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WO R KS

PRO GRE SS
HARRY

L.

HOPKINS, ADMINISTRATOR

CORRINGTON GILL
ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR

R E S E ARCH

-

ADMI N

HOWARD 8. MYERS, DIRECTOR
DIVISIO N OF SOCIAL RESEARCH

B UL L E T I

N

a

THE 1935 RELIEF POPULATION IN 13 CITIES:

A CROSS-SECTION

•
DICtMBER

31, 1936

SERIES

I

No. 23

F.

PREPARED BY
L. CARM I CHAEL AND STANLEY L. PAYNE
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
JOHN N. WEBB
COORDINATOR OF URBAN RESEARCH

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THE 1935 RELIEF POPULATION IN 13 CITIES :

Purpose
Th Is bu I I et In is based upon the
Survey of Relief and Employment Records of Present and Former Urban Rell ef Cases.
The purposes of the survey we re I I l to secure a samp I e of
the 1935 urban relief population from
which a smaller control led sample
could be drawn for an Intensive monthto-month study, and 12) to provide a
cross-section of the urban relief population with respect to composition,
characteristics, rel lef history, and
income. The study has served the fl rst
objective; approximately one-thl rd of
the cases Included In It were selected
for the month-to-month study, namely,
the Survey of Trends In the Economic
Status of Former Urban Reflef Cases.
The present bu I I et 1n Is Intended
to serve the second objective.
Distr ibutions of the relief load , perta ining to the fol lowing topics, are
presented:
family size; employabl Iity; private employment; sex, race
an d nativity, education, occupation
o f usual employment, Industry of usual
employment, and length of residence
(i n the city) of the head of the case;
previous years on rel lef; number of
relief periods; relief duration; and
supp I ementat I on of p rl vate emp I oyment
earnings.
Inasmuch as the data are i ntended
primarily for reference use In connection with other studies, extensive
discussion Is considered unnecessary.
Attention 1s ca 11 ed, however, to a
significant downward trend in average
size of case as shown by a comparison
of data presented here In ( tab I e I)
with data drawn from the October 1933
Unemp I oyment Re 11 ef Census and the

A CROSS-SECTION

May I9340ccupatlona l Characteristics
Survey. Thus, the median size of the
relief cas e was 3.4 persons In urban
United Stat es in October 1933, 3. I
persons In 79 cities In May 1934, and
2.8 persons In 13 cities In May and
in October 1935.
Case-s I ze d I st r I but Ions are aval I able from the October
1933 census for 10 of the 13 cities
Inc I uded In the present survey and
from the May 1934 survey for 12ofthe
13 cit I es.
The med I ans of these d Istr I but ions closely approximate those
shown above for October 1933 and May
1934.
Increases In the proportions
of one-person and two-person cases
In the rel lef load are the chief cause
of this downward trend.
Attention ls called also to the
tables on supplementation of private
employment earnings-tables 13 to 17,
Inclusive-which summarize data on
rel lef and private employment Income
for May 1935. Many of the cases which
received retlef and private employment income during the month did not
rece Ive income from these t~ sources
concurrently, that Is, they were admitted to relief toward the last of
the month after loss of private jobs
near the f l rst of the month, or were
separated from the re 11 ef ro 11 s because of prl vate employment after recel vi ng rel lef grants earl ler In the
month . In the tab I es, such cases are
shown separately from those wh I ch rece I ved relief and private employment
income concurrently.

Scope and Limitations
A b r l ef out 11 ne
genera l I I mitat i ons
tended to ass I st the
of the tab l es, Is

of the scope and
of the survey, Inreader In his use
presented below.

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In addition, special I Imitations applying to Individual tables are described In footnote's to the respective
tab I es.
( I) The study was conducted In 13
c I t I es-At I ant a, Ga. , Ba I t I mo re, Md. ,
Bridgeport, Conn., Butte, Mont., Chicago, Ill., Detroit, Mich., Houston,
Tex., Manchester, N.H., Omaha, Neb.,
Paterson, N.J., St. Louis, Mo., San
Francisco, Calif., and WI lkes-Barre,
Pa.
Statistical tests show that the
rel lef population In these cities
conforms to the total urban relief
population with respect to age, sex,
faml ly size, and occupational backgrounds.
( 2) The cases stud I ed we re taken
at random from the October 1935 active
c ase load and from cases closed during
th e period May through October 1935.
Th e cases chosen varied from I perce nt of the total sampled In Chicago
a nd 4 percent In Detro It and In St.
Louis to approximately 10 percent In
t he smaller cities.
The aggregate
sample consisted of 18,409 cases, or
4 percent of the cases wh I ch rece I ved
rel lef In the 13 cities during the
period of the survey.
I 3) DI st r I but Ions are presented for
both May and October 1935. Whenever
ava i I ab I e October data a re shown, however, some Items recorded speclflcal ly
for May are presented for that month
on I y.
The samp I e of 18,409 cases
yielded 14,174 cases active In May
and 13, 172 cases act l.ve In October,
most of the May and October cases be Ing
active In both months. The distributions summarize the data for all cases

In the re 11 ef I oads of the respect Ive
months.
14) Since the cross-section of the
urban rel lef load Is of primary Interest In the present bulletin, data
for Individual cities are not shown.
Each city was assigned a weight based
upon the relation of Its rel lef load
to the relief load of the 13 cities.
The weights so determined for the 13
cities were then adjusted, by application of a constant factor, to yield
a we I ghted aggregate of I 0, 000 cases.
15) Inasmuch as information of this
type Is most often used In percentage
form, the data are presented as percentage distributions.
(6) Data on characteristics apply
on I y to the heads of the re 11 ef cases
studied. The "head" of th~ case, as
the term Is used fn this bullet In, Is
the person designated as head on the
records of the rel lef agency.
( 7) The data summarf zed herein were
obtained from the records of the rel I ef agenc I es and not by persona I Inte rv I ews.
For this reason "not reporting" entries were more numerous
than wou Id otherwl se have been the
case.
These "not reporting" entries
are not Included In the percentage
distributions, but their magnitude In
relation to total cases Is shown In
each table.
(8) Some of the distributions presented In the tables on supplementation by family size are based upon a
11 mI ted number of cases. As a measure
of the significance of the data, the
total Is shown for each distribution.

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Lt ST OF TABLES
Page
I.

2.

Case Size-Distribution of Rellef Cases According to Number of
Persons In Case, May and October 1935 Relief Loads, 13 Cities.

3

Persons Working or Seeking Work-Distr ibution of Relief Cases
According to Number of Persons In Case 16-64, 't\brklng or SeekIng Work, May and October 1935 Relief loads, 13 Cities ••••••••

4

3.

Private E111ploy11ent-Dlstribution of Relief Cases According to
Number of Persons In Case 16-64, with Non-rel lef Employment,
May 1935 Rellef load, 13 Cities •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

4.

Sex-Distribution of Relief Cases According to Sex of Head of
Case, October 1935 Relief load, 13 Cities •••••••••••••••••••••

5.

6.

7.

6

Race and Nativity-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to
Race and Nat I vi ty of Head of Case, October 1935 Rel I ef Load,
I 3 Ci t i es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

Education-Distributlonof Rel lef Cases According to Last School
Grade Completed by Head of Case, October 1935 Relief Load, 13
Cities .•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

7

Occupation-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to Usual
OccupationofHeadofCase, October 1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities.

8

8.

Industry-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to Usual Industry of Head of Case, October 1935 Rel lef Load, 13 Cities •••

9.

Length of Residence-Distribution of Rel lef Cases According to
Date Head of Case Began Present Period of Residence In the City,
October 1935 Rel lef Load, 13 Cities...........................

10

Previous Years on Relief-Distribution of Relief Cases AccordIng to Previous Years in Which Rel lef was Recelved-1932, 1933,
1934-0ctober 1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities.....................

II

10 .

11.

Nu~ber of Relief Periods-Distribution of Relief Cases AccordIng to Number of Previous Periods on Rel I ef, October 1935 Re-

lief Load, 13 Cities..........................................
12a.

Relief Duration-Distribution of Relief Cases According to Number of Calendar Months in Current

13a.
13b.

Relief Period, October 1935

•.•···············•• t ••··•··•····

12

Relief Duration-Distribution of Relief Cases According to Number of Calendar Months Since Date of Original Opening, October
1935 Relief Load, 13 Cities...................................

13

Private Employment Supplementation-Distribut ion of May Cases
With and Without Non- relief Earnings, by Size of Case, 13 Cl ti es.

14

Relief Load,
12b.

12

13 Clties ••••••••

Private Employment Supplementation-Distribut ion of May Cases
With and Without Non-relief Earnings for Each Size of Case, 13

Cities............................................ ............
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LIST OF TABLES -

Continued
Page

14.

Relief Income of Non-suppleaented Cases--Dlstribution AccordIng to Rel I ef t ncome of Cases on Relief Throughout May 1935
With No Private Employment, by Size of Case, 13 Cities ••••••••

15.

16.

17.

16

Relief lnco•e of Supple•ented Cases-Distribution According to
Rel lef Income of Cases on Relief Throughout May 1935 With Private Employment, by Size of Case, 13 Cities •••••••••••••••••••

17

Non-relief Earnings of Supple•ented Cases-Distribution AccordI ng to Non-rel lef Earnings of Cases on Rel lef Throughout May
1935 With Private Employment, by Size of Case, 13 Cities ••••••

18

Co•bined lnco111e of Supplemented Cases-Distribution According
to Comb I ned Rel I ef Income and Non-rel I ef Earnings of Cases on
Relief Throughout May 1935 With Private Employment by Size of
Case, 13 Cities...............................................

19

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Table 1.

CAS E SIZE-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORD ING TO NU MBER OF PERSONS
IN CASE, MAY AND OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOADS , 13 CITI ES

May 1935

Persons in Case
A11 Races

White

Negro

Other

10 ,ooob
60b
9,94 0

7,260
19
7,241

2, 551
37
2,514

179

Tota! cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

October 1935 4
All Races

179

10,000
30
9,970

-

Percent Dtstrlbutton

Cases reporting
1 person
2 pers ons
3 persons
4 persons
'i persons
6 persons
7 persons
8 persons
9 persons
10 persons or more

Median number of persons per casec

100 .0
22. 7
21. 5
17 .4
14 . 2
10.1

100 . 0
24. 0
18.6
17. 2
14 . 7
11.0

100.0
18. 8
30 .3
17. 9
13. 2
7. 4

100 . 0
26.3
11. 2
14. 0
8.9
12.8

100.0
23.6
21.3
17.4
13 . 7
9.9

5 .8
3.5
2 .1
1. 3
1. 4

6.1
3.6
2.1
1.3
1.4

4.6
3.2
2. 1
1.3
1.2

8.9
6.7
3 .4
5.0
2.8

5.9
3.5
2_.2
1.2
1.3

2 .8d

2.9

2.6

3.4

2.8d

aRel i ef cases active in October are distributed according to the number ot persons in th e ca se in May or , i f opened
subsequent to May. according to the number of persons in the case on the date of ope ning .
Net changes i n case size

from the date of record to October, tor which month the actual data are not avail abl e , a re c ons i de red i nconsequential .
bThe cases reporting race total 9,990 .

or the 10 cases not report i ng race, • did not rep or t number of persons.

cMed i ans are computed using o.s as the lower 1 imit of the one-person group,
group, and so on.
d The median size of the rel i ef case was

ci t i es i n May 19J•.

Table 2.

J. •

1.5 as the l owe r 1 i mi t of the t wo-person

persons in urban United States in October 19)3 and ) . 1 pe rsons i n 79

See page 1, paragraph J .

PERS ONS WORKING OR SEEKING WORK-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING
TO NUMBER OF PERSONS IN CASE 16-64, WORKING OR SEEK I NG WORK
MAY AND OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOADS, 13 CITI ES

Persons in Case Working or Seeking Work
Total cases
Cases not reporting
Case s reporting

May 1935

October 1935a

10,000
67
9,933

10,000
33
9, 967
Percent Dtstrtbutton

c~ses reporting
None
1 person
2 persons
pe rson s

'4 persons

5 persons
6 persons
1 persons

100 . 0
11.1
60.6
20.5
5.7

100.0
12. lb
60. 5
20. 0
5. 4
1.5
0. 4
0. 1

1. 7

0.3
0.1

•

•

•Less than 0. 05 percent.
aRelief cases active in October are distributed according to the nuntt>e-r of persons in the case in May
who were working or seeking work, or , if opened subseQuent to May. accord i ng to the nUtflber of such persons
in the case on the date of opening .
Net Changes in the nuniber of persons working or seeking work in the
cas e from the date of record to October , for which month the actual data are not available, are considered
i neon sequent i al.

bTh e proport i on of casesDi ~l~iilob !t'e rsons 16-6• work i ng or seek i ng work should not be confu ~d ·rie,1 iJIQ!ll
pro po rtion rl'lh~lllft::ic!'..-l!!~f lplll't'l~h ~ lti @di~
o• n in tables 7 and 8. Approxi"lt'I\-<!.
- ~AP~~<f'l:! rlll(, '~'-IIV.ERSITY
cases on reJ lJ~tr'\,rfldt\t~rf 4il~l ~rf.elii~ib'yladl.e>lhletlds but had one or lftOre other per,cJ#w/

iV~

c,:t l 5i e\l N,~WHt .

-6-

Table 3.

PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER

OF PERSONS IN CASE 16-64, WITH NON-RELIEF EMPLOYMENT
MAY 1935 RELltF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Employed Persons in Casea

May 1935
10,000
555
9,445

To tal cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases reporting
None
1 person
2 persons
3 persons
4 persons

100.0
84. 7

13.9

1.3
0. 1

•

* Le ss

than 0.0~ percent.
a Pe rsons are c on si dered employed i r th e y had non-rel i ef employmen t at any t ime during the mont h.
Some of the pe rsons reported as employed did not rece i ve rel i ef' and pr i vate employment i ncome

co nc urrently , but were a dfflitted to re l i ef after los ing employment , or were separat ed from the
relie f rol 1 s a f t er s ec uring eMployr.ent.

Table 4. SEX-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO SEX OF HEAD OF CASE,
OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Sex of Head of Case
Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

October 1935
10,000
28
9,972
Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases reporting
Male
Fem:1le

100.0
75.8
24.2

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Table 5.

RACE AND NATIVITY-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO RACE ANO NATIVITY

OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Race and Nativity of Head of Case
Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

October 1935
10,000
141
9,859
Percent Distribution

Cases reporting - all races
Native-born
Forei gn--born

100.0

73.0
27.0
72.5
46.4
26.1

White

Native-born
Foreign-born
Negro

26.0
25.B
0.2

Nati ve--bom

Fore i gn--bo rn

1.2

Mexican

0.7
0.5

Native-born

Foreign-born

0.3

Other

0.2
0.1

Nat ive--born
Foreign-born

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Tabl e

6.

EDDCATIOI-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO LAST SCHOOL GRADE COMPLETED
BY HEAD OF CASE , OCTOBER 19,5 REL IEF LOAD_.
CITIES•

1,

Last School Grade Conipleted by Head of Case
Total cases
Cases not report i ng
Cases report ing

October 1935
10, 000

3 , 018
6,982

Perc•nt Dtstrtbutton
Cases report i ng

100.0

None
1st grade
2nd grade
3rd grade
4th grade
5th
6th
7th
8th

grade
grade
grade
g rade

9th
10th
11th
12th

grade
grade
grade
grade

13th
14th
15th
16th
17th

grade
grade
grade
grade
grade or more

9.9
1.4
4.5
7.4
9.0
7.6

10.0
8.4
22. 2
4.1

4. 8
1.8

5. 8
0. 6
1. 1
0. 4
0.9

0.1

Median grade compl e tedb

7.0

&.rhe distribution sunnarizes the data for IZ cities only. lnforaa ti on on l as t sc hool grade c '"'plet ed by head
of case was not reported for Manchester. All Manch e ster c ases are inc l uded 1111009 the cases not report i ng .
bThe median is computed using o.o as the lower limit of the zer~grade group, 1. 0 as the l ower li 11 it of t he
one-grade group, and so on.

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Table 7.

OCCUPATION-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO USUAL OCCUPATIONa
OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Usual Occupation of Head of Case

October 1935

Total cases
Cases not report in£
Cases report ing

10,000
88
9,912

Percent Dtstrtbutton
Cases reporting
White collar workers
Professional and techn ical workers
Proprietors, rranagers, and officials
Office workers
Salesrren and kindred workers

100.0
12.6
1.5

Skilled workers and forerren
Building and construction
Manufacturing and other industries

13.5
8.1
5.4

Semi-skilled workers
Bui 1ding and construction
Manufacturing and other industries

22.6

3.7
3.8

3.6

3.7
18.9

Unskilled workers
laborers
Domestic and personal service

32.7
17.6
15.1

Farm operators and laborers
Operators
Laborers

0.8

Inexperienced workers

2.5

Unemp loyable personsb

15.3

0.3
0.5

8 .A. person•s usual occupation is the one in which he Ms worked longest during the last 10 years.
work relief and works Program employment are disregarded In deterr1inin9 usual occupation. To
oe reported as having usual occupation, a per&on must have worked at some job at least 1 day
each week for• consecutive weeks during the last 10 years. occupations are classified in
accordance with Index of Occupations, Works Progress Adfftinistration, Circular •o. 24, September 19JS.
bunemployable heads of cases include all heads who are neither working nor seeking work. and those
wl'\ose ages are outside the 1 imits 16-6•. inclusive.
•pproxiffl&tely ).2 percent of the cases on
relief iri October had une,wployable heads but had one or fftOre other persons working or seeking work.

See table 2,

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Table 8.

l NDUSTRY-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO USUAL INDUSTRY 8
OF HEAD OF CASE, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Usual Industry of Head of Case
Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases report i ng

October 1935
10 , 000
105

9,895
Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases reporting
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry
Extraction of minerals
Building and construction
Chemical and alli ed industri es
Cigar and tobacco factories

100.0

1.0
2.7

to.o

0.9
0.3

Clay, glass, and stone
Clothing
Food and allied industries
Automobile factorie s and repair shops
Other iron and steel industries

0.7
1.3

Other metal i ndust ri es
Leather
Lumber and furniture
Paper, printing, and allied industr ies
Textile

0.9

Electric machinery and supply factories
Electric light and power plants
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
Water transportation
Road and street transportation

3.6
5.4
5.2

0.7
1.1
1.5
1.8

1.3
0.2
1.8
1.0
4. 7

Railroad transportation (steam and street)
Other transportation and conrnun ication
Wholesale and retail trade
Other trade
Publ ic serv ice

3. 4
0. 7
9.8

Professional service
Hotels , restaurants, boarding houses, etc.
Laundries, cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops
Other domestic and personal service
Other industries and services not specified
Inexperienced
Unemployableb

2.8
5.1

1.9

1.0

1.4

8.9
1.1

2.5

15.3

a • person's usual industry is the one i n which he has worked longest dur ing the last 10 years.
work relier
and Works Program employment are disregarded in determ ining usual industry.
To be reported as having usual
industry, a perso n must have worked at some job a t least 1 day each week for• consecu t i ve weeks during the
last 10 years.
Industries are cl assi f ied i n accordance with Alphabet ic al Index of' Occupations, Bureau of
Census, 19J0.
bunemployable heads of cases include all heads who are neither worldng nor seek~ng work, and those whose ages
are outside the 1 imits 16 to 6•. inclusive .
Appr oximately :, . 2 percent of the cases on relief in Oc tober had
unemployable heads but had one or more other persons llfO r-..ing or seeking work.
see table 2.

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Table 9.

LENGTH OF RESIDENCE-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO DATE HEAD OF CASE
BEGAN PRESENT PERIOD OF RESIDENCE INTHE CITY, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD,
13 CITIESa

Year Head of Case Last Came to Citl

October 1935

Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

10,000
472
9,528

Percent Dtstrtbutton
Cases report i ng
1935
1934
1933
1932
1931
1930

100.0
0.3
0.9
1.5
1. 7

2.0
2.3

1928-1929
1926-1927
1921-1925
1916-1920
1906-1915
1896-1905
1895 and earlier

6.0
5.9
15.7
13.2
20.9
13. 7
15.9

Median year

1915

aThe distriDutlon •u-arlzes the data tor 12 cities only. 1ntonoatlon on year head of case last
came to city was not reportad tor Manchester. All Manchester caaes are included an,ong the cases
not reporting.
b Absences fro,a the city of less than 1 year are not cons i dered as breaking the period of residence.

PREVIOUS YEARS ON RELIEFa-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING
TO PREVIOUS YEARS IN WHICH RELIEF WAS RECEIVED-1932,
1933, 1934-0CTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Table 10.

Years on Relief, 1932-1934
Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

October 1935
10,000
17
9,983
Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases reporting
None of the 3 years
1934 only
1934 and 1933
1934, 1933, and 1932
1934
1933
1933
1932

100.0
17.7
21.4
25.5
32.6

and 1932
only
and 1932
only

0.7
0.6
1.2
0.3

3 A case is considered on relief in a given year if it received one or more relief grants in that year.

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Table 11.

NUMBER OF REL IEF PERIODS-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF
PREVIOUS PERIODS ON RELIEF, OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITIES

Number of Periods on Rel iefa

October 1935

Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases report ing

10,000
56
9,944

Percent Dlstrlbutton

100.0
48.7
51.3

Cases reporting
No prev ious periods on relief
One or more prev ious periods on relief
aA relier per i od cons i sts ot all conse cut i ve calendar months i n wh ich a case rece i ves rel ief.

Table 12A.

RELIEF DURATION- DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NU MBER OF
CALENDAR MONTHS IN CURRENT RELIEF PERI OD, OCTOBER 1935
RELIEF LOA D, 13 CITIES

Number of Ca 1endar Months in Current
Rel ief Period
Tota 1 cases
Cas es not reporting
Cases report ing

Al l Cases

Cases on Relief
Only One Per iod

9 ,944 11

4,840
63
4,777

99

9 ,845

Cases on Re I i ef
More Than One Per iod
5,104
36
5,~8

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases re port i ng
1 month
2 mont hs
3 l"lont hs
4- 6 months
7-9 mont hs
10-12 mor,t hs
13-lb mont hs
19-24 months
25- 3ti r,ior, t hs
3 7 montbs ar,d over
Median number of month sb

100.0
5.7
5.8
5. 7
11.9
8.7

100.0
5.0
4.5
4.3
9.0
8.1

100.0
6,3
7.0
7.0
14 .6
9. 2

8.4
14.1
20. 5
12.9
6. 3

8.8
14.3
14 .2
21.3
10.5

8.0
14.0
26 .5
5.0
2.4

13.6

16.3

11.2

11 see t able 11 for the relat i onsh i p of th i s f i gure to the 10.000 case total.
bMed i an s are computed us i ng

o. o

as the lower l i mi t o f the 1-mont h group . 1. 0 a s t he lowe r 1i nd t of the

2-n.onth gro up. and so on .

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-13-

RELIEF DURATION-DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF CASES ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF
CALENDAR MONTHS SINCE DATE OF ORIGINAL OPENING,
OCTOBER 1935 RELIEF LOAD, 13 CITI ES

Table 128.

Number of Calendar ~onths
Si nee Orig i na l Opening
Total cases
Cases not report ing
Cases reporting

A11 Cases

Cases on Rel ief
Only One Period

9,944a
355
9,589

4,840
63
4,777

Cases on i:/el ief
More Than One Period
5,104
292
4,812

Percent Distribution

Cases reporting
1 'l'Ont!,
2 months
3 months
4-6 months
7-9 months
10-12 months
13-18 months
1~24 mo,-,ths
25-36 months
37 months ;ind over
Median number of monthsb

100.0
2.5
2.2
2.2
4.6
4.7

100.0
5.0
4.5
4.3
9.0
8.1

100.0

6.0
10.4
12. 7
25.5
29.2

8.8
14.3
14.2
21.3
10.5

3.2
6.4
11.3
29.8
47.7

25.9

16.3

35.1

*Less than 0.05 percent.

3 See table 11 for the relationship of this figure to the 10.000 case total.
bMedians are computed using

o.o

as the lower 1 imit or the 1-month group, 1.0 as the lower I lmit or the 2-month

group. and so on.

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-

•

0.2
1.4

-14-

Table 13A.

PRIYATE ENPLOTNENT SUPPLENENTATIOII- DISTRI BUTION OF MAY CASES WITH AND
WITHOUT NON-RELIEF EARNINGS BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES

Cases on Re 1 i ef
Cases on Rel ief
Throughout May
Part of May
NonNo~
No~
Supple- su ppl e- Total Supp 1eSupple- suppleTotal
supplementeda
menteda
mented mented
ment ed
mented

Al l May Cases
Persons in Case
To tal
Total cases
Cases not report ing
suppl emen tat ion status
Cases report i ng

10,000

1 , 448

555
9, 445

1,448

-

7,997

8,934

1,148

-

358
8,576

1, 148

7, 997

7,428

1,066

-

-

7,428

300

569

-

197

-

869

300

569

Percent Dtst r t button
Cases reporting

100. 0
25.5
21. 7
17.0
13 . 7

100. 0

10. 1

100.0
8. 4
19. 0
18. 8
17. 3
13. 1

9. 6

5.8
3. 6
2.1
1. 3
1. 4

8. 4
5. 5
3. 5
2. 6
3.4

2. 8

3. 7

100.0
22.9
21.3
17.3

1 person
2 persons
3 persons
4 persons
5 oersons

14.2

6 pe rson s
7 persons
B persons
9 persons
10 persons or more

Med ian number of pe rsons in caseb

10,3

100. 0
7.7
19. 7
18.9
17.3
12.5

100. 0
24. 7
21. 8
16.9
13.9
9.9

100.0
27.6
19. 8
18.0
12.8
A.6

100.0
11.3
16.3
18.4
17.0
15.3

100.0
36.2
21.6
17.9
10.6
5. 1

5.3
3.2
1.9
1.1
t.0

5.8
3.6
2.t
1.3
1. 4

8.4
5.2
3. 8
2.9
3.6

5.4
3.3
1.9
1.1
1. 1

5.2
3. 6
2.1
1.3
1.0

8.3
6.7
2.3
1. 7
2.7

3.5
1. 9
1.9
1.1
0. 2

2.7

2. 9

3. 7

2.7

2.6

3.7

2. 1

22. 4

21.5
17.2
14. 4

a cases rece iv ing rel i ef a r e cons i dered su ppl ement ed i f they had non-re lie f eniployr,ent at any time during the month. Some
o f th e supp l emented ca ses shown her?. d i d not rec e ive relie f and privat e eniplo yment i nconie concurrentl y, but were edmitt ed
t o relief towa rd the end of the ,aon th a f ter loss of priv a te jobs near the t i rst of the MOnth, o-r were separ a ted tron1 the

re lie f ro ll s be cause o f pr i vat e e111o l o ) 111e nt af te r re ceiving relief grants earl ier i n the 1R0nth.
bMedians are computed usi ng O. S a s the l owe r l i rt1 it of the one-person gro up, 1. 5 as t he l owe r l iAii t of the two- person
g ro up, and so on .

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-15-

Table 13B.

PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT SUPPLEMENTATION- DISTRIBUTION OF MAY CASES WITH AND
WI THO UT NO N-REL IEF EARNI NG S FOR EACH SIZEOFCASE, 13CITIES

Persons in Case
Supp lementat ion Status

Al 1
Cases

1

2

3

5

4

10 or
More

6

7

8

9

572
27
545

362
17
335

212

133
7
126

Al 1 May cases:
Total cases
Cases not report ing
Cases report ing

9,940a 2,257 2,134 1,727 1,412 1,005
495
96
51
121
69
93
9,445 2,164 2,013 1,631 1,343
954

11

201

136
3
133

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cae-es report ing
Supp 1emented b
Non-s upplemented

100.0
15. 3
84 . 7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
5.6 13. 7 16.7 1B.6 19.9 22.2 23.9 25.4 30.2 36.8
94. 4
86.3 83.3 81. 4 80.1 77.8 76.1 74.6 69.8 63.2

8,895
319
8, 576

1, 970
46
1,924

Cases on re li ef throughout May:
Total cases
Cases not report ing
Cases report ing

1,923 1,536 1,282
82
62
50
1,841 1,474 1,232

913
34
879

516
16
500

318
14
304

191
8
183

120
5
115

126
2
124

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases report ing
Supp 1eme nted
Non-s upplemented

100. 0
13 .4

86. 6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4. 6
12.3 14. 7 16.2 16.4 19.2 19. 7 24.0 28. 7 33.1
95. 4 87. 7 85 •.3 83.8 83.6 80.8 80.3 76.0 71.3 66.9

Cases on rel ief part of May :
Total cases
Cases not report i ng
Cases report ing

1,045
176
869

287
47
240

211
39
172

191
34
157

130
19
111

92
17

56

75

45

11

34
3
31

21
3
18

1.3
2
11

10
1
9

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases reporting
Supplementedb
Non-supplemented

100. 0
34. 5
65.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.2 28.5 35.0 45.9 61.3 55.6 64.5 38.9 45.5 88.9
85.8 71.5 65.0 54.1 38.7 44.4 35.5 61.1 54.5 11.1

asee

table 1 for the relat ionsh i p of this f i gure to the 10 , 000 case total.
bcaaes rece iv i ng rel l et are cons idered supp l enien t ed it they had nor,...rel ier e<ll)loyment at any time during the ..onth. Some
of the supplet1ented case ■ shown he re di d no t rece ive relier and private employment income concurrently, but were adaltted
to relief toward the end of the 11ont h af t e r l oss or private jobs near the first or the "'onth, or were separated fro11 the
rel l et rollS because of pr i va t e et1o l oy11ent aft e r receiving relief grants earlier in the month.

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-16-

Table 14.

RELIEF 1•cowE OF NON-SUPPLEMENTED CASES-DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO RELIEF
INCOME OF CASES ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935 WITH NO
PR IVATE EMPLOYMENT , BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES

Relief Income
(nearest dollar )

Persons in Case
A11

Cases
Tota l cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

1

2

4

3

7,428 11 1,836 1,615 1,257 1,033
1
20
4
5
3
7,408 1,833 1,610 1,256 1,029

10 or
"4ore

5

6

7

8

735
1
734

404
5
399

244
1
243

139

82

83

139

82

83

9

-

-

-

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases report ing
$ 4 or less
5- 9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29

100.0
2.5
13.8
11.2
12.0
11.3
12.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0. 4
0.1
7.6
0.4
1.0
2.0
4.6
0.4
2.9
0.7
1.5
3.0
41.0 10.0
2.4
6.2
2.5
4.8
1.2
1.5
20.2 15.0
8.8
4.5
5.0
3,6
0.8
3.7
10.0 27.5 11.1
5.0
5.2
4.9
2.5
0.7
1.2
9.4
8.4 13.6 23.9
6.3
4.5
1.2
4.3
3.5
5.7
9.8 18.6 27.5 10.1

-

4.4

6.2
8.6
9.9
16.9
15.2
9.5

1.5
7.9
5.8
5.0
11.5
15.8

8.5
4.9
2.4
4.9
7.3
15.9

6.1
3.4
1.4
2.0
0.3

8.8
6.3
1.8
1. 7
0.7

11.1
7.0
2.5
2.1
0.4

15.8
10.8
7.9
2.9
0.7

17,.1
15.8
4.9
3.7
3.7

36.2
15.7
15.7
6.0

0.1
0.1
0.1

-

0.4
0.8

0.7

1.2

-

2.4
2.4

1.2

1.2
1.2

-

34
39
44
49
54
59

8.5
6.1
4.8
4.1
3.2
2.7

4.9
1.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1

8.7
4.4
2.4
2.5
1.3
1.4

8.7
6.4
6.2
4.0
2.6
1.3

12.1
6.8
6.0
6.0
3.9
3.7

16.1
16.8
10.6
7.1
5.9

60
70
80
90
100

...
-

69
79
89
99
109

3.5
2.2
1.0
0.6
0.2

0.1
0.1

0.6
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2

2.9
1.6

3.7
2.5
1.5
0.4

110
120
130
14 0
150

- 119
- 129
- 139
- 149
and over

0.1
0.1

0.1

•

•
0.1

Medianb relief income ($)

24.10

Meanb rel ief incomec ($)

28.10

-

-

0.4

0.2

-

-

-

9.80 18.70 25.30

0.1

-

-

-

6.5
11.8
15.3
10.0
9.0
7.3

30
35
40
45
50
55

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.7

-

1.2

1.2

-

4.8
1.2
4.8

2.4

-

28.90 37.00 43.10 49.20 56.20 58. 70 68.70

13.10 22.00 28. 70 33.30 40.20 44.40 51.00 56.20 60.10 73.10

*Less than 0.05 percent .
3 seo table l)a for the relationship of th i s figure to the 10,000 case total.
btnasntuch as the median and the mean are treQuently used in the analysis of income data,
both of these averages are shown.

cThe ~ill-value assigned by inspection to the $150 and over class Is $17•.so.

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-17-

Table 15.

RELIEF INCOME OF SUPPLEMENTED CASES- DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO RELIEF INCOME
OF CASES ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935 WITH PRIVATE
EMPLOYMENT, gy SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES

Relief Income
(nearest dollar)
Total cases
Cases not report ing
Cases reporting

Persons in Case
All
Cases
1,148a
6
1,142

1

2

88

1
87

226

226

3

4

5

217
2
215

199
1
198

144
1
143

6

7

96

1
95

8

10 or
More

9

60

44

33

41

60

44

33

41

-

-

-

-

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases reporting
$ 4 or less
5- 9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29

100.0
1.9
11.6
12 .4
15. 2
12.2
10. 9

30
35
40
45
50
55

-

34
39
44
49
54
59

8.9
6.8
5.4
3.1
3.5
2.2

60
70
80
90
100

-

69
79
89
99
109

2.9
1.1
0.9
0.1
0. 5

110
120
130
140
150

- 119
- 129
- 139
- 149
and over

0.2
0.2

-

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.4
11.5
1.8
2.8
8.4
1. 7
7.7
2.3
52.9 15.5
9.1
3.2
5.0
9.1 15.2
2.5
4.9
21.8 19.9
9.8 16.2
5.3
4.6 27 .4 20.0 14.2 15.4 10.5
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.3
8.4 11.7
4.9
6.8
6.1
3.4 14.2 24.6 12.1
3.5
5.0 13.6
3,4
8.8 15.8 14.2 14.0
8.4
6.1

-

-

-

-

-

1.2

-

1.2

-

-

-

-

-

7.1
1.8
1.3
0.9
0.9
0.4

8.8
3,3
1.4
2.3
0.9
0.5

9.6
6.6
4.5
2.5
2.5
3.5

17 .5
19.5
7.0
1.4
2.1
o. 7

7.4
14. 7
18.9
6,3
6.3
3,2

8,3
11.7
11.7
11.7
16.6
5.0

6.8
4.5
9.1
4.5
11.3
11.4

12.1
3,0
6.1
9.1

-

0.9
0.5

2.5
-0.5

-

2.8
1.4
0.7

4.2
2.1
1.1

9.1
2.3
2.3

12.1
3.0
6.1

1.5

-

-

3,3
3,3
3.3

2.3

--

-

-

-

-

-

0.5

-

-

-

--

-

-

2.3

-

-

15.1

-

3.0
-

-

4.9
7.3
7.3
12.2
12 .2
2.4
19.5
7.3
7,3
2.4
4.9
2.4

-

Medianb relief income ($)

23 .10

8.10 16.80 21.30 23.90 30.40 36.80 41.60 42.00 41.40 53.00

Meanb re 1ief income ($)

27.20

9.90 18.30 22.30 27.60 29.70 35.80 41.30 43.50 44.00 57.00

8 see tabla ua tor tlla rel at lonahlp ot this figure to the 10,000 case total,
blna•uch H Oe 111edlan and the IHan are trequently used In the analysis ot lncOMe data,
both ot th••• average• are shown,

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-18-

Table 16.

NON-RELIEF EARRINGS OF SUPPLEMENTED CASES-DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO
NON-REL IEF EARNINGS OF CASE S ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935
WI TH PR IV ATE EMPLOYMENT , BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES

Persons in Case

Non-relief Eam ings
(nearest dollar )

All
Cases

1

'

Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

6

3

4

5

217
6
211

199
10
189

144

96

6
138

8
88

1,148a

88

226

51
1,097

5
83

8
218

8

7

2

10 or

9

60

44

3
57

2
42

~re

33
3
JO

41

-

41

Percent Dtstrtbutton

Cases report i n·g
;, 4 or I ess
5 - ~
10 - 14
1~ 19
20 - 24
25 - 29

100.0
10.5
17.4
16.9
9.7
9.9
6.2

100.0
28.9
27.7
24 .1
6.1
J.6
4.8
1. 2
2.4

30
35
40
45
50
55

-

34
39
44
49
54
59

6. 4
4.4
2.8
2.8
2.5
1.4

60
70
80
90
100

-

69
79
89
99
109

4.8
1.4
1.2
0. 5
0. 4

110
120
130
140
150

- 119
- 129
- 139
- 149
and over

0.4
0.4
-

Med ian° non-relief earn ings

($)

Mean° no"-rel ief earn ing s (l)

-

1. 2

-

-

-

17 .20

8.30

24.20

100.0 100.0 100.0 100 . 0 100.0 100 ,0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4. 5
4.7
8.0
- 2.4
15.5 lJ.J
4.J
5.J
9.8
4.7
10.0
8.7
15.9 10.5
26.0 19. 0 16.0
9.4 11.4
14.0 11. 9
7.J
23.2 18.0 19 . 1
J.3
4.5 14.0
2.4
6.7
9.8
11.8
9.0
9.6
lJ. 8
9.4
11.4
7.0 11. 9 20.0
7.3
7.8 12.3 11. 7
4.7
8.0
5 .,3
7.3
7.1
5.,3
- 4.9
6.8
11. 9
11.9
4.8
2. 4
4.8
4.8

1.8
1.8
0.9
1.4
0.5
0.5

5.7
3.3
1.0
1. 9
1.9
0.5

5.3
4.J
J.7
J.2
4.J
1.6

8.7
7.2
7.2
2.2
5.8
0. 7

12.5
4.5
2. J
6 .8
5. 7
2.3

19.3
.3. 5
J.5
3.5

2 .,3
0.5
0.9

1.4
0.5
0.9

9.0
1.1

5.7
2.3
1.1
-

5.J
J.5
1.8

14.J

-

-

-

0.5

-

-

1.4
-

-

-

-

1. 7

-

8.0
0.7
-

2. 1
-

-

-

1.8

-

2.2
0. 7

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.8

-

-

1,3. 4
J.J
13.3

9.8
4.9
7.3
2.4

10.0

4.9

6.7

2.4
14.6
4.9
2.4
4.9

-

J ..3
10.0

-

-

-

-

11.JO 14.40 20 . 20 25.00 25.90 23 .90 ,3,3.50 ,38.,30 3,3.90

10.50 16.00 19.90 27.10

JO.JO 29.70 28 .80 ,36.00 40. 20 42.10

asee te b le 13a tor the relat ionship o r th is figure to the 10 ,0 00 case total .

blnasmuch as the median and the mean are frequently used in the analysis of incOffle

data , both of these averages are shOwn.

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

-19-

Table 17.

COMBINED INCOME OF SUPPLEMENTED CUES-DISTR IBUTION ACCORDING TO COMBINED RELIEF

INCOME AND NON-RELIEF EARNINGS OF CASES ON RELIEF THROUGHOUT MAY 1935
WITH PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT, BY SIZE OF CASE, 13 CITIES

Combined Income
(nearest dol 1ar)
Total cases
Cases not reporting
Cases reporting

Persons in Case
Al 1
Cases

1, 148a
55
1,093

1
88
6
82

2

3

4

226
8
218

217
8
209

199

6

5

11

188

144
6
138

8

7

96
8
88

60
3
57

10 or
More

9
44

2
42

33
3
30

41

-

41

Percent Dtstrtoutton
Cases reporting
$ 4 or less
5- 9

100.0

-

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

-

15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29

1.0
2.0
6.0
6.8
8.1

13.4
17.1
30.5
14 . 7
9.8

30
.35
40
45
50
55

-

.34
,39

9.6
8.9
8.2
6.8
5.1
5.7

7.3
2.4
1.2
1. 2

60
70
80
90
100

-

69
79
89
99
109

10.9
7. 2

1.2
1.2

110
120
130
140
150

- 119
- 129
- 139
- 149
and over

1.6
1.1
0.5
0.4
0.6

10 - 14

44

49
54
59

4.4

3. 5
1.6

-

-

-

-

2.3
12.8
13. 7
14. 7

1.4
3.8
9.6
11.0

20.2
15.1
6.4
4.6
2.3
0.5
.3.2
2.3
0.5
0.5

-

1.1
3.7
9.6

0.7
2.2
2.2

1.1
2.3
2.3

14.3
14.8
16.3
7.7
4. 3
5.3

8.0
9.6
12.8
8.5
5.,3
7.4

5.1
5.8
10.9
8.0
7.3
12.3

2.,3
2.3
15.9
5.7
9.1

1.7
5.3
1.8
5.3
14.0
10.5

.3.3
3.8
1.0

12. 8
9.0
4.2
2.7
1.6

22.5
10.9
4 . .3
2.9
1.4

.30.8
10.2
6.8
5.7
1.1

17.5
12.3
10.5
10.5
3. 5

1.6
0.5

1.4

1.1
1.1
1.1

1.8
1.8

-

0.9

0.5
1.4
0.5

--

-

-

0.5
1.1

-

100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

-

1.0

-

100.0 100.0

-

-

-

-

0.7
1.4

-

-

-

-

1.7

2.4
2.4

-

2.4
4.8
11. 9

-

-

-

-

10.0
3.3

2.4
2.4
9.8

11.9
19.0
23.7
9.5

1.3 . .3
13 . .3
13.3
.30.1
6.7

7.3
12 .2
12.2
9.8
14. 7

6.7

7.3
9.8

-

-

-

-

-

4.8
4.8
2.4

1.1

1.8

-

-

.3.3
-

2.4

2.4
7.3

Medianb relief income ($)

44 .10

17.70 31.10 37.80 47 .60 57.70 62.50 65.00 77.00 87.00 9,3.30

Meanb combined incomee ($)

50 .60

20.10 33,50 41.50 53.90 59.30 64.40 69. 70 76.10 84 •.30 96. 70

asee table 1,a for the relati001shlp of this figure to the 10 . 000 case total.
b,nasmuch as the 1Ndlan and the Mean are frequently used IA the anelysis of incOMe
data, both of these averages are shown .
eThe 11ld-value assigned by inspection to the 1150 and over class Is 1171 .50.

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Digitized by

Original from

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY