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How W orkers
G et Their Training
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
February 1985
Bulletin 2226
V b - cx
How W orkers
Get Their Training
U.S. Department of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
February 1985
Bulletin 2226
For sa le by th e S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocu m en ts. U .S. G overnm ent P r in tin g Office. W ash in gton , D.C. 20402
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Carey, Max L.
How workers get their training.
(Bulletin / U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics ; 2226)
"Bulletin was prepared by Max Carey and Alan Eck
Pref.
"March 1985."
1. Employees, Training-of--United States.
2. Occupational training--United States.
I. Eck, Alan.
II. Title.
III.
Series:
Bulletin (United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics) ; 2226
HF5549.5.T7C34 1985
331.25'92'0973
85-371
Preface
Information on how workers develop the skills re
quired for their jobs is useful in career guidance and in
planning education and training programs. However,
there has been a lack of comprehensive information on
this subject. To add to basic knowledge on how workers
obtain their job skills, the Employment and Training
Administration provided funds to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for a supplement to the January 1983 Current
Population Survey. This bulletin presents the results of
that survey.
Earlier studies by the Bureau, also funded by the
Employment and Training Administration or its prede
cessor, the Manpower Administration, covered training
in manual occupations in selected metalworking indus
iii
tries and the vocational training background of workers
who had completed less than 3 years of college. These
findings were published in Occupational Training in Se
lected Metalworking Industries, 1974, Bulletin 1976 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1977) and Formal Occupational
Training o f Adult Workers, Manpower/Automation Re
search Monograph No. 2 (Manpower Administration,
1964).
This bulletin was prepared by Max Carey and Alan
Eck under the general direction of Neal H. Rosenthal
in the Division of Occupational Outlook.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced with
out permission.
Contents
Page
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................
1
Highlights.......................................................................................................................................................
2
Chapter:
1.
Qualifying training.............................................................................................................
Sources of qualifying training......................................................................................................
Occupational pattern s.................................................................................................................
4
4
9
2. Skill improvement training....................................................................................................... -... 14
Sources of skill improvement training........................................................................................ 15
Occupational pattern s................................................................................................................. 18
Tables:
Qualifying training:
1. Workers who needed training as a percent of total employed by sex,
age, education, and race ...........................................................................................................
2. Sources of training by occupational group ....................................................................................
3. Percent distribution of training by occupational group.................................................................
4. Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who needed training ...............................
5. Ratio of number of workers who needed training to total of training sources
identified by occupational gro u p ................................................................................................
6. Ratio of number of workers with only one source of training to total reporting this
training........................................................................................................................................
7. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized training
obtained in school programs.......................................................................................................
8. Sources of school training by occupational g ro u p .........................................................................
9. Number of workers who acquired training through school programs and percent who
completed training by length of program ..................................................................................
10. Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by occupational
group............................................................................................................................................
11. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized high school
vocational training .....................................................................................................................
12. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized private
post-high school vocational training..........................................................................................
13. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized public
post-high school vocational training..........................................................................................
14. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized junior
college or technical institute training..........................................................................................
15. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of numbers of workers who
utilized training in 4-year or longer college program s...............................................................
16. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized formal
company training .......................................................................................................................
17. Workers who utilized training from formal company programs by length of
program and occupational group................................................................................................
20
21
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
Contents—Continued
Page
T ables—Continued
18. Workers who received government-sponsored training in formal company programs
by occupational group.................................................................................................................
19. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized informal
on-the-job training.......................................................................................................................
20. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
Armed Forcestraining...............................................................................................................
21. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized training
from correspondence courses.....................................................................................................
22. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized training
from friends, relatives, or other experience unrelated to work..................................................
23. Sources of training by occupation ..................................................................................................
29
29
30
30
31
32
Skill improvement training:
24. Sources of training by occupational g ro u p .................................................................................... 39
25. Percent distribution of training by occupational group................................................................. 39
26. Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took training ................................... 40
27. Fifty occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took training............................... 41
28. Percent distribution of workers who took training and of total employed by sex,
age, education, and ra c e ............................................................................................................. 42
29. Ratio of number of workers who took training to total of training sources identified ................ 43
30. Sources of school training by occupational g ro u p .....................................................
43
31. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took school train in g ............ 44
32. Number of workers who took training in school programs and percent who
completed training by length of program .................................................................................. 44
33. Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by occupational
group........................................................................................................................................... 44
34. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took
high school vocational training ................................................................................................. 45
35. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took private
post-high school vocational training.......................................................................................... 45
36. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took public
post-high school vocational training............................................................................................ 46
37. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took junior college or
technical institute training............................................................................................................. 46
38. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took training in
4-year or longer college programs ................................................................................................47
39. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took formal
company training...........................................................................................................................47
40. Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took formal
company training.......................................................................................................................... 48
41. Workers who took training in formal company programs by length of program,
completion rate, and government sponsorship by occupational g ro u p .......................................48
42. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took informal
on-the-job training.........................................................................................................................49
43. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took training from
other sources.................................................................................................................................. 49
44. Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took training
from other sources.........................................................................................................................50
45. Sources of training by occupation ....................................................................................................51
Appendix: Sources and limitations of the data ........................................................................................ 57
vi
Introduction
garded as indicators of general magnitude rather than
as precise measures because of sampling and nonsam
pling errors. Sampling errors occur because a sample
is surveyed rather than the universe. Nonsampling er
rors can result from a variety of causes, such as differ
ences in the interpretation of questions, the unwilling
ness or inability of respondents to provide correct
information, errors in collecting and processing data,
and the inability to obtain information about all cases
in the sample. (For more detail on sources of error and
a standard error table, see the appendix.)
Although the magnitude of all errors cannot be quan
tified, it is believed that the way individuals interpreted
and responded to questions may understate the need for
qualifying training. For example, a small percentage of
workers in occupations which obviously have strict
educational requirements, such as physician and dentist,
reported no need for training to get their jobs. In ad
dition, some workers in fields that would seem to re
quire at least informal on-the-job training or previous
work experience for entry, such as construction trades,
also reported no need for training to obtain their jobs.
Despite these problems, the sources of training reported
by workers in different occupations seem to follow pat
terns that agree with general knowledge.
Highlights of the survey are presented in the first
section of this report. The second section analyzes data
on workers who needed training to qualify for their
current job. Data on workers who took training to im
prove their skills are examined in the third section. The
scope and method of the survey are presented in an
appendix.
To obtain more information on how workers get their
training, a series of questions was asked as a supplement
to the January 1983 Current Population Survey. The
supplement was developed around two basic questions:
“Did you need specific skills or training to obtain your
current (last) job?” and “Since you obtained your
present job, did you take any training to improve your
skills?” In each case, persons who responded “yes” were
asked to identify the source or sources of training. If a
source was a school program or a formal company pro
gram, further questions addressed subjects such as the
type of school program, who paid for the training, how
long it lasted, and whether it was completed.
Because the information was obtained from the
workers, it represents their perceptions of training needs
rather than the views of employers. This distinction is
significant for two reasons: The data do not identify
qualifications required by employers, and the data are
not comparable to those in studies based on the re
sponses of employers.
Another aspect of the data that must be emphasized
is that individuals may identify more than one type of
training. Thus the number of individuals in an occupa
tion who reported training was needed to obtain their
job, or who reported obtaining training to improve their
skills, generally was less than the total of the types of
training reported. Finally, individuals were not asked
to identify the type of training most needed to obtain
their jobs or to improve their skills. The relative im
portance can only be inferred by the frequency with
which the type of training was identified.
Statistics from the survey of training should be re
1
Highlights
•College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were
a source of job-qualifying skills for 17 percent of all
workers; junior college and technical institute programs,
5 percent; high school vocational programs, 5 percent;
private post-high school vocational programs, 2 per
cent; and public post-high school vocational programs,
less than 2 percent. Few workers reported more than
one school category.
•College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were
a source of skill improvement for 6 percent of all
workers; junior colleges and technical institutes, 3 per
cent; private post-high school vocational programs, 0.8
percent; public post-high school vocational programs,
0.8 percent; and high school vocational programs, 0.4
percent.
•About 70 percent of the workers in the professional
specialty occupational group acquired the training
needed to obtain their jobs in 4-year or longer college
programs; these workers accounted for 56 percent of
all workers who qualified for their jobs through these
programs.
•Although only 16 percent of the workers in admin
istrative support occupations obtained the training
needed to get their jobs in high school vocational pro
grams, they represented 57 percent of the total number
of workers who qualified for their jobs with this kind
of training; secretaries alone represented 28 percent of
the total.
•One-third of the workers who obtained qualifying
training from private post-high school vocational pro
grams were hairdressers and cosmetologists, secretaries,
or registered nurses.
•Workers in precision production, craft, and repair
occupations were more likely than those in other oc
cupational groups to qualify for their jobs through train
ing acquired in formal company programs, and workers
in technician and related support occupations were
somewhat more likely than others to obtain skill im
provement training in these programs.
•About 4.4 percent of the 9.4 million workers who
acquired training to qualify for their jobs obtained the
training in government-sponsored formal company
training programs.
•Formal company training programs to qualify
workers for jobs tended to be of relatively short dura
tion. Almost one-half of the workers who reported this
training had participated in programs that lasted under
12 weeks, while less than one-fourth had been in those
•About 55 percent of all workers employed in Janu
ary 1983 needed specific training to qualify for their
current jobs. Since obtaining their current jobs, 35 per
cent of all workers had taken training to improve their
job skills.
•About 72 percent of the workers who needed train
ing to obtain their jobs subsequently trained to improve
their skills in these jobs.
•Almost equal proportions of women and men re
quired training to qualify for their job and took skill
improvement training.
•The youngest and oldest workers were less likely
than others to have had either type of training.
•Among major occupational groups, the proportion
of workers who needed qualifying training ranged from
93 percent in professional specialty occupations to 8
percent in private household occupations; the propor
tion who took skill improvement training ranged from
61 percent in professional specialty occupations to 3
percent in private household occupations.
•About 29 percent of all workers acquired their quali
fying training from schools; 28 percent acquired their
training informally on the job (OJT). On the other hand,
OJT was a source of skill improvement for 14 percent
of all workers; school programs, for 12 percent.
•Almost the same proportion of workers (10 to 11
percent) used training from formal company programs
to qualify for jobs and to improve skills.
•Relatively few workers acquired qualifying training
from correspondence courses, the Armed Forces, or
friends and relatives.
•Executive, managers, and administrators were more
likely than workers in other occupational groups to
have received training to qualify for their jobs from
more than one source.
•O f the 28.1 million workers who acquired their
qualifying training through school programs, about 7.5
percent took training sponsored by employers, and 3
percent took training sponsored by the government in
programs such as those offered under the Job Training
Partnership Act (JTPA) and the Comprehensive Em
ployment and Training Act (CETA).
•Forty-one percent of the 11.4 million workers who
acquired skill improvement training in schools took
training that was sponsored by employers; 3 percent of
the workers who acquired skill improvement for their
jobs obtained the training in government-sponsored
school programs.
2
and more th^?: 20 percent of the data processing equip
ment repairers and electronic repairers of commercial
and industrial equipment.
•Almost 11 percent of the workers in farming, for
estry, and fishing jobs and 8 percent of those in preci
sion production, craft, and repair occupations obtained
qualifying training from friends or relatives or other
training unrelated to work.
•Correspondence courses were a source of qualify
ing skills for about 12 percent of the electronic repairers
of commercial and industrial equipment. No other oc
cupation had a higher proportion of workers who ac
quired their job skills in this manner.
that took more than 52 weeks.
•‘Informal on-the-job training (OJT) was the most
common source of training for obtaining jobs and im
proving skills. The distribution of workers who im
proved their skills through OJT was similar to the dis
tribution of total employment among the occupational
groups.
•Informal on-the-job training was a source of quali
fying training more frequently than school programs in
8 of the 12 major occupational groups, and more fre
quently than formal company training in all groups.
•The Armed Forces were a source of qualifying train
ing for about 45 percent of the aircraft engine mechanics
3
Chapter 1. Qualifying Training
who needed training were in executive, administrative,
and managerial jobs, and about the same proportion
were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs,
which, in each case, was somewhat more than their
employment levels would indicate.
Although a very high proportion of the workers in
technician and related support occupations required
training, this small occupational group accounted for
less than 5 percent of the total who required training.
Two large occupational groups with lower than aver
age training requirements had large shares of the train
ing total; sales occupations accounted for 9 percent, and
service occupations for 8 percent.
Almost three-fifths of all workers who needed train
ing to qualify for their jobs were in 50 detailed occu
pations (table 4). The two occupations with the great
est numbers of workers also had the largest numbers
who needed preparation. Of the 5.4 million managers
and administrators not elsewhere classified, 3.6 million
required training to get their jobs, as did 2.7 million of
the 3.8 million secretaries. Training was reported by
more than 1 million workers in each of the five follow
ing occupations: Elementary school teachers; supervi
sors and proprietors in sales occupations; secondary
school teachers; registered nurses; and bookkeepers and
accounting and auditing clerks. Altogether, these seven
large occupations accounted for almost one-fourth of
all workers who needed training to obtain their jobs,
which was as much as the next 25 fields combined. In
most of the 50 occupations in table 4, the proportion
of workers who needed training was greater than the
55-percent average for all occupations; among the ex
ceptions were truckdrivers, cashiers, farmers, cooks,
and waiters and waitresses.
Almost 53.9 million or 55 percent of the 97.3 million
persons employed in January 1983 said they needed
specific training to obtain their current jobs. The rates
for men and women were about the same. Almost 57
percent of the whites needed specific training to qualify
for their jobs, compared to less than 44 percent of the
blacks (table 1). The youngest and oldest workers were
less likely than others to be in jobs that required train
ing. Only 25 percent of workers age 16 to 19 and 41
percent of workers age 65 and over needed any specific
preparation for their jobs. As expected, college gradu
ates were more likely to be in jobs that required train
ing than workers with less education. More than 84
percent of the workers who were college graduates
needed specific skills or training to qualify for their jobs
compared to 42 percent of the workers who had a high
school education or less. These variations were largely
a reflection of differences in requirements among
occupations.
Among 12 major occupational groups used to clas
sify workers in the Current Population Survey, train
ing was most important for obtaining jobs in the pro
fessional and technical fields (table 2). About 93 per
cent of the workers in professional specialty occupa
tions and 85 percent of those in technician and related
support occupations needed training to qualify for their
jobs. Requirements also were relatively high for
workers in the executive, administrative, and manage
rial group, and those in precision production, craft, and
repair jobs. Training was necessary for 57 percent of
the workers in administrative support occupations,
which was slightly higher than the average of 55 per
cent for all occupations. In the remaining seven occu
pational groups, the proportion of workers who re
quired training was lower than the average, ranging
from 43 percent of the sales workers to 8 percent of
the private household workers.
Because most of the occupational groups with above
average training requirements were large, they ac
counted for a large number of the total who required
training to qualify for their jobs (table 3). Administra
tive support occupations, the largest group in terms of
employment, accounted for almost 17 percent of all
workers and a similar percentage of the workers who
required training. Professional specialty occupations,
the second largest group in employment, accounted for
13 percent of all workers and 22 percent of those who
required training. More than 14 percent of the total
Sources of qualifying training
A worker who needed training to get his or her job
was asked to identify one or more sources of the train
ing from the following six categories: (1) A program in
a high school or a postsecondary school, (2) a formal
company program, (3) informal on-the-job training or
experience in a previously held job or jobs, (4) the
Armed Forces, (5) correspondence courses, and (6) in
formal training from a friend or relative or other expe
rience unrelated to work.
School programs and informal on-the job training
were a source of qualifying training far more frequently
than other methods. About 28.1 million workers ac
4
ing workers; and machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors. OJT also was the most important source of
qualifying training for workers in all other occupational
groups, except private household workers, who were
more likely to learn from friends or relatives or other
experience unrelated to work. Frequently, if school was
the primary method of training for an occupational
group, OJT was second, and vice versa.
quired skills for their jobs in school, and 27.0 million
gained them through OJT (table 2). Each of these
methods accounted for more training than all other
sources combined. Formal company programs were a
source of training for 9.4 million workers. About 3.2
million obtained informal training from a friend or rela
tive or other experience unrelated to work. The Armed
Forces were a source of training for 1.9 million workers,
and correspondence courses, for 0.8 million. Because
many workers identified more than one training source,
the total of these numbers (70.4 million) is much larger
than the total number of workers (53.9 million) who
said any kind of training was necessary.
A simple measure of the extent to which workers re
ported more than one source of training is the ratio of
the number of times each source was identified to the
number of workers who required any kind of training.
The ratio for all occupations was 1.31 (70.4 million di
vided by 53.9 million). Ratios for the 12 occupational
groups ranged from 1.43 for executives, administrators,
and managers to 1.13 for handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers, which means that, on average,
the former indicated more than one source of training
more often than the latter (table 5). A comparison of
the patterns of training for these two occupational
groups shows that workers in the handler group were
far more likely to indicate OJT than any other method,
while those in the executive group reported school and
OJT with about equal frequency.
Some sources of training were more likely than others
to be the sole source. The ratio of the number of per
sons reporting that a given source of training was the
only type needed to the total of all types of training
measures that tendency. As shown in table 6, school
and OJT, with ratios of 0.7 and 0.6, frequently were
reported as the sole source of training while correspon
dence courses, with a ratio of 0.1, generally were cited
only in conjunction with other sources of training. For
persons citing school training, OJT was identified most
frequently as the second source (28 percent) Conversely,
for persons citing OJT, school training accounted for
most of the second sources reported (29 percent). The
remaining types of training—which had smaller pro
portions of individuals citing one type of training—had
less concentrated distributions of additional sources of
training.
Workers in professional specialty occupations and
technician and related support occupations identified
school more frequently than all other sources of quali
fying training combined. School also was more impor
tant than any other single source for administrative sup
port workers and for executives, administrators, and
managers. Workers in the following occupational
groups reported OJT more frequently than all other
training sources combined: Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers; transportation and material mov
School training. Almost 29 percent of all persons em
ployed in January 1983 qualified for their current jobs
with training obtained from school programs. The pro
portion was higher than average in the following four
occupational groups: Professional specialty workers, 82
percent; technicians and related support workers, 58
percent; executives, administrators, and managers, 43
percent; and administrative support workers, 33 percent
(table 2). These four occupational groups represented
almost four-fifths of all workers who used school train
ing to get their jobs, but accounted for little more than
two-fifths of total employment. Professional specialty
occupations alone accounted for 37 percent of all
workers who trained in school programs; administra
tive support occupations, 19 percent (table 3).
Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for 55
percent of all workers who qualified for their jobs with
skills acquired in school programs (table 7). Occupa
tions from several groups are represented in this list,
although professional specialties outnumber those from
any other single group. The first 10 occupations on the
list included about 39 percent of the workers who got
their jobs as a result of school training.
Workers who qualified for their jobs with training
acquired in schools also were asked to identify one or
more of the following five program categories from
which the training was received: (1) High school vo
cational program, (2) private post-high school voca
tional program, (3) public post-high school vocational
school program, (4) junior or community college or
technical institute program, and (5) 4-year or longer
college program.
College was a source of qualifying training more fre
quently than all other types of schools combined. Al
most 16.1 million workers got their jobs as a result of
training in college programs that lasted 4 or more years
(table 8). About 5 million workers acquired their jobs
with training from junior colleges and technical insti
tutes. High school vocational training was a source of
job qualification for 4.7 million workers. Almost 2.1
million workers trained for their jobs in private posthigh school vocational programs, and 1.6 million in
public post-high school programs.
Almost 9 out of 10 workers who used training from
formal school programs to get their jobs had completed
these programs. Differences in completion rates by
5
workers who reported this method of training, and
bookkeepers and accounting and auditing clerks, about
7 percent.
Only 2.2 percent of all workers obtained the training
required for their jobs in private post-high school voca
tional programs. About 45 percent of the hairdressers
and cosmetologists, however, and more than 30 percent
of the barbers, received their job training from private
vocational schools, as did almost 20 percent of the ra
diologic technicians. Programs in these schools also
were a source of skills for 10 to 15 percent of the reg
istered nurses, personnel clerks, licensed practical
nurses, stenographers, and real estate sales workers.
About 24 percent of the total of 2.1 million persons
who used the training from private post-high school
vocational programs to obtain jobs were in administra
tive support occupations; 21 percent were in service
jobs, except private household; and 18 percent were in
professional specialties.
Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for al
most two-thirds of the workers who trained in private
post-high school vocational programs (table 12). Onethird were hairdressers and cosmetologists, secretaries,
or registered nurses. Some fields make the list because
they are large; the top 10 occupations, for example, in
clude the 5.4 million managers and administrators not
elsewhere classified, of whom fewer than 2 percent had
private post-high school vocational training.
The number of workers who acquired the training
to obtain their jobs in public post-high school vocational
programs was even smaller than the number who ac
quired training through private vocational education.
Fewer than 1.6 million persons or only 1.6 percent of
all workers obtained their job skills in these programs.
Nevertheless, these programs were important for some
occupations. About 25 percent of the licensed practical
nurses and more than 15 percent of the barbers used
public post-high school vocational training to get their
jobs. It also was used by roughly one-tenth of the data
processing equipment repairers, hairdressers and cos
metologists, and heating, air-conditioning, and refrig
eration mechanics.
About 23 percent of those who used the training to
qualify for their jobs were in administrative support oc
cupations, and 18 percent were in precision production,
craft, and repair jobs. Twenty-five occupations repre
sented almost three-fifths of the workers who had pub
lic post-high school vocational training (table 13). Sec
retaries were at the top of the list, with 9 percent of
the total, followed by licensed practical nurses, with
almost 7 percent. Although fewer than 1 out of 25 sec
retaries had this kind of training, the size of the occu
pation—almost 3.8 million persons—helped make it first
on the list.
school category were very small (table 9). Almost twothirds of the workers who used training from high
schools, junior colleges, and technical institutes to get
jobs had obtained it in programs that lasted more than
52 weeks. High school vocational training generally
lasted longer than post-high school training.
Relatively few workers who used school training to
get their jobs obtained it in programs paid for by em
ployers or in government programs such as JTPA and
CETA. Of the 28.1 million workers who used school
training, about 7.5 percent attended employer-spon
sored training and 3 percent government-sponsored
school training. Almost one-half of the employer-sponsorerd training and about one-third of the govern
ment-sponsored training consisted of college programs
lasting 4 years or longer. The next largest category of
sponsored training—about one-third of both employerand government-sponsored training—took place in jun
ior colleges and technical institutes.
The occupational distribution of employer- and gov
ernment-sponsored training was not the same. About
29 percent of employer-sponsored training was taken
by workers in professional specialty occupations, com
pared to 22 percent of government-sponsored training.
Workers who obtained employer-sponsored training
also were more likely to be in executive, administrative,
and managerial occupations, sales occupations, and farm
ing, forestry, and fishing, while workers with govern
ment-sponsored training were more likely to be in other
occupational groups (table 10).
Although high school vocational programs were the
source of qualifying training for only 5 percent of all
workers, more than 35 percent of the typists and sec
retaries and about 25 percent of the stenographers and
drafters got their jobs through these programs. These
vocational programs also helped prepare more than 20
percent of the billing clerks and typesetters and com
positors for their jobs. Between 10 and 20 percent of
the workers in about a dozen other occupations also
trained in these programs—examples are personnel
clerks, tool-and-die makers, automobile mechanics, and
computer operators.
About 57 percent of the workers who used high
school vocational programs as a source of qualifying
training were in administrative support occupations, and
13 percent were in precision production, craft, and re
pair jobs. High schools were more important sources
of vocational training than other schools for these oc
cupational groups.
Over two-thirds of the workers who obtained train
ing to qualify for their jobs from high school vocational
programs were in 25 detailed occupations (table 11).
Secretaries alone accounted for 28 percent of the to
tal—a very large proportion considering that the occu
pation accounted for less than 4 percent of total em
ployment. Typists represented over 6 percent of the
6
larger proportions of total employment. Almost 5 per
cent of those who needed college training were in tech
nician and related support jobs, a group which ac
counted for about 3 percent of total employment.
Almost two-thirds of the workers who needed col
lege training to obtain their jobs were in 25 occupations
(table 15). The largest number were elementary school
teachers, followed closely by managers and administra
tors not elsewhere classified, and secondary school
teachers; each of these three fields had more than 1
million workers who required 4 or more years of col
lege. The next four occupations in the ranking were
accountants and auditors, registered nurses, lawyers,
and physicians. In a few large occupations, the propor
tion of workers who needed college training was very
low. The 270,000 secretaries, for example, who reported
they needed this level of education to get their jobs re
presented only 7 percent of all secretaries. Neverthe
less, only 10 occupations were ahead of secretaries in
the number of workers reporting college training. Some
occupations with high educational requirements were
too small to make the list, including biological and life
scientists and speech therapists, in which more than 90
percent got their jobs as a result of college training.
Junior colleges and technical institutes were the source
of qualifying training for almost 5 million persons or
about 5 percent of all workers. The proportion of
workers who used training from junior colleges and
technical institutes to get their jobs was much higher
than average in technician and related support occupa
tions and higher than average in administrative support,
and professional specialty occupations. Junior colleges
and technical institutes were major providers of train
ing for workers in many detailed occupations. They
were a source of job preparation for almost one-half of
the inhalation therapists, almost two-fifths of the radiologic technicians and dental hygienists, and about onethird of the licensed practical nurses. Junior colleges
and technical institutes also were a source of training
for more than one-fourth of the registered nurses, data
processing equipment repairers, and electrical and elec
tronic technicians.
Administrative support occupations led all other
groups in the number of workers reporting this train
ing, with 26 percent of the total. Another 18 percent
were in professional specialties, and about 11 to 12 per
cent each were in technician and related support jobs;
executive, administrative, and managerial occupations;
and precision production, craft, and repair jobs.
Twenty-five detailed occupations represented more
than one-half of the workers who used training from
junior colleges and technical institutes to get their jobs
(table 14). Again, secretaries topped the list, account
ing for almost 11 percent of the total, followed by reg
istered nurses, with over 7 percent. The first six occu
pations had almost one-third of the total who reported
this kind of training.
College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were the
most common type of schooling through which workers
obtained their job training. Almost 17 percent of all
workers qualified for their jobs through these programs,
which was more than the total for all other school pro
grams combined. About 70 percent of the workers in
professional specialty occupations qualified with train
ing from college programs, and the proportion was
much higher for some detailed occupations in this group.
College programs also were a source of qualifying train
ing for 34 percent of the workers in the executive, ad
ministrative, and managerial group. The professional
specialty group accounted for 56 percent of the 16.1
million workers who needed training from college pro
grams to get their jobs, which was a relatively large
proportion since this category accounted for only 13
percent of total employment. Executive, administrative,
and managerial occupations represented 23 percent of
those who needed college training, although this group
accounted for only about 11 percent of total employ
ment. Administrative support and sales occupations
each accounted for about 6 percent of the workers who
had to have college training, but these two groups had
Formal company training. About 9.4 million persons
or 10 percent of all workers obtained their jobs with
skills they learned in formal company (employer) train
ing programs. The proportion of workers who reported
this kind of training was higher than average in the fol
lowing four occupational groups: Precision production,
craft, and repair occupations, 17 percent; technician and
related support occupations, 14 percent; sales occupa
tions, 12 percent; and executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations, 12 percent. Workers who quali
fied for their jobs with formal company training were
not as concentrated in particular occupational groups
as those who used training from school.
About 60 percent of all workers who obtained their
jobs through formal company training programs were
in 25 detailed occupations (table 16). Almost 30 percent
of the total was accounted for by only a dozen occu
pations. In most jobs on the list, the proportion of
workers who had company training was greater than
the 10-percent average for all workers. Almost one-half
of the public service police and detectives qualified for
their jobs through formal company training, as did about
two-fifths of the workers in insurance sales and real es
tate occupations. Formal company programs also were
a training source for about one-third of the workers in
a variety of other occupations, including telephone line
installers and repairers, electricians, plumbers, and
busdrivers.
Almost 9 out of 10 workers who obtained training
from formal company programs had completed the
training, which was about the same as the proportion
7
completing school programs. Completion rates were
higher than 85 percent in each of the major occupa
tional groups.
Unlike the school programs, the formal company pro
grams tended to be of short duration. Almost one-half
of the programs took under 12 weeks, while less than
one-fourth lasted more than 52 weeks. The length of
the program varied by occupational group. Programs
lasting more than 52 weeks were reported by 44 per
cent of the precision production, craft, and repair
workers who obtained their jobs through this training.
Apprenticeship programs, which may require 3 or 4
years of combined training and work experience, are
concentrated in this occupational group. Formal com
pany training also was long for professional specialty
occupations, with 33 percent of those trained for these
occupations reporting more than 52 weeks (table 17).
For almost 59 percent of the workers with formal
company training, the training took place away from
the job. In most occupational groups, more than onehalf of the workers had received the training away from
the job. Sales workers were more likely to receive their
training away from the job than workers in other oc
cupational groups.
More than 400,000 workers, or about 4.4 percent of
all those who qualified for their jobs through formal
company training, did so in government-sponsored pro
grams such as CETA or JTPA. About 25 percent of
the workers who got jobs through government-spon
sored programs were in service occupations; 22 percent
were in precision production, craft, and repair occupa
tions; and the remainder were distributed among many
other occupational groups (table 18). Compared to other
workers with formal company training, workers in gov
ernment-sponsored programs were much more likely
to be in service occupations and much less likely to be
in sales occupations.
OJT was reported more frequently than school in 8
of the 12 major occupational groups, and more fre
quently than formal company training in all groups. It
was the most important source of training for such di
verse occupations as legal assistants, actors, uphol
sterers, editors and reporters, and plumbers—about 50
to 60 percent of the workers in these occupations learned
their skills through OJT. Occupations in which rela
tively few workers used OJT to get jobs also were a
very mixed group. Occupations with less than 10 per
cent of workers reporting this method included, for ex
ample, dentists, news vendors, elementary school
teachers, and garbage collectors, which reflects the fact
that in some cases school is about the only training nec
essary, while in others, little, if any, training is required.
Almost 47 percent of all workers who qualified for
their jobs through OJT were in 25 detailed occupations
(table 19) which represented 36 percent of total em
ployment in all occupations. The first four occupations
on this list also are the four largest. Moreover, 19 of
the occupations are among the top 25 both in the total
number of workers and the number reporting OJT.
Training in the Armed Forces. Only 1.9 million per
sons, or 2 percent of all workers, received training in
military service that provided them with the skills
needed to get their jobs. Almost one-third of the workers
who used this training were in the precision produc
tion, craft, and repair group. However, these workers
represented only 5 percent of employment in the occu
pational group. Training in the military services was
most important for aircraft engine mechanics—about
45 percent of these workers acquired their skills in the
service. The Armed Forces also were a source of skills
for more than 20 percent of the data processing equip
ment repairers and the electronic repairers of commer
cial and industrial equipment.
Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for al
most one-half of all workers who used Armed Forces
training in obtaining their jobs (table 20). Three oi .he
top five occupations on the list are large managerial
and supervisory categories which had relatively small
proportions of workers reporting training in the military
services.
Informal on-the-job training. About 27 million persons
or 28 percentof all workers attributed the skills they
needed to obtain their jobs to training acquired infor
mally through previous employment, which was almost
as many as the number who learned job skills in school.
The proportion of workers who qualified for their jobs
through OJT was higher than average in the following
four occupational groups: Precision production, craft,
and repair occupations, 40 percent; executive, adminis
trative, and managerial occupations, 39 percent; tech
nician and related support occupations, 32 percent; and
administrative support occupations, 31 percent. Differ
ences in the importance of OJT among the occupational
groups notwithstanding, it was the most widespread
type of training. The occupational distribution of
workers who used it to qualify for their jobs was more
like that of total employment than the distribution of
workers who used any other type of training.
Correspondence schools. Correspondence courses were
the least significant method of job training. Approxi
mately three-quarters of a million persons obtained their
jobs through correspondence school training, which
was less than 1 percent of all workers. Correspondence
school training, however, was a source of training for
more than 12 percent of the electronic repairers of com
mercial and industrial equipment, the largest proportion
for any occupation. More then one-half of the persons
who used correspondence training to obtain their jobs
were in 25 occupations (table 21), and one-third were
in the top 10 occupations. Some of these occupations
8
instead of education. Nevertheless, the college programs
were a very significant source of training in some oc
cupations. Three-fourths of the education administra
tors and two-thirds of the accountants and auditors re
ceived needed job training in these programs, as well
as almost one-half of the financial managers, manage
ment analysts, and medical and health administrators.
Relatively few managerial workers acquired skills for
their jobs in other formal schools such as junior col
leges and technical institutes.
OJT was an important source of managerial skills. In
many occupations, the number of workers reporting
OJT and the number reporting school were fairly close,
each category usually representing about two-fifths to
three-fifths of total employment in the occupation. OJT,
however, was more important for construction inspec
tors, business and promotion agents, purchasing agents,
buyers, and managers not elsewhere classified. Some
workers in all managerial occupations had received for
mal company training. About one-fourth of the protec
tive service administrators and inspectors and compli
ance officers (except construction) learned job skills in
formal company programs. A small proportion of the
workers in these two occupational categories also ob
tained training for their jobs in the Armed Forces. In
every managerial occupation, however, school and OJT
accounted for far more of the training than formal com
pany programs or the Armed Forces.
ranked high because of their large size; they did not
have a large proportion of workers reporting the train
ing. The largest occupation, managers and administra
tors not elsewhere classified, also had the largest num
ber of workers reporting correspondence schools, but
they represented only 1.2 percent of the total employ
ment in the occupation.
Other training. About 3.2 million persons, or 3 percent
of all workers, got their jobs because of informal train
ing from a friend or relative or other experience un
related to work. This category of training was reported
by almost 11 percent of the persons in farming, forestry,
and fishing jobs; 8 percent of those in precision pro
duction, craft, and repair jobs; and 5 percent of those
in private household occupations. Almost one-third of
all workers who reported it were in precision produc
tion, craft, and repair jobs.
Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for more
than one-half of all workers who obtained their jobs as
a result of training unrelated to work (table 22); over
one-fourth were in the first five occupations. A rela
tively high proportion of workers in some large occu
pations, such as farmer, carpenter, and automobile me
chanic, learned their skills from relatives and friends
and through other methods unrelated to work. The pro
portion of workers with this kind of training was rela
tively low, however, for some of the largest occupa
tions on the list.
Professional specialty occupations. About 93 percent of
the 12.7 million workers in these occupations needed
specific training to qualify for their jobs, the largest
proportion of any occupation group. Almost 82 percent
of the workers in the professional group learned the
necessary skills in formal school, compared to only 29
percent of the workers in all occupations. OJT was a
source of qualifying skills for 22 percent of the profes
sional group, which was somewhat lower than the av
erage for all workers. The proportion of professionals
trained by other methods was about average.
About 70 percent of all workers in the professional
group needed 4 years of college training or more to
obtain their jobs. In comparison, almost 75 percent of
all workers in the group had completed 4 years of col
lege or more. Academic preparation usually was most
important in professional fields that require a high de
gree of specialized and theoretical knowledge. College
was a source of training for almost all workers in many
of these fields, including physicians, lawyers, psycholo
gists, elementary and secondary school teachers, and
biological and life scientists. College generally was less
important for workers in professional fields that require
artistic talent and creative ability, such as photogra
phers, designers, actors, and musicians. Only 7 percent
of all professional workers trained for their jobs in jun
ior colleges and technical institutes, but these schools
Occupational patterns
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupa
tions. Specific training was a prerequisite for the
jobs of 71 percent of the 10.8 million workers in the
executive, administrative, and managerial group. Gen
erally, persons in this group were more likely than those
in other occupational groups to report more than one
way of qualifying for their jobs, which seems reason
able since many of these positions require a broad back
ground of education and work experience. Formal
schools were a source of needed skills for 43 percent
of all workers in the group, informal on-the-job train
ing for 39 percent, and formal company training pro
grams for 12 percent. The Armed Forces, correspon
dence schools, and training unrelated to work provided
job skills for a small percentage of these workers (table
23).
College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were
the principal source of formal schooling for al
most all occupations in the managerial group. These
programs provided training needed to obtain 34 per
cent of the jobs in the group. In comparison, 45 per
cent of the workers in the group had completed 4 or
more years of college. Because advancement to many
managerial positions requires years of work experience,
managers may tend to attribute their jobs to experience
9
cational programs, and a substantial number of radiologic technicians prepared for their jobs in private posthigh school vocational programs.
OJT was second in importance to school in almost
all occupations in the technician group. Legal assistants
were an exception—almost three-fifths of these workers
learned qualifying skills informally on the job, and twofifths were trained in school. OJT was reported by rela
tively large numbers of computer programmers,
drafters, and electrical and electronic technicians. For
mal company programs also were important sources of
qualifying training for workers in some of these occu
pations. About one-sixth of the electrical and electronic
technicians used training from the Armed Forces to get
their jobs.
accounted for almost one-half of the inhalation thera
pists and almost one-third of the registered nurses, since
associate degrees are sufficient for many jobs in these
two occupations. Other methods of schooling were re
ported by relatively few professional workers.
OJT was a source of qualifying skills for more than
one-half of the actors, economists, and editors and re
porters, and almost one-half of the photographers, pub
lic relations specialists, and computer systems analysts
and scientists. In several of these occupations, the num
ber of workers who had had OJT was nearly equal to
those who had trained in school. OJT was mentioned
more frequently than college programs by photogra
phers, actors, and public relations workers. Formal com
pany training programs provided qualifying skills for
almost one-third of the operations systems researchers
and analysts.
Sales occupations. About 43 percent of the 11.2 million
sales workers needed specific training to qualify for
their jobs. OJT was a source of skills for 28 percent of
the workers in sales occupations, the same as the aver
age for all workers. Only 15 percent of the sales workers
acquired training for their jobs in formal school, how
ever, compared to 29 percent of all workers. The pro
portion of sales workers who learned skills for their
jobs through other methods was about average.
Training was most important for persons who sold
complex services or products. Qualifying training was
needed by nine-tenths of the real estate sales workers
and more than three-fourths of the sales engineers and
workers who sold insurance or securities and financial
services. School, OJT, and formal company programs
all were significant for these occupations. Almost onethird of the sales engineers and securities sales persons
needed 4 years of college or more.
Training usually was less important for obtaining jobs
in retail sales, but requirements varied in different jobs.
Only one-fifth of the workers who sold apparel and
shoes needed specific training to get their jobs, for ex
ample, compared to about two-fifths of those who sold
motor vehicles and boats. The skills needed for retail
sales are learned primarily through OJT. School and
formal company programs were sources of preparation
for small proportions of workers in some retail sales
occupations.
Technician and related occupations. Specific training
was necessary for the jobs of almost 85 percent of the
3 million workers in the technician group. About 58
percent of the technicians qualified for their jobs in
schools, which was almost twice the average for all
workers. Among the occupational groups, technicians
were second only to the professional group in the pro
portion of workers trained in schools. OJT was a source
of qualifying skills for 32 percent of the technicians,
slightly higher than the average for all workers. Tech
nicians also were more likely than other workers to get
their jobs with skills acquired in formal company train
ing programs and the Armed Forces.
The schooling necessary for obtaining jobs in tech
nician and related occupations was concentrated in
postsecondary schools. College programs that lasted 4
years or longer were a source of training for 24 percent
of the workers in the technician group; programs in
junior colleges and technical institutes, for 20 percent.
Post-high school vocational programs in public schools
and those in private schools each provided qualifying
training for about 5 to 6 percent of the technicians.
Also, about 5 percent of the technicians obtained needed
training in high school vocational programs.
College programs lasting 4 years or longer were the
primary source of school for many workers in the tech
nician and related occupation group—dental hygienists,
computer programmers, and biological technicians are
some examples. Junior colleges and technical institutes
were the principal source of school for radiologic tech
nicians, licensed practical nurses, and electrical and
electronic technicians. In many cases, however, more
than one kind of school was an important training
ground for workers in an occupation. Junior colleges
and technical institutes, for example, were not far be
hind 4-year colleges in the number of dental hygienists
trained. Similarly, a large proportion of licensed prac
tical nurses were trained in public post-high school vo
Administrative support occupations, including clerical.
In this occupational group, 57 percent of the 16.1 million
workers needed specific training to qualify for their
jobs, slightly more than the average for all workers.
Requirements varied greatly by occupation within the
administrative support group; only 1 out of 8 messen
gers had to have training, for example, compared to 7
out of 8 stenographers. The proportions of administra
tive support workers who received the training in school
(33 percent) and through OJT (31 percent) also were
slightly higher than average, while the proportions who
learned job skills in other ways were lower.
10
group needed specific training to qualify for their jobs.
This relatively low figure indicates that skills are not
generally required for entry into food preparation and
service occupations and cleaning and building service
occupations, which together accounted for almost 3 out
of 5 workers in the group. Specific training was neces
sary for 24 percent of the food workers and 14 percent
of the cleaning workers. In contrast, it was necessary
for 62 percent of the health service workers, 56 percent
of the protective service workers, and 52 percent of the
personal service workers.
Entry food service jobs—such as counter worker and
short-order cook—usually could be obtained without
specific training. About one-half of the supervisors, onethird of the cooks, and one-fourth of the waiters and
waitresses needed specific skills. Most workers acquired
their skills informally on the job. Some food service
supervisors also were trained in schools and formal
company programs. Few cleaning and building service
workers other than supervisors needed training to ob
tain their jobs. Health service workers usually qualified
for their jobs through school and/or OJT. Junior col
leges and technical institutes and post-high school vo
cational programs provided most of the formal school
ing. Some nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants quali
fied for their jobs through formal company programs.
Specific training usually was necessary for police and
detectives. Formal company programs were reported
by these workers as a source of training more frequently
than school and OJT although all methods were im
portant. The main types of school training for police
and detectives were college programs that lasted 4 years
or longer and programs in junior colleges and techni
cal institutes. More than one-half of the persons in
firefighting occupations and more than one-third of all
guards had to have specific skills to get their jobs. For
mal company programs were the main source of job
preparation for firefighters, while OJT was more preva
lent for guards. About 6 percent of all workers in pro
tective service occupations learned skills in the Armed
Forces, compared to 2 percent of the workers in all
occupations.
Training was very important for obtaining jobs in
some personal service occupations. It was necessary for
almost all of the hairdressers and barbers, and almost
three-fourths of the public transportation attendants.
Schools were the most important source of job prepa
ration for hairdressers and barbers, particularly
postsecondary vocational schools and junior colleges
and technical institutes. Public transportation attendants
learned their skills mostly in formal company programs.
School was the principal source of training for sec
retaries, stenographers, and typists. In these occupations
combined, 57 percent of the workers were trained in
school and 31 percent picked up skills informally on
the job. School also was the most important training
method for personnel clerks, billing clerks, teachers’
aides, and social welfare eligibility clerks. OJT was a
source of qualifying skills for more workers than school
in almost all other administrative support occupations.
Forty percent or more of the workers in the following
occupations acquired needed skills through OJT: Gen
eral office supervisors, financial records processing su
pervisors, computer operators, data-entry keyers, bank
tellers, and investigators and adjusters, except insur
ance. In many cases, however, the number of workers
who reported OJT and the number reporting school
did not differ greatly.
More than one-fourth of the transportation and ticket
agents needed training in formal company programs to
obtain their jobs. These programs also were relatively
important for telephone operators, computer operators,
order clerks, and general office supervisors.
Workers in the administrative support group were
more likely than those in other groups to get their jobs
through training in high school vocational programs.
More than 16 percent of the administrative workers ac
quired qualifying skills in these programs, which was
about three times the proportion for all workers. The
high school programs were the principal source of train
ing for two of the largest occupations in the group—sec
retary and typist. Over one-third of the secretaries and
typists prepared for their jobs in high school vocational
programs, as well as relatively large numbers of ste
nographers, personnel clerks, billing clerks, and book
keepers and accounting and auditing clerks. Many
workers in these and other administrative support oc
cupations also were trained in postsecondary school
programs.
Private household occupations. Only 8 percent of the
1.6 million workers in this group needed specific train
ing to get their jobs, the lowest proportion of any oc
cupational group. About 5 percent of the private house
hold workers learned needed skills from friends or rela
tives or through other methods unrelated to work, and
4 percent learned informally on the job. A few reported
formal training. One-half of the workers in the group
were private household cleaners and servants, and most
of the remainder were child care workers. A small pro
portion of the workers in the private household group
were launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and butlers. Per
sons in these occupations were more likely to need spe
cific training than child care workers and household
cleaners and servants.
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. About 28
percent of the 3.1 million persons in this group needed
specific training to qualify for their jobs, about one-half
the average for all workers. The proportions who re
Service workers, except private household. About 36 per
cent of the 12.4 million workers in this occupational
11
ported OJT (16 percent) and school (8 percent) also
were lower than average. On the other hand, 11 per
cent of the workers in the farming, forestry, and fish
ing groups learned job skills from friends or relatives
or through ways unrelated to work, which was much
greater than the percentage of workers in all occupa
tions who learned jobs skills through this method.
Workers in farming jobs accounted for more than
three-fourths of the employment in the occupation
group. Person in related agricultural occupations, such
as gardeners and animal caretakers, made up most of
the remainder; relatively small numbers of workers were
in forestry and fishing occupations.
About 31 percent of the farm operators and managers
and 21 percent of the other farm workers needed spe
cific training for their jobs. Persons in farming learned
their skills mostly through informal methods. Schools
provided skills for 11 percent of the operators and man
agers, however, and many were trained in college pro
grams that lasted 4 years or longer. Qualifying skills
were needed by 29 percent of the workers in related
agricultural occupations, 32 percent of the workers in
forestry and logging occupations, and 42 percent of the
fishers, hunters, and trappers.
also was important for supervisory jobs in the occupa
tion group. On the other hand, formal company pro
grams were the principal method of training for tele
phone installers and repairers, structural metal workers,
powerplant operators, telephone line installers and re
pairers, and miscellaneous electrical and electronic
equipment repairers. School was the most significant
method of training for data processing equipment me
chanics. The Armed Forces were the primary source
of qualifications for aircraft engine mechanics. Dress
makers were most likely to learn their job skills from
friends or relatives or other experience not related to
work.
More than 5 percent of all workers in the precision
production, craft, and repair group learned qualifying
skills for their jobs in high school vocational programs,
and almost 5 percent learned them in junior colleges
and technical institutes. Public and private post-high
school vocational programs provided training for about
4 percent of all workers in the occupation group. Jun
ior college and technical institutes were sources of train
ing for about one-fourth of the data processing equip
ment repairers and one-fifth of the office machine re
pairers. Many workers in these occupations also were
trained in public and private post-high school voca
tional programs. High school vocational programs were
significant sources of training for tool-and-die makers
and automobile mechanics. A small proportion of the
supervisory workers in the occupation group qualified
for their jobs through college programs that lasted 4
years or longer.
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.
About 65 percent of the 11.7 million persons em
ployed in this diverse occupational group needed spe
cific training to get their jobs, somewhat more than the
average for all workers. The proportion of these
workers exceeded the average for all workers in each
category of training, except school. OJT was a source
of skills for 40 percent of the occupation group, formal
company programs for 17 percent, and school for 16
percent. About 8 percent of the group learned job skills
from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated
to work, and 5 percent were trained for their jobs in
the Armed Forces.
Training was very important for some mechanics and
repairers. About nine-tenths of the data processing
equipment repairers and the office machine repairers
needed it to qualify for their jobs. Among the building
trades, it was most important for electricians and
plumbers. Training also was a requirement for relatively
large proportions of tool-and-die makers, machinists,
upholsterers, and power plant operators. On the other
hand, most electrical and electronic equipment assem
blers did not need special skills to get their jobs.
OJT was the most common method of qualifying for
jobs for most workers in the occupational group. Among
individual occupations, the proportion of workers who
acquired their training informally on the job usually
ranged between 30 percent and 50 percent. This was
the predominant method of training for workers in a
wide variety of occupations—carpenters, plumbers, up
holsterers, and oil well drillers are a few examples. OJT
Machine operators, assemblers and inspectors. Although
almost 37 percent of the 7.4 million workers in this oc
cupational group needed specific training to qualify for
their jobs, this proportion was lower than the average
for all workers. Workers in the machine operator, as
sembler, and inspector group were about as likely as
all workers to acquire their jobs as a result of OJT or
learning skills from friends and relatives, but were less
likely to obtain their jobs through other training. OJT
was a source of skills for 26 percent of the workers in
the group, school and formal company training pro
grams each were a source of skills for 6 percent, and
almost 3 percent learned from friends or relatives or
through other methods unrelated to work.
OJT was the principal method of acquiring qualify
ing skills in almost every occupation in the group. In
most cases, about one-fifth to two-fifths of the workers
in each occupation reported that they obtained their
skills informally on the job. The proportion was some
what higher among typesetters and compositors, photo
graphic processing machine operators, and winding and
twisting machine operators; and lower for graders and
sorters, sawing machine operators, and packaging and
filling machine operators. High school vocational pro
12
driving occupations learned their skills mostly through
OJT. A small proportion of heavy-truck drivers picked
up skills from friends and relatives. Specific training
was necessary for 37 percent of the material moving
equipment operators. Workers in these occupations
learned their skills primarily through OJT. Crane and
tower operators needed preparation more than indus
trial truck and tractor equipment operators.
About three-fourths of the workers in water trans
portation occupations and one-half of those in rail trans
portation occupations needed specific training to obtain
their jobs. Although skills were learned informally on
the job more than by other means, formal company
programs also were significant in these fields. The
Armed Forces and school also were training sources
for some workers in water transportation occupations.
grams were a source of training for about one-fifth of
the typesetters and compositors and one-seventh of the
printing machine operators. Postsecondary vocational
schools and junior colleges and technical institutes
trained small proportions of lathe and turning machine
operators and welders. Formal company and school
programs frequently were sources of qualifying skills
for the same occupations.
Transportation and material moving occupations. Train
ing requirements for the 4 million workers in this oc
cupational group were similar to those for workers in
the machine operator, assembler, and inspector group.
In both, about 36 to 37 percent of the workers had to
have specific training to qualify for their jobs, 26 per
cent acquired it informally on the job, and formal train
ing methods generally were of secondary importance.
Workers in transportation and material moving occu
pations, however, were a little more likely to learn their
skills in formal company programs and through friends
or relatives, and less likely to learn them in school.
Almost three-fourths of the workers in this group
were in motor vehicle operator occupations, and most
of the remainder were material moving equipment op
erators. Small proportions of the group were in rail and
water transportation occupations, which had relatively
high training requirements.
About 35 percent of the motor vehicle operators
needed specific training to qualify for their jobs. It was
more necessary for busdrivers than truck and taxi
drivers. Formal company programs provided skills for
almost one-third of the busdrivers. Workers in other
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.
Only 16 percent of the 3.7 million workers in this
occupation group had to have specific training to get
their jobs. Among the occupational groups, only pri
vate household workers required less preparation.
About 13 percent of the workers in the handler group
learned their skills informally on the job. Other methods
of training generally were insignificant.
One-fourth or more of the construction trades helpers,
machine feeders, and production helpers needed spe
cific skills to obtain their jobs. Requirements were lower
for workers in other occupations, such as garbage col
lectors, stock handlers and baggers, and vehicle washers
and equipment cleaners.
13
Chapter 2. Skill Improvement
Training
percent of employment. Only 17 of the 50 occupations
were executive, administrative, and managerial occu
pations or professional specialty occupations. Some of
the occupations appear in table 25 solely because of
their size. For example, only 19 percent of cash
iers—compared with an average of 35 percent—ob
tained training. Because this is a large occupation, how
ever, it is near the top of the list when ranked by number.
Skill improvement training frequently is related to
whether employees in the occupation are required to
possess specific training or skills in order to obtain the
job. Overall, 72 percent of the persons who were re
quired to possess skills to qualify for their jobs also ac
quired training to improve their skills. Thus, it is not
surprising that 41 of the 50 occupations with the most
employees obtaining skill training were among the 50
occupations with the most employees reporting that
training or skills were needed to qualify for their job.
Another perspective on acquired training is provided
by table 27, which presents the 50 occupations having
the largest proportions of all workers in that occupa
tion who obtained skill improvement training. In table
27, professional specialty occupations and executive,
administrative, and managerial occupations account for
32, rather than 17, of the 50 occupations identified in
table 26 as having the most skill improvement training
and emphasizes the significance of skill improvement
training within these occupation groups.
Differences in skill improvement training between
occupations reflect differences in the characteristics of
employees and requirements of the occupations. Data
by age, sex, and education provide insights into the dif
ferences. Almost three-fifths of acquired training was
received by persons 25 to 34 and 35 to 44 years old
(table 28). This is only slightly more than the propor
tion of employed persons in those age groups. The pro
portion of women who acquired skill improvement
training was similar to that for men.
The proportion of workers who took skill improve
ment training varied significantly by education. College
graduates obtained 34 percent of all such training al
though they accounted for only 22 percent of total em
ployment. Persons with some college education ob
tained slightly more training than their proportion of
employment would indicate (23 percent vs. 19 percent),
Training or skills to qualify for jobs constitutes one
aspect of training; another is training to improve job
skills for workers who are already employed. In Janu
ary 1983, 33.9 million persons (35 percent of all em
ployed persons) reported they obtained skill improve
ment training on their current job.
Skill improvement training was most common among
professional specialty occupations; 61 percent of em
ployees in these occupations obtained such training (ta
ble 24). Workers in occupations in this group, such as
teachers and medical and other technical specialists,
need to update their professional techniques and knowl
edge or face obsolescence. Large proportions of em
ployees in executive, administrative, and managerial oc
cupations and in technician and related support occu
pations (47 percent and 52 percent, respectively) also
obtained skill improvement training. The proportions
of workers acquiring training in all other occupation
groups did not exceed the 35-percent average for all
employees. Private household workers obtained the
smallest proportion (3 percent).
Workers in professional specialties also constituted
the largest proportion (23 percent) of all workers who
took skill improvement training, a result attributable
both to the large number of employees in this group
and the much higher than average proportion of em
ployees who obtained this training (table 25). Execu
tive, managerial, and administrative occupations and
administrative support occupations each had the sec
ond largest proportion (15 percent). These three occu
pational groups accounted for over one-half of all
workers who reported skill improvement training.
At the other extreme, private household occupations;
farming, forestry, and fishing occupations; transporta
tion and material moving occupations; and equipment
cleaners, helpers, and laborers accounted for a small
proportion of all workers who took training to improve
skills needed for their current job. Workers in these oc
cupations generally perform simple tasks that must be
diligently repeated but seldom are changed to such an
extent that training is required.
Table 26 presents the 50 occupations having the
largest number of employees who acquired skill im
provement training. These 50 occupations accounted
for 57 percent of all workers with such training but 42
14
27 percent of all workers, they accounted for about 60
percent of those who obtained training in school.
Table 31 presents the 25 occupations having the
largest number acquiring skill improvement training in
schools. The training was concentrated among teachers:
Elementary and secondary school teachers accounted
for 16 percent of the total who took skill improvement
training but only 3 percent of total employment. The
concentration results both because of the occupation’s
size and because the proportion of teachers who re
ported training in schools (63 percent) was far above
the 12-percent average for all employees. On the other
hand, the occupations listed below had a lower than
average proportion of workers who trained in schools,
but they appear in table 31 because of their size—all
have over 1 million employees. They also may be promi
nent among those with information about different types
of schools and in tables that rank occupations obtain
ing training in different types of schools.
while individuals with a high school education or less
received only 43 percent of the training but accounted
for 59 percent of total employment. This pattern was
the same for men and women. Skill improvement train
ing appears to be closely related to formal education.
For example, a college degree is required to obtain most
teaching, engineering, and other professional specialty
jobs. And, once employed in those occupations, workers
need training to improve job skills for continued success.
In contrast, jobs that require the least education to
qualify for employment have little need for skill im
provement training. Waiters and waitresses or construc
tion laborers, for example, require little formal educa
tion or previous training and, due to the repetitive na
ture of the work, have little need for training to im
prove work skills. New technology and other factors
that contribute to a need for training are insignificant
for most of these workers.
Sources of skill improvement training
In addition to being asked whether they acquired
training to improve skills used on their current job, in
dividuals were asked to identify the source of the train
ing as either school, formal company, informal on-thejob (OJT), or other. Because many workers selected
more than one source, the total number of responses
(39.9 million) was 18 percent higher than the total num
ber of workers (33.9 million) who reported any kind of
skill improvement training. Table 29 presents the ratio
of total reports of training to numbers of individuals.
Executives, managers, and administrators reported more
than one type of training most frequently. Conversely,
workers in transportation and material moving occupa
tions and handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and la
borers were least likely to report more than one source
of training.
Except for the category “other”, the ratio of the
number of persons reporting only one type of skill im
provement training to the total reporting that type
of training was the same for all categories (0.7). Sig
nificantly, the ratio for the “ other” category was 0.0:
“Other” types of training was cited only in conjunction
with another category of training.
- Secretaries
- Bookkeepers and accounting and auditing
clerks
- Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations
- Supervisors, production occupations
- Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants
- Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale trade
- Farmers, except horticultural
As indicated in the discussion which follows, the
ranking of teachers and other occupations in table 31
also reflects the dominance of school training acquired
in junior colleges, technical institutes, and 4-year
colleges.
Except for that obtained in 4-year colleges, most skill
improvement training in schools lasted less than 26
weeks (table 32). This is consistent with the assumption
that many workers who do not require college training
to obtain their job train to improve a specific job skill.
For example, secretaries may enroll in a junior college
course to learn word processing and not pursue other
courses. In contrast, about three-fifths of training ac
quired in 4-year colleges lasted 26 or more weeks. The
longer time required for college training probably re
flects the tendency to work towards a degree. A his
tory teacher, for example, may have returned to school
part time to obtain an advanced degree—a process that
could take years. Such an explanation is consistent with
data on completions by length of training presented in
table 32. About 90 percent of training lasting less than
12 weeks was completed; the comparable proportion
for training lasting 53 or more weeks was about 65 per
cent. The difference is probably attributable to the fact
that individuals are still enrolled in a degree program.
Overall, the proportion of employer-sponsored skill
improvement training obtained in schools was substan
School training. A total of 11.4 million individuals—12
percent of employed persons—acquired skill improve
ment training in schools (table 24). This proportion was
slightly larger than the proportion who obtained skill
improvement training from a formal company program
(11 percent), slightly less than for OJT (14 percent),
but significantly larger than for other types of skill im
provement training (4 percent). The proportion of
workers who trained in school was higher than the 12percent average in professional specialty occupations,
technician and related support occupations, and execu
tive, administrative, and managerial occupations (table
30). While these occupational groups accounted for only
15
and computer operators, private post-high school vo
cational education was reported by 5 percent of em
ployees (the maximum for any occupation was 9 per
cent). Despite the smaller size of these occupations, the
proportion of workers obtaining skill improvement
training was sufficient to include them among the top
occupations.
The number of individuals acquiring skill improve
ment training in public post-high school vocational courses,
774,000 or 0.8 percent of all employees, also was rela
tively small and almost identical to that for similar pri
vate schools (table 30). The 25 occupations presented
in table 36 represent 52 percent of all workers who took
skill improvement training in public post-high school
vocational programs, but account for only 29 percent
of total employment. Secretaries—with 10 percent of
the training — head the list. About half of the occupa
tions also were among the top 25 in private post-high
school vocational programs.
The largest proportion of employees acquiring train
ing in this category was 6 percent among millwrights,
an occupation which, because of its small size, does not
appear in table 36.
Although not as common a source of skill improve
ment training as 4-year colleges, junior colleges and
technical institutes were a significant source. The 3.3
million persons with this training constituted 3 percent
of total employment, 10 percent of individuals who took
training, and 29 percent of those acquiring training in
schools (table 30). Although only 3 percent of all
workers took skill improvement training in these
schools, the proportion was higher in technician and
related support occupations; executive, administrative
and managerial occupations; professional specialty oc
cupations; and administrative support occupations.
Twenty-five occupations accounted for almost 50
percent of the training (table 37). With manage rs and
administrators and secretaries at the top, the list is again
dominated by large occupations. However, junior col
lege training is a much more significant source of skill
improvement training for secretaries than other school
programs. The proportion of secretaries acquiring skill
improvement training in junior colleges (5.6 percent)
was only one-half their proportion in all types of school
programs combined.
Training acquired in college programs that last 4 years
or longer was by far the most significant source of skill
improvement training acquired in schools. The 5.4 mil
lion persons with such training accounted for 6 percent
of employment, 16 percent of those obtaining training,
and 48 percent of all who acquired it in schools. The
proportion of workers who trained in college programs
to improve their skills was higher than average in pro
fessional specialty occupations; executive, administra
tive, and managerial occupations; and technician and
related support occupations (table 30).
tial. Approximately 4.6 million persons—41 percent of
those pursuing skill training in schools—indicated em
ployers sponsored it. Employer sponsorship was over
10 times as common as government-sponsored school
training: Government-sponsored training was reported
by only 375,000 persons, or 3 percent of all individuals
acquiring skill improvement training in schools.
As shown in table 33, school training sponsored by
employers or the government was distributed among
the major occupational groups in much the same way
as all skill improvement training in schools. Workers in
professional specialties—who acquired the most skill
improvement training in schools—also accounted for
the largest percentage of sponsored training. It is note
worthy that, within this group, secondary and elemen
tary school teachers alone acquired 8 percent ot all em
ployer-sponsored school training. However, the pro
portion of employer- and government-sponsored school
training accounted for by professional specialty occu
pations (30 to 28 percent, respectively) was slightly
lower than the proportion of total skill improvement
training acquired in schools (38 percent). Service
workers, except private household, accounted for 14
percent of government-sponsored school training com
pared with 7 percent of total skills improvement train
ing acquired in schools. However, the absolute num
bers are small, and the differences may not be significant.
High school vocational education was not a significant
source of skill improvement training. Only 353,000 per
sons—0.4 percent of all employed persons—identified
high school vocational education programs as a source
of this training (table 30). High school vocational train
ing was a source in only one-third of the occupations
with over 50,000 employees. (The highest proportion
of employees reporting in any occupation was only 4
percent.) Table 34 identifies the occupations with the
largest numbers. The top two—secretaries and book
keeping clerks—accounted for 18 percent of the total
who took skill improvement training in high school vo
cational education programs, although they accounted
for only 6 percent of total employment.
Although the number of persons acquiring skill im
provement training in private post-high school vocational
programs was twice that for high schools, the total was
still relatively small. The 803,000 persons constituted
only 0.8 percent of total employment (table 30). Table
35 presents the 25 occupations with the largest num
bers of employees reporting private post-high school
vocational education programs. The top two occupa
tions—managers and administrators not elsewhere clas
sified, and supervisors and proprietors in sales occupa
tions—accounted for 11 percent of reported training,
an amount approximately equivalent to their proportion
of total employment.
Among hairdressers and cosmotologists, real estate
sales occupations, public service police and detectives,
16
fighters must know the latest methods for protecting
citizens and property; and insurance sales and reserva
tion personnel must know how to provide detailed in
formation to customers quickly and accurately.
Formal company training generally was limited—72
percent lasted less than 12 weeks, while only 8 percent
lasted more than 52 weeks (table 41). The overall com
pletion rate was 87 percent, considerably above the 71
percent for all school training. Since shorter school
courses also had a higher completion rate, the differ
ence in the completion rates for schools and formal
company programs is probably due to the length of
training rather than the source.
Government programs, such as CETA, sponsored 4
percent of formal company skill improvement training.
The largest number in government-sponsored programs
were in professional specialty occupations, but the
largest proportion of those receiving training were serv
ice workers, except private household, with 8 percent
(table 41).
About one-fourth of all workers in professional spe
cialty occupations improved their job skills in college
programs; they accounted for about 59 percent of the
total number of workers who improved their skills
in these programs. A total of 28 percent were elemen
tary and secondary school teachers (table 38), about
nine times their proportion of total employment. The
prominence of teachers reflects the fact that over half
obtained skill improvement training in 4-year or longer
college programs. Some occupations—secretaries, for
example—appear in table 38 because of their size, while
others reflect the unique contribution of colleges. Phy
sicians, clergy, social workers, counselors, lawyers, and
librarians all require the highest levels of academic train
ing available.
Formal company training. A total of 10.6 million indi
viduals—11 percent of all employees with skill improve
ment training—identified formal company programs as
the source of their training (table 24). This proportion
was slightly less than that for training obtained in
schools (12 percent), less than that from informal onthe-job (OJT) training (14 percent), but over twice that
obtained by ‘other’ methods (4 percent).
While only 11 percent of all workers improved their
job skills through formal company programs, this train
ing was acquired by 18 percent of the workers in tech
nician and related support occupations and 17 percent
of those in executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations. Ratios also were higher than average for
professional specialty occupations; precision produc
tion, craft, and repair occupations; and sales occupa
tions. These five occupational groups accounted for
about one-half of all workers and about 70 percent of
those who improved their skills in formal company
programs.
Table 39 identifies the 25 occupations with the largest
numbers of employees obtaining training. Together they
accounted for 45 percent of training but only 30 per
cent of employment. These occupations appear to have
little in common other than size. Occupations in which
a large number reported but a lower than average pro
portion obtained formal company training were: Sec
retaries, elementary school teachers, secondary school
teachers, and bookkeepers and accounting and auditing
clerks.
Companies provide formal training to ensure that
specific technical or other information is provided em
ployees. The occupations for which this type of train
ing was most important are identified in table 40, which
ranks the proportion of workers in each acquiring for
mal company training. With the possible exception of
forestry and conservation scientists, the top 10 occupa
tions in this ranking must be thoroughly familiar with
their employers’ products or services: Repairers need
to know the product they are to fix; police and fire
Informal on-the-job training. With 13.6 million per
sons—14 percent of all employees and 40 percent of
those reporting training—informal on-the-job training
(OJT) was the largest category through which workers
acquired skill improvement (table 24). OJT was more
widespread among occupations than other sources of
skill improvement. The distribution of workers with
this training was very similar to the distribution of to
tal employment among the occupational groups. The
relationship also can be seen in the ranking of detailed
occupations. The top 25 occupations presented in table
42 accounted for 36 percent of OJT and 36 percent of
employment. This distribution was the same for all oc
cupations, indicating that OJT was more closely cor
related with employment than were other forms of
training. The proportion of employees in an occupation
reporting OJT fell within a narrow range: The highest
proportion was 37 percent compared with 63 percent
for formal schools.
Other training. Training acquired to improve job skills
by methods other than in formal school or company
programs, or by informal on-the-job training, was much
less common than each of these more traditional
methods. The “other” category was reported by 4.3
million persons or 4 percent of the total and 13 percent
of the workers reporting skill improvement training (ta
ble 24). Table 43 presents the 25 occupations with the
largest numbers of persons acquiring training from other
sources. The top two occupations—managers and ad
ministrators not elsewhere classified, and supervisors
and proprietors in sales occupations—appear primarily
because of their size. Size also explains the presence of
secretaries; bookkeepers and auditing and accounting
clerks; supervisors in production occupations; nursing
aides, orderlies, and attendants; and sales representa
17
of two large occupations—elementary and secondary
school teachers. In these occupations, almost two-thirds
had school training; together they accounted for 40
percent of schooling reported in professional specialty
occupations. In other large occupations, the pattern was
closer to the average for all employed persons. For ex
ample, among registered nurses, skill improvement
training was distributed as follows: 23 percent, formal
school; 28 percent, formal company training; 20 per
cent, OJT; and 12 percent, other.
tives in mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade.
The reason for the relatively high ranking of such di
verse occupations as physicians, hairdressers and cosmotologists, and musicians and composers is less clear.
One explanation may be the diversity of training in
cluded in the “other” category. Table 44 ranks occu
pations by the proportion acquiring other training.
Those at the top—dentists, physicians, lawyers, phar
macists, and hairdressers—probably reported training
acquired at professional seminars during conventions.
Musicians, on the other hand, are likely to improve
their skills by private lessons from individuals that may
not be associated with schools. In occupations such as
electronic repairers, designers, and registered nurses,
the primary source of other training may be seminars
sponsored by professional societies, or journals.
Technician and related support occupations. These oc
cupations had the second highest proportion of employ
ees with skill improvement training (52 percent). The
distribution of employees—20 percent reporting school,
18 percent formal company, 19 percent OJT, and 5 per
cent other—was much the same as that for all employ
ees, but the levels were lower. In addition, there was
little variation among the detailed occupations.
Occupational patterns
Overall, 33.9 million individuals—35 percent of all
employees—obtained skill improvement training.
School, formal company training, and informal OJT
were reported with almost equal frequency (12, 11, and
14 percent of employees, respectively). Other types of
training (4 percent) were much less common. The fol
lowing discussion analyzes the occupational differences
in the types of training acquired that are presented in
table 45. Table 45 also presents data for various types
of schooling, but these data are not specifically dis
cussed since only training obtained in a junior college,
technical institute, or 4-year college program is signifi
cant: School training may be considered synonymous
with those types of schooling. The numbers do not add
to the total, as indicated earlier, because individuals may
have reported more than one type of training.
Sales occupations. The proportion of employees in sales
occupations with skill training was 32 percent, little dif
ferent from the average for all employees. However,
the distribution differed significantly. The proportion
reporting school was much lower—7 percent vs. 18
percent for all employees—while the proportions re
porting formal company (13 percent) and OJT (15 per
cent) were higher. At 4 percent, those reporting other
training was the same. Sales job skills most frequently
are improved by specific training obtained at the work
location rather than by less specific training that is ac
quired in schools. The only exception among sales oc
cupations was real estate sales workers, for whom school
training, with 31 percent of the employees, was the
largest category.
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupa
tions. These occupations had a higher than average
Administrative support occupations. An average num
ber of individuals in administrative support occupations
acquired training (32 percent), but the distribution—10
percent school, 10 percent formal company, 15 percent
OJT, and 2 percent other—showed a greater than av
erage concentration in OJT. Among the detailed occu
pations, a higher proportion of supervisors had skill im
provement training, and there was a greater emphasis
on formal company training. This probably results from
mandatory company training in performing newly ac
quired supervisory responsibilities. A larger than aver
age proportion of secretaries and bookkeepers and ac
counting and auditing clerks had acquired training in
school.
proportion of employees who took skill improvement
training (47 vs. 35 percent). Like the total for all em
ployees, training was distributed almost equally between
school (18 percent), formal company (17 percent), and
informal OJT (16 percent). “Other” training was re
ported by 8 percent of employees, about half the pro
portion for the other categories.
Administrators in education and related fields were
a notable exception to the general pattern. In this oc
cupation, school was a source of training for 47 percent
of employees, while the next largest category—OJT—
was a source for only 13 percent.
Professional specialty occupations. These occupations
had the largest proportion of employees reporting skill
improvement training (61 percent). With 34 percent,
school training was the largest category. This was 2 3 times the amount for formal company (15 percent),
OJT (14 percent), or other types (11 percent). The large
proportion of school training results from the influence
Private household occupations. Among private house
hold occupations, only 3 percent of employees had skill
improvement training. The absence of training proba
bly reflects the lack of incentive for improvement in
the work of launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and child
care workers in private households.
18
pairers, telephone line installers and repairers, and tele
phone installers and repairers had a much higher pro
portion of skill improvement training (67, 67, and 73
percent, respectively). The additional training consisted
largely of formal company training; this category was
reported by 58, 57, and 55 percent of employees in these
occupations. Telephone and data processing equipment
is complex and unique to the manufacturer. Thus, for
mal company training of repairers represents the efforts
of companies to service the complex equipment they
provide customers. The extensive formal company
training of telephone and data processing equipment
repairers, combined with that of supervisors, raised the
proportion of employees with training in the formal
company category for the subgroup mechanics and re
pairers to 22 percent. In contrast, the other large sub
groups had much lower proportions: Construction
trades, 7 percent; and precision production occupa
tions, 13 percent.
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations
other than telephone and data processing equipment re
pairers generally identified OJT as being by far the most
significant type of acquired training.
Service workers, except private household. With 25 per
cent of employees reporting skill improvement training,
service workers, except private household, were slightly
below the average for all employees in acquiring train
ing. The distribution also differed somewhat from the
average, with the proportions reporting school (7 per
cent) and formal company training (8 percent) lower
than the average.
However, the pattern varied among the detailed oc
cupations in the group. Within the protective service
occupations, a much higher proportion of employees
had skill improvement training (55 percent) than in the
service worker group as a whole (25 percent). Protec
tive service workers also had relatively more school and
formal company training and relatively less OJT and
other training. The training acquired by guards and po
lice, except public service, was much less than that for
other protective service occupations, and it was con
centrated in OJT.
In contrast, in the food preparation and cleaning and
building service subgroups, relatively few had skill im
provement training (15 and 11 percent). Most of the
training was concentrated in OJT. On the other hand,
41 percent of workers in health service occupations
reported such training; the most prevalent type of train
ing again was OJT. Since OJT is the easiest training to
obtain, its prevalence in occupations requiring few skills
is not surprising.
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. A lower
than average number of machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors had skill improvement training (22 per
cent); OJT was reported by 16 percent of employees
and was by far the most significant. Relatively few per
sons reported school (3 percent), formal company (4
percent), or other types of training (1 percent). There
was little variation from these patterns among the de
tailed occupations.
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. The propor
tion with skill improvement training in these occupa
tions, 16 percent, was below the average for all em
ployees. School was reported by 5 percent of these
workers; formal company, 2 percent; OJT, 7 percent;
and other, 5 percent. Almost all the school training was
concentrated among farmers and reflects the need for
greater skills resulting from management responsibili
ties. For the other occupations, about three-fourths of
reported training was informal—either OJT or other.
Transportation and material moving occupations. The
pattern of training for these workers was similar to that
for operators. At 18 percent, the proportion of persons
with training was low—about one-half the average for
all employees—and training was concentrated in the
OJT category (9 percent), compared with 2 percent in
school, 6 percent in formal company programs, and 1
percent in other. The concentration in OJT for the
group was reduced by the large number of busdrivers
with formal company training. In other detailed oc
cupations, a much greater proportion of training was
acquired informally.
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.
Among these occupations, 35 percent had skill im
provement training, the same as the average for all oc
cupations, but the distribution of training showed less
emphasis on school (7 percent). Among the other cate
gories, formal company training (14 percent) and OJT
(16 percent) were slightly higher, while the “other”
category (3 percent) was slightly lower than the aver
age. The emphasis on OJT is actually greater for most
occupations because the average for the group includes
a few occupations with high levels of formal training.
Within the subgroup mechanics and repairers, those
who were employed as data processing equipment re
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.
Except for private household, these occupations had the
lowest proportion of employees with training (14 per
cent). OJT was the only significant type of training; this
method was reported by 10 percent of employees com
pared with 2 percent for schools, 2 percent for formal
company, and none for other. No detailed occupations
deviated significantly from the pattern of the group.
19
Table 1. Qualifying training: Workers who needed training as a percent of total
employed by sex, age, education, and race
Characteristic
Total, age 16 and over:
Total .............................
M ale..............................
Female .........................
Percent of total
employed
55
56
54
Age group:
Age 16-19:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
Age 20-24:
Total.............................
M ale.............................
Female ........................
Age 25-34:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
Age 35-44:
Total.............................
M ale.............................
Female ........................
Age 45-54:
To ta l.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
Age 55-64:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
Age 65 and over:
To ta l.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
25
20
30
47
44
51
62
62
62
62
65
59
57
61
53
52
55
49
41
42
40
Highest grade completed:
High school or less:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
Some college:
Total.............................
M a le ............................
Female ........................
College graduate:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
42
43
42
62
60
64
84
84
84
Race:
White:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
Black:
Total.............................
M ale.............................
Female ........................
Other:
Total.............................
M a le .............................
Female ........................
57
58
55
44
41
47
54
52
56
20
Table 2. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupational group
Source of training
Occupational group
Workers
who needed
training’
Formal
company
program
School
Informal on-thejob training
Armed Forces
Correspond
ence course
Friend or
relative or
other nonworkrelated training
Total, age 16 and over:
53,890
55
28,075
29
9,418
10
27,004
28
1,902
2
777
1
3,205
3
7,738
71
4,674
43
1,346
12
4,242
39
314
3
140
1
341
3
11,797
93
10,397
82
1,184
9
2,767
22
281
2
118
1
331
3
2,579
85
1,759
58
422
14
962
32
152
5
54
2
47
2
4,867
43
1,643
15
1,315
12
3,148
28
90
1
113
1
330
3
9,157
57
5,262
33
1,198
7
4,945
31
136
1
101
1
198
1
81
8
15
2
10
1
36
4
4,397
36
1,604
13
1,104
9
2,233
18
862
28
259
8
41
1
507
16
7,603
65
1,817
16
1,945
17
2,742
37
479
6
1,462
36
97
2
605
16
69
2
Executive, administrative, and managerial:
Professional specialty:
Technicians and related support:
Sales occupations:
Administrative support, including clerical:
Private household occupations:
45
5
Service workers, except private household:
141
1
23
(2)
216
2
7
(*)
5
(2)
335
11
4,710
40
599
5
188
2
939
8
476
6
1,957
26
81
1
22
(2)
186
3
311
8
1,028
26
80
2
7
(2)
185
5
68
2
468
13
20
1
7
<2)
54
1
Farming, forestry, and fishing:
Precision production, craft, and repair:
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported
more than one source of training.
.
2 Value less than 0.5.
- No data reported.
Table 3. Qualifying training: Percent distribution of training by occupational group
Source of training
Occupational group
Total, age 16 and over:
Number (in thousands) ’ ................................................................
Percent ...........................................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial.................................................
Professional specialty.................................................................................
Technicians and related support................................................................
Sales occupations......................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ...................................................
Private household occupations...................................................................
Service workers, except private household...............................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair .......................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ......................................
Transportation and material moving occupations.....................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...............................
Workers who
needed training
Formal
company
program
School
Informal on-thejob training
Armed Forces
Correspond
ence course
Friend or
relative or
other nonworkrelated training
53,890
100
28,075
100
9,418
100
27,004
100
1,902
100
778
100
3,205
100
14
22
5
9
17
17
37
6
6
19
14
13
4
14
13
(2)
12
f2)
21
5
3
1
16
10
4
12
18
16
15
8
5
7
f2)
7
(2)
31
4
4
1
18
15
7
14
13
(2)
3
1
24
3
1
1
11
10
1
10
6
1
7
10
29
6
6
2
<2)
t2)
8
2
14
5
3
1
6
1
6
2
(2)
e>
1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported
more than one source of training.
(2)
8
2
17
7
4
2
2 Value less than 0.5.
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
21
Table 4. Qualifying training: Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who needed
training
Percent of Number who
needed training
(thousands)
Occupation
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who
needed training
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.........................................
Secretaries...............................................................................
Teachers, elementary school..................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................
Teachers, secondary school ...................................................
Registered nurses....................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ........................
Accountants and auditors........................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale
3,639
2,746
1,554
1,392
1,280
1,262
1,195
962
790
697
67.2
72.8
98.1
50.1
96.7
97.9
59.8
88.9
63.6
53.8
6.8
Supervisors, production occupations......................................
Carpenters ...............................................................................
Typists ......................................................................................
Truck drivers, heavy ................................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists............................................
Automobile mechanics ............................................................
Lawyers ....................................................................................
Cashiers ...................................................................................
Physicians ................................................................................
Electricians...............................................................................
676
639
593
574
570
549
548
544
482
465
56.3
64.6
70.0
36.1
96.5
70.0
94.8
27.8
98.4
84.8
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
Real estate sales occupations................................................
Insurance sales occupations...................................................
Licensed practical nurses........................................... ............
Cooks, except short o rd e r.......................................................
Computer operators.................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural...................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ........................................
Administrators, education and related fields..........................
Other financial officers............................................................
Computer programmers ..........................................................
431
421
419
412
408
406
404
400
389
371
89.1
76.1
95.3
29.9
75.2
30.5
92.4
86.2
78.7
91.1
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
Welders and cutters ................................................................
Machinists................................................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations..........
Teachers, n.e.c..........................................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ..........................................
Social workers..........................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration...................
Financial managers...................................................................
Industrial machinery repairers ..................................................
Police and detectives, public service......................................
355
342
337
331
328
316
312
310
308
303
67.5
74.4
74.3
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....................................
Waiters and waitresses............................................................
Receptionists............................................................................
Clergy ........................................................................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten..........................
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c..................................
General office clerks ................................................................
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c................................
Bank tellers...............................................................................
Designers..................................................................................
299
299
285
284
281
280
274
273
266
266
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
22
88.8
23.9
85.7
71.4
82.6
63.3
80.1
77.5
23.7
46.2
92.6
86.0
36.1
51.4
53.9
59.2
80.4
5.1
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.7
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
Table 5. Qualifying training: Ratio of number of workers who needed training to total of training sources
identified by occupational group
Total of
Number who training sources
needed training
identified
(thousands)
(thousands)
Occupational group
Ratio
Total, age 16 and o v e r..........................................................................................................................
53,890
70,380
1.31
Executive, administrative, and managerial..................................................................................................
7,738
11,797
2,579
4,867
9,157
81
4,397
862
7,603
2,742
1,462
605
11,056
15,077
3,397
6,639
11,839
105
5,321
1,154
10,196
3,201
1,707
686
1.43
1.28
1.32
1.36
1.29
1.30
1.21
1.34
1.34
1.17
1.17
1.13
Technicians and related support ................................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical....................................................................................................
Private household occupations...................................................................................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing......................................................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair.......................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations.......................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...............................................................................
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
Table 6. Qualifying training: Ratio of number of workers with only one source of training to total reporting
this training
Total reporting
Workers with
only one source this source of
of training
training1
(thousands)
(thousands)
Source of training
18,196
4,335
15,775
587
110
1,345
Ratio
28,07.5
9,418
27,004
1,902
777
3,205
0.65
.46
.58
.31
.14
.42
1 Includes individuals reporting no other source of training and those who reported more than one source.
Table 7. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
training obtained in school programs
Percent of -
Number who
needed school
training
(thousands)
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who
needed school
training
Secretaries...............................................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.........................................
Teachers, elementary school..................................................
Teachers, secondary school ...................................................
Registered nurses....................................................................
Accountants and auditors........................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ........................
Lawyers ....................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................
Physicians................................................................................
2,224
1,867
1,519
1,236
1,158
823
707
533
495
469
59.0
34.5
95.9
93.4
89.9
76.1
35.4
92.2
17.8
95.7
7.9
6.6
5.4
4.4
4.1
2.9
2.5
1.9
1.8
1.7
Hairdressers and cosmetologists............................................
Typists......................................................................................
Administrators, education and related fie ld s..........................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................
Licensed practical nurses........................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .........................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale
Real estate sales occupations................................................
Computer programmers ..........................................................
Social workers..........................................................................
439
423
367
360
348
312
289
263
262
262
74.3
49.9
79.0
29.0
79.2
71.2
22.3
54.4
64.5
71.0
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.9
.9
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.........................
Clergy .......................................................................................
“ Other” financial officers.........................................................
Teachers, n.e.c.........................................................................
Financial managers..................................................................
256
254
241
218
203
78.3
82.8
48.7
58.5
54.1
.9
.9
.9
.8
.7
Occupation
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
23
Table 8. Qualifying training: Sources of school training by occupational group
Occupational group
Total with
school
training 1
High school
vocational
education
Private posthigh school
vocational
education
Public post-high
school
vocational
education
Junior college
or technical
institute
28,075
29
4,692
5
2,098
2
1,586
2
4,965
5
16,078
17
4,674
43
333
3
169
2
134
1
581
5
3,638
34
10,397
82
208
2
367
3
213
2
906
7
8,961
70
1,759
58
149
5
168
5
185
6
600
20
744
24
1,643
15
185
2
163
1
90
1
356
3
941
8
5,262
33
2,659
16
506
3
367
2
1,282
8
976
6
15
2
9
1
1,604
13
207
2
442
4
195
2
461
4
316
3
259
8
75
2
15
(2)
16
1
58
2
128
4
1,817
16
606
5
193
2
280
2
568
5
282
2
479
6
196
3
45
1
79
1
115
2
69
1
97
2
34
1
23
1
10
18
f2)
ft
69
2
30
1
6
16
(*)
21
1
<2)
4-year or longer
college program
Total, age 16 and over:
Executive, administrative, and managerial:
Professional specialty:
Technicians and related support:
Sales occupations:
Administrative support, including clerical:
Private household occupations:
2
ft
(*)
Service workers, except private household:
4
Farming, forestry, and fishing:
Precision production, craft, and repair:
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
1 Data do not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers reported
more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of schooling.
(2)
10
7
Value less than 0.5.
- No data reported.
2
Table 9. Qualifying training: Number of workers who acquired training through school programs and percent who completed training
by length of program
Total, all school programs
Length of program '
Under 12 weeks
Type of program
High school vocational education...........................
Private post-high school vocational education .......
Public post-high school vocational education........
Junior college or technical institute........................
4-year college..........................................................
Number of
workers
(thousands)
4,692
2,098
1,586
4,965
16,078
Comple
tion rate
90
90
89
87
89
Number of
workers
(thousands)
262
225
208
381
200
13-25 weeks
More than 52 weeks
Comple
tion rate
Comple
tion rate
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Comple
tion rate
97
94
96
97
97
327
171
171
381
92
90
97
89
90
98
860
663
452
917
268
93
92
93
91
78
1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual items may not add to totals.
24
26-52 weeks
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Number of
workers
(thousands)
3,063
944
703
3,158
15,027
Comple
tion rate
93
94
90
88
92
Table 10. Qualifying training: Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by occupational
group
Employer-sponsored
training
Government-sponsored
training
Occupational group
Workers
(thousands)
Percent distribution
Workers
(thousands)
Percent distribution
Total, age 16 and over .......................................................................................................................
2,093
100
847
100
Executive, administrative, and managerial .................................................................................................
Professional specialty..................................................................................................................................
Technicians and related support ................................................................................................................
395
608
123
165
279
2
185
34
221
61
13
5
19
29
6
8
13
110
182
79
45
153
(1)
99
8
119
38
7
5
13
22
9
5
18
(')
12
1
14
5
1
1
Administrative support, including clerical....................................................................................................
Service workers, except private household................................................................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing......................................................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair.......................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations......................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...............................................................................
1 Value less than 0.5.
- No data reported.
9
2
11
3
1
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
Table 11. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
high school vocational training
Number with
high school
vocational
training
(thousands)
Occupation
1,323
341
306
165
101
84
Secretaries......................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks
Typists ............................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...............
Automobile mechanics...................................
Receptionists..................................................
General office clerks .....................................
Drafting occupations......................................
Computer operators.......................................
Carpenters ......................................................
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
35.1
17.1
36.1
3.0
12.8
Total with high
school
vocational
training
28.2
7.3
6.5
3.5
2.1
13.6
1.8
68
12.8
64
62
52
24.9
11.4
5.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.1
Electricians.........................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........
Accountants and auditors.................................
Cashiers .............................................................
Machinists..........................................................
Farmers, except horticultural.............................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations
Printing machine operators................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists......................
Billing clerks.......................................................
51
50
49
48
44
43
42
41
41
39
9.3
4.1
4.5
2.4
9.6
3.2
1.5
13.7
7.0
21.9
1.1
1.1
Data-entry keyers.....................................
Bank tellers...............................................
Supervisors, production occupations......
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.
Welders and cu tte rs.................................
37
35
33
33
31
12.4
7.7
.8
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
25
2.8
6.5
5.9
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
Table 12. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
private post-high school vocational training
Number with
private posthigh school
vocational
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Hairdressers and cosmetologists................................................................................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.............................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ............................................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants....................................................................................................
Licensed practical nurses............................................................................................................................
Real estate sales occupations....................................................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.........................................................................................
Accountants and auditors............................................................................................................................
Radiologic technicians.................................................................................................................................
Insurance sales occupations.......................................................................................................................
Electricians...................................................................................................................................................
Teachers, n.e.c..............................................................................................................................................
Health aides, except nursing.......................................................................................................................
Carpenters ...................................................................................................................................................
“ Other" financial officers.............................................................................................................................
Clergy ...........................................................................................................................................................
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c....................................................................................................
Percent of -
Total
employment in
occupation
Total with
private posthigh school
vocational
training
266
231
180
74
71
65
55
54
45
34
45.0
6.1
14.0
1.4
3.6
5.2
12.5
11.1
1.6
30 8
12.7
11 0
86
3.5
3.4
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.2
16
26
24
24
22
20
20
19
18
18
17
87
31
28
40
1.9
18.6
3.5
3.3
4.7
32
12
12
12
10
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.8
17
16
15
15
15
5.2
1.6
3.1
4.9
2.9
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 13. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
public post-high school vocational training
Number with
public post-high
school
vocational
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of -
Total
employment in
occupation
Total with
public post-high
school
vocational
training
Secretaries....................................................................
Licensed practical nurses............................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants....................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c..............................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ............
Registered nurses........................................................
Typists ..........................................................................
Automobile mechanics.................................................
Electricians....................................................................
144
108
67
64
49
49
43
36
33
32
3.8
24.5
5.4
10.8
.9
2.4
3.4
4.2
4.2
5.9
9.1
6.8
4.2
4.0
3.1
3.1
2.7
2.3
2.1
2.0
Welders and cutters .....................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.........
Real estate sales occupations.....................................
Accountants and auditors............................................
Machinists.....................................................................
Teachers, secondary school .......................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
Barbers.........................................................................
Data-entry keyers.........................................................
Drafting occupations.....................................................
27
26
24
23
22
19
18
17
17
16
5.1
.9
5.1
2.1
4.7
1.4
9.4
15.7
5.6
6.4
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
Carpenters ....................................................................
Designers......................................................................
Computer programmers ...............................................
Supervisors, production occupations...........................
Receptionists................................................................
16
15
15
14
14
1.6
4.6
3.7
1.2
2.2
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.9
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified".
26
Table 14. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
junior college or technical institute training
Number with
junior college
or technical
institute
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Secretaries...........................................................
Registered nurses................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.....................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ....
Licensed practical nurses....................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants............
Real estate sales occupations............................
Accountants and auditors....................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations ..
Computer operators.............................................
530
372
242
172
148
136
113
91
89
80
Computer programmers ......................................
Electrical and electronic technicians...................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists........................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Typists ..................................................................
Drafting occupations............................................
Automobile mechanics........................................
Supervisors, production occupations...................
Receptionists.......................................................
Electricians...........................................................
75
75
73
65
63
57
55
49
48
45
18.5
25.3
12.3
23.9
7.4
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c............
Radiologic technicians.........................................
Teachers, elementary school..............................
Teachers'aides...................................................
Dental hygienists..................................................
42
42
42
40
39
8.3
39.0
2.6
10.9
37.7
14.1
28.9
4.5
8.6
33.7
11.0
23.3
8.4
3.2
14.8
22.0
7.0
4.1
7.8
8.2
Total with
junior college
or technical
institute
training
10.7
7.5
4.9
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.8
.8
.8
.8
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .
Table 15. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
training in 4-year or longer college programs
Percent of Number with
4-year college
Total
Total with
program training
employment in 4-year college
(thousands)
occupation
program training
Occupation
Teachers, elementary school............................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Teachers, secondary school .............................................................
Accountants and auditors..................................................................
Registered nurses................................. ............................................
Lawyers ..............................................................................................
Physicians...........................................................................................
Administrators, education and related fields.....................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................
Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................
1,469
1,401
1,194
678
585
524
454
343
314
275
92.7
25.9
90.2
62.7
45.4
90.6
92.8
73.8
11.3
62.9
9.1
8.7
7.4
4.2
3.6
3.3
2.8
2.1
2.0
1.7
Secretaries.........................................................................................
Social w orkers....................................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Clergy .................................................................................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ....................................
"Other” financial officers...................................................................
Managers: marketing, advertising, and public relations....................
Financial managers............................................................................
Computer programmers .....................................................................
Pharmacists.......................................................................................
270
240
226
223
219
189
173
164
161
160
7.1
65.2
17.4
72.6
67.1
38.2
38.3
43.7
39.6
88.5
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
Teachers, n.e.c....................................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration............................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................
Counselors, educational and vocational...........................................
Librarians............................................................................................
158
157
149
148
144
42.5
36.0
7.5
84.5
69.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.9
27
Table 16. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
formal company training
Number who
needed formal
company
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..............................
Insurance sales occupations.............................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........................................
Registered nurses.............................................................................
Police and detectives, public service...............................................
Real estate sales occupations..........................................................
Electricians........................................................................................
Secretaries........................................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
674
310
231
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Total who
needed formal
company
training
7.2
3.3
2.5
2.3
185
183
179
174
151
149
12.5
11.2
41.9
17.7
14.4
48.3
37.0
31.6
4.0
11.5
Supervisors, production occupations................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists.....................................................
Bus drivers........................................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.............................................
Automobile mechanics.....................................................................
Machinists.........................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .................................
Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations...................
Cashiers ............................................................................................
Telephone installers and repairers...................................................
148
132
124
119
115
108
97
96
91
90
12.4
22.3
31.0
30.9
14.7
23.5
4.8
21.1
4.6
34.9
1.6
Accountants and auditors.................................................................
Welders and cutters .........................................................................
Industrial machinery repairers..........................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................
“ Other” financial officers..................................................................
90
87
8.3
16.5
17.8
15.4
16.3
1.0
220
86
84
81
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
NOTE; N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 17. Qualifying training: Workers who utilized training from formal company programs by length of program and occupational
group
Total, all
company
programs
Occupational group
Length of program 1
Under 12
weeks
13-25 weeks
26-52 weeks
More than 52
weeks
9,418
100
4,608
49
1,020
11
979
10
2,202
23
1,346
100
660
49
140
10
139
10
325
24
1,184
100
429
36
126
11
116
10
387
33
422
100
157
37
49
12
80
19
109
26
1,315
100
845
64
141
11
115
9
158
12
1,198
100
789
66
137
11
96
8
98
8
10
100
10
100
<2)
(2)
(*)
(2)
t2)
1,104
100
539
49
159
14
187
17
122
11
41
100
20
50
4
10
8
20
5
13
1,945
100
633
33
170
9
183
9
851
44
476
100
229
48
65
14
45
9
117
25
311
100
243
78
23
7
10
3
23
7
68
100
54
80
7
10
1
1
6
9
Total, age 16 and over:
Executive, administrative, and managerial:
Professional specialty:
Technicians and related support:
Sales occupations:
Administrative support, including clerical:
Private household occupations:
Service workers, except private household:
Farming, forestry, and fishing:
Precision production, craft, and repair:
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual
items may not add to totals.
2 Value less than 0.5.
28
Table 18. Qualifying training: Workers who received government-sponsored training in formal
company programs by occupational group
Occupational group
Executive, administrative, and managerial..................................................................................................
Technicians and related support ................................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical....................................................................................................
Private household occupations...................................................................................................................
Service workers, except private household................................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair.......................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations......................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...............................................................................
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Percent
distribution
415
100
42
44
14
16
49
(1)
104
(1)
92
37
13
3
10
11
3
4
12
(’ )
25
D
22
9
3
1
1 Value less than 0.5.
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
Table 19. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
informal on-the-job training
Number with
informal on-thejob training
(thousands)
Occupation
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.............................................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations........................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...........................................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade........................................................
Supervisors, production occupations..........................................................................................................
Truck drivers, h eavy....................................................................................................................................
Accountants and auditors...........................................................................................................................
Cooks, except short o rd e r..........................................................................................................................
Nursing aidss, orderlies, and attendants....................................................................................................
Typists .........................................................................................................................................................
Sales workers, other commodities .............................................................................................................
Computer operators....................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.....................................................................................................
Insurance sales occupations......................................................................................................................
“ Other” financial officers............................................................................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural......................................................................................................................
Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations.............................................................................
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
29
Percent of Total
Total with
employment in informal on-theoccupation
job training
2,253
1,172
957
721
485
468
448
428
404
354
41.6
31.1
34.5
36.1
37.5
39.0
45.3
21.9
25.4
32.7
8.3
4.3
3.5
2.7
1.8
1.7
17
1.6
1.5
1.3
332
324
299
265
246
243
241
238
216
214
24.1
26.1
38.2
21 0
29.0
17.8
43.9
43.9
28.0
38.7
1.2
1.2
1.1
10
.9
.9
9
.9
.8
.8
214
211
208
206
199
43.3
15.9
45.9
16.0
54 1
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
Table 20. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
training in the Armed Forces
Number with
Armed Forces
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Total with
Armed Forces
training
Managers and administrators, n.e.c............................................
Electricians..................................................................................
Supervisors, production occupations.........................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.........................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations........................
Automobile mechanics...............................................................
Aircraft engine mechanics .........................................................
Guards and police, except public service..................... ............
Truck drivers, heavy ...................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ...........................................
153
66
53
51
48
47
43
42
41
38
2.8
12.0
4.4
17.2
1.7
5.9
44.8
7.0
2.6
8.6
8.1
3.5
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.......................................
Industrial machinery repairers ....................................................
Teachers, secondary school ......................................................
Police and detectives, public service ........................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ...........................
Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c...................................
Accountants and auditors..........................................................
Stock and inventory clerks .........................................................
Data processing equipment repairers ........................................
37
33
27
26
25
24
22
22
21
21
21.4
11.1
5.5
2.0
6.5
8.7
6.6
2.0
4.0
22.1
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
Machinists ...................................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration.....................
Telephone installers and repairers............................................
Industrial engineers.....................................................................
Welders and cutters ...................................................................
21
20
18
18
17
4.6
4.6
6.9
7.7
3.3
1.1
1.1
.9
.9
.9
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 21. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
training from correspondence courses
Number with
training from
corre
spondence
courses
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total with
Total
training from
employment in
correspondence
occupation
courses
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Insurance sales occupations............................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..............................
Electronic repairers, commercial and industrial equipment.............
Secretaries.........................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................
Teachers, secondary school ............................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration...........................
Supervisors, production occupations................................................
67
33
30
21
20
20
19
18
17
14
1.2
6.0
1.1
12.4
.5
6.7
4.3
1.4
3.8
1.2
8.6
4.2
3.8
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.1
1.9
Securities and financial services sales occupations.......................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers..............................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .................................
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance.................................
Electricians.........................................................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations...................
Accountants and auditors.................................................................
Stock and inventory cle rks...............................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.........................................
14
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
9
7.4
4.3
.6
4.3
2.0
2.3
.9
1.7
.7
2.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
Real estate sales occupations.........................................................
Telephone installers and repairers...................................................
Stationary engineers.........................................................................
Drafting occupations..........................................................................
Teachers, elementary school............................................................
9
9
8
8
8
1.8
33
7.5
3.2
.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
30
Table 22. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized
training from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated to work
Number with
training from
friends or
relatives
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Total with
training from
friends or
relatives
Managers and administrators, n.e.c....................................................
Farmers, except horticultural.............................................................
Carpenters .........................................................................................
Automobile mechanics......................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................
Truck drivers, heavy ..........................................................................
Farm workers......................................................................................
Secretaries..........................................................................................
Cooks, except short o rd e r.................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
237
204
174
120
120
113
59
55
48
47
4.4
15.4
17.6
15.3
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.4
5.4
3.7
3.7
3.5
6.8
1.8
1.5
3.5
3.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
Teachers, n.e.c....................................................................................
Textile sewing machine operators.....................................................
Musicians and composers.................................................................
Supervisors, n.e.c...............................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................
Sales workers, other commodities ....................................................
Welders and cutters ..........................................................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics...................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..............................................
Dressmakers.......................................................................................
43
42
38
38
37
37
37
36
35
34
11.6
5.5
26.4
10.4
1.9
2.7
7.0
13.2
9.0
31.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Industrial machinery repairers...........................................................
Child care workers, private household..............................................
Janitors and cleaners........................................................................
Automobile body and related repairers.............................................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ..................................
33
33
31
30
30
6.9
7.6
1.6
17.0
9.0
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .
31
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
School
Occupation 1
Total, age 16 and o v e r.............................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations.....................................
Executives, officials, and managers, public
administration..................................
Administrators and officials, public
administration..................................
Executives, officials, and managers, except
public administration ......................
Financial managers....................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ....
Purchasing managers.................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and
public relations................................
Administrators, education and related
fields................................................
Managers, medicine and health.................
Managers, properties and real estate.......
Managers and administrators, n.e.c............
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
total
employment
in occupa
tion 2
53,890
55
29
5
2
7,738
71
43
3
329
70
47
3
Total
with
school
training
Friends
Informal
Corres
Junior
Public
Private
Formal
relatives
High
post-high post-high college 4-year or company on-the- Armed pond
or other
school
longer
job
ence
Forces
training
or
school
school
nonworkvocational
training
courses
vocational vocational technical college
related
1 education
education education institute program
training
2
5
17
10
2
1
5
34
1
2
5
37
28
2
12
39
3
1
3
14
35
4
4
3
14
35
5
4
3
4
2
6
-
1
3
312
71
46
3
1
2
5
36
5,135
310
83
60
69
83
76
67
39
54
41
40
3
2
2
2
1
1
-
1
1
-
5
6
6
-
31
44
35
38
13
17
7
10
40
46
39
37
3
2
6
4
1
1
_
337
74
44
2
1
3
38
21
46
3
2
2
400
96
124
3,639
86
78
49
67
79
61
25
34
2
(4)
6
1
1
1
6
1
1
3
4
9
4
74
47
14
26
3
18
7
12
21
30
30
42
(4)
(4)
1
3
(4)
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
5
4
Management related occupations................
Accountants and auditors..........................
Other financial officers ...............................
Management analysts ................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists.......................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products......................
Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c..........
Business and promotion agents ................
Construction inspectors..............................
Inspectors and compliance officers,
except construction........................
Management related occupations, n.e.c.....
2,274
962
389
108
77
89
79
75
52
76
49
54
4
4
5
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
7
8
4
7
40
63
38
43
11
8
16
10
38
33
43
37
3
2
2
6
1
1
1
_
2
1
1
1
(4)
2
5
30
11
43
5
18
12
9
7
6
11
10
21
33
37
41
47
3
6
12
1
2
3
2
3
2
7
5
n
251
74
38
1
106
118
33
40
51
55
56
61
23
28
18
14
2
4
5
4
5
-
1
4
1
3
12
3
9
110
127
73
77
38
50
15
(4)
4
3
5
14
32
19
24
14
29
48
8
1
-
3
3
Professional specialty....................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors...........
Architects ...................................................
Engineers .............................
Aerospace engineers...............................
Chemical engineers .................................
Civil engineers .........................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........
Industrial engineers..................................
Mechanical engineers..............................
Engineers, n.e.c........................................
11,797
1,491
91
1,373
94
69
175
404
199
198
145
93
90
94
90
100
95
85
92
85
89
90
82
73
91
73
79
92
78
71
54
76
76
2
2
2
3
4
1
3
1
3
3
7
2
2
3
3
1
3
3
2
2
4
2
3
1
2
3
-
7
6
5
6
4
5
5
4
3
10
7
70
64
81
63
73
84
68
63
50
58
68
9
14
13
14
18
13
5
18
15
12
14
22
33
31
33
31
19
30
32
41
32
39
2
6
1
7
14
3
1
9
8
4
7
1
2
_
3
3
4
3
3
-
3
2
3
2
4
4
3
1
1
-
Mathematical and computer scientists ........
Computer systems analysts and scientists
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts...........................................
Natural scientists ..........................................
Chemists, except biochemists...................
Geologists and geodesists ........................
Biological and life scientists ......................
395
243
90
94
66
70
4
4
3
2
1
1
9
9
51
52
26
27
41
45
5
5
1
1
1
2
117
394
106
70
51
85
97
96
97
100
57
91
87
97
100
3
(4)
5
1
_
5
1
2
5
-
9
5
9
2
5
44
86
80
90
94
30
9
4
9
2
34
26
24
39
14
7
2
_
_
1
1
1
_
(4)
1
_
3
-
Health diagnosing occupations....................
Physicians...................................................
Dentists ......................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations
Registered nurses......................................
Pharmacists ................................................
Dietitians.....................................................
Therapists ...................................................
Inhalation therapists.................................
Physical therapists ...................................
Speech therapists ....................................
704
482
123
1,785
1,262
180
55
254
76
55
65
98
98
97
97
98
99
76
96
94
96
100
96
96
97
88
90
96
51
83
70
92
96
1
1
2
5
-
2
2
11
14
1
7
3
6
-
1
(4)
2
3
3
2
_
1
3
-
7
7
3
16
16
14
12
20
25
23
11
5
2
3
_
2
_
_
_
-
10
12
3
13
14
7
13
12
13
14
3
(4)
(4)
-
93
93
97
52
45
89
45
62
16
84
93
3
3
6
2
1
-
(4)
1
24
29
4
3
16
46
12
-
-
-
Teachers, college and university..................
Teachers, except college and university......
Teachers, prekindergarten and
kindergarten ....................................
Teachers, elementary school .....................
Teachers, secondary school .....................
Teachers, n.e.c...........................................
Counselors, educational and vocational......
605
3,458
95
95
89
89
(4)
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
86
84
4
6
12
12
1
1
_
281
1,554
1,280
331
164
86
98
97
89
93
78
96
93
58
88
1
0
2
5
-
1
1
5
(4)
3
1
1
3
1
11
3
2
8
1
67
93
90
43
85
6
4
5
19
4
19
8
10
32
26
2
4
3
-
_
See footnotes at end of table.
32
-
_
1
-
_
_
-
1
(4)
2
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
-
1
1
2
1
(4)
1
1
3
2
1
2
12
3
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
Occupation 1
Number
(thousands)
Friends
School
Percent of
Corres relatives
Informal
Formal
Junior
Public
Private
total
Total
pond
High
4-year or company on-the- Armed
or other
post-high post-high college
employment
with
ence
Forces
job
longer
school
nonworktraining
or
in occupa
school
school
school vocational
courses
training
college
related
tion 2
training 3 education vocational vocational technical program
training
education education institute
Librarians, archivists, and cu rato rs............
Librarians.....................................................
177
169
79
81
68
72
1
1
_
_
-
-
Social scientists and urban planners ...........
Economists .................................................
Psychologists..............................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers......
Social workers............................................
Recreation workers.....................................
Clergy .........................................................
Religious workers, n.e.c...............................
Lawyers and judges .....................................
Lawyers .......................................................
219
75
121
692
316
43
284
49
572
548
93
88
98
88
86
85
93
81
93
95
83
64
98
74
71
61
83
59
91
92
1
2
2
1
3
2
(4)
n
_
2
<4)
4
5
1
1
(4)
1,141
54
266
126
60
82
83
80
87
93
56
62
54
56
58
5
4
14
6
121
99
181
84
48
83
81
84
71
86
67
41
61
48
53
2,579
1,011
85
90
240
96
99
419
1
1
66
69
2
2
27
26
0
(4)
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
5
2
7
3
1
5
4
6
(4)
(4)
77
53
93
66
65
49
73
53
89
91
4
4
5
14
11
18
13
28
3
3
39
53
32
28
32
25
21
32
16
17
1
3
1
(4)
1
3
1
(4)
_
-
2
2
1
3
3
(4)
5
1
4
8
9
11
5
12
42
52
36
46
45
7
9
7
11
41
33
39
33
58
2
1
1
3
5
8
1
5
4
4
6
3
2
-
7
6
1
-
18
6
5
1
3
36
21
55
41
53
5
13
7
6
(4)
33
42
53
48
27
5
6
4
-
58
69
5
2
5
9
6
11
20
28
24
20
14
14
32
21
5
2
88
93
92
95
71
89
69
79
1
4
4
3
19
12
3
2
3
25
24
38
39
34
40
48
11
4
9
3
24
14
25
9
15
15
2
2
1
-
1
2
(4)
145
78
34
(4>
4
2
9
19
24
37
3
2
1
1,568
82
51
7
4
3
15
27
14
38
7
2
2
719
260
185
218
126
40
53
32
82
88
73
85
64
73
63
56
49
48
42
66
44
49
50
30
11
6
5
25
3
7
-
4
9
1
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
3
6
2
5
-
19
25
13
22
5
7
5
2
17
11
20
22
31
38
32
24
13
19
11
9
7
4
11
5
38
39
38
33
28
26
21
40
8
17
5
3
3
3
5
4
7
2
3
1
2
2
2
(4)
3
3
10
1
724
371
85
179
86
91
79
80
54
64
42
53
3
1
8
2
3
4
4
2
4
2
1
13
19
8
7
36
40
30
42
16
19
3
9
40
41
59
30
7
3
6
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
Sales occupations ...........................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales
occupations.....................................
Sales representatives, finance and business
services...........................................
Insurance sales occupations.....................
Real estate sales occupations...................
Securities and financial services sales
occupations.....................................
Advertising and related sales occupations
Sales occupations, other business
services...........................................
Sales representatives, commodities except
retail ................................................
Sales engineers..........................................
Sales representatives, mining,
manufacturing and wholesale........
4,867
43
15
2
1
1
3
8
12
28
1
1
3
Sales workers, retail and personal services
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ..
Sales workers, apparel...............................
Sales workers, shoes .................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, and
athletes...........................................
Authors.......................................................
Designers....................................................
Musicians and composers.........................
Actors and directors ...................................
Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and
artist printmakers............................
Photographers ............................................
Editors and reporters.............. ...................
Public relations specialists.........................
Athletes ......................................................
Technicians and related support occupations .
Health technologists and technicians..........
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians .....................................
Dental hygienists........................................
Radiologic technicians................................
Licensed practical nurses..........................
Health technologists and technicians,
n.e.c..................................................
Technologists and technicians, except
h ealth..............................................
Engineering and related technologists and
technicians ......................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.......
Engineering technicians, n.e.c..................
Drafting occupations................................
Science technicians....................................
Biological technicians ..............................
Chemical technicians...............................
Science technicians, n.e.c........................
Technicians, except health, engineering,
and science.....................................
Computer programmers...........................
Legal assistants.......................................
Technicians, n.e.c.....................................
-
4
2
2
-
3
5
3
2
3
11
(4)
(4)
1
2
2
-
10
6
9
26
3
3
3
1
-
7
20
1
6
25
2
1
2
1
1
o
1,392
50
18
2
2
1
3
11
11
34
2
1
4
1,294
421
431
75
76
89
34
26
54
2
2
2
5
3
11
2
1
5
10
5
23
17
16
17
33
42
37
35
39
28
1
(4)
1
3
6
2
3
3
1
146
62
77
50
37
22
1
4
2
3
1
3
5
-
31
14
38
13
34
33
1
1
7
-
3
2
236
64
20
3
1
1
5
14
18
39
1
(4)
3
738
42
55
78
24
53
1
3
1
5
1
-
3
20
18
29
12
27
38
49
1
3
1
3
4
-
697
54
22
1
1
1
3
17
12
37
1
1
4
1,418
64
84
28
27
38
21
22
5
6
4
4
2
(4)
1
“
(4)
(4)
-
1
2
1
(4)
2
3
2
2
5
9
2
4
20
32
17
18
(4)
2
-
(4)
2
-
-
2
2
2
2
See footnotes at end of table.
33
-
-
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
Occupation 1
Number
(thousands)
Sales workers, furniture and home
furnishings ......................................
Sales workers; radio, television, hi-fi,
and appliances ...............................
Sales workers, hardware and building
supplies...........................................
Sales workers, p arts...................................
Sales workers, other commodities ............
Sales counter clerks...................................
Cashiers ......................................................
Street and door-to-door sales workers......
News vendors.............................................
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical.............................................
Supervisors, administrative support
occupations.....................................
Supervisors, general o ffice ........................
Supervisors, financial records processing
Supervisors; distribution, scheduling,
and adjusting clerks.......................
Computer equipment operators....................
Computer operators....................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists .......
Secretaries..................................................
Stenographers ............................................
Typists ........................................................
Percent of
total
employment
in occupa
tion 2
Total
with
school
training
Friends
School
or
Corres
Informal
relatives
Junior
Public
Private
Formal
on-the- Armed pond
4-year or
High
or other
post-high post-high college
company
ence
job
longer
Forces
school
nonworkor
training
school
school
training
courses
vocational vocational vocational technical college
related
1 education
program
training
education education institute
57
37
12
5
58
42
14
4
56
58
328
27
544
108
7
28
37
24
23
28
28
5
4
2
4
7
5
2
1
(4)
(4)
1
2
-
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
-
1
2
4
3
22
1
3
6
14
27
2
_
8
1
1
1
1
1
<4)
-
3
2
4
1
2
1
8
6
4
4
5
11
(4)
21
27
18
13
22
19
3
.
-
1
(4)
2
(4)
-
-
5
7
3
2
1
2
-
-
5
-
(4)
-
<4)
-
-
1
9,157
57
33
16
3
2
8
6
7
31
1
1
1
380
228
61
59
65
70
25
26
37
4
5
2
2
2
1
1
(4)
3
6
7
3
13
12
29
13
17
8
37
41
43
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
70
410
408
3,426
2,746
87
593
40
74
75
73
73
88
70
12
34
35
57
59
67
50
1
11
11
35
35
25
36
1
4
4
6
6
11
3
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
14
15
13
14
15
7
4
7
7
7
7
15
3
7
15
15
4
4
11
5
27
43
44
31
31
28
29
2
2
2
(4)
(4)
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
529
72
24
45
49
47
20
25
12
10
5
4
2
3
1
2
1
-
6
10
1
5
10
5
8
11
4
25
25
35
(4)
1
1
-
1
1
-
61
285
88
54
46
37
11
25
11
2
14
7
3
2
1
2
1
3
8
-
4
4
3
27
5
7
22
27
22
2
-
2
(4)
1
1
1
4
375
101
41
50
19
13
8
4
2
-
1
1
4
3
5
5
8
15
26
38
<4)
<4)
1
1
1
43
33
87
105
1,488
57
24
33
51
59
42
13
17
22
33
19
5
11
8
16
13
1
2
4
5
2
1
2
7
5
3
4
8
6
5
1
10
6
12
3
3
11
5
38
11
18
29
35
(4)
(4>
(4)
1
(4)
1
1
1
2
1,195
118
99
52
60
58
56
44
35
29
35
5
17
11
22
<4)
4
4
6
-
2
2
(4)
9
11
4
4
7
3
4
2
5
4
8
7
36
36
28
34
(4)
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
(4)
-
Duplicating, mail and other office machine
operators ........................................
Communications equipment operators ........
Telephone operators ..................................
Mail and message distributing occupations ..
Postal clerks, except mail carriers ...........
Mail carriers, postal service.......................
Mail clerks, except postal service .............
Messengers ................................................
34
122
119
186
73
59
40
15
44
51
51
24
31
22
23
13
6
7
7
1
1
1
3
-
3
3
3
(4)
1
-
-
1
1
-
1
1
<4)
1
1
"
4
1
1
(4)
5
19
20
8
12
6
7
3
38
33
33
16
21
14
17
11
1
1
1
(4)
3
-
-
-
(4)
1
-
(4)
<4)
-
-
Material recording, scheduling, and
distributing clerks n.e.c....................
Dispatchers.................................................
Production coordinators.............................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.......
Stock and inventory cierks ........................
Weighers, measurers, and checkers.........
Expediters ...................................................
535
59
117
99
168
27
45
34
40
60
23
31
33
37
9
7
22
4
9
10
12
3
4
9
1
4
2
6
1
4
<4)
1
1
1
1
4
5
8
2
4
6
24
30
38
17
23
16
22
2
2
3
(4)
4
1
1
(4)
2
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
1
3
(4)
400
61
30
2
2
1
132
66
179
40
50
64
59
48
5
4
_
-
-
-
Interviewers.................................................
Hotel clerks.................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation
agents .............................................
Receptionists..............................................
Information clerks, n.e.c..............................
Records processing occupations, except
financial...........................................
Order clerks................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.....................................
Library clerks ..............................................
File clerks....................................................
Records clerks ...........................................
Financial records processing occupations ....
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ...............................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ..................
Billing clerks................................................
Cost and rate clerks...................................
Adjusters and investigators ..........................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and
investigators ....................................
Investigators and adjusters, except
insurance ........................................
Eligibility clerks, social w elfare...................
Bill and account collectors ........................
-
(4)
-
-
-
2
-
3
4
4
1
3
8
2
8
2
1
6
14
16
37
27
7
<4>
2
4
14
25
35
35
38
17
9
10
5
3
1
3
-
6
16
4
19
9
5
18
6
4
41
35
36
See footnotes at end of table.
34
-
<4)
2
6
2
2
-
5
6
-
-
-
1
-
1
2
1
-
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
Occupation 1
Number
(thousands)
Miscellaneous administrative support
occupations.....................................
General office clerks ..................................
Bank tellers.................................................
Data-entry keyers........................................
Statistical clerks .........................................
Teachers aides...........................................
Administrative support occupations,
n.e.c..................................................
Percent of
total
employment
in occupa
tion 2
Total
with
school
training
Friends
School
or
Corres
Informal
relatives
Junior
Formal
Public
Private
on-the- Armed pond
4-year or
High
or other
company
post-high post-high college
ence
job
Forces
longer
school
nonworktraining
or
school
school
courses related
training
college
vocational
vocational vocational technical
J education
program
training
education education institute
3
3
2
6
3
3
7
5
4
9
6
11
7
4
3
2
10
12
10
6
17
14
11
7
33
29
41
41
36
18
1
(4>
(4)
1
3
-
o
(4>
(4)
3
3
8
10
9
33
2
<4)
(4)
_
<4)
1
4
_
_
5
1,269
274
266
213
54
170
56
51
59
71
67
47
26
26
16
31
30
28
9
13
8
12
9
6
2
2
2
4
5
(4)
273
54
29
7
Private household occupations.......................
Launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and
butlers .............................................
Child care workers, private household ........
Private household cleaners and servants ....
81
8
2
1
12
41
28
20
10
6
3
2
1
2
(4)
Service workers, except private household....
Protective service occupations.....................
Supervisors, protective service
occupations.....................................
Supervisors, police and detectives.........
Firefighting and fire prevention
occupations....................................
Firefighting occupations ..........................
Police and detectives .................................
Police and detectives, public service .....
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law
enforcement officers.......................
Correctional institution officers................
Guards........................................................
Guards and police, except public
service.............................................
4,397
912
36
56
13
18
2
1
83
42
58
57
24
20
113
93
471
303
59
55
75
80
67
101
246
Food preparation and service occupations ...
Supervisors, food preparation and service
occupations.....................................
Bartenders ..................................................
Waiters and waitresses..............................
Cooks, except short o rd e r.........................
Short-order cooks ......................................
Food counter, fountain and related
occupations....................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ............
Waiters and waitresses assistants ............
Miscellaneous food preparation
occupations.....................................
(4>
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
-
-
-
1
3
1
(4)
14
3
3
-
-
3
8
2
4
1
2
1
4
6
3
8
9
29
18
24
1
6
<-)
(4)
2
1
-
2
3
<4)
1
8
7
14
10
26
33
34
31
3
5
-
_
-
13
9
30
32
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
9
7
10
10
.
14
17
40
41
44
48
22
18
28
27
6
5
6
7
<4)
<4)
70
64
36
34
22
7
2
1
1
4
2
-
2
1
15
4
2
13
9
3
38
38
11
27
29
20
9
3
6
227
37
7
1
-
1
2
3
12
20
7
1
1
1,108
24
2
1
(4>
(4)
1
(4)
3
20
1
<4)
2
113
111
299
412
9
53
36
24
30
12
13
3
1
4
3
2
1
(4)
1
3
2
1
1
-
6
1
<4)
1
3
4
1
-
11
4
2
3
3
33
30
21
24
12
2
1
1
-
2
-
3
2
1
3
-
31
27
36
12
18
11
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
4
1
10
14
9
1
-
-
<4)
2
1
70
11
2
1
(4)
-
(4)
-
(4)
9
(4)
-
(4)
Health service occupations..........................
Dental assistants........................................
Health aides, except nursing......................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ....
Cleaning and building service occupations,
except private household...............
Supervisors, cleaning and building
service workers...............................
Maids and housemen.................................
Janitors and cleaners.................................
1,057
96
171
790
62
73
53
64
29
39
27
29
4
6
2
4
5
6
5
5
4
5
6
10
3
15
6
7
18
27
38
28
26
1
5
2
5
11
19
9
11
1
2
2
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
357
14
3
1
(4)
1
(4)
1
2
10
(4)
(4)
51
57
237
41
12
12
7
1
(4)
1
<4)
(4)
1
6
(4)
(4)
7
3
3
(4)
(4)
1
30
10
8
(4)
<4)
2
Personal service occupations .......................
Barbers........................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists...............
Attendants, amusement and recreation
facilities...........................................
Welfare service a ides.................................
Child care workers, except private
household.......................................
Personal service occupations, n.e.c............
962
97
570
52
88
96
34
65
74
4
2
7
17
31
45
5
16
11
6
20
12
4
<4)
12
10
22
12
16
11
(4)
2
-
_
-
3
6
1
39
22
32
26
7
13
2
6
2
-
(4)
3
8
-
4
3
18
10
-
-
11
3
116
48
18
32
7
10
2
1
1
(4)
(4)
2
1
1
4
7
4
10
9
12
(4)
-
3
2
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.....
Farm operators and managers.....................
Farmers, except horticultural......................
Managers, farms, except horticultural .......
Farm occupations, except managerial.........
Farm workers..............................................
862
441
406
26
201
164
28
31
31
38
21
19
8
2
3
3
(4)
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
16
5
4
1
-
-
2
-
4
6
6
16
1
1
(4)
2
2
2
-
(4)
1
1
1
16
17
16
30
14
12
Related agricultural occupations ..................
159
29
7
2
1
2
2
4
18
11
11
See footnotes at end of table.
35
3
-
1
(4>
(4)
1
1
1
(4)
3
1
1
1
.
1
2
2
1
1
1
(4)
2
1
1
3
1
(4)
(4)
11
(4)
(4)
14
15
<4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
-
(4)
7
7
(4)
-
9
1
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
School
Occupation 1
Number
(thousands)
Supervisors, related agricultural
occupations.....................................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except
fa rm .................................................
Animal caretakers, except farm .................
Forestry and logging occupations ................
Timber cutting and logging occupations....
Fishers, hunters, and trappers......................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations....................................
Mechanics and repairers ..............................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......
Mechanics and repairers, except
supervisors .....................................
Vehicle and mobile equipment
mechanics and repairers................
Automobile mechanics..........................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine
mechanics......................................
Aircraft engine mechanics.....................
Automobile body and related repairers
Heavy equipment mechanics................
Industrial machinery repairers .................
Electrical and electronic equipment
repairers..........................................
Electronic repairers, communications
and industrial equipment................
Data processing equipment repairers ....
Telephone line installers and
repairers..........................................
Telephone installers and repairers.......
Miscellaneous electrical and
electronic equipment repairers ......
Heating, air conditioning, and
refrigeration mechanics ..................
Percent of
total
employment
in occupa
tion 2
Friends
Informal
Corres relatives
Junior
Public
Private
Formal
Total
High
post-high post-high college 4-year or company on-the- Armed pond
or other
with
school
longer
ence
job
Forces
or
training
nonworkschool
school
school vocational
college
training
courses
vocational vocational technical
related
training1 education
program
education education institute
training
25
32
9
5
75
59
37
24
24
23
52
32
27
42
4
15
10
3
7
2
2
-
7,603
2,795
202
65
68
68
16
19
15
5
7
4
6
5
3
7
27
7
(4)
4
-
2
-
1
10
4
4
4
14
28
19
20
24
_
-
-
1
5
4
1
7
-
-
1
2
6
2
(4)
(4)
-
9
10
4
5
18
2
2
2
2
3
2
5
7
3
2
1
4
17
18
22
40
39
43
5
8
11
2
3
4
8
9
3
(4)
2,593
67
19
7
2
3
7
1
18
38
8
3
9
1,085
549
68
70
21
26
9
13
2
3
4
4
7
7
1
1
13
15
40
38
8
6
1
1
14
15
177
79
118
101
308
65
82
66
62
63
14
34
13
14
14
5
6
4
5
6
1
5
2
(4)
1
3
7
2
2
3
6
17
5
7
5
(4)
3
1
(4)
1
8
20
8
14
18
43
39
43
39
40
9
45
2
2
6
5
1
1
13
10
17
10
7
494
70
20
5
2
3
8
2
29
29
14
5
4
129
89
75
92
24
57
6
8
3
3
2
12
10
25
2
8
17
31
28
30
21
22
12
3
6
1
51
147
74
57
6
8
2
3
2
1
(4)
1
3
1
37
35
33
27
10
7
3
4
1
46
70
17
8
3
6
(4)
30
26
19
3
5
140
75
33
6
3
9
15
2
17
40
7
3
8
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ..
Office machine repairers ......................
Millwrights..............................................
Specified mechanics and repairers,
n.e.c..................................................
Not specified mechanics and repairers
547
62
50
66
87
60
16
34
13
6
8
2
2
5
1
2
_
7
6
20
3
2
5
_
20
41
23
42
46
37
6
11
7
4
2
4
6
6
1
211
126
64
59
14
13
7
9
1
1
3
-
4
7
2
(4)
15
15
45
37
7
4
3
2
5
9
Construction trades ......................................
Supervisors, construction occupations.......
Supervisors, n.e.c......................................
Construction trades, except supervisors....
Brickmasons and stonemasons ..............
Carpet installers ......................................
Carpenters............................................
Drywall installers .....................................
Electricians...............................................
Electrical power installers and
repairers..........................................
Painters, construction and maintenance ..
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
Roofers....................................................
Structural metal workers .........................
Construction trades, n.e.c.........................
2,543
321
249
2,221
94
75
639
60
465
66
70
68
66
69
70
65
72
85
11
17
16
11
12
4
11
4
28
4
3
4
4
3
2
5
9
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
7
1
2
2
6
3
4
3
3
_
_
2
2
8
2
7
8
1
_
2
2
_
2
16
13
10
17
20
23
8
14
32
44
55
54
42
43
44
45
49
44
3
4
2
3
1
2
1
_
12
1
2
1
1
_
2
(4)
11
11
10
11
11
9
18
13
5
57
161
299
56
41
56
53
48
78
55
66
30
6
3
8
1
11
2
3
1
3
3
1
2
1
2
8
(4)
1
_
2
_
1
2
2
_
_
(4)
(4)
1
_
_
2
_
-
-
34
36
49
44
29
26
8
1
3
2
-
24
9
31
9
31
3
(4)
(4)
7
9
8
4
3
Extractive occupations..................................
Supervisors, extractive occupations..........
Drillers, oil well ...........................................
117
48
25
56
62
43
4
7
4
1
1
-
_
-
-
2
1
4
13
14
6
48
55
41
1
_
-
2
4
-
-
3
8
-
1
_
1
Precision production occupations.................
Supervisors, production occupations.........
Precision metalworking occupations .........
Tool and die makers................................
Machinists ................................................
Sheet metal workers................................
Precision woodworking occupations..........
Precision textile, apparel, and
furnishings machine workers .........
Dressmakers............................................
Upholsterers.............................................
2,149
676
681
138
342
87
56
61
56
75
85
74
67
62
17
16
22
25
22
15
17
5
3
10
16
10
7
10
1
1
1
1
4
4
2
1
4
4
5
3
-
5
4
7
5
7
4
2
4
8
2
2
1
_
_
15
12
23
35
23
13
6
38
39
41
44
43
43
42
3
4
4
1
5
8
_
1
1
(4)
1
_
_
5
2
5
3
4
1
11
165
64
53
63
59
80
16
19
16
7
10
3
1
2
3
2
_
3
3
(4)
7
3
8
-
3
7
(4)
36
28
57
(4)
1
_
5
21
32
11
See footnotes at end of table.
36
1
2
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
Occupation 1
Number
(thousands)
Precision workers, assorted materials ......
Optical goods workers.............................
Dental laboratory and medical appliance
technicians .....................................
Electrical and electronic equipment
assemblers .....................................
Precision food production occupations.....
Butchers and meat cutters ......................
Bakers......................................................
Precision inspectors, testors, and
related workers...............................
Inspectors, testers, and graders .............
Plant and system operators .......................
Stationary engineers................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors.......................................
Machine operators and tenders, except
precision .........................................
Metalworking and plastic working machine
operators ........................................
Lathe and turning machine operators .....
Punching and stamping press machine
operators ........................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing and
polishng machine operators...........
Metal and plastic processing machine
operators ........................................
Molding and casting machine operators ..
Woodworking machine operators ..............
Sawing machine operators ......................
Printing equipment operators .....................
Printing machine operators......................
Typesetters and compositors ..................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine
operators ........................................
Winding and twisting machine operators .
Textile sewing machine operators..........
Shoe machine operators.........................
Pressing machine operators....................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine
operators ........................................
Miscellaneous textile machine operators
Machine operators, assorted materials......
Packaging and filling machine operators
Separating, filtering, and clarifying
machine operators .........................
Painting and paint spraying machine
operators ........................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators,
except food .....................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators....
Photographic process machine operators
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.
Machine operators, not specified............
Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking
occupations.....................................
Welders and cutters ...................................
Assemblers .................................................
Miscellaneous handworking occupations
Production inspectors, testers, samplers,
and weighers...................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and
examiners.......................................
Production testers......................................
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ....
Transportation and material moving
occupations.....................................
Motor vehicle operators................................
Truck drivers, heavy ...................................
Truck drivers, light .....................................
Driver-sales workers ...................................
131
35
Friends
School
or
Percent of
Corres relatives
Informal
Formal
total
Private
Junior
Public
Total
4-year or company on-the- Armed pond
High
or other
employment
post-high post-high college
with
ence
Forces
job
longer
school
nonworktraining
in occupa
or
school
school vocational school
courses
training
college
related
tion 2
vocational
technical
vocational
training 5 education
program
training
education education institute
10
17
29
30
2
3
-
2
-
8
4
17
37
4
-
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
-
3
-
7
10
13
2
14
35
35
33
1
1
3
1
.
5
4
6
3
3
3
5
8
9
9
12
3
2
5
3
32
32
19
13
39
38
35
33
5
5
7
8
3
3
6
8
3
4
(4)
-
1
1
2
1
6
26
1
(4)
3
1
(4)
2
(4)
2
1
-
14
26
39
74
19
17
209
144
55
21
49
50
45
5
6
6
9
3
2
6
101
93
130
75
70
69
65
67
14
14
21
26
2
2
3
5
2,742
37
6
3
1,771
36
5
3
(4)
206
45
46
60
6
20
2
7
-
27
26
3
2
56
36
3
1
-
4
8
50
65
2
4
2
1
4
7
2
2
2
_
7
13
1
1
1
5
27
1
8
2
8
1
-
7
8
37
42
1
5
1
3
24
2
5
28
.
1
2
0
-
.
.
2
.
_
2
2
3
-
2
2
3
3
5
<4)
42
20
25
15
272
187
52
26
23
20
18
61
62
72
2
2
3
5
20
20
25
3
5
14
14
21
2
1
3
1
2
3
3
-
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
5
4
3
11
12
7
24
21
13
12
40
38
49
446
53
. 252
23
33
32
51
33
28
26
2
3
3
1
2
-
(4)
1
-
(4)
(4)
3
(4)
(4)
-
-
2
4
2
2
27
46
26
27
23
(4)
(4)
-
45
17
24
22
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
20
19
772
51
32
14
4
1
2
-
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
-
1
1
6
1
24
12
-
1
-
4
2
6
1
1
1
-
-
3
3
1
(4)
(4)
-
2
3
26
43
3
3
19
24
80
43
7
5
2
(4)
1
1
5
31
(4)
3
8
66
50
74
280
73
52
24
69
36
28
5
19
6
5
(4)
4
2
2
1
-
2
1
1
3
6
2
2
(4)
7
1
1
7
3
13
8
5
38
20
46
28
19
7
1
2
(4)
1
(4)
1
2
2
6
1
-
679
355
229
35
41
68
24
67
9
20
4
9
3
6
2
8
1
3
(4)
-
2
5
1
-
2
6
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
9
16
4
10
24
33
18
41
2
3
1
3
(4)
1
(4)
-
4
7
1
28
292
39
8
1
<4)
2
4
8
27
2
(4)
1
222
53
11
38
70
13
7
26
-
1
3
-
<4)
-
-
-
-
2
4
-
3
19
-
8
11
2
27
40
11
3
5
-
(4)
3
-
(4)
3
-
1,462
1,006
574
83
60
36
35
36
20
28
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
(4)
1
1
1
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
-
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
3
(4)
(4)
(4)
5
6
7
-
-
(4)
26
23
25
13
22
2
2
-
8
8
4
2
4
1
(4)
-
3
3
-
1
See footnotes at end of table.
37
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who needed
training
Occupation '
Number
(thousands)
Friends
School
or
Percent of
Corres* relatives
Informal
Formal
Junior
Public
Private
total
Total
pond4-year or company on-the- Armed
High
or other
post-high college
employment
post-high
with
ence
Forces
job
longer
school
nonworktraining
or
in occupa
school
school vocational school
courses
training
college
related
tion 2
technical
vocational
vocational
training 3 education
program
training
education education institute
_
_
Bus drivers..................................................
Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs ................
Transportation occupations, except motor
vehicle.............................................
Rail transportation occupations .................
Locomotive operating occupations.........
Water transportation occupations..............
231
33
58
18
4
2
3
2
1
-
(4)
-
(4)
-
31
3
28
14
2
-
_
-
4
2
103
60
33
43
59
51
61
76
7
3
16
1
1
-
1
2
1
3
1
4
3
2
7
21
18
24
25
42
37
47
53
4
12
-
2
6
Material moving equipment operators .........
Operating engineers ...................................
Crane and tower operators........................
Excavating and loading machine operators
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators.......
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators .........................................
Miscellaneous material moving equipment
operators ........................................
353
55
55
40
39
37
46
59
43
50
2
7
1
1
1
3
1
-
(4)
-
(4)
1
(4)
2
(4)
(4)
2
-
6
5
9
6
3
31
44
46
34
47
2
7
2
4
<4)
<4)
2
-
2
3
4
5
3
105
30
1
-
-
-
-
-
6
24
1
-
1
45
25
4
1
2
-
1
-
5
20
-
1
“
605
16
2
1
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
2
13
1
(4)
1
43
35
88
18
173
6
91
24
27
25
20
28
12
8
12
27
7
8
3
7
1
3
2
2
5
5
2
(4)
3
(4)
1
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
4
1
3
1
-
-
17
15
15
21
10
8
10
25
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
-
-
4
4
4
2
(4)
2
-
2
2
1
1
2
5
1
6
1
(4)
-
1
1
(4)
2
1
3
(4)
2
51
11
(4)
(4)
-
-
-
-
1
9
(4)
(4)
45
20
46
158
16
14
17
17
2
(4)
1
2
(4)
(4)
1
-
1
-
(4)
“
1
1
3
1
2
2
11
9
14
13
(4)
-
-
(4)
-
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and
laborers...........................................
Helpers, construction and extractive
occupations.....................................
Helpers, construction trades ......................
Construction laborers....................................
Production helpers.........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand ....
Garbage collectors .....................................
Stock handlers and baggers ......................
Machine feeders and offbearers................
Freight, stock, and material movers,
hand, n.e.c........................................
Garage and service station related
occupations.....................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners....
Hand packers and packagers.......................
Laborers, except construction.......................
-
1
1 Includes only detailed occupations with January 1983 employment of 50,000 or more.
2 Percent is less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported
more than one source of training.
3 Percent does not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers
reported more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of
schooling.
4 Value less than 0.5.
- No data reported.
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified.”
38
-
-
1
(4)
-
(4)
1
5
1
2
Table 24. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupational group
Source of training
Workers
who took
training1
Occupational group
Total, age 16 and over:
Number (in thousands) .............................................................................................................................
Percent of total employed........................................................................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial:
Number (in thousands) .............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Professional specialty:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Technicians and related support:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Sales occupations:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Private household occupations:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Service workers, except private household:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair:
Number (in thousands) .............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
Number (in thousands).............................................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment......................................................................................................
1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported
more than one source of training.
2
School
Formal
company
program
Informal
on-the-job
training
Other
33,901
35
11,404
12
10,625
11
13,606
14
4,301
4
5,098
47
1,916
18
1,884
17
1,688
16
836
8
7,802
61
4,352
34
1,936
15
1,756
14
1,408
11
1,588
52
600
20
550
18
585
19
166
5
3,578
32
769
7
1,411
13
1,642
15
487
4
5,152
32
1,547
10
1,565
10
2,423
15
392
2
33
3
10
1
7
1
14
1
10
1
3,151
25
814
7
955
8
1,528
12
360
3
500
16
164
5
51
2
203
7
142
5
4,133
35
863
7
1,654
14
1,860
16
353
3
1,639
22
228
3
286
4
1,151
16
78
1
706
18
84
2
235
6
376
9
50
1
520
14
57
2
92
2
381
10
19
f2)
Value less than 0.5.
Table 25. Skill improvement training: Percent distribution of training by occupational group
Source of training
Any source of
training
Occupational group
Total employed, age 16 and over:
Number1 ..................................................................................................................................................
Percent distribution ..................................................................................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial..................................................................................................
Professional specialty..................................................................................................................................
Technicians and related support................................................................................................................
Sales occupations........................................................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical....................................................................................................
Private household occupations...................................................................................................................
Service workers, except private household................................................................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing......................................................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair........................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations.......................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...............................................................................
1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported
more than one source of training.
School
Formal
company
program
Informal
on-the-job
training
33,901
100
11,404
100
10,625
100
13,606
100
4,301
100
15
23
5
11
15
17
38
5
7
14
18
18
5
13
15
12
13
4
12
18
19
33
4
11
9
(2)
8
3
8
2
1
0
(*)
(2)
9
1
12
5
2
2
f2)
7
1
8
2
1
(2)
f2)
9
(*>
16
3
2
1
11
1
14
8
3
3
Value less than 0.5.
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
2
39
Other
Table 26. Skill improvement training: Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took
training
Percent of Number who
took training
(thousands)
Occupation
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
training
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Teachers, elementary school ............................................................
Secretaries.........................................................................................
Teachers, secondary school .............................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................
Registered nurses..............................................................................
Accountants and auditors..................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................
Supervisors, production occupations................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.........................................
2,152
1,171
1,059
952
936
882
589
539
527
514
39.7
73.9
28.1
72.0
33.7
68.4
54.4
27.0
43.9
41.3
6.3
3.5
3.1
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Insurance sales occupations......................... i.................................
Cashiers ............................................................................................
Physicians.........................................................................................
Lawyers.............................................................................................
Real estate sales occupations.........................................................
Administrators, education and related fie ld s....................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists.....................................................
Police and detectives, public service...............................................
Automobile mechanics......................................................................
509
393
379
353
320
314
310
300
292
292
39.3
71.0
19.4
72.1
55.4
65.0
66.7
50.8
77.3
37.2
1.5
“ Other" financial officers..................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration...........................
Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................
Cooks, except short o rd e r................................................................
Electricians........................................................................................
Social workers...................................................................................
Computer programmers ....................................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ...................................................
Computer operators..........................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural............................................................
287
286
283
271
261
250
249
249
247
242
57.9
65.4
64.7
19.7
47.6
67.9
61.3
18.2
45.5
18.2
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations...................
Licensed practical nurses.................................................................
Financial managers...........................................................................
Typists ...............................................................................................
Teachers, n.e.c...................................................................................
Janitors and cleaners.......................................................................
Bank tellers.......................................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.........................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................................
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.........................................
235
232
216
214
214
206
206
205
199
195
51.8
52.6
57.4
25.3
57.5
10.7
45.8
60.2
61.0
38.5
.7
.7
.6
Assemblers.......................................................................................
Telephone installers and repairers...................................................
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c...........................................
Clergy ................................................................................................
Supervisors, general o ffice ...............................................................
Industrial machinery repairers..........................................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners............................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.............................................
Guards and police, excluding public service....................................
Bus drivers........................................................................................
193
188
185
183
180
178
175
171
171
166
19.9
72.7
23.8
59.7
51.2
36.5
30.2
57.8
28.2
41.6
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
40
2.8
2.8
2.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
Table 27. Skill improvement training: Fifty occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took
training
Percent of Number who
took training
(thousands)
Occupation
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
training
Firefighting occupations.......................................................
Supervisors, police and detectives......................................
Police and detectives, public service...................................
Forestry and conservation scientists....................................
Physical therapists................................................................
Teachers, elementary sch oo l...............................................
Recreation workers...............................................................
Aerospace engineers............................................................
Telephone installers and repairers......................................
Physicians .............................................................................
149
59
292
40
43
1,171
38
69
188
353
87.3
80.1
77.3
75.9
75.8
73.9
73.8
73.0
72.7
72.1
0.4
.2
.9
.1
.1
3.5
.1
.2
.6
1.0
Teachers, secondary school ................................................
Insurance sales occupations................................................
Counselors, educational and vocational..............................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts............
Registered nurses.................................................................
Social workers.......................................................................
Dentists .................................................................................
Telephone line installers and repairers................................
Data processing equipment repairers ..................................
Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified ...................
952
393
123
94
882
250
85
46
65
84
72.0
71.0
70.0
68.5
68.4
67.9
67.3
67.3
67.1
66.9
2.8
1.2
.4
.3
2.6
.7
.3
.1
.2
.2
Inspectors and compliance officers, excluding construction
Administrators, education and related fie ld s........................
Administrators and officials, public administration...............
Psychologists........................................................................
Real estate sales occupations.............................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .....................................
Speech therapists.................................................................
Managers, medicine and health...........................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists.........................
Chemical technicians............................................................
101
310
286
81
314
283
42
78
165
53
66.8
66.7
65.4
65.4
65.0
64.7
64.1
63.7
63.7
62.7
.3
.9
.8
.2
.9
.8
.1
.2
.5
.2
Computer programmers.......................................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.......................
Sales engineers.....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............
Construction inspectors........................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers..............................
Clergy ....................................................................................
Chemical engineers..............................................................
Inhalation therapists .............................................................
“ Other” financial officers......................................................
249
199
33
205
39
65
183
43
48
287
61.3
61.0
60.6
60.2
60.2
60.0
59.7
59.0
58.7
57.9
.7
.6
.1
.6
.1
.2
.5
.1
.1
.8
Correctional institution officers..............................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.................................
Teachers, n.e.c.......................................................................
Financial managers................................................................
Office machine repairers.......................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation agents ......................
Purchasing managers............................................................
Securities and financial services sales occupations............
Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians.........
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers ........
91
171
214
216
41
64
52
107
30
54
57.8
57.8
57.5
57.4
57.3
57.0
56.8
56.6
56.3
56.2
.3
.5
.6
.6
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
41
Table 28. Skill improvement training: Percent distribution of
workers who took training and of total employed by sex, age,
education, and race
Workers who
took training
Characteristic
Total, age 16 and over
Male ........................................................................
Female.....................................................................
Total employed
100
57
43
100
56
44
3
1
2
6
3
3
11
6
5
13
7
6
32
18
14
29
16
13
25
15
11
12
10
17
10
7
16
9
7
10
6
4
7
5
2
1
1
3
2
1
43
23
20
59
32
27
23
12
10
19
10
9
34
21
13
22
14
8
90
52
38
88
50
38
7
3
4
9
5
5
1
1
1
1
Age group:
Age 16-19:
M a le ........................................................................
Age 20-24:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Age 25-34:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Age 35-44:
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Age 45-54:
Tota l........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Age 55-64:
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Age 65 and over:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Highest grade completed:
High school or less:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Some college:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
College graduate:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Race:
White:
Tota l........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Black:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
Other:
Total........................................................................
M a le ........................................................................
Female ...................................................................
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
42
Table 29. Skill improvement training: Ratio of number of workers who took training to total of training
sources identified by occupational group
Number who
took training
(thousands)
Occupational group
Total of
training sources
identified
(thousands)
Ratio
Total, age 16 and over .........................................
33,901
39,938
1.18
Executive, administrative, and managerial.................
Professional specialty.................................................
Technicians and related support................................
Sales occupations.......................................................
Administrative support, including clerical...................
Private household occupations..................................
Service workers, except private household...............
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................
Precision production, craft, and re pa ir.......................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......
Transportation and material moving occupations......
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
5,098
7,802
1,588
3,578
5,152
33
3,151
500
4,133
1,639
706
520
6,324
9,453
1,902
4,309
5,927
41
3,657
560
4,730
1,743
744
548
1.24
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.15
1.23
1.16
1.12
1.14
1.06
1.05
1.05
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
Table 30. Skill improvement training: Sources of school training by occupational group
Occupational group
Total who
took training1
High school
vocational
education
Private posthigh school
vocational
education
Public post-high
school
vocational
education
Junior college
or technical
institute
4-year or longer
college program
11,404
12
353
ft
803
1
774
1
3,272
3
5,428
6
1,916
18
24
ft
113
1
83
1
537
5
1,017
9
4,352
34
25
ft
152
1
105
1
554
4
3,202
25
Total, age 16 and over:
Number (in thousands)..................................................................................................
Percent of total employed.............................................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Professional specialty:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Technicians and related support:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Sales occupations:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Private household occupations:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Service workers, except private household:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
Number (in thousands).........................................................................................................
Percent of occupational employment..................................................................................
600
20
7
ft
32
1
40
1
238
8
242
8
769
7
29
ft
117
1
59
1
280
2
242
2
1,547
10
126
1
107
1
159
1
684
4
381
2
ft
ft
-
ft
ft
ft
814
7
39
ft
112
1
83
1
375
3
144
1
164
5
19
1
6
ft
36
1
62
2
35
1
863
7
42
ft
130
1
134
1
403
3
107
1
228
3
16
ft
11
ft
54
1
84
1
43
1
84
2
10
ft
14
ft
9
ft
31
1
ft
57
2
11
ft
ft
11
ft
20
1
ft
ft
10
1
1 Data do not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers reported
more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of schooling.
4
2 Value less than 0.5.
- No data reported.
43
1
8
3
2
11
Table 31. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took school training
Percent of -
Number who
took school
training
(thousands)
Total
employment in
occupation
Teachers, elementary sch oo l............................................................
Teachers, secondary school .............................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Secretaries.........................................................................................
Registered nurses..............................................................................
Accountants and auditors..................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .................................
Administrators, education and related fie ld s....................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................
Physicians..........................................................................................
1,003
837
710
448
294
277
224
220
208
160
63.3
63.3
13.1
11.9
22.8
25.6
11.2
47.3
7.5
32.6
8.8
7.3
6.2
3.9
2.6
2.4
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.4
Real estate sales occupations..........................................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ...................................
Supervisors, production occupations................................................
Police and detectives, public service................................................
“ Other” financial officers...................................................................
Clergy ................................................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.........................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................
151
141
140
124
115
108
108
106
106
31.3
43.2
11.6
32.7
23.2
35.3
8.7
8.2
24.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.9
.9
Electricians........................................................................................
Computer programmers ....................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration...........................
Farmers, except horticultural............................................................
Social workers...................................................................................
Insurance sales occupations............................................................
102
100
100
98
96
91
18.5
24.5
22.8
7.3
25.9
16.5
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
.8
Occupation
Total who took
school training
9
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 32. Skill improvement training: Number of workers who took training in school programs and percent who completed training
by length of program
Total all school programs
Length of program 1
Under 12 weeks
Type of program
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Comple
tion rate
353
803
774
3,272
5,428
74
87
82
75
75
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Comple
tion rate
13-25 weeks
Number of
workers
(thousands)
144
87
60
439
94
108
384
92
144
1,221
92
618
1,297
94
620
______________
1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual items may not add to totals.
High school vocational education...........................
Private post-high school vocational education ......
Public post-high school vocational education.........
Junior college or technical institute........................
4-year college..........................................................
26-52 weeks
Comple
tion rate
Number of
workers
(thousands)
80
86
78
82
86
56
101
100
512
642
More than 52 weeks
Comple
tion rate
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Comple
tion rate
54
82
74
73
81
92
137
132
885
2,766
60
71
71
48
63
Table 33. Skill improvement training: Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by
occupational group
Occupational group
Employersponsored
training
Governmentsponsored
training
11,404
100
4,564
375
16
38
5
20
12
30
28
5
4
16
Total
Total, age 16 and over:
Number (in thousands) ..
Percent distribution .......
Executive, administrative, and managerial ................................................................................................
Professional specialty ................................................................................................................................
Technicians and related support ...............................................................................................................
Sales occupations.......................................................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical...................................................................................................
Private household occupations..................................................................................................................
Service workers, except private household................................................................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................................................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair.......................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations.......................................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...............................................................................
1 Value less than 0.5.
100
6
6
6
13
(')
(’ )
(')
14
O
7
1
7
2
(')
(1)
100
( 1)
7
1
9
2
14
3
8
3
1
1
NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.
44
Table 34. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took high school vocational training
Number who
took high
school
vocational
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
high school
vocational
training
Secretaries............................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ....................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c......................................................
Cashiers ................................................................................................
Typists ...................................................................................................
Janitors and cleaners...........................................................................
Farm workers........................................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural................................................................
Bus drivers............................................................................................
Welders and cutters .............................................................................
39
24
17
14
14
11
9
8
8
7
1.0
1.2
.3
.7
1.6
.6
1.1
.6
2.0
1.3
11.0
6.9
4.8
4.1
4.0
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.3
1.9
Teachers, elementary school...............................................................
Electricians............................................................................................
Teachers'aides ...................................................................................
Cooks, except short o rd e r....................................................................
Receptionists........................................................................................
Teachers, secondary school ................................................................
Laborers, except construction..............................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..................................
General office clerks ............................................................................
File clerks..............................................................................................
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
4
.4
1.2
1.7
.4
.9
.4
.6
.2
1.0
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.3
Child care workers, private household.................................................
Computer operators..............................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.............................................
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.............................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
4
4
4
4
4
.9
.7
.3
.7
.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified".
Table 35. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took private post-high school vocational training
Number who
took private
post-high
school
vocational
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of -
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
private posthigh school
vocational
training
Managers and administrators, n.e.c..............................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..........
Hairdressers and cosmetologists..................................
Secretaries.....................................................................
Real estate sales occupations.....................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .............
Electricians.....................................................................
Police and detectives, public service...........................
Automobile mechanics..................................................
Teachers, elementary school.......................................
52
39
35
31
24
18
17
17
15
14
1.0
1.4
5.9
.8
5.1
.9
3.1
4.5
1.9
.9
6.5
4.9
4.4
3.8
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.8
Supervisors, production occupations............................
“ Other” financial officers..............................................
Insurance sales occupations........................................
Accountants and auditors.............................................
Teachers, n.e.c...............................................................
Licensed practical nurses.............................................
Tool and die makers .....................................................
Registered nurses.........................................................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts ....
Receptionists.................................................................
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
10
9
1.2
2.6
2.3
1.1
3.1
2.5
6.2
.8
7.3
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.....................
Teachers, secondary school ........................................
Computer operators.......................................................
Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations
Securities and financial services sales occupations....
9
8
8
8
8
.7
.6
1.5
1.7
4.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
45
Table 36. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took public post-high school vocational training
Number who
took public
post-high
school
vocational
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of -
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
public post-high
school
vocational
training
Secretaries.........................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................
Farmers, except horticultural.............................
Electricians.........................................................
Teachers, elementary school ............................
Carpenters .........................................................
Teachers, secondary school .............................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations
Police and detectives, public service................
Accountants and auditors..................................
75
46
28
21
20
16
16
11
11
11
2.0
.8
2.1
3.8
1.2
1.6
1.2
.4
3.0
1.0
9.6
5.9
3.6
2.7
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.4
Insurance sales occupations.............................
Cooks, except short o rd e r.................................
Real estate sales occupations..........................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..............
Printing machine operators................................
Electrical and electronic technicians.................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ...
Firefighting occupations .....................................
Receptionists......................................................
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1.9
.8
2.2
.5
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
5.8
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
Industrial machinery repairers ...........................
Teachers’ a id e s..................................................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks .........................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........
Welders and cutters ..........................................
9
9
9
8
8
1.9
2.5
4.4
.7
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 37. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took junior college or technical institute training
Number who
took junior
college or
technical
institute
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
junior college
or technical
institute
training
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Secretaries.........................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................
Registered nurses..............................................................................
Accountants and auditors..................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................
Supervisors, production occupations.................................................
Real estate sales occupations..........................................................
Teachers, secondary school .............................................................
229
211
111
101
73
68
65
64
57
4.2
5.6
5.5
7.8
6.7
2.5
5.5
13.3
4.3
7.0
6.4
3.4
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.7
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........................................
Police and detectives, public service................................................
Teachers, elementary school............................................................
Electricians.........................................................................................
Computer programmers ....................................................................
"Other” financial officers...................................................................
Licensed practical nurses..................................................................
Computer operators...........................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Insurance sales occupations.............................................................
54
54
52
51
40
37
35
33
32
32
4.3
14.1
3.3
9.3
9.9
7.4
8.0
6.1
2.4
5.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................................
Firefighting occupations.....................................................................
Teachers’ aides .................................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural.............................................................
Financial managers............................................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists.......................................................
31
31
30
30
29
28
9.5
18.2
8.2
2.2
7.8
4.7
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .
46
Table 38. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took training in 4-year or longer college programs
Percent of Number who
took 4-year
Total who took
college program
Total
employment in 4-year college
training
occupation
program training
(thousands)
Occupation
Teachers, elementary sch oo l...........................................................
Teachers, secondary school ............................................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................
Administrators, education and related fie ld s....................................
Registered nurses..............................................................................
Accountants and auditors..................................................................
Physicians..........................................................................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................................
Clergy ................................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..............................
814
716
350
172
160
138
133
93
87
80
51.4
54.1
6.5
37.1
12.4
12.8
27.2
28.5
28.2
2.9
15.0
13.2
6.4
3.2
3.0
2.5
2.5
1.7
Secretaries.........................................................................................
Social workers...................................................................................
Counselors, educational and vocational..........................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................
Lawyers..............................................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration...........................
“ Other” financial officers..................................................................
Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified ...............................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing c le rks.................................
Teachers, n.e.c...................................................................................
74
71
65
64
63
62
57
55
53
48
2.0
19.2
37.0
14.7
10.9
14.3
11.4
43.8
2.7
1.4
1.3
12.8
.9
Supervisors, production occupations................................................
Librarians............................................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Computer programmers....................................................................
Financial managers...........................................................................
48
46
45
44
42
4.0
21.9
3.5
10.8
.9
.8
11.2
.8
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.8
.8
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 39. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took formal company training
Number who
took formal
company
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.........................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................
Registered nurses....................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale
Secretaries...............................................................................
Insurance sales occupations...................................................
Supervisors, production occupations.......................................
Accountants and auditors........................................................
Police and detectives, public service......................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................
772
370
366
266
258
231
Electrical and electronic engineers .........................................
Automobile mechanics............................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration..................
Telephone installers and repairers..........................................
"Other” financial officers.........................................................
Teachers, elementary school..................................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers....................................
Computer programmers ..........................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations ....
Teachers secondary school ....................................................
153
147
146
142
138
118
112
108
108
107
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing c le rks........................
Real estate sales occupations................................................
Social w orkers..........................................................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists............................
Bank tellers..............................................................................
103
102
97
97
95
221
198
171
155
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .
47
Percent of Total who took
Total
employment in formal company
training
occupation
14.3
13.3
28.4
20.5
6.8
7.3
3.5
3.4
2.5
2.4
41.8
18.4
18.3
45.3
12.5
2.2
2.1
35.1
18.8
33.5
55.0
27.9
7.5
37.7
26.6
23.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
8.1
5.1
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
21.0
1.0
1.0
26.5
37.4
21.2
.9
.9
.9
Table 40. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who
took formal company training
Number who
took formal
company
training
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
Total who took
employment in formal company
occupation
training
Data processing equipment repairers ..................................
Telephone line installers and repairers................................
Telephone installers and repairers......................................
Firefighting occupations .......................................................
Office machine repairers......................................................
Police and detectives, public service...................................
Insurance sales occupations................................................
Forestry and conservation scientists....................................
Transportation ticket and reservation agents ......................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts............
56
39
142
86
35
171
231
21
44
53
58.1
57.4
55.0
50.6
49.3
45.3
41.8
39.7
39.4
38.4
0.5
.4
1.3
.8
.3
1.6
2.2
.2
.4
.5
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists .........................
Aerospace engineers........................................................
Chemical engineers..............................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ......................................
Administrators and officials, public administration...............
Inspectors and compliance officers, excluding construction
Supervisors, police and detectives......................................
Managers, medicine and health...........................................
Economists ...........................................................................
112
97
35
27
153
146
50
24
40
27
37.7
37.4
37.2
36.9
35.1
33.5
33.2
33.2
32.2
32.2
1.1
.9
.3
.3
1.4
1.4
.5
.2
.4
.3
Engineers, n.e.c.....................................................................
Correctional institution officers.............................................
Sales engineers.....................................................................
Geologists and geodesists ...................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers..............................
50
48
16
21
31
30.7
30.5
29.8
29.4
28.8
.5
.5
.2
.2
.3
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 41. Skill improvement training: Workers who took training in formal company programs by length of program, completion rate,
and government sponsorship by occupational group
Workers who took formal
company training
Occupational group
Number
(thousands)
Percent of total
employment in
occupation
Percent of workers by length of program 1
Under 12
weeks
13-25 weeks
26-52 weeks
More than 52
weeks
Percent
completing
program
Percent
government
sponsored
Total, age 16 and o v e r.............................................
10,625
11
72
8
5
8
87
4
Executive, administrative, and managerial.....................
Professional specialty.....................................................
Technicians and related support....................................
Sales occupations..........................................................
Administrative support, including clerical.......................
Private household occupations .....................................
Service workers, except private household...................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.........................................
Precision production, craft, and repair..........................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors..........
Transportation and material moving occupations.........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...
1,884
1,936
550
1,411
1,565
7
955
51
1,654
286
235
92
17
15
18
13
10
1
8
2
14
4
6
2
71
70
69
76
79
100
68
73
66
73
88
79
8
8
11
7
7
ft
10
6
7
7
4
2
6
6
6
5
4
ft
3
O
6
6
1
(2)
7
8
8
5
5
ft
9
4
13
7
ft
4
87
87
86
89
88
100
86
75
85
87
93
79
4
5
3
1
2
5
8
8
3
2
4
1
1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual items
may not add to totals.
2 Value less than 0.5.
48
Table 42. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took informal on-the-job training
Number who
took informal
on-the-job
training
(thousands)
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
informal on-thejob training
Managers and administrators, n.e.c..................................................
Secretaries........................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................
Cashiers ............................................................................................
Registered nurses.............................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........................................
Supervisors, production occupations................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade
Cooks, except short o rde r.................................................................
748
387
380
286
262
254
228
221
221
182
13.8
10.2
13.7
14.6
20.4
20.5
19.0
11.1
17.1
13.2
5.5
2.8
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.3
Accountants and auditors ..'................................................................
Assemblers........................................................................................
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c............................................
Sales workers, other commodities ...................................................
Computer operators...........................................................................
Janitors and cleaners........................................................................
Insurance sales occupations.............................................................
Teachers, elementary school............................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration ..........................
Social workers....................................................................................
162
150
143
141
139
129
127
126
117
109
15.0
15.4
18.5
10.3
25.6
6.7
23.0
7.9
26.7
29.5
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
Typists ................................................................................................
"Other" financial officers...................................................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners.............................
Laborers, except construction...........................................................
Bank tellers........................................................................................
108
106
103
102
101
12.7
21.4
17.7
11.0
22.5
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
Occupation
Percent of -
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .
Table 43. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who
took training from other sources
Occupation
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.............................................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations........................................................................................
Lawyers .......................................................................................................................................................
Registered nurses.......................................................................................................................................
Teachers, elementary school.....................................................................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural......................................................................................................................
Accountants and auditors...........................................................................................................................
Real estate sales occupations....................................................................................................................
Insurance sales occupations......................................................................................................................
Teachers, secondary school ......................................................................................................................
Dentists .......................................................................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing c le rks...........................................................................................
Supervisors, production occupations..........................................................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants...................................................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale tra d e ........................................................
Financial managers......................................................................................................................................
Other financial officers................................................................................................................................
Administrators, education and related fie ld s..............................................................................................
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .
49
Number who
took training
from other
sources
(thousands)
Total
employment in
occupation
Total who took
training from
other sources
424
161
159
157
149
131
104
100
98
91
7.8
5.8
32.4
27.2
11.5
22.2
2.8
6.3
7.4
8.4
9.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.0
24
2.3
2.3
2.1
81
77
75
51
49
46
46
45
45
44
16.7
13.9
5.7
13 8
38.7
2.3
3.8
3.6
3.4
24 4
1.9
1.8
1.7
12
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
10
43
41
37
34
33
13 9
12.3
9.9
6.9
7.0
10
9
.9
.8
.8
Percent of -
Table 44. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who
took training from other sources
Number who
took training
from other
sources
(thousands)
Occupation
Percent of Total
employment in
occupation
Dentists .......................................................................................
Physicians ...................................................................................
Lawyers .......................................................................................
Pharmacists ................................................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists...............................................
Musicians and composers .........................................................
Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians ..............
Real estate sales occupations...................................................
Supervisors, police and detectives............................................
Religious workers, n.e.c...............................................................
49
159
157
44
131
30
9
81
Managers, medicine and health.................................................
Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment
Psychologists..............................................................................
Insurance sales occupations......................................................
Clergy ..........................................................................................
Teachers, n.e.c.............................................................................
Recreation workers.....................................................................
Business and promotion agents ................................................
Dental hygienists.........................................................................
Sales engineers...........................................................................
18
26
18
77
43
51
7
8
15.1
14.9
14.5
13.9
13.9
13.8
13.6
13.1
13
7
12.8
12.8
Designers ....................................................................................
Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers ....................
Photographers.............................................................................
Personnel and labor relations managers...................................
Librarians.....................................................................................
41
7
15
13
25
12.3
12.0
11.9
11.9
12
9
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .
50
38.7
32.4
27.2
24.4
22.2
20.4
17.5
16.7
16.5
15.4
11.8
Total who took
training from
other sources
1.1
3.7
3.7
1.0
3.0
.7
.2
1.9
.3
.2
.4
.6
.4
1.8
1.0
1.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.9
.2
.3
.3
.6
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who took training
Occupation 1
School
Percent of
Informal
Formal
Junior
Public
Private
total
Total
on-the4-year or
High
Number
company
post-high post-high college
employment
longer
with
job
school
(thousands)
training
or
school
school
In
school vocational
training
college
vocational vocational technical
occupation2
training 5 education
program
education education institute
Other
types of
training
Total, age 16 and o ve r.......................................................
33,901
35
12
(4)
1
1
3
6
11
14
4
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations..........
Executives, officials, and managers, public administration
Administrators and officials, public administration .............
Executives, officials, and managers, except public
administration ..........................................................
Financial managers .............................................................
Personnel and labor relations managers............................
Purchasing managers..........................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations .....
Administrators, education and related fields......................
Managers, medicine and health .........................................
Managers, properties and real estate.................................
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.....................................
5,098
304
286
47
65
65
18
23
23
(4)
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
4
4
9
15
14
17
32
33
16
27
27
8
7
7
3,263
216
61
52
235
310
78
83
2,152
44
57
55
57
52
67
64
33
40
17
22
15
25
16
47
24
15
13
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
1
1
2
2
(4)
3
1
1
1
1
(4)
1
1
1
4
8
4
4
5
3
5
5
4
9
11
9
17
8
37
16
4
6
15
21
23
24
24
10
32
7
14
14
19
17
29
21
13
6
9
14
8
10
12
2
7
7
15
9
8
52
54
58
45
60
26
45
16
60
67
41
20
26
23
12
18
5
17
3
16
11
23
(4)
(4)
1
1
1
3
(4)
(4)
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products
Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c...................................
Business and promotion agents.........................................
Construction inspectors .......................................................
Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction ...
Management related occupations, n.e.c..............................
1,532
589
287
66
205
55
97
10
39
101
67
6
7
7
5
5
3
9
2
9
1
11
9
13
11
7
10
1
5
1
4
5
8
20
18
28
19
26
9
16
4
23
33
12
17
15
21
14
23
13
12
3
15
27
15
7
8
7
10
5
3
6
13
6
7
2
Professional specialty................................................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors.....................................
Architects.............................................................................
Engineers.............................................................................
Aerospace engineers........................................................
Chemical engineers..........................................................
Civil engineers...................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................
Industrial engineers ..........................................................
Mechanical engineers ......................................................
Engineers, n.e.c..................................................................
7,802
918
40
863
69
43
105
283
118
116
82
61
56
41
57
73
59
51
65
51
52
51
34
23
10
23
36
23
22
24
21
25
19
(4)
-
4
6
4
6
12
5
5
5
9
5
3
25
14
3
14
24
11
15
15
12
16
12
15
26
7
28
37
37
16
35
23
21
31
14
18
23
18
20
19
16
21
18
18
17
11
7
11
7
3
2
10
7
7
7
6
Mathematical and computer scientists..................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists........................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts...........
Natural scientists....................................................................
Chemists, except biochemists ............................................
Geologists and geodesists..................................................
284
165
94
239
57
39
25
65
64
69
59
51
54
49
21
16
31
30
29
18
29
5
4
10
4
1
6
4
11
9
14
19
18
7
18
36
37
38
25
21
29
10
24
25
22
15
11
18
9
7
8
7
9
8
9
8
Health diagnosing occupations..............................................
Physicians............................................................................
D entists................................................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations ......................
Registered nurses................................................................
Pharmacists.........................................................................
Dietitians ..............................................................................
Therapists ............................................................................
Inhalation therapists .........................................................
Physical therapists............................................................
Speech therapists.............................................................
515
353
85
1,219
882
97
35
182
48
43
42
72
72
67
66
68
53
48
68
59
76
64
33
33
32
24
23
18
26
33
9
51
55
-
2
1
4
7
8
3
5
10
7
27
27
24
14
12
11
16
27
7
41
48
8
8
4
25
28
10
12
20
14
25
15
8
9
8
20
20
9
17
27
36
26
6
33
32
39
12
12
24
4
9
6
11
11
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
(4)
(4)
2
4
10
3
4
3
5
4
4
32
46
28
51
54
13
37
20
22
3
9
14
7
8
14
9
8
9
7
9
10
8
7
17
15
10
9
7
7
9
6
6
14
10
11
12
4
5
2
4
5
8
3
24
14
30
21
19
28
20
32
14
20
26
27
12
21
28
18
21
29
30
9
12
6
15
11
8
14
14
Management related occupations.........................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Other financial officers........................................................
Management analysts.........................................................
Teachers, college and university...........................................
Teachers, except college and university...............................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.....................
Teachers, elementary school..............................................
Teachers, secondary school ...............................................
Teachers, n.e.c.....................................................................
Counselors, educational and vocational................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators.......................................
Librarians .............................................................................
321
2,545
199
1,171
952
214
123
113
110
50
70
61
74
72
58
70
51
53
39
57
43
63
63
24
52
28
30
Social scientists and urban planners.....................................
Economists..........................................................................
Psychologists.......................................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..............................
Social workers.....................................................................
Recreation workers .............................................................
Clergy ...................................................................................
139
46
81
501
250
38
183
59
54
65
64
68
74
60
28
17
34
28
26
17
35
See footnotes at end of table.
51
-
-
_
_
-
(4)
(4)
-
_
(4)
(4)
<4)
(4)
1
(4)
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
<4)
3
2
7
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
(4)
1
1
1
3
4
-
1
1
-
(4)
1
1
<4)
(4)
2
(4)
1
1
(4)
(4)
1
1
-
_
1
2
3
<4)
3
1
(4)
4
1
3
-
_
1
1
(4)
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who took training i
Occupation 1
School
Percent of
Informal
Formal
Private
Junior
Public
total
j
on-the4-year or
High
Number
Total
company
post-high post-high college
employment
job
longer
school
(thousands)
with
training
or
school
school
in
training
school vocational vocational vocational technical college
occupation 1
training 3 education education education institute program
-
Other
types of
training
_
1
1
_
2
2
13
10
11
15
10
9
18
10
10
15
27
27
2
2
3
1
1
~
4
3
6
5
6
9
16
7
8
8
6
1
7
6
13
2
16
14
13
10
9
12
20
1
i
-
3
6
1
2
-
3
"
2
-
3
3
1
2
-
9
7
8
9
15
1
6
6
16
11
7
20
13
16
18
7
12
6
8
7
20
18
17
27
17
18
14
(4)
(4)
1
<4)
-
1
2
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
~
1
1
8
7
7
13
8
8
5
8
6
8
17
4
4
4
18
14
15
4
11
18
13
19
17
24
2
13
15
23
5
8
6
13
10
7
8
53
48
50
54
38
55
47
63
51
57
61
36
54
21
20
20
20
21
21
7
27
25
22
25
19
19
(4)
(4)
1
-
1
1
1
2
1
1
-
1
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
8
8
8
6
11
7
8
12
8
10
10
5
9
7
4
10
8
12
7
17
8
10
11
12
10
20
17
26
18
8
17
14
26
8
24
27
9
18
20
17
12
26
12
24
23
22
29
22
24
12
24
4
4
7
3
2
2
8
4
5
2
2
3,578
936
1,000
393
314
107
46
140
541
33
32
34
58
71
65
57
37
38
40
61
7
7
17
17
31
11
7
5
9
32
(4)
(4)
<4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
~
1
1
3
2
5
4
1
1
1
4
1
(4)
2
2
2
2
2
(4)
_
2
2
6
6
13
2
2
1
3
15
2
3
5
6
7
1
2
1
4
9
13
13
27
42
21
27
10
18
21
30
15
14
19
23
14
24
22
17
17
22
4
6
12
14
17
11
6
5
4
13
509
39
8
(4)
1
(4)
2
4
21
17
3
Sales workers, retail and personal services.........................
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ..........................
Sales workers, apparel .......................................................
Sales workers, shoes..........................................................
Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings ..................
Sales workers; radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances.......
Sales workers, hardware and building supplies .................
Sales workers, parts............................................................
Sales workers, other commodities .....................................
Sales counter clerks............................................................
Cashiers...............................................................................
Street and door-to-door sales workers...............................
News vendors .....................................................................
1,084
51
55
27
27
43
51
36
249
22
379
145
(4)
20
30
14
21
17
32
25
23
18
18
19
38
(4)
3
5
1
3
3
7
8
3
2
(4>
1
(4)
1
1
(4)
(4)
3
-
1
3
1
1
3
3
4
3
1
1
2
3
1
3
13
13
10
14
9
19
11
13
10
16
15
22
-
1
5
(4)
1
5
1
2
2
(4)
(4)
5
-
Administrative support occupations, including clerical............
Supervisors, administrative support occupations..................
Supervisors, general office .................................................
Supervisors, financial records processing.........................
Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting
clerks ......................................................................
Computer equipment operators............................................
Computer operators ...........................................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists...............................
Secretaries..........................................................................
Stenographers....................................................................
Typists.................................................................................
5,152
321
180
47
32
50
51
55
76
247
247
1,309
1,059
36
214
44
45
46
28
28
36
25
13
15
15
_
-
(4>
-
39
28
41
44
39
16
22
16
14
21
(4)
2
47
59
69
52
26
32
48
32
44
47
20
19
14
15
19
Technicians and related support occupations ........................
Health technologists and technicians....................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ..............
Dental hygienists .................................................................
Radiologic technicians........................................................
Licensed practical nurses....................................................
Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c........................
1,588
573
147
47
48
232
92
52
51
54
45
44
53
49
Technologists and technicians, except health .....................
Engineering and related technologists and technicians.....
Electrical and electronic technicians................................
Engineering technicians, n.e.c...........................................
Drafting occupations.........................................................
Science technicians.............................................................
Biological technicians.......................................................
Chemical technicians........................................................
Science technicians, n.e.c.................................................
Technicians, except health, engineering, and science......
Computer programmers....................................................
Legal assistants ................................................................
Technicians, n.e.c..............................................................
1,015
423
147
139
98
109
26
53
30
483
249
38
122
Sales occupations....................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations ...................
Sales representatives, finance and business services.........
Insurance sales occupations...............................................
Real estate sales occupations............................................
Securities and financial services sales occupations..........
Advertising and related sales occupations ........................
Sales occupations, other business services......................
Sales representatives, commodities except retail.................
Sales engineers ..................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing and
wholesale.................................................................
Religious workers, n.e.c.......................................................
Lawyers and judges...............................................................
Lawyers................................................................................
30
341
320
50
56
55
Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ............................
Authors.................................................................................
Designers.............................................................................
Musicians and composers...................................................
Actors and directors............................................................
Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist
printmakers ..............................................................
Photographers.....................................................................
Editors and reporters ..........................................................
Public relations specialists ..................................................
Athletes................................................................................
544
19
134
64
25
|
|
!
See footnotes at end of table.
52
-
1
(4)
-
-
-
(4)
1
-
<4)
-
5
13
3
5
9
7
6
7
6
3
4
13
(4)
-
(4)
-
-
(4)
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
(4)
(4)
-
10
16
14
24
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
<4)
(4)
“
1
1
1
3
4
8
7
11
2
7
5
7
10
24
26
26
15
16
16
11
2
6
7
1
14
13
13
11
12
14
7
(4)
1
1
1
1
2
(4)
1
1
1
1
1
(4)
1
1
2
2
1
1
9
6
6
5
6
9
3
8
4
4
2
2
4
1
17
16
17
7
7
17
7
19
25
26
11
10
7
13
7
2
2
3
3
4
2
1
-
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who took training
Occupation 1
School
Percent of
Informal
Formal
Junior
Public
Private
total
4-year or company on-theNumber
High
Total
post-high post-high college
employment
job
longer
(thousands)
with
school
training
or
school
school
in
training
school vocational vocational vocational technical college
occupation 2
program
training 3 education
education education institute
Other
types of
training
Information clerks...................................................................
Interviewers .........................................................................
Hotel clerks .........................................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation agents.....................
Receptionists.......................................................................
Information clerks, n.e.c.......................................................
337
64
20
64
155
34
29
43
40
57
25
14
8
13
7
10
8
6
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
(4)
1
2
1
4
10
4
6
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
9
20
2
39
5
2
14
17
28
20
13
9
2
1
6
2
2
1
Records processing occupations, except financial...............
Order clerks.........................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping.............
Library clerks.......................................................................
File clerks ............................................................................
Records clerks....................................................................
Financial records processing occupations............................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks..................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks...........................................
Billing clerks ........................................................................
Cost and rate clerks............................................................
320
100
34
49
52
80
692
539
63
42
33
35
49
44
36
20
39
27
27
31
24
28
8
9
12
12
6
7
11
11
14
6
5
(4)
2
1
1
-
1
2
3
(4)
1
1
1
-
1
(4)
3
1
(4)
1
1
4
2
2
3
4
2
7
5
6
4
2
3
2
2
4
5
2
3
3
4
2
1
11
25
11
5
2
13
6
5
7
10
11
20
27
23
22
13
19
12
11
13
9
19
1
(4)
2
2
3
2
2
2
(4)
-
Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators..........
Communications equipment operators..................................
Telephone operators...........................................................
Mail and message distributing occupations..........................
Postal clerks, except mail carriers....................................
Mail carriers, postal service ................................................
Mail clerks, except postal service......................................
Messengers.........................................................................
20
82
80
218
90
82
34
12
26
34
35
28
39
31
20
10
3
6
6
(4)
1
1
-
1
1
-
_
1
1
-
(4)
1
-
3
2
2
(4)
1
-
_
3
3
(4)
(4)
-
6
11
11
8
12
9
1
6
17
21
22
19
26
22
18
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
-
Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks
n.e.c..........................................................................
Dispatchers..........................................................................
Production coordinators......................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ................................
Stock and inventory clerks..................................................
Weighers, measurers, and checkers...................................
Expediters............................................................................
463
57
100
80
154
21
35
29
39
52
18
29
26
29
4
9
13
2
3
3
(4)
1
(4)
-
(4)
2
(4)
(4)
-
(4)
1
(4)
1
-
2
5
4
1
1
(4)
1
6
1
1
3
9
16
19
5
7
10
9
18
17
34
13
18
15
18
2
4
3
(4>
3
3
Adjusters and investigators....................................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance ...................
Eligibility clerks, social welfare............................................
Bill and account collectors..................................................
Miscellaneous administrative support occupations...............
General office clerks...........................................................
Bank tellers .........................................................................
Data-entry keyers ................................................................
Statistical clerks...................................................................
Teachers aides ....................................................................
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c...........................
304
112
129
29
34
839
156
206
79
36
164
195
47
56
46
42
33
37
29
46
27
45
45
38
11
10
13
11
8
11
8
12
5
8
21
9
(4)
3
1
1
2
2
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
2
1
1
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
2
1
(4)
1
1
2
-
4
2
6
3
2
4
3
5
2
2
8
4
5
6
5
4
4
3
2
3
1
3
8
3
21
25
22
13
13
12
9
21
8
15
8
11
20
23
19
23
18
18
16
23
14
26
18
18
5
6
4
5
2
3
3
3
1
4
3
3
Private household occupations ................................................
Launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and butlers ...................
Child care workers, private household..................................
Private household cleaners and servants.............................
33
1
23
9
3
2
5
2
1
1
1
(4)
1
(4)
_
-
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
-
1
1
1
(4)
1
2
1
1
2
(4)
Service workers, except private household.............................
Protective service occupations..............................................
Supervisors, protective service occupations......................
Supervisors, police and detectives...................................
Firefighting and fire prevention occupations......................
Firefighting occupations ....................................................
Police and detectives..........................................................
Police and detectives, public service...............................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers
Correctional institution officers.........................................
Guards..................................................................................
Guards and police, except public service .......................
3,151
896
111
59
169
149
437
292
54
91
180
171
25
55
78
80
87
87
69
77
56
58
27
28
7
20
39
43
35
34
28
33
24
21
4
4
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
-
1
2
7
9
2
2
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
6
6
2
3
2
1
(4)
(4)
3
10
22
18
20
18
14
14
16
12
2
3
1
4
10
19
3
4
6
8
4
4
(4)
(4)
8
28
35
33
51
51
39
45
25
31
10
11
12
21
33
24
35
37
23
22
25
23
13
14
3
4
10
17
8
7
4
5
2
2
2
2
Food preparation and service occupations ..........................
Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations ...
Bartenders...........................................................................
Waiters and waitresses.......................................................
Cooks, except short order...................................................
Short-order cooks................................................................
Food counter, fountain and related occupations ...............
Kitchen workers, food preparation......................................
698
65
30
140
271
14
38
23
15
31
10
11
20
18
15
15
2
9
1
1
4
5
2
2
(4)
1
1
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
2
1
(4)
2
5
1
2
3
11
19
9
8
13
15
13
13
1
2
-
1
2
1
(4)
1
5
1
-
See footnotes at end of table.
53
(4)
3
-
1
-
-
-
(4)
1
-
-
-
1
"
1
-
(4)
<4)
-
(4)
-
(4)
1
-
1
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who took training
Occupation '
School
Percent of
Informal
Formal
Junior
Public
Private
total
Total
on-the4-year or
Number
High
company
post-high post-high college
employment
with
job
longer
(thousands)
school
training
or
school
school
in
school vocational
training
college
occupation 2
vocational vocational technical
training 5 education
program
education education institute
Waiters and waitresses assistants......................................
Miscellaneous food preparation occupations ....................
38
79
11
13
(4)
2
_
_
(4)
-
-
Health service occupations....................................................
Dental assistants .................................................................
Health aides, except nursing...............................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants............................
Cleaning and building service occupations, except private
household.................................................................
Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers ..........
Maids and housemen..........................................................
Janitors and cleaners..........................................................
716
63
139
514
42
48
43
41
9
12
11
9
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
1
1
1
2
1
296
31
48
206
11
25
10
11
2
4
1
2
1
<4)
1
(4)
1
(4)
Personal service occupations................................................
Barbers.................................................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists .......................................
Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities ...............
Welfare service aides..........................................................
Child care workers, except private household ..................
Personal service occupations, n.e.c.....................................
545
27
300
12
25
101
29
29
25
51
10
30
16
19
9
8
14
3
3
7
4
(4)
3
1
(4)
-
2
3
6
3
1
-
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations..............................
Farm operators and managers..............................................
Farmers, except horticultural...............................................
Managers, farms, except horticultural.................................
Farm occupations, except managerial...................................
Farm workers ......................................................................
500
267
242
17
125
101
16
19
18
25
13
12
5
8
7
11
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
Related agricultural occupations ...........................................
Supervisors, related agricultural occupations ....................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except fa rm ....................
Animal caretakers, except fa rm ..........................................
Forestry and logging occupations.........................................
Timber cutting and logging occupations.............................
Fishers, hunters, and trappers...............................................
89
26
48
15
12
2
8
16
34
14
14
11
3
13
4
3
5
4
3
3
_
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ................
Mechanics and repairers.......................................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers................................
Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors ...................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers .
Automobile mechanics ...................................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ...............
Aircraft engine mechanics .............................................
Automobile body and related repairers.........................
Heavy equipment mechanics ........................................
Industrial machinery repairers ..........................................
4,133
1,818
171
1,646
584
292
105
51
37
62
178
35
44
58
43
37
37
38
53
21
38
37
Electrical and electronic equipment repairers..................
Electronic repairers, communications and industrial
equipment ................................................................
Data processing equipment repairers ...........................
Telephone line installers and repairers.........................
Telephone installers and repairers ................................
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment
repairers ...................................................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers..........................
Office machine repairers................................................
Millwrights........................................................................
Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.......................
Not specified mechanics and repairers.........................
444
Construction trades................................................................
Supervisors, construction occupations ...............................
Supervisors, n.e.c...............................................................
Construction trades, except supervisors ............................
Brickmasons and stonemasons.......................................
Carpet installers ................................................................
Carpenters ........................................................................
Drywall installers ...............................................................
Electricians........................................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers..........................
Painters, construction and maintenance..........................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.............................
Roofers..............................................................................
Structural metal workers...........................................
_
_
Other
types of
training
1
(4)
1
10
10
1
1
5
4
6
4
2
5
2
1
11
9
9
12
22
25
25
20
4
6
4
4
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
2
(4)
2
12
1
2
7
10
8
7
1
1
1
1
3
2
5
3
4
2
1
-
-
1
1
(4)
<4)
<4)
2
2
8
5
11
4
20
4
9
6
8
8
2
7
3
6
9
7
22
(4)
2
4
2
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
5
1
1
1
2
2
4
(4)
<4)
2
2
1
12
1
1
7
5
5
3
7
5
5
7
7
4
3
3
-
_
-
(4)
(4)
-
3
3
3
4
2
3
1
1
3
-
2
8
2
4
(4)
3
11
28
9
8
4
1
7
1
4
1
2
2
1
(4)
7
7
5
7
7
8
8
5
3
4
6
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
(4)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
1
1
(4)
1
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
-
14
22
38
21
16
19
15
24
6
13
15
16
17
22
17
14
12
14
24
11
23
18
3
4
2
4
3
3
4
6
2
1
2
63
7
<4)
1
1
3
1
41
23
7
93
65
46
188
54
67
67
73
7
10
10
5
-
2
1
2
1
1
1
(4)
4
5
3
2
(4)
2
3
1
17
58
57
55
23
10
16
28
15
10
1
1
34
75
358
41
40
126
85
52
40
43
57
47
38
40
3
7
8
7
11
9
8
3
1
1
1
(4)
1
3
1
1
3
1
6
1
(4)
2
3
7
2
3
1
1
(4>
1
-
19
20
18
49
18
13
13
28
12
18
3
24
18
26
9
7
4
2
2
1
991
116
87
875
22
25
143
12
261
65
38
132
25
13
26
25
24
26
16
23
14
15
48
60
11
34
24
21
7
8
8
7
4
2
4
5
19
4
2
10
2
13
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
2
2
1
2
3
(4)
-
7
6
5
7
1
9
1
-
-
-
1
-
3
1
1
1
-
-
-
4
3
1
3
6
3
3
3
3
1
5
9
1
5
2
4
13
11
11
13
10
10
8
8
17
28
8
17
14
8
2
5
5
2
(4)
5
2
2
3
5
1
1
-
See footnotes at end of table.
54
(4)
1
-
(4)
-
1
-
-
15
29
1
10
9
4
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who took training
Occupation 1
School
Percent of
Informal
Formal
Junior
Public
Private
total
on-the4-year or
Total
Number
High
company
post-high post-high college
employment
job
longer
with
(thousands)
school
training
or
school
school
in
training
school vocational
college
occupation 2
vocational vocational technical
training 2 education
program
education education institute
Other
types of
training
Construction trades, n.e.c..................................................
44
24
1
-
-
-
1
-
7
16
1
Extractive occupations...........................................................
Supervisors, extractive occupations....................................
Drillers, oil w e ll....................................................................
71
37
10
34
47
18
6
12
6
1
2
-
1
3
-
1
2
3
3
5
3
2
4
-
16
20
9
13
21
4
3
4
Precision production occupations .........................................
Supervisors, production occupations ..................................
Precision metalworking occupations...................................
Tool and die makers ........................................................
Machinists.........................................................................
Sheet metal workers ........................................................
Precision woodworking occupations...................................
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine
w orkers....................................................................
Dressmakers.....................................................................
Upholsterers .....................................................................
1,254
527
332
65
154
50
7
36
44
36
40
33
39
8
8
12
10
17
7
12
2
(4)
(4)
1
2
(4)
-
1
1
2
6
1
-
1
(4)
1
2
1
1
-
4
5
5
6
4
11
2
2
4
<4)
1
(4)
-
13
18
12
10
10
16
-
18
19
18
17
18
18
6
3
4
3
2
4
3
■■ -
32
16
8
12
15
12
4
9
(4>
<4)
1
-
-
1
2
-
1
2
(4)
2
5
-
1
2
-
8
6
12
1
2
-
Precision workers, assorted materials ................................
Optical goods workers ......................................................
Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians ....
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers .............
Precision food production occupations...............................
Butchers and meat cutters...............................................
Bakers ...............................................................................
Precision inspectors, testors, and related workers............
Inspectors, testers, and graders......................................
Plant and system operators ................................................
Stationary engineers.........................................................
92
24
30
17
112
69
39
57
54
96
39
35
45
56
21
26
24
32
39
40
48
35
6
5
6
3
2
2
1
8
9
8
11
1
2
2
-
1
2
4
4
3
6
3
1
2
6
6
4
4
-
-
1
2
(4)
1
2
3
10
14
22
6
3
3
4
15
16
23
17
20
31
31
13
23
22
25
15
14
20
9
5
5
17
1
"
2
7
6
3
1
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .....................
Machine operators and tenders, except precision................
Metalworking and plastic working machine operators.......
Lathe and turning machine operators..............................
Punching and stamping press machine operators ..........
Grinding, abrading, buffing and polishng machine
operators..................................................................
Metal and plastic processing machine operators ..............
Molding and casting machine operators..........................
Woodworking machine operators.......................................
Sawing machine operators...............................................
Printing equipment operators..............................................
Printing machine operators...............................................
Typesetters and compositors...........................................
1,639
1,047
101
15
28
22
21
22
20
27
3
2
3
6
5
(4)
(4)
1
3
2
(4)
(4)
-
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
4
3
2
16
16
15
9
20
1
1
(4)
3
-
37
42
18
11
6
136
105
8
24
26
21
9
8
31
35
11
4
5
3
7
9
-
(4)
-
1
1
3
3
-
1
4
3
(4)
(4)
-
1
-
-
<4)
(4)
-
2
3
-
4
9
9
2
5
7
3
15
15
10
9
8
19
20
8
1
3
3
(4)
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators.........
Winding and twisting machine operators.........................
Textile sewing machine operators....................................
Shoe machine operators...................................................
Pressing machine operators.............................................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ............
Miscellaneous textile machine operators ........................
196
26
89
13
19
28
9
14
25
12
16
15
15
12
(4)
2
(4)
(4)
-
_
-
-
-
-
(4)
♦
(4)
(4)
-
1
3
"
1
4
1
13
22
11
15
15
10
11
(4)
(4)
1
2
"
Machine operators, assorted materials ..............................
Packaging and filling machine operators.........................
Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine
operators..................................................................
Painting and paint spraying machine operators ..............
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except fo o d ..............
Slicing and cutting machine operators.............................
Photographic process machine operators.......................
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c...........................
Machine operators, not specified .....................................
556
52
23
14
3
1
(4)
(4)
-
(4)
-
1
1
1
-
4
1
17
13
1
-
23
37
42
33
33
185
66
37
20
33
16
31
24
25
5
3
6
3
4
2
3
1
-
1
(4)
-
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
(4)
21
7
6
1
3
4
5
14
9
19
11
21
18
18
2
7
1
4
(4)
-
Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking occupations .....
Welders and cutters............................................................
Assemblers..........................................................................
Miscellaneous handworking occupations.......................
Production Inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ...
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners...............
Production testers................................................................
Graders and sorters, except agricultural............................
368
132
193
15
225
175
36
9
22
25
20
29
30
30
48
10
4
7
1
6
5
13
-
1
1
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
1
4
(4)
(4)
-
-
(4)
(4)
-
-
-
1
2
1
1
1
5
-
-
2
1
7
-
4
5
4
8
9
12
-
14
13
15
20
18
18
30
10
1
2
1
9
1
2
2
-
Transportation and material moving occupations....................
Motor vehicle operators.........................................................
Truck drivers, heavy............................................................
Truck drivers, lig h t...............................................................
706
439
147
52
18
15
9
12
2
2
1
2
(4)
(4)
(4)
<4)
<4)
(4)
-
(4)
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
6
5
3
2
9
7
5
8
1
1
1
(4)
See footnotes at end of table.
55
3
3
-
-
(4)
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued
Source of training
(percent of total employment in occupation)
Workers who took training
Occupation '
School
Percent of
Informal
Formal
Junior
Private
Public
total
4-year or company on-theTotal
High
Number
post-high post-high college
employment
job
longer
with
(thousands)
school
training
or
school
school
In
training
college
school vocational
vocational vocational technical
occupation 1
program
training s education
education education institute
Driver-sales workers............................................................
Bus drivers...........................................................................
Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs .........................................
Transportation occupations, except motor vehicle...............
Rail transportation occupations..........................................
Locomotive operating occupations...................................
Water transportation occupations ......................................
37
166
18
58
40
21
19
17
42
10
34
34
39
33
1
5
2
6
3
3
13
_
_
_
2
(4)
-
1
-
1
1
-
Material moving equipment operators...................................
Operating engineers............................................................
Crane and tower operators .................................................
Excavating and loading machine operators.......................
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators...............
Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators........
208
38
23
14
9
75
41
22
31
25
15
11
22
23
2
2
3
1
3
-
<4)
2
-
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and laborers..............
Helpers, construction and extractive occupations................
Helpers, construction trades ...............................................
Construction laborers.............................................................
Production helpers .................................................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand ...........................
Garbage collectors ..............................................................
Stock handlers and baggers...............................................
Machine feeders and offbearers ........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c................
520
44
39
61
18
163
10
95
12
43
14
27
27
14
28
12
14
13
13
9
2
6
6
2
3
1
3
1
1
(4)
1
2
1
(4)
(4)
-
Garage and service station related occupations ..................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............................
Hand packers and packagers................................................
Laborers, except construction ...............................................
29
9
32
148
10
6
12
16
-
1
2
-
_
Other
types of
training
1
(4)
1
2
"
6
22
1
11
13
18
7
8
16
4
15
17
18
11
3
2
4
5
(4)
(4>
(4>
-
1
2
1
3
(4)
1
"
6
12
7
6
3
5
5
14
19
19
5
11
15
14
1
2
(4)
1
1
(4)
1
1
-
<4)
1
1
1
(4)
(4)
1
1
(4)
(4>
3
1
1
(4)
-
2
1
1
2
4
2
6
2
2
10
22
22
10
21
9
8
9
13
7
(4>
(4)
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
(4)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
(4)
“
3
1
3
7
5
10
11
1
1
-
1
;
-
-
1
(4)
(4)
1
4
1
3
10
-
14
reported more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of
schooling.
4 Value less than 0.5.
- No data reported.
NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified.”
1 Includes only detailed occupations with January 1983 employment of 50,000 or
more.
2 Percent is less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported
more than one source of training.
1 Percent does not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers
56
Appendix. Sources and
Limitations of the Data
tio-estimate factors needed to adjust the sample esti
mates of population for various age-race-sex-employ*
ment status groups to the current estimates of the popu
lation in these groups. The Census Bureau then pro
vided a computer tape containing the responses and ap
propriate weights. Data in this report were tabulated
by BLS using the computer tape provided by the Census
Bureau.
This publication reports the responses of individuals
to questions about training or skills that were needed
to obtain their current jobs and about training that was
taken to improve skills since obtaining their current
jobs. As such, the responses represent the perceptions
of individual employees. Users of these data must be
aware that the perceptions of individuals as to whether
training was needed to obtain or to improve skills needed
for their jobs may not be the same as those of their
employers.
Limitations of the data
Like those from any sample, the data presented in
this report are subject to nonsampling and sampling er
rors. The former result because individuals may not
have understood the question, may have remembered
the past incorrectly, or may have simply made a mis
take in choosing the answer.1 The magnitude of these
types of errors is impossible to quantify but, because of
the size and complexity of the questionnaire, is proba
bly greater than for many other surveys.
In addition to nonsampling errors, the data are sub
ject to sampling variability, the variations that occur
because a sample rather than the entire population was
surveyed. The standard errors developed by the Bureau
of the Census and presented in tables A-l, A-2, and A-3
measure sampling variability.2 For example, in January
1983, 53,890,000 employed persons age 16 and older
reported they needed training in order to obtain their
current job. Using table A-l and interpolating between
50,000,000 and 60,000,000, the standard error is ap
proximately 300,000. The chances are about 68 out of
100 that the difference between estimates based on the
sample and an actual count of the population would be
less than the standard error.
Source of data
The January 1983 Current Population Survey (CPS)
provided the data used in this report. Data were ob
tained from a sample survey of the population 16 years
of age and over. The CPS is a household survey con
ducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics which provides comprehen
sive data on the labor force, the employed, and the un
employed, including such characteristics as age, sex,
race, occupation, and industry attachment. The infor
mation is collected by trained interviewers from a sam
ple of about 60,000 households. A detailed description
of the survey appears in Concepts and Methods Used in
Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Popula
tion Survey, BLS Report 463 (1976).
In January 1983, the questionnaire used to obtain the
basic labor force information was supplemented with
questions about training. (See questionnaire.) Although
only data about employed persons are presented in this
report, the supplemental questions were asked of all
employed and unemployed persons. Interviewers were
instructed to obtain the information from each indi
vidual; proxy responses were discouraged.
After completing the January 1983 CPS, the Census
Bureau determinined that 5 percent of the respondents
did not answer the supplemental questions and that
training information was not obtained directly from the
individual for about 30 percent of the respondents. Be
cause of the nonresponse problem, the Census Bureau
developed new weights for respondents based on ra
1Detailed information on nonsampling errors in the CPS appears in
“An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Popu
lation Survey,” by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical
Policy Working Paper 3 (U.S. Department o f Commerce, Office of
Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, 1978).
2 “Source and Reliability Statement for the Report: Occupational
Mobility and Job Training o f Workers, January 1983” (unpublished
memorandum, Bureau o f the Census, November 1984).
57
Supplement to January 1983
Current Population Survey
29. INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM
ASK ITEMS 35 through 49 OF SAMPLE PERSON. IF NOT PRESENT MAKE TELEPHONE CALLBACK(s)
A. E n try (or N A ) in 2 0 A o r 2 1 B
(Fillitems 30-50)
.
B. E n try (or N A ) in 22F
(Skip to 35)
(Go to next person)
and 23E is n o t "n e v e r ". . . .
C. A ll o t h e r ....................................
LEAD-IN This month we are asking some additional questions
about occupational mobility, job training, and length
of employment at current job.
I
35. Did you need specific skills or training to obtain
your current (last) job?
Yes
(Ask 36)
No
*?
(Skip to 37)
36. Did you obtain those skills or training through
one or more of the following:
(Mark all that apply)
A . A tra in in g program in a high school or
30. Was . . . working a year ago,
in January 1982?
Yes
No
Yes
B. A fo rm a l com pany tra in in g program
No
such as a pprenticeship tra in in g o r othe r
ty p e o f tra in in g having an in stru cto r
(Ask 31)
(Ask 30A)
and a planned program .
(Skip to 33)
C. In fo rm a l on -the -jo b train in g o r experience
31. You told me th a t. . . is now working as _ _________ ______
(Occupation) (Rea* entry from 23C)
Was . . . doing the same kind of work
a year ago, in January 1982?
Yes
(Skip to 33)
No
(Ask 32)
E n try in 3 6 A (Ask 41) --------------------------------
O
E n try in 36B (Ask 43) -------------------------------E n try in 39A (Ask 41) --------------------------------
O
E n try in 39B (Ask 43) --------------------------------
41. LEAD IN — These questions refer to the job relateo
x
training you received in school to (obtain)
^
(improve) your current (last) job.
Was the training received through:
(Read categories) (Mark all that apply)
39
39
B
A
(Read
lead-in)
B
| |
O
O
o
E. A correspondence course.
A p u b lic post-high school vocational school program ?. . . .
o
o
J u n io r o r c o m m u n ity college o r T echnical In s titu te ? .. . .
o
o
4 year or longer college program ?..............................................
o
o
o
o
o
o
37. INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM
Category " A " m arked in item 29
Yes...................
(Ask 39)
No
No.................
(Ash 43)
38. Since you obtained your present job did you take
any training to improve your skills?
Yes
O
42. Did your employer pay for the training?
Category " B ” m arked in item 29
C. What kind of work was . . . doing?
36
A
A private post-high school vocational school program ? . . .
o r oth e r experience n o t related to w o rk
B. In what kind of business or industry was . . . employed?
36
(Read
lead-in)
D. T rainin g received in the arm ed forces.
F. In fo rm a l train in g fro m a frien d o r relative
A. A year ago, in January 1982 for whom was . . . working?
C
A high school vocational p ro g ra m ? .......................................
in previously held jo b o r jobs.
®
32. DESCRIPTION OF JOB OR BUSINESS:
(A year ago, in January 1982)
40. INTE RVI EWE R CH ECK ITE M (F ill all that apply)
None o f the above (F ill SO)
a post-secondary school.
30A. Was . . .on layoff or looking
for work at that time?
Items 40 through 49 to be completed only for entries in items 36A, 36B, 39A, and 39B.
(Skip to 40)
For entries in 36B and 39B (Readparenthetical lead-in)
43. (These questions refer to the formal training you took to
(obtain) (improve) your job)
lead-in
■
lead-in)
,
Was the training sponsored by a government program
suchasCETA?
39. Did you take the training in
Y p «?
N o .................
D. What were . . .'s most important activities or duties?
0
o
0
o
o
o
O
o
o
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
A. A school?
44. How long was the training program?
B. A fo rm a l com pany tra in in g program?
E. Was this person
U nder 12 w eeks.................
^
A n em ployee o f P R IV A T E Co., bus., or
ind ivid ua l fo r wages, salary o r com m . . . P O
\
A F E D E R A L governm ent e m p lo y e e ............. F
C. In fo rm a l on-the -jo b training?
C
D. Other?
1 3 —25 w eeks......................
2 6 - 5 2 w e e k s .....................
5 3 + w ee ks...........................
I
A ST A TE governm ent e m p lo y e e .................... S
/
A LO C A L governm ent e m p lo y e e ................... L O
f
45. Did you complete the training?
OFFICE USE ONLY
O
I
\
I
W orkin g W IT H O U T P A Y .
in fam. bus. o r f a r m ...................................WP O
/
1”
*c
OCCUPATION
46. How many courses were included in the program?
O n e .................
2 - 4 .................
5 + ...................
4 7 . W as th e tra in in g giv en p r im a rily
A w a y fro m y o u r jo b ? .................
33. Altogether, how long has . . . done the kind of work he/she
is doing now?
•_
„
_ _ „
-----
y
N o .................
INDUSTRY
(^33)
Self-em pl. in OW N bus., pro f, practice, o r fa rm
Is the business
^ y es
j
incorporated? . . .
.......................... ..
I N o ................................ SE
O
On th e j o b ? ..................................
0 1 8 3 ^ 5 6 ? ft 9
IYears> O 1 .
2 , »
4 8 . W as th is a n a p p re n tic e s h ip p ro g ra m
Yes
leading to journeyman status?
34. How long has . . . been working continuously for the present
employer (or as self-employed)?
X
0
r ^ 4 o
I c 3
~ 4 4
D G i
]-! o
o 9
(M o nth s, if less •
than one year) |
9
0
1 c
I 8
5 G ?
5 G ?
<r> 9
8 9
3 G
3 °r
o
o
o
o
o
. o
49. Was this training provided by
Y o u r present em ployer?................. ..
(Y ea rs)!
I
o
o
or a former employer?.................
50. Who responded to supplement items?
Self
O
Other
O
o
o
(Make certain all columns a
completed as applicable)
Page 11
58
Table A-1. Standard errors of estimates from the January 1983 Current Population Survey supplement
(In thousands)
Estimated level
Workers needing training to qualify for
their current job or who obtained skill
improvement training
Source of qualifying or skill improvement
training
10 .................................................................................
5 0 ....................................................................................
100 .................................................................................
500 ...................................................................................
1 000
.............................................................................
2 500 ...............................................................................
5 000 ...................................................................................
10,000 ................................................................................
15 000 ..................................................................................
20,000 ..................................................................................
30|000 ................................................................................
40 000 ...............................................................................
50 000 ..................................................................................
60,000 ..................................................................................
5
11
15
35
49
77
108
149
180
204
240
265
282
293
7
15
21
48
68
108
154
223
278
328
416
498
574
648
Source of school training
4
10
14
32
45
70
97
133
157
174
195
SOURCE: Bureau of the Census.
Table A-2. Standard errors of estimated percentages from January 1983 Current Population Survey supplement
Estimated percentage
Estimated base of percentages (thousands)
1 0 .........................................................................
5 0 .........................................................................
1 00 ........................................................................
250 ........................................................................
500 ........................................................................
750 ........................................................................
1,000 .......................................................................
2,000 .......................................................................
4,000 .......................................................................
6,000 .......................................................................
8,000 .......................................................................
10,000.......................................................................
15,000 .......................................................................
20,000 .......................................................................
30,000.......................................................................
40,000 .......................................................................
50,000.......................................................................
60,000.......................................................................
1 or 99
2 or 98
4.87
2.18
1.54
.97
.69
.56
.49
.34
.24
.20
.17
.15
.13
.11
.09
.08
.07
.06
6.85
3.06
2.17
1.37
.97
.79
.69
.48
.34
.28
.24
.22
.18
.15
.13
.11
.10
.09
5 or 95
10 or 90
10.67
4.77
3.37
2.13
1.51
1.23
1.07
.75
.53
.44
.38
.34
.28
.24
.19
.17
.15
.14
14.68
6.57
4.64
2.94
2.08
1.70
1.47
1.04
.73
.60
.52
.46
.38
.33
.27
.23
.21
.19
NOTE: The standard errors in this table must be multiplied by the “ F” factor in table A-3
to obtain the approximate standard error for a specific characteristic.
15 or 85
17.47
7.81
5.53
3.49
2.47
2.02
1.75
1.24
.87
.71
.62
.55
.45
.39
.32
.28
.25
.23
20 or 80
25 or 75
30 or 70
19.58
8.75
6.19
3.92
2.77
2.26
1.96
1.38
.98
.80
.69
.62
.51
.44
.36
.31
.28
.25
21.19
9.48
6.70
4.24
3.00
2.45
2.12
1.50
1.06
.87
.75
.67
.55
.47
.39
.34
.30
• 27
22.43
10.03
7.09
4.49
3.17
2.59
2.24
1.59
1.12
.92
.79
.71
.58
.50
.41
.35
.32
.29
SOURCE: Bureau of the Census.
Table A-3. “F” factors for calculating the approximate
standard errors of estimated percentages 1
Characteristic
Workers needing training to qualify for their current job or who
obtained skill improvement training..........................................................
“ F” factor
1.0
14
.9
1 Apply “ F" factors only to the standard errors in table A-2 to obtain standard error
for characteristic of interest.
u
Government P r i n t i n g
Office
•' 198 5
4hl - 5 b 6 / 2 5 9 b 9
59
35 or 65
23.34
10.44
7.38
4.67
3.30
2.70
2.33
1.65
1.17
.95
.83
.74
.60
.52
.43
.37
.33
.30
50
24.47
10.94
7.74
4.89
3.46
2.83
2.45
1.73
1.22
1.00
.87
.77
.63
.55
.45
.39
.35
.32
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