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WO R KS PRO GRE SS HARRY L. HOPKINS, ADMINISTRATOR CORRINGTON GILL ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR R E S E ARCH - ADMI N HOWARD 8. MYERS, DIRECTOR DIVISIO N OF SOCIAL RESEARCH B UL L E T I N a THE 1935 RELIEF POPULATION IN 13 CITIES: A CROSS-SECTION • DICtMBER 31, 1936 SERIES I No. 23 F. PREPARED BY L. CARM I CHAEL AND STANLEY L. PAYNE UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF JOHN N. WEBB COORDINATOR OF URBAN RESEARCH Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -1- THE 1935 RELIEF POPULATION IN 13 CITIES : Purpose Th Is bu I I et In is based upon the Survey of Relief and Employment Records of Present and Former Urban Rell ef Cases. The purposes of the survey we re I I l to secure a samp I e of the 1935 urban relief population from which a smaller control led sample could be drawn for an Intensive monthto-month study, and 12) to provide a cross-section of the urban relief population with respect to composition, characteristics, rel lef history, and income. The study has served the fl rst objective; approximately one-thl rd of the cases Included In It were selected for the month-to-month study, namely, the Survey of Trends In the Economic Status of Former Urban Reflef Cases. The present bu I I et 1n Is Intended to serve the second objective. Distr ibutions of the relief load , perta ining to the fol lowing topics, are presented: family size; employabl Iity; private employment; sex, race an d nativity, education, occupation o f usual employment, Industry of usual employment, and length of residence (i n the city) of the head of the case; previous years on rel lef; number of relief periods; relief duration; and supp I ementat I on of p rl vate emp I oyment earnings. Inasmuch as the data are i ntended primarily for reference use In connection with other studies, extensive discussion Is considered unnecessary. Attention 1s ca 11 ed, however, to a significant downward trend in average size of case as shown by a comparison of data presented here In ( tab I e I) with data drawn from the October 1933 Unemp I oyment Re 11 ef Census and the A CROSS-SECTION May I9340ccupatlona l Characteristics Survey. Thus, the median size of the relief cas e was 3.4 persons In urban United Stat es in October 1933, 3. I persons In 79 cities In May 1934, and 2.8 persons In 13 cities In May and in October 1935. Case-s I ze d I st r I but Ions are aval I able from the October 1933 census for 10 of the 13 cities Inc I uded In the present survey and from the May 1934 survey for 12ofthe 13 cit I es. The med I ans of these d Istr I but ions closely approximate those shown above for October 1933 and May 1934. Increases In the proportions of one-person and two-person cases In the rel lef load are the chief cause of this downward trend. Attention ls called also to the tables on supplementation of private employment earnings-tables 13 to 17, Inclusive-which summarize data on rel lef and private employment Income for May 1935. Many of the cases which received retlef and private employment income during the month did not rece Ive income from these t~ sources concurrently, that Is, they were admitted to relief toward the last of the month after loss of private jobs near the f l rst of the month, or were separated from the re 11 ef ro 11 s because of prl vate employment after recel vi ng rel lef grants earl ler In the month . In the tab I es, such cases are shown separately from those wh I ch rece I ved relief and private employment income concurrently. Scope and Limitations A b r l ef out 11 ne genera l I I mitat i ons tended to ass I st the of the tab l es, Is of the scope and of the survey, Inreader In his use presented below. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -2- In addition, special I Imitations applying to Individual tables are described In footnote's to the respective tab I es. ( I) The study was conducted In 13 c I t I es-At I ant a, Ga. , Ba I t I mo re, Md. , Bridgeport, Conn., Butte, Mont., Chicago, Ill., Detroit, Mich., Houston, Tex., Manchester, N.H., Omaha, Neb., Paterson, N.J., St. Louis, Mo., San Francisco, Calif., and WI lkes-Barre, Pa. Statistical tests show that the rel lef population In these cities conforms to the total urban relief population with respect to age, sex, faml ly size, and occupational backgrounds. ( 2) The cases stud I ed we re taken at random from the October 1935 active c ase load and from cases closed during th e period May through October 1935. Th e cases chosen varied from I perce nt of the total sampled In Chicago a nd 4 percent In Detro It and In St. Louis to approximately 10 percent In t he smaller cities. The aggregate sample consisted of 18,409 cases, or 4 percent of the cases wh I ch rece I ved rel lef In the 13 cities during the period of the survey. I 3) DI st r I but Ions are presented for both May and October 1935. Whenever ava i I ab I e October data a re shown, however, some Items recorded speclflcal ly for May are presented for that month on I y. The samp I e of 18,409 cases yielded 14,174 cases active In May and 13, 172 cases act l.ve In October, most of the May and October cases be Ing active In both months. The distributions summarize the data for all cases In the re 11 ef I oads of the respect Ive months. 14) Since the cross-section of the urban rel lef load Is of primary Interest In the present bulletin, data for Individual cities are not shown. Each city was assigned a weight based upon the relation of Its rel lef load to the relief load of the 13 cities. The weights so determined for the 13 cities were then adjusted, by application of a constant factor, to yield a we I ghted aggregate of I 0, 000 cases. 15) Inasmuch as information of this type Is most often used In percentage form, the data are presented as percentage distributions. (6) Data on characteristics apply on I y to the heads of the re 11 ef cases studied. The "head" of th~ case, as the term Is used fn this bullet In, Is the person designated as head on the records of the rel lef agency. ( 7) The data summarf zed herein were obtained from the records of the rel I ef agenc I es and not by persona I Inte rv I ews. For this reason "not reporting" entries were more numerous than wou Id otherwl se have been the case. These "not reporting" entries are not Included In the percentage distributions, but their magnitude In relation to total cases Is shown In each table. (8) Some of the distributions presented In the tables on supplementation by family size are based upon a 11 mI ted number of cases. As a measure of the significance of the data, the total Is shown for each distribution. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Lt ST OF TABLES Page I. 2. Case Size-Distribution of Rellef Cases According to Number of Persons In Case, May and October 1935 Relief Loads, 13 Cities. 3 Persons Working or Seeking Work-Distr ibution of Relief Cases According to Number of Persons In Case 16-64, 't\brklng or SeekIng Work, May and October 1935 Relief loads, 13 Cities •••••••• 4 3. Private E111ploy11ent-Dlstribution of Relief Cases According to Number of Persons In Case 16-64, with Non-rel lef Employment, May 1935 Rellef load, 13 Cities ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4. Sex-Distribution of Relief Cases According to Sex of Head of Case, October 1935 Relief load, 13 Cities ••••••••••••••••••••• 5. 6. 7. 6 Race and Nativity-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to Race and Nat I vi ty of Head of Case, October 1935 Rel I ef Load, I 3 Ci t i es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Education-Distributlonof Rel lef Cases According to Last School Grade Completed by Head of Case, October 1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities .•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Occupation-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to Usual OccupationofHeadofCase, October 1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities. 8 8. Industry-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to Usual Industry of Head of Case, October 1935 Rel lef Load, 13 Cities ••• 9. Length of Residence-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to Date Head of Case Began Present Period of Residence In the City, October 1935 Rel lef Load, 13 Cities........................... 10 Previous Years on Relief-Distribution of Relief Cases AccordIng to Previous Years in Which Rel lef was Recelved-1932, 1933, 1934-0ctober 1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities..................... II 10 . 11. Nu~ber of Relief Periods-Distribution of Relief Cases AccordIng to Number of Previous Periods on Rel I ef, October 1935 Re- lief Load, 13 Cities.......................................... 12a. Relief Duration-Distribution of Relief Cases According to Number of Calendar Months in Current 13a. 13b. Relief Period, October 1935 •.•···············•• t ••··•··•···· 12 Relief Duration-Distribution of Relief Cases According to Number of Calendar Months Since Date of Original Opening, October 1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities................................... 13 Private Employment Supplementation-Distribut ion of May Cases With and Without Non- relief Earnings, by Size of Case, 13 Cl ti es. 14 Relief Load, 12b. 12 13 Clties •••••••• Private Employment Supplementation-Distribut ion of May Cases With and Without Non-relief Earnings for Each Size of Case, 13 Cities............................................ ............ Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 15 -4- LIST OF TABLES - Continued Page 14. Relief Income of Non-suppleaented Cases--Dlstribution AccordIng to Rel I ef t ncome of Cases on Relief Throughout May 1935 With No Private Employment, by Size of Case, 13 Cities •••••••• 15. 16. 17. 16 Relief lnco•e of Supple•ented Cases-Distribution According to Rel lef Income of Cases on Relief Throughout May 1935 With Private Employment, by Size of Case, 13 Cities ••••••••••••••••••• 17 Non-relief Earnings of Supple•ented Cases-Distribution AccordI ng to Non-rel lef Earnings of Cases on Rel lef Throughout May 1935 With Private Employment, by Size of Case, 13 Cities •••••• 18 Co•bined lnco111e of Supplemented Cases-Distribution According to Comb I ned Rel I ef Income and Non-rel I ef Earnings of Cases on Relief Throughout May 1935 With Private Employment by Size of Case, 13 Cities............................................... 19 Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -5- Table 1. CAS E SIZE-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORD ING TO NU MBER OF PERSONS IN CASE, MAY AND OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOADS , 13 CITI ES May 1935 Persons in Case A11 Races White Negro Other 10 ,ooob 60b 9,94 0 7,260 19 7,241 2, 551 37 2,514 179 Tota! cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting October 1935 4 All Races 179 10,000 30 9,970 - Percent Dtstrlbutton Cases reporting 1 person 2 pers ons 3 persons 4 persons 'i persons 6 persons 7 persons 8 persons 9 persons 10 persons or more Median number of persons per casec 100 .0 22. 7 21. 5 17 .4 14 . 2 10.1 100 . 0 24. 0 18.6 17. 2 14 . 7 11.0 100.0 18. 8 30 .3 17. 9 13. 2 7. 4 100 . 0 26.3 11. 2 14. 0 8.9 12.8 100.0 23.6 21.3 17.4 13 . 7 9.9 5 .8 3.5 2 .1 1. 3 1. 4 6.1 3.6 2.1 1.3 1.4 4.6 3.2 2. 1 1.3 1.2 8.9 6.7 3 .4 5.0 2.8 5.9 3.5 2_.2 1.2 1.3 2 .8d 2.9 2.6 3.4 2.8d aRel i ef cases active in October are distributed according to the number ot persons in th e ca se in May or , i f opened subsequent to May. according to the number of persons in the case on the date of ope ning . Net changes i n case size from the date of record to October, tor which month the actual data are not avail abl e , a re c ons i de red i nconsequential . bThe cases reporting race total 9,990 . or the 10 cases not report i ng race, • did not rep or t number of persons. cMed i ans are computed using o.s as the lower 1 imit of the one-person group, group, and so on. d The median size of the rel i ef case was ci t i es i n May 19J•. Table 2. J. • 1.5 as the l owe r 1 i mi t of the t wo-person persons in urban United States in October 19)3 and ) . 1 pe rsons i n 79 See page 1, paragraph J . PERS ONS WORKING OR SEEKING WORK-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF PERSONS IN CASE 16-64, WORKING OR SEEK I NG WORK MAY AND OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOADS, 13 CITI ES Persons in Case Working or Seeking Work Total cases Cases not reporting Case s reporting May 1935 October 1935a 10,000 67 9,933 10,000 33 9, 967 Percent Dtstrtbutton c~ses reporting None 1 person 2 persons pe rson s '4 persons 5 persons 6 persons 1 persons 100 . 0 11.1 60.6 20.5 5.7 100.0 12. lb 60. 5 20. 0 5. 4 1.5 0. 4 0. 1 1. 7 0.3 0.1 • • •Less than 0. 05 percent. aRelief cases active in October are distributed according to the nuntt>e-r of persons in the case in May who were working or seeking work, or , if opened subseQuent to May. accord i ng to the nUtflber of such persons in the case on the date of opening . Net Changes in the nuniber of persons working or seeking work in the cas e from the date of record to October , for which month the actual data are not available, are considered i neon sequent i al. bTh e proport i on of casesDi ~l~iilob !t'e rsons 16-6• work i ng or seek i ng work should not be confu ~d ·rie,1 iJIQ!ll pro po rtion rl'lh~lllft::ic!'..-l!!~f lplll't'l~h ~ lti @di~ o• n in tables 7 and 8. Approxi"lt'I\-<!. - ~AP~~<f'l:! rlll(, '~'-IIV.ERSITY cases on reJ lJ~tr'\,rfldt\t~rf 4il~l ~rf.elii~ib'yladl.e>lhletlds but had one or lftOre other per,cJ#w/ iV~ c,:t l 5i e\l N,~WHt . -6- Table 3. PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF PERSONS IN CASE 16-64, WITH NON-RELIEF EMPLOYMENT MAY 1935 RELltF LOAD, 13 CITIES Employed Persons in Casea May 1935 10,000 555 9,445 To tal cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting None 1 person 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 100.0 84. 7 13.9 1.3 0. 1 • * Le ss than 0.0~ percent. a Pe rsons are c on si dered employed i r th e y had non-rel i ef employmen t at any t ime during the mont h. Some of the pe rsons reported as employed did not rece i ve rel i ef' and pr i vate employment i ncome co nc urrently , but were a dfflitted to re l i ef after los ing employment , or were separat ed from the relie f rol 1 s a f t er s ec uring eMployr.ent. Table 4. SEX-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO SEX OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES Sex of Head of Case Total cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting October 1935 10,000 28 9,972 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting Male Fem:1le 100.0 75.8 24.2 Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -7- Table 5. RACE AND NATIVITY-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO RACE ANO NATIVITY OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES Race and Nativity of Head of Case Total cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting October 1935 10,000 141 9,859 Percent Distribution Cases reporting - all races Native-born Forei gn--born 100.0 73.0 27.0 72.5 46.4 26.1 White Native-born Foreign-born Negro 26.0 25.B 0.2 Nati ve--bom Fore i gn--bo rn 1.2 Mexican 0.7 0.5 Native-born Foreign-born 0.3 Other 0.2 0.1 Nat ive--born Foreign-born Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -8- Tabl e 6. EDDCATIOI-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO LAST SCHOOL GRADE COMPLETED BY HEAD OF CASE , OCTOBER 19,5 REL IEF LOAD_. CITIES• 1, Last School Grade Conipleted by Head of Case Total cases Cases not report i ng Cases report ing October 1935 10, 000 3 , 018 6,982 Perc•nt Dtstrtbutton Cases report i ng 100.0 None 1st grade 2nd grade 3rd grade 4th grade 5th 6th 7th 8th grade grade grade g rade 9th 10th 11th 12th grade grade grade grade 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th grade grade grade grade grade or more 9.9 1.4 4.5 7.4 9.0 7.6 10.0 8.4 22. 2 4.1 4. 8 1.8 5. 8 0. 6 1. 1 0. 4 0.9 0.1 Median grade compl e tedb 7.0 &.rhe distribution sunnarizes the data for IZ cities only. lnforaa ti on on l as t sc hool grade c '"'plet ed by head of case was not reported for Manchester. All Manch e ster c ases are inc l uded 1111009 the cases not report i ng . bThe median is computed using o.o as the lower limit of the zer~grade group, 1. 0 as the l ower li 11 it of t he one-grade group, and so on. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -9- Table 7. OCCUPATION-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO USUAL OCCUPATIONa OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES Usual Occupation of Head of Case October 1935 Total cases Cases not report in£ Cases report ing 10,000 88 9,912 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting White collar workers Professional and techn ical workers Proprietors, rranagers, and officials Office workers Salesrren and kindred workers 100.0 12.6 1.5 Skilled workers and forerren Building and construction Manufacturing and other industries 13.5 8.1 5.4 Semi-skilled workers Bui 1ding and construction Manufacturing and other industries 22.6 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.7 18.9 Unskilled workers laborers Domestic and personal service 32.7 17.6 15.1 Farm operators and laborers Operators Laborers 0.8 Inexperienced workers 2.5 Unemp loyable personsb 15.3 0.3 0.5 8 .A. person•s usual occupation is the one in which he Ms worked longest during the last 10 years. work relief and works Program employment are disregarded In deterr1inin9 usual occupation. To oe reported as having usual occupation, a per&on must have worked at some job at least 1 day each week for• consecutive weeks during the last 10 years. occupations are classified in accordance with Index of Occupations, Works Progress Adfftinistration, Circular •o. 24, September 19JS. bunemployable heads of cases include all heads who are neither working nor seeking work. and those wl'\ose ages are outside the 1 imits 16-6•. inclusive. •pproxiffl&tely ).2 percent of the cases on relief iri October had une,wployable heads but had one or fftOre other persons working or seeking work. See table 2, Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Table 8. l NDUSTRY-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO USUAL INDUSTRY 8 OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES Usual Industry of Head of Case Total cases Cases not reporting Cases report i ng October 1935 10 , 000 105 9,895 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting Agriculture, fishing, and forestry Extraction of minerals Building and construction Chemical and alli ed industri es Cigar and tobacco factories 100.0 1.0 2.7 to.o 0.9 0.3 Clay, glass, and stone Clothing Food and allied industries Automobile factorie s and repair shops Other iron and steel industries 0.7 1.3 Other metal i ndust ri es Leather Lumber and furniture Paper, printing, and allied industr ies Textile 0.9 Electric machinery and supply factories Electric light and power plants Other miscellaneous manufacturing Water transportation Road and street transportation 3.6 5.4 5.2 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.3 0.2 1.8 1.0 4. 7 Railroad transportation (steam and street) Other transportation and conrnun ication Wholesale and retail trade Other trade Publ ic serv ice 3. 4 0. 7 9.8 Professional service Hotels , restaurants, boarding houses, etc. Laundries, cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops Other domestic and personal service Other industries and services not specified Inexperienced Unemployableb 2.8 5.1 1.9 1.0 1.4 8.9 1.1 2.5 15.3 a • person's usual industry is the one i n which he has worked longest dur ing the last 10 years. work relier and Works Program employment are disregarded in determ ining usual industry. To be reported as having usual industry, a perso n must have worked at some job a t least 1 day each week for• consecu t i ve weeks during the last 10 years. Industries are cl assi f ied i n accordance with Alphabet ic al Index of' Occupations, Bureau of Census, 19J0. bunemployable heads of cases include all heads who are neither worldng nor seek~ng work, and those whose ages are outside the 1 imits 16 to 6•. inclusive . Appr oximately :, . 2 percent of the cases on relief in Oc tober had unemployable heads but had one or more other persons llfO r-..ing or seeking work. see table 2. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY _, ,_ Table 9. LENGTH OF RESIDENCE-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO DATE HEAD OF CASE BEGAN PRESENT PERIOD OF RESIDENCE INTHE CITY, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIESa Year Head of Case Last Came to Citl October 1935 Total cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting 10,000 472 9,528 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases report i ng 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 100.0 0.3 0.9 1.5 1. 7 2.0 2.3 1928-1929 1926-1927 1921-1925 1916-1920 1906-1915 1896-1905 1895 and earlier 6.0 5.9 15.7 13.2 20.9 13. 7 15.9 Median year 1915 aThe distriDutlon •u-arlzes the data tor 12 cities only. 1ntonoatlon on year head of case last came to city was not reportad tor Manchester. All Manchester caaes are included an,ong the cases not reporting. b Absences fro,a the city of less than 1 year are not cons i dered as breaking the period of residence. PREVIOUS YEARS ON RELIEFa-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO PREVIOUS YEARS IN WHICH RELIEF WAS RECEIVED-1932, 1933, 1934-0CTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES Table 10. Years on Relief, 1932-1934 Total cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting October 1935 10,000 17 9,983 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting None of the 3 years 1934 only 1934 and 1933 1934, 1933, and 1932 1934 1933 1933 1932 100.0 17.7 21.4 25.5 32.6 and 1932 only and 1932 only 0.7 0.6 1.2 0.3 3 A case is considered on relief in a given year if it received one or more relief grants in that year. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -12- Table 11. NUMBER OF REL IEF PERIODS-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF PREVIOUS PERIODS ON RELIEF, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES Number of Periods on Rel iefa October 1935 Total cases Cases not reporting Cases report ing 10,000 56 9,944 Percent Dlstrlbutton 100.0 48.7 51.3 Cases reporting No prev ious periods on relief One or more prev ious periods on relief aA relier per i od cons i sts ot all conse cut i ve calendar months i n wh ich a case rece i ves rel ief. Table 12A. RELIEF DURATION- DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NU MBER OF CALENDAR MONTHS IN CURRENT RELIEF PERI OD, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOA D, 13 CITIES Number of Ca 1endar Months in Current Rel ief Period Tota 1 cases Cas es not reporting Cases report ing Al l Cases Cases on Relief Only One Per iod 9 ,944 11 4,840 63 4,777 99 9 ,845 Cases on Re I i ef More Than One Per iod 5,104 36 5,~8 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases re port i ng 1 month 2 mont hs 3 l"lont hs 4- 6 months 7-9 mont hs 10-12 mor,t hs 13-lb mont hs 19-24 months 25- 3ti r,ior, t hs 3 7 montbs ar,d over Median number of month sb 100.0 5.7 5.8 5. 7 11.9 8.7 100.0 5.0 4.5 4.3 9.0 8.1 100.0 6,3 7.0 7.0 14 .6 9. 2 8.4 14.1 20. 5 12.9 6. 3 8.8 14.3 14 .2 21.3 10.5 8.0 14.0 26 .5 5.0 2.4 13.6 16.3 11.2 11 see t able 11 for the relat i onsh i p of th i s f i gure to the 10.000 case total. bMed i an s are computed us i ng o. o as the lower l i mi t o f the 1-mont h group . 1. 0 a s t he lowe r 1i nd t of the 2-n.onth gro up. and so on . Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -13- RELIEF DURATION-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF CALENDAR MONTHS SINCE DATE OF ORIGINAL OPENING, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITI ES Table 128. Number of Calendar ~onths Si nee Orig i na l Opening Total cases Cases not report ing Cases reporting A11 Cases Cases on Rel ief Only One Period 9,944a 355 9,589 4,840 63 4,777 Cases on i:/el ief More Than One Period 5,104 292 4,812 Percent Distribution Cases reporting 1 'l'Ont!, 2 months 3 months 4-6 months 7-9 months 10-12 months 13-18 months 1~24 mo,-,ths 25-36 months 37 months ;ind over Median number of monthsb 100.0 2.5 2.2 2.2 4.6 4.7 100.0 5.0 4.5 4.3 9.0 8.1 100.0 6.0 10.4 12. 7 25.5 29.2 8.8 14.3 14.2 21.3 10.5 3.2 6.4 11.3 29.8 47.7 25.9 16.3 35.1 *Less than 0.05 percent. 3 See table 11 for the relationship of this figure to the 10.000 case total. bMedians are computed using o.o as the lower 1 imit or the 1-month group, 1.0 as the lower I lmit or the 2-month group. and so on. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY - • 0.2 1.4 -14- Table 13A. PRIYATE ENPLOTNENT SUPPLENENTATIOII- DISTRI BUTION OF MAY CASES WITH AND WITHOUT NON-RELIEF EARNINGS BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES Cases on Re 1 i ef Cases on Rel ief Throughout May Part of May NonNo~ No~ Supple- su ppl e- Total Supp 1eSupple- suppleTotal supplementeda menteda mented mented ment ed mented Al l May Cases Persons in Case To tal Total cases Cases not report ing suppl emen tat ion status Cases report i ng 10,000 1 , 448 555 9, 445 1,448 - 7,997 8,934 1,148 - 358 8,576 1, 148 7, 997 7,428 1,066 - - 7,428 300 569 - 197 - 869 300 569 Percent Dtst r t button Cases reporting 100. 0 25.5 21. 7 17.0 13 . 7 100. 0 10. 1 100.0 8. 4 19. 0 18. 8 17. 3 13. 1 9. 6 5.8 3. 6 2.1 1. 3 1. 4 8. 4 5. 5 3. 5 2. 6 3.4 2. 8 3. 7 100.0 22.9 21.3 17.3 1 person 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 oersons 14.2 6 pe rson s 7 persons B persons 9 persons 10 persons or more Med ian number of pe rsons in caseb 10,3 100. 0 7.7 19. 7 18.9 17.3 12.5 100. 0 24. 7 21. 8 16.9 13.9 9.9 100.0 27.6 19. 8 18.0 12.8 A.6 100.0 11.3 16.3 18.4 17.0 15.3 100.0 36.2 21.6 17.9 10.6 5. 1 5.3 3.2 1.9 1.1 t.0 5.8 3.6 2.t 1.3 1. 4 8.4 5.2 3. 8 2.9 3.6 5.4 3.3 1.9 1.1 1. 1 5.2 3. 6 2.1 1.3 1.0 8.3 6.7 2.3 1. 7 2.7 3.5 1. 9 1.9 1.1 0. 2 2.7 2. 9 3. 7 2.7 2.6 3.7 2. 1 22. 4 21.5 17.2 14. 4 a cases rece iv ing rel i ef a r e cons i dered su ppl ement ed i f they had non-re lie f eniployr,ent at any time during the month. Some o f th e supp l emented ca ses shown her?. d i d not rec e ive relie f and privat e eniplo yment i nconie concurrentl y, but were edmitt ed t o relief towa rd the end of the ,aon th a f ter loss of priv a te jobs near the t i rst of the MOnth, o-r were separ a ted tron1 the re lie f ro ll s be cause o f pr i vat e e111o l o ) 111e nt af te r re ceiving relief grants earl ier i n the 1R0nth. bMedians are computed usi ng O. S a s the l owe r l i rt1 it of the one-person gro up, 1. 5 as t he l owe r l iAii t of the two- person g ro up, and so on . Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -15- Table 13B. PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT SUPPLEMENTATION- DISTRIBUTION OF MAY CASES WITH AND WI THO UT NO N-REL IEF EARNI NG S FOR EACH SIZEOFCASE, 13CITIES Persons in Case Supp lementat ion Status Al 1 Cases 1 2 3 5 4 10 or More 6 7 8 9 572 27 545 362 17 335 212 133 7 126 Al 1 May cases: Total cases Cases not report ing Cases report ing 9,940a 2,257 2,134 1,727 1,412 1,005 495 96 51 121 69 93 9,445 2,164 2,013 1,631 1,343 954 11 201 136 3 133 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cae-es report ing Supp 1emented b Non-s upplemented 100.0 15. 3 84 . 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.6 13. 7 16.7 1B.6 19.9 22.2 23.9 25.4 30.2 36.8 94. 4 86.3 83.3 81. 4 80.1 77.8 76.1 74.6 69.8 63.2 8,895 319 8, 576 1, 970 46 1,924 Cases on re li ef throughout May: Total cases Cases not report ing Cases report ing 1,923 1,536 1,282 82 62 50 1,841 1,474 1,232 913 34 879 516 16 500 318 14 304 191 8 183 120 5 115 126 2 124 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases report ing Supp 1eme nted Non-s upplemented 100. 0 13 .4 86. 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4. 6 12.3 14. 7 16.2 16.4 19.2 19. 7 24.0 28. 7 33.1 95. 4 87. 7 85 •.3 83.8 83.6 80.8 80.3 76.0 71.3 66.9 Cases on rel ief part of May : Total cases Cases not report i ng Cases report ing 1,045 176 869 287 47 240 211 39 172 191 34 157 130 19 111 92 17 56 75 45 11 34 3 31 21 3 18 1.3 2 11 10 1 9 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting Supplementedb Non-supplemented 100. 0 34. 5 65.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.2 28.5 35.0 45.9 61.3 55.6 64.5 38.9 45.5 88.9 85.8 71.5 65.0 54.1 38.7 44.4 35.5 61.1 54.5 11.1 asee table 1 for the relat ionsh i p of this f i gure to the 10 , 000 case total. bcaaes rece iv i ng rel l et are cons idered supp l enien t ed it they had nor,...rel ier e<ll)loyment at any time during the ..onth. Some of the supplet1ented case ■ shown he re di d no t rece ive relier and private employment income concurrently, but were adaltted to relief toward the end of the 11ont h af t e r l oss or private jobs near the first or the "'onth, or were separated fro11 the rel l et rollS because of pr i va t e et1o l oy11ent aft e r receiving relief grants earlier in the month. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -16- Table 14. RELIEF 1•cowE OF NON-SUPPLEMENTED CASES-DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO RELIEF INCOME OF CASES ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935 WITH NO PR IVATE EMPLOYMENT , BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES Relief Income (nearest dollar ) Persons in Case A11 Cases Tota l cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting 1 2 4 3 7,428 11 1,836 1,615 1,257 1,033 1 20 4 5 3 7,408 1,833 1,610 1,256 1,029 10 or "4ore 5 6 7 8 735 1 734 404 5 399 244 1 243 139 82 83 139 82 83 9 - - - Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases report ing $ 4 or less 5- 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 100.0 2.5 13.8 11.2 12.0 11.3 12.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0. 4 0.1 7.6 0.4 1.0 2.0 4.6 0.4 2.9 0.7 1.5 3.0 41.0 10.0 2.4 6.2 2.5 4.8 1.2 1.5 20.2 15.0 8.8 4.5 5.0 3,6 0.8 3.7 10.0 27.5 11.1 5.0 5.2 4.9 2.5 0.7 1.2 9.4 8.4 13.6 23.9 6.3 4.5 1.2 4.3 3.5 5.7 9.8 18.6 27.5 10.1 - 4.4 6.2 8.6 9.9 16.9 15.2 9.5 1.5 7.9 5.8 5.0 11.5 15.8 8.5 4.9 2.4 4.9 7.3 15.9 6.1 3.4 1.4 2.0 0.3 8.8 6.3 1.8 1. 7 0.7 11.1 7.0 2.5 2.1 0.4 15.8 10.8 7.9 2.9 0.7 17,.1 15.8 4.9 3.7 3.7 36.2 15.7 15.7 6.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.2 - 2.4 2.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 - 34 39 44 49 54 59 8.5 6.1 4.8 4.1 3.2 2.7 4.9 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 8.7 4.4 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.4 8.7 6.4 6.2 4.0 2.6 1.3 12.1 6.8 6.0 6.0 3.9 3.7 16.1 16.8 10.6 7.1 5.9 60 70 80 90 100 ... - 69 79 89 99 109 3.5 2.2 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 2.9 1.6 3.7 2.5 1.5 0.4 110 120 130 14 0 150 - 119 - 129 - 139 - 149 and over 0.1 0.1 0.1 • • 0.1 Medianb relief income ($) 24.10 Meanb rel ief incomec ($) 28.10 - - 0.4 0.2 - - - 9.80 18.70 25.30 0.1 - - - 6.5 11.8 15.3 10.0 9.0 7.3 30 35 40 45 50 55 - - - - - - 0.7 - 1.2 1.2 - 4.8 1.2 4.8 2.4 - 28.90 37.00 43.10 49.20 56.20 58. 70 68.70 13.10 22.00 28. 70 33.30 40.20 44.40 51.00 56.20 60.10 73.10 *Less than 0.05 percent . 3 seo table l)a for the relationship of th i s figure to the 10,000 case total. btnasntuch as the median and the mean are treQuently used in the analysis of income data, both of these averages are shown. cThe ~ill-value assigned by inspection to the $150 and over class Is $17•.so. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -17- Table 15. RELIEF INCOME OF SUPPLEMENTED CASES- DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO RELIEF INCOME OF CASES ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935 WITH PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT, gy SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES Relief Income (nearest dollar) Total cases Cases not report ing Cases reporting Persons in Case All Cases 1,148a 6 1,142 1 2 88 1 87 226 226 3 4 5 217 2 215 199 1 198 144 1 143 6 7 96 1 95 8 10 or More 9 60 44 33 41 60 44 33 41 - - - - Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases reporting $ 4 or less 5- 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 100.0 1.9 11.6 12 .4 15. 2 12.2 10. 9 30 35 40 45 50 55 - 34 39 44 49 54 59 8.9 6.8 5.4 3.1 3.5 2.2 60 70 80 90 100 - 69 79 89 99 109 2.9 1.1 0.9 0.1 0. 5 110 120 130 140 150 - 119 - 129 - 139 - 149 and over 0.2 0.2 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.4 11.5 1.8 2.8 8.4 1. 7 7.7 2.3 52.9 15.5 9.1 3.2 5.0 9.1 15.2 2.5 4.9 21.8 19.9 9.8 16.2 5.3 4.6 27 .4 20.0 14.2 15.4 10.5 2.5 1.7 3.0 2.3 8.4 11.7 4.9 6.8 6.1 3.4 14.2 24.6 12.1 3.5 5.0 13.6 3,4 8.8 15.8 14.2 14.0 8.4 6.1 - - - - - 1.2 - 1.2 - - - - - 7.1 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.4 8.8 3,3 1.4 2.3 0.9 0.5 9.6 6.6 4.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 17 .5 19.5 7.0 1.4 2.1 o. 7 7.4 14. 7 18.9 6,3 6.3 3,2 8,3 11.7 11.7 11.7 16.6 5.0 6.8 4.5 9.1 4.5 11.3 11.4 12.1 3,0 6.1 9.1 - 0.9 0.5 2.5 -0.5 - 2.8 1.4 0.7 4.2 2.1 1.1 9.1 2.3 2.3 12.1 3.0 6.1 1.5 - - 3,3 3,3 3.3 2.3 -- - - - - - 0.5 - - - -- - - 2.3 - - 15.1 - 3.0 - - 4.9 7.3 7.3 12.2 12 .2 2.4 19.5 7.3 7,3 2.4 4.9 2.4 - Medianb relief income ($) 23 .10 8.10 16.80 21.30 23.90 30.40 36.80 41.60 42.00 41.40 53.00 Meanb re 1ief income ($) 27.20 9.90 18.30 22.30 27.60 29.70 35.80 41.30 43.50 44.00 57.00 8 see tabla ua tor tlla rel at lonahlp ot this figure to the 10,000 case total, blna•uch H Oe 111edlan and the IHan are trequently used In the analysis ot lncOMe data, both ot th••• average• are shown, Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -18- Table 16. NON-RELIEF EARRINGS OF SUPPLEMENTED CASES-DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO NON-REL IEF EARNINGS OF CASE S ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935 WI TH PR IV ATE EMPLOYMENT , BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES Persons in Case Non-relief Eam ings (nearest dollar ) All Cases 1 ' Total cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting 6 3 4 5 217 6 211 199 10 189 144 96 6 138 8 88 1,148a 88 226 51 1,097 5 83 8 218 8 7 2 10 or 9 60 44 3 57 2 42 ~re 33 3 JO 41 - 41 Percent Dtstrtbutton Cases report i n·g ;, 4 or I ess 5 - ~ 10 - 14 1~ 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 100.0 10.5 17.4 16.9 9.7 9.9 6.2 100.0 28.9 27.7 24 .1 6.1 J.6 4.8 1. 2 2.4 30 35 40 45 50 55 - 34 39 44 49 54 59 6. 4 4.4 2.8 2.8 2.5 1.4 60 70 80 90 100 - 69 79 89 99 109 4.8 1.4 1.2 0. 5 0. 4 110 120 130 140 150 - 119 - 129 - 139 - 149 and over 0.4 0.4 - Med ian° non-relief earn ings ($) Mean° no"-rel ief earn ing s (l) - 1. 2 - - - 17 .20 8.30 24.20 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 . 0 100.0 100 ,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4. 5 4.7 8.0 - 2.4 15.5 lJ.J 4.J 5.J 9.8 4.7 10.0 8.7 15.9 10.5 26.0 19. 0 16.0 9.4 11.4 14.0 11. 9 7.J 23.2 18.0 19 . 1 J.3 4.5 14.0 2.4 6.7 9.8 11.8 9.0 9.6 lJ. 8 9.4 11.4 7.0 11. 9 20.0 7.3 7.8 12.3 11. 7 4.7 8.0 5 .,3 7.3 7.1 5.,3 - 4.9 6.8 11. 9 11.9 4.8 2. 4 4.8 4.8 1.8 1.8 0.9 1.4 0.5 0.5 5.7 3.3 1.0 1. 9 1.9 0.5 5.3 4.J J.7 J.2 4.J 1.6 8.7 7.2 7.2 2.2 5.8 0. 7 12.5 4.5 2. J 6 .8 5. 7 2.3 19.3 .3. 5 J.5 3.5 2 .,3 0.5 0.9 1.4 0.5 0.9 9.0 1.1 5.7 2.3 1.1 - 5.J J.5 1.8 14.J - - - 0.5 - - 1.4 - - - - 1. 7 - 8.0 0.7 - 2. 1 - - - 1.8 - 2.2 0. 7 1.1 - - - - - - 4.8 - - 1,3. 4 J.J 13.3 9.8 4.9 7.3 2.4 10.0 4.9 6.7 2.4 14.6 4.9 2.4 4.9 - J ..3 10.0 - - - - 11.JO 14.40 20 . 20 25.00 25.90 23 .90 ,3,3.50 ,38.,30 3,3.90 10.50 16.00 19.90 27.10 JO.JO 29.70 28 .80 ,36.00 40. 20 42.10 asee te b le 13a tor the relat ionship o r th is figure to the 10 ,0 00 case total . blnasmuch as the median and the mean are frequently used in the analysis of incOffle data , both of these averages are shOwn. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -19- Table 17. COMBINED INCOME OF SUPPLEMENTED CUES-DISTR IBUTION ACCORDING TO COMBINED RELIEF INCOME AND NON-RELIEF EARNINGS OF CASES ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935 WITH PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT, BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES Combined Income (nearest dol 1ar) Total cases Cases not reporting Cases reporting Persons in Case Al 1 Cases 1, 148a 55 1,093 1 88 6 82 2 3 4 226 8 218 217 8 209 199 6 5 11 188 144 6 138 8 7 96 8 88 60 3 57 10 or More 9 44 2 42 33 3 30 41 - 41 Percent Dtstrtoutton Cases reporting $ 4 or less 5- 9 100.0 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 1.0 2.0 6.0 6.8 8.1 13.4 17.1 30.5 14 . 7 9.8 30 .35 40 45 50 55 - .34 ,39 9.6 8.9 8.2 6.8 5.1 5.7 7.3 2.4 1.2 1. 2 60 70 80 90 100 - 69 79 89 99 109 10.9 7. 2 1.2 1.2 110 120 130 140 150 - 119 - 129 - 139 - 149 and over 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 10 - 14 44 49 54 59 4.4 3. 5 1.6 - - - - 2.3 12.8 13. 7 14. 7 1.4 3.8 9.6 11.0 20.2 15.1 6.4 4.6 2.3 0.5 .3.2 2.3 0.5 0.5 - 1.1 3.7 9.6 0.7 2.2 2.2 1.1 2.3 2.3 14.3 14.8 16.3 7.7 4. 3 5.3 8.0 9.6 12.8 8.5 5.,3 7.4 5.1 5.8 10.9 8.0 7.3 12.3 2.,3 2.3 15.9 5.7 9.1 1.7 5.3 1.8 5.3 14.0 10.5 .3.3 3.8 1.0 12. 8 9.0 4.2 2.7 1.6 22.5 10.9 4 . .3 2.9 1.4 .30.8 10.2 6.8 5.7 1.1 17.5 12.3 10.5 10.5 3. 5 1.6 0.5 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 - 0.9 0.5 1.4 0.5 -- - - 0.5 1.1 - 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 - 1.0 - 100.0 100.0 - - - - 0.7 1.4 - - - - 1.7 2.4 2.4 - 2.4 4.8 11. 9 - - - - 10.0 3.3 2.4 2.4 9.8 11.9 19.0 23.7 9.5 1.3 . .3 13 . .3 13.3 .30.1 6.7 7.3 12 .2 12.2 9.8 14. 7 6.7 7.3 9.8 - - - - - 4.8 4.8 2.4 1.1 1.8 - - .3.3 - 2.4 2.4 7.3 Medianb relief income ($) 44 .10 17.70 31.10 37.80 47 .60 57.70 62.50 65.00 77.00 87.00 9,3.30 Meanb combined incomee ($) 50 .60 20.10 33,50 41.50 53.90 59.30 64.40 69. 70 76.10 84 •.30 96. 70 asee table 1,a for the relati001shlp of this figure to the 10 . 000 case total. b,nasmuch as the 1Ndlan and the Mean are frequently used IA the anelysis of incOMe data, both of these averages are shown . eThe 11ld-value assigned by inspection to the 1150 and over class Is 1171 .50. Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
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