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Work Injuries in Construction, 194849 Estimates of Injury Volume and of Accident Costs in 1949, and Details of the 1948 Injury Record Bulletin No. 1004 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR M aurice J. T obin , Secretary BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS E w an C lague , Commissioner Work Injuries in Construction, 1948-49 Bulletin No. 1004 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR M a u r ic e J . T o b in , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w a n C lague, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Commissioner Price 25 cents Letter of Transmittal U nited S tates D epartment op L abor, B ureau of Labor S tatistics, Washington, D. C., October 19, 1950. T he S ecretary op Labor : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the work-injury experience of construction workers during the year 1948. This report constitutes a part of the Bureau’s regular program of compiling work-injury information for use in accident-prevention work. A supplemental report dealing with the causes of accidents in selected construction occupations will be made available later. This report was prepared in the Bureau’s Branch of Industrial Hazards by Frank S. McElroy and George R. McCormack. E wan Clague, Commissioner. Hon. Maurice J. T obin , Secretary of Labor. Contents The ind ustry re c o rd ........................................................................................................ A n estimate of in ju ry costs in 1949 ............................................................................. Scope and method o f the s u rv e y ..................................................... In ju ry -ra te comparisons, 1948 ...................................................................................... Types of contracting .............................................................................................. General contracting ........................................................................................ Special trades c o n tra c tin g ............................................................................... Types of co n s tru c tio n .............................................................................................. B u ild ing c o n s tru c tio n ...................................................................................... Heavy engineering and m arine c o n s tru c tio n .............................................. New construction versus re p air w ork ................................................................. H ighw ay and street co n s tru c tio n ................................................................... General contracting, b u ild in g ......................................................................... E lectrical contracting ..................................................................................... P ainting, paperhanging, and d e c o ra tin g ...................................................... Plum bing, heating, and a ir-c o n d itio n in g ...................................................... Roofing and sheet-metal w ork ....................................................................... Geographic comparisons ....................................................................................... General contracting, building ....................................................................... H ighw ay and street c o n stru ctio n ................................................................... Heavy engineering and m arine c o n s tru c tio n .............................................. E le ctrica l contracting ..................................................................................... Plum bing, heating, and a ir-c o n d itio n in g ...................................................... Occupational com parisons...................................................................................... General comparisons ...................................................................................... Asbestos w o rk e rs ................................................ *............................................ B ric k la y e rs ........................................................................................................ Carpenters ........................................................................................................ Cement finishers .............................................................................................. E lectricians ...................................................................................................... Ironw orkers, s tru c tu ra l................................................................................... Laborers, general ............................................................................................ Lathers .............................................................................................................. Painters ............................................................................................................ Plasterers ..................................................... P lu m b e rs............................................................................................................ Power equipment operators ........................................................................... Roofers, composition ...................................................................................... Sheet-metal w o rk e rs ........................................................................................ Steam fitte rs .................................................................................................... Appendix— S tatistica l tables: In jury-frequency and severity rates, classified by— 1. Type of c o n tra c tin g .................................................. 2. Type of contracting and kind of c o n s tru c tio n ...................................... 3. Type of contracting, kind of construction, and type o f operation . . . . 4. Geographic area, State, and type o f contracting................................... 5. Occupation and extent of d is a b ility .......................................................... 6. Type of contracting and occup atio n ............... 7. Type of operation and occupation .......................................................... 8. Type of operation, kind of construction, and occup atio n..................... C harts: 1. In jury-frequency rates and severity averages in the construction industry, by m ajor types o f contracting, 1948 ............................................................... 2. In jury-frequency rates fo r new construction and re p air w ork in selected construction operations, 1948 ........................................................................... 3. In jury-frequency rates and severity averages in the construction industry, by occupation, 1948 ............................................................................................ Page 1 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 10 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 18 19 21 22 28 29 31 33 iv 6 9 ill Chart 1. Injury-frequency rates and severity averages in the construction industry, by major types of contracting, 1948 GENERAL CONTRACTORS AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS 700 600 500 400 LOST PER DISABLING 300 200 INJURY 100 FREQUENCY o 0 Railroad construction Tunnel construction B rid g e construction: superstructure B ridge construction, substructure Pipe line co n struction Levee and s e a -w a ll construction Highway and street construction Sewer and w ate r-m ain construction N onresidential building construction Power line con struction R e sid ential building construction D redging Dam co n stru c tio n SPECIAL- TRADE CONTRACTORS Wrecking and dem olition work S tru c tu ra l s te e l work Ornamental iron and steel work In s ta lla tio n of m achinery Roofing and P la s te rin g s h e e t-m e ta l work and la th in g M asonry and stone work C a rp e n te rin g Glass and glazing work House moving Insulation work. Excavation and foundation work Plum bing, heating, and air-conditioning C oncrete work E le c t r ic a l w ork General building m aintenance T e rra z z o , tile , m arble, and mosaic work Painting, decorating, and paperhanging Parquet and hardwood flooring work UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF BUREAU OF LABOR S T A TIS TIC S iv LABOR 40 60 RATE 80 120 Work Injuries in Construction, 1948-49 The Industry Record In 1938, before wartime influences became effective, construction workers had an average injury-frequency rate of 58.6 disabling work injuries for every million employee-hours worked.1 During World War II, when many of the more hazardous types of construction were curtailed or eliminated, the all-construction in jury rate declined substantially, reaching its lowest level, 26.1, in 1943. In 1944 and 1945, the rate remained comparatively low, but in 1946 and 1947, when construction activities were expanding rapidly, it rose to 40. In 1948, it dropped slightly to 37. At its present level the all-construction in jury-frequency rate indicates that the indus try has achieved considerable improvement in safety since prewar days. In evaluating changes in the all-construction rate, however, consideration must be given to the many fac tors which effect this average. One of the most important is the composition of the industry at any given time. Because there are appreci able differences in the hazards associated with different types of construction, shifts in the proportionate amount of work undertaken in the various categories of construction tend to influence the all-construction rate to an extent 1 A work injury is any injury experienced in the course of and arising out of employment, including industrial or occupational disease. A disabling injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours cor responding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. which may outweigh the effects of improve ment or retrogression in actual safety. The decline in the all-construction rate dur ing the war reflected in part greater attention to safety arising from the need to conserve all available manpower and resources, and from pressure exercised by the Federal agencies for whom much of the construction work was per formed. However, the high degree of concen tration on building construction, particularly on light army camp buildings during the early part of the period, tended to bring the all construction injury rate down entirely apart from the improvement in safety programs. In large measure, therefore, the sharp drop in the all-construction injury rate during the war may be ascribed to a change in the characteristics of the work undertaken. Conversely, in the postwar resurgence of pri vate construction proportionately more and more heavy work was undertaken. This intro duced proportionately more high-hazard oper ations into the picture and tended to force the all-construction injury rate higher regardless of the greater attention being given to safety in some segments of the industry. That the rate has not returned to the 1938 level may, in part, be because building construction, the least hazardous part of the industry, expanded more rapidly than the heavier types of con struction, and today constitutes a higher pro portion of total construction activity than in 1938. An Estimate of Injury Costs in 1949 Preliminary estimates by the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that 183,000 con struction workers lost time because of injuries occurring in their work during 1949. This represents a reduction of 10,000 from the 1948 total of 193,000 disabling injuries, and in view 1 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 2 of the continuing high level of construction never equivalent to full wages, a considerable activity shows some evidence of improved portion of this loss in earnings falls upon the injured workers. On the other hand, the em safety conditions in the industry. The more serious injuries in 1949 included ployer’s share of this wage loss, which he pays 2,100 killed, 300 totally disabled for the rest in the form of insurance premiums or as direct of their lives, and 7,300 permanently impaired compensation payments, represents only a part in some degree. The other 173,300 included in of the actual costs which the industry must the estimate suffered no permanent ill effects, bear. In addition, there are payments for medi but they each lost at least one full day be cal and hospital costs for the injured workers and many indirect costs, such as property dam cause of a work injury. Without allowance for the continuing loss in age, penalties for delayed completion of con production and earning power arising from the tracts, and supervisory time spent caring for deaths and permanent impairments, it is esti the injured or reorganizing operations after the mated that actual time lost by the injured con accident. These indirect costs seldom are a mat struction workers amounted to at least 2.6 ter of record, but this does not lessen their million man-days during 1949. On the basis of reality. standard time charges for deaths and perma Studies by H. W. Heinrich3 have indicated nent impairments, it is estimated that the fu that for manufacturing generally the indirect ture economic loss accruing from the more costs average about four times the direct cost serious injuries will eventually amount to at of compensation plus hospital and medical pay least 22 million more man-days—making the ments. On the assumption that this ratio may total employment loss about 24 million man- reasonably be applied in the construction in days of work. Measured in terms of the aver dustry, it is estimated that the indirect costs age earnings of construction workers during associated with accidents in the industry dur 19492 this represents a wage value of ing 1949 amounted to at least 450 million dol $250,000,000. lars, bringing the total costs to approximately As workmen’s compensation payments are 700 million dollars. 8 Industrial Accident Prevention, by H. W. Heinrich, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1941. 2 Monthly Labor Review, May 1950. Scope and Method of the Survey The Bureau of Labor Statistics has compiled annual injury rates for construction in each year since 1938. In recent years these surveys have included reports from more than 2,000 employers, representing a total exposure of over 250 million man-hours of employment. In addition to the all-construction injury rates based upon the total volume of reports, separate rates have been computed for each of the three primary types of construction—building, heavy engineering, and highway—based upon the re ports received from operators in each of these categories of construction. In the main, the re ports received in the surveys prior to 1948 have come from general contractors, although some special trades contractors have reported in each classification. All of the data assembled in the surveys have been collected by mail. Reporting is entirely voluntary. In order to provide greater detail and to per mit more specific analysis of the experience of various segments of the industry, the survey was greatly expanded in 1948. The report form was enlarged and each cooperating employer was requested to report separately for each trade or occupation employed in his operations during the year. In addition, each reporter was requested to indicate the principal type of con struction on which he was engaged during the year, the kind of operation performed, and the SCOPE AND METHOD OP SURVEY location of his work. A total of 50,000 general and special trades contractors were requested to report. From this group, 16,321 usable reports were received— 4,968 from general contrac tors and 11,353 from special trades contractors. The general contractors’ reports covered a total of 419 million employee-hours worked and the special trades reports covered 300 million hours. From these reports it has been possible to make many comparisons which were previ ously impossible because of the limited volume of data available. Most of this report is based upon these data for 1948. As injury rates based upon less than 1 mil lion man-hours are subject to relatively large chance variations, their representativeness as indicators of the prevailing level of hazard may be somewhat questionable. It is standard prac tice in the Bureau’s surveys, therefore, not to present injury rates based upon less than a million man-hours. In the construction survey, however, it was found that even complete cov erage in some classifications would not yield a total of a million man-hours within a calendar year. In order to present as much detail as possible, therefore, it was necessary to modify the regular procedure and to show some rates based upon as few as 400,000 man-hours. How ever, the coverage on which each rate is based has been indicated in the appendix tables. Ref erence should be made to these coverage figures in evaluating the representativeness of any specific rate. The comparisons presented in this report are based primarily upon injury-frequency rates, average time charges per disabling injury, and injury-severity rates. These measures are com puted as follows: Injury Frequency Rate.— The injury-fre quency rate represents the average number of disabling work injuries occurring in each mil lion employee-hours worked. It is computed ac cording to the following formula: 3 Number of disabling inju ries multiplied by 1,000,000 Frequency rate —^ Umber of employee-hours worked Average Time Charge per Disabling Injury. —The relative severity of a temporary injury is measured by the number of calendar days during which the injured person is unable to work at any regularly established job which is open and available to him. The relative severity of death and permanent impairment cases is determined by reference to a table of economic time charges established by the American Stand ards Association4. These time charges, based upon an average working-life expectancy of 20 years for the entire working population, repre sent the average percentage of working ability lost as the result of specified impairments, ex pressed in unproductive days. The average time charge per disabling injury is computed by add ing the days lost for each temporary injury and the days charged according to the standard table for each death and permanent impair ment and dividing the total by the number of disabling injuries. Injury-Severity Rate.— The standard injuryseverity rate weights each disabling injury with its corresponding time loss or time charge and expresses the aggregate in terms of the aver age number of days lost per 1,000 employeehours worked. It is defined as the average number of days lost or charged for each 1,000 employee-hours worked. It is computed accord ing to the following formula: Total days lost or charged multiplied by 1,000 Severity rate Number of employee-hours worked 4 Published in American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, The American Standards Association, New York, 1945. Injury-Rate Comparisons, 1948 Types of Contracting In general, the injury-frequency rates for general contractors were higher than for the special trades contractors, but the injuries ex perienced by employees of the special trades contractors tended to be more severe. For the entire group of general contractors the aver age frequency rate was 40; for the special trades group it was 32. General contractors had the higher incidence of deaths and permanenttotal disabilities, but the special trades group had the higher ratio of permanent-partial dis abilities. For general contractors, the fre quency rate of deaths and permanent-total disabilities was 0.5 and of permanent-partial disabilities 1.3. Corresponding rates for the special trades contractors were 0.4 and 1.7, respectively. The severity of injuries as measured by the average time lost or charged per disabling in jury was 154 days for the special trades group and 124 days for the general contractors. The time lost per temporary-total disability, how ever, was practically the same for the two groups—15 days for the special trades and 14 days for general contracting. The standard se verity rate was identical for both groups— 5.0 days lost or charged per thousand hours worked. General Contracting.— In the general con tracting field the highest ratio of injuries occurred in highway and street construction. On this type of operation the injury-frequency rate was 43.3— representing an average of one dis abling injury in every 23,000 man-hours, one permanent impairment in every 770,000 man hours, and one death in every 2,000,000 man hours. For heavy and marine contracting, the over all injury-frequency rate was somewhat lower (39.2) but the fatality rate was the same and the rate for permanent impairments was higher than in highway and street construction. For building construction the over-all injury frequency rate was 39.0. In this type of general 4 contracting there was one fatality for every 3.000. 000 man-hours and one permanent inpairment for every 850,000 man-hours. Special Trades Contracting.— Of the 19 spe cial trades classifications for which separate rates were computed, wrecking and demolition work had the highest injury-frequency rate— 58.3. Other special trades groups with particu larly high injury rates included: Structural steel work, 52.4; ornamental iron and steel work, 49.4; installation of machinery and equip ment, 46.7; and roofing and sheet-metal work, 40.0. The lowest injury rates in the special trades groups were: 15.9 for parquet and hardwood floor work; 19.2 for painting, paperhanging, and decorating; 19.4 for terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work; and 20.0 for general build ing maintenance work. The highest rate of fatalities, 1.8 for every million employee-hours worked, occurred in house-moving operations. High fatality rates were also recorded for structural steel work, 1.2; and for general building maintenance, 1.1. High rates for permanent impairments were found in : Installation of machinery and equip ment, 8.7 cases per million employee-hours worked; structural-steel work, 4.5; and orna mental-iron and steel work, 3.4. The lowest rates, for fatalities and permanent impairments combined, occurred in glass and glazing work, masonry and stone work, insulation work, con crete work, and parquet and hardwood flooring work. Types of Construction Building Construction.—General contractors engaged in the construction of residential build ings, as a rule, had lower injury-frequency rates than those engaged in nonresidential building. For residential construction the frequency rate was 33.8. For nonresidential building construc tion it was 42.0, while the group of contractors who divided their operations between residen tial and nonresidential building had a rate of INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 5 35.4. Because of the relatively small proportion of work the frequency rate for fatalities and of deaths and permanent impairments reported permanent-total disabilities was 2.8 and the by the residential contractors (43 out of 1,200 frequency rate for permanent-partial disabili disabling injuries) the average time charged ties was 26.0. As a result, the average time per injury in this group was only 58 days and charge per disabling injury in tunnel work was the severity rate was only 2.0. The correspond 623 days and the standard severity rate was ing averages for nonresidential building con 55.2. Furthermore, the average time lost per temporary disability experienced in tunnel con struction were 107 days and 4.5. Most of the special trades contractors indi struction was 34 days. All of these severity cated that their work was in the field of build averages were substantially higher than the ing construction, but a considerable number corresponding averages for any other type of were unable to specify how their operations di construction. In bridge construction the frequency rates vided between residential and nonresidential construction. As a result, comparative rates for for substructure and superstructure work were the two types of building could be computed for both just under 80. The superstructure work, only 11 special trades classifications. In five of however, had much the higher proportion of these classifications the injury-frequency rate serious injuries, giving it a severity rate of 8.5 for residential work was higher than for non and an average time charge of 107 days per residential work. For the other six classifica disabling injury. The injury-frequency rates for pipe-line con tions the reverse was true. The residential rate was higher for: Lathing and plastering; exca struction, sewer, and water-main construction, vating and foundation work; electrical work; and levee and sea-wall construction all ranged roofing and sheet-metal work; and carpenter between 40 and 50. The levee and sea-wall work ing work. The nonresidential rate was higher had a relatively high proportion of death and for: Painting, paperhanging, and decorating; permanent-total disability cases and the sewer concrete work; insulation work; terrazzo, tile, and water-main construction had a high ratio marble, and mosaic work; plumbing, heating, of permanent-partial disabilities. and air-conditioning work; and masonry and The lowest injury-frequency rates among the various classifications of heavy construction stone work. In general, the severity of injuries experi were 30.6 for dam construction, 32.6 for dredg enced by employees of special trades contrac ing work, and 35.9 for power-line construction. tors on residential and nonresidential building The relatively low frequency rate for power operations followed the same pattern as the line construction, however, was offset by the high incidence of death cases in this activity. frequency rates. Because of this factor, the severity rate for Heavy Engineering and Marine Construction. power-line work was 11.9 and the average time —The average injury-frequency rates for the charge per disabling injury was 332 days. various types of heavy construction varied widely. Railroad construction had the highest New Construction versus Repair Work frequency rate, 118.7. However, most of the in Because many of the reporting companies en juries reported by railroad-construction con tractors were temporary-total disabilities. As gage in both new construction and repair work these injuries averaged only 5 days of lost time and were unable to report separately their ex per case, the average injury severity for this perience in the two types of operations, the type of operation was lower than for most other number of comparisons between new construc tion and repair work had to be limited to high heavy construction activities. Tunnel construction had a high average fre way and street construction and to eight classi quency rate of 88.6 and, in addition, showed a fications of building-construction work. While higher injury severity than prevailed in any some of the comparisons are not conclusive, the other heavy construction activity. In this type evidence indicates that in the building construe WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 6 Chart 2. Injury-frequency rates for new construction and repair work in selected construction operations, 1948 Frequency Rate GENERAL CONTRACTORS 20 30 40 50 cases. It appears reasonable, therefore, to con clude that in street and highway work the probabilities of an injury occurring are about the same for new and repair construction, but that the worker on new construction has a much higher probability of being seriously injured. Highway and street General Contracting, Building.— In residen tial work, the general contractors engaged strictly in repair work had an injury-frequency rate of 37.8, while those engaged in new con struction had a rate of 35.2. In nonresidential building, the rate for repair work was 44.0 and the new construction rate was 40.1. In neither of these comparisons is the difference between the rates for new construction and repair work great enough to be conclusive. The fact that in both examples the variation is in the same di rection, however, lends some significance to the implication that injuries are more common in repair work than in new construction. The higher time charges and higher severity rates for repair work point to a more generalized conclusion that building-repair work is more hazardous than new building construction. Nonresidentia! building Residential building PLUMBING, HEATING, AND AIR Residential CONDITIONING ELECTRICAL WORK Nonresidential PAINTING, PAPER HANGING, AND DECORATING Residential Nonresidential New construction H Repair work 8UREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS tion field, repair work is generally more hazard ous than new construction. Highway and Street Construction.— General contractors of this group who engaged exclu sively in new construction had an average injury-frequency rate of 47.0, while those who limited their operations to repair work had a rate of 43.1. As the difference between these rates is comparatively small, the significance of that difference is very doubtful. It is highly significant, however, that the repair contractors did not report a single death or permanent-im pairment case while the new-construction con tractors reported a considerable number of such Electrical Contracting.— On new nonresiden tial building construction, electrical contractors had an injury-frequency rate of 19.7, an aver age time charge of 106 days per disabling injury, and a severity rate of 2.1. A comparable group engaged in nonresidential repair work had a frequency rate of 32.4, an average time charge of 335 days, and a severity rate of 10.9. The evidence here indicates strongly that elec trical repair work was much more hazardous than new construction work. The difference may be that electricians work on hot lines more fre quently in repair work than they do in new con struction work. Painting, Paperhanging, and Decorating.— In this type of work the contractors engaged ex clusively in repair work had substantially higher injury-frequency rates, higher average time charges per disabling injury, and higher severity rates than those who limited their operations to new construction. This was true INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 for both residential and nonresidential building. There appears to be little doubt on the basis of these data that repair work is more hazardous than new construction work for painters, paperhangers, and decorators. Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning.— Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning con tractors engaged in new residential construc tion had an injury-frequency rate of 36.3, an average time charge of 37 days per disabling injury, and a severity rate of 1.4. A similar group engaged in residential repair work had a frequency rate of 29.1, an average time charge of 246 days per injury, and a severity rate of 7.1. For this type of work, therefore, the record indicates that new construction presents the greater possibility of injury but that a much higher proportion of the injuries experienced in repair work are serious cases. Roofing and Sheet-Metal Work.— In this type of contracting the injury-frequency rates for repair work on both residential and nonresi dential projects were substantially higher than the corresponding rates for new construction. Similarly, the average time charges and sever ity rates for repair operations were higher than those for new construction activities. Here again, the evidence is strong that repair work is more hazardous than new construction. Geographic Comparisons Variations in injury rates among the differ ent States and regions may result from many factors, such as differences in the type of work being performed, differences in State safety regulations and in their enforcement, and dif ferences in local safety programs. Determina tion of the controlling factor in any particular instance is extremely difficult, but when com parisons are limited to specific types of opera tions rather than to over-all averages it may reasonably be assumed that differences in the injury rates reflect differences in the applica tion of safety principles. General Contracting, Building.— Injury-fre quency rates for employees of general contrac 7 tors engaged in building construction were computed for 35 States. Because of sample limi tations it was impossible to present these rates in residential and nonresidential construction detail. The separate State rates, therefore, are subject to an indeterminate amount of internal weighting, depending upon the volume of each type of building construction reported in the various areas. The lowest and the highest of the State in jury-frequency rates were both found in the Rocky Mountain area—16.4 disabling injuries per million employee-hours for New Mexico and 71.7 for Arizona. Similarly, divergent averages for adjacent States in other regions indicate strongly that regional and climatic influences had little bearing upon the level of rates. In the New England region, Connecticut and Rhode Island had rates of 35.2 and 36.2, while Massa chusetts had a rate of 51.9. In the West South Central region the range was from 18.3 for Louisiana to 64.7 for Texas. On the West Coast, Washington had a rate of 32.8 while Oregon had a rate of 59.4. Highway and Street Construction.— Eighteen State injury-frequency rates were computed for general contracting on highway and street con struction. In this field there was a relatively high degree of comparability in the types of work undertaken, but it must be recognized that in many areas the nature of the terrain and the resulting characteristics of the work undertaken may exercise an important influence upon the general level of injury rate. Michigan had the lowest of the State injuryfrequency rates for highway and street con struction, 19.0. New York was second, with an average of 25.4, and New Jersey was third, with an average of 30.6. Illinois, Texas, Washington, Minnesota, and California all had rates between 50 and 60, while Florida topped the list with an average rate of 66.1. No regional characteris tics were apparent in this group of rates. Heavy Engineering and Marine Construction. —In the heavy and marine construction field average injury-frequency rates were computed for 15 States. The lowest rates for this classi WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 8 fication were: 19.8 for Tennessee; 28.8 for Geor gia; 32.5 for Michigan; and 32.8 for Pennsyl vania. The highest averages were: 69.3 for New York; 79.6 for Wisconsin; and 87.9 for Wash ington. There was no evidence of any regional characteristics in these rates. In evaluating these State rates it should be recognized that the variations in the type of work under way in heavy and marine construc tion are more pronounced and exert a greater influence upon the level of the rates than is the case in respect to building or highway and street construction. Electrical Contracting.— The highest of 10 State frequency rates for electrical contractors was 39.6 for Wisconsin. However, the rates for Illinois (30.0), New Jersey (28.0), and Califor nia (23.5) were all somewhat above the na tional average of 21.2. The lowest averages were 12.6 for Ohio and 14.2 for Michigan. In the middle range, but still below the national average, were Pennsylvania 16.3, Washington 16.6, Texas 17.4, and New York 19.9. Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning.— New York had the highest of the 13 State in jury-frequency rates computed for plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning work. The New York rate of 50.2, however, was only slightly above the Texas rate of 48.2 and was in the same general range as the Illinois rate of 44.4 and the New Jersey rate of 41.0. At the other end of the list, Indiana had an average fre quency rate of 19.9, followed closely by Penn sylvania, 23.0, and Massachusetts, 23.4. Occupational Comparisons Separate injury rates were computed for each of 43 individual trades or occupations. In addition, the data for a number of these occu pations were further broken down according to the type of work being performed. These break downs show w id e. differences in the general level of hazards prevailing in the various occu pations and emphasize the environmental haz ards associated with different types of con struction work. General Comparisons.— The most hazardous of the 43 occupations covered was that of piledriver operators. These workers had the high est injury-frequency rate—97.3 disabling in juries per million employee-hours worked—and in addition ranked at the top or near the top in all injury-severity comparisons. Their fre quency rate for fatalities and permanent-total disabilities was 2.5, slightly lower than the corresponding rates for oilers and greasers and blade-grader operators, but still six times as high as the average for the entire construction industry. For permanent-partial disabilities their rate was 9.3, substantially above the rate for any of the other occupations and again six times as high as the all-construction average. Furthermore, the temporary disabilities experi enced by these workers tended to be very se vere, averaging 24 days of lost time per case in comparison with an average of 14 days for the entire construction industry. As a result, the injury-severity rate for this occupation was 28.3 days lost for each 1,000 employee-hours worked—higher than for any other occupation and over five times the industry average. In re spect to the average severity of the injuries actually experienced, however, the position of this occupation was more favorable. The per manent-partial impairments experienced by pile-driver operators generally tended to be less severe than those experienced in many other occupations. As a result, the average time charge per disabling injury in the occupation— 291 days—was lower than the averages for 6 other occupations. It was, however, more than double the average for the entire industry. At the other extreme, and reflecting the fact that these workers do not come on the job until practically all other construction work has been completed, floor-sanding machine operators had a very low frequency rate of only six disabling injuries per million employee-hours worked. All of the injuries reported for this occupation were temporary in nature and the average amount of time lost was only 5 days per case. The severity rate for this occupation, therefore, was almost zero. In addition to pile-driver operators, six other occupations had injury-frequency rates which can be characterized as exceptionally high. INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 9 Chart 3. Injury-frequency rates and severity averages in the construction industry, by occupation, 1948 1000 800 600 400 200 ------------------------ ,------------------------ |------------------------ ,-------------------------|-----------------------AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS LOST PER DISABLING INJURY 40 FREQUENCY 20 60 RATE 80 100 Welders Air-tool operators i Wreckers Maintenance men, general Ironworkers Roofers Oilers and greasers Laborers, general Pipefitters Riggers Well-drill operators Lathers Plasterers Carpenters Power-equipment operators Insulation men n.e.c. Asbestos workers Sheet-metal workers Boilermakers Glaziers House movers Steamfitters Truck drivers Plumbers Foremen and superintendents Bricklayers Mosaic and terrazzo workers 5 Cement finishers Stone masons Electricians Millwrights mmm Pointers Tile setters Floor layers, composition _____________ i_____________ i------------------------- 1-------------------------i----------------------UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Floor sanding-machine operators ___ _________ i_____________ i_____________ i_____________ i_____________ 10 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 These rates were: 88.4 for welders; 62.7 for air-tool operators; 56.8 for wreckers; 55.7 for maintenance workers; 54.1 for composition roofers; and 53.9 for structural-iron workers. The injuries experienced by air-tool operators, maintenance men, and structural-iron workers included relatively high proportions of fatali ties and permanent-impairments. As a result, the severity rates and the average time charges per case for these three occupations were also quite high. No fatalities were reported for welders and no fatalities nor permanent im pairments were reported for wreckers. These two occupations, therefore, ranked very favor ably in respect to the severity of their injuries. The majority of the occupations (27) had injury-frequency rates ranging between 20 and 40. Six had rates in the medium-high range of 40 to 50, while only two in addition to the floorsanding machine operators had rates below 20. In addition to a relatively high frequency rate (46.8), oilers and greasers had a high pro portion of fatal and permanent impairment cases which placed them near the top in respect to their injury severity. Composition floor lay ers had a very low injury-frequency rate (12.6) but 1 death and 3 permanent-partial impair ments in 18 reported injuries gave them a high severity rating. Other occupations with high rates for fatalities and permanent-total dis abilities included house movers (2.3) and bladegrader operators (2.7). In addition to those al ready mentioned, particularly high-frequency rates for permanent-partial impairments were recorded for riggers (7.3) and for well-drill operators (5.0). Among the more common occupations—i.e., those with the largest numbers of workers— laborers ranked high in injury frequency (45.7). However, both the fatality and perma nent impairment rates for this occupation were below average. As a result, it stood relatively low in the injury-severity comparisons. The injury-frequency rates for plasterers (38.8) and carpenters (38.2) were slightly above the all-construction average, but both of these oc cupations ranked better than average in respect to the severity of their injuries. Sheet-metal workers, steam fitters, truck drivers, plumbers, bricklayers, and cement finishers all had fre quency rates somewhat lower than the all-con struction average along with better than aver age severity records. Electricians and painters had lower than average injury-frequency rates, but their injuries included a somewhat higher than average proportion of fatalities, which gave them relatively high averages of days lost per injury. Asbestos Workers.— Asbestos workers had fewer and less severe injuries than construction workers generally, but in the particular fields in which they are most commonly employed— insulation work and plumbing, heating, and airconditioning work—they ranked relatively high in injury frequency. The entire group of asbestos workers had an injury-frequency rate of 33.2. Their record in cluded comparatively few serious injuries, giv ing them a severity rate of 2.1 and an average time charge of only 64 days per disabling in jury. Each of these averages was better than the corresponding average for all construction workers. Asbestos workers engaged in insulation work had a frequency rate of 35.6, which was some what higher than the rates for most other oc cupations in this type of work. The average for all employees in this field was 32.7. The injury severity for asbestos workers in this field also averaged higher than for other workers. The asbestos workers in insulation work had an average of 87 days charged per disabling injury and a severity rate of 3.1, while the averages for all workers in this field were 61 days and 2.0, respectively. In plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning work the frequency rate for asbestos workers was 36.7 and the average for all workers in the field was 30.6. The asbestos workers, however, had a very favorable severity record. Their average time charge per disabling injury was only 18 days and their severity rate was only 0.7 in contrast with averages of 112 days and 3.4 for all plumbing, heating, and air-condition ing workers. Asbestos workers engaged in repair work generally experienced more injuries than those working on new construction, but the injuries INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 on new construction tended to be more serious. On repair work, the frequency rate for the oc cupation was 58.8, the average time charge per disabling injury was 24 days, and the severity rate was 1.4. On new construction, the fre quency rate was 30.1, the average time charge was 79 days, and the severity rate was 2.4. Bricklayers.— The injury-frequency rate for bricklayers was lower than the average for most other occupations in nearly all possible comparisons. For all bricklayers the average frequency rate was 27.9, the average time charge per disabling injury was 127 days, and the severity rate was 3.5. All of these averages were better than the corresponding averages for all construction workers. Bricklayers also had lower than average fre quency rates in the specific types of construc tion work on which they are most commonly employed. In building construction, bricklayers employed by general contractors had a fre quency rate of 27.7, while the average for all employees of such contractors was 39.0. Simi larly, bricklayers working for masonry and stone-setting contractors had a frequency rate of 29.6, as compared with the all-employee rate of 36.9. In heavy engineering and marine con struction the difference was even more pro nounced, the bricklayer frequency rate being only 7.1 while the all-employee average was 39.2. Measured in terms of the average number of days charged per injury, the severity of inju ries experienced by bricklayers tended to be somewhat greater than for other occupations on the same types of construction. Because of their lower injury frequency, however, the bricklayers’ severity rate was usually below the general average. Bricklayers engaged in new construction work had a slightly higher injury-frequency rate than those working on repairs, but the injuries experienced on repair projects tended to be more serious. For all new construction the bricklayers’ frequency rate was 29.7; for all re pair work it was 25.9. More specifically, in new nonresidential construction bricklayers had a frequency rate of 30.3 and in nonresidential 11 building repair work they had a frequency rate of 20.7. The more serious nature of the injuries experienced on repair work is reflected in the average time charges and severity rates. The average time charge for all bricklayers’ injuries on repair projects was 262 days per case and the severity rate was 6.8. For new construction the average time charge was 139 days and the severity rate was 4.1. The same severity pat tern occurred in the specific field of nonresi dential building work. On repair work in this field bricklayers had an average time charge of 411 days per injury and a severity rate of 8.5 as compared with 159 days and 4.8 on new nonresidential building work. Carpenters.— The injury-frequency rate for all carpenters included in the survey was 38.2. This was not significantly different from the general average of 36.7 for all construction workers. The carpenters, however, had a some what lower than average proportion of fatali ties. As a result, their average time charge per injury, 106 days, and their severity rate, 4.1, were both better than the corresponding all construction worker averages. Carpenters employed by general contractors had higher injury-frequency and severity rates than those employed by special trades contrac tors. Carpenters employed by highway and street contractors had an injury-frequency rate of 55.2; those employed by heavy-engineering and marine contractors had a rate of 44.8; and those employed by general building contractors had a rate of 35.0. In the four special-trades fields for which separate carpenters’ rates could be computed, their frequency rates were: 35.0 in carpenter ing contracting; 29.5 in concrete work; 26.4 in insulation work; and 22.4 in parquet and hard wood floor laying. Carpenters engaged in insulation work ex perienced a relatively high proportion of perma nent partial disabilities but no fatalities or permanent-total disabilities were reported for this group. Consequently their average time charge per injury, 67 days, and their severity rate, 1.8, were comparatively low. 12 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 The 186 injuries reported for carpenters employed by carpenter-contractors included 2 fatalities and 14 permanent impairments. This relatively high proportion of serious injuries gave this group a rather high average time charge, 163 days per case, and a high severity rate, 5.7. Heavy engineering and marine contractors and highway and street contractors also re ported a high incidence of serious injuries for their carpenters. On heavy engineering and marine construction projects the average time charge for injuries to carpenters was 130 days and the severity rate was 5.8. On highway and street work the carpenter averages were 107 days per injury and 6.0, respectively. Carpenters engaged in parquet and hardwood floor laying experienced very few serious inju ries. As a result, they had a very low average time charge of 33 days per injury and a very low severity rate of 0.7. In general, the injury-frequency rates for carpenters engaged in new construction work ran higher than for those engaged in repair work. However, the injuries experienced on re pair work tended to be more serious. For all new construction the carpenters’ fre quency rate was 39.2. For all repair work it was 33.6. In nonresidential construction the rate on new work was 37.6; on repair work it was 24.6. In residential work, however, the relationship was reversed, the rate for new construction be ing 36.6 while the rate for repair work was 41.9. In general, carpenters engaged in new con struction experienced a higher proportion of fatalities and permanent-total disabilities than those working on repair work. The latter group, however, had much the higher ratio of perma nent-partial disabilities. As a result, the sever ity rates for the two classes of work were practically identical. The average time charges per injury, however, were substantially differ ent— 128 days for repair work and 107 days for new construction. In residential work there was a clear ten dency toward more severe injuries on repair projects. The comparison here showed an aver age time charge of 147 days per injury and a severity rate of 6.2 for repair work in contrast with 98 and 3.6, respectively, for new con struction. A similar comparison in nonresidential build ing construction showed a different relation ship. Here the average time charge per injury on new work was 106 days and the severity rate was 4.0. On repair work the corresponding aver ages were 63 days and 1.5. Cement Finishers.— For all cement finishers the injury-frequency rate was 24.9; the aver age time charge per injury was 105 days; and the severity rate, 2.6. All of these were consid erably below the corresponding all-construction averages. The highest injury-frequency rate in the occupation was 32.9 for cement finishers em ployed by highway and street contractors. How ever, all of the injuries reported for these workers were temporary in nature. As a result, they had a very low average time charge per injury, 16 days, and a very low severity rate, 0.5. Cement finishers employed by general build ing contractors had a frequency rate of 25.4. The average time charge per injury, 37 days, and the severity rate, 0.9, however, were both quite low. For cement finishers employed by concrete contractors the injury-frequency rate was 20.4. In this group a relatively large proportion of the reported injuries resulted in death or per manent impairment. Consequently, the average time charge per injury, 331 days, and the sever ity rate, 6.8, for the group were both rather high. In heavy engineering and marine construc tion work the injury-frequency rate for cement finishers, was only 18.3. The average time charge per injury, 136 days, and the severity rate, 2.5, on the other hand, were relatively high. There was no significant difference between the injury-frequency rate for cement finishers engaged in new construction and the rate for those on repair work. However, no deaths or permanent impairments were reported in repair work. As a result, the average time charge per injury in repair work was only 20 days and the INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 severity rate was only 0.6. The similar averages for new construction were 94 days and 2.4. 13 Ironworkers, Structural.— Structural-iron workers ranked near the top of the construction trades in both injury frequency and severity. The average frequency rate for all workers in the occupation was 53.9; their average time charge per injury was 261 days; and their severity rate was 14.1. The frequency rate for this occupation was high in all of the construction classifications in which structural-iron workers were reported. For those employed by general building con tractors the frequency rate was 49.2. In heavy engineering and marine construction their fre quency rate was 55.4; for those employed by specialized structural-steel erecting contractors the rate was 54.5; and for those engaged in installing machinery and equipment the rate was 60.9. In all of these classifications the severity of the reported injuries was relatively high, particularly for the specialized structural-steel erecting group. For this group the average time charge per injury was 316 days and the sever ity rate was 17.2. Because relatively few structural-iron work ers were reported as engaged in repair work, it was impossible to draw conclusive comparisons between new work and repair work. The indica tions, however, were that higher frequency rates prevailed on new work than on repair projects. In the breakdown of strictly new construc tion, the highest injury-frequency rate for iron workers occurred in the construction of bridge superstructures. The ironworkers’ frequency rate on this type of work was 81.4. Their rate of 71.8 on new nonresidential construction was also high. In contrast, the ironworkers engaged in new pipe-line construction work had a very low frequency rate, 22.0. A high proportion of serious injuries in pipe-line work, however, gave ironworkers in that activity an average time charge of 670 days per injury and a sever ity rate of 14.7. Electricians.—Although electricians as a group experienced proportionately fewer inju ries than most of the other construction occupa tions, their injuries generally tended to be more serious than the general average. The injuryfrequency rate for all electricians was only 23.1, but the high proportion of fatal and permanenttotal disabilities in their record gave them a high average time charge of 247 days per case and a severity rate of 5.7. Electricians employed by general building contractors had a frequency rate of 39.3. The same rate applied to those employed by heavy engineering and marine contractors. In con trast, electricians working for electrical con tractors had an injury-frequency rate of only 21.5. The highest ratio of serious injuries experi enced by electricians occurred in heavy engi neering and marine construction. In this type of work they had a record of 3.2 deaths or permanent-total disabilities and 1.5 permanentpartial disabilities for every million employeehours worked. This gave them an average time charge of 533 days per injury and a severity rate of 20.8. In general building construction work the record was sharply different. Here there were no serious disabilities reported for electricians and their average time charge per injury (9 days) and their severity rate (0.4) both reached very low levels. On nonresidential work the electricians work ing on new construction had a better record than those doing repair work. On new construc tion their frequency rate was 20.2— on repair work it was 30.6. The general severity of the injuries which occurred on new work likewise was lower than on repair work. In residential work the injury-frequency rate for new work was 30.7 while the frequency rate Laborers, General.— In nearly all categories for repairs was only 16.9. The ratio of serious injuries, however, was much higher in repair of construction the injury-frequency rate for work, giving the repair workers a very high general laborers was somewhat above the aver average time charge per injury, 905 days, and a age for the activity. The severity of their inju ries, however, tended to be less than average. very high severity rate, 15.3. 14 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 For the entire occupation the frequency rate was 45.7, the average time charge per injury was 89 days, and the severity rate was 4.1. The frequency rates for laborers employed by the three major types of general contractors did not differ greatly. On heavy and marine construction the rate was 50.3; on highway and street construction, 45.7; and on building con struction, 43.9. The severity of the injuries ex perienced on highway and street work, how ever, was substantially less than in the other types of general contracting. In the special trades the range of the fre quency rates for laborers was quite broad. The lowest was 21.1 for laborers employed by plas tering and lathing contractors; the highest was 69.7 for laborers engaged in wrecking and demolition work. The rates were also high for laborers engaged in masonry (61.8) and car pentry (51.5) work. Roofing laborers had a frequency rate of 48.6 and excavating laborers had a rate of 42.1. In the lower range, laborers on plumbing and heating work had a rate of 38.0; those employed on concrete work had a rate of 35.7; and those working for glass and glazing contractors had a rate of 40.3. From the standpoint of injury severity, the plastering and lathing laborers had the best record. No deaths and no permanent impair ments were reported for this group. This gave them a very low average time charge per injury (17 days) and an unusually low severity rate (0.4). In contrast, the plumbers’ laborers had an average time charge of 319 days and a sever ity rate of 12.1. Wrecking laborers also had a high injury severity, while the carpenters’ laborers had a relatively good record. In general, the laborers engaged on new con struction were injured more frequently and more severely than those working on repair projects. In residential construction, the fre quency rate for new work was 39.7, the average time charge 27 days, and the severity rate, 1.1. On residential repair work the corresponding averages were 27.2, 21, and 0.6 respectively. Similarly on new highway and street work laborers had a frequency rate of 52.9, an aver age time charge of 69 days per injury, and a severity rate of 3.6 in contrast with repair work averages of 45.9, 12, and 0.5. On nonresidential building construction the frequency rate for new work was slightly lower than for repair work, but the injuries on new work tended to be more serious. Lathers.— The average injury-frequency rate for all lathers was 38.9, their average time charge per injury was 125 days, and their severity rate was 4.9. None of these aver ages was significantly different from the corre sponding averages for all-construction work. The lather’s record, however, showed a some what higher proportion of fatalities and perma nent total disabilities and a lower proportion of permanent-partial disabilities than prevailed in most other construction occupations. Although some lathers were included in the reports from general building contractors, the great majority of the experience for the occu pation was reported by plastering and lathing contractors. The lathers employed by these specialty contractors had a frequency rate of 43.6, an average time charge of 97 days, and a severity rate of 4.2. Painters.— The injury-frequency rate for all painters, 20.9, was relatively low in comparison with the rates for other construction occupa tions. The painters, however, had a high pro portion of fatalities which raised their average time charge per injury, 231 days, well above the all-construction average. Their severity rate of 4.8, however, was not significantly different from the all-construction average. Most of the painters covered in the survey were employed by specialty contractors en gaged in painting, paperhanging, and decorat ing, although a considerable number were em ployed by general building contractors and a few by heavy engineering contractors. The painters employed by general building contrac tors had the poorest experience. Their fre quency rate, 27.0, was relatively high and so was their average time charge, 252 days, and their severity rate, 6.8. The larger group em ployed by the specialty contractors had a fre quency rate of 19.4, an average time charge of 212 days, and a severity rate of 4.1. The painters’ frequency rate on new work was not significantly different from that for INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 repair work (20.9 vs. 21.9). The general sever ity of the injuries, however, was very different. On repair work the average time charge per injury was 446 days in contrast to 121 days on new construction. Similarly, the severity rate for repair work, 9.8, was nearly 4 times the average of 2.5 for new construction. Plasterers.— The injury-frequency rate for all plasterers (38.8) was not significantly different from the average for all construction occupa tions. The plasterers, however, had a better than average injury-severity record. Their average time charge per injury was 83 days and their severity rate was 3.2. The majority of the plasterers for whom re ports were received were employed by plaster ing and lathing specialty contractors, although some were reported as working for general building contractors. The latter group had the lower frequency rate, 20.4, but they experienced a larger proportion of serious injuries, giving them an average time charge of 252 days and a severity rate of 6.8. Plasterers employed by plastering and lath ing contractors had a frequency rate of 41.2, an average time charge per injury of 85 days, and a severity rate of 3.5. These rates were all somewhat lower than the similar rates for lath ers employed by the same contractors but were much higher than the rates for laborers em ployed by these contractors. In new construction work plasterers engaged on residential work had a much poorer record, both in injury frequency and injury severity, than those working on nonresidential building. As between new work and repair work, the new work produced a much higher frequency of injury for plasterers, but the injuries experi enced on repair work tended to be more serious. Plumbers.— The injury-frequency rate for all plumbers (29.5) was considerably lower than the average for all construction occupations. Similarly, the plumbers’ average time charge per injury (126 days) and their severity rate (3.7) were both below the all-construction averages. The highest injury-frequency rate for any group of plumbers was 50.4 for those employed 15 by heavy and marine construction contractors. These workers, however, experienced relatively few serious injuries. There was little difference between the frequency rates for plumbers em ployed by general building contractors (27.8) and for those working for plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors (28.6). The latter group, however, had the higher pro portion of serious injuries. Plumbers working on new construction had a substantially higher injury-frequency rate than those working on repairs, but the repair work produced a much higher proportion of serious injuries. On new construction, the fre quency rates for residential and nonresidential work were identical, but the injuries tended to be more severe in the nonresidential work. On repair work, both the frequency of injury and the general severity of the injuries were higher for residential projects than for non residential work. Power-Equipment Operators.— The injuryfrequency rate for the entire group of powerequipment operators (38.0) was only slightly above the average for all construction occu pations, but the average severity of their injuries was considerably higher. Their aver age time charge per injury was 207 days and their severity rate was 7.9. For this occupation the generalized averages for different types of construction appeared to have little significance as the variations in hazards were more closely related to the type of equipment operated than to the type of con struction performed. Among the seven subgroups of power-equip ment operators for which rates were computed, pile-driver operators had the highest frequency rate and the highest proportion of serious in juries. Their frequency rate was 97.3, their average time charge per injury was 291 days, and their severity rate was 28.3. In heavy en gineering and marine construction, where the majority of these workers were employed, their frequency rate was 101.8. Power shovel operators had a frequency rate of 39.1, but the average severity of their inju ries was relatively low. Dredge operators with a frequency rate of 36.3, tractor operators with a 16 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 rate of 32.4 and bulldozer operators with a rate of 29.7 all had better than average injuryseverity records. Blade-grader operators had the lowest frequency rate in the power-equip ment group, 22.7, but this was coupled with a very high average injury severity. Roofers, Composition.— Composition roofers ranked very high among the construction occu pations in injury frequency. This gave them a higher than average severity rate although their average time charge per injury was below average. The frequency rate for the entire occu pation was 54.1, the average time charge per injury was 118 days, and the severity rate was 6.4. The composition roofers who were employed by general building contractors had a some what lower frequency rate, 46.4, than those working for roofing contractors, 55.5. The lat ter group, however, had the better record in respect to injury severity. The frequency rates for composition roofers on new and repair work were practically iden tical, but the new work generally produced the more serious injuries. The exception was in new residential construction. On this type of work the composition roofers achieved their best injury record, a frequency rate of 35.4 coupled with a low average time charge per injury, 27 days, and a very low severity rate, 0.9. Sheet-Metal Workers.— The record for sheetmetal workers was better than average in re spect to both injury-frequency and severity. Their frequency rate, 33.1, was about 10 per cent lower, and their average time charge per injury, 95 days, and their severity rate, 3.2, were both over 30 percent below the corre sponding all-construction averages. Most of the sheet-metal workers were re ported as employed by contractors specializing in roofing and sheet-metal work. However, a few were employed by general building con tractors and a considerable number by plumb ing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors. Those employed by general building contrac tors had a very high injury-frequency rate, 58.8, but all of their reported injuries were temporary in nature. As a result, their average time charge per injury was only 6 days and their severity rate was only 0.4. The group employed by plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors had a substan tially lower injury-frequency rate, 28.7. No fa talities were reported for this group, but there were some permanent-impairment cases. This gave them a higher average time charge, 70 days, and a higher severity rate, 2.0. The large group of sheet-metal workers em ployed by roofing and sheet-metal contractors had a frequency rate of 33.7. Their record in cluded several fatalities which raised their average time charge to 118 days per injury and their severity rate to 4.0. Sheet-metal workers engaged exclusively on new construction had a somewhat higher fre quency rate, 35.7, than those working exclu sively on repairs, 30.7. The repair workers, however, had the higher proportion of serious injuries, giving them a relatively high average time charge, 259 days, and a high severity rate, 7.9. In new construction there was practically no difference between the rates for work on resi dential and nonresidential buildings. In repair work, however, there was considerable differ ence. Residential repair work had a compara tively low frequency rate, 19.4, coupled with a high average time charge, 387 days, and a se verity rate of 7.5. For nonresidential repair work the frequency rate was 39.2, the average time charge was 266 days, and the severity rate was 10.4. Steam Fitters.—As a group, the steam fitters had a relatively good accident record. Their injury-frequency rate, 30.4, their average time charge per injury, 101 days, and their severity rate, 3.1, were all well below the all-construc tion averages. In a more specific comparison with their companion trade, their frequency rate was almost identical with that of the plumbers, but the steam fitters’ injuries tended to be less severe than those experienced by the plumbers. INJURY-RATE COMPARISONS, 1948 Steam fitters employed by general building contractors had both a very low frequency rate, 16.5, and a very low ratio of serious injuries. Those employed by heavy engineering contrac tors had a substantially higher frequency rate, 26.3, coupled with a high injury severity. The injury-frequency rate for steam fitters em ployed by plumbing, heating, and air-condi tioning contractors was still higher, 33.3. This group, however, experienced few serious inju ries, giving them a comparatively low average time charge and a fairly low severity rate. 17 Repair work was considerably more haz ardous than new construction for steam fitters. Their frequency rate on repairs was 51.5; on new work it was 31.5. The breakdown on new work, however, showed relatively high injuryfrequency rates for both residential and nonresidential construction, with a very low rate for pipe-line construction. Pipe-line construc tion, however, produced a high proportion of serious injuries, giving the steam fitters em ployed in this activity the highest time charge and the highest severity rate in the occupation. Appendix.—Statistical Tables T able 1.— Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of contracting and extent of disability, 1948 Severity Number of disabling injuries Type of contracting Total.......................................................... General contractors4................................. Building construction........................ Heavy engineering and marine con struction......................................... Highway and street construction...... Special-trades contractors4........................ Carpentering...................................... Concrete work.................................... Electrical work................................... Excavation and foundation work----General building maintenance........... Glass and glazing work...................... House moving.................................... Installation of machinery and equip ment, not elsewhere classified........ Insulation work................................. Masonry and stone work................... Ornamental iron and steel work........ Painting, paperhanging, and decor ating............................................... Parquet and hardwood-flooring work. Plastering and lathing........................ Plumbing, heating, and air condition ing.................................................. Roofing and sheet-metal work........... Structural-steel work......................... Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work............................................... Wrecking and demolition work......... Em Resulting in— Num Num ployeeber of ber of hours Death con em worked or Perma Tempo tractors ployees (thou sands) Total perma nent- rary- All dis nent- partial total abling total disa disa injuries disa bility bility bility1*3 16,321 4,968 3,149 686 945 11,353 453 481 1,973 371 101 438 67 120 193 578 76 1,448 285 584 2,186 1,007 170 534 120 375,514 217,303 108,787 66,367 39,561 158,211 3,549 4,991 25,758 5,143 1,001 4,331 589 7,084 3,174 8,078 1,556 14,505 1,723 10,047 28,999 12,965 13,103 6,637 2,041 719,867 26,402 (40)320 419,211 16,757 (30) 206 199,080 7,770 (12) 75 132,403 5,194 (14) 75 82,286 3,559 (4) 46 300,656 9,645 (10)114 6,726 2 231 9,482 267 (1) 3 51,259 1,088 (2) 23 10,004 313 1 1,901 2 38 8,228 277 2 1,119 37 13,460 629 (1) 4 6,030 197 1 14,299 2 528 2 2,956 146 26,326 505 11 52 3,266 1 18,136 3 708 56,838 1,740 (2) 13 23,660 946 (1) 8 24,895 1,304 (2) 30 4 12,611 245 3,879 226 (1) 1 1Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. . ... 3 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person un 18 Frequency rates of—3 1,063 25,019 543 16,008 221 7,474 205 4,914 103 3,410 520 9,011 214 15 7 257 48 1,017 15 297 1 35 7 270 1 34 117 508 191 5 10 516 134 10 463 31 2 49 19 686 67 1,660 22 916 111 1,163 12 229 11 214 36.7 40.0 39.0 39.2 43.3 32.1 34.3 28.2 21.2 31.3 20.0 33.7 33.1 46.7 32.7 36.9 49.4 19.2 15.9 39.0 30.6 40.0 52.4 19.4 58.3 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.4 .5 .4 .6 .6 .4 .3 .3 .4 .1 1.1 1.8 .3 .2 .1 .7 .4 .3 .2 .2 .3 1.2 .3 .3 Average number of days lost per— Sever Perma Tempo Tempo ity nent- rary- Dis rary- rate8 partial total abling total disa disa injury disa bility bility bility 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.2 .7 .9 1.5 .5 .9 .9 8.7 .8 .7 3.4 1.2 .6 1.0 1.2 .9 4.5 1.0 2.8 34.8 38.2 37.5 37.1 41.4 30.0 31.8 27.2 19.9 29.7 18.4 32.8 30.4 37.7 31.7 36.1 45.3 17.6 15.0 37.8 29.2 38.8 46.7 18.1 55.2 135 124 101 148 126 154 135 136 204 89 343 42 343 161 61 76 161 239 147 82 112 102 293 205 90 14 14 13 15 13 15 13 17 15 14 21 11 12 14 13 12 14 18 22 13 11 13 21 13 14 5.0 5.0 3.9 5.8 5.5 5.0 4.6 3.8 4.3 2.8 6.9 1.4 11.4 7.5 2.0 2.8 8.0 4.6 2.3 3.2 3.4 4.1 15.4 4.0 5.2 able to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 8The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. APPENDIX—STATISTICAL TABLES 19 Table 2.—Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of contracting and kind of construction, 1948 Severity Number of disabling injuries Type of contracting and kind of construction Total4........................................................ General contractors4................................. Building construction4....................... Residential.................................. Residential and nonresidential... Nonresidential............................ Heavy engineering and marine construction4........................................ Bridges, substructure.................. Bridges, superstructure............... Dams.......................................... Dredging.................................... Pipe lines.................................... Power lines................................. Sewers and water mains............. Tunnels...................................... Em Resulting in Num Num ployeeber of ber of hours Death con em worked tractors ployees (thou or Perma Tempo sands) Total perma nent- rary- All dis nent- partial total abling total disa disa injuries disa bility bility bility1 16,321 4,968 3,149 1,163 472 1,129 375,514 217,303 108,787 19,440 11,162 65,729 719,867 26,402 (40) 320 419,211 16,757- (30)206 199,080 7,770 (12) 75 35,575 1,203 (2) 3 20,427 723 (2) 8 120,285 5,049 m 56 686 13 13 20 19 55 46 37 135 4 24 945 11,353 453 242 50 62 481 203 68 81 1,973 402 552 628 371 143 41 37 101 26 438 107 144 67 66,367 594 1,155 4,149 1,446 7,952 6,109 1,178 4,921 713 1 147 39,561 158,211 3,549 1,528 615 807 4,991 1,739 568 1,735 25,758 2,634 5,393 13,421 5,143 1,109 548 1,013 1,001 547 4,331 1,106 1,999 589 132,403 1,185 2,304 8,277 2,886 15,864 12,188 2,350 9,817 1,422 2 288 82,286 300,656 6,726 2,896 1,165 1,529 9,482 3,304 1,079 3,296 51,259 5,242 10,732 23,755 10,004 2,157 1,066 1,971 1,901 1,039 8,228 2,100 3,799 1,119 Highway and street construction....... Special-trades contractors4........................ Carpentering4.................................... Residential................. ............... Residential and nonresidential... Nonresidential............................ Concrete work4.................................. Residential.........................: ----Residential and nonresidential... Nonresidential............................ Electrical work4................................. Residential............*................... Residential and nonresidential... Nonresidential............................ Excavation and foundation work4— Residential................................. Residential and nonresidential... Nonresidential............................ General building maintenance4.......... Nonresidential............................ Glass and glazing work4.................... Residential and nonresidential... Nonresidential............................ House moving.................................... Installation of machinery and equip ment, not elsewhere classified4....... 120 84 Nonresidential............................ Insulation work4................................ 193 81 Residential.................................. Nonresidential............................ 60 Masonry and stone work4.................. 578 Residential................. ............... 218 Residential and nonresidential... 94 Nonresidential............................ 153 Ornamental iron and steel work4....... 76 42 Nonresidential............................ Painting, paperhanging, and decor ating4............................................. 1,448 Residential.................................. 531 Residential and nonresidential... 253 169 Nonresidential............................ Parquet and hardwood-flooring work4. 285 Residential.................................. 159 See footnotes at end of table. 5,194 94 184 253 94 746 438 279 421 126 104 3,559 9,645 231 113 33 57 267 70 38 123 1,088 158 223 486 313 76 59 41 38 9 277 70 147 37 (14) 751 1 2 5 1 (1) 8 (4) 22 (1) 4 (2) 4 (2) 3 (4) 46 (10)114 2 2 (1) 3 1 (1) 1 (2) 23 3 5 (1) 7 1 1 2 1 2 Frequency rates of—2 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility Perma nentpartial disa bility Average number of days lost per— Sever Tempo Tempo ity rary- Dis rary- rate8 total abling total disa injury disa bility bility 1,063 25,019 543 16,008 221 7,474 40 1,160 684 31 138 4,855 36.7 40.0 39.0 33.8 35.4 42.0 0.4 jT ' .4 .1 .4 .5 1.5 lX 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 34.8 38.2 37.5 32.6 33.5 40.3 135 124~ 101 58 136 107 14 14 13 13 15 13 5.0 5^0 3.9 2.0 4.8 4.5 4,914 92 174 240 91 719 408 274 393 85 101 103 3,410 520 9,011 15 214 10 101 1 32 3 54 7 257 2 67 2 35 3 120 48 1,017 8 147 8 210 22 457 15 297 3 72 1 58 1 40 1 35 8 7 270 3 67 3 144 1 34 39.2 79.4 79.9 30.6 32.6 47.0 35.9 118 7 42.9 88.6 45.5 43.3 32.1 34.3 39.0 28.3 37.3 28.2 21.2 35.2 37.3 21.2 30.1 20.8 20.5 31.3 35.2 55.4 20.8 20.0 8.7 33 7 33.3 38.7 33.1 .6 .8 .9 .6 .3 .5 1.8 .4 2.8 1.3 .6 .4 .3 .7 1.5 .8 3.5 1.0 .7 i.2 .7 21 2.4 26.0 37.1 77.8 75.5 29.0 31.6 45.3 33.4 116 6 40.1 59.8 44.2 41.4 30.0 31.8 34.8 27.4 35.3 27.2 20.3 32.4 36.4 19.9 28.0 19.6 19.3 29.7 33.3 54.5 20.3 18.4 7.7 32.8 31.9 37.9 30.4 148 78 107 178 85 105 332 29 130 623 189 126 154 135 247 19 32 136 198 214 65 204 205 190 173 89 119 12 109 343 684 42 80 35 343 15 11 9 20 13 14 18 5 14 34 16 13 15 13 14 10 12 17 21 19 16 15 8 17 16 14 14 7 12 21 19 11 9 12 12 5.8 6.2 8.5 5.4 2.8 4.9 11.9 3.4 5.6 55.2 8.6 5.5 5.0 4.6 9.7 .5 1.2 3.8 4.2 7.6 2.4 4.3 6.2 3.9 3.5 2.8 4.2 .6 2.3 6.9 5.9 1.4 2.7 1.3 11.4 161 165 61 15 71 76 63 128 63 161 154 14 15 13 15 13 12 14 12 10 14 15 7.5 8.3 2.0 .4 2.8 2.8 2.4 3.2 2.8 8.0 9.3 239 278 208 226 147 44 18 25 17 13 22 26 4.6 4.1 3.6 6.3 2.3 .8 205 1 8 8 2 19 8 5 24 37 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.2 3.5 .9 2.0 .7 .6 1.9 .9 .9 1.5 .7 .9 1.5 1.4 .9 .5 .5 1.8 9 1.4 .8 .9 .3 .3 .9 .4 .6 .5 .3 .1 .5 1.0 7,084 13,460 5,939 11,285 3,174 6,030 749 1,423 1,695 3,220 8,078 14,299 2,351 4,162 1,043 1,846 3,466 6,134 1,556 2,956 941 1,788 629 (1) 4 568 3 197 1 37 127 1 528 2 159 1 46 272 146 2 108 1 117 116 5 3 10 1 3 6 10 9 508 449 191 37 123 516 157 43 266 134 98 46.7 50.3 32.7 26 0 39.4 36.9 38.2 24.9 44.3 49.4 60.4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .1 .2 8.7 10.3 .8 .9 .7 .2 1.6 .7 .6 3.4 5.0 37.7 39.7 31.7 26 0 38.2 36.1 37.8 23.3 43.3 45.3 54.8 14,505 26,326 3,915 7,106 3,539 6,423 3,801 6,900 1,723 3,266 839 1,591 505 105 110 193 52 30 31 9 2 13 2 2 463 94 105 176 49 28 19.2 14.8 17.1 28.0 15.9 18.9 .4 .3 .5 .6 .3 1.2 1.3 .3 1.9 .6 1.3 17.6 13.2 16.3 25.5 15.0 17.6 11 2 3 4 1 1.0 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 20 T able 2.—Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of contracting and kind of construction, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Type of contracting and kind of construction Em Resulting in Num Num ployeeber of ber of hours ^con em worked Death tractors ployees (thou or Perma Tempo sands) Total perma nent- rary- All dis nent- partial total abling total disa disa injuries disa bility bility bility1 Special-trades contractors4—Continued 584 10,047 18,136 Plastering and lathing4...................... Residential.................................. 270 3,620 6,534 Residential and nonresidential... 101 2,199 3,969 83 3,167 5,716 Nonresidential............................ Plumbing, heating, and air condi tioning4........................................... 2,186 28,999 56,838 Residential.................................. 868 7,545 14,790 Residential and nonresidential... 335 4,352 8,530 349 10,492 20,565 Nonresidential............................ Roofing and sheet-metal work4.......... 1,007 12,965 23,660 Residential.................................. 327 2,842 5,187 Residential and nonresidential... 195 2,590 4,726 208 4,875 8,897 Nonresidential............................ 170 13,103 24,895 Structural-steel work4........................ 102 5,422 10,303 Nonresidential............................ Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work4.............................................. 534 6,637 12,611 Residential.................................. 247 2,589 4,919 Residential and nonresidential... 114 2,021 3,840 80 1,269 2,411 Nonresidential............................ Wrecking and demolition work......... 120 2,041 3,879 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 708 383 114 148 3 1 2 19 6 8 2 686 376 104 146 39.0 58.6 28.7 25.9 0.2 .2 .5 1,740 433 257 771 946 225 232 348 1,304 736 (2) 13 2 1 (2) 7 (1) 8 67 24 8 24 22 7 5 4 111 52 1,660 407 248 740 916 217 227 338 1,163 673 30.6 29.3 30.1 37.5 40.0 43.4 49.1 39.1 52.4 71.4 12 4 4 4 11 229 89 55 56 214 19.4 19.3 15.4 25.7 58.3 1 (1) 6 (2) 30 11 245 95 59 62 226 (1) 1Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. 3 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person Frequency rates of—1*3 4 2 2 1 Average number of days lost per— Sever Perma Tempo Tempo ity nent- rary- Dis rary- rate* partial total abling total disa disa injury disa bility bility bility .9 2.0 .3 37.8 57.5 26.2 25.6 82 55 221 28 13 11 12 14 3.2 3.2 6.4 .7 .2 .1 .1 .3 .3 .2 .7 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 .9 1.2 .9 1.3 1.1 .4 4.5 5.0 29.2 27.6 29.1 36.0 38.8 41.9 48.0 38.0 46.7 65.3 112 110 70 115 102 110 45 127 293 233 11 11 9 11 13 16 12 12 21 16 3.4 3.2 2.1 4.3 4.1 4.8 2.2 5.0 15.4 16.7 .3 .4 .8 .3 .8 1.7 2.8 18.1 18.1 14.4 23.2 55.2 205 283 96 280 90 13 10 21’* 12 14 4.0 5.5 1.5 7.2 5.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him* throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. *The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. APPENDIX—STATISTICAL TABLES 21 T able 3.—Work injury rates in construction classified by type of contracting, kind of construction, and type of operation, 1948 New Construction Repair Work Frequency rates of—1 Type of contracting, kind of construction, and type of operation Num ber of contrac tors Em ployeeDeath hours and perworked (thou Total ma ttentsands) total disa bility Permanentpartial disa bility Severity Average number of days lost Tem per— porarytotal Temdisa Dis pobility abling raryin total jury disa bility Frequency rates of—1 Num ber of Se con ver trac ity, tors rate2 Em ployeeDeath hours and perworked (thou Total manentsands) total disa bility Per ma nents partial disa bility Severity Average number of days lost per— Tem poraryTemtotal disa Dis pobility abling raryin total jury disa bility Se ver ity rate2 General contractors Building construction: Residential................................ 707 Nonresidential........................... 795 Highway and street construction__ 651 27,022 35.2 93,723 40.1 57,402 47.0 0.1 .5 .6 1.1 34.0 1.2 38.4 1.2 45.2 47 116 114 12 13 12 1.6 4.7 5.3 193 113 67 3,337 37.8 3,543 44.0 3,716 43.1 0.3 .3 0.6 36.9 2.0 41.7 43.1 90 124 16 17 13 16 3.4 5.5 .7 15,465 19.7 .1 1.0 18.6 106 16 2.1 115 1,912 32.4 1.0 2.6 28.8 335 20 10.9 2,258 7.1 3,358 23.2 '.S 7.1 22.3 20 99 20 8 .1 2.3 298 89 3,027 19.8 2,523 30.1 .3 1.2 2.6 16.9 2.8 26.1 354 370 20 20 7.0 11.2 1.3 36.3 1.4 37.4 .2 34.4 37 87 121 8 12 10 1.4 3.4 4.3 275 184 42 2,959 29.1 2,228 45.8 1,401 46.4 .4 .7 3.4 25.7 1.8 43.6 2.1 43.6 246 164 139 17 15 19 7.1 7.5 6.4 Special-trades contractors Electrical work: Nonresidential........................... 320 Painting, paperhanging, and decor ating: Residential................................ 76 Nonresidential........................... 41 Plumbing, heating, and air-condi tioning: Residential................................ 270 Roofing and sheet-metal work: Residential................................ 56 Nonresidential........................... 96 6,702 37.6 1,468 38.8 5,169 35.2 ” .’6 '" .h 1The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 2 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 22 T able 4.—Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by geographic area, State, type of contracting, and extent of disability, 1948 Severity Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State; and type of contracting Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Frequency rates of—2 Average number of days lost per— Resulting inTotal Death Death or Perma Tempo and perma nent- rary- All dis perma nent- partial total abling nenttotal disa disa injuries total disa bility bility disa bility1 bility Sever Perma Tempo Tempo ity nent- rary- Dis rary- rate* partial total abling total disa disa injury disa bility bility bility N E W EN G LAN D A R E A Area total................................................... 1,127 34,006 General contractors, total4.................................... 296 19,084 Building construction.................................... 198 10,403 Heavy engineering and marine construction.. 36 5,154 Highway and street construction.................. 45 3,310 Special-trades contractors, total4.......................... 831 14,922 Electrical work............................................... 103 2,537 Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ 102 1,800 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... 171 2,609 Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... 84 1,929 Connecticut General contractors, building construction........... 1,170 744 455 154 131 426 73 28 73 57 36 2,043 72 63 15 70 3,236 1,328 1,071 168 68 25 38 1,823 66 (2) (2) (2) 12 6 1 4 1 6 1 2 1 29 16 9 7 13 2 3 1 2 1,129 722 445 143 130 407 70 25 70 54 34.4 39.0 43.7 29.9 39 6 28.5 28.8 15.6 28.0 29.6 4 68 35.2 4 4 163 63 23 51.9 51.2 23.4 66 36.2 0.4 .3 .1 .8 3 .4 .4 .8 .5 0.9 .8 .9 1.4 .9 .8 1.7 .4 1.0 33.1 37.9 42.7 27.7 39 3 27.2 27.6 13.9 26.8 28.1 102 80 40 218 57 140 156 317 182 138 15 15 15 18 11 15 15 23 14 18 35 3.1 1.8 6.5 23 4 .0 4.5 49 5.1 4.1 2.0 33.2 43 15 1.5 1.2 3.0 50.4 47.4 21.5 66 163 495 11 17 16 3.5 8.4 11.5 36.2 33 33 1.2 32.9 35.0 35.2 33.1 36.4 30.5 25.3 32 6 18.2 25 4 24 7 25.2 41.7 44.5 12.3 74 5 29.3 39.3 44.6 32.3 56.8 136 127 97 242 62 148 179 103 209 39 23 11 56 199 311 54 117 130 369 232 196 15 15 14 19 15 15 13 20 14 22 11 11 13 12 23 12 11 15 13 15 12 4.7 4.7 3.5 9.1 2.3 4.8 4.9 34 4.1 1.0 .6 3 2.3 9.7 4.3 41 3.6 5.3 20.3 8.5 12.4 38.5 30.6 27.2 39.9 111 17 185 89 9 17 8 11 4.5 .5 5.2 3.7 42.8 52.3 25.4 18.4 13.1 49.7 46.2 32.9 64.3 147 429 12 198 226 192 174 218 197 15 25 12 16 20 16 9 10 13 6.8 29.7 .3 3.9 3.3 10.3 8.7 7.5 13.9 Massachusetts General contractors: Building construction..................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Special-trades contractors, plumbing, heating, and air conditioning........................................... Rhode Island General contractors, building construction........... 1 1 2 .3 .8 1.9 M ID D L E A T L A N T IC A R E A Area total................................................... 4,047 General contractors, total4.................................... 1,226 Building construction.................................... 871 Heavy engineering and marine construction.. 136 Highway and street construction.................. 194 Special-trades contractors, total4.......................... 2,821 Carpentering.................................................. 132 Concrete work................................................ 93 Electrical work............................................... 429 Excavation and foundation work.................. 68 Glass and glazing work.................................. 138 Insulation work............................................. 49 Masonry and stone work............................... 132 Ornamental iron and steel work.................... 27 Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ 421 Plastering and lathing.................................... 92 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... 606 Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... 291 Structural-steel work..................................... 43 Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work....... 93 Wrecking and demolition work...................... 27 156,313 84,533 49,258 18,910 15,597 71,780 2,060 2,177 11,609 2,283 1,780 1,785 3,477 1,123 7,844 3,839 16,192 6,564 3,165 2,074 1,374 5,448 3,116 1,795 710 578 2,332 57 72 226 60 46 45 147 55 108 292 501 267 174 76 87 83 31 56 55 4,867 1,763 1,213 1,806 149 32 42 203 100 23 133 68 17 7,941 3,016 3,343 4,734 3,123 1,047 3,247 1,398 1,245 (6) (5) (2) (3) (1) 56 35 17 12 4 21 1 1 6 1 1 243 124 45 72 6 119 4 9 2 2 1 (1) 1 4 9 6 22 6 32 9 8 197 54 34 74 2 8 1 2 367 209 85 94 46 56 163 48 88 3 (2) 5 24 46 2 5 4 4 11 1 8 3 3 3 1 5,149 2,957 1,733 626 568 2,192 52 71 211 58 44 45 145 50 96 286 476 258 141 67 78 34.9 36.9 36.4 37.5 37.1 32.5 27.7 33 1 19.5 26 3 25 8 25 2 42.3 49.0 13.8 76 1 30.9 40.7 55.0 36 6 63.3 0.4 .4 .3 .6 .3 .3 .55 .3 .9 .4 .2 .5 .3 .7 1.6 1.5 .9 3.8 .4 1.7 1.9 .8 9 1.1 .3 3.6 1.1 16 1.4 .9 10.1 4.3 5.8 187 54 33 72 40.5 30.6 28.0 41.0 .4 1.6 340 158 85 87 41 52 150 46 80 46.2 69.3 25.4 19.9 14.7 53.5 50.2 34.3 70.7 .5 N ew Jersey General contractors: Building construction..................................... Highway and street construction................... Special-trades contractors: Electrical work............................................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... .8 1.1 N ew York General contractors: Building construction.................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors: Electrical work............................................... Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ Plastering and lathing.................................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... Structural-steel work..................................... See footnotes at end of table. 1 2 1 .4 1.7 3.0 15.3 .4 .3 .6 .7 1.1 1.3 3.8 3.4 .7 6.4 APPENDIX—STATISTICAL TABLES T able 23 —Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by geographic area, State, type of contracting, and extent of disability, 1948 — Continued 4. Severity Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State, and type of contracting Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Frequency rates of—2 Average number of days lost per— Resulting inTotal Death Death or Perma Tempo and perma nent- rary- All dis perma nent- partial total abling nentdisa disa injuries total total disa disa bility bility bility bility1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Sever Tempo ity Tempo rary- Dis rary- rate8 total abling total disa injury disa bility bility M ID D L E A T L A N T IC A R E A - - Continued Pennsylvania General contractors: Building construction.................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction................... Special-trades contractors: Carpentering.................................................. Electrical work............................................... Masonry and stone work............................... Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... Structural-steel work..................................... 622 34,860 78 9,799 118 9,919 1,193 321 429 1,177 1,007 5; 153 1,167 2; 448 4,013 1,204 10;426 4,016 1,208 22 16 84 27 75 49 45 240 157 40 87 50 160 28 86 252 50 399 184 16 10 (1) 6 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 11 3 6 1,172 312 419 34.2 32.8 43.3 3 4 1 1 5 1 4 5 3 18 15 77 26 73 42 44 235 150 37 18.7 15.9 16.3 23.1 30.6 12.2 37.4 23.0 39.1 33.1 0.3 .6 .4 .8 .6 .4 .5 .1 .5 1.0 0 .3 .3 .6 2 .5 .8 .9 .4 1.2 .8 .4 1.2 2.5 33.6 31.9 42.3 71 136 80 14 15 15 2.4 4.4 3.4 15.4 14.9 14.9 22.2 29.8 10.5 36.6 22.5 37.4 30.6 427 386 266 28 100 467 65 80 151 130 22 12 17 17 17 28 26 13 19 16 8.0 6.1 4.3 .6 3.1 5.7 2.4 1.8 5.9 4.3 15 4 .3 EAST NORTH C EN TR AL A R E A Area total................................................................. 3,686 General contractors, total4.................................... 967 Building construction.................................... 608 Heavy engineering and marine construction.. 112 Highway and street construction.................. 202 Special-trades contractors, total4.......................... 2,719 Carpentering.................................................. 124 Concrete work............................................... 162 Electrical work............................................... 414 Excavation and foundation work.................. 150 Glass and glaring work.................................. 76 Installation of machinery and equipment, not elsewhere classified..................................... 35 Masonry and stone work............................... 192 Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ 322 Plastering and lathing................................... 193 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... 465 Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... 201 Structural-steel work..................................... 28 Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work......... 135 124,964 65,964 40,128 9,278 15,915 59,000 1,444 2,477 11,476 3,518 1,657 1,753 2,920 4,829 4,149 10,694 4,470 3,223 2,402 4,187 (6) 44 2,538 1,374 542 604 1,649 82 66 245 95 30 67 141 88 113 327 170 89 37 (4) 29 (4) 15 4 9 (2) 15 (1) 2 1 1 (1) 3 1 1 2 (1) 2 1 1 148 76 37 12 24 72 4 1 17 7 1 7 3 3 2 16 2 3 3,995 33.5 2,433 1,322 526 571 1,562 77 64 225 88 29 60 137 84 109 309 168 85 36 38.5 34.2 58.4 38.0 27.9 56.8 26.6 21.3 27 0 18.1 38.2 48.3 18.2 27.2 30.6 38.0 27.6 15.4 204 163 38 70 30 51 76 28.9 51.5 39.6 30.0 26.8 45 6 44.4 0 .3 1.2 1.2 .9 1.3 1.5 1.2 2.8 .4 1.5 20 .6 4.0 1.0 .6 .5 1.5 .4 .9 36.9 32.9 56.7 35.9 26.4 53.3 25.8 19.5 25 0 17.5 34 2 47.0 17.4 26.2 28.9 37.6 26.4 15.0 32.0 128 124 116 94 150 134 149 163 199 136 25 198 109 122 158 111 45 98 176 15 16 12 13 16 13 12 18 15 9 21 13 15 14 15 17 14 14 4.8 4.0 5.5 5.7 3.7 8.5 4.3 4.3 3.7 .5 76 5.3 2.2 4.3 3.4 1.7 2.7 2.7 .3 .8 .3 1.0 106 20 260 24 214 237 253 14 12 10 13 12 11 18 3.0 1.0 27.8 51.2 37.6 29 2 25.2 43 9 40.6 10.3 .7 5.7 10 8 11.2 .4 .4 .4 .6 .3 .7 .4 .3 .3 .2 .5 .2 .3 .4 Illinois General contractors: Building construction.................................... Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors: Concrete work............................................... Electrical work............................................... Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ Plastering and lathing................................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... 104 43 40 84 62 42 73 7,348 3,185 1,011 2,404 1,195 1,162 1,870 212 164 40 72 32 53 83 89 23 61 3,623 1,473 1,057 134 72 21 105 25 16 103 33 97 5 7,836 2,462 1,365 3,233 1,451 2,128 1,718 311 80 26 46 24 78 17 6 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 5 5 128 63 21 5 2 7 5 1 2 304 77 19 41 23 76 16 1 2 (1) 2 1.0 .8 17 1.1 .8 .8 2.7 37.0 48.9 19.9 .3 2.7 1.4 3.4 35.3 42.8 19.9 134 429 13 13 14 13 4.9 21.0 .3 39.7 32.5 19.0 14.2 16.5 36 7 9.9 .3 .4 .6 .8 5.1 1.5 .7 .9 .6 38.8 31.3 13.9 12.7 15.8 35 8 9.3 79 145 313 249 189 29 27 19 11 21 16 23 18 10 3.1 4.7 6.0 3.5 3.1 1.1 .3 Indiana General contractors: Building construction.................................... Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors, plumbing, heating, and air conditioning................................... 4 Michigan General contractors: Building construction.................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors: Electrical work__ '........................................ Excavation and foundation work.................. Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... Structural-steel work..................................... See footnotes at end of table. 2 1 1 WORK INJURIES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1948-49 24 T able —Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by geographic area, State, type of contracting, and extent of disability, 1948 — Continued 4. Severity Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State; and type of contracting Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Frequency rates of—2 Average number of days lost per— Resulting inTotal Death Death or Perma Tempo and perma nent- rary- All dis perma nent- partial total abling nenttotal disa disa injuries total disa bility bility disa bility1 bility Perma nentpartial disa bility Sever Tempo Tempo ity rary- Dis rary- rate* total abling total disa injury disa bility bility EAST NORTH C EN TR AL A R E A — Continued Ohio General contractors: Building construction.................................... Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors: Electrical work............................................... 183 11,591 26 2,432 68 2,998 69 1,045 132 3,330 64 1,094 84 1^073 68 1*437 119 2'628 61 M98 302 121 123 16 42 29 22 26 66 35 4 1 13 4 6 2 8 5 2 1 3 1 6,318 1,144 2,650 1,463 1,080 2,203 1,025 268 91 128 58 13 74 65 (3) 3 1 4 285 117 116 16 32 24 20 25 63 34 26.1 49 8 41.0 15.3 12.6 26.5 20.5 18.1 25.1 23.4 0.3 .3 1.1 16 2.0 .6 2.4 4.6 1.9 .7 1l .7 260 89 119 58 13 69 65 42.4 79.6 48.3 39.6 12.0 33.6 63.4 .5 .9 1.5 22.7 150 58 111 12 547 260 148 163 83 142 20 15 15 12 36 11 18 10 16 28 3.9 29 4^5 2 6.9 6.9 3^0 3*0 21 41.1 77.8 44.9 39.6 12.0 31.3 63.4 103 85 264 17 11 94 16 12 17 13 17 11 4.4 6.8 12.7 .7 1 31 24.7 48 2 38 .7 15 3 9.6 21.9 18^6 17.4 24 0 3i3 Wisconsin General contractors: Building construction.................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors: Electrical work............................................... Painting, paperhanging, and decorating....... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... 113 15 46 49 89 105 40 5 1 5 5 .8 .9 1.9 2.3 g 16 lio W EST NORTH C EN TR AL A R E A Area total................................................................. General contractors, total4................................... Building construction.................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors, total4.......................... Electrical work............................................... Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning....... Roofing and sheet-metal work....................... 1,010 41,094 359 26,503 190 14,341 36 2,619 126 9,332 651 14,590 150 3,257 69 1,201 148 3,299 66 1,662 1,486 1,104 537 159 403 382 78 24 106 51 (2) 21 14 6 1 7 (2) 7 2 2 Iowa General contractors: Building construction........................................... Highway and street construction.................. 40 12 13 15 14 1 1 6 1,411 36.2 0 .5 .5 .4 .4 .8 .5 .6 .6 1.5 .8 5.0 1.6 1.0 .3 .8 1.8 .6 39.7 36.2 55.3 40.8 24.7 23.0 19 2 29.7 30.1 143 1 1,050 519 145 381 361 75 23 98 50 132 101 129 176 174 171 191 192 54 12 12 15 11 16 8 25 9 19 5.5 3.8 7.8 7.6 4.6 4.1 38 6^2 = = = =1.7= 54 41.7 37.4 60.7 43.2 26.2 23.9 20.0 32.1 30.7 1.3 34.4 15 5 .2 33 25 1,730 1,671 76 55 2 1 1 75 52 43 9 32.9 1.2 .6 6 43 3 31.1 34 255 11 10 15 8.3 23 23 1,324 1,426 41 70 2 3 2 36 68 31.0 49.1 1.5 2.3 1.4 27.2 47.7 383 23 16 7 11.9 52 22 46 2,501 1,102 1,220 100 61 42 2 40.0 55.4 34.4 .8 42 12 27 15 12 .8 39.2 55.4 33.6 17 1 98 61 41 g .9 29 2,105 112 3 2 107 53.2 1.4 .9 50.9 176 8 9.3 26 1,938 43 1 42 22.2 .5 21.7 155 16 3.4 Kansas General contractors: Building construction.................................... Highway and street construction.................. 1.1 M innesota General contractors: Building construction.................................... Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors, plumbing, heating, and air conditioning.......................................... M issouri General contractors, building construction........... Nebraska General contractors, building construction........... See footnotes at end of table. '.7 25 A P P E N D IX — S T A T IS T IC A L T A B L E S T a b l e 4 .— Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by geographic area, State, type of contracting, and extent of disability, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of — 2 Geographic area, State, and type of contracting Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Average number of days lost per— Resulting in— Total Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility All dis abling injuries Death and perma nenttotal disa bility Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility Dis abling injury Tempo rarytotal disa bility Sever ity rate* SOUTH A TL A N T IC A R E A Area total.............................................................. General contractors, total4..................................... Building construction........ .................... .. Heavy engineering and marine construction. Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors, total4 .......................... Electrical work................................................. Excavation and foundation work.................. Masonry and stone work.................. .............. Painting, paperhanging, and decorating. . . . Plastering and lathing............... ..................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning----Roofing and sheet-metal w ork.. . .................. Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic w ork___ 60,904 2,269 496 314 63 98 955 128 28 61 119 54 234 78 54 36,425 18,241 7,441 9,684 24,480 3,561 1,069 2 602 1,969 1,854 5,255 1,644 1,713 1,621 757 281 552 648 60 50 81 41 44 130 44 1,451 61 2,183 37.3 ( 1) 15 4 3 39 15 9 14 10 2 22 1,567 738 269 533 616 53 47 79 37 42 128 65 44.5 41.5 37.8 57.0 26.5 16.8 46.8 31.1 (1) 25 (1) 5 2 68 1 13 3 2,690 1,917 1,029 146 74 3 2,104 1,423 1,375 79 41 54 2,303 1,726 88 22 7 1,298 32 68 13 16 3,204 1 293 1,204 149 48 41 16 1,105 29 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.8 0 .4 1.0 35.9 109 10 4.1 .4 1.1 .8 1 .2 4.3 2.4 5.4 5.3 3.8 1.1 2 2.6 .4 24.3 39.6 5.8 96 57 144 94 143 394 33 56 340 26 34 109 1,396 10 1 .0 43.0 40.5 36.2 55.1 25.2 14.8 44.0 30.3 18.8 52.4 36.5 67 294 66.1 8 35.1 28.1 37.1 .2 .4 .5 .4 .6 1.0 1.4 .9 1.4 2 .8 .8 ' 9 12 11 11 8 8 12 25 6 .6 1 .6 1 .8 7.1 8 8 .6 .8 7 14 4.5 10.6 8 11 8 3.6 11.4 .5 38 108 8 10 86 15 1.4 3.1 3.4 37.8 46.8 31 163 10 10 1 .2 8 .0 24.7 11 11 .3 91 156 177 9 4 .2 11 5.8 .8 45.6 33.2 32.5 17 6 .0 .9 25.3 22 13 .6 28.4 136 .6 1 .8 1 .2 10 23.7 24.7 41.4 7.6 141 70 54.3 38.6 .4 1 .6 1.5 .5 68 66.1 74 40 51 37.5 28.8 39.3 87 81 38.2 49.2 32 24.7 1 146 43 39 46.5 37.1 34.1 1 28 26.2 Florida General contractors: Building construction...................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction. Highway and street construction.................. 12 10 1 4 1 68 Georgia General contractors: Building construction........ ...................... Heavy engineering and marine construction. Highway and street construction.................. 56 11 16 5 1 3 2.4 .7 2 .2 Maryland General contractors: Building construction............ ........................ Highway and street construction.................. South Carolina General contractors, building construction.......... 51 85 1 ( 1) 2 2 .4 1 .2 1 .2 Virginia General contractors: Building construction................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction. Highway and street construction.................. West Virginia General contractors, building construction.......... 2 1 1 5 .6 .8 .3 3.9 E AST SOUTH CEN TRAL A R E A Area total............................................................... General contractors, total4..................................... Building construction...................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction. Highway and street construction.................. Special-trades contractors, total4 ........................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning___ 515 21,354 636 88 12,812 8,295 2,899 1,601 8,541 2,167 439 278 90 70 197 47 26 1,372 38 41 5 2,076 1,278 45 9 3,806 1,415 169 117 18 32 346 (2) 9 2 8 () (2) 6 2 1 605 67 187 45 36 27.7 34 16.9 48.5 86 Alabama General contractors, building construction.......... 29.8 34.3 33.5 31.0 43.7 23.1 21.7 418 264 1.0 1.0 4.1 1.1 32.7 31.8 29.6 41.8 21.9 20.8 22 5.2 5.8 5.5 1.9 2.3 .5 1.5 26.2 124 3 .4 16.4 46.1 212 10.3 351 11.1 1.0 .7 1.9 153 174 177 43 99 Kentucky General contractors: Building construction...................................... Heavy engineering and marine construction 23 .4 Tennessee General contractors: Building construction.............................. Heavy engineering and marine construction. See footnotes at end of table. 121 28 (2) 110 27 31.8 19.8 1.3 .7 28.9 19.1 2.0 26 W O R K I N J U R I E S I N C O N S T R U C T IO N , 1948-49 T a b l e 4.— W ork injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by geographic area, State, type of contracting, and extent of disability, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of — 3 Geographic area, State, and type of contracting Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- Total Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility All dis abling injuries Death and perma nenttotal disa bility Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disar bUity Dis abling injury Tempo rarytotal disa bility Sever ity rate* W E ST SOUTH C EN TR AL A R E A Area Total................................................................ 737 31,091 General contractors, total4........................................ Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................... Special-trades contractors, total4............................. Electrical work................................................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning........ Roofing and sheet-metal work......................... 242 146 40 45 495 128 95 46 20,324 8,734 4,645 6,087 10,767 3,380 2,119 1,332 1,339 (5) 13 49 1,028 421 311 266 311 67 77 (5) 10 (2) 3 (3) 5 32 14 9 3 17 17 1,256 23 36 2,135 82 ( 1) 1 80 25 4,732 2,938 3,102 306 150 164 ( 1) ( 1) 2 1 77 52 2,535 1,244 44 60 1 1 1 66 1,277 43.1 986 404 297 259 291 74 65 50.6 48.2 67.0 43.7 28.9 19 8 36.3 49.6 23 18.3 2 79 38.4 .5 12 292 140 159 64.7 51.1 52.9 .4 .4 .3 44 60 17.4 48.2 6 66 2 1 0 .4 1 .6 41.1 .5 .3 1 .6 1 .6 1 .1 .2 1.9 .3 3 .5 1 .6 48.5 46.3 64.0 42.5 27.0 19 5 34! 9 48.8 1.0 .9 112 11 4 .8 102 10 11 5.2 4.1 9.2 3 .0 4.2 85 137 9 68 11 147 105 119 13 16 2 1 11 10 4.3 21 18.3 11 11 .2 .9 37.0 91 11 3.5 2.5 3.1 1.3 61.8 47.6 51.3 91 12 5.9 120 14 6 .1 98 10 5.2 17 4 48^2 10 11 10 11 .5 145 17 5 .6 .8 1 .0 Louisiana General contractors, building construction............ Oklahoma General contractors, building construction............ Texas General contractors: Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................... Special-trades contractors: Electrical work................................................... Plumbing, heating, air conditioning................ 22 1 9 4 2 ROCKY M OU NTAIN A R E A Area total................................................................. General contractors, total4....................................... Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................... Special-trades contractors, total4 ............................. Electrical work................................................... Plumbing, heating, air conditioning................ 810 27,243 1,053 12 298 189 38 51 512 19,538 9,528 5,997 3,894 7,705 1,439 1,567 804 441 182 173 249 35 45 59 982 38.7 2 .2 36.1 40 25 4 0 .4 11 2 6 1 753 414 172 164 229 32 38 41.1 46.3 30.4 44.4 32.3 24 3 28.7 .6 .2 2 .0 2 .6 100 96 1 1 8 19 3 6 .3 2 .1 .1 2.5 38.5 43.5 28.7 42.0 29.7 2 1 22 2 3.8 24.3 146 103 225 81 141 87 342 3.7 6 8 .0 65 1.0 .6 = = = : Arizona General contractors, building construction............ 34 2,942 211 46 7 1,804 1,528 47 76 31 1,597 82 14 1,589 26 .7 ===== = 19 20 21 13 =— 6 .0 4.8 6 .8 11 3.6 4.6 13 2 1 8 9^8 28 4.7 11 200 71.7 1 1 5 3 41 72 26.1 49.7 2 .8 2 .0 22.7 47.0 261 15 6 .8 .7 101 11 5 .0 1 4 77 51.3 .6 2.5 48.2 104 9 5.4 2 24 16.4 1.3 15.1 214 15 3.5 1.2 41.6 118 12 117 73 118 191 5.1 12 11 12 12 12 Colorado General contractors: Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Montana General contractors, building construction............ .6 New Mexico General contractors, building construction............ PACIFIC A R E A Area total................................................................. General contractors, total4....................................... Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................... Special-trades contractors, total4 ............................. Concrete work.................................................... Electrical work.................................................... Glass and glazing............................................... Masonry and stone w ork.................................. Painting, paperhanging, and decorating......... Plastering and lathing....................................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning........ Roofing and sheet-metal work......................... Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work........ See footnotes at end of table. 2,311 85,908 3,721 687 425 48,128 21,073 16,955 9,129 37,780 1,748 8,680 1,266 1,438 4,001 3,799 7,047 2,542 2,182 2,462 977 907 517 1,259 42 196 51 35 108 147 121 116 1,624 80 421 49 52 234 98 241 122 92 (6) 45 (4) (1) (2) (1) (2 ) 33 7 12 3,572 43.3 66 2,363 946 865 493 1,209 40 183 50 33 51.2 46.4 53.5 56.6 33.3 24 0 24 30 13 11 12 38 2 ( 1) 6 7 1 2 2 1 210 177 51 104 ( 1) 2 4 3 5 5 1 102 143 205 170 50 2 2.6 40.3 24 3 27.0 38.7 29 8 69.6 23.4 0 .5 .7 .3 .7 1.4 .3 .7 1.4 1.1 1 .8 1 .2 1.0 l i '.8 8 14 .5 .3 llo .8 2!o .8 7 .5 49.1 45.0 51.0 54.0 32.0 22 9 2 l! 1 39.5 22 9 25.5 37.6 29 1 66.’ 8 22.9 121 164 265 23 115 143 93 67 135 48 13 17 14 6 .0 3.4 6.3 1 0.8 4.0 3 9 6 .0 g 12 11 11 3.9 3.6 10 9.4 13 1.1 g 2 8 2 0 27 A P P E N D IX — S T A T IS T IC A L T A B L E S T a b l e 4 .—Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by geographic area, State, type of contracting, and extent of disability, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State, and type of contracting Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Frequency rates of—.2 Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- Total Death or perma nenttotal disa bility1*3 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility All dis abling injuries Death and perma nenttotal disa bility Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility Dis abling injury Tempo rarytotal disa bility 66 10 82 166 12 Sever ity rate* PACIFIC A R E A - - Continued California General contractors: Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................... Special-trades contractors: Concrete work .................................................. Electrical work................................................... Masonry and stone w ork.................................. Painting, paperhanging, and decorating........ Plastering and lathing....................................... Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning . . . . Roofing and sheet-metal................................... Terrazzn, tile, marble, and mosaic work . . . . 237 76 75 14,833 13,356 6,459 704 673 386 ( 1) (1) 5 9 56 320 39 141 71 148 71 82 1,315 6,466 1,051 2,620 3,154 5,106 1,443 1,975 26 152 ( 1) 4 123 138 129 46 44 1,194 71 137 26 28 4,240 1,763 1,680 139 155 92 60 1,085 1,056 1,184 18 34 30 22 68 ( 1) 12 20 6 687 647 371 47.5 50.4 59.8 1 6 2 25 142 2 3 1 3 63 123 138 125 46 19.8 23.5 20.9 26.0 39.0 27.0 89.4 23.3 3 68 59.4 8 6 129 147 85 32.8 87.9 54.7 16 34 25 16.6 32.2 25.3 6 20 46.4 48.5 57.5 0.3 .4 1.4 0 .8 .8 19.0 .6 .9 1.9 2 2 .0 1.5 .9 169 252 178 9 15 16 16 9 3.1 4.1 9.9 8 6.6 212 11 10 101 23.3 14 9 14 3 3 5.9 3.7 5.5 .4 3 9.0 .3 2.5 56.9 28 9 1.7 1.9 3.4 3.0 30.4 83.4 50.5 146 141 242 16 20 4.8 12.4 13.2 .9 14.8 32.2 4.2 2 1.1 405 14 411 .8 1.1 .7 2 .1 19.0 24.1 39.0 27 0 11 10 Oregon General contractors, building construction........... Washington General contractors: Building construction........................................ Heavy engineering and marine construction.. Highway and street construction.................... Special-trades contractors: Electrical work................................................... Painting, paperhanging, and decorating . . . . 68 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning........ 56 ( 1) 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. 3 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person 2 2 2 1 5 1 5 .5 1.1 1 .2 .9 13 34 14 10 6.7 .4 10.4 unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 8 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. W O R K I N J U R I E S I N C O N S T R U C T IO N , 1948-49 28 T a b l e 5.—W ork injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by occupation and extent of disability, 1948 Severity Number o f disabling injuries Frequency rates of — 1 2* Occupation Num ber of con tractors Total4....................................................................................... 16,321 719,867 26,402 47 145 58 1,691 3,939 1,872 2,161 114 87 322 489 50 1,388 5,091 2,655 87 169 21,866 611 3,442 272 1,256 18 3 114 228 27 49 1,756 159 1,576 7,132 177 170 Air-tool operators....................................................... Asbestos workers........................................................ Bricklayers.................................................................. Carpenters.................................................................. Cement finishers........................................................ Electricians................................................................. Floor layers, composition.......................................... Floor sanding-ma^hinfi operators ................ Foremen and superintendents.................................. Clazicm ..........r ....................................... House movers................................... ......................... Tngulftt.inn prifin, not. elsewhere classified.................. 102 Power-shovel operators........................................ 855 129 711 4,679 355 240 48 130 108 1,942 19 881 1,765 2,713 164 318 302 14 48 402 Tractor operators............................................... 210 Ironworkers, total4 .................................................... Ornamental......................................................... Structural............................................................ Laborers, general........................................................ Lathers........................................................................ Maintenance men, general........................................ Millwrights ..................................................... Mosaic and terrazzo workers.................................... Oilers and greasers..................................................... Painters....................................................................... Pipe fitters.................................................................. Plasterers.................................................................... Plumbers..................................................................... Power-equipment operators, total4.......................... Blade-grader operators...................................... Bulldozer operators............................................ Crane and winch operators.............................. Dredge operators................................................ Pile-driver operators.......................................... Rirofirs ................................................................... Roofers, total4 ............................................................ Composition............................................................ Slate or tile......................................................... Sheet-metal workers.................................................. Steam fitters............................................................... Stone masons ........................................................ Tile setters.................................................................. Truck drivers.............................................................. W?Mpn;| .................................................. Well-drill operators.................................................... Wreckers ................................................ 19 898 661 153 913 523 269 516 2,692 86 145 36 90,076 10,913 54,306 1,433 503 3,967 7,1 0 0 852 1,363 33,174 3,469 29,240 156,113 4,554 3,053 1,045 2,229 1,046 28,974 2,422 13,350 27,586 27,864 750 1,515 1,776 1,405 1,181 2,277 2,685 410 10,324 7,855 1,429 18,829 14,450 2 ,2 2 2 9,229 23,815 894 2,578 510 Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility (40) 320 1,063 25,019 36 .7 0 .4 1.5 34 .8 135 14 5 .0 9 3 3 19 145 9 52 3 75 165 83 585 3,267 261 1,167 14 3 103 62.7 33.2 32.4 27.9 38.2 24.9 23.1 2 .2 .2 6.5 26.2 .9 418 64 56 127 106 105 247 903 5 188 48 469 48 244 24 .3 .3 54.0 32.4 31.3 26.7 36.3 23.9 21.4 9.8 ( 1) 3 1 86 (1) 7 ( 6 ) 30 ( 1) 2 (4) 37 1 ( 1) 2 2 (3) 32 1 (3) 31 (7) 54 (1) 3 (2) 3 22 58 49 606 104 518 815 1,060 17 45 56 51 115 89 87 17 535 425 70 623 439 55 182 721 79 2 (1) 3 14 9 24 48 1,583 149 1,414 6,897 172 158 2 20 2 1.1 6 55 40 563 26.0 46.8 20.9 42.9 38.8 29.5 38.0 22.7 29.7 31.5 36.3 97.3 39.1 32.4 41.5 51.8 54.1 49.0 33.1 30.4 24.8 19.7 30.3 88.4 39.6 56.8 1 1 141 9 131 181 2 1 29 1 102 7 499 773 977 14 41 51 48 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 4 2 11 5 1 5 4 (1) 102 29 2 3 13 1 10 2 5 17 17 2 2 11 6 12.6 6 .0 28.7 32.1 31.7 36.0 52.9 45.8 53.9 45.7 38.9 55.7 221 18 35 61 ( 2 ) 22 (1) 9 7 Tempo rary- Total All dis abling total injuries disa bility 1 1 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. . 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) 6 12 20 2 13 101 84 84 14 517 411 67 601 420 49 168 690 77 83 29 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility Perma nentpartial disa bility .6 1 .1 .2 1 .6 .8 .7 .7 2 .1 .5 2.3 1.0 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 6 .0 1 .0 2.3 1 .2 1.6 .7 4.3 .3 2 .6 1.1 4.5 .3 .7 1 .2 1.0 .9 2.9 .5 .4 .1 .3 .4 2.9 1.9 .4 5.7 1.0 .4 1.3 1.3 .8 2 .2 2.7 .7 2 .0 .6 .7 2.5 1.3 2.3 1.4 9.3 2 .2 .4 .5 .5 .7 .3 .7 7.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 .9 .1 1 .2 .2 2.7 1.3 .5 2.3 .8 2 .2 5.0 25.9 31.1 28.2 35.3 47.6 42.9 48.3 44.2 37.8 51.8 19.2 24.7 38.2 19.4 42.1 37.4 27.9 35.0 18.7 27.0 28.6 34.2 85.5 36.9 31.3 34.2 50.0 52.3 46.9 31.9 29.1 2 2.1 18.2 29.0 8 6 .2 32.3 56.8 Dis abling injury 102 261 89 125 180 61 285 579 231 86 83 126 207 950 173 254 166 291 88 130 260 111 118 117 95 101 117 192 141 55 557 23 Tempo rarytotal disa bility Sever ity rate* 12 21 2 .1 1 .8 15 14 18 15 19 5 19 3.5 4.1 2 .6 5.7 11.3 (*) 5.4 11 1 .6 15 14.9 1.7 12.9 4.7 14.1 4.1 4.9 11 17 11 17 12 11 11 22 9 27 19 12 12 12 15 11 12 18 8 24 15 10 27 15 14 21 9 13 15 14 14 1 0.0 1.3 7.4 27.1 4.8 3.7 3.2 3.7 7.9 21.5 5.1 8 .0 6 .0 28.3 3 .4 4.2 1 0.8 5.8 6.4 5.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.8 4.3 4.9 10 21 2 2 .0 23 1.3 unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 3 Less than 0.05. 29 A P P E N D IX — S T A T IS T IC A L T A B L E S T a b l e 6.—Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of contracting and by occupation, 1948 Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of— * Type of contracting and occupation General contractors: Building construction4 ....................................... Bricklayers.................................................. Carpenters................................................... Foremen and superintendents.................. Ironworkers4................................................ Structural............................................ Laborers, general........................................ Painters....................................................... Power-equipment operators...................... Num ber of Icon-1 tractors 3,149 1,024 2,566 968 90 84 344 306 1,868 136 493 319 103 405 134 112 59 16 123 793 Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) 199,080 11,855 69,056 4,570 458 753 3,156 2,990 60,381 616 3,592 1 423 '539 1,761 814 626 902 547 648 3,737 132,403 879 Stone masons.............................................. Truck drivers.............................................. Heavy engineering and marine Construction4. Air-tool operators...................................... Boilermakers............................................... Bricklayers.................................................. Carpenters.................................................. Cement finishers......................................... Electricians................................................. Foremen and superintendents.................. Ironworkers4............................................... Ornamental......................................... Structural............................................ Laborers, general........................................ Maintenance men, general........................ Oilers and greasers..................................... Painters....................................................... Plumbers..................................................... Power-equipment operators4 .................... Crane operators.................................. Dredge operators................................ Pile-driver operators.......................... Power-shovel operators..................... Tractor operators............................... Steam fitters............................................... Truck drivers.............................................. Welders........................................................ Highway and street construction4................... Carpenters.................................................. Cement finishers........................................ Foremen and superintendents.................. Laborers, general........................................ Maintenance men, general........................ Power-equipment operators4 .................... Blade-grader operators...................... Bulldozer operators............................ Power-shovel operators..................... Tractor operators............................... Truck drivers.............................................. 1,164 138 93 146 106 611 702 8,319 1,367 4,085 1,579 5,547 563 4,965 35,086 1,511 710 350 1 033 10,059 794 1,405 1,090 871 881 3,876 4,812 462 82,286 2,736 1,704 1,486 37,545 963 13,351 676 610 801 1,487 10,389 Special-trades contractors: Carpentering4...................................................... Carpenters................................................... Laborers, general........................................ Concrete Work 4.................................................. Carpenters................................................... Cement finishers......................................... Laborers, general........................................ Truck drivers.............................................. 453 402 57 481 48 367 314 80 6,726 5,310 602 9,482 576 2,742 4,029 424 See footnotes at end of table. 686 18 16 72 232 140 65 83 120 4 114 441 68 53 40 59 626 77 13 42 110 45 30 299 31 945 250 283 123 701 100 886 Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- Total 7,770 328 2,613 116 18 14 153 147 2,653 10 97 29 15 76 41 29 53 9 18 126 5,194 49 50 5 373 25 159 51 292 17 275 1,765 62 30 11 Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility ( 12) 75 4 ( 6) 22 221 12 7,474 312 2,492 113 18 1 2 11 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 (3) 25 ( 1) 1 3 3 3 64 148 142 2,564 9 91 28 15 1 (14) 75 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 5 ( 2 ) 13 ( 1) 1 4 4 ( 2) ( 1) 11 2 3 8 1 ( 1) 22 102 231 186 31 267 17 56 144 9 7 2 3 40 166 25 3,559 151 56 48 1,717 82 474 16 14 26 51 318 3 1 1 1 52 428 24 51 111 99 3 2 2 (4) 46 1 ( 1) 10 1 11 2 3 205 8 2 1 19 1 6 4 18 18 51 4 5 1 3 27 2 2 10 2 1 3 8 103 6 3 32 3 21 1 1 1 9 1 9 2 2 15 14 1 ( 1) 3 ( 1) 2 7 1 3 3 68 40 28 53 9 16 123 4,914 40 48 3 349 24 140 46 270 17 253 1,703 56 22 10 49 393 22 48 98 38 21 97 156 25 3,410 144 56 45 1,675 78 442 13 13 26 49 300 214 170 30 257 16 51 141 9 All dis abling injuries 39.0 27.7 37.8 25.4 39.3 18.6 48.5 49.2 43.9 16.2 27.0 20.4 27.8 43.2 50.4 46.4 58.8 16.5 27.8 33.7 39.2 55.7 56.5 7.1 44.8 18 3 38.9 32.3 52.6 30 2 55.4 50.3 41.0 42.3 31.4 50 4 42.6 30 2 36.3 101.8 45.9 25 0 26.3 34.5 54 2 43.3 55.2 32 9 32 3 45.7 85.1 35.5 23.7 23 0 32 5 34.3 30.6 34.3 35.0 51 5 28.2 29 5 20.4 35 7 2 1 .2 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.4 .3 .3 1.3 .6 .7 .4 1 .6 .8 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility 1.1 37.5 26.4 36.1 24.7 39.3 14.6 46.9 47.5 42.4 14.6 25.4 19.7 27.8 38.6 49.2 44.8 58.8 16.5 24.7 32.9 37.1 45.5 54.2 4.3 41.9 17.6 34.2 29.2 48.7 30.2 51.0 48.5 37.1 31.1 28.5 47.5 39.1 27.7 34.2 89.8 43.6 23 9 25.0 32.4 54 2 41.4 52.6 32.9 30 3 44.5 81.0 33.1 19.2 21.4 32 5 32.9 28.8 1.0 1.4 .7 2.7 1.0 1.0 1 .1 .8 .7 .6 1 .2 1 .6 4.0 3 .i .8 .6 1 .1 1.4 .6 3.2 .6 .7 .8 .3 1.3 4.2 .8 .7 2 .8 .5 .4 1.5 9.1 2.3 1.4 2.3 .7 1.5 2.5 3.2 3.6 1.5 2 .6 7.0 2.9 2 9 2.7 2 5 1.4 9.2 2.3 1 l .8 1.7 .6 1.3 .4 2 .2 2 0 .3 1.0 .9 3.1 .8 1.6 3.0 1.5 1 .6 .7 .9 .7 .9 .3 .4 2 .2 2 .6 1 7 .3 .7 1 7 .7 1 .1 .7 31.8 32.0 49 8 27.2 27 8 18.6 35.0 2 1.2 Dis abling injury 101 126 101 37 9 627 122 127 97 613 252 71 28 190 157 220 6 21 70 43 148 452 74 1,685 130 136 533 26 163 6 172 87 292 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 13 15 13 13 9 8 14 14 Sever ity rate* 3.9 3.5 3.8 .9 .4 11.7 5.9 6 .2 12 4.3 15 1 0.0 6 .8 20 9 28 20 11 1.4 8 8 .2 7.9 17 1 0.2 6 21 .4 .3 1.9" 1.5 5.8 25.2 4.2 16 18 15 34 21 9 17 42 19 18 12 6 5.8 2.5 2 0.8 6 .6 8 .6 .2 12 9.5 4.4 9 1 2.0 886 21 78 49 36 210 16 23 37.4 2.5 2.5 9.0 2.5 84 166 298 52 192 212 13 1 2.0 11 8 6 .0 24 15 13 30.4 2.4 4.8 5.6 5.5 .7 5.5 10 159 15 16 12 12 126 107 16 47 64 134 12 6 .0 16 23 .5 1.5 2.9 11.4 7.2 23.9 202 1,010 48 18 136 215 135 163 26 136 113 331 60 15 11 9 13 12 13 18 1.1 .6 8 12 4.6 13 14 10 17 8 20 14 15 6 .6 4.6 5.7 1.3 3.8 3.3 6 .8 2 .1 .3 30 W O R K I N J U R I E S I N C O N S T R U C T IO N , 1948-49 T able 6.—W ork injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of contracting and by occupation, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of — 1 23 Type of contracting and occupation Special-trades contractors—Continued Electrical work4.................................................. Electricians.................................................. Excavation and foundation work4 ................... Num ber of con tractors 1,973 1,925 371 200 388 104 General building maintenance.......................... 212 101 438 434 38 Installation of machinery and equipment, not elsewhere classified4 ................................ 120 14 Structural............................................ Insulation work4................................................. Asbestos workers........................................ Carpenters................................................... Insulation men, not elsewhere classified. Masonry and stone work 4 ................................. Bricklayers.................................................. Laborers general................ ....................... Stone masons.............................................. Ornamental iron and steel work 4 ..................... Ironworkers4................................................ Ornamental........................................ Fainting, paper hanging, and decorating4----Painters....................................................... Parquet and hardwood-flooring work4............ Carpenters................................................... Floor layers, composition.......................... Floor sanding-manhine operators............. Plastering and lathing4...................................... Laborers, general........................................ Lathers........................................................ Plasterers............................... v •: ............ Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning 4 ----Asbestos w ork ers...................................... Laborers, general........................................ Pipe fitters.................................................. Plumbers...................................................... Sheet-metal workers.................................. Steam fitters ............................................. Truck drivers .......................................... Hoofing and sheet-metal work4........................ Laborers, gfinflral........................................... Roofers4....... ................................................ Composition........................................ Slate Or t.ilfi........................................ Sheet-metal workers.................................. Structural-steel work 4 ........................................ Ironworkers4................................................ Structural............................................ Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work 4....... Mosaic and terrazzo workers.................... Tile setters.................................................. Wrecking and demolition work 4 ...................... Laborers, general........................................ Wreckers...................................................... 22 20 193 66 53 72 578 447 241 68 76 76 65 1,448 1,296 285 149 27 77 584 150 186 500 2,186 30 314 18 1,552 296 453 164 1,007 36 686 487 123 500 170 161 140 534 116 433 120 75 36 Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Total 51,259 48,441 10,004 3,826 2,115 '407 1,783 1,901 8,228 6,854 '844 1,088 1,042 313 161 52 16 33 38 277 226 34 13,460 877 472 460 6,030 3,144 872 977 14,299 8,337 3,092 ’ 965 2,956 2,722 2,291 26,326 24,075 3,266 1,699 *456 456 18,136 1,560 3,781 11,661 56,838 1 226 2^974 2,410 25,703 6,073 9,817 507 23,660 535 8,713 6,633 1,094 11,063 24,895 19,888 19,165 12,611 2,189 8,749 3,879 2,411 510 629 16 28 28 197 Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 (2 ) 23 ( 2 ) 22 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility 48 45 15 1,017 975 297 155 47 14 33 35 270 219 34 6 5 2 2 1 7 7 ( 1) 4 117 2 2 112 1 1 5 2 23 39 528 247 191 24 146 138 2 1 10 6 3 2 2 111 1 1 10 10 8 505 467 52 38 3 3 708 33 165 481 1,740 45 113 104 734 174 327 16 946 26 451 368 47 373 1,304 1,087 1,045 245 58 162 226 168 29 11 3 9 31 24 1 2 1 1 (2) 19 2 1 2 ( 1) 4 1 7 8 2 2 ( 1) 5 ( 2 ) 30 (2 ) 24 ( 2 ) 24 4 ( 1) ( 1) 2 2 1 1 508 16 26 26 191 109 20 39 516 240 188 23 134 126 102 463 434 49 37 2 3 ( 2 ) 13 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. 3 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- 17 67 1 6 1 32 9 14 22 1 13 10 2 6 111 106 104 12 1 8' 11 9 All dis abling injuries 2 1 .2 21.5 31.3 42 1 24.6 39 3 18.5 2 0 .0 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.4 .5 .1 0.9 .9 1.5 1 6 2.4 4.9 1.1 33 7 33.0 40.3 46.7 18.2 59.3 60 9 32.7 35.6 26.4 39 9 36.9 29.6 61 8 24 9 49.4 50.7 48.4 19.2 19.4 15.9 22.4 Perma nentpartial disa bility .3 .5 9 1.0 8.7 4.2 4 3 .2 .3 .8 .6 3.4 .1 .1 .7 .7 1.0 .7 .7 .4 .4 .4 .3 3.4 3.7 3.5 1 0 1 .2 1.0 .6 .6 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 19.9 2 0.1 29.7 40.5 2 2 .2 34.4 18.5 18.4 32 8 32.0 40.3 37.7 18.2 55.1 56 6 31.7 34.7 23.0 39.9 36.1 28.8 60 8 23 9 45.3 46.3 44.5 17.6 18.0 15.0 1.0 37.8 .5 .5 1.5 42.6 39.6 29.2 35 9 34.7 42.4 27.1 27.2 31.9 31 6 38.8 46 7 50.1 53.7 41 2 32.7 46.7 48.2 47.8 18.1 25.1 17.4 55.2 65.6 56 8 695 165 313 16 916 25 436 356 45 362 1,163 957 917 229 55 152 214 158 29 2 1.1 1.3 .4 .3 .4 1 .2 1.5 1.4 .3 .2 .3 .9 1 9 1.5 1.5 1 8 .2 .5 4.5 5.3 5.4 1.0 .5 .9 .3 .4 3.7 .5 1 .2 1 .2 1.3 .3 .9 2 .8 14 161 29 14 29 100 100 10 10 61 87 67 13 14 17 11 11 12 76 83 53 92 161 169 18 14 13 120 11 239 212 5 82 17 97 85 .2 102 12 21 11 11 2,0 0 2 39.0 1 .2 8 2 .0 12 343 42 49 14 6 .6 686 .1 .2 15 15 14 14 13 14 4 4 2 .2 21 1 204 203 89 64 124 62 2 1 .8 6 6 6 6 43.6 4 i.2 30.6 36 7 38.0 43.2 28.6 28.7 33.3 31 6 40.0 48 6 51.8 55.5 43 0 33.7 52.4 54.7 54.5 19.4 26.5 18.5 58.3 69.7 56.8 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 147 33 3 33 161 463 1,660 44 103 Dis abling injury 112 13 10 18 18 22 26 3 5 13 17 10 12 11 18 319 7 16 86 12 12 8 12 12 136 70 69 12 102 78 90 102 38 118 293 307 316 205 285 187 90 111 23 13 9 15 14 ' Sever ity rate* 4.3 4.4 2 .8 2.7 3.1 2.5 .2 6.9 1.4 1 .6 .6 7.5 .5 5.9 6 1 2 .0 3.1 1 .8 .5 2 .8 2.5 3 3 2 3 8 .0 8 .6 5.8 4.6 4.1 2.3 .7 13 2 ( 5) 3 .2 4 4.2 3.5 3.4 7 12.1 3.7 3.9 2 .0 2.3 4 4.1 3 8 4.6 5.7 22 1 6 9 4.0 15.4 16.8 17.2 4.0 7.5 3.5 5.2 7.7 1.3 21 19 19 13 9 13 14 13 23 unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 8 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 31 A P P E N D IX — S T A T IS T IC A L T A B L E S T a b l e 7.— W ork injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of operation and by occupation, 1948 Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of — 2 Type of operation and occupation New construction4..................................................... Air-tool operators............................................... Bricklayers.......................................................... Carpenters........................................................... Cement finishers................................................ Electricians......................................................... Foremen and superintendents.......................... Ironworkers4....................................................... Ornamental................................................. Structural.................................................... Laborers, general................................................ Lathers................................................................ Maintenance men, general................................ Millwrights ...................................................... Mosaic and terrazzo workers............................ Oilers and greasers............................................. Painters............................................................... Pipe fitters.......................................................... Plasterers............................................................ Plumbers............................................................. Power-equipment operators4 ............................ Blade-grader operators.............................. Bulldozer operators.................................... Crane and winch operators...................... Dredge operators........................................ Pile driver operators.................................. Power-shovel operators .......................... Tractor operators....................................... Roofers4............................................................... Composition................................................ Sheet-metal workers.......................................... Steam-fitters....................................................... Stone masons...................................................... Tile setters.......................................................... Truck drivers...................................................... Welders .................................................. Well-drill operators............................................ Repair work4.............................................................. Asbestos workers .............................................. Bricklayers.......................................................... Carpenters........................................................... Cement finishers................................................. Electricians......................................................... G laziers.............................................................. Insulation men, not elsewhere classified......... Ironworkers......................................................... Laborers, general................................................ See footnotes at end of table. Num ber of con tractors 6,489 38 60 28 1,016 2,257 1,249 827 37 241 147 31 621 89 521 2,797 222 176 34 76 89 487 13 426 534 2,119 130 262 240 6 27 326 180 186 143 311 242 157 251 1,714 62 97 2,739 28 193 570 152 250 90 31 36 496 431,002 877 2,988 1 186 15^904 64,816 8,046 26,983 407 3,238 2 736 '411 22,269 2,778 19,137 113,915 3,132 2,453 791 1,423 875 8,698 1,152 8,798 12,475 22,733 582 1,276 1 *,462 *995 717 1 811 2*487 2,654 2,141 9,315 9,549 1 477 5*191 17,403 714 1,930 45,348 528 1,195 5,144 666 3,742 697 465 404 5,906 Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 16,990 62 90 57 472 2,541 206 661 6 88 99 14 1,328 123 1,191 5,367 154 141 18 41 42 182 46 418 455 827 13 36 44 33 47 77 80 159 124 333 301 40 116 547 64 79 1,559 31 31 173 19 135 18 10 35 241 (25) 190 ( 1) 2 Perma nentpartial disa bility 610 8 1 2 ( 1) 6 (4) 24 1 (1) 13 1 ( 1) 2 17 107 7 27 9 2 (3) 17 86 8 (3) 16 (5) 44 (1) 3 (2) 3 77 131 1 2 7 2 ( 1) 2 2 1 1 1 6 2 1 11 3 (1) 17 15 49 3 1 1 2 4 1 (1) 3 9 4 1 2 2 5 4 1 Tempo rary- Total All dis abling total injuries disa bility 16,190 52 ;89 f 55 449 2,410 198 621 5 77 97 14 1,225 114 1,098 5,192 149 131 16 38 34 177 44 406 437 761 11 34 40 32 35 73 77 152 119 326 286 35 107 524 64 1 6 2 7 13 5 7 16 3 10 66 (1) 19 94 1,446 30 29 162 19 2 1 1 (1) 4 1 1 1 1 10 10 2 121 2 32 235 16 10 5 39.4 70.7 30.1 48 0 29.7 39.2 25.6 24.5 14 7 27.2 36.2 34 0 59.6 44.3 62.2 47.1 49.2 57.5 22 7 28.8 48.0 20.9 39.9 47.5 36.5 36.4 22.3 28.2 30 ] 1 33 2 65.5 42 5 32.2 59.9 57.9 35.7 31.5 27 1 22.3 31.4 89 7 40.9 34.4 58 8 25.9 33.6 28 5 36.1 25.8 21 5 86.5 40.8 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.4 2.3 .3 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility 1.4 9.1 37.6 59.3 29.8 46 3 28.2 37.1 24.6 23.0 .1 1 7 l ’. l 1.7 .9 .5 2 5 i6 2 .8 .4 .4 1.0 12 2 .7 .8 .4 .8 .4 1.0 1 .2 1.4 2.3 .3 .9 .1 .2 .7 1.7 3.9 2.9 4.0 1.1 .6 2.9 2 5 '.7 6.9 .2 .9 1.3 1 .2 2 .2 1.7 1 6 2.7 10 4^2 12.5 2 2 .4 1.9 1.9 .1 .2 .8 .5 .6 .4 .4 1.4 3 4 1.3 .9 1 .6 5.2 .4 2 .1 1 9 .8 .2 1.1 ]8 1.9 2.7 2.9 2.5 4.9 .2 .8 23.8 35.5 34 0 54.9 41.0 57.4 45.6 47.6 53.4 20 2 26.7 38.8 20.4 38.1 46.1 35.1 33.5 18.9 26.6 27.4 32 2 48.8 40 3 31.0 57.2 55.5 35.0 29.9 23 7 Dis abling injury Tempo rarytotal disa bility 124 457 79 62 139 108 94 197 1,026 239 13 29 13 15 13 14 15 16 31 21 13 26 15 26 184 125 191 90 142 190 71 399 531 121 184 68 75 207 776 34 182 192 600 97 141 204 207 76 121 2 0.6 144 251 30.1 89 7 34! 1 g 406 31.9 56 9 24.3 31.5 28 5 32.3 22 9 21 5 79.1 39.8 121 21 12 15 12 11 11 24 9 30 17 15 11 11 15 8 13 18 10 41 16 10 12 12 Sever ity rate* 4.9 32.3 2.4 3 0 4 il 4.2 2.4 4.8 15 1 6^5 .8 9 KL9 5.5 11.9 4.3 7.0 10.9 1 6 11.5 25.5 2.5 7.3 3.2 2.7 7.5 17.3 1.0 5.5 6 4 39^3 4 1 4.5 1 2.2 1 2.0 9 13 16 13 14 2.7 3.8 3 9 5^6 3.8 16 16] 6 9 8 186 24 262 128 9 11 6 .8 14 4.3 20 20 6 273 177 16 9.9 4.6 9 216 81 16 12 9 10 14 6.4 1.4 2 18‘.7 3.3 W O R K I N J U R I E S I N C O N S T R U C T IO N , 1948-49 32 T able 7.— W ork injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of operation and by occupation, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of — 2 Type of operation and occupation Num ber of con tractors Repair work—Continued 21 Painters................................................................ Plumbers............................................................. plfotA nr t i l e ................................................... Sheet-metal workers.......................................... Steam fitters ...................................................... Truck drive™ .............................................. Wrecking and demolition4........................................ Laborers, general................................................ Wreckers ...................................... New construction and repair work4 ........................ Asbestos wnrkera .............................................. 1Boilermakers , .............................................. Bricklayers.............................................................. Carpenters........................................................... Cement finishers................................................. Electricians............... - .................................. Floor lay*™, enm position.................................. Glaziers ...................................................... Ironworkers4........................................................ Ornamental ,, .......................................... Structural.................................................... Laborers, general................................................ Lathers................................................................ Mosaic and terra***' w orkers .......................... Painters................................................................ Ripe fitters.......................................................... Plasterers............................................................. Plumbers.............................................................. Power equipment operators.............................. Roofers4............................................................... Composition................................................ PHatn nr t i l e ................................................... Sheet-metal workers.......................................... Steam fitters........................................................ Stone masons.......................................................... Tile setters .......................................... Truck drivers...................................................... Well-drill operators............................................ 649 124 408 98 318 246 43 190 61 242 120 75 36 4,101 47 17 397 907 375 833 39 163 140 23 115 1,010 82 39 445 4 236 594 349 290 196 62 291 175 67 166 534 21 Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) 478 8,839 707 3,798 768 2,976 2'247 ’451 2,149 602 1,290 3,879 2,411 510 154,736 1,497 1,148 3,840 17,142 1,778 19,388 609 2,770 9,188 404 8,682 27,978 628 562 7,630 1,262 3,012 8,815 3,110 3,696 2,698 505 5,242 3,396 507 2,725* 3,764 426 Total Death or perma nenttotal disa bility 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility 8 22 6 194 19 111 46 164 131 21 66 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 6 1 4 12 2 7 6 2 31 34 226 ( 1) 1 168 ( 1) 1 29 5,033 ( 12) 80 47 16 82 610 (2) 5 38 ( 1) 1 414 (2) 19 3 90 348 13 18 324 13 1,097 (1) 7 8 15 149 2 57 41 2 205 154 4 184 142 21 190 ( 1) 2 85 12 44 3 107 8 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. J The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- 1 5 2 11 9 286 2 i 26 2 15 2 51 1 50 25 3 1 7 8 3 2 1 3 1 4 3 2 164 15 98 44 157 125 21 59 29 34 214 158 29 4,667 45 16 81 579 35 380 3 88 284 17 261 1,065 8 15 144 57 40 196 142 181 140 20 185 85 11 40 101 5 All dis abling injuries 12.6 21.9 26.9 29.2 59.9 55.1 58.3 46.5 30.7 51.5 26.4 58.3 69.7 56.8 32.5 31.4 13.9 21.4 35.6 21.4 21.4 4.9 32.5 37.9 44.6 37.3 39.2 12.7 26.7 19.5 45.2 13.6 23.3 49.5 49.8 52.6 41.6 36.2 25.0 23.7 16.1 28.4 18.8 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.9 .3 .9 Perma nentpartial disa bility 2.5 5.7 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 3.3 .3 .4 3.7 .5 1.8 .3 .6 2.8 1.3 .3 1.5 1.0 1.1 .8 1.4 1.5 .3 .7 5.6 25 5.8 .9 .3 .2 1.3 .4 .3 .8 2.6 .8 .7 .4 2.0 .6 2.0 .8 2.3 1.5 .8 4.7 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 12.6 18.5 25.7 57.3 52.7 55.6 46.5 27.5 48.2 26.4 55.2 65.6 56.8 30.2 30.1 13.9 21.1 33.8 19.7 19.6 4.9 31.8 30.9 42.1 30.0 38.0 12.7 26.7 18.8 45.2 13.3 22.3 45.6 49.0 51.9 39.6 35.2 25.0 21.7 14.6 26.8 21.2 11.8 Dis abling injury 3 446 545 302 67 104 120 27 259 97 24 90 111 23 169 60 38 36 112 223 329 7 59 479 33 512 78 10 g 124 9 25 130 219 44 47 48 80 13 52 57 262 1,021 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 3 19 30 17 23 17 15 27 12 16 24 14 13 23 14 12 38 27 13 28 14 7 9 23 5 24 11 10 g 18 g 13 13 11 17 16 26 6 13 11 18 15 14 Sever ity rate* (5) 9.8 14.6 8.8 4.0 5.7 7.0 1.3 7.9 5.0 .6 5.2 7.7 1.3 5.5 1.9 .5 .8 4.0 4.8 7.0 («) 1.9 18.1 1.5 19.1 3.1 .1 .2 2.4 .4 .3 3.0 10.8 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.9 .3 1.2 .9 7.4 19.2 unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 8 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 5 Less than 0.05. A P P E N D IX — S T A T IS T IC A L T A B L E S 33 T a b l e 8.— Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of operation, kind of construction, and by occupation, 1948 Severity Number of disabling injuries Type of operation, kind of construction, and occupation New construction4...................................................... Residential building4.......................................... Carpenters— ............................................ Cement finishers......................................... Electricians................................................. Plasterers..................................................... Tile setters.................................................. Both residential and nonresidential building4. Carpenters................................................... Cement finishers......................................... Electricians................................................. Laborers, general........................................ Lathers........................................................ Painters Plasterers Plumbers ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... Sheet-metal workers.................................. Steam fitters............................................... Tile setters ............................................... Truck rjrivers ............................................. Nonresidential building4................................... Asbestos workers........................................ Boilermakers............................................... Bricklayers.................................................. Carpenters................................................... Cement finishers......................................... Electricians................................................. Foremen and superintendents.................. G laziers...................................................... Ironworkers4............................................... Ornamental......................................... Structural............................................ Laborers, general........................................ Lathers........................................................ Mosaic and terrazzo workers.................... Painters..................................................... Pipe fitters.................................................. Plasterers..................................................... Plumbers..................................................... Power-equipment operators...................... Roofers^ ................................................. Composition ...................................... Sheet-metal workers.................................. Steam fitters............................................... Stonemasons............................................... Tile setters.................................................. Truck drivers.............................................. Highway and street4.......................................... Carpenters................................................... Cement finishers......................................... Foremen and superintendents.................. Laborers, general....................................... Maintenance men, general........................ Power-equipment operators4.................... Blade grader operators...................... Bulldozer operators............................ Power shovel operators..................... Tractor operators............................... Truck drivers.............................................. Heavy engineering and marine4....................... Bridges, substructures............................... Bridges, superstructure4............................ Ironworkers, structural..................... See footnotes at end of table. Num ber of con tractors 6,489 2,305 295 817 300 253 41 15 721 87 230 215 240 229 74 56 108 42 154 306 548 93 146 79 120 174 24 47 45 46 32 21 32 101 2,029 43 12 504 836 483 346 49 75 383 60 316 888 97 38 148 11 143 157 285 86 66 143 137 61 40 512 668 216 228 90 538 77 914 110 78 119 96 460 568 12 13 9 Average number of days lost per— Resulting in- Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) 431,002 61,750 3,667 16,088 1,486 3,123 900 491 10,673 1,255 3,312 4; 476 4,601 '947 715 509 1,887 516 3,088 1,385 23,222 1,380 4; 491 518 3,065 4,323 455 805 1,173 1,370 1,218 499 1,137 534 162,848 2,770 592 9,865 33,188 3,121 15,581 517 1,738 12,511 1,539 10,695 38,901 1,320 1,030 4,089 1,147 3,015 5,174 1,260 1,532 1,284 5,362 4,839 700 768 2,630 57,856 2,436 1,357 1,113 26,449 755 11,052 520 530 631 1,418 7,895 110,290 1,208 2,501 1,954 Frequency rates of—.2 Death or perma nenttotal disa bility1 16,990 2,247 127 589 32 96 45 27 424 82 37 279 161 46 33 18 63 21 55 36 877 34 174 12 81 181 34 30 45 58 70 14 20 11 6,356 87 17 299 1,249 86 314 6 67 855 73 768 1,728 37 32 101 46 87 181 45 73 56 178 177 16 17 87 2,710 132 50 31 1,398 67 380 12 11 23 47 252 4,318 103 192 159 (25)190 (2) 11 1 (2) 4 1 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility 610 67 28 1 2 7 1 1 6 7 4 2 (1) (1) 9 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 26 1 8 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 (8) 69 1 226 4 (1) 12 15 50 4 16 1 1 58 8 49 40 1 1 1 ( 1) 10 ( 1) 10 (4) 19 (1) 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 1 (2) 33 1 1 2 5 5 2 9 3 1 3 72 5 9 1 9 1 3 28 2 6 1 1 5 (10) 55 1 (1) 3 (1) 3 1 5 196 2 8 6 (1) Tempo rary- Total All dis abling total disa injuries bility 16,190 2,169 126 557 30 93 45 27 417 82 36 272 154 42 32 17 62 20 50 36 842 33 164 11 78 173 31 30 43 58 69 14 19 11 6,061 86 .17 280 1,187 82 297 4 66 787 65 709 1,669 35 30 98 44 85 174 39 70 53 175 168 13 16 84 2,605 126 50 28 1,361 64 355 10 11 23 45 242 4,067 100 181 150 39.4 36.4 34.6 36.6 21.5 30.7 50.0 55.0 39.7 65.3 11.2 62.3 35.0 48.6 46.2 35.4 33.4 40.7 17.8 26.0 37.8 24.6 38.7 23.2 26.4 41.9 74.7 37.3 38 4 42 3 57.5 28.0 17.6 20.6 39.0 31.4 28.7 30.3 37.6 27.6 20.2 11.6 38.6 68.3 47.4 71.8 44.4 28.0 31.1 24.7 40.1 28.9 35.0 35.7 47 6 43.6 33.2 36.6 22.8 22.1 33.1 46.8 54.2 36.8 27.9 52.9 88.7 34.4 23.1 20.8 36.4 33.1 31.9 39.2 85.2 76.8 81.4 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.4 .2 .3 .2 .7 .3 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility Dis abling injury 1.4 1.1 37.6 35.1 34.3 34.7 20.1 29.8 50.0 55.0 39.0 65.3 10.9 60.8 33.5 44 4 44.8 33.4 32.9 38.8 16.2 26.0 36.3 23.9 36.5 21.3 25.4 40.1 68.1 37.3 36.7 42 3 56.7 28.0 16.7 20 6 37.2 31 0 28 7 28.4 35.7 26 3 19.1 7.8 38.0 62.9 42 2 66.3 42.9 26.4 29.2 24 0 38.3 28 2 33.6 30.9 45 6 41 3 32.6 34 7 18.5 20.8 32 0 45.0 51.7 36.8 25 2 51.5 84.8 32.2 19.3 20 8 36 4 31.7 30.7 36.9 82.7 72.4 76.8 124 79 59 98 326 154 9 10 27 12 32 71 46 69 18 27 73 36 410 13 114 62 125 53 151 187 378 8 32 8 43 9 161 8 123 81 29 159 106 50 108 1,402 17 190 122 199 110 219 384 194 184 36 96 355 261 334 77 78 195 113 54 114 107 10 64 69 117 201 840 15 18 146 138 145 77 134 154 i .7 .7 .6 .7 .2 .6 .4 .4 .3 .9 4.4 .3 1.3 1.5 4.2 1.4 2.0 .5 1.9 1.0 1.1 .7 1.8 1.9 .7 .9 2.2 1.7 .8 .9 .4 .4 1.4 .4 .4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.9 .6 4.6 5.2 4.6 1.0 .8 .1 1.9 .8 .9 .5 .8 1.9 .7 .9 .4 .8 2 0 2 3 .2 .9 7 1.0 4.0 .6 .4 .4 1.9 4 3 1.3 1 1 1.2 2.1 .3 1.3 .8 1.9 2 7 1.1 2.6 1.4 1.9 .7 .6 .5 .8 1.2 1.5 .7 .6 1.8 1.7 3.2 3.1 Tempo rarytotal disa bility 13 12 11 13 14 8 9 10 11 12 19 11 9 27 9 11 9 8 11 13 13 10 15 12 19 17 12 8 9 8 9 9 12 8 13 13 29 14 13 11 16 3 13 16 14 16 12 9 10 16 15 12 12 10 15 13 8 12 17 7 18 12 10 10 28 11 10 12 8 15 18 8 12 16 11 9 9 Sever ity rate* 4.9 2.9 2.0 3.6 7.0 4.7 .4 .6 1.1 .8 4 4.4 1 6 3 4 8 9 2.4 1 5 7.3 3 4.3 1 5 4.9 1 2 4 .0 7.8 28.3 3 1.2 3 2 5 2 2 8 2 4*8 2 6 8 4.8 4.0 1 4 2^2 16.3 6 13.0 5 8 14.3 4.9 6.1 11 9 4 8 7^4 1 0 3^4 12.7 12.4 14 6 2.5 2.9 4.5 2*5 18 5^3 5.8 4 18 3^6 10.4 6.9 19.4 .3 ’7 4'. 8 4.4 5.7 6.6 10.3 12.5 34 W O R K I N J U R I E S I N C O N S T R U C T IO N , 1948-49 T able 8. Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of operation, kind of construction, and by occupation, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of— 2 Type of operation, kind of construction, and occupation Num ber of con tractors Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) Total New construction—Continued Heavy engineering and marine—Continued Dams4.......................................................... Carpenters........................................... Laborers, general................................ Maintenance men, general................ Power-equipnent operators............... Truck drivers...................................... Dredging4...... . ........................................... Power-equipment operators4............ Dredge operators........................ Pipe lines4.................................................... Carpenters........................................... Foremen and superintendents.......... Ironworkers, structural..................... Laborers, general................................ Power-equipment operators.............. Steam fitters....................................... Truck drivers...................................... Power lines4. .............................................. Electricians.......................................... Laborers, general................................ Sewers and water mains4.......................... Laborers, general................................ Power-equipment operators.............. Levees, seawalls, etc.4................................ Laborers, general................................ Power-equipment operators.............. 26 12 17 11 26 13 10 7 5 51 17 8 9 38 51 9 30 45 32 14 121 100 121 20 19 20 8,286 2,072 1,841 484 1,235 836 2,329 1,021 919 14,169 616 444 455 4,277 1,076 1,526 681 5,763 2,559 1,488 8,460 5,557 667 1,836 633 468 262 52 40 16 46 36 78 34 27 648 11 1 10 306 44 26 29 222 103 53 369 256 17 99 54 16 Repair work4. ............................................................. Residential 4........................................................ Carpenters................................................... Electricians................................................. Insulation men, not elsewhere classified., Laborers, general........................................ Painters........................................................ Plumbers..................................................... Roofers4...................................................... Composition........................................ Sheet-metal workers.................................. Nonresidential building4.................................... Bricklayers.................................................. Carpenters................................................... Electricians.................................................. Laborers, general........................................ Lathers........................................................ Painters........................................................ Plumbers...................................................... Roofers......................................................... Sheet-metal workers...................... ........... Both residential and nonresidential building4. Carpenters................................................... Electricians.................................................. Painters........................................................ Plumbers...................................................... Roofers4— ................................................ Composition........................................ Highway and street4.......................................... Laborers, general........................................ Power-equipment operators...................... Truck drivers.............................................. 2,739 1,337 305 65 24 190 361 245 199 155 103 611 87 142 121 147 13 123 36 34 38 332 70 35 83 55 54 38 68 50 57 44 45,348 15,132 2,551 415 404 1,066 3,431 2,142 1,664 1,325 928 14,605 726 1,706 1,928 1,827 460 2,769 488 589 893 4,950 605 408 1,424 557 517 406 3,718 1,828 555 652 1,559 457 107 7 6 29 67 68 88 77 18 519 15 42 59 88 5 84 11 35 35 159 18 15 20 16 30 20 160 84 31 15 New construction and repair work4........................ Residential4......................................................... Asbestos workers........................................ Carpenters......................... ......................... Electricians.................................................. Laborers, general........................................ Painters........................................................ Plasterers..................................................... Plumbers...................................................... Roofers4..... ................................................. Composition........................................ Sheet-metal workers.................................. Tile setters.................................................. 4,101 1,219 8 311 152 254 160 85 270 82 56 95 79 154,736 18,167 422 3,204 1,819 1,805 1,726 637 3,028 671 475 1,041 910 5,033 405 7 72 58 42 31 6 52 26 21 51 17 See footnotes at end of table. Average number of days lost per— Resulting inDeath or perma nenttotal disa bility1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility 5 3 8 2 249 47 40 16 45 33 75 33 26 621 8 1 8 301 39 24 28 208 95 51 341 239 16 96 54 16 (1) 2 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 1 7 6 1 2 2 (2) 1 1 2 19 1 1 5 4 1 1 7 2 1 26 15 1 3 (1) 19 4 1 1 94 31 5 1 1 8 8 4 4 1 28 (1) 1 8 1 (i) 2 4 1 4 2 1 2 4 3 9 1 2 3 15 3 2 1 2 (12) 80 4 286 20 1 9 5 1 1 2 1 3 1 All dis abling injuries 31.6 26.1 21.7 33.1 37.2 43.1 33.5 33.3 29.4 45.7 17.8 2.3 22.0 71.6 40.9 17.0 42.6 38.5 40.3 35.6 43.6 46.1 25.5 53.9 85.3 34.2 1,446 422 101 5 6 29 58 60 84 73 16 483 14 40 53 85 5 71 10 33 31 140 15 13 17 13 30 20 160 84 31 15 34.4 30.2 41.9 16.9 14.8 27.2 19.5 31.7 52.9 58.1 19.4 35.5 20.7 24.6 30.6 48.2 10.9 30.3 4,667 381 7 63 52 42 29 6 49 26 21 48 16 32.5 22.3 16.6 22.5 31.9 23.3 18.0 9.4 17.2 38.7 44.2 49.0 18.7 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.6 1.4 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility 1.0 30.0 22.7 21.7 33.1 36.4 39.5 32.2 32.3 28.3 43.8 13.0 2.3 17.6 70.4 36.3 15.6 41.1 36.1 37.2 34.2 40.3 43.0 24.0 52.3 85.3 34.2 1.0 .8 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 1.2 3.7 .7 1.5 1.2 .8 .7 3.1 2.7 1.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 31.9 27.9 39.5 2.4 12.1 2.3 3.7 2.4 3 .0 1.1 1.9 2.1 1.6 3 .2 22.6 2.1 59.4 39.2 32.1 29.8 36.8 14.0 28.7 58.0 49.2 43.0 45.9 55.9 23.0 3.4 3.4 3 .0 5.0 4.9 .7 3.6 1.8 1.1 2.8 2.7 2.9 1.1 14.8 27.2 16.9 28.0 50.5 55.1 17.2 33.1 19.3 23.4 27.5 46.6 10.9 25.7 20.5 56.0 34.7 28.3 24.8 31.9 11.9 23.3 58.0 49.2 43.0 45.9 55.9 23.0 30.2 2 1.0 16.6 19.7 28.7 23.3 16.8 9.4 16.2 38.7 44.2 46.1 17.6 abling injury 172 395 15 8 39 445 102 183 229 119 1,131 21 670 27 273 400 21 228 391 158 125 131 38 198 11 Tempo rarytotal disa bility Sever ity rate8 5.4 9.9 .3 .3 1.5 19.2 3.4 6.1 6.7 5.4 20.2 (5) 14.7 2.0 11.2 6.8 .9 8.8 15.8 5.6 5.5 6.0 1.0 10.7 18 186 6.4 202 147 905 7 21 317 285 119 134 387 181 411 63 321 78 3 455 117 53 266 352 210 146 735 750 19 15 16 6.1 6.2 15.3 .1 .6 6.2 9.0 6.3 7.8 7.5 6.4 8.5 1.5 9.8 3.8 (5) 13.8 2.6 3.1 10.4 11.3 6.3 5.4 10.3 21.5 1.1 .7 .7 .5 1.5 .5 12 27 23 169 127 6 182 194 15 236 5 276 28 26 48 23 5.5 2.8 .1 4.1 6.2 .4 4.2 (5) 4.7 1.1 1.1 2.3 .4 APPENDIX—STATISTICAL TABLES 35 T able 8.— Work injury rates for 16,321 construction companies classified by type of operation, kind of construction, and by occupation, 1948 — Continued Severity Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of—1 2 Type of operation, kind of construction, and occupation construction and repair work—Continued Both residential and nonresidential building4. Bricklayers.................................................. Carpenters................................................... Cement finishers......................................... Electricians................................................. Glaziers.......... .......................................... Ironworkers................................................. Laborers, general........................................ Lathers........................................................ Mosaic and terrazzo workers.................... Painters....................................................... Plasterers..................................................... Plumbers..................................................... Roofers4— . . ............................................ Composition........................................ Sheet-metal workers.................................. Steam fitters............................................... Tile setters.................................................. Truck drivers.............................................. Nonresidential building4.................................... Asbestos workers........................................ Boilermakers............................................... Bricklayers.................................................. Carpenters.................................................. Cement finishers......................................... Electricians................................................. Glaziers........................................................ Ironworkers4............................................... Structural............................................ Laborers, general........................................ Painters....................................................... Pipefitters.................................................... Plasterers..................................................... Plumbers..................................................... Roofers4....................................................... Composition........................................ Sheet-metal workers.................................. Steam fitters............................................... Truck drivers.............................................. Highway and street4.......................................... Laborers, general........................................ Power-equipment operators...................... Truck drivers.............................................. Heavy engineering and marine4...................... Pipe lines4.................................................... Laborers, general................................ Power lines4................................................. Electricians......................................... Railroads4.................................................... Laborers, general................................ Num ber of con tractors 1,554 150 292 116 411 89 27 319 36 25 192 93 203 130 83 109 64 69 159 743 20 11 138 233 114 183 45 67 59 225 54 4 37 41 54 43 61 47 128 129 98 170 95 134 8 4 20 16 15 10 Em ployeehours worked (thou sands) 39,554 1,061 5,029 460 7,266 1,486 424 4,423 419 442 4,481 1,417 3,342 1,915 1,279 2,071 640 1,527 631 51,656 718 757 2,215 8,023 672 5,795 1,032 1,999 1,878 8,811 792 1,262 751 1,074 901 813 1,793 1,482 641 14,004 8,683 1,462 1,633 18,495 1,574 730 9,113 2,525 1,130 941 Total 973 16 137 15 127 54 24 136 5 8 71 18 85 103 73 72 13 26 15 2,136 34 7 55 365 17 111 29 103 90 481 35 57 14 35 50 44 60 46 25 395 207 58 39 808 92 51 313 90 121 112 Death or perma nenttotal disa bility1 (3) 9 (1) (1) 2 1 4 1 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility All dis abling injuries 41 1 7 2 4 2 6 1 923 15 128 12 119 52 18 135 5 8 69 17 82 100 71 72 13 23 15 1,966 33 7 55 355 17 105 29 95 82 458 35 57 14 34 50 44 58 46 25 363 202 52 33 773 92 51 292 78 120 112 24.6 15 1 27.2 32.6 17.5 36 3 56.6 30 7 11.9 18.1 15.8 12.7 25.4 53.8 57.1 34.8 20.3 17.0 23.8 41.4 47.4 9.2 24.8 45.5 25.3 19.2 28.1 51.5 47.9 54.6 44.2 45.2 18 6 32 6 55.5 54.1 33.5 31.0 39.0 28.2 23.8 39.7 23.9 43.7 58.4 69.8 34.3 35.6 107 1 119.0 1 1 3 3 2 3 (3) 22 (1) (1) 148 1 3 7 4 2 2 2 6 6 6 17 1 (1) 2 (2) 11 1 2 3 (4) 22 21 4 4 3 13 (4) 19 (2) 10 2 2 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of cases of permanent-total disability included. 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured person Average number of days lost per— Resulting in— 1 Death and perma nenttotal disa bility 0.2 .4 2.2 .6 .2 Perma nentpartial disa bility Tempo rarytotal disa bility Dis abling injury Tempo rarytotal disa bility 1.0 23.4 14.2 25.4 26.1 16.3 35.0 42.5 30.5 11.9 18.1 15.4 12.0 24.5 52.2 55.5 34.8 20.3 15.0 23.8 38.1 46.0 9.2 24.8 44.2 25.3 18.2 28.1 47.5 43.6 52.0 44.2 45.2 18.6 31.7 55.5 54.1 32.4 31.0 39.0 25.9 23.2 35.6 20.3 41.8 58.4 69.8 32.0 30.8 106.2 119.0 118 63 151 526 217 90 568 14 5 7 116 35 41 61 75 6 15 82 29 127 26 7 16 85 21 279 11 262 300 119 11 9 25 133 18 15 205 12 12 263 69 246 692 201 12 12 389 709 8 3 14 17 16 33 15 7 13 12 5 7 21 7 10 13 14 6 15 27 29 12 12 7 16 10 21 15 11 14 15 11 11 9 25 19 18 15 5 12 12 13 12 9 15 14 12 12 17 15 3 3 9 1.4 4.3 .6 1.3 14 1 .2 .2 .7 .9 1.6 L6 2.0 .4 2.9 1.4 .4 .9 .7 .3 1.0 3.0 3.2 1.9 1.1 .7 .9 1.1 .8 .1 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.5 .5 2.7 1.8 .7 2.1 4.0 .2 .8 9 Sever ity rate3 2.9 .9 4.1 17.2 3.8 3.3 32.1 .4 .1 .1 1.8 .4 1.0 3.3 4.3 .2 .3 1.4 .7 5.3 1.2 .1 .4 3.9 .5 5.4 .3 13.5 14.4 6.5 .5 .4 .5 4.3 .1 .8 6.9 .4 .5 7.4 1.7 9.7 16.5 8.8 .7 .8 13.4 25.3 .9 .4 unable to work at any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 5 Less than 0.05. f t U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1 9 5 0 -8 9 7 9 1 7 RECENT BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REPORTS ON INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND WORKING CONDITIONS1 Annual Reports on W ork In ju ries: A collection of basic industrial injury data for each year beginning with 1942, presenting national average injury-frequency and severity rates for each of the major industries in the United States. Individual establishments may evaluate their own injury records by comparison with these data. Bulletin N o . 975 945 921 889 849 802 758 P ries Work Work Work Work Work Work Work Injuries Injuries Injuries Injuries Injuries Injuries Injuries in in in in in in in the the the the the the the United United United United United United United States States States States States States States During1948 During1947 During1946 During1945 During1944 During1943 During1942 .................................... lb cents ................................ .... 15 cents .................................... 10 cents .................................... 10 cents .................................... 10 cents ....................................10 cents ....... ........................ ... 10 cents Injuries and Accident C auses: Intensive studies of the frequency and severity of work injuries, the kinds of injuries, types of accidents, and causes of accidents in selected major industries: Bulletin N o. 962 949 924 884 855 839 834 805 Price Injuries and Accident Causes in Textile Dyeing and Finishing. . . . 45 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in Fertilizer Manufacturing . . . . . . . . 20 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Pulpwood-Logging Industry, 1943 and 1944............ 10 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Brewing Industry, 1944________15 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Slaughtering and Meat-Packing Industry, 1943 ... ......................................... .1 5 cents Fatal Work Injuries in Shipyards, 1943 and 1944 ...................... 10 cents Shipyard Injuries, 1944 ............. 5 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Foundry Industry, 1942 ............ 15 cents Perform ance o f Physically Impaired W orkers in Manufacturing Industries. Bulletin No. 923. Price 55 cents. This report compares the work performance of physically impaired persons and unimpaired workers on tha same jobs in respect to absenteeism, work injuries, output, and stability on the job. Consideration is also given to placement practices and the jobs at which the impaired persons were employed. Separate chapters are devoted to the work performance records of persons having each of the 10 specific impairments induded in the study. H ours o f W ork and Output. Bulletin No. 917. Price 35 cents. A study of production, efficiency, absenteeism, and accidents under different schedules of working hours. Findings are based upon 78 case studies which are described in detail. W orkmen’s Compensation and Protection o f Seamen. Bulletin No. 869. Price 20 cents. A report on the financial protection afforded merchant seamen who are disabled because of injury or disease while in the service of their vessels. Presents the status of such seamen under both foreign and domestic legis lation and examines the probable results of applying to seamen the recommendations of an interdepartmental committee for a workmen’s compensation act, fitted to the existing rights of merchant seamen. Quarterly and M onthly Reports on W ork Injuries in M anufacturing: Press releases presenting injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries, by months an# quarters. Issued quarterly. For free distribution upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also appear# in Monthly Labor Review. 1 Unless otherwise designated, fo r sale by the Superintendent o f Docum ents at prices indicated. How to order publications: Address your order to the Superintendent o f Docum ents, Governm ent P rin tin g Office, W ashington 25, D . C ., w ith rem ittance In Cheek o r m oney order. Currency is sent a t sender’s risk. Postage stamps not acceptable.
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