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Z. 3-3? 33SS Working Women A Chartbook U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics August 1991 Bulletin 2385 Working Women: A Chartbook U.S. Department of Labor Lynn Martin, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner August 1991 Bulletin 2385 ii Foreword Today, more women—and mothers—are in the labor force than ever before. Women make up significant proportions of workers in a broad and growing range of occupations and industries. They are staying in the labor force longer and are earning more than ever before. Asa primary source of data on women in the labor market, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been tracking the profound changes in women’s labor force participation for the past three decades. During this time, the Bureau has published many reports and introduced several new data series that have helped measure different aspects of women’s labor force participation, the progress they have made, and the problems they face. As the 20th century nears its end, it is appropriate to take stock of the status of working women. With pictures, words, and numbers, this chartbook summarizes the main characteristics of women in the labor market today and the changes that have occurred in the recent past. And, it provides us with a reference point from which we can observe and analyze the changes in the economic role of women that the approaching century is sure to bring. Janet L. Norwood Commisioner of Labor Statistics iii Preface This chartbook presents an array of data on women in the labor force, highlighting their labor market status today and its changes over the past three decades. It is the latest of several databooks and chartbooks on women issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The chartbook is divided into four sections. The first summarizes the current labor market situation of women and the major trends in their labor force activity over the past 30 years. The second section examines the employment characteristics of women, including their occupational patterns and earnings. The third section focuses on unemployment, and the fourth provides a glimpse of the family dimension of their labor force participation. A special feature of this chartbook is that each chart has a companion table that can be found in appendix A. These tables were designed to supplement the information contained in the charts, helping to place them in a broader social and economic context. Appendix B provides informa tion about the sources of the data for the charts and tables and definitions of basic labor force concepts. Appendix C lists several additional BLS sources on women. This chartbook was prepared in the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, by Howard V. Hayghe and Stella W. Cromartie under the direc tion of Harvey R. Hamel. Valuable assistance was provided by the staffs of the Data Users and Publications Services Group and the Data Development Staff, also of the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics. Keith Tapscott of the Division of Production Services, Office of Publications, was responsible for the overall design of the publication. i Material in this publication is in the public domain and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced vithout permission. v Contents Page Section I: Overview and trends ................................................................................. 1 Chart 1. Selected labor force indicators for women, 1990 annual averages .... 2 Chart 2. Labor force participation rates of adult women and men, seasonally adjusted, 1960-90 ...................................................................... 4 Chart 3. Labor force participation rates of women and men by age, 1960 and 1990 annual averages.......................................................................... 6 Chart 4. Labor force participation rates of adult women by race and Hispanic origin, 1973-90 annual averages.............................................. 8 Chart 5. Labor force participation rates of women in nine industrialized countries, 1990 annual averages........................................................... 10 Section II: Employment....................................................................................... 11 Chart 6. Employment growth among women and all civilian workers, 1960-90 annual averages........................................................................ 12 Employed adult women by full- or part-time status, 1990 annual averages...................................................................................................... 14 Occupational distribution of employed women, 1990 annual averages....................................................................................................... 16 Women as a proportion of total employed persons in selected occupations, 1972 and 1990 annual averages..................................... 18 Women as a proportion of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 1990 annual averages....................................... 20 Ratio of women’s-to-men’s median weekly earnings for full-time wage and salary workers by age, 1979 and 1990 annual averages....................................................................................................... 22 Section III: Unemployment................................................................................. 23 Chart 12. Unemployment rates for adult women and men, seasonally adjusted, 1960-90 ..................................................................................... 24 Chart 13. Unemployment rates for women by age, 1990 annual averages .... 26 Chart 14. Unemployment rates for women by race and Hispanic origin, 1990 annual averages............................................................................... 28 Unemployment rates for women by household relationship, 1990 annual averages............................................................................... 30 Chart 7. Chart 8. Chart 9. Chart 10. Chart 11. Chart 15. vi Contents—Continued Section IV: Family aspects................................................................................. 31 Chart 16. Labor force status of women 25 to 54 years, 1962 and 1990 annual averages......................................................................................... 32 Percent of married-couple families with both husband and wife in the labor force, March, selected years, 1960-90......................... 34 Labor force participation rates of mothers by age of youngest child, March 1975 and March 1990 .................................................... 36 A. Supplementary tables........................................................................................... B. Sources and concepts........................................................................................... C. Where to find additional BLS data on women ................................................ 37 51 53 Chart 17. Chart 18. Appendixes: Section I: Overview and Trends Women play an important role in the labor market • Women accounted for 45 percent of both the employed and unemployed in the United States in 1990. Of all full-time workers—that is, persons who work 35 hours or more a week—41 percent are women. • A little over half the workers in professional specialty occupations are women, as are 40 percent of those in managerial jobs. • About 4 out of 5 workers in administrative support jobs (clerical, secretarial, etc.) are women. Chart 1. Selected labor force indicators for women, 1990 annual averages Women as a proportion of... 2 Adult women’s labor force participation has risen dramatically • The proportion of adult women (20 years old and over) working or looking for work rose from about 38 percent in 1960 to nearly 60 percent in 1990. Over the same period, the participation rate for men, while remaining above that for women, has declined. • As a result, the gap between adult men’s and women’s labor force participation rates has narrowed substantially. In 1960, there was a 46 percentage-point difference between the two groups; in 1990, it was just 20 points. • During the 1980’s, the number of adult women in the labor force grew by about 1.2 million a year, on average, as the post-World War II baby-boom generation completed its entry into the labor force. This rate of growth has slowed somewhat since mid-1990, partly because of the recent recession’s effect on job oppor tunities. However, even after the current recession ends, it is anticipated that labor force growth among women will continue to be slower than in recent decades, because fewer will be entering the age groups where labor force participation is highest. 3 SESFdgSSHS Chart 2. Labor force participation rates of adult women and men, seasonally adjusted, 1960-90 Percent Percent 1960 1965 1970 1975 NOTE: Shaded areas represent recessions. 4 1980 1985 1990 The pattern of women’s labor force participation rates by age is becoming more like men’s • In 1960, the impact of marriage and motherhood on the labor force participation rates of women was strikingly evident. The participation rate reached its initial peak among women ages 20 to 24, dropped sharply for those 25 to 34, rose to a second, higher peak for women ages 45 to 54, and then gradually declined, assuming the classic letterM shape. • Reflecting the profound changes in women’s roles that have taken place in our society, this pattern was no longer evident in 1990. Instead, women’s labor force participation rate pattern has now come to resemble men’s (an inverted letter U). 5 Chart 3. Labor force participation rates of women and men by age, 1960 and 1990 annual averages Percent Percent 100 100 90 90 80 80 70- 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30- 30 20- -20 10- 10 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 Age 6 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over White women are now almost as likely to be in the labor force as black women • Over the last two decades, the historical gap between the labor force participation rates for adult white women and black women nearly closed. In 1973, 44 percent of white women were labor force participants, compared with 52 percent of black women. By 1990, these proportions had grown to 58 and 60 percent, respectively. • The labor force participation rate of Hispanic women also rose on a sustained basis during the 1970’s and 1980’s. However, they remain less likely than their white or black counterparts to be in the labor force. 7 Chart 4. Labor force participation rates of adult women by race and Hispanic origin, 1973-90 annual averages Percent Percent American women are among the most likely to be labor force participants • In 1990, U.S. women ranked near the top among those in nine indus trialized countries in the extent of their labor force participation; only Swedish and Canadian women were more likely to be in the labor force. Over the past two decades, the participation-rate gap between U.S. and Swedish women narrowed. During the same period, the rate for Canadian women grew rapidly and now surpasses that of U.S. women by a narrow margin. • Other countries that have shown notable gains in women’s labor force participation since 1970 include Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. • Only about 30 percent of Italian women were in the labor force in 1990, the smallest proportion of the nine countries for which data were available. 9 Chart 5. Labor force participation rates of women in nine industrialized countries, 1990 annual averages NOTE: Data for the Netherlands are for 1988, the latest available. 10 Section II: Employment The number of employed women more than doubled over the past three decades • In the past three decades, the number of employed women more than doubled, rising from 21.9 million in 1960 to 53.5 million by 1990. They accounted for 60 percent of the total increase in employment over the period, as their share of employment grew from 33 to 45 percent. • As the post-World War II babyboom generation matured, the number of employed women ages 25 to 34 nearly quadrupled, rising from 3.9 million in 1960 to 15.1 million in 1990. Employment growth among women 35 to 44 years old was also substantial, from 5 million to 14 million. 11 Chart 6. Employment growth among women and all civilian workers, 1960-90 annual averages Millions 1960 Millions 1964 1968 12 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 Three out of four employed adult women work full time • In 1990, 77 percent of employed adult women (20 years and over) worked full time, that is, 35 hours or more a week. Moreover, about 80 percent of those who were unemployed were looking for full time jobs. Among adult men, 93 percent of the employed were full time workers and an equal pro portion of the unemployed were looking for full-time work. • Although the proportion of adult women who were full-time workers has varied little over time, their number has nearly doubled since 1970. • More and more, women are working all year at full-time jobs. Between 1970 and 1989—the latest year for which such data are available—the proportion of employed women who worked year round, full time, rose 10 percentage points to 51 percent. 13 Chart 7. Employed adult women by fullor part-time status, 1990 annual averages 14 Despite sharp growth in the number of women employed in professional occupations, significant proportions still work in clerical and service jobs. • In 1990, about 59 percent of employed women worked in just three broad occupational groups— sales, administrative support (clerical), and services. Eighteen years earlier, the proportion was 64 percent. • Over the same period, women made important gains in managerial and professional occupations. The proportion working in executive, administrative, or managerial occupations increased from 5 percent in 1972 to 11 percent in 1990, while the proportion in professional specialty occupations rose from 12 to 15 percent. 15 Chart 8. Occupational distribution of employed women, 1990 annual averages Percent 100 n Executive, administrative, and managerial 90 - Professional specialty 80- Technicians and related support 70 - Sales 60 - 50Administrative support, including clerical 40 - 30 - 20- Services 10- Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 0J 16 Women’s share of employment is growing in many nontraditional occupations • Between 1972 and 1990, the proportion of lawyers who were women rose dramatically, from only 4 percent to 21 percent. In 1990, 19 percent of physicians were women, nearly double their 1972 proportion. • Substantial gains in women’s share of employment also occurred in other occupations where they had long been underrepresented. For instance, 56 percent of bartenders were women in 1990, double the proportion in 1972. Over the same period, their proportion of bus drivers increased from 34 to 52 percent. • While women rapidly entered many occupations previously dominated by men, men did not enter the so-called traditional “women’s” occupations in significant numbers. Thus, job categories such as nursing or secretarial work remained overwhelmingly female. 17 Chart 9. Women as a proportion of total employed persons in selected occupations, 1972 and 1990 annual averages 18 Women work in all sectors of the economy • Women make up the majority of employees in a broad range of major industry groups. For instance, a little over half the employees in retail trade and government are women, as are about three-fifths of those in finance, insurance, and real estate, and services. • At the other end of the spectrum, women account for only 11 percent of the employees in construction and 14 percent of those in mining. • Among specific industries, women account for about three-fourths of the workers employed in apparel and accessory stores and in hospitals and other health services. 19 Chart 10. Women as a proportion of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 1990 annual averages 100 20 Women’s weekly earnings now average 72 percent of men’s • In 1979, women working full time in wage and salary jobs had median weekly earnings that were 63 percent of men’s. By 1990, the ratio had risen to 72 percent. • Increases in the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio have occurred across all age groups but have been greatest for younger women. For example, in 1979, the ratio among 16- to 24year-olds was 79 percent; by 1990, it had risen to 90 percent. For 25- to 34-year-old women, median earnings rose from 67 percent of men’s to 79 percent. • Studies have shown that the gap in women’s-to-men’s earnings is largely determined by differences in occupational employment. Differences in the years of work experience and the number of hours usually worked also contribute to the gap. Discrimination in labor market practices may also play a role, although it is very difficult to measure its specific effect on the overall earnings of large population groups. 21 Chart 11. Ratio of women’s-to-men’s median weekly earnings for full time wage and salary workers by age, 1979 and 1990 annual averages and over 24 22 34 A Age 44 54 and over Section III: Unemployment Unemployment rates for adult women and men are not very different • In the 1960’s and 1970’s, the unemployment rate for adult women (20 years and over) was typically higher than that for adult men. Over those two decades, that difference averaged 1.3 percentage points. • During much of the 1980’s, how ever, the jobless rates for adult men and women were much more similar, as women’s labor market activity became less intermittent. • The 1990-91 recession caused increased unemployment among both women and men, but the increase was sharper among men. In the first quarter of 1991, the unemployment rate for adult women was 5.5 percent, compared with 6.1 percent for adult men. 23 Chart 12. Unemployment rates for adult women and men, seasonally adjusted, 1960-90 NOTE: Shaded areas represent recessions. 24 Older women are less likely to be unemployed • Teenagers and young adults are far more likely than older persons to be unemployed. In 1990, the unemploy ment rate for 16- to 19-year-old women was 14.7 percent, and for 20- to 24-year olds, it was 8.5 percent. In contrast, for more mature women, those 55 to 64 years old, the rate was just 2.8 percent. • Differences in unemployment rates between women and men are most pronounced among teenagers, with the 1990 rate for teenage males 1.6 percentage points higher than for teenage females. The difference narrowed to only six-tenths of a percentage point among young adults, and for those in the central age group (25 to 54), jobless rates were the same. 25 Chart 13. Unemployment rates for women by age, 1990 annual averages over Age 26 Black women are more likely than either white or Hispanic women to be unemployed • Overall, black women are more than twice as likely to be unemployed as white women. In 1990, the unemployment rate for black women was 10.8 percent, while that for white women was 4.6 percent. For Hispanic women, the rate was 8.3 percent, about halfway between the rates for white and black women. • The significantly higher unemploy ment rates for black women are evident across all age groups. For black teenage girls, the unemploy ment rate was 30 percent, more than twice that of white teenagers, and half again as large as that of Hispanic teens. Even among women 25 to 54, the black-to-white ratio was more than 2 to 1. 27 Chart 14. Unemployment rates for women by race and Hispanic origin, 1990 annual averages Percent Percent 20 i r 20 16 - 16 12 - 12 8 4 White 28 Black Hispanic origin Women maintaining families are twice as likely as wives to be unemployed • In 1990, women maintaining families (no spouse present) had an unem ployment rate of 8.2 percent. This was over twice the 3.6-percent rate for wives and more than three times the 2.3-percent rate for women living alone. • Contributing to the high unemploy ment rate for these women is the fact that about a third were under 35 years old, and one-fourth had preschool children, whose care often conflicted with the demands of the job market, especially when there was no other parent present to share in the responsibility, Moreover, a dis proportionately large share of the total was black. 29 Chart 15. Unemployment rates for women by household relationship, 1990 annual averages Percent Percent r 20 20 i 16 12 12- 8 -4 Women who maintain families Wives 30 Women living alone Women living with nonrelatives Section IV: Family aspects With increasing labor force participation, fewer women fill the traditional full-time housekeeping role • In 1962, the majority of women 25 to 54 years old were keeping house full time. Just 43 percent were working or looking for work outside their homes. • These figures have changed dramatically as women’s role in society has changed. By 1990, about 74 percent of women 25 to 54 years old were in the labor force, and only about 21 percent were full-time homemakers. 31 Chart 16. Labor force status for women 25 to 54 years, 1962 and 1990 annual averages Others not in labor force 1962 Others not in labor force 1990 32 Dual-worker couples make up over half of all married-couple families • Over the last three decades, the proportion of married-couple families where both spouses were in the labor force almost doubled. In 1960, 28 percent of married-couple families were dual-worker couples; by 1990, the proportion was 54 percent. • Over the same period, the proportion of “traditional” families in which the husband, but not the wife, was in the labor force shrank from 61 percent of all married couples to just 25 percent. This was not entirely a result of expanding labor force activity of wives, as the proportion of families where neither spouse was in the labor force grew from 9 to 17 percent. • The growth in the number and proportion of dual-worker couples has had a significant impact on many areas of family life, especially childcare. Since 1970, the proportion of children in two-parent families where both parents were in the labor force grew from 36 to 61 percent. 33 Chart 17. Percent of married-couple families with both husband and wife in the labor force, March, selected years, 1960-90 34 More than half of mothers with children under 2 years old are in the labor force • Today, the majority of mothers are in the labor force. Their labor force participation rates range from about 75 percent for those whose youngest child is of school age, to 52 per cent for those with children under 2. • Up until the mid-1980’s, married mothers with children under 2 years old were less likely than single parent mothers of very young children—who were frequently the sole support of their families—to be labor force participants. Today, however, the situation is reversed, and married mothers are more likely to be in the labor force. 35 Chart 18. Labor force participation rates of mothers by age of youngest child, March 1975 and March 1990 Age of child 36 Appendix A. Supplementary Tables 37 Table A-1. Labor force status and occupation of the employed by sex, 1990 annua! averages (Numbers in thousands) Women Characteristic Total Men Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 188,049 124,787 117,914 97,994 6,874 63,262 98,399 56,554 53,479 40,011 3,075 41,845 52.3 45 3 45 4 40.8 44 7 66 1 89 650 68 234 64 435 54,982 3 799 21,417 47.7 54.7 54 6 59.2 55 3 33 9 14,839 15,818 3,842 14,191 18,641 15,759 13,641 17,775 3,408 5,943 8,095 1,888 6,983 14,870 9,470 1,159 4,526 544 40.0 51 2 49.1 49 2 79.8 60.1 8.5 25.5 16.0 8,897 7 723 1,954 7 208 3,771 6,288 12,482 13,249 2,864 60.0 48 8 50.9 50 8 20.2 39.9 91.5 74.5 84.0 LABOR FORCE STATUS Civilian noninstitutional population ........................................................ Civilian labor force................................................................................ Employed .......................................................................................... Full-time workers............................................................................. Unemployed........................................................................................ Not in labor force ............................................................................... OCCUPATION Executive, administrative, and managerial........................................... Professional specialty ............................................................................ Technicians and related support........................................................... Sales occupations ................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ............................................. Service occupations................................................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair.................................................. Operators, fabricators, and laborers..................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing ................................................................ 38 Table A-2. Civilian labor force participation rates of all persons, teenagers, and adults by sex, 1960-90 annual averages (Percent of population in labor force) Men Women Year Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 1960 ................................ 1961 ................................. 1962................................ 1963 ................................. 1964................................ 1965 ................................ 1966 ................................ 1967 ................................ 1968 ................................ 1969 ................................ 37.7 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7 39.3 39.7 39.0 38.0 37.0 38.0 41.4 41.6 41.9 43.2 37.6 38.0 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 40.1 41.1 41.6 42.7 83.3 82.9 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8 56.1 54.6 53.8 52.9 52.4 53.8 55.3 55.6 55.1 55.9 86.0 85.7 84.8 84.4 84.2 83.9 83.6 83.4 83.1 82.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ 43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7 46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9 44.0 43.4 45.8 47.8 49.1 49.1 49.8 51.2 53.7 54.2 43.3 43.3 43.7 44.4 45.3 46.0 47.0 48.1 49.6 50.6 79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7 77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8 56.1 56.1 58.1 59.7 60.7 59.1 59.3 60.9 62.0 61.5 82 6 82.1 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.3 79.8 79.7 79.8 79.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6 54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4 52.9 51.8 51.4 50.8 51.8 52.1 53.0 53.3 53.6 53.9 51.3 52.1 52.7 53.1 53.7 54.7 55.5 56.2 56.8 57.7 77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4 76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4 60.5 59.0 56.7 56.2 56.0 56.8 56.4 56.1 56.9 57.9 79.4 79.0 78.7 78.5 78.3 78.1 78.1 78.0 77.9 78.1 1990 ................................. 57.5 51.8 57.9 76.1 55.7 77.8 Table A-3. Civilian labor force participation rates by age and sex, 1960 and 1990 annual averages (Percent of population in labor force) Women Men Age 16 20 25 35 45 55 65 Total 16 years and over ................. to 19 years....................................... to 24 years....................................... to 34 years....................................... to 44 years....................................... to 54 years....................................... to 64 years....................................... years and over ................................ 1960 1990 1960 1990 37.7 39.3 46.1 36.0 43.4 49.9 37.2 10.8 57.5 51.8 71.6 73.6 76.5 71.2 45.3 8.7 83.3 56.1 88.1 97.5 97.7 95.7 86.8 33.1 76.1 55.7 84.3 94.2 94.4 90.7 67.7 16.4 39 Table A-4. Civilian labor force participation rates of persons 20 years and over by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1973-90 annual averages (Percent of population in labor force) Women, 20 years and over Year Men, 20 years and over White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 43.5 44.4 45.3 46.2 47.3 48.7 49.8 51.6 51.4 51.1 52.5 53.6 55.5 55.4 41.3 42.7 43.8 44.6 45.1 47.2 48.0 81.6 81.4 80.7 80.3 80.2 80.1 80.1 78.4 77.6 76.0 75.4 75.6 76.2 76.3 85.9 86.0 85.5 84.2 84.8 84.9 85.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 50.6 51.5 52.2 52.5 53.1 54.0 54.9 55.6 56.3 57.2 55.6 56.0 56.2 56.8 57.6 58.6 58.9 60.0 60.1 60.6 48.5 49.7 49.3 49.0 50.5 50.6 51.7 53.3 54.2 54.9 79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.7 78.5 78.5 78.4 78.3 78.5 75.1 74.5 74.7 75.2 74.8 74.4 74.8 74.7 74.6 74.4 84.9 84.7 84.0 84.1 84.3 84.0 84.6 84.5 85.0 85.0 1990 57.6 60.0 54.6 78.3 73.8 84.1 NOTE: Data for persons of Hispanic origin, beginning in 1980, are not strictly comparable with data for prior years because of revisions in the estimation procedures. Table A-5. Civilian labor force participation rates of women in nine industrialized countries, annual averages, selected years, 1970-90 (Percent of population in labor force) Country 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 United States .............................. 43.3 46.3 51.5 54.5 57.5 Australia....................................... 40.4 44.5 45.5 47.0 53.1 Canada......................................... 38.3 44.4 50.4 54.6 58.4 France.......................................... 39.8 41.7 44.3 45.5 45.9 Italy............................................... 26.4 26.8 30.1 30.7 32.6 Japan ........................................... 48.7 44.8 46.6 47.6 49.1 Netherlands................................. (’) 29.5 34.3 38.6 42.2 ................................... 50.0 55.2 59.3 61.5 63.9 United Kingdom .......................... 42.2 46.2 47.8 49.6 53.3 Sweden 1 Data not available. NOTE: Data for 1990 for France, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are preliminary; data for the Netherlands are for 1988, the latest year available. 40 Table A-6. Employed persons by sex, 1960-90 annual averages (In thousands) Year Total, 16 years and over Women Men 1960 ............................................................ 1961 ........................................................ 1962' ........................................................... 1963 ............................................................ 1964 ............................................................ 1965 ............................................................ 1966 ............................................................ 1967 ............................................................ 1968 ............................................................ 1969 ............................................................ 65,778 65,746 66,702 67,762 69,305 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 21,874 22,090 22,525 23,105 23,831 24,748 25,976 26,893 27,807 29,084 43,904 43,656 44,177 44,657 45,474 46,340 46,919 47,479 48,114 48,818 1970 ............................................................ 1971 ............................................................ 1972’ ........................................................... 1973' ........................................................... 1974 ............................................................ 1975 ............................................................ 1976 ............................................................ 1977 ............................................................ 1978' ........................................................... 1979 ............................................................ 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 29,688 29,976 31,257 32,715 33,769 33,989 35,615 37,289 39,569 41,217 48,990 49,390 50,896 52749 53,024 51,857 53,138 54728 56,479 57,607 1980 ............................................................ 1981 ............................................................ 1982 ............................................................ 1983 ............................................................ 1984 ............................................................ 1985 ............................................................ 1986’ ........................................................... 1987 ............................................................ 1988 ............................................................ 1989 ............................................................ 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 42,117 43,000 43,256 44,047 45,915 47,259 48,706 50,334 51,696 53,027 57,186 57,397 56,271 56,787 59,091 59,891 60,892 62,107 63,273 64,315 1990 ............................................................ 117,914 53,479 64,435 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years because of revisions in the population levels and/or estimation procedures used in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. 41 Table A-7. Employed full- and part-time workers, 20 years and over, by sex, 1968-90 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Employed women, 20 years and over Full time Employed men, 20 years and over Part time Full time Part time Year Number Percent of total Total Number Percent of total Total Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 1968 ............................................... 1969 ............................................... 25,281 26,397 19,600 20,454 77.5 77.5 5,681 5,944 22.5 22.5 44,859 45,388 42,720 43,100 95.2 95.0 2,139 2,288 4.8 5.0 1970 ............................................... 1971 ............................................... 1972’.............................................. 1973'.............................................. 1974 ............................................... 1975 ............................................... 1976 ............................................... 1977 ............................................... 1978’.............................................. 1979 ............................................... 26,952 27,246 28,276 29,484 30,424 30,726 32,226 33,775 35,836 37,434 20,654 20,769 21,536 22,495 23,181 23,242 24,406 25,587 27,326 28,623 76.6 76.2 76.2 76.3 76.2 75.6 75.7 75.8 76.3 76.5 6,297 6,477 6,741 6,991 7,243 7,484 7,820 8,187 8,511 8,812 23.4 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.8 24.4 24.3 24.2 23.7 23.5 45,581 45,912 47,130 48,310 48,922 48,018 49,190 50,555 52,143 53,308 43,138 43,321 44,476 45,637 46,158 45,051 46,175 47,402 49,007 50,174 94 6 94.4 94 4 94.5 94.3 93.8 93 9 93.8 94.0 94 1 2,443 2,591 2,654 2,673 2,765 2,967 3,015 3,152 3,136 3,133 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.7 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.9 1980 ............................................... 1981 ............................................... 1982 ............................................... 1983 ............................................... 1984 ............................................... 1985 ............................................... 1986’.............................................. 1987 ............................................... 1988 ............................................... 1989 ............................................ 38,492 39,590 40,086 41,004 42,793 44,154 45,556 47,074 48,383 49,745 29,391 30,041 30,007 30,680 32,404 33,604 34,812 36,121 37,299 38,408 76.4 75.9 74.9 74.8 75.7 76.1 76.4 76.7 77.1 77.2 9,102 9,549 10,079 10,324 10,388 10,551 10,744 10,953 11,084 11,337 23.6 24.1 25.1 25.2 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.8 53,101 53,582 52,891 53,487 55,769 56,562 57,569 58,726 59,781 60,837 49,698 50,092 48,895 49,264 51,624 52,425 53,317 54,381 55,353 56,386 93.6 93.5 92.4 92.1 92.6 92.7 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.7 3,403 3,490 3,996 4,223 4,145 4,137 4,252 4,345 4,427 4,451 6.4 6.5 7.6 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 1990 ............................................... 50,455 39,036 77.4 11,419 22.6 61,198 56,640 92.6 4,558 7.4 ' Not strictly comparable with prior years because of revisions in the population levels and/or estimation procedures used in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Table A-8. Percent distribution of the employed by occupation and sex, 1972 and 1990 annual averages Women Men Occupation 1972 1990 1972 1990 Total, 16 years and over (thousands) .......................................... Percent ............................................................................................. 31,257 100.0 53,479 100 0 50,896 100 0 64,435 100 0 Executive, administrative, and managerial.......................................... Professional specialty............................................................................ Technicians and related support.......................................................... Sales occupations.................................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical............................................ Service occupations............................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair................................................ Operators, fabricators, and laborers.................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing............................................................... 4.6 12.4 2.4 11.1 31.5 21.2 1.6 13.4 1.9 11.1 15.1 3.5 13 1 27.8 17.7 2.2 8.5 1.0 11.5 9.7 2.3 10.0 6.4 83 19 4 25.9 6.4 13.8 12.0 3.0 11 2 5.9 98 19 4 20.6 4.4 42 Table A-9. Employed women in selected occupations, 1972 and 1990 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 1990 1972 Occupation Assemblers ........................................................................................ Bartenders ............................................................................... Bus drivers ............................................................................... Computer programmers .................................................................. Lawyers .............................................................................................. Physicans........................................................................................... Registered nurses............................................................................. Secretaries......................................................................................... Teachers, except college and university ...................................... Telephone installers and repairers................................................ NOTE: Data for 1972 and 1990 are not strictly comparable due to changes in the occupational Total employed Percent women 46.8 27.9 34.1 19.9 4.0 10.1 97.6 99.1 70.0 1.9 1,022 202 253 188 305 332 807 2,964 2,852 312 Percent women Total employed 1,130 307 443 594 729 575 1,673 3,956 3,993 193 43.5 55.6 51.6 36.0 20.6 19.3 94.5 99.0 73.7 11.3 classification system beginning in 1983. Table A-10. Women on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 1990 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Employees Women Industry Total Number Percent total Total nonfarm ......................................... 109,971 52,147 47.4 Total private .......................................... Mining.................................................. Construction ....................................... Manufacturing.................................... Durable goods................................ Nondurable goods ......................... Transportation and public utilities .... Wholesale trade................................ Retail trade'........................................ General merchandise stores....... Food stores ..................................... Apparel and accessory stores ..... Eating and drinking places ........... Finance, insurance, and real estate Services1 ............................................. Business services .......................... Health services................................ Educational services...................... Social services ................................ Government........................................... Federal ................................................ State .................................................... Local.................................................... 91,649 711 5,136 19,111 11,115 7,995 5,826 6,205 19,683 2,516 3,229 1,178 6,565 6,739 28,240 5,241 7,844 1,652 1,811 18,322 3,085 4,303 10,934 42,423 96 554 6,297 2,969 3,329 1,711 1,903 10,462 1,727 1,640 891 3,659 4,259 17,141 2,493 6,456 934 1,409 9,725 1,258 2,139 6,328 46.3 13.5 10.8 33.0 26.7 41.6 29.4 30.7 53.2 68.6 50.8 75.6 55.7 63.2 60.7 47.6 82.3 56.5 77.8 53.1 40.8 49.7 57.9 1 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 43 Table A-11. Median weekly earnings ratios for full-time wage and salary workers by age, race, and sex, 1979 and 1990 annual averages 1979 1990 Women Men Ratio of women’s to men’s earnings S182 154 194 196 199 195 192 187 188 170 $291 196 314 315 295 335 337 305 312 219 62.5 78.6 61.8 62.2 67.5 58.2 57.0 61.3 60.3 77.6 $348 254 370 374 357 391 377 342 348 300 $485 283 514 512 452 563 592 526 545 402 71.8 89.8 72.0 73.0 79.0 69.4 63.7 65.0 63.9 74.6 184 155 197 198 190 298 199 321 322 313 61.7 77.9 61.4 61.5 60.7 355 257 378 382 348 497 287 529 525 554 71.4 89.5 71.5 72.8 62.8 169 144 177 179 159 227 167 245 249 216 74.4 86.2 72.2 71.9 73.6 308 234 320 321 303 360 249 386 387 381 85.6 94.0 82.9 82.9 79.5 Age and race Women Men Ratio of women’s to men’s earnings TOTAL 16 years and over..................................................... 16 to 24 years ........................................................ 25 years and over.................................................. 25 to 54 years ..................................................... 25 to 34 years................................................... 35 to 44 years................................................... 45 to 54 years................................................... 55 years and over ............................................... 55 to 64 years................................................... 65 years and over ............................................ White 16 years and over..................................................... 16 to 24 years ........................................................ 25 years and over.................................................. 25 to 54 years ..................................................... 55 years and over ............................................... Black 16 years and over..................................................... 16 to 24 years ........................................................ 25 years and over.................................................. 25 to 54 years ..................................................... 55 years and over............................................... 44 Table A-12. Unemployment rates of all persons, teenagers, and adults by sex, 1960-90 annual averages (Percent of labor force that is unemployed) Men Women Year Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 5.9 7.2 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7 13.9 16.3 14.6 17.2 16.6 15.7 14.1 13.5 14.0 13.3 5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7 5.4 6.4 5.2 5.2 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 15.3 17.1 14.7 17.2 15.8 14.1 11.7 12.3 11.6 11.4 4.7 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.9 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ................................. ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 15.6 17.2 16.7 15.3 16.6 19.7 18.7 18.3 17.1 16.4 4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5 8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1 15.0 16.6 15.9 13.9 15.6 20.1 19.2 17.3 15.8 15.9 3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.8 6.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. 7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4 17.2 19.0 21.9 21.3 18.0 17.6 17.6 15.9 14.4 14.0 6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8 6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7 6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2 18.3 20.1 24.4 23.3 19.6 19.5 19.0 17.8 16.0 15.9 5.9 6.3 8.8 8.9 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5 1990 ................................ 5.4 14.7 4.8 5.6 16.3 4.9 45 Table A-13. Unemployment rates by age and sex, 1990 annual averages (Percent of labor force that is unemployed) Age Women Men Total, 16 years and over..................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 years and over.................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 65 to 69 years..................................................................... 70 to 74 years..................................................................... 75 years and over .............................................................. 5.4 14.7 4.8 8.5 5.6 4.2 3.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 2.4 3.0 5.6 16.3 4.9 9.1 5.5 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.0 3.2 3.3 1.8 Table A-14. Unemployment rates by race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex, 1990 annual averages (Percent of labor force that is unemployed) Age, race, and Hispanic origin Women Men White, 16 years and over.................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 years and over.................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 4.6 12.6 4.1 6.8 4.5 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.8 4.8 14.2 4.3 7.6 4.7 3.5 3.4 3.6 2.8 Black, 16 years and over.................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 years and over.................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 10.8 30.0 9.6 19.7 11.9 7.2 4.4 3.7 5.8 11.8 32.1 10.4 20.2 11.5 8.5 6.3 5.5 4.6 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over.................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 years and over.................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 8.3 19.5 7.4 10.4 8.0 6.6 6.0 4.2 6.4 7.8 19.6 7.0 8.3 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.5 5.8 46 Table A-15. Employment status of women by race and household relationship, 1990 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Sex and household relationship Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployed Total Percent of population Employed Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL Wives ............................................................................ Women who maintain families' ..................................... Women who live alone.................................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 59 years ............................................................... 60 years and over......................................................... Women who live with nonrelatives ............................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 59 years ............................................................... 60 years and over ......................................................... 51,365 11,154 13,952 572 5,022 8,359 5,369 1,707 3,273 389 30,005 6,925 5,949 502 4,291 1,157 4,178 1,354 2,740 84 58.4 62.1 42.6 87.7 85.4 13.8 77.8 79.3 83.7 21.7 28,912 6,357 5,753 481 4,155 1,117 3,930 1,254 2,594 82 1,093 568 196 21 136 40 248 100 146 3 3.6 8.2 3.3 4.2 3.2 3.4 5.9 7.4 5.3 3.2 21,360 4,229 8,002 70 731 7,202 1,191 353 533 305 46,223 7,448 12,215 491 4,179 7,545 4,597 1,506 2,773 318 26,724 4,761 5,117 437 3,634 1,046 3,657 1,219 2,370 68 57.8 63.9 41.9 89.1 86.9 13.9 79.6 80.9 85.5 21.5 25,801 4,463 4,967 421 3,532 1,014 3,461 1,138 2,256 66 923 298 150 16 102 32 197 81 113 2 3.5 6.3 2.9 3.6 2.8 3.1 5.4 6.7 4.8 (2) 19,499 2,687 7,098 54 545 6,499 940 287 403 250 3,471 3,360 1,483 62 708 713 554 138 359 57 2,279 1,967 696 50 546 100 381 97 273 11 65.7 58.5 46.9 (2) 77.1 14.0 68.8 70.2 76.1 (2) 2,158 1,710 656 46 518 92 338 82 246 11 121 257 40 4 29 7 43 15 27 5.3 13.1 5.7 (2) 5.2 7.4 11.2 15.7 9.9 (2) 1,191 1,393 788 12 162 613 173 41 86 46 White Wives ............................................................................ Women who maintain families' ..................................... Women who live alone................................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 59 years ............................................................... 60 years and over......................................................... Women who live with nonrelatives ............................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 59 years ............................................................... 60 years and over......................................................... Black Wives ................................................................................. Women who maintain families’ ..................................... Women who live alone................................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 59 years ............................................................... 60 years and over......................................................... Women who live with nonrelatives ............................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 59 years ............................................................... 60 years and over........................................................ ' Refers to never-married, widowed, divorced, or separated women. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 47 Table A-16. Labor force status and reason not in labor force for persons 25 to 54 years of age by sex, annual averages, selected years, 1962-90 1962 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Civilian noninstitutional population (thousands) .............................. Percent............................................................................................. 34,458 100.0 34,856 100.0 36,371 100.0 39,700 100.0 43,603 100.0 48,493 100.0 53,856 100.0 In the civilian labor force ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Not in the labor force ...................................................................... Keeping house............................................................................... Other reasons ................................................................................ Going to school .......................................................................... Unable to work............................................................................ All other reasons ........................................................................ 43.4 41.2 56.6 55.5 1.1 .2 .3 .6 45.2 43.3 54.8 53.4 1.3 .3 .3 .7 50.1 47.8 49.9 47.9 2.1 .4 .4 1.2 55.0 51.0 45.0 41.9 3.2 .7 .6 1.9 63.9 60.1 36.1 32.2 3.9 .9 .6 2.4 69.6 65.3 30.4 26.1 4.3 1.1 .5 2.7 74.1 70.7 25.9 21.1 4.9 1.2 1.0 2.7 Civilian noninstitutional population (thousands).............................. Percent............................................................................................. 31,758 100.0 32,121 100.0 33,612 100.0 37,071 100.0 41,095 100.0 45,973 100.0 51,641 100.0 In the civilian labor force ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Not in the labor force ...................................................................... Keeping house............................................................................... Other reasons................................................................................ Going to school .......................................................................... Unable to work............................................................................ All other reasons ........................................................................ 96.8 92.9 3.2 .1 3.1 .4 1.0 1.8 96.7 94.1 3.3 .1 3.2 .4 .9 1.9 95.8 93.2 4.2 .1 4.0 .6 1.5 2.0 94.4 89.0 5.6 .2 5.4 .8 1.9 2.7 94.2 89.4 5.8 .2 5.5 .8 1.6 3.2 93.9 88.7 6.1 .3 5.7 .8 1.3 3.6 93.4 89.2 6.6 .5 6.1 .8 1.9 3.3 Sex, labor force status, and reason WOMEN MEN 48 Table A-17. Families by type of family and labor force status of members, March, selected years, 1960-90 — Type of family and labor force status of members 1965 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Number of families (in thousands) Married-couple families ...................................................................... Husband in labor force, not the wife............................................. Husband and wife in labor force.................................................... Wife in labor force, not the husband............................................. Neither husband nor wife in labor force ....................................... 39,335 23,864 11,177 813 3,477 41,648 23,060 13,485 985 4,118 44,436 21,715 16,924 1,217 4,579 47,438 20,066 19,355 1,755 6,262 49,132 17,179 22,728 1,942 7,284 50,395 14,747 25,041 2 345 8 263 52,385 13,081 28,043 2 451 8 810 Families maintained by women' ....................................................... Householder in labor force ............................................................. Householder not in labor force ...................................................... 4,494 2,243 2,248 5,006 2,548 2,458 5,580 2,952 2,628 7,330 3,988 3,342 9,009 5,377 3,632 ' 10,524 6,419 4,105 11,309 7,088 4,221 Families maintained by men' ............................................................ Householder in labor force ............................................................. Householder not in labor force ...................................................... 1,233 908 325 1,182 850 332 1,221 877 344 1,513 1,127 386 1,769 1,312 457 2,313 1,786 527 2,929 2,285 644 Percent distribution Married-couple families ...................................................................... Husband in labor force, not the wife............................................. Husband and wife in labor force.................................................... Wife in labor force, not the husband............................................. Neither husband nor wife in labor force ....................................... 100.0 60.7 28.4 2.1 8.8 100.0 55.4 32.4 2.4 9.9 100.0 48.9 38.1 2.7 10.3 100.0 42.3 40.8 3.7 13.2 100.0 35.0 46.3 4.0 14.8 100.0 29.3 49.7 4.7 16.4 100.0 25.0 53.5 4.7 16.8 Families maintained by women1 ....................................................... Householder in labor force ............................................................. Householder not in labor force ...................................................... 100.0 49.9 50.1 100.0 50.9 49.1 100.0 52.9 47.1 100.0 54.4 45.6 100.0 59.7 40.3 100.0 61.0 39.0 100.0 62.7 37.3 Families maintained by men1 ............................................................ Householder in labor force ............................................................. Householder not in labor force ...................................................... 100.0 73.6 26.4 100.0 71.9 28.1 100.0 71.8 28.2 100.0 74.5 25.5 100.0 74.2 25.8 100.0 77.2 22.8 100.0 78.0 22.0 maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, either living off post or with their families on post. ' Refers to families maintained by never-married widowed, divorced, or separated men or women. NOTE: Data include families where the husband, wife, or male 49 Table A-18. Civilian labor force and labor force participation rates of mothers by marital status and age of youngest child, March, selected years, 1975-90 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian labor force participation rate With children: With children: Category and year 6 to 17 4 to 5 years years old old _________ Total Under 2 years old 2 to 3 years old 4 to 5 years old 6 to 17 years old Total Under 2 years old 2 to 3 years old 14,121 17,391 19,068 21,156 1,727 2,293 2,839 3,309 1,830 2,190 2,562 2,915 1,817 1,825 2,168 2,515 8,750 11,081 11,500 12,418 47.2 56.7 62.4 67.0 31.8 39.1 48.0 52.0 41.0 51.0 54.6 61.2 45.4 54.8 61.7 65.8 54.7 64.4 69.9 74.7 11,447 13,558 14,766 16,296 1,526 2,024 2,562 2,828 1,512 1,768 2,097 2,351 1,428 1,375 1,639 1,924 6,984 8,390 8,469 9,192 45.0 54.3 61.0 66.4 31.0 39.0 49.4 53.6 39.3 49.6 54.5 61.5 42.8 51.9 60.8 64.7 52.4 61.8 67.8 73.6 2,674 3,833 4,302 4,860 201 269 277 481 318 422 465 564 389 450 529 591 1,766 2,691 3,031 3,226 60.0 67.0 67.8 69.2 39.0 40.1 38.0 44.0 52.0 57.8 55.3 60.1 58.5 66.4 64.4 69.9 66.2 74.0 76.6 77.9 TOTAL 1975 1980 1985 1990 ....... ....... ....... ....... Married 1975 1980 1985 1990 ....... ....... ....... ....... Single parent 1975 1980 1985 1990 ....... ....... ....... ....... ’ Includes never-married, widowed, divorced, and separated mothers. NOTE: Children refer to own children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family and include sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. 50 Appendix B. Sources and Concepts Sources of the data Most of the data shown in this chartbook are from the Current Population Survey The CPS is a survey of about 60,000 households that is conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It provides comprehensive information on the labor force status and earnings of persons in these households by a wide array of demographic characteristics. The data collected relate to the calendar week including the 12th day of the month. The only two charts (and their related appendix tables) that are not CPS-based are charts 5 and 10. Chart 5, which shows women’s labor force participation rates in several countries, was prepared from data compiled by the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Statistics and Trade. Chart 10, which shows women’s employment patterns by industry, was derived from data collected in the Current Employment Statistics Survey (CES). The CES is a survey of over 350,000 business establish ments conducted by the BLS in conjunction with State employment security agencies. This survey collects data on payroll employment, hours, and earnings. For more information on these surveys, see chapter 1, “Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment from the Current Population Survey,’’ and chapter 2, “Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Establishment Survey,” in BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the “Explanatory Notes” of the BLS monthly periodical Employment and Earnings. (CPS). 51 Basic labor force concepts Employed. Persons are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees; worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more a week as unpaid workers in a business or farm operated by a member of their family. Also counted as employed are all persons temporarily absent from, their jobs because of illness, bad weather, labor dispute, or personal reasons, whether they were paid for the time off or whether they were seeking other jobs. Full- and part-time employed. Employed persons are divided into full- and parttime categories based on their usual status. In this context, full-time workers are those who (a) worked 35 hours or more during the survey week, (b) worked 1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons, but usually work 35 hours or more, and (c) were with a job but not at work and usually work 35 hours or more a week. Similarly, part-time workers are those who (a) voluntarily worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey week, (b) worked 1 to 34 hours for economic reasons, but usually work 1 to 34 hours, and (c) were with a job but not at work and usually work 1 to 34 hours. Unemployed. Persons are classified as unemployed regardless of their eligibility for unemployment benefits or public assistance, if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the survey week; they were available for work at that time, except for temporary illness; and they had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off from their former jobs and awaiting recall and those expecting to report to a job within 30 days need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The civilian labor force. All persons classified as either employed or unemployed are considered to be in the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force participation rate. The civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. The unemployment rate. The number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. 52 Appendix C. Where to Find Additional BLS Data on Women Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-90, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2370, March 1991. This publication contains trend data on women from the Current Employment Statistics program. Data are available on nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. Employment and Earnings A monthly periodical containing data on the employment status of the population by sex and many other demographic characteristics. The January issue contains annual average data for the previous year. Employment in Perspective: Women in the Labor Force A quarterly report devoted solely to data on women in the labor force. Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment An annual bulletin that has information on women’s employment status by Census regions, States, and metropolitan areas. Handbook of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340, August 1989. A bulletin that is a compendium of data from the Bureau’s major statistical programs, some of which include data on women. Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, 1948-87, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2307, August 1988. Commonly called the “CPS Databook,” this publication contains trend data on women from the Current Population Survey. Data are disaggregated by a variety of demographic characteristics, including age, race and Hispanic origin, presence and age of youngest child, etc. Monthly Labor Review A monthly periodical containing scholarly articles and statistical tables. Articles on women and families are frequently featured. The December issue contains an index of that year’s articles by author, subject, and title. 53 Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices 3 2356 0U26JUiy u REGION II PUERTO RICO • Of C3VIRGIN ISLANDS AMERICAN SAMOA Region I 1 Congress Street, 10th Floor Boston, MA 02114 Phone: (617) 565-2327 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30367 Phone: (404) 347-4416 Regions VII and VIII 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO 64106 Phone: (816) 426-2481 Region ii Room 808 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10014 Phone: (212) 337-2400 Region V 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Regions IX and X 71 Stevenson Street P.O. Box 193766 San Francisco, CA 94119 Phone: (415) 744-6600 Region ill 3535 Market Street P.O. 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