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
Boy under 14. girl under 16.«
Boy under 14, girl under 16.23
Boy under 14, girl under 16.46
14.
NEW H A M P S H IR E :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.6
14 to 16.«
NEW JE R S E Y :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.
14 to 16.
14 to 16.
14 (12).5
14 to 14J.
16,18, minor.
14, female.29
16.
Boy 11,4girl 18.
Boy 11 to 16.4
(8)
16, girl 18, girl 21.
14.30
14 to 16.
14.3«
14 to 16.3*
[See Table 6.]
(8)
14, 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
Boy 14, girl 18.
Boy 14 to 16.
16.
16, 18, girl 21.
16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
[See Table 6.]
Minor, female.
14,16,17, minor, female.
14 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.34
Under 16.
(8)
15,16,18.
14 (12),« 14.8«
14 to 16.
15.
15 to 16.
14.14
14.
14 to 16.
14.
Boy 15, girl 16.
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.
14.22
14 to 16.22
14.
14 to 16.
*
14.
OKLAHOM A:
Minimum age
Regulated age
16,18, minor.
14.
Boy 12, girl 18, minor.
Boy 12 to 16.
21.
16,18, 21.
15.
15 to 16.
[See Table 6.]
Female.i2
16, boy 18, 21.
15.
15 to 16.
(43)
Girl 21.
[See Table 6.]
16.
16,18, female.
14.
10.
10 to 16.
14.14
,
Boy 15, girl 16.
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.
Boy 15, girl 16.
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.
14 (12).5 22
14 to 16.22
14.
14 to 16.
14.7
14 to 16.7
16, female.
16, minor, female.
14, female.
16.
16.
Over 16.
[See Table 6.]
Female.'2
16, female.
Over 16.
16.
Over 16.
[See Table 7.]
14.1«
14 to 16.1«
[See Table 6.]
14.
16.
[See Table 6.]
Minor.
16,18, female.
Boy 10, girl 16.
Under 21, female.
10.
10 to 16.
(12)
14.
14 to 16.
14.«
14 to 16.«
14.7 49
14 to 16.7 «
14.«
14 to 16.«
14.
14 to 16.
14.7
14.
Boy 15, girl 16.
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.
Boy 15, girl 16.
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.
Boy 15, girl 16,62 girl 21.20
Boy 15 to 16.
14 (12).5
14 to 16.
14 (12).« 7
14 to 16.7
16.
14.3
14 to 16.3
12, girl 16.
12 to 14.
18, female.««
16 (10).5
10 to 16.15
R H O D E ISL A N D :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.3
14 to 16.3
14..
14 to 16.
S . CAROLINA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
Under 14.
12.4Z
12 to 14.
S O U T H DAKOTA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
15.
14 19 22 15.58
U nder 14.22
T E N N E S S E E :*
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.
Under 16.60
14.6 59
14 to 16.6 59
TEX A S:
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.60
[See minimum age.]
14.14 19
Under 14.
16,18, minor.
V IRG IN IA : *
Minimum age
Regulated age
14 (12).6 15 22
Under 16.16 22
[Seeregulated age.]
Boy under 14, girl under 16.4£
W E S T V IR G IN IA :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14 (12).5 33
14 to 16.33
[Seeregulated age.]
Under 15.
14(12).« 6
Boy under 14, girl under 16.«
14.«7
Under 16.
14.
Under 16.
14.
14 to 16.22
16,18, female.
14.
[See Table 7.]
16, female.
12.51
[See Table 6.]
21.
14, 16,18, 21.
16, girl 21.
Boy 15, girl 16.
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.
Girl 16.
(8)
Boy 15,16, girl 21.
15 to 16.
16, female.
14.
14 to 16.
[See Table 6.]
(8)
18, minor.
Boy 12, girl 21.
21, female.53
16,18, minor.
Under 16.
16, female.«4
[See Table 7.]
[See column I.]
Under 16.
Exem pted.
Exempted.
Minor, female.««
16,18.
14.57
(8)
14.
12.
12 to 14.
15.16 58
21.
14,15,5816.
14,15.«8
(8)
16.
16.
Minor, female.53
15,17.
17.
21.
14, 21.
14, female.
21, female.
16, girl 18.
[See regulated age.]
Under 16.64
t [See Table 7.]
14.
Over 14.62
14 (12),«1« boy 14, female.««
Under 16.i«
[See Table 7.]
18, female.
14,16, female.47
Boy under 14, girl under 16.
[See Table 7.]
(8)
Minor, female.
14, female.«8
Over 14.68
[See Table 7.]
16.
16,18, female.
Boy 18, female.
[See Table 7.]
Under 16.
18.
14,16,18.
14, female.
[See Table 7.]
14 (12).« «7
Under 16.
Boy 10, girl 16.4
Minor, female.
14 (12).5 23
Boy under 14, girl under 16.28
Boy 19 (14),6 girl 19.««
[See Table 6.]
Female.8 12
[See Table 6.]
Boy 12, boy 14, girl 18.
Exempted.
Exempted.
[See Table 7.]
Boy 12, girl 16.
Boy 12 to 16.
[See Table 6.]
18.55
16.
14, girl 16.
Boy 14 (12),« girl 18.
14 to 16.
Under 16.
[See Table 7.]
14 (12).« I«
Under 16.i«
14 (12).«
14 to 16.
[See Table 7.]
14.
14 to 16.
[See regulated age.]
Under 16.64
12.
14.
14 to 16.
16,18.
Boy 12, girl 12, girl 16.
Boy 12 to 16.
14 g 63
Under 16.«
[See Table 7.]
[See column I.]
[See Table 7.]
14.
Over 14.6»
V E R M O N T:
Minimum age
Regulated age
16.
Boy 12, girl 16.
14.
(61)
Exempted.
14.
14 to 16.
(8)
P H IL IP P IN E IS L S :
Minimum age
P O R T O R IC O :
Minimum age
Regulated age
15.8«
Boy 10, girl 16.
IA22
14 to 16.22
O REG O N :
Minimum age
Regulated age
Exempted.
[See Table 7.]
Under 16.
21.
(8)
Boy 15, girl 16.«
Boy 15 to 16, girl 16 to 18.«
16, female.38
Boy 10,4boy 14, girl 16.
Boy 10 to 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.«
14 to 16.«
Exempted.I«
[See Table 7.]
14 (12),» 14.
14 to 16.
13 (12).«'
12 to 13.
N O R T H DAKOTA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
W Y O M IN G :
Minimum age
(2«)
m
Boy 16, girl 18.
Female.i2
N. CAROLINA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
W ISC O N SIN :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.
16.2«
[See Table 6.]
NEW M E X IC O :
Minimum age
W A SH IN G TO N :
Minimum age
Regulated age
14.
14 to 16.
16, female.17
Boy 16 to 21.17
14.3
14 to 16.
N EBRA SK A :
Minimum age
Regulated age
UTAH:
Minimum age
Regulated age
Under 16.
(8)
16.6
Over 16.
PEN N SY LV A N IA :
Minimum age
Regulated age
[See column II.]
Under 14.i8
Under 16.
16.
14.1«
14 to 16.1«
Boy 12, girl 14.«
Under 16.«
14.14 45
14 to 16.14
OH IO :
Minimum age
Regulated age
Exempted.I3
[See Table 7.]
[See Table 7.]
14.80
14 to 16.
14.6
M O NTANA :
Minimum age
Regulated age
NEW Y O R K :
Minimum age
Regulated age
Under 16.
14.
14 to 16.
Minor.
14.
14 to 16.
15.«
15 to 16.«
M IN N E S O T A :
Minimum age
Regulated age
NEVADA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
Minor.
16, minor.
14 (12).«
14 to 16.
Under 16.
M A IN E :
Minimum age
Regulated age
M IS S O U R I:
Minimum age
Regulated age
Exempted.
Exempted.
Minqr.
ID A H O :
Minimum age
Regulated age
LO U ISIA N A :
Minimum age
Regulated age
16.
Boy 16.
14.
14 to 16.
14.
16, female.
Boy 10, girl 16.
Boy 10 to 14.
HAW AII:
Minimum age
IOW A:
Minimum age
Regulated age
16, 21.
Minor, female.
ARIZONA:
Minimum age
Regulated age
INDIA NA: *
Minimum age
Regulated age
Minor, female.
Exempted.
Exempted.
e s ta b l^ h m e n te ^ Semnlovment
^
age-12J T i regulated age 12 to 16 in canning and packing establishments, except those engaged in canning and packing perishable fruits and vegetables;19 Indiana—Minimum age in any gainful occupation 14, business of preserving and canning fruits and vegetables perm itted over 12 from June 1 to Oct. 1; Maryland—Minimum age in canning and packing
gM reg iS t^ d ag e u n ^ r i^ ^ e rm essee^ -^ to im u m ^ 'e<l 4 ^ d trpsTi^,hS
4 tifi fi
w
1° atte“ d school employment 14 to 16 regulated by certificate; Michigan—Minimum age 15 and regulated age 15 to 16 in manufacturing establishments, employment of child over 14 during vacation in preserving perishable goods in fruit or vegetable canning establishments exempted; Mississippi—Minimum age m canneries 12 for boy, 14 for
giri, regulated age under it>, i ennessee—Minimum age 14 and regulated age 14 to 16 m factories, fruit and vegetable canning factories exempted; Virginia—Minimum age 12 and regulated age 12 to 16 in factories, factories engaged exclusively in packing fruits and vegetables exempted July 1 to Nov 1
1 13 before Sept. 1,1916; 14 after that date.
is See Table 1, column III. for exemptions.
57 In cities of 5,000 or over.
80 Provision does not apply to child working in or about establishments or occupations
42 Employment of child over 14 permitted during established vacation period in preserv
2 Employment, while public schools are not in session, of bov over 12 in mercantile estab
is Messenger for certain establishments—for list, see Table 1 column TTT.
68 Provision applies to employment during school hours only.
owned or operated by parent.
ing perishable goods in fruit or vegetable canning establishment.
lishments or business offices in cities of less than 25,000, is exempted.
U Provision applies to coal mines only.
69 F ruit and vegetable canning factories exempted.
31 Where more than 8 persons are employed.
43
A
minimum
age
of
16
is
fixed
for
any
employment
“
in
or
about”
theaters,
bu
t
“
acting
3 Agricultural pursuits and domestic service exempted.
is If for other than own parent.
60 Employment perm itted only if child is lawfully excused from school attendance—see
32
Provision
does
not
apply
to
child
working
in
factory
or
workshop
owned
or
operated
by
a part in the productions ” of traveling theatrical companies is exempted.
3 Eor exemptions, see Table 6.
parent.
« Employment under the age specified allowed under certain conditions in case of p o v e rty Table 5.
44
Provision
includes
canneries.
5 Work between the ages specified allowed only under certain conditions—for details, see
see Table 2.
6
1 For note in regard to regulations under 16, which are apparently applicable, see Table 2
33
Agricultural
pursuits
exempted.
45 Employment perm itted under 14 if child has completed public school studies and has
Table 1, column II.
20 provision applies to transmission of messages.
note in column I.
34 For possible limitation to establishments where more than 5 persons are employed, see
obtained an employment certificate.
6 Mill, factory, and workshop specified; term “ manufacturing establishment” not used.
ai Employment in the service of the Senate exempted.
Table 2, A—
III.
6
2 An employment certificate is required for employment of children over 14, apparently,
46 Provision applies to inside employment not connected with farm or housework.
2 Provision applies to “ business” offices.
22 Factory and workshop specified; term “ manufacturing establishment” not used.
for any occupation, b u t the law is not definite.
ss Child who has fulfilled compulsory school-attendance requirements (see Table 5) is
47 Factory specified; term “ manufacturing establishment” not used.
8 Prohibition State.
23 Store specified; term ‘ ‘mercantile establishment” not used.
exempted.
63
Provision applies only where more than 10 persons are employed.
48 Factory, including bakery or laundry where work is done for family trade specified;
8 Provision does not apply to child employed during vacation by parent in occupations
35 Provision applies to “ office building.”
*4 Employment perm itted only if child is a graduate from the elementary schools.
ai Provision in regard to transmission of messages applies only to cities of 6,000 or over; th at
term “ manufacturing establishment” not used.
owned or controlled by him.
m regard to transmission of merchandise is of general application.
6
5
Provision as to “ boy 14, female” applies only to coal mine Where5 or more persons are
3
7
Work
between
the
ages
specified
allowed
only
in
the
distribution
or
transmission
of
49 In villages or cities of 3,000 or over.
10 Provision as to “ female” applies only to coal mines where 10 or more persons are em
25 Specifically exempted, though provisions of act apparently do n ot apply.
employed in a 24-hour period.
merchandise, under certain conditions—for details, see Table 1, column II.
so Provision as to “ female ” does not apply to girl over 18 who is a member of the employer’s
ployed.
26 The law has been differently interpreted, some courts holding th at it applies only to
38
Provision
as
to
“
female”
applies
only
to
mine
in
Allegany
or
Garrett
County
where
10
6«
In
cities of the first class.
family.
11 Agricultural, horticultural (including curing and drying but not canning fruits), viti67 Employment under the age specified allowed on special permit—for details, see Table 2.
theaters where intoxicating liquors are sold, others th at it applies to all theaters—for details,
or more persons are employed in any 24-hour period.
si Provision applies only where more than 10 men are employed.
cultural, and domestic labor exempted during vacation and outside school hours.
see Table 7.
68
Provision
applies only to coal mine where 5 or more persons are employed in a 24-hour
ss
Provision
applies
to
children
who
“
belong
to
the
public
schools.”
See
also
Table
7.
62 Provision applies to distribution or transmission of merchandise.
12 See Table 1, note in column I, for provision prohibiting the presence of certain minors
note in column I.
27 Employment under the age specified perm itted in the business of preserving and can
period.
63 Provision as to “ female ” does not apply to member of employer’s own family.
m saloon, which might be interpreted to apply to employees.
ning fruits and vegetables from June 1 to Oct. 1.
69
Provision
as to “ female” applies to coal, iron, or other dangerous mine, and to under
40
Although
no
certificate
is
specifically
required,
employment
is
regulated,
since
no
child
54 See Table 1 for application of act in regard to “ female.”
19 Exempted outside school hours only.
28 S W l Physically or mentally unfit to attend school is apparently-exempted.
can leave school under 16 without an employment certificate or a home permit.
ground works or dangerous place.
65 W ithout consent of parent or guardian.
14 Provision applies to employment during school term.
29 Provision as to “ female” applies only to mine where 10 or more men are employed.
41 Employm ent in mercantile establishments on Saturdays, 7 a. m. to 6 p. m ., exempted
66 Selling or serving in licensed tavern or licensed victualing house exempted.
72485°—15. (To face page 28.) No. 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SUMMARY CHART NO. 2—HOURS OF LABOR
[Under the heading “ maximum hours” are given (1) the maximum number of hours per day, (2) the maximum number of hours per week, and (3) the maximum number of days per week permitted, in th at order, a dash indicating no provision. Under “ night work prohibited” are given the hours p . m . and a. m., in th at order, between which work is prohibited.]
Manufacturing establishments
All gainful occupations
State
Mines
Maximum hours
Night work prohibited
Maximum hours
Night work prohibited
Maximum hours
Night work prohibited
Maximum hours
Night work prohibited
Maximum hours
Night work prohibited
Maximum hours
Night work prohibited
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
X II
Under 16: 11, 60, 6.4
ALABAM A
Messenger service
Mercantile establishments
Mechanical establishments
Under 18: 9 to 5.8
Under 18: 10 to 5.4
16 to 18: (2) , —,
Under 16: 6 to 6.1
All: 8, —, —.5
ALASK A
Girl over 18: 8, 56, •
A R IZ O N A
Boy under 16: 8. 48, ■
Girl under 18: 8, 48, -
Boy under 16: 7 to 7.1
Girl under 18: 7 to ? .1
ARK ANSAS *
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.
16 to 18: 10, 54, 6.
Under 16: 7 to 6.
16 to 18: 10 to 6.
Female: 9,54, 6.9 10
Girl under 18: 9 to 7 .9
Female: 9 ,5 4 ,6.9 10
Girl under 18: 9 to 7.!
Female: 9, 54, 6.9
Girl under 18: 9 to 7.9
C A L IF O R N IA *
Under 18: 8, 48, ■
All: —, —, 6.5
Under 18: 10 to 5.
Under 18: 8, 48, —-n
Female: 8, 48, —-12
Under 18: 10 to 5.
Under 18: 8,48, —.u
Female: 8,48, —.12
Under 18: 10 to 5.
Under 18: 8, 48, —,44
Female: 8, 48, —.
Under 18: 10 to 5.
COLORADO
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Under 14: 8 to 7.
Under 16: after 8.
Female: 8, —, —.
C O N N E C T IC U T
All: —, —, 6.5 «
DELAW ARE
Under 14: 7 to 6.20
D IS T R IC T O F C O L U M B IA
F L O R ID A
G E O R G IA
Under 16: after 6.
Girl over 16: after 10.
Under 16: —, 58, —,14
Girl over 16: —, 58, —-1
Under 16: after 6.15
Girl over 16: after 10.
Under 16: —, 54, 6.16
Female: 10,2 55, —J 17
Under 16: 6 to 7.18
Under 16: —, 54,6.
Female: 10,255,—.7 17
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Under 16: —, 54, 6.
Female: 10,255,—.7
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Under 16: —, 54, 6.18
Under 16: 6 to 7.18
Under 18: 10 to 6.19
Under 16: 8, 48, Female: 8, 48, 6.
Under 16: 7 to 6.21
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.
Female: 8,48,6.
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Female: 8, 48, 6.
Under 16: 7 to 6.
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.
Under 16: 8, 48, —.2
Under 16: 7 to 6.22
Under 16: 9, 54, 6.48
Under 16: 8 to 5.18
Under 16: 9,54,6.
Under 16: 8 to 5.
Under 21: C28), All: —, 60, —.25
Under 14]: 7 to 6.
Under 21: See column III.
Under 18: 10 to 5.
Under 16: 9 to 6.
Under 16: 9 to 6.
Girl over 16: 10, —, —.
Girl over 16: 10, —, —.
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Under 14: 6 to 7.
14 to 16: 7 to 7.
Girl over 16: 10, ■
IN D IA N A
Under 16: 8, 48, —-1 27
Under 16: 9, 54, —-1 28
Under 16: 6 to 7.1
Girl 16 to 18: 10, 60, —.a
Female: 10 to 6.
Girl 16 to 18: 10, 60, —
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Under 16: 8,48, —.8l
Under 16: 8, 48, —.21 82
Under 16: 6 to 7.21 82
Girl under 21: 10, 60, •
L O U ISIA N A
Boy under 18: 10, 60, —.!
Female: 10, 60, —.*5
Under 16: 8, 48, O.18
Female: 10, 60, —.
Boy under 16: 7 to 6.35
Girl under 18: 7 to 6.85
M A IN E :
M ARYLAND
Under 14: 6 to 6.30.
M A SSA C H U SET TS
M IC H IG A N
M IN N E S O T A
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Over 16: 10, —, —.15 88 43
M IS S IS S IP P I
Female: 10,60, —.48 47
M IS S O U R I
Under 16: 8, 48, ■
Under 16: 7 to 7.
Under 18: 6 to 7.44
M ONTANA
NEVADA
Boy under 16: 8, 48, —-1
Girl under 18: 8, 48, —-1
N E W H A M P S H IR E
Under 16: 11, 58, —.4 64
Girl 16 to 18: 11, 58,—.4
Female: 10, 60, —.
AU:
Under 16: 6 to 7.80
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Boy under 16: 10,58, —.u 87
Girl under 18: 10,58, —M 87
Boy 16 to 21: 10, —, — 87 88
Girl 18 to 21: 10,58, —.» 87 88
Under 16: 10, —, —.
Female: 10,2 60, —.10 17
Boy under 21: 10, —, —
Female: 10,2 60,—,41
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10, 54, 6.«
Girl 16 to 21: 10, 54, 6.« 42
Female: 10, 54, —.18 42
Under 16: 6 to 6.30.
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 5.«
Girl 16 to 21: 10 to 5.41 42
Female: 10 to 5.41
Boy under 18: 10, 54, —,17
Female: 10,54, —-17
Under 16: 6 to 6.17
Girl under 18: 6 to 6.17
Under 16: 8,48, 6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10,54, 6.
Girl 16 to 21: 10,54,6.42
Female: 10,54,—.42
Under 16: 6 to 6.30.
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 5.
Girl 16 to 21: lO toö.42
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Under 16: 8,48,6.
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Under 21: 9 to 6 .84
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10,54, 6.
Girl 16 to 21: 10,54, Ô.42
Female: 10,54, —.®
Under 16: 8,48, —.
Boy under 18: 10,60,
Female: 10,60, —.
Under 16: 8 to 8.18
Under 18: 1 0 to6.19
Under 16: 6 to 6.30.
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 5.
Girl 16 to 21: 10 to 5.«
Under 16: 8,48, 6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10,54, 6.
Under 16: 6 to 6.
Boy under 18: 10,54, —.
Female: 10,54, —. '
Under 16: 6 to 6.
16 to 18: 10 to 5.
Female: 10, 58, ■
Boy under 18: 9 to 5.
Female: 9, 54, •
All: 8, —, —.51
Female: 9, 54, —.48
Female: 9, 54, —.
Female:
Female: 9, —, —.14
Female: 9, —, —.14
Female: 10 to 6.82
Female: 9, 54, —.*
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Female: 9, 54, —,62
AU: 8 ,—, —.
AU: 8 ,—, —.s
Under 16: 8 to 6.
Female: 10to6.62
Under 16: 8, 48, —,88
Under 16: 8 to 6.
NEW JE R SEY
All: 8, —, —.8
Under 18: 10 to 5.
Boy under 18: 10], 55, —
Female: 10], 55, —M 88
Boy under 18:10], 55,
Female: 10], 55, —.68
Boy under 18: 10], 55, —.
Female: 10], 55, —.58
All: 10, —, —.33 49
Under 16: 6 to 6.30.
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 5.
Under 21: 10 to 5.18 42
Under 18: 10 to 5.8
Under 16: 7 to 6.30.1 84
Girl 16 to 18: 7 to 6.30.1 88
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Female: 10,60, —.47
Boy under 16: 7 to 6.48 49
Girl under 18: 7 to 6.« 49
Boy under 14: 7 to 6.80
Girl under 16: 7 to 6.50
Under 16: 8 to 6.
Female: 10 to 6.52
Under 16: 6 to 7.
16 to 18: 10 to ó.87
Under 16: 10, —, —.8!
Female: 10,2 60,—.10
Female: 9, 54, —A
Female: 9, 54, —.18 29 45
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Boy under 18: 10,60,
Boy under 18: 10,60, —.!
Female: 10,60,—.85
Boy under 16: 10, 58, —.n 87
Girl under 18: 10, 58, —-11 87
Boy 16 to 21: 10, —, —.29 87 M
Girl 18 to 21: 10, 58, —.41 87 38
Under 16: 8, 48, —.
Female: 9, 54, —.5*
N EBRASK A
Under 16: 8,48,6.
Female: 10,60,—.
Boy under 18: 10, 60,
Female: 10, 60, —.
Boy under 16: 8,48, —.* 49
Girl under 18: 8,48, —.« 49
Boy under 14: 8, 48, —.5°
Girl under 16: 8,48, —.*•
Boy over 14:10,60, —.5°
Girl over 16:10,60, —.5°
All: 10,60, —.» 47
Under 16: 7 to 7.
Under 16: 6 to 7.18
Girl under 16: 9 to 6.
Girl under 16: 9 to 6.
IL L IN O IS
KENTUCKY
All: 8, —, —.s
Under 16: 10,55, ■
—.
Girl over 16t 10,55, —.
Female: 9, —, —.
K A N SA S ’
All: 8, —, — 8
Under 16: after 6.
Girl over 16: after 10.
Female: 9, —, •
IO W A
Under 18: 9 to 6.
Female: 8, ■
Female: 8, —, —.
Girl under 16: 9 to 6.
Under 16: 9, 54,
All: 8, -T-, -
Under 16: 10, 55, —.
Girl over 16: 10, 55, •
H A W A II
ID A H O
Under 21: 10 to 5.8
Under 18: 10 to 5.89
Under 21: 10 to 5.80
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.
Boy under 18: 10, 55, —.18
Female: 10, 55, —-18
Female: 10, 60, —.87
All: 10, 60, —.84 88
Under 16: 7 to 7.
Boy under 18: 6 to 7.48
Female: 6 to 7.18
Under 16: 8,48,6.
Female: 10, 60, —,14
Under 16: 7 to 7.
Under 16: 8, —, 6.8>
Boy 16 to 18: 9, 54, 6.18 29 81
Girl 16 to 18: 9, 54, ô.29 81
Girl over 18: 9, 54, 6.18 29 81
Girl over 18: 10, 60, 6.84 82
Under 16: 5 to 8.81
Boy 16 to 18: 12 to 4.18 81
Girl 16 to 18: 9 to 6.81
Girl 18 to 21: 9 to 6.43 84
Girl over 21: 10 to 6.81
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.83
Girl over 16: 9, 54, 6.54 68
Boy over 16: 11, 70, —.29 84
Under 16: 6 to S.68
Girl over 16: 10 to 7.84 88
Under 16: 8 ,4 8 ,6.88
Under 16: 6 to 8.88
Under 21: 10 to ö.65
Minor: —, 60, —
Female: —, 60, ■
Under 16: 9 to 6.
Boy under 16: 8, 48,6.
Girl under 18: 8,48,6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10, 54,6.
Girl 18 to 21: 10, 54,6.
Girl over 18: 10,54, —.8
Boy under 16: 6 to 7.
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 6.
Girl 18 to 21: 10 to 6.
Boy under 16: 8, 48, 6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10, 54,6.
Boy under 16: 6 to 7.
Boy 16 to 18: 9 to 6.
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.
Under 16: 7 to 7.
N E W M E X IC O
[No provisions]
NEW YORK
N O R T H C A R O L IN A
NORTH DAKOTA
Under 16: 8, 48,
Boy under 18: 10, ■
Female: 10, —, —.
Under 16: 7 to 7.
O H IO :
Boy under 16: 8, 48, 6.18
Girl under 18: 8, 48, 6.18
Boy 16 to 18: 10, 54, 6.48
Girl 18 to 21: 10, 54, 0.48
Girl over 18: 10, 54, —.21 87
Boy under 16: 6 to 7.18
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.18
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 6.18
Girl 18 to 21: 10 to 6.48
Boy under 16: 8, 48, 6.
Girl under 18: 8, 48, 6.
Boy 16 to 18: 10, 54, 6.
Girl 18 to 21: 10, 54, 6.
Female:
Boy under 16: 6 to 7.21
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.21
Female: 9, —, —
OKLAHOM A
Under 16: 8, 48, —.4
OREGON *
Under 16: 10, —, 6.
Under 16: 6 to 7.
Female: 10, 60, All: 10, —, —-84
P E N N SY L V A N IA
Under 16: 9, 51, —.4
Female: 10, 54, 6.18 54
Under 16: 8 to 6.1
Girl under 21: 9 to 6.70
Minor: 12, 60, —.
Female: 12, 60, —
Under 16: 7, 42, —.
Female: 8, 48, —.18 ;
Under 16: 6 to 6.18
Female: 10 to 6.18
Under 16: 6,
Under 16: 8 to 6.18
Boy under 16: 10, 54,
Female: 10, 54, —.
Under 16: 8 to 6.
All: 11, 60,
Under 16: 8 to 6.54
Boy under 16: 6 to 7.
Girl under 18: 6 to 7.
Boy 16 to 18: 10 to 6.
Girl 18 to 21: 10 to 6.
All: 8 ,—, —.6
Female: 9, *—, —.8
88
Female: 10, 60, ■
Female: 10 to 6.71
Female: 10, 60, —.
Under 18: 10 to 5.
Minor: 12, 60, Female: 12, 60,
Under 21: 8 to 6.
All: 8, - , —.6
P H IL IP P IN E IS L A N D S
[No provisions]
P O R T O R IC O
R H O D E ISL A N D
S O U T H C A R O L IN A
SO U TH DAKOTA
Boy under 14: (78), —, —.4 74
Female: (73), —, —-1 74
Under 16: 10, 60, —.75
Under 14: 10, —, —.78
Boy under 18: 10, —, —.77
Female: 10, —, —.77
TENNESSEE
Boy under 16: (7S), 57, —.18 29
Female: (78), 57, —-18 29
Boy under 16: (re), 57, —
Female: (78>, 57, —-17 29
TEXAS
Female: 9, 54,
UTAH
Boy under 14: —, 54, —-1 81
Girl under 16: —, 54, —,4 81
VERM ONT
V IR G I N IA
Female: 12, 60, —.
Boy under 16: (78), 57, —.17 ;
Female: (78), 57, —.17 29
Boy under 16: (78), 57, —.2
Female: (78), 57, —.29
Female: 9, 54, —,18 88 61
Female: 10, 60, —.79 89
Female: 9, 54,
Female: 9, 54, —.48
Female: 9, 54, ■
Female: 9,54, —
Female: 9, 54, —,42
Under 16: 6 to 6.18 17
Under 16: 9, 50, —.
Boy 16 to 18: 11, 58, —.
Female: 11, 58, —.
Under 16: 8 to 7.
Boy under 14: 10, —, —-1S 88
Female: 10, —, —-18 88
Under 16: 10, —, 6.18 21
Under 14: 6 to 7.
Under 16: 9 to 7 .18 21
Under 18: 10 to 5.87
Female: after 10.
Boy under 16: (78), 57,
All:
Under 16: 9, 50, —.18
Under 14: 6 to 7.
Boy under 14: 10, —, —-18 88
Female: 10, —, —.18 88
Under 16: 10, —, 6.18
Under 16: 6 to 6.
16 to 18: 10 to 5.
Female: 9, 54, —.3®
Boy under 18: 11, 58,
Female: 11,58, —.
Female: 8, —, —.*
W A S H IN G T O N *
Under 21: 10 to 5.
Boy under 16: 10, 54, •
Female: 10, 54,—.
Boy under 16: 10, 54,
Female: 10, 54, —.
Under 16: 9 to 7.18
Under 21: 9 to 5.«
AU: 8, - , —.8
Under 16: 8 to 7.48
Under 16: 9, 50, —.
Under 16: 8 to 7.
Under 18: 10 to 5.18 87
Under 16: 10, —, 6.1:
Under 14: 6 to 7.
Under 16: 9 to 7.48
All: 8, —, —-18 64 84
Female: 8, —, —,4
W E S T V IR G IN IA
[No provisions]
W IS C O N S IN *
Under 16: 8, 48, 6.7 29
Girl over 16: 8, 48, —.85
Girl over 16: 10, 55, —.88
W Y O M IN G
AU: 9, 56, —.1
Under 16: 6 to 7.1
Female: 10, 56, —,
* A commission
1 Agriculture and domestic service exempted.
2 Maximum of 8 hours if employment is a t night.
8 In cities of 25,000 or over.
4 In cities of less th an 25,000.
8 Cases of emergency excepted.
6 Days when change of shift is made excepted.
2 Overtime perm itted under certain conditions on one day per week—for details, see Table
4, column IX.
8 In incorporated cities and towns.
s Cotton factories, fru it and vegetable canneries, and establishments employing 3 or less
persons exempted.
19 Overtime perm itted under certain conditions during part of year—for details, see Table 4.
u More hours allowed to make repairs to prevent interruption of ordinary running of ma
chinery; reapportionment of hours perm itted.
i2 Harvesting, curing, canning, or drying perishable fruits and vegetables exempted,
is See Table 4, column III, for exemptions.
14 Overtime perm itted during Christmas week—for details, see Table 4, column IX .
18 Work perm itted u n til 10 p. m. of one day per week and during Christmas week.
I« Mill, factory, and workshop specified; term “ manufacturing establishment” not used.
17 Canning and preserving perishable fruits and vegetables or preparation therefor ex
empted.
72485°—15. (To face page 28.) No. 2.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
,W ™wer to
Under 21: 8 to 6.84
Under 18: 8, 48, —.87
Female: 10,56, —.
All: 8, - , —.8
Female: 10, 56, ■
rriarimum hours of labor in certain or all occupations. Reference should be made to Table 4 for details as to employees and occupations affected. In the case of Oregon and Washington, rulings of such commissions, supplementing the laws here tabulated, are given in footnotes in th at table.
is Provision applies to transmission of messages only.
19 In cities of 20,000 or over.
29 Employment in th e service of the Senate exempted.
a Factory and workshop specified; term “ manufacturing establishm ent not used.
22 Provision applies to telegraph and telephone offices only.
28Thehours prescribed are “ from sunrise u ntil sunset.”
24 Provision applies only to manufacturing establishments other th an cotton or woolen
manufacturing establishments.
.
.
,
29 Provision applies to cotton or woolen manufacturing establishments only.
28 Factory specified; term “ manufacturing establishm ent” not used.
2? W ithout w ritten consent of parent or guardian.
28 W ith w ritten consent of parent or guardian.
29 Reapportionment of hours perm itted.
30 Where more th an 8 persons are employed.
31 I n cities of 10,000 or over.
82Establishments owned or operated by parent exempted.
33 Domestic service and nursing exempted.
84 In cities of th e first, second, or th ird class.
. .
...
. _ . • .__ ,
35 Stores and m ercantile establishments exempted on Saturday nights and during 20 days
before Christmas.
88 For provisions of new law suspended fo referendum vote which, on Oct. 1,1915, had not
yet been taken, see T a b l e 4,D to G, inclusive.
82E sta b lish m en ts handling perishable products exem pted.
o<r TPn4-r,V.l iciT
-»TYin n f e Lrinz-lli-rwr n û r ic n o lilû
88 More hours allowed under certain conditions for extra compensation—for details, see
Table 4, colum n IX .
89P ro v isio n applies to B altim ore c ity only.
49 Provision applies only to mine in Allegany or Garrett County where 10 or more persons
are employed in a 24-hour period.
44 6 p. m. to 5 a. m. in manufacture of textiles.
42Certain cases of emergency excepted—for details, see Table 4, column IX .
48The hours specified shallbe a standard day’s work, unless a shorter tim e be agreed upon.
44 Labor of any kind “ outside th e fam ily of his residence” specified.
48Enforced only incities of th e first or second class—for details, seenotein Table 4, column I.
48 Domestic service exempted.
47Cases of emergency or where public necessity requires excepted.
48P rovision includes canneries.
49 Provision excludes cotton and knitting mills.
so Provision applies only to cotton and knitting mills.
61provision applies only to plate-glass manufacturing.
62In certain cities—for details, see Table 4, B -III.
88 Messenger for certain establishments, including “ office ’’—for list, see Table 4, column III.
See Table
Table 4,
4, column
column IX
IX,, for
for exceptions
exceptions.
94iSee
w
orkrarm
65W
Work
permitted
itted uunntil
til 10
10n.
p. m.
m. in
in retail
retailstores
stores or
or telenhone
telephone exchanges.
exchanges.
68 Maximum of 8 hours per day, 48 hours per week, if any part of employment on more than
2 days per week is between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m.
67 Cannery engaged in packing perishable products, such as fruits or vegetables, exempted,
es Provision applies only to place where foodstuffs, confectionery, or frozen sweets are
made for purpose of sale.
, 6»in m unicipalities other th an cities of the first class.
89 In cities of th e first class.
81 Factory, including bakery or laundry other than home laundry where work is done
for fam ily trade, specified; term “ manufacturing establishm ent” not used.
82 Provision applies only to canning or preserving perishable products in fru it and canning
establishments between June 15 and Oct. 15.
88 In villages or cities of 3,000 or over.
84 Provisions apply only to grocery stores in cities of the first class.
88 In cities of th e first or second class.
88 Provisions apply only to establishments located in cities.
87In cities of 5,000 or over.
68 Stenographers exempted.
89 Watchmen exempted.
79 Telephone operator over 18 years of age exempted.
m S h o ^ i n t ^ ^ n d n e a n d ° 3 nrtoSaftem oon6” 09,1 °r stenograplllc work exemP 6 •
723 hçurs in tne morning ana d m ine ax
78A ‘‘standard day’s work shall not exceed 10 hours. ’
?4Care of live stock exempted.
78 For possible exception, see Table 4( column IX .
78 Provision prohibits only “perm itting” more hours of labor.
77 Provision prohibits only “ compelling” more hours of labor.
78 Less th an 10] hours.
.
. .
, ,,
.
79 Provision applies only to factory engaged in th e manufacture of cotton, woolen, or
worsted goods, or articles of merchandise manufactured from cotton goods.
89 Double the regular pay must be paid for all employment for more th an 9 hours in any
84 F ru it or vegetable packing establishments exempted.
82In cities of 10,000 or over, mercantile establishments, other th an drug stores, or those
dealing chiefly in perishable provisions, shall close at 6 p. m ., except during Christmas week.
83 “ Work as an operative” only specified.
84 Provisions apply to coalmines only.
88 For night work, defined as between 8 p. m. and 6 a .m .
88 For day work, defined as between 6 a. m. and 8 p. m ., b u t employment after 8 p. m.
allowed one night per week.
, ,
, .
. .
. ____. , ,
87 Provisions apply only to manufacture of cigars m cigar store or factory.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A R IZ O N A
¡[For street trades, see Table 6]
IFor public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Constitution art 18 s 2
Revised Statutes 1913 Civil
Code title 14 C 2 s 3110,
3111,3134-3136
[For law prohibiting employ
m ent of child under 16 in
certain injurious occupa
tions, including peddling,
see R S 1913 Penal Code P tI
t 9 C 2 S 252, 253]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
Mercantile establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement house, manufactory or workshop”1
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Bakery
Barbershop
Apartm ent house
Bootblack stand or parlor
Distribution or transportation of merchandise
Distribution or transportation of messages
1. Duty
Factory inspector [there is no law providing for factory
inspection], other authorized inspectors, and schoolattendance officers:
Shall make complaints for offenses and prosecute
violations;
May inspect establishments
State superintendent of public instruction, other au
thorized inspectors or school-attendance officers:
Shall demand proof of age of child apparently un
der 16 without employment certificate and order
child discharged if not over 16
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute
B
G 14
Any business or service during school hours
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B , above
C
D
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery, or assisting therein
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Mine
Coal breaker
Quarry
Smelter
Ore-reduction works
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
D
Boy 10
B
Girl 14
16
2(a). Any offense
Minimum —$5 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
Con art 18 s 2
R S 1913 Civ C t 14 C 2 s
3112-3114,3134-3136
1. Same as in B, below
2. Same as in B , below
Occupations or establishments same as in B, below, subject to limi
tation tabulated in column I I [This limitation is contained in
a proviso to section 3110, which fixes a minimum age of 14 in the
[Work 10 to 14 al
employments listed in B, b u t it is not clear whether or not the
lowed only out
proviso refers to employment or merely to child working on bis
side school hours
own account]
and in work not
harmful physi
cally or morally,
on “ license ”—
See Tables 2 and
3, B]
A
03
T able
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
CO
to
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Minimum age
References
I
D—Continued
[For. other provisions relat
ing to mine, quarry, smel
ter, ore-reduction works,
and saloon, see provisions
in E , F , H, and I, below]
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor's orders
m
rv
Laundry
Tobacco warehouse, cigar factory, or other factory where tobacco
is manufactured or prepared
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alcoholic
liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped or bottled
Hotel
Theater
Concert hall
Drugstore
Saloon
Place of amusement
Bowling alley
D
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, 6r method of car
rying on aforesaid, determined by State board of health to be suf
ficiently dangerous to the lives or lim bs, or injurious to the health
or morals of children under 16 employed therein to justify their
exclusion therefrom [See also Con, a rt 18 s 2]
R S 1913 Civ C t 14 C 2 s
3127,3128,3134-3136
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E
18
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc.
Blast furnace
Smelter
Ore-reduction works
Running or managing elevator or lift
Oiling hazardous and dangerous machinery in motion
Railroad brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or method of car
rying on aforesaid, determined by State board of health to be suf
ficiently dangerous to the lives or limbs, or injurious to the health
or morals of children under 18 employed therein to justify their
exclusion therefrom
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
ARIZONA—Continued
II
Occupations or establishments
R S 1913 Civ C t 9 C 11 s 2348
R S 1913 Penal Code p t 1 t
11 s 403, 404
G 18
R S 1913 Pen C p t 1 1 9 C 2
S 254
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted Nov. 3, 1914: in
effect Jan. 1,1915]
H Any minor
Girl of any age
R S 1913 Civ C 1 14 C 2 s 3115,
3129,3134-3136
I Girl of any age
Mine
Quarry
Coal breaker
Employment compelling constant standing
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
ARK ANSAS
A 14
Any remunerative occupation
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and statistics
Factory inspectors
Mine inspectors
Agents of humane society
Probation officers
T ruant officers
“ Other authorized inspectors”
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute complaints
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
Boy 18
Underground in mine (mining ore, coal, or other metalliferous or
nonmetalliferous product)
F
Railroad telegraph or telephone operator whose work is con
1. D uty
nected w ith the movement of trains
Corporation commission
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
Serving drinks, etc., in a saloon
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Maximum-$300 or imprisonment for 180 days, or both
G
° —
72485
1. D uty
State mine inspector or his deputy:
Must “ inspect and ascertain w hat means are
v taken to comply w ith provisions”
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—350 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
-
10
[For street trades, see Table 6]
Exemptions:
During school vacation:
Children under 14 may be employed by their parents or guardians
in occupations owned or controlled by them
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
1914 A 1 s 1,11,13
[For earlier law which might
apply to ehildrenexempted
by provisions in column III,
see 1907 C 456 s 1 and 1913
A 322 s 12]
1909 A 170 s 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
1913 A 322 S 12
[The provisions tabulated in
B appear to be a t least par
tially superseded by those
tabulated in C, below,
which belong to a later law]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Any business or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to
the life or limb of child under 14
----------------------- —----------------------------------------------------------------
1. Power only
State commissioner of labor and statistics
Justices of the peace
Incorporated societies for the prevention of cruelty to
animals
_ 2(a). First offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 3 months, or both
2(a). Subsequent offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 6 months
H
I
~Â~
B
LABOR LEGISLATION,
F
c h il d
R S 1913 Civ C 1 34 C 3 s 4053,
4062, 4079, 4091
T a ble
CjO
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued.
^
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
1914 A 1 s 2, 3, 4, 11, 13
{Statutory prohibition
effect Jan. 1,1916]
in
IV
III
1. Same as in A, above
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
2. Same as in A, above
Work at certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including those in which danger
ous or poisonous acids or gases are used
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery or assisting therein
Employment upon any railroad, whether steam, electric, or
hydraulic
Mine
Coal breaker
Quarry
Bowling alley
Pool room
Billiard room
,
...
"Saloon, resort or bar where intoxicating liquors of any kind are
sold or dispensed”
., „
Employment upon the stage of any theater or concert hall or in
connection w ith any theatrical performance or other exhibition
or show
Any occupation "dangerous to the life and limb, or injurious to
the health and morals” of child under 16
....
Any occupation determined by State board of health (said deter
mination subject to appeal to State or county court) to be suf
ficiently dangerous to the life or lim b or injurious to the health
or morals of children under 16 to justify their exclusion therefrom
K irby’s Digest 19C4 s 5343, D Girl of any age
5347 (as amended by 1905
A 225 s 3), s 5354 (as amend
ed by 1907 A 74 s 5)
{This provision also prohibits
employment of boy under
14, and of boy under 16 if
illiterate, b u t in this par
ticular. as well as in regard
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Coal mine where 10 or more men are employed
1. Duty
State mine inspector
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—3525
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
C 16
A R K A N S A S —Continued
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—D uty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
to girls under 16, it appears
to be superseded by 1914 A 1
s 4—See. provisions in C,
above]
A 12
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[Employment 12
to 14 allowed
only on vaca
tion permit, and
14 to 15 only on
vacation, gradu
ate, or poverty
perm ittowork—
See provisions
in A, B, and C,
Tables 2 and 3]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Deering’s General Laws 1909
A 1611 (as amended by 1915
C 625) s 1, 4-6,13-15
D O L 1909 A 1611 s 16-17 (as
added by 1915 C 625)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Workshop
Office
Laundry
Place of amusement
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartment house
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
Any other place of labor
Exemptions:
During time public schools are not in session or during other
than school hours:
Agricultural, horticultural (including curing and drying, b ut not
canning fruits), and viticultural labor
Domestic labor
B 16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including those in which danger
ous or poisonous acids, etc., are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery, or assisting therein rSee
provisions in D, below]
Employment on steam, electric, or hydraulic railroad
Employment on vessel or boat engaged in navigation or com
merce within the jurisdiction of the State
Mine
Quarry
Coal breaker
Assorting, manufacturing, or packing tobacco
Bowling alley
Pool or billiard room
Any other occupation dangerous to the life or limb or injurious to
the health or morals of child under 16
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or any particu
lar method of carrying on same, in which the employment of
children under 16 is not already forbidden by law and which
m ay be determined by State bureau of labor statistics to be suf
ficiently dangerous to the lives or limbs or injurious to the
health or morals of children under 16 to justify their exclusion
therefrom—such determination to be subject to appeal to su
perior court of State
1. D uty
State bureau of labor statistics
1. Power only
Attendance officers
Probation officers
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
(The above penalty is found in D G L 1909 A 1611, as
amended by 1915 C 625 s 13; the following penalty is
given in section 16 of the same law, as added bv 1915
C 625)
J
_ 2(a). Any offense
Maximum—150 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
C A L IF O R N IA
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
CO
C5
AGE— Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
References
Minimum age
I
C 16
Deering’s Penal Code 1909 s
272,273, 273e, 273f
1915 C 484 S 1
[Proprietor of saloon, etc., is
prohibited b y Deering’s
Penal Code 1909 s 397b from
perm itting minor under 18
to visit such place, b u t sec
tion does not apply to par
ents of such children, or to
guardians of their wards]
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
III
IV
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Any business or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to
the life or limb of child under 16
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Peddling
1. Power only
Commissioner of State bureau of labor statistics:
Shall have power to enforce all labor laws the en
forcement of which is not specifically vested in
some other officer
C
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
D 18
Sending minors in any occupation to saloons, immoral places, etc.
1. Same as in C, above
D
2(a). Any offense
Violation a misdemeanor
E Any minor
Sending minors by telephone company, or company delivering
letters, packages, or other articles, to immoral places, etc.
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in D , above .
E
1913 C 234 s 1-19
F [Power of com
mission ex
tends over
women and
minors ]
The industrial welfare commission has power to fix standard con
ditions of labor demanded by health and welfare of women and
minors engaged in any occupation, trade, or industry
[See column III]
F
COLORADO
A 12
[Employment 12
to 14 allowed
only during va
cation on vaca
tion permit—See
Tables 2 and 3,
E]
Any “ gainable” occupation in:
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile institution
Factory
Workshop
“ Theater, concert hall or place of amusement where intoxicating
liquors are sold”
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Bowling alley
Passenger or freight elevator [See provisions in C, below]
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commissioner [factory inspector]
School board or local school authorities:
Must report to enforcing officer complaints made
to them of violations in most regulated employ
ments [For list, see M A S r e 1912 s 667]
State industrial commission:
Shall “ inquire into and supervise the enforce
m ent * * * of the laws relating to child labor,
* * * employment of females, * * * mining,
and all other laws protecting the life, health, and
safety of employees ”
A
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted Nov. 3, 1914; in
effect Jan. 1,1916]
Mills’ Annotated Statutes re
vised edition 1912 s 537,657659, 667, 670, 672, 673
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
C A L I F O R N I A —Continued
II
Occupations or establishments
1915 C 180 s 11
[Proprietor of saloon, etc., is
prohibited by M A S r e 1912
s 1942 from perm itting any
minor to frequent such
place unless accompanied
by parent or guardian]
Messenger for any of the above
Driver for any of the above
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to.
Employment in fruit orchard, garden, field, or farm (permit
required, if for other th an own parents—See Tables 2 and 3, D)
B 14
Any work for wages or other compensation “ during any portion
of any m onth when the public schools * * * are in session”
2(a). First offense
Minimum—85
Maximum—8100
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—8100 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—8500 or imprisonment for 90 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. Same as in A , above
2. Same as in A, above
D
1. D uty
Chief coal-mine inspector or his deputies
Deputy State labor commissioner [factory inspector]
State industrial commission:
Has duties as specified in A, above
E
Exemptions:
Same as in A , above [But compulsory school-attendance require
ments would appear practically to prohibit such employment
during school hours—See Table 5, A]
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, including preparing any composition
in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
“ Underground works or mine, in or about the surface workings
thereof”
Smelter
Operating passenger or freight elevator
Any business or any place, situation, or vocation injurious to
health or morals, or dangerous to life or limb of child under 16
Any illegal or immoral, etc., purpose or practice
D Girl 16
M A S r e 1912 s 537
1913 C 56 s 38, 108, 172
1915 C 180 s 11
E
Employment requiring constant standing
Boy 16
Coal mine
Girl of any age
Exemptions:
Employment in mine office in clerical capacity
CHILD LABOB LEGISLATION.
C 16
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—81;000 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
M A S r e 1912 s 537,6166,6167
1915 C 180 s 11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F 18
Telegraph operator whose work is connected w ith the movement
of trams
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commissioner [factory inspector]
State industrial commission:
Has duties as specified in A, above
F
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
co
-a
T able
1.—MINIMUM AGE— Continued
^
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
I
A 14
{For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
rv
III
II
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
A s
1. Duty
State board of education or its agents
School visitors
Local boards of education
Town school committees
1—1
r1
&
>
G S r 1902 s 4707
1911C 119 s 1
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100
G S r 1902 s 2119, 2121, 4707
I. Duty
School visitors or town school committee:
“ Shall * * * examine into the situation of the
children employed in all manufacturing establish
ments ” and “ report all violations”
Agents of State board of education:
Shall (if so directed by said board) “ enforce the
provisions of the law requiring the attendance of
children at school,” of which law this provision is a
part
B 14
Any occupation during school hours
B
C 16
G S r 1902 s 2614
D 16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Any business or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to
the life or limb of child under 16
Peddling
.
02
>
H
i—i
O
Care, custody, operation, or management of elevator
c
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
D
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$25
II
fcd
o
^
O
i—i
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$20
(Each week’s violation a separate offense)
General Statutes revision
1902 s 1163 (as amended by
1915 C 175)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
C O N N E C T IC U T
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
1911 C 123 s 1, 2 (as amended
b y 1915 C 195), 4, 5.
E
F
16
Girl 16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work at certain machines, etc.
"Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any compo
sition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery while
power is attached
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alco
holic liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Mine
Quarry
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and factory inspection
E
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100
Employm ent requiring constant standing
1. Same as in E , above
2. Same as in E , above
F
G 18
Care, custody, operation, or management of freight or passenger
elevator running a t speed of over 200 feet per minute
1. Same as in E , above
2. Same as in E , above
G
1915 C 182 s 2,4
H
Public billiard room
Public pool room
1. Power only
Sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable, or police officer
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—§50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
H
1913 C 11 s 1, 2
G S r 1902s 2712,2715
I Any minor
Employment as bartender, porter, or in any other capacity in
saloon where intoxicating or spirituous liquors are kep t for
sale, or in the handling or delivery of such liquors
I
Provision does not apply to:
Bona fide grocery store which handles liquors as incidental to
grocery business
Drug store
Bona fide hotel
1. D uty
Prosecuting agents (appointed by county commis
sioners, subject to approval of a judge of the supe
rior court)
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$200
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
Canning or packing establishment [See provisions in B, below,
for employment during school hours]
1. Same as in B, below
2. Same as in B, below
A
1. D uty
State child labor inspector or his deputy
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute complaints
B
18
Exemptions:
A 12
[For street trades, see Table 6] [See note in col
um n I]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7J
Revised Code 1915 C 90 B 14
s 3144-3148, 3158,3160-3163,
3177, 3180,3181
[See note in col
[For perm it which m ay be
um n I]
issued to child ‘‘under the
age as specified” in R C
1914 C 90 s 3144-3192, which
sections include the pro
visions tabulated in A to F ,
inclusive, permitting em
ployment, see Tables 2 and
DELAW ARE
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions:
Establishment engaged in canning or packing perishable fruits or
vegetables
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement-house, manufactory or workshop”
Office
Office building
Restaurant
Boarding house
Bakery
Barber shop
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION
1911 C 123 s 3,4, 5
T a b l e 1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
State
References
Minimum age
I
D E L A W A R E —Continued
Exemptions
HI
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—D uty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
B—Continued
Hotel
Bootblack-stand establishment
Public stable
Garage
Laundry
Driver
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Construction or repair of buildings
Transmission of messages
Any business or service during horns “ when the public schools
* * * are in session under, the provisions of any compulsory
school law of the State”
2(a). Third offense:
B
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
C 14
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
W ork a t certain machines, etc.
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery in motion, or assisting
therein [See provisions in D , below]
Employment on steam, electric, or hydraulic railroad
Employm ent on vessel or boat engaged in navigation or com
merce w ithin the jurisdiction of the State
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
n
C
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including those in which danger
ous or poisonous acids, etc., are used
Blastfurnace .
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Running or management of elevator or lift
Oiling or cleaning machinery in motion
M ine,
Quarry
Coal breaker
Brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor upon any
railroad
Railroad telegraph operator
Pilot, fireman, or engineer upon any boat or vessel
Any other occupation dangerous to the life or limb or injurious to
the health or morals of child under 15
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B , above
D
[See note in col
um n I]
D 15
[See note in col
um n I]
/
i
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
II
Occupations or establishments
g
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or any particu
lar method of carrying on same, in which the employment of
children under 15 is not already forbidden by law and which m ay
be determined by State board of health to be sufficiently danger
ous to the lives or limbs or injurious to the health or morals of
children under 15to justify their exclusion therefrom—such deter
mination to be subject to appeal to superior court of State
E
D IS T R IC T O F C O L U M
B IA
[See note in col
um n I]
Employm ent upon the stage of any theater or concert hall or in
connection w ith any theatrical performance or other exhibition
or show [B ut for exemption from this provision by perm it in
so far as it applies to “ appearance” of child in connection w ith
theatrical performance, see Table 7, A]
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
F Girl 18
[See note in col
umn I]
Employment requiring constant standing, unless seats are pro
vided
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
G 21
Saloon or barroom where intoxicating liquors are sold
[See note in col
um n I]
H “ M inorchild” Begging
Any illegal or immoral, etc., vocation
Any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or
limb of such child
Any immoral, etc., purpose
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
G
1. Duty
Justice of the peace:
On complaint
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint which m ust be investigated
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$100
H
A 12
[Employment 12
[For street trades, see Table 6]
to 14 allowed
only in occupa
[For public exhibitions, see
tion or employ
Table 7]
m ent not danger
ous or injurious
Code 1911 p 441 s 1; p 442 s 6:
to health or
p 443 s 7,10
morals on tem
36 United States Statutes at
porary poverty
Large p 990
p e r m i t — See
Tables 2 and 3,
[For minimum age of 14 for
C]
employment as beggar,
mendicant, or pauper, see
C 1911 p 214 s 814]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Hotel
A partm ent house
Club
Theater
Bowling alley
LaundryBootblack stand
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
A ny work for wages or other compensation during school horns
Exemptions:
Employment in the service of the Senate
E
~
1. Duty
A
Child labor inspectors [2 detailed privates of police force]
T ruant officers:
“ Shall visit the establishments nam ed” [in A-UT]
and ascertain violations;
Shall report violations to the superintendent of
schools and the corporation counsel of the District of
Columbia
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Maximum—$20
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
R C 1914 C 70 s 2223, 2224
16
-ÌW :
T a ble
1.— MINIMUM AGE— Continued
^
to
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
References
Minimum age
I
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
III
Selling, giving, furnishing, or distributing any intoxicating liquors
B Any minor
or any admixture thereof
Girl of any age
37 U S Stat L p 997 s 9 para
graphs 3,13,14,17,18
IV
1. Duty
The corporation counsel of the District of Columbia or
his authorized assistants:
Shall prosecute upon the presentation of sworn
information th at law has been violated
Inspector appointed by excise board:
Shall make inspections under the direction of said
board
B
Store
Office
Transmission of merchandise
Sale of merchandise
Transmission of messages in city of 6,000 or over
1. Same as in D, below
2. Same as in D, below
B 14
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Mechanical establishment
Laundry
Employment on stage of theater
[According to 1913 C 6488 s 4, a minimum age of 14 is apparently
established for employment in mine also—See Table 2, A]
1. Same as in D, below
2. Same as in D, below
C Girl 16
Occupation requiring constant standing
1. Same as in D, below
2. Same as in D, below
A 12
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Compiled Laws 1914 s 2642b,
2642c, 2642j (as amended by
1915 C 6918), 26421, 2642m,
2642n, 2642r, 2642t, 3728a
[The provisions tabulated in
A to F shall not be consid
ered to apply to agricul
tural or domestic employ
ment—C L 1914 S 2642w]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O
w
M
g
e
H
ï»
w
o
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—S100
Maximum—8500
(In addition to above penalty, license may be revoked)
2(a). Second offense (during year of license)
Minimum—$200
Maximum—$500
(In addition to above penalty, license shall be revoked)
F L O R ID A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
D IS T R IC T O F C O L U M
B IA —Continued
II
Occupations or establishments
w
f
O
t-i
w
f
i*»
. M
AA
oM
gt
*
B
\
C
1
[For earlier law fixing mini D 16
mum age of 14 for employ
ment in peddling or for in
jurious or immoral, etc.,
occupations, see C L 1914
s 3237]
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling, or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery
Pin boy in bowling alley
Operating, or assisting to operate, passenger or freight elevator
Any occupation dangerous or injurious to health or morals or to life
or limb (“ As to those matters, the decision of the county
physician or city health officer * * * shall be final”)
1. Duty
State labor inspector
Grand juries:
Shall be charged bv county and circuit judges, at
the beginning of each term of the court, to investi
gate violations
1. Power only
Grand juries and county solicitors of criminal courts of
record:
“ Have inquisitorial powers to investigate viola
tions”
Judicial or police officers of city or county:
“ May” inspect “ factories, workshops, mines and
mercantile establishments,” and “ shall" report
violations
D
E 18
Cleaning machinery in motion
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
E
F 21
“ Pool room, billiard room, brewery, saloon, or barroom where
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
F
intoxicating liquors are manufactured or sold ” [See provisions
in G, below]
1915 C 6860 s 4,13
G Any minor
Girl of any age
Place where intoxicating liquors, wines, or beers are sold by retail
or wholesale
1. [No specific provision]
G
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for 12 months
(In addition to above penalty, license shall be forfeited)
G E O R G IA
{For public exhibitions, see
Table 73
[Statutory prohibition en
acted Aug. 5,1907; in effect
Jan. 1, 1908. This statute
(Code 1910, v 2, s 426-428)
apparently renders inop-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 12
Manufacturing establishment
Mill
[Employment 12 Factory
to 14 allowed Laundnr
only on tempo Place of amusement
rary p o v e r t y
certificate— See
Tables 2 and 3,
B]
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
Any person:
May make complaint
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
1. Duty
~Â~
State commissioner of [commerce and] labor and his
authorized assistants
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$1,000, or imprisonment for 6 months, or
work in chain gang for 12 months—any one or more
of these punishments
00
T able 1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
^
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
B 12
m
Any immoral, etc., practice or purpose
erative the provision con
tained in s 445, v 3, C 1895,
prohibiting the employ
m ent of any minor in sa
loons. etc., and making the
violation a misdemeanor]
Code 1914 Political s 2141
C 1914 Civil s 3149(a), 3149(f),
3149(g)
C 1914 Penal s 756, 757,1065
C 18
H A W A II
A Any minor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
2. Same as in A, above
C 1914 Pol s 2141
C 1914 Civ s 2690,2691
R L 1915 S 2130, 2131, 2136,
2137,2160
1. D uty
State commissioner of commerce and labor:
“ Shall make investigation concerning the opera
tion of the various laws relating to the safety of the
life and linib of employees, especially those con
cerning the employment of child labor, and of
women, and he shall take legal steps looking to the
proper enforcement and due observance of such
laws”
Telegraph operator employed to receive and transm it dispatches
governing the movement of trains
Room or place where intoxicating liquors are furnished or sold
1. Same as in B, above
C
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$500
1. D uty
License inspectors (appointed by board of license
commissioners)
Police officers:
“ May” inspect;
“ Shall” arrest for observed violations
Any citizen:
Shall report observed violations
1. Power only
Members of board of license commissioners
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 1 m onth, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 3 months, or both
(In addition to above, board of license commissioners
may revoke or suspend license or reprimand licensee)
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
G E O R G IA —Continued
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
rv
\
ID A H O
¿[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Constitution a rt 13 s 4
1911 C 159 s 166,170,173
1913 C 77 s 7
1911 C 159 s 172,173
1913 C 77 s 7
IL L IN O IS
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
-Hurd’s Revised Statutes 1913
C 48 s 20, 20h, 20], 201, 20m
[F o r minimum age of 14 for
employment in begging or
peddling, or for any im
moral, etc., purpose or prac
tice, or for or in any busi
ness or vocation injurious
to the health or dangerous
to life or limb, see H R S
1913 C 38 s 492,493, 495,496]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mercantile establishment
Mine [But employment in “ underground mine” is prohibited
[Employment 12
under 14 by constitutional provision!
to 14 permitted Factory
only d u r i n g Workshop
public school va Store
cation of 2 weeks Telegraph office
or morejj
Telephone office
Laundry
Restaurant
Hotel
A partm ent house
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
1. Duty
State board of education (in cooperation with other
departments of the State government)
Probation officers or school trustees [or truant officers]:
Shall visit “ places of employment mentioned” Tin
1911 C 159 s 166, 172; see A -H I and C-III] and ascer
tain violations therein, “ and they shall bring com
plaints for offenses under this act to the attention
of the prosecuting attorney for prosecution”
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen:
May bring complaint
2(a). Any ofEense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
A
B
B 14
Any business or service during school hours
Underground mine
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C 16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, includingAny business or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to
the life or limb of child under 16
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Begging, peddling, or any mendicant or wandering business
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
Serving intoxicating liquors to customers
Handling intoxicating liquors or packages containing such liquors
in a brewery, bottling establishment, or other place where such
liquors are prepared for sale or offered for sale
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 2 months, or both
D Any minor
A 14
Any gainful occupation in:
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile institution
Factory
W orksnop
“ Theater, concert hall or place of amuseihent where intoxicating
liquors are sold ” [See provisions in B , below]
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Bowling alley [See provisions in B, below]
Passenger or freight elevator [See provisions in B, below]
Messenger or driver for any of the above
1. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above.
1. D uty
State factory inspector, and his assistants and deputies
under his supervision
School board or local school authorities:
Must report to State factory inspector complaints
made to them of violations in most regulated employ
ments [For list, see H R S 1913 C 48 s 2oh]
C
D
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
1911 C 159 s 171,173
1913 C 77 s 7
A 12
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
Any work for wages or other compensation “ during any portion
of any month ■whsii.th© public schools * * * are in session
cn
T a b l e 1.— MINIMUM AGE — Continued
^
[In reading this analysis, thè explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
H R S 1913 C 93 s 5e, 5g, 28-30
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work at certain machines, etc.
W ork in certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery
Operation of passenger or freight elevator
P m boy in bowling alley
“ Theater, concert hall, or place of amusement wherein intoxicating
liquors are sold”
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
“Any other employment th at m ay be considered dangerous to the
lives or limbs of children under 16, or where their health may be
injured or morals depraved”
C G irlie
Employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
D Boy 16
Girl of any age
Manual labor in or about coal mine
1. D uty
State mine inspectors
D
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—1500 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
IN D IA N A
A 14
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[See column III,
Bum s’ Annotated Statutes
1914 s 6675, 6676, 6678 (as
. amended by 1915 C 77),
6682, 6685d
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions]
Any occupation during school hours
Exemptions:
[Child physically or mentally unfit to attend school according to
certificate from reputable licensed practicing physician is ap
parently exempted—B A S 1914 s 6675]
1. D uty
State industrial board
State board of truancy
Attendance officers
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
B 16
[For prohibition of employ
m ent of “ minor child” in
selling, etc., any publica
tion devoted to accounts of
criminal or immoral, etc.,
deeds, which is tabulated
in Table 6, b u t which may
refer to other than street
employment, see H R S
1913 C 38 s 42hg]
IV
I II
II
I
I L L I N O I S —Continued
, Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
B A S 1914 s 8022, 8038, 8042,
8044,8045
C Boy 14
Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile establishment
Mine [See also provisions in C, below]
Quarry
Laundry
Renovating works
Bakery
Printing office
1. Duty
State industrial board
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint
Mine where 10 or more men are employed
1. Duty
Inspector of mines
State industrial board
{For minimum age of 12 for
employment in mine or
underground works, see B
A S 1914 s 2626, 2627]
B A S 1914 s 8022a, 8022d,
8022e, 8022f, 8042
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
2(a)(b). First offense
Maximum—$50 or $50 and imprisonment for 10 days
[It m ay be that the penalty for “ first offense” does not
include imprisonment as stated, b u t the law is not
clear]
2(a)(b). Second offense
Maximum—$100 or $100 and imprisonment for 10 days
2(a)(b). Third offense
Minimum—$250 and imprisonment
Maximum—Fine and imprisonment for 30 days
C
2(a)(b). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6 m onths, or both
D 14
Any gainful occupation
Exemptions:
E
16
1. Duty
State industrial board
Farm work
Domestic service
Employment perm itted from age of 12 in business of preserving
and canning fruits and vegetables from June 1 to Oct. 1
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$5 or $5 and imprisonment
Maximum—$200 or $200 and imprisonment for 10 days
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—Imprisonment for 30 days
[It m ay be th at the penalty for “ subsequent offense”
would include also a fine of from $5 to $200, but the
law is not clear]
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Tobacco warehouse
Cigar or other factory where tobacco is manufactured or prepared,
Hotel
Theater
Place of amusement
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above, including bracketed note
Any employment where health of child m ay be injured or morals
depraved
D
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
B A S 1914 s 8038, 8042, 8590,
8594, 8598
B 14
T able 1
MINIMUM AGE—Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
State
Minimum age
References
I
Occupations or establishments
Exemptions
II
I N D I A N A —Continued
B A S 1914 s 2623, 2627, 8042
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s 9rders
IV
F Boy 16
Girl 18
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work in certain processes, etc.
“ Brewery, distillery, saloon, concert hall, or any other establish
m ent where m alt or alcoholic liquors are manufactured, packed,
wrapped, or bottled”
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D , above, including bracketed note
F
G Girl 18
Employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in D , above
2. Same as in D, above, including bracketed note
G
H Boy 16
Girl 18
Cleaning machinery in motion
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B , above, including bracketed note
H
I
18
Care, custody, management, or operation of elevator
1. Same as in B , above
2. Same as in B, above, including bracketed note
I
J
“ Minor child” Any illegal or immoral, etc,, vocation
Any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or
limb of minor child
1. D uty
Mayor, police judge, or justice of the peace:
Upon complaint
State industrial board:
Shall “ examine into all violations of laws made for
the benefit or protection of labor ” and prosecute same
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint, which m ust be investigated
J
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$10 or $10 and imprisonment
Maximum—$100 or $100 and imprisonment for 30 days
A 14
IO W A
{For street trades, see Table 6]
![For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
{Statutory, prohibition
effect Jan. 1, 1916]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in
Manufacturing establishment
Mine
Factory
Mill
Shop
Laundry
Slaughterhouse or packing house
Store or mercantile establishment where more th an 8 persons are
employed
Operating freight or passenger elevator
1. D uty
A
Commissioner of State bureau of labor statistics
1. Power only
Deputies of commissioner of State bureau of labor sta
tistics (including factory inspectors), State mine
inspectors, and certain other officials: 1
May inspect the establishments enumerated in
A -III
Any person:
May make complaint
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
B A S 1914 s 8024, 8029, 8038,
8042, 8044, 8045
III
^
91— o98W4
Code 1897 Supplement 1913 s
2477-e, 2477-f
Code 1897 Supplemental Sup
plement 1915 s 2473, 2477-a,
2477-b
Livery stable
Garage
Place of amusement
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 30 days
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Child working in or about establishments or occupations owned
or operated by parent
B 16
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Operating dangerous machinery or assisting therein
1. D uty
Commissioner of State bureau of labor [statistics]
Mayor of city or town
Chief of police of city or town
D
Any occupation dangerous to life or limb
Any occupation whereby through its nature or the place of em
ployment health of child is injured or his morals depraved
C
C 1897 Supp 1913 s 4999-a2
C 1897 S Supp 1915 s 4999-a5
[Penalty specified in column
IV is incurred b y person
“ having charge or manage
m ent of any manufacturing
establishment, workshop,
or hotel” who fails to com
ply with provisions within
30 days after being notified
to do so by enforcing offi
cial]
K A N SA S
Girl 21
D 16
2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 30 days
[See note in column I]
E
Boy 16
Girl 18
A 12
[For street trades, see Table 6] [See provisions in
B, below]
i[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
¡[Constitutional prohibition
since 1880]
General Statutes 1909 s 4993,
4996, 8017, 8020
1913 C 217 s 3
Cleaning machinery in motion
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above, including bracketed note
E
Coal mine [See provisions in B, below, which belong to a later law]
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and industry:
Shall “ cause to be enforced all laws regulating the
employment of children, minors, and women”
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$50
A
1 County attorneys, mayors, chiefs of police and their deputies, city and town marshals, sheriffs and their deputies, or any person authorized by judge of court of record
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
W ork in or ahout any mine during the school term
Hotel
Bowling alley
Pool room
Billiard room
«O
T able
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
g
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 407-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
14
G S 1909 s 5094, 5095, 5097,
5098, 8017, 8020
1913 C 217 a 3
[For prohibition of employ
m ent under 14 in begging,
etc., see G S 1909 s 5136,'
5138,5139]
(Industrial welfare commis
sion m ay fix standard con
ditions of labor for women
and minors—1915 C 275 s 3,
17]
KENTUCKY
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Statutes 1915 s 33a.2, 331a.l,
331a.8,331a.l6, 2978C.7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Factory
Workshop
Theater
Packing house
Operating elevator
1. Same as in A, above
B
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 30 days
*Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 90 days
Any business or service during school hours
Exemptions:
Factory or workshop owned or operated by parent
C
16
A 14
C
Occupation or place dangerous or injurious to life, limb, health, or
morals
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in B, above
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Mill
Workshop
Store
Office
Printing establishment
Bakery
Laundry
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Theater
Motion-picture establishment
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
A
1. D uty
State labor inspectors, under the direction of the com
missioner of agriculture, labor, and statistics:
Shall inspect specified establishments [For list,
see S t 1809 s 33a.2 (as amended by 1912 C 108)];
Shall report to State and to county attorney any
violations occurring
T ruant officers:.
May inspect specified establishments [For list,
see St 1915 s 331a.8];
Shallreport violations to superintendent of schools,.
State labor inspector, or other authorized officer
Any business or service during school term
2. Same as in B, below
CHILD LABOR. LEGISLATION.
B
IV
HI
II
I
K A N S A S —Continued
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
St 1915 s 33a.2, 331a.8,331a.9,
331a.16, 2978c. 7
B 16
[For prohibition of employ
m ent under 16 in certain
dangerous, etc., occupa
tions, or in begging, and of
girl under 16 in peddling,
etc., see St 1915 s 326,330,
331]
1. D uty
1
Same as in A, above, and also,
State inspector of mines and his assistants:
Shall enforce provisions w ith regard to emplovm ent of children in mines
B
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—515
Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—515 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—5100 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
. . 2 (a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—5200 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—55
Maximum—520
Exemptions:
S t 1915 s 33a. 2,331a. 8,331a.l0,
331a. 12,331a,16,2978C.7
C 18
D Girl 21
L O U ISIA N A
Machinery used for purposes of instruction in schools, the use of
such machinery being subject to the approval of the board of
education or other governing school authority
Cleaning machinery in motion
1. Same as in A, above
T
2. Same as in B , above
(Above penalty applies only to violations in regard
to children under 16)
Employment requiring constant standing
1 . Same as in A, above
TT
2. Same as in C, above
Manufacturing establishment
Laundry
1.
D
uty
~Â~
Mercantile establishment
Millinery store
State commissioner of labor and assistant commis
Dressmaking store
sioners
Factory
Hotel
Parish, city, or town factory inspectors (including
"fln_e. ,
Restaurant
New Orleans factory inspector)
Packing house
Theater
Supervisor
of minerals:
Workshop
Concert hall
Shall enforce provisions of law pertaining to mining
Bowling alley
Boot-blacking establishment
2(a). Any offense
Operating freight or passenger elevator
Minimum—525 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are made or sold
1 ransmissmn or distribution of messages whether telegraph Maximum—550 or imprisonment for 6 m onths, or both
telephone, or any other messages
6 ■ ’
Transmission or distribution of merchandise
“Any other occupation whatsoever”
A 14
[For street trades, see Table 6] [For excuse from
school attend
[For public exhibitions, see ance (in cities of
Table 7]
over 25,000 ex
cept Parish of
Wolff’s Revised Laws Sup Orleans) of child
plement 1904-1908 V 3 p 414:
8
to 14 who is
1908 A 301 s 1 (as amended
sole dependence
by 1914 A 133 s 2), 3, 23 (as
of infirm persons
amended by 1912 A 61)
or mother or sis
W R L Simp 1904-1908 v 3 p
ters in necessi
412; 1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as
tous c i r c u m
amended b y 1914 A 186)
stances, and im
1910 A 254 s 2
plied permission
to work, on cer
tificate of local
Exemptions:
su p e rin te n d e n t
Provision does not apply to :
of schools, see la Agricultural pursuits
ter law, 1914 A 91]
--------- —----------- -----------------—-------------------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
______ l ____________________________________________________ ,
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
[For prohibition of employ
ment of “ minor child ” in
publishing or selling, etc.,
any publication devoted to
accounts of criminal or im
moral, etc., deeds, see St
1915 s13§4]
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations,including:
Work at certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including those in which danger
ous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
?
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery
Steam, electric, or hydraulic railroad
Operating or assisting in operating passenger or freight elevator
Mme or quarry
Assorting, manufacturing, or packing tobacco
Bowling alley or pool or billiard room
Distilieiy, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alco
h o l i c liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Hotel, theater, concert hall, club, or place of amusement, or other
establishment where intoxicating liquors are sold
“Any other occupation dangerous to the life or lim b or injurious
to the health or m orals” of children under 16; “ and as to these
matters the decision of the county physician or city health
officer * * * shall be final”
T a ble
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
S
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be bome in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
in
IV
B 16 ( a c t u a l l y
or a p p a r
ently)
Any illegal or immoral, etc., practice _
.
Anÿ practice or place dangerous or injurious to the life, lim b,
health, or morals of child under 16
Any wandering occupation
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and assistant commis
sioners
W R L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p
412; 1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended b y 1914 A 186)
1912 A 184 s 1
W R L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p
412; 1908 A 153 s 2-3 (as
amended b y 1914 A 186)
1912 A 25 s 1, 2
C 17
W R L Supp 1904-1908v 3 p
412; 1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended by 1914 A 186)
W R L Supp 1904-1908 V 3 p
414; 1908 A 301 S 3, 16, 17,
23 (as amended by 1912 A
61)
D Any minor
Girl ofany age
W R L Supp 1904-1908 V 3 p
412; 1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended by 1914 A 186)
W R L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p
872; 1908 A 176 s 5, 8
E
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any place where pool or billiard games of any sort are operated
B
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 2 years, or both
1. Same as in B, above
c
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 3 m onths, or both
Cleaning “ any .part of the mill, gearing or machmery” in fac
tory, mill, or workshop “ while the same is in m otion” [For
earlier law fixing minimum age of 12 for operating or cleaning
machinery in motion in factory, see W R L 1904 v 1 p 991; 1892
A 60 s 1, 2]
1. D uty
.
State commissioner of labor and assistant commis
sioners
. „
Parish, city, or town factory inspectors (including
New Orleans factory inspector)
D
2(a). Any offense
,
'
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Any minor
Girl ofany age
Serving in barroom, cabaret, coffeehouse, cafe, beer saloon, liquor
exchange, drinking saloon, grogshop, beerhouse, or beer garden
[For earlier law prohibiting girl of any age from distributing,
etc., liquors, etc., in concert hall or saloon, see W R L 1904 v 1
p 395; 1894 A 43 s 1]
—
1. Same as in B, above
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 2 years, or both
(Upon second conviction, offender shall be perm a
nently deprived of privilege of conducting estab
lishm ents named)
E
CHILD1 LABOR LEGISLATION.
II,
I
L O U I S I A N A —Continued
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2 Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
M A IN E
A 14
[For street trades, see Table 6]
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Any business or service whatever during school hours
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
1905 C 123 s 1 (as amended by
1915 C 320 s 1), 2 (as amend
ed by 1915 C 320 s 4)
1911 C 65 s 2,11
1915 G 327 S l, 5
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$200
B 15
Care, custody, management, or operation of elevator
1. Same as in A, above, omitting bracketed note
[For prohibition of employ C 18
m ent of any minor in sell
ing, etc., publication de
voted to accounts of crimi D 16
nal or immoral, etc., ¿feeds,
which is tabulated in Ta
ble 6, b u t which m ay refer
to other than street em
ployment, see R S 1903 C
125 s 15 and 1911C 65 s 2,11]
Care, custody ? management, or operation of elevator running over
200 feet a m inute
1; Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
Begging, etc.
Any illegal or immoral, etc., practice
Any practice or place dangerous or injurious to the life, limb,
health, or morals of child under 16
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor [and industry]
“ Agents for the protection of children,” sheriffs, dep
u ty sheriffs, police officers, and constables
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted 1884; retained by
popular vote 1911]
Em ploym ent to aid or assist in illegal keeping or illegal sale of
intoxicating liquors
E
16
M ARYLAND
A 12
[For street trades, see Table
6]
[Employment 12
to 14 perm itted
only during such
tim e as child is
not required to
attend school
(see Table 5) on
vacation e m
ployment cer
tificate—See Ta
bles 2 and 3]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Annotated Code 1911 v 3
(1914) art 27 s 273; art 77 s
166; art 100 s 5,12,34,37,38,
48
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
•
C
D
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 60 days
Mercantile establishment
Canning establishment
Packing establishment
Store
Office [See provisions in B, below]
Boarding house
Place of amusement
Club "
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Sale of merchandise
,
1. Same as in ,D, above
E
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment for 60 days
1. Same as in B, below
2. Same as in B, below
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
1905 C 123 s 1 (as amended by
1915 C 320 s 1), 2 (as amend
ed by 1915 C 320s 4), 8,9
1907 C 4 s 1, 2
1911 C 65 s 2,11
1. Duty
.A
State commissioner of labor [and industry]
“ Agents for the protection of children,” sheriffs, dep
u ty sheriffs, police officers, and constables:
Shall enforce any act concerning the protection of
children
1. Power only
[For powers of truant officers to inspect certain estab
lishments and to demand proof of age, see Table 2,
A -IX , and Table 5, A-VIU]
A
Or
CO
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
AGE—Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
State.
References
Minimum age
I
Exemptions
II
III
B 14
Mechanical establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Tenement-house manufactory or
workshop
Office building
Restaurant
Bakery
Barber shop
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Bootblack stand or establishment
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 273;
art 77 s 166; art 100 s 6, 34,
37,38,48
C 14
Any business or service during school hours
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) a rt 27 s 273;
art 77 s 166; art 100 s 7,8,34,
37,38, 48
D 16
[For prohibition of employ
m ent under 14 by tele
graph, telephone, or mes
senger company in calling
for or delivering any mes
sage, w ith different pen
alty, see A C 1911 v 1 (1911)
art 23 s 375, 377]
[For permit allowing child
under 16 to appear in con
nection w ith t h e a t r i c a l
performances, see Table 7,
A]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
Public stable
1. Duty
Garage
Chief of State bureau of statistics and information
Laundry
Inspectors of factories, attendance officers, and other
Driver
authorized officers
Brickyard
1. Power only
Lumberyard
Any person:
Construction or repair of buildMay make and prosecute complaints
mgs
2(a). First offense
Messenger for telegraph, telephone, or messenger company Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
[See provisions in K, below]
Maximum—$200 or iinprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Maximum—$20
Exemptions:
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
•
B
C
Child having “ previously fulfilled during the current school year
such requirements as to school attendance as now or may here
after be prescribed by law ” [See Table 5]
..Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work at certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids or gases are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery or assisting therein
Steam, electric, or hydraulic railroad
Vessel or boat engaged in navigation or commerce
Mine [See provisions in L, below]
Coal breaker
Quarry
Assorting, manufacturing, or packing tobacco
Pool or billiard room
Employment on stage of theater or concert hall [See column I]
Any other occupation “ dangerous to the life and limb, or injurious
to the health or morals” of child under 16
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as iij B, above
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
M A RYLAND—Continued
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 273;
art 77 s 166; art 100 s 4, 34,
37, 38, 48
Occupations or establishments
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 346,
347; a rt 77 s 166
E 16
Handling intoxicating liquors or packages containing same in
brewery or bottling establishment where intoxicating liquors are
prepared for sale or offered for sale [See provisions in G, I, J,
ana M, below]
1. Power only
Attendance officers:
“ May visit all establishments where minors are
employed * * * and ascertain whether any
minors are employed therein contrary to law”
[This provision occurs in the education law and is
apparently limited to certain counties—See note in
column I, Table 5]
E
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 476
F 16
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 273 ;
art 77 s 166; a rt 100 s 21,34,
37,38, 48
G 18
Peddling
Begging
Mendicant or wandering business
1. [No specific provision]
F S
2(a). Any offenss
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
1. Same as in B, above
Work at certain machines
2. Same as in B, above
Work in certain processes
Blast furnace
Running or management of elevator or lift
Oiling or cleaning machinery in motion
Brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor on railroad
Railroad telegraph operator
Pilot, fireman, or engineer upon boat or vessel
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where malt or alcoholic
liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Theater, concert hall, club, or other place of amusement wherein
intoxicating liquors are sold
G
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 273 ; H
art 77 s 166; art 100 s 23, 34,
37,38, 48
Girl 18
Employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
H
A C 1911 v 3 (1914 ) art 27 s 273 ; I
art 77 s 166; art 100 s 22,34,
37, 38, 48
21
Saloon or barroom where intoxicating liquors are sold
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
I
A C 1911 v 2 (1911) art 56 s 98;
art 77 s 166
Minor
Selling or dispensing beer or liquors, etc., a t retail where same is
to.be drunk upon premises (includes club)
J
1. Same as in E , above, including bracketed note
J
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100
A C 1911 v 1 (1911) art 23 s 376,
' 377; art 77 s 166
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
K Minor
Calling, for or delivering messages for telegraph,, téléphoné, or mes
senger company a t or to immoral, etc., place of business
1. Same as in E , above, including bracketed note
2(a). 'E ach offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
K
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
[For prohibition of employ
m ent under 14 in begging,
etc., see AC 1911 y 3 (1914)
art 27 s 344]
T
able
1 .—
MINIMUM AGE— Continued
C71
C5
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes o n p p . 467-475 should be borne in mjnd]
State
Minimum age
References
I
II
Occupations or establishments
Exemptions
m
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
Girl of any age
Mine In Allegany or Garrett County where 10 or more persons are
employed in any 24-hour period
1. D uty
Mine inspector:
Shall inspect mines;
Shall report violations to county grand jury
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6 m onths, or both
A C 1911 y 3 (1914) art 27 s 442,
443; art 77 s 166
M Girl of any age
Waiter, or seller, etc., of liquors, etc., in theater, museum, or other
place of amusement
1. Same as in E , above, including bracketed note M
2(a). A ny offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment for 1 m onth, or both
Maximum—$1,000or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
(In addition to above penalty, license shallbe forfeited)
M A SSA C H U SET TS
A 14
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Barber shop
Bootblack stand or establishment
Public stable
Garage
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Telephone exchange
Telegraph office
Messenger office
Construction or repair of buildings
Contract or wage-earning industry carried on in tenement or other
houses
1. D uty
Inspectors of State board of labor and industries
Attendance officers:
“ Shall inquire into” all cases of children out of
school and w ithout permits; shall apprehend and
take to school child under 21 illegally employed;
shall make complaint;
May inspect certain establishments
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute violations
M A R Y L A N D —Continued
L
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Revised Laws 1902 C 46 s 13
(as amended by 1913 C 779
s 12)
R L 1902 C 108 s 8 (as amended
b y 1907 C 413)
1909 C 514 s 17 (as amended by
1912 C 191), 56 (as amended
by 1913 C 831 s 1), 62 (as
amended b y 1913 C 779 s 20),
63 (as amended by 1913 C
779 s 21), 74
1912 C 726 s 5,11
1913 C 714 s 1-4
1913 C 831 s 2-7,18, 20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any work for wage or other compensation during school hours
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
(Any offense—After notification by enforcing officer,
each day’s violation a separate offense)
L
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
Public Local Laws 1888 art 1
s 197 (as reenacted b y 1902
C 124), 200 (as reenacted by
1902 C 124), 209n subsection
H (as added b y 1902 C 124),
209p (as added b y 1902 C 124
and amended b y 1904 C243),
209q subsection F (as added
b y 1902 C124)
[For prohibition of employ
m ent of minor in selling,
etc., any publication de
voted to accounts of crimi
nal or immoral, etc., deeds,
which is given in detail in
Table 6, column I, but
which m ay refer to other
than street employment,
see K L 1902 C 212 s 21]
16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Oiling or cleaning hazardous machinery
PutSc^ovdin°r a h g’ m anu^ac^ur:*nS, or packing tobacco
Pool or billiard room
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or method of
carrymgon aforesaid, not already forbidden by law to child under
^h ich S tate hoard of labor and industries m ay determine to be
sufficiently dangerous or injurious to health or morals of such
child to justify his exclusion therefrom
1. Duty
Inspectors of State board of labor and industries
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute violations
«
Operation or charge of freight or passenger elevator
D 18
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
Operation or charge of freight or passenger elevator running at a
speed of more than 100 feet per minute
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in C, above
E
Operation of passenger elevator in Boston (Term does not include
s u c lfu s e j^ d *0r *re*&ht and carrying passengers incidentally to
1. Duty
Building commissioner shall not grant license to per
sons under age
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10Maximum—$500
(Above penalty is incurred for employing person under
age or without a license)
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
16
18
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Private or apartm ent house or any building under construction or
repair
Emergency th at could not reasonably have been foreseen
F
18
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc.
Oiling or cleaning hazardous machinery in motion
Blast furnace
Brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor on railroad
or railway
Fireman or engineer on boat or vessel
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alcoholic
^ liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
P art of hotel, theater, concert hall, place of amusement, or other
establishment where intoxicating liquors are sold
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or method of
carrymgon aforesaid, not already forbidden by law to child under
la^whiehState board of labor and industries m ay determine to be
sufficiently dangerous or injurious to health or morals of such child
to justify his exclusion therefrom
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION",
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Exemptions:
Drug store
G 21
Saloon or barroom where alcoholic liquors are sold
Sending minor in any employment to immoral places, etc.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
Ox
T able
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
g
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
I II
n
I
A 15
[For street trades, see Table 6] [See column III,
Exemptions]
[For public exhibitions, see
Tame 7]
Howell’s Annotated Statutes
1913 s 4018 (as amended by
1915 No 255), 4026, 4029,
4062
1. D uty
Manufacturing establishment
State factory inspectors
Mercantile institution
1. Power only
>
Factory
Any citizen:
Workshop
May make complaint
Store
[1911A 163 and 1913 A 177 provide for the appointm ent
Office
of mine inspectors, b u t their duties apparently
Hotel
relate only to safety]
Laundry
Mine
2(a). Any offense
Bowling alley
Minimum—810 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Billiard or pool room conducted for profit
Theater (other thanem ploym ent b y traveling theatrical company Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 90 days, or both
in “ acting a p art in the productions of such company”—See
Table 7, A) [B ut see C, below, for minimum age of 16]
Employm ent in connection w ith passenger or freight elevator
Telegraph service
Messenger service
A
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
M IC H IG A N
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
Exemptions:
Employment of child over 14 during established vacation period
m preserving perishable goods in fruit or vegetable canning
establishment
B
16
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Begging
H A S 1913 s 4019 (as amended C
by 1915 No 255), 4026,4029,
4062
[For provision prohibiting
girl of any age from operat
ing certain wheels or belts,
see H A S 1913 s 4039]
16
The following (other than employment by any traveling
theatrical company in “ acting a p art in the productions of such
company”—See Table 7, A):
Theater
Variety or burlesque show
Moving-picture show
Other kind of playhouse
Music or dance hall
Pool room
Billiard room
H A S 1913 s 3921, 14744
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
B
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
[For prohibition of employ D Boy 18
m ent of minor child in
Girl 21
selling, etc., any publica
t i o n devoted to accounts of [See ¡column III,
criminal or immoral, etc.,
Exemptions]
deeds, which is tabulated
in Table 6, b u t which may
refer to other th an street
employment, see H A S
1913 s 4787]
E
19
M IN N E SO TA
[For public exhibitions, see
Tame 7]
General Statutes 1913 s 3818,
3819, 3839, 3846, 3847
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14
D
Exemptions:
[A proviso, the significance of which is not clear, permits the em
ployment of boy 16 to 18 in any occupation other than cleaning
machinery in motion or occupations in distillery, brewery, or
other establishment where m alt or alcoholic liquors are m an
ufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled, provided employment
is for not more than 10 hours per day, 54 per week (the legal
maximum for minors under 18), and is approved by depart
ment of labor as not injurious to health or morals, or unduly
hazardous]
Telegraoh operator employed by railroad company whose line of
railway is 30 miles or more in length
[Proprietor of saloon, etc., is
“ Theater, concert hall, or place of amusement where intoxicating
prohibited by H A S 1913 F 21
liquors are sold”
s 3922 from permitting
minor under 17 to remain
in such place, and by s 5069 G Girl of any age Acting as barkeeper or serving liquors in any saloon or barroom
where spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or m alt, brewed, or
from allowing any minor to
fermented liquors are sold or kept for sale
visit or remain in such place [See note in col
um n I]
unless accompanied by fa
ther or guardian]
[For street trades, see Table 6]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Factory
Mill
Workshop
Mine
Construction of buildings
Employment about any engineering work
Employing or exhibiting child in any business or service during
any p art of the term during which public schools are in session
1. [No specific provision]
E
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 90 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
F
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
G
1. D uty
State departm ent of labor and industries
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
May inspect establishments and shall report viola
tions to school authorities and to State commissioner
of labor
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
A .
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
H A S 1913 S 6818, 6822, 6823
H A S 1913 s 4018 (as amended
by 1915 No 255), 4026, 4029,
4033, 4062
Cleaning machinery in motion
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alcoholic
liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Any hazardous employment
Employment where health may be injured or morals depraved
Cn
«O
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
AGE— Continued
g
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Minimum age
References
I
B
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D
IV
B
1. Same as in A, above
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
2(a). Any offense
Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any com
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 3 months
position in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Oiling or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery
P in boy in bowling alley
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Operating or assisting to operate passenger or freight elevator
Employment dangerous to life, health, or morals of child under 16
[See also G S 1913 s 8483, 8669, for protective regulation which
does not specify employment]
Theater
Concert hall
Saloon
Place of amusement
Girl 16
Employm ent compelling constant standing
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in B , above
C
Girl of any age
Oiling or cleaning moving machinery
1. D uty
State departm ent of labor and industries
D
¡For law prohibiting employ
m ent of child under 16 in
the care, management, or
operation of any elevator
and in employment dan
gerous to lives, limbs,
health, or morals, see G S
1913 S 3870, 3871, 3881]
G S 1913 s 3819, 3870, 3881
m
16
G S 1913 s 3818, 3819, 3847,
3848,8482
¡For prohibition of employ
m ent of minor child in sell
ing, etc., any publication
devoted to accounts of
criminal or immoral, etc., C
deeds, which is tabulated
in Table 6, b u t which may
refer to other ..than street
employment, see G S 1913
s 3819, 8705]
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
2(a) (b). Any offense
Minimum—825 or imprisonment for 15 days
[See G S 1913 S 8482 for maximum penalty for mis
demeanor which m ight be applicable]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
M IN N E SO T A —Continued
II
Occupations or establishments
I
G S 1913 S 3819, 8682
E
18 (actually or
apparently)
Any immoral, etc., practice
Any practice dangerous or injurious to life, limb, health, or morals
Beggmg or mendicant occupation
Messenger for delivering letters, telegrams, packages, or bundles
to immoral, etc., places
1. D uty
State departm ent of labor and industries:
“ Shall enforce all laws regulating the employment
of minors”
E
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—850 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
[See G S 1913 s 8482 for maximum penalty for mis
demeanor which might be applicable]
F
Girl 21
Messenger for telegraph or messenger company in the distribution,
transmission, or delivery of goods or messages
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in B, above
F
M IS S IS S IP P I
A
Boy 12
Girl 14
Manufacturing establishment
Mill
Factory
Cannery [See note in column I]
1. D uty
State factory inspector
Circuit judge:
Shall specially charge grand jury to investigate
violations
A
8482
[Statutory prohibition en
acted February, ' 1908; in
effect Jan. 1, 1909]
Exemptions:
1908 C 99 (as amended by 1912
C 165) s 1, 6-8
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
1914 C 164 s 9
[1914 C 164 repeals these provisions in so far as they relate to “ cot
ton mills and knitting mills,” b u t enacts nearly identical provi
sions for such establishments in regard to minimum age—See
provisions in B, below]
2(a). ‘Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
(Above penalty anphes specifically to employment
only in “ mifl, factory or manufacturing establish
m ent”)
Cotton mill
Knitting mill
1. Duty
Same as in A, above, and also,
County sheriff
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
(Penalty 2(b) is incurred for refusal to obey lawful
order of sheriff)
[1912 C 165 s 9, amending 1908
C 99, which exempted fruit
canneries from the provi
sions tabulated in A and
which so defined the appli
cation of the act as to make
the penalties apply to em
ployment in all the estab
lishments listed in column
H I, was repealed by 1914 C
163 s 8]
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
1914 G 164 S 1, 4, 6-9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Boy 12
Girl 14
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
G S 1913 S 3819, 3847, 3849,
B
05
T a ble
05
1.— MINIMUM AGE— Continued
to
[In reading this analysis,the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be home in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
'
II
I
A 14
I II
Any gainful occupation
Exemptions:
[For street trades, see Table 6]
Agricultural pursuits
Domestic service .
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Revised Statutes 1909 v i s
1715 (as amended by 1911 p
132), 1726b-1726d (as added
by 1911 p 132)
R S 1909 v 2 s 7824, 7825
[For earlier law fixing mini
mum age of 14 for employ
m ent in begging, peddling,
for any immoral, etc., pur
pose or practice, and for or
' in any business or vocation
injurious to life or limb of
child under 14, see R S 1909
v 2 s 4741-4743, 7824, 7825]
[For provision fixing mini
mum age of 10 for boys and
16 for girls in selling news
papers or other merchan
dise in places of public
amusement, places where
intoxicating liquors are
manufactured or sold, or
public office buildings, see
Table 6, A]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
State factory inspector:
In cities of 10,000 or over “ shall enforce all laws
relating to thé inspection” of factories, warehouses,
freight depots, machine shops, laundries, tenement
workshops, bakeshops, hotels, restaurants, bowling
alleys*, theaters, concert halls or places of public
amusement, and other manufacturing, mechanical,
and mercantile establishments and workshops
A
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
B
16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including: '
Work at certain machines, etc. [See also R S 1909 v 2 s 7829,7846,
7847]
Work m certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids or alkalies are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling,
or cleaning machinery, or assisting therein
» Brewerywiping,
or other establishment where m alt or alcoholic liquors
are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Hotel
Concert hall
Moving-picture show
Pool and billiard hall
Wholesale drug store
Saloon
Place of amusement
Bowling alley
Any other employment declared by State factory inspector to be
dangerous to life and limb or injurious to health or morals of
child under 16
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
M IS S O U R I
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
R S 1909 v 2 s 8456, 8463,8465,
8467 (as amended by 1911 p
319)
C
Boy 14
Girl of any age
Mine
1. Duty
Mine inspectors
C
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
2(a). Second offense
Minimum —$200
Maximum—$500
R S 1909 v 2 s 7824, 7825, 7829,
7846, 7847
R-S 1909 v 2 s 4740
E
Any minor
Girl of any age
Any minor
Cleaning machinery while in motion
(Above in manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, and other es
tablishments and places)
Employment in dramshop to play cards, dominos, dice, billiards,
pigeonhole, pool, or any other game
1. Same as in A, above
D
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum —$200
' 2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$500
1. [No specific provision]
E
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
(In addition to above penalty, forfeiture of $50 to parent
upon conviction under civil action)
F
Girl of any age
Servant, bartender, waiter, in dramshop, saloon, or any place
where spirituous, malt, or vinods liquors are sold at retail
1. [No specific provision]
F
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 3 months, or both
Maximum—$500 or. imprisonment for 12 months, or
both
9
(In addition to above penalty, license shall be revoked
and no license shall be issued to violator for 2 years
thereafter)
J
MONTANA
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7J
Revised Codes 1907 s 1660.
1669
•
1913 C 76 s 1101-1103
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14 (if child has Any occupation during school term
3. Duty
not complet
ed p u b l i c [This is not a direct minimum age law, b u t m ust be inferred as T ruant officers
State
bureau
of child and animal protection:
school stud
such from the requirements for age and schooling certificates—
ies)
.
created “ for the purposefof enforcing the laws
bee Table 2, A and BJ
* * * pertaining to children’';
16 (if not able
• Has powers of inspection
to read and
w rite Eng
2 (a). Each offense
lish)
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
R S 1909 v 2 s 7213
D
A:
os
09
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
a
AGE—Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
Exemptions
References
B
16
[For prohibition of employ
m ent of child under 16 in
selling, etc., any publica
tion devoted to accounts of
criminal or immoral, etc.,
deeds, which is tabulated
in Table 6. b u t which m ay
refer to other th an street
employment, see R C 1907
S 1&>0, 1669,8111,8391,8392]
[Person keeping saloon, etc.,
is prohibited by R C 1907
s 8379 from perm itting any
minor to resort or stop in
such place]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any occupation not above enumerated which is known to be
dangerous or unhealthful or which m ay be in any way detri
m ental to the morals of child under 16 [For prohibition of em
ployment of child under 16 in begging or peddling in public street
or highway, or in any mendicant or wandering business, see K o
1907 S 1660, 1669, 8111, 8347]
2 (a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6m onths, or both
[For law fixing maximum penalty of fine of $1,000 for
employment of child under 14 in underground works
or mine, or in “ any similar business,” see R C 1907
s 8349]
Mine03 [See also R C 1907 s 1752-1754 and 1913 C 55 s 3, 5]
Mill
Constitution art 18 s 3, 5
R C 1907 s 1660, 1669, 1746,
1750, 1751
1911 0 120 s 5
1913 C 55 s 3, 5
R C 1907 S 1660, 1669, 8111,
83.73, 8376
Steam, electric, hydraulic, or compressed-air railroad
Passenger or freight elevator
Where any machinery is operated
Employment by telephone company
Employment b y telegraph company
Employment by messenger company
B
1. D uty
, ,
......
State commissioner of labor and industry
State bureau of child and animal protection;
Has duties and powers as specified m A, above
State coal mine inspector:
As to coal mines
.
, . .
TState mine inspector m ust inspect mines, b u t duties
appear to relate orfly to safety—R C 1907 s 1713,1720]
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen:
• May make complaint
Factory
Girl of any age Employment to “ w ait” in any drinking saloon, dance cellar, ball
room, public garden, public highway, common park or street,
cr in any steamboat or railroad car. or in any place whatsoever,
[See note in col
if in such place there is connected therewith the sale or use as a
um n I]
beverage of any intoxicating, spirituous, vinous, or m alt liquors
C
I) Girl of any age
Selling or furnishing m alt, vinous, or spirituous liquors in the
auditorium, boxes, or lobbies of any theater, melodcon, variety
show, museum, circus, or caravan, or any place where any farce,
comedy, tragedy, balfet, opera, or play is being performed, or
any exhibition of dancing, juggling, waxwork figures, and the
like is being given for public amusement
1. D uty
,
. .
...
State bureau of child and animal protection:
x
Has duties and powers as specified in A, above
C
2 (a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
...
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 3 m onths, or both
1. Same as in C, above
2 (a). Each offense
. '
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
M O NTAN A—Continued
in
II
I
1 Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2 Penalties—(a) Employment under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to mspeo* tor’s orders
IV
.
NEBRASKA
A
14
[For street trades, see Table 6;
72485
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Revised Statutes 1913 s 3575,
3585-3587
NEVADA
A 14
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
Any business or service during school hours
1. D uty
~A~
State labor commissioner
State superintendent [of public instruction], other autborized inspector, or school-attendance officer:
Shall demand evidence of age of child apparently
under 14 employed during school hours, and forbid
employment if such proof be not produced [See
l able 5, A -V III, for powers of inspection given to
attendance officer or other school officer]
1913 C 232 s 1-6, 9,10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 (a). Each offense
Maximum—$50
2 (b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum —820
Any work which by reason of its nature or the place of perform
ance is dangerous to life or limb or in which child’s health m av
be injured or morals depraved
'
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
1915 C 203 s 4, 8, 9,13
A
Any business or service during school hours
16
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For prohibition of employ
m ent of minor in selling,
etc., any publication de
voted to accounts of crimi
nal or immoral, etc., deeds,
which is tabulated in Table
6, A, but which m ay refer
to other than street em
ployment, see R L 1912 s
6461, 6284]
1. D uty
State deputy commissioner of labor
T ruant officers
1. Power only
Any person:
May cause enforcement
[For powers of State board of inspection in regard to
certificates, which indirectly enforce the -minimnm
age laws, see Table 2, A-IX]
B
2. Same as in B, below
B
16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
W ork at certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, including preparing any composition
in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Mine
Coal breaker
Quarry
Smelter
Ore-reduction works
Laundry
Tobacco warehouse, cigar factory, or other factory where tobacco
is manufactured or prepared
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alcoholic
liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Glass furnace
Running or managing elevator or lift
Oihng hazardous or dangerous machinery in motion
1. D uty
State labor commissioner
2(a). A ny offense
Minimum—85 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—8200 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(b). A ny offense
(Each day’s violation a separate ofiense)
Minimum—85
Maximum—820
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
[For prohibition oi employ
m ent oi “ minor child” in
selling, etc., any publica
tion devoted to accounts of
criminal or immoral, etc.,
deeds, which- is tabulated
in Table G, b ut which m ay
refer to other than street
employihent, see R S 1913
s 8790]
B
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile institution
F acto ry .
Workshop
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
Place where intoxicating liquors are sold
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Bowling alley
Passenger or freight elevator
Messenger for any of the above
Driver for any of the above
T a ble
1*—MINIMUM AGE—Con.tin.ixed
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
Exemptions
m
II
I
B —Continued
Brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor upon any
railroad
_
.. , ,
Any trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or method oi
carrying on same, declared by State board of health to be suffi
ciently dangerous to the life or limb, or injurious to the health or
morals of child under 16 to justify its exclusion therefrom ISee
provisions in C, below]
Revised Laws 1912 s 6823,
6285
1915 C 203 s 4, 8, 9,13
C
Begging, receiving alms, or any mendicant occupation
Any immoral, etc., practice
.
•'
Any practice dangerous or injurious to life, limb, health, or morals
Messenger for delivering letters, telegrams, packages, or bundles to
immoral places
R L 1912 s 6506
1915 C 203 S 4, 8, 9,13
D Any minor
N E W H A M P S H IR E
A
[For street traces, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Public Statutes 1901C 93 s 15
19(as amended by 1901 C 61)
11C 162 s 1 (as amended by
1913 C 224 S 1), 16,17,19, 20,
21
1911C 198 S 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18
Employment as barkeeper
B
1. Same as in B, above
C
2(a). A ny offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
1. Same as in B, above
D
2(a). A ny offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment for 50 days, or both
Maximum—8500 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
14
[For earlier min
im um age law
in large part su
perseded by
these provisions,
see also P S 1901
C 93 s 10 (as
amended by 1901
C 61), 13 (as
amended by 1901
C 61), 18, and P
1 S 1901 C 92 s 18]
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Quarry
Mercantile establishment
“ Tenement house manufactory or workshop”
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Bakery
Hotel
Barber shop
A
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, “ whenever he shall deem i t necessary,”
prosecute violations of laws “ regulating the employ
m ent of help”
T ruant officers
i(
_
State superintendent of public instruction and State
inspectors appointed by him and under his super
vision
2(a). A ny offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—8200 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
N E V A D A — Continued
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
(F o r prohibition of employ
m ent of any minor in sell
ing, etc., any publication
devoted to accounts of crim
inal or immoral, etc., deeds,
which is tabulated in Table
6, but which m ay refer to
other than street employ
m ent, see Table 6, CJ
B
Boy under 21
Girl of any age
Selling or serving liquor on licensed premises
Exemptions:
Selling or serving liquor to bona fide registered guests in their
rooms and in dining rooms with meals under licenses of the first
class [to be issued only to innholders]
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—820
1. D uty
Board of excise commissioners and its special agents:
May inspect;
Shall make complaint for violation
State labor commissioner:
Has duties as specified in A, above
T ruant officers:
As to employment under 16 during school hours
1. Power only
State superintendent of public instruction or his
deputy:
As to employment of minors
B
2(a). Any offense
Fine of $200 and imprisonment for not less than i
month nor more than 2 years
(In addition to above penalty, license m ay be revoked
or suspended by board of excise commissioners)
N EW JE R SE Y
A
14
{For street trades, see Table 6]
{For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
{See also 1914 C 233 s 1,3,5,7,
9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, /or
provisions apparently ap
plying chiefly to street
trades, and therefore tabu
lated in Table 6, b u t pos
sibly applying to other oc B
cupations. B y permitting
on certificate (see notes in
column I, Tables 2 and 3)
employment outside school
hours m “ certain light em
ployments in the open air,”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
Factory
Workshop
Mill
Newspaper plant
Printery
Commercial laundry
Place where printing is carried on
Place where the manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on
Factory
Workshop
Mill
Place where the manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on
Mine
Quarry
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor (with supervision and
control over assistant and inspectors)
A
2 (a). Each offense
Fine of 850
[For heavier penaltyfor employment infactory, work
shop, m ill, and place where the manufacture of goods
of any kind is carried on, see provisions in C, below]
(Person employing child contrary to laws of State in
curs maximum penalty of fine of $100 or imprison
m ent for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above, including bracketed note
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
P S 1901 C 92 s 18
P S 1901C 93 s 15 (as amended
by 1901 C 61)
1903 C 95 s 14 (as amended by
1913 C 129), 17 (as amended
by 1905 C 49 s 11), 33 (as
amended b y 1905 C 49 s 18)
1911 C 198 s 2
1915 C110 S3
Apartment house
Bootblack stand or parlor
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
B
—-------
05
T able
a
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
oo
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Minimum age
References
I
II
14
otherwise lawful (see mini
mum age provisions below)
it appears to fix a minimum
age of 10 for all open-air em
ployment, except agricul
tural pursuits, which are
exempted]
Compiled Statutes 1910 v 3
Labor s 16 p 3023 (as D 14
amended by 1914 C 60), s 60
p 3034 (as amended by 1912 [See provisions in
C 117), s 61 p 3035
E , below]
fC S 1910 v 3 Labor s 16 p 3023
was amended in 1914 not
. only by C 60, approved
Mar. 26, tabulated in A, b ut
also b y C 236 and C 252,
both approved Apr. 17, tab
ulated m B and C]
C S 1910 v 3 Labor s 16 p 3023
(as amended by 1914 C 236
s 2)
C S 1910 v 3 Labor s 16 p 3023
(as amended by 1914 C 252
si)
C S 1910 v 3 Labor s 22 p 3025
(as amended b y 1914 C 252
s4)
1914 C 236S3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions
I II
Factory
Workshop
Mill
Place where the manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on
Mercantile establishments (Term shall be “ construed to apply
to any employment of labor other than a factory, workshop,
m ill or other place where the manufacture of goods of any kind
is carried on’’) [See provisions in E , below]
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IY
1. Same as in A, above
C
2(a). A ny offense
Minimum—850 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 90 days, or both
2(a). H abitual violation
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for 3 years, or both
(Person employing child contrary to laws of State in
curs maxim um penalty of fine of $100 or imprison
m ent for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor, assistant commissioner,
and inspectors of departm ent of labor
Attendance officers or other persons empowered to
compel school attendance
Police officers
Other person designated b y law to protect children
from cruelty and neglect
1. Power only
Officer or agent for incorporated society for the protec
tion of children from cruelty and neglect
D
2. Same as in C, above
E
16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations in mercantile establish
1. Same as in D, above
E
ments [see D -III, above], including:
E mployment detrimental to health or dangerous to the life and limb
2 (a). Any offense
of child under 16, or th at exposes him to excessive heat or cold, Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 90 days, or both
or th at requires excessive muscular exertion th at is detrimental
2(a). H abitual violation
to his health and strength, or th at exposes him to conditions th at Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for 3 years, or both
will retard his growth or injure his health, or in any place th a t (Person employing child contrary to laws of State in
is dam p, unhealthy, or injurious in any way to health and
curs maximum penalty of fine of $100 or imprison
strength, or where, on account of the light or the nature and
m ent for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
N E W JE R S E Y —Continued C
Occupations or establishments
1911 C 136 s 1, 3, 5, 6 (as
amended b y 1914 C 253 s 1,
3, 5, 6), 15
character of the work, the child’s eyesight or hearing will be
injured
Handling goods, wares, or merchandise th a t are poisonous or th at
give on dust, fumes, or gases, or in working around heated
metal, combination of metal or metals, or th en salts, th at give
off any dust, fumes, or gases th at are detrimental to the health
(For earlier law fixing mini
mum age of 12 in under
ground works or mine or
‘‘like place,” see C S 1910
v 2 Infants s 50 p 2816]
[Person having license to sell
liquors is prohibited by
C S 1910 v 2 Crimes s 70f
p 1769 from perm itting any
minor under 18 to frequent
his place of business]
F
16
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in E , above
F
Q
M
w
6
Any trade, [or] process which shall offer such exposure to excessive
heat, cola, muscular exertion, or other physical risk as shall be
harmful, in the judgment of State commissioner of labor, to the
health and future working efficiency of child under 16 [For
earlier law, see provisions in H , below]
G 18
[For earlier provision cover
ing begging, etc., see C S
1910 v 2 Infants s 48 p 2816]
Ç S 1910 v 2 Infants s 47 p 2816 H
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, ere.
Work in certain processes, etc., including those in which dangerous
or poisonous acids or gases are used
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery or assisting therein
Manufacture or use of dangerous or poisonous dyes
Manufacture of paints, etc., or any process-in which lead or its
compounds are employed
“ Occupations causing * * * dust in injurious quantities,
including * * * tobacco * * * d u st”
“ Minorchild”
“ Begging, * * * or for any mendicant or wandering business
whatsoever * * * in the streets, roads, and other highways
or public places of this State”
Immoral conduct or occupation in streets, roads, and other high
ways, or in public or private places
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Employm ent in immoral, etc., places, or m place where illegal or
immoral, etc., exhibition takes place
Any illegal or immoral, etc., vocation [See later law tabulated
in G, above]
Any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to life or limb
of child engaged therein [See later laws tabulated in E and F ,
above]
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION-,
[For law prohibiting child
under 16 from cleaning ma
chinery in motion, etc., in
certain establishments, see
also C S 1910 v 3 Labor s 36
p 3028]
C S 1910v 2 Crimes s 56 p 1763,
s 218 p 1812
f
[For earlier law prohibiting employment of minor in vocation in
jurious to health, etc., see provisions in H , below]
I
w
§
1 . [No specific provision]
G
2 (a). Any offense •
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for 3 years, or both
(Person employing child contrary to laws of State in
curs maximum penalty of fine of $100 or imprison
m ent for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
1. [No specific provision]
5
Q
M
CD
M
H
§
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum.—$100
(Person employing child contrary to laws of State in
curs maximum penalty of fine of $100 or imprison
m ent for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1, 2)
OS
CO
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
AGE—Continued
^
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
Exemptions
References
HI
N E W M E X IC O
A 12
[See provisions in
B, below]
Underground workings of any [coal] mine [See provisicms in B,
below]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table7]
26 United States Statutes at
Large C 564 p 1104 s 12,14
1. Power only
Federal mine inspector:
May especially m ake inquiry whether the pro
visions of this act are complied with
[See also note in column I]
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100
[The State Constitution, art
22, s 3, provides th a t the
above act rem ain in force
until otherwise provided
by law. Statutes 1915 s
5362-5367 make provision
for the inspection of mines
and the protection of em
ployees therein which in
part supersedes said act b ut
does not cover the employ
m ent of children]
Constitution a rt 17 s 2
B
14
Mine
[See A-IV, above, including bracketed note, which
would be applicable in so far as the provisions here
tabulated are covered by those tabulated in A]
1. D uty
_ ,
Girl of any age Serving drinks or any other form of refreshment or viands or solicit Sheriff,
deputy sheriff, constable, city m arshal, and
ing for purchase or sale thereof, in saloon, or serving intoxicating
police
officers:
drinks
m
any
room
adjacent
to
or
w
ithin
100
feet
of
saloon
or
any
[Proprietor of saloon is pro [See note in col
Are penalized upon failure to arrest offenders for
place where intoxicating liquo lis sold or given away
um n I]
hibited by St 1915 s 2917
violations of which they have knowledge
from permitting any minor
under 21 to loiter upon or
. 2(a). Anv offense
frequent such premises]
Maximum—8100 or imprisonment for 6months, or both
Statutes 1915 s 2907-2910
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
n
I
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
iv
NEW YO RK
Any business or service during school term
B
In any village or city of 3,000 or over:
Mercantile establishment
Business office
Telegraph office
Restaurant
Hotel
A partm ent house
Theater
Place of amusement
Bowling alley
Barber shop
Shoe-polishing establishment
Distribution or transmission of merchandise or articles
Distribution or transmission of messages
Distribution of articles
Sale of articles
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Consolidated Laws 1910 v 8
Education C 16:
A rt 23 s 626, 628 (as
amended by 1913 C 748),
632, 633 subdivision 3, 636
C L 1909 v 3 Labor C 31:
A rt 1 s 2 (as amended by
1913 C 529, by 1914 C 512,
and by 1915 C 650);
A rt 3-a s 51-52 (as added
by 1913 C i45);
A rt 4 5 59 (as amended
by 1913 C 145);
A rt 12 s 160, 161 (as
amended b y 1914 C 331),
162 (as amended by 1911 C
866), 172 (as amended by
1913 C 145)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40:
A rt 120 s 1275 (as amended
by 1913 C 349)
14
C L 1909 v 3 Labor C 31:
C 14
A rt 1 s 2 (as amended by
1913 C 529, by 1914 C 512,
and by 1915 C 650);
A rt 3-a s 51-52 (as added
by 1913 C 145);
A rt 4 s 56 (as amended
by 1913 C 145);
A rt 6 s 70 (as amended
by 1913 C 529), 92, 93 (as
amended by 1910 C 107 and
by 1913 C 464), 96;
D 14
A rt 7 s 100 (as amended
by 1913 C 260), 106 (as added
by 1913 C 260k
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Factory (including bakery or laundry other than home laundry
where work is done for family trade)
Exemptions:
“ Nothing herein contained shall prevent a person engaged in
farming from perm itting his children to do farm work for him
upon his farm. Boys over the age of 12 years m ay be employed
in gathering produce for not more than 6 hours in any one day,”
subject to the compulsory education law—See Table 5
Tenement-house manufactory, i. e., any tenement-house room
where articles are manufactured, altered, repaired, or finished
1. D uty
State commissioner of education:
Shall supervise enforcement
Superintendent of schools:
Shall supervise enforcement w ithin city, union
free school district, or common school district whose
lim its include in whole or in p art an incorporated
village
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
May inspect establishments
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
1. D uty
State industrial commission:
Has duty of enforcement in cities of th e first or
second class;
May investigate and m ake regulations for carry
ing law into effect
Board of health or health commissioners:
In cities other than those of the first or second
class, and in towns and villages
2(a)(b). F irst offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2(a)(b). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(a)(b). Third offense
Minimum—$250 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
B
1. Duty
State industrial commission
C
A
2. Same as in B , above
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B, above, and also, in addition, perm it
of manufactory m ay he revoked
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
A 14
[For street trades, see Table 61
T able
1__ MINIMUM AGE—Continued
-J
to
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind)
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
Exemptions
References
NEW YORK—Continued
16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
W ork in certain processes including preparing any composition
in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery
Distillery, bi ewery, or other establishment where malt or alcoholic
liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Care, custody, management, or operation of freight or passenger
elevator [See provisions in I, below]
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B, above
E
F
Girl 16
Employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B, above
F
Peddling
Begging or any mendicant occupation
Illegal or immoral, etc., practice
Practice or place dangerous or injurious to the life, limb, health,
or morals of child under 16
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
G 16
1. [No specific provision]
G
H
Boy 16
Girl of any age
Mine
Quarry
1. Same as in C, above
2(a). Same as 2 (a)(b) in B, above
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days
H
I
18
Care, custody, management, or operation of freight or passenger
elevator running over 200 feet a minute
“ The industrial commission * * * when * * * it finds th at any
particular trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or
particular method of carrying on _* * * [same] is dangerous
or injurious to the health of minors under 18 * * * em
ployed therein, shall have power to adopt rules and regulations
prohibiting or regulating the employment of such minors
therein”
t Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B , above
I
J
Boy 18
Girl 21
Cleaning machinery in motion
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B, above
J
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
E
A rt 8 s 111 (as amended
by 1913 C 463);
A rt 9 s 131, 135
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40:
A rt 44 s 483,485;
A rt 120 s 1270, 1275 (as
amended by 1913 C 349);
A rt 174 s 1937
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HI
II
I
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40:
A rt 174 s 1937;
A rt 178 s 1982
K Boy 18
Girl of any age
Operating emery wheel, etc., where articles of the baser metals or
of irridium are manufactured
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B , above
K
L
Work in brass, iron, or steel foundry, a t or in connection w ith the
making of cores where the oven in which the cores are baked is
located and is m operation in the same room or space in which
the cores are made
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in B, above
~L~
Telegraph operator whose work is connected w ith the movement
of tram s
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in G, above
IT
Girl of any age
M 18
C L 1909 v 3 Liquor Tax C 34: N Boy 18
A rt 2 s 30 (as amended
Girl of any age
by 1910 C 494 and 1912 C
264), 36 (as amended bv [See column H I]
1910 C 485)
O 21
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40:
A rt 44 s 488
P
[See column
H I]
Exemptions:
2. Same as in G, above, and also, in addition, liquortax certificate and right to secure same within 3
years after conviction shall be forfeited
Railroad car driver, conductor, motorman, etc.
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in G, above
Sending messenger boy to saloon, or immoral, etc., place
Exemptions:
Delivering telegrams a t the door of such house
N O R T H CAROLINA
A 12
[Statutory p r o h i b i t i o n
adopted by popular vote,
May, 1908; in effect Jan. 1,
1909]
[Employment 12
to 13 allowed
only in appren
ticeship capaci
ty and after at
tending school
4 months in pre
ceding 12—See
Table 2, A]
Pell’s Révisai of 1908 Supplement 1913 C 45a sl981ee(l),
1981ee(4), 1981ee(5)
P R 1908 C 103 S 4931, 4943- B
4945,4952
P R 1908 C 81 s 3797
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12
1. [No specific provision]
Provision does n ot apply to:
Girl over 18 who is a member of the employer’s f a m i l y
Manufacturing establishment
Factory
1. [No specific provision]
N~
~
P
2(a). Any offense
Fine of $50
1. D uty
County superintendent of schools:
Must
investigate violations and report same to the
[An earlier law (P R 1908 C 4 5 a s 1981a, 1981b) contains provi
solicitor of the judicial district in which thev
sions practically identical w ith these and m ight be interpreted
occurred
J
to be superseded by the later law here tabulated. B u t the sec [For powers of attendance officers in enforcement of
tion i?,^ ® earlier law containing the penalty was am ended by
compulsory
school-attendance
laws,
which
might
1915 0148 s 3 so as to impose a penalty, n ot found in any former
indirectly result in the enforcement of these provi
° |.a
°* n° t less than $500 or imprisonment for n ot less
sions, see Table 5 , column v t t t ]
tnan 90 days for a second conviction of violation w ithin 12
months—See P R 1908 C 45 a s 1981d and C 81 following s 33622(a). Any offense
3364 (as reenacted by 1915 C 148 s 3)]
8
Violation a misdemeanor [See P R 1908 C 81 s 32931
[See also note in column III]
Mine where more than 10 men are employed (Act shall not applv
1. Duty
B
where fewer men are employed, b u t inspector m ay immect
inspector (State commissioner of labor and
such mines and shall enforce any regulations in accordance Mine
printing)
with its provisions which he may deem necessary)
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40:
A rt 174 s 1937
C L 1910 v 9 Railroad C 49:
A rt 3 s 63
Selling or serving liquors
<r
co
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM
AGE—Continued
^
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
-Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
N O R TH DAKOTA
A 14
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted 1889]
Compiled Laws 1913 s 1404,
1411,1413
[For provision fixing mini
mum age of 12 in mines,
factories, and workshops,
see Constitution art 17 s 209]
C L 1913 s 1411-1413
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Mine
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
Any business or service during school hours
B
16
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
W ork a t certain machines, etc.
.
W ork in certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
,
.
Oiling, or assisting in oiling, wiping or cleaning machinery
P in boy in bowling alley
, ....
Operating or assisting in operating passenger or freight elevator
“ Theater, concert hall, or place of amusement wherem intoxicat
ing liquors are sold”
Anv employment th a t m ay be considered dangerous to life or
limb of child under 16, or where its health m ay be injured or
morals depraved [See also note in column I]
C
Girl 16
Employment requiring constant standing
[For prohibition of employ
m ent of child under 18 in
selling,etc., any publication
devoted to accounts of crim
inal or immoral, etc., deeds,
which is tabulated in Table
6, b u t which m ay refer to
other th a n street employ
m ent, see C L 1913 s 9652,
9653,9655]
C L 1913 s 9689
I II
D 18
Pool or billiard hall, bowling alley, or temperance saloon, or any
place where games of pool, billiards, bowling, or cards are played
A
1. D uty
Peace officers*
May inspect mines, factories, workshops, and mer
cantile establishments;
. .
Shall report cases of illegal employment therein to
school board or board of education;
May make complaint
[For powers of school authorities in enforcement of cer
tificate requirement, which might indirectlyResult m
enforcement of these provisions, see Table 2, A -iA j
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
B
1. Same as in A, above,including bracketed note
2. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above, including bracketed note
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. [No specific provision]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
D
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
[For street trades, see Table 6]
Exemptions
Enforcement
1 Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2 Penalties—(a) Employm ent under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
O H IO
A 14
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[Seenotein B -III,
below]
Page and Adams’ Annotated
General Code 1912 s 871-22
(as added by 1913 p 95),
871-24 (as added by 1913 p
95), 980, 7770 (as amended
b y 1913 p 864), 7771 (as
amended b y 1914 p 225),
12968 (as amended by 1913
p 906), 12986
[See note in B -III, below]
Boy 15
Girl 16
[P & A A G C 1912 s 7765 (as
amended by 1913 p 864) and
7766 (as amended by 1914 p
129) b y requiring a certifí
cate which proves boy to be
15 and girl to be 16 appar
ently makes those ages the
minimum for employment
in all occupations—See
Table 2, B]
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement house, manufactory or workshop”
Store
Office
Office building
Restaurant
Boarding house
Bakery
Barber shop
Hotel
A partm ent house
Bootblack stand or establishment
Public stable
Garage
Laundry
Place of amusement [But see provisions in F, below]
Club
Driver
Brick or lum ber yard
Construction or repair of buildings
Distribution, transmission, or sale of merchandise
1. D uty
State industrial commission
T ruant officers
A
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
(Any person convicted/ of a violation of any law relating
to employment of minors, who again violates any
such law, shall be imprisoned for not less th an 10
nor more th an 30 days)
1. D uty
Factory inspectors [State industrial commission]
T ruant officers
Other officers charged with the enforcement of laws
relating to employment of minors
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute violations
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-24 i B
(as added by 1913 p 95),
12993 (as amended by 1913
p 864), 13007-7 (as added by
1913 p 864), 13007-9 (as
added by 1913 p 864), 1300710 (as added by 1913 p 864)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Begging
Peddling
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Any business or vocation injurious to health or dangerous to life or
limb of child under 14 [See provisions in E and G, below]
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(a). Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
[For transmission of messages, see provisions in D, below]
[P & A A G C 1912 s 7765 (as amended by 1913 p 864) and 7766 (as
amended by 1914 p 129) by requiring a certificate which proves
boy to be 15 and girl to be 16 apparently makes those ages the
minimum for employment in all occupations—See Table 2, B]
C
15
[See note in col
um n I] .
Employment in any business “ during any of the hours when the
public schools * * * are in session”
[See last bracketed note in B -H I, above]
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
C
«JT
Ut
T a b l e 1. — MINIMUM AGE — Continued
Cfr
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
D
16
1. Same as in B, above
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
2. Same as in B, above
W ork a t certain machines, etc.
W orkin certain processes, etc., including those in which dangerous
or poisonous acids are used
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery or assisting therein [See
provisions in G and H , below]
Upon steam, electric, or hydraulic railroad [See provisions in G,
below]
Upon vessel or boat engaged in navigation or commerce within the
jurisdiction of State [See provisions in G, below]
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Manufacture, etc., of compositions w ith dangerous or poisonous
gases
Mine [See provisions in H, below]
Coal breaker [See provisions in H , below]
Quarry [See provisions in H , below]
Assorting, manufacturing, or packing tobacco
Bowling alley or pool or billiard room
Any particular trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or
any particular method of carrying on same, in which, the em
ployment of children under 16 is not already forbidden by law,
which m ay be determined b y State board of health (from whose
decision appeal may be made to the common pleas court) to be
sufficiently dangerous to life or limb or injurious to the health or
morals of such children to justify their exclusion therefrom
[See also P & A A G C 1912 s 12972,12973]
E
Boy 16
Girl 18
Theater or other place of amusement
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
F
[The provisions tabulated in
E apparently supersede P
& A A G C 1912 s 944,
prohibiting employment in
mine of boy under 14 or
under 15 during school
hours]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F
Transmission of messages
Exemptions:
On the stage in above when not otherwise prohibited by law
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
D Boy 15
Girl 21
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-24 E
(as added b y 1913 p 95),
13001-13003 (as added by
1913 p 864), 13007-7 (as
added by 1913 p 864), 130079 (as added b y 1913 p 864),
13007-10 (as added by 1913
p 864)
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-24
(as added b y 1913 p 95),
13007-3 (as added by 1913 p
864), 13007-7 (as added by
1913 ip 864), 13007-9 (as
addedby 1913 p 864). 1300710 (as added by 1913 p 864)
HI
II
I
O H IO —Continued
Exemptions
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor's orders
IV
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-24
(as added b y 1913 p 95),
13007-3 (as added by 1913 p
864), 13007-4 (as added by
1913 p 864). 13007-7 (as
added by 1913 p 864;, 130079 (as added by 1913 p 864),
13007-10 (as'added by 1913
p 864)
G 18
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
W ork a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc.
Blast furnace
Running or management of elevator or lift
Oiling or cleaning machinery in motion
Brakeman,fireman,engineer,motorman,or conductor uponrailroad
Railroad telegraph operator
Pilot, fireman, or engineer upon boat or vessel
Distillery, brewery, or other establishment where m alt or alco
holic liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled
Hotel, theater, concert hall, place of amusement, or other estab
lishment where intoxicating liquors are sold [See provisions in
J, below]
G
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
~R
Any particular trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, or
any particular method of carrying on same, in which the em
ployment of children under 18 is not already forbidden by law,
which m ay be determined by State board of health (from whose
decision appeal m ay be made to the common pleas court) to be
sufficiently dangerous to life or limb or injurious to the health or
morals of such children to justify their exclusion therefrom
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-24
(as added b y 1913 p 95),
13007-6 (as added by 1913 p
864), 13007-7 (as a id e d by
1913 p 864), 13007-9 (as
addedby 1913 p 864). 1300710 (as added b y 1913 p 864)
H
P & A A G C 1912 S 871-24
(as added b y 1913 p 95),
13005 (as amended b y 1913
p 864), 13007-7 (as added by
1913 p 864), 13007-9 (as
ad dedby 1913 p 864), 1300710 (as added b y 1913 p 864)
I
Girl 21
Employment compelling constant standing
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
I
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-24
(as added b y 1913 p 95),
13007-5 (as ad d ed by 1913 p
864), 13007-7 (as added b y
1913 p 864), 13007-9 (as
addedby 1913 p 864), 1300710 (as added b y 1913 p 864)
J
21
Employm ent in saloon or barroom where intoxicating liquors are
sold or in handling intoxicating liquors in any way
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Girl 21
Mine
Quarry
Coal breaker
Oiling or cleaning machinery while in motion
Exemptions:
In office in or about mine, quarry, or coal breaker
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
<r
-3
T able
1.— MINIMUM AGE—Continued
rjj
00
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Minimum age
References
Exemptions
I II
II
I
OKLAHOM A
Occupations or establishments
A 14
(For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Factory
Factory-workshop
Theater
Bowling alley
Pool hall
Steam laundry
rv
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—310 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—350 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
B 15
Any occupation injurious to health or morals or especially haz 1. Same as in A, above
ardous to life or lim b (These occupations are to be determined 2. Same as in A, above
by State commissioner of labor, whose decision is final until
reversed by law)
B
C 16
1. Same as in A, above
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
2. Same as in A, above
Work at certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any compo
sition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning dangerous machin
ery while in motion
Operating dangerous machinery
Operating or assisting in operating passenger or freight elevator
C
D Girl 16
Any employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
Con art 23 s 4
R L 1910 s 3739,3742
E
“ Underground in any mine or quarry”
1. Duty
State mine inspector
2. Same as in A, above
E
OREGON
A 12
[Employment 12
to 14 allowed
only during va
cation extend
ing over term of
2 weeks in “ suit
able work” on
Mercantile establishment
Factoiy
Workshop
Store
Business office
Restaurant
Bakery
H otel
A partm ent house
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor statistics and inspector of
factories and workshops:
Shall cause the enforcement of all laws regulating
the employment of children, minors, and women
T ruant officers (in counties of less th an 100,000):
Shall see th at the child labor law is enforced
State board of inspectors of child labor or deputy of
said board:
A
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted Nov. 3, 1914; in
effect Jan. 1,1916]
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted Sept. 17, 1907]
Constitution art 23 s 3
Revised Laws 1910 s 3728,
3729, 3742, 3745
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boy 16
Girl of any age
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
[For street tradès, seè Table 6]
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
Lord’s Oregon Laws 1910 s
4121 (as amended bv 1911
C 243), 5016, 5023-5024 (as
amended by 1911 C 138),
5032-5033 (as amended by
1911C 138), 5035 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 138)
L O L 1910 s 5016
1911 C 74 s 1
May inspect factories, workshops, and mercantile
establishments;
Shall report violations therein to school authori
ties and to district attorney
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$25
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$25
‘Maximum—$50
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—Imprisonment for 30 days
B 14
Work or labor of any form during school term
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
C 16
Telegraph, telephone, or public messenger service
[See note in column I]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Ç
D 16
Giving signals to engineers in logging operations or receiving and
forwarding such signals
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor statistics and inspector
of factories and workshops:
Has duties as specified in A, above
D
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
E
18
Engineer of, or having charge of, or operating logging engine or
engines used in loggmg operations
1. Same as in D , above
2. Same as in D, above
E
L O L 1910 s 5016, 5062, 5063
F 18
Running, operating, or having charge of elevator used for the
purpose of carrying persons or property
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
F
L O L 1910 s 2082,2083,2142,
2147, 5016
G Minor
Going into immoral, etc., places, on request or order of person,
firm, or corporation
[Proprietor of saloon, etc., is
prohibited by L O L 1910
s 2142 from perm itting any
minor to rem ain in such
place, and by s 2147 from
perm itting any female un
der 21 to remain in or about
such place, b u t the latter
section does n o t apply to
female accompanied by
husband or guardian, or to
any open and public res
taurant or dining room]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in D, above, in so far as this provision
relates to employees
2(a). Any offense
For person
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
F or corporation
Minimum—$500
Maximum—$1,000
G
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION
(A minimum age of 16for em
ployment in laundries is
fixed by the board of in
spectors of child labor by
interpreting th e clause
“ physically able to perform
the work ” into “ no child
under 16 is physically able
to work in laundries ”]
perm it issued in
“ careful discre
tion” of board
of inspectors of
child labor]
T able
1.— MINIMUM AGE— Continued
00
O
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
State
Minimum age
References
I
P E N N SY L V A N IA
A 14
1915 Pam phlet Laws 286 s 1,
2, 5, 23, 24
[The act tabulated in A, B,
C, and D is in effect Jan. 1,
1916]
[For minimum age of 16 for
employment in operation,
care, custody, or control of
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Flagman or employee in connection w ith the operation of passen
ger train
1. D uty
Public service commission
H
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—3500
Maximum—$2,000
1913 C 62 s 1-20
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
m
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Emplovment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
[ P o w e r of
commission
extends
over minors
u n d e r 18
and women]
[The industrial welfare commission m ay fix standard conditions
of labor, b u t no order of the commission shall perm it employ
m ent under any conditions now prohibited by law]
[See column III]
I
Any establishm ent (Any place where work is done for compen
sation of any kind, to whomever payable)
Any occupation
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and industry
Attendance officers
Police officers
A
Exemptions:
Farm work
Domestic service in private homes
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
[For provision in compulsory education law penaliz
ing employer for employing child 8 to 14 during
school hours, see 1911 P L 309 s 1421; S P D Supp
1912 p 114 (as am ended b y 1915 P L 174), 1911 P L
309 s 1422; S P D Supp 1912 p 115 (as amended by
1915 P L 174), and 1911 P L 309 s 1434; S P D Supp
1912 p 113]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
H 21
1911 C 219 s 1, 3
1911 C 279 s 74
[For street trades, see Table 6]
Exemptions
II
I
O R E G O N —Continued
Occupations or establishments
72485
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, including preparing any composition
in which dangerous leads or acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Stripping, assorting, or manufacturing tobacco
Public bowling alley
Pool room
Billiard room
Employment upon any railroad, steam, electric, or otherwise
Employment upon boat engaged in transportation of passengers
or merchandise
Mine (including anthracite and bituminous coal mine)
Blast furnace
Distillery, brewery, or any establishment where alcoholic liquors
are manufactured or bottled
[See note in column I]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
C
18
Oiling or cleaning machinery in motion
Brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor upon a
railroad or railway
Pilot, fireman, or engineer upon any boat or vessel
Any other occupation declared by the industrial board of the
departm ent o f labor and industries to be dangerous to the life
or limb, or injurious to the health or morals of child under 18
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
D
21
Saloon or barroom where alcoholic liquors are sold
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
1909 P L 59 s 1; Stewart’s
Purdon’s Digest Supple
m ent 1905-1909 v 5 p 5224
E
Any minor
Sending minor to immoral, etc., place
(Prohibition applies to any firm or corporation having authority
over minor)
1879 P L 142 s 2; S P D 1903 v
2p 1875
1879 P L 142 s 6; S P D 1903 v
2p 1877
1879 P L 142 s 8; S P D 1903 v
2 p 1877
F
*
1. [No specific provision]
E
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any minor
Any illegal or immoral, etc., vocation
Vocation injurious to health or dangerous to life or limb
Any immoral purpose
1. Duty
Constables and policemen:
Shall aid in bringing offenders before magistrate
or justice of the peace, who shall issue warrants
1. Power only
Mayors (in cities of the first class)
Agents of any humane society:
May, when so authorized, act as police officers or
constables, with power to arrest offenders
Any person:
May make complaint
F
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
B 16
any elevator or lift, see
1905 P L 352 s 4, 21, 23;
Stewart’s Purdon’s Digest
Supplement 1905-1909 v 5
pp 5483, 5486, 5487]
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$100
00
ÛO
to
T a b l e 1 . — M IN IM U M A G E — C o n tin u e d
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. '*67-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
P E N N S Y L V A N I A —C o n -
G Girl of any age
tinued
1879 P L 73 s 2; S P D 1903 v l
p 320
1879 P L 73 s 3; S P D 1903 v 1
p 323
1878 P L 9 s l ; S P D 1903 v 2
D 2320
1878 P L 9 s 2; S P D 1903 v 2
p 2320
1878 P L 9 s 3 ; S P D 1903 v 2
p 2309
H Girl of any age
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
1908 No 1868 s 2 (as amended
by 1913 No 2258), 4
Penal Code 1911 art 489 p 117
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Power only
In any city of the first class:
Attending among, or waiting upon audience or spectators at Mayors (in cities of the. first class):
May annul licenses
theatrical exhibitions, acrobatic performances, or other places of
public amusement in procuring, offering, furnishing, or dis
2(a). Any offense
tributing “ any description of commodities or refreshments what Maximum—$500
or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
soever”
Selling, vending, offering, procuring, furnishing, or distributing
intoxicating drinks or any admixture thereof, ale, beef, wine, or
cider in any saloon, hotel, tavern, eating house, or other place
where intoxicating liquors are sold, or employment as lady con
versationalist in any such place
Exemptions:
1. [No specific provision]
G
H
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—1100 or imprisonment for 3 months, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
(In addition to above penalty, license shall be forfeited)
Provision does not apply to:
Wife or daughter of any person having a license for selling liquors
1885 P L 202 s 1; S P D 1903 v 2 I
p 1662
1903 P L 180 s 4; S P D 1903 v
3 p 2551
P H IL IP P IN E I S L A N D S
III
Girl of any age
A 16
Employm ent in or about any coal mine or manufactory of coal
1. Duty
Chief of the State departm ent of mines
Exemptions:
,
Employment in office or in clerical work at “ such mme or colliery
[For earlier law prohibiting employment of girl of any age in anL thracite coal mine, see 1891 P L 176 Nol77 art 9 s 1, and 1891 P L
176 No 177 art 17 s 4; S P D 1903 v 3 p 2583, and for later law
prohibiting such employment in bituminous coal mine where
more than 10 persons are employed, see 1911 P L 756 a rt 18 s l,
2’ S P D Supp 1912 p 414 and a rt 19 s 11, art 26 s 2, a rt 28 s 3;
S P D Supp 1912 pp 416, 427, 428]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
Inducing child to leave home of parent, etc., to accompany habitual
vagrant or beggar
1. Duty
Philippine Bureau of Labor
2(a). Any offense
,,
, . ..
Minimum—125 pesetas and the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium degrees
Maximum—1,250 pesetas and the penalty of prision
correccional in its minimum and medium degrees
I
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
I
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2 Penalties—(a) Em ploym ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IY
A
B
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
C Girl 16
R H O D E IS L A N D
A 14
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Manufacturing establishment
1. Duty
Factory
State factory inspectors
Business establishment
(Every person, firm, or corporation employing any child under 16
2(a). Any offense
is subject to these provisions, whatever the business conducted) Maximum—$500
C
A
Exemptions:
General Laws 1909 C 78 s 1 (as
amended by 1915 C 1253), 2,
3 (as amended by 1910 C
576), 12
G L 1909 C 78 s 3 (as amended
by 1910 C 576), 6, 12
Employment requiring constant standing, in any establishment
( i h e term “ establishment” includes all buildings, factories,
workshops, stores, or other places of a like kind where any lucrative occupation exists) [For definition of lucrative occupation,
see A -III, above]
'
..£§§
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
P O R T O R IC O
A 10
Any lucrative occupation (“ Lucrative occupation” includes all
1. Duty
worlcs i* factories, mills, centrals, machine shops, or Porto Rican Bureau of Labor
[For street trades, see Table 6] [ E m p l o y m e n t
establishments or places of any kind where a factory or mechan
perm itted 10 to
ical enterprise is carried on; in storehouses, stores, establish
2(a). F irst offense
[For public exhibitions, see
16 only on “ cer
ments, or places of any kind where mercantile transactions are Minimum—$25
Table 7]
tificate”—S e e
carried on, or estates, plantations, farms, or places of any kind Maximum—$100
Table 2]
where agriculture, horticulture, or pasturing is carried on, and
2(a). Subsequent offense
1913 No 42 s 3,5 (as amended
in all enterprises of mining or fishing)
Minimum—$100
by 1913 Extraordinary Ses
Maximum—$1,000
sion No 139), 8 (as amended
Exemptions:
by 1913 Extraordinary Ses
Provision does not apply to:
sion No 139), 12-14
Children
10 to 16 who are employed in picking or gathering, coffee
1913 Extraordinary Session
or ill planting, picking, or tending in the field any agricultural or
No 139 s 6
Horticultural products in company with or under, the direct per
sonal supervision of their parents, guardians, or relatives over
[For prohibition of employ
16 years of age
ment under 12 in begging,
peddling, or in any mendi B 14
Begging
or receiving alms, or any form of mendicity [See note in 1. Same as in A, above
cant or wandering business,
column I]
. L
2. Same as in A, above
see Revised Statutes and
Labor
or
practice which is dangerous or injurious to health or morals
Codes 1911 s 5422, 5707]
Manufacturing, using, or selling m alt or alcoholic liquor
Provision does not apply to:
Household service
Agricultural pursuits
Rope or wire walking, or employment as gymnast, wrestler, con
tortionist, equestrian performer, or acrobat, rider upon bicycle
or mechanical contrivance, or in any dancing, theatrical, or
musical exhibition [For provisions governing these oceuDations, see Table 7]
B 16
Cleaning machinery while in motion unless the same is necessary
and is approved by factory inspectors as not dangerous
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
00
co
Table 1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
.
^
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
I S L A N D — Con
C 16.
tinued
G L 1909 C 139 s 4-6
rv
I II
1. Power only
Gathering or picking rags or collecting cigar stumps, bones, or
Town sergeant, city chief of police, or any agent of the
refuse from markets
Rhode
Island Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
Begging, or any mendicant or wandering occupation
to Children:
Any illegal or immoral, etc., purpose or practice
May
enter
any place where child may be detamed
Any business or vocation injurious to the health or morals or dan
or employed in violation of these provisions, and
gerous to the life or limb of child under 16
hold child as witness to testify upon trial of violator
[See also G L 1909 C 139 s 1]
C
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
G L 1909 G 129 s 16 (as amend
ed by 1910 C 549)
D 18
Taking charge of or operating passenger elevator
1. D uty
State factory inspectors
Inspectors of buildings
D
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
' Maximum—110
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
G L 1909 C 123 s 13,15, 48
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E
Any minor
Girl of any age
Selling or serving intoxicating liquor
Exemptions:
.
. . .
Selling or serving in licensed tavern or licensed victualing house
1. D uty
Special constables appointed by town councils.
2(a). Any offense
and imprisonment for 90 days, and
disqualification from holding license for 5 years
thereafter
Maximum—$100 and imprisonment for 1 year, and dis
qualification from holding license for 5 years theresifter
(In addition to incurring above penalty, employer shall
forfeit $100 for each offense, to be recovered in an
action for debt)
M in i m u m —1100
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
RHODE
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
to r’s orders
S O U T H C A R O L IN A
A
12
[Statutory prohibition en
acted Sept. 14, 1915; in
effect Jan. 1,1916]
Factory
Textile establishment
Mine
1912 Criminal Code C 16 s 422,
424
1912 Civil Code C 19 art 11 s
868, 872
1. Power only
State commissioner of agriculture, commerce, and in
dustries, his agents and inspectors:
May inspect factories and other establishments;
May make investigations as to the employment of
children
[See also Table 2, A-IX]
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—810 or imprisonment
Maximum—850 or imprisonment for 30 days
14
The following in factories:
Cleaning gears, cams, or pulleys, or cleaning in dangerous proxim
ity thereto, while the same are in motion
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1912 No 405 S 1, 2, 5
C
14
In any city of 5,000 or over:
Messenger for telegraph, telephone, or messenger company in the
distribution or delivery of goods or messages
1. D uty _
State commissioner of agriculture, commerce, and in
dustries
C
SO U TH DAKOTA
A
[No minimum Factory
age is speci- W orkshop
f i e d , b u t Mine [But see provisions in B and D, below]
e m p l o y Mercantile establishment during school term
m ent under
14 i s p e r m itted only
on poverty
p e r m i t —See Table 2,
B]
14
Mine [See provisions in D, below]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
1913 C 240 s 2-5, 8
Revised Codes 1903 Political
s 145
1913 C 240 s 4
B
2. Same as in A, above
1. [“ Every factory, workshop, mine, mercantile
establishment or other place in or in connection with
which children are engaged at labor of any kind,
shall a t all times be subject to visitation by the
county superintendent of schools” ]
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—810 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—8100 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
[R C 1903 Pol s 140, 142, provide for an inspector of
mines, b ut his duties appear to relate only to safety]
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
B
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—81,000
1903 C 88 s 1, 3
1913 C 240 S 4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
14
Concert hall or room where intoxicating liquors are sold or given
away
Variety theater
Any illegal or immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Any busmess or vocation injurious to the health or morals or dan
gerous to the life or limb of child under 14
Peddler
Mendicant
1. Same as in A, above
C
2(a). First offense
Maximum—8100 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
2(a). Subsequent offense
Maximum—8200 or imprisonment for 6 months
00
C7l
00
T able 1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
[Tn reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be hom e in mind]
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
Exemptions
III
II
I
05
1. Same as in A, above
Any gainful occupation in the following during school hours:
Manufacturing establishment
.
2(a). Any offense
Factory
Minimum—$10
Mine
Maximum—$50
Hotel
Laundry
Passenger or freight elevator
Bowling alley
“ Saloon, theater, concert hall, or place of amusement where intoxi
cating liquors are sold”
Messenger for any of the above
Driver for any of the above
Any other manner of work performed for wages or other compensa
tion during school hours
D
1913 C 240 s 2-5, 8
E
16 •
“ Any such occupation dangerous to life, health or morals” [The. 1. Same as in A, above
meaning of “ such occupation” is not clear. I t may mean “ in 2. Same as in A, above
factory, workshop, mine, or mercantile establishment”]
E
R C 1903 Pol s 2844 (as
amended by 1909 C 247)
R C 1903 Penal s 14
1913 C 240 s 4
F
21
Employment as bartender or in any other capacity in connection
with place or room where intoxicating liquors are sold
TEN NESSEE
A
tinued
D A K O T A — Con
1907 C 135 art 7 s 150
1913 C 240 s 4
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[Statutoiy p r o h i b i t i o n
enacted January, 1909; pro
hibition of sale in effect
July 1, 1909; prohibition of
manufacture in effect Jan.
1, 1910]
1909 C 124 s 1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Laundry
,
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Distribution or transmission of merchandise
Distribution or transmission of messages
Exemptions:
F ruit and vegetable canning factories
,
1. Same as in A, above
F
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 1 year, or both
A
1. Duty*
Chief State inspector of “ workshops and factories” :
Shall enforce all laws relating to “ workshops and
factories” (Term includes manufacturing, mills,
mechanical, electrical, mercantile, art, and launder
ing establishments, printing, telegraph, and tele
phone offices, departm ent stores, or any kind of
establishment wherein labor is employed or ma
chinery used);
Has full power to enforce all labor laws except
those relating to mining
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$250
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
D 15
SO UTH
1911 C 57 s 1, 2 (as amended
by 1913 F irst E x tra Session
C 47), 3,. 6
1913 C 9 s 7
1913 C 11 s 2,3 (as amended
by 1915 C 170), 4, 5 (as
amended by 1915 C 170),
6, 7, 9
1915 C 172 s i
B
14
Any business or service which interferes with school attendance
during any part of school term
1. D uty
Same as in A, above, and also,
T ruant officers:
^ M u st enforce compulsory school-attendance law
[See Table 5]
May inspect office, factory, or business house employing children under 16 and require certificate of
school attendance from children subject to said law
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc.
Oiling or cleaning machinery or assisting t.hprpin
Mme
Quarry
1.» Same as in A, above
[Provision is made in 1915 C 169 for the inspection of
mmes, b u t the specified powers and duties of the in
spector do not appear to relate to child labor]
B
2. Same as in A, above
C
Revised Criminal Statutes
1911 a rt 1589,1590
1915 C 49 s 5-9
R Crim S 1911 art 1589, 1590
1911C 46 s 1, la, 2, 2a
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A (No age speci Any occupation during school hours
fied, b ut em
ployment
under 14 is
prohibi t e d
unless child
is lawfully
excused
from school
attendance—
See Table 5]
B
15
C 17
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
Manufacturing or other establishment using dangerous machinery
em ploym ent “ about the machinery in any m ill or factory”
Distillery
J
Brewery
Employm ent “ where their health may be impaired or morals
debased”
5
Sending child to any immoral, etc., place
Quarry
Mine
C
2. Same as in A, above
1. D uty
Attendance officers or school superintendents and
peace officers acting as attendance officers
State commissioner of labor statistics:
Must enforce if he “ shall learn of any violation”
of labor laws and has powers of inspection “ where 5
or more persons are employed”
A
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$10
(After notification by school official, each day’s viola
tion a separate offense)
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor statistics:
Must enforce if he “ shallleam of any violation” of
labor laws;
Shall be given free access to establishments “ to in
sure compliance w ith ” these provisions
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
TEXAS
16
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
(Each day’s violation a separate offense)
1. Same as in B, above
[Revised Civil Statutes 1911 a rt 5923-5946 provide for
an inspector of mines and define his duties, b u t they
apparently relate only to safety and sanitation]
2. Same as in B, above
00
-or
T able
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
gg
[Tn reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
III
II
I
D Any minor
Any employment in place of business of retail liquor dealer or
m alt liquor dealer
R Crim S 1911 a rt 622, 631,
1589, 1590
D
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor statistics:
Has duties and powers as specified in A, above
T ax collector, sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable, or
other peace officer:
Shallreport known violations to county attorney
(Tax collector shall also investigate reported viola
tions)
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 60 days, or both
R Crim S 1911 art 626, 631,
1589, 1590
E
Girl of any age
Servant, bartender, or waitress in place of business of retail liquor
dealer or retail m alt dealer
Exemption:
Provision does not apply to:
Employm ent of member of employer’s family in his owp place of
business
UTA H
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Constitution art 16 s 3
Compiled Laws 1907 s 1338,
4065
1911C 113 s 4 (as amended by
1913 C 76)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A Boy 14
Girl of any age
Mine
Smelter
1. Same as D i n , above
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 12 months, or
both
E
A
1. D uty
State commissioner of immigration, labor, and statis
tics:
Must “ investigate and report to the proper author
ities all violations of law regarding theconaitions sur
rounding the employment of children, minors and
women and the laws established for th e protection
of all employees in factories, mines, m ills, and other
institutions where labor is employed ”
[C L 1907 s 1507-1524 provide for an inspector of mines,
b u t his duties apparently relate only to health and
safety]
2(a). Any offense
Maximum (for individual)—$300 or imprisonment for
6months, or both
Maximum (for corporation)—$1,000
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
T E X A S—Continued
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under m inim um age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
1911C 113 s 4( as amended by
1913 C 76)
1911C 144 s 1 (as amended by
1915 C 61), 5,13,14
C
14
21
[For prohibition of employ
m ent of girl of any age in
any “'licensed premises,”
see 1911 C 106 s 28, 65]
1911C 113 s 4 (as amended by
1913 C 76)
1911 C 144 s 7,14
D 21
1911C 113 s 4 (as amended by
1913 C 76)
1911 C 144 s 6,14
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Girl 21
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
1. D uty
B
Work in certain processes, including preparing any composition Same as in A, above, and also,
in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
“
Any
authorized
inspector”
[State
commissioner
of
Manufacture of paints, etc.
immigration, labor, and statistics] or tru an t officer:
Quarry
Shall demand from “ any employer” proof of age
Mine [See provisions in A, above]
of child apparently under 14, and forbid employ
Coal breaker
m
ent
if such proof be not produced
L aundry
*
Tobacco warehouse, cigar factory, or other factory where tobacco
2(a).
Any offense
is manufactured or prepared
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 10 days, or both
Cigar store or stand or tobacco store or place where tobaccos are Maximum—$200
or imprisonment for 30 days, or both
sold a t wholesale or retail.
Distillery .brewery, or any other establishment where m alt or al
coholic liquors are manufactured, packod, wrapped, or bottled
[See provisions in C, below]
Theater
Concert hall
Saloon [See provisions in C, below]
Pool room
Running or management of elevator or lift
Bowling alley
Any other employment declared by the State board of health to be
dangerous to life or limb, or injurious to the health or morals of
child under 14
Handling intoxicating liquors, or packages containing same, in
1. Same as in A, above, excluding bracketed note
brewery or bottling establishment in which such liquors are pre
2(a). F irst offense
pared or offered for sale
(For
individual)
Serving intoxicating liquors to be drunk on the premises
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 30 days, or both Maximum—$299 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
(For corporation)
Minimum —$100
Maximum—$1,000
2(a). Subsequent offense
(For individual)
Minimum—$50 and imprisonment for 30 days
Maximum—$299 and imprisonment for 6 months
(For corporation)
Minimum—$300
Maximum—$5,000
(In addition to above penalties, license m ay and in
case of “ licensed dealer” m ust be revoked on con
viction of violation, and no license shall thereafter
be granted)
Delivering messages or goods to, or visiting, “ in the course of any 1. Same as in A, above, excluding bracketed note
any immoral, etc., place, saloon, or other place 2. Same as in B, above
of objectionable character which has been disapproved bv the
juvenile court
'R estaurant, resort or place of amusement where alcoholic liq 1. Same as in A, above, excluding bracketed note
uors are manufactured or dispensed”
2. Same as in B , above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION*
1911 C 106 s 10, 23, 24, 65
1911C 113 s 4 (as amended by
1913 C 76)
B
OO
CO
\ T able
1 .— MINIMUM
AGE—Continued
g
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
A 14
Public Statutes 1906 C 50 s
1045 (as amended by 1912
N o 7 5 s 11), 1046 (as
amended by 1912 No 75 s
12), 1048 (as amended by
1910 No 70 s 8), 1049
1910 No 70s 5, 6
1912 No 188 s 2 (as amended
by 1915 No 1 s 216), 3, 5
B [No age speci
fied, b u t em
ployment
under 16 is
not. p e r
m itted u n
l e s s child
i s a gradu
ate from the
elem entary
[See Table 5,B,for later pro
schools—See
note in col
vision perm itting child
um n I]
whose services are neces
sary for support of those
dependent on him to leave
school a t 15 if he has com
pleted sixth grade]
P S 1906 C 50 s 1044 (as
amended by 1912 No 75 s
10), 1045 (as amended by
1912 No 75 s 11), 1048 (as
amended by 1910 No 70 s
8), 1049
1910 No 70 s 5, 6
1912 No 188 s 2 (as amended
b y 1915 No 1 s 216), 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I II
The following where more than 10 persons are employed:
Mill
Factory
Quarry
Workshop
1‘. D uty
Town or union superintendent [of schools]
State factory inspector:
Has powers of inspection and shall enforce when
ever he “ finds a violation of the law relating to the
employment of children, minors and women”
1. Power only
T ruant officers
“ All informing officers” :
May make complaint
A
2(a)(b). F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$200
2(a)(b). Second offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 6 months
Work connected w ith the following during school hours:
Manufacturing
Railroading
Mining
Quarrying .
Employment in the following during school hours:
Hotel
Bowling alley
Delivery of messages
[This is not a direct minimum age provision, b u t it practically
fixes an approximate m inim um age for employment in these
occupations, certain of which are otherwise unregulated]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
VERM ONT
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employm ent under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
C 16
P S 1906 C 50 s 1048 (as
amended by 1910 No 70 s 8)
1910 No 70 s 3-6
1912 No 188 s 2 (as amended
by 1915 No 1 s 216), 3
D Girl 18
P S 1906 C 219 s 5130(as
amended by 1908 No 128 s
2, and by 1912 No 197 s 1)'
5160, 5170-5172,5215
1912 No 188 s 2 (as amended
by 1915 No 1 s 216), 3
E
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
work a t certain machines, etc.
Work in certain processes, etc., including preparing any composi
tion in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery or assisting therein
prepared7 °r 0tller factory where tobacco is manufactured or
1. D uty
State factory inspector:
Has powers of inspection'and shall enforce when
ever he “ finds a violation of the law relating to the
employment of children, minors and women”
1. Power only
Town or city grand juror, State’s attorney, or the at
torney general:
May require parent’s or guardian’s certificate of
age (see Table 2, B) to prove legal employment
Employment requiring constant standing
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
2. Same as in A, above
Boy under 21
Girl of any age B p r a n c e s l icense to sell liquors to be drunk on the
Ï. Duty
Board of license commissioners:
On complaint
[Section 56 of Act No 171 of the Acts of 1915, entitled «A n act to Constable, police officers, sheriff, or deputy sheriff:
prolubit the sale of intoxicating liquors,” repeals chapter 219 of
Shall report observed or reported violations to
5?? i T~k*Statutes, as amended, containing the provision here
above board
tabulated, b u t section 57 of the same act further provides th at State factory inspector:
JggJS j shall take effect on May 1,1916, if adopted by popular
Has powers of inspection and shall enforce when
vote m 1916, otherwise on May 1, 1927]
•
J y
ever he “ finds a violation of the law relating to the
employment of children, minors and women”
1. Power only
Any citizen:
May make complaint
D
E
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 1 month, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 3 months, or both
(License must be revoked by board of license com
missioners for violation)
V IR G I N IA
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Code 1904 s 1790 c(7) (as added
by 1914 C 321)
C 1904 s 3657bb
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 12
Manufacturing operation
Mechanical operation
Mining operation [See provisions in D, below]
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor (chief factory inspector):
“ Shall secure the enforcement of all laws * * ' *
relating to the inspection of factories, mercantile
establishments, mills, workshops, and commercial
institutions”
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
A
CHILD LABOB LEGISLATION.
P S 1906 C 50 s 1048 (as
amended by 1910 No 70 s 8)
1910 No 70 s 2, 4-6
1912 No 188 s 2 (as amended
by 1915 No 1 s 216), 3, 5
T a b l e 1 .— MINIMUM AGE — Continued
«£>
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Enforcement
State
References
Minimum age
I
1Occupations or establishments
i
Exemptions
II
B 12
C 1904 s 1790 c(7) (as added by
1914 C 321)
1908 C 301 s 1 (as amended by
1914 C 339), 4 (as amended
b y 1914 C 3 3 9 ) , 6 (as
amended by 1914 C 339)
[E m p l o y m e n t
12 to 14 permit
ted only on “ rel e a s e ” by
c o u r t—S e e
Table 2, A]
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Mine [See provisions in D, below]
Laundry
Bakery
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Distribution, transmission, or sale of merchandise during school
hours
Messenger for telegraph, telephone, or messenger company in the
distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or messages in
any city of 5,000 population or over according to 1910 census
1. Same as in A, above
B
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty is incurred for employment contrary
to law in “ factory, workshop, mercantile establish
ment or laundry” )
Exemptions:
Factory engaged exclusively in packing fruits and vegetables,
between July 1 and Nov. 1
Mercantile establishment in any town of less than 2,000, or in a
country district
Employment of child by his parent in factory, workshop, mer
cantile establishment, laundry, or other place owned or operated
by said parent [See provisions in A, above]
C 1904 s 1790 c(7) (as added by
1914 C 321)
C 1904 s 3795a (2), 3795a(3),
3795a(7), 3795a(8)
[See also C 1904 s 3795 a(l) (as
amended by 1908 C 282),
1910 C 347 s 3, and 1914 C
228 s 1, for laws prohibiting
sending child under 18 to
saloon or immoral, etc.,
p l a c e , o r endangering
health or morals of child]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C 14
Begging
Any immoral, etc., purpose or practice
Any business or vocation injurious to the health or morals or
dangerous to the life and limb of child under 14
1. Same as in A, above
2(a).
Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 12 months, or
both
C
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
V I R G I N I A — Continued
III
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
1912 C 178 s 3,14,15, 24
D Boy 14
Girl oi any age
Coal mine where 5 or more persons are employed in a 24-hour
period
ft. D uty
State mine inspector
D
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—810 or imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—8500 or imprisonment for 90 days
C 1904 s 1790c(7) (as added by
1914 C 321)
1914 C 158 s 3
E
Boy 21
Girl of any age
[Statutory prohibition en
acted Sept. 22, 1914; in
effect Nov. 1,1916]
Exemptions:
Hotel
Mercantile establishment in the country
Female whose full time is employed as bookkeeper, stenographer,
cashier, or office assistant
F Any minor
Girl of any age
Saloon
W A S H IN G T O N
A 12
Factory
Mill
[For street trades, see Table 6] [Employment 12 Workshop
to 14 allowed Store
[For public exhibitions, see
only on permit
Table 7]
and in occupa
tions not, m
Pierce’s Code 1912 title 291 s
judgment of is
101,151,153
suing o f f ic e r ,
dangerous or in
jurious to health
or morals—See
Tables 2 and 3,
A]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
E
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—820
(Above penalty is incurred for engaging or contract
ing for employment)
1. Same as in A, above
F
2(a). First offense
Minimum—850 or 850 and imprisonment
Maximum—8100 or 8100 and imprisonment for 60 days
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—8100 and imprisonment for 6 months, or
same fine and, if his physical condition permits,
work on the roads for same period
Maximum—Fine and imprisonment for 12 months,
or fine and, if his physical condition permits, work
on the roads for same period
(Any violation serves to revoke license, and no license
shall thereafter be granted to violator for 2 years)
[For bonds required in cases of violation, see 1910 C
190 s 27]
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and his assistants
~A~
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION-.
C 1904 s 1790c(7) (as added by
1914 C 321)
1910 C 190 s 19,27
Employment in any place where intoxicating liquors are manu
factured, bought, sold, packed, or shipped [See note in
column I]
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—810 or imprisonment, or both
Maximum—8500 or imprisonment for 6 months, or both
CO
03
T a ble
1
MINIMUM AGE—Continued
<£>
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
• State
Minimum age
References
P C 1912 1 135 s 27, 389
P C 19121 291 s 101
P C 1912 t 291 S 101, 151, 153
[P C 19121291 s 151 m ay have
been repealed by 1909 C 249
s 52]
P C 1912 t 291 s 101
P C 1912 1 345 S 143, 163
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
HI
B [No age speci Store
fied, b ut em Shop
ploym ent of Factory
boy under 14 Mine [But see provisions in D, below]
and girl un Any inside employment
d e r 16 a l
Exemptions:
lowed only
Inside employment connected with:
on s p e c i a l
permit—See Farm work
Tables 2 and Housework
3, B]
C Boy 14
Girl 19
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
In any city of first class:
Public messenger in the employ of any person, telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
1. Same as in A, above
B
2(a). A ny offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 90 days
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
[Employment of
boy 14 to 19 al
lowed only on
special permit—
See Tables 2 and
3,C]
D Boy 16
Girl of any age
Inside employment in [coal] mine
E
Employment in outside structures or workings of colliery
Boy 14
1. Same as in A, above
D
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$200
Maximum—$500
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Employment of “ boys of suitable age” in office or in clerical work
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in D, above
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
ued
Exemptions
II
I
W A S H I N G T O N — C o n tin
Occupations or establishments
P C 1912 1 135 s 27, 387, 1495
P C 1912 t 291 s 101
F
18
[For prohibition of employ
ment of any minor in sell
ing, etc., any publication
devoted to accounts of G Girl of any age
criminal or immpral, etc.,
deeds, which is tabulated [See note in col
in Table 6, b u t which may
um n I]
refer .to other th an street
employment, see P C 1912
t 135 S 29, 413; t 291 S 101]
Begging, receiving alms, or any mendicant occupation
Any immoral,fete., practice
Any practice dangerous or injurious to life, limb, health, or morals
Messenger for delivering letters, telegrams, packages, or bundles to
any immoral place
Saloon, beer hall, barroom, theater, or place of amusement where
intoxicating liquors are sold as a beverage
1. Same as in A, above
F
. 2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for 90 days
1. Same as in A, above
G
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$500 or $500 and imprisonment for 6 months
[ S ta tu to r y p r o h i b it i o n
adopted Nov. 3, 1914; in
effect Jan. 1,1916]
P C 19121 291 s 101
P C 1912 t 413 s 839, 841, 843,
H [No age speci
fied,but em
p lo y m e n t
under ISpermitted only
on c e r tif i
c a t e — S ee
Tables 2 and
3,D]
1913 C 174 s 1-20
1915 C 68 s 1
I
W E S T V IR G I N IA
A
[For street trades, see Table 6]
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
[Constitutional prohibition
adopted Nov. 5, 1912; in
effect July 1,1914]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any occupation during school hours
[Power of com [The industrial welfare commission may establish such standard
mission ex
conditions of labor for women and minors as shall be held to be
tends over
reasonable and not detrimental to health and morals. Under
women and
this power the commission has prohibited the employment of
minors]
any female under 18 in the occupation of “ shaker” in any laundrv
establishment]
14
Manufacturing establishment
Factory
Mill
Workshop
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and his assistants
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect stores, mills, shops, and other places
where children may be employed
H
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$25
[See column III]
I
1. Duty
Prosecuting attorney
T ruant officers, inspectors of factories, and authorized
agents of the humane society:
Shall expose all violations to prosecuting attorney
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
[Proprietor of saloon, etc., is
prohibited b y P C 1912 t
135 s 389 from admitting
any person •under 21 to
such place or allowing such
person to remain therein]
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
— ----------------------------------------------- ---- 1-
cO
Ox
T a ble
1.—MINIMUM AGE—Continued
05
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
■ Enforcement
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
tinued
Hogg’s Code 1913 C 15H s 530,
532,533
H C 1913 C 15H s 470 (as
amended by 1915 C 10 s 11,
14), 485 (asamendedbyl915
C 10 s 32), 495 (as amended
by 1915 C 10 s 86)
1915 C 10 s 33
B [No age speci Any business or service during school hours [B ut see provisions
in A, above, for occupations apparently prohibited under 14 at
fied, b ut em
any time]
p lo y m e n t
under 14 al
lowed only
on s p e c i a l
perm it—See
Tables 2 and
3, C]
C
Boy 14 [See
p ro v isio n s
in D, belowj
E
Any minor
[For law fixing minimum age
of 18 for employment in
begging on streets, etc., or
for any mendicant business,
see H C 1913 C 144 s 5177]
H C 1913 C 15H s 518, 523, 524
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Coal mine in which 5 or more persons are employed in a 24-hour
period [See provisions in D , below]
Girl of any age
D Boy 16
H C 1913 C 144 s 5176
I II
F
Any minor
Girl of any age
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Duty
District mine inspectors, under direction of chief of
department of mines
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 90 days
C
1. Same as in C, above
Coal mine in which 5 or more persons are employed in a 24-hour
period, at any time when a free school is in session in district
where boy resides
Work a t any tim e in such mine in a position which, in the opin
ion of the district mine inspector, is hazardous
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—#25 or, imprisonment
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 30 days
A ny illegal or immoral, etc., vocation
Any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limb
of minor
Any immoral purpose, or in any place where illegal or immoral,
etc., exhibition takes place
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
Cleaning machinery while in motion (in manufacturing, mechan
ical, or other establishment)
1. [No specific provision]
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor or his assistant
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$100
D
E
F
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
W E S T V I R G I N I A — Con
Exemptions
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
W IS C O N S IN
A 12
72485
[In such of the occupations
listed in A -III as are not
covered by those listed in
A -II, for employment in
which a vacation permit
m ay be obtained, the mini
m um age would also be 14]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C 16
Mercantile establishment
Store
Hotel
Restaurant
Bakery
Telegraph service
Telephone service
Public messenger service
Delivery of merchandise
Any gamful occupation or employment
Exemptions:
T, D uty
State industrial commission
T ruant officers:
Must inspect establishments and report cases of
llllegal employment of minors to school authorities
and to State industrial commission;
May make complaint
1. Power only
Police officers and citizens:
May make complaint
Agricultural pursuits
2(a)(b). Each offense
Minimum—Forfeiture of 810 to State
Maximum—Forfeiture of $100 to State
[-A-civil suit m ay be brought for violation]
(The above penalty is found in St C 83 s 1728a.2; the
following penalty is given in s 1728h.l, as amended
by 1915 C 421)
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 30 days
Manufacturing establishment
Factory
Workshop
Laundry
[See last note in column I]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
W ork at certain machines, etc.
W ork in certain processes, etc., including the manufacture or
preparation of any composition in which dangerous or poison
ous acids or gases are used
Manufacture of paints, etc.
Pin boy in bowling alley
Oiling, or assisting in oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery in
motion [See provisions in D, below]
Tobacco warehouse, cigar, or other factory where tobacco is manu
factured or prepared
Store, brewery, distillery, bottling establishment, hotel bar
room, saloon, saloon dining room or restaurant or any place in
connection therewith, dance hall, bowling alley, pool room
beer garden, or similar place in which strong, spirituous, or
malt liquors me made, bottled, sold, or given awav
Theater
J
Concert hall
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
[For street trades, see Table 6] [Employment 12
to 14 allowed
For public
publ exhibitions, see
[For
only during va
~ablc "7]
Table
cation in the fol
lowing occupa
Statutes C 27 s 439ca
tions: s t o r e ,
St C 83 s 1728a.2, 1728a.3,
office, mercan1728a.4,1728a-4.1,1728a-4.2,
t i 1 e establish1728d.l, 1728g
m ent, w are
St C 110a s 2394-52, 2394-70
house, tele
graph, tele
[For law prohibiting emphone, or public
plôyment of child under 14
messenger serv
in dangerous, injurious, or
ice, in place
immoral occupations, see
where c h i l d
St C 186 s 4587a]
lives, on vaca
tion permit—
[The regulations tabulated in
See Tables 2 and
C to G, inclusive, are sub
3, B]
ject to change by indus
trial commission; for fur B 14
ther powers of said com
mission, see provisions in
H]
Any other employment dangerous to life or limb, injurious to
the health, or depraving to the morals
iO
<r
T able
1.—MINIMUM AGE— Continued
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory notes on pp. 467-470 should be borne in mind]
Occupations or establishments
State
Minimum age
References
I II
II
I
A
00
H
W ISC O N SIN —Continued
Exemptions
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Coal, iron, or other dangerous mine
Underground works
Dangerous place
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
. ..
_
Employment of “ boy or female of suitable age” in an office or in
clerical work
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
D
n r
T
G
H
A
1. Power only
State inspectors of coal mines:
Must inspect coal mines;
May enforce coal-mining laws
[C S 1910 s 3483-3492 provide for an inspector of metal
liferous mines, b ut his duties apparently relate
only to safety]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 [or 825 and imprisonment]
Maximum—$100 or 8100 and imprisonment for 6
months
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
1. Same as in A, above
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, including:
2. Same as in A, above
Work in certain processes, etc.
Blastfurnace
,
, . ,
Pilot, fireman, engineer, on boats ot vessels engaged in transpor
tation of passengers or merchandise
Brakeman, fireman, engineer, motorman, or conductor, on any
Telegraph operator on railroads [See also St C 87 s 1809j.l,
1.809] :2]
Running or management of any elevator or lift
Oiling or cleaning dangerous or hazardous machinery in motion
Messenger for telegraph or telephone company or company or
E Girl 18
individual engaged m similar business
Mine
F Boy 18
Girl of any age Quarry
G “ F e m a l e Employment requiring constant standing
child”
H [ P o w e r e x Any employment or in any place of employment dangerous or
prejudicial to the life, health, safety, or welfare of any minor
tends over
or female, or where the employment of any minor may be dan
“ any minor
gerous or prejudicial to the life, health, safety, or welfare of any
or any fe
other employee or frequenter [Such_ employments are to be
male”]
determined by the industrial commission]
A Boy 14
W Y O M IN G
Girl of any age
[For public exhibitions, see
Table 7]
Constitution a rt 9 s 3
Compiled Statutes 1910 s 3107
C S 1910 s 3518, 3538
[The provision tabulated in
A, in so far as it applies to
child under 14, appears to
be in large part superseded
by the later law given in
B, below]
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment under minimum age;
(b) Continuing employment contrary to inspec
tor’s orders
IV
1915 C 77 s 3, 6
C S 1910 s 3101,3105,3106
B 14
C 14
Certain dangerous, etc., occupations, incudingWork a t certain machines, etc.,
6
Work in certain processes, including preparing any composition
in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used
P
Manufacture of paints, etc.
' ' thereof ”0Und works’ or m iae’ or about th ® surface workings
Smelter
Operating freight or passenger elevator
Begging
Peddling
Variety theater
1. [No specific provision. See enforcement in
4 ’ble hIm]WhiCl1 m ight be partiaUy aPPb-
B
• 2(a). Any offense
S T ^ ' 5rw?r i“ Pris?nm ent for 30 days, or both
Maximum $100 or imprisonment for 90 days, or both
mS
1. Power only
Justices of the peace
C
1915 C 77 s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
[For earlier law fixing mini
mum age of 14 for employ
m ent in immoral or danger
ous, etc., occupations, w ith
different penalty, see C S
1910 s 3101, 3105, 3106]
D 14
E 16
F
18
G Girl 18
C S 1910 s 3102
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H 18
D®b ^ .r/ °.f messages, etc., by child employed in public messenger
service, to any place specified m F -III, below, or to any immoral, etc., place
J
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in B, above
D
Any ülegal or immoral, etc., purpose or practice
+ ^ t>usln?ss 0^ V0.(ÿ ;1011 or in any place or situation injurious to
the morals or health or dangerous to the life or limb of child un
der 16 [See provisions m F , below]
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in B, above
E
B w w y’i iiSttiUery’, sai T ’ ??ncert ban, or çther establishment
b o « L ? S S d 1 ,,“ °rS *” “ « < * » » < 1 .
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in B, above
F
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in B, above
G
Employment requiring constant standing
piploynient in immoral, etc., place or place where illegal or
immoral, etc., exhibition takes place
°
1. [Justices of the peace have jurisdiction]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$100 or $100 and imprisonment
Maximum—$500 or $500 and imprisonment for 12
months
------------------------------------------------------------------- -----
H
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
. 2(a). First offense
Mb o th Um_$10° °r bnprisonment for 3 months, or
. 2(a). Subsequent offense
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
100
T a b l e 2 . — REQUIREMENTS
FOR
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
A Under 16
[For street trades,
see table 6]
[For minimum
age, see Table
1, B]
[In cities or towns of
l e s s th an 25,000
population hoy 12
to 14 m ay be em
ployed in business
office or mercan
tile establishment
, w ithout an em
ployment certifi
cate “ during such
times as the pub
lic schools are n ot
in session” ]
Physical
IV
V
(1) B irth certificate
(2) Passport
(3) Baptismal certifi
cate
Exemptions:
If issuing officer is
Agriculture
satisfied th at no one
Domestic service
of above is obtain
“ E m p l o y [See first note in col
able,
m ent certifi um n I]
(4) O t h e r evidence
cate”
satisfactory to issu
ing officer, such as
affidavit of parent
or guardian
ALABAM A
1915 p 193 s 7, 8,10,
14,17
I II
Evidence of age
Any gainful occupa
tion
Manufacturing estab
lishment
No d o c u Mill
m ent specified Factory
B Under 16
[For prohibition of
e m p l o y m e n t of
child 8 to 15 in any
occupation during
school hours with
out written per
m it from board of
education unless
child is exempt
f r o m school at
tendance (for exe m p t i o n s , see
T ables, A), with
penalty of a fine
of not less than 5
nor more th an 50
dollars, to which
m ay be added im
prisonment for not
more than 30 days,
see 1915 No 470 s 9]
A LASK A
[No provisions]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I
101
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
ENTERING EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
School record signed by the prin
cipal or teacher of school a t
tended stating that:
(1) Child has attended school
at least 60 days of the year im
mediately preceding date of
issuance
[School attendance required if
employed—See Table 5, B]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
D uty; Power only
Ï. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
m it, etc. ; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vm
IX
1. Duty
State factory inspector
A
2(a). First offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum —$100
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$500
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
102
T able
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of perm it
Exemptions
I
II
A R IZ O N A
[For street trades, see
Table 6J
A 14 to 16
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate ”
Revised
Statutes
1913 Civil Code
title 14 C 2 s 3110,
3116, 3119 - 3126,
3134-3136,3145
[The provision for
license tabulated
in B is contained
in a proviso to sec
tion 3110, which
fixes a minimum
âge of 14 in employ
ments listed in A,
b u t it is not clear
whether or n o t it
refers to employ
m ent or merely to
child working on
his own account]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B Boy 10 to 14
“ License ”
to work outs i d e school
hours
Evidence of age
Physical
III
IV
V
Mercantile establish
m ent
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement h o u s e ,
manufactory
or
workshop”
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Bakery
Barber shop
Apartm ent house
Bootblack stand or
parlor
Distribution or trans
portation of mer
chandise
Distribution or trans
portation of mes
sages
(1) Passport
(2) Birth certificate
(3) Baptismal certifi
cate
(4) O t h e r religious
record
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(5) Affidavit of parent
or guardian
W ritten state
m ent by is
suing officer
th at in his
o' p i n i o n
child has at
tained nor
mal physical
developm ent, and
is in suffic i e n 1 1y
s o u n d
health and
p h y sic a lly
able to per
form intende d work,
which shall
be stated.
In all cases
such developm ent,
health and
fitness shall
be d e t e r
mined by a
medical offi
cer of the
board or de
partm ent of
health or by
a physician
appointed
b ythe school
committee
The following,
o u tside school
hours:
Occupations or estab
lishments same as in
A, above, provided
work is not physi
cally or morally
harmful in opinion
of local board of
school trustees [See
note in column I]
[See
irq
column
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
103
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements —Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed b y the
principal or chief executive of
school attended, certifies:
(1) 160 days’ school attend
ance during year previous to
becoming 14 or to applying for
school record;
(2) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences;
(3) T hat child has received
instruction equivalent to 5
yearly grades in reading, spell
ing, writing, English grammar,
and geography, and is familiar
w ith arithmetic through frac
tions
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employmenl
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. [Issuing offi
1. Duty
cer m ust trans Factory inspector [there is no
m it to State
law providing for factory in
su p erin ten d
spection], other authorized
ent of public
inspectors, and school-at
instruction
tendance officers:
lists of certifi
Shall make complaints for
cates issued
offenses and prosecute vio
showing name
lations;
of prospective
May inspect establish
employer]
ments
2. Work which State superintendent of public
child intends
instruction, other authorized
to do shall be
inspectors, or school-attend
stated on cer
ance officers:
tificate
Shall demand proof of age
of child apparently under 16
without employment certifi
cate, and order child dis
charged if not over 16
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
1. [No specific1. Duty
provision]
Factory inspector [there is no
2. F o r s a f e law providing for factory in
guard to mor
spection], other authorized
als, see cob
inspectors, and school-at
um n H I
tendance officers:
Shall make complaints for
offenses and prosecute vio
lations;
May inspect establish
ments
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprison
m ent for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
104
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
’[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Ag9
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of perm it
Exemptions
I
II
A R I Z O N A — Con
tinued.
R S 1913 C i v C t l l C
14 s 2802, 2804 ■
C 14 to 16
Graduate
“ perm it”
m
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
Any occupation dur
ing school hours [See
note in column I]
[See note in col
um n I]
[It would appear,
though it is not
specifically stated,
th a t a “ perm it’*
would not be re
quired for employ
m ent in occupations listed in A,
Same as in C, above,
above, provided D 14 to 16
including bracketed
“ employment cer
note
N
ongradu
tificate ” there tab
ate “ perm it”
ulated had been
obtained]
[See note in col
um n I]
A RK ANSAS
1914 A I s 2,7,8,11,13
[For earlier law re
quiring certificate
for employment in
factories and man
ufacturing estab
lishments, perhaps
p a r t i a l l y or en
tirely superseded
by these later pro
visions, see 1907 A
456 s 1, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 1913 A 322 s 12]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A Under 16
“ E m p l oyment certifi
cate”
Any establishment or
occupation
“ Documentary evi
dence th a t the child
is of the age * * *
represented” is re
quired
Certificate shall show
date of birth of child
and contain a state
ment of the proof of
age accepted
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
105
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Completion of grammar-school
course prescribed by State
board of education
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty ; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. D uty
Deputy sheriff
Constable
City marshal
Attendance officer
1. Power only
[For authorities who m ay in
spect certificates, see Table
3, C]
C
. 2(a)- Any offense
Minimum—325
Maximum—3100
[See column VHIJ
No child shall “ be employed who
has not passed 4 yearly grades”
“ Documentary evidence th at the
child is of the * * * educa
tional standard represented”
is required
V
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.1. [No specific 1 . Same as in C, above
provision]
2 . Same as in C, above
2. E x e m p t i o n
from school at
tendance for
“reasons satis
factory”
to
certain school
authorities
(see Table 5,
A) or on ac
count of phys
ical or men
tal condition
such as to
render attend
ance inexpe
dient or inad
visable (as de
clared by com
petent physi
cian approved
by s c h o o l
board)
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
and statistics
Factory inspectors
Mine inspectors
Agents of humane society
Probation officers
T ruant officers
“ Other authorized inspectors ”
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute
complaints
2 (a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—3100
D
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
106
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
I
C A L IF O R N IA
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The permits tabu
lated in A and B
are a l t e r n a t i v e ,
and the permit
given in C m ay be
s u b s t i t u t e d for
either during vaca
tion]
Deering’s G e n e r a l
Laws 1909 A 1611
(as amended by
1916 C 626) s 1-3,9,
10,13,15
D G L 1909 A 1611 s
16-17 (as added by
1915 C 625)
Physical
IV
V
Manufacturing estab Sworn statement of
parent or guardian
lishment
Temporary Mechanical establish
m ent
poverty “ per
m it to work" Mercantile establish
ment
Workshop
Office
Laundry
Place, of amusement
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartment house
Distribution of mer
chandise
Distribution of mes
sages
Any other' place of
labor
A 14 to 15
[Child over 14 may
obtain a perm it to B 14 to 15
work outside
Graduate
school hours upon “ p e r m i t to
compliance w i t h
w
ork"
requirements for
the issuance of an
age and schooling C 12 to 15
c e r t i f i c a t e —See
V acation
p ro v isio n s in D
“ p e r m i t to
and E]
w ork"
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III
Evidence of age
D Over 15 (if
graduate)
[See note in col
um n I]
Occupations or estab Perm it shall contain
age of child
lishments same as in
A, above, on weekly
school holidays or
during regular vaca
tion of public schools
Occupations or estab
lishments same as
in A, above, during
school hours
Certificate,
(1) Birth certificate
s i g n e d by
(2) Passport
physician
(3) Baptismal certifi
appoi nt ed
cate
by school
If issuing officer is
b o a r d , or
satisfied that no one
other public
of above can be pro
medical offi
duced,
cer, sta tin g
(4) O t h e r evidence,
that he has
such as school en
examined
rollment record on
c h i l d , and
affidavit of parent
th a t in his
or guardian, such as
opinion he
shall convince said
has attained
officer th at child is
norm al de
over 15
velopm ent,
is sufficient
ly sound in
health, and
p h y sic ally
able to per
form intend
ed work
Same as in D, above
Same as in D, above
“ Ag e a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
E
15 to 16 (if
n o n g rad
uate)
[See note in col
um n I]
“ Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate"
Physical fit
ness for la-'
bor contem
plated
Same as in A, above
Same as in D,
above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
107
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]-Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne In mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authoritiesDuty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a)Employmen t
w ithout certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary tc l
inspector’s orders
IX
1. Promise ofem
ployment
2. Other
V III
Sworn state 1. W ritten evi
m ent of
dence th a t
parent or
suitable work
g u ard ian
is waiting for
th at he is
child
incapaci 2. Perm it shall
tated for
specify kind of
l a b o r
labor
through
illness or
i n j ury,
or t h a t
through
death or
d e sertion
of father
family is
in n e e d
of child’s
earnings.
Issuing of
ficer m ust
investi
gate
Completion of “ prescribed gram
mar-school course”
School record, signed by principal
or teacher, shows:
(1) Grade attained;
(2) Attendance for current
term
Issuing officer certifies th at child
has completed prescribed gram
mar-school course
School record same as in D, above
Issuing officer certifies:
(1) Child has completed 7th
grade:
(2) H e is a regular attendant
a t evening school
1. Same as in A,
above
2. Same as in A,
above
1. Duty
State bureau of labor statistics
1. Power only
Attendance officers
Probation officers
2 (a). Each offense
Minimum—$50 or imprison
ment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprison
ment for 60 days, or both
(T heabovepenaltyisfoundin
D G L 1909 A 1611, as amend
ed by 1915 C 625, s 13; the
following penalty is given
in section 16 of the same
law)
2 (a). A ny offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonm ent for 60 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. W ritten state 1. Same as in A, above
m ent of pro 2. Same as in A, above
spective em
ployer
2. E m p l o y e r ’s
promise gives
nature of oc
cupation fo r
w h i c h child
i s to b e em
ployed
D
1. Same as in D,
above
2. Same as in D,
above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, D]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
J
A
|-------------------- — = ---- ~--------— ...........
E
108
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
n
A 14 to 16 (if
literate)
COLORADO
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The certificates tab
ulated in A and B
a r e altern ativ e,
and the permit
t a b u l a t e d in E
m a y apparently
be substituted for
those in A to D,
inclusive, during
vacation]
“ Age and
school certifi
cate”
Mills’ A n n o t a t e d
Statutes revised
edition 1912 s 637,
660, 662-667, 670,
672, 673
1915 C 180 S 11
[For possible substi
tution of “ perm it”
for “ age and school
certificate,” see M
A S r e 1912 s 671]
[For earlier law ap
plying to children
14 to 16 unable to
read and write
English, requiring
a certain amount
of school attend
ance, apparently
partially nullified
by later provisions,
see M A S r e 1912
s 641]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14 to 16 (if
illiterate)
Evidence of age
Physical
III
IV
V
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mercantile institution
Factory
Workshop
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Bowling alley
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
Passenger or freight
elevator [But op
eration of same is
prohibited u n d e r
16—See Table 1, B]
Messenger for any of
the above
Driver for any of the
above
Satisfactory evi
dence by:
(1) Last school census
(2) Birth certificate
(3) Baptismal certifi
cate
(4) Register of birth
with town or city
clerk
(5) Records of public
or parochial school
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(6) Age certificate,
which m ay be issued
b y j u v e n i l e or
county court upon
oath of parent or
guardian before said
c o u r t o r of fi cer
thereof
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
“Age and
school certifi
cate”
C
Any occupation in
town or city where
a public evening
school is maintained
No d o c u
ment specified
14 to 16 (if
illiterate)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
109
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on p p . 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
S c h o o l - a t t e p d a n c e certificate,
signed b y teacher of school at
tended, certifies to ability to
read and write simple sentences
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2 . Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commis
sioner [factory inspector]
School board or local school
authorities:
Must report to enforcing
officer complaints made to
them of violations in em
ployments listed in A -III,
omitting “ hotel” ■
State industrial commission:
Shall “ inquire into and su
pervise the enforcement
* * * of the laws relating
to child labor ”
A
2 (a). First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$100 or imprison
ment, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprison
m ent for 90 days, or both
S c h o o l - a t tendance certificate,
signed b y teacher of school at
tended, certifies th at:
(1) Child can n ot read and
write simple sentences;
(2) He is a regular attendant
a t evening school
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
B
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, D]
(In city or town where there is no
public or parochial evening
school, this certificate can not
be issued)
Inability to read and write simple
sentences
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, E]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
110
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of perm it
Exemptions
I
II
C O L O R A D O — Con D
Under 14
tinued
“ Perm it”
M A S r e 1912 s 537,
657, 667, 670-673
1915 C 180 S 11
Evidence of age
Physical
n i
TV
V
Employment by
person other than
parent of child in:
F ruit orchard
Garden
Field or farm
Statement of age by
parent or employer
m ust be written on
application for per
m it
Issuing officer
m ay make
such reason
able “ terms
and condi
tions as shall
seem necessary and
proper for
safeguard
ing the mor
al and phys
ical health
of c h i l d ”
[See also col
um n V III]
[Compulsory school at
tendance require
ments would appear
practically to lim it
employment to va
cation and other
tim es outside
s c h o o l hours—See
Table 5, A]
E
12 to 16
V acation
“ perm it”
C O N N E C T IC U T
General Statutes re
vision 1902 s 4707
1911 C 119 s 1-3,5,6
1913 C 211 s 1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 14 to 16
Em ploy
m ent “ certifi
cate”
B
14 to 16
“ Va c a t i on
certificate”
Occupations or estab
lishments same as in
A, above, during
th at part of June,
July, and August
when public schools
are not in session
Same as in D,
above
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mechanical establish
ment
Mercantile establish
ment
Employment certifi E m ploym ent
c e rtific a te
cate “ shows” that
states that
child is over 14
c h i l d does
Issuing officer m ay re
not appear
quire “ a l l s t a t e p h y sic a lly
ments of fact offered
unfit for em
in support of such
ployment
application [for cer
tificate] to be made Issuing officer
m ay require
under oath”
examination
by reputa
ble p h y s i
cian in de
termining
fitness
[Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mechanical establish
m ent
Mercantile establish
ment]
Child m ust be
“ i n go o d
physical
condition”
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
111
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Issuing officer m ay make such
reasonable terms and conditions
as shall seem necessary and
proper for giving child “ such
educational advantages as may
seem to be for its best interests”
[See also column V III]
Same as in D, above
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employmem
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. Name of em
ployer must
be stated in
application
2. Nature of em
inent m ust be
stated in application.
W ritten prom
ise to comply
with condi
tions of permit
(see columns
V and VI) un
der bond of
not more than
$2,000 m ay be
required
of
em ployer
[For safeguard
to morals, see
column V]
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commis
sioner [factory inspector]
State industrial commission:
Has duties as specified in
A, above
1. Power only
Hum ane society, probation of
ficers,and factory inspectors:
May inspect permits
[Permit is subject to revoca
tion by county juvenilecourt
upon complaint of any per
son showing violation of con
ditions, etc.]
1. Same as in D,
above
2. Same as in D,
above
D
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$100 or imprison
ment, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprison
m ent for 90 days, or both
1. D uty
Same as in A, above
1. Power only
Same as in D above
E
2. Same as in D, above
Employment _ certificate states
th at child is able to read, to
write simple sentences, and is
familiar w i t h a r i t h m e t i c
through fractions
Issuing officer m ay require “ all
statements of fact offered in
support of such application [for
certificate] to be made under
oath”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [A pparently
1. D uty
~aT
n e c e s s a r y , State board of education or its
since certifi
agents
cate must be School visitors
delivered to Local boards of education
employer by Town school committees
issuing officer
and employer
2(a). Any offense
m ust notify Maximum—$100
State board of
education of
commence
m ent of em
ployment]
B
.
112
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
n
C O N N E C T IC U T — C
Continued
G S r 1902 s 2147,4707
[The provisions tab
ulated in C, so far
as they relate to
occupations f o r
which “ employ
m ent certificates”
are required, are
apparently super
seded by those tab
ulated in A, above]
14 to 16 (if
illiterate)
“ C e r tificate” of even
ing school at
tendance
I II
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Physical
IV
V
Same as in B, below
Same as in B ,
below
Any occupation [ex
cluding those listed
in A -III, above; see
note in column I] in
town where public
evening schools are
established
Canning or packing
A Under 16
establishment [See
[12 to 16]
[For street trades,
Table 1, B, for em
see Table 6]
p l o y m e n t during
“ E m p loyschool hours]
m ent certifi
[For public exhibi
cate”
tions, see Table 7]
Exemptions:
[The law specifies
Establishment e n
(s 3151) th at certifi
gaged in canning or
cates shall be of 2
packing perishable
c l a s s e s , general
fruits or vegetables
and vacation, the
l a t t e r allowing B Under 16
Mechanical establish
child to work dur
m ent
[14 to 16]
ing entire year, ex
Mercantile establish
cepting such days
ment
“ E mpl oyas he is required
m ent certifi Mill
b y law to attend
Factory
cate”
school.
B u t no
Workshop
further rhention is
“ Tenement-h o u s e,
made of the vaca
m a n u f a ctory, or
tion certificate]
workshop”
Office
R e v i s e d Code
Office building
1915 C 90 S 3144Restaurant
3146, 3149, 3151Boarding house
3153, 3155, 3158,
Bakery
3159, 3177, 3179Barber shop
3181
Hotel
[The perm it tabu
B ootblack-stand es
lated in C, which
tablishm ent
is granted in dis
Public stable
cretion of issuing
Garage
officer, m ay be is
Laundry
sued to any child
Driver
“ under the age as
Brickyard
specified” in R C
Lumberyard
1915 C 90 s 3144Construction or repair
3192. The occu
of buildings
pations and estab
Transmission of mes
lishments for em
sages
ployment in which
Any business or serv
a minimum age is
ice during hours
fixed b y those sec
“ when the public
tions are given in
schools * * * are
Table 1, A to G, in
in session under the
clusive, and those
provisions of any
for employment
compulsory school
in which a certifi
law of the State”
cate is required un
der a certain age
are given in A and
B in this table]
DELAW ARE
Evidence of age
C e r t i f icate
(1) Birth certificate
signedby
If above is not ob
p h y s ician
tainable, and parent
appointed
or guardian so certi
b y district
fies b y affidavit,
school board
(2) Passport
or commit
(3) Baptismal certifi
tee, stating
cate
th at he has
If no one of above
made exam
is obtainable, and
ination and
parent or guardian
found that
so certifies by affi
child has at
da vih
tained nor
(4) O t h e r documen
mal devel
tary evidence (in
opment and
cluding school cen
is in suffisus) satisfactory to
c i e n 11y
issuing officer ex
s o u n d
cept school record or
health and
affidavit of parent
p h y sically
or guardian
able to be
If no documen
employed in
tary proof is obtain
any occupa
able, and parent or
tion or proc
guardian so certifies
ess
in
b y affidavit,
w hich a
(5) Statement of age
child 12 to
b y parent or guard
16 m ay be
ian subject to inves
legally em
tigation b y issuing
ployed
officer and, if he so
directs, to approval
of State child labor
inspector after phys
ical examination be
fore him
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION-,
113
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Inability to read and write
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, D]
j Same as in B, below
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion b y issuing officer
School record signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended certifies:
(1) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences;
(2) 130 days’ school attend
ance during 12 months previous
to arriving at age of 12, or to ap
plying for school record
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. D uty
State board o f e d u c a t i o n
through its agents
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50
1. Same as in B , below
2. Same as in B , below
A
1. D uty
State child labor inspector or
his deputy
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute
complaint
B
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
2(a). Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprison
m ent for 60 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa-.
rate offense) '
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
•
72485°—15---- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
114
CHILD LABOK LEGISLATION,
Table 2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading the analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age '
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
K ind of perm it
Exemptions
I
II
D E L A W A R E —Con
tinued
III
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
C [ A g e n o t [Occupations n o t
specified—See note
specified—
in column I]
See note
in column
I]
“ P erm it”
D I S T R I C T OF
C O L U M B IA
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
A Under 16
[14 to 16]
“ Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7 ]
[The certificates tab
ulated in A and B
are alternative]
Code 1911 p 441 s 1,
2, 4; p 442 s 5, 6; p
443 S 7,10
36 United States
Statutes a t Large
p 990
[The certificate tab B Under 16
[14 to 16]
ulated in B may
be issued only in
[Poverty]
“exceptional
“ age certifi
cases” and if judge
cate”
of juvenile court,
upon recommen
dation of superin
tendent of schools,
waives necessity of
“ schoo'ing certifi
cate,” which con
sists of require
ments tabulated in
A-VI and possibly
those in À-V]
C 1911 p 441 s l ; p 442
s 6 ;p 443 s 7,10
36 U S Stat L p 990
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C 12 to 14
T e mporary
poverty “ per
m it”
Mercantile establish
ment
Factory
Workshop
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartment house
Club
Theater
Bowling alley
Laundry
Bootblack stand
Satisfactory evi Issuing officer
certifies that
dence by one of the
child has at
following:
tained nor
(1) Birth certificate
mal devel
(2) Baptismal certifi
opment and
cate
is in sound
(3) Other r e 1 i gious
health and
record
p h y sically
(4) Register of birth
able toper(5) Affidavit of parent
form i n
or guardian (re
tends d
quired only in case
work
“ last-m e n t i o n e d
transcript of the cer
tificate of birth ” is
not procured)
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Occupations or estab1ishments same as in
A, above, a t any oc
cupation or employ
m ent not in judg
m ent of judge of
juvenile court of the
District of Colum
bia, dangerous or
injurious to the
health or morals of
child
[ S c h o o l ing
c e r tificate
m ay be
w a i v e d—
see note in
colu mn I —
a n d “ age
certificate”
entitles
holder to be
emplo v e d.
Not c l e a r
whether re
quirem ents
in A-V are
included in
“ age” or in
“ schooling”
Certificate]
[For s a f e g u a r d to
health, see
column III]
U-ttiiAJ LAüUü LEGISLATION.
115
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II-
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
Child’s la
bor must
be neces
sary for
support of
itself or its
family be
cause of
death or
illness of
parent or
other un
avoidable
cause
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
Issuing officer certifies:
(1) Ability to read and write
simple English sentences;
(2) 130 days’ school attend
ance during the school year or
year previous to applying for
school record;
(3) T hat child has received
during above period instruction
in reading, spelling, writing
and arithmetic
[See note in c o lu m n
I]
[The child labor law, under which
temporary poverty “ perm it” is
issued allowing child to go to
-work at 12, in the discretion of
the judge of the juvenile court,
was passed subsequent to the
compulsory school-attendance
law of 1906, requiring attend
ance a t school until 14—See
Table 5]
a younger brother
1. DutyChild labor inspectors [2 de
tailed privates of police
force]
Truant officers:
Shall inspect establish
ments;
Shall report violations
to the superintendent of
schools and the corporation
counsel of the D istrict of
Columbia
[See c o 1 m un V III]
E v i d e nee 1. [No specific 1. Same as in A , above
sati sf a c
provision]
it is subject to revoca
t o r y t o 2. [ F o r s a f e [Perm
tion at the discretion of issu
j u d g e of
guard to mor
ing
judge
(of juvenile court)
j u v e nile
a l s , see col
or his successor in office]
court th at
um n III]
l a b o r of
2. Same as in A, above
c h i l d is
n ecessary
fo r th e
support of
himself
or of those
dependent
upon him 1
ot sfster^r °af widowed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [No specific
provision]
2. C a s e s f o r
which certifi
cate is issued
m ust be “ ex
ceptional”
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Maximum—$20
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
mother lnvalld ParenV or for the support in whole or in part of
116
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of perm it
Exemptions
II
HI
Factory
A Under 16
Workshop
Compiled Laws 1914 [For minimum Laundry
age, see col Mill
s2642d,2642f,2642h,
um n IV and Mine [Lower age lim
26421, 2642r, 2642t,
it apparently 14,
also Table 1,
3728a
since inspector may
B]
•
require proof that
[The p r o v i s i o n s
child is over 14; b ut
“ Employ
tabulated in A
see A-IV]
ment certifi
shall not be con
cate”
sidered to apply to
agricultural and
domestic employ
m e n t — 1913 C
6488 s 24]
F L O R ID A
[See Table 5 for law
later t h a n t h a t
t a b u l a t e d in A
w h i c h exempts
child u n d e r 14
from compulsory
school attendance
requirements, if,
on account of ex
treme poverty, his
services are neces
sary for the suport of himself or
is parents]
Evidence of age
IV
Issuing officer
(1) Birth certificate
If above be not
shall exam
ine child and
produced, one of the
following, together
certify that
in his opin
with affidavit of par
ion child is
ent or guardian,
(2) Passport
of normal
(3) Baptismal certifi
physical de
velopm ent,
cate
is in sound
(4) O th e r relig o u s
health and
record
(Issuing officer certi
p h y sic a lly
able to per
fies th at in h i s
form intend
opinion child is
“ over 13,” b u t State
ed work. In
labor inspector may
doubtful
demand proof th at
cases medi
he is over 14 and for
cal officer of
bid employment if
board or de
partm ent of
such proof be not
produced)
h e a lth or
county phy
sician shall
d e t e r mi n e
such physi
cal fitness
E
G E O R G IA
A
14 to 14J
E m p lo ym ent “ certifi
cate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The c e r t i f i c a t e s
tabulated in A
and B are alter
native 14 to 14£]
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mill
Factory
Laundry
Place of amusement
Code 1914 Civil s
3149(b), 3149(c),
3149(e)-3149(g)
C 1914 Penal s 1065
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Issuing officer certifies
th at child, who must
appear before said
officer, is not less
than 14 years of age
“ Certificate * * *
shall state * * *
satisfactory evidence
subm itted th a t the
child is of legal age”
[See Table 3, A-V, for
proof which m ay be
required after certifi
cate is issued]
B
12 to 14J
Tem porary
poverty “ cer
tificate”
Same as in A, above
Physical
chilü
LAÈóft.législation,
117
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Ability to read and -write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by prin
cipal or chief teacher of school
last attended certifies :
(1) 60 days’ school attendance
during school year previous to
arriving a t age of 14 or during
year previous to applying for
record;
(2) T hat child received dur
ing above period instruction in
reading, spelling, writing, and
geography, and is familiar with
arithmetic through fractions:
(3) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authoritiesDuty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employmenl
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. Duty
A
State labor inspector
Grand juries:
Shall be charged by county
and circuit judges, a t be
ginning of each term of the
court, to investigate viola
tions
1. Power only
Grand juries and county solici
tors of criminal courts of
record:
“ Have inquisitorial pow
ers to investigate violations”
Judicial or police officers of
city or county:
May inspect “ factories,
workshops, mines and mer
cantile establishments” and
shall report violations
Any person:
May make complaint
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
Issuing officer certifies tol2weeks’
school attendance in 12 months
preceding date of issuance of
certificate
1. Duty
State commissioner of [com
merce and] labor and his
authorized assistants
A
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$1,000, or impris
onment for 6 months, or
work in a chain gang for 12
months—any one or more of
these punishments
Issuing commission m ay pre
scribe as Condition precedent to
issuance of certificate school
attendance for such length of
tim e and at such tim e as it
deems wise
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Child’s labor
m ust be
necessary
to support
a widowed
mother or
he m ust
be an or
phan de
pendent
on his own
support.
Issuing
commis
sion m ust
investi
gate and,
n either
condition
is f o u n d
to exist,
certificate
shal l be
issued
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
118
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
T able
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
n
in
Evidence of age
Physical
rv
V
H A W A II
[No provisions]
ID A H O
A 14 to 16
“ A g è rec
ord”
1911 C 159 s 167, 168,
170,173
1913 C 77 s 7
[Children 12 to 14
may work in em
ployments listed
m A -III during
public-school
vacation of 2 weeks
or more, b u t no requirements
for such employ
ment are specified]
B “ Under 16”
[14 to 16]
Mercantile establish [Employer shall keep
a record of names,
ment
ages, and place of
Mine
residence.
Parent,
Factory
g u a r d i a n , etc.,
Workshop
swearing
falsely
as
Store
to age of child for
Telegraph office
purpose of obtaining
Telephone office
an “ age record” is
Laundry
guilty of perjury.
Restaurant
See also last note m
Hotel
column I]
Apartment house
D i s t r i b u t i o n or
transmission of mer
chandise
D i s t r i b u t i o n or
transmission of mes
sages .
Any gainful occupa
tion during school
hours
No docu
ment specified
IL L IN O IS
A 14 to 16 (if
literate)
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
H u r d ’ s Revised
Statutes 1913 C 48
s 20a, 20c, 20e, 20f,
20g, 20h, 201,20m
[For law covering
certain establishm e n t s , largely
superseded by pro
visions tabulated
in A and B ? in
which affidavit of
age by parent,etc.,
is required as a con
dition of employ
ment, see H R S
1913 C 48 s 34,
39-41]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“ A g e and
school certifi
cate”
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mercantile institution
Factory
Workshop
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Bowling alley
‘‘Theater, concert hall,
or place of amuse
m ent”
Passenger or freight
e l e v a t o r [But
operation of same is
prohibited
under
16—See Table 1, B]
Messenger for any of
the above
Driver for any of the
above
Satisfactory
evidence by:
(1) Last school census
(2) Birth certificate
(3) Baptismal certifi
cate
(4) Register of birth
w ith town or city
clerk
(5) Records of public
or parochial school
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(6) Age c e r t i f i c a t e
which may be issued
b y j u v e n i l e or
county court upon
oath of parent or
guardian before said
c o u r t or officer
thereof
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
119
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
[See provisions in B, below, which
would apply to these occupa
tions during p u b l i c - s c h o o l
hours]
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
D uty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
1. D uty
State board of education (in
cooperation w ith other de
partm ents of the State gov
ernment)
Probation officers or school
trustees [or truant officers]:
Shall visit “ places of em
ployment m entioned" [in
1911 C 159 s 166, 172] and as
certain violations therein,
“ and they shall bring com
plaints for offenses under
this act to the attention of
the prosecuting attorney for
prosecution"
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen:
May bring complaint
[See also officials specified be
low]
2. [“ A failure to produce
to a truant officer, police
man, probation officer or
school authority the age
record * * * shall be prima facie evidence of the
illegal employment of any
person whose age record is
not produced,” b ut no pen
alty is specified]
Child m ust possess the following
qualifications:
(1) Ability to read and write
simple English sentences;
(2) He m ust have received in
struction in spelling, English
grammar, and geography and
be familiar with arithmetic
through fractions
“ Similar attainm ents in another
language" will be accepted in
place of the above requirements
School - attendance certificate,
signed by teacher of school at
tended, certifies to ability to
read and write simple sen
tences
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sep
arate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
1. D uty
State factory inspector, and
his assistants and deputies
under his supervision
School board or local school
authorities:
Must report to State fac
tory inspector complaints
made to them of violations
in employments listed in
A -III, omitting ‘‘ hotel ’’
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
120
T a b l e 2 . — REQUIREMENTS
FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
Occupations or estab
lishments
State
Age
References
Kind of perm it
II
. I
I L L I N O I S — Contin B
ued
14 to 16 (if
illiterate)
Exemptions
HI
Same as in A, above
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
Same as in A, above
“ A g e and
school certifi
cate”
Any -occupation - in
city or town where
a public evening
s c h o o l is main
No docu
tained
m e n t speci
fied
C U to 16 (if
illiterate)
H R S 1913 C 48 s 24,
27,28
D Any minor
“ Certificate
óf physical fit
ness”
Certificate
from regular
physician of
good stand
ing m ay be
required by
enforcing offi
cer if child ap
pears physi
cally unable
to do work at
which e n
gaged
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Factory
Workshop
[Maybe required
after entering
employment]
H R S 1913 C 93 s 5e,
5g, 28-30
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E Boy over 16
[16 to 21]
Evidence of
age
Manual labor in or
about coal mine
One of the fol
lowing, together with
affidavit of parent or
guardian:
(1) B irth certificate
(2) Baptismal certifi
cate
(3) Passport
(4) Other official or re-,
hgious record
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
121
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
School - attendance certificate,
signed by teacher of school at
tended, certifies that:
(1) Child can not read and
write simple sentences;
(2) He is regular attendant at
evening school
V II
V III
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
•
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, C]
(In city or town where there is no
public or parochial evening
school or where same exists b ut
is not in session, this certificate
can not be issued)
Inability to read and write simple
sentences
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Requirement, after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, D]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [ S t a t e factory in
spector or his assistant or
deputy may require certifi
cate and m ay prohibit em
ployment if it can not be
obtained]
2. [A penalty of from S3
to S100 is incurred for fail
ure to comply w ith “ any
provision of this act ”]
l.Duty
State mine inspectors
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—S500 or imprison
ment for 6 months, or both
j
122
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
T able
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of perm it
Exemptions
I
31
IN D IA N A
A 14 to 16
Bum s’ Annotated
Statutes 1914 s
6641k, 6675-6677,
6678 (as amended
by 1915 C 77), 6682,
6685d, 8042
[See note in col
umn I]
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
m
Any occupation dur
ing school hours
(The State board of
truancy shall define
meaning of the word
“ occupation” )
[Child physically or
mentally unfit to
attend school ac
cording to certifi
cate from reputa
ble licensed prac
ticing physician is
a p p a r e n t l y ex
empted — B A S
1914 s 6675]
B A S 1914 s 8022,
8028, 8042, 8044,
8045
B
14 to 18
“ Affidavit”
of age
[The provisions tab
ulated in B and
C are apparently
s u p e r s e d e d by
those of the later
law tabulated in
A, above, in so far
as they are covered
by those provi
sions]
C
14 to 16
No d ocu
ment specified
D 14 to 18
“ Certificate
of physical fit
ness”
[May be required
after entering
employment]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
[See column
(1) Birth certificate
IV, subdi
(2) Baptismal certifi
vision (6)]
cate
(3) Passport
• If no one of above
is obtainable,
(4) First school enu
meration in which
age appears
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(5) Affidavit of parent
or guardian and supporting affidavit of
some disinterested
person
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(6) Issuing officer may
certify that; in his
opinion, child is 14
or over and is phys
ically fit for work
intended
Manufacturing estab Affidavit of age by
parent or guardian
lishment
or by child if he has
Mercantile establish
no parent or guard
ment
ian
Mine [See also B A S
1914 s 8594]
Quarry
Laundry
Renovating works
Bakery*
Printing office
Occupations or estab
lishments same as
in B, above, a t other
times than during
school vacation
[Occupations not spec
ified, b ut the provi
sions would appar
ently. apply to any
occupation]
Certificate
from some
regular phy
sician may
be required
by indus
trial board
if child ap
pears phys
ically u n
able to do
work at
w h i c h en
gaged
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
123
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
Certificate must show th at child
has passed fifth grade of com
mon school or its equivalent
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory vocational - school
attendance under certain con
ditions—See Table 5, C]
V II
V III
1. W ritten state
ment from em
ployer th at he
has employed
or is about to
employ child
2. Above state
ment must
show place
and character
of e m p l o y
ment
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employmen
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
1. Duty
State industrial board
State board of truancy
Attendance officers
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
1. Duty
State industrial board
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint
B
2(a)(b). First offense
Maximum—$50 or $50 and
imprisonment for 10 days
[It m ay be th at the penalty
for “ first offense” does not
i n c l u d e imprisonment as
stated, b ut the law is not
clear]
2(a) (b). Second offense
Maximum—$100 or $100 and
imprisonment for 10 days
2(a) (b). Third offense
Minimum—$250 and imprisonMaximum—Fine and impris
onment for 30 days
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences, unless child
is blind
__
------------------ ------------------ „ ---
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above, in
cluding bracketed note
C
1. [State industrial board m ay
require certificate and may
prohibit employment if it
can not be obtamed]
D
2. [Penalty 2(b) in B, above,
would be applicable herej
CHILD LABOR LÉGISLATION,
124
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
jExemptions
t
II
IOWA
A 14 to 16
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
“ W ork per
m it”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Code 1897 Supple
m ent 1913 s 2477-e,
2477-f
C 1897 Supplemental
Supplement 1915 s
2477-a, 2477-d
KANSAS
III
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mine
Factory
Mill
Shop
Laundry
S lau g h terh o u se or
packing house
Store or mercantile es
tablishment where
more than 8 persons
are employed
Operating freight or
passenger elevator
Livery stable
Garage
Place of amusement
Distribution or trans
mission of merchan
dise
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
[‘‘A work perm it shall
be issued for every
position obtained by
a child between the
ages of 14 and 16
years” ]
Factory
Workshop
Theater
Packing house
Operating elevator
Mme [See provisions
in B, below]
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
Distribution or trans
mission of merchan
(1) “Certifi
dise
cate of age”
(2) Affida Any business or serv
ice during school
vit of age
hours
A Under 16
[14 is the mini
mum age for
em p lo y m en t
in m o s t of
General Statutes 1909
these occupa
s 5094--5098, 8017,
ti i o n s—S e e
8020
Table 1, A]
1913 0217 s 3
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Exemptions:
Factory or workshop
owned or operated
by parent
G S1909 s 4993, 4996,
8017
1913 C 217 s 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
12 to 16
School cer
tificate
[The minimum
ag e fo r em
ployment in
mine is 14 by
a later law]
Coal mine [See pro
visions in A, above]
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
Certificate
(1) Birth certificate
s i g n e d by
If above is not
medical in
obtainable,
spector of
(2) Passport
s c h o o l s or
(3) Baptismal certifi
physician
cate
appointed
If no one of above
by board of
is obtainable,
ed u catio n ,
(4) School census rec
cert ifyi ng
ord
th a t c h i l d
If no one of above
has attained
is obtainable,
normal de
(5) Certificate of age
v elopm ent
from local medical
and is in suf
inspector of schools,
ficiently
or p h y s i c i a n ap
soundhealth
pointed by l o c a l
and physi
board of education
cally able to
perform in
tended work
T h e document
required consists of
either of the follow
ing:
(1) Certificate of age,
based upon school
census and such
other facts as issuing
officer can obtain
If above is not ob
tainable,
(2) Affidavit of parent
or guardian
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
125
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
School record, signed by chief
executive of school attended,
certifies:
(1) Ability to read and write
simple English sentences;
(2) Completion of 6 grades in
reading, writing, spelling, Eng
lish language, geography, and
arithmetic
I
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em - 2. Penalties—(a) Employmen t
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector's orders
VHI
IX
1. W r i t t e n
1. Duty
p r o m is e of Commissioner of State bureau
p r o s p e c tiv e
of labor statistics
em ployer.
1. Power only
Work permit Deputies of commissioner of
is forw arded
State bureau of labor statis
by issuing of
tics (including factory in
ficer to em
spectors), State mine in
ployer
spectors, county attorneys,
2. E m p lo y er’s
mayors, chiefs of police and
promise must
their deputies, city and
describe work
town marshals, sheriffs and
to be perform
their deputies, or any per
ed and agree
son authorized by judge of
to return per
court of record:
m it to issuing
May inspect establish
officer within
ments
2 d ay s after Any person:
termination of
May make complaint
employment
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprison
m ent for 30 days
A
1. D uty
~A~
State commissioner of labor
and industry:
Shall “ cause to be en
forced all laws regulating the
employment of children,
minors, and women”
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—825 or imprison
m ent for 30 days
Maximum—$100 or impris
onment for 90 days
______ _____ _______
Ability to read and w rite
Teacher’s certificate showing that
he has attended school for 3
months “ during the year”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$50
B
126
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a b l e 2 . — REQUIREMENTS
FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
n
m
8 to 15
Any occupation dur
ing sessions of the
school term or year
KANSAS—Contin
ued
G S 1909 s 7736, 7737,
8017
1913 C 217 s 3
[The “ perm it” tab
ulated in C is ap
parently not neces
sary if child fulfills
requirements tab
ulated in D or E .
or if he is exempt
f r o m sch o o l a t
t e n d a n c e on ac
count of physical
o r m e n t a l inca
pacity—See Table
5, A, Exemptions
(2)]
C
[See last note in
column I]
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Statutes 1915 s 33a.2,
331a.2,
331a. 4,
331a.5,
331a.8,
331a. 16, 2978c. 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
Physical
V
“ Permit ”
D 8 to 15 (if
graduate)
Same as in C, above
[See last note in
column I]
No d o c u
m ent specified
[ E m p l o y m e n t in E 14 to 15 (if
nongrada n y business or
uate)
s e r v i c e during
s c h o o l hours is
No d o c u
prohibited under
ment specified
14 by a later law—
See Table 1, B]
K EN TU C K Y
Evidence of age
A 14 to 16
“Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
Same as in C, above
Certificate of
Mercantile establish (1) Birth certificate
phys i c i a n
(2) Passport
m ent
appointed
(3) Baptismal certifi
Factory
by school
cate
Mill
board, or of
If no one of above
Workshop
some other
is obtainable,
Store
public med
(4) Other evidence (as
Office
ical officer,
school census, school
P r i n t i n g establish
certifying
enrollment record,
ment
t h a t child
or affidavit of parent
Bakery
has attained
or guardian) such as
Laundry
normal deRestaurant
shall convince issu
velopm e n t
ing officer th at child
Hotel
a n d is i n
Apartment house
is 14
sufficiently
Theater
s o u n d
Motion-picture estab
health and
lishment
p h y sic a lly
Distribution or transable to per. mission of.merchanf o rm i n
dise
tended work
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
- .... ' - . ------- -
127
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
[No requirements specified. The
permit is issued by school au
thorities and would constitute
an exemption from school at
tendance]
[In case of
ext r e m e
e m e r gency or
aomest i c
necessity,
child 8 to
14 may be
tempor a rily ab
sent from
school]
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. Duty
Same as in A, above, and also
Truant officers
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
Exemption from school attend
ance on certificate of graduation
from common schools of any
county or certificate of admis
sion to city high school
Partial exemption from usual
school-attendance requirements
(instead of entire session, only
8 wéeks are required by com
pulsory education law) on con
dition th at child is able to read
and write English
School record, signed by principal
or chief teacher of school last at
tended, certifies:
. (1) 100 days’ attendance dur
ing the 12 months previous
either to arriving at the age of 14
years or to applying for school
record;
. (2) Ability to read and write
simple English sentences;
(3) T hat child has completed
5 yearly grades in reading, spell
ing. writing, English language,
and geography, and is familiar
with arithmetic through frac
tions
If school record is not obtainable,
and parent or guardian so certi
fies by affidavit, issuing officer
m ust examine child and test
his proficiency in above studies
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
Child must
be em
ployed for
h is ow n
support or
support of
those de
pen d e n t
on him
1. W r i t t e n
p r o m i s e of
prosp e c t i v e
employer
2. E m p lo y e r ’s
promise states
nature of work
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
D
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
E
1. Duty
State labor inspectors, under
the direction of the commis
sioner of agriculture, labor,
and statistics:
Shall inspect specified es
tablishments [For list, see
St 1915 s 33a.2];
Shall report to State and
to county attorney any vio
lations occurring
T ruant officers:
May inspect establish
ments named in A-III;
Shall report violations to
superintendent of schools,
State labor inspector, . or
other authorized officer
A
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$15
Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$15 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
2(a). Subsequent offense
M inim um -$200 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
128
T able 2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading th is analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
L O U ISIA N A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[For excuse from
school attendance
(in cities of over
25,000 except Par
idi of Orleans) of
child 8 to 14 who is
sole dependence of
infirm persons or
mother or sisters
in necessitous cir
cumstances, a n d
implied p e r m i s
sion to work, on
certificate from lo
cal superintendent
of schools, see later
law, 1914 A 91]
Wolff’s R e v i s e d
Laws Supplement
1904-1908 v 3 p 412
1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended by 1914
A 186)
W R L Supp 19041908 v 3 p 414; 1908
A 301s 2,3,6,8,23
(as amended by
1912 A 61)
1910 A 254 s 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
III
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mercantile establish
ment
. “Age certifi
Mill
cate”
Factory
Mine
Packing house
Workshop
Store
Laundry
Millinery establish
ment
Dressmaking e s t a b lishment
[In the text of the law,
after the enumera
tion of the above
establishments, oc
curs the limiting
phrase “ wheremore
than 5 persons are
employed.” I t is
not clear whether or
not this clause re
fers to all the above
e sta b lis h m e n ts or
only to mercantile,
dressmaking, and
millinery establish
ments]
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
where intoxicating
liquors are made or
sold
Bowling alley
Boot-blacking estab
lishment
Place where messages
are transmitted
Place where messages
are distributed
Over 14
[14 to 16]
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
Satisfactory evi
dence by:
(1) Birth certificate
(2) Baptismal certifi
cate
(3) Register of birth
with city or town
officer
(4) Records of public
or parochial school
(5) P a s s p o r t from
commissioner of im
migration
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(6) Age c e r t i f i c a t e
which m ay be issued
by State or other
factory inspector or
by juvenile or dis
trict court, upon
oath made by parent
or guardian before
said person or court
Any other occupation
w h i c h m a y be
deemed unhealthful
or dangerous
. Occupations or
establishm ent
same as in A, above
with following addi;
“ Certifi
tion:
cate” of phys
Distribution
or trans
ical fitness
mission of merchan
dise
[May be required
after entering Distribution or trans
mission of messages
employment]
B “ A nychild’
[14 to 16]
Child who ap
pears to [fac
tory] inspec
tor to be un
der 14 must
procure cer
tificate from
city or paris h p h y
sician as to
physical fit
ness to per
form work
required
129
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N -,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
and assistant commissioners
Parish, city, or town factory
inspectors (including New
Orleans factory inspector)
Supervisor of minerals:
Shall enforce provisions of
law pertaining to mining
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprison
m ent for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprison
m ent for 6 months, or both
1. [See column V]
2. [Child is “ required to pro
cure ” certificate under con
ditions specified in column
V. Penalty in A -IX , above,
applies to “ any violations
of this a c t” ]
72485°—15---- 9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
130
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
M A IN E
1905 C 123 s 1 (as
amended by 1915 C
320 s 1), 2 (as
amended by 1915
C 320 s 4)
1911 C 65 s 2,11
1915 C 327 s 2, 4, 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 14 to 16
“ Work per
m it”
Evidence of age
Physical
III
IV
V
Manufacturing estab
lishm ent
Mechanical establish
m ent
Any business or serv
ice whatever during
school hours
(1) B irth certificate
(2) Baptismal certifi
cate
(3) Passport showing
the birth
Issuing officer
m ay require
in doubtful
cases a cer
tificate from
school phys i c i a n or
from medi
cal officer of
b o a r d of
health statin g t h a t
c h i l d has
been exam
ined by him,
and in his
opinion has
attainednormaldevelopm ent and is
in sufficiently s o u n d
health and
p h y sic a lly
able
to
perform i n
tended work
Requir e
m ent a f t e r
entering em
ployment:
[State factory
inspector or
h i s deputy
or a g e n t
m ay require
similar c e r
t i f i cat e i n
d o u b t f ul
cases]
B 14 to 16
“ V acation
perm it”
[The occupations or
establishments for
which this permit is
requiredar- notdefinitely stated in the
law, b u t it would
appear to be necessaryf or employment
only in those estab
lishments for em
ployment in which
a “work perm it” is
required]
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
131
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Child must demonstrate ability to
read and write simple English
sentences and to perform the
fundamental operations of arith
metic through division, accord
ing to test furnished by local su
perintendent of schools or school
committee, or m ust furnish a
certificate signed by publicschool teacher or principal of an
approved private school certi
fying to such ability
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2 . Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
VHI
IX
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
[and industry]
“ Agents for the protection of
children,” sheriffs, deputy
sheriffs, police officers, and
constables:
Shall enforce any act con
cerning the protection of
children
1. Power only
T ruant officers, factory in
spectors, or other officers
charged with enforcement
of this act:
May demand proof of age
of child apparently under 16
and forbid his employment
if such evidence be not pro
duced
[See Table 5 for other powers
of truant officers to mspect
certificates]
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum —$200
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
132
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
Table 2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading th is analysis, the explanatory
1
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
M ARYLAND
[Tor street trades,
see Table 6]
II
A 14 to 16
“ General
em ploym ent
certificate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7] [See note in col
um n I]
Annotated Code 1911
v 3 (1914) art 27 s
344; art 77 s 166;
art 100 s 4, 6, 9-17,
19,20,34,35,38,40,
48
[The certificate tab
ulated in A per
m its employment
during entire year;
those in B and C
only during such
time as child is
not r e q u i r e d to
attend s c h o o l —
See Table 5]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III
Mercantile establish
m ent
Mechanical establish
m ent
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Temenent-house man
ufactory or work
shop
Office building
Restaurant '
Bakery
Barber shop
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Bootblack stand or es
tablishm ent [other
than employment in
street trade,, for
which see Table 6,
B]
Public stable
Garage
Laundry
Driver
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Construction or repair
of buildings
Messenger for tele
graph, telephone, or
messenger company
C a n n i n g establish
m ent
P a c k i n g establish
m ent
Store
Office
Boarding house
Place of amusement
Club
Distribution, t r a n s
mission, or sale of
merchandise
Requirements
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
(1) B irth certificate
C e r t i f i c ate
If above is not ob
signed by a
tainable, and parent
p h y s i cian
or guardian so certi
appointed
fies by affidavit,
by issuing
(21 Passport
officer, stat
ing th a t ho
(3) Baptismal certifi
cate
has examin
ed child and
If no one of above
is obtainable, and
th a t in his
parent or guardian so
opinion it
certifies by affidavit,
has reached
(4) Other documen
normal detary evidence (ex
v e lopment
cept school record or
and is in sufaffidavit of parent,
ficiently
etc.) satisfactory to
s o u n d
i s s u i n g officer;
health and
school census or
p h y sic a lly
enumeration record
able to perduly attested m ay
f o rm m be used
.tended
If no documen
work
tary evidence as
above is obtainable,
and parent or guard
ian so certifies by
affidavit,
(5) Certificate of phy
sician appointed by
issuing officer, stat
ing th a t in his opin
ion child is 14
Mercantile establish (1) to (4) Same as in C e r t i ficate
from p h y
m ent
A ,above
sician d e s
Canning e s t a b l i s h
If no documen
ignated by
tary e v i d e n c e as
m ent
issuing offi
above is obtainable,
Packing e s t a b l i s h
cer, stating
(5) Certificate of phy
m ent
th a t he has
sician designated by
[See note in col Store
e x a m i ned
issuing
officer,
stat
Office
um n I]
child a n d
ing th a t in his opin
Boarding house
th a t in his
ion child is 12 years
Place of amusement
opinion it is
of age or upward,
Club
p h y sic a lly
Distribution, t r a n s
together w ith affi
able to undavit of parent or
mission, or sale of
d er t ak e
guardian th a t child
merchandise
intended
is over 12
work
B 12 to 14
“ Va c a t i on
employm e n t
certificate”
C 14 to 16
“ V a cation
em ploym ent
certificate”
[See note in col
um n I]
Same as in A, above
Same as in B, above
Same as in B,
above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
133
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Exam ina
tion by issuing officer
School record signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school last attended, certifies:
(1) Regular attendance for
minimum period prescribed by
law (see Table 5) during any
period of the 12 months after
child reaches age of 13;
(2) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences;
(3) Completion of fifth grade
in reading, spelling, writing,
English language, geography,
and arithmetic through frac
tions
1. Certifi c a t e
shall contain
name and ad
dress of pros
pective e mployer and the
nature of the
occupation in
which child is
to be engaged;
and no certifi
cate shall be
valid except
in the hands
of the em
ployer named
and for the
occupation de
scribed there
in
1. Duty
Chief of State bureau of statis
tics and information
Inspectors of factories, attend
ance officers, and other au
thorized officers
Any person:
May make and prosecute
complaints
[See note in column I]
1. Same as in
A,above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
[See note in column I]
1. Same as in
A,above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100
2(b). A ny offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Maximum—$20
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
134
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
M A S S A C H U
SETTS
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
II
Physical
IV
V
C e r t i ficate
Manufacturing estab (1) B irth certificate
signed by
(2) Baptismal certifi
lishm ent
s c h o o l or
cate
Mechanical
establish
“ E m p lo y family phyIf no one of above
m ent
m ent certifi
s i c i a n or
is
obtainable,
Mercantile
establish
cate”
p h y s ician
(3) Passport
m ent
appointed
(4)
Attested
i
m
m
i
Factory
by school
gration record
Workshop
com m ittee,
(5) Other official or
certifying
religious record ap
Exemptions: _
t h a t child
pearing to issuing
Mercantile establish
is in s uf f i officer to be suffi
m ent on Saturdays,
c ien 11 y
cient
evidence
7 a. m . to 6 p. m.
s o u n d
If no one of above
health and
is obtainable,
p h y sically
(6) F irst Massachu
able to per
setts school record of
form i n
age if k ep t for 2
te n d e d
years
work
If no one of above
is obtainable, and
parent br guardian
so certifies,
(7) Certificate of age
from school physi
cian or physician
appointed by school
committee
A 14 to 16
Revised Laws 1902
C 44 sl(as amended
by 1913 C 779 s 1
and by 1915 C 81
s 1), 2 (as amended
by 1913 C 779 s 2
and by 1915 C 81
s 2)
R L 1902 C 46 s 13 (as
amended by 1913
C 779 s 12)
R L 1902 C 108 s 8 (as
amended by 1907
C 413)
1906 C 502 s 1 (as
amended by 1910
C 257)
1906 C 502 s 2 (as
amended b y 1910
C 257)
1909 C 514 s 17 (as
amended by 1912
C 191), 57 (as
amended by 1913
C 779 s 15), 58 (as
amended by 1913
C 779 s 16), 59 (as
amended by 1913
C 779 s 17 and by
1914 C 580), 60 (as
amended by 1913
C 779 s 18), 61 (as
amended by 1915 C
70), 62 (as amend
ed by 1913 C
779 s 20), 63 (as
amended by 1913 B 14 to 16
C 779 S 21), 64 (as
Home per
amended by 1913
m it
C 779 s 22)
1912 C 726 s 5,11
[See Table 5]
1913 C 805 s 1
R L 1902 C 46 s 13 (as C 16 to 21 (if
literate)
amended by 1913
C 779 s 12)
“E ducaR L 1902 C 108 s 8 (as
tional certifi
amended by 1907
cate”
C 413)
1909 C 514 s 17 (as
amended by 1912
C 191), 62 (as
amended by 1913 D 16 to 21 (if
illiterate)
C 779 s 20), 63 (as
amended by 1913
“E d u c a
C 779 s 21), 64 (as
tional certifi
amended by 1913
cate”
C 779 s 22), 66 (as
amended b y 1913
C 779 s 23)
1912 C 726 s 5,11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I II
Evidence of age
Profitable e m p l o y
m ent a t home
Manufacturing estab Same as in A, above,
as far as practicable
lishm ent
Mechanical establish
m ent
Mercantile establish
m ent
Factory
W orkshop
Same as in A, above,
Same as in C, above
as far as practicable
185
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
—-
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
Such ability to read, write and
spell in English as is required
for completion of fourth grade.
Examination by issuing officer
School record, signed by principal
or teacher in charge of school last
attended, shows grade, studies,
and am ount of school attend
ance during year preceding;
said record shall not be issued
or accepted unless following re
quirements have been com
plied w ith:
(1) Above-mentioned educa
tional attainm ents;
(2) 130 days’ school attend
ance after child is 13 years of
age
School record m ay be accepted
w ithout educational attain
ments if child has attended
school a t least 7 years, if issu
ing officer thinks him incapable
of acquiring them
Issuing officer m ay suspend at
tendance requirements if he
thinks best interests of child
are served by so doing, and
m ay waive requirement of
school record if it is impossible
to obtain it
V II
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employmen
w ithout certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. W r i t t e n
promise of em
ployer or his
agent
2. E m p lo y e r’s
p r o m i s e to
employ states
character
and number
of hours of
p r o s p ective
e m ployment
an d agrees
to c o m p l y
with law
1. D uty
Inspectors of State board of
labor and industries
Attendance officers:
“ Shall inquire into” all
cases of children out of
school and w ithout permits;
shall apprehend and take to
school child under 21 ille
gally employed; shall make
complaint;
May inspect establish
ments
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—110 or imprison
ment
Maximum—$50 or imprison
m ent for 30 days
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$50 or imprison
ment
Maximum—$200 or imprison
ment for 60 days
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory continuation-school
attendance under certain con
ditions—See Table 5, E]
Such ability to read, write, and
spell in English as is required
for completion of fourth grade
1. [See Table 5, B]
2. [See Table 5, B]
Certificate states th at child has
such ability to read, write, and
spell in English as is required
for completion of fourth grade.
Examination by issuing officer
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$100
Certificate states th a t child has
not such ability to read, write,
and spell in English as is re
quired for completion of fourth
grade. Test by issuing officer
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, D]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in C, above
B
C
D
136
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
Table 2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
H
M IC H IG A N
Howell’s Annotated
Statutes 1913 s 4018
(as amended by
1915 No 255), 4026,
4029, 4062
[For excuse from
school attendance,
granted underpractically the same
conditions as those
tabulated in col
um n V II, which is
apparently a pre
requisite for em
ployment under 16
m any occupation
during school
hours, unless child
has c o m p l e t e d
eighth grade, see
Table 5, B -II, sub
division (2)]
I II
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mercantile institution
E m p l o y Workshop
ment [pover Store
Office
ty] “ perm it”
Hotel
Laundry
Mine
Bowling alley
Telegraph service
Messenger service
“ Any person coming
withm the provi
sions of this act”
[The act referred to
i s H A S 1913 C 64
(S 4009-4062). I t is
not clear to -what
further occupations,
if any, this phrase
would make the per
m it requirement ap
ply. I t m ight be
construed to apply
also to theater and
to billiard or pool
‘room conducted for
profit]
A Under 16
[15 to 16]
Evidence of age
Physical
rv
V
Statement by
(1) Passport
issuing offi
(2) Record of birth
cer th at in
kept by authorized
his opinion
public authority
child has at
(3) Baptismal or other
tained nor
religious record
mal devel- |
If no one of above
o p m en t, is
is obtainable,
in s o u n d
(4) Statement of phy
health, and
sician connected offi
p h y sic a lly
cially w ith depart
able to perm ent of health, cer
form i n
tifying th at in his
te n d e d
opinion child is 15
wo r k ; in
or over, is in sound
doubtful
health, and physi
cases such
cally able to per
fitness
shall
form intended work.
be deter
Issuing officer may
mined
by
require also parent’s
medical of
affidavit of age or
ficer of de
other evidence
partm ent of
health
Exemptions: ■
Employment during
established _ vaca
tion period in pre
serving perishable
goods in fruit or
vegetable canning
establishment
B
Under 16
[15 to 16]
Occupations or estab
lishments same as
in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
“Lim ited
Exemptions:
vacation per
Same as in A, above
m it”
M IN N E S O T A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
General Statutes 1913
s 3818, 3819, 3840,
3842, 3843, 3846,
3847
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14 to 16
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
Any business or serv (1) Birth certificate
If above is not ob
ice [during any part
tainable,
of the term] “ during
which the public (2) Affidavit of parent
or guardian taken
schools are in ses
before issuing officer
sion”
(The words within the (Issuing officer shall
“ examine child ”
brackets are omitted
and file statement
in the law, appar
th at in his opinion
ently by mistake.
child is 14 or over)
They occur in the
original law, passed
in 1907, b u t not in
the law as amended
in 1912)
Certificate
f r o m repu
table prac
ticing phy
sician design a t e d f or
this purpose
by s c h o o l
board, that
child has a t
tained nor
mal d ev el
opment, i s
in s o u n d
health, and
p h y sic a lly
able
to
perform
intended
work
137
ÔHÎLD LAÈÔÏt LÊGÎSLAfÎÔÎÎ,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended, certifies:
(1) Regular attendance of 100
days during school year pre
vious to arriving a t age of 15 or
to applying for school record;
(2) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences;
(3) Completion of 6th grade
of public schools or its equiva
lent
Statem e n t
by issuing
officer
th at in his
opinion
services of
child are
essent i a 1
for s u p
port of it
self or its
parents
Same as in
A,above
Completion of studies taught in
common schools of district, or
other school in which the cur
riculum is equal. In any case
ability to read and write simple
English sentences is required
School record, “ properly filled
o u t” and signed by principal
or teacher of school last at
tended, m ust be examined and
approved by issuing officer
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
VHI
IX
1. Duty
State factory inspectors
1. Power only
Any citizen:
May make complaint
[1911 A 163 and 1913 A 177 pro
vide for the appointment of
mine inspectors, b u t thenduties apparently relate only
to safety]
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprison
ment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprison
ment for 90 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Duty
State departm ent of labor and
industries
1. Power only
Truant officers:
May inspect establish
ments and shall report
violations to school authori
ties and to State commis
sioner of labor
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
138
T a ble
2—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
I
M IN NESO TA — B
Continued
G S 1913 s 3850, 8482
I II
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
Certificate
from repu
table prac
ticing phy
sician designated by
s c h o o l
b o ard , af
firm in g
c h i l d ’s
physical fit
ness to per
form wor k
at which en
gaged, shall
be required
b y officials
of labor de
partm ent or
truant offi
cers, if said
c h i l d ap
pears u n
able to per
f or m such
work
“ Any child” [Any occupation—See
note in column I]
“Certificate”
of physical fit
ness
[The provisions tab
ulated in B appear [May be required
after entering
to apply to any oc
employment]
cupation, b u t the
law is not definite]
M IS S IS S IP P I
1908 C 99 (as amend
ed b y 1912 C 165)
s 1, 3, 5-8
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
1914 C 164 s 9
[1912 C 165 s 9, amend
ing 1908 C 99, which
exempted fruit can
neries from the
provisions tabu
lated in A, and
which so defined
the application of
the act as to make
the penalties and
“ physical require
m ents” apply to
employment in all
the establishments
listed in column
III, was repealed
by 1914 C 163 s 8]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
Boy 12 to 16 Manufacturing estabm ent
Girl 14 to 16
Mill
Factory
“ Affidavit”
of age and Cannery [See note in
column I]
school attend
ance
Exemptions:
[1914 C 164 repeals
these provisions in
so far as they relate
to “ cotton mills and
knitting mills,” b ut
enacts nearly identi
cal provisions for
such establishments
in regard to affi
davit, etc.—See pro
visions in B, below]
Affidavit of parent or
guardian states date
of birth of child
Requirem ent
after enter
ing employ
ment:
Countyhealth
officer must
inspect
“ manuf ac
t u r i n g establishm ents” and
r e p o r t to
sheriff child
whose phys
ic al condi
t i o n inca
pacitates
him to per
form wor k
required,
and sheriff
shall re
move h i m
from estab
lishment.
Judgment
of h e a l t h
officer shall
be concl u
s i v e [See
note in col
um n I]
139
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
without certificate or per
ployment
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. [See column V]
B
2. [A maximum penalty of
$100 or imprisonment for
3 m onths is incurred for re
fusing to produce certificate
upon demand or employing
child who cannot obtain it]
Affidavit of parent or guardian
states last school attendance,
grade of studies pursued, and
name of school and teacner in
charge
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
State factory inspector '
County health officer:
[ For duties, see A-V]
County sheriff:
[For duties, see A-V]
Circuit judge:
Shall specially c h a r g e
grand jury to investigate
violations
•
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprison
m ent for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprison
ment for 60 days, or both
(Above penalty applies specifi
cally to employment only in
“ mill, factory or manufac
turing establishment” )
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
(Penalty 2(b) is incurred for
refusal to obey lawful order
of sheriff or health officer,
and applies specifically only
to “ manufacturing estab
lishm ents” )
A
CHILI) LABOR LEGISLATION,
140
T a b l e 2 . — REQUIREMENTS
FOR E N T E R I N G
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
M lS S IS S IP P I-
M IS S O U R I
R e v i s e d Statutes
1909 v i s 1718 (as
amended hy 1911 p
132), 1720-1724 (as
amended hy 1911 p
132), 1726d (as
added hy 1911 p
132)
R S 1909 v 2 s 7824,
7825
I II
Boy 12 to 16 Cotton mill
Girl 14 to 16 Knitting mill
B
Continued
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
1914 C 164 s 1, 3-9
Evidence of age
“ Affidavit”
of a g e a n d
school attend
ance
A
14 to 16
Any occupation
“ E m ploy-
m ent certifi
cate”
[For law prohibiting
e m p l o y m e n t of
hoy under 16 in
mine if he can not
read and write, see
R S1909 v 2 s 8456,
8463, 8465, 8467 (as
amended hy 1911 p
319)]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
»
B
14 to 16
“ Certificate
of physical fit
ness”
[May he required
after entering
employment]
Same as in A, above
Physical
IV
V
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above, ex
cept
th at
provision
applies to
cotton and
knitting
mills
Issuing officer
(1) Passport
certifies, af
(2) Birth certificate
ter exami
(3) Baptismal certifi
nation, th at
cate
in his opin
(4) Other religious rec
ion child has
ord
attained
If no one of above
normal de
is obtainable,
v e 1opment
(5) Affidavit ofparent
and is in suf
or guardian
ficiently
sound health
and physi
cally able to
perform inte n d e d
work. If is
suing officer
so requests,
physical
con d i t i o n
shall be de
termined by
medical offi
cer of board
or depart
ment
of
health or by
a regularly
licensed
physician
Factory i n
spector or
his assistant
or . deputy
m ay d e
m and cer
tificate o f
physical fit
ness from
regularly li
censed phy
sician fo r
child who
seems phys
ically u nable to per
form work
a t which en
gaged
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
141
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. D uty
State factory inspector
County health officer:
[For duties,see B-V]
County sheriff:
Has duty of enforcement
[See also B-V]
Circuit judge:
Has duties as specified in
A, above
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonfor 10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprison
ment for 60 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
(Penalty 2(b) is incurred for
refusal to obey lawful order
of sheriff or health officer)
Same as in A, above
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended, certifies:
(1) Ability to read and write
simple English sentences;
(2) T hat child “ hasregularly
attended ” school
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [No specific
provision]
2. C e r t i f i c a t e
States kind of
work which
child says he
intends to do
1. D uty
State factory inspector:
In cities of 10,000 or over
“ shall enforce all laws relat
ing to the inspection” of fac
tories, warehouses, freight
depots, machine shops,
laundries, tenem ent work
shops, bakeshops, hotels,
restaurants, bowling alleys,
theaters, concert halls or
places of public amusement,
and other manufacturing,
mechanical, and mercantile
establishments and work
shops
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprison
m ent for 1 year, or both
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
1. [See column V]
2. [Child who can not obtain
certificate demanded shall
not be employed. Penalty
in A, above, applies to vio
lation of any provision of
this act]
142
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading th is analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
M ONTANA
A
Revised Codes 1907
s 1660,1669
1913 C 76 s 1100-1103
[Age of comple
tion of publicschool studies
to 14]
Under 14
Evidence of age
Physical
I II
IV
V
Any occupation dur
ing school term
"Satisfactory proof of
age”
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
"Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
B
14 to 16
"Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
R C 1907 s 1660,1669,
1746,1748-1751
1911 C 120 S 5
1913 C 55 s 3, 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
Over 16
"Age
tificate”
cer
Official record, com
Factory
piled b y State com
Workshop
missioner of labor
Mine
and industry, from
Mill
reports made to him
Smelter
by county superin
Steam, electric, hy
tendent of schools,
draulic, or com
giving ages of all
pressed-air railroad
children under 16
Passenger or freight
who are residents of
elevator
State
Where any machinery
is operated
Telegraph company
Telephone company
Messenger company
Any occupation not
above enumerated
which is known to
be dangerous or unhealthful or which
may be in any way
detrimental to the
morals of child un
der 16
143
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION-,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in5mind]
Requirements —Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
“ Satisfactory proof” th a t child
“ has successfully completed”
th e studies of reading, spelling,
writing, language, English
grammar, geography, history
and civics, physiology and hy
giene, and arithmetic
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit; etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vra
IX
1. D uty
T ruant officers
State bureau of child and ani
mal protection:
Was created “ for the pur
pose of enforcing the laws
* * * pertaining to chil
dren” ;
Has powers of inspection
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
Certificate issued upon “ a knowl
edge” of child’s ability to read
and write English
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
and industry
State bureau of child and ani
m al protection:
Has duties and powers as
specified in A, above
State coal mine inspector:
As to coal mines
[State mine inspector m ust in
spect mines, b ut his duties
apparently relate only to
safety—See R C 1907 s 1713,
1720]
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen;
May m ake complaint
c
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprison
m ent for 6 m onths, or both
i
144
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Bond of permit
Exemptions
II
I
NEBRASKA
A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
14 to 16 (if
graduate)
“Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
[The certificates tab
ulated in A and B
are alsoealled “Age
and schooling cer
tificates”]
Revised Stat u t e s
1913 s 3576, 3578,
3580, 3582, 3583,
3585,3586
[For law according to
which evening or
other school at
tendance equiv
alent to the evéning-school attend
ance tabulated in
B-V I may be re
quired of child 14
to 16 in city and
metropolitan city
schooldistricts
and 14 to 15 in
other places, if he
' is “ legally and reg
ularly employed
fo r his own sup
po rt or the support
of those actually
dependent u p o n
him ,” see R S 1913
s 6924-6926]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14 to 16 (if
n o n g rad
uate)
“ Em p l o y m ent certifi
cate”
I II
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mercantile institution
Factory
Workshop
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Bowling alley
Passenger or freight
elevator
Messenger for any of
the above
Driver for any of the
above
Issuing officer
(1) Passport
(2) Birth certificate
after mak
ing exami
(3) Baptismal certifi
nation signs
cate
(4) Other religious or
statement
th at in his
official record show
opinion
ing date of birth
child has at
If no one of above
tained nor
is obtainable,
mal devel
(5) Affidavit of par
ent or guardian
opment, is
(6) In d o u b t f u l
in s o u n d
health, and
cases, issuing office
physic a 1ly
m ay refer question
able to perof age to the judge
of the juvenile court
for m in
te n d e d
or to the county
work. I n
judge, whose judg
doub tful
m ent shall be final
çases such
fitness shall
be d e t e r
mined by a
medical
officer of the
board or de
partm ent of
health, or
by a phy
sician pro
vided by
the State
board of in
spection
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
145
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Exam ina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by teacher
and principalof theschoolchild
has attended, shows:
(1) Completion of eighth
grade;
(2) Attendance for threefourths of school year previous
to becoming 14 years of age, or
during th e year previous to
applying for record;
(3) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple E nglish
sentences
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
VHI
IX
1. D uty
A
State deputy commissioner of
labor
T ruant officers
1. Power only
Members of State board of
inspection:
May inspect employment
certificates and demand evi
dence of age of child appar
ently under 16 whose certifi
cate is not on file, and for
bid his employment if evi
dence th a t he is over 16 be
not produced. For further
powers, see C-V
Any person:
May cause enforcement
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Exam ina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by teacher
and principalof theschoolchild
has attended, shows:
(1) Noncompletion of eighth
grade;
(2) Attendance for t h r e e fourths of school year previous
to becoming 14 years of age, or
during the year previous to ap
plying for record;
(3) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences
Certificate of regular attendance
a t a public evening schoo 1which
is maintained for not less than
20 weeks per year, 3 evenings
per week, and 2 hours per even
ing
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory evening-school at
tendance—See Table 5, E]
72485°—15-----10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
.
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
146
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
N E B R A S K A—
Continued
C
Under 16
I II
[Any occupation]
“ Certificate”
of physical fit
ness
[May be required
‘after entering
employment]
NEVADA
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Revised Laws 1912
s 6824, 6285
1915 C 203 s 4,8,9,13
[The law specifies no
requirements for
perm it tabulated
m A]
[See Table 1, A, for
later law which
would appear to
lim it this provi
sion, in so far as it
applies to children
under 14, to em
ployment outside
school hours and
during vacation]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A Boy under 14 Factory
Girl under 16 Store
Shop
“ W r i t t e n Mine [But 1913 C 232
s 2, which is a later
perm it”
provision, fixes a
minimum age of 16
[But for m ini
for employment in
mum age of 14
mine—See Table 1,
for e m p l o y
B]
m ent in any
Any
inside employ
business o r
ment
service during
school hours,
Exemptions:
fixed by later
law, see Table Inside employment
connected with farm
1, A]
or housework
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
Member o f
State board
of i n s p e ction m a y
demand
exam i n a tion by reg
ularly 1 i censed phy
sician s e
lected b y
the board,
of c h i T d
u n d e r 16
who seems
physica 11 y
u n a b l e to
do work at
w h i c h en-
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
147
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. [See column V]
2. [Child who can not obtain
certificate shall not be em
ployed. Penalties in A
above, appear to be appli
cable here]
1. D uty
State labor commissioner
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprison
ment for 6 months, or both
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
148
Table 2 . ~ REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
NEW
H A M P
S H IR E
Public Statutes 1901
C 93 s 15 (as
amended by 1901
C 61)
1911 C 162 s 1 (as
amended by 1913
C 224 s 1). 2, 7, 10
(as amended by
1915 C 61), 12, 13,
16,17,19, 20, 21
1911 C 198 s 2
A Under 16
[14 to 16]
“ E m ploym ent c e r tincate”
[For requirement of
proof of age and
certificate of lit
eracy, according
to earlier law, su
perseded in large
part by these pro
visions, see also
P S 1901 C 93 s 11
(as amended by
1901 C 61), 13 (as
amended by 1901
C 61), 18, and P S
1901 C 92 s 18]
[1913 C 221, amend
ing P S 1901 C 93 s
14, by requiring
a t t e n d a n c e at
school until 16 un
less child has com
pleted elementary
school course,
would appear to
lim it employment
of n o n g r a d u a t e
child to outside
school hours and
during vacation]
1913 C 162 s 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Under 16
[14 to 16]
Vacation
“ certificate”
C Under 16
No d o e u
meni specified
[May be required
after entering
employment]
IH
Mill
Factory
W orkshop
Quarry
Mercantile establish
m ent
“ Tenement h o u s e
m a n u f a c t o r y or
workshop”
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Bakery
Hotel
Barber shop
Apartment house
Bootblack stand or
parlor
Distribution or trans
mission of merchan
dise
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
Occupations or estab
lishments same as in
A, above, during a
vacation period of
the school year
Any occupation
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
One of the fol C e r t i f icate
from medi
lowing:
cal officer of
(1) Passport
local board
(2) Birth certificate
of health or
(3) Baptismal certifi
a physician
cate
desig n ated
(4) P u b l i c record
by school
showing d a t e of
board, certi
birth
fying t h a t
child has a t
tained nor
mal devel
opment and
is in süffic i e n 1 1y
s o u n d
health and
p h y sically
able to perform i n
te n d e d
work
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
State board of
health,
when r e
quested by
State super
intendent of
p u b l i c ins t r u ction,
m ust make
i n spections
and may re
quire t h e
discharge of
c h i l d who
by reason of
physical
c o n dition
can not, in
its j u d gment, con
tinue in em
ployment
without
risk
to
health
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
149
EMPLOYAIENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Exam ina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended, certifies:
(1) Regular attendance for
300 half days during year pre
vious to arriving at age of 14 or
to applying for school record;
(2) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple E ng
lish sentences
(If child has attended an Englishtaught school 3 years, and issu
ing officer considers him men
tally incapable of acquiring abil
ity to read and write simple
English sentences. State super
intendent of public instruc
tion, after investigation, may
issue permit authorizing em
ployment)
VII
vni
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, “ whenever he shall
deem it necessary,” prose
cute violations of laws “ reg
ulating the employment of
help ”
T ruant officers
State superintendent of pub
lic instruction and State in
spectors appointed by him
and under his supervision
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—85 or imprison
m ent for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sep
arate offense)
Minimum—85
Maximum—820
[For later provision which would
appear to require graduation
from elementary school course
for work during school hours,
see last note in column I]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. [See column V]
2. [Penalties in A, above,
seem to be applicable here]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
150
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
NEW
H A M P
S H I R E — Contin
ued
II
I II
D Any minor
. (if illiter
ate)
The following
occupations while a
free public evening
school is main
tained:
Manufacturing estab
lishment
Mechanical employ
m ent
Mercantile e m p l o y
m ent
Any other employ
ment
[See note in col
P S 1901 C 92 s 18
um n I]
P S 1901 C 93 s 12 (as
amended b y 1901
No d o c u
C 61), 13 (as
ment specified
amended by 1901
C 6l), 15 (as
amended by 1901
C 61), 18
1911 C 198 s 2
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
[The application of
the provision tab
ulated in D would
appear to be lim
ited in most cases
to minors over 16—
See provisions in
A, above, and Ta
ble 5, A]
NEW JE R SE Y
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
A 14 to 16
“ Age. a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
Compiled Statutes
1910 v 3 Labor s 16
p 3023 (as amend
ed by 1914 C 252
s 1), s 18 p 3024
(as amended by
1914 C 252 s 2), s 60
p 3034 (as amended
b v 1912 C 117), s 61
p*3035
1914 C 236 S3
1911 C 136 s 1-4, 6 (as
amended by 1914
C 253 s 1-4, 6), 15
1914 C 223 s 1, 5, 7-9,
12,17,18
[“ I t shall be law
ful” to issue this
certificate for em
ployment in occu
pations not other
wise prohibited by
law to children un
der 16. I t is re
quired for em
ployment in all
occupations listed
in this table]
[See also 1914 C 223 s
1, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17,
18, for the “ age
and working cer
tificate,” t a b u
lated in Table 6
because it appears
to apply chiefly to
street trades, b u t
possibly covering
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B 14 to 16
“ Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
C e r t i f i c ate
(1) Birth certificate
Factory
signed by
If above is not ob
Workshop
medical in
tainable, and parent
Mill
spector of
or
guardian
so
cer
Place where the man
b o a r d of
tifies by affidavit,
ufacture of goods of
e d u cation,
any kind is carried (2) Passport
upon exam
(3) Baptismal certifi
on
ination of
cate
[See C S 1910 v 3
c h i l d , de
If no one of above
Labor s 16 p 3023 (as
scribing his
is obtainable, and
amended by 1914 C
physical
parent or guardian
60) and (as amended
c o n d ition
so certifies by affi
by 1914 C 236 s 2) for
and stating
davit,
provisions w h i c h
whether he
may make these re (4) Other documen
has attained
tary evidence satis
quirements apply
normal defactory to issuing
also to:
v e 1 opment
officer ( e x c e p t
Newspaper plant
and is of suf
school record or affi
Printerv
ficiently
davit of parent or
Place where printing
s o u n d
guardian)
is carried on
health and
If no one of above
Commercial laundry
p h y sically
is obtainable, and
Mine
able to be
parent or guardian
Quarry]
employed in
so certifies by affi
any occupadavit,
t ion ln
(5) Physician’s certifi
w h i c h he
cate of age may be
may legally
accepted if, after in
be employed
vestigation, facts in
parent’s affidavit
are not discredited,
said certificate to be
issued by medical
inspector of district
board of education
Mercantile establish Same as in A, above
ment (Term shall
be “ construed to
apply to any em
ployment of labor
other than a factory,
workshop, m ill or
other place where
the manufacture of
Same as in A,
above
151
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VH
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
Inability to read and write simple
English sentences
IX
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, “ whenever he shall
deem it necessary,” prosecute_violations of laws “ reg
ulating the employment of
help”
T ruant officers:
As to employment under
16 in manufacturing, me
chanical, and mercantile
establishments, if required
by district school board ; in
other establishments, as to
employment under 16 dur
ing school hours
District school boards
1. Power only
State superintendent of pub
lic instruction or his deputy
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory day or evening
school attendance unless ex
empted—See Table 5, C]
D
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$50
“ Satisfactory proof” that:
(1) Child has attended school
130 days during 12 months next
preceding date of application
for certificate;
(2) He is able to read and
write simple English sentences;
(3) He has completed 5 yearly
grades in reading, writing,
spelling, English language, and
geography, and is familiar with
arithmetic through fractions
1. “ E m p l o y er’s
certifi
cate,” filled
out by em
ployer, s e t
ting forth the
nature of the
work child is
to do, the date
it begins work,
and thesalary
to b e p a i d ,
m ust b e r e
turned by em
ployer “ with
in 2 days ” to
issuing officer
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in
A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
(with supervision and con
trol over assistant and in
spectors)
1. Power only
[See also Table 3, B, for offi
cers empowered to inspect
certificates]
a
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$25 or imprison
m ent for 60 days, or both
(Person employing child con
trary to laws of State incurs
maximum penalty of fine
of $100 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both—1915 C 246
s i , 2)
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor,
assistant commissioner, and
inspectors of the depart
m ent of labor
Attendance officers or other
persons empowered to com
pel school attendance
Police officers
B
"
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
152
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
NEW
JE R SE Y —
B—Continued
Continued
other e m p l o y
ments, which per
mits child 10 to 16
desiring to assist
in supporting self
or family to secure
certain light em
ployment in the
open air (includ
ing running er
rands) and ex
empts agricultural
pursuits. S u c h
employment m ust
not be otherwise
prohibited by law
to child under 16
(see Table 1) and
m ust not be car
ried on within
school hours or be
tween 7 p . m . and
6 a. m.]
IH
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
goods of any kind is
carried on” ) [It is
not clear whether
this definition in
d u d e s newspaper
plants, pr i nt ernes,
places where print
ing is carried on,
commercial laun
dries, mines, and
quarries, or whether
the latter are em
braced in those spec
ified in A -III, above]
N E W M E X IC O
[No provisions]
NEW YORK
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Consolidated Laws
1909 v 3 Labor C 31:
A rt 1 s 2 (as
amended b y 1913
C 529, by 1914 C 512,
and by 1915 C 650);
A rt 3-a s 51-52
(asaddedby 1913 C
145);
A rt 4 s 56 (as
amended b y 1913
C 145), 59 (as
amended b y 1913
C 145);
Art 5 s 61 (as
amended b y 1913
C 145);
A rt 6 s 70 (as
amended b y 1913
C 529), 71 (as
amended b y 1912
C 333), 72, 73 (as
amended b y 1913
C 144), 75 (as
amended b y 1913
C 144), 76, 76-a (as
added b y 1913 C
200), 92;
A rt 8 s 111 (as
amended b y 1913
C 463);
A rt 12 s 160, 161
(as amended b y
1914 C 331), 162 (as
amended b y 1911
C 866), 163 (as
amended b y 1913
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14 to 16
“ E m p lo y
m ent certifi
cate”
In any village or
city of 3,000 or over:
Mercantile establish
m ent
Business office
Telegraph office
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartment house
Theater
Place of amusement
Bowling alley
Barber shop
Shoe-polishing estab
lishment
Distribution or trans
mission of merchan
dise or articles
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
Distribution or sale of
articles
Issuing officer,
(1) Birth certificate
after making
If above is not
exam ina
obtainable, and par
tion, s i g n s
ent so certifies by
statement
affidavit,
t h a t child
(2) Certificate of grad
has attained
uation from a school
normal de
having a course of
velopm ent,
not less than 8 years
is in sound
in duration
health, an d
If no one of above
is physically
is obtainable, a n d
able to per
parent so certifiesby
form intendaffidavit,
ed w ork,
(3) Passport
such physi
(4) Baptismal certifi
cal fitness to
cate
be d e t e r
If no one of above
m i n e d by
is. obtainable, and
medical offi
parent so certifies
cer of the de
b y affidavit,
partm ent or
(5) Other documen
b o a r d of
tary evidence satis
health
factory to issuing
officer and approved
by board of health
b y resolution at a
regular meeting
df no one of
above is obtainable,
in cities of the first
class only,and par
ent so certifies by
affidavit,
(6) Certificates of age
from two physi
cians designated b y
the board of health,
after separate phys
ical examination by
each and, in case
their opinions do
not concur, b y a
third physician
.
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION".
153
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
R equirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
VIH
IX
D uty—Continued
Other persons designated by
law to protect children from
cruelty and neglect
1. Power only
Officer or agent for incorpo
rated society for the protec
tion of children from cruelty
and neglect
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50 or imprison
m ent for 90 days, or both
2(a). Habitual violation
Maximum—$1,000 or impris
onment for 3 years, or both
(Person employing child con
trary to laws of State incurs
maximum penalty of fine
of $100 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both—1915 C 246
s 1, 2]
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion by issuing officer
School record, signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended, m ust certify:
(1) School attendance of 130
days during 12 months previous
to 14th birthday or to applying
for school record;
(2) T hat child has received
instruction during above period
in reading, spelling, writing,
English grammar, and geogra
phy, and is familiar w ith arith
metic through fractions;
(3) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple English
sentences;
(4) Completion of the work
prescribed for first 6 years of
elementary school
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory continuation-school
attendance under certain con
ditions—See Table 5, F]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Dutjr
State industrial commission:
Has duty of enforcement
in cities of the first or sec
ond class;
May i n v e s t i g a t e and
make regulations for carry
ing law into effect
Board of health or health
commissioners:
In cities other than those
of the first or second class,
and in towns and villages
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
May inspect establish
ments
2(a)(b). First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2(a) (b). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
2(a)(b). Third offense
Minimum—$250 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprison
ment for 60 days, or both
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
154
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age.
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
I II
14 to 16
Factory ( i n c l u d i n g
bakery or laundry
other than home
laundry where work
is done for family
trade)
NEW Y O R K — B
Continued
C 144), 164, 165 (as
amended b y 1913
C 144). 166 (as
added b y 1913 C
144),
167
(as
amended h y 1913
C 145), 172 (as
amended h y 1913
C 145)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal
C 40:
A rt 120 s 1275
(as amended hy
1913 C 349)
“ E m p lo y ment certifi
cate”
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
Require
m ent after
entering em
ployment:
Slate medical
inspector
may require
examina
tion of chil
dren
em
ployed in
factories
Exemptions:
“ Nothing herein con
tained shall prevent
a person engaged in
farming from per
m itting his children
to do farm work for
him upon his farm.
Boys over the age of
12 years m ay be
employed in gather
ing produce, for not
more than 6 hours
in any 1 day,” sub
ject to the compul
sory education law,
for which see Table 5
C L 1910 v 8 Educa C 14 to 16
tion C 16:
“ E mpl oyA rt 23 S 626, 628
m ent certifi
(as amended by
cate”
1913 C 748), 632,
636
In any city of
the first or second
class:
Any occupation
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
C L 1910 v 8 Educa D 14 to 16
tion C 16:
“ E m p lo y A rt 23 S 626, 628
m ent certifi
(as amended hy
cate”
1913 C 748), 630 (as
amended h y 1913
C101),632,633 sub
division 3, 636
Outside of city Same as in A, above
of the first or second
class:
Mercantile establish
ment
Factory
Business office
Telegraph office
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Distribution or trans»
mission of merchan
dise
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
Same as in A,
above
[The provisions tab
ulated in D and E
are apparently su
perseded by those
given in A and B,
m so far as the
former are covered
by the latter]
E
14 to 16
“Schoolrecord certifi
cate”
C L 1910 v 8 Educa F Boy 14 to 16
(if n o n
tion C 16:
graduate)
A rt 23 s 622 (as
amended by 1913 C
“ E m plo y 748), 627(as amend
m ent certifi
ed b y 1913 C 748),
cate”
628 (as amended
b y 1913 C 748), 631
(as amended b y
1913C 748),632,636
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Outside of city
of the first or second
class:
Any occupation other
than those men
tioned in D, above
School record gives
date of birth
Same as in C, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
155
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
1.. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
Same as in A, above
VII
V III
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employment
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
1. D uty
State industrial commission
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
May inspect establish
ments
B
2. Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in F , below
C
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in F , below
2. Same as in C, above
D
Scbool record same as in A, above
1. Same as in F , below
2. Same as in F , below
E
Noncompletion; of elementary
scbool course—See Table 5, F
Educational requirements and
school record same as in A,
above
1. D uty
Superintendent of schools:
Shall supervise the en
forcement of this article in
each city, union free school
district, or common-school
district whose lim its in
clude in whole or in p a rt an
incorporated village
State commissioner of educa
tion:
Shall supervise enforce
ment
F
Requirement after enter
ing employment:
[Compulsory evening-school a t
tendance unless attending
continuation scbool]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. Same as in C, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION",
156
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
H
III
Mill
Factory
[The minimum Manufacturing plant
( E m p l o y m e n t in
age
for
em
Pell’s Révisai of 1908
a b o v e establishployment in
Supplement 1913 C
m e n t s permitted
“
factory
o
r
45a s 1981ee(3),
only “ in appren
m a n u factur1981ee(4), 1981ee(5)
ticeship capacity” )
ing establish
m en t” is 12—
[Above law contains
See Table 1, [For earlier law re
also a requirement
quiring statem ent
of certificate for
A]
of age and certificate
employment un
as to school attend
Certificate of
der 16 “ a t n ight”
ance for employ
age and school
in these establish
m ent of child in fac
attendance
ments, b u t em
tory or manufactur
ployment under 16
ing establishment,
is prohibited 9 p.
amended in 1915 so
m. to 6 a. m . in
as to impose a pen
these same estab
alty,
not found in
lishments—See Ta
either the earlier
ble 4, A]
law or th at here tab
ulated, of a fine of
not less than $500 or
imprisonment fo r
not less than 90 days
for a second convic
tion of violation
within 12 months,
see P R 1908 C 45a
s 1981d and C 81 fol
lowing s 3362-3364
(as reenacted by
1915 C 148 s 3)]
NORTH
LINA
CARO
A Under 13
N O R TH DAKOTA A 14 to 16
Compiled Laws 1913
S 1405, 1407-1409,
1411,1413
[ T h e compulsory
school - attendance
requirements (see
Table 5, A) would
appear to restrict
this certificate, If
the employment is
during s c h o o l
hours, to child
who has gradu
ated from the com
mon schools, ex
cept in case where
“ child is actually
necessary for sup
port of family”]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
Mercantile establish
m ent
Factory
Workshop
Mine
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
The “ certificate” re
quired in column II
is f r o m parent,
guardian, etc., and
shall show age of
child
One of the fol Issuing officer
m ust exam
lowing:
ine c h i l d
(1) Birth certificate
and s i g n
(2) Passport
statement
(3) Baptismal certifi
th at in his
cate
opinion he
(4) Other religious rec
has attained
ord
normal de(If evidence of age as
velopm e n t
specified in (2), (3).
and is in
or (4) is accepted, it
sound health
m ust be accompa
and p h y s
nied by affidavit of
parent or guardian)
ically able
to perform
intended
work.
In
doubtful
cases such
physical fit
ness shall be
d etermined
by medical
o f f i c e r of
board or de
partm ent of
health
157
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
The “ certificate ” required in col
umn I I is from parent, guar
dian, etc., and shall set forth the
fact th a t child has attended
school for 4 months during the
preceding 12 months
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
VITI
IX
1. Duty
County superintendent of
public schools:
Must investigate viola
tions and report same to the
solicitor of the judicial dis
trict in which they occurred
[For powers of attendance offi
cers in enforcement of com
pulsory school-attendance
laws, which m ight indi
rectly result in the enforce
m ent of these provisions, see
Table 5, column V III]
[Certificates are required to be
“ accessible to any inspector
of factories or other author
ized officer charged w ith the
enforcement of this act,”
b ut there is no further men
tion of the factory inspector]
A
2(a). Any offense
Violation a misdemeanor [See
P R 1908 C 81 s 3293]
[See also note in column HI]
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Examina
tion b y issuing officer
School record, signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended, certifies:
(1) School attendance for 120
days during school year pre
vious to arriving a t age of 14 or
during year previous to apply
ing for school record;
(2) T hat child has been in
structed during above period in
reading, spelling, writing, Eng
lish grammar, and geography,
and is familiar w ith arithmetic
through fractions;
(3) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences [See note in col
um n I]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See note in
column I]
1. Duty
Peace officers:
May inspect establish
ments and demand employ
ment certificate;
Shall report violations to
school board or board of
education;
May make complaint
1. Power only
Local
superintendent
of
schools or clerk of school
board or board of education:
May demand evidence of
age of child apparently un
der 16 whose employment
certificate is not filed, and
forbid employment if such
evidénce be not produced
Any person:
May make complaint
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
158
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
I II
A Boy 15 to 16
Girl 16 to 18
Mechanical establish
ment
Mercantile establish
ment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement-h o u s e ,
m a n u f a c t o r y or
workshop”
Store
Office
Office building
Restaurant
Boarding house
Bakery
Barber shop
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Bootblack stand or
establishment
Public stable
Garage
Laundry
Place of amusement
Club
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Construction or repair
of buildings
Distribution or trans
mission of merchan
dise
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
[B ut see Table 1, D,
for prohibition of
employment of girl
under 21 in trans
mission of messages]
O H IO
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Page and Adams’
Annotated Gen
eral Code 1912 s
871-22 (as added
by 1913 p 95), 87124 (as added by
1913 p 95), 6246,
6248, 7762, 7765 (as
amended b y 1913
p 864), 7766 (as
amended by 1914
p 129), 7767 (as
amended b y 1913
p 864), 7770 (as
amended b y 1913
p 864), 7771 (as
amended by 1914
p 225), 7773 (as
amended by 1914
p225), 12975,12982,
12983, 12986,1299312994 (as amended
by 1913 p 864),
13007-7 (as added
b y 1913 p 864),
13007-9 (as added
b y 1913 p 864),
13007-10 (as added
by 1913 p 864),
13007-11 (as added
by 1913 p 864)
[For penalty under
earlier law for
employing child 14
to 16 who can not
read and write
English, see P &
A A G C 1912 s
12976]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“ Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
B Boy 15 to 16 Any occupation [not
forbidden by law to
Girl 16 to 18
boy under 16 and
girl under 18]
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
Evidence of age
IV
Physical
V
Certificate
(1) Passport
from school
(2) Birth certificate
p h y s ician,
(3) Baptismal certifi
or if there be
cate
none physi
(4) Other
religious
cian of board
record
of health, or
If no one of above
if there be
is obtainable,
no s u c h
(5) Other documen
board, from
tary evidence satis
licensed
factory to issuing of
p h y sician
ficer (attested school
a p p o inted
census or enumera
by board of
tion record may be
e d ucation,.
accepted in discre
sh ow in g
tion of officer, b ut
that child is
not school record or
p h y sically
affidavit of parent
fit to be em
or guardian)
ployed in
If no documen
any of the
tary proof as above
occupations
is obtainable, and
p e r m itted
parent or guardian
by law for
so certifies, and is
c h i l d besuing officer is satis
t w e e n 15
fied th at reasonable
and 16. If
e f f o r t has been
records of
made to secure such
school phy
proof,
sician show
(6) Physician’s cer
c h i l d to
tificate of age is
have been
sued, after examina
p rev io u sly
tion, by school phy
s o u n d in
sician or if there be
h e a l t h , is
none b y physician
suing officer
employed for this
may, in his
purpose by board of
d i s cretion,
education
waive this
requirement
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
CHILD LABOE. LEGISLATION.
159
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
Poverty
2. Other
VI
V II
Proof satisfactory to issuing offi
cer th at child has been exam
ined and, if a boy, has passed
a satisfactory sixth grade test,
or, if a girl, a satisfactory
seventh grade test, in reading,
spelling, writing, English gram
mar, geography, and arithmetic
In cities, in order to ascertain
whether the above require
ments have been met, local
board of education may appoint
juvenile examiner who shall
certify th a t he has examined
child and th at latter has passed,
to his satisfaction, the grade
test as above;_ b u t if, in his
opinion, child is below normal
in mental development so th at
he can not with due in
dustry pass such test and if
school record shows child to be
below normal in development,
juvenile examiner may certify
such fact and issuing officer may
grant certificate in his discre
tion. If said examiner is satis
fied th at the standard of any
school is sufficiently high, he
may accept the records thereof
as showing th at child has passed
test without further examina
tion [See provisions inC, below]
School record, approved by issu
ing officer and signed by princi
pal or person in charge of school
last attended, shows:
(1 ) Number of weeks’attend
ance d ur ing school year previous
to applying for school record;
(2) Standing in studies enu
merated above
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory continuation-school
attendance for boy 15 to 10 un
der certain conditions—See Ta
ble 5, C)
Same as in A , above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
V III
IX
1. W r i t t e n
promise
to
legally
em
ploy child
2. W r i t t e n
agreement of
employer to
return certifi
cate to issuing
officer within
2 days from
date of termi
nation of em
ploym ent,
giving reason
for termina
tion
1. Duty
Factory inspectors [State in
dustrial commission]
Truant officers
Other officers charged with
the enforcement of laws re
lating to employment of
minors
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute violations
1. Same as in A,
above
2. Same as in A,
above
.... -
.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employmen
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
A
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprison
ment, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprison
ment for 30 days, or both
2(a). Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprison
ment, or both
Maximum—Fine or imprison
ment for 60 days, or both
2(b). Any offense
(Each day’s violation a sepa
rate offense)
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
(All the above penalties apply
to “ any violation” o f the
provisions here tabulated.
The following specific pen
alty is incurred for failure to
procure and keep on file em
ployment certificates for
children under 16)
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
[The provisions tabulated be
low appear to be applicable
only to employment in such
occupations as are not cov
ered b y those listed in A -III,
above]
1. D uty
State industrial commission
T ruant officers
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 (for officer,
etc., of corporation)
Maximum—$50 (for any per
son)
(Any person convicted of a
violation of any law relating
to employment of m in o r s,
who again violates any such
law, shall be imprisoned for
not less th an 10 nor more
th an 30 days)
B
160
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
Table
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
I
III
Boy 15 to 16 Employment during
vacation in any oc
Girl 16 to 18
cupation not forbid
den by law to boy
“ Special va
under 16 and girl
cation certifi
under 18 [See pro
cate”
visions in B, above,
and also Table 1]
O H IO — Continued
C
P & A A G C 1912
s 6246, 7765 (as
amended by 1913
p 864), 7766 (as
amended b y 1914
p 129)
D Boy under 16 Mercantile establish
m ent
[15 to 16]
Girl under 18 Factory
Workshop
[16 to 18]
Business office
“ C e r t i f i Telephone office
cate” of phys Telegraph office
Restaurant
ical fitness
Bakery
[May be required Hotel
after entering Apartm ent house
employment] Other establishment
Distribution or trans
mission of merchan
dise
Distribution or trans
mission of messages
OKLAHOM A
A Under 16 (if
literate)
[For public exhibi. tions, see Table 7]
Revised Laws 1910
S 3728, 3731, 3734,
3735, 3737, 3738,
3742,3745
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Physical
IV
V
Same as in A, above
Same as in A,
above
If State industrial
commission
is in doubt
as to physi
cal fitness of
child found
working, it
shall re
quire a cer
tificate is
sued, after
examina
tion, by a
medical offi
cer -of the
b o a r d of
health, cer
tifying that
child is of
s o u n d
health and
p h y sically
able to per
form work
required
Satisfactory evi
dence by:
(1) Last school census
(2) Birth certificate
(3) City or county
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
Factory
Factory-workshop
Theater
Bowling alley
Pool hall
Steam laundry
Any occupation [not
prohibited by law to
children under 16;
see Table 1, C to E]
which is injurious to
health or morals or
especially hazardous
to life or limb—See
Table 1, B
B Under 16 (if
illiterate)
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
[See first note in
column I]
[The ages to which
the provisions tab
ulated in A and B
apply are: 14 to 16
in establishments
m e n tio n e d by
name in A-III; 15
to 16 in injurious,
etc., occupations]
[The education law
appears to make
required attend
ance compulsory
each year unless
child is mentally
or physically in
capacitated. I t is
not clear whether
or not the law tab
ulated in A and B
would exempt by
implication child
able to read and
write English]
Evidence of age
[See first note in
column I]
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
Issuing officer,
before whom
child must
appear,
must
“ be
satisfied”
(4) Affidavit of date
th at he is
of birth by legally
p h y s ically
registered physician
able to per
(5) School record(pubform work
intended.
lic or other school)
In doubtful
If no one of above
cases such
is obtainable, and
fitness shall
child appears to be
of good/ health and
be d e t e r
mined by a
normal size—at least
medical offi
5.feet in height and
cer of board
60 p o u n d s
in
or departweight,
(6) Affidavit of parent
m e n t of
or guardian, or, if
health
child has no parent
or guardian, of child
himself
Same as in A,
above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
161
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
R equirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
Same as in A, above, except that
grade test may be waived
V II
1. E n f o r c i n g authoritiesDuty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employmen
without certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. Same as in A,
above
2. Same as in A,
above
1. Same as in B, above, in
cluding bracketed note
2. Same as in B, above, in
cluding bracketed note
C
1. [See column V]
D
|
2. [No specific provision.
The penalties quoted in B,
above, which apply to all
violations of laws relating to
employment of minors, may
be applicable, b ut no spe
cific duties are- imposed
upon employer by the pro
vision tabulated in D]
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences
School-attendance certifi c a t e ,
signed by teacher of school
attended, certifies to above
literacy
[See last note in column I]
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
1. Power only
Factory inspector, tru an t offi
cers [there appears to be no
provision for appointment
of tru an t officers], and
“ other person charged with
the administration of this
article” :
May demand proof of age
of child apparently under 16
and forbid employment if
such proof be not produced
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprison
ment for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
School attendance during preced
ing year for time attendance is
compulsory by law [See Table 5]
School-attendance certificate ,
signed by teacher of school
attended, certifies to above
attendance
[See last note in column I]
72485°—15----- 11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
162
T able
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
OKLAHOM A—
Continued
R L 1910 s 3728, 3735,
3742
C
[See note in
column I]
“ Certificate
of physical fit
ness”
I II
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Lord’s Oregon Laws
1910 s 4121 (as
amended by 1911
C 243), 5016, 5023
(as amended by
1911 C 138), 5027
(as amended by
1911 C 138), 50285029 (as amended
by 1911C 138), 5030
(as amended, by
1911 C 138), 50325033 (as amended
by 1911C 138), 5035
(as amended, by
1911 C 138)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14 to 16
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
B
12 to 14
Vacation
permit
Physical
IV
[Any occupation, ap
parently, b ut the
law might be inter
preted to apply only
to those listed in
A -III, above]
F a c t o r y or
deputy inspectors
may require
certificate of
physical fit
ness f r o m
licensed
physician in
good stand
ing for child
a p p e a ring
physic a l l y
u n a b l e to
perform
w o r k at
which en-
Mercantile establish
ment
Factory
Workshop
Store
Business office
Restaurant
Bakery
Hotel
Apartment house
Satisfactory evi Issuing officer
dence by one of the
certifies th at
child has
following:
reached the
(1) Last school census
normal de(2) Passport
velopm e n t
(3) Birth certificate
of a child of
(4) Baptismal certifi
his age and
cate
is in sound
(5) Other r e l i g i o u s
health and
record
physically
(6) Town or city regis
able to per
ter of birth
form intend
ed work
[The provisions tab
ulated in C appar [May be required
after entering
ently apply to all
employment]
“ children”
but
they might be in
terpreted to apply
only to children
under 16]
OREGON
Evidence of age
Any suitable work
during any school
vacation extending
over a term of 2
weeks
State board of
inspe e t o r s
of child la
bor shall ex
ercise careful
discretion as
to the char
acter of the
employment
ana its effect
on the phys
ical
well
being of the
child
16$
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vni
IX
1. [See column V]
C
2. [Employment of child who
can not obtain certificate
demanded m ay be pro
hibited. Penalty in A,
above, applies to violation
of any provision of this
article]
V
Issuing officer certifies:
(1) Ability to read and write
simple English sentences;
(2) 160 days’ school attend
ance during the school year
previous to arriving at the age of
14 or to applying for school
record;
(3) T hat child has received
durmg above period instruc
tion in reading, spelling, writ
ing, English grammar, and geog
raphy, and is familiar with
arithmetic through fractions
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
statistics and inspector of
factories and workshops:
Shall cause the enforce
m ent of all laws regulating
the employment of children,
minors, and women
T ruant officer (in counties of
less than 100,000):
Shall see th at the child
labor law is enforced
State board of inspectors of
child labor or deputy of said
board:
May inspect factories,
workshops, and mercantile
establishments;
Shall report violations
therein to school authorities
and to district attorney
[See Table 5, A, for later provi
sion which would appear to re
quire by implication gradua
tion from grammar grades for
employment of child 14 to 15
during school hours]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$25
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for
10 days
Maximum—Imprisonment for
30 days
1. [No specific
provision]
2. State board
of inspectors
of child labor
shall exercise
careful discre
tion as to the
character of
the employ
ment and its
effect on the
moral w e l l
being of the
child
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
164
T a b l e 2 . — REQUIREMENTS
FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
P E N N S Y L V A N IA
1915 Pamphlet Laws
286 s 1, 3, 8, 9,11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 23, 24
[The act tabulated
in A and B is in
effect Jan. 1,1916]
A 14 to 16
“General
em ploym ent
certificate”
[See second note
in column I]
Any establishm ent
(any place where
work is done for
compensation of any
kind, to whomever
payable)
Any occupation
Exemptions:
Farm work
Domestic service in
private homes
[The certificate tab
ulated in A per
mits employment
during entire year,
and th a t in B only
on such days as
child is not re
quired by law to
attend school—See
Table 5, A and B]
[For earlier certifi
cate law appar
ently superseded
by the provisions
tabulated in A and
B in so far as it ap
plies to children
under 16, see 1909
P L 283 s 1, 3, 4;
S P D Supp 19051909 V 5 pp 56055606 and 1909 P L
283 s 11; S P D
Supp 1905-1909 v 5
p 5607 (as amended
by 1913 P L 69)]
HI
B 14 to 16
“ V a c a tio n
employm e n t
certificate”
Occupations or estabtablishments same
as in A, above
Exemptions:
Evidence of age
Physical
rv
V
Certificate
(1) B irth certificate
signed by a
If above is not ob
physician
tainable,
approved
(2) Baptismal certifi
bytheboard
cate
of school di
If above is not ob
rectors, stat
tainable,
ing th at he
(3) Passport
has exam
If no one of above
ined child,
is obtainable,
and th at he
(4) Other documen
is physically
tary evidence (other
qualified for
than school record
em ploy
or affidavit of age),
m ent spéci
satisfactory to issu
fié d — S ee
ing officer
column
If no one of above
V III. Where
is obtainable, and
physician
parent or guardian
deems it ad
so certifies by affi
visable, cer
davit,
tificate may
(5) Certificate of age
be issued for
from school physi
a limited
cian or physician
time
appointed by school
committee
Evidence of age “ shall
be of similar char
acter” to th at given
in A, above
Same as in A, above
[See second note
in column I]
P H IL IP P IN E
IS L A N D S
[No provisions]
P O R T O R IC O
[Certificates tabu
lated in A, B, and
C are alternative]
1913 No 42 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
Extraordinary Ses
sion No 139), 6 (as
amended by 1913
Extraordinary Ses
sion No 139), 12-14
1913 Extraordinary
Session No 139 s 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
Any lucrative occupa [See provisions in D,
below, which would
tion during the
appear to be appli
hours public schools
cable here]
are open (For defi
Educational
nition of “ lucrative
“ certificate ”
occupation, ” s e e
Table 1, A -III)
Under 14
[10 to 14]
Exemptions:
Provision does not
apply to:
Children 10 to 14 who
are employed in
picking or gathering
coffee or in planting,
picking, or tending
m the field any agri
cultural or horticul
tural products in
company w ith or
under the direct per
sonal supervision of
their parents, guar
dians, or relatives
over 16 years of age
Same as in A,
above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
165
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
School record, signed by prin
cipal of school attended, or his
deputy, certifies th at child has
completed course of study
equivalent to 6th grade of pub
lic schools, in the English lan
guage, reading, spelling, arith
metic, geography, and United
States history
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory continuation-school
attendance under certain con
ditions—See Table 5, C]
VII
V III
E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
Penalties—(a) Employment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
. A signed
1. D uty
s t a t e m e n t State commissioner of labor
from prospec
and industry
tive employer Attendance officers
or his agent. Police officers
Em ploym ent
certificate is
2 (a). Any offense
mailed by is Minimum—$10 or imprison
suing officer
m ent, or both
to employer, Maximum—$200 or imprison
who m ust ac
m ent for 10 days, or both
knowledge re [For provision in compulsory
ceipt in w rit
education law penalizing
ing within 3
employer for employing
days after em
child 8 to 14 during school
ployment of
hours, see 1911 P L 309 s
child
1421; S P D Supp 1912 p 114
E m p lo y e r’s
(as amended by 1915 P L
promise to
174), 1911 P L 309 s 1422;
employ states
S P D Supp 1912 p 115 (as
character of
amended by 1915 P L 174),
work and
and 1911 P L 309 s 1434;
num ber
of
S P D Supp 1912 p 113]
hours per day
and per week
1. Same as in A,
above
2 . Same as in A,
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
above
Department of education must
certify completion of work neces
sary for admission to the fourth
grade of thepublic rural schools
if child resides in country, or
completion of the sixth grade of
the public graded schools if he
resides in town
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
l. D uty
Porto Rican Bureau of Labor
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
166
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of perm it
Exemptions
I
II
I II
IV
Under 14
[10 to 14]
Occupations or estab
lishments same as in
A ,above
[See provisions in D,
below, which would
appear to be appli
cable here]
PO RTO
R IC O — B
Continued
Em ployExemptions:
ment [poverty]
Same as in A, above
“ certificate”
C
Under 14
[10 to 14]
E mplovment “ certifi
cate”
D Under 16
“ Certificate
of age”
R H O D E ISL A N D
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
General Laws 1909 C
72 s 4
G L 1909 C 78 s 1 (as
amended by 1915 C
1253), 2, 3 (as
amended by 1910 C
576)
«
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14 to 16
“ Age and
em ploym ent
certificate”
Occupations or estab
lishments same as in
A,above
Exemptions:
Evidence of age
Physical
V
[See provisions in D,
below, which would
appear to be appli
cable here]
Same as in A, above
Any occupation
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
(1) Birth certificate
If above is not ob
tainable,
(2) Affidavit of parent
or guardian
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(3) Affidavit of 2 re
putable persons who
have knowledge, of
age of child
Ce r t i f i c a t e ,
Manufacturing estab (1) Birth certificate
after physi
(2) Baptismal certifi
lishment
cal examina
cate
Factory
tion, f r o m
Business
establish (3) Passport
lie ensed
If it appears to
ment
physician
satisfaction of issu
(Every person, firm,
(in the city
ing officer th a t no
or corporation em
of P r o v i
one of above is ob
ploying any child
dence, either
tainable,
under 16 is subject
of 2 physito these provisions, (4) Other evidence sat
c i a n s ap
isfactory to the sec
whatever the busi
pointed
by
retary of the State
ness conducted)
the S t a t e
board of education
commission
Exemptions:
er of public
Provision does not
schools) th at
apply to:
child is in
Household service
sufficiently
Agricultural pursuits
sound health
Rope or wire walking,
a n d phys
or employment as
ically a b l e
gymnast, wrestler,
to be em
contortionist, eques
p l o y e d in
trian performer, or
any occupaacrobat, rider upon
tioninwhich
bicycle or mechani
he m ay be
cal contrivance, or
legally em
in any dancing, the
ployed
atrical, or musical
Above fitness
exhibition [For pro
certified by
v i s i o n s governing
issuing offi
these occupations,
cer also
see Table 7]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION“,
167
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
D uty; Power only
Ì. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
w ithout certificate or per
m it, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders.
V III
IX
Requirement after entering C e r t i f iemployment:
catestates
[Compulsory evening-school at
that work
tendance under certain condi
of child is
tions—See Table 5, C]
necessary
for his own
s u p p ort
or th a t of
in v a l i d
parents de
p e n dent
exclusive
ly on him
No educational requirements.
Certificate is issued only to
child living in a community
where there are no schools
within a reasonable distance
wherein accommodation can be
furnished
F or possible requirement of n igh tscnool attendance, see provi
sions in B, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. [No specific
provision]
2. C e r t i f i c a t e
shall state the
fact th at the
condition of
issuance—
no s c h o o l s
w ithin a rea
sonable dis
ta n c e , etc.—
exists a n d
shall author
ize the em
ployment of
the child
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences “determined”
and certified by issuing officer
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
Factory inspectors
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
M ayinspect all places and
establishments where chil
dren under 15 are employed,
and demand lists and cer
tificates of children under 16
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
c h il d la bo r l e g is l a t io n .
168
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
n
SO UTH
L IN A
CARO
A
1912 Criminal Code
C 16 s 422, 424, 426
1912 Civil Code C 19
art 11 s 868
Evidence of age
Physical
III
IV
V
“ P erm it”
Factory
Textile - manufactur
ing establishment
Mine
Sworn statement _of
parent or guardian
recording name, age,
place of birth, and
residence of child, a
duplicate of which
is forwarded to issu
ing officer, who shall
thereupon issue the
“ perm it”
Under 14
Any occupation
The document re
quired in column
l l is a signed state
m ent of the parent
or guardian record
ing the name, age,
place of birth; and
residence of child
Under 14
[12 to 14]
1912 Civ C C 19 art 11
s 871, 872
B
SO U TH DAKOTA
A Under 14
[The requirements
tabulated in A and
B are alternative]
[See Table 1, A
and D]
S t a tement
of age
1913 C 240 S8-5, 8
[When the provi
sions given in A
are read in connec
tion w ith t h o s e
tabulated inT able
1, A ,which is a pro
vision of the same
act, and Table 1,
D, it is not clear
th a t they can ap
p ly to any chil
dren except those
employed in mer
cantile establish B
ments during va
cation]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E m p lo ym ent “ certifi
cate”
Mercantile establish The employment cer
tificate shall state
ment
Factory
age of child
Workshop
Mine [But see Table
1, B . for provision in
earlier law prohibit
ing employment in
mine under 14]
[See note in colum n I]
Exemptions:
[Child barred from
e m p l o y m e n t by
these p r o v i s i o n s
m ay obtain perm it
under
conditions
tabulated in B , be
low]
Under 14
Poverty
“ perm it”
Factory
Workshop
Mine [But see Table
1, B , for provision in
earlier law prohibit
ing employment in
mme under 14]
Mercantile establish
m ent during school
term
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
169
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
1
■■
■
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
vn
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2 . Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vni
IX
1. Duty
[See provisions in B. below,
for e n f o r c e m e n t which
would be partially applica
ble here]
1. Power only
State commissioner of agri
culture, commerce, and in
dustries:
May inspect factories and
other establishments;
May make investigations
as to the employment of
children;
May inspect statements of
age—See column IV
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$10 or imprison
ment
Maximum—$50 or imprison
m ent for 30 days
1. D uty
Inspectors appointed by the
State commissioner of agri
culture, commerce, and in
dustries, and under his su
pervision and control
B
2. [No specific provision]
The employment certificate shall
state th at child can read and
write simple English sentences,
or th at he is a regular attendant
a t some school, or during the
past 12 months has attended
school as required by law, or
has been lawfully excused
therefrom [See Table 5, A]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [“ Every f a c t o r y ,
workshop, mine, mercantile
establishment o r o t h e r
place in or in connection
with which children are en
gaged at labor of any kind,
shall at all times be subject
to visitation by the county
superintendent of schools”]
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprison
ment for 30 days, or both
If it appears
upon i n
v e s t igation th at
1 a b o r of
c h i 1 d is
necessary
fo r h is
s u pp o r t
or that of
the family
to which
he belongs
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
170
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
1
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
II
I
TEN NESSEE
A
1909 C 124 s 1
1911 C i 7 s 5, 6
1913 C 11 s 2, 3 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 4, 5 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 6, 7, 9
1915 C 172 s 1
I II
Mill
14 to 16
Factory
Sworn state TTorkshop
Laundry
m ent of age
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Exemptions:
F ruit and vegetable
canning fac tories
[For provision re
quiring child un
der 16living in any
room, apartm ent,
or tenem ent in
which articles are
manufactured, al
tered, repaired, or
finished, to obtain
a perm it from the
State departm ent
of workshop and
factory inspection
before engaging in
any such work in
such place, see 1915
C 170 s 9,11]
1913 C 9 s 1, 7
B
14 to 16
[See note in col
um n VI]
[Any occupation in
localities where tru
an t officers are ap
pointed]
No d o c u
m ent specified
1909 C 163 s 5, 8
C
TEXAS
[There are no specific
provisions, b u t see
Table 1, A, for pro
hibition of em
ployment in any
occupation during
school hours un
less child is law
fully excused from
school attendance,
and Table 5 for
conditions under
which such ex
cuse m ay be ob
tained]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 to 16
No d o c u
m ent s p e c ified
[The law tabulated
in C m ay be superseded by t h a t
given in B, above.
See note on
5
(Tenn.) for appli
cation of act]
A
Any occupation dur
ing period of year
when schools are in
session
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
The d o c u m e n t re
quired in column
I I is the s w o r n
statement of parent
or guardian setting
forth place and
date of birth oi
child
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION".
171
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
...
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
[See provisions in B, below]
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vm
IX
1. D uty
Chief State inspector of “work
shops and factories” :
Shall enforce all laws relating_ to “ workshops and
factories” (Term includes
manufacturing, mechanical,
and mercantile establish
ments, telegraph and tele
phone offices, or any kind
of an establishment wherein
labor is employed or machin
ery used);
Has full power to enforce
all labor laws except those
relating to mining
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—125
Maximum—$250
[Truant officers m ust enforce com
pulsory school-attendance law
and have power to inspect office,
factory, or business house em
ploying children under 16 and
to require certificate of school
attendance from child subject
to law. This would practically
require for children 14 to 16 abil
ity to read and write in case of
employment during s c h o o l
hours and a certificate showing
child had attended school in
case of employment outside
school horns—See Table 5]
[See column VI]
Child shall first have attended
school during current term as
required by law or shall have
been excused therefrom [See
Table 5 for attendance required
and exemptions under compul
sory school-attendance law
now in force]
1. Duty
Local school boards
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
•
C
2(a). Each offense
Fine of $10
~aT
.
172
C H I L D L A B O R L EG ISLA TIO N ",
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading,this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
I II
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
A [Over 14— [The law does not [See column IX ]
See col
specifically state for
um n III]
what occupations or
between w hat ages
the employment cer
“ Employ
tificate, the ' requi
ment certifi
[For public exhibi
sites for which are
cate”
tions, see Table 7]
prescribed, is re
required, b ut it may
[Certificates tabu
be inferred th at it is
lated in B and 0
required for em
are alternative]
ployment of any
child over 14 in any
1911 C 113 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
occupation]
C 76)
1911C 144 s 2-5,13,14
UTAH
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Compiled Laws 1907
s 1962,1964
B
[For other less im
portant reasons for
which similar cer
tificate may be ob
tained, see Table
6, A]
[For school nonattendance]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 to 16
“ C e r t i ficate”
C
8 to 16
“ C e r t i ficate”
[For school nonattendance]
[The provisions for
this certificate make
no specific mention
of employment, b ut
since child can not
leave school under
16 w ithout obtain
ing such certificate,
it appears to be a
prerequisite for all
employment during
school hours though
it might not perm it
employment]
Same as in B , above
173
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
Enforcement
1. Promise of em
ployment
2. Other
VI
V II
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. Exam ina
tion by issuing officer
Schoolrecord, signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school attended, certifies:
(1) 100 days’ school attendance
during year previous to arriving
at age of 14 or to applying for
said record;
(2) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences
vin
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Employmenl
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
IX
1. D uty
State commissioner of im m i
gration, labor, and statistics:
Must “ investigate and re
port to the proper authori
ties all violations of law re
garding the conditions sur
rounding the employment
of children, minors and
women, and the laws estab
lished for the protection of
all employees in factories,
mines, mills, and other in
stitutions where labor is
employed”
“ Any authorized inspector
[State commissioner ofnnmigration, labor, and sta
tistics]” or truant officer:
Shall demand proof of age
from “ any employer” of
child apparently under 14,
and forbid employmont if
such proof be not produced
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprison
m ent for 10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both
Evidence satisfactory to issuing
officer th a t “ child has already
acquired the branches of learn
ing taught in the district
schools”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
President of local board of edu
cation:
In cities
Chairman of district school
trustees:
In districts
B
2. [No specific provision]
E vidence
s a tis f a c
tory to is
suing offi
cer t h a t
services of
child are
necessary
to support
of mother
or invalid
father
=
1. Same as in B, above
2. [No specific provision]
C
174
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
2.—REQUIREMENTS FOE ENTEEING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
VERM ONT
A Under 16
Public Statutes 1906 [From age of
C 50 s 1044 (as
graduation
from elemen
amended by 1912
No 75 s 10), 1045
tary schools to
(as amended by
16]
1912 No 75 s 11),
1048 (as amended [See note in col
by 1910 No 70 s 8),
um n I]
1049
1910 No 69 s 4 (as
E m p i oyamended by 1912
ment “ certifi
cate’’
No 75 s 2)
1910 No 70 s 5, 6
1912 No 188 s 2 (as
amended by 1915
No 1 S 216), 3
[See Table 5, B, for
la t e r provision
perm itting c h i l d
whose services are
necessary for sup
port of those de
pendent on him to
leave school a t .15
if he has complet
ed 6th grade]
P S 1906 C 50 S 1048
(as amended by
1910 No 70 s 8)
1910 No 70 s 4-6
B Any minor
I II
[Any occupation]
[“ An employer may, [May be required
before or after
and upon written
entering em
request of the town
ployment —
or city grand juror,
See note in
State’s attorney or
column I]
the attorney gen
eral, shall re
quire’* this cer
néate]
V IR G I N I A
A
12 to 14
[The provisions tab
ulated in A consti
tu te both an ex
emption f r o m
those tabulated in
B and a perm it for
employment]
[For parent’s affi
davit of age which
may be required
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Physical
IV
V
Work connected [When required by
town or union super
with:
intendent of schools
Manufacturing
(Issuing officer), par
Railroading
ent or guardian seek
Mining
ing “ employment
Quarrying
certificate ” for child
Employment in:
shall furnish “ evi
Hotel
dence of age”]
Bowling alley
Delivery of messages
[See also provisions in
B, below, which ap
[The certificate is
necessary for em
ply to any employ
ment]
ployment a t any
time, b u t the re
quirement in col
um n VI does not
appear to apply to
employment out
side school hours
or during vacation]
“Certifi
cate” of age
“ R e le a se ”
Codo 1904 s 1790c (7)
granted b y
(as addod by 1914
court
C 321)
1908 C 301 s 1 (as
amended by 1914 [See note in col
um n I]
C 339), 3 (as
amended by 1914
C 339), 6 (as
amended by 1914
C 330)
Evidence of age
Occupations o r
establishments same
as in B, below, with
following addition:
In any city, of
5,000 population or
over according to
1910 census:
Messenger for tele
graph, telephone, or
messenger company
in the distribution,
transmission, or sale
of merchandise
[But see Table 1, B
and D, in regard to
minimum age in
mines]
Exemptions:
Same as in B, below
The certificate, signed
by parent or guard
ian, shows date and
place of birth
175
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Certificate is “ to the effect th a t”
child “ is eligible to employ
m ent in accordance with the
provisions of this chapter,”
which appear to demand that,
if employment is during school
hours, he shall have completed
the course of study prepared for
the elementary schools by the
superintendent of education.
If he has attended private or
parochial school, the issuing
officer (town or union superin
tendent of schools) m ay exam
ine him to determine whether
he fulfills these requirements
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. D uty
Town or union superintend
ent [of schools]
State factory inspector:
Has powers of inspection
and shall enforce whenever
he “ finds a violation of the
law relating to the employ
m ent of children, minors
and women”
1. Power only
T ruant officers
“ All informing officers” :
May make complaint
A
2(a)(b). F irst offense
Minimum—85
Maximum—$200
2(a)(b). Second offense
Minimum—$5 or imprison
m ent
Maximum—$200 or imprison
m ent for 6 months
1. Power only
[For persons having power to
require certificate, see note
in column I]
B
2. Same as in A, above
[See column
VIII]
1. [No specific 1. Same as in B, below
provision]
2 . Same as in B, below
2. Upon p e t i tion of parent,
guardian, o r
other person
interested i n
child to circuit
or corporation
court, the
court may
“for good
cause shown
entered of re
cord” release
child from op
eration of this
act [1908 C 301
s 1- 6 ( a s
amended b y
1914 C 339)]—
See B, below,
and Table 1, B
~Â~
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
176
T a ble
2.*— REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, th e explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
V IR G IN IA — C o n
B Under 16
[14 to 1 6 See A -II,
above]
tinued
' for employment in
coal mine, appar
ently in large part
superseded by the
provisions t a b u lated in A and B,
see 1912 C 178 s 15]
W A S H IN G T O N
Physical
IV
V
Mercantile establish (1) Birth certificate
If above is not ob
ment
tainable,
Factory
(2) Passport
Workshop
(3) Baptismal certifi
Mine
,
cate
“ E m p l o y Laundry
If no one of above
ment certifi Bakery
is obtainable,
Brickyard
cate”
(4) Other document
Lumberyard
ary evidence (in
Distribution, t r a n s
cluding school cen
mission, or sale of
sus or school record,
merchandise
duly attested) satis
factory to issuing
Exemptions:
officer
Factory engaged ex
If no one of above
clusively in packing
is obtainable, and
fruits and vege
parent or guardian
tables, between July
so certifies by affi
1 and Nov. 1
davit,
Mercantile establish
m ent in any town (5) Affidavit of age,
etc., signed by par
of lèss than 2,000 or
ent or guardian
in a country district
Employment of child
by his parent in fac
tory, w o r k s h o p ,
mercantile e s t a b
lishment, laundry,
or other place owned
or operated by said
parent
A 12 to 14
“ P erm it”
Pierce’s Code title
291 s 101,151,153
[P C 1912 t 291 S 151
m ay have been re
pealed by 1909 C
249 s 52]
P C 1912 t 135 s 27,
389
P C 1912 t 291 s 101
I II
Evidence of age
B
Any occupation
in the 'following es
tablishments which
is' not, in the judg
ment of issuing offi
cer, dangerous or in
jurious to health or
morals of child:
Factory
Mill
Workshop
Store
Boyunderll Store
Girl under 16 Shop
Factory
Mine [But see Table
“ P erm it”
1, D, and the pro
visions in E , below]
Inside employment
Exemptions:
Inside e m p l o y
m e n t connected
with:
Farm work
Housework
P C 1912 t 291 s 101,
151,153
[P C 1912 t 291 s 151
m ay have been re
pealed by 1909 C
249 s 52]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
Boy 14 to 19
“ P erm it”
In any city of
the first class:
Public messenger in
the employ of any
telegraph, t e l e phone, or messenger
company
[See column VI]
[See column
VI]
177
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be bom in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vra
IX
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
(chief factory inspector):
“ Shall secure the enforce
ment of all laws * * *
relating to the inspection of
factories, mercantile estab
lishments, mills, workshops,
and commercial institu
tions”
B
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty is incurred
for employment contrary to
law in “ factory, workshop,
mercantile establishment or
laundry” )
Evid e n c e
satis f a c tory to is
suing offi
cer t h a t
child’s la
bor is nec
essary for
its s u p
port or for
the assista n c e of
parent
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
and his assistants
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$10 or imprison
m ent, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprison
m ent for 6 months, or both
1. Same as in A, above
B
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprison
m ent for 90 days
Perm it is “ subject to such limita
tions and conditions as m ay be
imposed” by issuing officer
72485°—15-----12
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See column
VI]
[See column VI]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
178
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOE ENTEEING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
W A S H IN G T O N —
rv
Certificate shall state
age of child
B o y 14 o r Inside employment in
[coal] mme
o v e r (if
employe r
is in doubt
as to age)
Document required in
column I I consists
of “ proof of age by
certificate” f r o m
parent or guardian
Physical
V
School e x
emption “ cer
tificate”
P C 19121 291 s 101
P C 1912 t 413 s 839,
841, 843, 845
P 0 19121 291 s 101
P C 1912 t 345 s 143,
163
III
Any occupation dur
ing school hours
D Under 15
Continued
Evidence of age
E
“C ertifi
cate” of age
F
W E S T V IR G I N IA
Hogg’s Code 1913 C
15H s 530-533
B o y 16 o r Employment in o u t - Same as in E , above
side structures or
o v e r (if
workings of colliery
employe r
is in doubt
Exemptions:
as to age)
Provision does not
apply to:
“C ertifi
Employment of ‘‘boys
cate” of age
o f suitable age” m
office or in clerical
work
A Under 16
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
[N o requirements
are specified for
the perm it tabu
lated in B , b u t it
appears th a t the
certificate tabu
lated in A would
also be required]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Under 14
“ W ritten
permission”
Factory
Mill
Workshop
Manufacturing estab
lishm ent
Any business or serv
ice during school
hours
(1) Passport
(2) School census rec
ord
If no one of above
is obtainable,
(3) Affidavitofparent
or guardian
Certificate
shall not be
granted un
til child has
appeared
before issu
ing officer
and said of
ficer “ has
satisfied
him self”
th at child
has attained
normal de
v elopm ent
and is in
sound health
and physi
cally able to
perform inten d ed
work
Any business or serv
ice during school
hours
[See note in column I]
[See note in
column I]
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N -.
179
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
V II
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authoritiesDuty; Power only
1. Promise of em - 2. Penalties—(a)Employmet t
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuin;
2. Other
employment contrary t<
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
Certificate shall state th at child
has been excused from schoo
attendance
[For condition!
under which he m ay be excusec
see Table 5, A]
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
and his assistants
Attendance officers:
Have d u ty of enforcement
May inspect stores, mills
shops, and other places
where children may be em
ployed
D
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$25
1 . Same as in A, above
E
. 2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$200
Maximum—$500
1 . Same as in A, above
2. Same as in E , above
Ability to read and write simple
English sentences. I s s u i n g
officer m ust satisfy himself that
child has such ability
School record signed by principal
or chief executive officer of
school certifies:
( 1 ) Above-mentioned ability
to read and write simple English
sentences;
, (2) Instruction equivalent
to th a t given in first 4 grades of
common schools
[See note in column I]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. [No specific
provision]
2. Work which
child intends
to do shall be
stated on em
ployment cer
tificate
F
1. D uty
~Â~
Prosecuting attorney
Truant officers, inspectors of
factories, and authorized
agents of the humane so
ciety:
Shall expose all violations
to prosecuting attorney
. 2(a). Each offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum—$50
See note in col
um n I]
. Same as in A, above
. Same as in A, above
B
180
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
T
able
2 .—
REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
W E S T V IR G IN IA
C
Boy 16 or
over
Continued
H C 1913 C 15h s 470
(as amended by
1915 C 10 s 11, 14),
495 (as amended
by 1915 C 10 s 86)
1915 C 10 s 33
[See note in col
um n I]
“ Affidavit”
of age
IV
V
The following at Affidavit of parent or
guardian
any tim e when a
free school is in ses
sion indistrictwhere
boy resides:
Coal mine in which 5
or more persons are
employed in a 24hour period
Mercantile establish
m ent
E D e p l o y Factory
ment “ per Workshop
Store
m it”
Hotel
Restaurant
Bakery
Laundry
Telegraph service
Telephone service
Public messenger serv
ice.
Delivery of merchan
dise
Any gainful occupa
tion or employment
A 14 to 16
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Statutes C 27 s 439ca
St C 83 s 1728a.l,
1728a.2, 1728a-3.2,
1728a-4.1,1728a-4.2,
1728C-1.1, 1728d.l,
17286.1,
1728e.4,
1728g
St C 110a s 2394-52,
2394-70
Issuing officer
(1) Birth certificate
may refuse
(2) Certificate from
permit to
person in charge of
child
who
public or equivalent
seems phys
school having 8
ically una
grades, showing that
ble to per
child is a graduate
form work
and is recorded as
at which he
over 14
may be em
(3) Passport
ployed
(4) Baptismal certifi
cate
If no one of above
proofs exists or is
obtainable,
(5) Such proof as may
be satisfactory to
issuing officer
Exemptions:
[Section 1728b.2 re
quires an employ
m ent “ perm it”
for employment
of child under 16
in list of occupa
tio n s id e n tic a l
with those given
in A -III, except
th at “ any gainful
occupation or em
ployment”
and
“ delivery of mer
c h a n d i s e ” are
omitted and “ of
fice” is added]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Physical
[See note in column I]
[See H C 1913 C 15h
s 485 (as amended
by 1915 CIOs 32) for
affidavit of parent
or guardian re
quired for employ
m ent of boy 14 or
over a t any time
in coal mine in
which 5 or more
persons are em
ployed]
W IS C O N S IN
I II
Evidence of ago
Agricultural pursuits
B
12 to 14
V acation
“ perm it”
—
The following oc Same as in A, above
cupations, in town,
district, or city
where child resides,
during school vaca
tion:
Store
Office
Mercantile establish
m ent
Warehouse
Telegraph service
Telephone service
Public messenger serv
ice
Same as in A,
above
181
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
vm
IX
1. D uty
District mine inspectors, un
der direction of chief of de
partm ent of mines
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprison
m ent
Maximum—$100 or imprison
ment for 30 days .
School certificate, signed by local
superintendent of schools, prin
cipal of school last attended, or,
if both are absent, clerk of school
board, m ust state:
(1) Number of years child
has attended school;
(2) T hat child has complied
with compulsory school-attend
ance requirements (for which
see Table 5, A) during 12 months
preceding date of certificate or
fourteenth birthday;
(3) T hat he has been in
structed during said year in
spelling, reading, writing, Eng
lish grammar, and geography;
(4) T hat he is able to read
and write simple English sen
tences and is familiar with
arithmetic through fractions
In lieu of above-mentioned
educational attainments, certifi
cate may state th a t child has
passed successfully fifth grade,
or has attended school 7 years
1. W ritten state
1. Duty
m ent of in State industrial commission
tention to em T ruant officers:
plo y from
Must inspect establish
pr ospect ive
ments and report cases of
employer or
illegal employment to school
his agent
authorities and to State in
dustrial commission;
May demand certificates;
May make complaint
1. Power only
Police officers and citizens:
May make complaint
2(a) (b). Each offense
Minimum—Forfeiture of $10
to State
Maximum—Forfeiture of $100
to State
[A civil suit m ay be brought
for violation]
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory c o n t i n u a t i o n school attendance under certain
conditions—See Table 5, D]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as
A,above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
182
T a ble
2 .—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Requirements
State
Age
Occupations or estab
lishments
References
Kind of permit
Exemptions
I
II
W ISCONSIN—
C
Continued
St C 27 s 439ea
St C 83 s 1728a-ll,
1728a-13,1728a-14,
1728a-16, 1728b.2,
1728d.l
St C 110a s 2394-52
Minor over
14 (if liter
ate)
“W ritten
perm it”
[There are as yet—
Jan. 1,1915—no such
schools as are speci
fied in C-III. For
other requirements
for attendance at
continuation
school, see A-VI] D Minor over
14 (if illit
erate)
“ W ritten
perm it”
W Y O M IN G
[No provisions]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I II
Any industry in city,
town, or village
where a “ public
evening school or
continuation school,
for the industry in
which minor is to
work, is main
tained” [See note
in column I]
Same as in C, above
Evidence of age
Physical
IV
V
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
183
EMPLOYMENT [SEE TABLE 3]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Requirements—Continued
Educational
Poverty
VI
VII
Perm it m ust certify th at child can
read and write simple English
sentences
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—
Duty; Power only
1. Promise of em 2. Penalties—(a) Employment
ployment
without certificate or per
mit, etc.; (b) Continuing
2. Other
employment contrary to
inspector’s orders
V III
IX
1. Duty
State industrial commission:
Has duty of enforcing “ all
the provisions of the statutes
regulating or relative to
child labor ”
[Truant officers m ay have the
duty and certainly have the
power of enforcement]
C
2(a). Each offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty may be re
covered from corporation in
action for debt or assumpsit)
Perm it states th a t child is a regu
lar attendant at evening or con
tinuation school [See column
III]
Requirement after entering
employment:
[Compulsory continuation or eve
ning school attendance, unless
exempted—See Table 5, C] ■
\
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
184
T a b l e 3 . — WORKING
PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
n
ALABAM A
A Under 16
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For mimimum
age, see Table
1, B]
1915 p 193 S 7, 9,11,12,
17
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
m
IV
V
State factory in
spector
City or town superin
tendent of schools, or
county superintend
ent of education, or
deputy of either
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
[See notes in column I
of Table 2]
[Requirement tabu
lated in Table 2, B,
specifies no docu
ment]
Time lim it
B
A LASK A
[No provisions]
A R IZ O N A
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
A 14 to 16
“ E m p lo y
m ent certifi
cate”
Revised Statutes 1913
Civil Code title 14 C
2 s 3110, 3116-3119,
3126,3137
B Boy 10 to 14
Town, city, or county
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of
schools or his deputy,
or deputy of school
board
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
for child then in or
about to enter the
employment of said
person or of a firm or
corporation of which
he is a member, officer,
or employee
Board of trustees of
school district
“License” to
work outside
school hours
R S 1913 C iv C tllC 1 4
S 2802
C 14 to 16
Local board of school
trustees
Graduate
“permit”
D 14 to 16
Same as in C, above
N o n g rad u
ate “ permit”
ARK ANSAS
1914 A 1 s 7-11,13
[For earlier law requir
ing certificates for
employment in fac
tories and manufac
turing e s t a b l i s h
ments, perhaps par
tially or entirely
superseded by these
later provisions, see
1907 A 456 s 1, 5-8
and 1913 A 322 s 12]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A Under 16
“Employ
ment certifi
cate”
[State superintend Local superintendent or
principal of the public
ent of public in
schools, or his deputy
struction
m ust
“provide suitable State commissioner of
labor and statistics or
blanks * * *
his deputy
on which m ay be
Exception:
recorded conclu
sive evidence as to No person shall issue
certificate
to child
the age and educa
then in or about to
tional standing of
enter
the
employment
every child apply
of said person or of a
ing for an employ
firm or corporation of
m ent certificate.”
which he is a member,
B ut this provision
officer, or employee
would not seem to
refer to the em
ployment certifi (Certificate is subject to
revocation by State
cate itself]
commissioner of labor
and statistics if “ is
sued in violation of
this act” )
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
185
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
VII
“ Officials charged w ith
W ith employer
the enforcement of this
a c t” [State factory In
spectors]
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etcv for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
IX
1. To child; if not
c l a i m e d by him
w ithin 10 days, to
issuing officer
A
2. [For penalty for
violation of any pro
vision of this act, see
Table 2, A-IX]
B
School-attendance officers
Inspectors of factories
[there is no law provid
ing for factory inspec
tion], mercantile estab
lishments, or mines, or
other authorized in
spector
W ith employer
1. To i s s u i n g
officer immediately
1. Return of certificate
2. [See column VIII]
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
B
Attendance officers
Peace officers
School trustee, teacher,
principal, or superin
tendent of district
Same as in A, above
C
Same as in C, above
Same as in A, above
D
“ The proper official”
[For persons author
ized to enforce, see
Table 2, A-IX ]
W ith employer
A
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
186
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
CA LIFO RN IA
A 14 to 15
Deering’s G e n e r a l
Laws 1909 A 1611 (as
amended by 1915 C
625) s 1-3, 9-12
[Child over 14 m ay
obtain a permit to
work outside school
hours upon compliannce w ith require
m ents for the issu
ance of an age and
schooling certificate.
See provisions in D
and E]
B
C
12 to 15
V a c a t i on
“ perm it
to
work”
D O v e r 15 (if
graduate)
[See note in col
um n I]
V
6 months
C o m m i s s i o n e r of Superintendent of city
or county schools
State bureau of
labor statistics
(Perm it is subject to rev
ocation by commis
sioner of State bureau
of labor statistics or by
issuing officer, if it
shall be found th at
conditions for legal is
suance do not exist)
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
End of vaca
tion period
(if issued
for regular
vacation)
Principal or vice princi
pal of school attended,
or secretary of local
school trustees or
board
C o m m i s s i o n e r of Superintendent of city
State bureau of
or county schools or
l a b o r statistics;
his deputy, or deputy
certificate to be
of local school trustees,
substantially in
or superintendent or
form prescribed by
principal of any school
of recognized standing
law
(Perm it is subject to re
vocation as specified
in A, above)
Same as in D, above Same as in D, above
A
Form “ asindicated” Local superintendent of
in law
schools or his deputy,
or deputy of school
board
Superintendent or prin
cipal of a parochial
school
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate to
child then in or about
to enter establishment
of said person, or the
employment of a firm
or corporation of which
he is a member, officer,
or employee
14 to 16 (if
literate)
“ Age and
school certifi
cate”
[The certificates tabu
lated in A and B are
alternative, and the
permit tabulated in
E m ay apparently
be substituted for
those in A to D, in
clusive, during vaca
tion]
B
14 to 16 (if
illiterate)
“ Age and
school certifi
cate”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
15 to 16 (if
nongradu
ate)
[See note in col
um n I]
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[Requirement tabu
lated in Table 2, C,
specifies no docu
ment]
III
14 to 15
E
Mills’ Annotated Stat
utes revised edition
1912 S 660, 662, 663,
665,672,673
Authority issuing
Graduate
“ p e r m i t to
work”
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
COLORADO
Authority prescrib
ing form
T em porary
poverty “ per
m it to work”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The permits tabulat
ed m A and B are
alternative, and the
perm it given in C
m ay be substituted
for either during va
cation]
Time lim it
C
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
187
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection o:
whom
Where filed
VI
VII
1. Return a t termina 1.
tion of employ
ment
2. Penalty for em 2 .
ployer, etc., for fai
ure to return
V III
Notification of ter
mination of employ
m ent
Penalty for employer,
etc., for failure tc
notify
IX
Attendance officers
Probation officers
Officers of State bureau of
labor statistics
W ith employer
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. To child
A
2. [For penalty ap
plying to violation
of any of the pro
visions of this act,
see Table 2, A-IX]
1. Issuing officer m ust
be notified w ithin 1
week
D
2. [Forpenaltyapplying
to violation of any of
the provisions of this
act, see Table 2, A-IX]
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
Deputy State labor com
missioner {factory in
spector], his assistants
or deputies
W ith employer
1. To child; if
not claimed by him
within 30 days, to
local superintendent
of schools or school
board
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
E
A~
2. Pirst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
2. Second offense
Minimum—$100 or im
prisonment, or both
Maximum—$500 or
imprisonment for 90
days, or both
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
C
188
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
n
COLORADO — C o n
tinued
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
>
Authority Issuing
m
rv
V
City or county superin
tendent of schools or
deputy of either, in
his discretion, his re
fusal to grant being
subject to final deci
sion of county or juve
nile court, upon ap
peal
D Under 14
“ P erm it”
M A S r e 1912 s 657,671
(Permit is subject to
revocation by county
juvenile court upon
complaint of any per
son showing violation
of conditions, etc.)
E
12 to 16
Vacation
“ perm it”
CON N EC TICU T
A
1913 C 211 s 1
B
14 to 16
“ V aca tio n
certificate”
General Statutes revi
sion 1902 s 2147
[The provisions tabu
lated in C, so far as
they relate to occu
pations for which
“ employment certifi
cates” are required,
are apparently su
perseded by those
t a b u l a t e d i n A,
above]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State board of edu
cation
14 to 16
E m ploy
m ent “ certifi
cate”
1911 C 119 s 1-3, 5
C
14 to 16 (if
illiterate)
“C e r t i f i
cate” of even
ing-school at
tendance
Same as in D, above
During that
p a r t of
June,July,
and Au
gust when
public
schools are
not in ses
sion
During sum
mer vaca
tion
Secretary or agent of
State board of educa
tion or other school
official designated by
said board
Secretary or agent of
State board of educa
tion
Teacher of e v e n i n g
school attended
•
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
190
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
A
DELAW ARE
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
III
IV
V
State labor commis
sion
S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of
schools of Wilmington
or his deputy
County superintendent
of schools or his deputy
Exception:
No person shall issue
certificate to child then
in or about to enter
employment of said
person or of a firm or
corporation of which
he is a member, officer,
or employee
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Under 16
[12 to 16]
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
“ E m p lo y m ent certifi
cate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Revised Statutes 1915
C 71 s 2325
R S 1914 C 90 s 31493 1 5 1 , 31 5 6 ( a s
amended by 1915 C
221), 3179,3182
[The permit tabulated
in C may be issued to
any child “ under the B Under 16
[14 to 16]
age as specified” in
R S 1914 C 90 s 3144“Employ
3192. The occupa
m ent certifi
tions and establish
cate”
ments for employ
ment in which a
minimum age is fixed C [ Age n o t 1 year
specified—
by those sections are
See note in
given in Table 1, A
column I]
to G, inclusive, and
those for employ
“ P erm it”
ment in which a cer
tificate is required
under a certain age
are given in Table 2,
A and B]
D IS T R IC T
C O L U M B IA
OF
A Under 16
[14 to 16]
Judge of juvenile court
of Wilmington or resi
dent judge of county,
and agent of society
for prevention of cru
elty to children, in
their discretion, on
presentation of case
by State child labor
inspector
Form prescribed by
law
S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of
schools of the District
of Columbia or his
deputy
Same as in A, above
S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of
schools of th e District
of Columbia or his
deputy, subject to the
approval of the judge
of the juvenile court
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The certificates tab u
lated in A and B
are alternative]
B Under 16
[14 to 16]
[Poverty]
“ age certifi
cate”
Code 1911 p 441 s 2, 3;
p 442 s 5, 6; p 443 S 7
C 1911 p 441 s 1
C
12 to 14
Tem porary
poverty “ per
m it”
F L O R ID A
A Under 16
Compiled Laws 1914 s
2642d, 2642e, 26421,
3728a
[For minimum
age, see Table
2, A-IV, and
also Table 1,
B]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
" E m p loym ent certifi
cate”
“ A definite
tim e”
Judge of juvenile court
of the District of Co
lumbia
(Perm it is subject to
revocation a t the dis
cretion of issuing judge
or his successor in
office)
County superintendent
of schools or his dep
uty, or d e p u t y of
school board
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter employ
m ent of said person or
of a firm or corpora
tion of which he is a
member, officer, or
employee
C H IL D L A B O R LEG ISLA TIO N ",
191
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
State child labor inspector W ith employer
1. R eturn a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
m ent
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
1. T o i s s u i n g
officer w ithin 24
hours if said return
is demanded by
child; o t h e r w i s e
within 15 days
IX
1. R eturn of certificate
2. [See column VIII]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
Child labor inspectors [2
detailed privates of po
lice force]
T ruant officers
W ith employer
1. To child; if
not claimed by him
w ithin 30 days, to
superintendent of
schools of the Dis
trict of Columbia
2. Any offense
Maximum—$20
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Judicial and police officers W ith employer
of town or city
State labor inspector or
city or county officers
(“ m factories, work
shops, mines, and mer
cantile establishments ”)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. T ochildorto
parent or guardian
2. Any offense
Fine of $10
1 . Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
B
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
192
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading th is analysis, th e explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
n
G E O R G IA
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
HI
IV
V
State commissioner
of [commerce and]
labor
City or county superin
tendent of schools
A 14 to 14J
E mployment “ certifi
cate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The certificates tabu
lated in A and B
are alternative 14 to
14«
Code 1914 C i v i l s
3 1 4 9 ( b ) , 3149(c),
3149(f)
C 1914 Civ 8 3149(e)
B
12 to 141
(Certificate is subject to
revocation by State
commissioner of [com
merce and] labor, to
whom duplicates of
certificates issued are
furnished within 4
days, if in his judg
m ent it was improp
erly issued. He may
investigate true age of
child, hear evidence,
and require produc
tion of relevant books
or documents)
Commission composed
of county school super
intendent and the or
dinary of county in
which child is to work
and head of the school
in district where he
lives
6 months
Tem porary
poverty “ cer
tificate”
H A W A II
[No provisions]
ID A H O
A 14 to 16
“Age r e c
ord”
1911 G 159 S 168,170
[Requirement t a b u
lated in Table 2, B
specifies no docu
ment]
B
IL L IN O IS
A 14 to 16 (if
literate)
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
“Age a n d
school certifi
cate”
H urd’s Revised Stat
utes 1913 C 48 s 20a,
20c, 20d, 20f, 20h, 201,
20m
[For law covering cer
tain establishments,
largely superseded
by th e provisions
tabulated in A and
B , in which affidavit
or age by parent,
etc., is required as
a condition of em
ployment, see H R S
1913 C 48 S 34, 39,40]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14 to 16 (if il
literate)
“ Age a n d
school certifi
cate”
Form “ a s i n d i
cated” inlaw
Local superintendent of
schools or his deputy,
or deputy of school
board
Superintendent or prin
cipal of p a r o c h i a l
school
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter estab
lishm ent of said per
son, or the employ
m ent of a firm or cor
poration of which he
& a member, officer, or
employee
Same as in A, above
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
193
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in m ind]
Accessible to inspection o
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
m ent
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure tt
ure to return
notify
vni
IX
State commissioner of W ith employer
[commerce and] labor
and his authorized as
sistants
A
Same as in A, above
B
[“A failure to produce to W ith employer
a truant officer, police
m an, probation officer,
or school authority the
age r e c o r d * * *
shall be prim a facie evi
dence of th e illegal em
ployment of any person
whose age record is not
produced”]
~X~
B
State factory inspector,
his assistants, or depu
ties
W ith employer
1. To child; if
not claimed by him
within 30 days, to
local superintendent
of schools or school
board
a~
2. Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum —$100
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
B
2 . Same as in A, above
»
72485°—15-----13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H I L D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N ,
194
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
I L L I N O I S —C o n t i n
Time limit
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
in
IV
V
C
ued
[Requirement t a b u
lated in Table 2, C,
specifies no docu
ment]
H R S 1913 C 48 S 24
D Any minor
Regular physician
good standing
of
“ Certificate
of physical fit
ness”
[Mayberequired
after entering
employment]
H R S 1913 C 93 s 28
E
Boy over 16
[16 to 21]
Evidence of
age
IN D IA N A
A
14 to 16
Bum s’ Annotated Stat [See note in col
um n I]
utes 1914 s 6676, 6677
Executive officer of local
school corporation or
his deputy
“Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
[Child physically or
mentally unfit to at
tend school accord
ing to certificate from
reputable licensed
practicing physician
Is apparently e x
empted—B A S 1914
S 6675]
B A S 1914 S 6677, 8022,
8038,8042, 8044, 8045
[There is no document
required separate from
the evidence of age
specified in Table 2,
A-IV]
B
14 to 18
“ Affidavit”
of age
[The provisions tabu
lated in B are appar
ently superseded by
those of the later
law tabulated in A,
above, in so far as
they are covered by
those provisions]
[Requirement tabu C
lated in Table 2, C,
specifies no docu
ment]
B A S 1914 s 8022, 8038,
8042, 8044, 8045
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D 14 to 18
“ Certificate
of physical fit
ness”
[Mayberequired
after entering
employment]
Any regular physician
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
196
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
T a ble
3 .—W0RKING PAPERS
Jin reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
IO W A
A
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
14 to 16
“ W ork per
m it”
Time limit
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
m
IV
V
State superintend
ent of public in
struction
Local superintendent of
schools or his deputy
or deputy of local
school Doard
Substantially
in form prescribed
by law
(1) Certificate of age—
[For public e x h i b i
tions, see Table 7]
Code 1897 Supplemen
tal Supplement 1915
s 2477-d
K A N SA S
A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[For minimum
age, see Table
2, A-II]
General Statutes 1909
S 5096, 5097
1913 C 217 s 3
G S 1909 s 4996
Under 16
(1) “ Certifi
cate of age”
(2) Affida
vit of age
B
School superintend
ent, p r i n c i p a l o r
teacher of the school,
or other person author
ized by school board
to have charge of
school census records
(2) [Document required
is affidavit of parent or
guardian]
School-teacher
12 to 16
[See n o t e i n
Table2, B-II]
School cer
tificate
G S 1909 S 7737
C
Board of school direc
tors of country district
or board of education
of city of the first or
second class
8 to 15
“ P erm it”
[Requirement tabu
lated in Table 2, D,
specifies no docu
ment]
D
[Requirement tabu
lated in Table 2, E ,
specifies no docu
ment]
E
KENTUCKY
A
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public e x h i b i
tions, see Table 7]
Statutes 1915 s 331a.2,
331a.3,331a.6,331a. 16
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14 to 16
“Employ
ment certifi
cate”
State superintend
ent of public in
struction
Local or county superin
tendent of schools or
his deputy
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N ,
197
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
VH
Commissioner of State bu
reau of labor statistics
W ith employer
1. R eturn a t termina 1.
tion of employ
ment
2. Penalty for em 2.
ployer, etc., for fail
ure to return
Notification of ter
mination of employ
m ent
Penalty for employer,
etc., for failure to
notify
V III
IX
1. To issuing officer
within 2 days
1. Return of certificate
2. [See column VIII]
A
2. [For penalty apply
ing to violation of
any of the provi
sions of this act, see
Table 2, A-IX]
State commissioner of
labor and industry and
his deputies
W ith employer
A
Same as in A, above
B
~cT
D
E
Truant officers
State labor inspectors
W ith employer
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. To issuing of
ficer within 2 days
2. Any offense
Fine of $10
1. R eturn of certificate
2. [See column VIII]
A
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
198
T able
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
L O U IS IA N A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
A
Over 14
[14 to 16]
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
III
IV
V
Form prescribed b y
law
State factory inspector
New Orleans factory in
spector
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter estab
lishment of said per
son, or the employ
m ent of a firm or cor
poration of which he is
a member, officer, or
employee
“ Age certif
icate”
[For excuse from school
attendance (in cities
of over 25,000 except
Parish of Orleans) of
child 8 to 14 who is
sole dependence of
in firm
persons or
mother or sisters in
necessitous circum
stances, and implied
permission to work,
on certificate from
local superintendent
of schools, see later
law, 1914 A 91]
Wolff’s Revised Laws
Supplement 19041908 v 3 p 414; 1908 A
301 s 1 (as amended
b y 1914 A 133 s 2),
2, 6, 8
(Certificate is subject to
cancellation by State
factory inspector, to
whom duplicates of
certificates issued are
sent, or other factory
inspector, if fraudu
lently obtained)
B
City or parish physician
“ Any child”
[14 to 16]
“ C e r t i fl
oate” of phys
ical fitness
[May be required
after entering
employment]
M A IN E
Revised Statutes 1903
C 15 s 51 (as amended
b y 1913 C 79)
A
14 to 16
“ Work per
m it”
1915 C 327 S 2, 5
T h e p ro v isio n s in
A -V I, A -V ÏI.
A -V H I, an d A -IX
m ay be applicable
to th e perm it tabu
lated in B, b u t the
law is not clear as to
this point]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C om m issioner of City or town superin
tendent of schools or
labor [and indus
his deputy
try]; form to be
Exception:
approved b y at
No person shall issue
torney general
certificate to child
then in or about to
enter employment of
said person or of a firm
or corporation of which
he is a member, stock
holder, officer, or em
ployee
(The local superintend
ent of schools shall
cancel permit, if it was
improperly i s s u e d ,
when so directed by
the State commis
sioner of labor [and
industry] to whom
papers required for
the issuance of the
p e r m i t are sent
monthly)
B
14 to 16
“ Vacat i on
perm it”
F irst Mon Same as in A, above
day of Sep
tember
Local superintendent of
schools or his deputy
199
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mindj
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
vn
State or other factory in
spector
W ith employer
1. R eturn a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
m ent
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc.; for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
IX
1. To child; if
not claimed by him
within 30 days, to
State factory inspec
tor for cancellation
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or im
prisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$50 or im
prisonment for 6
months, or both
(Above penalty is incurrea for “ any vio
lation of this act” )
[Certificate m ay be re
quired by factory in
spector]
B
Truant officer, factory in
spector, or other officer
charged w ith th e en
forcement of this act
[See note in column I]
W ith employer
1. To child
2. [For penalty ap
plying to violation
of any of the pro
visions of this act,
see Table 2, A-IX]
[See note in column I] [See note in column I]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. State commissioner of A
labor [and industry]
m ust be notified im
mediately
2. [For penalty apply
ing to violation of any
of the provisions of
this act, see Table 2,
A-IX]
[See note in column I]
B
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
200
T
able
3 .—
WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
H
M ARYLAND
A 14 to 16
“ General
em p lo y m en t
certificate”
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Annotated Code 1911
v 3 (1914) a rt 27 s 344;
art 77 s 166; art 100 s
4,6,9-12,16,18-20,39
[The certificate tabu
lated in A permits
employment during
entire year; those in
B and C only during
such time as child is
not required to att e n d sc h o o l—See
Table 5]
B
12 to 14
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
HI
rv
V
State bureau of sta In Baltimore city, chief
of State bureau of sta
tistics and infor
tistics and informa
mation
tion; in counties,
above chief or county
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of
schools or deputy
Exception:
No person shall issue
c e r t i f i c a t e to child
then in or about to
enter employment of
said person or of a firm
or corporation of which
he is a member, officer,
or employee
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
“ V a c a tio n
em p lo y m en t
certificate”
C
14 to 16
“ V acatio n
e m p loyment
certificate”
M A SSA C H U SET TS A
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
14 to 16
“ E m p loy
m ent certifi
cate”
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Revised Laws 1902 C
44 s 1 (as amended
b y 1913 C 779 s i and
b y 1915 C 81 s 1)
1909 C 514 s 57 (as
amended b y 1913 C
779 s 15), 58 (as
amended b y 1913 C B 14 to 16
779 s 16), 60 (as
Home per
amended b y 1913 C
m it
779 s 18), 64 (as
amended by 1913 C
779 s 22), 66 (as [See Table 5]
amended b y 1913 C
C 16 to 21 (if
779 s 23)
literate)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State board of labor City or town superin
tendent of schools or
and industries af
his deputy, or deputy
ter conference with
of school committee
State board of edu
Exception:
cation and ap
proval of attorney No authorized person
shall
issue certificate
general
to child then in or
about to enter employ
m ent of said person or
of firm or corporation
of which he is a mem
ber, officer, or em
ployee
City or town superin
tendent of schools
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
“E ducational certifi
cate”
D
16 to 21 (if il
literate)
“E ducational certifi
cate”
201
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
Attendance officers
Factory inspectors
Other authorized inspec
tors or officers charged
with enforcement
W ith employer
1. R eturn a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc.; for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
IX
1. To
issuing [See column V III]
officer by registered
mail w i t h i n 24
hours if return is de
manded by child;
if not, within 15
days. Issuing officer
m ust notify chief of
State bureau of sta
tistics and informa
tion of return
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
B
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
C
State board of labor and
industries or its agents
or inspectors
Agents of State board of
education
Attendance officers
W ith employer
1. To i s s u i n g
officer within 2 days
1. Return of certificate
2. [See column V III]
"Â~
2. Any offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum—$100
IT
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
c
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
202
T a b l e 3 . — WORKING
PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
M IC H IG A N
A
Time limit
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
III
IV
V
District superintendent
of schools or county
c o m m i s s i o n e r of
schools or deputy of
either
Under 16
[15 to 16]
Howell’s Annotated
Statutes 1913 s 4018
E m p i o y(as amended by 1915
m e n t [pov
No. 255), 4026, 4062
e r i y ] ‘‘ per
m it”
[For e x c u s e f r o m
school attendance
which is apparently
a prerequisite for em
ployment under 16
during school hours
in any occupation,
unless child has com
pleted eighth grade,
see Table 5, B -II,
B Under 16
subdivision (2)]
[15 to 16]
First M o n
d a y in
September
Same as in A, above
“Limited
vacation per
m it”
M IN N E S O T A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
A
14 to 16
“Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
General Statutes 1913
S3840-3842,3846
G S 1913 S 3850
B
“ Any child”
“ C e r t i ficate” of phys
ical fitness
Local superintendent of
schools, or chairman
of school board or
board of education, or
deputy of said chair
man
Exception:
No person shall issue cer
tificate to child then in
or about to enter em
ployment of said per
son or of a firm or cor
poration of which he
is a member, officer,
or employee
Reputable p r a c t i c i n g
physician designated
by school board
[May be required
after entering
employment]
M IS S IS S IP P I
A
[Lists of occupations to
which provisions in
A and B apply are
not identical]
Boy 12 to 16
Girl 14 to 16
[Document required is
affidavit of parent or
guardian]
“ A ffida
v it” of age
and school at
tendance
1908 C 99 (as amended
by 1912 C 165) s 1,3
1914 C 164 s 1,3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Boy 12 to 16
Girl 14 to 16
“ A ffida
v it” of age
and school at
tendance
Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
203
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
IX
State factory inspectors
W ith employer
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above 1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Truant officers
Commissioner of labor, as
sistant commissioner of
labor, factory inspec
tors, and assistants
W ith employer
1. To
issuing 1. Return of certificate
officer
“ immedi
ately”
[Monthly report m ust be
made to issuing officer
2. Any offense
by child or parent, etc.,
Minimum—$10 or im stating that child is em
prisonment for 10 p l o y e d and g i v i n g
days, or both
name of employer]
Maximum—8 1 0 0 o r
imprisonment for 90 2. [See column VHL]
days, or both
(Above penalty is in
curred for violation
of any provision of
this act)
1. To
officer
issuing
A
B
1. R eturn of certificate ~A~
2. [See column VIII]
2. Any offense
Fine of $10
[Papers required for issu
ance of certificate (see
Table 2, A) are subject
to the inspection of the
“ public” ]
[Officials of labor depart
m ent or tru an t officers
m ay require certificate]
B
W ith employer
ÂT
Same as in A, above
B
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
204
T able 3 .—WORKING PAPERS
tin reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
n
M IS S O U R I
A
14 to 16
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
m
IV
V
Form prescribed by
law
Superintendent of in
struction of localboard
of education or person
authorized either by
him or by district
board of directors
“ E m p i oyment certifi
cate”
Revised S t a t u t e s
1909 v i s 1718-1719
(as amended by 1911
p 132), 1723-1724 (as
amended by 1911 p
132), 1726d (as added
by 1911 p 132)
(Certificate is subject to
review by factory in
spector, and to cancel
lation if he finds it has
been obtained through
fraud, misrepresenta
tion, or falsification of
facts)
B
Regularly licensed phy
sician
14 to 16
“C e rtifi
cate of physi
cal fitness”
[Mayberequired
after entering
employment]
M ONTANA
A Under 14
1913 C 76 s 1101
[Age of comple
tion of public
school studies
to 14]
Superintendent of City or district superin
tendent of schools or
public instruction
his deputy, or clerk of
board of trustees
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
B
14 to 16
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
“ Age and
schooling cer
tificate”
Revised Codes 1907 s
1748,1749
C
N EBRA SK A
A 14 to 16 (if
• graduate)
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[The certificates tabu
lated in A and B are
also called “Age and
s c h o o l i n g certifi
cates”]
Revised Statutes 1913
s 3576, 3577, 3583,
3585
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State commissioner of
labor and industry
Over 16
“ Age cer
tificate”
“ E m p lo y
m ent certifi
cate”
Form prescribed by
law
Local superintendent of
schools or person au
thorized either by him
or by the school dis
trict officers
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter em
ployment of said per
son or of a firm or cor
poration of which he
is a member, officer, or
employee or in whose
business he is inter
ested
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
205
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
vn
Factory inspector, his as
sistants, or deputies
Attendance officers
Any other authorized offi
cer
W ith employer
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure to
ure to return
notify
vni
IX
1. To child; if
not claimed by him
within 30 days, to
issuing officer
A
2. Any offense
Maximum — 8100 or
imprisonment for 1
year, or both
(Each day’s violation
a separate offense)
[Factory inspector or his
assistant or deputy m ay
demand certificate]
B
T ruant officers
W ith employer
A ■
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
B
W ith State commis
sioner of labor and
industry, to whom
certificate m ust
be sent by em
ployer a t begin
ning of employ
m ent
T ruant officers
W ith employer
State commissioner of la
bor and his deputies
Members of State board of
inspection
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See column V II]
1. To city or 1. Return of certificate
county superintend 2. [See column V III]
ent of schools imme
diately, to be turned
over to child upon
demand
2. Any offense
Fine of $10
C
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
206
T
able
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
N E B R A S K A — B
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
III
IV
V
Same as in A, above
14 to 16 (if
n o n g rad
uate)
Continued
Same as in A, above
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
R S 1913 S 3586
C
Regular licensed physi
cian selected by State
board of inspection
Under 16
“ Certifi
cate” of phys
ical fitness
[Mayberequired
after entering
employment]
[N E V A D A
Revised Laws 1912 s
6824
[For later law which
would appear to lim it
th is provision, in so
far as it applies to
children under 14, to
e m p l o y m e n t out
side school hours
and during vacation,
see Table 1, A]
N E W H A M P S H IR E
“W r i t t e n
perm it”
[But for mini
mum age of 14
for employ
m ent in any
business o r
service during
school hours,
fixed by later
law, see Table
1, A]
A
1911C 162 s 7-8,9-10 (as
amended b y 1915 C
61), 15
[For requirements of
proof of age and cer
tificate of literacy,
according to earlier
law, superseded in
large p a rt by the
provisions tabulated
in A, see also Public
Statutes 1901 C 93 s
11 (as amended by
1901 C 61), 13 (as
amended by 1901 C
61), 18, and also P S
1901C 92 s 18]
Under 16
[14 to 16]
State superintend
ent of public in
struction
Local superintendent of
schools or deputy of
school board or, in
city of Manchester,
person appointed by
local superintendent
of schools with con
currence of school
board
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter em
ployment of said per
son or of a firm or cor
poration of which he is
a member, officer, or
employee
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
“ Employ
ment certifi
cate”
B
[Requirement tabu
lated in Table 2, B,
specifies no docu
ment]
C
[Requirement tabu
lated in Table 2, C,
specifies no docu
ment]
D
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Judge of district court
A Boy under 14
Girl under 16
F o r public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Under 16
[14 to 16]
Vacation
“certificate”
3 months
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION",
207
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
m ent
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etcv for failure to
ure to return k
notify
Accessible to inspection oi
whom
Where filed
VI
VII
VHI
IX
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
B
[Member of State board of
inspection m ay demand
certificate]
C
~r
%
T ruant officer or “ other W ith employer
authorized inspector"
[State superintendent of
public instruction and
State inspectors ap
pointed by him and un
der his supervision]
1. K ept by employer
and surrendered to
“ any authorized in
spector" (see col
um n VI) on demand
~A~
2. [No specific provi
sion]
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. [No specific provi
sion]
B
C
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
208
T able
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
R ind of perm it
I
n
NEW JER SEY
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
Compiled Statutes 1910
v 3 Labor s 18 p 3024
(as amended by 1914
C 252 s 2), s 23 p 3025
(as amended b y 1914
C 252 s 5)
1911 C 136 s 1, 4 (as
amended b y 1914 C
253 s 1, 4)
1913 C 221 s 12
1914 C 223 S 1, 3, 9,10,
12,13,17,18
A 14 to 16
“ Age an d
schooling cer
tificate”
[“ I t shall be lawful”
to issue this certifi
cate for employment
in all occupations
not otherwise pro
hibited b y law to
children under 16.
I t is required for em
ployment in all occu
pations listed in
Table 2]
[See also 1914 C 223 s i ,
3, 9,10,12,13,17,18,
. for th e “ age and B 14 to 16
working certificate,”
tabulated in Table
“Age an d
6 because it appears
schooling cer
to apply chiefly to
tificate”
street trades, b ut
possibly
covering
other employments,
which is issued by
the same official as
the age and schooling
certificate]
N E W M E X IC O
[No provisions]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
m
IV
V
[State commissioner Supervisor of school ex
of education] [The
emption certificates
(any superintendent
act in which this
of schools, supervising
provision occurs
is apparently su
principal, principal or
teacher of any school
perseded by later
district designated for
legislation except
this purpose by the
as to this particu
district board of edu
lar]
cation)
(District board of educa
tion m ay cancel cer
tificate; shall cancel
the same when di
rected to do so by the
State commissioner of
education. State com
missioner of labor; to
whom papers required
for the issuance of the
certificate are sent im
mediately after it is
issued, shall notify
State commissioner of
education and district
board of education
whenever there is
reason to believe th at
certificate was im
properly issued)
Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
209
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]-Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection ol
whom
Where filed
VI
VII
State commissioner [of
labor] or assistant and
inspectors [of depart
m ent of labor]
Attendance officers
Police officers
Officers and agents of anyincorporated society for
the prevention of cruel
ty to children
W ith employer
1. Return a t termina 1.
tion of employ
ment
2. Penalty for em 2.
ployer, etc., for foil
ure to return
V III
Notification of ter
mination of employ
ment
Penalty for employer,
etc., for failure to
notify
IX
1. To officer em 1 . Return of certificate
powered to issue 2 . [See column V III]
Certificate in school
district where child
resides or, if child’s
address is unknown,
to such officer in
district in which
employer’s business
is located, within 2
days
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$25 or im
prisonment for 30
days, or both
[State commissioner of
labor, assistant com
missioner, and inspec
tors of the department
of labor
Attendance officers or
other persons empow
ered by law to compel
school attendance
Police officers
Other person designated
by law to protect
children from cruelty
and neglect]
Same as in A, above
_
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 . Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
1 . Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
B
I
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
210
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
TTinfi of perm it
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
m
IV
V
[n any city of the
first or second class,
form approved by
S t a t e industrial
commission
In any other city
and in any town
or village, f o r m
furnished by State
in d u s tria l com
mission
Commissioner of health
or executive officer of
board of health, or any
other officer thereof
deputized by such
board or commissioner
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
n
A 14 to 16
NEW YORK
“Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Consolidated Laws 190£
v 3 Labor C 31:
Art 6 s 70 (as
amended b y 1913 C
529), 71 (as amended
by 1912 C 333), 75 (as
amended by 1913 C
144) , 76, 76-a (as
added b y 1913 C 200) ;
Art 12 s 162 (as
amended by 1911 C
866), 163 (as amendée1 B 14 to 16
by 1913 C 144), 16C
“ Employ
(as added by 191c
m ent certifi
C 144), 167 (as
cate”
amended b y 1913 C
145)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40
(Certificate is subject to
cancellation by State
industrial commission
if children employed
in factories fail to sub
m it to or stand test of
examination required
by State medical in
spector)
349)
tion C 16:
Art 23
101) ,
C
s
)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
“ Employm ent certifi
cate”
633
sion 3
14 to 16
D 14 to 16
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
E
In any city of the first
class, principal or chief
executive of school
In any city other than
a city of the first class
and in school districts
having a population
of 5,000 or more and
employing a superin
tendent of schools, superintendentof schools
In other school districts,
principal teacher
14 to 16
“ School-rec
ord certificate’
F
Bov 14 to 16
(if n o n graduate)
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
211
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection oi
whom
Where filed
VI
VH.
1. Return a t termina 1.
tion of employ
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2.
ployer, etc., for fail
ure to return
V III
Notification of ter
mination of employ
ment
Penalty for employer,
etc.; for failure to
notify
IX
State industrial commis
sion (in any city of the
first or second class)
Board of health or health
commissioner (in any
other city and in any
town or village)
Truant officers
W ith employer
State industrial commis
sion
Truant officers
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Truant officers
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Same as in B, above, and
also.
Board, of health or health
commissioner as speci
fied in A, above
Same as in A, above
1 . Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
D
1. To child or to
parent or guardian
A
2. First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or im
prisonment, or both
Maximum—$250or im
prisonment for 30
days, or both
2. Third offense
Minimum—$250 or im
prisonment, or both
Maximum—Fine or
imprisonment for 60
days, or both
E
'
Same as in C, above
-
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
F
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
212
T a b l e 3 . — WORKING
PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of perm it
I
II
N O R T H C A R O L IN A A Under 13
'
Pell’s Revisal o f 1908
Supplement 1913 C
45 a
s
1981ee(3),
1981ee(4)
[For m i n i m u m
age, see note
in A -II, Table
2]
Certificate
of ag e a n d
school attend
ance
NORTH DAKOTA
A 14 to 16
Compiled Laws 1913 s
1405, 1406, 1411, 1413
“ E mp l o y m ent certifi
cate”
T im elim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
HI
IV
V
[Parent or guardian fur
nishes the “ certifi
cate.” If he willfully
sets forth false state
ment, he is guilty of a
misdemeanor]
City or village superin
tendent of schools, or
clerk of local school
board or board of edution
Exception:
No issuing officer shall
issue certificate to
child then in or about
to enter employment
of said officer or of a
firm or corporation of
which he is a mem
b e r , o f f i c e r , or em
ployee
State superintend Local superintendent of
A Boy 15 to 16
schools or his deputy,
ent of public in
Girl 16 to 18
or clerk of local board
struction
[For public exhibi
“ A g e and
of education
tions, see Table 7]
schooling cer
tificate”
Page and Adams’ An
n o t a t e d General
Code 1912 s 871-22 (as
added b y 1913 p 95),
871-24 (as added by
1913 p 95), 980, 6246,
7765 (as amended by
1913 p 864), 7766 (as
amended by 1914 p
129), 7767 (as amend
ed b y 1913 p 864),
7770 (as amended by
1913 p 864), 7771 (as
amended by 1914 p
Same as in A, above Same as in A, above
225), 12975, 12982, B Boy 15 to 16
Girl 16 to 18
12983, 12986, 1299312995 (as amended
“A g e a n d
by 1913 p 864), 13000,
schooling cer
13007-7 (as added by
tificate”
1913 p 864), 13007-11
(as added by 1913 p
C Boy 15 to 16 During va [See note in column Local superintendent of
864)
schools or his deputy
cation
Girl 16 to 18
I]
[The provisions in
“ Special va
A -IV .A -V I.A -V H .
cation certifi
A -V III, and A -IX
cate”
may be applicable to
the certificate tabu
lated in C, b u t the
law is not clear as to
this point]
Medical officer of board
P & A A G C 1912 s D Boy under 16
of health
[15 to 16]
6246,7765 (as amend
Girl
under
18
ed by 1913 p 864),
[16 to 18]
7766 (as amended by
1914 p 129)
“ C e r t i f icate” of phys
ical fitness
[Mayberequired
after entering
employment]
O H IO
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
213
CHILD LABOS LEGISLATION.
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
vn
Factory inspectors
“ Other officer charged
with enforcement of
this act” [See Table
2, A-IX]
W ith employer
City or village superin
tendent of schools, or
clerk of local school
board or board of educa
tion
Peace officers
W ith employer
1. Return a t term ina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc.; for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
IX
A
1. To child or to
parent or guardian,
“ forthwith”
2. Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
Officers of State indus W ith employer
trial commission
T ruant officers
1. To i s s u i n g
officer within 2 days
2. Any offense
Minimum—F in e of
$25 (for officer, etc.,
of corporation)
Maximum—Fine o f
$50 (for any person)
(Any person convicted
of a violation of any
law relating to em
ployment of minors,
who again violates
any such law, shall
be imprisoned for
* not less than 10 nor
more than 30 days)
1. Return of certificate
2. [See column VIII]
A
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above 1. Return of certificate
2. Same as in A, above, 2. [See column V III]
except th a t maxi
mum penalty under
“ Any offense” is
fine of $100
B
[See note in column I]
[See note in column
I]
[See note in column I]
C
[Certificate m ay be re
quired by State indus
trial commission]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See note in column I]
IT
r
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
214
T able 3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of perm it
I
H
OKLAHOM A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
T im elim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
I II
IV
y
Form prescribed by
law
County superintendent
of public instruction
or other school officer
designated by him
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
A Under 16 (if
literate)
[See note in col
um n I]
Revised Laws 1910 s
3734, 3736, 3738, 3742
“Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
[The ages to which the
p r o v i s i o n s tabufated in A and _B
apply are: 14 to 16 in
establishments men
tioned by name in
Table 2, A -III; 15 to
16 in injurious, etc., B Under 16 (if
illiterate)
occupations]
[See note in col
um n I]
“Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
R L 1910 s 3735
Licensed physician in
good standing
C [See note in
column I]
[The provisions tabu
“ Certificate
lated in C apparent
of physical fit
ly apply to all “ chil
ness”
dren” b u t they
might be interpreted
to apply only to [Maybe required
after entering
children under 16]
employment]
OREGON
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Secretary of the State
“As indicated in ”
board of inspection of
form given in law ;
child labor or his
secretary of the
deputy
State board of in
Exception:
spection of child
labor m ay perm it No authorized person
shall
issue certificate
explanatory matto child then in or
' ter to be printed
about
to enter the em
w ith certificate
ployment of said per
son or of a firm or cor
poration of which he
is a member, officer,
or employee
A 14 to 16
“Age a n d
schooling cer
tificate”
Lord’s Oregon Laws
1910 s 4121 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 243),
5016,5023 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 138),
5027-5028 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 138),
5030-5032 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 138)
L 0 L 1910 s 4121 (as B 12 to 14
amended by 1911 C
V acation
243), 5016, 5035 (as
perm it
amended b y 1911 C
138)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
During any
school vacation
extending
over a
term of 2
weeks
State board of inspec
tors of child labor
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
p
215
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
Factory inspectors
Truant officers [There
appears to be no pro
vision for appointment
of truant officers]
“ Other persons charged
with the administra
tion of this article”
(State commissioner of
labor)
W ith employer
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. R eturn a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
IX
1. To child or to
parent or guardian;
if not claimed by
c h i l d w i t h i n 30
days, to State com
missioner of labor
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or im
prisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$50 or im
prisonment for 30
days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
[Factory or deputy in
spectors may require
certificate]
Local school authorities
Police
State board of inspectors
of child labor
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
B
if
W ith employer
1. To child; if
not claimed by him
within 30 days, to
secretary of State
board of inspectors
of child labor
*A~
2. Any offense
Fine of $10
B
---------------------,-----------------------
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
216
T able
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of perm it
I
II
P E N N SY L V A N IA
A 14 to 16
1915 Pam phlet Laws
286 S 3, 8, 9, 11, 17,
21,23
“ General em
ployment cer
tificate”
[The act tabulated in
A and B is in effect
Jan. 1,1916]
[See second note
in column I]
[The certificate tabu
lated in A perm its
employment during
entire year, and th at
in B only on such
days as child is not
required by law to
attend school—See
Table 5, A and B]
B 14 to 16
“ V a c a tio n
em ploym ent
certificate”
[See second note
in column I]
T im elim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
in
IV
V
[Forms are “ sup
plied ” by the
S t a t e superin
tendent of pub
lic instruction]
District superintendent
or supervising princi
pal, or secretary of the
board of school di
rectors, or school offi
cial deputized by any
of foregoing persons
Same as in A,above
Same as in A, above
P H I L I P P I N E
IS L A N D S
[No provisions]
P O R T O R IC O
A
[The certificates tabu
lated in A, B, and C
are alternative]
1913 No 42 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
Extraordinary Ses
sion No 139), 6 (as
amended by 1913
Extraordinary Ses
sion No 139), 12,14
Under 14
[10 to 14]
Department of educa
tion
Educational
“ certificate”
B
Under 14
[10 to 14]
Alcalde of the munici
pality
Em ploym ent [poverty]
“ certificate”
C
Under 14
[10 to 14]
Same as in B, above
E mploym ent “ certifi
cate”
D Under 16
“ Certificate
of age”
R H O D E IS L A N D
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
General Laws 1909 C 72
s4
G L 1909 C 78 s 1 (as
amended by 1915 C
1253), 3 (as amended
by 1910 C 576), 12
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
14 to 16
“ Age and
e m p loym ent
certificate”
Municipal secretary of
the town where child
was born or resides
Form prescribed by Local school committee
or under its direction
law, or such sub
stantially similar
form as may be (Certificate is subject to
cancellation by fac
approved by the
tory inspector, if upon
secretary of the
investigation he finds
State board of
th at the certificate
education
should not have been
issued)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
217
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
Attendance officer, fac 'W ith employer
tory inspector, deputy
factory . inspector, or
other inspector or offi
cer charged w ith the
enforcement of this act
1. R eturn a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
ment
ment
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc.? for failure to
ure to return
notify
V III
1. To issuing of
ficer immediately if
child so demands;
otherwise w ithin 3
days
IX
1. R eturn of certificate
A
[Employer is also re
quired by compulsory
education law to noti
fy issuing officer if
child leaves his em
ployment or is absent
from such employ
m ent 5 days—1911 P
L 309 s 1421; S P D
Supp 1912 p 114 (as
amended by 1915 P L
174)]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or im
prisonment, or both
M a x im u m —$200 or
imprisonment for 10
days, or both
(Above penalty is in
curred for violation
of any provision of
this act;
2. [See column VIII]
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
Officers of the department W ith employer
of education
Inspectors of the bureau
of labor
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. To child
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
A
2. First offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
2. S u b s e q u e n t
offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above 1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Officers of the department Same as in A, above
of education
Agents of the bureau of
labor
Factory inspectors
Truant officers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ith employer
D
1. To child upon
demand; if not
claimed within 2
weeks, to issuing
officer
2. Any offense
Maximum—$500
~A~
c h il d labor l e g is l a t io n ,
218
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
n
S O U T H CARO
L IN A
A Under 14
[12 to 14]
“ P erm it”
1912 Criminal Code C
16 s 426
1912 Civil Code C 19
a rt 11 s 871
1912 CrimC C 16 s 426
B
Under 14
SO U TH DAKOTA
A Under 14
[The d ocum ents
tabulated in A and
B are alternative]
[See Table 1, A
and D]
Statement of
age
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
m
IV
V
[State commissioner State commissioner of
agriculture,commerce,
of agriculture,com
and industries
merce, and indus
tries prescribes the
forms for the
sworn statements
of age (see Table
2, A-IV), upon re
ceipt of duplicate
of which from em
ployer he shall
issue the “ per
m it”]
State commissioner [Document required is
a signed statement of
of agriculture,com
parent or guardian]
merce, and indus
tries
County superintendent
of schools orhisdeputy
E mploym ent “ c e r
tificate”
1913C 240 S3, 5
B Under 14
P overty
“ perm it”
TENNESSEE
Time limit
A 14 to 16
Sworn state
m ent of age
1911C 57 s 5
[See note in column I,
Table 2, A]
[Document i m p l i e d
b u t not defined—See
Table 2, B-VI]
B
[Requirement t a b u
lated in Table 2, C,
specifies no docu
ment]
C
TEXAS
A
County superintendent
of schools, or “ chair
m an or president of
the school board or
district”
[Document required is
a sworn statement of
parent or guardian]
[Requirement implied
in Table 2, A, speci
fies no document]
UTAH
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7] '
1911C 144 s 2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A [Over 14See Table
2, A-HI]
“ E m ploym ent cer
tificate’!
Local superintendent of
schools or his deputy,
or deputy of school
board
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter em
ployment of said per
son or of a firm or
corporation of which
he is a member, of
ficer, or employee
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
220
T a ble
3—WORKING KAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
UTAH—Continued
Time limit
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
III
IV
V
City or county superin
tendent of schools
B 8 to 16
Compiled Laws 1907 s
1962
“Certifi
cate”
[The certificates tabu
lated in B and C
have different requirements and are
alternative]
[For school nonattendance]
Same as in A, above
C 8 to 16
“ Ge r t i fi cate”
[For school nonattendance]
VERM O N T
A Under 16
Public Statutes 1906 C
60 s 1044 (as amended
by 1912 No 75 s 10),
1045 (as amended by
1912 No 75 s 11)
[From age of
graduation
from e l e
mentary
schools to 16]
Town or union superin
tendent [of schools]
[See Table 5, B, for [See note in col
um n I]
later provision per
m itting child whose
E m ploy
services are neces
m e n t “ cer
sary for support of
tificate”
those dependent on
him to leave school
at 15 if he has com
pleted 6th grade]
1910 No 70 s 4
B Any minor
“ Certifi
cate” of age
[May be required
before or alter
entering em
ployment]
V IR G IN IA
1908 C 301 s 3 (as
amended by 1914 C
339), 6 (as amended
by 1914 C 339)
[The provisions tabu
lated in A constitute
both an exemption
from those tabulated
in B and a permit
for employment]
[Circuit or corporation
court may “ for good
cause shown entered
of record” grant re
lease]
A 12 to 14
“ Re l e a s e ”
g r a n t e d by
court
[See note in col
um n I]
Notary public
B' Under 16
[14 to 16—See AII, above]
“Employ
ment certifi
cate”
W A SH IN G TO N
Pierce’s Code 1912 title
291 s 151
A
12 to 14
“ P erm it”
“ Issued for
a definite
tim e” :
Superior court judge
(Perm it is subject to
revocation a t discre
tion of issuing officer)
[See note in column I,
Table 2, C]
P C 1912 1 135 S 389
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B Boy under b
Girl under 16
“ Perm it”
Superior court judge
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
222
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION"
T a ble
3 .—WORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
H
W A S H IN G T O N —
C
Boy 14 to 19
Continued
“ P erm it”
Time lim it
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
HI
IV
V
Judge of juvenile court
Same as in
A , above
(Perm it is subject to
revocation a t discre
tion of issuing officer)
P C 19121 291 s 151
[See note in column I,
Table 2, A]
P C 19121413 s 839,841
D Under 15
School ex
emption “cer
tificate”
P C 1912 1 345 S 143
E
C ertific ate
shall state
the t i me
for which
excuse
f r o m
school is
given
Superintendent o f
public instruction
District or county sup e r i n t e n d e n t of
schools
[Document required con
sists of“ proof of age by
certificate” from par
ent or guardian]
Boy 14 or
over(if em
ployer is
in doubt
as to age)
“ C e r t i f i. cate” of age
F
Same as in E , above
Boy 16 or
over (if em
ployer is
m doubt
as to age)
“C ertifi
cate” of age
’fV E S T V IR G I N IA
A Under 16
“ Employ
m ent certifi
cate”
Hogg’s Code 1913 C15H
s 530-532
B
Under 14
“ Written
permission”
H C 1913 C15HS 495 (as
amended by 1915 C
10 s 86)
1915 CI OS 33
[See note
Table 2]
in C—I,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
Boy 16 or
over
[See note in C—I
Table 2]
“ Affidavit’
of age
State superintend
ent of schools
Local superintendent of
schools or his dep
uty, or deputy of local
school board
Exception:
No authorized person
shall issue certificate
to child then in or
about to enter employ
m ent of said person or
of a firm or corpora
tion of which he is a
member, officer, or em
ployee
State commissioner of
labor
County superintendent
of schools
[Document required is
affidavit of parent or
guardian]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
223
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2]—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne In mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
m ent
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure to
ure to return
notify
vm
IX
C
W ith employer
D
E
F
T ruant officers
Factory inspectors
Authorized agents of the
humane society
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ith employer
1. To issuing officer
2. [No specific provi
sion]
1. R eturn of certificate A
2. [No specific provision]
B
0
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
224
T a ble
3 . -W ORKING PAPERS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Age
References
Kind of permit
I
II
W ISC O N SIN
[For street trades, see
Table 6]
A
•
Time limit
Authority prescrib
ing form
Authority issuing
III
IV
V
State industrial com State industrial commis
sion
mission
Judges of county, munic
ipal, or juvenile court
14 to 16
Em ployment “ p er
mi t ”
(Permit is subject to rev
ocation by industrial
commission if improp
erly or illegally issued
or if physical or moral
welfare of child would
be best served by such
revocation)
(For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Statutes C 27 s 439ca
St C 83 S 1728a.l,
1728a-6.1,
1728e.2,
1728e.3, 1728h.4
[Section 1728b.2 re
quires an e m p l o y
ment “ perm it” is
sued by authority
tabulated in A-V B 12 to 14
for employment of
V acation
child under 16 in list
“ perm it”
of occupations iden
tical with those in
Table 2, A -III, ex
cept th at “ any gain
ful occupation or em
ploym ent” and “ de
livery of merchan
dise” are omitted,
and “office” is added]
St C 83 s 1728a-ll,
1728a-13
C Minor over
14 (if liter
ate)
D uring
school
vacation
Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
State industrial commis
sion
Judge of juvenile«court
“W ritten
perm it”
D Minor over
14 (if illit
erate)
“W ritten
perm it”
W YOM IN G
[No provisions]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Same as in C, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION".
225
REQUIRED [SEE TABLE 2 ] - Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne In mind]
Accessible to inspection of
whom
Where filed
VI
V II
1. Return a t termina 1. Notification of ter
tion of employ
mination of employ
m ent
m ent
2. Penalty for em 2. Penalty for employer,
ployer, etc., for fail
etc., for failure to
ure to return
notify
vni
IX
State industrial commis W ith employer
1. To place des 1. R eturn of certificate
sion
ignated by indus 2. [See column VIII]
[List of occupations and [Note in A-VI ap
trial c o m m i s s i o n
establishments in which
plies here also]
• within 24 hours
[Note in A-V I applies
permits are open to in
here also]
spection of mdustrial
2. Any offense
commission differs from
[Employer is liable in
the list of those in which
action to child for
permits are required by
$2]
adding “ office” and ex
(Each day’s violation
cluding “ restaurant,”
a separate offense)
“ bakery,” “ delivery of
merchandise,”
and
[Note in A-V I applies
“ any gainful occupa^
here also]
tion or employment”]
T ruant officers
A
State mdustrial commis Same as in A, above, 1. Same as in A, above 1. R eturn of certificate
sion
omitting bracket 2. Same as in A,above, 2. [See column VIII]
[List of occupations and
ed note
omitting s e c o n d
establishments in which
bracketed note
permit is open to inspec [Note in B -V I ap
tion of industrial com
plies here also]
[Note in B -V I applies
mission differs from list
here also]
of those in which em
ployment is allowed on
vacation permit by ex
cluding “ warehouse”]
T ruant officers
B
State mdustrial commis
sion
T ruant officers
Same as in A, above,
omitting bracket
ed note
C
Same as in C, above
Same as in A, abové,
omitting bracket
ed note
D
72485°—15-----15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
226
T able
4 .—HOURS
[In reading tliis analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
Age
n
I
ALABAM A
A Under 16
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For m i n i m u m
age, see Table 1,
B]
1915 p 193 S 2, 4,14,
17
[For earlier law fix
ing maximum of
8 hours tor em
ployment of child B Under 18
16 to 18 if em
ployed between 7
p. m. and 6 a. m.
in mill, factory, or
manufacturing es
tablishment, see
1909 p 158 s 5]
C
A LASK A
III
Any gainful occupation
IV
V
11
“ Undergroundworkings, under
ground mines, stamp mills,
roller mills, open cut and open
pit workings as applied to
metalliferous mining”
Underground placer mining
Smelter
Reduction works
Concentrating mill
Underground workings
Chlorination or cyanide process
Coke oven
Rock quarry
Coal mine
Metalliferous lode mining
Gypsum mine, quarry, or work
ings
A Boy under 16 Any gainful occuation
Girl under 18
Exemptions:
60
Domestic service
Farm work
In any incorporated city
or town:
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger. company in the dis
tribution, transmission, or
delivery of goods or messages
8
8
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
In any city of 25,000 or
over:
Messenger for person, firm, or
corporation engaged in tele
graph, telephone, or messen
ger service, m the distribution,
transmission, or delivery of
goods or messages
[For constitutional
provision fixing
maximum of 8
hours per day and
prohibiting night
work for minors
under 16, see con
stitution art 18 s 2]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
day
Per
week
Agriculture
Domestic service
A Any employee
R S 1913 Civ C 1 14 C B Under 21
2 s 3130, 3134, 3135
Maximum
hours
Exemptions:
In any city of less than
25,000:
Occupations or establishments
same as in B, above
[For r e g u l a t i o n s
governing hours
of labor in coal
m i n e s t o bo
worked u n d e r
lease from the
U nited S t a t e s
Government, see
38 United States
Statutes a t Large
C 330 p 40 s 12]
A R IZ O N A
Exemptions
Under 18
1913 C 29 s 2 (as
amended by 1915
C 6), 3
Revised Stat u t e s
1913 Civil Code
title 14 C 2 s 3131,
3134
Occupations or establishments
48
6
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
227
OF LABOR
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
vin
IX
6 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
1. D uty
State factory inspector and his depu
ties
2. First offense
Minimum—110
Maximum—$100
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum —$100
Maximum—$500
9 p. m. to 5a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
10 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
In case of emergency
where life and prop
erty are in imminent
danger or in case of
urgent necessity
“ On such days as
change of shift is
m ade”
7 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. [No specific provision]
[1913 C 72 (as amended by 1915 C 69)
provides for the appointm ent of a
Territorial mine inspector and de
fines his duties, but they appear to
relate only to safety)
2. Any offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
1. Duty
Factory inspector [there is no law pro
viding for factory inspection], other
authorized inspectors, and school
attendance.oflicers:
Shall make complaints for offenses
and prosecute violations;
May inspect establishments
1. Power only
Any person;
May prosecute
2. Any offense
Minimum—-$5 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
10 p .m . to 5 a.m .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOE LÉGISLATION.
228
T able
4 . —HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
Occupations or establishments
Age
I
II
A R IZ O N A — C o n
C Girl of any age
[Over 18—See
A, above]
tinued
R S 1913 Penal Code
p t 1 1 19 s 717,720
[For earlier law pro
viding 48 hours
p e r w e e k f or
women
and
Mother persons”
in laundry, see R
S 1913 Pen C p t 1
1 19 s 714,716]
Exemptions
HI
Mercantile establishment
Confectionery store
Bakery
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Telephone office or exchange
Telegraph office or exchange
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
8
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
56
Exemptions:
Telephone or telegraph office or
exchange employing not more
than 3 females
Nurses
D Any employee
Operating engineer, fireman,
switchboard operator, or at
tendant of electric light or elec
tric power plant
8
R S 1913 Pen C p t 1 E Any employee
1 19 s 713
Underground mine
Underground, open-cut, or openpit workings
Smelter
Reduction or cement works
Stamp, concentrating, rolling, or
rod mill
Chlorinating or cyanide process
Coke oven
Blast furnace
8
A Under 16
Any occupation
8
48
6
1914 A 1 s 6,11,13
B Under 18
Any occupation
10
54
6
1905 A 49 s 1, 2,3
1913 A 322 s 12
C Any employee
Workingman or laborer engaged
in management or operation
of saw or planing mill
R S 1913 Civ C 1 14 C
I s 3098-3100
ARK AN SAS
1914 A 1 s 5,11,13
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i “ 10 hours shall constitute a legal day’s work”
(J)
ÔHÎLï> LABOR LEGISLATION,
229
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind)
Time of ■work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions.
VII
VÏH
IX
1 hour
X
Exception t o hours
1. [No specific provision]
per day b ut not per
week:
2. Any offense
2 a d d i t i o n a l Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 30
hours permitted on 1
days, or both
day per week in mer
c a n t i l e establish
ment, confectionery
store, or bakery em
ploying females only
6 days m any 1 week
C
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
D
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
Once in every two
weeks on day when
hours of employ
m ent are changed
from one part of day
to another
7 p .m . to 6 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
1. [No specific provision]
2. Each offense
Maximum —$100
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
1. [No specific provision]
E
2. Each offense
Minimum—$250 or imprisonment for 3
months, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
1. D uty
~ ir
State commissioner of labor and sta
tistics, factory inspectors, mine in
spectors, agents of humane society,
probation officers, truant officers,
“ other authorized inspectors”
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
10p.m. to 6 a. m.
......
.
...
.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Power only
State commissioner of labor and sta
tistics
G
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$200
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
(Above penalty is incurred for exact
ing, or discharging because of refusal
Or unwillingness to perform, more
hours of labor)
CHILI) LABOR LEGISLATION.
£80
T
able
4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
Occupations or establishments
Age
Exemptions
' 1
II
III
A R K A N SA S—
D Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Employment by express com
pany
Employment by transportation
company
Continued
1915 A 191s 1-3,6,8,
11,12
[See first ■note in
column I]
[The provisions tab
ulated in D and E
do not affect those
given in A, above,
but, since they
belong to a later
law, they would
apparently super
sede those given
in B, above, in so
far as they are in
consistent there
with.]
[The c o m m i s s i o n
specified in D -IX
may establish reg
ulations gove r n
i ng employment
of females in hotels, restaurants,
and telephone es
tablishments, pro
vided hours shall
not exceed 9 per
day]
C A L IF O R N IA
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
9
54
Exemptions:
E Girl under 18
Occupations or establishments
same as in D, above
Exemptions:
Same as in D , above
A Under 18
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Other place of labor
Deering’s General
Laws 1909 A 1611
(as amended by
1915 C 625) S 7-8,
13,15
D G L 1909 A 1611
s 16-17 (as added
by 1915 C 625)
B Under 18
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
m the distribution, transmis
sion, or delivery of goods or
messages
8
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
Cotton factory
Preservation of fruits and perish
able farm products or gather
ing the same
Establishment where 3 or less
females are employed at the
same time
Establishment where 3 or less
employees are worked in the
same bunding at the same
time doing the same class of
work
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maximum
hours
48
6
CHILD LÀBÔB LÉGISLATION.
231
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne In mind]
■
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
vin
IX
45 minutes af
ter 6 hours'
w ork1
More th an 9 hours per
day for not more
than GO days in the
year m ay be permit
ted by commission
consisting of State
commissioner of la
b o r a n d statistics
and 2 women, 1 ap
p o i n t e d b y said
commissioner and 1
by the governor, in
case it can be shown
beyond doubt that
compliance with act
would “ work irrep
arable injury to any
industry engaged in
handling products,
such as canning fac
tories and candy fac
tories,” provided 1|
times regular pay is
given for overtime
9 p. m. to 7 a. m.
10 p. m. t o5a. m.
9 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Dutv;
Po- er only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and sta
tistics or his deputy
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
(Each day’s violation a separate of
fense)
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
More hours allowed
1. Duty
when necessary to State bureau of labor statistics
make repairs to pre
1. Power only
vent interruption of Attendance officers
ordinary r u n n in g of Probation officers
machinery or for
purpose of making a
2. Each offense
shorter day's work Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
for 1 day of the
both
week
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
63 days, or both
(The above penalty is found in D G L
1939 A 1611, as amended by 1915 C
625, s 13; the following penalty is
given in section 16 of the same law)
_2. Any offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
16J hours w ithout interval allowed if workday ends at 1.30 p. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D
E
A
B
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
232
T
a ble
2 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
n
I
C A L IF O R N IA —
C Under 18
Continued
1911 C 688 s 1, 2
1915 C 484 s 1
Exemptions
m
Maximum
hours
Per
'day
Per
week
IV
V
VI
Selling goods or engaging in or
conducting any business
[This provision appears to ap
ply to children engaged in sell
ing newspapers or any other
articles or working as boot
blacks, etc., on their own ac
count]
Deering’s P e n a l
Code 1903 s 651
1915 C 484 s 1
D Minor ward Any occupation
or a p p r e n
Exemptions:
tice
Vinicultural or horticultural pur
suit
Domestic or household occupa
tion
8
1911 C 258 (as
amended by 1913
C 352) s 1, 3, 4
E
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Public lodging house
Apartm ent house
Hospital
Place of amusement
Restaurant
Telegraph establishment or office
Telephone establishment or of
fice
Employment by express com
pany
Employment by transportation
company
8
Girl of any age
Days per
week per
mitted
48
Exemptions:
Harvesting, curing, canning, or
drying perishable fruits and
vegetables
Graduate nurses in hospitals
1913 C 186 s i , 2
1915 C 484 s 1
F Any employee Underground mine
Underground workings
Smelter or other institution for
the reduction or refining of
ores or metals
8
D G L 1909 A 2665 s
1-3,5
G Any employee
Sale of drugs and medicines at
retail and compounding physi
cian’s prescriptions
13
D G L 1909 A 3952 s
1-3
1915 C 484 s 1
H Any employee Any occupation
(Provision applies to both day
| and night work)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
60
6
6
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
233
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V III
IX
10p.m. to 5 a. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Power only
Commissioner of State bureau of labor
statistics:
Shall have power to enforce all
labor laws the enforcement of which
is not specifically vested in some
other officer
C
_ 2. Each offense
Maximum—$20 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by “ person
violating” )
1. Same as in C, above
D
2. Any offense
Violation a misdemeanor
1. Duty
State bureau of labor statistics
E
2. First offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
or [law not clear]
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 60
days, or both
2. Second offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
Emergency call
1. Same as in C, above
T
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment for 3
months, or both
1. Duty
Commissioners] of State bureau of
labor statistics
G
2. Any offense
Minimum—$20 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 60
days, or both
In case of emergency
1. Samo as in C, above
2. Same as in D, above
if
234
C H IL D LABOR L É G IS L A T IO N .
T a b l e é . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
Occupations cr establishments
Age
Exemptions
Per
day
in
C A L IF O R N IA —
I Any employee
Continued
Maximum
hours
Per
week
VI
IV
Sawmill, shake mill, shingle mill,
or logging camp
Deering’s
Civil
Code 1909 Appen
dix p 827 s 1,2
1915 C 484 s 1
1913 C 324 s 6,19
J [Power of com [Industrial welfare commission
shall have power to fix the
mission ex
maximum hours and standard
tends o v e r
conditions of labor consistent
women a n d
with the health and welfare of
m in o rs]
the women and minors en
gaged in any occupation,
trade, or industry, provided
th a t the hours shall not ex
ceed the maximum fixed by
law for said women and
minors]
COLORADO
A Under 14
Any occupation
B Under 16
Any gainful occupation
C Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
M i 11 s’ Annotated
Statutes revised
edition 1912 s 537,
657, 667, 668, 670,
672, 673
[For possible exemp
tion by permit be
tween 14 and 16
and during vaca
tion between 12
and 16, see M A S
r e 1912 s 671]
1915 C 180 s 11
M A S r e 1912 s 537
1913 Appendix p
692 s 1-3
1915 C 180 s 11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Days per
week per
mitted
48
235
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V III
IX
1 hour
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in C, above
I
2. Each offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$200
[See column III]
8 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commissioner [fac
tory inspector]
School.board or local school authorities:
Must report to enforcing officer
complaints made to them of viola
tions in most regulated employments
[For list, see M A S r e 1912 s 607]
State industrial commission:
Shall “ inquire into and supervise
the enforcement * * * o f t h e
laws relating to child labor, * * *
employment of females, * * *
mining, and all other laws protect
ing the life, health, and safety of em
ployees ”
J
A
2. First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
2. Second offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
After 8 p. m,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. D uty
D eputy State labor commissioner [fac
tory inspector]
State industrial commission:
Has duties as specified in A, above
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 30
days, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
m m TV LABOR LEGISLATION.
286
Table é . —HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
Occupations or establishments
Age
Exemptions
I
II
in
COLORADO—
D Workingmen
Underground mine
Underground workings .
Open-cut or open-pit workings
Smelter or reduction works
Stamp or concentrating mill
Chlorination or cyanide process
Coke oven
A Under 16
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
B Under 16
“ M e r c a n t i l e establishment,
other than manufacturing or
mechanical”
C Girl over 16
Same as in A, above
D Girl over 16
Same as in B, above
E Any employee
Any commercial occupation or
the work of any industrial
process
Continued
M A S r e 1912 s 537,
4472-4473 (as reen
acted by 1913 C 95)
C O N N E C T IC U T
1909 C 20 s 1 (as
amended by 1913
C 179), 2 (as
amended by 1913
C 179), 3 (as
amended by 1913
C 179), 4, 5
1911 C 162 s 1-3
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
8
10
55
58
10
55
58
6
Exemptions:
Certain occupations and em
ployees 1
DELAW ARE
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Revised Code 1915
C 90 s 3145, 31643166, 3177,3180
A Under 16
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement-house, manufactory
or workshop”
Office
Office building
Restaurant
Boarding house
Bakery
Barber shop
Hotel
Bootblack-stand establishment
Public stable
Garage
Laundry
Driver
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Construction or repair of build
ings
Transmission ol messages
54
6
-------- ------- *
i Farm service, personal service, druggist, watchman, superintendent or manager, janitor, or person
engaged solely in transportation; sale or delivery of milk, food, or newspapers; such commercial or in
dustrial processes as by their nature are required to be continuous; necessary work of inspection, repair,
or care of any manufacturing or other plant or of any merchandise or stock on Sunday
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
237
OP LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V IH
IX
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
After 6 p. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Dutv;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in C, above
D
2. Any offense
Minimum—1250 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and fac
tory inspection
A
2. Each offense
Maximum—$20
After 6 p. m. on Employment until 10 1. Same as in A, above
more than 1
p. m. permitted dur 2. Same as in A, above
day per week,
ing Christmas week
when employ Overtime work per
m ent is per
m itted during
m itted until
Christmas week if 7
10 p. m.
holidays per year
with pay are granted
B
After 10 p. m.
C
After 10 p. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Overtime work per 1.
' Same as in A, above
m i t t e d d u r i n g 2. Same as in A, above
Christmas week if 7
holidays per year
with pay are granted
In case of emergency
1. [No specific provision]
D
TÊT
2. Each offense
Maximum—$200
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State child labor inspector or his
deputy
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
X"
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
238
.—HOURS
T able 4
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
DELAW ARE—
Exemptions
HI
B Under 18
In any city of20,000 or over:
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger compa
nies, in the distribution, trans
mission, or delivery of goods
or messages
C “ Any child”
All occupations regulated by
R C 1915C 90s 3144-3192 [Oc
cupations listed in A -H I, and
canning and packing estab
lishments, other than those
engaged in canning and pack
ing perishable fruits and vege
tables, are included. See also
Table 1, C to F , and Table 6
for other occupations regulated
by the foregomg sections]
Continued
R C 1915 C 90 s 3135- D
3137, 3139-3142
Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Baking establishment
Printing establishment
Telephone office or exchange
Telegraph office or exchange
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
10
VI
55
18
Exemptions:
Employment in the canning or
preserving or preparation for
canning or preserving perish
able fruits and vegetables
D IS T R IC T
OF
C O L U M B IA
A Under 14
Any occupation
Exemptions:
Employment in the service of
the Senate
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Code 1911 p 441 s 1;
p 442 s 6; T>443 s 7,
10
36 United States
Statutes a t Large
p 990
C1911 p442s6; p 443
S 7, 8,10
36 U S Stat L p990
B
Under 16
[12 to 16]
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Store
Business office
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartment house
Club
Theater
Bowling alley
Laundry
Bootblack stand
8
48
1 If any part of daily employment is performed between 11 p. m. and 7 a. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Days per
week per
m itted
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
239
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
vm
IX
10p.m. to6a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty:
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
30 minutes
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
45 minutes after
6 hours’ work,
but 6J hours
without inter
val allowed if
workday ends
at 1.30 p. m.
Exception to hours
per day b u t not per
week:
12 hours allowed
on 1 day only of each
week
7 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
State inspector appointed to enforce
these provisions
2. First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
2. Third offense
Minimum—$250
1. Duty
Child labor inspectors [2 detailed
privates of police force]
Truant.officers:
“ Shall visit the establishments
nam ed” [in Code 1911 p 441 s 1, in
cluding all listed in B -III] and
ascertain violations;
Shall report violations to the
superintendent of schools and the
corporation counsel of the District
of Columbia
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
7p. m. to 6 a.m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
240
T a b l e é .— HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
D IS T R IC T ^OF
C O L U M B IA —
I II
VI
6
D Girl over 18
Same as in C, above
8
48
6
A 14 to 16
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Mechanical establishment
Laundry
Employment on stage of theater
9
54
6
B Under 18
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
m the distribution, trans
mission, or delivery of goods
or messages
A Under 14§
[12 to 14J]
Manufacturing establishment
Mill
Factory
Laundry
Place of amusement
B Under 16
Delivery of messages or general
work of messenger service
Compiled Laws 1914
S 2642c, 26421,
2642k, 23421,2642r,
2642t, 3728a
[ The provisions tab
ulated in A and B
shall not be con
sidered to apply
to agricultural and
domestic employ
ment—See 1913 C
6488 s 24]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Code 1914 Civil s
3149(d), 3143(f)
C 1914 Penal s 1065
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
V
48
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
C 1914 Political s
2141
C 1914 Civ s 3149(i)
C 1914 P e n s 759(b),
1065
IV
Days per
week per
m itted
8
Girl under 18
Continued
G E O R G IA
Per
day
Per
week
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Telegraph establishment or office
Telephone establishment or office
Employment by express com
pany
Employment b y transportation
company
C
38 U S Stat L p 291
s 1-3,7-9
F L O R ID A
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
241
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
vra
IX
Where 3 or more
girls are em
p l o y e d , 45
minutes after
6 hours’work,
h u t 6$ hours
without inte r v a l al
lowed if work
day ends at
1.30 p. m.
6p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
Inspectors appointed for this purpose
by Commissioners of the District of
Columbia
C
2. First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum —$200
2. Third offense
Maximum—$250
Same as in C,
above
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
8p. m. to 5 a. m.
•
D
1. D uty
~A~
State labor inspector
Grand juries:
Shall be charged «by county and
circuit judges, a t beginning of each
term of court, to investigate violar
tions
1. Power only
Grand juries and county solicitors of
criminal courts of record:
“ Have inquisitorial powers to in
vestigate violations”
Judicial or police officers of county or
city:
May inspect “ factories, work
shops, mines, and mercantile es
tablishm ents” and shall report vio
lations
Any person:
May make complaint
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
,10p . m. to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
7p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Duty_
~aT
State commissioner of [commerce and]
labor and his authorized assistants
B
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$1,000, or imprisonment for
6 months, or work in chain gang for
12 months—any one or more of these
punishments
9 p . m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
State commissioner of commerce and
labor:
Has duties as specified in C, below
2. Same as in A, above
72485°—15----- 16
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
242
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
T a b l e 4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
I
Occupations or establishments
Age
II
G EO RG IA —C o n C Any employee
tinued[See note in col
C 1914 Pol s 2141
um n I]
C 1914 Civ s 31373141
[The provisi ons tab
ulated in C and D
are superseded in
so far as they refer
to children under
14J by those given
in A, above]
D Under 21
[See note in col
um n I]
HAW AII
I II
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
week per
m itted
VT
60
Cotton or woolen manufacturing
establishment
Exemptions:
In any such establishment, engi
neer, fireman, watchman, me
chanic, teamster, yard em
ployee, member of clerical
force, or any help th a t m ay be
needed to clean up and make
necessary repairs or changes
in or of machinery
Manufacturing establishment or
machine shop othef than cot
ton or woolen manufacturing
establishment
A Girl under 16
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile institution
Office
Laundry
Canning establishment
Sugar mill
Workshop
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Distribution or transmission of
merchandise
Distribution or transmission of
messages
A Under 14
Any occupation
Revised Laws 1915
s 4197, 4198
IDAHO
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
“ From
sunrise
until
sunset”
1911 C 159 s 166, 170,
173
1913 C 77 s 7
i See provision in column IV, which might be construed to constitute a night work prohibition
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
243
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
vni
IX
X
Time (not to exceed
10 days) lost on ac
count oi accident or
other unavoidable
circumstance may
be made up
1. D uty
State commissioner of commerce and
labor:
1 “ Shall make investigation concern
mg the operation of the various laws
relating to the safety of the life and
limb of employees, especially those
concerning the employment of child
labor, and of women, and he shall
take legal steps looking to the proper
enforcement and due observance of
such, laws”
1. Power only
Any person with whom contract for
longer time for labor is made, or who
has knowledge of such a contract:
May institute suit»
C
2. Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$500
(Above penalty is incurred for making
or enforcing contract for longer time
for labor)
“ Usual a n d
c u s t o m ary
tim e”
0)
1. Duty
State commissioner of commerce and
labor:
Has duties as specified in C, above
D
2. [No specific provision]
9 p .m . to 6 a. m.
1. [No^pecific provision]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
I
9 p. m. to 6 a. m.
/
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State board of education (in coopera
tion w ith other departments of the
State government)
Probation officers or school trustees [or
truant officers]:
Shall visit “ places of employment
m entioned” [in 1911 C 159 s 166,172]
and ascertam violations therein,
‘ and they shall bring complaint for
offenses under this act to the atten
tion of the prosecuting attorney for
prosecution1’
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
A
244
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T able
4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
IDAHO—Continued B
Exemptions
in
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Under 16
Any gainful occupation
9
Workingmen
Underground mine
Underground workings
Smelter, ore-reduction works,
stamp mill, concentrator, or
other place where metallifer
ous ores are being treated, re
fined, and reduced for the pur
pose of obtaining the* metals
thereof
8
Girl of any age
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Telegraph establishment
Telephone establishment
Office
Employment by express com
pany
Employment b y transportation
company
9
VI
54
1911 C 159 s 169,173
1913 C 77 s 7
Revised Codes 1908 C
(Political) title 8 s
1463, 1464 (as
amended by 1909
p 4), 1465
1913 C 77 s 7
1913 C 77 s 7
1913 C 86 s 1, 3
D
Exemptions:
Harvesting, packing, curing,
canning, or drying perishable
fruits or vegetables
IL L IN O IS
A Under 14
Any occupation
8
B
Any gainful occupation
8
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
H urd’s R e v i s e d
Statutes 1913 C 48
s 20,20h, 201,20m
[For 48 hours in
gainful o c c u p a
tions, see provi
sions in B, below]
H R S 1913C48s20h
20i, 201,20m
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Under 16
Days por
week per
m itted
48
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
245
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
vm
IX
9p. m. to 6 a . m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in A, above
B
2. [No specific provision, b u t see
penalty in A, above, which would
apply to employment of children
under 14 at night]
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
1. D uty
State board of education (in coopera
tion w ith other departments of the
State government):
“ Shall see to it th at the rules re
lating to * * * health, * * *
child labor and child conservation
are enforced”
[R C s 201 provides for an inspector of
mines, b u t his duties relate only to
safety and the gathering of statistics]
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
’
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
1. Same as in C, above, exclud
ing bracketed note
Q
2. Each offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
-
6p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. D uty
State factory inspector, and his assist
ants and deputies under his supervi
sion
Local school board or school authori
ties:
Must report to State factory in
spector complaints made to them of
violations i n ' most regulated em
ployments [For list, see H R S 1913
C 48 s 20h]
A
2. Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
7 p. m. to 7 a. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
246
T a b l e d . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
VI
I
II
HI
I L L I N O I S —C o n
C Girl of any age
[Over 16—See
provisions in
B. above]
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Telegraph establishment or office
thereof
Telephone establishment or of
fice thereof
Place of amusement
Employment by express, trans
portation, or public utility
business or common carrier
Public institution
10
A Under 16
Any gainful occupation
i8
148
Exemptions:
29
254
10
60
tinued
H R S 1913 C 48 s
121-123
IN D IA N A
Bum s’ Annotated
Statutes 1914 s
8022b, 8022c, 8Q22f,
8042
B A S 1914 s 8021,
8023, 8031, 8038,
8042, 8044, 8045
[The provisions tab
ulated in B are
apparently super
seded in regard to
children under 16
by the later pro
visions given in A,
above]
[It m ay be th at the
penalty for “ first
offense” given in
B -X does not in
clude imprison
m ent as stated,
b u t the law is not
clear]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Farm work
Domestic service
Boy under 16 Manufacturing establishment
Girl under 18 Mercantile establishment
Laundry
[See note in col Renovating works
Bakery
um n I]
Printing office
B
C
Girl of any age
Employment in any capacity for
the purpose of manufacturing
D Any employee Same as in B, above
1 W ithout written consent of parent or guardian
2 W ith written consent of parent or guardian
Days per
week per
m itted
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION".
247
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should "be home in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
vm
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. D uty
State departm ent of factory inspection
C
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
6p. m. t o7a. m.
1. D uty
State industrial board
A
2. First offense
Minimum—$5 or $5 and imprisonment
Maximum—$200 or $200 and imprison
m ent for 10 days
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—Imprisonment for 30 days
[It may be th at the penalty for “ sub
sequent offense ” would include also
a fine of from $5 to $200, b u t the law
is not clear]
[See provisions
in D, below]
[See provisions
in C, below]
10 p.m . to 6 a. m.
1hour3
More hours allowed to
make shorter work
ing-day on last day
of week, b u t hours
m ust not exceed av
erage of 10 per day
for total workingdays per week
1. D uty
State industrial board
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint
B
_ 2. First offense
Maximum—$50 or $50 and imprison
ment for 10 days
[See last note in column I]
2. Second offense
Maximum—$100 or $100 and imprison
m ent for 10 days
2. Third offense
Minimum—$250 and imprisonment
Maximum—Fine and imprisonment
for 30 days
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above, including
bracketed note
C
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above, including
bracketed note
D
In special cases, for good cause shown, State industrial board m ay issue perm it allowing shorter tim e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
248
T able 4
.—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
Exemptions
Per
day
in
Under 16
[14 to 16]
Manufacturing establishment
Mine
Factory
Mill
Shop
Laundry
Slaughterhouse or packing house
Store or mercantile establish
m ent where more th an 8 per
sons are employed
Operating freight or passenger
elevator
Livery stable
Garage
Place of amusement
Distribution or transmission of
merchandise
Distribution or transmission of
messages
Under 18
In any city of 10,000 or over
Transmission, distribution, or
delivery of goods or messages
K A N SA S
A Under 16
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[14 is the mini
mum age for
employment in
most of these oc
cupations — See
Table 1, A]
Factory
Workshop
Theater
Packing house
Operating elevator
Mine
Distribution or transmission of
messages
. .
Distribution or transmission of
merchandise
[“Any business or service what
ever” m ay be included, b ut
law is not clear]
IO W A
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Code 1879 Supple
ment 1913 s 2477-e,
2477-f
C1897 Supplemental
Supplement 1915 s
2473,2477-a,2477-c
B
G e n e r a l Statutes
1909 s 5094, 5095,
5097, 5098, 8017,
8020
1913 C 217 S 3
[Industrial welfare
commission m ay
fix standard hours
of labor for women
and minors—1915
C 275 s 3, 17]
KENTUCKY
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Statutes 1915 s 33a.2,
331a.7, 331 a.8,
331a.l6, 2978C.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions:
Factory or workshop owned or
operated by parent
A Under 16
Maximum
hours
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Mill
Workshop
Store
Office
Printing establishment
Bakery
Laundry
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartment house
Theater
Motion-picture establishment
Distribution or transmission of
merchandise
Distribution or transmission of
messages
IV
Per
week
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
249
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
vm
IX
30 minutes after 6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
5 hours’ work
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. D uty
Commissioner of State bureau of labor
statistics
1. Power only
Deputies of commissioner of State bu
reau of labor statistics (including
factory inspectors), State mine in
spectors, county attorneys, mayors,
chiefs of police and their deputies,
city and town marshals, sheriffs and
their deputies, or any person author
ized by judge of court of record:
May inspect establishments
Any person:
May make complaint
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
30 days
10 p .m .to 5 a.m .
1. Same aS in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and in
dustry:
Shall “ cause to be enforced all
laws regulating the employment of
children, minors and women’’
B
~aT
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for
30 days
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
90 days
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State labor inspectors, under the direc
tion of the commissioner of agricul
ture, labor, and statistics:
Shall inspect specified establish
ments [For list, see St 1915 s 33a.2];
Shall report to State and county
attorney any violations occurring
T ruant officers:
May inspect e s t a b l i s h m e n t s
named in A -III;
Shall report violations to superin
tendent of schools, State labor in
spector, or other authorized officer
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$15
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$15 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
250
T
a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
HI
B
Under 21
In any city of the first, sec
ond, or third class:
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
m the distribution, transmis
sion, or delivery of goods or
messages
C
Girl under 21
Any gainful occupation
I
K ENTUCK Y—
Continued
St 1915 s 33a. 2, 331a.
8, 331a. 11, 331a. 16,
2978c.7
St 1915 s 33a.2, s
4866b. 1 ,4866b.7
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
VI
10
60
10
' 60
Exemptions:
Domestic service
Nursing
St 1915 s 33a. 2,4866b.
2,4866b.7
D
Girl of any age
L O U ISIA N A
A Boy under 16
Girl under 18
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Bakery
Factory
Workshop
Store
Hotel
Restaurant
Telephone exchange
Telegraph office
Any occupation
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[For m a x i m u m
hours 8 per day
for stationary fire
man in certain
establishm e n t s ,
see 1912 A 245 s 1,
3-5]
Wolff’s R e v i s e d
Laws Supplement
1908-1904 v 3 p 412;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
Days per
week per
mitted
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
251
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
VH I
IX
9p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
L Same as in A, above
B
2. Same as in A, above
(Abovejpenalty applies only to viola
tions m regard to children under 16)
1. Same as in D, below
2. Same as in D, below
C
1. D uty
~D~
State labor inspectors, under the direc
tion of th e commissioner of agricul
ture, labor, and statistics:
Has duties as specified in A,
above
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
7p. m. to 6 a. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Stores and mercantile
e s ta b l is h m e n t s
on
Saturday nights or
during 20 days be
fore Christmas
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and assist
an t commissioners
Parish, city, or town factory inspect
ors (including New Orleans factory
inspector)
Supervisor of minerals:
Shall enforce provisions of lawpertaining to raining
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or im p r iso n m e n t, for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or im p r iso n m e n t, for
6 months, or both
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
252
T able 4 .—
HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
Continued
m
II
I
L O U IS IA N A —
Exemptions
B
Boy under 18 Manufacturing establishment
GM of any age Mercantile establishment
1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended h y 1914
A 186)
W R L Supp 19041908 v 3 p 414; 1908
A 301 s 1 (as
amended h y 1914
A 133 s 2), 3-5,23
(as amended by
1912 A 61)
1910 A 254 s 2
[For earlier law re
quiring 30 min
utes mealtime for
employees in all
retail occupations
where girls are
employed, see W
R L 1904 V l p 992;
1900 A 55 s 2]
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
10
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
60
M ill
Factory
Mine
Packing house
Workshop
Laundry
Millinery store
Dressmaking store
Hotel
Restaurant
Theater
Concert hall
. .
Place of amusement where in
toxicating liquors are made or
sold
Bowling alleys
Boot-blacking establishment
Operating freight or passenger
elevator
Transmission or distribution of
messages, whether telegraph,
telephone, or any other mesTransmission or distribution of
merchandise
“Any other occupation whatso
ever”
W R L Supp 1904- C Any employee
1908 v 3 p 412; 1908
A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended by 1914
A 186)
W R L Supp 19041908 v 3 p 426; 1904
A 195 s 1,2
W R L 1904 v 1 p D Any employee
992; 1900 A 55 s 2,3
W R L Supp 1904b
1908v 3p 412; 1908
A 155 s 2-3 (as
amended b y 1914
A 186)
A Boy under 16
M A IN E
[14 to 16]
Revised
Statutes
Girl under 18
1903 C 40 s 48 (as
[14 to 18]
am endedby 1911C
65),49 (as amended
b y 1911 C 143), 50
1911C 65 s 2,11
[Female past minor
ity is subject to
provisions tabu
lated in A unless
on voluntary con
tract for extra com
pensation, addi
tional hours not to
exceed 6 in 1 week
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In any city of more than
50.000:
Clerk in retail business or retail
departm ent store or retail
establishment
Retail business where female
labor or female clerks are em
ployed
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Exemptions:
Manufacturing establishment or
business, the materials and
products of which are perish
able and require immediate la
bor thereon to prevent decay
or damage
10
58
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
253
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
1 hour; 30 min
utes on re
quest of twothirds of em
ployees
Same as in A, above
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
. 1. Same as in A, above
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
1 hour
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and assist
ant commissioners
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
30 minutes
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
Exception to hours
per day b ut not per
week:
Overtime allowed
to make repairs to
prevent interrup
tion of ordinary
running of machin
ery, or to make a
shorter day’s work
for 1 day of week
Time lost on pre• vious day of same
week on account of
stopping of machin
ery may be made up
by person losing
same
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor [and in
dustry]
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
254
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
. References
Age
M A I N E — Continued B
[The provisions tab
ulated in A to C,
inclusive, are in
consistent w ith
those of th e later
law given in D to
G, inclusive, and
would be superceded by the lat
ter provisions,b u t
the latter act is
now suspended in
accordance w ith
the constitution
by reason of the
referendum, its C
acceptance or re
jection to be de
termined b y a
vote of the peo
ple i]
Boy m i n o r
over 16
[16 to 21]
Per
day
Per
week
rv
V
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
i)
Girl m i n o r
over 18
118 to 21]
r
■
Establishments same as in A,
above
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
Exemptions:
Manufacturing establishment
or business, the materials and
products of which are perish
able aud require im m ediate
labor thereon to prevent de
cay thereof or damage thereto
Under 16
10
58
9
54
9
Occupations or establishments
same as in D , above
Exemptions:
Same as in D, above
i On Oct. 1,1915, no vote had been taken
.
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
10
Establishments same as in A,
above
D Boy under 16 Manufacturing establishment
Girl of any age Mechanical establishment
Factory
Workshop
L aundry
[The law tabulated
in D to G, inclu
sive, has been sus
pended in accord
ance w ith th e con
stitution by rea
son of the referen
dum,
petitions
requesting
the
same having been
duly filed. Its ac E
ceptance or rejec
tion will be deter
mined by a vote
of the people.1 I:
accepted it w il
supersede the pro
visions tabulated
in A, B, and C
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III
H
I
1905 C 123 s 1 (as
amended by 1915
C 320 S 1), 2 (as
amended by 1915
C 320 s 4)
1911 C 65 s 2,11
1915 C 350s i , 2,3,4,
7,8
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
255
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
More hours permitted
for extra compensa
tion on voluntary
contract made with
consent of parent or
guardian
Exception to hours
per day b u t n ot per
week:
Same as in A,
above, except th at
it is not certain from
the reading of the
law w hether or not
the first exception
applies here
«
•
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
W ithout special con 1. Same as in A, above
tract, exception to 2. Same as in A, above
hours per day same
as in A, above
More hours, not to ex
ceed 6 in 1 week or
60 in 1 year, permit
ted for extra com
pensation, on volun
tary contract made
w ith consent of par
ent or guardian
C
More hours allowed to
make shorter work
day on 1 day of
week
Other e x c e p t i o n s
same as in E below
1. Duty.
State commissioner of labor [and in
dustry]
Agents for the protection of children,
sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, police offi
cers, and constables:
Shall enforce any act concerning
the protection of children
D
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$250
Maximum—$500
6 p. m. to 6.30
a. m.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In case of emergency 1. Same as in D, above
where there is dan 2. Same as in D, above
ger to property, life,
public safety, or
public health, and
m case of extraordi
nary public require
m ent, provisions do
n ot apply to em
ployers engaged in
public service
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
256
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
Boy under 16
Girl of any age
M A IN E—C ontinued
Exemptions
Per
day
I II
Mercantile establishment
Store
Restaurant
Telephone exchange where 3 or
more operators are employed
Telegraph office
Employment by express com
pany
E m p lo y m en t b y tra n sportation
com pany
Exemptions:
Same as in D, above
G Girl of any age
Occupations or establishments
same as in D and F, above,
where 3 or more females are
employed
Exemptions:
Same as in D, above
M ARYLAND
A Under 16
Manufacturing business
Factory
.
; - ...
Mercantile busmess m Baltimore
B
Calling for or delivering mes
sages for telegraph, telephone,
or messenger company
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Annotated Code 1911
v 3 (1914) art 2T
239-241 ,
A C 1911 v 1 (1911)
art 23 s 375, 377;
art 77 s 166
Under 16
A C 1911 v 3 (1914) C Under 18
art 77 s 166; art 100
S 24, 34,37,38,48
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maximum
* hours
In any city of 20,000 or over:
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
in the distribution, transmis
sion, or delivery of goods or
messages
Per
week
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
IV
54
257
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued.
notes on pp. 457-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V III
IX
More hours allowed
between December
17th and 24th, and
during the 8 days
previous to Easter
in millinery shops
or stores
Other e x c e p t i o n s
same as in E, above
1 hour after 6
hours’ w o rk 1
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
F
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
G
1. D uty
~Â~
State bureau of statistics and informa
tion
2. Any offense
Minimum—$100
S p. m. to 8 a. m.
1. Power only
B
Attendance officers:
“ May visit all establishments
where minors are employed * * *
and ascertain whether any minors
are employed therein contrary to
law ” [This provision is found in
the compulsory education law and
is apparently lim ited to certain
counties—See Table 5, note in
column I]
2. Each offense
Minimum—8100 or imprisonment for
to days, or both
Maximum—8500 or imprisonment for
to days, or both
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
Chief of State bureau of statistics and
information
Inspectors of factories, attendance
officers, and other authorized officers
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
2. First offense
Maximum—850
2. Second offense
Maximum—8200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
16J hours without interval allowed if workday ends a t 1.30 p. m.
72485°—10-----17
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
258
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
Occupations or establishments
Age
II
MARYLAND— D
Continued
Girl of any age
A C 1911 v 3 (1914)
art 100 s 51,53-55
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Per
day
III
Exemptions:
Employment in the canning
or preserving or preparing for
canning or preserving of per
ishable fruits and vegetables
Boy under 21
Girl of any age
Employment w ith corporation
or manufacturing company in
corporated under laws of Mary
land, engaged in manufactur
ing cotton or woolen yarns,
fabrics, or domestics
Public Local Laws F
■ 1888 a rt I s 194,195,
196-197(asreenact. ed by 1902 C 124),
200 (as reenacted
by 190? 0124L209q
subsection P (as
added by 1902 C
124)
Workingmen
Mine in Allegany or Garrett
County where 10 or more per
sons are employed in any 24hour period
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
VI
IV
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Printing establishment
B ating establishment
Laundering establishment
A C 1911 v 2 (1911)
a rt 100 s 1-3
A C 1911 v 3 (1914)
art 77 s 166
Per
week
i If any part of work is done before 6 a. m. or after 10 p. m.
Days per
wee'c per
m itted
60
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
259
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne In mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement •
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
Where 3 or more
females a r e
employed, £
hour after 6
hours’ work,
b u t 6 | hours
without in
terval al
lowed if em
ployee is not
permitted to
work remain
der of day
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty:
Dower only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
In Allegany County,
1. D uty
12 hours a day per Female inspector and assistants:
m itted for 6 weeks,
Shall inspect establishments and
“ to meet the exi
cause act to be enforced therein;
gencies of excep
Shall report violations to State’s
tional seasonable de
attorney and grand jury
mands,” in estab
lishments in which
2. First offense
the working-day for Maximum—$100
entire year averages
2. Subsequent offense
not more than 9 Maximum—$1 ,000 or imprisonment for
hours and the en
1 year, or both
tire force is em
ployed on full time
for th e entire year,
and in which for 4
m onths immediate
ly preceding there
has Deen a workingday of less than 9
hours
1. Same as in B, above, includ
ing bracketed note
[For enforcement which would be ap
plicable in so far as these establish
ments are covered by those listed in
A -III, see A-X, above]
D
E
2. Each offense
Minimum —$100
More hours allowed
fc>r extra compensa
tion, on contract
1. D uty
Mine inspector:
Shall inspect in order “ to see th at
all the provisions of this act are
* * * carried out; ”
Shall report violations to county
grand jury, who sh all summon mine
inspector before it at each term of
court
County courts:
. Shall call the enforcement sec
tion to the attention of the grand
jury a t each term of court
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
See also P L L 1888 art 1 s 209p (as
added by 1902 C 124 and amended
by 1904 C 243) for general penalty
apparently applicable]
F
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
260
T able
é.— H O U R S
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
Exemptions
in
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
rv
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
MASSACHU
SETTS
A Under 14
Any occupation
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
B
Under 16
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Barber shop
Bootblack stand or establish
ment
Public stable
Garage
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Telephone exchange
Telegraph office
Messenger office
Construction
or repair of
buildings
Contract or wage-earning indus
try carried on in tenement or
other houses
8
48
6
C
Boy under 18
Girl under 21
Same as in B , above
10
54
6
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Telegraph office
Telephone exchange
Employment by express com
pany
Employment by transportation
company
10
54
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Revised Laws 1902
C 108 s 8 (as
amended by 1907
C 413)
1909 C 514 s 17 (as
amended b y 1912
C 191), 48 (as
amended by 1915
C 57), 49, 51, 56
(as amended by
1913 C 831 s 1), 02
(as amended by
1913 C 779s 20),6871
1912 C 726 s 5,11
1913 C 831 s 8-10,17,
18,20
[The provisions tab
ulated in D are
partially super
seded by the later
law given in C;
those in E are apparently super
s e d e d b y t h e D Boy under 18
Girl of any age
same law except
as to women over
21; those in F ap [See note in col
um n I]
parently a p p l y
only to boys 18 to
21, since hours of
boys under 18
and girls under
21 are further re
stricted by the
provisions in C]
Exemptions:
Manufacturing establishments
where employment is by sea
sons are allowed to extend
hours to 58 per week, aver
aging not more th an 54 per
week for year, excluding Sun
days and holidays
E
Boy under 18
Girl of any age
“ In any capacity for the pur
pose of manufacturing”
[See note in col
um n I]
1 Cases of extraordinary emergency [danger to property, life, public safety, or public health] or extraor
dinary public requirement
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
261
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
6 p. m. to 6.30
a. m.
1 6 p. m. to 6.30
a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in B, below
2. Same as in B, below
A
1. Dutv
Inspectors of'State board of labor and
Indus tries
B
2. First offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or
both
7
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for 30
days, or both
. 2 . Subsequent offense
Mmimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
’
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(Any offense—After notification by
enforcing officer, each day's violation
a separate offense)
10 p. m. to 5 a.
m. (6 p. m. to
5 a. m. in
m a n ufacture
of textiles)
In case of extraordi
nary emergency or
extraordinary pub
lic requirement, pro
visions as to hours
do not apply to
minors over 18 in
occupations furnish
ing public service
1. Same as in B, above
2 . Same as in B , above
In certain cases,1more
1. Same as in B, above
hours allowed in oc
cupations furnish
2. Any offense
ing public service or Minimum—$50
in other business Maximum—$100
where State board
of labor and indus
tries decides that
public necessity or
c o n v e n i e n c e re
quires employment
by shifts
Time (not less than 30
consecutive m i n
utes) lost by stop
ping of machinery
on previous workingday of same week
m ay be made up
[See also Exemptions
in column III)
Same as in C,
above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in B, above
2. Each offense
tfinimum—$20
Maximum—$50
C
D
E
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
262
T a ble
4L— HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
I
M ASSACHU
S E T T S —C o n
tinued
F
Exemptions
II
I II
Under £1
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
in distribution, transmission,
or delivery of goods or mes
sages
[See note in col
um n I]
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
w eei
IV
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
Exemptions:
Delivery to a newspaper office of
messages directly connected
with business of conducting or
publishing a newspaper
G Boy under 18
Girl of any age
Factory or workshop where 5 or
more women or children 14 to
18 are employed
Exemptions:
Iron works, glass works, paper
mill, letterpress establish
ment, print works, bleaching
works, dye works; any other
factory or workshop where
State board of labor and indus
tries with the approval of the
governor decides th at exemp
tion is necessary on account of
continuous processes or spe
cial circumstances, and not
injurious to health of women
or children employed
R L 1002 C ICS s 8 (as n
amended b y 1907
C 413)
1909 C 614 s 17 (as
amended by 1912
C 1911
1912 C ?26 s 5,11
1913 C 619 s 1, 2, 5, 6
Any employee
(3)
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile establishment
(These terms shall not be held to
include any hotel, restaurant,
drug store, livery stable, or
garage, or the manufacture or
distribution of gas, electricity,
milk, or water)
Exemptions:
Certain employees2
M IC H IG A N
Howell’s Annotated
Statutes 1913 s
4017 (as amended
by 1915 No 255),
4026, 4029, 4062
A
Boy under 18 Place where the manufacture of
any kind of goods is carried on
Girl of any age
or where goods are prepared
for manufacturing
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Mill
Warehouse
Workshop
Clothing establishment
Dressmaking establishment
Millinery establishment
L aundry
Store
Shop
Office
Restaurant
10
54
Exemptions:
Preserving perishable goods in
fruit or vegetable canning es
tablishm ent
i 61 hours w ithout interval allowed if workday ends a t 1 p . m.; 7 |, if opportunity for lunch is allowed
during employment and workday ends at 2 p. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
263
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 437-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
I Tight work
prohibited
Exceptions
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
VII
V III
IX
X
10 p.m . to 5 a. m.
30 minutes after
Ghours’work i
In case of extraordi 1. Same as in B, above
nary emergency or 2. Same as in B, above
extraordinary pub
lic requirement, pro
visions do not apply
to minors over 18 in
occupations furnish
ing public service
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in D, above
1. Same as in B , above
F
a
H
2. Pach offense
Eine of $50
1. Duty
State factory, inspectors
1. Power only
Any citizen:
May make complaint
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
00 days, or both
i
j
i
1
1
L
-----------------------
watCum9IU employees engaged in preparation, printing, publication, sale, or delivery of
newspapers, or whose_ Sunday work mcludes only setting sponges in bakeries, caring for live animals
been^antiSpated8’ carmg for machillerjr>or labor entailed by emergency th at could not reasonably have
»24 consecutive hours’ rest per week required.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
264
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[Tn reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
M ICH IG A N — B
Continued
Under 16
Exemptions
III
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
w eek,
IV
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
Manufacturing establishment
Workshop
Mine
Messenger service
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
C
Under 18
D Girl under 18
Transmission, distribution, or
delivery of messages or mer
chandise
Manufacturing establishment
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
M IN N ESO TA
8
Any gainful occupation
A
Under 16
B
Any employee [Any occupation]
48
General S t a t u t e s
1913 s 3819, 38453847
G S 1913 s 3819,3831,
8482
[ Ove r 16—See A,
above]
C1)
Exemptions:
Farm laborers
Domestic servants employed by
week or month
Persons engaged in care of live
stock
G S 1913 S 3819, 8682
C Under 18 (act Labor of any kind “ outside the
family of his residence”
ually or ap
parently)
G S 1913 s 3819,3847,
3849,8482
D Boy under 18
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger company in the distri
bution, transmission, or de
livery of goods or messages
i Standard day’s work for hire shall be 10 hours, unless a shorter time be agreed upon
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
265
OP LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
VTII
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty:
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
6p. m. to 6a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
[1911 A 163 and 1913 A 177 provide for
the appointment of mine inspectors,
but their duties apparently relate
only to safety]
10 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1 . Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
B
2. Same as in A, above
6 p. m. to 6 a. m.
7 p .m . to 7 a. m.
1. D uty
State departm ent of labor and indus
tries .
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
May inspect establishments and
shall report violations to school au
thorities and to State commissioner
of labor
fr
~aT
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
E xtra hours for extra
pay permitted in
case of persons over
14 [But see brack
eted note in column
II]
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. Duty
State departm ent of labor and indus
tries
B
2. Any offense (for violation in
regard to children under 14)
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
3 months
1. Same as in B, above
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
[See G S 1913 s 8482 for maximum pen
alty for misdemeanor, which might
be applicable]
9p . m. to 5 a.m.
_____ ___
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
-
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
3 months
D
266
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T able
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
V
VI
Girl of any age [See note in column I]
Mercantile establishment
Restaurant, lunch room, or eat
ing house, or kitchen operated
in connection therewith
10
58
In any city of the first or
second class:
Telegraph establishment
Telephone establishment
9
54
A Bov under 16 Manufacturing establishment
Mill
[12 to 16]
Girl under 18 Factory
Cannery [See note in column I]
[14 to 18]
8
48
8
48
[See note in column I]
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Exemptions:
tirety, as tabu F
lated i n E , F , and
G, was intended
to apply only to
such cities, and is
not enforced else
where]
G
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
1914 C 164 s i , 2, 4.6,
8,9
IV
Days per
week per
mitted
Employment required in the
canning or preserving of per
ishable fruits, grains; or vege
tables where the period of op
erating an establishment re
quiring such employment
does not exceed 6 weeks
[The absence of a
comma after the
word “ week” in
line 7 of section
3851 makes the
lim itation to cities
of the first or
second class ap
pear to apply only
to telegraph a n d
telephone estab
lishments, as tab
ulated in G, b u t
[1912 C 165 s 9 ,
amending 1908 C
99, w h i c h e x
empted fruit can
neries from the
provisions tabu
lated in A, was
repealed by 1914
C 163 s 8]
Per
week
54
Girl ofany age
G S 1913 s 3819,3851,
3852, 3856, 8482
1908 C 99 ( as
amended by 1912
C 165) s i . 2,6,8
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
1914 C 164 S 9
Per
day
9
M INNESOTA— E
Continued
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
III
II
I
M IS S IS S IP P I
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Girlof any age
Exemptions:
[1914 C 164 repeals these provi
sions in so far as they relate
to “ cotton mills and knitting
m ills” and enacts for such
establishments the provisions
tabulated in B and C, below]
B Bov under 14 Cotton mill
Knitting mill
[12to 14]
Girl under 16
[14 to 16]
1 Additional lunch period of 20 minutes required for employees working more than 1 hour after 6 p. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
GHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
•267
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1 hour,* unless
S t a t e com
missioner o f
labor permits
a shorter time
Exception to hours
per day b u t not per
week:
Time(notless than
30 consecutive min
utes) lost on previ
ous day of same
week, in conse
quence of stopping
of machinery upon
which employee was
employed o r d e
pendent, m ay be
made up
Reapportionment
of hours to m a k e
shorter day’s work
on one day of week
permitted
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in D, above
E
Same as in E ,
above
Exception to hours
per day b ut not per
week:
11 hours on Satur
days permitted in
retail mercantile es
tablishments
Other exceptions same
as in E , above
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in D, above
F
Same as in E ,
above
Same as in E , above
1. Same as in B , above
2. Same as in D, above
G
7 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Duty
State factory inspector
Circuit judge:
Shall specially charge grand jury
to investigate violations
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(Above penalty applies specifically to .
employment only in “ mill, factory
or manufacturing establishment” )
[1912 C 165 s 9, amending 1908 C 99,
which so defined the application of
the act as to make the penalties ap
ply to employment in all the establishments listed in column III, was
repealed by 1914 C 163 s 8]
7 p. m. to 6 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
Same as in A, above, and also,
County sheriff
2. Sameasin A,above,excluding
parenthetical and bracketed notes
B
268
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a b l e é . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the'explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
Maximum
hours
State
References
I
Occupations or establishments
Age
II
Exemptions
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
III
VI
M l S S I S S I P P I - C Any employee Same as in B, above
not included
Continued
in B, above
[Boy over 14]
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
[Girl over 16]
1914 C 164 s 2, 4, 6,
8,9
10
60
D Girl of any age Mercantile establishment
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
Laundry
1914 C 165 s 1-3
[O
ver 18 in such of Millinery [establishment]
V
these employ Dressmaking [establishment]
(This provision shall
ments as are in Store
not be construed
cluded in A -III] Office
to conflict w ith
Theater
1912 C 165—See A,
Telegraph office
above]
Telephone office
Any other occupation not enu
merated above
10
60
Exemptions:
Domestic servant
1912 C 157 s 1 (as E Any employee
amended by 1914
[This provision is
C 169)
applicable only
to such em
[For further amend
ployees as are
m ent to 1912 C 157,
not covered by
approved on same
provisions tabu
date as above
lated in A, B,
am endm ent,
C, and D]
exempting certain
processes if only
m en are employ ed ,
seel912C 157 s l(a s
amended by 1914
C 168 s 1)]
10
Manufacturing [establishment]
Repairing [establishment]
«
1912 C 157 s 2 (as
amended by 1914
C 168)
1914 C 163 s 3, 4
M IS S O U R I
A Under 16
8
Any gainful occupation
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
R e v i s e d Statutes
1909 v i s 1716 (as
amended by 1911
p 132), 1726 (as
added by 1911 p
132)
R S 1909 V 2 S 7824,
7825
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
„
j «60 hours shall constitute a full week’s w ork1
Days per
week per
mitted
48
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
269
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne In mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in B, above, except C
th at duties of factory inspector relate
only to establishments where women
and children are employed
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(Above penalty is incurred for illegal
employment of “ child” )
7 p. m. to 7 a m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In case of emergency
or where public ne
cessity requires
1. Duty
State factory inspector
In case of emergency
or “ where the pub
lic necessity req u i r e s in such
departm ents”
20 minutes overtime
per day allowed for
5 days to make
shorter day’s work
on last day of week
1. Duty
State iactory inspector:
“ Shall enforce the laws of the
State in factories and other es
tablishments where women and
children are employed”
D
2. Each offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 5
days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
E
2. Each offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
1. Duty
A
State iactory inspector:
In cities of 10,000 or over "shall
enforce all laws relating to the in
spection” of factories, warehouses,
freight depots, machine shops,
laundries, tenement workshops,
bakeshops, hotels, restaurants, bowl
ing alleys, theaters, concert halls or
placés of public amusement, and
other manufacturing, mechanical,
and mercantile establishments and
workshops
2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
(Earh day’s violation a separate
offense)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
270
T able 4 . — H O U R S
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Age
References
Occupations or establishments
Exemptions
H
I
M I S S O U R I — B
Girl of any age
Continued
R S 1909 v 2 s 7815
(as reenacted hv
i913 p 400), 7816
(as reenacted by
1911 p 311), 7816a
(as added by 1913
p 401)
III
Manual or physical work,
or stenographic or clerical
work in the following estab
lishments or places:
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Laundry
Bakery
Restaurant
Place of amusement
Employment by any of
the following:
Express or transportation or
public utility business
Common carrier
Public institution
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
Days per
week per
mitted
IV
V
VI
9
54
Exemptions:
Telegraph company
Telephone company
“ ( aiming or packmg plants in
rural communities, or in cities
of less than 10,000 inhabitants
wherein perishable farm prod
ucts are canned, or packed,
shall be exempt ” for 90 days
a year
Mining for minerals, coal, or any
valuable substance, or mak
ing underground excavations
while searching for same
8
R S 1909 v 2 S 7813, D Any employee Mining, mechanical, chemical,
manufacturing, or smelting
7814, 7814a (as
business in mills or plants
added by 1913 p
while engaged in crushing
399)
, 7814b (as
rocks and mine products,
added by 1913 p
smelting, etc.
400)
, 7824, 7825
Silica mining, plate-glass manu
facturing, or smelting business
in mines, mills, factories, or
plants
8
R S 1909 v 2 s 8437,
8438
C Any employee
§§||
R S 1909 v 2 S 7862,
7868, 7869
M ONTANA
Revised Codes 1907
s 1660,1669
1913 C 108 s 1, 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E Any employee
Biscuit, bread, pastry, or cake
bakery or confectionery es
tablishment
F Under 16
Bakeshop or confectionery shop
[B ut see provisions m A,
above]
A
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Telephone exchange room
Office
Telegraph office
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Girl of any age
6
|
9
1
271
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
V III
IX
X |
1. Duty
Department of factory inspection
B
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
1. [No specific provision]
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$500
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in C, above
1. Same as in A, above
D
E
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 1
month, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment, or
both
9p. m. to 5 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10 hours per day al
lowed for 1 week
before Christmas
Overtime allowed for
extra compensation
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
1. Same as in E , above
2. Same as in E , above
F
1. Duty
State bureau of child and animal pro
tection:
Was created “ for the purpose of
enforcing the laws * * * per
taining to children” ;
Has powers of inspection
A
2. Each offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 10
davs, or both
Maximum—J200 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
272
T a ble 4 . — H O U R S
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
M O N T A N A —Con
I II
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Any employee
In any city or town of
3,000 or over:
Telephone operator on any line
of public telephone
9
C
Workingmen
Underground mine or under
ground workings, including
railroad or other tunnel
Smelter, stamp m ill, sampling
works, concentrator, or any
other institution for th e re
duction of ores and refining of
ores or metals
8
A Under 16
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile institution
Factory
Workshop
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
Store
Office
Hotel
Laundry
Packing house
Bowling alley
Passenger or freight elevator
Beet field
Messenger for any of above
Driver for any of above
8
48
B
In metropolitan cities, in
cities of the first class having
more than 40,000 and less than
100,000 inhabitants, in cities
of the first class having less
than 40,000 and more than 25,000 inhabitants, in cities of
the first class having more
than 5,000 and less than 25,000
inhabitants:
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
T aundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Office
Employment by public service
corporation
9,
54
[For similar law
m ating 8 hours a
legal day’s work
in any mine or in
stitution for the
treatm ent of ores
and coal, see R C
1907 S 1739, 1740]
N EBRA SK A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
R evised Statutes
1913 s 3584, 3585
R S 1913 s 3564 (as
amended by 1915
C 71), 3567
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Girl of any age
[Over 16 in such of
these employ
ments as are in
cluded in AIH ]
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
B
tinued
R C 1907 s 1660, 1669
1909 C 75 s 1, 2
Constitution art 18 s
4,5
R C 1907 s 1660,1669,
1736 (as amended
by 1911C 21), 1737,
1738
1911 C 120 s 5
'Exemptions
Maximum
hours
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
274
T
a ble
4 . —HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
III
II
I
NEVADA
Exemptions
A Boy under 16
Girl under 18
1913 C 232 s 7-9
1915 C 203 s 4, 8,9,
13
Any
gainful occupation
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
8
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
48
Exemptions:
Domestic service
‘‘Work on a farm ”
In any incorporated city
or town:
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger company in the dis
tribution, transmission, or
delivery of goods or messages
B
Under 18
Revised Laws 1912
S 6559,6560
1915 C 203 S 4, 8, 9,
13
C
Any employee Mill or other institution wherein
plaster or cement is manu
factured
R L 1912 s 1941,1942
1915 C 203 s 4, 8, 9,
13
D Any employee Employment on or about the
surface or surface workings of
underground mine workings
8.
R L 1912 s 6554-6558
1915 C 203 S 4, 8, 9,
13
E
Workingmen
Underground mine
Underground workings
Smelter or other institution for
the reduction or refining of
ores or metals
Open-pit or open-cut mine
8
NEW
H A M P
S H IR E
A
Under 16
Any gainful occupation
8
11
58
11
58
Exemptions:
Domestic service
“ Work on a farm ”
[See also A -IX]
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Public Statutes 1901
C 93 s 15 (as
amended by 1901
C 61)
1911 C 162 s 5, 6 (as
amended by 1913
C 224 S 2), 16,17,20
1911 C 198 S 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Girl 16 to 18
Occupations same as in A,
above
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above, excluding
bracketed note
[See also B -V III]
C
Under 18
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company,
m the distribution, transmis
sion, or delivery of goods or
messages
i
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
275
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
State labor commissioner
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
10 p. m. to 5 a.m .
'
7 p. m. to 6.30
a. in.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
In case of emergency
1. Same as in A, above
where life is in im
m inent danger or
2. Any offense
product is liable to Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or
loss or damage by
both
delay in treatm ent Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or hoth
C
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in C, above
D
Same as in D, above
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in C, above
E
Boy over 12 may
“ deliver newspaper
routes” between 4
p. m. and 8 p. m.;
boy over 14 after 5
a. m.
1. Duty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, “ whenever he shall deem it
necessary,” prosecute violations of
laws “ regulating the employment
of help”
T ruant officers
State superintendent of public in
struction and State inspectors ap
pointed by him and under his su
pervision
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
7 p. m. to 6.30
a.m . (10p.m.
to 6.30 a. m.
in retail store
or telephone
exchange)
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
10 p .m . to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
276
T able
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
I
II
III
NEW
H A M P
S H I R E —Contin
D Boy under 18
Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Restaurant
Confectionery store
Employment by express com
pany
Employment by transportation
company
A
Under 16
Factory
Workshop
Mill
Place where the manufacture of
goods of any kind is carried on
[See C S 1910 v 3 Labor s 16 p
3023 (as amended by 1914 C
60) and (as amended by 1914
C 236 s 2) for provisions which
may make these regulations
apply also to:
Newspaper plant
Printery
Place where printing is carried
on
Commercial laundry
Mine
Quarry]
8
48
6
B
Under 16
M e r c a n t i l e establishment
(Term shall be “ construed to
apply to any employment of
labor other than a factory,
workshop, mill or other place
where the manufacture of
goods of any kind is carried
on” ) [It is not clear whether
this definition includes news
paper plants, printeries, places
where printing is carried on,
commercial laundries, mines,
and quarries, or whether the
latter are embraced in A,
above]
8
48-
6
ued
P S 1901 C 92 s 18
P S 1901C 93 s 15 (as
amended by 1901
C 61)
1911 C 198 s 2
1913 C 156 s 1 (as
amended by 1915
C 164 s 1),4
1915 C 164 s 2
N EW JE R SE Y
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
[For provision pro
hibiting n i g h t
work 7 p .m . to 6a.
m. to children in
open-air employ
ments on “ age
and working cer
tificates,” tabu
lated in Table 6
because it appears
to apply chiefly to
street trades, b u t
possibly covering
other e m p l o y
ments, see 1914 C
223 s 13,17,18]
Compiled Statutes
1910 v 3 Labor s
16 p 3023 (as
amended by 1914
C 252 s 1), s 24 p
3025 (as amended
by 1914 C 252 s 6),
s 60 p 3034 (as
amended by 1912
C 117), s 61 p 3035
1914 C 236 s 3
1911C 136 s 2,3,6 (as
amended b y '1914
C 253 s 2,3, 6), 15
101
55
1 48
18
1 if employed a t night work, i. e., if any part of employment on more than 2 days per week is between
8 p. m. and 6 a. m. of the following day. This provision applies only to females
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
277
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
X
Provisions do not ap
ply t o mercantile
establishments for 7
days next preceding
Christmas, b ut total
hours for regular
employees shall not
exceed 55 per week
for full year
Time lost through ac
cident in manufac
turing e s t a b l i s h
m ents m ay be made
up, provided hours
of actual labor do
not exceed ten and
one-fourth in 1 day
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Has duties as specified in A, above
T ruant officers:
As to employment under 16 in
manufacturing, mechanical, and
mercantile -establishments, if re
quired by district school board; in
other establishments, as to employ
ment under 16 during school hours
1. Power only
State superintendent of public in
struction or his deputy:
As to employment of minors
lho u r; one and
one-fourth
hours in mer
cantile estab
lishments 2
[See provisions
in D , below]
7 p. m. to 7 a. m.
/
D
2. Any offense
Minimum—850
Maximum—$100
1. Duty
~A~
State commissioner of labor (with
supervision and control over assist
ant and inspectors)
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
; 2. H abitual violation
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment
for 3 years, or both
(Person employing child [contrary to
laws of State incurs maximum pen
alty of fine of $100 or imprisonment
for 1 year,or both—1915C 246s i , 2)
[See provisions
in D , below]
7 p .m . to 7 a. m.
1
-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor, assistant
commissioner, and inspectors of de
partm ent of labor
Attendance officers or other persons
empowered to compel school a t
tendance
Police officers
Other person designated by law to
protect children from cruelty and
neglect
1. Power only
Officer or agent for incorporated so
ciety for the protection of children
from cruelty and neglect
1
2. Same as in A, above
B
278
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
4 .—HOURS
T able
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
I
NEW
m
II
JER SEY — C
Continued
C S 1910 v 3 Labor s
76-78, p p 3038,
3039
Exemptions
Boy under 18
Girl of any age
[ O v e r 16—S e e
later law tabul a t e d i n A,
above]
“ 55 hours shall con
stitute a week’s
work” in these es
tablishments, b ut
specific prohibi
tion of employ
m ent for longer
hours applies only
to persons speci
fied in column II]
Establishment where the man
ufacture of any goods is carried
on (manufacturing establish
ment)
Factory
Workshop
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
VI
>10
55
10
60
Exemptions:
Preserving perishable goods in
fruit-canning establishment
Factory engaged in the manu
facture of glass
[See later law tabu
lated in E, below]
1911 C 273 S 1, 4
D Any employee
Same as in A, above, including
bracketed note
1912 C 216 s 1, 2, 4,
6-10
E
Manufacturing establish m e n t
(any place where articles for
use or consumption are regu
larly made)
Mercantile establishment (any
place where goods, wares, or
merchandise are offered for
sale)
Bakery (all buildings, rooms, or
places where biscuits, pies,
bread, crackers, cakes, and
confectionery are made or
manufactured for sale) [See
also provisions in F and G, bebelow]
Laundry
Restaurant (any place where re
freshments, both food and
drink, and where meals are
served to the publio)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Girl of any age
[Over 16 in such of
these establish
ments as are
covered by
those listed in
A, above]
Exemptions:
Cannery engaged in packing a
perishable product such as
fruits or vegetables
> Only 5 hours perm itted on Saturday
Days per
week per
mitted
279
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne In mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
6p. m. t o7a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
State inspector of factories:
“ Shall investigate” violations re
ported to him or discovered by him
C
2. Each offense
Fine of $100
(Person employing child contrary to
laws of State incurs m axim um pen
alty of fine of $100 or imprisonment
for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
30 minutes after
6 hours’ work
Provision applies to
every workday ex-*
cept Saturday
[See provisions
in C, above]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mercantile establish
ment for the 6 work
ing-days next pre
ceding Christmas
1. [No specific provision]
D
2. First offense
Fine of $100
2. Subsequent offense
Fine of $200
(Person employing child contrary to
laws of State incurs maximum pen
alty of fine of $100 or imprisonment
for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor, assistant
commissioner, or inspectors [of de
partm ent of labor]:
Shall investigate and inspect es
tablishments
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
(Person employing child contrary to
laws of State incurs maximum pen
alty of fine of $100 or imprisonment
for 1 vear, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
280
T a ble
4 ___ HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
NEW
JER SEY —
Continued
1912 C 127 S 6, 7,10,
14,15
[These provisions do
not affect b u t are
“ held in addi
tion” to provi
sions of C S 1910 v
3 Labor s 16 to 60—
See provisions in
A, above]
1911 C 363 s 1-3
F
Exemptions
in
Any employee Place Where biscuits, pies,
bread, crackers, cakes, maca
roni, and other foodstuffs,
confectionery, c a n d y , i c e
cream, or frozen sweets are
manufactured or made for the
purpose of sale
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IY
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
10
1 60
8
48
[Over 16, if these
establishm ents
are covered by
those listed in
A, above—S e e
note in column
I]
G Under 16
Same as in F, above
H Under 21 (in
cities of the
first class)
Under 18 (in
other mu
nicipalities)
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company,
etc., engaged in the distribu
tion, transmission, or deliv
ery of goods or messages or
in the performance of other
service
A Under 16
In any village or city of
3,000 or over:
Mercantile establishment
Business office
Telegraph office
Restaurant
Hotel
Apartm ent house
Theater
Place of amusement
Bowling alley
Barber shop
Shoe-polishing establishment
Distribution or transmission of
merchandise or articles
Distribution or transmission of
messages
Distribution of articles
Sale of articles
N E W M E X IC O
[No provisions]
NEW YORK
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Consolidated Laws
1909 v 3 Labor C 31:
A rt 1 s 2 (as
amended by 1913
C 529, by 1914 C
512, and by 1915
C 650);
A rt 3-a s 51-52
(as added by 1913
C 145);
Art 4 s 56 (as
amended by 1913
C 145), 59 (as
amended by 1913
C 145);
A rt 6 s 77-78 (as
amended by 1912
C 539 and by 1913
C 465), 89, 92, 93-b
(as added by 1913
C 83);
6
i N ot more hours in 1 week permitted than will make an average of 10 hours per day for whole number of
days worked
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION",
281
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
VHI
IX
'x
In case of emergency,
2 hours’ overtime
per day permitted
with extra compen
sation a t usual rate
of pay
Reapportionment of
hours allowed to
make shorter work
day on last day of
week
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
1. Power only
Employee of place covered by act, or
officer or representative of any labor
union in county:
May cause inspection by making
written complaint to State commis
sioner of labor
2. First offense
Fine of $50
2. Subsequent offense
Fine of $100
2. Violation continued after
conviction
Fine of $100
(Person employing child contrary to
laws of State incurs maximum pen
alty of fine of $100 or imprisonment
for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
F
1. Same as in F , above
2. Same as in F , above
G
7 p. m. to 7 a. m.
10 p. m. to 5 a. m. State commissioner of
1. D uty
labor may grant per State commissioner of labor and au
mits under extraorthorized deputies
dinary circum
stances for the de
2. Each offense
livery of telegrams Fine of $100
or telephone mes (Any repetition of a violation a sepa
sages between 10 p.
rate offense)
m. and 5 a. m.
45 m inutes2
6 p. m. to 8 a. m.
State industrial com
mission m ay permit
shorter time for
noonday meal
H
1. Duty
A
State industrial commission:
Has duty of enforcement in cities
of the first or second class;
May investigate and make regula
tions fcr carrying law into effect
Board of health or health commis
sioners:
In cities other than those of the
first or second class, and in
towns and villages
2. First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Third offense
Minimum—$250 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
2Additional lunch period of 20 m inutes required for employees working more than 1 hour after 6 p. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
282
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a b l e 4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
References
Age
I
NEW YORK— B
Continued
Consolidated Laws
1909 v 3 Labor C
31—Continued:
Art 8 s 111 (as C
amended by 1913
C 463);
A rt 12 s 160,161
(as amended by
1914 C 331 and by
1915 C 386), 161-a
(as added by 1910
C 342)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal D
C40:
A rt 120 s 1275 (as
amended by 1913 E
C 349)
(For provision fix
ing m a x i m u m
hours 11 per day,
70 per week, ex
cept th at 15 hours
may be permitted
on l a s t day of
week, and requir
ing th at 1 hour be
allowed for each
m e a l , for boys
over 16 employed
in grocery stores
in cities of the first
class, under maxi
mum penalty of
fine of »500 or imprisonment for 1
year, or both, see
C L 1909 v 4 Public
H ealth s 236-a as
added by 1915 C
343]
Occupations or establishments
Exemptions
Time of work
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
Week per
m itted
II
m
VI
Under 16
Factory (Term includes bakery
or laundry other th an home
laundry where work is done
for family trade)
8
Boy 16 to 18
Occupations or establishments
same asin B, above
9
54
6
6
Exemptions:
Canning or preserving perish
able products in fruit and can
ning establishments between
June 15 and Oct. 15
Girl 16 to 18
Same a s in B, above
9
54
6
Girl 18 to 21
Occupations or establishments
same as in B, above
9
54
6
Exemptions:
Same as in C, above
Girl over 18
Canning or preserving perish
able products in fruit and c anning establishments between
June 15 and Oct. 15
10
60
6
G Girl over 21
Occupations or establishments
same a sin B, above
9
54
6
9
54
6
F
Exemptions:
Same as in C, above
Same as in B, above
H
Girl over 21
I
Any employee Same as in B, above
J
Girl over 16
K Under 21
In any village or city of
3,000 or over:
Mercantile establishment
In any city of the first or
second class:
Messenger for a telegraph or
messenger company in the
distribution, transmission, or
delivery of goods or messages
i Additional lunch period of 20 minutes required for employees working more than 1 hour after 6 p. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
283
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
5 p .m . to 8 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
State industrial commission
B
2. Same as in A, above
12 midnight to
4 a. m.
1 additional hour per
m itted on 5 days of
week in order to
make a shorter day
or holiday on 1 of
the 6 working-days;
or irregularly on 3
days per week
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
9p. m. to 6a. m.
Same as in C, above
1. Same as in B , above
2. Same as in A, above
D
9p. m. to 6a. m.
Same as in C, above
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
E
State industrial com
mission m ay permit
12-hour day and 66hour week between
June 25 and Aug. 5 if
said c o m m i s s i o n
finds th a t such em
ployment is required
by the needs of the
industry and can be
perm itted without
serious injury to the
health of women
employed
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
F
Same as in C, above
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
G
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
H
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
I
10 p. m. to 7 a. m. Employment between
Dec. 18 and Dec. 25
or for 2 days a t any
tim e during j e a r
for purpose of stock
taking
More hours permitted
in order to make a
shorter workday on
1 or more days of
week
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
J
10 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
K
10 p.m . to 6 a. m.
60 m inutes1
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
284
T a ble
4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
Exemptions
I II
II
I
NEW Y O RK — L
Continued
C L 1909 v 4 Public
H ealth C 45:
A rt 11 s 236 (as
amended b y 1914
C 514), 240 subdi
vision
9
(as
amended by 1910
C 422, by 1911 C
630, and by 1915
C 502)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal
C 40: '
A rt 174 s 1937
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
N Any employee
Employment by person or cor
poration contracting with the
State or w ith a municipal
corporation
C L 1909 v 3 Labor O Any employee
C31:
A rt 1 s 2 (as
amended b y 1913
C 529, by 1914 C
512, and by 1915 C
650);
Art 2 s 8-a (as
added by 1913 C
740 and amended
by 1914 C 388 and
396, and by 1915
C 321, 357, and
648), 21;
A rt ¿-a s 51-52
(as added by 1913
C 145);
A rt 6 s 92;
A rt 8 s 111 (as
amended by 1913
C 463)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal
C 40:
A rt 120 s 1275 (as
amended by 1913
C 349)
Factory (Termincludes bakery
or laundry other th an home
laundry where work is done
for family trade)
Mercantile establishment
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
70
A ny employee Apprentice or employee in
pharmacy or drug store
C L 1909 v 3 Labor M Any employee Maying brick in brickyard
owned or operated by corpora
C 31:
tion
A rt 2 s 5,21;
A rt 3-a s 51-52
(as added b y 1913
C 145)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal
C 40:
A rt 120 s 1271
C L 1909 v 4 Penal
C 40:
Art 120 s 1271
Maximum
hours
(1\
(2)
8
(5)
Exemptions:
Certain employees4
s
11 afternoon and evening off in each week; in addition, ! full day off in 2 consecutive weeks
a 10 hours a legal day’s work, or 8 hours if contract is w ith a State or municipal corporation
»Work before 7 a. m. shall not be required
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
285
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
6 hours’ overtime per
m itted for purpose
of making shorter
succeeding
week;
b ut aggregate in any
such 2 weeks shall
not exceed 132 hours
( 3)
Overtime and work
before 7 a. m. per
mitted for extra
compensation
by
agreement between
employer and em
ployee
State industrial com
mission, if practical
difficulties or un
necessary hardships
result from carrying
out provisions, may
m a k e variations
from requirements
provided spirit of
the act is observed
and substantial jus
tice done
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. [No specific provision]
L
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—S500 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
1. Duty
State industrial commissioner
M
2. Each offense
Minimum—$500
Maximum—$1,000
(If offender is a person contracting
with the State or w ith a municipal
corporation, contract shall be re
voked 2
1. [No specific provision]
2. Each offense
Minimum—$500
Maximum—$1,000
(In addition, contract shall be for
feited at the option of the municipal
corporation)
N
1. Same as in M, above
2. Same as in A, above
O
J i t t e r ; watchman; employee whose duties include not more than. 3 hours’ work on Sunday in i l l
111 bakene?> (2) caring for live animals, (3) m aintaining fires, (4) necessary repairs to
boilers or machinery; superintendent or foreman in charge; any employee engaged in industrial or manuProcess necessarily continuous, in which no employee is permitted to work more th an 8 hours a
-P,erl0<^
rotation made not oftener than once each week; any employee in dairy,
creamery, milk condensary, milk-powder factory, milk-sugar factory, milk-shipping sta tio n /b u tter aim
are empfoyeZ’ ^
milk"bottlmS Plant; ice-cream manufacturing plant where not more th an 7 persons
624 hours’ rest required in every 7 consecutive days
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
286
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
NORTH
L IN A
CARO
A Under 16
Exemptions
I II
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
Manufacturing establishment
Mill
Factory
Pell’s Révisai of 1908
Supplement 1913 C
45a s 1981ee(2).
1981ee(4),1981ee(5)
(For earlier law, per
haps superseded
by the provisions
tabulated in A.
prohibiting night
work 8 p. m. to 5
a. m. for child un
der 14,see P R 1908
C 45a s 1981(e) and
P R 1908 C 45a s
1981d and C 81 fol
lowing S 3362-3364
(as reenacted by
1915 C 148 s 3)]
P R 1908 Supp 1913 B
C 45a s 1981c (as re
enacted by 1915 C
148 s3)
P R 1908 C 45a s
1981d and C 81 fol
lowing S 3362-3364
(as reenacted by
1915 C 148 s 3)
N O R TH DAKOTA
Any minor
Girl of any age
A Under 16
60
Factory
, .....
.
Manufacturing establishment
Exemptions:
In any such establishment, engi
neer, fireman, machinist, su
perintendent, overseer, section
hand, yard hand, office man,
watchman, or repairer of
breakdowns
Any gainful occupation
8
Compiled Laws 1913
s 1410,1411,1413
[For law penalizing
employer for per
m itting child un
der 14 to work
more than 10
hours per day in
manufactory or
workshop, etc., see
C L 1913 S 10246.
B ut see also Table
1, A, for minimum
age of 14 in factory
or workshop]
C L 1913 S 10246
[The provision tabu
lated in B pro
hibits only “ com
pelling”
more
hours of labor]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boy under 18 Manufactory
Girl of any age Workshop
Other place used for mechanical
or manufacturing purposes
[See note in col
um n I]
B
10
48
287
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
9p. m. to 6 a.m .
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
County superintendent of public
schools:
Must investigate violations and
report same to the solicitor of the
judicial district in which they
occurred
A
2. Any offense
Violation a misdemeanor [See P R
1908 C 81S 3293]
1. [No specific provision]
B
2. Any offense
Violation a misdemeanor punishable
at the discretion of the court [See
P R 1908 C 81 s 3293]
[See note in column I]
7 p .m . to 7 a.m .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
~A~
Peace officers:
May inspect mines, factories,
workshops, and mercantile estabments;
Shall report cases of illegal em
ployment therein to school board
or board of education;
May make complaint
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint
2. Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
1. [No specific provision]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
[See note in column I]
B
288
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
T
a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
O H IO
B
Boy under 18
[16 to 18]
Girl under 21
[18 to 21]
C
Boy under 18 Messenger in connection wfth
telephone, telegraph, or mes
senger office or company
P & A A G C 1912 D Girl over 18
s 871-24 (as added
by 1913 p 95), 1008
(as amended by
1913 p 555), 1011.
7771 (as amended
by 1914 p 225),
12986
[For maximum of 6
days per week and
regulation of night
work for girls un
der 21, with a
different penalty,
in certain similar
establishments,see
provision in B, E Girl ofany age
above, which oc
curs m law ap
proved same date
as th at tabulated
in D and E]
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
“ Tenement house, manufactory
or workshop”
Store
Office
Office building
Restaurant
Boarding house
Bakery
Barber shop
Hotel
Apartment house
Bootblack stand or establish
ment
Public stable
Garage
Laundry
Place of amusement
Club
Driver
Brick or lumber yard
Construction or repair of build
ings
,
Distribution, transmission, or
sale of merchandise
Transmission of messages
Boy under 16
[15 to 161
Girl under 18
[16 to 18]
Page and Adams’
Annotated Gener
al Code 1912 s 87124 (as added by
1913 p 95), 12993 (as
amended by 1913
p 864), 12996 (as
amended by 1913
p 864), 12996-1 (as
amended by 1913
p 864), 13007-7 (as
added by 1913 p
864), 13007-9 (as
added by 1913 p
864)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III
A
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
[For p r o v i s i o n s
which originally
prescribed i hour
mealtime after 5
hours’ work for
boy under 15 and
girl under 16 in
m a n y e m p lo y
ments, b u t which
as printed in the
1913 law appar
ently ha ve no defi
nite application,
see P & A A G C
1912 s 12997]
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Same as in A, above
Factory
Workshop
Telephone office
Telegraph office
Millinery establishment
Dressmaking establishment
Restaurant
Distribution or transmission of
messages
Mercantile establishment (lo
cated in any city)
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
8
48
6
10
54
6
10
54
Exemptions:
Cannery or establishment en
gaged in preparing for use
perishable goods
Factory
Workshop
Business office
Telephone office
Telegraph office
Restaurant
Bakery
Millinery establishment
Dressmaking establishment
Mercantile establishment
Other establishments
Exemptions:
Same as in D, above
1In establishments 'where lunch rooms are provided
■
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
289
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
vm
IX
[See note in
column I]
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. D uty
Factory inspectors [State industrial
commission]
T ruant officers
Other officers charged with enforce
m ent of laws relating to employment
of minors
1 . Power only
Any person:
May piosecute violations
A
2 . F irst offense
Minimum —$5
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum —$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Third offense
Minimum —$200 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
[See note in
column I]
10 p .m . to 6 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
[See note in
column I]
9p. m. t o 6 a.m .
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. D uty
State industrial commission
T ruant officers
D
[See provisions
in È , below]
2 . Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$200
(Any person convicted of a violation
of any law relating to employment
of minors, who again violates any
such law, shall be imprisoned for
not less than 10 nor more than 30
days)
30 minutes i
1 h o u ra
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D , above
-------- ------------------------2In establishments where it is impracticable to provide lunch rooms
72485°—15-----19
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
290
T a ble
4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of w ark
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
O H IO —Continued
I II
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
A Under 16
8
Any gainful occupation
Exemptions:
[For public exhibi
tions, see Table 7]
Agriculture
Domestic service
Revised Laws 1910 s
3728, 3732, 3733,
3742,3745
B
Constitution art 23 C
s4
R L 1910 s 3951,3952,
4005, 4014
R L 1910 S 3703 (as
amended by 1911
C 128 s 1)
1915 C 148 S 1, 2, 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boy under 16
Girl under 18
Factory
Factory-workshop
Theater
Bowling alley
Pool hall
Steam laundry
Any occupation [not prohibited
bylaw to boys under 16 or girls
under 18; see Table 1, C to E]
which is injurious to health or
morals or especially hazardous
to life or limb—See Table 1, B
18
Any employee Underground in any mine
D Girl of any age
9
The following, in cities of
5,000 or over:
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Bakery
Hotel
Restaraunt
Office building
Warehouse
Telephone establishment
Office
Printing establishment
Bookbindery
Theater
Showhouse
Place of amusement
Exemptions:
Registered pharmacist
Nurse
Stenograher
l “ 8 hours shall constitute a day’s work”
'
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
[ P o w e r of [State industrial commission
may regulate hours of labor
commission
of employees in every employ
e x te n d s
m ent and place of employment
over all em
<‘with regard to the health and
ployees]
welfare of * * * employees
to such extent as the nature
of the employment will reason
ably perm it, not inconsistent
w ith law ”]
F
P & A A G C 1912
s 871-21 (as added
by 1913 p 95)
OKLAHOM A
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
48
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
291
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp.467-475 should be borne In mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
V III
IX
1 hour
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
[See column III]
F
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
6 p .m . to 7a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
In case of emergency
1. Duty
District mine inspectors, under super
vision and control of State mine
inspector
IT"
C
■ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred for “ neg
lect, failure or refusal to perform any
of the duties required b y ” the chap
ter which includes this provision)
•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In tim e of great dis
1. D uty
aster, calamity, or State commissioner of labor:
epidemic, telephone
Shall carry into effect all laws in
establishments may
relation to labor, in regard to trans
work operators, with
portation, mechanical, and m anu
their consent, for
facturing industries
more hours, pro
vided double pay is
2. Any offense
given for overtime
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 5
In case of emergency in
days, or both
hotels or restaurants, Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
10 hours allowed
30 days, or both
with e m p lo y e e ’s
consent provided
double pay is given
for overtime
D
292
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
n
I
OREGON
A Under 16
Lord’s Oregon Laws
1910 s 4121 (as
amended by 1911
C 243), 5016, 5026
(as amended by
1911 C 138), 50325033 (as amended
by 1911 C 138),
5036a (as amended
by 1911 C 138)
[See note in col
um n I]
Exemptions
III
Any occupation
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
VI
6
10
[See F , below, and
footnote, for rul
ings of industrial
welfare commis
sion which affect
these regulations]
B
L O L 1910 s 5016,
5037,5039
[See F , below, and
footnote, for rul
ings of industrial
welfare commis
sion which affect
these regulations]
Under 18
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger company or anyone en
gaged in such a business in the
distribution, transmission, or
delivery of goods or messages
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
[See note in col-, Telegraph establishment or
office
um n I]
Telephone establishment or
office
Employment by express com-
C
Girl of any age
10
[Over 16—See pro
visions in A,
above]
Employment by transportation
company
L O L 1910 s 5016
1913 C 102 s 1-3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D Any employee Manufacturing establishment
Mill
[For regulations Factory
governing child
Exemptions:
under i6, and
female in manu Watchman
facturing and
mechanical es
ta b lis h m e n ts ,
see provisions
in A and C,
above]
10
Days per
week per
mitted
60
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
293
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V III
IX
30 minutes
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
•
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor statistics
and inspector of factories and work
shops:
Has duties as specified in C, below
T ruant officers (in counties of less than
100,000):
Snail see th a t the child labor law
is enforced
State board of inspectors of child labor
or deputy of said board:
May inspect factories, workshops,
and mercantile establishments;
Shall report violations therein to
school authorities and to district
attorney
A
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$25
2. Second offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
2 . Subsequent offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—Imprisonment for 30 days
10 p.m . to 5 a.m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor statistics
and inspector of factories and work
shops:
Shall cause the enforcement of all
laws regulating th e employment of
children, minors, and women; all
laws established for th e protection
of th e health, lives, and limbs of
operatives in factories, mills, and
other places; and all laws enacted
for the protection of th e working
classes
B
C
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
In case of employee
engaged in making
necessary repairs
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in im m in en t
danger
3 hours per day addi
tional perm itted if
overtime is paid for
a t the rate of tim e
and one-half th e
regular wage
1. Same as in C, above
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$500
(Each day’s violation a separate of
fense)
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
294
T a ble
4 . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
n
I
O R E G O N —Con
tinued
E
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
8
Exemptions:
Mine in first stages of develop
ment, such as tunnel work to
a length of 200 feet, or shaft
work to a depth of 150 feet
Any surface excavation
[Power of com [Industrial welfare commission
may fix standard hours and
mission ex
conditions of labor, b ut no
tends over
order of the commission shall
minors un
permit employment for more
der 18 and
hours than the maximum now
women]
fixed by law or at any times or
under any conditions now pro
hibited by law ]1
1913 C 62 S 1-20
F
P E N N S Y L V A N IA
A Under 16
[14 to 16]
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
1915 Pamphlet Laws
286 s 1, 4, 6, 17,
23, 24
1897 P L 112 s 1
I II
Any employee Underground mine yielding gold,
silver, copper, lead, or other
metal
L O L 1910 s 5058,
5059
[The act tabulated
in A and B is in'
effect Jan. 1,1916]
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
Any establishment (Any place
where work is done for com
pensation of any kind, to
whomever payable)
Any occupation
9
51
Exemptions:
Farm work
Domestic service in private
homes
Under 21
Messenger for telephone, tele
graph, or messenger company
m the distribution, collection,
transmission, or delivery of
goods or messages
C Under 18
Bakehouse [See provisions in D ,
below]
B
1 The commission has made the following regulations: For girl under 18 in any m anufacturing or mer
cantile establishment, millinery, dressmaking, or hairdressing shop, laundry, hotel, or restaurant, tele
phone or telegraph establishment or office, m axim um hours 84 per day, 50 per week, and work prohibited
after 6 p. m.; for women [over 18] in any industry, maximum hours 54 per week, and in mercantile, manu
facturing, or laundry establishment their work is prohibited after 8.30 p. m ., telephone or telegraph com
panies, confectionery establishments, restaurants, and hotels being exempted from this hour of dismissal.
The following regulations apply to the employment of women workers [over 18] in the city of Portland:
Manufacturing establishments, m aximum nours 9 per day, 54 per week, and f hour mealtime required;
in mercantile establishments, maximum hours 8J per day, 50 per week, and work prohibited after 6 p. m.;
in any office or a t office work if employee is “ experienced,” maximum hours 51 per week. Exception:
The employment of adult women [over 18] in fruit and vegetable canning and packing establishments is
permitted (with extra pay) for not more than 10 hours per day or 60 hours per week for 6 weeks between
May 1 and Dec. 1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
295
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in inind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
8p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Same as in C, above'
E
2. Any offense
Minimum—850 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
[See column III]
F
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and in
dustry
Attendance officers
Police officers
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment'for
10 days, or both
8p . m .to 6 a . m.
1. Same as in A, above
B
1. [No specific provision]
2. [No specific provision]
C
2. Same as in A, above
9 p. m. to 5 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H IL D LA BO R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
296
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
(In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
P E N N S Y L V A- D
NIA—Continued
Exemptions
I II
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
rv
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
Any minor
Girl of any age
Biscuit, bread, pie, or cake
bakery, pretzel or macaroni
establishment
12
60
Any minor
Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile industry
Laundry
Workshop
Renovating works
Printing office
12
60
1901 P L 68 s 1, 11;
S t e w a r t ’ s Purdon’s Digest 1903
v 1 p 397
1901 P L 322 s 1, 2;
S P D 1903 v 2 p
1603
E
[The provisions tab
ulated in E are in
large part super
seded b y the later
laws given in A,
above, and in G,
below]
1905 P L 352 s 1; S P F
D Supp 1905-1909
V 5 p 5482
1905 P L 352 s 9; S P
D Supp 1905-1909
v 5 p 5484
1905 P L 352 S21; S P
D Supp 1905-1909
v 5 p 5486
1905 P L 352 s 23;
S P D Supp 19051909 v 5 p 5487
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any employee Any establishment (Establish
m ent shall mean any place
other than where domestic,
coal mining, or farm labor is
employed; where men,women,
or children are engaged and
paid a salary or wages by any
person, firm, or corporation,
and where such men, women,
or children are employees in
the general acceptance of that
term)
[For meal-time provisions ap
plying to certain establish
ments and to coal mines, found
in laws apparently superseded
in other respects by later leg
islation, see 1909 P L 283 s 5;
S P D Supp 1905-1909 v 5 p
5606,1909 P L 283 s 11; S P D
Supp 1905-1909 V 5 p 5607 (as
amended by 1913 P L 69),
and 1909 P L 375 s 2; S P D
Supp 1905-1909 v 5 p 5680 (as
amended by 1911 P L 537),
1909 P L 375 s 7; S P D Supp
1905-1909 v 5 p 5681 (as amend
ed by 1913 P L 70)]
i Shorter tim e allowed for good cause, by chief factory inspector
-
297
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
V III
IX
[See provisions
in 0 , above]
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
x
1. [No specific provision]
D
2. First offense
Minimum —$20
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
10 days
-. 2. Third offense
Minimum—$250 and imprisonment
Maximum—Fine and imprisonment
for 30 days
1. [No specific provision]
E
2. Any offense
Maximum—$500
1 h o u r1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Power only
State commissioner of labor and in
dustry and his deputies
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for
10 days
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
60 days
F
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
298
T able
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
Maximum
hours
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
PEN N SY LV A
NIA—Continued
G
1913 P L 1024 s 1. 3
(as amended by
1915 P L 709), 47,16,18
Exemptions
III
Girl of any age Any establishment. (Any place
where work is done for com
pensation of any sort, to
whomever payable)
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
10
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
54
»6
Exemptions:
W ork in private homes
Farming
Females engaged in the canning
of fruit and vegetable prod
ucts
Nurses in hospitals
H
Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Exemptions:
Manager, superintendent, or
person doing clerical or steno
graphic work
I
Girl under 21
Occupations or establishments
same as in G, above
Exemptions:
Telephone operator
years of age
J
Girl of any age
over
18
Occupations or establishments
same as in G, above
P H IL IP P IN E
ISL A N D S
[No provisions]
1 One day of holiday in 7 m ay be subdivided into 2 days of 12 hours each, for employees m any hotel,
boarding house, or charitable, educational, or religious institution, in the discretion of the industrial
board of the departm ent of labor and industry
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H I L D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
*
299
OF LABOR—Continued.
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
V III
IX
X
Exception to hours
per day b u t not per
week:
More hours allow
ed, not to exceed 2
per day, on 3 days of
week in which a
legal holiday occurs
Overtime perm it
ted, not to exceed 2
hours per day, to
make up tim e lost
on previous days of
same week on ac
count of stopping of
machinery, for not
less than 30 consec
utive minutes, be
cause of alteration,
repairs, or accidents
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and in
dustry and his deputies
G
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
- 2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(Any offense—After notification by
enforcing officer, each day’s viola
tion a separate offense)
10 p.m . to 6 a.m .
1. Same as in G, above
2. Same as in G, above
H
9p .m . to 6 a.m .
1. Same as in G, above
2. Same as in G, above
I
1. Same as in G, above
2. Same as in G, above
J
45 minutes 3
2 Shorter period, not less than 30 minutes, allowed where employment is for less than 8 hours per day
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
300
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
Exemptions
II
III
A
Under 16
Agricultural factory [For pro
vision of 8 hours on agricul
tural estate, w ith exceptions,
see provisions in B, below]
Manufacturing establishment
[For 7 hours in any establish
m ent, by terms of later law,
see provisions in C, below]
B
Under 16
Agricultural estate
I
P O R T O R IC O
Maximum
hours
Revised. S t a t u t e s
and Codes 1911 s
1780
[The provisions tab
ulated in A pro
hibit compelling
more hours of
labor]
1913 No 42 s 1 (as
amended by 1913
E x t r a ordinary
Session No 139), 5
(as amended by
1913 Extraordi
nary Session No
139), 12-14
1913 Extraordinary
Session No 139 s 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
VI
16
8
48
7
42
8
48
Exemptions:
Children 10 to 16 who are em
ployed in picking or gathering
coffee or in planting, picking,
or tending in the field any
agricultural or horticultural
products in company with or
under the direct personal su
pervision of their parents,
guardians, or relatives over 16
years of age
Under 16
Any establishment (“ Estab
lishm ent” includes all build
ings, factories, workshops,
stores, or other places of a like
kind where any lucrative
occupation exists) [For defi
nition of lucrative occupation,
see Table I, A]
D Under 16
Any lucrative occupation [For
definition of lucrative occu
pation, see Table 1, A]
C
Exemptions:
Same as in B, above
E
Girl of any age
Occupations or establishments
same as in D, above
Exemptions:
Girls over 16 employed as stenoggraphers, typewriters, office
assistants, telephone or tele
graph operators, or as nurses
or domestics
Other exemptions same as in B,
above
1 3 hours in the morning and 3 in the afternoon
Days per
week per
mitted
301
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. [No specific provision]
A
2. Each offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment
Maximum—$15 or imprisonment for 30
days
[See note in column I]
[See provisions
in D, below]
1. Duty
Porto Rican Bureau of Labor
B
2. First offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
[See provisions
in D, below]
1, Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
C
6p. m .to 6 a . m.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
D
10 p; m. to 6 a. m. Exception to hours
per day b ut not per
week:
1 additional hour
per day perm itted if
double pay is given
for overtime
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
E
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
302
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a b l e é . — HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or'establishments
References
Age
II
R H O D E IS L A N D
A Under 16
[14 to 16]
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
General Laws 1909
C 78 s 1 (as
amended by 1915
C 1253), 2, 3 (as
amended by 1910
0 576), 12
Exemptions
I II
VI
IV
Manufacturing establishment
Factory
Business establishment
(Every person, firm, or corpora
tion employmg any child un
der 16 is subject to these pro
visions, whatever the busi
ness conducted)
Exemptions:
Household service
Agricultural pursuits
Rope or wire walking, or em
ployment as gymnast, wrest
ler, contortionist, equestrian
performer, or acrobat, rider
upon bicycle or mechanical
contrivance, or in dancing,
theatrical, or musical exhibi
tion
Boy under 16
Girl of any age
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Business establishment
G L 1909 C 78 s 3 (as C
amended by 1910
C 576), 32-33 (as
added by 1912 C
814)
Under 21
Messenger for a telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
m the distribution, transmis
sion, or delivery of goods or
messages
A Under 16
[12 to 16]
Factory
Textile manufactory
Mine
1912 No 405 s i , 2,5
B
Under 18
[14 to 18]
In any city of 5,000 or over:
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
m the distribution or delivery
of goods or messages
1912 Crim C C 16 s
430 (as amended
by 1914 No 262)
C
Girl of any age
Mercantile establishment
CARO
Days per
week per
mitted
Per
week
Per
day
G L 1909 C 78 s 15
G L 1909 C 249 S 22
(as amended by
1915 C 1218), 23 (as
amended by 1913
C 912)
SO U TH
L IN A
Maximum
hours
54
1912 Criminal Code
C 16 s 423, 424
1912 Civil Code C 19
art 11 s 868
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12
60
303
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
VIII
IX
8 p .m . to 6 a . m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. D uty
State factory inspectors
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$500
1. Same as in A, above
B
2. Each offense
Maximum—$20
10 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
C
2. First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
8p. m. to 6a. m.
Employment until 9
1. Power only
p. m. permitted to State commissioner of agriculture,
make up time lost
commerce, and industries, his agents
because of tempor
and inspectors:
ary shutdown on ac
May inspect factories and other
count of accident or
establishments ;
breaking down of
May make investigation as to em
machinery
ployment of children and women
A
2. Each offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days
10 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. D uty
State commissioner of agriculture,
commerce, and industries
B
2. Same as in A, above
After 10 p. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State commissioner of agriculture,
commerce, and industries, his agents
and inspectors:
“ The enforcement of this law is
placed in the hands of” above offi
cials
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 10
days
Maximum—$40 or imprisonment for
30 days
C
304
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
Exemptions
I
II
III
S O U T H CAROL IN A—Continued
D Any employee
Cotton or woolen manufactur
ing establishment engaged in
the manufacture of yarns,
cloth, hosiery, and other
products for merchandise
1912 Crim C C 16 s
421
1912 Civ C C 19 art
11 s 868
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
TV
V
11
VI
60
Exemptions:
In any such establishment, me
chanic, engineer, fireman,
watchman, teamster, yard
employee, or member of cler
ical force
1 10
[See note in col
umn I]
Manufactory
Workshop
Other place used for mechanical
or manufacturing purposes
B
Any occupation
(2)
S O U T H DAKOTA A
Revised Codes 1903
Penal s 764
1913 C 240 s 4
Under 14
[For provision pro
hibiting employ
m ent under 14 m
factory or work
shop, except on
poverty permit,
when hours are
specified in per
mit, see Table 1,
A, and Tables 2
and 3, B]
1913 C 240 s 1, 4
[In case perm it is
issued for child
under 14 in cer
tain occupations,
for which see Ta
ble 2, B, it au
thorizes his em
ployment “ with
in certain hours,
to be fixed there
in»]
1913 C 240 s 2, 4, 8
Boy under 14
Girl of any age
Exemptions:
[See provision of
the same act
tabulated in C,
below]
Farm labor
Domestic service
Care of live stock
C
Any occupation
Under 16.
10
[See provision of
the same act
tabulated in B,
above]
R C 1903 Penal s 764
1913 C 240 s 4
D Boy under 18
Girl of any age
Same as in A, above
8 10
1 This provision prohibits “ perm itting” more hours of labor
2 “ Standard day’s work shall not exceed 10 hours”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Days per
week per
mitted
60
305
C H IL D LA BO E L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne ia mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
Time lost (not to ex
1. Same as in A, above
ceed 60 hours per an
num ) on account of
2. Each offense
accident or other un Minimum—$25 or imprisonment
avoidable cause may Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
be made up
30 days
(Above penalty is incurred for enter
ing into or enforcing contracts for
longer hours)
D
1. [“ Every factory, workshop, ~A~
mine, mercantile establishment or
other place in or in connection with
which children are engaged at labor
of any kind, shall a t all times be
subject to visitation by the county
superintendent of schools” ]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer who shall “ perm it” more
hours of labor)
1. Same as in A, above
B
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer who shall “ compel” more
hours of labor)
(A proviso to the sec
1. Same as in A, above
tion here tabulated
p e rm its em ploy
2. Any offense
m ent until 10 p. m. Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or
on Saturdays and
both
for 10 days before Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
Christmas, b ut it is
30 days, or both
not clear whether or
not this proviso per
m its overtime work]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer who shall “ compel” more
hours of labor)
8This provision prohibits only “ compelling” more hours of labor
72485°—15----- 20
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
D
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N
306
T able
é .—HOURS
[Tn reading this analysis, the explanatory
—--------
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
TENNESSEE
A
1913 First E x tra Ses
sion C 12 s 1-2 (as
amended b y 1915
C 144), 3,7
1915 C 176 s 1
[For earlier law pro
viding 60 hours in
“ m an u factu rin g
establishm ents^”
see provisions m
C, below]
Exemptions
III
Boy under 16 Factory
Workshop
[14 to 16]
Girl ofany age (“ T heterm ‘workshops and fac
tories’ * * * shall include
[Over 14]
the following: Manufacturing,
mills, mechanical, electrical,
mercantile, a rt and launder
ing establishments, printing,
telegraph and telephone of
fices, departm ent stores, or
any kind of an establishment
wherein labor is employed or
machinery is used” )
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
(x)
VI
57
Exemptions:
Domestic service
Agricultural pursuits
F ruit and vegetable canning
factories
B
1909 C 124 s 1
1911 C 57 s 1 (as
amended by 1913
First E xtra Ses
sion C 47), 6
1913 C 11 s 2, 3 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 4, 5 (as
amended by 1915
C 170),6,7,9
1915 C 172 s 1
Under 16
[14 to 16]
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Laundry
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Distribution or transmission of
merchandise
Distribution or transmission of
messages
Exemptions:
F ruit and vegetable canning
factories
C
1907 C 308 s 3, 4
1909 C 124 s 1
1913 C 11 s 2, 3 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 4, 5 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 6, 7, 9
Boy under 16
Girl ofany age
D Under 18
1909 C 124 S 1
1911 C 57 s 4, 6
1913 C 11 s 2, 3 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 4. 5 (as
amended by 1915
C 170), 6,7, 9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Manufacturing establishment
[But in so far as such estab
lishment is covered by the
term “ factory” or “ work
shop.” the later provisions
tabulated in A, above, apply]
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger company in the distri
bution, transmission, or de
livery of goods or messages
i Less than 101 hours
60
p
Days per
week per
mitted
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
307
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities- -Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
VIII
IX
X
10} hours per day perm itted only for the
purpose of provid
ing 1 short day in
the week
1. D uty
State departm ent of workshop and
factory inspection
6 p. m. to 6 a. m.
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
1. D uty
Chief State mspector of “ workshops
and factories":
»
Shall enforce all laws relating to
“ workshops and factories" (Term
includes manufacturing, mechanical
and mercantile establishments, tele
graph and telephone offices, or any
km d of an establishment wherein
labor is employed or machinery
used);
,
J
Has full power to enforce all labor
laws except those relating to mining
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$250
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
10p.m. to5a.m .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
308
T able
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
References
I
TEXAS
Occupations or establishments
Age
Exemptions
II
III
A Girl of any age
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Mill
Factory
Workshop
Mine
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Rooming house
Theater
Moving picture show
Barber shop
Telegraph office
Telephone office
Office
Employment by express com
pany
Employment by transportation
company
. ; . ...
Employment by state mstitu-
Revised Criminal
Statutes 1911 art
1589,1590
1915 C 56 s i , la, lb , 3
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
9
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
54
Any other establishment, insti
tution, or enterprise where fe
males are employed
Exemptions:
Stenographer
Pharmacist
Telegraph or telephone company
in any rural district or in any
city or town of less than 3,000
Mercantile establishment in any
rural district or in any city or
town or village of less than
3,000
B Girl of any age
Laundry
ill
54
C Girl of any age
Factory engaged in the m anu
facture of cotton, woolen, or
worsted goods or articles oi
merchandise manufactured
out of cotton goods
no
60
i Double the regular pay m ust be paid for all employment for more than 9 hours in any one day
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
309
C H IL D LA B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
OF LABOR—Continued.
notes on pp. 467-475 should be home in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In case of extraordi
n a r y e m e rg e n c y
such as great public
calamity or where
necessary to protect
human life or prop
erty, more hours al
lowed, w ith consent
of e m p lo y e e , pro
vided double pay is
given for overtime
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. D uty
A
State commissioner of labor statistics:
Must enforce if he “ shall learn of
any violation ” of labor laws, and has
powers of inspection “ where 5 or
more persons are employed”
2. Any offense
Minimum—ISO
Maximum—$200
(Each day’s violation a separate of
fense)
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
310
T a ble
4 . —HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
-
References
I
U TA H
Occupations or establishments
Age
Exemptions
II
I II
A Boy under 14
Girl under 16
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
54
Any gainful occupation
B Under 21
1911 C 113 s 4 (as C Girl of any age
amended b y 1913
C 76)
1911C 133 s i , 2
Exemptions:
In any city of the first or
second class:
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger company in the distri
bution, transmission, or de
livery of goods or messages
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Telegraoh establishment
Telephone establishment
Hospital
Office
Employment by express com
pany
Employment by transporta
tion company
9
Exemptions:
[See column IX for exception
“ where materials are liable
to spoil” which would ap
pear to exempt canneries)
Compiled Laws 1907
s 1337, 4065
1911 C 113 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
C 76)
D Workingmen
Underground mine
Underground workings
Smelter or any other institution
for the reduction or refining
of ores or metals
C L 1907 s 4065
1911 C 113 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
C 76)
1915 C 23 s 1-4
E Anyempmyee
In any city of 10,000 popu
lation or over:
Wholesale or retail mercantile
or commercial house
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions:
Mercantile or commercial house
dealing exclusively or chiefly
in foodstuffs, meats, and other
provisions of a perishable na
ture
Drug store
1 Establishments shall close a t 6 p. m.
8
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
Domestic service
F ruit or vegetable packing
“ Work on a ferm "
1911 C 113 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
C 76)
1911 C 144 s 8,14
1911 C 113 s 4 (as
amended by 1913
C 76)
1911C 144 s 7,14
Maximum
hours
54
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
311
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities- -Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
1. D uty
State commissioner of immigration,
labor, and statistics:
Must “ investigate and report to
the proper authorities all violations
of law regarding the conditions sur
rounding the employment of chil
dren, minors and women and the
laws established for the protection of
all employees in factories, mines,
mills, and other institutions where
labor is employed ”
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
9p . m .tq ô a .m .
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
In case of emergency
in hospitals or else
where
Where life or property
is in imminent dan
ger
“ Where materials are
liable to spoil by
the enforcement of
these provisions”
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
1. Same as in A, above
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
1. Same as in A, above
[C L 1907 s 1507-1524 provide for an in
spector of mines, b u t his duties ap
parently relate only to health and
safety]
2. Any offense
Maximum (for individual)—$300 or
imorisonment for 6 months, or
both
Maximum (for corporation)—$1,000
m
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provisions do not ap
ply to the 6 business
days immediately
preceding C h r i s t
mas day
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in D, above
CHILD LAB.OR LEGISLATION.
312
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
VERM ONT
A Under 16
Public Statutes 1906
C 50 s 1044 (as
amended b y 1912
No 75 S 10), 1045
(as amended by
1912 No 75 s 11),
1048 (as amended
by 1910 No 70s 8),
1049
1912 No 188 s 2 (as
amended by 1915
No I s 216),3
B
1912 No 85 S 1, 2, 4
1912 No 188 s 2, 3
Boy under 18
Girl of any age
Exemptions
I II
W ort connected with:
Manufacturing
Railroading
Mining
Quarrying
Employment in:
Hotel
Bowling alley
Delivery of messages
Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
9
11
[The provisions tab rSee note in col
um n I]
ulated in B apply
only to persons
over 16 in so far as
the occupations
listed in B -III are
covered by those
in A -III, above]
V IR G I N IA
Code 1904 s 1790c(7)
(as added b y 1914
O 321)
C 1904 s 3657bb
1A
C 1904 s 1790c(7) (as B
added by 1914 C
321)
C 1904 s 3657b (as
amended bv 1914
C 158 s 1)
1914 C 158 s 3 - ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12 to 14
Manufacturing operation
Mechanical operation
Mining operation [But see Ta
ble 1, B and D]
Boy under 14
Girl of any age
“ W ort as an operative”
in following establishments:
Manufacturing establishment
Mercantile establishment
Factory
W ortshop
Laundry
Exemptions:
Mercantile establishment in any
town of less than 2,000
Countrv store
Canning factory and flsh-pacting establishment located in a
country section
Female whose full time is em
ployed as bootteeper, stenog
rapher, cashier, or office assist
ant
10
Days per
week per
m itted
VI
50
58
313
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
VII
VHI
IX
8p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. Duty
A
Town or union superintendent [of
schools]
State factory inspector:
Has powers of inspection and shall
enforce whenever he “ finds a viola
tion of the law relating to the em
ployment of children, minors and
women”
1. Power only
T ruant officers
“ All informing officers” :
May make complaint
[For powers of town selectmen as to
child “ compelled to labor” in man
ufacturing establishments “ at un
reasonable hours,” see P S 1906 C
151s 3247]
2. First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$200
2. Second offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment
Maximum—1200 or imprisonment for
6 months
Exception to hours
per day b ut not per
week:
Overtime allowed
to make up time lost
on previous day of
same week in conse
quence of stopping
of machinery (for
not less than 30 con
secutive minutes)
upon which woman
or child was em
ployed or dependent
ior employment
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
State factory inspector:
Has duties and powers as specified
in A, above
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$100
1. Same as in B, below
~ÂT
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor (chief fac
tory inspector):
“ Shall secure the enforcement of
all laws * * * relating to the
inspection of factories, mercantile
establishments, mills, workshops,
and commercial institutions”
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
(Above penalty is incurred for engag
ing or contracting for more hours of
labor)
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
314
T able
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
I
V I R G I N I A —C o n
tinued
C 1904 s 1790c (7) (as
added by 1914 C
321)
1908 C 301 S 1-2 (as
amended bv 1914
C 339), 4 (as
amended by 1914
C 339), 6 (as
amended by 1914
C 339)
[Nothing in this act,
which includes the
provisions t a b u fated in C, D, and
E, shall prevent a
parent from work
ing his child in any
factory, workshop,
mercantile estab
lishment, 1a u n dry, or other place
owne J or operated
by said parent]
[Circuit or corpora;
tion court, on peti
tion of 'p aren t,
etc., or person in
terested in child,
may, “ for good
cause shown en
tered of record,”
release any child
12 to 14 or his par
ent, etc., from the
operation of this
act—1908 C 301 s
1-6 (as amended
by 1914 C 339)]
W A S H IN G T O N
C
Exemptions
II
III
Under 14
Distribution, transmissioa, or
sale of merchandise [See pro
visions in D, below]
[See notes in col
um n I]
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
rv
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VÏ
Exemptions:
[See notes in column I]
D Under 16
[See notes in col
um n I]
Mercantile establishment
Factory
Workshop
Mine
Laundry
Bakery
Brickyard
Lumberyard
Distribution, transmission, or
sale of merchandise [See pro
visions in C, above]
10
Exemptions:
Factory engaged exclusively in
packing fruits and vegetables,
between July 1 and Nov. 1
Mercantile establishment in any
town of less than 2,000, or in a
country district
[See notes in column I]
E
Under 18
[See notes in col
um n I]
In any city of 5,000 popu
lation or over according to 1910
census:
Messenger for telegraph, tele
phone, or messenger company
m the distribution, transmis
sion, or delivery of goods or
messages
Exemptions:
[See notes in column I]
A Under 16
Bakeshop
B
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Laundry
Hotel
Restaurant
Pierce’s Code 1912
title 37 s 17,19
P C 19121 291 s 101
P C 1912 t 291 s 101,
145,149
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Girl of any age
Exemptions:
Employment in h a r v e s t i n g ,
packing, curing, canning, or
drying perishable fruits or veg
etables, or in canning fish or
shellfish
8
6
315
BOR LEGISLATION.
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
VIH
IX
After 7 p .m .
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
I. Same as in A, above
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty is incurred for employ
m ent contrary to law in “ factory,
workshop, mercantile establishment
or laundry” )
9 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in C, above
D
10 p.m. to 5 a.m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in C, above
E
8 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and his
assistants
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. First offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
10 days
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50 and imprisonment for
10 days
Maximum—$100 and im p riso n m en t
for 30 days
1. Same as in A, above
2. Each offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
316
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
W A S H IN G T O N — C
I II
Any employee Underground work in coal mine
Continued
Per
day
Per
week
IV
V
Days per
week per
mitted
VI
8
Exemptions:
Engineer, roperider, motorman,
eager, or others necessarily em
ployed in transporting men in
and o ut of mine, who are per
mitted to work 10 hours
P C 19121291s 101
P C 1912 t 345 S 177,
181,182
1913 C 174 s 1-20
1915C 68S i
Exemptions
Maximum
hours
D [Power of com [The industrial welfare commis
sion m ay establish such stand
mission e x
ard conditions of labor for
tends over
women and minors as shall be
women and
held to be reasonable and not
minors]
detrimental to health and mor
als] 1
W E S T V IR G I N IA
[No provisions]
W ISC O N S IN
A Under 16
Any gainful occupation
'8
48
8
48
2 10
»55
*8
M8
6
Exemptions: •
[For street trades,
see Table 6]
Domestic service
Farm labor
Statutes C 27 s 439ca
St C 83 s 1728a.2,
1728a-4.1,1728a-4.2,
1728C.1, 1728d.l
St C 110a s 2394-52,
2394-70
B Under 18
Manufacture of cigars in cigar
shop or cigar factory
C Under 21
St C 27 s 439ca
St C 83 s 1728a.2,
1728a-4.1,1728a-4.2,
1728d.l
St C 110a s 2394r-52,
2394-70
In any city of the first,
second, or third class:
Messenger for telegraph or mes
senger company in the distri
bution, transmission, or de
livery of messages or goods
St C 73a 3 1636-106,
1636-108,1636-109
St C 83 s 1728-1,
1728-2,1728-4
St C 110a s 2394-52
D Girl of any age
[Over 16—See pro
visions in A,
above]
Any occupation
(Provision subject to change by
industrial commission. Said
commission may forbid em
ployment of females a t such
times or for such hours as are
“ dangerous or prejudicial to
their life, health, safety or
welfare” )
1The commission has prohibited the employment of minors under 18 in any mercantile, factory, laun
dry, or dye-works establishment after 7.30 p. m. I t has also prohibited night work between 9 p. m. and 6
a. m. in any telephone, telegraph, or mercantile establishment, or any messenger or parcel-delivery service,
and has ruled th at 1 hour be allowed for a luncheon period to any female employed in any establishment
used in connection w ith the operation of any telegraph or telephone line
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
317
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
--- ■'
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
V II
vni
IX
X
Overtime permitted'if
n e c e s s ita te d b y
weekly change of
shift, or b y accident,
or for unavoidable
repairs, or for pro
tection of property
or hum an life
1. D uty
State inspector of coal mines
State commissioner of labor and his
assistants
2. Same as in B, above
[See column III]
30 minutes
6p.‘m. to 7 a. m.
Employment for 8J
hours permitted on
other aavs if work
day ends on Satur
day a t 12 noon
C
D
1. D uty
State industrial commission
T ruant officers:
Must inspect establishments and
report cases of illegal employment
of minors to school authorities and
to State industrial commission;
May make complaint
1. Power only
Police officers and citizens:
May make complaint
2. Each offense
Minimum—Forfeiture of $10 to State
Maximum—Forfeiture of $100 to State
[A civil suit m ay be brought for violation]
1. D uty
State industrial commission
B
2. First offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum—$25
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$50
8p . m. to 6 a .m .
1 hour
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Same as in B, above
C
D
2. Each offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum —$100
(Each day’s violation and each week’s
violation a separate offense)
per'weekayWOrk’ deflned,as between 6 a- m - 311(1 8 P- m -> h ut employment after 8 p. m. allowed 1 night
3 For night work, defined as between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
318
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a ble
4 .—HOURS
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Time of work
Application of act
State
Occupations or establishments
References
Age
II
I
A 14
WYOMING
Exemptions
I II
Any gainful occupation
Maximum
hours
Per
day
Per
week
TV
V
VI
9
56
- no
56
Exemptions:
1915 C 77 s 4, 6
Farm work
Domestic service
1915 C 45 s 1-3
B
Girl of any age Manufacturing establishment
Mechanical establishment
Mercantile establishment
Printing establishment
Baking establishment
Laundering establishment
Canning establishment
Hotel
Telephone exchange
Restaurant
Place of public amusement
Exemptions:
Telephone office or exchange
employing 3 females or less
Hotel or restaurant operated by
railroad company
Constitution art 19 C Any employee
s1
Compiled Statutes
1910 s 3499-3501
C S 1910 s 3518, 3538
C S 1910 s 3502-3504
Underground mine
Underground workings
Smelter, stamp mill, sampling
works, concentrator, or any
other institution for the reduc
tion of ores, and refining of ores
or metals
D Any employee Miner or laborer in coal mine
8
28
i Only 2 days of 10 hours each perm itted per week
2The word “ d ay ” when used in contracts shall be construed to be 8 hours
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Days per
week per
m itted
319
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
OF LABOR—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Time of work—Continued
Enforcement
Meal time
prescribed
Night work
prohibited
Exceptions
vn
V III
IX
1. E n f o r c i n g authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
X
1. [No specific provision]
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 30
days, or both
Max imum—S100 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
Not less than 30
minutes nor
more than 2
hours after 6
hours’ work
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In case of emergency
where life or prop
erty is in imminent
danger
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in A, above
(Each violation a separate offense)
B
1. D uty
State inspectors of coal mines:
Must inspect coal mines;
May enforce coal-mining laws
[C S 1910 s 3483-3492 provide for an in
spector of metalliferous mines, but
his duties apparently relate only to
safety]
C
2. Each offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment for
1 month, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
320
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
ALABAM A
A
1915 No 220 s 6
1915 No 470 s 1-9,13
“ Between the ages of 8 and 15 years,
inclusive”
Exemptions:
(1) Upon completion of 7 grades
(2) If living ‘¿\ miles from public
school by the nearest traveled route,
unless public transportation within
reasonable walking distance is pro
vided
(3) Upon temporary excuse by
teacher, w ith approval of attendance
officer, in extreme cases of emergency
or domestic necessity
(4) If physical or mental condition
renders attendance impracticable or
inexpedient, upon certificate from
practicing physician
(5) If child’s sérvices are necessary
for the support of himself or his par
ents, on account of extreme poverty,
as attested by affidavit of parents and
such other witnesses as the attendance
officer m ay require
[For exemption from
atten d an ce. in case
parent is not able to
p r o v i d e necessary
books and clothing,
and requirement for
attendance after aid
has been provided by
any means whatso
ever, see 1915 No 470
s 4]
[The act tabulated in A
will be in effect Oct. 1,
1917]
1915 p 193 s 8,14, 17
B
A LASK A
A 8 to 16 (if white or of mixed blood and
living a civilized life)
1913 C 44 s 1-2 (as rati
fied by 1915 C 41)
1913 C 44 s 2-4 (as rati
fied by 1915 C 41)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III
Under 16
Exemptions:
(1) Upon completion of course of
study equal to th a t covered by the
public schools
(2) If not living in incorporated
town where school child is entitled to
attend is maintained, or, if living out
side such town, not living within 2
miles of such town
(3) If phvsical or mental condition
renders attendance inexpedient or im
practicable
(4) “ For other cause,” upon written
excuse signed by majority of school
board
B 8 to 16 (if Eskimo, Aleut, Indian, or
other native child, or of mixed blood
and not living a civilized life)
Exemptions:
(1) If not living within 1 mile of
United States public school for Alaska
natives
(2) If physical or mental#condition
renders attendance inexpedient or im
practicable
(3) “ For other cause,” upon written
excuse signed by school principal or
district superintendent of schools
Manufacturing es
tablishment
Mill
Factory
Localities
IV
821
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y ;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a).F o r parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
80 days, b u t t h e
c i t y , t o w n , or
county board of
education may re
duce period to not
' less than 60 days
for any individ
ual school
V III
1. D uty
Attendance officers
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days
.
8 (6 consecutive)
weeks each year
1. D uty
State factory inspector
B
2(b), F irst offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
2(b). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$500
Entire session
1. D uty
~A~
United States commissioner:
On complaint of school board
Principal of school nearest the place
where offender resides:
Must report violations to school
board
1. Power only
School board:
May subm it to United States
commissioner violations reported
by school principals
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
Same as in A, above
1.
72485°—15----- 21
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
T ruant officers for native school
districts
United States commissioner:
On complaint of authorized
person
District superintendent or any
teacher of United States public
schools for Alaska natives:
Must make complaint in case of
violation to United States com
missioner
1. Power only
Any person directly interested in
education of Alaska natives:
May make complaint to United
States commissioner
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
322
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
A R IZ O N A
Revised Statutes 1913
Civil Code title 11C
14 S 2802-2804
III
Localities
TV
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
By district board of trustees if satisfied
th at any one of the following reasons
exists:
(1) Completion of the grammarschool course prescribed by State
board of education;
' .
(2) Physical or mental condition
(as declared by competent physician
approved by board) such as to ren
der attendance inexpedient or im
practicable
By board, consisting of president of
school board, superintendent, prin
cipal, or teacher, and a probation
officer appointed by superior judge,
for ‘'reasons satisfactory” to said
board
B 14 to 16
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above [It m ay be that
child having “ employment certifi
cate” would also be exempted—See
Table 2, A-VI, for educational re
quirements for obtaining same]
A RK ANSAS
1909 A 234 S 1-3,5,9
[1909 A 234 was limited
to 31 out of the 75
counties in the State.
Of these 31 counties, 5
are covered by a later
and different law (see
C, below) leaving
only 26 to which this
act apparently ap
plies]
1911A 231 s i , 2,3,5,7
[1911A 231 was limited
to 34 out of the 75
counties in the State.
Of these 34 counties,
22 are included in the
26 apparently subject
to the same provi
sions under 1909 A 234
referred to above]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 8 to 16
Exemptions:
Child may be excused temporarily if
it be shown to district school board or
court of competent jurisdiction that
one of the following reasons exists:
(1) Child has completed 7 grades;
(2) Labor of child is absolutely
necessary for support of family
[But it would appear th at this ex
emption is nullified by the provi
sions of 1914 A 1, requiring employ
ment certificates for children under
16 in any employment, and fixing a
minimum age of 14 for employment
in any occupation w ith certain ex
emptions during vacation only.
The same act would apparently sub
stitute by implication an exemption
of children 14 to 16 who have employ
m ent certificates];
( 3) Parent or guardian can not pro
vide proper dom ing;
(4) There is no public school with
in 2£ miles;
(5) Child is mentally or physically
incapacitated to attend school
B 16 to 20
Exemptions:
If regularly and lawfully engaged in
useful employment or service
Other exemptions same as in A, above,
with the omission of subdivision (2),
which is not applicable
These provi
sions appear
to a p p l y
now to only
38 out of the
75 counties
in the State,
since 5 of
the 31 to
which 1909
A 234 was
limited are
specifically
included in
a later pro
vision (see
C, b e l o w )
and 1911 A
231 applies
to only 12
counties not
already apparently
subject to
the s a m e
p ro v isio n s
under 1909
A 234
Same as in A,
above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION-,
323
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
V III
Entire session
1. Duty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
[For duties of inspection, see
Table 2 A-IX]
Deputy sheriff
Constable
City marshal
A
2(ai. Any offense
Minimum—?5
Maximum—825
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, abofe
One-half entire ses
sion
1. D uty
F~
Attendance officers:
Have d uty of enforcement;
M a y inspect establishments
where children are employed
B
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$25
•
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. [No specific provision]
T
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
324
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
A R K A N S A S —Con
tinued
1909 A 347 s 1-3,5,9,10
III
C 8 to 14
Exemptions:
Child may be excused temporarily if
it be shown to district school board
or court of competent jurisdiction
th at one of the following reasons
(1) Child has completed 8 grades;
(2) Labor of child is absolutely
necessary for support of family
[But it would appear th at this ex
emption is nullified by the provi
sions of 1914 A 1, fixing a minimum
age of 14 for employment in any oc
cupation];
(3) Parent or guardian can not
provide proper clothing;
(4) There is no public school with
in 2J miles;
,
(5) Child is mentally or physically
incapacitated to attend school
D 14 to 16
Localities
rv
This act is
limited to 9
out of the 75
counties in
the State.
Of these 9
counties, 5
were i n e l u d e d in
the 31 to
which 1909
A 234 was
lim ited, b ut
this act is a
later one
Same as in C,
above
Exemptions:
If regularly and lawfully engaged in
useful employment or service
Other exemptions same as in C, above,
with the omission of subdivision (2),
which is not applicable
CALIFO RNIA
Deering’s General Laws
1909 A 1611 s 17 (as
added by 1915 C 625)
D G L 1909A1611asl,2
D G L 1909 A 3574 s 1
(as amended by 1911
C 482), 2, 3, 4 (as
amended by 1915 G
461)
[An amendm ent to the
c h i l d l a b o r law,
passed later than the
compulsory educa
tion law, makes it
impossible to obtain
a “ perm it to w ork”
during school hours
under 14, thus rais
ing the age for re
quired school attend
ance to 14, and to 15
unless a perm it to
work has been se
cured]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 8 to 12 [See note in column 1]
Exemptions:
If it be shown to local board of educa
tion or district board of school trus
tees that one of the following reasons
exists»
(1) Child has completed “ regular
grammar school course” ;
(2) There is no public school with
in 2 miles;
(3) Child’s bodily or mental con
dition is such as to prevent or render
inadvisable attendance a t school or
application to study (certificate from
any reputable physician sufficient
evidence)
Under circumstances rendermg at
tendance impracticable or danger
ous to health, owing to unusual
storm or other sufficient cause
•
B 12 to 15 [See note in column I]
Exemptions:
If it be shown to local board of educa
tion or district school board th at
child has “ permit to work” [See
. ¡É_________ & &
note in column I]--------- _----Other exemptions same as in A, above
--- --- -
1
I
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
'
$25
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VII
vni
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25 [as prescribed by
1909 A 347 s 5]; $25 or imprison
m ent for 30 days, or both [as pre
scribed by 1909 A 347 s 10]
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in C, above
Entire session
D
1. Duty
~a T
Local board of education or district
board of school trustees:
On complaint
Commissioner of State bureau of
labor statistics:
Shall deliver child 8 to 15 ille
gally employed to school authori
ties
Attendance officers:
Must enforce on complaint, and
have such other duties as are pre
scribed by local beard of education;
May inspect any place of em
ployment to investigate violations
1. Power only
Probation officers:
May inspect any place of em
ployment to investigate violations
2(a). First offense
Maximum—$10 or imprisonment for
6 days
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$10 or im p r is o n m e n t for
5 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
25 days, or both
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B~
326
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
References
Occupations or es
tablishments
Exemptions
Exemptions
I
CALIFO RNIA —
Continued
D G L 1909 A 1611 (as
amended by 1915 C
625)s 10,11,13
D G L 1909 A 1611 S
16-17 (as added by
1915 C 625)
[Section 11 requires also
“ any other minor
under 16 who would
by law be required to
attend school” to
attend school if unem
ployed. I t is not evi
dent th at there are
any minors to whom
this provision coiild
apply]
COLORADO
II
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
C 15 to 16 (if child has “ age and schooling
certificate” and is unemployed for
more than 2 weeks)
D 15 to 16 (unless child has completed
“ p r e s c r i b e d grammar-school
course” ) [See note in column I]
A 8 to 14 ,
Exemptions:
Mills’ Annotated Stat
utes revised edition
1912 s 639, 643-645,
647,649,650
[For earlier law, apply
ing to children 14 to
16 unable to read and
write English, requir
ing a certain amount
of school attendance,
apparently partially
nullified by later pro
visions, see M A S r e
1912 s 641]
III
Localities
During physical or mental disability,
on certificate from reputable physi
cian
[See also provisions in B, below]
A n y occupation
during s c h o o l
hours
All school dis
tricts of the
State except
t h o s e in
which there
are not suf
ficient seat
ing accom
modât i o n s
in schools
B
8 to 14 (if receiving, on recommenda
tion of truant officer, “ such [poor]
relief as will enable child to attend
school” )
Same as in A,
above
C
14 to 16
Same as in A,
above
Exemptions:
If child has perm it from district or
county superintendent for any one of
the following reasons:
(1) Completion of the eighth grade
or eligibility for high school;
(2) If help is necessary for support
of child or his parents;
(3) If exemption is for child’s
“ best interests”
During physical or mental disability,
on certificate from reputable physi
cian
327
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
V
VI
V II
While unemployed
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V III
1. D uty
State bureau of labor statistics
1. Power only
Attendance and probation officers:
May inspect places of employ
m ent to investigate violations
c
2. [No specific provision]
Regular
ance
attend
1. Same as in C, above
D
2(b). Each offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both Maximum—$200 or imprisonment
for 60 days, or both
(The above penalty is found in
D G L 19C9 A 1611, as amended
by 1915 C 625, s 13; the following
penalty is given in section 16 of
the same law)
2(b). A ny offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment
for 60 days, or both
Entire school year
1. Same as in C, below
2. Same as in C, below
A
3 hours per school
day
1. Same as in C, below
2. Same as in C, below
B
Same as in A, above
1. D uty
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May i n s p e c t establishments
where children are employed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
2(a). Second offense
Minimum—$5 or $5 and imprison
ment for 10 days
Maximum—$20 or $20 and imprison
ment for 30 days
328
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
tin reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
C O L O R A D O — C on-
tinued
D 14 to 16 (if child has age and school cer
tificate stating th a t he can not read
and write simple sentences)
M A S r e 1912 s 537,666,
667, 670, 672, 673
1915 C 180 s 11
[For possible exemp
tion, see M A S r e 1912
s 671]
[For earlier law apply
ing to children 14 to
16 unable to read and
write English, requir
ing a certain amount
of school attendance,
apparently partially
nullified by later pro
visions, see M A S r e
1912 s-641]
III
Localities
IV
Manufacturing es [ Age a n d
school c e r
tablishment
tificate can
Mercantile estab
be issued to
lishment
c h i l d who
Store
can not read
Office
and w r i t e
Hotel
simple sen
Laundry
tences only
Bowling alley
in city or
Theater
town where
Concert hall
there is a
Place of amuse
p u b l i c or
m ent
parochial
P a s s e n g e r or
evening
freight elevator
school]
[See Table 1, B]
Factory
Workshop
Messenger for any
of the above
Driver for any of
the above
[See column IV]
E
14 to 16 (if child can not read and write
simple sentences)
C O N N E C T IC U T
A
Exemptions:
General Statutes re
vision 1902 s 2116,
2117, 2121, 2252 (as
amended by 1913 C
182),2255(as amended
by 1913 C 182), 4707
1903 C 29 s [1] (as
amended by 1905 C
36)
1915 C 210
[For provisions allow
ing towns and cities
to make by-laws con
cerning habitual tru
ants and appoint tru
ant officers for the en
forcement thereof, see
G S r 1902 S 2122,2123]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 to 14
(1) If destitute of suitable clothing
and parent or guardian is unable to
provide such clothing
(2) If mental or physical condition
is such as to render instruction inex
pedient or impracticable
B
14 to 16
Exemptions:
If lawfully employed a t home or else
where
Other exemptions same as in A,
above
C
14 to 16
(“ Whenever the school visitors, town
school committee, or board of edu
cation of any town or district shall
by vote decide, or whenever the
State board of education shall ascer
tain ” th at child “ has not schooling
sufficient to w arrant his leaving
school to be employed and shall so
notify parent or guardian” )
Exemptions:
Same a3 in A, above
Any occupation
[See column IV]
Town or city
where pub
lic evening
s c h o o l is
maintained
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
329
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—-Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y,
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.:
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
V III
Regular attend
ance certified
w eekly by
t e a c h e r and
p r i n c i p a l of
evening school
1. D uty
D eputy State labor commissioner
[factory inspector]
School board or local school au
thorities:
Must report to enforcing officer
complaints made to them of viola
tions in most regulated employ
m ents [For list, see M A S r e 1912
s 667]
State industrial commission:
Shall “ inquire into and super
vise the enforcement * * * 0f
the laws relating to child labor”
D
2(b). First offense
Mmimum—$5
Maximum—$100
. 2(b). Second offense
Mmimum—$100 or imprisonment, or
both
'
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment
for 90 days, or both
Regular
ance
Entire session
Same as in A, above
Until “ leaving cer—
t i f i c a t e ” is
granted b y the
local o r S t a t e
school authority
giving the notifi
cation
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
attend
1. Same as in D, above
2. Same as in D, above
E
1. Duty
School visitors or town school com
mittee:
“ Shall
* * examine into
the situation of the children em
ployed in all manufacturing eslishments” and “ report all viola
tions ” of this act
Agents of State board of education:
If so directed by said board
T ruant officers
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$5
A '
1. Same as in A, abovo
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. D uty
Agents of State board of education:
If so directed by said board
1. Power only
School visitors
Town school committees
Local boards of education
State board of education
C
2. Same as in A, above
-
330
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
C O N N E C T IC U T —
D 14 to 16 (if child can not read and write)
Continued
G S r 1902 s 2147, 4707
[In so far as the pro
visions tabulated in
D relate to occupa
tions for which an em
ployment certificate
is required (employ
m ent in manufactur
ing, mechanical, and
mercantile establish
ments) they are ap
parently superseded
by 1911C 119 s 2—See
Tables 2 and 3, A]
DELAW ARE
[For powers of the gen
eral assembly to enact
s c h o o l-a tte n d a n c e
laws, see constitution
art 10 s 1]
Revised Code 1915 C
71s 2313-2317
D IS T R IC T O F CO
L U M B IA
34 U nited States Stat
utes a t Large p 219
S 1,2; p 220 s 4, 6
[See Table 2', C -III, and
Table 1, A, for pro
visions of child labor
law passed later t han
law here tabulated]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
If excused by majority of commission
ers of school district—excuse coun
tersigned by county superintend
ent—because prevented from at
tendance upon school or applica
tion to study by m ental, physical,
or other urgent reasons ( '‘urgent
reasons ” to be “ strictly construed ’’)
If there is no public school w ithin 2
miles by nearest traveled road,
unless free conveyance is provided
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
Upon satisfactory evidence to the
superintendent of schools of the
D istrict of Columbia th at one of the
following reasons exists:
(1) Child has acquired the
“ branches taught in the public
schools” ;
(2) Physical or m ental condition
such as to render attendance or
instruction inexpedient or imprac
ticable
[See also note in column I]
III
Localities
IV
Any occupation Town where
public even
[excluding em
ing school is
p lo y m en t in
manufacturing,
established
mechanical, and
mercantile es
ta b lish m e n ts ;
see note in col
um n I] [See col
um n IV
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
331
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
—
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t v
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.,
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VH
V III
Attendance of 18
consecutive
evenings during
e v e r y school
month of 20
days, shown by
c e r t i f i c a t e of
teacher of even
ing school
5 months beginning
not less than 1
month after open
ing of school, or,
if school district
so votes, 3months
b e g i n n i n g not
later than Janu
ary 2
Entire school year
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State board of education through its
agents
D
2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$50
1. D uty
Attendance officers
A
2 (a). First offense
Maximum—$2
2 (a). Subsequent offense
Maximum—$5
1. D uty
~a T
Truant officers, child labor inspectors
[2 detailed privates of police force]
and probation officers:
“ Shall carry out the provisions
of this act;”
“ Shall visit any place or estab
lishment where minor children
are employed” to a s c e r t a i n
whether said provisions are com
plied with
2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$20
332
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
5 __ COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
References
Occupations or es
tablishments
Exemptions
Exemptions
I
F L O R ID A
1915 C 6831 s 1-7, 9,11,
13, 15-19
[For exemption from
attendance in case
parent is not able to
p r o v i d e necessary
books and clothing,
and requirement for
attendance after aid
has been provided
through charity orby
other means, see 1915
C 6831s 11]
G E O R G IA
[No provisions. See
Table 2, A-V I, for
school attendance re
quired as a prerequi
site for entering cer
tain employments]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
II
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
(1) If physical or m ental condition
as attested by competent physician
before court having jurisdiction ren
ders attendance impracticable or in
expedient(2) If, on account of extreme pov
erty, services of child are necessary
for the-support of himself or his par
ents, as attested by affidavit of par
ents and of such witnesses as attend
ance officer m ay require
(3) If living more than 2 miles from
the schoolhouse by the nearest traveled
route, unless transportation is pro
vided
I II
Localities
IV
Any special
tax district,
school board
district, or
c o u n t y
where this
act is adopt
ed by a
three - fifths
vote a t a
popular elec
tion which
m ust be or
dered upon
a petition of
one-fourth of
t h e regis
tered white
voters.
If
the election
is held in
a whole
county, this
act shall be
in force in
any school
board dis
trict where
three-fifths
of the votes
in th a t dis
trict are in
favor of its
adoption
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
334
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
References
Occupations or es
tablishments
Exemptions
Exemptions
I
H A W A II
II
A 6 to 13
Exemptions:
Revised Laws 1915 s
286,287 (as amended
by 1915 A 92), 288
(as amended by 1915
A 92)
(1) If distance to nearest school
exceeds 4 miles and no suitable trans
portation is provided
(2) If physically or mentally unable
to attend school, upon certificate of
licensed physician
(3) If upon investigation of juvenile
court or district magistrate it be shown
th a t for any other reason child may
properly remain away from school
B
13 to 14
Exemptions:
If child is suitably employed and has
passed required examinations of
prim ary and grammar s hools
Other exemptions same as in A, above
C
14 to 15
Exemptions:
(1) If child is suitably employed
and has passed required examinations
of primary and grammar schools
(2) If child is suitably employed
under direction of parent or guardian
Other exemptions same as in A,
above
ID A H O
A 8 to 14
[For powers of legisla
ture to enact com
p u l s o r y schoolattendance laws, see
constitution art 9
s 9]
Exemptions:
On written perm it from district or
county superintendent of schools
(his refusal to grant being subject to
decision of probate court of county
on appeal) if child’s bodily or men
tal condition does not perm it attend
ance a t school, on certificate from
reputable physician
1911 C 159 s 58 (as
amended b y 1913 C
115), 146,148-151,159161,163,173
1913 C 77 s 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14 to 18
Exemptions:
On written perm it from district or
county superintendent of schools
(his refusal to grant being subject to
decision of probate court of county on
appeal) for one of the following rea
sons:
(1) Completion of eighth grade or
eligibility to enter high school;
(2) If child’s help is necessary for
his own or his parent’s support;
(3) If for good cause shown it
would be for child’s best interests
to be exempted
Other exemptions same as in A, above
III
Localities
IV
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
335
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
' Continuation
school
y
VI
V II
Entire session
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y ;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
vm
1. D uty
District magistrate:
Upon complaint
Deputy sheriff or police officer des
ignated by him
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
2 months
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2 . Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. Duty
State board of education
Probation officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
Have duty of inspecting ‘‘places
of employment mentioned” [in
1911 C 159 s 166. 172] to discover
cases of illegal employment
School trustees [or truant officers]:
Have same duty of inspection as
probation officers
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen:
May bring complaint
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment
for 6 months, or both
Same as in A, above
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
336
C H IL D LA BO R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analaysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
I L L IN O I S
A
III
Localities
IV
7 to 14
Exemptions:
..
(1) If child’s physical or m ental
condition renders attendance imprac
ticable or inexpedient
(2) If excused for temporary ab
sence for cause by principal or teacher
of school attended
H urd’s Revised Stat
utes 1913 C 122 s 274,
275
B
14 to 16
Exemptions:
If necessarily and lawfully employed
during school hours
Other exemptions same as in A; above
H R S 1913 C 48 s 20b,
20c, 20f, 20g, 20h, 201,
20m
C
14 to 16 (if child has age and school
certificate stating th at he can not
read and write simple sentences)
D
14 to 16 (if child.can not read and write
simple sentences)
Manufacturing es [ A g e a n d
school cer
tablishment
tificate can
Mercantile insti
be i s s u e d
tution
to child who
Factory
can not read
Workshop
and write
Store
Office
simple sen
Hotel
tences only
in city or
Laundry
Bowling alley
town where
“ Theater, concert
there is a
hall, or place of
p u b l i c or
p a r o c h i al
amusement’’
P a s s e n g e r or
evening
freight elevator
school and
[But operation
while such
of same is pro
school is in
hibited under
session]
16—See Table 1,
B]
Messenger for any
of the above
Driver for any of
the above
[See column IV]
IN D IA N A
Bum s’Annotated Stat
utes 1914 S 6675, 6677,
6678 (as amended by
1915 C 77), 6682
[See Table 2, A, for
requirement of com
pletion of fifth grade
for employment from
14 to 16 in any occu
pation during school
hours 1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
If physically or mentally unfit to a t
tend school, upon certificate from
reputable licensed practicing phy
sician
A n y occupation
[See column IV]
Town or city
where a pub
lic evening
s c h o o l is
maintained
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
337
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
Entire school ses
sion
vni
1. Duty
T ruant officers:
Must report all violations to
board of education or board of
directors and prosecute “ all per
sons who shall appear to be guilty
of such violation”
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Regular attend
ance c e r t i f i e d
w eek ly by
p r i n c i p a l and
teacher of even
ing school
B
1. Duty
"c"~
State factory inspector and his assist
ants and deputies under his super
vision
School board or local school au
thorities:
Must report to State factory in
spector complaints made to them
oi violations m employments listed
in C -III, omitting “ hotel ”
2(b). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
*
Regular
ance
Entire c o m m o n
school term
attend
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
D
1. D uty
State board of truancy
Attendance officers:
Must enforce act;
May inspect establishments
where children are employed
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$1 or $1 and imprison
m ent for 2 days
Maximum—$25 or $25 and imprison
m ent for 90 days
72485°—15----- 22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
338
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
n
I
INDIA N A—Continued B
Localities
III
rv
A n y occupation
[See column IV]
■(0
14 to 16
Exemptions:
If regularly employed in useful em
ployment or service during school
hours or lawfully employed in gain
ful service [See note in column I]
Other exemptions same as in A, above
B A S 1914 S 6641k
C
14 to 16 (if engaged in regular employ
ment)
IOWA
A 7 to 14 [See note in column I]
Exemptions:
Code 1897 Supplement
1913 S 2823-a, 2823-b,
2823-e, 2823-1, 2823-i
(1) If not in proper physical or men
tal condition to attend school, proof of
such condition to be furnished by affi
davit of parent or guardian
(2) If residing more than 2 miles
from any school by nearest traveled
road, unless public transportation is
provided
(3) If excused for sufficient reasons
by any court of record or judge thereof
(4) If attending religious service or
receiving religious instruction
[The law tabulated in
A and B applies to
children “ of the age
of 7 to 16 years inclu
sive” ] 2
B
14 to 16 [See note in column I]
Exemptions:
(1) On completion of eighth grade
(2> If regularly employed
Other exemptions same as in A,
above
KANSAS
General Statutes 1909
s 7736, 7737, 7741
[The law tabulated in
A to C, inclusive, ap
plies to children “ be
tween the ages of 8
and 15 years, inclu
sive ” ] 3
A 8 to 14 [See note in column I]
Exemptions:
(1) Upon certificate of graduation
from county common schools or cer
tificate of admission to city high school
(2) If physically or mentally inca
pacitated for school work, such inca
pacity to be decided by physician’s
examination if school authorities so
desire
(3) On temporary excuse from
board of directors of country district or
board of education of city of first or
second class in extreme cases of emer
gency or domestic necessity
1 In city, town, or township where the local hoard of education or township trustee has established
approved vocational schools for the instruction of youths over 14 engaged in regular employment, in parttime classes, and has formally accepted the provisions of this section [s 6641k]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
339
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y:
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
VI
vn
V III
Day school
. V
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
5 hours per week 1. [School officials who establish vo C
between 8 a. m.
cational schools are authorized to
and 5 p. m. A t
"require” attendance—See col
tendance m a y
um n IV]
be required by
local Doard of 2. [No specific provision]
e d u c a t i o n or
township trustee
24 weeks in each
school year
(In any city of the
first or s e c o n d
class entire school
year m ay be re
quired by board
of school direc
tors)
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$3
Maximum—$20
[S a m e as in A,
above]
1, Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Entire session
1. D uty
T ruant officers
1. D uty
~a T
Director or president of board of
directors
T ruant officers
B
~a T
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
.
i r5
a
j-ormer, section of which the section here quoted is an amendment, " to 14 vears ’’- n o w “ to
Attorney ^neral°(1904)OnS
extend b6y°nd the time when the cM d becomes U 3 » » o fag e.L
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
n
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
t
'
beC0“ eS 8
°ld “ “ be beC°meS 15 years old- ~ state Super-
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
340
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
1
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
K A NSAS—Continued
B
III
Localities
rv
14 to 15 [See note in column I)
Exemptions:
If able to read and write English ana
regularly employed for his own sup
port or the support of those de
pendent on him, child is partially
exempted—See provisions in C, below
.
.
Other exemptions same as in A,
above, excluding subdivision (3)
C
14 to 15 (if able to read and write Eng
lish and regularly employed for his
own support or the support of those
dependent on him) [See note in
column I]
•Exemptions:
Same as in A, above, excluding sub
division (3)
K EN TU C K Y
A “ Between the ages of 7 and 12 years,
inclusive ”
Statutes 1915 s 4426a.5,
4432, 4449, 1523,
4521a.l-4521a.4
Exemptions:
On excuse by county board of educa
tion upon satisfactory showing to
county superintendent of schools
that child is not in proper physical
or mental condition to attend school
St 1915 s 2978C.1,2978C.2, B
2978e.4,2978c.6,2978c.7,
4426a.5, 4432, 4449,
1523
[The law tabulated in
B and C applies to
children “ between
the ages of _7 and 16
years inclusive ”]
C
7 to 14 [See note in column I]
' Exemptions:
On excuse by local board of educa
tion or school board upon certificate
from health officer th a t child is not
in proper physical or mental condi
tion to attend school
14 to 16 [See note in column I]
“ W ithin the
boundary of
the county
school dis
trict law”
Any city of
first, second,
t h i r d , or
fourth class
Same as in B,
above
Exemptions:
Child having employment certificate
Other exemptions same as in B, above
LO UISIANA
1910 A 222 s 1 (as
amended b y 1912 A
232), 3, 5-7
Wolff-s Revised Laws
Supple m e n t 19041908 v 3 p 230; 1908A
48 S i
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A “ Between the ages of 8 and 14 years,
inclusive”
Exemptions:
On excuse by attendance or truant
officers upon satisfactory evidence
of one of the following reasons:
(1) Completion of elementary
school course;
,
(2) If public school facilities with
in 20 city blocks of child’s home are
not adequate to accommodate such
child;
. .
(3) If bodily or mental condition
is such as would prevent or render
inadvisable attendance a t school or
application to study (this excuse
valid for not more than 3 months)
Parish of Or
leans
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
342
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
L O U I S I AN A—Con
tinued
III
Localities
rv
Same as in A,
above
B 14 to 16
Exemptions:
If regularly and lawfully engaged at
least 6 hours each day in useful em
ployment or service
Other exemptions same as in A, above
1914 A 91 s 1,2
C 8 to 14
Exemptions:
(1) If physically or mentally unable
or unfit to attend school
(2) If the sole dependence of infirm
persons or a mother or sisters in neces
sitous circumstances, the same to ap
pear from a certificate signed by local
superintendent of schools
M A INE
Revised Statutes 1903
C 15 s 37 (as amended
b y 1911C 121), 49 (as
amended b y 1909 C
57), 51 (as amended
by 1913 C 79), 96 (as
amended by 1909 C
87)
1915 C 327 s 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any city of
over 25,000,
except Par
ish of Or
leans
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
(1) On excuse from superintending
school committee or lo6al superintend
ent of schools, or teachers acting under
direction of either, for necessary ab
sence
(2) Superintending school commit
tee m ay exclude child whose physical
or mental condition makes attendance
inexpedient
B 14 to 15
Exemptions:
Child who has “ work perm it” [For
educational and other requirements
therefor, see Tables 2 and 3]
Other exemptions same as in A, above
C 15 to 16
Exemptions:
If able to read and write simple Eng
lish sentences
Other exemptions same as in B, above
D 16 to 17
Exemptions:
If able to read and write simple English sentences
Other exemptions same as in A, above
•
c h il d l a bo r l e g is l a t io n ,
343
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
Same as in A, above
4 m onths if separate
public schools for
th e r a c e s a re
o p en for t h a t
tim e; otherwise,
entire “ p u b l i c school term "
E ntire session
vin
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. [No specific provision]
C
2(a). Any offense
Minimum —$10
Maximum —$100
1. D uty
~A~
T ruant officers:
Shall p u t truant child in school;
Shall investigate violations, re
port to superintending school
committee, and, if so directed by
said committee or by local super
intendent of schools, prosecute of
fenders;
May inspect manufacturing, me
chanical, mercantile, and other
business establishments during
school hours when so directed by
above superintendent or commit
tee
1. Power only
Agents appointed by State super
intendent of schools for townships
; 2(a). Each offense
Maximum—$25 or imprisonment
for 30 days
[For slightly lower penalty for per
son responsible for truant, see R S
1903 C 15 s 53 (as amended bv 1905
C 48)]
*
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
344
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
I
M ARYLAND
Annotated Code 1911 v
3 (1914) art 77 s 153,
153A, 154-157, 159,
160,166
II
A
8to 14
I II
Localities
IV
Baltimore city
Exemptions:
(1) On excuse by local superintend
ent or principal of school or lus deputy,
for necessary absence
(2) If mental or physical condition is
such as to render instruction inexpe
dient or impracticable
[The amending a c t chapter 173 of the
Acts of 1912—pro
vides in section 4 that B 8to 14
“ nothing in this act
Exemptions:
is 153-172] shall be
taken to apply to
Same as in A, above
Howard, Kent, Anne
Arundel, Worcester,
St. Marys, and Som
erset Counties, b u t
the existing laws
which this act under
takes to repeal and
reenact shall remain
in force as far as they
now apply to the said
* * * counties”
enumerated above.
The act of 1902,
which this act re
pealed and reenacted,
did not apply to the
counties herein men
tioned ; thus it would
appear th at the com
pulsory school law
can not apply to
C 14 to 16
these counties]
Exemptions:
Any county
(excluding
Baltimore
city) where
b o a r d of
school comm issio n ers
shall ap
proves 153A
of law ,land
appoint a t
tendance
officer o r
officers for
the enforce
m ent as prov i d e d in
1913 C 173;
b u t not to
apply to cer
tain c o u n
t i e s [See
note in col
um n I]
Same as in A,
above
If regularly and lawfully employed to
labor a t home or elsewhere
Other exemptions same as in A, above
D 14 to 16
Exemptions:
Same as in B,
above
Same as in C, above
M A SS A C H U S E T T S A 7 to 14
Revised Laws 1902 C 44
s 1 (as amended b y
1913 C 779 s 1 and by
1915 C 81 s 1), 2 (as
amended b y 1913 C
779 s 2 and by 1915 C
81 s 2)
R L 1902 C 46 s 13 (as
amended b y 1913 C
779 s 12)
Exemptions:
If physical or mental condition is such
as to render attendance inexpedient
or impracticable
B 14 to 16
Exemptions:
If child has such ability to read, write,
and spell in English as is required
for completion of fourth grade and
either has employment certificate
and is engaged in some regular em
ployment or business for at least 6
hours per day, or has written per
mission from local school superin
tendent to be employed a t home
Other exemptions same as in A, above
1On Jan. 1,1915, the law was in force in the following counties: Dorchester, Frederick, Harford, Mont
gomery, Baltimore, Caroline, and Talbot
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CSÌLD LABOR LËGÎSLATÎOÎSr.
346
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
M A S S A C H U S E T T S —Continued
R L 1902 C 42 s 11 (as
amended b y 1914 C
590)
1913 C 467 s 1,3, 4
IV
I II
Same as in D,
below
C 16 to 21 (if illiterate)
Exemptions:
If physical or mental condition is such
as to render attendance a t school
harmful or impracticable
R L 1902 C 42 s 11 (as D 16 to 21 (if child has not such ability to
read, write, and spell in English as
amended b y 1914 C
is required for completion of fourth
590)
grade)
R L 1902 C 46 s 13 (as
amended b y 1913 C
779 s 12)
R L 1902 C 108 s 8 (as
amended b y 1907 C
413)
1909 C 514 s 17 (as
amended b y 1912 C
191), 62 (as amended
b y 1913 C 779 s 20),
63 (as amended b y
1913 C 779 s 21), 64
(as amended b y 1913
C 779 s 22), 66 (as
amended b y 1913 C
779 s 23)
1912 G 726 s 5,11
1909 C 514 s 17 (as
amended b y 1912 C
191), 57 (as amended
b y 1913 C 779 s 15)
1913 C 805 s 1,4-7
Localities
E 14 to 16 (if regularly employed 6 or more
hours per day and having employ
m ent certificate)
Manufacturing es
tablishm ent
Mechanical estab
lishment
Mercantile estab-'
lishment
Factory
Workshop
[See column IV]
Where a pub
lic evening
s c h o o l is
- maintained
(E vening
■s c h o o l s
m ust b e
m aintained
in town or
city where
20 or more
educational
certificates
have been
issued dur
ing preced
ing year to
persons not
p o s s essing
such ability
to r e a d ,
write, and
sp e ll in
English as
is required
for comple
tion of fourth
grade)
Any occupation Where school
c o m mittee
or employment
has estab
in which em
lished con
ployment cer
tinuation
tificates are is
schools,1
sued [See col
com m ittee,
um n IV]
w ith cons e n t of
State board
of education,
m ay require
attendance
1 Such schools have been established in Boston and attendance is compulsory
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
§47
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
V
VI
V II
[See column VI]
[See column VI]
Attendance dur
ing entire ses
sion or a t day
school
ChiJd m ust be a
regular attend
an t a t day or
evening school
and present to
employer each
week record of
such attendance
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V III
1. [There
is no specific provision,
b ut the act is enforced by the at
tendance officers]
C
2. Same as in A. above
1. D uty
Inspectors of State board of labor
and industries
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
[For powers of inspection, see
Table 2, A-IX]
D
2(b). Each offense
Maximum—$100
4 hours per week,
1. Duty
between 8 a. m. Local superintendent of schools or
and 6 p. m. of
his deputy
wo rki ng-day,
and reckoned as
2(b). Each offense
part of legal Minimum—$10
working hours. Maximum—$100
Attendance may (Above penalty is incurred for em
be required—
ploying child after official notifica
See column IV
tion that he is not attending school)
(Employment certificate m ay be re
voked for noncompliance with
law)
E
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
348
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishm ent
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
M IC H IG A N
M IN N E S O T A
General Statutes 1913 s
2979-2982, 2984-2986,
3819, 3847
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
Howell’s
Annotated
Statutes 1913 s 9908,
10110(as amended by
1913 No 47), 1011110113
[For law providing for
poor relief for child
unable to attend
school on account of
poverty, and requir
ing attendance, see
H A S 1913 s 35783581]
HI
Localities
(1) If physically unable to attend
(Truant officer may require certificate
from competent physician)
(2) If under 9 years of age and living
more than 2£ miles from nearest pub
lic school, unless transportation is
provided
B
14 to 16
Exemptions:
(1) Child who has completed eighth
grade, secured perm it required by law
for employment (which,"however, can
not he secured under 15—See pro
visions in Table 2, A ,and Table3, A),
and is “ regularly employed a t some
lawful work if physically able to do so ”
(2) If services are essential to sup
port of parents, on excuse from county
commissioner of schools or county
superintendent of schools, on the rec
ommendation of district board of edu
cation, which board “ shall certify to
the facts” [If such c h id has ob tamed
employment permit (see provisions in
Table 2. A, and Table 3, A) he must
return to school if unemployed—See
Table 3, A-IV]
(3) If physically unable to attend
(Truant officer may require certificate
from competent physician)
[SeecolumnV]
A 8 to 14
Exemptions: '
On excuse from district school board
upon any of the following conditions
being shown to its satisfaction:
(1) On completion of the studies
ordinarily required in the eighth
grade;
(2) If there is nç public school
within reasonable distance of child’s
residence, or if conditions of weather
or travel make attendance impossi
ble;
(3) If child’s bodily or mental con
dition is such as to prevent attend
ance at school or application to study
for period required
If attending upon instruction accord
ing to the ordinances of some church
B 14 to 16
Exemptions:
[See column V for partial exemption in
certain localities]
Other exemptions same as in A, above
[ See column V]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
349
SCHOOL .ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
V
VI
V II
E ntire school year
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V III
1. Duty
T ruant officers orpolice' officers act
ing as truant officers
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for 2
. days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Entire school ses
sion except th a t
in districts where
terms of different
schools are of dif
ferent lengths, at
tendance m ay be
for shorter term
1. D uty
A
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect all places where
labor is employed
State departm ent of labor and indus
tries:
Shall assist in enforcement;
Has powers of truant officers
[See G S 1913 s 2986];
May revoke excuses granted by
district school board [see column
II] if granted without proper or
sufficient cause
City or county superintendent, or
superintendent of district maintaming a high school, or principal
of graded school:
Shall report violations to county
attorney and file complaint upon
his request
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days
Same as in A.
above, e x c e p t
th a t in places
other th an cities
of th e first or sec
ond class, child
whose help may
be required in
any permitted oc
c u p a t i o n in or
about th e home
of his parent or
guardian may be
excused from a t
tendance between
Apr. 1 and Nov. 1
J. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
350
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
M IS S IS S IP P I
[No provisions]
M IS S O U R I
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
Revised Statutes 1909
v 3 s 10790, 10896,
10897 (as amended by
1911 p 132), 10898,
10901,10906,10907(as
amended by 1911 p
132), 10908, 10909,
10912
Child m ay be temporarily excused if
any of the following facts be shown
to satisfaction of court of competent
jurisdiction:
(1) Child has certificate of gradua
tion from common-school course;
(2) Parent or guardian, through
extreme destitution, is unable to
provide proper clothing;
(3) There is no public school
taught within 2\ miles of child’s resi
dence by nearest traveled road;
(4) Child is mentally or physically
incapacitated to attend school for
the whole or any p art of required
period
B
14 to 16
Exemptions:
If actually, regularly, and lawfully en
gaged in useful employment or serv
ice [In places of 500,000 or over (St.
Louis) it is specified th at this em
ployment shall be for at least 6 hours
per day]
. Other exemptions same as in A , above
M ONTANA
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
Revised Codes 1907 s
1660,1669
1913 C 76 s 512, 1100,
1102-1105
(1) On excuse from county superin
tendent of schools when in his judg
m ent the distance makes such attend
ance an undue hardship
(2) On excuse from citv or district
superintendent of schools^ clerk of
board of trustees, or principal of pri
vate or parochial school on satisfactory
showing th a t bodily or m ental condi
tion does not perm it its attendance a t
school (Refusal of school official to
grant exemption for above excuses is
subject to appeal to district court of
the county)
[Child under 14 who “ has success
fully completed” public-school studies
would appear to be exempt if em
ployed in occupations from which he
is not excluded by minimum age laws
(see Table 1) since such child can
obtain an age and schooling certificate
—See Table 2, A]
[For provision requir
ing poor relief to be
given child unable to
attend school on ac
count of poverty and
requiring subsequent
attendance of such
child, see 1913 C 76 s
1108]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14 to 16
Exemptions:
If able to read and write the English
language and engaged in some regu
lar employment
Other exemptions same as in A, above
I II
Localities
IV
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION".
351
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
V III
Three-fourths
of
time school is in
session except in
cities of 500,000 or
over (St. Louis)
where attendance
for entire school
session is required
|
•
1. Duty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect office, factory, or
business house where children un
der 16 are employed
Clerk of district:
Where there are no attendance
officers
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for
2 days, or both
Maximum—$25 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Saine as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Entire school ses
sion
1. Duty
~ÄT
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect all places where chil
dren are employed
State bureau of child and animal
protection:
Was created “ for the purpose of
enforcing the laws * * * per
taining to children” ;
Has powers of inspection
B
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
Same as in A, above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A> above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
352
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
H
NEBRA SK A
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
Revised Statutes 1913
s 3585,6924-6926, 6928
(1) Because of physical or mental in
capacity for school work, such inca
pacity, if school authorities so desire,
to be determined by physician em
ployed by them
(2) If living more than 2 miles from
school by the nearest practicable road
unless free transportation is furnished
B
14 to 15
I II
Localities
IV
Other t h a n
city or metropolitan
c i t y school
district
Same as in A,
above
Exemptions:
If legally and regularly employed for
his own support or the support of
those actually dependent upon him
[For school attendance which may
be required of these children if non
graduate, and which is obligatory
under certain conditions, see provi
sions in E , below]
Other exemptions same as in A, above
C
7 to 14
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
D 14 to 16
City or met
ropolitan
city school
district
Same as in C,
above
Exemptions:
Same as in B, above
R S 1913 s 3576, 3582,
3583,3585
[For law according to
which e v e n i n g or
other school attend
ance equivalent to
t h e evening-school
attendance tabulated
in column IV , may
be required of child
14 to 16 in city and
metropolitan c i t y
school districts, and
14 to 15 in other
places, if he is “ le
gally and regularly
employed for his own
support or th e sup
port of those actually
d e p e n d e n t upon
him ,” see R S 19l3 s
6924-69Z6]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14 to 16 (if child has not completed
eighth grade)
Manufacturing es City or village
where pub
tablishment
lic evening
Mercantile institu
s c h o o l is
tion
m aintained
Theater
for not less
Concert hall
than
20
Place of amuse
weeks per
ment
year, 3 even
Store
ings per
Office
week, and 2
Hotel
hours p e r
Laundry
evening
Bowling alley
P a s s e n g e r o r (Where such
school is not
freight elevator
m aintained
Factory
a s above,
Workshop
the employ
Messenger for the
ment certifi
above
cate neces
Driver for the
sary for em
above
ployment in
these occu
[See column IV)
pations can
not be is
sued to child
who has not
compl et ed
eighth grade)
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
353
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
V III
12 weeks; where
school term is
longer, two-thirds
of term, b u t in
any case for n ot
less than 12 weeks
1. D uty
A
Truant officers:
Have duties as specified in E,
below
County superintendent of public in
struction:
On complaint of school authorities
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
Entire school year
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Same as in C, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
1. D uty
State deputy commissioner of labor
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
Shall inspect establishments
enumerated in Table 2, A -III
1. Power only
Any person:
May cause enforcement
E
Regular attend
a n c e certified
weekly
by
teacher of school
attended
2(b). Each offense
Maximum—$50
72485°—15----- 23
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
354
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
in
II
NEVADA
A
IV
8 to 16
Exemptions:
[For powers of legisla
ture to pass compul
sory school-attend
ance laws, see con
stitution art 11 s 2]
.
(1) Upon completion of eighth
grade
• .
, ...........
(2) Upon presentation to district
hoard of school trustees of satisfactory
evidence th at child’s labor is necessary
for its own or its parent’s support
[But 1913 C 232 s 1 fixes a minimum
age of 14 for any employment during
school hours—See Taole 1, A]
(3) W hen residence, m judgment
of deputy superintendent, is located
at such a distance from a public school
as to render attendance impracticable
or unsafe
(4) On certificate from any reputa
ble physician th at physical or mental
condition is such as to prevent or render inadvisable attendance at scnool
or application to study
.
[See Tables 2 and 3, A, for provisions
for the granting of employment per
m it, which m ight be construed to
constitute an exemption from school
attendance]
Revised Laws 1912 s
3365 (as amended by
1913 C 113), 3443,34453447,3449
N E W H A M P S H IR E
Localities
A
8 to 14
Exemptions:
Public Statutes 1901 C
93 s 14 (as amended
by 1913 C 221), 15 (as
amended by 1901 C
61), 18
P S 1901 C 92 s 17,18
P S 1901 C 92 p 301 (as
amended by 1905 C
91)
On excuse from district school board
because physical or mental condi
tion is such as to prevent attendance
[For power of districts
to make by-laws com
pelling children 6 to
16 to attend school, B
see P S 1901 C 93 s 6]
14 to 16
Exemptions:
Districts “ i n
which a p u b
lie school is
annually
taught”
Same as in A
above
On completion of course of study pre
scribed for elementary schools
Other exemptions same as m A, above
P S 1901 C 92 s 18
P S 1901 C 93 s 12-13 (as
amended by 1901 C
61), 15 (as amended
by 1901 C 61)
1911 C 198 s 2
[The application of the
provision tabulated
in C would appear to
be limited m most
cases to minors over
16—See provisions in
A and B, above, and
Table 2, A]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
Manufacturing es Where a free
p u b l i c
tablishment
evening
Mechanical e m s c h o o l is
ployment
maintained
Mercantile e mExemptions:
ployment
On perm it from local superintendent
of schools or school board if minor’s Any other em
ployment
physical condition would render
school attendance in addition to
[See
column IV]
daily labor prejudicial to health .pro
vided th a t a satisfactory certificate
to this effect from regular practicing
physician be presented
Any minor (if unable to read and
write simple English sentences) [See
note in column 1]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
355
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VTI
V III
E ntire school ses
sion
1. D uty
Attendance officers or other school
officers:
. Shall arrest truant child and de
liver him to teacher or parent, etc.;
May file complaint;
May inspect establishments
where minor children are em
ployed, to discover violations
(other duties of attendance officers
are prescribed by district board of
school trustees)
Peace officers:
Shall arrest and deliver to teach
er or parent, etc., truant child re
ported by school officials
District board of school trustees:
On complaint of any person
1. Power only
Any taxpayer:
May file complaint
•: 2(a). F irst offense
Maximum—$10 or imprisonment for
5 days, or both
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for
5 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
25 days, or both
E ntire school ses
sion
1. D uty
T ruant officers, under the direction
of the district school board:
H ave duties of inspection same
as duty of enforcement in C, below
District school boards
1. Power only
State superintendent of public in
struction or his deputy
2(a). F irst offense
Fine of $10
2(a). Subsequent offense
Fine of $20
Same as in A, above
[See column VI]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Regular a t t e n d
ance unless
child a t t e n d s
day school
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, “ whenever he shall deem
it necessary,” prosecute violations
of laws “ regulating the employm ent of help”
T ruant officers:
As to employment under 16 in
manufacturing, mechanical, and
mercantile establishments if re
quired by district school board; in
other establishments, as to em
ployment under 16 during school
hours
District school boards
1. Power only
State superintendent of public in
struction or his deputy
2(b). Each offense
Maximum—$50
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
356
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
1
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
NEW JE R SE Ï
1914 C 223 S 2, 4,15-18
1913 C 221 s 4 (as
amended by 1915 C
224)
[Parent or guardian
“willfully failing to
provide * * *
regular school edu
cation as required
by law ” incurs a
maximum penalty
of fine of 8100 or im
prisonment for 1
year, or both—1915
C 246 s 1, 2]
I II
Localities
IV
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
If it be shown to the satisfaction of the
district board of educatipn th at
child’s mental or bodily condition
is such as to prevent attendance at
school
B 14 to 16
Exemptions:
If child hasbeen granted an “ age and
schooling certificate” (see Table 2,
A) and is regularly and lawfully
employed in some useful occupa
tion or service (If unemployed, he
must return to school)
Other exemptions same as in A, above
N E W M E X IC O
[For c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
provision concerning
compulsory schoolattendance require
ments, see constitu
tion art 12 s 3]
Statutes 1915 s 4857,
4858, 4960-4962
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 7 to 14
Exemptions*
(1) On certificate from regular prac
ticing physician th at child is physi
cally unfit for school duties
(2) If living more than 3 miles from
a public school
•
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
357
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VII
Entire school ses
sion
vm
1. D uty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect mercantile estab
lishments
Sheriff and his officers, all police
officers and constables:
Shall assist attendance officers
in the performance of their duty
A
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—850 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
(The above penalty is found in 1914
C 223 s 15. The following penalty
is found in 1913 C 221 s 4, as
amended by 1915 C 224)
2(a). First offense
Maximum—85
2(a). Subsequent offense
Maximum—825
[See note in column I]
Same as in A, above
1. Duty
Same as in A, above, and also,
Supervisor of school exemption cer
tificates (officer who issues em
ployment certificates):
Shall enforce attendance of child
having age and schooling certifi
cate who fails to secure emplovment
B
2. Same as in A, above, in
cluding bracketed note
Entire school year
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.4
1. Duty
~ÄT
School directors or local school board
County superintendents:
Snail require school directors to
enforce law, and have “ general
supervisory powers”
Presiding judge of district court:
. Must, a t each session of the court,
give substance of law as a special
charge to grand jury
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—85 or imprisonment
Maximum—825 or imprisonment for
10 days
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
358
T a ble
5 __ COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
NEW Y O RK
III
IV
City or school
district hav
ing a popu1 a t i o n of
5,000 or over
and employ
ing a super
intendent of
schools
A 7 to 14
Exemptions:
Consolidated Laws 1910
r 8 Education C 16:
A rt 23 s 621 (as
amended by 1911 C
710 and by 1913 C
511), 624, 625, 632,633
subdivision 3,636;
A rt 24 s 650 (as
amended by 1914 C
480), 651,652
G r e a t e r New York
Charter 1901 C 461 s
1069 subdivision 8 (as
added by 1914 C 479
s i)
Localities
If not in proper physical or mental
condition to attend school
'
Same as in A,
above
B 14 to 16
Exemptions:
If regularly and lawfully engaged in
useful employment or service and
having an employment certificate
Other exemptions same as in A, above
E lsewhere
th an place
specified in
A ,above
C 8 to 14
. Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
Same as in C,
above
D 14 to 16
Exemptions:
If having proper working papers and
regularly and lawfully engaged in
useful employment or service
Other exemptions same as in A, above
C L 1910 v 8 Educar E
tion C 16:
A rt 23 s 622 (as
amended b y 1913 C
748), 628 (as amended
by 1913 C 748)
Boy 14 to 16 (if in possession of an em
ployment certificate)
F
14 to 16 (if regularly employed and if in
possession of an employment cer
tificate)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any occupation
[See column IV]
Any city of
f i r s t or
second
class
Any occupation
[See column IV]
City or dis
trict where
part-time or
continua
tion schools
a r e estab
lished and
local board
of education
requires at
tendance
Exemptions:
If holding a certificate of graduation
from the elementary school or the
preacademic certificate issued by the
regents, or certificate of completion
of an elementary course issued by
the education department, or if
attending continuation school—See
provisions in F , below
Exemptions:
If holding a certificate of graduation
from the elementary school or a pre
academic certificate of completion of
the elementary course issued by the
education department, or if receiving
instruction approved by the board of
education
359
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VII
V III
E n t i r e session,
which shall not
be less than 160
days
1. D uty
State commissioner of education:
Shall supervise enforcement
Superintendent of schools:
Shall _supervise enforcement
within city, union free school dis
trict, or common-school district
whose limits include in whole or
in part an incorporated village
Attendance officers:
May inspect any establishment;
. Shall perform duties in connec
tion with enforcement prescribed
by superintendent of schools in
localities specified above, and by
Bureau of Compulsory Education
in New York City
A
_ 2(a). First offense
Maximum—$5 or imprisonment for
5 days
2(a). Subsequent offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
Entire session
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Same as in B , above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Same as in B , above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
6 hours each week
for 16 weeks
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
'
1. Same as in A, above
B
E
2(b). First offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—$50
2 (b). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$200
Not less than 4 1. Same as in A, above
hours nor more 2. Same as in E, above
than 8 hours per
w eek for 3 6
weeks, between
8 a. m. and 5
p. m. of any
workday. A ttendance m a y
be r e q u i r e d —
See column IV
F
360
C H I L D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
N O R T H C A R O L IN A A
[For powers of general
assembly to enact
compulsory schoolattendance laws, see
constitution art 9
s 15]
Pell’s Révisai of 1908
Supplement 1913 C 89
s 4092a(l) as amend
ed by 1915 C 236 s 3(a),
4092a(2),
4092a(4),
4092a (5) as reenacted
by 1915 C 236 s 3 (b),
4092a(6) as reenacted
by 1915 C 236 s 3(c),
4092a(8), 4092a(9),
4092a(11), 4148 as
reenacted by 1915 C
236 s 1(f)
[For exemption from
attendance if child
has not necessary
books and clothing, B
and requirement for
attendance after aid
has been provided,
by charity or other C
wise, see P R 1908
Supp 1913 C 89 s
4092a(2)]
NORTH DAKOTA
Compiled Laws 1913 s
1195,1342,1344,1345
8 to 121
Exemptions:
(1) If because of extreme poverty
services of child are necessary for his
own support or support of his parents,
as attested by affidavits of parents and
such witnesses as attendance officers
may require
(2) If living 2£ miles by the nearest
traveled route from the schoolhouse
(3) If physical or mental condition,
as attested by “legally qualified phy
sician before any court having juris
diction under this act,” renders a t
tendance impracticable or inexpedi
ent
8 to 15
Exemptions :
in
Localities
IV
All counties
of the State
e x c e p t
M itchell
a n d Polk
Counties,
except th at
this act
s h a l l not
affect or re
peal any ex
isting local
laws requir
ing compul
sory school
attendance
Mitchell
County
Same as in A, above
7 to 15
Polk County
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
“ Of or between the ages of 8 and 15 ”
Exemptions:
On excuse from district school board
or local board of education when it
is shown to their satisfaction th at
one of the following reasons exists:
(1) If child has acquired the
branches of learning taught in the
public schools;
(2) If “ child is actually necessary
to the support of the family;”
(3) If physical or mental condi
tion (as declared by a licensed phy
sician, if required by the board) is
such as to render such attendance
inexpedient or impracticable;
(4) If no school is taught the
requisite length of tim e within
2J miles of residence by nearest
route, unless free transportation has
been provided
iT h e county board of education or the school board of trustees of any town of 2,000 or more may
extend this age to 13 or 14 years
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
361
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u ty ;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parents, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
VI
V II
vm
4 months of the
school term of
each year
1. D uty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect any office, factory,
or _ business house employing
children to enforce these provi
sions, and require birth certificate
or affidavit of age if there is doubt
as to child’s age
1. Power only
County boards of education:
May “ make such rules as they
may deem best to secure attend
ance of all children between the
ages of 8 and 12 years”
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Entire school ses
sion
1. D uty
T ruant officers
County superintendent of schools or,
in special or independent districts,
the superintendent or principal of
schools
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
362
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
n
I
A
OHIO
Page and Adams’ An
notated General Code
1912 s 871-22 (as
added b y 1913 p 95),
871-24 (as added by
1913 p 95), 980, 6250,
7762,7763 (as amend
ed by 1914 p 232), 7764
(as amended b y 1913
p 864), 7766 (as
amended b y 1914 p
129), 7767 (as amend
ed by 1913 p 864), 7770
(as amended b y 1913
p 864), 7771-7773 (as
amended b y 1914 p
225), 7794, 12974,
12977, 12982, 12983,
12986
I II
Localities
IV
Boy 8 to 15
Girl 8 to 16
Exemptions:
On excuse from superintendent of
public schools, or by principal of
private or parochial school (subject,
upon refusal, to appeal to judge of
juvenile court of county), upon satis
factory showing th at the bodily or
mental condition of child does not
permit of its attendance
[For provisions for the
granting of such re
lief as will enable him
to attend school to
child unable to do so
because absolutely
required to work for
the support of him
self or others, see P &
A A G C 1912 s 7777]
B
Boy 15 to 16
Exemptions:
If he has passed a satisfactory sixthgrade test in reading, spelling, writ
ing, English grammar, geography,
* and arithmetic and is engaged in
some regular employment. If un
employed, he m ust return to school
within 2 weeks; if, in opinion of local
superintendent of schools or his
deputy, employment is lost b y rea
son of persistent, willful misconduct
or continuous inconstancy, he may
be placed in school until the close
of current school year
Other exemptions same as in A, above
C
[Boy] 15 to 16
Exemptions:
Child who has satisfactorily com
pleted eighth grade
Engaging in regu I n p l a c e s
where dis
lar e m p l o y
trict board
m ent [See col
of e d u c a um n IV]
■ tion estab
lishes park
time day
schools for
children
over 15 who
are engaged
in regular
em ploy
m ent1
1 Such schools have been established in Cincinnati, Dayton, and possibly in other places
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
363
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
YII
v in
F ull tim e th at the
school attended
(public, private,
or parochial) is
in session, which
shall in no case be
less than 28 weeks
1. Duty
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
• May inspect all places where
children are employed
State industrial commission
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
(Above penalty is incurred for not
sending to school child 8 to 14
or child 14 to 16 if it has not passed
a satisfactory fifth-grade test or is
not regularly employed, unless
parent “ proves his inability so to
do.” The compulsory school law
was amended in 1913, making the
age period for boys from 8 to 15 and
for girls from 8 to 16, b ut the pen
alty was not amended. The gen
eral penalty, however—a maxi
mum fine of $50—provided by
section 12983 of the Code, would
appear to apply to other viola
tions)
(Any person convicted of a violation
of any law relating to the compul
sory education of minors, who
again violates any such law, shall
be imprisoned for not less than 10
nor more than 30 days)
Same as in A, above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
8 hours per week,
1. D uty
between 8 a. m. State industrial commission
and 5 p .m ., dur T ruant officers:
ing school term
Have duties and powers as speci
fied in A, above
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$25 (for officer, etc., of
corporation)
Maximum—$50 (for any person)
(Any person convicted ofa violation
of any law relating to the compul
sory education or employment of
minors, who again violates any
such law, shall be imprisoned for
not less than 10 nor more than 30
days)
B
C
364
C H IL D LA BO R L E G IS L A T IO N
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
H
I
OKLAHOM A
III
Localities
IV
A 8 to 16
Exemptions:
[For duty of legislature
to enact compulsory
s c h o o l - attendance
laws, see constitu
tion art 13 s 4]
If mentally or physically unable to at
tend school, such disability to be de
termined by the school district
board or board of education upon
certificate from a duly licensed and
practicing physician
1913 C 219 art 13 s i , 2,5
1913 C 219 art 9 s i , 3,6,8
[For provision granting
scholarship to child
whose wages are nec
essary for support of
widowed mother, see
1913 C 219 art 13 s 4]
OREGON
A
Lord’s Oregon Laws
1910 s 4119 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 243),
4120,4121 (as amend
ed by 1911 C 243),
4123 (as amended by
, 1911C 243), 4124,4125,
4127, 4128
L 0 L 1910 s 5025 (as
amended b y 1911 C
138), 5032 (as amend
ed bv 1911 C 138),
5034 (as amended by
1911C 138)
“ Between and including the ages of 9
and 15 years of age ” i
Exemptions:
(1) Upon acquirement of the ordi
nary branches of learning [taught in
the grammar grades of the public
schools], to be determined by district
school board
(2) If physically unable to attend
school, on certificate of competent
physician presented to truant officer
(3) Child 9 to 10 living more than 1J
miles, child over 10 more than 3 miles,
from a public school by the nearest
traveled road if transportation is not
furnished
B
9 to 16
Exemptions:
Child 14 to 16 legally employed in
some lawful work; if unemployed,
child m ust return to school
[The provision tabu
lated in B is amend
ed b y implication by
s e c t i o n 4119 (as
amended b y 1911 C
243), as given in A,
above]
1“ Between and including the ages of 9 and 15 years” has been ruled upon by the attorney general’s
office as ending w ith the fifteenth anniversary of the child’s birth
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
365
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind}
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
V
VI
VH
66 per cent of entire
school session
[The constitution—
art 13 s 4—directs
the legislature to
provide for com
pulsory attend
ance for “ a t least
3 m onths” ]
Term of the num
ber of months
public school is
held annually
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V III
1. D uty
School district board or resident of
district:
Must file complaint of violations
with township justice of the peace
County superintendent of public in
struction:
On complaint of teachers
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—310
Maximum—325
1. D uty
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
[For other duties, see Table 2,
A-IX]
Justices of the peace:
Shall prosecute upon complaint
of truant officers
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—35 or imprisonment for
2 days, or both
Maximum—325 or imprisonment
for 10 days, or both
Entire school term
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State board of inspectors of child
labor or deputy of said board:
May inspect factories, work
shops, and mercantile establish
ments;
Shall report violations therein
to school authorities and to dis
trict attorney
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—35
Maximum—325
B
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
366
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
I
II
P E N N S Y L V A N IA
III
Localities
rv
A 8 to 14
1911 Pam phlet Laws
309 s 1414; Stewart’s
Purdon’s Digest Sup
plement 1912 p 113
1911 P L 309 s 1415,1416,
1418; S P D Supp 1912
p 114
1911 P L 309 s 1423;
S P D Supp 1912p ll5
1911 P L 309 s 1425;
S P D Supp 1912 p 116
(as amended by 1915
P L 228)
1911 P L 309 s 1428;
S P D Supp 1912 p 116
1911 P L 309 s 1432.1434; B
S P D Supp 1912 p 117
Exemptions:
(1) On excuse from district board of
school directors upon satisfactory evi
dence th a t mental, physical, or other
urgentreasons (term “ urgent reasons”
shall be strictly construed) prevent
school attendance or application to
studv
(2) If child lives 2 miles from public
school by the nearest traveled road
and free transportation is not provided
14 to 16
Exemptions:
If child has an employment certificate
issued according to law, is able to
read and w rite, and is regularly en
gaged in useful and lawful employ
ment or service during the time
schools are in session
Other exemptions same as in A, above
1915 Pam phlet Laws
286 S 3, 4, 23, 24
[The act tabulated in C
is in effect Jan. 1,1916]
C 14 to 16
Exemptions:
Where school is not “ within reason
able access ” to place of employment
Any occupation
[See column IV]
S c h o o l d is
trict
in
which such
school1 has
been estab
lished with
in said district
or
within rea
sonable ac
cess to place
of employ
m ent m an
adj oining
district
P H I L I P P I N E
IS L A N D S
[No provisions]
P O R T O R IC O
Revised Statutes and
Codes 1911 s 635
[For regulations by the
provisions of a later
law governing child
10 to 14 exempted
from school attend
ance to go to vork,
see provisions in B
and C, below]
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
(1) When school is not w ithin rea
sonable distance from child’s home or
when accommodation can not be fur
nished at a school w ithin reasonable
distance from child’s home
(2) On completion of each grade of
the course of study prescribed for the
particular school
[See note in column I]
i School attended m ust be approved by State superintendent of public instruction. I t may be conducted
in the establishment where minor is employed or in a public school building or such other place as board
of school directors m ay designate
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
367
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
V III
E ntire term , b ut
board of school di
rectors, in any dis
tric t of the fourth
class, may reduce
the period to 70
per cent of the
school term
1. D uty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect places where chil
dren are employed and demand
employment certificates
Superintendent of schools, super
vising principal, attendance offi
cer, or secretary of the board of
school directors:
On complaint
A
2(a). F irst offense
Maximum—$2
2(a). Subsequent offense
Maximum—$5
Same as in A, above
8 hours per week
between 8 a. m.
and 5 p. m. of
any day exclu
sive of Saturday
to be considered
as part of the
working day or
working week .
[Entire session]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and in
dustry
Attendance officers
Police officers
C
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment
for 10 days, or both
1. D uty
IT
Municipal authorities upon notifica
tion from the teacher or from su
pervising principal of the munici
pality
2(a). F irst offense
Public reprimand by judicial officer
before whom tried
2(a). Second offense
Maximum—$5
2(a). T hird offense
Maximum—$10
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
368
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
n
I
P O R T O R IC O — Con
B
tinued
IV
10 to 14
Exemptions:
On permission to go to work in any
lucrative occupation on the follow
ing certificates [For requirements,
see provisions in A to C, inclusive,
Tables 2 and 3]:
(1) Educational certificate from
departaient of education stating that
the following has been completed:
(a) If in country, work necessary for
admission to the fourth grade of the
public rural schools; (b) If in town,
sixth grade of the public graded
schools;
(2) Poverty certificate from alcalde
of municipality stating th a t neces
sity (as defined) exists and author
izing employment [For possible
evening-school attendance required,
see provisions in C, below];
(3) Employment certificate from
alcaide of municipality stating that
there are no schools w ithin a reason
able distance of community where
child lives wherein accommodation
can be furnished and authorizing
employment [For possible eveningschool attendance required, see
provisions in C, below]
[See note in column I]
1913 No 42 S 4-5 (as
amended b y 1913 Ex
traordinary Session
No 139), 12-14
1913 E x tr a o r d in a ry
Session No 139 s 6
[The provisions tabu
lated in B and C do
not apply to children
10 to 14 who are em
ployed in picking or
gathering coflee or in
planting, picking, or
tending in the field
any agricultural or
horticultural prod
ucts in company
w ith or under the
direct personal super
vision of their par
ents, guardians, or
relatives over 16
years of age]
C
Any lucrative oc Where child
resides not
cupation during
more than
s c h o o l hours
1 kilometer
[For definition
from anight
of lucrative ocExem ptions:
school un
c u p a t i o n , see
When “ just cause” exists for nonat
der the di
Table 1, A] [See
tendance
r e c t i o n of
column IV]
the D epart
Exemptions:
m ent of E d
ucation of
[See note in col
Porto Rico
um n I]
10 to 14 (when employed on alcalde’s
certificate—See provisions in B and
C, Tables 2 and 3)
A 7 to 14
R H O D E ISL A N D
Exemptions:
General Laws 1909 C 72
s i, 3
G L 1909 C 66 s 15-17
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in
Localities
Upon proof of any of the following
facts, or presentation of a certificate
from local school committee or
issued under its direction setting
forth that:
(1) Child has completed elemen
tary studies taught in the first 8
years of school attendance, exclud
ing kindergarten;
(2) Child’s physical or m ental con
dition is such as to render attend
ance inexpedient or impracticable;
(3) Child is destitute of suitable
clothing and parent or guardian is
unable to provide same;
(4) Child was excluded from school
attendance “ by virtue of some gen
eral law or regulation”
•
B
'
14 to 15
Exem ptions:
If lawfully employed at labor or a t
service or engaged in business
Other exemptions same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
369
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467—
475 should be borne in mind]
—
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y,
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VII
V III
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Regular attend
ance certified
m on t hl y by
teacher of even
ing school
1. D uty
Porto Rican Bureau of Labor
B
C
•2(b). F irst offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
. 2(b). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
E ntire session
1. D uty
T~
Truant officers:
Have duty of enforcement, un
der the direction of the local school
committee;
May inspect all places and estab
lishments where children under
15 are employed, and demand lists
and certificates of children under 16
(Factory inspectors m ust report
names of children 14 to 16 working
without certificates—see Table 2,
A—to school committee)
2(a). Each offense
Maximum —$20
Same as in A, above
L. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
72485°—15-----24
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
370
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
= ---------- '
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
I!
I
S O U T H C A R O L IN A
A
8 to 14
Exemptions:
1915 No 98 s 1, 2, 4-7
(1) If physical or m ental condition,
as attested by a legally qualified phy
sician before the board of school trus
tees, is such as to render attendance
impracticable or inexpedient
(2) If residing 2£ miles from the
schoolhouse by the nearest traveled
route unless ffee transportation is pro
vided
(3) If child’s services are necessary
for support of himself or his parents,
on account of extreme poverty, as at
tested by affidavit of parents and of
such witnesses as the trustees of dis
trict m ay require
(4) On temporary excuse from board
of school trustees for good and suffi
cient reasons, said reasons and the du
ration of the excuse to be set forth in
writing by said board
[See column j> for partial exemption
in certain localities]
[For exemption from
attendance in case
parent is not able to
pr ovi de n ecessary
books and clothing,
and requirement for
attendance after aid
has been provided by
any means whatso
ever, see 1915 No 98
s 2]
B
14 to 16
I II
Localities
rv
Any district or
aggregation
of adjoining
districts
where a ma
jority of the
qualified
electors sub
m it a peti
tion for the
adoption of
this act, or
where said
act is adopt
ed bymajor
ity vote at
a popular
election
which must
be ordered
in any dis
trict upon a
petition of
one - fourth
of the quali
fied electors
and in dis
t r ic ts con
taining a
town of 1,500
or more in
habitants
upon a peti
tion of a ma
jority of the
b o a r d of
school trus
tees
Same as in A,
above
Exemptions:
(1) If actually, regularly, and law
fully engaged in useful employment
or service
(2) If able to read and write simple
English sentences
Other exemptions same as in A,
above
SO U TH DAKOTA
1907 C 135 art 4 s 99,100
1913 C 192 s 3-4 (as
added by 1915 C 169)
1907 C 135 art 7 s 148 (as
am ended by 1915 C
170), 149
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A “ Between the age of 8 and 16 years,
both inclusive”
Exemptions:
If child has completed 8th grade
If parent or guardian shall “ show”
to local board of education or dis
trict school board or to court that:
(1) Child has acquired the branch
es of learning taught in the public
schools;
(2) Child’s physical or mental con
dition, as declared by a competent
physician, is such as to render at
tendance unsafe or impracticable
If in opinion of court or judge com
pulsory attendance “ would impose
conditions which would not be
hum ane”
•
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
371
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
E ntire term; 4
months, or full
term if term is less
than 4 months,
for child living in
agricultural dis
trict and engaged
in work a t home,
whether attend
ing d is tr ic t or
town school
VH I
1. D uty
Board of school trustees:
Has duty of enforcement;
May inspect office, factory, or
business house
A
2(a). F irst offense
Minimum—$2
Maximum—$25
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
(Each day’s violation a separate of
fense after expiration of 3 days
from notification)
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Entire term, in ab
sence of local regu
lation, b u t dis
trict board m ay
decrease tim e to
not less than 16
weeks per year af
ter child has com
pleted 6th grade
1. D uty
~A~
T ruant officers
Teacher, member or agent of local
board of education:
Shall petition county court to
inquire into violations, and case
shall be tried
1. Power onlv
Any reputable citizen:
May petition as above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$20
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
372
T a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
n
I
TENNESSEE
A “ Between the ages of 8 and 14, in
clusive”
Shannon’s Code 1896 s
1432
1907 C 236 s 14 (as
amended b y 1909 C
662), 17 (as amended
by 1909 C 186, 576, by
1911C 564, and by 1915
C 48,113)
1913 C 9 s 1-3, 6, 7
[See column V]
Exemptions:
14 to 16
Exemptions:
liab le to read and write, and actively,
regularly, and lawfully engaged in
useful employment or service
Other exemptions same as in A, above
A
8 to 12
Exemptions:
Revised Civil Statutes
1911 a r t 2774 (as
amended by 1915 C
121)
1915 C 49 s 1, 2, 6-9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
On excuse (temporary) if it be shown
to court of competent jurisdiction
or county or city hoard of education
th at any of the following conditions
exists:
(1) Completion of elementary
school course (including 8 grades), on
certificate of principal of school at
tended;
(2) Inability of parent or guardian,
through extreme destitution, to pro
vide proper clothing for child (case
shall be reported to poor officials);
(3) If living more than 2 miles
from a public school by nearest trav
eled road and no public transporta
tion is provided;
(4) Mental or physical incapacity
to attend school
B
TEXAS
III
Localities '
(1) If bodily or m ental condition is
such as to render attendance inad
visable, upon certificate of a reputable
physician
(2) If living 2i miles by direct and
traveled road from nearest public
school for children of the same race
and color, unless free transportation is
provided
B
12 to 14
Exemptions:
Upon completion of 4th grade, if serv
ices are necessary for support of
parent or guardian, upon submis
sion of proper evidence to the county
superintendent of public instruc
tion
Other exemptions same as in A, above
[See column V]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
37<
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Cohtinuation
school
1. Enforcihg authorities—D u t y
Power only
3. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VII
V III
In cities of 5,000
scholastic popula
tion (by 1912 or
subsequent State
census) maintain
ing separate school
system, full school
term
Elsewhere, 80 davs,
or, if school term is
less th an 80 days,
for full s c h o o l
term
Same as in A, above
60 day s, for th e
sch o lastic y ear
b eg in n in g Sep
tember 1,1916; 80
days, for the year
b eg in n in g Sep
tem ber 1, 1917;
and for the year
1918-19 and each
year thereafter at
le a s t 100 days,
b u t in no case for
a longer period
than the maxi
m u m t e r m of
public school of
the district where
child resides
Same as in A, above
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect office, factory, or
busmesshouse emploving children
under 16 and require'certifleate of
school attendance
County or city superintendents un
der direction of board of education
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$2
Maximum —$20
. 2(a)- Subsequent offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. D uty
Attendance officers or school super
intendents and peace officers act
ing as attendance officers
2(a). F irst offense
Fine of $5
2(a). Second offense
Fine of $10
2(a). Subsequent offense
Fine of $25
(Each day’s violation a separate of
fense)
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
374
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
H
I
UTAH
Compiled Laws 1907 s
1906, 1962-1964, 4065
VERM O N T
1915 No 64 s 30-33, 50,
52-57, 65,173
[For law providing poor
relief for child fading
to attend because of
lack of suitable cloth
ing, see 1915 No 64
s 59]
in
Localities
rv
A 8 to 16
Exemptions:
On certificate from city or county
superintendent of schools, on evi
dence satisfactory to him th a t one of
the following reasons exists:
(1) Child has already acquired
branches of learning taught m the
district schools;
(2) Services are necessary to sup
port of m other or invalid father;
(3) Physical or m ental condition
renders attendance inexpedient or
impracticable (school board m ay
require certificate from competent
physician);
(4) No district school w ithin 2£
miles is taught the requisite length
of tim e
A 8 to 15
Exemptions:
(1) If child has already completed
the elementary school cdurse
(2) If m entally or physically un
able to attend school (school super
intendent m ay in such case request
town health officer or competent
physician to examine child)
(3) If “ legally excused from attend
ing school” [Such excuse m ay be
obtained on completion of the course
of study prepared for the elementary
schools by superintendent of educa
tion—See Table 2, A; Table 3, A]
B 15 to 16
Exemptions:
If child has completed first 6 years of
elementary school course he m ay be
excused by superintendent if his
services are needed for support of
those dependent upon him or for
other sufficient reason
Other exemptions same as in A, above
V IR G IN IA
[The general assembly
m ay provide for the
compulsory educa
tion of children be
tween th e ages of 8
and 12 years—Con
stitution a rt 9 s 38]
Code 1904 s 1462 (as
amended b y 1906 C
248)
1908 C 364 S l, 2,4,5-7
A 8 to 12
Exemptions:
(1) If able to read and write
(2) If excused “ for cause” b y dis
tric t school trustees
(3) If weak in body or mind
(4) If living more than 2 miles from
nearest public school or more th an 1
mile from the line of a public free
school wagon route
Any county,
city, town,
o r district
in which the
qualified
voters there
of “ a v a i l
themselves”
of th e s e
prov'isions
a t a general
or special
election1
1 These provisions have been adopted by the following cities: Clifton Forge, Lynchburg, Petersburg,
Richmond, Bristol, and by the following counties: Alleghany, Henrico, Rockingham, Shenandoah, Wise
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CSÎLD LABOR LEGISLATION-.
375
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
V II
V III
In any city of the
first or second
class, 30 weeks ( 10
consecutive)
In any other place,
20 weeks (10 con
secutive)
1. Duty
A
President of local board of educa
tion:
In cities
Chairman of district school trustees:
In-districts
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$300 or imprisonment
for 6 months, or both
“ Full num ber of
days for which
* * * school is
held; and, if the
school * * * is
heldfor more than
170 days,” child
shall “ continuein
school unless
excused in writ
ing by the super
intendent”
1. Duty
Truant officers:
Have d u ty of enforcement;
May inspect certain establish
m ents [For list, see P S 1906 C 50
s 1045 (as amended by 1912 No 75
„ s 11)]
School superintendents:
Shall enforce if they have reason
to believe law has been violated;
May return tru an t child to
school
[In unorganized towns and gores,
supervisors have duties of truant
officers]
A
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
Same as in A, above
12 weeks (6 con
secutive) e a c h
year, or twice
th at time at halft i m e or night
school
[See column V]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. D uty
District school board
1. Power only
Any taxpayer:
May make complaint to above
board, which m ust be prosecuted
A
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$2
Maximum—$10
2(a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$20
376
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T
a ble
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
II
I
W A S H IN G T O N
Pierce s Code 1912 title
413 s 427,489,839,841,
843, 845, 849
A 8 to 15
Exemptions:
On certificate from district or county
superintendent of schools, for any of
the following reasons:
(1) Child has attained reasonable
proficiency in branches required by
law to be taught in first 8 grades;
(2) He is mentally or physically
unable to attend school;
(3) Other sufficient reason
B 15 to 16
Exemptions:
If regularly and lawfully engaged in
useful and remunerative employ
m ent
Other exemptions same as in A, above
W E S T V IR G I N I A
Hogg’s Code 1913 C 45 s
2113, 2114, 2156-2158
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 8 to 14
Exemptions:
(1) In case of sickness or death in
family or for other reasonable cause
(2) If there is no school within 2 miles
by nearest traveled road
[See provisions in B, Tables 1 to 3,
inclusive, for requirement of permit
from State commissioner of labor or
county superintendent of schools for
employment under 14 in business or
service during school hours, which, if
granted, would apparently constitute
an exemption]
B 14 to 15
Exemptions:
[See provisions in A, Tables 1 to 3, in
clusive, for requirement of a certifi
cate for employment of child 14 to 16
in certain occupations, which might
by implication constitute an exemp
tion for child who has passed fourth
grade and can read and write simple
English sentences]
HI
Localities
IV
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ô H ÎLD L A B o il L E G IS L A T IO N
3V8
T able
5 .—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
1
W ISC O N SIN
Statutes C 27 s 439a.l
(as renumbered by
1915 C 520), '439b,
439ca, 439cb, 439cc. 1,
439cc. 2, 339ce, 439e,
462
St C 83 s 1728d.l
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IV
[See- column
V]
A 7tol4
Exemptions:
(1) If child has completed eighth
grade and has diploma
(2) If child lives more than 2 miles
from school of his district by nearest
traveled road, unless free transporta
tion is furnished
(3) If child has certificate from rep
utable physician in general practice
th a t he is not in proper physical or
mental condition to attend school
[Any child 14 to 16, liv
ing within 2 miles of
the school o f. any
town or within the
corporate limits of
any city or village, if
not physically inca
pacitated and not re
quired by the proviions tabulated in B to B 14 to 16 [See note in column I]
attend school, shall,
Exemptions:
if he lives in a town
If regularly and lawfully employed in
or city maintaining
useful employment or service at
schools as specified
home or elsewhere
in D -IV e i t h e r
Other exemptions same as in A, above
attend such school
for 5 hours per week
for 6 m onths or 4
hours per week for 8
m onths or attend
school as specified in
B—St C 27 s 439a-l as
added b y 1915 C 266]
St C 27 s 439ca
St C 83 s 1728a-ll,
1728ar-12, 1728a-13,
1728a-14, 1728a-15,
1728a-16, 1728d.l
St C 110a s 2394^52
I II
II
Localities
C Minor over 14
Exemptions:
(1) If able to read and write simple
English sentences
(2) Child may be exempted by State
industrial commission if he has certifi
cate from registered practicing physi
cian showing th a t his physical con
dition, or the distance necessary to be
traveled, would render required at
tendance in addition to daily labor
prejudicial to his health
'
[See column
V]
Any industry for
which a public
evening or con
tinuation school
is m a i n t a i n e d
[See column IV]
City, town, or
v i l l a g e in
which pub
lic evening
or continua
tion school
for the in
dustry i n
whichminor
is to work
is maintain
ed [There
are as yet—
Jan.1,1915—
n o such
schools]
379
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Required attendance
Enforcement
Day school
Evening school]
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y ;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.;
(b) For employer, etc.
V
VI
VII
V III
In any city of the
first class, entire
session of school
attended
In any other city,
8 school months
In any town or vil
lage, 6 school
months
1. Duty
T ruant officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
May inspect factories, work
shops, mercantile establishments,
and other places of employment
and shall report all cases of illegal
employment to school authorities
and to State industrial commission
1. Power only •
State industrial commission
A
2(a). Each offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
Same as in A, above
Regular attend
ance a t evening
continuation
school; weekly
r e c o r d s of at
t e n d a n c e must
be presented to
employer
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*
[See column VI]
1. Same as in A, above '
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Duty
State industrial commission:
Has duty of enforcing “ all the
provisions of the statutes regulat
ing or relative to child labor”
and, so far as not otherwise pro
vided for in the statutes, the laws
relating to school attendance
[Truant officers m ay have the duty
and certainly have the power of
enforcement]
C
2(b). Each offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty may be recovered
from corporation in action for
debt or assumpsit)
c h il d la bo r l e g is l a t io n ,
m
T a ble
5.—COMPULSORY
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Application of act
State
Age
Occupations or es
tablishments
References
Exemptions
Exemptions
HI
IV
D 14 to 17
Any occupation
[See column IV]
City, town, or
village
where day
c o n tinuation classes,
industrial
school, or
eommerci al
school is es
tablished for
minors 14 to
16 working
under per
m it 1
E
Any minor
Any occupation Same as in D,
which is not a
above
trade industry
(see St C 83 s
1729s-8.2) a n d
for which a liv
ing wage for m i
nors shall have
been established
by i n d u s t r i a l
commission2
[See column IV]
A
“ Between the ages of 7 and 14, in
clusive”
II
I
W IS C O N S IN —Con
tinued
St C 83 s 439ca, 1728a.2,
1728c-l.l (as amend
ed by 1915 C 420),
1728C-1.2, 1728C-1.3,
1728C-1.4, 1728C-2.1,
1728C-2.2,
1728d.l,
1729S-8.3
St C 110a s 2394r-52,
2394-70
W YOM IN G
Compiled Statutes 1910
s 1956,1957,1992,1994
Localities
Exemptions:
On excuse from district board for one
of the following reasons:
(1) Child who is an invalid or to
whom schoolroom might be injuri
ous (physician’s certificate required);
(2) If this law would “ work a
hardship” to child (in this case ex
cuse m ust be written);
(3) If child has been excluded
from regular school for legal reasons
and no provision has been made for
his schooling
1 The following cities were maintaining continuation schools on*Jan. 1,1915: Appleton, Beaver Dam,
Beloit, Chippewa Falls, Cudahy, E au Claire, Fond du Lac, Grand Rapids, Green Bay, Janesville,
Kenosha, LaCrosse, Madison, Manitowoc, Marinette, Marshfield, Menasha, Menomonie, Milwaukee, Neenah, Oshkosh, Racine, Sheboygan, South Milwaukee, Stevens Point, Superior, Two Rivers, Wausau,
and West Allis [See St s 553p-3.1 (as amended by 1915 C 515) and 553p-3.9 for regulations as to where
such schools m ust be established]
2 For provision requiring minors employed in any occupation which is a trade industry, and for which
a living wage for minors shall have been established by the industrial commission, to be indentured,
and school attendance required, see s 1729S-8.1,2377 (as reenacted by 1915 C 133)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION-,
381
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Day school
Required attendance
Enforcement
Evening school
Continuation
school
1. Enforcing authorities—D u t y
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For parent, etc.:
(b) For employer, etc.
VI
V II
V III
5 hours per week
in daytime for
8 months or 4
hours per week
fo r 10 months
for child 14 to
16, and 5 hours
per week for 6
m o n t h s or 4
hours per week
for 8 m onths for
child 16 to 17.
Time shall be
allowed by em
ployer as a re
duction in hours
of labor
1. Duty
T ruant officers:
._ Have duties.and powers as spec
ified in A, above
State industrial commission:
Has duties as specified in C,
above
Same as in D,
above
Entire session
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2(b). Each offense
Minimum—Forfeiture of $10 to
State
Maximum—Forfeiture of $100 to
State
[A civil suit m ay be brought for
violation]
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in D, above
1. Duty
T ruant officer
Sheriff and deputy sheriff
Constable
2(a). First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
_ 2 (a). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$5 or $5 and imprison
ment
Maximum—$25 or $25 and imprison
m ent for 90 days
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
382
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Occupations
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
I II
IV
Exemptions
References
I
ALABAM A
1915 p 193 s 13,14
A Boy 12 [See
first note in
column I]
Girl 18
[Distribution of news
papers and periodi
cals perm itted to boy
10 to 12 upon compli
ance with all the pro
visions tabulated in A]
V
Boy 12 to 16 Any city of Distributing, s e l li n g ,
exposing or offering
2 5 ,0 0 0 or
[See f i r s t
for sale newspapers,
over accord
note in col
magazines, periodi
ing to t h e
umn I]
cals, handbills, or cir
latest Fed
culars
eral census
Any other trade or oc
cupation performed
in any street or pub
lic place
[The provisions tabu
lated in A apply to
employment in the
second group of occu
pations listed in col
um n V as well as to
engaging t h e r e i n ;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore tabu
lated in column VIII]
A LASK A
[No provisions]
A R IZ O N A
[See C, below]
B 10
[See C, below]
Bootblack in street or
public place
C [Boy 10]
Boy 10 to 14
Selling papers outside
school hours
“O ther work outside
school hours ”
Revised Statutes 1913
Civil Code title 14 C 2
s 3110, 3133-3135
[For provision governing
employment in bootblack stand or estab
lishment, see provi
sions in A, B, and C,
in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
For provision fixing
minimum age of 16 for
employment in ped
dling or any wandering business, see Table
P ]
A RK ANSAS
Selling, exposing, or
offering for sale news
papers,
magazines,
periodicals, or other
merchandise in any
street or public place
Any city of the
first or sec
ond class
A Boy 10
Girl 16
A
[See column VI]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
383
TRADES
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
VI
V II
V III
“ Regular school attendance” re
quired
Badge required, subject to the follow
ing conditions:
(1) Issued by the superintendent
of schools or his deputy;
(2) Application m ust be made in
person t»y child, accompanied by
parent or guardian;
(3) Submission of satisfactory
proof of age;
(4) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge;
(5) May be revoked or suspended
for violation, or in case school rec
ord is not satisfactory to school
principal
8 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. D uty
State factory inspector and his depu
ties
Police officers and other peace oflicers
[See C, below. I t would appear that
the license there described would be
required for employment of boy 10
to 14, b u t it is not so specified]
2(a). Any offense
Offender shall be dealt w ith as juven
ile delinquent. [See also column
VI, subdivision (5)]
2(c). Any offense
Minimum—$1
Maximum—$50
1. Duty
Factory inspector [there is no law
providing for factory inspection],
other authorized inspectors, and
school-attendance officers:
Shall make complaints for offenses
and prosecute violations
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
Same as in A, above
License m ay be issued b y local board
of school trustees for engaging in
work outside of school hours when,
in its judgment, such work will not
be harmful to boy, either physically
or morally
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Tables 1 to 4 for general provisions
which might apply to employment
in street trades, and Table 5 for com
pulsory school-attendance require
ments which would under certain
conditions keep child from work
during school hours. A n y child
under 10 who is found peddling or
selling any articles upon the streets,
or who accompanies or is used in
the aid of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and neglected
and m ay b,e declared a ward of the
court—1911A 215 s 1]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1 . Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
384
T able
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
1
State
Occupations
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
V
A Boy 10
Girl 18
Any city of
23, 000 or
over
Selling or distributing
newspapers, m a g a
zines, periodicals, or
circulars
Peddling
Bootblacking
Any other occupation
pursued in any street
or public place
A Girl 10
Any town-or
city
Selling or distributing
newspapers, periodi
cals, or other publica
tions, or any article of
merchandise in street
or alley
Engaging in any other
business or occupa
tion in street or alley
References
I
C A L IF O R N IA
Deering’s General Laws
1909 A 1611 s 16-17 (as
added by 1915 C 625)
[Child under 18 is pro
hibited by 1911 C 688 s
1 from selling goods,
or engaging in or con
ducting any business
between 10 p. m. and
5 a. m.—See Table 4,
C-III. This provision
would apparently ap
ply to street trades]
COLORADO
Mills’ Annotated Stat
utes revised edition
1912 s 537, 659, 670, 672,
673
1915 C 180 s 11
[See Table 1, B, and
Table 4, A, for general
provisions
w hich
might affect employ
m ent in street trades]
C O N N E C T IC U T
[See column VI]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
Exemptions
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
385
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V III
1. D uty
State bureau of labor statistics
A
_ 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by parent
violating any provision of this act,
b ut no specific provision of act for
bids parent to allow child to work
under the age specified in column II
and the applicability of the penalty
therefore appears doubtful)
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commissioner
[factory inspector]
State industrial commission:
Shall “ inquire into and supervise
the enforcement * * * of the laws
relating to child labor ”
2(b). F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$25
2(b). Second offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
(All above penalties are incurred by
person having child “ under his con
trol” who permits such child to “ be
employed” )
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Table 1, C, for prohibition of
employment under 16 in peddling,
and Table 1, B, and Table 5 for
provisions which might indirectly
affect work in street trades]
72485°—15-----25
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
386
T able
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Occupations
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
V
Boy under 14
[12 to 14]
Girl under 16
[14 to 16]
Any city of
20,000 or over
Distributing, selling, ex
posing, or offering for
sale newspapers, maga
zines. or periodicals in
street or public place
References
I
DELAW ARE
Revised Code 1915 C 71
S 2325
R C 1915 C 90 s 3168-3177,
3180, 3189
A Boy 12
Girl 14
Exemptions
Exemptions:
[For possible exemption
in ease of poverty, see
R C 1915 C 90 s 3179]
[For Tniniminn age of 14
for employment in
“ bootblack- stand es
t a b l i s h m e n t , ” see
Table 1, B]
[Theprovisionsfor badges
do not apply “ in the
case of newsboys.” I t
is not clear whether or
not the possession of
' an employment certifi
cate exempts a child
from the night work
prohibition]
[It is not clear whether
or not the provisions
in this table apply to
employment in listed
occupations or only to
engaging therein]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B [No minimum Boy under 14
agespecified] Girl under 16
Same as in A,
above
Bootblack
Any other trade or occu
pation performed in
street or public place
Distribution of handbills
or circulars or any other
articles except news
papers, magazines, and
periodicals
Exemptions:
Same as in A, above
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
387
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
1. Enforcing
authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
VI
VII
V III
Compliance w ith legal requirements
concerning school attendance—See
Table 5. Work prohibited during
school hours unless child has em
ployment certificate
Permit and badge required, subject to
the following conditions [See second
note in column I]:
(1) Issued by superintendent of
schools of city of Wilmington or of
county or by deputy of either;
(2) Application m ust be made in
person by parent, guardian, etc.;
(3) Evidence of age same as is
required for employment certificate
[See Table 2, B-IV]; '
(4) W ritten statement of principal
or chief executive officer of school
child is attending stating th at child
is • an attendant, with grade at
tained, and th at he has attained
normal development and is physi
cally and mentally fit for such em
ployment and able to do such work
m addition to school work required
by law;
(5) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge;
(6) Subject to inspection on de
mand of State child labor inspector;
(7) May be revoked for 6 months
upon recommendation of enforcing
officers specified in column V III
(Employment certificate of child 14 to
16 shall be accepted in lieu of any
other requirements)
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
State child labor inspector or inspector
authorized by him
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
[Permit and badge m ay be revoked by
issuing officer upon recommenda
tion of principal or chief executive
of school or upon complaint of State
child labor inspector or of probation
officer]
Same as in A, above
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See second note
in column I]
A
2(a). Any offense
Offender dealt with as juvenile de
linquent
2(b). F irst offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2(b). Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2(b). Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
2(c). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Penalty 2(c) is incurred by person
selling, etc., w ith knowledge th at
minor intends to violate or after no
tification th at minor is unlicensed)
[See second note
in column I]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
388
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading tliis analysis, the explanatory
Occupations
State
Minimum ago
Regulated age
Localities
II
I II
IV
References
I
D IST R IC T
C O L U M B IA
OF
A Boy 10
Girl 16
Exemptions
V
Selling,exposing, or offer
ing for sale newspapers,
magazines, periodicals,
goods, wares, or mer
chandise u p o n a n y
street, road, or high
way or in any public
place
Boy 10 to 16
Code 1911 p 444 s 11-14;
p 445 s 15
36 United States Statutes
a t Large p 990
[For minimum age of 12
and regulations 12 to 16
for employment in
bootblack stand, see
Table L A; Tables 2
and 3; Table 4, B]
F L O R ID A
B
Boy 10
Girl 16
A
Boy 10 [See
column V]
Girl 16
Compiled Laws 1914 s
2642a, 26421, 2642r,
2642t, 2642W, 3728a
[The provisions tabulat
ed in A apply to child
distributing, selling,
etc., and “ employ
m ent” is not specifi
cally mentioned except
in the exemption]
B
[No provisions]
[See column VI]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Trade of bootblacking
Any c i t y of
6,000 or over
Distributing, selling, ex
posing, or offering for
sale newspapers, mag
azines, or periodicals
in street or public
place
Exemptions:
G E O R G IA
H A W A II
Same as in A,
above
Male children employed
in the delivery of
newspapers to regular
subscribers outside of
school hours
[See
first note in column I]
[See also C L 1914 s 3237
for minimum age of 14
for employment in beg
ging or peddling and
Table 1, A, for m ini
mum age of 12 for em
ployment in “ sale of
merchandise”]
[See column VI]
Boy 10 to 16
A
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
389
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., fo minor
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
V III
Age and schooling certificate [or age
certificate] is required—See A and B
in Tables 2 and 3 for details [But it
would appear th at proof of age would
be required only th at child is over 10]
In addition, permit and badge are re
quired, subject to the following con
ditions:
(1) Issued by local superintendent
of schools or his deputy, upon appli
cation of parent or guardian;
(2) Perm it states th at abovementioned certificate has been ex
amined and filed;
(3) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge;
(4) Subject to inspection on de
mand of police or truant officer or of
child labor inspector
[Compulsory school-attendance law
requires attendance 8 to 14 for entire
session except on presentation of
satisfactory evidence to superin
te n d e n t^ schools of the District of
Columbia th a t child has acquired
the branches of learning taught in
the public schools, or is physically
or mentally incapacitated]
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
Child labor inspectors [2 detailed pri
vates of police force]
[For authorities to whom badge must
be exhibited on demand, see column
VI]
Same as in A, above, including brack
eted note
2. [No specific provision. Ju
venile court has jurisdiction over
offenses]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. D uty
State labor inspector
Grand juries:
Shall be charged by county and
circuit judges, a t beginning of each
term of the court, to investigate vio
lations
1. Power only
Grand juries and county solicitors of
criminal courts of record:
“ Have inquisitorial powers to in
vestigate violations'’
Any person:
May make complaint
2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$50
(Above penalty is incurred by person
having child “ under his control”
who permits such child “ to be em
ployed”—See note in column I)
[Any child under 12 who is found ped
dling any article upon the street, or
who accompanies or is used in the aid
of any person so doing, is deemed de
pendent and m ay be declared aw ard
of the court—C L 1914 s 1208a]
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Table 5 for compulsory school- at
tendance requirements which might
indirectly affect work in street
trades]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
390
T able
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Occupations
State
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
References
I
ID A H O
Exemptions
V
A
[See column VI]
IL L IN O IS
Selling, giving away, or
in any manner dis
tributing any book,
magazine, pamphlet,
newspaper, story pa
per, or publication de
voted to the publica
tion or principally
made up of criminal
news, police reports,
or accounts of criminal
deeds, or pictures and
stories of deeds of
bloodshed, crime, etc.
A “ Minorchild”
H urd’s Revised Stat
utes 1913 C 38 s 42hg
[For minimum age of 14
for employment in
peddling, see H R S
1913 C 38 s 492,493,495,
496]
[The provisions tabulat
ed m A apply to em
ployment in listed oc
cupations as well as to
engaging
therein;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore given
in column V III]
[See column VI]
B
IN D IA N A
A
[See column VI]
IO W A
Code 1897 Supplemental
S u p p l e m e n t 1915 s
2477-al,2477-d
[The provisions tabu
lated in A appear to
apply both to employ
m ent in listed occupa
tions and to engagmg
therein]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
Boy 11
Girl 18
[In cities having a
superior or m u
nicipal court,
superintendent
of schools or his
deputy may, in
exceptional
cases, upon suf
ficient showing
made by the su
perior or muni
cipal judge, is
sue a permit to
hoy under 11]
Boy 11 to 16
[See note in
column II]
Any city of Distribution or sale of
newspapers, m a g a 10,000 or ovei
zines, periodicals, or
circulars
Any other occupation
in any street or public
place
Peddling
Bootblacking
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
391
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
V II
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling
or furnishing, etc., to m i n o r
V III
[There are no specific provisions. See
Table 1, C, for provision fixing mini
mum age of 16 for employment in
peddling or any wandering business.
See Table 6 for compulsory schoolattendance requirements which may
affect work in street trades]
A
1. [No specific provision]
~A~
. 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[See Table 5 for compulsory school-at
tendance requirements which would
indirectly affect work in street
trades. Any child under 10 who is
found peddlmg or selling any articles
upon the street, or who accompanies
or is used in the aid of any person so
doing, is deemed dependent and neg
lected and may be declared a ward
of the court—1915 p 368 s 1]
IT
[There are no specific provisions, but
see Table 1, A and D, for general
regulations which might be in some
degree applicable to work in street
trades, and Table 5, A and B, for
compulsory school-attendance re
quirements which would appear
practically to prohibit work in street
trades under 14 during school hours]
Work prohibited during school hours
Badge required, subject to the follow
ing conditions:
(1) Issued by the local superin
tendent of schools or his deputy or
deputy of local school board;
(2) Evidence of age and certificate
of physical fitness same as is re
quired for employment certificate
[See Table 2, A-IV and A-V];
(3) School record, signed by chief
executive of school attended, certi
fying th at child is a regular attend
ant at school and th a t the work in
which he is to engage will not inter
fere with his progress at school;
(4) Annual renewal of badge
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
7.30 p. m. to 4 a. m. 1
1. D uty
(8.30 p. m. to 4 a. T ruant or attendance officers
m. during sum
mer school va
2(b). Any offense
cation)
Maximum—$15
(Above penalty is incurred by “ par
ent or person in charge” of child)
2(c). Each offense
Minimum—$15
Maximum—$100
(Above penalty is incurred by person
selling, etc., w ith knowledge that
minor intends to violate, or after
notification from enforcing official
th at minor is unlicensed)
aT
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
392
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Occupations
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
References
I
K A N SA S
Exemptions
V
A
[See column VI]
KENTUCKY
Any city of the
first,second,
or third class
A Boy 14
Girl 18
Statutes 1915 s 331a.l5,
331a.l6
/
[The provisions t a b u
lated in A and B ap
ply to employment in
fisted occupations as
well as to engaging
therein; penalty for
employer,etc.,is there
fore given in column
V III]
Peddling
Boot blacking
Distributing or selling
newspapers, m a g a
zines, periodicals, or
circulars
Any other occupation
pursued in street or
public place
[For prohibition of em
ployment of girl underT6 in peddling, see
St 1915 s 326, 330, 331]
[For law prohibiting em
ploying or permitting
‘‘minor child” to sell
any book, pamphlet,
newspaper, etc., de
voted to criminal news
or accounts of immoral,
etc., deeds, see St 1915
s 1354]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Boy 14 to 16
Same as in A,
above
Peddling
Boot blacking
Distributing or selling
magazines,periodicals,
or circulars
Any other occupation
pursued in street or
public place [This
would apparently in
clude selling newspa
pers]
393
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.;.(e) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
vm
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Tables 1 to 4 for general regula
tions which might apply to employ
m ent in street trades, and Table 5
for compulsory school-attendance
requirements which would, under
certain conditions, keep a child from
work during school hours. Any
child under 10 who is found peddling
or selling any article upon the street,
or who accompanies or is used in the
aid of any person so doing, is deemed
dependent and neglected and m aybe
declared a ward of the court—Gen
eral Statutes 1909 s 5100]
A
1. Duty
Labor inspectors
T ruant officers
Police officers
Juvenile court probation officers
~A~
2(a). Any offense
Child shall be dealt with as juvenile
delinquent
2(b). First offense
Minimum—$15
Maximum—$50
2(b). Second offense
Minimum—$15 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2(b). Subsequent offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Penalty 2(b) applies only to viola
tions in regard to children under 16
and is incurred by employer, etc.,
as well as by parent)
2(c). Each offense
Minimum—$15
Maximum—$100
(Penalty 2(c) is incurred by person
selling, etc., w ith knowledge th at
minor intends to violate or after no
tification th a t minor is unlicensed)
Badge required, subject to following
conditions:
(1) Issued b y local or county su
perintendent of schools or his deputy
on application of child accompanied
by parent or guardian;
(2) Compliance w ith all the re
quirements for the issuance of an
employment certificate (see Tables
2 and 3, A) except as specified in
parenthetical note below;
(3) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge
(Child not fulfilling educational re
quirements—fifth grade—m ay re
ceive badge authorizing him to
work outside school hours)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
394
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
References
I
L O U ISIA N A
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
Occupations
Exemptions
V
A
[See column VI]
M A IN E
Selling, giving away, or
in any manner dis
tributing any book,
magazine, pamphlet,
or newspaper devoted
to the publication or
principally made up
of criminal news, po
lice reports, or ac
counts of criminal
deeds, or pictures and
stories of crime, etc.
A Any minor
Revised Statutes 1903 C
125 s 15
1905 C 123 s 1 (as amend
ed by 1915 C 320 s 1),
2 (as amended b y 1915
C 320 s 4)
1911 C 65 s 2,11
[The provision tabulated
in A applies to employ
m ent in listed occupa
tions as well as to engagingtherein; penalty
for employer, etc., is
therefore given in col
um n VIII]
M ARYLAND
A
Annotated Code 1911 v 3
(1914)art 100s 13,26-35,
37, 38, 45, 46, 48
[For employment
under 10, see
column V, “ Ex
[The provisions here tab
ulated appear to apply
to employment in list
ed occupations, as well
as to engaging therein;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore tab u
lated in column VIII]
[For minimum age of 12
f o r employment in
1‘ sale of merchandise ’’
and of 16 for employ
m ent in peddling, see
Table 1, A and F; for
minimum age of 14 and
regulations 14 to 16 for
employment in bootblack stand or estab
lishment, see Table 1,
B, and Tables 2 and 3,
A]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boy 10
emptions”]
Boy 10 to 16
A ny ci t y of
2 0, 000 or
over
Distributing, selling, ex
posing, or offering for
sale newspapers, mag
azines, or periodicals
in Street or public
place
Exemptions:
Above shall not be con
strued to forbid the
serving of newspapers
on a regular route by
boys under 10 pro
vided it is not done
during the hours when
the public schools are
in session
395
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION,
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V III
A
[There are no specific provisions, b ut
see Tables 1 to 4 for general regula
tions which might apply to employ
m ent in street trades, and Table 5
for compulsory school-attendance
requirements which would, under
certain conditions, keep a child from
work during school hours. Any
child 17 years of age and under who
is found peddling any article in any
street, road, or public place, or who
accompanies any person so doing, is
deemed delinquent and m ay be de
clared a ward of the court—Wolff’s
Revised Laws Supplement 1904- •
1908 v 3 p 393; 1908 A 83 s 9]
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor [and in
dustry)
“ Agents for the protection of chil
dren,” sheriffs, deputy sheriffs,
police officers, and constables:
Shall enforce any act for the pro
tection of children
A
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
Compliance w ith legal requirements
concerning school attendance—See
Table 5
Permit and badge required, subject to
the following conditions:
(1) Issued by chief of State bu
reau of statistics and information or
by county superintendent of schools
or his deputy;
(2) Application m ust be made in
person by parent, guardian, etc.;
(3) Evidence of age same as is re
quired for an employment certifi
cate [See Table 2 A-IV];
(4) W ritten statement of princi
pal or chief executive officer of school
attended stating th at child is an at
tendant and giving grade attained;
(5) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge;
(6) Subject to inspection on de
mand of enforcing officers;
(7) May be revoked for 6 months
upon recommendation of officers
specified in column V III
(In case of boy 14 to 16, employment
certificate shall be accepted in lieu
of any other requirements)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Duty
Chief of State bureau of statistics and
information
Inspectors of factories, attendance offi
cers, and other authorized officers
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
(Perm it and badge m ay be revoked by
issuing officer upon recommenda
tion of principal or chief executive
of school attended, or upon com
plaint of enforcing officer, or of
police, attendance, or probation
officer)
2(a). Any offense
Offender dealt w ith as juvenile de
linquent
2(b). First offense
Maximum—$50
2(b). Second offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Penalty 2(b) is incurred by employer,
etc., also)
' 2(c). Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Penalty 2(c) is incurred by person
selling^ etc., w ith knowledge that
minor intends to violate or after no
tification th at minor is unlicensed)
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
396
T able
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Occupations
State
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
V
Boy 14 to 16
Same as in A,
above
Bootblack
Other trade or occupa
tion performed in any
street or public place
Distributing handbills
or circulars or other
articles, except news
paper s_, magazines, or
periodicals as speci
fied in A, above
Same as in A,
above
Occupations same as in
A and B, above
References
I
M A R Y L A N D —Con
B
Boy 14
C
Girl 16
tinued.
M A SSA C H U SETTS
Trade of bootblack
Sale of newspapers, etc.
Any minor
A
Exemptions
Revised Laws 1902 C 46 s
13 (as amended by 1913
C 779 s 12)
R L 1902 C 65 s 17 (as
amended by 1910 C
419)
1906 C 463 P t .III s 89
1913 C 779 s 13
1913 C 779 s 13
1913 C 831 s 11-15, 19,
22-25
[For employment in
bootblack stand or es
tablishment, see Table
1,A; T ab le!,B an d C ]
[For law prohibiting em
ploying or permitting
minor to sell, lend, give
away,or distribute any
book, pam phlet, mag
azine, newspaper, etc.,
devoted to th e publi
cation or principally
m ade up of crim inal
news, police reports,
accounts of criminal
deeds, or pictures and
stories of crime, etc.,
under penalty of im
p r i s o n m e n t for not
more th an 2 years or
fine of n ot less than
$100 nor more th an
$1,000, see R L 1902 C
212 s 21]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Boy 12
Boy 12 to 16
Any city of
over 50,000
Selling, exposing, or of
fering for sale news
papers, magazines, pe
riodicals, or other arti
cles of merchandise of
any description
Trade of bootblack
Trade of scavenger
Other trade
(All above in street or
public place)
CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
397
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467—475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
vn
Same as in A, above
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. D uty
Attendance officers:
Have duty of enforcement;
Have oversight of minors licensed
by school committee
Police officers
A
[For regulations as to compulsory
school attendance of all minors see
Table 5]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
V III
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
Mayor and aldermen or selectmen may
prohibit or regulate
In any city, school committee has fore
going powers for minor under 14
Compliance w ith legal requirements
concerning school attendance—See
Table 5
Badge required, subject to following
conditions:
(1) Issued by superintendent of
schools or his deputy or deputy of
school committee;
(2) Evidence of age same as is re
quired for an employment certificate
[See Table 2, A-IV];
(3) Subject to inspection on de
mand of enforcing officer;
(4) Conspicuous wearing of badge;
(5) May be revoked for 3 months
upon complaint of enforcing officer
or probation officer;
(6) May be refused if applicant,
upon due investigation, is found to
be physically or mentally incompe
tent or unable to do work in addi
tion to the regular school attendance
required b y law—See Table 5;
. .G) W ork during school hours pro
hibited unless child has employ
m ent certificate
(School committee m ay make further
regulations and requirements for
issuance)
1. Enforcing authorities — Dutv
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor'; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling
or furnishing, etc., to minor
2(a). Each offense
Maximum —|10
. 2(b)(c). Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for 6
months
(Penalty 2(c) is incurred by person
selling, etc., w ith knowledge th at
mmor intends to violate and after
notification by school committee th at
mmor is not licensed)
(Street railway company shall be fined
$50 for each offense for permitting
child under 10 to enter and sell on car)
9 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. D uty
Attendance officers
Police officers
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute violations
2(a). First offense
Child shall be warned
2(a). Subsequent offense
May be arrested and dealt w ith as a
delinquent child
2(b). First offense
Minimum—$2 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$10 or imprisonment for 5
days, or both
. 2(t>)- Subsequent offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$25 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
2(c). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(Penalty 2(c) is incurred by person
selling, etc., w ith knowledge that
minor intends to violate or after no
tification to this effect from enforc
ing officer)
B
398
CHILD LABOE, LEGISLATION.
T able
6 __ STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
I II
IV
References
I
M A SSA C H U SET TS- C
Girl 18
Continued
M IC H IG A N
A Any minor
Howell’s A n n o t a t e d
Statutes 1913 s 4787
[For prohibition of em
ployment under 16 in
begging, see Table 1, B]
[For earlier law covering
practically the same
ground as th a t tabu
lated in A, b u t with a
different penalty, see
H A S 1913 s 3925,
14744]
Same as in B,
above
Occupations
Exemptions
V
Same as in B, above
Selling, giving away, or
distributing
book,
magazine, pamphlet,
newspaper, or other
paper, etc., devoted to
the publication or
principally made up
of criminal news, po
lice reports, or ac
counts of criminal
deeds, or pictures and
stories of crime, etc.
[The provisions tabulat
ed m A apply to em
ployment m listed oc
cupations as well as to
engaging therein; pen
alty for employer, etc.,
is therefore given in
column VIII]
[See column VI]
B
M IN N E S O T A
A Any minor
General Statutes 1913
s 3819,8705
[The provisions tabulat
ed m A apply to em
ployment in listed
occupations as well as
to engaging therein;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore given
in column V III]
[See column VI]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Selling, giving away, or
distributing any book,
magazine, newspaper,
etc., of immoral, etc.,
character, or devoted
to the publication or
largely made up of
criminal news, police
reports, accounts of
criminal deeds, or
pictures and stories of
crime, etc.
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
399
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
V II
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V III
1. Same as in B, above
C
2. Same as in B, above (except th at
2(a) subsequent offense applies only
to minor under 17; minor 17 to 18 in
curs maximum fine of 815 upon recom
mendation of school principal)
1. [No specific provision]
A
. 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—8100 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[Any child under 12 who is found
begging or peddling as a business,
or who accompanies or is used in
the aid of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and neglected
and m ay be declared a ward of
the court—H A S 1913 s 11644 (as
amended by 1915 No 308 s 1)]
B
1. D uty
AT
State department of labor and in
dustries
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—8100 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
Maximum—8500 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[See Table 5 for compulsory schoolattendance provisions which might
indirectly affect work in street
trades. Any child under 10 who is
found peddling or selling any articles
upon the street, or who accompanies
or is used in the aid of any person so
doing, is deemed dependent and
neglected and may be declared a
ward of the court—G S 1913 s 7162.
7178]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
400
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
------------------------------- —
State
Occupations
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
I II
IV
References
I
Exemptions
V
M IS S IS S IP P I
[No provisions]
M IS S O U R I
Revised Statutes 1909 v 1
s 1726a (as added by
1911 p 132), 1726d (as
added by 1911 p 132)
R S 1909 v 2 S 7824,
7825
Any child under 10
who is found ped
dling or selling any
articles upon
the
street, or who is used
in the aid of any per
son so doing, is deemed
neglected and m ay he
declared a ward of the
court—1913 p 148 S 2]
M ONTANA
A Boy 10
Girl 16
Selling, exposing, or of
fering for sale news
papers, magazines, pe
riodicals, or other mer
chandise in street,
hotels, railway sta
tions, places of public
amusement, p l a c e s
w h e r e intoxicating
liquors are manufac
tured or sold, or pub
lic office buildings
A 16
Selling, giving away, or
in any manner dis
tributing book, pam
phlet, magazine, news
paper, or publication
devoted to the publi
cation or principally
made up of criminal
news, police reports,
or accounts of criminal
or immoral, etc., deeds
Revised Codes 1907 s
1660, 1669, 8111, 8391,
8392
[The provisions tabu
lated in A make it un
lawful “ to hire, use,
employ, or perm it”
child under 16 to en
gage in occupations
listed in column V;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore tabu
lated in column V III]
[See column VI]
B
N EBRA SK A
A
Revised Statutes 1913 s
3554, 8790
[The provisions tabulat
ed in A apply to em
ployment in listed
occupations as well as
to engaging therein;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore given
in column V III]
[See column VI]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
“ Minor child”
Selling, giving away, or
distributing b o o k ,
pamphlet, magazine,
newspaper, or other
paper devoted to the
publication or princi
pally made up of crim
inal news, police re
ports, or accounts of
criminal or immoral,
etc., deeds
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
401
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
V II
Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
1.
V III
■
l. Duty
State factory inspector:
In cities of 10,000 or over “ shall
enforce all laws relating to the in
spection” of certain establishments,
among which are specified hotels,
concert halls or places of public
amusement, and mercantile estab
lishments [For list, see R S 1909
v 2 s 7825]
A
_ 2(a). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
1. Duty
State bureau of child and animal pro
tection:
Was created “ for the purpose of
enforcing the laws * * * pertain
ing to children” ;
Has powers of inspection
A
2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[There are no provisions governing
street trades m general, b u t see
Table 1 for law regulating employ
m ent during school term and Table
5 for compulsory school-attendance
provisions which might affect work
m street trades. For prohibition of
employment of child under 16 in
begging, or peddling in public street
or highway, or in any mendicant or
wandering business, see R C 1907 s
1660, 1669, 8111, 8347]
B
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor:
Must examine into “ the employ
m ent of illegal child labor”
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[Any child under 10 who is found ped
dling or selling any article upon the
street, or who accompanies or is used
in the aid of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and neglected
and may be declared a ward of the
court—R S 1913 S 1244]
72485°—15-----26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
402
C H I L D LABOR, L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Occupations
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
in
IV
References
I
NEVADA
Exemptions
V
Selling, giving away, or
distributing b o o k ,
pamphlet, magazine,
newspaper, etc., de
voted to the publica
tion or largely made
up of criminal news,
police reports, or ac
counts of criminal
deeds, or pictures and
stories oi bloodshed,
crime, etc.
A Any minor
Revised Laws 1912 s
6461, 6284
1915 C 203 s 4,8,9,13
[The provisions tabu
lated in A apply to
employment in listed
occupations as well as
to engaging therein;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore given
in column V III]
[See column VI]
B
N E W H A M P S H IR E
A
Boy 10
Girl 16
Selling, exposing, or of
fering for sale news
papers,
magazines,
periodicals, or other
merchandise in street
or public place
B
10
Bootblack in street or
public place
C
Any minor
Selling, giving away, or
distributing b o o k ,
pamphlet, magazine,
newspaper, etc., or
any printed paper
devoted to the pub
lication or illustration
of stories or accounts
of bloodshed, crime,
etc., or principally
made up of- police re
ports and criminal
news
1911 C 162 s 4,16,17, 20
[For general prohibition
of night work, 7 p. m.
to 6.30 a. m ., which
would apparently ap
ply to employment m
street occupations, and
for partial exemption
as to hours of deliver
ing newspaper routes,
see Table 4, A]
[For minimum age of 14
and requirement of
certificate 14 to 16 for
employment in bootblack stand or parlor,
see provisions in A in
Tables 1, 2 and 3]
Public Statutes 1901 C
92 s 18
P S 1901 C 93 s 15 (as
amended by 1901 C 61)
P S 1901 C 265 s 7-9
1911 C 198 s 2
[The provisions tabu
lated in C apply to em
ployment in listed oc
cupations as well as to
engaging therein; en
forcement as to em
ployment and penalty
for employer, etc., are
therefore tabulated in
column V III]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
403
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in m indj
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
V II
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V III
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Shall enforce all laws relating to
employment of minors
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment
for 1 year, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[Any child under 10 who is found ped
dling or selling any article upon the
street, or who accompanies or is used
in the aid of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and neglected
and m ay be declared a ward of the
court—R L 1912 s 728. See also
Table 1, A, and Table 5 for provi
sions which would indirectly affect
work in street trades during school
hours]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
T ruant officers
State inspectors appointed by and
under supervision of State superin
tendent of public instruction:
Shall inspect "places of employ
m ent withm the contemplation of
this act,” and have power of enforce
m ent
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
*
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, "whenever he shall deem it
necessary,” prosecute violations of
laws "regulating the employment
of h elp ”
T ruant officers:
As to employment under 16 dur
ing school hours
1. Power only
State superintendent of public in
struction or his deputy:
As to employment of minors
_ 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
q
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
404
T a ble 6
.—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Occupations
State
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
rv
Exemptions
References
I
NEW JE R SE Y
A [10]
10 to 16
1914 C 223 s i , 3,5,7,9,10,
12,13,15,17,18
[The provisions found in
the above sections ex
empt agricultural pur
suits b u t otherwise ap
pear to apply to em
ployment in listed oc
cupations as well as to
engaging therein; pen
alty for employer, etc.,
is therefore tabulated
in column VIII]
V
Selling newspapers
Blacking shoes
Running errands
Other light e m p l o y
ments not otherwise
prohibited by law for
children under 16 _
(All above are limited
by 1914 C 223 s 1 to
“ employment in the
open a ir” )
1915 C 246 s 1, 2
N E W M E X IC O
A
[See column VI]
NEW YORK
A Boy 12
Boy 12 to 14
Consolidated Laws 1909
v 3 Labor C 31:
Art 3-a s 51-52 (as
added by 1913 C 145);
A rt 6 s 96;
A rt 15 s 220-226 (as
amended by 1913 C
618), 227 (as added by
1913 C 618)
C L 1909 v 4 Penal C 40:
A rt 174 s 1937
Any city of Selling, exposing, or of
fering for sale news
first, second,
papers, magazines, or
or third class
periodicals in street or
public place
[For regulation, by per
m it and badge, of em
ployment in distribut
ing newspapers on a
newspaper route, see C
L 1909 v 3 Labor C 31
art 12 s 161-b (as added
by 1914 C 21)]
[For minimum age of L
for employment in the
distribution or sale o
articles, see Table 1, B
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*
B
Girl 16
Same as in A ,
above
Same as in A, above
405
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
VIH
The law provides for an “ age and
working certificate,” th e granting of
which “ shall be law ful” under the
following conditions:
(1) Issued by th e officer issuing
age and schooling certificates and
subject to cancellation by the same
officers as are empowered to cancel
such certificates [See Table 3,
A-V]:
(2) Issued on presentation of same
proof of age and certificate of physi
cal fitness as is required for issuance
of age and schooling certificate, and
on petition of parent or guardian,
setting forth fact th a t child desires
to secure employment in order to
help support itself or family, and
th a t labor to be performed is in com
pliance w ith this act (seecolumn V),
all which documents are subject to
investigation as to th e tru th of the
facts contained;
(3) W ork m ust n ot be such as to
interfere w ith child’s standing at
school, or his health, as determined
by investigation
In case above certificate is granted,
school attendance in compliance
.w ith law (see Table 5) is required
and work is prohibited during
school hours
7 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
Attendance officers
Sheriff and his officers, all police offi
cers and constables:
Shall assist attendance officers in
the performance of their duty
_ 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by person
employing or perm itting child to be
employed contrary to the laws of
the State. I t would therefore be
incurred both by parent, etc., and
by employer, etc.)
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Table 5 for compulsory scnoolattendance requirements which
m ight indirectly affect work in street
trades]
Perm it and badge required, subject to
following conditions:
(1) Issued by district superintend
ent of board of education or mem
ber of board authorized thereby, on
application of parent, guardian, etc.;
(2) Presentation of satisfactory
proof th at child is 12 years of age or
over;
(3) Submission of certificate from
principal or chief executive officer of
school attended, approving the issu
ance of a permit, and stating that
child is attendant a t such school,
and th at he has attained normal de
velopment and is physically fit for
employment contemplated;
(4) Time of validity limited to pe
riod fixed therein;
(5) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge;
(6) Subject to inspection by po
lice or attendance officers;
(7) Subject to revocation upon
recommendation of officers speci
fied in column V III
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
A
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
Police officers
Attendance officers
1. Power only
State industrial commission:
May investigate;
May make regulations for carrying
law into effect
[Permit m ay be revoked by issuing
officer upon recommendation of
principal or chief executive of school
attended or upon complaint of po
lice or attendance officer]
A
2(a). Any offense
Child may be deemed in need of care
and protection of the State and if
over 7 m ay be adjudged guilty of
delinquency
2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 1
year, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
406
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N
407
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling
or furnishing, etc., to minor
VI
VII
V III
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Table 5 for compulsory schoolattendance requirements which
might indirectly affect work in street
trades]
A
1. [No specific provision]
A~
. 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for 6
months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[Any child under 18 who is found
“begging any articles” upon the
street, or who accompanies or is used
in the aid of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and neglected
and m ay be declared a ward of the
court—C L 1913 s 11403. See also
Table 1, A, for general provisions
and Table 5 for compulsory schoolattendance requirements which
would indirectly affect work in
street trades]
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Tables 1 to 3, inclusive, for
minimum age and certificate provi
sions which apply to all employ
ment, and Table 5 for compulsory
school - attendance requirements
which would indirectly affect work
in street trades. See also Table 1, A,
for prohibition of employment un
der 14 in peddling, and of boy un
der 15 a n d girl under 16 in sale of
merchandise, and Tables 1, B, and
2 and 3, A, for law fixing minimum
age of 15 for boy and 16 for girl and
requiring certificate for boy 15 to 16
and girl 16 to 18 for employment in
bootblack stand or establishment]
B
r
*
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor
A_
2(a). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(The above penalty appears to be in
curred b y minor, since girl under 16
is forbidden to sell, expose, etc.,
newspapers, etc., and penalty is in
curred by “ person violating” )
[There are no specific provisions other
than those given in A, above, b ut
see Tarde 5 for compulsory schoolattendance provisions which would
indirectly affect work in street
trades]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C H IL D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N .
409
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty:
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) Eor minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V III
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Table 1; C, for prohibition of em
ployment m any occupation under
14 during school term and Table 5
for compulsory school-attendance
requirements which would indirect
ly affect work in street trades. Any
child under 14 who is found peddling
or selling any article upon the street,
or who accompanies or is used in the
aid of any person so doing, is deemed
dependent and m ay be declared a
ward of the court—Lord’s Oregon
Laws 1910 s 4406]
A
[See provision in
C, below]
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and indus
try
Attendance officers
Police officers
XT
. . 2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment, or
both
’
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by person
violating, or compellingorpermitting
minor to violate, any provision of
this act. The specific provision here
tabulated forbids child of the age
specified in column II to engage in
the occupations specified in column
[See provision in
C, below]
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. D uty
Porto Rican Bureau of Labor
X-
2. [No specific provision]
[There are no specific regulations as to
permit, etc., or hours of labor in
street trades, b u t see Tables 1 to 4,
inclusive, for general provisions and
Table 5 for compulsory school-at
tendance requirements which would
indirectly affect such work]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
•410
C H I L D L A B O E L E G IS L A T IO N ,
T a b l e 6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Regulated age
Localities
H
HI
IV
V
Boy 12 to 16
Any city of
over 70,000
Selling or offering for
sale any newspaper,
magazine, periodical,
or any other article
Trade of bootblack
Trade of scavenger
I
R H O D E IS L A N D
A Boy 12
Girl 16
1915 C 1264 s 1-10
[The provisions tabu
lated in A are in effect
January 1,1916]
General Laws 1909 C 139 B 16
s 4-6
[The provisions tabu
lated in B apply to em
ployment in listed oc
cupations as well as to
engaging therein; pen
alty for employer, etc.,
is therefore given in
column VIII]
S O U T H C A R O L IN A
A
[See column VI]
SO U TH DAKOTA
A
[See column VT|
TENNESSEE
A
[See column VI]
TEXAS
[See column VI]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Occupations
Minimum age
References
A
Exemptions
Peddling in places in
jurious to morals of
child under 16
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
411
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VH
Compliance w ith legal requirements
concerning school attendance—See
Table 5. Work prohibited during
school hours unless child has em
ployment certificate
Perm it and badge required, subject
to the following conditions:
(1) Issued by the tru ant officer,
upon application of parent, guard
ian, etc.;
_(2) W ritten statem ent of the prin
cipal teacher of school attended, ap
proving the issuing of the permit,
and stating th a t the child is an a t
tendant and that, in his opinion, he
is of normal development and physi
cally fit for such employment;
(3) Conspicuous wearing and an
nual renewal of badge;
(4) May be revoked or suspended
for transference of badge, or if its
possession is, in opinion of the prin
cipal teacher of the school or of the
issuing officer, detrimental to his
studies or well-being
9 p. m. to 5 a. m.
Enforcement
1. Enforcing , authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V IH
1. D uty
T ruant officers
Probation officers
Principal teachers of publie schools
Police officers
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint
A
2(a). F irst offense
Warned
2(a). Subsequent offense
[No specific provision. J uvenile court
has jurisdiction over offenses]
2(b). First offense
Warned
2(b). Subsequent offense
Maximum—$5
1. Power only
Town sergeant, city chief of police, or
any agent of the Rhode Island So
ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Children:
May enter any place where child
m ay b e detained or employed in vio
lation of these provisions, and hold
child as witness to testify upon trial
of violator
[See also G L 1909' C 139 s 1]
2(b). Each offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
(Above ponalty is incurred b y em
ployer, etc., also)
B
[There are no specific provisions, but
see Table 5 for"compulsory school-at
tendance requirements which might
indirectly affect work in street trades]
~a7
[For law fixing minimum age of 14 for
employment as peddler or mendi
cant, see Table 1, B. There are no
specific provisions regulating work
in street trades, b u t see Table 5 for
compulsory school-attendance re
quirements which might indirectly
affect such work]
A
[There are no specific provisions, b u t
see Table 1, B, for prohibition of
employment of child under 14 in any
business or service interfering with
school attendance and Table 5 for
compulsory school-attendance re
quirements which would indirectly
affect work in street trades. Any
child under 14 who is found peddling,
or selling any article upon the
streets, or who accompanies or is
used in aid of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and m ay be de
clared a ward of the court—1911C 58
p 111s 1]
ÂT
[There are no specific provisions, but
see Table 5 for compulsory school-at
tendance requirements which might
indirectly affect work in street trades]
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
412
C H I L D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N ,
T a ble 6
.—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
V
Any city of
the first or
second class
Selling, exposing, or of
fering for sale newsp a p e r s , magazines,
periodicals, or other
merchandise
Bootblack
(All above in street or
public place)
I
UTAH
VERM ONT
12 to 16
•
Exemptions
A
Boy 12
B
Girl 12
Same as in A,
above
Bootblack in street or
public place
C
Girl 16
Same as in A,
above
Same as in A, above
1911 C 113 s 4 (as amend
ed by 1913 C 76)
1911 C 144 s 9,10,12,14
1911C 113 s 4 (as amend
ed by 1913 C 76)
1911 C 144 s 9,14
. Occupations
Minimum age
References
A
[See column VI]
V IR G I N I A
1908 0 301 s 5 (as amend
ed by 1914 C 339)
A Boy 10
Girll6
[See note in col
um n I]
[Circuit or corporation
court, on petition of
, parent, etc., or person
interested in child,
may, “ for good cause
shown entered of rec
ord,” release any child
12 to 14, or his parent,
etc., from the opera
tion of these provi
sions]
Exemptions:
[See note in column I]
Code 1904 s 1790c(7) (as B
added b y 1914 C 321)
C 1904 s 3795a(2), 3795a(3),
3795a(7), 3795a(8)
[The provisions tabu
lated in B apply to em
ployment in peddling
as well as to engaging
therein; penalty for
employer, etc., is there
fore given in column
VIII]
[See column VI]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Any city of Distributing, selling, ex
5,000 or over
posing, or offering for
sale newspapers, mag
azines, or other period
icals in any street or
public place
C
14
Peddling
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
413
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
Perm it required, subject to the follow After 9 p. m.
ing conditions:
(1) Issued b y local superintendent
of schools or his deputy or b y deputy
of school board on application of
parent or guardian;
(2) Presentation of "satisfactory
proof” th at child is 12 years of age or
over;
(3) Submission of written state
m ent of principal or chief executive
officer of school attended approving
the issuance of a perm it and stating
th at child is attendant at such school
and th at he has attained normal de
velopment and is physically fit for
intended work
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc. ; (c) For person selling
or furnishing, etc., to minor
V III
1. [No specific provision]
A
2(b). Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
[There are no specific provisions, but
see Table 5 for compulsory schoolattendance _ requirements which
would indirectly affect work in
street trades]
"a -
1. [No specific provision]
2. [No specific provision]
1. [No specific provision]
A
B
, 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
12 months, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[There are no specific regulations gov
erning children above the minimum
ages tabulated in A -II and B -II
who engage in street trades, b u t see
Tables 2 and 3 for general provisions
which might apply to person em
ploying child in such trades and
Table 5 for compulsory school-at
tendance requirements which might
indirectly affect such work. See
Table 1, B, for minimum age of 12
for employment in "sale of mer
chandise ” during school hours]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
414
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
Occupations
State
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
References
I
Pierce’s Code 1912 title
135 s 29, 413
P C 1912 t 291 s 101
[The provisions tabu
lated in A apply to
employment in listed
occupations as well as
to engaging therein;
penalty for employer,
etc., is therefore given
in column V III]
[See column VI]
B
W E S T V IR G I N IA
A
V
Selling, giving away, or
distributing b o o k ,
magazine, pamphlet,
newspaper, etc., de
voted to the publica
tion or largely made
up of criminal news,
police reports, ac
counts of criminal
deeds, or pictures and
stories o f bloodshed,
crime, etc.
A Any minor
W A S H IN G T O N
Exemptions
[See column VI]
[Any child under 10 who
is found peddling or
selling any a r t i c l e
upon the street, or
who accompanies or
is used in th e aid of
any person so doing,
is deemed dependent
and neglected and
m ay he declared a
ward of th e court—
1915 C 70 s 1]
A
W ISC O N S IN
Statutes C 83 s
1728q, 1728r,
1728t, 1728u,
1728w, 1728x,
1728z, 1728za
1728p,
1728s,
1728v,
1728y,
[The provisions tabuulated in A to D, in
clusive, appear to ap
ply to employment m
listed occupations as
well as to engaging
therein; penalty for
employer is therefore
given in column VIII]
[Street trade is defined
as “ any business or
occupation in which
any street, alley, court,
sauare or other nub-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boy 12
[See provisions in
C, below]
B Boy 14
Boy 12 to 16
Any city of
the f i r s t
class
Distributing, selling, ex
posing, or offering for
sale newspapers, mag
azines, or periodicals
in any street or public
. place
Same as in A,
above
Selling or offering for
sale any goods or mer
chandise
Distributing handbills
or circulars or other
articles
Bootblack
Other street trades [For
definition, see note in
column I]
Exemptions:
[ S e llin g newspapers,
etc., as permitted by
provisions in A, above]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
415
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
VI
vn
V III
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and his
assistants
_ 2(b). Any offense
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment
for 1 year, or both
(Above penalty is incurred by em
ployer, etc., also)
[Any child under 12 who is found ped
dling or selling any article upon the
public street, or who accompanies
or is used in the aid of any person
so doing, is deemed dependent and
may be declared a ward of the c o u r t1913 C 160 s 1 subdivision 18]
[For law fixing minimum age of 18 for
employment in begging on streets,
roads, or other highways, or for any
mendicant business, see Hogg’s Code
1913 C 144 s 5177. There are no spe
cific provisions regulating work in
street trades, b u t see Tables 2 and 3
for general provisions which might
apply to person employing child in
said trades and Table 5 for compul
sory school-attendance requirements
which might indirectly affect such
work]
Same as in C, below
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Same as in C, be
low
1. Same as in C, below
2. Same as in C, below
1. Same as in C, below
2. Same as in C, below
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
416
T a ble
6 .—STREET
[In reading tills analysis, tlie explanatory
Occupations
State
Minimum age
Regulated age
Localities
II
III
IV
V
Boy under 16
Same as in A,
above
Selling or offering for
sale or distributing
handbills or other ar
ticles
Bootblack
Other street or public
trade [For definition,
see note in column I]
References
I
W I S C O N S I N —Con
tinued
C
lie place is used for the
sale, display or offer
ing for sale of any ar
ticles, goods or mer
chandise” ]
Exemptions
[Although the compul
sory school-attendance
law (see Table 5)
would not require
every child under 16
to attend school, such
child apparently can
not be employed or
engage in street trades
umess he is a regular
attendant a t school]
D Girl 18
W YOM IN G
[See column YI]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
Same as in A,
above
Distributing, selling, ex
posing, or offering for
sale newspapers, mag
azines, or periodicals
in any street or pub
lic place
Distributing “ handbills
or circulars or any
other articles upon
the street or from
house to house”
Bootblack
Other street trade [For
definition, see note in
column I]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
417
TRADES—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
1. Enforcing authorities — Duty;
Power only
2. Penalties—(a) For minor; (b) For
parent, etc.; (c) For person selling,
or furnishing, etc., to minor
Regulations
Night work
prohibited
VI
VII
V III
7.30 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. D uty
Board of education
1. Power only
Police officers, attendance officers, or
probation officers of juvenile court:
May demand return of badge
[See also column VI]
Compliance w ith legal requirements
concerning school attendance—See
Table 5. Work not perm itted dur
ing school hours [See third note in
column I]
Perm it and badge required, subject to
following conditions:
(1) Issued by board of education;
(2) Application must be made in
writing, signed by parent or guard
ian, etc.;
(3) Presentation of evidence of age
by baptismal certificate, birth cer
tificate, or first school record;
(4) Presentation of written state
ment of principal or chief executive
officer of school child is attending
stating th at he is a regular attendant
at such school and giving grade at
tained;
(5) Issuing officer must be satis
fied ■th at child is mentally and
physically able to perform intended
work in addition to regular school
work as required by law TSee
Table 5];
L
(6) Conspicuous wearing of badge;
(7) May be revoked by issuing
officer if it appears th at perm it was
obtained by wrong or false state
ment as to age or if complaint is
made by police, attendance, or pro
bation officers
[For temporary permits, see St C 83
s 1728u]
[Boy 14 to 16 who
has perm it and
badge, and is
mentally a n d
physically able
to do so in addi
tion to school
work, m ay de
l i v e r newspapapers 4 a. m. to
6 a. m.l
2(a). First offense
Perm it shall be revoked for 6 months
and badge taken away
2(a). Second offense
Child shall be brought before juvenile
or other court having jurisdiction
2(b). Any offense
Minimum —$10 or imprisonment for
10 days
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days
(Penalty 2(b) is incurred by employer,
etc., also, for employing minor under
16 “ in peddling without a license” )
1. Same as in C, above
2. Same as in C, above
[There are no specific provisions, but
for prohibition of employment un
der 14 in begging or peddling, see
Table 1, C]
72485°—15---- 27
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
418
T a ble
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
III
References
I
Occupations
Exemptions
IV
A 16
Employment “ upon the stage of any
theater or concert hall, or in any
connection w ith any theatrical per
formance or other exhibition or
show”
A 16
The following in public street
or highway:
Singing
. ,. r
Playing on any musical instrum ent
Rope walking
Dancing
R S 1 9 1 3 P en C p tlt9 C 2 s2 5 4
B
Any minor
Girl of any age
Singing, reciting, dancing, playing on
m usical instrum ents in a saloon, or
giving theatrical or other exhibition
therein, for hire or otherwise
R S 1913 Civil Code 1 14 C 2 s
3113,3134, 3135
C
16
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
ALABAM A
1915 p 193 s 6,14,17
[The provisions tabulated in
A apply to all employ
m ent on stage of theater
and are therefore given
also in Table I]
ALASK A
[No provisions]
A R IZ O N A
Revised Statutes 1913 Penal
Code p t 1 title 9 C 2 s 252,253
[The provisions tabulated in
C, which are given also in
Table 1, appear to apply
to employment in public
exhibitions, since all em
ployment in theater, etc.,
is prohibited]
A RK AN SAS /
A 14
1909 A 170 S 1, 2, 4-6
1913 A 322 s 12
1914 A 1 s 2, 6,11,13
[The provisions tabulated in
A appear to be a t least par
tially superseded by those
tabulated in B, which
belong to a later law]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Actor or performer in any concert hall
or room where intoxicating liquors
are sold' or given away
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to the life or lim b of
child under 14
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Exemptions:
1___________
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school,
or a t any respectable entertainment
Teaching or learning music
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
419
EXHIBITIONS
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. Duty
State factory inspector and his deputie.
A
2. First offense
Minimum—110
Maximum —8100
2 . Subsequent offense
Minimum—8100
Maximum—8500
1. [No specific provision]
ÀT
_ 2. Any offense
Equivalent to a misdemeanor
(Penalty incurred by person having
custody of child, for endangering its
life, health, or morals, maximum—
8300 or imprisonment for 2 months
.or both)
1. [No specific provision]
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—850 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
. .
Maximum—8300 or imprisonment for
180 days, or both
1. Duty
Factory inspector [there is no law pro
viding for factory inspection], other
authorized inspectors, and schoolattendance officers:
Shall make complaints for offenses
and prosecute violations;
Have power of inspection
State superintendent ofpublic instruc
tion, other authorized inspectors, or
school-attendance officers:
Shall demand proof of age of child
apparently under 16 w ithout em
ployment certificate, and order child
discharged if not over 16
1. Power only
A ny person:
May prosecute
•
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—85 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—8200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
1. Power only
State commissioner of labor and
statistics
lustices of the peace
incorporated societies for the preven
tion Of cruelty to a n i m a l s
_ 2. First offense
Maximum—8100 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
• .2 . Subsequent offense
Maximum—8200 or imprisonment for
6 months
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
420
T a b l e 7 . — PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
m
References
I
A R K A N S A S —Continued
B
IV
Employment upon the stage of any
theater or concert hall or in connec
tion w ith any theatrical performance
or other exhibition or show
16
[Any child under 10 who is
found singing or playing
any musical instrum ent for
gain upon thestreets, or ac
companies o ris used in the
aid of any person so doing,
is deemed dependent and
neglected and may be de
clared a ward of th e court—
1911A 215 s 1]
C A L IF O R N IA
Occupations
Exemptions
C
Under 18
Any occupation [Apparently in
cludes public exhibitions, as they
are not specifically exempted]
A
Any minor
Employment in presentation of drama
or dramatic play, including the pro
duction of motion-picture plays
B
Under 18
Any place of labor [This provision
applies to public exhibitions]
Deering’s General Laws 1909
A 1611 (as amended by 1915
C 625) s 7,13,14
D G L 1909 A 1611 s 16-17 (as
added by 1915 C 625)
[For minimum age and re
quirement of certificate for
employment in any “ place
of amusement,” see Table
1, A, and Tables 2 and 3,
A to D inclusive. Those
provisions, however, are
applicable to employment
in public exhibitions only
in so far as it is not covered
by the provisions here tab
ulated]
[For provision fixing maximum hours 8 per day, 48
per week, for employment
of child under 18 in any
place of labor and of girl of
any age in place of amuse
m ent, see Table 4, A and E]
[For exemp
Exemptions:
t i o n of
child 15 to [Employment in presentation of
drama or dramatic play, in case of
18 under
child over 15, allowed on permit—
certain
See provisions in C, below]
conditibns, see
provi
s i o n s in
C, below]
[The provisions tabulated in
A shall n ot be construed to
perm it the use of a minor
m any occupation prohib
ited by th e provisions
given in D, below]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
15 to 18
Employment in presentation of drama
or dramatic play, including the pfoduction of motion-picture plays
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
421
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
YI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
VH
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor and
statistics
Factory inspectors
Agents of humane society
Probation officers
T ruant officers
“ Other authorized inspectors”
1. Power only
A ny person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
W ritten consent of the commissioner
of the bureau of labor statistics is re
quired, to be given only if he is satis
fied that:
(1) Environm ent of play is proper
environment for child;
(2 ) Conditions of employment are
not detrimental to health of child;
(3) Child’s education will not be
neglected or hampered by partici
pation in play
Above consent shall specify dates
when and theaters or other places of
amusement in which child is per
m itted to participate
Consent revocable a t will of issuing;
officer
(Issuing officer may require the person
charged w ith th e issuance of age
and schooling certificates (see Table
D—
V) to make the necessary in
vestigations into above conditions)
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
1. Duty
State bureau of labor statistics
1. Power only
Attendance officers
Probation officers
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—550 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
10 p. m. to 5 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
l
2. Each offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(The above penalty is found in D G L
1909 A 1611, as amended by 1915 C
625, s 13; the following penalty is
given in section 16 of the same law)
. 2. Any offense
Maximum—$50 or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
Child permitted by law (see provisions
in A, above) tobe employed as actor,
or actress, orper former in a theater or
. otherplaceofamusementin presenta
tion of a performance, play,or drama
continuing u n til after 10 p. m ., may
continue until 12 midnight on con
sent of commissioner of labor statis
tics
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See column V]
1 . Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
c
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
422
T a ble
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading th is analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
•age
H
in
References
I
C A L I F O R N I A —Continued
Occupations
Exemptions
rv
Any exhibition injurious to health or
dangerous to life or limb of a child
under 16
Singing
,.;y
Playmg on musical instruments
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
.
Gymnast, acrobat, contortionist, or
rider
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
D 16
Deering’s Penal Code 1909 s
272,273
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school
Teaching or learning music
[Employment as musician a t concert
or other musical entertainment al
lowed on permit—See provisions in
- E , below]
COLORADO
E
Under 16
Musician at concert or other musical
entertainment
A
Under 16
Employment in concert or theatrical
exhibition or performance in any
place where intoxicating liquors are
not sold
Taking part in concert or theatrical
exhibition given for profit
Mills’ Annotated Statutes re
vised edition 1912 s 537,657,
658,667, 670-673
1915 C 180 S 11
[For minimum age of 14 for
employment in “ any gainable occupation in theater,
concert hall or place of
amusement where intoxi
cating liquors are sold,” see
Table 1, A]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
16
Actor or performer in concert hall or
room where intoxicating liquors are
sold or given away
Actor or performer m variety theater
Any exhibition injurious to morals or
health or dangerous to life or limb of
child under 16
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school
Teaching or learning music
Physical development in respectable
gymnasium or natatorium
Amateur entertainments or theatri
cals for charity or not for profit in
schools,
churches,
settlement
houses, or boys’ or girls’ clubs
[Taking part in concert or theatrical
exhibition given for profit allowed on
permit—See provisions in A , above]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
423
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty:
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
VII
1. [No specific provision]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
W ritten consent of mayor of city or
president of board of trustees of city
or town where concert ,or entertain
m ent takes place
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in D, above
Perm it required, subject to the follow
ing conditions:
. (1) Issued b y city or county super
intendent of schools or deputy of
either, his refusal to grant being sub
ject to final decision of county or
juvenile court upon appeal;
(2) Granted only if employer has
made suitable provisions for protec
tion of child’s moral and physical
health and education; such reason
able terms and conditions as shall
seem necessary and proper for safe
guarding same may be made by
issuing officer; written promise to
comply w ith such conditions, under
bond of not over $2,000, m ay be re
quired of employer;
(3) Kept on file a t box office and
subject to inspection of humane
society, probation officers, and fac
tory inspectors;
(4) Subject to revocation by
county juvenile court upon com
plaint of any person showing viola
tion of conditions, etc.
1. D uty
Deputy State labor commissioner
[factory inspector]
•
School board or local school authori
ties:
Must report to enforcing officer
complaints made to them of viola
tions in theater, concert hall, or
place of amusement
State industrial commission:
Shall “inquire into and supervise
the enforcement * * * of the
laws relating to child labor”
1. Power only
[For authorities who m ay inspect per
mits, see column V]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 . First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
2. Second offense
Minimum—$100 or imprisonment, or
. both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
424
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
T a ble
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
I II
References
I
C O N N E C T IC U T
Under 16
A
Exemptions
IV
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Skating
Bicycling
Gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acro
bat
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to the life or limb of
child under 16
A 16
General Statutes revision
1902 s 1163 (as amended by
1915 C 175
DELAW ARE
Occupations
Revised Code 1915 C 90 s
3148, 3177, 3180
Appearance in connection w ith the
atrical performance or other exhition or show
[Employment on stage of the
ater or concert hall or in
connection w ith theatrical
performance or other exhi
bition or show is prohibit
ed under 16 except by per
m it tabulated in A-V]
•
R C 1915 C 70 S 2223,2224
D IS T R IC T O F C O L U M
B IA
B 15
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Acrobat or gymnast
C “ Minor child”
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibition
Under 16
A
Theatrical exhibition
Code 1911 p 443 s 7,10; p 445
s 16; p 214 s 814
36 United States Statutes at
Large p 990
[For regulations applying to
employment “ in theater”
(m in im u m age 12; permit
or certificate required 12 to
16; maximum hours 8 per
day, 48 per week, and night
work prohibited 7 p. m. to
6 a. m ., under 16), see Table
1, A; Tables 2 and 3; Table
4, B . Those provisions are
applicable, however, only
when exemption therefrom
is not obtained in accord
ance with provisions tabu
lated in A]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
14
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, cir
cus rider, rope walker, or in any ex
hibition of like dangerous character
Street singer or street musician
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
425
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
VH
1. [No specific provision]
*
Permit required, subject to the follow
ing conditions:
(1) Issued by State child labor in
spector;
(2) Limited to period not exceed
ing 2 weeks;
(3) Such evidence m ust be pre
sented as in opinion of issuing officer
justifies permit
A
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
1. Duty
~ÂT
State child labor inspector
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
2. F irst offense Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
1. D uty
Justice of the peace:
On complaint
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint which m ust
be investigated
B
2. Each offense
Minimum —$20
Maximum—$100
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
W ritten consent of one of the commis
sioners of the District of Columbia,
exempting from provisions of the
child labor act [C 1911 pp 441-445 s
1-17], is required; this permit speci
fies name of child, age, names and
residence of parents or guardian,
and place and character of exhibition
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Duty
Child labor inspectors [2 detailed pri
vates ofpolice force]
T ruant officers:
“ Shall visit the establishments
named " [in C 1911 p 441 s 1—including
theater, hotel, restaurant, club] and
ascertain violations;
Shall report violations to superin
tendent of schools and to the cor
poration counsel of the District of
Columbia
'o T
A~
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
1. [No specific provision]
■2. Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
2 years, or both
—
B~
426
C H IL D LABOR L E G IS L A T IO N .
T a ble
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
References
Minimum age
Regulated
age
Occupations
n
in
IV
I
F L O R ID A
A
14
Singing
Playing on any musical instrum ent
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Contortionist, acrobat, or rider
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to life or limb of child
under 14
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Compiled Laws 1914 s 3237
[Any child under 12 who is
found singing or playing on
a musical instrum ent upon
the street, or giving any
public entertainm ent for
gain, or who accompanies
or is used in the aid of any
person so doing, is deemed
dependent and may be dedeclared a ward of the
court—C L 1914 s 1208a]
1913 C 6488 s 3,9,12,13,19, 21
Exemptions
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school,
or a t any amateur concert or enter
tainm ent
Learning music and social dancing
B
14
14 to 16
Employment on stage of theater
[The provisions tabulated in
B apply to all employment
on stage of theater and are
therefore given also in
Tables 1 and 4. The nightwork prohibition would
appear to exclude children
under 16 from employ
m ent in theatrical exhibi
tions taking place a t night]
G E O R G IA
Rope or wire walking
Gymnast, contortionist, circus rider,
acrobat, or clown
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
A 12
[The certificates tabulated in
C and D are alternative 14
to 14*]
Code 1914 Political s 2141
C 1914 Penal s 766,757,1065
C 1914 Civil s 3149 (a), 3149 (b),
3149(d), 3149(e), 3149(g)
C .1914 P e n s 1065
B
12
[Thé provisions in B to D
(tabulated also in Tables 1
to 4) apply apparently to C [See columns
all employment in any
I II and VI]
plaoe of amusement and
would therefore include D [See columns
public exhibitions provided
III and VI]
the term “ place of amuse
m ent” is interpreted to
cover theaters, etc. I n th a t
case the night-work prohi
bition would appear to ex
clude children under 14*
from employment in pub
lic exhibitions taking place
at night]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Place of amusement
14 to 14*
Same as in B , above
12 to 14*
Same as in B, above
427
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
vn
1. [No specific provision]
A
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months
Maximum hours: 9 per day, 54 per
week; employment for more than 6
days per week prohibited
8 p. m. to 5 a. m.
-1 . D uty
State labor inspector
Grand juries:
Shall be charged by county and
circuit judges, a t beginning of each
term of the court, to investigate vio
lations
1. Power only
Grand juries and county solicitors of
criminal courts of record:
“ Have inquisitorial powers to
investigate violations”
Any person:
May make complaint
B
2. Any offense
Maximum—$50
1. D uty
State commissioner of commerce and
labor:
“ Shall make investigation con
cerning the operation of the various
laws relating to the safety of the life
and limb of employees, especially
those concerning the employment of
child labor, and of women, and he
shall take legal steps looking to the
proper enforcement and due observ
ance of such laws”
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$1,000, imprisonment for
6 months, or work in chain gang for
12 months—any one or more of these
punishments
1. Duty
State commissioner of [commerce and]
labor and his authorized assistants
B
2. Same as in A, above
Employment certificate required
[For details, see Tables 2 ana 3, A]
7 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
Employment is permitted on tempo
rary poverty certificate [For details,
see Tables 2 and 3, B]
7 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
428
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
T a b l e 7 . —PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Regulated
age
Occupations
Minimum age
n
in
IV
References
I
Exemptions
H A W A II
[No provisions]
ID A H O
A
16
1911C 159 s 171,173
1913 C 77 s 7
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to the life or lim b of
child under 16
Singing
. ,
'
Playing on musical instrum ent
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Gymnast, acrobat, contortionist, or
rider
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in chur en or school
Teaching or learning music
I L L IN O I S
A 14
H urd’s Revised Statutes 1913
C 38 s 492, 493, 495, 496
[Any child under 10 who is
found singing or playing
any musical instrum ent for
gain upon the street or
giving any public enter
tainment, or who accom
panies or is used in the aid
of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and
neglected and m ay be de
clared a ward of the c o u r t1915 p 368 s 1]
Singing
. , . .
Playing on any musical instrum ent
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acro
bat
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to the life or lim b of
child under 14
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school
Teaching or learning music
[For different penalty and
specific exemption of "any
respectable entertainment ”
which m ay be applicable
to the provisions tabulated
in A, see note on page 4
(Illinois)]
H R S 1913 C 48 s 20, 20h, 201,
20m
[The provisions tabulated in
. B would appear to prohibit
child under 14 from em
ployment in public exhibi
tions during most of the
year]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B 14
Any work for wages or other compen
sation "during any portion of any
month when the public schools
* * * are in session” [Appar
ently applies to public exhibitions,
“ as they are n ot specifically ex
empted]
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
429
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
—
1. D uty
State board of education (in coopera
tion w ith other departments of the
State_ government)
Probation officers or school trustees
[or tru an t officers]:
Shall visit “ placés of employment
mentioned” [in 1911 C 159 s 166,172]
and ascertain violations therein,
“ and they shall bring complaint for
offenses under this act to the atten
tion of the prosecuting attorney for
prosecution”
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen:
May bring complaint
A '
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
1. [No specific provision. Jus ~A~
tices of the peace, police justices, or
police magistrates have original
jurisdiction]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$200
•
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. D uty
State factory inspector and his assist
ants and deputies under his super
vision
Local school board or school authorities:
Must report to State factory in
spector complaints made to them of
violations in most regulated em
ployments [For list, see H R S 1913
C 48 s 20h]
2. Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
B
430
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
T a b l e 7 . —PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
H
HI
References
I
I L L I N O I S — Continued
14 to 16
C
[See note in
column I]
H R S 1913 C 48 s 20b, 20c, 20h,
201, 20m
Occupations
Exemptions
TV
Employment in any “ theater, concert
hall, or place of amusement”
[See provisions in D, below,
which might be interpreted
as fixing a minimum age
of 16 for employment in
any theater or concert hall]
H R S 1913 C 48 S 20h, 20j, 201,
20m
Employment in any “ theater, concert
hall, or place of amusement wherein
intoxicating liquors are sold”
D 16
[For minimum age of 14 for
employment a t ‘‘any gain
ful occupation” in any
“ theater, concert hall or
place of amusement where
intoxicating liquors are
sold,” see H R S 1913 C 48
s 20]
H R S 1913 C 48 s 20h, 20i, 201 E
[The provisions tabulated in
E , while not specifically re
ferring to minimum age,
would appear to exclude
child under 16 from employ
m ent in public exhibitions
taking place a t night]
[See column
VI]
Under 16
Any gainful occupation [Apparently
includes public exhibitions, as they
are not specifically exempted]
Girl of any
age
Place of amusement
[For maximum hours 8 per
day and night work pro
hibited 6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
under 14 in employment in
any work, see H R S 1913 C
48 s 20]
H R S 1913 C 48 s 121-123
F
[Over 16—
See provi
sions in E,
above]
IN D IA N A
Bum s’ Annotated Statutes
1914 S 2623, 2625, 2627,8042
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 15
Rope or wire walking
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or
rider
Employment to sing, dance, act, or in
any manner exhibit in dance house,
concert saloon, theater, or place oi
entertainment where liquors are
sold or given away, or with which
any place for the sale of liquors is
connected
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
431
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
VI
Age and school certificate required
[For details, see Tables 2 and 3, A]
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II'
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
1. Same as in B , above
2. Same as in B , above
Maximum hours: 8 per day, 48 per
week
Maximum hours: 10 per day
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
1. Duty
State departm ent of factory inspec
tion
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—8100
1. Duty
Mayor, police judge, or justice of the
peace:
Upon complaint
State industrial board:
Shall “ examine into all violations
of laws made for the benefit or pro
tection of labor" and prosecute
same
1. Power only
Any person:
May make complaint, which m ust
be investigated
2. Each offense
Minimum—810 or 810 and imprison
m ent
Maximum—8100 or 8100 and impris
onment for 30 days
432
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
T able
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
References
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
I II
I
.
Occupations
Exemptions
TV
B 16
Theater
Place of amusement
[Employment of boy under 16 or girl
under 18 in concert hall is also ap
parently prohibited]
B A S 1914 s 2624, 2627, 8042
C 18
Singing, playing on musical instru
ments, or any mendicant business
whatever, in streets, roads, or other
highways
B A S 1914 S 2623, 2627, 8042
D Minor child
Employm ent for any illegal or im
moral, etc., exhibition, or in any
place where such exhibition takes
place
IO W A
-A 14
I N D I A N A — Continued
B A S 1914 s 8023d, 8022f, 8042
[The provisions tabulated in
B, which are also given in
Table 1, would appear to
cover employment in pub
lic exhibitions, since all
employment in theater or
place of amusement is pro
hibited]
Code 1897 Supplement 1913 s
2477-e, 2477-f
C 1897 Supplemental Supple
m ent 1915 s 2477-a, 2477-c,
2477-d
14 to 16
Place of amusement
Exemptions:
[The minimum age provision does not
apply to child working in establish
m ent or occupation owned or oper
ated by parent]
[The provisions tabulated in
A, which are given also in
Tables lto 4 , inclusive, ap
pear to apply to public ex
hibitions, since all employ
m ent in places of amuse
m ent is regulated. The
night-work p ro h ib itio n
would appear to exclude
child under 16 from em
ployment in performances
m places of amusement
taking place a t night]
[Any child under 10 who is
found giving any public
entertainm ent upon the
street for pecuniary gain
for self or another, or
who accompanies or is
used in the aid of any per
son so doing, is deemed
dependent or neglected
and m ay be declared a
ward of th e court—C 1897
Supp 1913 s 254-al4]
i County attorneys, mayors, chiefs of police and their deputies, city and town marshals, sheriffs and
their deputies, or any person authorized by judge of court of record
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
433
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he home in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1, Duty
State industrial board
B
2. First offense
Minimum—$5 or So and imprison
ment
Maximum—$200 or 8200 and imprison
ment for 10 days
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for 10 days
Maximum—Imprisonment for 30 days
[It m ay be th a t the penalty for “subse
quent offense” would include also a
fine of from 85 to 8200, b u t the law is
not clear]
1. Same as in A, above
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—85 or 85 and imprison
ment
Maximum—8100 or 8100 and imprison
ment for 30 days
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
Work perm it required [For details,
see Tables 2 and 3, A]
Maximum hours: 8 per day, 48 per
week
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. Duty
Commissioner of State bureau of
labor statistics
1. Power only
Deputies of commissioner of State
bureau of labor statistics (including
factory inspectors), and certain
other officials: 1
May inspect
Any person:
May m ake complaint
2(a). Any offense
Maximum—8100 or imprisonment for
30 days
72485°—15----- 28
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D
TÂT
434
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
T a ble
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
Occupations
II
III
IV
References
I
K A N SA S
A 14
14 to 16
Exemptions
Theater
General Statutes 1909 s 50945098, 8017, 8020
1913 C 217 s 3
[The provisions tabulated in
A, which are given also in
Tables 1 to 4, inclusive, ap
pear to apply to public ex
hibitions, since all employ
m ent in theater is regu
lated. The n i g h t - w o r k
prohibition would appear
to exclude child under 16
from employment in the
atrical exhibitions taking
place a t night]
G S 1909 S 5136, 5138, 5139,
8017,8020
1913 C 217 S 3
B 14
[See column V]
C
KENTUCKY
A 14
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or
circus rider
Rope walking
Any exhibition of like dangerous char
acter
Street singer
Street musician
Performing or appearing upon the
stage in theater, motion-picture es
tablishment, or other place of pub
lic amusement, “ whether for pay or
n o t”
Statutes 1915 s 33a.2,331a. 1,
331a.7, 331a.8,
331a.l6,
2978C.7
[The provisions tabulated in
B, which are also given in
Tables 1 to 4, inclusive, ap
pear to apply to public ex
hibitions, since all employ
m ent in theater, etc., is
r e g u l a t e d . The nightwork prohibition w o u l d
appear to e x c l u d e child
under 16 from employment
in theatrical exhib i t i o n s
taking place at night]
[For prohibition of employ
m ent under 16 in certain
immoral, etc., exhibitions,
see St 1915 s 326,330,331]
[For minimum age of 16 for
employment in theater,
etc., where intoxicating
liquors are sold, see Table
1, B]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B 14
14 to 16
Theater
Motion-picture establishment
435
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should he borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
Certificate of age required [For de
tails, see Tables 2 and 3, A]
Maximum hours: 8 per day, 48 per
week
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. Enforcing authorities—D uty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and in
dustry:
Shall “ cause to be enforced all laws
regulating the employment of chil
dren, minors and women”
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for
30 days
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
90 days
1. D uty
Same as in A, above, and also
Sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, constables,
and police officers:
Shall aid any duly incorporated
society having for its object the pro
tection of children “ in enforcement
of all laws relating to the protection
of children”
•
B
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
[Any child under 10 who is found
singing or playing any musical in
strum ent upon the street, or who
accompanies or is used in the aid of
any person So doing, is deemed de
pendent and neglected and m ay be
declared a ward of the court—G S
1909 s 51001
C
1. D uty
TÂ~
State labor inspectors, under the direc
tion of the commissioner of agricul
ture, labor, and statistics:
Shall report to State and to coun
ty attorney any violations occurring
T ruant officers:
May inspect theaters and motionpicture establishments;
Shall report violations to super
intendent of schools, State labor in
spector, or other authorized officer
2. F irst offense
Minimum—$15
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$15 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
Employment certificate required
[For details, see Tables 2 and 3 , A ]
Maximum hours: 8 per day, 48 per
week; employment for more t h a n 6
days per week prohibited
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
436
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
T a b l e 7 . —PUBLIC
[In reading th is analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum i
References
II
Regulated
age
III
Occupations
Exemptions
IV
K E N T U C K Y — Continued
[See Column Y]
L O U IS IA N A
Rope or wire walking
Gymnast, wrestler, c o n t o r t i o n i s t ,
rider, acrobat, or actor upon bicycle
or similar mechanical vehicle or con
trivance
Singing
».
Dancing
Playing upon musical instrum ent
Theatrical exhibition
Any wandering occupation
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion
Exhibition of child when insane,
idiotic, or deformed
Any exhibition dangerous or injuri
ous to the life, limb, health, or
morals of child under 16
A 16 (actually or
apparently)
Wolff’s Revised Laws Sup
plem ent 1904-1908 v 3 p 412;
1908 A 155 s 2-3 (as amended
by 1914 A 186)
1912 A 184 s i
[For minimum age 14 and
certificates 14 to 16 for em
ployment in theater or con
cert hall, or in or about
place of amusement where
intoxicating liquors are
made or sold, see provi
sions in Table 1, A, and
Table 2, A and B. Those
provisions, however, ap
pear to he applicable to pubfic exhibitions only in so far
as they are not covered by
the later law tabulated here]
Exemptions:
' Provision does not apply to :
Singer or musician in church or school
Teaching or learning music
[Employment in] theatrical exhibi
tion or as musician in concert on per
m it—See provisions in B, below
[Any child 17 years of age or
under who is found singing
or playing any musical in
strum ent in any street,
road, or public place, for
alms, or who accompanies
or is used in the aid of any
person so doing, is deemed
delinquent and may be de
clared a ward of the court—
W R L Supp 1904-1908 v 3
p 393; 1908 A 83 s 9]
Under 16
[Employment in] theatrical exhibi
tion or as musician in concert
Exemptions:
Perm it shall not be deemed to
authorize:
Employment in acrobatic, etc., or in
dangerous, injurious, or immoral,
etc., exhibitions—See provisions in
A ,above
[For m a x i m u m hours, 10
per day, 60 per week, for
employment in theater or
concert hall or in or about
place of amusement where
intoxicating liquors are
made or sold, for boy under
18 or girl of any age, see
provisions in Table 4, B]
M A IN E
1905 C 123 s 1 (as amended
by 1915 C 320 s 1), 2 (as
amended by 1915 C 320 s
4), 9
1911 C 65 s 2,11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 16
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion
Any exhibition of child if insane,
idiotic, or deformed
Any exhibition dangerous or inju
rious to the life, limb, health, or
morals of child under 16
437
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
EXHIBITION S—Continued
notes on pp . 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
[Any boy 17 years of age or under, or
any girl 18 years of age or under,
who is found singing or playing any
musical instrum ent for gain upon
the street or in any public place, is
deemed dependent or neglected and
m ay be declared a ward of the
court—St 1915 s 331.e]
C
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and assist
ant commissioners
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment, or
both
’
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
2 years, or both
(In addition to above penalty, per
son, etc., holding license for theater
shall forfeit same)
Perm it required, subject to the fol
lowing conditions:
(1) Issued by judge of juvenile
court or district court acting as a
juvenile court;
(2) Nonresident child m ust be ac
companied by parent or guardian;
(3) I t m ust be shown to satisfac
tion of the court th at child is receiv
ing and will receive proper teaching
in common school studies;
(4) Bond, not to exceed $2,000 and
conditioned to guarantee proper tu i
tion and moral and physical health
of child, m ay be required of em
ployer;
(5) Society for prevention of
cruelty to children m ust be notified
of application and has privilege of a
hearing;
(6) Revocable at will and discre
tion ofissuing officer;
(7) Shall specify nature, time,
duration, an d number of perform
ances perm itted and place and char
acter of exhibition
.
•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. D uty
"a7
State commissioner of labor [and in
dustry]
“ Agents for the protection of chil
dren,” sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, po
lice officers, and constables:
Shall enforce any act concerning
the protection of children
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
60 days
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
438
T a b l e 7 . —PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
III
References
I
MARYLAND
Under 16
A
Annotated Code 1911 v 3
(1914) art 27 s 344, 476; art
77 s 166; art 100 s 8, 34, 37,
48
Occupations
Exemptions
rv
Appearance in connection with theat
rical performance or other exhibition
or show
[Employment on s t a g e of
theater or concert hall or
in connection w ith theatri
cal performance or other
exhibition or show is pro
hibited under 16 except by
perm it tabulated in A-V]
[For minimum age and certiflcate provisions for em
p l o y m e n t in p l a c e of B 14
amusement, which, how
ever, would appear to be
applicable to employment
in public exhibitions only
in so far as it is not covered
by those tabulated in A,
see Table 1, A, and provisions in A and B, Tables 2
and 3. See also Table 1, C 16
G, for prohibition of em
ployment under 18 to serve
liquors in theater, etc.]
M A SS A C H U S E T T S
Rope walking [See provisions in C,
below]
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or
circus rider
“ Exhibition of like dangerous char
acter”
Street singer
Street musician
Singing
Dancing
Playing on musical instrument
Rope walking
Singing
Dancing on stage
Playing on musical instrument
Rope or wire walking
Riding or performing as gymnast, con
tortionist, or acrobat in circus,
theatrical exhibition, or public
show
A 15
Revised Laws 1902 C 46 s 13
(as amended by 1913 C 779
s 12)
1909 C 514 s 62 (as amended by
1913 C 779 S 20), 63 (as
amended by 1913 C 779 s
21), 76, 77
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Education in vocal or instrumental
music or dancing
Musician in church, chapel, school, or
school exhibition
[Festival, concert, or musical exhibi
tion, on permit—See provisions in
D, below]
[For prohibition of employ
ment under 18 in th at part
of theater, etc., where in
toxicating liquors are sold,
see provisions in Table 1, F]
[The provisions tabulated in
• Table 4, A, while not spe
cifically referring to mini
mum age, would appar B 15
ently, by prohibiting em
ployment of child under 14
in any occupation between
6p. m. and 6.30 a. m., pre
vent th e employment of
such child in theatrical
exhibitions when such em
ployment occurs after 6
p. m.]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
/
Employment in theatrical exhibition
or public show as acrobat or con
tortionist or in feats of gymnastics
or equestrianism, or in such a man
ner as (in the opinion of the board
authorized to grant licenses) would
corrupt the morals [of said children]
or injure their health
Exemptions:
[See provisions in D, below]
Performer on the stage in any capac
ity in theatrical exhibition
C 15 (if they “ be
long to the
p u b l i c
schools” )
D
Exemptions:
[See provisions in D, below]
Under 15
Festival, concert, or musical exhibi
tion
439
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
Perm it required, subject to the fol
lowing conditions:
(1) Issued by the chief of the
State bureau of statistics and infor
mation;
(2) Limited to period not ex
ceeding 2 weeks;
(3) Such evidence m ust be pre
sented as in opinion of issuing of
ficer justifies permit
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
Chief of State bureau of statistics and
information
Inspectors of factories, attendance
officers, and other authorized offi
cers
1. Power only
Any person:
May make and prosecute com
plaints
A
2. First offense
Maximum—150
2. Second offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
1. [No specific provision]
B
2. Any offense
Maximum—-$100 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
1. [No specific provision]
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
1year, or both
1. D uty
"ÂT
Attendance officers:
“ Shall inquire into” all cases of
children out of school and without
permits; shall apprehend and take
to school child under 21 illegally em
ployed; shall make complamt
May inspect theaters and places
of public exhibition
2. Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
6months
1. Same as in A, above
[License shall not be granted to the
atrical exhibition or public show
employing such children in such
manner]
B
2. [No specific provision]
Special written permission of the
mayor and alderman of a city, or of
the selectmen of a town, required
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in B, above, including
bracketed note
2. [No specific provision]
C
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
440
T able
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
III
References
I
M IC H IG A N
A 16
Howell’s Annotated Statutes
1913 s 4019 (as amended by
1915 No 255), 4026,4029,4062
[The provision tabulated in
A is the same as th at given
in Table 1, C, and applies
only to such employment
in public exhibitions as is
not covered b y “ Exemp
tions ” in column IV]
Occupations
Exemptions
IV
“ In or about” the following:
Theater
Variety or burlesque show
Moving-picture show
Other kind of playhouse
Music or dance hall
Exemptions:
Employment by any traveling theatri
cal company in “ acting a part in the
productions of such company”
[A preceding section of the
same act — H A S 1913
s 4018 (as amended by 1915
No 255)—fixes a minimum
age of 15 and m ay require
an employment certificate
15-16 for employment “ in
or in connection w ith ” any
theater, bu t, since it is sub
ject to the same exemption
as th at tabulated in column
IV, it would appear to be
made inoperative, in so far
as it applies to public ex
hibitions, by the provision
tabulated in A]
H A S 1913 s 3921,14744
B
16
Rope or wire walking
Gymnast, contortionist, rider, or
acrobat
Dancing
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to the life or limb of
child under 16
H A S 1913 s 4018, 4026, 4029,
4062
C
21
“ Theater, concert hall, or place of
amusement where intoxicating
liquors are sold”
H A S 1913 s 4026,4029,4033,
4062
D
Girl of any age
Dancing or furnishing music in saloon
or barroom where spirituous or in
toxicating liquors or m alt, brewed,
or fermented liquors are sold or
kept for sale
[See column V]
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
441
EXHIBITIONS—Continued.
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night.work pro
hibited
y
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
State factory inspectors
1. Power only
Any citizen:
May make complaint
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for 10
days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
1. [No specific provision]
B
2. Any offense
Maximum—4250 or imprisonment for
1year, or both
[Any child under 12 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment as a business, or who accompa
nies or is used in the aid of any
person so doing, shall be deemed
dependent and neglected and may
be declared a ward of the court—H
A S 1913 s 11644 (as amended by 1915
No 308 si )]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
D
E
•
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
442
T a ble
7 . — PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
m
References
M IN N E SO TA
A 10
10to 16
Occupations
Exemptions
TV
Employment in theatrical exhibition
Musician in concert
General Statutes 1913 s 3819,
3847, 3848, 8482
[For laws fixing minimum
age of 14 for “ exhibiting
child” in any business or
service during school term,
and requiring certificate 14
to 16 for employment in all
occupations during school
term, which would be
applicable to employment
in public exhibitions only
in so far as they are not
covered by occupations
tabulated in column IV,
see Table 1, A, and Tables
2 and 3]
[The provisions tabulated in
B, which are also given in
Table 1. would appear to
apply to public exhibi
tions, since all employ
m ent in theater, etc., is
regulated]
B
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
16
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or
school^
Teaching or learning music
Employment of child 10 to 16 in the
atrical exhibition or as musician in
concert, on permit—See A, above
G S 1913 s 3819, 8682
C
Rope or wire walker, dancer, gymnast,
contortionist, rider, or acrobat
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition dangerous or injurious
to life, limb, health, or morals
18 (actually or
apparently)
[See column V]
M IS S IS S IP P I
1914 C 163 S 3, 4
1914 C 165 s 1, 2
[The provisions given in A,
which are tabulated also in
Table 4, would appear to
apply to public exhibitions,
since all employment in
theater is regulated]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Girl of any
age
Theater
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION".
443
E X H IB IT IO N S—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
Perm it required, subject to the follow
ing conditions:
(1) Application must be made 72
- hours previous to performance;
(2) Issued by mayor of city or
president oi council of village, in his
discretion, and notice of application
and consent forwarded by him to
State commissioner of labor and to
secretary of State child labor com
mittee 48 hours previous to per
formance;
(3) May be revoked by State com
missioner of labor if it appears to
him, or to secretary of above com
mittee, or their assistants, th at such
consent is in violation of any exist
ing law or th a t the character of the
performance is such as to be danger
ous to the life or limb, or injurious
to the health or morals. If said
revocation is for any other reason
than the unsuitableness of proposed
place, it bars child from appearance
m proposed exhibition within State
for 1 year
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
State department of labor and indus
tries
1. Power only
T ruant officers:
Have power of inspection and
shall report violations to school
authorities and to State commis
sioner of labor .
A
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—-SI 00 or imprisonment for
3 months
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. D uty
State department of labor and indus
tries:
“ Shall enforce all laws regulating
the employment oi m in o r s ”
T
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—150 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
[See G S 1913 s 8482 for maximum
penalty for misdemeanor which
might be applicable]
[Any child under 10 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment on the street, or giving any
public entertainment, or who ac
companies or is used in the aid oi
any person so doing, is deemed
dependent and neglected and may
be declared a ward of the court—
G S 1913s 7162, 7178]
Maximum hours: 10 hours per day, 60
per week, except in case of emer
gency or where public necessity re
quires
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IT
1. D uty
State factory inspector
2. Each offense
Minimum—810 or imprisonment for 5
days, or both
Maximum—850 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
(Each day’s violation a separate
offense)
~A~
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
444
T a b l e 7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
in
References
I
M IS S O U R I
A 14
Revised Statutes 1909 v 2 s
4741-4743,7824, 7825 "
[See provisions in
B and D, be
low]
Exemptions
IV
Singing
. , . ,
Playmg on musical instrument
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Gymnast, contortionist, rider, or
acrobat
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to life or limb of child
under 14
[For laws requiring certificate
for employment of children
14 to 16 in all occupations,
and prohibiting employ
ment of child under 16 in
any gainful occupation be
tween 7 p. m. and 7 a. m.,
or more th an 8 hours per
day, 48 per week, see
Table 2, Table 3, and
Table 4, A]
R S 1909 v 1 s 1726c-d (as
added by 1911 p 132)
R S 1909 v 2 s 7824, 7825
Occupations
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school
or at any respectable entertaihment
Teaching or learning music
B 16
Concert hall
Moving-picture show
Place of amusement
C Girl of any age
Dancer or singer in dramshop, saloon,
or place where spirituous, m alt, or
vinous liquors are sold a t retail
[The provisions tabulated in
B, which are also given in
Table 1, would appear to
^pply to public exhibitions,
since all employment in
places listed is prohibited]
R S 1909 v 2 s 4740
R S 1909 v 1 s 1716 (as D
amended by 1911 p 132) ^
1726d (as added by 1911 p
132)
R S 1909 v 2S 7824, 7825
[See columns
I II and VI]
Under 16
Any gainful occupation [Apparently
includes public exhibitions, as they
are not specifically exempted]
[See note in A, above]
[The provision given in D,
which is also tabulated in
Table 4, is not specifically
a minimum age provision,
b u t it would appear to ex
clude children under 16
from employment in public
exhibitions taking place at
night. See also B, above]
R S 1909 v 2 s 7815 (as E [See provisions Girl of any
age
in B, above]
reenacted by 1913 p 400),
7816 (as reenacted by 1911
p 311), 7816a (as added by
1913 p 401)
[See column V]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F
Place of amusement
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
445
EXHIBITI ONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
State factory inspector:
In cities of 10,000 or over “ shall
enforce all laws relating to the in
spection” of certain establishments,
among which are specified theaters,
concert halls, or places of public
amusement [For list, see R S 1909
v 2 S 7824] .
A
_ 2. First offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
, 2. Subsequent offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
2 years, or both
1. Same as in A, above
B
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for 1
year, or both
(Each day's violation a separate
offense)
. -
1. [No specific provision]
C
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
12 months, or both
(In addition to above penalty, license
shall be revoked and no license shall
be issued to violator for 2 years
thereafter)
7 p. m. to 7 a. m.
Maximum hours: 9 per day, 54 per
week
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in B, above
D
1. D uty
Department of factory inspection
E
2. Each offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
[Any child under 10 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
m ent for gain upon the street or
giving any public entertainment, or
who is used in the aid of any person
so doing, is deemed neglected and
may be declared a ward of the
court—1913 p 148 s 2]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F
446
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
Table
7.—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
hi
References
I
Occupations
Exemptions
IV
A 16
Singing
Playing on musical instrum ent
Rope walking
Dancing
Any mendicant or wandering business
(All above on public street or high
way)
R C 1907 S 1660, 1669, 8376
B
Playing on musical instrument,
dancing, promenading, or otherwise
exhibiting herself in any drinking
saloon, dance cellar, ballroom, pub
lic garden, public highway, “ com
mon park or street,” or in anysteamboat, or railroad car, or in any place
whatsoever, if in such place there is
connected therewith the sale or use
as a beverage of any intoxicating,
spirituous, vinous, or m alt liquors
[See column V]
C
N EBRASK A
A 14
Revised Statutes 1913 s 35753578, 3580, 3582-3586
[The night-work
prohibition ap
parently raises
this minimum
age to 16 for
evening p e r
formances]
M ONTANA
Revised Codes 1907 s 1660,
1669, 8111, 8347
[The provisions tabulated in
A, which are given also in
Tables 2, 3, and 4, appear
to apply to public exhibi
tions, since all “ work in ”
places listed is regulated]
[See column V]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
Girl of any age
14 to 16
Theater
Concert hall
Place of amusement
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION".
447
EXHIBITION 8 —Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. Duty
State bureau of child and animal pro
tection:
Was created “ for the purpose of
enforcing the laws * * * pertain
ing to children” ;
Has powers of inspection
1. Power only
Any reputable citizen:
May make complaint
A
_ 2. Each offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
1. D uty
State bureau of child and animal pro
tection:
Has duties and powers as speci
fied in A, above
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
[See Tables 1,2, and 3 for laws regulat
ing employment of child under 16 in
any occupation during school term
and Table 5 for compulsory schoolattendance provisions which might
affect employment in public ex
hibitions]
Employment certificate required
[For details, see provisions in A and
B, Tables 2 and 3]
Any member of the State board of in
spection m ay demand the examina
tion, by some regularly licensed
physician to be selected by the
board, of any child under 16 y ho
may seem physically unable to do
the work a t which it m ay be em
ployed, and no child under 16 shall
be employed who can not obtain a
certificate of fitness from such phy
sician
[Any child under 10 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment upon the street, or giving any
public entertainment, or who accom
panies or is used in aid of any per
son so doing, is deemed dependent
and neglected and m ay be declared
a ward of the court—R' S 1913 s 1244]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
8 p. m. to 6 a. m.
1. D uty
State deputy commissioner of labor
T ruant officers
1. Power only
Any person:
May cause enforcement
"Â"
2. Each offense
Maximum—$50
B
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION".
448
T able
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading tliis analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
I II
References
I
NEVADA
The provisions tabulated in
B, which are given also in
Table 2, A, would appear to
apply to employment in
public exhibitions, since
they are not specifically ex
empted, as would also the
8-hour day, 48-hour week,
prescribed by 1913 C 232 s 8,
9, for boys under 16 and girls
under 18 in any gainful
occupation—See Table 4,
A]
Exemptions
IV
A 18
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition dangerous or injurious
to life, limb, health, or morals
Boy under
14
[For minimum age Girl under
16
of 14 for employ
m ent in any
business or serv
ice during school
hours, see Table
1, A]
Any inside employment [See note in
column I]
Revised Laws 1912 s 6823,
6285
R L 1912 s 6824, 6285
Occupations
B
[See column V]
C
N E W H A M P S H IR E
A
Exemptions:
[There are certain exemptions not ap
plicable to employment in public
exhibitions]
Dancing
Playing on musical instrument
Singing
Walking on a wire or rope
Riding or performing as a gymnast,
contortionist, or acrobat
(Above in circus or theatrical exhibi
tion or in any public place whatso
ever)
14
Public Statutes 1901 C 92 s 18
P S 1901C 93 s 15 (as amended
by 1901 C 61)
P S 1901 C 265 s 3
1911 C 198 S 2
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Education in vocal or instrumental
music
, ,
. .
Musician in church or school or school
exhibition
Concert or musical exhibition
P S 1901C 93 s 15 (as amended
by 1901 C 61)
1911C 162 s 6 (as amended by
1913 C 224 S 2), 16,17, 20
1911 C 198 s 2
[The provisions tabulated in
B, which are also given in
Table 4, A, apparently ap
ply to employment in pub
lic exhibitions, since they
are n ot specifically exempt
ed, and would appear to
exclude boys under 16 and
girls under 18 from employ
m ent in public exhibitions
taking place at night]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B fSee columns
I II and VI]
Boy under
16
Girl under
18
Any gainful occupation [See note in
column I]
Exemptions:
[There are certain exemptions not ap
plicable to employment in public
exhibitions]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION,
449
EXHIBITION S—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. [No specific provision]
A
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
“ W ritten perm it’» of judge of district
court required [For details, see
Tables 2 and 3]
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in A, above
B
[Any child under 10 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment for gain or giving an j public
entertainment upon the street, or
who accompanies or is used in the
aid of any person so doing, is deemed
dependent and neglected and may
be declared aw ard of the court—R L
1912 s 728]
C
1. Duty
State labor commissioner:
Shall, “ whenever he shall deem it
necessary,” prosecute violations of
laws “ regulating the employment
of help”
T ruant officers:
As to employment during school
hours
1. Power only
State superintendent of public in
struction or his deputy
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—-$100
Maximum hours: 11 per day, 58 per 7 p. m. to 6.30 a. m.
week
[There are certain
exceptions not
a p p l i c a b l e to
employment in
p u b l i c exhibi
tions]
1. D uty
State labor commissioner:
Has duties as specified in
above
T ruant officers
State superintendent of public
struction and State inspectors
pointed by him and under his
pervision
B
A,
in
ap
su
2. Any offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment for
10 days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
72485°—15-----29
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
450
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION",
Table
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
References
Regulated
age
Occupations
Minimum age
II
in
IV
I
NEW JE R SE Y
Exemptions
A
15
Rope or wire walking [See later law
tabulated in D, below]
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or
rider
Singing, dancingj acting, or in any
manner exhibitmg in dance house or
in “ concert saloon, theater or place
of entertainment where wines or
spirituous or m alt liquors are sold
or given aw ay” or with which any
place for the sale of wines or spiritu
ous or m alt liquors is directly or in
directly connected by passageway or
entrance [See later law tabulated
in D, below]
B
18
“ Singing, playing on a musical instru
ment, * * * in the streets, roads
or other highways of this State”
[See later law tabulated in D, below]
C
“ Minor child”
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibition
Compiled Statutes 1910 v 2
Infants s 47-49 p 2816
C S 1910 v 2 Crimes s 56 p 1763,
S 218 p 1812
D 18
“ Singing and playing on musical in
struments, rope walking, dancing,
* * * in the streets, roads and
other highways or public places of
this State”
N E W M E X IC O
A Girl of any age
Singing, reciting, dancing, playing on
musical instrument, or giving any
theatrical or other exhibition in
saloon
A 16
Rope or wire walking
Gymnast, wrestler, contortionist,
rider, or acrobat, or actor upon any
bicycle or similar mechanical vehicle
or contrivance
Illegal or immoral, etc., exhibition
Exhibition of child when insane, idi
otic, or deformed
Exhibition dangerous or injurious to
the life, limb, health, or morals of
child under 16
The following occupations ex
cept when employment therein is
authorized by permit tabulated in
B, below:
Singing
Dancing
Playing upon a musical instrument
Theatrical exhibition
Wandering occupation
1909 C 101 s 1,3, 4
NEW YO RK
Consolidated Laws 1909 v 4
Penal C 40:
Art 44 s 485;
A rt 174 s 1937
[For minimum age of 14 and
regulations 14 to 16 for em
ployment in theater or
place of amusement, which,
however, apparently apply
to employment in public
exhibitions only in so far
as such employment is not
covered by the provisions
tabulated in A and B, see
provisions in A, Tables 1-4]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church, school,
or academy
Teaching or learning music
[See provisions in B, below]
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
451
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Night work pro
hibited
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
vn
1. [No specific provision]
2. Each offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$100
(Person employing child contrary to
laws of State incurs maximum pen
alty of fine of $100 or imprisonment
for 1 year, or both—1915 C 246 s 1,2)
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in A, above
1. [No specific provision]
2. game as ip A, above
1. [No specific provision]
2. Any offense
Maximum—$1,000 or imprisonment for
3 years, or both
1. D uty
Sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable, city
marshal, and police officers:
Are penalized upon failure to
arrest offenders for violations of
which they have knowledge
2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
6 months, or both
1. [No specific provision]
2. Any offense
Maximum—$500 or imprisonment for
1 year, or both
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
452
T a b l e 7 . — PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
III
References
T
N E W Y O R K —Continued
Under 16
B
Occupations
Exemptions
TV
Musician in concert
Employment in theatrical exhibition
N O R T H C A R O L IN A
[No provisions]
NORTH DAKOTA
A
“ Theater, concert hall, or place of
amusement wherein intoxicating
liquors are sold”
16
Cofnpiled Laws 1913 s 1411—
1413
[See column V]
B
O H IO
A
Page and Adams’ Annotated
General Code 1912 s 871-22
(as added by 1913 p 95),
12993-12996 (as amended by
1913 p 864), 13007-7 to 1300711 (as added by .1913 p 864)
[The provisions tabulated in
A, which are given also in
Tables 1,2,3, and 4, would
appear to apply to employ
m ent on the stage in places
of amusement, since such
employment is not specifi
cally exempted. The nightwork prohibition would ap
pear to exclude boys under
16 and girls under 18 from
such employment at night.
Section 13007-3 (as added
by 1913 p 864) fixes a mini
mum age of 16 for boys and
18 for girls in “ theater and
other place of amusement”
except on the stage “ when
not otherwiseprohibited by
law ” ]
[For hours of labor regula
tions for boy 16 to 18 and
girl 18 to 21, for employment
m place of amusement, see
Table 4, B]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boy 15
Girl 16
[See columns III
and VI]
Boy 15 to 16
Girl 16 to 18
Place of amusement
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
453
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
Perm it required, subject to the fol
lowing conditions:
(1) . Application m ust be made
previous to performance;
(2) Issued by mayor of the city or
president of the board of trustees of
village upon 48 hours’ previous no
tice of application having been sent
in writing to society for prevention
of cruelty to children, if there be such
a society w ithin the county;
(3) Subject to revocation at will
by issuing officer
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
•
1. [No specific provision]
2. Same as in A, above
1. Power only
Peace officers:
May make complaint
Any person:
May make complaint
-
B
A
2. Each offense
Minimum—$20
Maximum—150
tAny child under 18 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment or giving any public entertain
m ent for gain upon the streets, or
who accompanies or is used in the
aid of any person so doing, is deemed
dependent and neglected and m ay
be declared a ward of the court—C L
1913 s 11403]
Age and schooling certificate required
[For details, see Tables 2 and 3, A]
Maximum hours: 8 per day, 48 per
week; employment for more than 6
days per week prohibited
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
6 p. m. to 7 a. m.
1. D uty
Factory inspectors [State industrial
commission]
T ruant officers
Other officers charged with enforce
m ent of laws relating to employ
m ent of minors
1. Power only
Any person:
May prosecute violations
2. First offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$50
2. Second offense
Minimum—$50 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
2. Third offense
Minimum—$200 or imprisonment, or
both
Maximum—Fine or imprisonment for
60 days, or both
(All the above penalties apply to ‘‘any
violation” of the provisions of this
chapter. _ . The following specific
penalty is imposed for failure to pro
cure and keep on file employment
certificates for children under 16)
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25
Maximum—$100
A
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION
454
T a b l e 7 . —PUBLIC
[In reading tins analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
m
References
Exemptions
IV
Singing
. , . ,
Playing on musical instrument
Rope or wire walking
Dancing
Taking part in, or appearing in con
nection with a moving-picture ex
hibition or performance given in a
theater or place of public amusement
Gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acro
bat
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Exhibition injurious to health or dan
gerous to life or limb of child under
14
O H IO . —Continued
P & A A G C 1912 s 871-22 [See note in column
(as added by 1913 p 95),
I]
871-24 (as added by 1913 p
95), 980, 7770 (as amended
by 1913 p 864), 7771 (as
amended Dy 1914 p 225),
12968 (as amended by 1913
p 906), 12969,12986
[P & A A G C 1912 s 7765 (as
amended by 1913 p 864) and
7766 (as amended Dy 1914 p
129), by requiring certifi
cate which proves boy to
be 15 and girl to be 16, ap
parently makes tho^e ages
the minimum for employ
m ent in all occupations—
See Table 2, B]
OKLAHOM A
Occupations
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Taking part, w ithout remuneration,
with consent of parent or guardian,
in a church or school, or at a concert
or entertainment given for chari
table purposes, or by a church _or
school, or religious, etc., institution
A 14
Under 16
[14 to 16]
Theater
B [See columns
III and VI]
Boy under
16
Girl under
18
Same as in A, above
Under 16
Participating in public entertainment
where an admission fee is charged
[See note in column I]
Revised Laws 1910 s 3728,
3733, 3734, 3742
[The provisions tabulated in
A and B, which are also
given in Tables 1 to 4, in
clusive, apparently apply
to public exhibitions, since
all employment in theater
is regulated]
[The prohibition tabulated in
B, though not strictly a
minimum age provision,
appears to exclude boy
under 16 and girl under 18
from employment in theat
rical exhibitions t a k i n g
place a t night]
[See column V]
OREGON
Lord’s Oregon Laws 1910 s
4121 (as amended by 1911
C 243), 4425, 4426, 5016
[The provisions tabulated in
A forbid child .to “ partici
pate” without perm it, b u t
employer is not mentioned
except as specified in col
um n V]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
455
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
VII
1. D uty
State industrial commission
T ruant officers
B
2. Any offense
Maximum—S200 or imprisonment for
6months, or both
(Any person convicted of a violation
of any law relating to employment
of minors, who again violates any
such law, shall be imprisoned for not
less than 10 nor more than 30 days)
Age and schooling certificate required
[For details, see provisions in A and
B, Tables 2 and 3]
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10 or imprisonment for
10days, or both
Maximum—850 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
[For provision fixing maximum of 8
hours per day, 48 per -reek, and re
quiring 1 horn: mealtime, for chil
dren under 16 in any gainful occupa
tion, v h ich would appear to be ap
plicable here, see Table 4, A]
6p .m . to 7 a. m
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
[Any child under 8 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment upon the street or giving any
public entertainment, or who ac
companies or is used in the aid of
any person so doing, is deemed de
pendent and neglected and may be
declared a ward of the court—R L
1910 v 1 s 4412]
W ritten permission of the judge of the
juvenile court to child, parent, or
guardian, or manager of the place of
amusement or public entertainment
in which child is to take part
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
B
O
1. D uty
"ÂT
State commissioner of labor statistics
and inspector of factories and work
shops:
Shall cause enforcement of all laws
regulating the employment of chil
dren. minors, and women
Truant officers (in counties of less than
100,000):
Shall see th at the child labor law
is enforced
2. [There appears to be no spe
cific provision for penalty for em
ployer, b ut child participating with
out permission is deemed dependent
and may be declared a ward of the
court]
456
C H IL D LABOR L E G IS L A T IO N .
T able
7 .—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Regulated
age
Occupations
Minimum age
II
in
IV
References
I
O R E G O N —Continued
Exemptions
B
[See column V]
P E N N S Y L V A N IA
A 15
Singing [See provisions in C and D,
below]
Dancing
Exhibiting
(All above in dance house, concert
saloon, theater, or place of entertain
ment, where wines or spirituous or
m alt liquors are sold or given away,
or with which any place for sale of
wines, etc., is connected)
B
15
Rope or wire walking
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or
rider
C
18
Singing or playing on musical instru
m ent in street, road, or other high
way
D 18
The following without consent
of parent or guardian:
Performing in theater or athletic exhi
bition
Singing
Playing upon musical instrument
1879 Pam phlet Laws 73 s 3;
Stewart’s Purdon’s Digest
1903 v 1 p 316
1879 P L 142 s 2; S P D 1903
v 2 p 1875
1879 P L 142 s 3; S P D 1903
v 2 p 1875
1879 P L 142 s 4; S P D 1903
v 2 p 1875
1879 P L 142 s 6; S P D 1903
v 2 p 1877
1879 P L 142 s 8; S P D 1903
v 2 p 1877
1901 P L 220 s 1; S P D 1903
v 1 p 318
[See Table 1, A, for minimum
age of 14 for employment
in any occupation or estab
lishment, which would ap
parently include employ
m ent in public exhibitions
since they are not specific
ally exempted—1915 P L
286]
P H IL IP P IN E IS L A N D S
E
Any minor
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion, or employment where any such
exhibition takes place
A
12(if employ-
Employment by professional acrobat,
gymnast, ropewalker; diver, animal
tamer, bull fighter, circus manager,
etc., in any exhibition of this kind'
16
Performing any dangerous feat of bal
ancing, of strength, or of contortion
1908 No 1868 s 2 (as amended
by 1913 No 2258), 4
Penal Code 1911 a rt 489 p 117
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
e r ’s ow n
child or de
scendant)
16 (if not em
ployer’s own
child or de
scendant)
457
C H IL D LABO E LEG ISLATIO N,
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
Y .
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—D uty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
[Any child under 14 who is found sing
ing or playing any musical instru
ment upon the street or giving any
public entertainment, or who ac
companies or is used in the aid of any
person so doing, is deemed depend
ent and may be declared a ward of
the court—L 0 L 1910 s 4406]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
i. Duty
Constables and policemen:
Shall aid in bringing offenders
before magistrate or justice of the
peace, who shall issue warrant
1. Power only
Mayors (in cities of the first class):
May enforce provisions of act and
annul license for holding exhibition
Agents of any humane society:
May, when so authorized, act as
police officers or constables, with
power to arrest offenders
Any person:
May make complaint
A
2. Each offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$100
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
C
1. Power only
Mayors (in cities of the first class):
Have powers- as specified in A,
above
D
2. First offense
Minimum—$50
Maximum—$100
2. Second offense
Minimum—Imprisonment for 1 year
Maximum—Imprisonment for 3 years
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
E
1. D uty
Philippine Bureau of Labor
A
2. Any offense
Minimum—125 pesetas and the pen
alty of prisión correccional in its
minimum and medium degrees
Maximum—1,250 pesetas and the pen
alty of prisión correccional in its
minimum and medium degrees
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
B
458
C H IL D LABO B L E G IS L A T IO N .
•
T able
7.—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
III
References
I
Occupations
Exemptions
IV
A 14
Exhibition dangerous or injurious to
health and morals
Revised Statutes and Codes
1911s 1777
B
16
Exhibition in acrobatic feat endanger
ing life of child under 16
R H O D E IS L A N D
A
16
Rope or wire walking
Gymnast, wrestler, contortionist,
equestrian performer, or acrobat
Rider upon bicycle or mechanical con
trivance
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion
Anv exhibition injurious to the health
or morals or dangerous to the life or
limb of child under 16
P O R T O R IC O
1913 No 42 s 8 (as amended by
1913 Extraordinary Session
No 139), 12,14
General Laws 1909 C 139 s 4-6
Under 16
B
Dancing, theatrical, or musical exhi
bition ”
Exemptions:
Dancing, theatrical, or musical exhi
bition in connection w ith churches,
schools, or private instruction in
dancing or music, or under auspices
of a Rhode Island society organized
for religious, charitable, literary, so
cial, musical, etc., purposes
S O U T H C A R O L IN A
[No provisions)
A 14
Actor, performer, or singer on the
streets
Concert hall or room where intoxicat
ing liquors are sold or given away
Variety theater
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or morals or dangerous to the life
or limb of child under 14
1907 C 135 a rt 7 s 150
1913 C 240 s 4
B
Any gainful occupation in the
following during school hours:
“ Theater, concert hall or place of
amusement where intoxicating liq
uors are sold”
[See column V]
C
SO U TH DAKOTA
1903 C 88 s 1, 3
1913 C 240 s 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15
459
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
EXHIB-ITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
Porto Rican Bureau of Labor
A
2. First offense
Minimum—$25
M a x im u m —$100
2. Subsequent offense
Minimum—$100
Maximum—$1,000
1. [No specific provision]
B
2. Each offense
Minimum—$5 or imprisonment
Maximum—$15 or imprisonment for
30 days
1. Power only
A
Town sergeant, city chief of police, or
any agent of the Rhode Island Soci
ety for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Children:
May enter any place where child
may be detained or employed in vio
lation of these provisions, and hold
child as witness to testify upon trial
of violator
[See also G L 1909 C 139 s 1]
_ 2. Each offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
1year, or both
Perm it required, consisting of written
consent, revocable at will, of mayor
of city or president of town council
where child is to be employed
1. Same as in A, above
2. Same as in A, above
1. [“ Every * * * place in or
in connection with which children
are engaged a t labor of any kind,
shall at all times be subject to visita
tion by the county superintendent
of schools”]
B
A
_ 2. First offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
. 2. Subsequent offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
6months
1. Same as in A, above
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—$10
Maximum—$50
[Any child under 18 who is found play
ing any instrument of music or sing
ing on the streets or public highways
is deemed dependent or neglected
and m ay be declared a ward of the
court—1915 C 119 s 1,10]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C
460
C H IL D LABOR L E G IS L A T IO N .
T able
7.—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
Regulated
age
II
in
References
I
TENNESSEE
Occupations
Exemptions
TV
A
[See column V]
TEXAS
[No provisions]
UTAH
A
14
B
Girl of any age
1911 C 113 s 4 (as amended by
1913 C 76)
1911 C 144 s 1, 5,13,14
[See column
V]
Theater
Concert hall
[The provisions tabulated in
A, which are given also
in Table 1, apparently
apply to public exhibi
tions, since all employment
in theater and concert hall
is regulated]
Compiled Laws 1907 s 4243,
4244
1911 C 113 s 4 (as amended by
1913 C 76)
Dancing, promenading, or otherwise
exhibiting herself in any drinking
saloon, dance room or cellar, public
garden, public highway, or m any
place whatsoever
Exemptions:
Above occupations in. theater [See
provisions in A, above]
C
Girl of any age
Playing upon any musical instrument
in any drinking saloon, dance room
or cellar, public garden, public high
way, common, or street, or on a ves
sel, steamboat, or railway car, or in
any immoral, etc., place
VERM ONT
[No provisions]
V IR G I N I A
Code 1904 sl790c(7) (as added
bv 1914 C 321)
C 1904 s 3795a(2), 3795a(3),
3795a(7), 3795a(8)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 14
Rope or wire walking
Gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acro
bat
Any immoral, etcv exhibition
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or morals or dangerous to the life or
limb of child under 14
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
461
EXHIBITION S—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in ■•m in d ]
Enforcement
Regulations
Nigbt work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
VII
[There are no specific provisions. Any
child under 14 who is found singing
or playing any musical instrument
upon the streets or giving any pub
lic entertainment, or who accom
panies or is used in aid of any person
so doing, is deemed dependent and
m ay be declared a ward of the
court—1911 C 58 p 111 s 1]
[It may be. inferred, though it is not
clear from the law, th at an employ
m ent certificate is required for em
ployment of child over 14 in these
occupations—See Table 2, A-III.
For regulations governing employ
m ent certificates, see Tables 2 and
3, A]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
1. Duty
~A~
State commissioner of immigration,
labor, and statistics:
Must “ investigate and report to
the proper authorities all violations
of law regarding the conditions sur
rounding the employment of chil
dren, mmors and women and the
laws established for the protection
of all employees in factories, mines,
mills, and other institutions where
labor is employed”
“ Any authorized inspector” [State
commissioner of immigration, labor,
and statistics] or truant officer:
Shall demand from “ any em
ployer” proof of age of child appar
ently under 14, and forbid employ
m ent if such proof be not produced
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for
10days, or both
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
1. Duty
State commissioner of immigration,
labor, and statistics:
Has duties as specified in A, above
B
2. Any offense
Maximum—-$300 or imprisonment for
3 months, or bcth
1. Same as in B, above
2. Same as in B, above
C
1. Duty
State commissioner of labor (chief
factory inspector):
“ Shall secure the enforcement of
all laws * * * relating to the in
spection of factories, mercantile
establishments, mills, workshops,
and commercial institutions”
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
12months, or both
462
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISLA TIO N ,
Ta ble
7.—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Minimum age
References
II
I
Regulated
age
- HI
Occupations
Exemptions
IV
A 18
Any immoral; etc., exhibition
Any exhibition dangerous or inju
rious to life, limb, health, or morals
P C 1 135 s 1495
P C 1 291 s 101
B Girl of any age
“ Theater, or place of amusement,
where intoxicating liquors are sold
as a beverage”
[See column V]
C
W E S T V IR G I N I A
A 15
W A S H IN G T O N
Pierce’s Code 1912 title 135
s 27,387
P C 1 291 s 101
Hogg’s Code 1913 C 144 s
5176, 5177, 5178
[Any child under 10 who is
found singing or playing
any musical instrum ent
for gain upon the streets
or giving any public enter
tainm ent, or who accom
panies or is used in the aid
of any person so doing, is
deemed dependent and
neglected and m ay be de B 18
clared a ward of the court—
1915 c 70 s 1]
Rope or wire walking
Acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or
rider
Singing, dancing, acting, or being ex
hibited in any manner in any dance
house, concert saloon, theater, or
place of entertainm ent where wines
or spirituous or m alt liquors are sold
or given away, or w ith which any
place for the sale of wines or spiritu
ous or m alt liquors is directly or in
directly connected by passageway
or entrance
Singing or playing on musical instru
ment in streets, roads, or other
highways
C Any minor
Any illegal or immoral, etc., ex
hibition, or in place where same
occurs
W ISC O N S IN
A
Statutes C 83 s 1728d.l
St C 110a S 2394-52
St C 186 s 4587a
[See note in col
um n I]
Any immoral, etc., exhibition
Any exhibition injurious to the health
or dangerous to the life or limb of
child under 14
14
[See Table 1, C, for provision
fixing minimum age of 16
for employment in immor
al, etc., occupations]
St C 83 s 1728d.l, 1728o,
17280-1
St C 110a s 2394-52
[The provision tabulated in
B forbids merely the grant
ing of license for theatrical
exhibitions under condi
tions specified]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B
15
Employment in theatrical exhibition
or public show as acrobat, contor
tionist, or in any feat of gymnastics
or equestrianism, when, in the opin
ion of the board of officers author
ized to grant licenses, such children
[under 15] are employed in such man
ner as to corrupt their morals or im
pair their physical health [See note
in column I]
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
463
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467—
475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
1. Enforcing authorities—Duty:
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. D uty
State commissioner of labor and his
assistants
A
_ 2. Any offense
Maximum—$250 or imprisonment for
90 days
1. Same as in A, above
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—$500 or $500 and imprison
ment for 6 months
[For school exemption certificate re
quired for employment under 15 in
any occupation during school hours
which would apparently apply to
employment in public exhibitions,
see provisions in D, Tables 2 and 3.
Any^ child under 12 who is found
singing or playing on any musical
instrum ent for gain upon the
public street or giving any public
entertainment, or who accom
panies or is used in the aid of any
person so doing, is deemed de
pendent and m ay be declared a
ward of the court—1913 C 160 s
1subdivision 18]
C
1. [No specific provision]
~A~
2. Each offense
Minimum—$5
Maximum—$100
•
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2. Same as in A, above
1. [No specific provision]
B
1. [No specific provision]
C
2. Same as in A, above
1. D uty
State industrial commission:
Has duty of enforcing “ all the
provisions of the statutes regulating
or relative to child labor ”
A
2. Any offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
6months, or both
1. Same as in A, above
[Board of officers authorized to grant
licenses shall not grant license for
exhibition under these conditions]
2. [Law does not mention em
ployer; person violating provision
(see note in column I) is liable to
maximum penalty of $100 for any
offense]
B
464
C H IL D LABOR LEG ISLATIO N,
T a b l e 7.—PUBLIC
[In reading this analysis, the explanatory
State
Regulated
age
Occupations
Minimum age
II
III
IV
References
I
W I S C O N S I N — Continued
Under 16
C
St C 27 s 439ca
St C 83 s 1728a.2, 1728a-l,
1728a-4.1,1728a-4.2,17284 1
St C 110a s 2394-52, 2394r-70
[See Table 1, C, for provision
prohibiting employment
under 16 in theater or con
cert hall, which is appli
cable, however, to employ
m ent in public exhibitions
only in so far as such em
ployment is not covered by
the provisions tabulated in
C]
[Any child under 8 who is
found singing or playing
any musical instrum ent
upon the street for gain, or
who is used in the aid of any
person so doing, is deemed
dependent and. neglected
and may be declared a ward
of the court—St s 573-1]
W Y O M IN G
Exemptions
Employment “ to play on any musi
cal instrument, or to sing or perform
in a circus, theatrical or musical ex
hibition, concert or festival, or in any
public place”
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Musician or participant in church or
school or school exhibition or local
home-talent exhibition
A
14
Compiled Statutes 1910s 3101,
3105,3106
Singing
Playing on musical instrument
Dancing
Rope or wire walking
Gvmnast, contortionist, rider, or acro
bat
Variety theater
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Singer or musician in church or school
or a t any respectable entertainment
Teaching or learning music
1915 C 77 s 1, 2, 6
[For earlier law fixing mini
m um age of 14 for employ
m ent in dangerous or im
moral, etc., exhibitions,
with different penalty, see
C S 1910 s 3101, 3105, 3106]
B
16
Actor or performer in any concert hall
or room where intoxicating liquors
are sold or given away [See provi
sions in C, below]
Any illegal or immoral, etc., exhibi
tion [See provisions in D, below]
Any exhibition injurious to the morals
or health or dangerous to the life or
limb of child under 16
Exemptions:
Provision does not apply to:
Amateur entertainm ents or theatri
cals for charity, or not for profit,
in schools, churches, settlement
houses, or boys’ or girls’ clubs
Singer or musician in church or school
Teaching or learning music
Physical development in respectable
gymnasium or natatorium
18
Employm ent in concert hall or other
establishment where m alt or alco
holic liquors are sold
D 18
Employm ent in place where illegal or
immoral, etc., exhibition takes place
C
C S 1910 s 3102
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465
C H IL D LABOR L E G ISL A T IO N .
EXHIBITIONS—Continued
notes on pp. 467-475 should be borne in mind]
Enforcement
Regulations
Night work pro
hibited
V
VI
Perm it required, subject to the follow
ing conditions:
(1) Issued by industrial commis
sion, county or municipal judge, or
judge of juvenile court;
(2) Issuing officer m ust be satis
fied th at appearance of child will not
be detrimental to its morals, health,
safety, welfare, or opportunities for
education equivalent to th at of the
common schools;
• (3) Child if under 14 m ust be ac
companied by parent or guardian
approved b y issuing officer
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1. Enforcing authorities—D uty;
Power only
2. Penalty for employer, etc.
V II
1. Duty
State industrial commission
Truant officers:
Must inspect places covered by act
and report cases of illegal employ
m ent of minors to school authorities
and to State industrial commission;
May make complaint
1. Power only
Police officers and citizens:
May make complaint
C
2. Each offense
Minimum—Forfeiture of $10 to State
Maximum—Forfeiture of $100 to State
[A civil suit m ay be brought for vio
lation]
1. Power only
Justices of the peace
_ 2. First offense
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both
2. Subsequent offense
Maximum—$200 or imprisonment for
6months
1. [No specific provision]
B
2. Any offense
Minimum—$25 or imprisonment for
30 days, or both
Maximum—$100 or imprisonment for
90 days, or both
1. [No specffic provision]
2. Same as in B, above
C
1. [Justices of the peace have
jurisdiction]
2. Any offense
Minimum—$100 or $100 and imprison
m ent
Maximum—$500 or $500 and impris
onment for 12 months
D
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EXPLANATORY NOTES.
The tabulation presented in the foregoing pages is divided into
seven parts, consisting of regulations governing (1 ) m in im u m age,
(2) requirements for entering employment, (3) working papers re
quired, (4) hours of labor, (5) compulsory school attendance, (6)
work in street trades, and (7) employment in public exhibitions.
Preceding this tabular analysis are two summary charts, summariz
ing for specified occupations (1) the minimum and regulated ages,
and (2) the hours of labor of minors and women. In the following
explanatory notes the necessary details in connection with each table
are given in the order in which the tables occur, being preceded by
such notes as are applicable to the tabulation as a whole.
GENERAL.
Column I of each table contains the references to the laws from
which the provisions tabulated opposite them have been taken. These
references are in chronological order except when, for some reason,
that order has not been followed in the text as given in this publi
cation. The bracketed notes in this column, containing explanatory
or additional matter, apply to all the provisions found opposite.
The different laws, or regulations of the same law relating to dif
ferent ages, are tabulated in separate groups, distinguished by the
letters A, B, C, etc., found in the second and last columns of each
group. The references and notes in column I apply in every case
to all the provisions tabulated before the next group of references;
for instance, the first group of citations found in column I covers
the provisions tabulated in A, B, and C, if no other references are
given before group D. This is very often the case, and because of
the fact that all the laws to which a group of references and notes
refer could not be printed on a single page, the tabulation is some
times separated by one or more pages from the citations of the law
from which the provisions are taken. The end of a page must not,
therefore, be understood in itself to break the continuity of any
group, whether of the text or the references. Bracketed notes are
used in column I to brief provisions which appear to be partially
superseded by later laws, or which, for some reason, were not con
sidered of sufficient importance to be included in the detailed tabula
tion. Apparent contradictions are also indicated by bracketed notes
and cross references giving the priority of the provisions if that
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467
468
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
appears to be a determining factor. Reference is made to constitu
tional provisions in this column, but unless they contain positive
regulations not covered by legislative enactments, such provisions are
omitted from the text of the tabulation.
Column I I defines the person to whom the provisions of each law
are applicable. “Any minor ” or “ Girl of any age ” under the head
ing “ Minimum age ” or “ Regulated age ” indicates that the employ
ment of any minor1 or of any girl or woman is forbidden or is regu
lated in the occupations specified. “ Girl of any age” is used where
the law specifies “ female.” The word “ to ” between two ages includes
the lower but not the higher age, for instance, “ 14 to 16 ” means over
14 and less than 16 years of age. In determining the ages affected
by different legal provisions, it must be remembered that no one regu
lation can be considered separately and without noting the effect of
other laws upon it. A law fixing an 8-hour day for children under
16, for instance, would, of course, make one fixing a 10-hour day for
“ all females ” apply only to females over 16.
Under the headings, “ Occupations or establishments—Exemp
tions,” usually in Column III, are given the lists of employments to
which the law applies, and those exempted from its operation. These
lists are given in full except as specified in the explanatory notes on
Table I. The wording and order of the law is followed, with little
attempt at classification, except that manufacturing, mechanical, and
mercantile establishments are put first. Definitions of terms, if given
in the law, are included wherever practicable, and in every case a
reference to the defining section is given. The provisions tabulated,
except those in Table 6, apply in general to employment in the oc
cupation or places mentioned, but it was impossible to give in detail
the introductory clauses, such as “ employed, permitted, or suffered
to work, in, about, or in connection with,” or to interpret them with
certainty, and the exact extent of the employer’s responsibility can be
determined only by consulting the text of the law..
In the last column of each table (except in the case of Table 8, when
it is unnecessary) are given the provisions for the enforcement of
each law. These provisions are necessarily tabulated only in brief.
Under “ Duty ” or “ Power only ” is given the name of the board or
official having the duty or power, as the case may be, of enforcing
the law, and the limitations, if any are specified, placed upon said
board or official in that enforcement. No note is made in the tables
of the details of the process of enforcement, such as the courts2
having jurisdiction, the person who brings prosecution,2 what is
evidence of illegal employment, and the like. However, if a prose
cuting attorney is given the specific power or duty to enforce the law
he is included as an enforcing official. The power to inspect estab2 See page 19 (Introduction).
1 See page 8 (Introduction).
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
469
lishments, or to demand evidence of age, given to an official enforc
ing labor laws, is not specified except in the absence of a general
clause empowering or directing him to enforce the law. In the case
of truant officers and others who enforce the compulsory schoolattendance laws, however, power to inspect places where minors are
employed is specified. The penalty, unless otherwise specified, is that
imposed upon the employer for any violation of the law. If it is
incurred only under certain conditions, and not for every violation,
these conditions are given. If it is in any way limited, as when it
is imposed for “ willful violation,” for “ compelling ” more hours of
labor, for instance, or for violation in regard to children only when
the law as a whole applies to all employees, this fact is noted. Such
provisions as those specifying to whom fines are to be paid, granting
release on bond, imposing penalties of fees or costs, or imprisonment
in case fine is not paid, are omitted. Penalties imposed upon the
parent for making false statements, false affidavits, etc., or for per
mitting his child to be employed, upon enforcing officials for failing
to do their duty, upon employers for failing to give information or
for hindering inspectors, are omitted, but penalties incurred by the
parent for not sending his child to school, or for permitting him to
engage in street trades, are included. In- the latter case it was neces
sary to give the penalty upon the parent because the child working
in street trades is usually engaged in work on his own account, and
no employer can be held responsible. If, however, a penalty is speci
fied as incurred by an employer, or by a person furnishing goods to
a minor working illegally, it is given. Additional penalties incurred
after notification by an enforcing official are tabulated only on Tables
1 and 2, b u t“ each day’s violation a separate offense ” is noted in all
cases. The enforcement columns refer only to the provisions tabu
lated, not to all the regulations contained in the sections enumerated
in column I.
The following terms, when used in either the text or the headings,
have the following definite significance, unless otherwise specified.
“ Grade,” “ school,” “ school session,” etc., refer to the public school
or its equivalent. No attempt is made to indicate the standards of
equivalent instruction, since they could not usually be obtained
definitely from the wording of the laws. But “ during school hours ”
means the hours during which the public schools are in session.
“ Persons, etc.,” means “ any person, firm, or corporation” ; “ em
ployer, etc.,” means “ employer or his agent ” ; “ agent ” refers to any
authorized representative of an employer; “ deputy ” refers to any
authorized representative of an enforcing official or board legally
permitted to deputize enforcing authority; “ parent or guardian,” or
“ parent, etc.,” includes any person having legal control of a child;
“ birth certificate ” or “ baptismal certificate ” must be understood to
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470
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
mean a transcript of the birth or baptismal record. Brackets are
used to indicate inferences from the law not directly stated and
provisions which, though given for the sake of clearness, are not
directly applicable to the heading under which they are tabulated.
Brackets are also used to inclose cross references from one table to
another, and notes in the reference columns.
Decisions and rulings by attorneys general, etc., and court deci
sions as to constitutionality are not considered in the tabulation.
An exception is made in that rulings of commissions are included in
Table 4 and that certain decisions necessary to the understanding of
a few obscurely worded compulsory school-attendance laws are noted
in Table 5. It must be remembered that it was possible to tabulate
only specific regulations, and that in order to have a complete under
standing of the actual effect of the laws governing children in any
given occupation, all the tables must be considered in their relation
to each other. For instance, the effect of the compulsory schoolattendance law of a State upon the minimum age law is often to
raise the age limit for employment in all occupations during school
hours. Likewise a provision requiring a child to attend school until
he has graduated from the common schools might in effect raise
the educational requirements for entering employment. When pos
sible, cross references have been, made from one table to another
showing the effect of the provisions of one law upon those of another,
but since such effect often becomes a matter of legal interpretation,
it could not always be indicated. Moreover, the actual effect of one
law upon another is often determined largely by the methods of
administration, which could not of course be considered in a com
pilation based on laws.
TABLE 1 .—MINIMUM AGE.
Table 1 contains practically all the minimum age laws except those
relating to employment in public exhibitions1 and work in street
trades,2 as defined later. Laws prohibiting enticing children to leave
home for employment are omitted when the occupation in which
the child is to engage is not specified, and those forbidding employ
ment agencies to send minors into immoral and illegal occupations
are omitted, but those prohibiting employers to send minors to im
moral places are included, as being applicable to employment in mes
senger service. The power of a minimum wage commission or other
such body to u fix standard conditions of labor ” is given, since such
power might be interpreted to include age regulations. All laws
regulating employment of minors in connection with the sale or
manufacture of intoxicating liquors are included, even in prohi-
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i Table 7.
2 Table 6.
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION-.
471
bition States, but the fact that prohibitory laws are in force is noted
in column I. In some cases, a requirement for a permit to enter
employment practically constitutes a minimum age provision, as
where a child can not enter certain employments unless he has gradu
ated from the common schools. In that case, if no other minimumage provision affects such employment, the regulation is given in
Table 1.
The employments to which each law applies are given in full,
except lists of dangerous, injurious, or immoral occupations, which
are grouped under the heading “ Certain dangerous, etc., occupa
tions,” and are briefed according to the following system: Certain
occupations and places of employment, if occurring in such lists, are
always specified, namely, mine; smelter; coal breaker; quarry; blast
furnace; cleaning and oiling machinery; preparing compositions in
which dangerous or poisonous acids are used; manufacture of paint,
etc.; laundry (but not laundering machinery only); tobacco ware
house or manufactory; operating freight or passenger elevator; tele
graph operator; brakeman, etc., on railroads (but not switch and
gate tending) ; occupations on boats, vessels, etc.; pool or billiard
room or bowling alley; sending messengers, etc., to immoral places;
saloon, etc.; brewery, distillery, etc. General clauses, such as “ all
occupations injurious to health,” are given in detail. The phrases
“ immoral, etc., occupations,” “ immoral, etc., places,” “ for any im
moral purpose, are used to cover all related details enumerated in
the law. The general terms, “ work at certain machines,” and “ work
in certain processes,” are used to cover such mechanical operations
and such processes as are enumerated in the law but not specified
in the tables.
TABLES 2-3.—REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTERING EMPLOYMENT- WORK
ING PAPERS REQUIRED.
Table 2, Requirements for entering employment, specifies both
the standards which must be met by the child in order to secure
employment or which may be required by some enforcing official in
order that the child may continue in employment, and the method of
enforcing the law. Table 3, Working papers required, which is a
continuation of Table 2 and should be read in connection with it,
shows the details of the certificate law which relate particularly
to the employment paper, that is, the actual document given to the
employer by the child or by the issuing officer. Regulations applying
in whole or in part to the same occupations and ages may be tabu
lated separately, if necessary, but unless it is evident, as in the case
of vacation certificates, that they are alternative, or unless a note is
found in column I to that effect, they must be read together to obtain
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472
CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
a complete picture of all the requirements. Wherever it could be
done without burdening the tables with too great a mass of detail,
cross references have been used to call attention to these interrela
tions. Columns IV to V III of Table 2 contain the prerequisites for
obtaining the working paper or document named in column II.
Quotation marks are used to indicate a name given in the text of
the law. The subordinate documents required for the issuance of the
certificate proper are noted in the appropriate columns. In entries •
indicating educational qualifications, the minimum requirements are
given.
In Table 3 are tabulated the more important details concerning the
working paper itself. An entry is made under “ time limit ” only
when the certificate is issued for a definite time, as “ during vacation,”
or “ for 6 months.” Under'“ authority issuing” is specified the per
son who approves the certificate named in column II, and another
person’s power to revoke such certificate is given in a parenthetical
note. Under “ accessible to inspection of whom ” are tabulated all
the persons who are specifically given the right to demand of the
employer the certificate required for the child’s employment, whether
or not it is their duty to enforce the law or to make such demand.
“ Notification of termination of employment” refers to the em
ployer’s notification sent to the school authorities, the issuing officer,
etc. Sometimes this notification is made by returning the certificate,
in which case the entry “ return of certificate ” is made. No entry is
made here unless some direct notification must be made in the case
of every child. The return of the certificate “ to the issuing officer,
if not claimed by the child within 30 days” is not considered to con
stitute a notification.
I t should be remembered that there may be in the actual adminis
tration of the certificate law, particularly where much discretionary
authority is given to the issuing officer, many details not specified in
the text and therefore impossible to show in the tables. Moreover,
the indirect effect of even specific provisions can not be estimated
exactly; for instance, a law which specifies that the certificate be
made out to a specific employer, or contain the employer’s name,
may have practically the same effect as one requiring the return of
the certificate, since the child must return to the issuing officer before
he can obtain a new certificate.
The administrative details of the Jaw, such as those which concern
the making and filing of duplicate copies of certificates, reports to
State officials, or the keeping of lists of children to whom certificates
have been refused, as well as provisions specifying the exact pro
cedure for obtaining certificates, for instance those demanding the
signature or appearance of parent or child, are in general omitted.
Certain details in regard to the duties of employers, such as pro-
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CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
473
visions requiring the keeping and posting of lists of children em
ployed, notifying the issuing office of the child’s actual entrance upon
employment, or including in the termination of employment notice
the reason for the child’s leaving, are also omitted.
TABLE 4.—HOURS OF LABOR.
All hours of labor laws quoted in the text are given in this table,
with the exception of hours of labor for railroad and street-car em
ployees, which are included only when they specifically refer to
minors or women. Unless otherwise specified, usually in a footnote,
the number of hours given in Column IV is not the number of hours
which “ shall constitute a legal day’s work,” but the actual maximum
per day permitted. The details as to whether these hours are con
secutive, or whether mealtime is excluded, are not shown. All excep
tions are given in detail. Under “ Mealtime prescribed ” is given the
minimum amount of time to be -allowed for lunch and, if so stipu
lated in the law, the maximum number of hours an employee may
work without rest period or interval for lunch. The power of a
minimum wage or other such commission to regulate hours of labor
is shown here, and such rulings as it was possible to obtain are given
in footnotes. Regulations concerning the posting of notices showing
the number of hours required, the time of beginning and ending
work, etc., are omitted, as are interpretive details such as provisions
specifying that if work is done in two establishments the total num
ber of hours worked by one person shall not exceed the' maximum
prescribed by law. A reduction in the number of hours of work of
minor employees to permit attendance at continuation schools is not
shown here, but is noted in Table 5.
TABLE 5.—COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.
Table 5 gives the minimum amount of school attendance required
yearly, whether of all children or of children employed in certain
occupations, and the ages between which it is compulsory. An entry
in the column “ Occupations or establishments ” indicates that the
amount of schooling specified is required only of children employed
in the establishments enumerated; otherwise it is required of all
children. In the former case the penalty incurred by the employer,
and in the latter the penalty incurred by the parent, is tabulated in
the enforcement column. Column IV, specifying the localities where
the act is in force, should be carefully noted, as extensive limitations
upon the law are often found in that column. In the case of op
tional compulsory education laws, the localities where the law is in
effect, in all cases where it was possible to obtain them, are given in
footnotes. All exemptions from school attendance are tabulated ex
cept those allowing the substitution of other forms of training, which
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CHILD LABOE LEGISLATION.
474
are omitted on the ground that they imply that the child is receiving
equivalent instruction. Definitions of “ regular attendance, and
provisions stipulating the standard of “ equivalent instruction,” or
requiring private or parochial schools to conform to certain regula
tions before attendance therein will be accepted as compliance with
the law, are omitted.
TABLE 6.—STREET TRADES; TABLE 7.—PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS.
The laws applying to children engaging in street trades on their
own account and those employed to take part in public exhibitions are
in many cases very different in detail from regulations applying to
other occupations, and for that reason, as well as because it seemed
of interest to consider them apart from the others, they have been
tabulated separately in Tables 6 and 7. No note is taken of them in
Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, even though they constitute exemptions from
certain general employment regulations, and none of the provisions
in that group of tables should be interpreted as applying to the occu
pations treated in Tables 6 and 7 unless they are repeated in the
latter tables. However, cross references are made from the first four
tables whenever there are any corresponding provisions in Tables 6
and 7.
So far as practicable, laws relating only to employment in street
occupations, including employment as messenger boys, are tabulated
in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, while those relating to children working on
their own account are given in detail in Table 6. Where the applica
tion of the law is so indefinite that a distinction could not be made
between the two classes of children, its provisions are given in Table
6 only. Laws applying both to employment of children in street
trades and to children working on their own account are detailed in
Table 6, and referred to by a note in the other tables. The locality is
given only when the provision is made to apply to specified cities or
towns ; otherwise the law is of general application.
Provisions fixing maximum hours of labor in all occupations are
noted in Column I of Table 7, and a general night-work prohibition
for children, from which employment in public exhibitions is ap
parently not exempted, is given in the tabulation, since, if evening
hours are included, it practically fixes a minimum age for employ
ment in night performances in theaters and places of amusement.
Only laws specifically referring to public exhibitions of some kind
are given in this table, though general clauses prohibiting employ
ment in dangerous occupations might be interpreted to include many
such occupations, as ropewalker, etc., mentioned in Table 7.
Juvenile court laws, declaring dependent, neglected, or delinquent
a child found peddling or selling articles or singing or playing on
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CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION.
475
musical instruments on the streets, are noted in Tables 6 and 7, either
in Column I or in Column VI. I t should be remembered that many
cities have local ordinances governing children in street trades which,
of course, could not be included here. As a rule no attempt has been
made to show the effect of compulsory school-attendance regulations
on the laws governing employment, but in the case of work in street
trades the compulsory school-attendance law has so positive an effect
upon the possibility of the child’s being allowed to be on the street,
that where there were no specific regulations a note has been made in
Table 6 referring to the school law.
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T h e c o n tin u o u s p a g in a tio n o f th e v o lu m e fr o m th i s p o i n t
is c a rr ie d in p a r e n th e s e s a t th e f o o t o f th e p a g e . T h e te x t o f
th e la w s o f e a c h S t a t e a n d th e in d e x a re p a g e d s e p a r a te ly ,
e a c h b e g in n in g w ith p a g e 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(478)
ALABAM A
Age certificates.
Pace.
„ Mills, factories, and manufacturing establishments..
*
Compulsory school attendance.
0
Educational requirements—all occupations
Educational requirements.
liJ
Manufacturing establishm ents................. .
Mills, factories, and manufacturing establishments'. ! ' ...................................................................
A
Employm ent certificates.
.................................................................
a
Any gainful occupation........................
Employment certificates and records. .....................................................................................................
10
Any gainful occupation...............................
g
.
Health of minors.
.............................................................. . — | ........
a
All establishm ents.................
Hours of labor.
....................................................... *f ........................- ............. 12
Any gainful occupation.........................................
Messengers in cities; intoxicating liq u o rs .........................................................................................
°
Mills, factories, and manufacturing establishments............................................................................
2
Street trades in cities............................
®
Minimum age.
11
Any gainful occupation..........................
Coalmines..................................................... _........ ...................................................................... .—
j*
Dangerous and injurious occupations; public exhibitions...............................................................
I
Intoxicating liquors........................................................................
°
Messengers in cities; intoxicating iiauors.........
.............. .................. r..............................
A
°
Mmes...............................................
Street trades in cities..............................
.?
Permits and badges.
............................................................. .................... .....................
11
..
Street trades in cities..................................................
School census.
.......................... *................................ *........... ....................
11
Educational requirem ents................... .............
Seats for girls.
........................................ ........................................
Mercantile establishm ents.....................
Toilets for girls.
4
All establishm ents.....................................................................
Mercantile establishm ents................. . . . . . . . .
......................................................
^
Mills, factories, and manufacturing establishments.
..................
a
MINES
MINIMUM AGE
. E nforcem en t: d u ties o f m in e in spectors.— * * * I t shall be the duty of mine
inspectors to examine all the mines in this State at least every three months to see
that all the requirements of this chapter are strictly observed and carried out; inspec
tors shall
make a record of all examinations of mines, showing the date
when made, the condition in which the mines are found, the extent to which the laws
relating to mines and mining are observed or violated * * * TCode 1907 Chanter
30 section 1002]
1
vnapier
E m p lo y m e n t o f boys u n der 14 a n d g irls o f a n y age proh ibited. —No woman or bov
S S s S tS e6 T i w 7 y0 ^ ’8i « ] b e e m p l° y e ,i to W° rk 01 la b ° r “ 01 a b ° U t a n y
“
The employment of a child in violation of a statute renders the employer liable for resulting iniuripi
1811 WaS deceived 88 to the child’s age—De Soto Coal Mining & Development Co. v. Hill, I ) So. 583
(1913
j he
N o t e . [The above section, in so far as it relates to dhildren under 16, is apparently sunerseded h v
section 6, page 193, Acts of 1915, which fixes a minimum age of 16 for em p lo y m en t^ any^nim .]
y
P e n a lty .— A n y p e rso n who * * * neglects or refuses to perform any of the duties
required of him by the provisions of chapter 30 of this Code, or violates any of the provlT i ^ thJer®of
.
> must. on conviction, be fined not more than two hundred
and iiity dollars, and may also be imprisoned in the county jail, or sentenced to hard
labor lor the county for-not more than six months. [C 1907 C 255 s 7418]
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4
C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS
TOILETS AND SEATS FOR GIRLS
S ep a ra te to ilets f o r the sexes; seats to he p ro vid ed a n d their use perm itted; p e n a lty .—
Any person owning or controlling a store or shop in which any girl or woman is em
ployed as a clerk or saleswoman, who fails to provide such girl or woman with proper
accommodations for sitting and resting when not actively engaged in the work of her
employment, or who fails to permit her to do so when not so engaged, or who shall not
have in such building, or conveniently thereto, separate water-closets for the use of
such girls or women, must, on conviction, be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more
than five hundred dollars. [C 1907 C 211 s 6857]
COTTON MILLS AND FACTORIES
ENFORCEMENT
In sp ecto r o f ja ils , alm shouses, cotton m ills, or fa c to rie s.—There is created the office
of inspector of jails, almshouses, cotton mills, or factories; the officer or inspector shall
be a practicing physician in good standing, learned in the science of sanitation and
hygiene, and «hall reside in Montgomery and have an office in the capitol. [C 1907
C 239 s 7212]
.
'
A p p o in tm e n t o f in sp ecto r .—The inspector shall be appointed by the governor and
shall hold office for a term of four years from the date of his appointment, and until
his successor is appointed and qualified. [C 1907 C 239 s 7213]
D u tie s o f in sp ecto r. —The
*
*
following are the general duties of the inspector:
*
*
*
*
*
(5) To visit at least four times each year, and oftener when ordered by the governor
so to do, each and every cotton mill or factory in this State, and to thoroughly inspect
the same for the purpose of ascertaining their sanitary condition, the ages and condition
of the children employed therein, and all other matters concerning the operation and
condition of said mills or factories as to which the laws of this State prescribe any
rules or regulations.
(6) To make reports to the governor of the result of each such inspection.
(7) To institute prosecutions against the owners and operators of such mills or
factories for the violation of any of the rules or regulations prescribed by any law of
this State relating to the conditions or operations of such mills or factories or the
employment of children therein. [C 1907 C 239 s 7215]
P e n a lty f o r refu sal o f in fo rm a tio n or testim o n y. —Any * * * manager of any
* * * cotton mill or factory, or any person or persons charged with the manage
ment of any * * * cotton mill, or factory, who shall willfully refuse or fail to give
the inspector the information called for by him, and any such officer or other person
who, when summoned by the inspector to come before him and testify concerning
any matter upon which the inspector is required to report, shall willfully refuse or
fail to attend and testify, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon con
viction, shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars.
[0 1907 0 239 s 7217]
CHILD LABOR AND VAGRANCY
C ertain p erson s h irin g o u t their children declared vagran ts. —The
persons are vagrants:
*
*
*
*
*
following-described
*
*
(12) Any person who has no property sufficient for his support and who is able to
work and does not work, but hires out his children or allows them to hire out. * * *
[C 1907 C 302 s 7843]
P e n a lty . —Vagrancy is a crime, and any person convicted thereof must be fined not
more than $500, and may also be sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more
than 12 months. [C 1907 C 302 s 7844]
B a sis f o r p ro secu tion . —In prosecutions for vagrancy the burden of proof shall not
rest upon the State to establish the fact that the defendant has no property sufficient
for his support, nor means of a fair, honest, and reputable livelihood, but whenever
it shall be established by the proof in any prosecution under this chapter [s 7843-7846]
that the defendant * * * is able and does not work, but.hires out his minor chil
dren, or allows them to hire out, then, or in either of such events, a prima facie case
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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ALABAMA.
5
of guilt is hereby declared to be established * * * and the burden of proof p b a .l l
be upon the defendant t? show that he has sufficient property from which to obtain
a support, or sufficient means of maintaining a fair, honest, and reputable livelihood:
hut if the evidence for the defendant is sufficient when considered together
with all of the evidence in the case to raise a reasonable doubt as to his guilt he shall
be entitled to an acquittal. [C 1907 C 302 s 7845]
E x e m p tio n s — The provisions of this chapter [s 7843-7846] shall not apply to persons
who are idle because of strikes or lockouts. [C 1907 0 302 s 7846]
MILLS, FACTORIES, AND MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS
N ote .—[Page 193, A cts of 1915, w hich repeals all laws a n d p a rts of laws in conflict w ith its provisions,
appears to supersede entirely sections 1, 2, 3, a n d 4 of page 158, A cts of 1909 (n o t quoted here) a n d to
supersede m large p a rt sections 6 to 21, inclusive, of th e sam e act, q u oted below.]
HOURS OF LABOR
E ig h t h ours a n ig h t f r o m 16 to 18. —No
child over 16 and under 18 years of age, shall
be so employed, or detained [in any mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment]
between said hours [seven o’clock p. m. and six o’clock a. m. standard time] for more
than eight hours in any one night. [1909 p 158 s 5]
AGE CERTIFICATES
A ffid a vit o f age required u n der 18. —It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or
corporation, to employ, or detain in, or permit to work in, or be in, or about any mill,
factory, or manufacturing establishment any child under 18 years of age, without
first requiring said child to present on a blank furnished by the employer, the form
of which shall be provided by the inspector, the affidavit of the parent, or guardian,
or other person standing in parental relation to such child, stating the date and place
of birth of said child. [1909 p 158 s 6]
E m p lo y e r to file affidavit w ith ju d g e o f proh ate; co p y sen t in sp ecto r. —Such affidavit
shall be filed by such employer within ten days after the employment of such child
in the office of the judge of probate of said county and shall be numbered and labeled
with the name of the child, and a complete index thereof made and preserved as
other records in said office. * * * A copy of said affidavit shall be forwarded,
within ten days after the employment of such child, to the inspector at Montgomery,
Alabama. [1909 p 158 s 7]
PENALTIES
I lle g a l em p lo y m e n t or refu sal o f in fo rm a tio n . —Any person, firm or corporation who
violates any of the provisions of this chapter, or who knowingly permits any child
to be employed, or detained in, or be in, or about his, their, or its mills, factory or
manufacturing establishment, contrary to the provisions of this chapter, or who shall
fail or^refuse to furnish the inspector the necessary information upon all such matters
as he is required to report upon, and, all such other information as is necessary with
reference to the keeping of records in the office of the said inspector, shall be guilty
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than
fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. [1909 p 158 s 8 as
amended by 1911 p 546]
# I lle g a l e m p lo y m e n t o r fa ilu r e to obey in sp e c to r’s orders. —Any person, firm, or corpora
tion who violates any of the provisions of this chapter, or who employs any child, or
knowingly permits any child to be employed, or to work in, or about, or be detained
in, or be in, or about any mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment contrary to
law, or who fails, or refuses, to obey promptly every lawful order, or direction given
by the inspector under this law, must on conviction be fined not less than fifty dol
lars, nor more than one hundred dollars, and upon a second conviction for any viola
tion of this law, must be fined not less than one hundred nor more than five hundred
dollars, and if a natural person be sentenced to hard labor for not more than six months.
[1909 p 158 s 9]
F a lse affidavit. —Any person, who knowingly makes any false affidavit when an
affidavit is required under this chapter, is guilty of perjury.1 [1909 p 158 s 10]
i Any person who willfully and corruptly swears or affirms falsely, or corruptly procures another to so
swear or affirm, in regard to any material m atter or thing, upon any oath or affirmation authorized by
law, * * * must, on conviction, be imprisoned in the penitentiary for not less than two nor more than
five years. [C 1907 C 268 s 7543]
72485°—15-----31
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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C H IL D L A B O R L E G IS L A T IO N .
ENFORCEMENT AND TOILETS FOR GIRLS
D u tie s o f S ta te p riso n in spector; separate to ilets f o r the sexes.—The State prison
inspector, in person or by his chief clerk or deputy inspectors, is charged with the
duty of inspecting all mills, factories, and manufacturing establishments wherein
women and children work, and he must inspect every such mill, factory or manufac
turing establishment at least four times a year, if practicable, without notice of his
purpose to do so. He shall thoroughly inspect each manufacturing establishment,
and ascertain their sanitary condition, and whether a good supply of fresh drinking
water and fresh air and suitable water-closets for the women and girls are provided,
separate and apart from those for the use of boys and men, and particularly the ages
and condition of the children employed, at work in, or detained therein and he shall
carefully examine all affidavits filed under this law, and in connection therewith, the
children named therein, and all other matters concerning the operation and condi
tion of the manufacturing establishments in which children-work, or are detained,
and make written orders requiring correction of defects in, or about the mills, or
manufacturing establishment[s]. [1909 p 158 s 11 as amended by 1911 p 546]
R e p o rts to governor; p u b lic a tio n . —The inspector shall make written report to the
governor of every examination of every manufacturing establishment inspected by
him, and note every refusal or failure to comply with, or observe the law, in any respect,
which reports must be published annually. [1909 p 158 s 12]
I lle g a lly e m p lo yed or diseased ch ild to be rem oved f r o m em p lo y m e n t. —It shall be the
duty of the inspector to remove from any mill, factory, [or] manufacturing establish
ment any child found working, or detained therein contrary to law, and to remove
therefrom any child who is afflicted with any infectious, contagious, or communicable
disease. The judgment of the inspector as to the removal of any child shall be final
and conclusive. [1909 p 158 s 13]
.
P ro secu tio n s. —It shall be the duty of the inspector to institute prosecutions against
the owners, operators, managers, and superintendents of any such mill, factory, or
manufacturing establishment for every violation of law that they may discover, and
to furnish to the solicitor of the circuit, or county the names and addresses of all nec
essary witnesses. [1909 p 158 s 14]
P o w ers o f in sp ector. —The inspector shall have free access at any time to any mill,
factory, or manufacturing establishment wherein women and children work, or are
detained, and no person shall refuse to allow the inspector to have free access to a
manufacturing establishment and every part t h e r e o f [1909 p 158 s 15]
H in d erin g in sp ecto r pro h ib ited . —No person shall hinder or obstruct the inspector
in inspection, or make any false, or misleading statement to the inspector about the
establishment, its operation, or condition, or about any person working, or detained
therein. [1909 p 158 s 16]
C h ild labor la w to be po sted . —All persons must have a plainly printed copy of the child
labor law posted up on [in] thetoffice and in every room in which any person works in
tiie mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment. [1909 p 158 s 17]
PENALTIES
V io la tio n o f three preceding section s. —Any person violating the three preceding
sections must, on conviction, be fined not less than one hundred nor more than
five hundred dollars, and on subsequent conviction be fined not less than five
hundred dollars, and may be sentenced to hard labor for not more than one year. [1909
p 158 s 18]
E m p lo y in g ch ild ordered rem oved. —Any owner, or manager of a mill, factory_or
manufacturing establishment who disobeys any order of the inspector, [as to] removing
a child from the mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment; or who permits any
child who has been removed by the inspector to return to work therein, or to be in,
or about the mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment without the written per
mission of the inspector, must, on conviction, be fined not less than fifty dollars,
nor more than one hundred dollars. [1909 p 158 s 19]
ENFORCEMENT
E m p lo y m e n t a n d d u ties o f cleric.—The
inspector of jails and almshouses is authorized
to employ a competent clerk, with the approval of the governor, who shall be au
thorized to perform the same duties as by law the inspector is authorized to perform,
and shall have and exercise the same powers under the direction of the inspector as
the inspector has by law. * * * [1909 p 158 s 20]
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ALABAMA.
7
APPLICATION OP ACT
L im ita tio n .—This chapter shall apply only to manufacturing establishments en
gaged in manufacturing, or working in cotton, wool, clothing, tobacco, printing and
binding, glass, or other kind of work that is injurious to health when carried on indoors.
[1909 p 158 s 21]
MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS
EDUCATIONAL REQUIREM ENTS
Schools to be p ro v id ed where 50 or m ore children o f school age are em ployed. —It shall be
the duty of any county board of education or the board of education of any town or
city in which there is located one or more manufacturing plants employing fifty or
more children within the school age, who are required by the child labor law to attend
school for any certain length of time during the year, to locate, or cause to be located,
a public school for the accommodation of the children within the school age employed
by such manufacturing plant, or plants, and to apportion to the said schools so located
such proportion of the school funds of said district as may be necessary to run the
school or schools as nearly as practicable the same length of time as the other school or
schools of the district are run: P ro v id e d fu r th e r , In incorporated cities or towns in
which two or more schools are maintained that one or more of said schools may be
designated by the proper school authorities as the school for the accommodation of the
children within school age employed in such plant or plants. [1911 p 247 s 1]
INTOXICATING LIQUORS
MINIMUM AGE
E m p lo y m e n t o f m in o rs or w om en to sell or serve 'prohibited. —* * * It shall also
be unlawful to employ or permit to be employed any minor or woman in selling or
serving spirituous, vinous or malt liquors. * * * [1911 p 268 s 33]
P e n a lty . —Any_ person who commits, or aids, or abets, assists, or encourages
another in committing any of the acts herein declared to be unlawful shall be guilty
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction must be fined not less than fifty dollars, nor
more than five hundred dollars, for the first offense and shall be sentenced to hard labor
for the county or imprisoned in the county jail for not less than thirty days nor more
than six months, upon each succeeding conviction, unless a different punishment is
herein specifically provided for the offense. [1911 p 268 s 34]
N ote .—[See also section 4, page 193, A cts of 1915.]
COAL MINES
MINIMUM AGE
E nforcem en t: d u ties o f m in e in spectors. —* * * It shall be the duty of the
mine inspectors^ to examine all the coal mines and all the working places therein as
far as possible, in this State, at least every three months to see that all the require
ments of this act are strictly observed and carried out * * *. [1911 p 500 s 5]
E m p lo y m e n t o f boys u n der 14 a n d g irls o f a n y age p roh ibited. —No woman of any age
or boy under the age of fourteen shall be employed to work or labor in or about any
coal mine in this State. [1911 p 500 s 108]
N ote .—{The above section, in so fa r as i t relates to children u n d e r 16, is a p p aren tly superseded b y
section 6, page 193, A cts of 1915, w hich fixes a m in im u m age of 16 for em ploym ent in a n y m ine.]
P e n a lty . —Any willful neglect or refusal or failure to do the things required to be
done by any section, clause or provision of this act, on the part of the person, or per
sons^ herein required to do them, or any willful violation of any of the provisions or
requirements hereof, * * * shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and * * * pun
ishable by a fine of not less than $5 or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period
not exceeding six months, one or both, at the discretion of the court * * *.
[1911 p 500 s 110]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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8
C H IL D LABOR L E G IS L A T IO N .
ANY GAINFUL OCCUPATION
MINIMUM AGE
Employment under 13 and on and after September 1,1916, under 14, prohibited; farm
and domestic work excepted; other exceptions.—-No child under th u teen years of age,
and on and after September first, 1916, no child under fourteen years of age shall be
employed, perm itted or suffered to work or be employed in any gamful occupation,
except agriculture or domestic service: Provided however, T hat boys tw elve years of
age and over may be employed in business offices and mercantile establishments m
cities or towns under twenty-five thousand population, according to th e latest r ederal census, during such tim e as the public schools in th e city or town in which the
child resides are hot in session. [1915 p 193 s 1]
HOURS OF LABOR
Eleven hours a day, 60 a week, 6 days a week, and night work prohibited, u n d er16;
farm and domestic work excepted; presence to be evidence o f employment. No child
under sixteen years of age shall be employed, perm itted or suffered to work in any
gainful occupation except agriculture, or domestic service for more than six days in
any one week, or more than sixty hours in any one week, or more than eleven hours
in any one day, or before the hour of six o’clock in th e morning, or after th e hour of
six o’clock in the evening. The presence of any child under sixteen years of age m
any mill, factory or workshop, laundry or mechanical establishment shall be pnm a
facie evidence of its employment therein. [1915 p 193 s 2]
Hours to be posted for boys under 16 and girls under 18.—I t shall be th e d u ty ot
every employer to post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in every room where
any boy Under the age of sixteen years or any girl under th e age of eighteen years
is employed, perm itted or suffered to work, a printed notice stating the maximum
number of hours such person may be required or be perm itted to work on each day
of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping work, and th e hours allowed
for dinner or for other meals. The printed form of such notice shall be furnished
by the inspector hereinafter named, and the employment of any minor for a longer
tim e in any day than so stated, or a t any tim e other than as stated in said printed
form of notice »hall be deemed a violation of the provisions of this act. [1915
P 193 s 3]
MESSENGERS IN CITIES; INTOXICATING LIQUORS
MINIMUM AGE AND HOURS OF LABOR
Night work prohibited fo r messengers under 18; employment under 21 in places where
intoxicating liquors are manufactured, etc., prohibited.—No person under the age of
eighteen years shall in any city of twenty-five thousand population, or more, accord
ing to the latest Federal census, be employed, perm itted or suffered to work as a
messenger for any person, firm or corporation engaged in th e business of telegraph,
telephone or messenger service, in the distribution, transmission or delivery of goods
or messages after the hour of nine o’clock in the evening or before th e hour of five
o’clock in the morning of any day, and in any city or town Under twenty-five thou
sand population no person under the age of eighteen years shall be employed, per
m itted or suffered to work as a messenger for any person, firm or corporation engaged
in such service, in the distribution, transmission or delivery of goods or messages after
ten o’clock in the evening, or before five o’clock in the morning of any day; and no
person under twenty-one years of age shall be-employed in any establishment where
intoxicating liquors are manufactured or sold. [1915 p 193 s 4]
DANGEROUS AND INJURIOUS OCCUPATIONS; PUBLIC EX H IBITIO N S
MINIMUM AGE
Specific occupations prohibited under 16; machinery, railroads, etc.— No child under
the age of sixteen years shall be employed, perm itted or suffered to work a t any of
the following occupations or in any of the following positions: ( 1 ) operating or assist
ing in operating any of the following machines: (a) circular or band saws; (b) wood
shapers; (c) wood jointers; (d) planers; (e) sand paper or wood polishing machinery;
(f) wood turning or boring machinery; (g) machines used in picking wool, cotton[,j
hair, or any other material; (h) job or cylinder printing presses; (i) boring or drilling
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ALABAM A.
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presses; (j) stamping machines used in sheet metal or tinware, or in paper or leather
manufacturing, or in washer or n u t factories; (k) metal or paper cutting machines;
(1) comer staying machines; (m) steam boilers; (n) dough brakes or cracker machinery
of any description; (o) wire or iron straightening or drawing machinery; (p) rolling
mill machinery; (q) power punches or shears; (r) washing, grinding or mixing
machinery; (s) laundering machinery; (2) or in proximity to any hazardous or
unguarded gearing; (3) or upon any railroad, whether steam, electric or hydraulic;
(4) or upon any vessel or boat engaged in navigation or commerce w ithin the juris
diction of this State. [1915 p 193 s 5]
Specific occupations prohibited under 16; dangerous processes, mines, theaters, etc.—
No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, perm itted or suffered to
work in any capacity—(1 ) in, about or in connection w ith any processes in which
dangerous or poisonous acids are used; (2) nor in the manufacture or packing of
paints, colors, w hite or red lead; (3) nor in soldering; (4) nor in occupations causing
dust in injurious quantities; (5) nor in the manufacture or use of dangerous or poi
sonous dyes; (6) nor in the manufacture or preparation of compositions w ith dangerous or poisonous gases; (7) nor in the manufacture or use of compositions of lye in
which the quantity thereof is injurious to health; (8) nor on scaffolding; (9) nor in
heavy work in the building trades; (10) nor in any tunnel or excavation; (11 ) nor
in, about or in connection w ith any mine, coal breaker, coke oven or quarry; ( 12) nor
in assorting, manufacturing or packing tobacco; (13) nor shall any child under the
age of sixteen years be employed upon the stage of any theater or concert hall, or in
any connection with any theatrical performance or other exhibition or show. [1915
p 193 s 6]
ANY GAINFUL OCCUPATION
EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES AND RECORDS
Certificates and lists required under 16; farm and domestic work excepted; other excep
tions; proof of age may be required fo r child apparently under 16; evidence o f violation .—•
It shall be unlawful for any firm, person or corporation to employ, perm it or suffer
any child under sixteen years of age to work in any gainful occupation, except agri
culture or domestic service, unless such person, firm or corporation keeps on file for
the inspection of the officials charged w ith the enforcement of this act, an employ
m ent certificate, as hereinafter prescribed, for every such child and unless such per
son, firm'or corporation, keeps on file for the inspection of th e officials charged w ith
the enforcement of this act, a complete list of all such children employed therein;
Provided however, T hat in the cities or towns under twenty-five thousand population
boys between the ages of twelve and fourteen years shall not be required to have
such certificate for employment in business offices and mercantile establishments
during such times as the public schools are not in session. The inspector charged
w ith the enforcement of this act may make w ritten demand on any employer in
whose establishment a child apparently under sixteen years of age is employed or
perm itted or suffered to work, and whose employment certificate is not filed as re
quired by this act, that such employer shall furnish him w ithin ten days evidence
satisfactory to him th at such child is in fact sixteen years of age or over, or shall cease
to employ or perm it or suffer such child to work therein. Such official may require
from such employer the same evidence of age of such child as is required for the is
suance of any employment certificate, and the employer furnishing such evidence
shall not be required to furnish any further evidence of the age of the child. In case
such employer shall fail to procure and deliver to such official w ithin ten days after
such demand, such evidence of age therein required of him, and thereafter continue
to employ such child or perm it or suffer such child to work in such establishment,
proof of the giving of such notice and of such failure to produce and file such evi
dence shall be prima facie evidence in any prosecution th at such child is under six
teen years of age, and is unlawfully employed. [1915 p 193 s 7]
MILLS, FACTORIES, AND MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS
EDUCATIONAL REQUIREM ENTS
School attendance required under 16.—No child under sixteen years of age shall be
employed or be perm itted to work, or be detained in or about any mill, factory or
manufacturing establishment in this State, unless such child shall attend school for
eight weeks in every year of employment, six weeks of which shall be consecutive.
[1915 p 193 s 8]
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10
C H IL D LABOR L E G IS L A T IO N .
ANY GAINFUL OCCUPATION
EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATE S
Scho olauthorities to issue certificates.-It shall be th e d u ty of th e ro ^ W e n t O f
nrincioal of schools in cities or towns to issue the employment certiticates
m the?!regoing section ,1 or to authorizes person m w riting to issue such certificates,
S t S g ¿ 2 s nfm e Where there is no superintendent or principal of schools said
certificates shall be issued b y the county superintendent o f education or b y [a] per
son authorized by him in writing. [1915 p 193 s 9J
^ fo be sm t t0
Method o f issuinq; aqe and school records required, list o f certificates to oe seni to
State factory inspector; penalty for failure to transmit report.—/The person authorized
to issue^ e S p W i e n t certificates shall not issue such certificates [sic] unless the
child in question, accompanied by its parents or
narental relation thereto, has personally made application to him theretor, and until
he ha?rec2ved examined, approved and filed the following papers duly executed,
('ll A school record signed by the principal or teacher of the school last attended by
said child stating that such child has attended school for at least sixty days of the
vear immediately preceding the date on which the certificate is issued, and stating
Sso the age and date of birth of said child, as shown on the
a n d the name and address of the parent, guardian or custodian. Provided, T hat such
evidence of school attendance outside of the State of Alabama, may be accepted at
the discretion of the officer issuing these certificates; (2) one of th e following evidences of age show £g the child to be fourteen years of age or oyer or if before Sep
tember l s t S1916, thirteen years of age or over, to be required in R e o rd e r here
designated’ (al A duly attested transcript of the birth record o f.
accofding to law w ith any officer charged with th e duty of recording births (b) or
a nassnmt or duly attested transcript of a certificate of baptism showing.the date of
birth and place erf baptism of such child, (c) or, m case th e officer authorized to issue
such certificate is satisfied that hone of the above proofs of age can be produced,
other evidence of age, such as the affidavit of the parent, guardian or custodian of
such child as shall convince such officer th a t the child is fourteen years of age
over or before September 1st, 1916, thirteen years of age or over, th e superintendent
schoolsto ¿ n y city, town or district, wherever there is one, and where there is
none the county superintendent of education, shall between th e first and ten th
da vs of each mouth, transmit to the office of th e State inspector hereinafter men
tioned a report which report shall give the name of each child to whom a certificate
has been ¿ a n te d or denied during the preceding month, together w ith th e ground
of such denial. A refusal or failure to transm it such report by any person charged
under this section w ith th e duty of transm itting th e same to such State official, shall
c o s titu te a^nisdemesmor, punishable by a fin io f not more than twenty-five dollars
n° ( h n U ^ no f ^certificates; \la r ik certificates, etc.—Such certificate shall state th e
full name place and date of birth of such child w ith th e name and address of th e par
ent guardian or persons sustaining the parental relationship to such child, and
8hailScontain k statem ent signed by th e issuing officer th a t th e
th T ^ a id
appeared before him and th a t satisfactory evidence
tu f itS n
rhfid is fourteen vears of age or over, or, if before September 1st, 191b, thirteen
vears of age or ove?. The p nnted form of th e certificate and other papers required
¿ th e issuing of certificates, shall be drafted by th e State inspector, b ere^after
mentioned, afid furnished by him to the local and county superm tendents of educa^°CertiicaU to ^be returned to child or issuing office.—On th e term ination of th e em
ployment of a child under th e age of sixteen years th e employment certificate shall
be returned by the employer holding th e same, to the child to whom it is issued, or if
th e certificate of such child is not claimed by such child w ithin te n days after th e
te m i^ U o n ^ f iteem ployinent, it shall be returned b y th e employer to th e school
authority by whom it was issued. [1915 p 193 s 13J
___________ _________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(486)
ALA BA M A .
11
STREET TRADES IN CITIES
MINIMUM AGE, HOURS OP LABOR, AND PERM ITS AND BADGES
Employment of boys under 12 and girls under 18 in selling newspapers, magazines, etc.,
prohibited; boys from 10 to 12 exempted under certain conditions; night work prohibited
for boys under 16; badge and school attendance required fo r boys under 16; school author
ities to issue badge; method of issuing; proof o f age and school attendance required;
annual renewal of badge; nontransferable; child violating act deemed delinquent; revoca
tion o f badge; penalty fo r assisting child to violate act; enforcement: duties o f police offi
cers, etc.—No boy under twelve years of age, and no girl under eighteen years of age,
in any city of twenty-five thousand population, or more, according to the latest Federal census, shall distribute, sell, expose, or offer for sale, newspapers, magazines,
periodicals, hand-bills or circulars, or be employed or permitted, or suffered to work
m any other trade, or occupation performed in any street or public place: Provided
however, T hat boys ten years of age or over may engage in the distribution of news
papers and periodicals on fixed routes in the resident districts of such cities. No boy
under sixteen years of age shall engage in any such street occupation in any city of
twenty-five thousand or more population, according to th e latest Federal census,
after eight o’clock at night, or before five o’clock in the morning of any day; or unless
he has secured and wears in plain sight a badge as herein provided; or unless he is a
regular school attendant. Such badge shall be provided and issued by the superin
tendent of schools or some person designated by him in writing, and shall be granted
only after the child has applied to Mm personally, accompanied in person by his
parent, guardian or custodian, and has subm itted satisfactory proof th at he is twelve
years of age or over; or if engaged only in distributing papers or periodicals on fixed
routes in the resident districts, ten years of age or over and th at he is a regular at
tendant. Such badge shall be renewed annually on the first day of January and
shall not be transferable, and the form, design or color shall be changed annually.
A deposit of not more than fifty cents may be required by th e person issuing same,
to be returned upon the surrender of the badge, and if lost, the badge may be replaced
upon th e paym ent of twenty-five cents. Any child who shall engage in any such
street occupation, in violation of the provision[s] of tMs section, shall be deemed delin
quent and Drought before any court or magistrate having jurisdiction over juvenile
delinquents, and shall be dealt w ith according to law. Use of a badge may be re
voked or suspended by said court or its authorized representatives upon such viola
tion, or in case the cMld’s school record is not satisfactory to the principal of the
school which he attends. Any person who sells, or offers for sale any article of any
description to a boy under sixteen years of age to be used for th e purposes of sale or
barter upon the streets, or in any public place, shall first ascertain th a t such boy
wears his own badge in plain sight, as herein provided, and if said boy has no badge
no article shall be sold to him. A ny person violating this provision shall be fined
not less than one, and not more than fifty dollars. The police officers and other peace
officers shall enforce the provisions of tins section. [1915 p 193 s 13]
REGULATED OCCUPATIONS
ENFORCEMENT
Duties o f State prison inspector.—I t shall be^the duty of th e State prison inspector
and his authorized assistants to inspect as frequently as possible, all establishments,
wherein m inora subject to the provisions of this act are, or may be, employed or per
m itted to work and to enforce th e provisions of this act. For the purpose of adminis
tering tMs act, and any other laws relating to the employment of minors, th e State
prison inspector may be designated the S tate factory inspector; and his deputy
inspectors may, in the performance of their duties, in enforcing the provisions of this
act, be known as deputy factory inspectors. I t shall be th e d u ty of th e inspectors
to institute prosecution for th e violation of any of th e provisions of this act. The
solicitor of each county is charged w ith the duty of prosecuting all violations of this
act. [1915 p 193 s 14]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(487)
12
C H IL D LABO E L E G IS L A T IO N .
ALL ESTABLISHMENTS
HEALTH OP MINORS AND TOILETS FOR GIRLS
Separate toilets for the sexes; proper ventilation and sanitation where minors are em
ployed; pure drinking water required where 20 or more persons are employed; act to be
posted; enforcement: duties o f 'inspector.—Every person, firm or corporation, owning
or controlling any establishment wherein minors are employed, subject to th e pro
visions of this act, shall keep such establishment in sanitary condition, and properly
ventilated, and shall provide suitable and convenient water closets, or privies, sep
arate for each sex, ana in such number and located in such place or places, as may
be required by the inspector; and when tw enty or more persons are employed,
sanitary drinking fountains shall be provided in such number as th e inspector may
deem necessary. All water closets shall be maintained inside such establishments
except where, in the opinion of the inspector, it is impracticable. In all such
establishments, there shall be separate water closets or privy compartments for
females, to be used by them exclusively, and notice to th a t effect shall be painted
on the outside of such compartment. The entrance to every water closec or privy,
in such establishment, shall be effectively screened by a partition or vestibule. In
every such establishment a printed copy of this act shall be kep t conspicuously
posted in every room in which minor persons work. I t shall be th e d uty of the
inspector to inspect thoroughly every such establishment, to issue a w ritten order
for the correction of unsanitary or unhealthful conditions in such establishment, and
to compel compliance w ith such orders as herein provided. [1915 p 193 s 15]
REGULATED OCCUPATIONS
ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTIES
Duties and powers o f inspector; penalty fo r hindering inspector, false statements, and
failure to comply with orders.—The inspector shall have free access at any tim e to any
establishment where minors are, or may be employed or detained, and any person
who refuses to allow the inspector to have free access to a.ny such establishment and
every p art thereof; or who hinders or obstructs him in his inspection, or who makes
any false statement to the inspector about the establishment, its operation or condi
tion, or about any person working or detained therein, or who refuses to comply w ith
a n y order issued under authority of section 15 of this act, shall be guilty of a misde
meanor, and shall be fined not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars, and
on subsequent conviction shall be fined not less than two hundred dollars. I t shall
be the duty of the inspector to remove from any establishment any child found em
ployed, working or detained therein contrary to law, and to remove therefrom any
child who is afflicted w ith any infectious, contagious, or communicable disease.
[1915 p 193 s 16]
Violation of act, illegal employment, etc.—Any person, firm or corporation who vio
lates any of the provisions of this act, or who permits any child to be employed or to
work in or about, or be detained in, or to be in or about any establishment, con
trary to law, or who fails or refuses to obey w ithin a reasonable time, any lawful
orders or directions given by the State official charged with the enforcement of this
act, unless a specified penalty is herein otherwise provided, shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by a fine not less than ten
dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, and upon second or subsequent conviction
of any violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall be punished by a fine of
not less than one hundred dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars. [1915 p 193
s 17]
.
, . .
False affidavits.—A n y person who makes a false affidavit when an affidavit is re
quired under this act is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be pun
ished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than tw enty dollars, and for a
second or subsequent conviction shall be imprisoned not more than ninety days.
[1915 p 193 s 18]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(488)
ALABAM A.
13
EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
SCHOOL CENSUS
Enumeration o f children from 7 to 21.—*
shall perform the following duties:
*
*
*
*
*
* the county boards of education
*
*
*
(14)
Select resident persons to enumerate the scholastic population of all children
between the ages of seven and twenty-one years as provided by law, and to require
that in enumerating the scholastic population, the name of th e child, th e name of
the parent or guardian, the age of the child, the school to which it belongs and the
distance to the nearest school, be recorded, and also the fact as to whether th e child
is able to read and write. White children and negro children shall be reported in
separate lists, and in any town or city maintaining a public school system, th e board
of education of that incorporated city or town, is hereby empowered and required to
enumerate the scholastic population of that city or town, as provided by law: and in
addition to giving th e name of the child, and the name of its parents or guardians
and stating w hether the child can read and write, the name of the street and num
ber of the house in which it resides shall be given. [1915 No 220 s 6]
EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS—ALL OCCUPATIONS
COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
Children from 8 to 15, inclusive; act in effect.—On and after the first day of Octo
ber 1917, every parent, guardian, or other person in th e State of Alabama having
control or charge of any child or children between the ages of eight and fifteen year!
inclusive, shall be required to send such child or children to a public school or to a
private, denominational, or parochial school taught by a competent instructor, and
such child or children shall attend school for at least eighty days during each and
every scholastic year : Provided, That the county board of education, or in th e case
of an incorporated city or town, the city or town board of education, shall have
power to reduce the period of compulsory attendance to not less than sixty days for
any individual school: Provided further, That the period of compulsory attendance
for each school shall commence at the beginning of the school, unless otherwise
ordered by the county board of education or by the board of education of an incor
porated city or town, as the case may be. [1915 No 470 s 1]
Exemption upon completion o f seven grades; other exemptions.—Any or all children
•who have completed the elementary course of study of seven grades or th e equiva
lent thereof, shall be exempt from the provisions of this act, and in case there b e no
public school w ithin two and one-half miles by the nearest traveled road of any
person between the ages of eight and fifteen years inclusive, he or she shall not be
subject to the provisions of this act unless public transportation w ithin reasonable
distance is provided: Provided further, T hat the teacher of any school
w ith the approval of the attendance officer, shall have the authority in th e exercise
of a sound discretion to permit the temporary absence of children from th e school
between the ages of eight and fifteen years inclusive, in extreme cases of emergency
or domestic necessity. [1915 No 470 s 2]
?- J
Exemptions i f physically or mentally unfit.—A n y or all children who are physically
or m entally incapacitated for the work of the school are exempt from th e provisions
of this act, but th
@FedFRASER