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Worklife Estimates:
Effects of Race and Education
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U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
February 1986
Bulletin 2254
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Worklife Estimates:
Effects of Race and Education
U.S. Department of Labor
W illiam E. Brock, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
February 1986
Bulletin 2254
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402
Preface
This bulletin on new estimates of working life for men
and women continues the BLS series begun in 1950,
and incorporates methodological improvements intro
duced in 1982. It contains, in addition to a discussion of
changes in worklife expectancy since 1977—first pub
lished in the March 1982 Monthly Labor Review—
updated and expanded worklife tables for 1980, including
the effects of race and educational attainment on worklife
expectancy.
The author, Shirley J. Smith, is a demographic statis
tician in the Office of Employment and Unemployment
Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This bulletin
is based on a paper she and Francis W. Horvath, an
economist with the Bureau, presented at the 1984
annual meeting of the Population Association of
America, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Robert J. Mclntire
and Jeannette Montgomery, of the Data Services Group,
assisted in the preparation of the tables. The text for this
bulletin is reprinted from the August 1985 Monthly
Labor Review, pages 23-30, and includes some data
corrections.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced with
out permission.
Contents
Page
Revised worklife tables reflect 1979-80 experience........................................................................................
\
Technical appendix.........................................................................................................................................
31
Tables of working life:
A-l Working life table for men, 1979-80 .........................................................................................
A-2 Life and worklife expectancies for men by race, 1979-80 ........................................................
A-3 Worklife expectancies for men by schooling completed, 1979-80..............................................
A-4 Working life table for women, 1979-80......................................................................................
A-5 Life and worklife expectancies for women by race, 1979-80.....................................................
A-6 Worklife expectancies for women by schooling completed, 1979-80 .........................................
Rates of labor force mobility:
B-l Labor force accession rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80 ...................
B-2
Total labor force separation rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed,
1979-80 ..................................................................................................................................
B-3
Voluntary labor force separation rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed,
1979-80 ..................................................................................................................................
B-4
Net labor force mobility rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed,
1979-80 ..................................................................................................................................
B-5
Labor force accessions per 1,000 persons alive at beginning of age interval by sex,
age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80........................................................................
B-6
Total labor force separations per 1,000 persons alive at beginning of age interval
by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80...........................................................
B-7
Labor force accessions per 1,000 inactive persons by sex, age, race, and schooling
completed, 1979-80 ................................................................................................................
B-8
Total labor force separations per 1,000 active persons by sex, age, race, and
schooling completed, 1979-80 ...............................................................................................
B-9
Remaining labor force accessions per person entering age interval by sex, age,
race, and schooling completed, 1979-80 ...............................................................................
B-10 Remaining voluntary labor force separations per person entering age interval by sex,
age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80........................................................................
v
9
13
14
15
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Revised worklife tables
reflect 1979-80 experience
New worklife estimates, based on an expanded sample
of individuals, provide more complete measures
of labor force behavior than were previously
possible; the effects of race and educational
attainment on lifetime economic activity
are exploredfor the first time
S h ir l e y J. S m it h
It is estimated that if mortality conditions and labor force
entry and exit rates held constant at levels observed in 1979
to 1980, males bom during those years would work about
a third longer (38.8 years) over their lifetimes than would
their female counterparts (29.4 years). Whites would work
considerably longer than blacks and others, with white women
working more than 2 years longer and white men nearly 7
years longer than their minority counterparts. The impact
of education would be seen not only in occupational choice,
but also in the total length of time spent in the labor force.
Although remaining in school might delay career entry,
those who studied longest would also spend the most years
being economically active.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has been producing worklife estimates for the U.S. population since 1950. Initially,
these estimates portrayed workers as being continuously
active from the time of initial labor force entry until final
retirement. In 1982, after completing a major study of worklife methodology, the b l s published its first set of incrementdecrement, or multistate, working life tables for the years
1970 and 1977.1 Based on observed rates of labor force
entry and exit at all ages, those tables for the first time
Shirley J. Sm ith is a dem ographic statistician in the Office o f E m ploym ent
and U nem ploym ent Statistics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. This report is
based on a paper she and Francis W . H orvath, an econ om ist with the
Bureau, presented at the 1984 annual m eeting o f the Population A ssociation
o f A m erica, M inneapolis, m n .
1
quantified the impact of midlife labor force withdrawal and
reentry on worklife duration. Their publication drew re
sponses from many economists involved in litigation of
wrongful injury or death cases. Several such responses have
been published in the Monthly Labor Review,2 and some of
the refinements proposed by readers have since been im
plemented in b l s worklife research.3
This analysis incorporates some of those refinements,
updates the 1982 study, and presents a new set of official
worklife estimates based on patterns observed during the
period 1979-80. It also adds two new dimensions to the
discussion, for the first time exploring how race and edu
cational background affect lifetime labor force behavior.
Method of the new study
As was the case with previous b l s worklife estimates,
the new figures have been calculated from information col
lected in the Current Population Survey ( c p s ) , a nationwide
monthly household survey conducted by the Bureau of the
Census on behalf of the b l s . 4 Individuals are interviewed
during each of 4 successive months, and again in the same
4 months of the following year. Questions focus on the
labor force behavior of household members during the week
preceding each interview.
For the period of study, c p s records have been matched
so that each person’s status at the beginning and end of a
12-month interval can be compared. Labor force transitions
have been registered if labor force status changed between
the two reference dates. Transition rates have been devel
oped for each age, sex, race, and educational category to
identify the group’s unique pattern of labor force mobility.
The worklife tables for 1977 were derived from a single
matched sample of about 40,000 persons, interviewed in
January 1977 and again in January 1978. To provide the
additional demographic detail presented below, the current
study pools six matched samples focusing on individuals’
labor force status in a given month of 1979 and in the same
month of 1980. Specifically, the study focuses on persons
interviewed in the following months of each of the 2
years: January, March, May, July, September, and No
vember. Together the six samples include nearly 255,000
matched responses.5
The multistate working life table model is extremely sen
sitive to rapid changes in rates of labor force entry or with
drawal. Tables based on a recessionary period, during which
labor force exits increase, present a very bleak picture of
lifetime labor force involvement. Conversely, those cal
culated during periods of rapid recovery or expansion tend
to overstate the average degree of lifetime labor force at
tachment. To avoid the problems caused by the cyclical
swings of the early 1980’s, the current study rests on data
for a somewhat earlier but less turbulent period, 1979 to
1980.
The cost of avoiding cyclical irregularities in this way is
that certain secular trends may be understated. To the extent
that underlying patterns of male and female labor force
involvement have converged since 1980, the sex differen
tials in this report may overstate those now in evidence.
However, until it is possible to update the tables again, the
1979-80 period has been judged the most viable for cal
culation of multistate worklife estimates.
two new dimensions to the estimation of worklife: race and
education. Tables are presented separately for each of these
two variables. However, the combined impact of race and
education has not been computed because file present matched
sample is too limited to develop reliable joint probabilities.
Working life tables show the combined effects of mor
tality and labor force mobility rates on lifetime labor force
involvement. The mortality estimates used in this report are
averages of the 1979 and 1980 values released by the Na
tional Center for Health Statistics.7 Tables by race incor
porate the effects of sex- and race-specific mortality. Those
focusing on education employ only sex-specific rates, be
cause there are no comparable mortality tables by education.
Of course, access to health care is apt to be correlated with
schooling. If it were possible to quantify this relationship,
the tables would probably show still wider discrepancies
between the worklives of the less and more educated.
Apart from the factors listed above, all of which affect
the behavior of workers, certain properties of the data may
also influence our perception of that behavior. Model as
sumptions and sample design are two such factors. The b l s
worklife model has changed little since 1977; it should cause
no marked discontinuities.8However, the expanded sample,
in which subsets are observed at six different points during
the year, captures more labor force mobility than was ev
ident in the earlier tables. In particular, the new sample
includes two groups of persons whose labor force behavior
was observed, retrospectively, in May and July of each of
the 2 years. This is the period during which students and
seasonal workers are most likely to report themselves as
economically active.
Neither worklife expectancies nor net flows appear to
have changed greatly between 1977 and the end of the
decade. But rates of labor force accession and separation
rose noticeably. Because of modification of the sample, such
differences should not be interpreted as an accurate reflection
of “changes” in mobility rates.
Factors affecting worklife duration
In the working life tables for 1970 and 1977, worklife
duration was treated as if it were a simple function of sex
and age. Tables were prepared separately for men and women,
giving no additional demographic or functional detail by
race, educational attainment, occupation, or other charac
teristics that might distinguish high from low turnover groups.
In reality, labor force attachments are influenced by a
variety of factors, including training, health, marital and
family responsibilities, economic opportunity, and addi
tional sources of income. However, it is not feasible to
control for all of these factors in computing worklife ex
pectancy. For example, while worklife estimates by occu
pation are in particular demand, it would require development
of a clustering scheme for occupations by prevailing work
patterns, together with study of job changes among poten
tially hundreds of occupations, to compute them. The only
other approach is to assume that no such changes occur.6
Because neither of these alternatives is practical, no such
estimates are computed. Nonetheless, this study does add
Developments between 1977 and 1979-80
The general relationships observed in earlier worklife ta
bles remained valid through the end of the 1970’s. Women
continued to have higher probabilities of labor force exit
and reentry than men. Consequently, men continued to have
longer worklives, on average, than women. (See table 1.)
Not surprisingly, the worklife expectancy of persons in the
labor force was higher than that of the inactive population.
The gap was small for young persons, but widened consid
erably with age. Men who were in the labor force at age
50 could expect to work 4.8 years longer than other men
at that age. The comparable figure for women was 4.5 years.
Between 1977 and 1980, the cross-sectional participation
rates of men changed very little. (See table 2.) Those of
older teenagers and men above the age of 55 dropped slightly.
In contrast, the activity rates of women continued to climb.
There was an overall gain of more than 3 percentage points,
2
half year of life, but allocated this additional time to labor
force activity and reduced nonmarket time by an average
of .7 years, for a total worklife gain of 1.2 years. As a
result, the sex differential in worklife continued to narrow.
Whereas in 1977 the 20-year-old woman could expect to
work 70.7 percent as long as her male counterpart, by 197980 the ratio had risen to 73.9 percent.
The trend toward earlier retirement observed between
1970 and 1977 appeared to have leveled off in the closing
years of the decade. The worklife expectancy of 65-yearold men, which had dropped from 3.1 years in 1970 to 1.9
in 1977, was 2.3 years by the end of the decade. (See table
4.) For women of a comparable age, the figure had dropped
from 1.4 to 1.1 years, but stood at 1.5 years by 1979-80.
The model’s insensitivity to hours of work makes it difficult
to interpret these changes. They may well reflect the im
permanence of many retirement decisions, and the fact that
so-called retirees often resume part-time jobs for either eco
nomic or social reasons.10
The new tables show little change in the proportion of
persons expected to die while economically active. (See
table 4.) In 1977, the figures for men and women were 27.0
percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, compared with 27.4
percent and 10.4 percent for 1979-80.
Table 1. Worklife expectancy of the population, 1970 and
1977, and of all persons by labor force status in 1979-80,
by sex and age
[In years]
S e x an d
ag e
W o rk life e xp e c ta n c y
o f th e p o p u la tio n
19 70
19 77
W o rk life e x p e c ta n c y by cu rren t la b o r
fo rc e s ta tu s , 1 9 7 9 - 8 0
T o ta l
A c tiv e
In a ctive
38.8
38.3
35.7
31.8
27.1
22.1
16.9
M en
....................................
3 7.8
3 7.9
3 8.8
—
16
..............................
3 8 .7
38.5
39 .1
3 9.8
20
0
..............................
3 7.3
3 6 .8
3 7.4
25
..............................
3 4 .4
33 .4
3 3 .1
3 3 .5
30
..............................
3 0 .6
2 9 .2
2 8 .9
2 9 .2
35
..............................
26 .1
2 4 .7
2 4 .5
2 4 .8
40
..............................
2 1 .7
20 .3
2 0 .0
2 0 .4
45
..............................
17.4
15 .9
1 5 .7
16 .3
50
..............................
13 .4
1 1 .7
11 .6
12 .3
55
..............................
9 .5
7 .8
7 .8
8 .7
36 .8
.
11 8
42
60
..............................
6 .0
4 .3
4 .4
5 .7
2 2
65
..............................
3 .1
1.9
2 .3
4 .1
70
..............................
1 .4
.9
1.2
3 .2
75
..............................
.6
.5
.6
1 .7
12
4
.0
W om en
....................................
2 2 .3
2 7.5
2 9 .4
—
16
..............................
2 2 .5
2 7 .7
2 9 .3
3 0 .1
0
20
..............................
2 1.3
2 6 .0
2 7.2
2 7.9
25
..................
19 .0
2 3 .0
2 4 .0
2 4 .8
30
..............................
16 .7
19 .9
20 .8
2 1.7
35
..............................
1 4 .6
16 .8
17 .6
1 8 .6
40
..............................
12 .3
13 .7
1 4 .3
15 .5
45
..............................
9.9
10 .5
1 1 .1
12 .5
50
..............................
7.5
7.5
8 .0
9 .8
55
..............................
5 .2
4 .8
5 .2
7 .2
60
..............................
3 .1
2.5
3 .0
5 .0
65
..............................
1.4
1.1
1.5
3 .8
70
..............................
.5
.5
.8
3 .0
75
..............................
.1
.1
.3
1.3
29.4
28.7
26.1
22.6
19.1
15.7
12.1
8.4
5.3
2.9
1.5
.7
.3
.0
Differentials by race and education
Although expansion of the data base for the present study
has obscured our view of changing labor force mobility
rates, this loss has been more than offset by an improved
perspective on racial and educational differentials. Data users
have long pressed for more focused tables, and the new
estimates should meet some of their more urgent needs.
Life table models derive their estimates of lifetime be
havior not from panel studies but from a series of crosssectional surveys collected during a single year. Each age
with the largest change occurring in the age range 25 to 54.
This change in cross-sectional rates signaled shifts in the
underlying patterns of labor force involvement. However,
because the multistate model builds on flow data (that is,
entry and exit rates) rather than stocks (activity rates), the
relationship between changes in activity rates and worklife
values is sometimes weak.9
During the period in question, the observed participation
rate for men 16 and older edged downward from 77.7 per
cent to 77.4 percent, while their worklife expectancy rose
by .6 years. Worklife expectancies held steady for men aged
55 to 64, despite a modest drop in activity rates. Further,
despite the observed drop in participation rates of those 65
and older, worklife expectancies for these men actually rose
slightly as life expectancy increased.
Among women 16 and older, whose total activity rate
rose by 3.1 percentage points, worklife duration increased
by 1.8 years. The fact that expectancies rose across the
board indicates that women of all ages were developing a
stronger bond with the job market.
The relationship between lifespans and worklife expec
tancies is particularly revealing. (See table 3.) Between 1977
and the end of the decade, the life expectancy of the average
20-year-old man rose by half a year. His worklife expec
tancy went unchanged, the entire gain being allocated to
nonmarket activity. Women of the same age also gained a
Table 2. Annual average civilian labor force participation
rates by sex and age, 1977 and 1980
[In percent]
S e x an d ag e
19 77
19 8 0
Change,
19 7 7 -8 0
Men, total ..............................
1 6 -1 7 ...........................
1 8 -1 9 ...........................
2 0 -2 4 ...........................
2 5 -3 4 ...........................
77.7
50.3
72.5
85.7
95.4
77.4
50.1
71.3
85.9
95.2
-.3
-.2
-1 .2
.2
-.2
...........................
...........................
...........................
over ..................
95.7
91.2
74.0
20.1
95.5
91.2
72.1
19.0
-1 .9
-.9
W om en, total ........................
1 6 -1 7 ...........................
1 8 -1 9 ...........................
2 0 -2 4 ...........................
2 5 -3 4 ..........................
48.4
42.2
60.5
66.5
59.5
51.5
43.6
61.9
68.9
65.5
3.1
1.4
1.4
2.4
6.0
59.6
55.8
41.0
8.1
65.5
59.9
41.3
8.1
5.9
4.1
.2
3 5 -4 4
4 5 -5 4
5 5 -6 4
65 and
3 5 -4 4
4 5 -5 4
5 5 -6 4
65 and
3
...........................
...........................
...........................
over ..................
-.2
—
—
Race. Because the two components of worklife estimates,
mortality and labor force behavior, are known to vary by
race, the estimates themselves must also do so if appropri
ately tabulated. The new tables based on 1979-80 data now
allow us to quantify the lifetime relationship between race
and labor force involvement. As might be expected, the
impact is striking, particularly for men.
Consider first the probabilities of moving into and out of
the labor force. Among all men ages 16 to 64 who are
outside the job market, whites are more likely to enter than
are their minority counterparts. (See table 5.) Among those
already in the labor force, blacks and others are the more
likely to withdraw. The pool of inactive minority members
is thus disproportionately large and contributes to a high
incidence of labor force mobility at all ages.
The result is that minority men are estimated to average
4.3 labor force entries and 3.9 withdrawals per lifetime,
while white men average 3.9 entries and 3.6 withdrawals.
(See table 4.) Based on the observations for the reference
period, the worklife expectancy of blacks and others was
nearly 7 years shorter than that of whites (32.9 years vs.
39.8 years). Minority men spent an average of just 50 per
cent of their lives in labor force activity, compared with 56
percent for whites. This dilference was all the more striking
because whites tended to live longer, allowing them greater
potential for both a longer worklife and post-retirement lei
sure. Far more blacks and others were likely to die before
retirement (31.7 percent as against 26.7 percent for whites).
group in the population being analyzed contributes a single
year of life to the synthetic whole. It is possible to derive
group-specific estimates only if the group is closed to entry
and exit. If its members remain so classified for life, the
experiences of older persons can be used to derive a syn
thetic “ future” for the young.
In the new tables, the population is subdivided by sex,
race, and educational attainment. While subject to misclassification, each of these traits is normally fixed during the
adult years. Sex and race are particularly stable, and beyond
the mid 20’s, education—especially as classified here—is
also relatively fixed. Only persons who already have some
advanced training are likely to continue schooling, and at
tainment levels, once achieved, cannot be lost. Because
these groupings are closed, they satisfy the constraints of
the model. And because they relate closely to labor force
behavior, they are substantively meaningful controls.
The specific categories of tabulation have been dictated
by sample size and population distribution. The two racial
categories displayed are white (88 percent of the sample)
and blacks and others (12 percent). A separate set of tables
details years of schooling completed, using the categories
of less than high school (about 20 percent of the sample),
high school graduate to 14 years (about 52 percent of the
sample), and 15 years or more (about 28 percent). At older
ages, the sample of highly educated persons is very thin,
particularly for women. This has made the more conven
tional cutoff of a college degree impossible to implement.
Table 3. Changes In life and worklife expectancies by sex, selected years, and changes from 1977 to 1979-80
L if e e x p e c ta n c y
W o rk life m o d e l,
W o rk life e x p e c ta n c y
A ll p e rso n s
s e x , an d y e a r
At
A t age
birth
20
A t birth
In a c tiv e y e a rs
P e r c e n t of
(to ta l p o p u la tio n )
life s p a n a c tiv e
W o rk e rs
A t ag e
A t ag e
20
20
R a tio of
fe m a le to
m a le w o rk life
Fro m
Fro m
Fro m
Fro m
e x p e c ta n c ie s
birth
age 20
birth
age 20
at age 20
M en
Conventional m odel:
1900
...........................................................................................
4 6 .3
4 2 .2
3 2 .1
3 7.8
3 9 .4
1 4 .2
4 .4
1940
...........................................................................................
6 1.2
4 8 .6
3 8 .1
3 9 .7
4 1 .3
2 3 .1
7 .1
6 2 .3
84 .8
0
0
1950
...........................................................................................
6 5 .5
4 8 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 3 .1
2 4 .0
7.5
6 3 .4
8 4 .7
0
1960
...........................................................................................
66.8
49 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 2 .9
2 5 .7
8 .7
6 1.5
8 2 .5
0
6 9 .3
8 9 .6
In c re m e n t- d e c r e m e n t m o d e l :
1970
...........................................................................................
6 7.1
49 .6
3 7.8
3 7.3
38.0
2 9 .4
12 .3
5 6 .3
75 .2
0
1977
...........................................................................................
6 9 .3
5 1 .3
3 7.9
36 .8
3 7.3
3 1.5
14 .5
5 4 .7
7 1 .7
0
7 0 .0
5 1.8
3 8.8
36 .8
3 7.4
3 1.2
1 5 .0
5 5 .4
71.0
0
.7
.5
.9
.0
.1
.5
.7
- . 7
0
19 79 -8 0
...........................................................................
C h a n g e , 1 9 7 7 to 1 9 7 9 - 8 0
...............................
-.3
W om en
Conventional m odel:
1900
...........................................................................................
4 8 .3
4 3 .8
6.3
1940
...........................................................................................
6 5 .7
5 0 .4
12 .1
( 2)
11 .9
1950
...........................................................................................
7 1.0
5 3 .7
1 5 .1
14 .5
1960
...........................................................................................
73 .1
5 5 .7
2 0 .1
1 8 .6
0
4 2 .0
13 .7
5 3 .6
0
3 8 .5
13 .0
0
1 8 .4
2 3 .6
0
3 0 .0
0
3 7.3
5 5 .9
3 9 .2
2 1.3
2 7.0
3 5 .0
5 3 .0
3 7.1
2 7.5
3 3 .4
4 5 .0
Increm ent-decrem ent m odel:
1970
........................................................................................... .
1977
...........................................................................................
19 79 -8 0
............................................................................
C h a n g e , 1 9 7 7 to 1 9 7 9 - 8 0
...............................
74 .8
5 6 .7
2 2 .3
2 1.3
2 2 .1
35 4
29 8
37 6
57 1
5 8.6
2 7.5
2 6 .0
2 6 .7
4 9 .7
3 2 .6
3 5 .7
4 4 .4
7 0 .7
5 9 .1
2 9 .4
2 7.2
2 7.9
4 8 .2
3 1.9
3 7.9
4 6 .0
73 .9
.5
.5
1.9
1.2
1.2
2.2
1.6
3 .2
1 N o t applic able.
2D a ta n o t av ailable.
5 2 .4
7 7 .1
7 7 .6
4
-1 .5
- .7
Table 4. Selected worklife indices by sex, 1970, 1977, and 1979-80, and by sex, race, and years of schooling completed,
1979-80
[I n y e a r s , un le ss o t h er w is e I ndicated]
M en
W om en
T o ta l
19 7 9 -8 0
Race
In d e x
an d a g e
19 70
19 77
19 7 9 -8 0
S c h o o lin g co m p le te d
W h ite
B la c k s
an d
othe rs
Less
than
high
sch ool
19 7 9 -8 0
T o ta l
H ig h
school
to 1 4
y e a rs
15
y e a rs
or
m ore
Race
19 70
19 77
19 7 9 -8 0
W h ite s
S c h o o lin g co m p le te d
B lac ks
and
othe rs
Less
than
high
sch ool
H ig h
sch ool
to 1 4
y e a rs
73 .9
7 7 .6
7 7 .6
15
y e a rs
or
m ore
Lif e exp e c ta n c y:
A t b i r t h ..........................................................................................
6 7.1
69.3
70 .0
7 0 .7
6 5 .3
7 0 .0
70 .0
7 0 .0
A t ag e 2 5
................................................................................
4 5 .1
4 6 .8
4 7.3
4 7.9
4 3 .3
4 7.3
4 7.3
4 7.3
5 1 .9
5 3 .8
5 4 .2
5 4 .7
5 1 .0
5 4 .2
5 4 .2
5 4 .2
A t ag e 6 0
................................................................................
1 6 .1
17 .0
17.5
17.6
16 .5
17.5
17.5
17 .5
20 .8
2 2 .1
2 2 .4
2 2 .6
2 1.0
2 2 .4
2 2 .4
2 2 .4
A t age 6 5
................................................................................
13 .1
13 .9
1 4 .2
1 4 .3
13 .8
1 4 .2
1 4 .2
1 4 .2
17 .0
1 8 .3
1 8 .5
1 8 .7
1 7 .7
1 8 .5
18 .5
18 .5
74 .8
77.1
7 7 .6
7 8 .3
77.6
W o rk lif e e x p e c t a n c y :1
A t b i r t h ..........................................................................................
3 7.8
3 7.9
3 8.8
3 9.8
3 2 .9
23 4 .6
23 9 . 9
24 1 . 1
22.3
2 7.5
2 9 .4
2 9 .7
2 7.4
22 2 . 3
23 0 .1
23 4 . 9
A t ag e 2 5
................................................................................
3 4 .0
33 .4
3 3 .1
33 .8
2 8 .6
2 9 .2
33 .8
36 .1
19 .0
2 3 .0
2 4 .0
24 .1
2 3 .5
1 7 .9
2 4 .4
2 7.9
A t ag e 6 0
................................................................................
6.0
4 .3
4 .4
4 .5
3 .3
3 .3
4 .7
6.3
3 .1
2.5
3 .0
3 .0
3 .0
2 .3
3 .3
3 .5
A t a g e 6 5 ................................................................................
3 .1
1.9
2 .3
2 .3
1.8
1.8
2.4
3 .6
1 .4
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.8
P e r c e n t o f life e c o n o m i c a l l y a c t i v e : 3
5 6 .3
5 4 .7
5 5.4
5 6 .3
5 0 .4
4 9 .4
5 7 .0
5 8 .7
2 9 .8
3 5 .7
3 7.9
3 7.9
3 7.1
2 8 .7
3 8.8
4 5 .0
F r o m a g e 2 5 ......................................................................
76 .3
7 1 .4
70 .0
7 0 .6
66.1
6 1.7
71.5
76 .3
36.6
4 2 .8
4 4 .3
4 4 .1
46 .1
33.0
4 5 .0
5 1 .5
.............................................
3 7.3
25 .3
2 5 .1
2 5 .6
2 0 .0
18 .9
2 6 .9
36.0
1 4 .9
1 1 .3
13 .4
13 .3
1 4 .3
1 0 .3
1 4 .7
15 .6
F r o m a g e 6 5 ......................................................................
2 3 .7
1 3 .7
16 .2
16 .1
13 .0
12 .7
16 .9
2 5 .4
8 .2
6 .0
8 .1
8.0
8 .5
6.5
9 .7
9 .7
P e r s o n b o r n ...........................................................................
2.9
3 .0
3 .9
3 .9
4 .3
4 .3
3 .7
4 .6
4 .6
4 .5
5 .5
5 .6
5 .4
5 .8
5 .6
5 .6
P e r s o n a g e 2 5 .................................................................
1.2
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.0
1.5
1.4
2 .8
2 .7
3 .0
3 .0
3 .1
3 .3
3 .2
2 .7
F r o m b i r t h ................................................................................
F r o m ag e 6 0
L a b o r fo rc e entries per:
Exp e c te c te d du ratio n p er ent ry
rem ainin g :
F r o m b i r t h ................................................................................
13 .0
12.6
9.9
1 0 .2
7 .7
8 .0
1 0 .8
8 .9
4 .8
6 .1
5 .3
5 .3
5 .1
3 .8
5 .4
6 .2
F r o m age 2 5
2 9 .4
29 .1
22 .1
2 2 .5
15 .9
1 4 .6
2 2 .5
2 5 .8
6 .8
8 .6
8 .0
8 .0
7.6
5 4
7 6
1 0 .3
A t b i r t h ..........................................................................................
2.6
2 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .9
4 .0
3 .6
4 .5
4 .5
4 .4
5 .4
5 .5
5 .4
5 7
5 7
4 7
A t ag e 2 5
................................................................................
1.6
1 .7
2 .3
2 .3
2.4
2 .7
2 .3
2.2
3 .3
3 .3
3 .8
3 .8
3 7
3 8
4 0
3 .6
P e r c e n t d y i n g w h i l e a c t i v e ....................................
3 6.3
2 7.0
2 7.4
2 6 .7
3 1 .7
2 3 .0
2 8 .6
3 4 .0
10 .8
9.5
1 0 .4
9 .7
1 4 .6
8 .0
11.2
12 .4
.
..................................................
V o l u n t a r y exits rem ainin g :
1 P o p u l a t io n -b a s e d in d ex.
3 R a t i o o f w o r k l i f e t o life e x p e c t a n c y a t t h e g i v e n a g e .
2 Y e a r s o f w o r k e x p e c t e d , if t h i s le ve l o f e d u c a t i o n is a t t a i n e d .
Education. The new tables reveal a clear and direct re
lationship between years of schooling and duration of labor
force involvement. As noted earlier, the size of the differ
ential is probably understated. There has been no attempt
to estimate the impact of education on health and survival.
The mechanism whereby education affects worklife du
ration is probably occupational selection. Although the link
between schooling and occupation is imperfect, many oc
cupations are closed to persons who have not met minimum
educational requirements. Therefore, breaking the popula
tion into three educational strata effectively breaks it into
clusters of occupations for which certain levels of training
may be necessary.
The new tables reveal a decided employment “payoff”
for time spent in school. During the prime working ages,
men with 15 or more years of schooling are roughly half
as likely to leave the job market, if active, as are those
without high school diplomas. (See table 4.) If inactive,
their probability of labor force entry is approximately twice
that of the least educated group. Over a lifetime, the most
educated class of men averages slightly more entries and
exits than do those without high school diplomas, but most
of this turnover occurs relatively early, while many indi
viduals are still in school. After age 25, these men can
Stated differently, although minority men could expect to
spend fewer years in the labor force, their additional periods
of inactivity were more likely to occur during prime working
ages.
The racial differentials in worklife expectancy were less
distinct for women. At most ages, it was minority rather
than white women who were the more likely to enter the
job market, if inactive. (See table 5.) However, they were
also the more likely to withdraw from economic activity.
One apparent difference by race involved the childrearing
years. Neither black nor white women showed strong ten
dencies to withdraw from the job market to have children.
However, the data pointed toward a “ fertility trough,” al
though weak, in the labor force attachment of white women.
Contradicting the patterns observed at other ages, white
women in their 30’s showed a stronger propensity to leave
the labor force than did their minority counterparts, and
those 35 to 44 showed a stronger tendency to reenter. Al
though the timing of midlife labor force withdrawal differed
by race, estimates of lifetime entries and exits for the two
groups are surprisingly similar. (See table 4.) On balance,
white women averaged 2.3 more years of worklife (29.7
years vs. 27.4 years), but this is largely a reflection of their
greater longevity.
5
Table 5. Rates of labor force accession and separation per 1,000 persons at risk, by sex, race, and years of schooling
completed, 1979-80
M en
Age
T o ta l
W h ite
W om en
Y e a rs o f sch o o lin g co m p le te d
Race
Race
B la c k and
L e s s tha n
H ig h s ch ool
1 5 y e a rs
o th e r
h ig h sch ool
to 1 4 y e a rs
o r m o re
T o ta l
W h ite
L a b o r fo rc e a c c e s s io n s p e r 1 ,0 0 0 in a c tiv e m e n
Y e a r s o f s c h o o lin g 'c o m p le te d
B la c k and
L e s s th a n
H ig h sc h o o l
1 5 y e a rs
o th e r
h ig h sc h o o l
to 1 4 y e a rs
o r m o re
L a b o r fo rc e a c c e s s io n s p e r 1 ,0 0 0 In a c tiv e w o m e n
1 6 -1 9
..........................................................
5 9 6 .1
6 2 0 .1
5 2 5 .8
527 5
5 6 4 .1
2 0 -2 4
..........................................................
6 6 6 .4
6 7 2 .6
6 4 9 .0
5 1 1 .2
7 1 9 .2
6 8 5 .2
4 5 4 .8
4 5 7 .5
4 6 2 .1
3 2 0 .1
4 5 7 .4
5 6 8 .7
2 5 -2 9
..........................................................
6 8 1 .4
6 9 3 .1
6 4 6 .8
4 7 7 .2
7 2 1 .9
7 8 3 .3
341 8
3 3 4 .1
3 9 7 .6
268 3
3 4 2 .7
4 2 2 .0
3 0 -3 4
..........................................................
5 4 7 .1
5 5 8 .1
5 2 0 .6
3 3 0 .1
5 6 8 .3
8 0 2 .2
2 9 2 .3
2 8 9 .3
3 2 0 .0
2 2 9 .8
3 0 3 .3
3 1 9 .3
3 5 -3 9
..........................................................
4 0 7 .1
4 4 4 .3
3 0 6 .9
2 7 1 .9
4 0 3 .0
7 5 7 .2
2 7 1 .3
2 7 4 .7
2 4 8 .0
1 8 5 .0
2 8 7 .3
3 3 0 .2
4 0 -4 4
..........................................................
2 9 7 .8
3 2 7 .9
2 0 8 .7
2 3 5 .1
2 8 5 .6
5 3 9 .1
2 2 1 .7
2 2 6 .3
1 89 .1
1 4 9 .0
2 3 7 .2
2 8 7 .3
4 5 -4 9
..........................................................
2 1 7 .7
2 1 8 .5
2 1 3 .2
1 7 2 .8
2 3 3 .2
3 5 0 .6
1 6 4 .1
1 6 3 .9
1 6 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 7 0 .4
1 9 9 .8
5 0 -5 4
..........................................................
1 6 8 .8
1 7 5 .0
1 3 8 .8
1 2 3 .3
2 1 3 .3
2 6 0 .9
1 2 2 .7
1 2 0 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 0 2 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 5 5 .3
5 5 -5 9
..........................................................
1 2 0 .9
1 2 9 .0
7 5 .1
9 3 .4
1 4 2 .8
1 7 4 .5
8 1 .1
7 9 .0
1 0 0 .3
6 7 .8
8 5 .8
9 9 .6
60 64
..........................................................
8 8 .6
9 2 .0
6 2 .9
8 1 .4
9 3 .7
1 0 3 .8
5 6 .4
5 5 .0
6 8 .7
4 8 .4
6 4 .0
5 5 .4
65- 69
..........................................................
7 5 .3
7 5 .1
7 6 .4
6 8 .5
7 8 .7
9 5 .6
4 1 .8
4 0 .9
5 0 .1
3 7 .7
4 7 .9
3 8 .5
7 0 -7 4
..........................................................
5 2 .0
5 1 .8
5 4 .5
5 1 .9
5 0 .2
5 4 .0
3 3 .3
3 3 .9
2 7 .1
2 9 .7
3 8 .9
3 6 .2
3 .9
4 .2
1 .0
4 .7
3 .7
1 .2
3 .1
3 .2
2 .2
2 .6
4 .1
3 .7
75 and o ve r
.............................................
5 0 6 .0
L a b o r fo rc e s e p a ra tio n s p e r 1 ,0 0 0 a c tiv e m en
4 2 5 .4
4 0 9 .3
L a b o r fo rc e s e p a ra tio n s p e r 1 ,0 0 0 a c tiv e w o m e n
1 6 -1 9
..........................................................
2 7 7 .6
2 6 2 .9
4 2 9 .2
2 7 7 .6
2 0 -2 4
..........................................................
1 2 0 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 8 6 .3
1 4 3 .9
3 6 0 .5
2 2 8 .1
2 5 -2 9
..........................................................
5 6 .6
5 2 .6
8 9 .8
9 0 .9
5 0 .9
6 0 .1
1 8 3 .8
1 8 4 .0
1 8 4 .4
3 0 0 .3
1 9 1 .9
1 5 3 .3
3 0 -3 4
..........................................................
3 6 .7
3 3 .5
6 5 .0
5 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 0 .9
1 5 4 .5
1 5 7 .0
1 4 0 .7
2 4 7 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 7 0 .4
3 5 4 .8
3 3 5 .6
5 2 3 .2
2 2 7 .6
2 1 8 .8
2 8 9 .8
4 3 6 .5
1 9 0 .7
1 6 0 .3
1 2 1 .4
3 5 -3 9
..........................................................
3 0 .0
2 7 .7
5 2 .0
5 2 .4
3 0 .0
2 1 .8
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 2 4 .8
1 9 0 .0
1 3 3 .0
9 4 .9
4 0 -4 4
..........................................................
3 0 .8
2 8 .6
4 9 .7
5 1 .3
2 7 .3
2 5 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 0 9 .8
1 1 9 .8
1 5 7 .1
1 1 4 .4
7 8 .3
4 5 -4 9
..........................................................
3 6 .5
3 4 .1
5 6 .1
5 0 .4
3 5 .0
2 8 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 0 9 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 4 5 .8
1 1 4 .3
7 0 .5
5 0 -5 4
...........................................................
5 0 .1
4 8 .3
6 6 .8
6 9 .2
4 8 .4
3 6 .4
1 1 4 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 2 2 .6
1 5 3 .2
1 1 1 .6
8 6 .5
5 5 -5 9
...........................................................
9 8 .9
9 6 .3
1 2 7 .2
1 3 3 .6
9 1 .8
7 1 .2
1 5 1 .5
1 4 9 .9
1 66 .1
1 9 2 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 3 9 .3
2 5 3 .5
2 5 2 .4
2 6 2 .8
2 7 5 .8
2 4 9 .4
6 0 -6 4
...........................................................
2 3 2 .5
2 2 7 .5
2 9 5 .3
2 2 5 .6
1 6 0 .8
6 5 -6 9
..........................................................
3 3 7 .9
3 3 2 .4
3 8 6 .7
4 0 5 .0
3 2 5 .2
2 4 6 .2
3 3 9 .4
3 3 3 .2
3 9 3 .9
3 5 2 .3
3 3 5 .4
3 2 2 .7
7 0 -7 4
..........................................................
3 8 1 .8
3 8 0 .3
3 7 4 .2
4 4 3 .1
3 6 7 .6
2 7 7 .2
3 8 4 .5
3 7 7 .4
4 2 8 .0
4 1 7 .1
3 8 0 .3
3 1 7 .4
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1000 0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
1 0 0 0 .0
7 5 and ove r
.............................................
2 8 6 .5
evident in the separation rates in table 5.) Examples of this
phenomenon include self-employed career professionals such
as attorneys and physicians, who are reputed to remain
active long after most wage and salary workers have retired.
An additional effect of schooling seems to be that—among
those who have “retired,” at least in terms of their principal
job—the most educated are the most likely to return to work
in some capacity, as reflected in accession rates. Finally, if
educational attainment is positively correlated with good
health and longevity, untreated health problems may dis
courage economic activity among the least educated, least
anticipate fewer transitions in either direction.
Over a lifetime, the average man with 15 years of school
ing or more can expect to work 6.5 years longer than his
classmate who left high school before graduation (41.1 vs.
34.6). The same increment to education will have twice as
much impact on the worklife duration of a woman, adding
an average of 12.6 years to her economically active life
(34.9 vs. 22.3 years).
Table 6 isolates the impact of education during three
periods of the worklife cycle: the early and middle phases
and the preretirement years. It displays the number of years
the average person can be expected to work during each
such phase, by sex and years of schooling completed.
At younger ages, education has a two-pronged effect on
men: While failure to earn a high school diploma costs the
individual about a year and a half of worklife between the
ages of 20 and 39, remaining in school also imposes a cost
in terms of forgone employment opportunities. However,
among the group ages 40 to 59, the payoff from education
is very evident. Those completing 15 years of school or
more can expect to work 1 year longer than high school
graduates, and 3 years longer than those who did not grad
uate. Even though higher education, with its greater com
pensation returns, may ease the financial strain of retirement,
it seems to engender a sense of “ career commitment” in
many men which holds them in the labor force. (This is
2 3 8 .6
Table 6. Worklife expectancy of the population between
specific ages,1 by sex and years of schooling completed,
1979-80
Age
S e x a n d y e a rs of
s c h o o lin g co m p le te d
60 an d o v e r
20 to 39
4 0 to 59
M e n , t o t a l ................................................................................................
17.6
16 .3
4 .4
L e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l .........................................
16 .0
1 4 .5
3 .4
H ig h sc h o o l to 1 4 ye a rs
..............................
17 .9
16 .6
4 .7
1 5 y e a r s o r m o r e ........................................................
17 .6
17.5
6 .3
W o m e n , t o t a l ......................................................................................
13 .1
11.6
3 .0
L e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l .........................................
9.5
8 .8
2 .3
..............................
13 .1
11.8
3 .4
1 5 y e a r s o r m o r e ........................................................
1 4 .0
1 4 .7
3 .5
H ig h s c h o o l to 1 4 y e a rs
’ C o m p u t e d u s i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e in w o r k y e a r s r e m a i n i n g a t a g e s 2 0 , 4 0 , a n d 6 0 , d i v i d e d
b y s u r v i v o r s t o e a c h initial a g e .
6
to examine two new dimensions of worklife behavior. It has
also provided more complete measures of movement into
and out of the labor force than were previously possible.
During the period between 1977 and 1979-80, the worklife expectancy of adult men held relatively steady, while
that of women continued to edge upward. For both sexes,
there were indications that many retirement decisions were
being reversed. However, because the model does not mea
sure hours of labor force involvement, the workyears re
maining to older persons may in fact be less “ intense” now
than they were at the beginning of the decade.
Race seems to have more bearing on the worklife patterns
of men than of women. The tables confirmed that minority
men are both more likely to leave the labor force and less
likely to reenter than are whites. The racial differential for
women affects timing of movement more than it does overall
volume.
The more important factor affecting worklife patterns of
women is educational attainment. Using the categories dis
played here, we find that women appear to reap twice as
much “payoff” from additional schooling as do men. Their
additional training appears to drive up the opportunity costs
of alternative activities, encouraging longer and more con
tinuous careers for those who have pursued higher education.
Opportunity costs also appear to play an important role
in the retirement process. For both sexes, higher education
is associated with later retirement. Among the men who do
retire, the most educated are most prone to reenter the work
force. The swifter, more permanent retirement pattern of
persons without high school diplomas may be due, in part,
to health differentials by educational attainment, mentioned
but not fully controlled for in this study.
□
affluent groups, further widening the worklife gap associated
with schooling. Thus, in the final phase of the work cycle,
the most educated group remain active 1.6 years longer than
high school graduates and 3 years longer than those who
never finished high school.
The work patterns of women vary more widely than those
of men. Consequently, education has a stronger potential
impact on female worklife behavior than on that of males.
The new tables show this effect to be the greatest during
the prime working ages. Between the ages of 20 and 39,
women face fundamental tradeoffs among schooling, childrearing, and employment. The opportunity costs of childrearing increase with job skills. During this phase of life,
the woman with 15 years of schooling or more is likely to
work nearly a year longer than the high school graduate,
and 4.5 years longer than her classmate who left high school
early. The differential remains, and in fact widens, through
out midlife. During the next 20 years of her life cycle, the
highly educated woman is likely to work 2.9 years longer
than the high school graduate, and 5.9 years longer than
the nongraduate. The tables suggest that the relationship
between education and retirement patterns is looser for women
than for men. As with men, the most educated show the
least inclination to retire early. (See table 5.) However, once
they have done so, these women are less likely than men
with comparable training to reverse their decision. (As ev
idence, compare accession rates of the most educated men
and women in table 5.)
Conclusions
This latest worklife study, based on a larger sample of
individuals than had been used previously, has enabled us
FOOTNOTEStemporarily expanded to 65,000 households in 1980, and now contains a
potential of 60,000 units.
5Because many respondents appear in more than one of these monthly
matches, the number of individuals included in the pooled sample is con
siderably less than 255,000.
6The multistate model is equipped to deal with a variety of different
“ transitions” simultaneously. It could incorporate data on moves between
occupations, if those data were reliable. However, interoccupational mo
bility has proven difficult to measure accurately, and the number of cat
egories involved would hopelessly fragment the sample. We hope eventually
to develop a few occupational clusters, characterized by unique behavioral
patterns. Only in this way can the model realistically control for occupation.
7National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United
States, 1979, vol. II, section 6, “ Life Tables,” dhhs Publication No.
(phs)84-1101 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984); National Center
for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1980, vol. II,
section 6, “ Life Tables,” dhhs Publication No. (phs)8 4 -1 104 (U.S. Gov
ernment Printing Office, 1984); and unpublished tables from the National
Center for Health Statistics, Public Health Service.
8The internal calculations of the model now begin at age 13, when by
definition all persons are outside the labor force. Entries and exits at 14
and 15 are recorded to yield a more complete count of the labor force at
1See Shirley J. Smith, “ New worklife estimates reflect changing pro
file of labor force,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1982, pp. 15-20;
Shirley J. Smith, Tables of Working Life: The Increment-Decrement Model,
Bulletin 2135 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982); and Shirley J. Smith, New
Worklife Estimates, Bulletin 2157 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).
2See David M. Nelson, “The use of worklife tables in estimates of
lost earning capacity,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1983, pp. 30-31;
John L. Finch, “ Worklife estimates should be consistent with known
labor force participation,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 34-36;
Kenneth J. Boudreaux, “ A further adjustment needed to estimate lost
earning capacity,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1983, pp. 30-31; and
George C. Alter and William E. Becker, “ Estimating lost future earnings
using the new worklife tables,” Monthlv Labor Review, February 1985,
pp. 39-42.
3We now estimate David Nelson’s index of median years to final re
tirement. Following a suggestion by George Alter and William Becker,
we also make assumptions of retirement beyond age 75 explicit. It is
assumed that no one enters the labor force after age 75, and that re
maining years of activity are proportional to the labor force participa
tion rates of CPS respondents, age 76 to 78.
4The sample for 1979 included 56,000 potential households. It was
7
exact age 16. This increased precision has had a minor impact on estimates
of worklife values at birth and in the early teens, but the effect is imper
ceptible at later ages.
9Shirley J. Smith, ‘‘Labor force participation rates are not the relevant
factor,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1983, pp. 36-38.
10Although it would be useful to examine changes in the labor force
entry and exit rates of older persons to learn more about the retirement
process, the expanded sample has rendered such comparisons impossible.
It captures far more gross movement than was evident in earlier tables.
For all men, the 1977 study indicated an average of 3.0 labor force entries
per lifetime; the 1979-80 tables set this average at 3.9. The earlier tables
indicated an average of 2.7 voluntary withdrawals, while this set shows a
figure of 3.6. The picture for women is quite similar. Lifetime entries were
estimated at 4.5 in 1977. With the more sensitive modified sample, the
estimate for 1979-80 was 5.5. Voluntary withdrawals were estimated at
4.4 per lifetime in 1977, 5.4 at the end of the decade.
8
men, 1979-80
Expectation of active and inactive life by current labor force status
Currently active in
labor force
Total population
Active
years
remaining
Inactive
years
remaining
Active
years
remaining
Inactive
years
remaining
Active
years
remaining
apa
V.
X
CO
CD
Life
expectancy
Currently inactive
Inactive
years
remaining
' e ’x
•°a*
<
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
55.5
54.6
53.7
52.8
39.1
38.6
38.0
37.5
16.5
16.0
15.6
15.3
39.8
39.3
38.7
38.1
15.7
15.3
15.0
14.7
38.3
37.7
37.1
36.4
17.2
16.9
16.6
16.3
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
51.8
50.9
50.0
49.1
48.2
47.3
46.4
45.5
44.6
43.7
36.8
36.2
35.4
34.7
33.9
33.1
32.3
31.5
30.6
29.8
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.4
14.3
14.2
14.1
14.1
14.0
13.9
37.4
36.7
35.9
35.1
34.3
33.5
32.7
31.8
30.9
30.1
14.5
14.3
14.1
14.0
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.7
13.7
13.6
35.7
35.0
34.2
33.4
32.6
31.8
30.9
30.0
29.1
28.1
16.1
16.0
15.8
15.7
15.6
15.6
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.6
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
42.8
41.9
40.9
40.0
39.1
38.2
37.3
36.3
35.4
34.5
28.9
28.0
27.1
26.2
25.3
24.5
23.6
22.7
21.8
20.9
13.9
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.7
13.7
13.7
13.7
13.6
13.6
29.2
28.3
27.5
26.6
25.7
24.8
23.9
23.1
22.2
21.3
13.6
13.5
13.5
13.4
13.4
13.4
13.3
13.3
13.2
13.2
27.1
26.2
25.1
24.1
23.1
22.1
21.1
20.0
19.0
17.9
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.9
16.0
16.2
16.3
16.5
16.6
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
33.6
32.7
31.8
30.9
30.1
29.2
28.3
27.5
26.6
25.8
20.0
19.2
18.3
17.4
16.6
15.7
14.9
14.0
13.2
12.4
13.6
13.6
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.4
13.4
13.4
13.4
20.4
19.6
18.7
17.9
17.1
16.3
15.5
14.7
13.9
13.1
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
12.9
12.9
12.8
12.8
12.7
16.9
15.9
14.9
13.8
12.8
11.8
10.9
10.0
9.2
8.3
16.7
16.8
17.0
17.1
17.3
17.3
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
25.0
24.2
23.4
22.6
21.8
21.1
20.3
19.6
18.9
18.2
11.6
10.8
10.0
9.3
8.5
7.8
7.0
6.3
5.6
5.0
13.4
13.4
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.2
13.2
12.3
11.6
10.8
10.1
9.4
8.7
8.0
7.4
6.8
6.2
12.6
12.6
12.5
12.5
12.4
12.4
12.3
12.2
12.1
11.9
7.5
6.8
6.1
5.4
4.7
4.2
3.7
3.2
2.8
2.5
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.2
17.1
16.9
16.7
16.4
16.1
15.7
60
61
62
63
64
65
17.5
16.8
16.1
15.5
14.9
14.2
13.6
13.0
12.5
11.9
4.4
3.9
3.4
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
13.1
12.9
12.7
12.5
12.3
12.0
11.6
11.3
10.9
10.5
5.7
5.3
4.9
4.6
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
11.7
.11.5
11.2
10.9
10.5
10.1
9.7
9.3
8.9
8.5
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.5
15.3
14.9
14.4
14.0
13.5
13.1
12.6
12.2
11.8
11.4
11.4
10.9
10.4
9.9
9.4
9.0
1.2
1.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
10.2
9.8
9.4
9.1
8.7
8.4
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.2
1.7
8.1
7.8
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.2
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
11.0
10.5
10.1
9.7
9.3
8.9
19
20
21
22
66
67
68
69
70
71
9
6 X
'•'x
Table A-1. Working life table for men, 1979-80— Continued
Age-specific rates of transfer per 1 ,000
persons in initial status during age interval
x to X+1
Probability of transition between specified states
during age interval x to x+1
1
Active
to
active
Active
to
inactive
Labor
force
accession
Voluntary
labor force
separation
K
mx
Age
Living
to
dead 1
Inactive
to
inactive
Inactive
to
active
X
•pdx
'P'x
V
yX
VK x
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
16
17
18
19
0.00125
.00148
.00165
.00177
0.58327
.61255
.58417
.55755
0.41547
.38597
.41418
.44068
0.24193
.22043
.17233
.14453
0.75682
.77808
.82602
.85370
0.00126
.00149
.00165
.00177
0.61987
.55491
.58722
.62430
0.36095
.31692
.24433
.20475
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
.00189
.00200
.00206
.00208
.00205
.00202
.00197
.00193
.00191
.00189
.53996
.52949
.51802
.50424
.49876
.49823
.49443
.49646
.50542
.51674
.45815
.46851
.47991
.49369
.49919
.49976
.50360
.50161
.49267
.48136
.12034
.09781
.08162
.07061
.05970
.05036
.04307
.03856
.03544
.03253
.87777
.90019
.91632
.92731
.93825
.94763
.95496
.95950
.96265
.96557
.00189
.00200
.00207
.00208
.00205
.00202
.00197
.00194
.00191
.00190
.64607
.65514
.66891
.68945
.69448
.69103
.69466
.68879
.67094
.64926
.16970
.13678
.11376
.09861
.08305
.06963
.05942
.05296
.04827
.04388
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
.00189
.00189
.00191
.00197
.00204
.00214
.00227
.00241
.00259
.00280
.53604
.55614
.57943
.60220
.60975
.62305
.64356
.66643
.68823
.69788
.46208
.44197
.41866
.39584
.38821
.37481
.35417
.33115
.30918
.29933
,03072
.02889
.02643
.02460
.02371
.02390
.02347
.02198
.02177
.02188
.96740
.96922
.97166
.97343
.97425
.97396
.97426
.97561
.97564
.97533
.00189
.00189
.00191
.00197
.00204
.00215
.00227
.00242
.00259
.00280
.61451
.57933
.53967
.50232
.49003
.46926
.43772
.40324
.37154
.35769
.04085
.03787
.03407
.03122
.02993
.02992
.02901
.02676
.02616
.02614
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
.00303
.00330
.00361
.00396
.00436
.00479
.00528
.00582
.00643
.00711
.71431
.72803
.73243
.75201
.77257
.78558
.79375
.80000
.80836
.81562
.28266
.26867
.26396
.24403
.22307
.20963
.20098
.19418
.18521
.17727
.02185
.02300
.02398
.02400
.02365
.02427
.02573
.02686
.02844
.03011
.97512
.97371
.97241
.97204
.97199
.97094
.96900
.96732
.96513
.96278
.00303
.00330
.00362
.00397
.00437
.00481
.00529
.00584
.00645
.00714
.33453
.31567
.30956
.28301
.25565
.23861
.22795
.21966
.20878
.19928
.02585
.02702
.02812
.02783
.02711
.02762
.02918
.03039
.03206
.03385
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
.00785
.00869
.00947
.01030
.01118
.01211
.01313
.01429
.01563
.01712
.82354
.83046
.83629
.84550
.85423
.86009
.86565
.87491
.88392
.89177
.16861
.16085
.15424
.14419
.13459
.12780
.12122
.11080
.10045
.09111
.03141
.03310
.03561
.03912
.04347
.04883
.05923
.07528
.09089
.11200
.96074
.95821
.95492
.95057
.94534
.93906
.92764
.91043
.89349
.87088
.00788
.00873
.00952
.01036
.01125
.01218
.01322
.01439
.01575
.01727
.18891
.17977
.17213
.16048
.14949
.14198
.13510
.12402
.11293
.10327
.03519
.03699
.03974
.04354
.04829
.05425
.06601
.08426
.10218
.12694
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
.01875
.02046
.02227
.02414
.02612
.02820
.03043
.03293
.03577
.03893
.89889
.90128
.90159
.90324
.90474
.90426
.90424
.90565
.90603
.90693
.08236
.07825
.07615
.07262
.06914
.06754
.06533
.06142
.05820
.05414
.13982
.16430
.18554
.20784
.22803
.24122
.24690
.25232
.25232
.25343
.84143
.81523
.79220
.76802
.74585
.73058
.72267
.71475
.71191
.70764
.01893
.02068
.02252
.02444
.02647
.02860
.03090
.03348
.03642
.03970
.09453
.09103
.08975
.08671
.08356
.08239
.08005
.07554
.07167
.06679
.16048
.19114
.21867
.24817
.27559
.29425
.30255
.31033
.31072
.31262
70
71
72
73
74
75
.04238
.04603
.04979
.05359
.05750
.06161
.90871
.90957
.90948
.90651
.90943
.91349
.04891
.04440
.04073
.03990
.03307
.02478
.26038
.25865
.26201
.27557
.27980
.22977
.69724
.69532
.68820
.67084
.66270
.70850
.04330
.04711
.05106
.05507
.05920
.06357
.06062
.05505
.05070
.05028
.04179
.03037
.32276
.32073
.32619
.34723
.35356
.28162
vv
(12)
Mortality rates used are those of the general male population.
X
10
Mortality
._ d
m X
(13)
'14)
(15)
Table A-1. Working life table for men, 1979-80— Continued
Stationary population living
in each status at exact age x,
per 100,000 persons born
Number of status transfers within stationary
population during age interval x to x+1
Labor force status
Age
Total
Active
Labor
force
entries
Inactive
al
X
\
X
'I X
(17)
(18)
16
17
18
19
(16)
97,823
97,700
97,555
97,394
46,923
56,660
59,926
65,085
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
97,222
97,039
96,845
96,644
96,443
96,246
96,052
95,863
95,678
95,495
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Voluntary
labor force
exits
%
Deaths by labor force status
Total
•td
X
Active
atd
1X
Inactive
.td
X
(23)
50,900
41,040
37,629
32,309
(19)
28,496
21,827
20,534
18,645
18,694
18,474
15,272
13,809
123
145
161
172
65
87
103
119
58
58
58
53
69,801
73,833
77,335
80,226
82,499
84,366
85,885
87,137
87,985
88,489
27,421
23,206
19,510
16,418
13,944
11,880
10,167
8,726
7,693
7,006
16,354
13,992
12,016
10,466
8,967
7,618
6,562
5,655
4,931
4,384
12,188
10,338
8,962
8,023
6,930
5,927
5,140
4,637
4,259
3,890
183
194
200
201
198
194
189
185
183
181
136
151
163
169
171
172
171
170
169
168
48
43
37
32
26
22
19
16
14
13
95,314
95,134
94,954
94,773
94,587
94,394
94,192
93,977
93,751
93,508
88,815
88,922
88,930
88,932
88,882
88,808
88,589
88,292
88,022
87,649
6,499
6,212
6,024
5,841
5,705
5,586
5,603
5,685
5,729
5,859
3,906
3,544
3,201
2,900
2,767
2,625
2,470
2,301
2,153
2,122
3,631
3,368
3,030
2,776
2,659
2,654
2,566
2,359
2,298
2,286
180
180
181
186
193
202
214
227
243
261
168
168
170
175
181
190
201
213
228
245
12
12
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
17
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
93,247
92,963
92,658
92,324
91,957
91,556
91,118
90,637
90,109
89,530
87,241
86,767
86,152
85,493
84,768
83,997
83,141
82,166
81,125
79,961
6,006
6,196
6,506
6,831
7,189
7,559
7,977
8,471
8,984
9,569
2,041
2,005
2,064
1,984
1,885
1,853
1,875
1,917
1,937
1,971
2,249
2,336
2,413
2,369
2,288
2,308
2,412
2,481
2,582
2,685
283
306
334
366
401
439
481
528
579
637
264
285
310
338
369
402
437
477
520
566
19
21
24
28
32
37
43
51
60
71
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
88,893
88,195
87,429
86,601
85,709
84,749
83,724
82,624
81,443
80,170
78,680
77,314
75,833
74,203
72,323
70,171
67,759
64,791
60,963
56,527
10,213
10,881
11,596
12,398
13,386
14,578
15,965
17,833
20,480
23,643
1,992
2,020
2,065
2,069
2,090
2,168
2,283
2,376
2,491
2,636
2,744
2,833
2,981
3,190
3,440
3,741
4,374
5,298
6,002
6,849
698
767
828
892
959
1,026
1,099
1,181
1,273
1,373
615
669
714
759
801
840
876
905
925
932
83
98
114
134
157
186
223
276
347
441
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
78,798
77,321
75,738
74,052
72,264
70,376
68,391
66,310
64,126
61,833
51,383
45,493
39,578
34,107
29,096
24,686
21,121
18,351
16,062
14,232
27,415
31,828
36,160
39,945
43,168
45,690
47,270
47,959
48,064
47,601
2,800
3,095
3,415
3,604
3,713
3,830
3,812
3,627
3,428
3,152
7,773
8,130
8,056
7,843
7,411
6,739
5,971
5,340
4,707
4,202
1,477
1,582
1,686
1,788
1,888
1,985
2,081
2,184
2,294
2,407
917
879
830
772
712
655
610
576
552
534
561
703
857
1,016
1,176
1,330
1,471
1,607
1,742
1,874
70
71
72
73
74
75
59,426
56,908
54,288
51,585
48,821
46,013
12,649
11,107
9,756
8,528
7,439
6,298
46,777
45,801
44,532
43,057
41,382
39,715
2,806
2,486
2,220
2,123
1,695
1,176
3,834
3,346
2,982
2,772
2,428
1,654
2,518
2,619
2,703
2,764
2,807
2,835
514
491
467
440
407
373
2,004
2,128
2,236
2,325
2,400
2,462
n
(20)
(21)
(22)
for men, 1979-80— Continued
Person years lived in each status
during age x
Person years lived in each status
beyond exact age x
Total
*L*X
Active
*LaX
Inactive
(24)
(26)
97,762
97,628
97,475
97,308
(25)
51,792
58,293
62,506
67,443
45,970
39,335
34,969
29,865
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
97,130
96,941
96,744
96,544
96,345
96,149
95,958
95,770
95,586
95,404
71,817
75,583
78,780
81,363
83,433
85,125
86,511
87,560
88,237
88,651
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
95,224
95,044
94,864
94,680
94,490
94,293
94,084
93,864
93,629
93,377
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
X
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
66
67
68
69
70
71
Active
•T3X
Inactive
(29)
5,430,730
5,332,968
5,235,340
5,137,865
(28)
3,820,429
3,768,638
3,710,345
3,647,839
1,610,301
1,564,330
1,524,995
1,490,026
25,313
21,358
17,964
15,181
12,912
11,024
9,447
8,210
7,349
6,753
5,040,557
4,943,427
4,846,486
4,749,742
4,653,198
4,556,853
4,460,704
4,364,746
4,268,976
4,173,390
3,580,395
3,508,578
3,432,995
3,354,215
3,272,852
3,189,419
3,104,293
3,017,782
2,930,222
2,841,985
1,460,162
1,434,849
1,413,491
1,395,527
1,380,346
1,367,434
1,356,411
1,346,964
1,338,754
1,331,405
88,868
88,926
88,932
88,907
88,844
88,698
88,440
88,157
87,835
87,444
6,356
6,118
5,932
5,773
5,646
5,595
5,644
5,707
5,794
5,933
4,077,986
3,982,762
3,887,718
3,792,854
3,698,174
3,603,684
3,509,391
3,415,307
3,321,443
3,227,814
2,753,334
2,664,465
2,575,539
2,486,608
2,397,701
2,308,856
2,220,158
2,131,718
2,043,561
1,955,726
1,324,652
1,318,297
1,312,179
1,306,246
1,300,473
1,294,828
1,289,233
1,283,589
1,277,882
1,272,088
93,105
92,811
92,490
92,140
91,757
91,337
90,877
90,373
89,820
89,212
87,004
86,460
85,821
85,130
84,383
83,569
82,653
81,646
80,543
79,321
6,101
6,351
6,669
7,010
7,374
7,768
8,224
8,727
9,277
9,891
3,134,437
3,041,332
2,948,521
2,856,031
2,763,891
2,672,134
2,580,797
2,489,920
2,399,547
2,309,727
1,868,282
1,781,278
1,694,818
1,608,997
1,523,867
1,439,484
1,355,915
1,273,261
1,191,615
1,111,072
1,266,155
1,260,054
1,253,703
1,247,034
1,240,024
1,232,650
1,224,882
1,216,659
1,207,932
1,198,655
88,545
87,812
87,015
86,155
85,229
84,237
83,174
82,034
80,807
79,484
10,547
11,239
11,997
12,892
13,982
15,272
16,899
19,157
22,062
25,529
2,220,515
2,131,970
2,044,158
1,957,143
1,870,988
1,785,759
1,701,522
1,618,348
1,536,314
1,455,507
78,059
76,529
74,895
73,158
71,320
69,384
67,351
65,218
62,980
60,629
77,998
76,573
75,018
73,263
71,247
68,965
66,275
62,877
58,745
53,955
48,437
42,535
36,842
31,601
26,891
22,903
19,736
17,207
15,147
13,440
29,622
33,994
38,053
41,557
44,429
46,481
47,615
48,011
47,833
47,189
1,376,023
1,297,964
1,221,435
1,146,540
1,073,382
1,002,062
932,678
865,327
800,109
737,129
1,031,751
953,753
877,180
802,161
728,898
657,651
588,686
522,411
459,533
400,788
346,833
298,396
255,861
219,019
187,417
160,527
137,624
117,887
100,681
85,533
1,188,764
1,178,217
1,166,978
1,154,982
1,142,090
1,128,108
1,112,836
1,095,937
1,076,781
1,054,719
1,029,190
999,568
965,574
927,521
885,965
841,535
795,054
747,440
699,428
651,596
58,166
55,597
52,936
50,203
47,417
44,596
11,878
10,431
9,142
7,983
6,869
5,873
46,288
45,166
43,794
42,220
40,548
38,723
676,500
618,334
562,737
509,801
459,598
412,181
72,093
60,216
49,784
40,642
32,659
25,791
604,407
558,118
512,953
469,159
426,939
386,390
n
12
Total
‘T *x
(27)
"HX
men by race, 1979-80
Black and other men
White men
Life
expectancy 1
Expectation of active life by
labor force status
Life
expectancy ’
Expectation of active life by
labor force status
Total
Currently
active
Currently
inactive
’e*X
•eaX
v *
'» ax
(4)
'5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
40.6
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.1
38.4
37.8
37.1
51.4
50.4
49.5
48.6
33.6
33.2
32.8
32.4
34.3
33.9
33.5
33.0
33.2
32.7
32.2
31.7
37.5
36.9
36.1
35.4
34.6
33.8
32.9
32.1
31.2
30.3
38.1
37.4
36.6
35.8
35.0
34.2
33.3
32.4
31.6
30.7
36.4
35.6
34.9
34.1
33.2
32.4
31.5
30.6
29.7
28.7
47.6
46.8
45.9
45.0
44.1
43.3
42.4
41.5
40.7
39.8
31.9
31.3
30.7
30.0
29.3
28.6
27.9
27.1
26.4
25.6
32.4
31.8
31.1
30.4
29.7
28.9
28.2
27.4
26.6
25.8
31.1
30.4
29.7
29.0
28.3
27.5
26.6
25.8
25.0
24.1
43.3
42.4
41.4
40.5
39.6
38.6
37.7
36.8
35.9
34.9
29.5
28.6
27.7
26.8
25.9
25.0
24.1
23.2
22.3
21.4
29.8
28.9
28.0
27.1
26.2
25.3
24.4
23.5
22.6
21.7
27.7
26.7
25.7
24.7
23.7
22.7
21.7
20.7
19.6
18.6
39.0
38.1
37.2
36.4
35.5
34.7
33.8
33.0
32.2
31.3
24.8
24.0
23.2
22.3
21.5
20.7
19.9
19.1
18.4
17.6
25.0
24.2
23.4
22.7
21.9
21.1
20.4
19.6
18.9
18.1
23.2
22.3
21.3
20.3
19.3
18.2
17.1
16.0
15.0
14.2
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
34.0
33.1
32.2
31.3
30.4
29.5
28.6
27.8
26.9
26.1
20.5
19.6
18.7
17.8
16.9
16.1
15.2
14.4
13.5
12.7
20.9
20.0
19.1
18.3
17.4
16.6
15.8
14.9
14.1
13.4
17.5
16.4
15.4
14.3
13.2
12.1
11.2
10.3
9.4
8.6
30.5
29.7
28.9
28.1
27.3
26.5
25.8
25.0
24.3
23.5
16.8
16.0
15.3
14.5
13.8
13.1
12.4
11.6
10.9
10.2
17.4
16.7
16.0
15.2
14.5
13.8
13.1
12.4
11.7
11.0
13.4
12.6
11.9
11.1
10.4
9.7
8.9
8.1
7.3
6.5
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
25.2
24.4
23.6
22.8
22.0
21.3
20.5
19.7
19.0
18.3
11.9
11.1
10.3
9.5
8.7
8.0
7.2
6.5
5.8
5.2
12.6
11.8
11.1
10.3
9.6
8.9
8.2
7.5
6.9
6.3
7.8
7.1
6.3
5.6
5.0
4.4
3.8
3.3
2.9
2.5
22.8
22.1
21.5
20.8
20.2
19.5
18.9
18.3
17.7
17.1
9.5
8.8
8.1
7.4
6.8
6.1
5.5
4.9
4.3
3.7
10.4
9.7
9.1
8.4
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.0
5.6
5.1
5.7
4.9
4.3
3.7
3.2
2.8
2.5
2.2
1.9
1.8
60
61
62
63
64
65
17.6
16.9
16.2
15.6
14.9
14.3
13.7
13.1
12.5
11.9
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.1
2.7
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
5.8
5.4
5.0
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.5
16.5
15.9
15.4
14.9
14.3
13.8
13.3
12.8
12.3
11.8
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
4.7
4.4
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.0
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
.6
11.4
10.9
10.4
9.9
9.4
8.9
1.2
1.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.3
1.8
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
11.4
10.9
10.5
10.0
9.6
9.2
1.0
.9
.7
.6
.5
.3
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.3
1.8
1.3
.4
.3
.2
.1
.0
.0
Total
Currently
active
*e*X
•eaX
a°a*
(1 )
(2)
(3)
16
17
18
19
56.1
55.2
54.3
53.3
39.9
39.4
38.8
38.2
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
52.4
51.5
50.6
49.7
48.8
47.9
47.0
46.1
45.2
44.2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
X
21
66
67
68
69
70
71
Currently
inactive
in survival.
13
Table A-3. Worklife expectancies for men by schooling completed, 1979-80
(Average years remaining)
Expectation of active life by schooling completed and
current labor force status
Age
Less than high school
Total
Currently
active
High school to 14 years
Currently
inactive
15 years or more of schooling
Currently
inactive
Total
Currently
active
Currently
inactive
Total
Currently
active
*eaX
V ,
^ x
• ° ax
V .
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
-
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
•° ax
X
(D
(2)
(3)
(4)
16
17
18
19
55.5
54.6
53.7
52.8
34.8
34.3
33.8
33.2
35.6
35.0
34.5
33.9
34.0
33.4
32.8
32.1
38.9
38.3
39.5
38.8
37.9
37.2
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
51.8
50.9
50.0
49.1
48.2
47.3
46.4
45.5
44.6
43.7
32.6
32.0
31.4
30.7
30.0
29.2
28.5
27.7
26.9
26.2
33.3
32.6
32.0
31.2
30.5
29.8
29.0
28.2
27.5
26.7
31.5
30.8
30.0
29.3
28.4
27.6
26.8
26.0
25.1
24.1
37.6
36.9
36.1
35.4
34.6
33.8
32.9
32.1
31.2
30.3
38.1
37.3
36.6
35.8
34.9
34.1
33.2
32.4
31.5
30.6
36.5
35.7
34.9
34.1
33.3
32.4
31.5
30.6
29.6
28.7
39.5
38.9
38.3
37.6
36.9
36.1
35.3
<•(34.5
33.6
32.8
40.2
39.6
38.9
38.2
37.4
36.6
35.8
34.9
34.0
33.2
38.5
37.8
37.1
36.4
35.6
34.8
34.0
33.1
32.2
31.3
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
42.8
41.9
40.9
40.0
39.1
38.2
37.3
36.3
35.4
34.5
25.4
24.6
23.8
23.0
22.2
21.3
20.5
19.7
18.9
18.1
25.9
25.2
24.4
23.6
22.8
22.0
21.2
20.4
19.6
18.9
23.0
22.1
21.1
20.3
19.4
18.5
17.5
16.6
15.8
14.9
29.4
28.5
27.7
26.8
25.9
25.0
24.1
23.2
22.3
21.5
29.7
28.9
28.0
27.1
26.2
25.4
24.5
23.6
22.8
21.9
27.7
26.7
25.7
24.7
23.6
22.6
21.6
20.5
19.4
18.4
31.9
31.0
30.1
29.2
28.3
27.4
26.5
25.6
24.6
23.7
32.3
31.4
30.5
29.6
28.7
27.7
26.8
25.9
25.0
24.1
30.4
29.5
28.6
27.7
26.8
25.9
24.9
23.9
22.9
21.9
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
33.6
32.7
31.8
30.9
30.1
29.2
28.3
27.5
26.6
25.8
17.3
16.5
15.7
15.0
14.2
13.4
12.6
11.9
11.1
10.4
18.1
17.3
16.6
15.8
15.1
14.3
13.6
12.9
12.1
11.4
14.0
13.1
12.2
11.3
10.3
9.5
8.7
7.9
7.1
6.4
20.6
19.7
18.8
18.0
17.1
16.3
15.4
14.6
13.7
12.9
21.0
20.2
19.3
18.5
17.6
16.8
16.0
15.1
14.3
13.5
17.3
16.3
15.4
14.5
13.5
12.6
11.7
10.9
10.1
9.3
22.8
21.9
21.0
20.1
19.2
18.4
17.5
16.6
15.8
14.9
23.2
22.3
21.4
20.5
19.7
18.8
17.9
17.1
16.3
15.4
20.9
19.8
18.8
17.6
16.5
15.5
14.5
13.5
12.5
11.5
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
25.0
24.2
23.4
22.6
21.8
21.1
20.3
19.6
18.9
18.2
9.6
8.9
8.2
7.5
6.8
6.2
5.5
4.9
4.4
3.8
10.7
10.1
9.4
8.7
8.1
7.5
6.8
6.3
5.8
5.3
5.7
5.1
4.5
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.5
2.2
2.0
12.1
11.3
10.5
9.7
9.0
8.2
7.5
6.7
6.0
5.3
12.8
12.0
11.2
10.5
9.7
9.0
8.3
7.6
7.0
6.4
8.5
7.7
6.9
6.1
5.3
4.7
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.6
14.1
13.3
12.4
11.6
10.8
10.0
9.2
8.5
7.7
7.0
14.6
13.8
13.0
12.2
11.5
10.7
10.0
9.3
8.6
8.0
10.5
9.6
8.7
7.9
7.0
6.2
5.4
4.7
4.0
3.5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
17.5
16.8
16.1
15.5
14.9
14.2
13.6
13.0
12.5
11.9
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
4.9
4.5
4.2
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
4.7
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.5
5.9
5.5
5.1
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
.9
.7
.6
6.3
5.6
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.5
2.2
7.4
7.0
6.5
6.1
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.9
4.6
4.4
3.1
2.7
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.2
.9
.7
70
71
72
73
74
75
11.4
10.9
10.4
9.9
9.4
9.0
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
.8
.7
.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.3
1.8
.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.0
.9
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.2
.5
.3
.2
.1
.0
.0
X
1
Life
expectancy 1
‘e ’x
Mortality rates used are those of the general male population.
14
-
^x
Table A-4. Working life table for women, 1979-80
Expectation of active and inactive life by current labor force status
Currently active in
labor force
Total population
Age
Life
expectancy
X
*e'x
Inactive
years
remaining
Active
years
remaining
Inactive
years
remaining
*e X
*e X
X
ae'X
'eaX
'4
(D
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
16
17
18
19
62.9
61.9
61.0
60.0
29.3
28.8
28.3
27.7
33.6
33.1
32.7
32.3
30.1
29.6
29.0
28.5
32.9
32.4
31.9
31.5
28.7
28.0
27.4
26.8
34.3
33.9
33.5
33.2
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
59.1
58.1
57.1
56.2
55.2
54.2
53.3
52.3
51.3
50.4
27.2
26.6
25.9
25.3
24.6
24.0
23.3
22.7
22.0
21.4
31.9
31.5
31.2
30.9
30.6
30.2
29.9
29.6
29.3
29.0
27.9
27.3
26.6
26.0
25.4
24.8
24.2
23.6
22.9
22.3
31.2
30.8
30.5
30.1
29.8
29.4
29.1
28.7
28.4
28.0
26.1
25.4
24.7
24.0
23.3
22.6
21.9
21.2
20.5
19.8
32.9
32.7
32.4
32.2
31.9
31.7
31.4
31.1
30.8
30.5
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
49.4
48.4
47.5
46.5
45.6
44.6
43.6
42.7
41.7
40.8
20.8
20.1
19.5
18.9
18.2
17.6
17.0
16.3
15.7
15.0
28.6
28.3
28.0
27.7
27.3
27.0
26.7
26.4
26.1
25.8
21.7
21.1
20.5
19.9
19.3
18.6
18.0
17.4
16.8
16.1
27.7
27.3
27.0
26.6
26.3
26.0
25.6
25.3
25.0
24.7
19.1
18.5
17.8
17.1
16.4
15.7
15.0
14.3
13.6
12.8
30.3
30.0
29.7
29.4
29.1
28.9
28.6
28.4
28.2
28.0
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
39.9
38.9
38.0
37.1
36.2
35.2
34.3
33.4
32.5
31.6
14.3
13.7
13.0
12.4
11.7
11.1
10.4
9.8
9.2
8.6
25.5
25.2
25.0
24.7
24.4
24.2
23.9
23.6
23.3
23.0
15.5
14.9
14.3
13.7
13.1
12.5
11.9
11.4
10.8
10.3
24.4
24.0
23.7
23.4
23.1
22.7
22.4
22.1
21.7
21.4
12.1
11.3
10.6
9.8
9.1
8.4
7.7
7.1
6.5
5.9
27.8
27.6
27.4
27.2
27.0
26.8
26.6
26.3
26.0
25.8
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
30.8
29.9
29.0
28.2
27.3
26.5
25.6
24.8
24.0
23.2
8.0
7.4
6.9
6.3
5.8
5.2
4.7
4.3
3.8
3.4
22.8
22.5
22.2
21.9
21.6
21.2
20.9
20.6
20.2
19.8
9.8
9.2
8.7
8.2
7.7
7.2
6.7
6.3
5.8
5.4
21.0
20.6
20.3
19.9
19.6
19.3
18.9
18.5
18.2
17.8
5.3
4.8
4.2
3.7
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.2
1.9
1.7
25.5
25.1
24.8
24.4
24.0
23.6
23.1
22.6
22.1
21.5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
22.4
21.6
20.8
20.1
19.3
18.5
17.8
17.1
16.4
15.6
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
.9
19.4
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
15.9
15.3
14.7
5.0
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
17.4
16.9
16.4
15.9
15.3
14.8
14.2
13.7
13.1
12.5
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
.6
.5
.4
.4
20.9
20.3
19.7
19.1
18.4
17.8
17.2
16.5
15.9
15.3
70
71
72
73
74
75
14.9
14.3
13.6
13.0
12.3
11.7
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
14.2
13.6
13.0
12.5
11.9
11.4
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.3
1.9
1.3
12.0
11.5
11.1
10.7
10.4
10.4
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
14.7
14.1
13.5
12.9
12.3
11.7
^
Active
years
remaining
a
Currently inactive
i
15
Active
years
remaining
Inactive
years
remaining
Table A-4. Working life table for women, 1979-80—Continued
Age-specific rates of transfer per 1,000
persons in initial status during age interval
x to x+1
Probability of transition between specified states
during age interval x to x+1
Age
X
Inactive
to
active
Active
to
inactive
Living
to
dead 1
Inactive
to
inactive
’ edx
!p 'x
(8)
0.38933
.34099
.35797
.36572
(11)
0.28459
.26841
.23074
.20738
'pa
KX
(10)
VKx
Active
to
active
Mortality
Labor
force
accession
Voluntary
labor force
separation
V
. d
mx
• 02)
(13)
(14)
(15)
0.71491
.73104
.76867
.79202
0.00050
.00056
.00059
.00060
0.58755
.49076
.50766
.51297
0.42949
.38629
.32722
.29088
KX
'maX
am'X
16
17
18
19
0.00049
.00055
.00059
.00060
(9)
0.61018
.65845
.64144
.63368
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
.00061
.00061
.00063
.00063
.00065
.00065
.00066
.00067
.00069
.00071
.63680
.64831
.66119
.67430
.68760
.70299
.72078
.73299
.74023
.74635
.36259
.35107
.33818
.32506
.31175
.29636
.27856
.26634
.25907
.25293
.18972
.17552
.16608
.16070
.15478
.15125
.14873
.14524
.14177
.13723.
.80967
.82387
.83330
.83866
.84458
.84810
.85061
.85408
.85754
.86205
.00061
.00062
.00063
.00064
.00065
.00065
.00066
.00068
.00070
.00072
.50129
.47689
.45252
.42966
.40690
.38210
.35450
.33561
.32427
.31449
.26230
.23842
.22223
.21241
.20202
.19501
.18928
.18302
.17744
.17063
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
.00074
.00078
.00082
.00088
.00096
.00104
.00113
.00124
.00136
.00150
.75314
.75892
.76180
.76361
.76461
.76619
.76868
.77131
.77671
.78183
.24612
.24030
.23738
.23551
.23443
.23277
.23018
.22745
.22193
.21668
.13210
.12835
.12560
.12275
.11881
.11391
.10946
.10516
.10185
.09963
.86716
.87087
.87358
.87637
.88023
.88505
.88941
.89360
.89679
.89887
.00074
.00078
.00083
.00089
.00096
.00104
.00114
.00124
.00136
.00150
.30377
.29485
.29028
.28718
.28503
.28190
.27761
.27320
.26519
.25781
.16304
.15749
.15359
.14968
.14445
.13795
.13201
.12631
.12170
.11855
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
.00164
.00181
.00199
.00219
.00241
.00264
.00289
.00317
.00348
.00383
.78829
.79888
.80930
.81786
.82627
.83618
.84626
.85365
.85986
.86586
.21006
.19931
.18870
.17995
.17133
.16118
.15085
.14318
.13666
.13031
.09588
.09400
.09349
.09227
.09170
.09184
.09282
.09341
.09416
.09540
.90248
.90419
.90452
.90554
.90589
.90552
.90429
.90342
.90236
.90077
.00165
.00181
.00200
.00219
.00241
.00264
.00289
.00318
.00349
.00383
.24844
.23403
.22018
.20879
.19779
.18505
.17231
.16294
.15506
.14749
.11339
.11037
.10908
.10706
.10587
.10544
.10603
.10630
.10684
.10798
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
.00420
.00460
.00500
.00541
.00582
.00626
.00675
.00732
.00798
.00873
.87081
.87724
.88611
.89298
.89906
.90683
.91411
.92034
.92604
.93092
.12499
.11816
.10889
.10161
.09512
.08691
.07914
.07235
.06598
.06034
.09559
.09571
.09721
.09886
.10214
.10767
.11771
.13001
.13999
.15487
.90021
.89969
.89778
.89574
.89204
.88607
.87554
.86268
.85203
.83639
.00421
.00461
.00502
.00542
.00584
.00628
.00677
.00734
.00801
.00877
.14111
.13296
.12204
.11358
.10618
.09692
.08841
.08112
.07417
.06825
.10793
.10769
.10896
.11050
.11402
.12006
.13150
.14577
.15739
.17517
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
.00957
.01045
.01135
.01224
.01316
.01414
.01524
.01653
.01807
.01983
.93455
.93696
.94034
.94323
.94441
.94589
.94766
.94926
.94989
.94944
.05588
.05259
.04831
.04452
.04243
.03997
.03710
.03421
.03205
.03073
.17659
.19807
.21678
.23010
.24102
.25100
.26416
.27815
.28106
.28043
.81384
.79148
.77187
.75765
.74582
.73486
.72059
.70532
.70088
.69974
.00962
.01050
.01141
.01232
.01325
.01424
.01536
.01667
.01823
.02003
.06387
.06080
.05638
.05230
.05015
.04750
.04441
.04128
.03876
.03719
.20187
.22900
.25298
.27029
.28486
.29829
.31624
.33566
.33990
.33941
70
71
72
73
74
75
.02178
.02388
.02614
.02857
.03121
.03411
.94908
.94821
.94677
.94515
.94350
.94430
.02915
.02791
.02709
.02629
.02530
.02157
.28233
.29093
.29783
.29908
.29590
.34984
.69590
.68520
.67604
.67235
.67289
.61603
.02201
.02416
.02648
.02898
.03170
.03470
.03536
.03409
.03330
.03240
.03120
.02752
.34250
.35533
.36601
.36866
.36488
.44644
' Mortality rates used are those of the general female population.
16
Table A-4. Working life table for women, 1979-80—Continued
Stationary population iving
in each status at exact age x,
per 100,000 persons born
Number of status transfers within stationary
population during age interval x to x+1
Labor
force
entries
Labor force status
Age
Voluntary
labor force
exits
Deaths by labor force status
Total
*1*X
•'dx
(21)
Inactive
•IX
Active
alX
(16)
(171
(18)
(19)
(20)
16
17
18
19
98,357
98,308
98,253
98,196
42,096
51,999
53,804
57,270
56,261
46,309
44,449
40,926
30,133
22,270
21,671
20,195
20,207
20,435
18,173
17,103
49
55
58
59
23
29
33
35
25
25
25
24
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
98,137
98,078
98,017
97,956
97,894
97,831
97,767
97,702
97,636
97,568
60,326
62,555
64,007
64,839
65,143
65,229
64,982
64,407
63,876
63,522
37,811
35,523
34,010
33,117
32,751
32,602
32,785
33,295
33,760
34,046
18,381
16,580
15,188
14,150
13,296
12,492
11,713
11,252
10,994
10,720
16,116
15,087
14,317
13,805
13,169
12,696
12,245
11,739
11,303
10,826
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
68
70
37
39
40
41
42
42
43
43
44
45
22
21
21
21
21
21
22
23
24
24
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
97,499
97,427
97,351
97,271
97,184
97,091
96,990
96,880
96,760
96,628
63,371
63,353
63,360
63,419
63,550
63,823
64,231
64,668
65,114
65,416
34,128
34,074
33,991
33,852
33,634
33,268
32,759
32,212
31,646
31,212
10,359
10,035
9,847
9,690
9,534
9,307
9,018
8,723
8,335
8,009
10,331
9,978
9,736
9,502
9,200
8,833
8,508
8,197
7,943
7,764
72
76
80
86
93
101
110
120
132
144
47
49
52
56
61
67
73
81
89
98
25
27
28
30
32
34
37
40
43
46
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
96,484
96,325
96,151
95,959
95,749
95,519
95,266
94,991
94,690
94,360
65,564
65,665
65,485
65,019
64,445
63,743
62,842
61,719
60,522
59,282
30,920
30,660
30,666
30,940
31,304
31,776
32,424
33,272
34,168
35,078
7,650
7,176
6,782
6,498
6,238
5,940
5,660
5,494
5,369
5,244
7,440
7,238
7,118
6,930
6,785
6,673
6,603
6,497
6,400
6,330
159
174
192
210
230
252
275
301
330
361
108
119
130
142
154
167
180
194
209
225
51
56
62
68
76
85
95
107
121
136
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
93,999
93,604
93,174
92,708
92,207
91,670
91,096
90,481
89,819
89,102
57,971
56,688
55,365
53,823
52,162
50,340
48,197
45,593
42,580
39,395
36,028
36,916
37,809
38,885
40,045
41,330
42,899
44,888
47,239
49,707
5,147
4,968
4,680
4,482
4,320
4,082
3,881
3,737
3,595
3,484
6,187
6,033
5,948
5,856
5,843
5,915
6,167
6,426
6,451
6,599
395
431
466
501
537
574
615
662
717
778
241
258
274
287
299
309
318
324
328
331
154
172
192
214
237
264
297
338
388
448
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
88,325
87,479
86,565
85,582
84,534
83,422
82,242
80,988
79,650
78,211
35,950
32,184
28,381
24,717
21,437
18,666
16,305
14,195
12,297
10,777
52,375
55,295
58,184
60,865
63,097
64,756
65,937
66,793
67,353
67,434
3,439
3,450
3,356
3,242
3,206
3,104
2,948
2,769
2,612
2,501
6,877
6,935
6,716
6,237
5,712
5,216
4,823
4,446
3,922
3,460
845
914
983
1,048
1,112
1,180
1,254
1,339
1,439
1,551
328
318
303
284
266
249
234
221
210
204
518
596
679
764
847
931
1,020
1,118
1,229
1,347
70
71
72
73
74
75
76,660
74,991
73,201
71,287
69,251
67,090
9,614
8,644
7,775
7,029
6,415
5,906
67,046
66,347
65,426
64,258
62,836
61,184
2,358
2,246
2,159
2,059
1,935
1,665
3,127
2,917
2,709
2,478
2,248
2,425
1,669
1,790
1,913
2,036
2,161
2,288
201
198
196
195
195
189
1,468
1,592
1,717
1,842
1,966
2,100
X
Total
V
17
Active
atd
X
(22)
Inactive
''dx
(23)
for women, 1979-80—Continued
Person years lived in each status
during age x
Person years lived in each
beyond exact age x
Total
Active
Inactive
Total
Active
*L x
•L3*
•Li*
' T ‘x
*Tax
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
16
17
18
19
98,333
98,281
98,225
98,166
47,048
52,902
55,537
58,798
51,285
45,379
42,688
39,368
6,188,267
6,089,934
5,991,653
5,893,428
2,880,000
2,832,952
2,780,050
2,724,513
20
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
98,107
98,047
97,986
97,925
97,862
97,799
97,735
97,669
97,603
97,534
61,440
63,281
64,423
64,991
65,185
65,105
64,695
64,141
63,700
63,447
36,667
34,766
33,563
32,934
32,677
32,694
33,040
33,528
33,903
34,087
5,795,262
5,697,155
5,599,108
5,501,122
5,403,197
5,305,335
5,207,536
5,109,801
5,012,132
4,914,529
2,665,715
2,604,275
2,540,994
2,476,572
2,411,581
2,346,395
2,281,290
2,216,595
2,152,454
2,088,754
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
97,463
97,389
97,311
97,227
97,138
97,041
96,935
96,820
96,694
96,556
63,362
63,356
63,389
63,484
63,687
64,027
64,449
64,891
65,265
65,490
34,101
34,033
33,922
33,743
33,451
33,014
32,486
31,929
31,429
31,066
4,816,995
4,719,532
4,622,143
4,524,832
4,427,605
4,330,467
4,233,426
4,136,491
4,039,671
3,942,977
2,025,307
1,961,045
1,898,588
1,835,199
1,771,715
1,708,028
1,644,001
1,579,552
1,514,661
1,449,396
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
96,404
96,238
96,055
95,854
95,634
95,392
95,129
94,840
94,525
94,180
65,614
65,575
65,252
64,732
64,094
63,293
62,281
61,120
59,902
58,627
30,790
30,663
30,803
31,122
31,540
32,099
32,848
33,720
34,623
35,553
3,846,421
3,750,017
3,653,779
3,557,724
3,461,870
3,366,236
3,270,844
3,175,715
3,080,875
2,986,350
1,383,906
1,318,291
1,252,716
1,187,465
1,122,733
1,058,638
995,346
933,065
871,945
812,043
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
93,802
93,389
92,941
92,457
91,938
91,383
90,789
90,150
89,461
88,713
57,330
56,027
54,594
52,992
51,251
49,268
46,895
44,086
40,988
37,672
36,472
37,362
38,347
39,465
40,687
42,115
43,894
46,064
48,473
51,041
2,892,170
2,798,368
2,704,979
2,612,038
2,519,581
2,427,643
2,336,260
2,245,471
2,155,321
2,065,860
753,416
696,086
640,060
585,466
532,474
481,223
431,955
385,060
340,973
299,986
60
61
62
63
64
65
87,902
87,022
86,074
85,058
83,978
82,832
81,615
80,319
78,930
77,435
34,067
30,282
26,549
23,077
20,051
17,485
15,250
13,246
11,537
10,196
53,835
56,740
59,525
61,981
63,927
65,347
66,365
67,073
67,393
67,239
1,977,147
1,889,245
1,802,223
1,716,149
1,631,091
1,547,113
1,464,281
1,382,666
1,302,347
1,223,417
262,313
228,246
197,964
171,415
148,338
128,286
110,801
95,551
82,305
70,767
75,825
74,096
72,244
70,269
68,170
65,946
9,129
8,210
7,402
6,722
6,161
5,432
66,696
65,886
64,842
63,547
62,009
60,514
1,145,982
1,070,157
996,061
923,817
853,548
785,378
60,572
51,443
43,233
35,831
29,109
22,948
X
21
22
66
67
68
69
70
71
18
Table A-5. Life and worklife expectancies for women by race, 1979-80
(Average years remaining)
Black and other women
White women
Age
Life
expectancy 1
Expectation of active life by
labor force status
Total
Currently
active
’e ‘x
•eaX
v .
(2)
(3)
16
17
18
19
(1)
63.4
62.5
61.5
60.5
29.6
29.1
28.5
27.9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
59.6
58.6
57.6
56.7
55.7
54.7
53.8
52.8
51.8
50.9
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Currently
inactive
Life
expectancy 1
Expectation of active life by
labor force status
Total
Currently
active
*e* X
•°a*
a* ax
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
30.3
29.8
29.2
28.6
28.9
28.2
27.6
27.0
59.7
58.7
57.7
56.8
27.8
27.5
27.1
26.7
28.6
28.4
28.0
27.6
27.3
26.9
26.5
26.1
27.3
26.7
26.0
25.4
24.7
24.1
23.4
22.8
22.1
21.5
28.0
27.4
26.7
26.1
25.5
24.9
24.2
23.6
23.0
22.4
26.3
25.5
24.8
24.1
23.3
22.6
21.9
21.2
20.6
19.9
55.8
54.8
53.9
52.9
52.0
51.0
50.1
49.2
48.2
47.3
26.3
25.8
25.3
24.7
24.2
23.5
22.9
22.3
21.6
21.0
27.1
26.6
26.1
25.5
24.9
24.3
23.7
23.1
22.5
21.8
25.5
25.0
24.3
23.7
23.0
22.3
21.6
20.9
20.2
19.4
49.9
48.9
48.0
47.0
46.0
45.1
44.1
43.1
42.2
41.2
20.8
20.2
19.6
19.0
18.3
17.7
17.0
16.4
15.8
15.1
21.8
21.2
20.6
20.0
19.4
18.7
18.1
17.5
16.9
16.2
19.2
18.6
17.9
17.2
16.6
15.9
15.2
14.4
13.7
12.9
46.3
45.4
44.5
43.5
42.6
41.7
40.7
39.8
38.9
38.0
20.3
19.7
19.0
18.3
17.7
17.0
16.3
15.7
15.0
14.4
21.2
20.5
19.9
19.3
18.6
18.0
17.4
16.8
16.2
15.6
18.7
17.9
17.2
16.5
15.7
15.0
14.2
13.5
12.8
12.1
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
40.3
39.3
38.4
37.5
36.5
35.6
34.7
33.8
32.9
32.0
14.4
13.8
13.1
12.4
11.8
11.1
10.5
9.9
9.2
8.6
15.6
15.0
14.3
13.7
13.1
12.5
12.0
11.4
10.9
10.3
12.2
11.4
10.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
7.8
7.1
6.5
5.9
37.1
36.2
35.3
34.5
33.6
32.7
31.9
31.1
30.2
29.4
13.8
13.1
12.5
11.9
11.3
10.8
10.2
9.6
9.0
8.5
15.0
14.5
13.9
13.4
12.8
12.3
11.7
11.2
10.6
10.1
11.4
10.7
10.1
9.5
8.9
8.3
7.7
7.1
6.6
6.0
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
31.1
30.2
29.3
28.4
27.6
26.7
25.9
25.0
24.2
23.4
8.0
7.4
6.9
6.3
5.8
5.3
4.7
4.3
3.8
3.4
9.8
9.3
8.8
8.3
7.8
7.3
6.8
6.3
5.9
5.4
5.3
4.7
4.2
3.7
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.2
1.9
1.7
28.6
27.8
27.0
26.2
25.5
24.7
23.9
23.2
22.4
21.7
7.9
7.4
6.8
6.3
5.7
5.2
4.7
4.2
3.8
3.4
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.1
5.6
5.2
5.5
4.9
4.4
3.9
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.8
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
22.6
21.8
21.0
20.2
19.4
18.7
17.9
17.2
16.4
15.7
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.0
.9
5.1
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.3
3.2
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
.9
.8
.6
.5
.5
.4
21.0
20.3
19.6
19.0
18.3
17.7
17.0
16.4
15.7
15.1
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
.9
.8
4.8
4.5
4.2
3.9
3.7
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
70
71
72
73
74
75
15.0
14.3
13.6
13.0
12.3
11.7
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.3
1.9
1.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.0
.0
14.5
13.9
13.4
12.9
12.3
11.8
.7
.6
.5
.5
.4
.4
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.3
1.9
1.4
.2
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
X
1 Mortality rates used reflect racial differentials in survival.
19
Currently
inactive
Table A-6. Worklife expectancies for women by schooling completed, 1979-80
(Average years remaining)
Expectation of active life by schooling completed and
current labor force status
Age
Life
expectancy '
High school to 14 years
Less than high school
V ,
(5)
_
(6)
_
•°ax
V .
(8)
_
(9)
_
•«ax
a»a*
(2)
(3)
(4)
16
17
18
19
(D
62.9
61.9
61.0
60.0
22.1
21.6
21.1
20.7
22.8
22.3
21.9
21.5
21.5
20.9
20.4
19.9
28.9
28.3
29.6
29.0
27.9
27.3
-
-
-
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
59.1
58.1
57.1
56.2
55.2
54.2
53.3
52.3
51.3
50.4
20.2
19.7
19.3
18.8
18.4
17.9
17.4
17.0
16.5
16.1
21.1
20.6
20.2
19.8
19.4
18.9
18.5
18.1
17.7
17.2
19.4
18.9
18.4
17.9
17.4
17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
27.7
27.0
26.4
25.7
25.1
24.4
23.8
23.2
22.5
21.9
28.4
27.8
27.2
26.5
25.9
25.3
24.7
24.1
23.5
22.9
26.5
25.8
25.1
24.4
23.7
23.0
22.3
21.6
21.0
20.3
31.6
30.9
30.1
29.4
28.7
27.9
27.2
26.5
25.7
25.0
32.2
31.4
30.7
30.0
29.3
28.6
27.9
27.2
26.5
25.9
30.3
29.6
28.9
28.1
27.3
26.4
25.6
24.8
24.0
23.2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
49.4
48.4
47.5
46.5
45.6
44.6
43.6
42.7
41.7
40.8
15.6
15.1
14.7
14.2
13.7
13.3
12.8
12.3
11.8
11.4
16.8
16.4
16.0
15.6
15.2
14.8
14.4
14.0
13.5
13.1
14.5
14.0
13.4
12.9
12.4
11.9
11.3
10.7
10.2
9.7
21.3
20.6
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.1
17.5
16.8
16.2
15.5
22.3
21.7
21.1
20.4
19.8
19.2
18.6
17.9
17.3
16.7
19.6
19.0
18.3
17.6
17.0
16.3
15.6
14.9
14.1
13.4
24.3
23.6
22.9
22.2
21.5
20.8
20.1
19.3
18.6
17.9
25.2
24.5
23.8
23.1
22.4
21.7
21.0
20.2
19.5
18.7
22.4
21.7
20.9
20.2
19.5
18.8
18.0
17.2
16.4
15.5
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
39.9
38.9
38.0
37.1
36.2
35.2
34.3
33.4
32.5
31.6
10.9
10.4
9.9
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.1
7.6
7.1
6.7
12.7
12.3
11.8
11.4
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.6
9.1
8.7
9.1
8.6
8.1
7.6
7.1
6.6
6.1
5.6
5.2
4.7
14.9
14.2
13.5
12.9
12.2
11.6
10.9
10.3
9.7
9.1
16.0
15.4
14.8
14.2
13.6
13.0
12.4
11.9
11.4
10.8
12.6
11.8
11.1
10.3
9.6
8.9
8.2
7.5
6.9
6.3
17.1
16.4
15.6
14.8
14.1
13.3
12.6
11.8
11.1
10.4
18.0
17.3
16.5
15.8
15.1
14.4
13.7
13.0
12.3
11.6
14.7
13.8
12.9
12.0
11.1
10.1
9.3
8.5
7.8
7.1
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
30.8
29.9
29.0
28.2
27.3
26.5
25.6
24.8
24.0
23.2
6.2
5.7
5.3
4.9
4.4
4.0
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.6
8.3
7.9
7.5
7.1
6.7
6.3
5.9
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.2
3.8
3.4
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
8.5
7.9
7.3
6.8
6.2
5.7
5.2
4.7
4.2
3.8
10.3
9.8
9.3
8.8
8.3
7.7
7.2
6.7
6.3
5.8
5.7
5.1
4.6
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.5
2.2
1.9
9.7
8.9
8.2
7.6
6.9
6.2
5.6
5.0
4.5
3.9
10.9
10.2
9.6
9.0
8.3
7.8
7.2
6.7
6.3
5.8
6.4
5.7
5.0
4.4
3.9
3.4
2.9
2.4
2.1
1.8
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
22.4
21.6
20.8
20.1
19.3
18.5
17.8
17.1
16.4
15.6
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
.8
.7
4.6
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.3
1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.6
.6
.5
.4
.3
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
5.4
5.0
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.4
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
.6
.5
.4
3.5
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
5.4
5.1
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
70
71
72
73
74
75
14.9
14.3
13.6
13.0
12.3
11.7
.6
.5
.5
.4
.3
.2
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
1.0
.9
.7
.7
.6
.5
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.5
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
3.5
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.3
1.6
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.0
•° ax
Currently
inactive
’ e *x
20
Currently
active
Currently
active
Currently
active
1 Mortality rates used are those of the general female population.
Total
Total
Total
X
Currently
inactive
15 years or more of schooling
-
-
Currently
inactive
(7)
_
-
-
-
-
-
'° ax
(10)
_
-
Table B-1. Labor force accession rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80
(Annual rate per 1,000 population)
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
d)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
229.4
127.8
60.9
34.4
24.9
21.6
21.2
23.5
29.2
44.5
54.8
42.9
3.6
223.1
120.7
57.1
32.0
23.8
20.4
19.3
23.1
29.8
44.9
54.1
42.6
3.8
277.7
176.0
89.3
54.8
36.0
30.9
35.3
27.6
24.7
39.1
60.8
45.1
.9
209.8
131.6
82.8
49.6
40.8
37.7
30.7
28.8
34.3
50.9
54.8
44.7
4.4
_
112.3
53.0
34.6
25.2
19.6
20.7
26.0
29.5
43.9
55.9
40.9
3.3
_
165.1
71.3
32.8
19.9
17.4
17.7
18.6
24.2
36.2
55.4
38.6
1.1
239.9
158.4
117.1
101.7
89.6
71.5
58.4
50.8
41.7
38.8
34.7
29.8
3.0
238.5
152.0
114.8
102.4
91.4
71.9
57.9
49.9
40.7
38.1
34.0
30.3
3.1
254.0
198.3
131.6
98.0
77.9
67.3
62.7
58.2
50.1
45.6
41.2
24.7
2.1
222.3
168.5
141.9
119.8
94.2
75.9
69.2
55.4
43.1
37.0
32.5
27.1
2.5
_
153.6
120.2
106.4
94.1
74.7
60.3
52.2
42.1
42.4
38.9
34.3
3.8
_
141.9
108.4
88.2
80.7
61.4
45.4
42.9
40.7
35.3
31.5
31.9
3.5
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
21
Table B-2. Total labor force separation rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80
(Annual rate per 1,000 population)
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(D
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
170.8
97.6
51.6
34.4
28.2
28.6
32.9
43.1
75.0
115.8
91.8
66.9
78.8
168.3
92.3
48.3
31.5
26.2
26.8
31.1
41.9
74.1
116.4
93.0
67.1
82.5
202.5
135.7
77.4
58.1
45.9
42.3
46.8
53.5
85.3
108.4
79.0
64.9
48.3
162.5
106.8
75.1
49.7
44.5
43.1
41.4
53.1
84.6
110.7
80.8
60.8
68.1
_
90.8
47.1
36.5
28.1
25.4
31.9
42.5
72.8
120.0
94.3
68.2
85.8
_
129.4
54.6
29.6
21.3
24.2
26.8
33.8
61.3
104.7
103.6
79.0
120.4
193.5
148.4
120.9
100.7
86.0
75.3
70.6
67.2
73.6
79.0
57.3
40.1
41.3
193.7
146.1
120.8
101.4
86.2
74.9
70.6
66.6
72.6
77.9
55.9
40.0
41.2
198.5
165.5
123.3
97.6
85.6
77.2
70.0
72.2
83.0
88.2
70.0
37.9
44.7
208.3
170.7
141.5
118.4
93.3
77.0
71.7
70.3
69.9
64.8
48.8
36.7
29.8
_
151.5
124.5
104.1
89.4
78.4
73.9
65.9
71.2
84.3
62.9
44.8
56.9
_
143.2
114.0
87.9
71.7
61.5
54.4
62.6
82.5
86.7
58.5
37.8
59.9
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75+
22
Table B-3. Voluntary labor force separation rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80
(Annual rate per 1,000 population)
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
0)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
169.8
96.0
49.8
32.6
25.9
25.2
27.6
34.9
64.1
104.9
82.8
58.1
72.5
167.3
90.7
46.7
30.0
24.2
23.9
26.2
34.3
63.7
105.5
84.0
58.4
75.9
201.8
133.7
74.5
54.6
41.3
36.2
38.0
40.7
70.6
97.0
70.7
55.3
44.5
161.6
105.3
73.5
48.0
42.4
40.0
36.6
45.8
75.5
102.4
74.2
53.9
62.7
_
89.1
45.3
34.7
25.8
22.0
26.6
34.1
61.4
108.2
84.7
58.9
78.9
_
127.8
52.8
27.8
18.9
20.6
21.3
25.0
48.9
90.3
89.6
64.7
110.8
193.2
148.0
120.4
100.2
85.2
74.0
68.6
64.3
70.1
75.5
54.5
37.4
39.7
193.4
145.7
120.4
101.0
85.4
73.7
68.9
64.0
69.3
74.7
53.3
37.3
39.5
198.3
164.9
122.5
96.6
84.0
74.9
66.6
67.4
77.3
82.6
65.9
34.8
43.0
208.1
170.4
141.2
118.0
92.7
76.1
70.1
68.0
67.2
62.2
46.5
34.4
28.6
_
151.1
124.1
103.5
88.6
77.0
71.8
62.9
67.5
80.5
59.8
41.7
54.6
_
142.7
113.5
87.3
70.8
59.9
52.0
58.9
78.1
82.6
55.5
34.7
57.5
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
23
Table B-4. Net labor force mobility rates by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80
(Annual rate per 1,000 population)
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(D
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
58.6
30.1
9.3
.0
-3.3
-7.0
-11.8
-19.6
-45.9
-71.4
-37.0
-24.0
-75.2
54.8
28.4
8.8
.4
-2.4
-6.4
-11.8
-18.8
-44.3
-71.4
-39.0
-24.4
-78.6
75.2
40.2
12.0
-3.3
-9.8
-11.4
-11.5
-25.8
-60.6
-69.3
-18.1
-19.8
-47.4
47.3
24.8
7.7
.0
-3.7
-5.4
-10.7
-24.3
-50.3
-59.8
-26.0
-16.0
-63.8
_
21.5
5.8
-1.9
-2.9
-5.8
-11.2
-16.5
-43.3
-76.1
-38.5
-27.2
-82.4
_
35.7
16.7
3.2
-1.4
-6.7
-9.2
-15.3
-37.1
-68.5
-48.2
-40.3
-119.4
46.4
10.0
-3.8
.9
3.6
-3.8
-12.2
-16.4
-31.9
-40.2
-22.6
-10.3
-38.3
44.8
5.9
-6.0
1.0
5.3
-2.9
-12.7
-16.7
-31.8
-39.9
-21.9
-9.7
-38.1
55.4
32.8
8.3
.3
-7.7
-9.9
-7.3
-14.0
-32.9
-42.6
-28.8
-13.2
-42.6
14.0
-2.2
.3
1.4
.9
-1.2
-2.5
-14.9
-26.8
-27.9
-16.4
-9.6
-27.3
2.1
-4.3
2.4
4.6
-3.7
-13.5
-13.7
-29.1
-41.9
-23.9
-10.5
-53.0
_
-1.2
-5.6
.3
8.9
-.1
-9.0
-19.6
-41.8
-51.4
-27.0
-5.9
-56.5
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
24
Table B-5. Labor force accessions per 1,000 persons alive at beginning of age interval by sex, age, race, and schooling
completed, 1979-80
Years of schooling completed
Race
Sex and age
Total
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(D
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
914.9
635.6
302.9
171.2
123.7
107.0
104.3
115.2
141.1
211.0
253.6
190.7
3.4
889.9
600.7
284.0
159.3
118.3
101.4
95.1
113.1
144.4
213.7
250.6
189.9
3.6
1,108.0
874.4
443.1
271.5
177.9
152.0
172.2
133.2
117.3
181.9
276.6
198.0
.9
836.7
654.8
411.8
246.9
202.8
186.7
151.6
140.8
165.8
241.6
253.7
199.0
4.1
_
558.9
263.5
172.0
125.5
97.3
102.2
127.1
142.6
208.2
258.5
182.0
3.1
_
821.4
354.7
163.1
99.0
86.5
87.3
90.8
117.0
171.9
256.2
171.8
1.0
958.4
790.7
584.4
507.3
446.9
356.0
290.1
251.0
204.8
189.0
167.0
140.3
2.8
952.9
758.9
573.3
511.3
456.0
358.3
287.5
247.0
200.5
185.6
163.8
142.8
2.9
1,014.9
989.2
656.3
488.1
387.6
333.6
309.4
285.5
244.0
219.3
195.2
113.9
2.0
888.4
841.3
708.1
597.7
469.6
377.7
343.4
273.9
211.8
180.1
156.1
127.5
2.4
_
766.9
600.2
531.2
469.1
371.7
299.4
257.9
207.1
206.4
187.2
161.5
3.6
708.6
540.9
440.2
402.2
305.6
225.4
212.2
199.8
171.7
151.6
149.9
3.3
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
25
Table B-6. Total labor force separations per 1,000 persons alive at beginning of age interval by sex, age, race, and schooling
completed, 1979-80
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
681.1
485.8
256.6
171.3
140.3
141.8
162.4
210.9
362.8
549.8
424.6
297.5
73.7
671.3
459.3
240.3
157.1
130.3
133.1
153.4
205.4
359.0
553.5
431.3
298.8
77.1
807.9
674.4
383.8
287.8
226.5
208.0
228.4
257.6
404.9
504.1
359.1
284.8
45.2
648.2
531.5
373.7
247.1
221.2
213.5
204.4
259.6
408.8
525.4
374.0
270.4
63.7
_
451.9
234.5
181.5
139.9
126.1
157.5
207.8
352.0
569.3
436.4
303.2
80.1
_
643.6
271.7
147.4
105.8
119.8
132.4
165.5
296.5
497.0
479.3
351.2
112.5
773.1
740.7
603.4
502.7
429.0
374.8
350.5
332.2
361.8
384.7
275.5
188.7
39.0
773.9
729.6
603.1
506.2
429.7
372.8
350.7
329.7
357.0
380.1
269.4
188.5
38.8
793.4
825.5
614.8
486.3
425.7
382.7
345.5
354.2
403.9
423.8
331.3
174.7
42.1
832.4
852.1
706.3
590.9
465.0
383.5
355.9
347.3
343.4
315.7
234.7
172.6
28.1
_
756.3
621.6
519.2
445.9
390.0
366.5
325.6
350.0
410.4
302.2
210.8
53.6
_
714.8
568.9
438.6
357.6
306.2
270.2
309.1
405.3
421.9
281.4
177.9
56.5
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
26
Table B-7. Labor force accessions per 1,000 inactive persons by sex, age, race, and schooling completed,
1979-80
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(D
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
596.1
666.4
681.4
547.1
407.1
297.8
217.7
168.8
120.9
88.6
75.3
52.0
3.9
620.1
672.6
693.1
558.1
444.3
327.9
218.5
175.0
129.0
92.0
75.1
51.8
4.2
525.8
649.0
646.8
520.6
306.9
208.7
213.2
138.8
75.1
62.9
76.4
54.5
1.0
506.0
511.2
477.2
330.1
271.9
235.1
172.8
123.3
93.4
81.4
68.5
51.9
4.7
_
719.6
721.9
568.3
403.0
285.6
233.2
213.3
142.8
93.7
78.7
50.2
3.7
685.2
783.3
802.2
757.2
539.1
350.6
260.9
174.5
103.8
95.6
54.0
1.2
527.5
454.8
341.8
292.3
271.3
221.7
164.1
122.7
81.1
56.4
41.8
33.3
3.1
564.1
457.5
334.1
289.3
274.7
226.3
163.9
120.4
79.0
55.0
40.9
33.9
3.2
409.3
462.1
397.6
320.0
248.0
189.1
165.1
141.7
100.3
68.7
50.1
27.1
2.2
425.4
320.1
268.3
229.8
185.0
149.0
136.2
102.4
67.8
48.4
37.7
29.7
2.6
_
457.4
342.7
303.3
287.3
237.2
170.4
127.4
85.8
64.0
47.9
38.9
4.1
_
568.3
422.0
319.3
330.2
287.3
199.8
155.3
99.6
55.4
38.5
36.2
3.7
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
_
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
27
Table B-8. Total labor force separations per 1,000 active persons by sex, age, race, and schooling completed, 1979-80
Years of schooling completed
Race
Sex and age
Total
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
277.6
120.9
56.6
36.7
30.0
30.8
36.5
50.1
98.9
232.5
337.9
381.8
1,000.0
262.9
112.5
52.6
33.5
27.7
28.6
34.1
48.3
96.3
227.5
332.4
380.3
1,000.0
429.2
186.3
89.8
65.0
52.0
49.7
56.1
66.8
127.2
286.5
386.7
374.2
1,000.0
277.6
143.9
90.9
58.4
52.4
51.3
50.4
69.2
133.6
295.3
405.0
443.1
1,000.0
_
107.6
50.9
38.8
30.0
27.3
35.0
48.4
91.8
225.6
325.2
367.6
1,000.0
_
170.4
60.1
30.9
21.8
25.0
28.3
36.4
71.2
160.8
246.2
277.2
1,000.0
354.8
227.6
183.8
154.5
128.5
111.2
109.7
114.7
151.5
253.5
339.4
384.5
1000.0
335.6
218.8
184.0
157.0
129.1
109.8
109.1
113.8
149.9
252.4
333.2
377.4
1000.0
523.2
289.8
184.4
140.7
124.8
119.8
112.8
122.6
166.1
262.8
393.9
428.0
1000.0
436.5
360.5
300.3
247.3
190.0
157.1
145.8
153.2
192.0
275.8
352.3
417.1
1000.0
_
228.1
191.9
160.3
133.0
114.4
114.3
111.6
140.0
249.4
335.4
380.3
1000.0
_
190.8
153.3
121.4
94.9
78.3
70.5
86.5
139.3
238.6
322.7
317.4
1000.0
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
28
Table B-9. Remaining labor force accessions per person entering age interval by sex, age, race, and schooling completed,
1979-80
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
3.0
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.4
.2
.0
2.9
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.1
.9
.9
.8
.7
.6
.4
.2
.0
3.7
2.6
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.6
.4
.2
.0
3.4
2.6
2.0
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.0
.9
.8
.6
.4
.2
.0
_
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.1
.9
.9
.8
.7
.6
.4
.2
.0
2.2
1.4
1.1
.9
.8
.7
.7
.6
.5
.4
.2
.0
4.8
3.8
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.2
.9
.7
.5
.3
.2
.0
4.7
3.8
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.2
.9
.7
.5
.3
.2
.0
5.0
4.0
3.1
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.0
.7
.5
.3
.1
.0
5.1
4.2
3.3
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.2
.9
.6
.5
.3
.1
.0
_
3.9
3.2
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.0
.7
.5
.4
.2
.0
_
3.4
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.1
.8
.6
.5
.3
.2
.0
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75+
29
Table B-10. Remaining voluntary labor force separations per person entering age interval by sex, age, race, and schooling
completed, 1979-80
Race
Sex and age
Total
Years of schooling completed
White
Black and
other
Less than
high school
High school to
14 years
15 years
or more
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
3.4
2.8
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
.9
.7
.1
3.4
2.7
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.0
.7
.1
3.8
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.1
.7
.5
.0
3.8
3.2
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.2
.8
.6
.1
_
2.7
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.0
.7
.1
_
2.8
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.2
.9
.1
5.3
4.5
3.8
3.2
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.0
.7
.5
.0
5.3
4.5
3.8
3.2
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.0
.7
.5
.0
5.3
4.5
3.7
3.1
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.1
.7
.5
.0
5.5
4.7
3.8
3.2
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.1
.8
.6
.4
.0
_
4.7
4.0
3.4
2.9
2.4
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.2
.8
.6
.1
_
4.3
3.6
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.2
.8
.6
.1
Men
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
Women
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75 +
30
Technical Appendix
Transition probabilities (!PX). These probabilities
(shown for all men and all women in columns 8-12 of
tables A-l and A-4) indicate the likelihood that an
individual of a given sex, age, labor force status
(and—though not shown—race or educational attain
ment category) will be classified in each of three
possible states 1 year later: Economically active, in
active, or dead. Since these outcomes exhaust all
possibilities, the probabilities sum to unity. Within
any demographic group for which a table has been
calculated:
The current set of worklife tables is an update and
extension of those published in 1982 in Bulletins 2135 and
2157. The basic methodology, detailed in Bulletin 2135,
has not changed.
Data input. Multistate (increment-decrement) working
life tables are derived from information about changes
in the labor force status of individuals between two points
in time, 12 months apart. The flows in question are
outlined in figure 1.
Using data collected by the Current Population
Survey (CPS), these flows are traced separately for
each sex-race and sex-educational attainment cohort.1
For the period 1979-80, responses of persons inter
viewed in two successive January, March, May, July,
September, or November surveys have been compared
over the 1-year interval to obtain counts of the streams
noted in figure 1. Surviving respondents have been
classified as “ active” or “ inactive” if their status was
identical at the two reference points, and as “ entrants”
or “ exits” if their status changed.2 The number lost
to reinterview through death has been estimated
separately, using the standard mortality function qx
(here denoted ’p^). The National Center for Health
Statistics publishes these rates annually. Because the
reference period for labor force activity spans 2
calendar years, we have employed mortality rates
which are averages of those published for 1979 and
1980.
Life table calculations are performed on single-yearof-age data. The reference period for events in these
tables is that between two exact ages, denoted x and
x+1. Survey data have a slightly different age
reference: The average person claiming to be “x” years
old is actually halfway between his x and x+ 1th birth
days, or x + Vi years of age. Before developing the
life table functions, therefore, survey data must be
recentered on the appropriate age interval. The exact
age counts are derived from survey values as follows.
Using the example of persons economically active at
age “ x” :
‘Px + 'Px + ‘Px = 1
and
aP? + V x + apx = l.
Where:
i = economically inactive (out of labor force)
a = economically active (in the labor force)
d = dead
= the probability that a person of a given
characteristic, age x and in status 1 at the
beginning of the interval, will be in status
2 exactly 1 year later, at age x+1.
Differences in mortality risks associated with labor
force status have not yet been adequately quantified.
Therefore we have assumed those risks to be the same
for all persons of a given age, whether in or out of the
labor force. Thus:
aPx =
Where:
• = all persons of given characteristics alive at the
beginning of the interval.
In the tables for all men, all women, and men and
women by educational attainment, mortality rates have
been assumed to vary by age and sex. No educational
differentials have been introduced, owing to lack of
data. However, the tables by race employ additional
a c tiv e s(x-> /2) + a c tiv e s(x+*/2)
1This information is collected from all age groups, 14 and above,
and has been processed for ages 14 through 76.
2The data set used for this analysis does not facilitate a distinction
between initial and subsequent labor force entries.
The subscripts refer to the age of persons at the begin
ning of the 1-year interval.
‘Px= 'Px
31
Figure 1. Labor force flows for each demographic group identified in the 1979-80 working life tables
S ta te at tim e 2 , a g e x +
1
S ta te at tim e 1, a g e x
In la b o r f o r c e ......................................
N o t in la b o r f o r c e ............................
T o ta l
In la b o r fo r c e
N o t in la b o r fo r c e
D ead
G ro u p A
G ro u p B
A c tiv e s
E n tran ts
E x its
In activ es
D e a th s o f a ctiv es
D e a th s o f in a ctiv e s
educational attainment, born at the same time, were
“ survived” until all persons had died, at each age
experiencing the mortality and labor force probabili
ties observed in the base population during the reference
year. The stationary population at any given age x is
merely cohort survivors at the beginning of the previous
age, multiplied by their probability of surviving that
age:
information on racial differentials in mortality, so that,
for instance:
wm,.pd ^ om,.pd
Where:
wm,.pd _ tjje death rate 0f aji white males of a
given age, regardless of labor force
status
•1* =
°m,.pd _ t^e death rate 0f ajj black and other
males of a given age, regardless of labor
force status
p 2 _ ,) .
Group-specific transfer rates are used to determine how
many cohort members will be active or inactive at each
successive age. For instance, the number of inactives at
age x is equal to the stock of inactives in the cohort 1
year earlier, plus persons leaving the labor force at any
time during the interval, minus all those entering the labor
force, minus inactives who died:
For each group tabulated, transition probabilities are
computed as row percentages from age-adjusted tables
like figure 1. For instance, the probability of entering the
labor force over the year’s interval beginning at age x is
computed as:
entrants,
!pa = ---------- x
Group Bx
'!x = V , + (a'x - l X X - l )
- ('lx_ , X ‘m * .,) - (‘lx_, X ‘mx_ |).
Rates o f transfer between statuses ^m^). These rates
(which appear for total men and total women in columns
13-15 of tables A-l and A-4) denote the number of
tranfers from state 1 to state 2 during the interval from
exact age x to exact age x +1, per thousand cohort
members age x in the stationary population. As a ratio
of events to population, these rates make allowance for
the fact that a single individual may change his or her
status repeatedly during any year. Transfer rates are com
puted from transition probabilities as follows:
This function can be restated in terms of numbers who
transferred between states 1 and 2, as observed only at
those ages C1^):
'
The number of such transfers is shown in columns 19-23
of the complete worklife tables, A-l and A-4.
Remaining labor force entries (‘Ea ) and voluntary exits
(aEx) per person. The average number of labor force
entries and exits remaining per person of a given age
is computed by summing the relevant transfer values
(*ta or atx) from that age to the end of the table and
dividing the total by persons alive at the beginning of that
age, lx. Comparative estimates for the 12 cohorts in
question are shown in tables B-9 and B-10.
(1 + X X 1 + Vx) - (Vx x ipa)
and so on. The probability of transition and the rate
of transfer for a given age are positively related so
that the higher the likelihood of changing status
over a 1-year interval, the greater the rate of transfer
and the larger the difference between their respective
values.
Expectation o f life (*ex), and working life (-ea ) for all
persons aged x. The stationary population values shown
in columns 16-18 of the complete tables can be read to
represent a longitudinal history of a single birth cohort,
showing the labor force status of survivors to each suc
cessive birthday.
Assuming that changes in status (i.e., deaths and
labor force entries and exits) are evenly distributed
throughout the year, the total number alive at mid-year
The stationary population ( lx), inactive population (*lx),
and stationary labor force (alx) at each exact age.
These functions appear in columns 16-18 of the com
plete worklife tables, A-l and A-4. They denote the
number of persons of a give cohort who would remain
in each labor force status at successive birthdays if
100,000 persons of the same sex and race or ultimate
lx-1 X (1 -
32
aex and 'ex for years of inactivity remaining for the same
two groups.
( L‘x ) should be precisely half the sum of those alive at
the beginning and at the end of that interval:
*t •
Lx -
*x +
Interpretation o f w o rklife expectancy values. These tables
^x + 1 )
-----------------------
•
measure movement into and out of the labor force,
rather than flows into and out of employment. Hence
measures of “worklife” actually include periods of
unemployment.
These estimates in no way control for differences in
hours worked by age, sex, race, or educational attain
ment. They simply summarize the number of years during
which an average cohort member would be attached to
the labor force (in whatever manner is characteristic for
that group) if prevailing rates of mortality and labor force
entry and exit remained in effect throughout his or her
lifetime.
It is possible to quantify the proportion of each year
of life spent in the labor force (controlling for the average
effects of mortality and labor force separation) by com
puting the following ratio for each age group:
2
The number active or inactive at mid-year can be com
puted in analagous fashion. (These values by labor force
status appear in columns 24-26 of tables A-l and A-4).
These figures are also referred to as the number of “per
son years’’ lived by the group in any status as it passes
through the given age. Summing person years (of life,
inactivity, or activity) from age x to the end of the table,
and dividing the result by total persons alive at exact age
x, we derive average years of life, inactivity, and activity
remaining to be lived by those age x. For example, the
average worklife expectancy is:
Pa
x + lc x
L a b o r fo rc e status-specific expectations o f active life
(aea , ‘ex) and inactive life (aex, ‘ex). The expectancy
*1
Where:
functions for the population as a whole, above, were
developed using a Markov chain calculation in which a
specific cohort of individuals (i.e., those of a given sex,
and race or educational attainment level, bom at the same
time) were traced through a lifetime of labor force
entries and exits to quantify total average work duration.
By the same token, it is possible to follow even more
specific cohorts (e.g., those with a given set of charac
teristics who were in the labor force at a specific age)
through their subsequent worklife experiences. The pro
cedure is the same. At each age, survivors of the initial
work status cohort are subjected to the transfer rates
appropriate to their current age and status, to determine
how many will enter the next age interval in each work
status group. The resulting stationary population profile
is translated into person years of activity and inactivity
lived by the group in that age interval. These values are
summed across ages, then averaged over persons of the
relevant sex alive and in a given status at the initial
age.
Given the 2 sexes, 2 labor force statuses, and 60
ages of interest, this entire procedure must be repeated
240 times to develop the expectancy figures shown in
columns 4-7 of tables A-l and A-4. It must be repeated
another 1,200 times to provide the labor force statusspecific detail by sex and race, and by sex and education,
shown.
The expectancies are denoted aea (years of activity
remaining to persons currently active), *ea (years of
activity remaining to persons currently inactive), and
'L x
__
*x
x + iex
= the worklife expectancy from age x
to x + 1.
M o d ific a tio n s o f the m odel. Treatment of the initial and
terminal ages of the table has been modified slightly
since the last publication to improve the precision of
the estimates. Whereas the tables for 1977 recognized
labor force entries to begin during age 15, the present
set also rests on known entry patterns for persons age
14. This has had a very minor impact on worklife
expectancies at birth, and none at all beyond the early
teens.
For purposes of closure, it is now assumed that no
one enters the labor force after age 75, and that per
son years of activity beyond that age are proportional
to the labor force participation rate of CPS respond
ents age 76 to 78. (Given the number of groups being
tabulated, it is no longer feasible to attempt estimation
of actual labor force movements beyond age 75.) This
modification has had a very minor impact on worklife
values.
A d d itio n a l detail. This publication includes only sum
mary statistics on worklife expectancy by race and
education. Full tables for various groups are avail
able upon request from: Division of Data Development
and Users’ Services, Office of Employment and Un
employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
441 G St. NW., Washington, D.C. 20212.
33
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