The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
«r-s.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES j. davis, Secretary
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, No. 37
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY
INDUSTRIES
A Study of Wages and Hours
&
mm
SJTESOJ,
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1924
[Public—No.
259—66th
Congress.]
[H. R. 13229.]
An Act To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be estab
lished in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau.
Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensa
tion of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate
standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage
earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their
efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employ
ment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and
report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the
welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may
from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such
a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director,
to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an
annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as
shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary
of Labor.
Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture and equipment, for the work of
this bureau.
Sec. 6. That this Act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage.
Approved, June 5, 1920.
Median WeeK’s Earnings in Leading Industries
Dollars.
Surveyed.
(Those industries are included In which reports on week’s earnings are available ■for oT
20
$18.35
least 1,000 women)
$1780
S3
tfeso
$1610
$15.^3
$1475 $1473
15
$13.70 $1365
$1320
10
Optical”!' Chemicals Cetton
General Electric
.scientific ana drop*, textiles, mercantile, lamps,
instruments.
Cigars,
Shirt®
Hosiery Silk
Woolen
Food HondKer- Panel Is. metal
and Knit textile®, textiles, products, chiefs.
products, and
overalls
306.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU,
No. 37
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY
INDUSTRIES
A Study of Wages and Hours
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1924
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
A
CONTENTS.
PartI. IntroductionI
_ _
j
Scope and method of investigation_______________________
4
Summary of facts _
_
5
Conclusion_______________
II. Wages________________________
Methods of payment_____
Week’s earnings__________
Earnings and time worked
Full-time earnings________
Earnings and rates
24
Rates and scheduled hours
27
Earnings and experience
29
Earnings and nativity
35
Year’s earnings _
_
30
Earnings of night workers1______________________________
41
III. Hours _______________________________________ __ _ __
42
Scheduled hours _
43
Daily hours______________
__
43
Weekly hours___________
47
Saturday hours
__
52
Hours of night workers
53
Lunch periods
54
Actual hours worked _ _
54
Time lost
50
Overtime___________________________
5g
IV. The Workers_________
__
_
cq
Age-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nativity ___■ _
_
61
Conjugal condition
05
Living condition
07
Education_____________________________________________
0g
Appendixes:
General tables
_______________________________________
72
Schedule forms____________________________
ok
New Jersey laws affecting working hours of women employees_____
98
S
TEXT TABLES.
Table 1. Number of establishments visited and number of women em
ployed therein, by industry
5
2. Extent of time and piece work, by industry_________________
3. Distribution of women and their median earnings, by industry __
4. Median earnings and time worked, by industry—Women
whose time worked was reported in hours_________________
5. Median earnings and time worked, by industry—Women whose
time worked was reported in days
20
hi
12
13
10
CONTENTS.
IV
Page.
Table 6. Week’s earnings of women who worked firm’s full scheduled
week or more, compared with those of all workers--------------Median rates and median earnings, by industry-------------------Weekly rates and actual week’s earnings------------------------------Median rate and scheduled weekly hours, by industry------------Median earnings and time in the trade, by industry.....................
Earnings by hours worked—night workers...................................
Scheduled daily hours, by industry-------------Scheduled weekly hours, by industry----------------------------------Time lost and overtime, by industry-----------------------------------Age, by nativity-----------------------------------------------------------------Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal in
formation, by industry
63
17. Conjugal condition, by nativity-----------------------------------------18. Extent of schooling and country of birth--------------------------------7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
22
25
26
28
30
41
44
48
56
61
67
69
APPENDIX TABLES.
Table I. Week’s earnings by industry-------------------------------------------------
II. Week’s earnings and time worked, by industry, women whose
time worked was reported in hours----------------------------------III. Week's earnings and time worked by industry—women whose
time worked was reported in days-------------------------------------IV. Week’s earnings of women who worked the firm’s scheduled
week or more, by industry-------------------------------------------- V. Weekly rate and actual week’s earnings by industry------------VI. Weekly rate and scheduled weekly hours, all industries--------VII. Week’s earnings and nativity of the women employees who
supplied personal information, by industry------------------------VIII. Year’s earnings of women for whom 52-week pay roll records
were secured, by industry-------------------IX. Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry-------------------------------X. Length of lunch period, by industry-----------------------------------XI. Hours worked less than scheduled, by industry--------------------XII. Hours worked more than scheduled, by industry---------------- XIII. Age of the women employees who supplied personal informa
tion, by industry-----------------------------------------------------------XIV. Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied
personal information, by industry-----------------------------------XV. Living condition of the women employees who supplied in
formation, by industry----------------------------------------------------
76
78
82
83
84
86
88
90
91
92
93
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
United States Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau,
Washington, December 20, 1923.
Sir: Herewith is transmitted a report of an investigation of wages
and hours of women in industry in the State of Now Jersey. This
survey was made at the request of the commissioner of labor of the
State and much help and cooperation was given by his department.
Other agencies contributing with their help and advioo were: The
Federal and State Employment Service, the Department of Voca
tional Education, the State Consumer’s League, and the Young
Women s Christian Association. We especially appreciate the help
given by the manufacturers through whose cooperation the survey
was very much facilitated.
This investigation was supervised by Ethel L. Best, the prepa
ration of the statistical material was in charge of Elizabeth A. Hyde,
and the report was written by Ruth I. Voris.
Mary Anderson, Director.
Hon.
James
J.
Davis,
Secretary of Labor.
v
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
In the spring of 1922 the Women’s Bureau of the United States
Department of Labor was asked by the Department of Labor of the
State of New Jersey to make a survey in that State of the wages and
hours of women workers in the principal woman-employing industries.
Civic and labor organizations had repeatedly asked the State depart
ment of labor to undertake an investigation which would furnish
such information, but lack of funds and inadequate office force had
made it impossible for the local authorities to conduct such a study.
Following its policy of cooperation with State departments of labor
wherever possible, and because the industries of New Jersey are
unusually prominent as employers of women, the Women’s Bureau
undertook to make this survey, which was carried on during the last
four months of 1922. The work of the agents was much facilitated
by the cooperation of State officials who gave the benefit of their
experience and knowledge of local conditions. Especially valuable
assistance was given by the department of labor, whose inspectors
gave generously of their time, assisting with direction and service.
• Other agencies which contributed with help and advice during the
course of the survey were the Federal and State employment serv
ices, the Department of Vocational Education, the State Consumers’
League, and the Young Women’s Christian Associations in many
cities.
Most prominent among the cooperating agencies were the employ
ers themselves. In almost every instance they gave free access to
their records, and it was their readiness to supply the information
desired that made possible the collection of the data presented in
this bulletin.
The task of conducting a representative survey of the women
engaged in industry in a State of the industrial importance of New
Jersey is a very considerable one. Although the State is relatively
small in area, industrial activity is found on a large scale. As a
manufacturing State New Jersey ranks sixth among the States of
the country, whether it be rated, according to the number of wage
earners employed, the capital invested, or the value of the manul
2
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
facturcd product.1 The census records show that during the 15 years
from 1904 to 1919 the rate of growth of manufacturing industries
was greater in New Jersey than in the country as a whole. It would
he difficult to estimate accurately the increase in the amount of mamtfacturing from any data given in monetary terms, on account of the
change in the value of the dollar during that period. The number of
manufacturing establishments, however, may be taken as some index
of the change, and here we find an increase of 57.7 per cent in New
Jersey and of 34.2 per cent in the United States as a whole.1 Not
only the number but the size of the individual establishments in
creased, for the rate of increase in the number of wage earners was
91 per cent in New Jersey and 66.3 per cent in the country at large,
the rate of increase in both instances being much higher than the
corresponding increases in the number of establishments.1
It is obvious from these figures that, although New Jersey is one of
the oldest industrial States, the present period is witnessing marked
increases in its industrial activities. The employment policies and
conditions now in force in its establishments have, therefore, an
important significance not only for the present but for future develop
ments in the State.
The manufacture of textiles forms one of the most important
industries of New Jersey. In 1919 there were 917 textile establish
ments in the State, employing an average of 71,447 wage earners, or
14 per cent of all the wage earners in manufacturing industries.
The industry has shown a considerable growth in recent years, with
an increase in the value of the total manufactured product of over 200
per cent from 1909 to 1919, a figure which must be somewhat dis
counted to allow for the decrease in the value of the dollar and for
the unusual industrial conditions existing in 1919, but which undoubt
edly indicates a bona fide increase in the industry. Not only is this
an important industry within the State but New Jersey ranks fourth
among the States in the value of textile products, reporting 9 per
cent of the total.i2
While cotton, woolen, and worsted goods are all manufactured in
New Jersey, the most important of the textile produots is silk, and
over one-half of the silk mills of' the country are located there.
Pennsylvania takes the lead in the manufacture of silk goods, contributing 33.7 per cent of the output of the country, and Now Jersey
follows closely with 31.2 per cent. No other State approaches these
two in the manufacture of silk, for New York stands third, with
only 11.9 per cent of the value of the manufactured product of the
country.3
i U. s. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, Manufactures, 1919, Vol. VIII, Table 48, p. 171.
>U. S. Bureau ofthe Census, 14th Census,Manufactures 1919, Vol. IX, p. 914.
»Ibid., Vol. X.
*
_
_
WOMEN'IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
3
In tho manufacture of cordage and twine New Jersey occupies
third place, in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods fourth,
and, of knit goods seventh, and only 9 other States produce more
cotton goods.3
Because of the predominance of the textile industry and the
importance of certain other industries which employ a considerable
proportion of women, industrial conditions as they affect women are a
conspicuous problem for the industries of the State. In 1920 there
were 295,990 women engaged in gainful occupations in New JersGy,
23.9 per cent of all the women in the State. Of this number, 111,825
(37.8 per cent) were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical
industries.4
The women in manufacturing and mechanical industries formed
17.8 per cent of all the employees in this group, but many branches of
industry employed far larger proportions of women.
The manufacturing industries in the State which employed at
least 2,000 women, with the per cent these women formed of all the
employees within the industry, are as follows:5
Industry.
*
Silk goods..................................
Electric machinery............
Cigars and cigarettes..................
Worsted goods.......................
Women's clothing..............
Millinery and lace goods...................................................
Cotton goods.............................................
Knit goods........................................... .............
Dyeing and finishing textiles.........................................................
Men’sclothlng.............................................
Phonographs and graphophones...............................................................
M en’s furnishings................................................................
Corsets......................................................................................
Number of Per cent
of all
women. employees.
S, 905 :
80.2
5^ 680
5, 340
78’ 9
3' 435
2, 852
2, 800
21.9
iSS
2, 640:
85.1
In each of these industries, except^ dyeing and finishing textiles
and the manufacture of phonographs and graphophones and electric
machinery, the women formed a very large proportion of all em
ployees. In fact, in six of them four-fifths or more of the workers
were women and in five others women constituted at least one-half
of the force. It is clear that the standards established by these
industries for their women employees represent the dominating
conditions in a number of important industries of the State. The
information presented in this report should therefore be of value not
only for the light it throws upon the individual problems of women
workers, but as a picture of industrial standards affecting an im
portant proportion of the labor force of New Jersey.* 6
4 TJ. S. Bureau of the Census, 1920, Abstract of Occupation Statistics, Tables 7-10.
6 U. S. Bureau of the Census, lfth Census, Manufactures, 1919, Vol, IX, Table 42, p. 930.
4
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Scope and method of investigation.
As it was impossible to include in the survey all establishments
employing women, a representative number of plants in the various
industries having women employees were chosen. Stores, laundries,
and manufacturing establishments were visited in 43 cities and towns
of the State:
Arlington.
Asbury Park.
Bayonne.
Belleville.
Bloomfield.
Boonton.
Bridgeton.
Camden.
Clifton.
Dover.
East Orange.
Elizabeth.
Elizabethport.
Freehold.
Frenehtown.
Gloucester.
Harrison.
Hoboken.
Jersey City.
Keyport.
Lambert ville.
Long Branch.
Manasquan.
Milford.
Millville.
Newark.
New Brunswick.
Orange.
Oxford.
Passaic.
Paterson.
Perth Amboy.
Phillipsburg.
Red Bank.
Riverside.
South Amboy.
Toms River.
Trenton.
Union Hill.
Vineland.
West Hoboken.
West New York
West Orange.
Definite information as to numbers of employees and their hours
and wages was scheduled by investigators after interviews with em
ployers, managers, and foremen, and after examination of the pay rolls.
In order to obtain accurate and uniform information all data from the
pay rolls were copied by the investigators, except in a very few cases
where the information was supplied by the firm. The wage informa
tion secured included data on earnings, rates, and hours of each woman
in each occupational group for a representative and current week, In
the majority of cases the week chosen was that beginning September
11, 1922, but occasionally, on the advice of the management, another
week was selected. Every effort was made to secure information for a
week in which no unusual situation had affected the number of hours
which the women had worked. With the wage and hour data were
combined the facts as to age, nativity, experience in the trade, and
conjugal and living condition which were obtained from question
naires distributed in the plants and filled in by the employees. For
a limited number of women record was made of earnings for the year
ended September, 1922. The number of establishments included in
the survey, the industries covered, and the number of women em
ployed are given in the following table:
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
5
Table 1.—Number of establishments visited and number of women employed
therein, by industry.
N umber
of es
tablish
ments.
Industry.
All industries.........................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons.......................................................
Candy.........................................................
Chemicals and drugs............................... .
Cigars..........................................................
ClothingFelt hats...............................................
Shirts and overalls..............................
Underwear...........................................
Other....................................................
Electric products—
Lamps..................................................
Other....................................................
Food products............................................
Glass and glass products..........................
Handkerchiefs............................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware............
Leather and leather products...................
Metal products...........................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments.
Paper and paper products........................
Pencils.........................................................
Pottery.......................................................
Rubber and rubber products...................
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton.................
Cotton goods........................................
Hosiery and knit goods......................
Silk goods.............................................
Woolen goods......................................
Other....................................................
Miscellaneous.............................................
G eneral mercantile...........................................
5-and-10-cent stores...........................................
Laundries..........................................................
-
Number of women employed.
Total.
Bay
Night
workers. workers.
300
34,894
34,655
6
3
7
12
263
252
1,983
2,149
263
252
1,970
2,149
7
16
4
12
361
1,374
391
805
361
1,374
391
805
11
8
9
8
8
14
11
21
4
10
3
11
11
1,635
906
1,033
314
1,361
754
652
2,571
1,366
583
1,104
746
546
1,620
906
1,033
296
'1,361
754
652
2, 571
1,366
583
1,104
746
541
3
4
9
42
7
5
3
8
13
10
754
1,365
1,557
3,543
2, 4 47
455
545
2,025
309
745
754
1,298
1,557
3, 543
2,326
455
545
2,025
309
745
239
13
15
18
5
67
121
The 34,894 women included in the survey were employed in 27
different branches of manufacturing industries and in stores and
laundries. In all, 300 plants were visited. In these establishments
34,655 women were employed on day shifts, while 239 were employed
at night. Of the day workers the group which formed the main bulk
of the women for whom information was obtained (almost 30 per
cent) were in the various textile industries, with the largest propor
tion making silk and woolen goods. Over three-fourths of the
women on night shifts were in the cotton and silk mills. The only
other industries in which any of the plants visited employed women
on night work were the manufacture of chemicals and drugs, of
electric lamps, of glass and glass products, and of rubber and rubber
products.
SUMMARY OF FACTS.
1. Scope.
This survey of women in New Jersey industries gives data on
wages and hours for one representative week in September, 1922.
The information was secured from 300 establishments, representing
6
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
27 branches of the manufacturing industry and stores and laundries.
Data were recorded for 34,894 women, employed in 43 cities and towns
of the State. The textile industry employed 29 per cent of these
women.
II. Wages.
Week’s earnings.
The median of the week’s earnings for 34,655 day workers was
$14.95. Highest earnings were for 361 women in the manufacture of
felt hats, whose median was $23. Lowest earnings were for 252
women in candy manufacturing, whose median was $10.35. In the
textile industry, silk goods manufacturing had median earnings of
$15.90 for 3,543 women; in woolen goods manufacturing median earn
ings for 2,326 women were $14.75.
Earnings and time worlafd.—Earnings did not increase consistently
with increased hours of work. Although the highest median, $16.95,
was reported for the 800 women who had worked more than 54 hours,
the next highest median was $16.40 for the 3,723 women who had
worked 48 hours, and the 1,045 women who had worked 44 hours had
a median of $16.25. The median of the 899 women who had worked
54 hours was only $14.05. The median earnings of the 10,983 women
who had worked 48 hours or over were $15.70. The median earnings
of the 3,493 who worked on 5 days and more were $16.80.
Earnings and rates.—A comparison between rates and actual earn
ings was possible for 6,746 women, and showed that the women
actually earned almost as much as the rates would have led them to
expect for a full week’s work. The median of the rates was $14.55.
and that of the earnings $14.35.
A comparison of rates and scheduled weekly hours showed a
tendency for higher wage rates to accompany shorter hours, those
firms with a high standard in one respect having it also in the other.
The highest median rate was $16.30 for those women who were
scheduled to work 48 horn’s a week. The 44-hour week was accom
panied by the next highest median rate, $16, while the 44 to 48 hour
week had a median of $14.95.
Earnings and experience.—The women included m this survey were
not an inexperienced group. Of 11,509 for whom experience records
were secured, 38 per cent had worked in the trade for 5 years or more,
and 15.4 per cent had worked in the trade for 10 years or more.
Five-and-ten-cent stores and the manufacture of electrical products
other than lamps employed the largest proportion (more than twofifths) of inexperienced workers. Less than one-tenth of the women
in the manufacture of silk goods, underwear, handkerchiefs, shirts,
and overalls, felt hats, and cigars had been employed in the trade
less than one year.
WOMEX IX SEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
7
In three industries the highest median earnings were for the women
with less than five years of experience, in six industries the highest
median was for those with 5 and under 10 years of experience, in
three industries 10 to 15 years was the experience group which showed
the highest median, and in seven industries the group with the greatest
experience (15 years or more) had the highest median.
Earnings and nativity.—The median earnings of 3,817 foreign-born
women were $15.50, while the median for 9,771 native-born white
women was $14.95.
Year’s earnings.
Records of a year's earnings were secured for 2,938 women. The
median for this group was $811. General mercantile establishments
had the highest median $1,085 for 124 women. The lowest median
was $500 for 26 women employed in candy manufacturing. In the
textile industry 346 women manufacturing silk goods had a median
of $839, and 190 women manufacturing woolen goods had a median
of $741.
Earnings of Night Workers.
Records were secured of earnings of 239 night workers. Their
median was $14.65, which was 30 cents less than the median for the
day workers. The night workers who had worked 48 hours had
median earnings of $14.85.
III. Hours.
Scheduled daily hours.
Information on scheduled daily hours for 34,629 women employed
in 300 firms showed that only 19 firms employing 5.4 per cent of the
women had a scheduled day as long as 10 hours, the limit permitted
by law. An 8-hour day or less was the schedule for 19 per cent of
the women. Between 8 and 9 hours was the schedule for 41.2 per
cent of the women.
The 10-hour day was scheduled for a large proportion (from 32.8 to
56.7 per cent) of the women in the manufacture of cigars, electric
products other than lamps, and rubber products. Less than 8 hours
a day was the schedule for 89.1 per cent of the women in general mer
cantile establishments. An 8-hour day was the scedule for 48.2 per
cent of the women in silk mills and 5-and-10-cent stores.
Scheduled weekly hours.
Information on scheduled weekly hours for 34,615 women employed
in 300 establishments showed that a schedule of 48 hours or less was
in force for 55.2 per cent of the women. A schedule of 54 hours or
more was in force for 8.4 per cent of the women.
The largest proportion of women with short hours was found in
the manufacture of felt hats and silk goods, where 74.5 per cent and
8
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
49.4 per cent, respectively, of the women were scheduled for 44 hours
or less. Between 44 and 48 hours was the schedule for 84.8 per cent
of the women in general mercantile establishments and for 77.3 per
cent of those in cotton mills.
The largest proportion of women working long hours was found in
the manufacture of rubber and rubber products and in laundries,
where 75.1 per cent and 48.3 per cent, respectively, of the women
were scheduled for 54 hours or over.
Saturday hours.
In the manufacturing industries 67.4 per cent of the women had a
day of less than 5 hours, while less than 6 per cent were scheduled to
work as long as 6 hours on Saturdays. None of the women in stores
had a short day on Saturday.
Hours for night workers.
Records for 239 night workers showed that 188 of them who were
employed in the textile industry were scheduled to work
hours a
night for five nights, making a total of 48 hours a week. The few
other women employed in other industries were scheduled to work
from 37i to 48 hours a week.
Lunch periods.
A lunch period of one hour was allowed in 172 establishments, 77
allowed 30 minutes, 51 allowed between 30 minutes and 1 hour.
Time lost.
Records showing actual hours of work for 22,384 women showed
that 46.1 per cent had lost some time during the week investigated.
Of those who had lost time, 44.4 per cent had lost less than 5 hours,
23.2 per cent had lost between 5 and 10 hours, and 32.4 per cent had
lost 10 hours or more.
Overtime.
Of the 22,384 women for whom actual hours of work were reported,
8 per cent had worked longer than the scheduled week. Of this
number, 61 per cent had worked less than 5 hours more than their
weekly schedule.
IV. The Workers.
Age.
Of 13,274 women who reported on their age, 32.2 per cent were
less than 20, 39.8 per cent were between 20 and 30, and 28 per cent
were over 30 years old.
The industries with the largest proportion (one-fourth or more) of
girls from 16 to 18 years of age were 5-and-10-cent stores and the
manufacture of leather and leather products, candy, and felt hats.
The industries employing the largest proportion (more than onethird) of women 30 years of age or older were laundries, the manu
facture of felt hats, other clothing, food products, and woolen goods.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
9
Nativity.
Of 13,861 women reporting, 70.5 per cent were native-born white,
2 per cent were native-born negro, 27.5 per cent were foreign-born.
Of the foreign born, 28.7 per cent were born in Italy, 19.9 per cent in
Austria-Hungary, 16.1 per cent in Poland, and 13.6 per cent in the
United Kingdom.
The industries in which more than half the women reporting were
foreign born were the manufacture of woolen goods, cotton goods, and
cigars.
Conjugal condition.
Of the 13,082 women reporting on conjugal condition, 67.2 per cent
were single, 21.9 per cent were married, 10.3 per cent were widowed,
separated, or divorced.
Living conditions.
Of the 12,877 women reporting on living condition, 86.3 per cent
were living at home, 7.5 per cent were living with relatives, and 6.1
per cent were living independently.
Education.
Of the 10,664 women reporting on schooling, 36.1 per cent had been
through the eighth grade or higher. Only 3.9 per cent reported that
they had never gone to school.
CONCLUSION.
The figures given in the foregoing summary outline the conditions
affecting a large number of wage-earning women in the State. The
standard of legal protection which New Jersey has established for
its women workers is not high. A 10-hour day and 54-hour week
are permitted by law. There is no minimum wage law. The law
prohibiting night work is not yet in effect. In 23 States shorter
daily hours and in 8 States shorter weekly hours have been adopted
as legal standards for women. In 13 States there is legal regulation
of women’s wages.
Nevertheless, conditions in New Jersey compare favorably with the
situation found elsewhere. Of 11 States in which the Women’s
Bureau has conducted investigations of women’s hours, New Jersey
ranks second in the per cent of its women who were scheduled to work
48 hours or less. In Maryland 56.9 per cent, in New Jersey 55.2
per cent, and in Rhode Island 53.5 per cent of the women were
scheduled for a 48-hour week or less. In the matter of wages New
Jersey also ranks high. Of the 10 States in which the Women’s Bu
reau has conducted wage investigations, New Jersey’s median earnings
of $14.95 are second only to those of Rhode Island, whose median
of $16.85 was based on records secured in 1920, when wage rates all
81843°—24-----2
10
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
over the country were exceptionally high. However, the fact that
conditions are so generally commendable does not mean that there is
no room for improvement. Most of the figures quoted have been
averages, medians, and percentages. Although such figures are a
general indication of existing situations, they are not by any means
a complete picture. Each average, each median, covers two extremes.
A per cent is only part of a whole.
There were 6,419 (18.5 per cent) who were scheduled to work more
than 50 hours a week. There were 8,837 (25.5 per cent) who earned
less than $12 a week. It is to these women at the lower end of the
scale that attention must be directed, so that persons interested in
the well-being of all the women in the State may see the outline of the
problem which is before them.
.
PART II.
WAGES.
The subject of wages is one of great importance and great com
plexity. It is important from the point of view of thousands of
workers who must support themselves and others on what they earn.
It is important to society in general, in that unless these workers
are financially able to assume their own responsibilities and see them
through, they become a burden upon society. But the problem is
many-sided, and various factors—such as the general industrial
situation, the bargaining strength of the workers, and also their
skill and experience, and the policy of the individual firm—influence
the amount of wages. Such a report as the one presented here can
consider but a few of the conditions which may affect wages. The
data given in the following pages are based on a study of actual wage
records of women employed in New Jersey industries, combined with
certain personal information which was obtained from the women
themselves. Correlations have been made of earnings and the various
factors which might be expected to affect them, in order to present
a more complete picture of the situation in the industries of the State.
Two main types of information on earnings were obtained—a record
of earnings for all women employed in the plants visited during one
week in September, 1922, and a record of year’s earnings for a limited
number of women who had been with the firm during the previous
52 weeks.
Methods of payment.
In many manufacturing processes the earnings of the workers are
calculated on the basis of output; that is, the sum earned varies with
the amount produced. Such employees are said to be working on a
piece-rate basis. Other workers receive pay based on the number
of hours or days which they have worked during the week, and a
limited number may work under both of these systems. Table 2
shows the methods of payment followed in the various industries
surveyed.
12
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Table 2.—Extent of time and piece ivork, by industry.
Number of time workers and of piece workers, and per cent
these form of total number reporting.
Industry.
Time workers.
Piece workers.
Women doing both
time and piece
work.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
!
All industries.......................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons................. . ..............................
Candy.............................. .......................
Chemicals and drugs..............................
Cigars........................................................
Clothing—
Felt hats............................................
Shirts and overalls..........................
Underwear................... ....................
Other —..........................................
Electric products—
Lamps.............................................
Other................................................
Food products........................................
Glass and glass products.......................
Handkerchiefs........................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware........
Leather and leather products...............
Metal products........................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments....................................................
Paper and paper products.....................
Pencils......................................................
Pottery....................................................
Rubber and rubber products................
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton..............
Cotton goods.....................................
Hosiery and kmt goods...................
Silk goods..........................................
Woolen goods...................................
Other.................................................
Miscellaneous..........................................
General mercantile........................................
5-and-10-cent stores........................................
Laundries..................................................
17,376
50.1
14,432
41.6
2,292
6.6
97
152
650
209
36.9
60.3
33.0
9.7
152
1
1,254
1,899
57.8
.4
63.7
88.4
14
99
59
39
5.3
39.3
3.0
1.8
14
329
113
98
3.9
23.9
28.9
12.2
3*11
960
273
692
94.5
69.9
69.8
86.0
4
79
2
9
860
502
993
258
197
612
602
923
53.1
55.4
96.1
87.2
14.5
81.2
92.3
35.9
398
310
29
36
813
94
49
1,138
24.6
34.2
2.8
12.2
59.7
12.5
7.5
44.3
357
94
11
1
347
47
1
234
22.0
10.4
1.1
.3
25.5
6.2
.2
9.1
632
268
624
387
217
46.3
46.0
56.5
51.9
40.1
558
276
378
253
287
40.8
47.3
34.2
33.9
53.0
163
14
92
105
37
11.9
2.4
8.3
14.1
6.8
525
597
232
1,706
2,195
223
206
2,025
309
621
69.6
46.0
14.9
48.2
94.4
49.0
37.8
100.0
100.0
83.4
206
549
1,259
1,434
126
226
322
27,3
42.3
80.9
40.5
5.4
49.7
59.1
10
38
50
364
3
2
17
1.3
2.9
3.2
10.3
.1
.4
3.1
1.1
5.7
.5
1.1
119
Of the 34,655 women in the New Jersey survey, practically onehalf were time workers, over 40 per cent were piece workers, and the
remaining fraction received wages derived from a combination of the
two systems. Naturally, all the women in the stores were employed
on a time-work basis. In the manufacturing industries the largest
proportion of time workers were employed on the preparation of food
products, where 96.1 per cent were on a straight time basis. The
woolen mills and the manufacture of leather and leather products
stood next in this respect, with 94.4 per cent and 92.3 per cent, re
spectively. In the manufacture of glass and glass products and gold
and silverware and jewelry 87.2 per cent and 81.2 per cent, respec
tively, and in laundries 83. 4 per cent of the women were time workers.
A piece rate was used for very nearly all (94.5 per cent) of the women
making felt hats, for 88.4 per cent of the women in cigar manufactur
ing, for 86 per cent of those making miscellaneous clothing, and for 80.9
per cent of those employed in hosiery and knit goods manufacturing.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
13
Week’s earnings.
Data on week’s earnings were secured for 34,655 women employed
in 31 different industries. (See Table I in Appendix.) The actual
earnings for these women were scattered over a wide range, but the
median earnings were $14.95. In other words 17,327 of the women
surveyed in New Jersey earned less than that amount, and 17,327
earned more. The following table shows the distribution of the
women among the various industries, and the medians of the earnings
reported for the week in question:
Table 3.—Distribution of women and their median earnings, by industry.
Women employed.
Industry.
AH industries......................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons...................................................
Candy......................................................
Chemicals and drugs...............................
Cigars.......................................................
Clothing—
Felt hats............... ...........................
Shirts and overalls...........................
Underwear.......................................
Other.................................................
Electric products—
Lamps..............................................
Other.................................................
Food products........................................ .
Glass and glass products.........................
Handkerchiefs.........................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware..........
Leather and leather products..................
Metal products........................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments
Paper and paper products.....................
Pencils......................................................
Pottery.................................................... .
Rubber and rubber products..................
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton................
Cotton goods......................................
Hosiery and knit goods....................
Silk goods..........................................
Woolen goods.....................................
Other..................................................
Miscellaneous............................. ..............
General mercantile........................................
5-and-10-cent stores.........................................
Laundries...................................................... .
Median
earnings,
week of
pay-roll
Number. Per cent. investi
gation.
34,655
100.0
$14.95
263
252
1,970
2,149
0.8
.7
6.7
6.2
12.75
10.35
17.80
16.20
361
1,374
391
805
1.0
4.0
1.1
2.3
23.00
13.20
13.45
13.90
1,020
906
1,033
296
1,361
754
652
2,571
1,366
583
1,104
'
746
541
4.7
2.6
3.0
.9
3.9
2.2
1.9
7.4
3.9
1.7
3.2
2.2
1.6
16. 45
13.80
14.75
11.95
14.10
15. 20
13,05
13.66
18.35
13.05
13.70
13.40
14.85
754
1,298
1,557
3,543
2,326
455
545
2,025
309
745
2.2
3.7
4.5
10.2
6.7
1.3
1.6
5.8
.9
2.1
16.30
16.75
16.10
15.90
14.75
10.95
13.10
16.75
11.30
12.30
Taking the median as an indication of the wage standard of an
industry, the manufacture of felt hats showed the highest earnings
of any industry surveyed, with a median of $23. Only 361 women
reported, however, were employed in this industry, which is highly
seasonal. The optical and scientific instruments workers stood next,
with a median of $18.35. The lowest paid women were those in the
candy factories, where the median was $10.35. Other textiles and
5-and-10-cent stores were next to the bottom of the list, the medians
in those industries being $10.95 and $11.30, respectively.
14
WOMEN" IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
The earnings in the five industries which employed the largest
numbers of women in the survey are shown below:
N umber of
women
reported.
Industry.
Median
earnings.
3, 543
$15. 90
2, 571
13. 65
2, 326
14. 75
2, 149
16. 20
2, 025
16. 75
These figures on earnings are for all the women employed in the
plants surveyed, irrespective of the number of hours worked during
the week or the effects of experience. Consequently, the earnings
for the week varied all the way from less than SI to over $40, but
the earnings of more than three-fourths of the women fell between
$9 and $21.
The situation in regard to earnings is further indicated in the
following statement of industries from which over 1,000 workers
were included in the survey:
Per cent earning under $16.
Per cent earning under $9.
All industries 10. 4
Shirts and overalls-------------------Handkerchiefs-------------------------Silk goods---- -------Cigars------------------------------------Food products 12. 5
Metal products-----------------------Hosiery and knit goods------------Pencils 7. 9
Chemicals and drugs----------------Woolen goods_____________ ____
Cotton goods 5. 9
Electric lamps 4. 1
Optical goods and scientific in
struments 3. 4
General mercantile 2. 2
21.
16.
15.
13.
1
4
0
7
10. 9
9. 6
7. 4
6. 3
Per cent earning under $12.
All industries 25. 5
Shirts and overalls 40. 6
Handkerchiefs 32. 6
Pencils32. 6
Metal products32. 0
Cigars 27. 4
Silk goods26. 6
Food products-,----- ------------------- 23. 8
Hosiery and knit goods 23. 1
Chemicals and drugs 19. 5
Woolen goods 17. 2
General mercantile 11. 8
Cotton goods 11. 0
Electric lamps 10. '6
Optical goods and scientific in
struments___________________ 9. 9
All industries50. 3
Pencils63. 6
Metal products63.
Shirts and overalls-------------------- 62.
Handkerchiefs58. 0
Woolen goods54. 8
Food products53. 0
Silk goods 44. 1
Cigars42. 7
Hosiery and knit goods--------------- 42.
Chemicals and drugs-------------------35.
Cotton goods35.
General mercantile 34.
Electric lamps33.
Optical goods and scientific in
struments 26. 1
2
4
5
9
4
3
7
Per cent earning under $18.
All industries 72.
Food products----------------------------90.
Pencils'--------------------------------------87.
Metal products-------------------------- 85.
Woolen goods84.
Handkerchiefs83. 8
Shirts and overalls 80.
Electric lamps---------------------------- 71.
Cotton goods 65.
Silk goods64.
Cigars61. 8
Hosiery and knit goods61. 5
General mercantile59. 9
Chemicals and drugs51. 1
Optical goods and scientific in
struments 47. 4
9
7
8
6
0
7
5
2
2
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
15
Earnings and time worked.
Figures which give only the actual amount earned during the
week fall far short of telling the whole story. In order to arrive at
a satisfactory understanding of the situation it is quite as important
to know how long it took the worker to earn that wage as it is to
know the amount of the wage itself. Information on the actual
time worked is not available for all of the workers for whom wage
figures were secured. In many cases no record is kept of the num
ber of hours, or even days, which piece workers put in, since such
a record is not necessary to compute the week’s pay. Even for
some of the time workers the books of the firm show only the num
ber of days and not the number of hours worked, a record not alto
gether accurate since it does not show whether the woman has been
on the job all of each half day for which she is marked present.
A definite record of the number of hours worked was found on the
books of the plants surveyed for 23,640 women. Not far from onehalf of these women had worked 48 hours or more dining the week
of the survey. The hour group which had the largest number of
women was that of 44 and under 48 hours, while the next largest
number of women had worked 48 hours. Table 4 shows the median
earnings and hours worked for the women for whom hour records
were secured.
16
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY TNDITSTRIES.
Table 4.—Median earnings and time worked, by industry.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS.
Women who worked during the week—
All women
reported.
Under 30
hours.
30 and under 39 and under
39 hours.
44 hours.
44 hours.
Industry.
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
All industries.................. 23,640 $14.80
Manufacturing:
Chemicals and drugs.............
Cigars......................................
Clothing—
Felt hats..............................
Shirts and overalls.............
Underwear..........................
Other...................................
Electric products—
Lamps.................................
Other...................................
Food products.......................
Glass and glass products----Handkerchiefs.......................
Jewelry and gold and silver
ware.....................................
Leather and leather produets.
Metal products.......................
Optical goods and scientific
instruments........................
Paper and paper products. -.
Pencils.....................................
Pottery...................................
Rubber and rubber products.
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton.
Cotton goods.......................
Hosiery and knit goods...
Silk goods...........................
W oolen goods.....................
Other...................................
Miscellaneous.........................
General mercantile...................
5-and-10-cent stores..................
Laundries..................................
1,855
$5.55
2,780 $13.80
1,045 $16. 25
.104
139
1,278
745
12.80
11.85
14.80
15.75
5
11
99
78
CO
(0
4. 95
6.00
4
7
70
49
(0
(0
9.60
10.25
18
24
153
60
11. 50
10.50
12.00
12.65
29
28
17.40
10.70
13
201
321
104
<u
12.70
13. 50
12.00
3
77
19
36
«
7.30
5.65
6. 35
5
77
37
15
0)
13.50
9.05
12.50
3
19
55
15
0)
13.25
13.25
12.70
2
7
54
24
o)
(>)
14.70
12. 70
1,619
772
998
225
670
16.45
13.70
14.80
11.65
14, 50
75
36
111
11
77
6.20
6.25
4.25
(')
4.60
117
71
41
16
79
12.60
12. 45
9.25
7.80
11.80
278
59
58
21
137
15.50
13. 40
11.25
10. 50
14. 75
8
8
7
1
11
«
c)
0)
«
(■)
712
610
2,160
15.10
13.65
13. 55
24
44
116
9.50
4. 35
4.50
96
29
123
12.90
10. 70
9.80
189
114
270
14.70
12.15
12.45
96
152
23
1,355
371
984
449
357
18.35
11.90
13. 40
13. 30
14.65
68
47
64
41
23
7.35
4.75
3.50
6. 75
6.10
96
37
35
44
30
12.30
8.85
8. 60
9.40
10.35
145
34
94
47
22
16.10
10.00
12.00
12. 25
12.00
6
5
2
9
3
718
1,298
226
2,516
1,926
455
539
1,081
152
482
16. 25
16. 75
15.70
15.25
14.95
10.95
13.05
16.85
10.90
11.05
26
80
20
395
104
23
72
21
7
42
5.60
6.00
11.35
6.05
5. 75
3.50
5.60
7.60
33
122
45
281
101
18
46
53
3
25
12.15
13.05
15.65
12.60
11.35
7.75
9. 75
12.15
70
105
68
450
J04
39
80
30
6
13
14.40
15. 80
16. 40
15.50
12. 85
9. 05
11.75
13.65
70
4
14
410
38
1
25
3
4
1
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
1,805 $11,65
G)
3.25
<M
7.55
o
0)
16.65
16. 70
12.50
0)
(>)
(>)
«
16.00
16. 60
12. So
(>)
13.85
<!)
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
17
Table 4.—Median earnings and time worked, by industry—Continued.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS—Continued.
Women who worked during the week—
Industry.
Over 44 and
under 48
hours.
48 hours.
Over 48 and
under 50
hours.
50 hours.
Over 50 and
under 52
hours.
MeMe-MeMeMeNum- dian Num- dian Num- dian Num- dian Numher. earn- ber. earn- ber. earn- ber. earn- ber.
earnings.
mgs.
mgs.
ings.
mgs.
All industries.
Manufacturing:
Buttons.............................
Candy........................
Chemicals and drugs
Cigars............................
ClothingShirts and overalls............
Underwear.............
Other.....................
Electric products—
Lamps.............
other..................... ;;;;;;;
Food products......................
Glass and glass products....
Handkerchiefs............
Jewelry and gold and siiver
ware...................................
Leather and 1 eather products
Metal products.....................
Optical goods and scientific
i nstruments.......................
Paper and paper products.*"
Pencils..................................
Pottery..........
Rubber and rubber products.
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton.
Cotton goods.....................
Hosiery and knit goods".'..
Silk goods..........................
Woolen goods.
other...............;;;;;;;;;
Miscellaneous.......................
General mercantile..................
5-and-l 0-eent stores.................
Laundries.....................
5,172 $15.90
3,723 $16.40
1,524 $14.85
20
42
261
40
11.60
11.10
13.75
15.35
1
7
67
63
p>
(D
19. 50
20. 50
26
24
460
124
15.00
14. 00
16. 70
17.00
31
41
4
14.50
14.75
(D
2
112
P)
14.55
43
2
10
14.65
G)
0)
638
158
75
137
175
17.25
17.20
12. 75
12.20
16.00
336
67
10
5
140
16.50
16.35
(M
M
16.55
100
29
61
3
17
17.65
14.25
14.15
P)
11.50
9
79
40
205
43
670
14.75
12.70
13.95
12
70
440
p>
12. 75
13.60
25
44
320
16.85
14.75
15. 85
177
33
95
113
82
17.05
11. 40
13. 50
12.50
14.95
732
49
6
1
1
20.55
11.85
22
111
275
33
23
52
764
48
244
59
66
41
823
2
33
15.00
17.50
16.25
16. 35
16.15
12.05
14. 95
17.35
iD
9.10
195
200
10
70
1,026
58
11
12
1
19
15.90
16.70
13
1
4
91
27
12
246
47
2
18
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
2,213 $15.25
(>)
16.85
15.70
16.00
P)
p
P>
11.15
30
3
4
24
13.60
G)
p)
10.50
677
*14.85
5
47
33
(i)
18.10
14.75
4
1
m
p>
1
G)
12.80
14.35
G)
w
45
22
103
2
2
17.80
17.50
14.35
(!)
2
4
64
pi
p)
12.15
17
28
78
20.25
14.45
14.00
16.50
14.55
13. 20
16.05
15.60
32
29
50
56
11
15.75
12.50
11.55
15.90
e)
16
2
17
11
15
18.00
(i)
12.50
(1)
18.25
P)
P
P)
16.05
14.20
pi
14.80
16.30
(>)
10.06
254
1
1
421
19
228
4
72
38
43
17.90
G)
G)
18.00
12.85
10.90
0)
14.55
12.15
15.25
4
8
44
14
3
4
6
1
145
(i)
(!)
18.00
(!)
(1)
(l)
(!)
0)
13.10
P)
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
18
Table 4.—Median earnings and time worked by industry—Continued.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS—Continued.
Women who worked during the week—
52 hours.
Industry.
Over 52 and
under 54
hours.
54 hours.
Over 54
hours.
Me
Me
Me
Me
Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber.
ber.
ber. earn ber. earn
earn
earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
All industries.................
199 $14.15
948 $15. 75
899 $14.05
Electric products—
Other..................................
Food products......................
Jewelry and gold and silver
Leatlierandleather products.
Metal products.....................
Optical goods and scientific
Pencils.../. .....t................
Rubber and rubber products.
Textiles—
7
1
14
(!)
(l)
(')
(l)
o
20.45
1
0)
1
20
6
5
(l)
17. 50
C)
c>
4
27
39
0)
14.15
14.60
14
16
18
(i)
16.40
16.50
4
52
14
(')
13.60
c)
5
11
3
3
2
0)
(‘)
(*)
O)
C)
36
13
322
90
16
27. 20
(l)
15.50
16.05
19.00
8
Miscellaneous........................
7
7
5
1
1
Laundries.................................
49
3
12.10
o
Silk goods..........................
Woolen goods....................
3
14
182
o
0)
(M
I
c)
1
55
23
3
1
4
39
4
(i)
13.70
14.90
0)
(m
(l)
10. 90
C)
24
8
175
50
8
31
5
1
3
13. 50
o
12.75
14. 55
(*)
15.30
8
«
$15.70
57
55
666
490
13. 85
14.65
16.95
18.00
50
115
10
14. 75
14.45
C)
6
49
42
(l)
17. 35
16. 25
8
21
397
11
(l)
15. 75
16.85
(l)
503
440
706
39
191
16 85
13. 35
15.95
12. 9.5
15.90
23
13
21
18.75
C)
16.75
102
228
958
18.15
13.95
14.45
20
27.75
863
215
694
195
197
20.65
13.40
14.15
15.95
16.15
467
223
31
736
1,520
308
275
151
130
368
16.90
17.50
16.35
16. 70
15.50
11.80
14.85
16. 40
12.00
12.10
14
0)
33
10.95
7
1
96
C)
0)
18.20
1
CO
4
16
(*)
26.65
C)
C)
45
5
3
7
1
15. 20
c>
(l)
0)
0)
10. 75
4
c>
3
401
1
9
132
C)
15. 35
Me
Num dian
ber. earn
ings.
800 $16.95 10,983
Manufacturing:
Chemicals and drugs............
Cigars.....................................
Clothing—
48 hours and
over.
*Not computed, owing to small number involved.
According to the figures in this table, the earnings of the women
surveyed bear no consistent relation to the hours worked. It is
true that the lowest earnings ($5.55) were those of the women who
had worked less than 30 hours, and the highest ($16.95) were those
of the women who had worked more than 54 hours, but there was no
regular progression within these limits. The next highest earnings
were those of the 48-hour group, while those who had worked 44
horns stood third. The median for all of the women who had worked
over 48 hours and not more than 54 hours was less than the medians
for these two shorter hour groups.
Nor was there any regular progression of earnings with hours
worked for the women within any one industry. For the most part
the highest wages did not accompany the longest hours. In several
industries the highest median earnings were those of the Women who
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
19
had worked 48 hours, and in one industry—the manufacture of leather
and leather products those who had worked 44 horn's during the
week averaged the highest earnings. In only four industries—food
products, metal products, optical goods and scientific instruments,
and cotton textiles—Were the highest medians found for those women
who had worked over 54 hours. All of the 1G women who had
worked this long in the cottpn mills were employed in one mill as
warper tiers and tenders. Each of them had worked 60 hours,
and their earnings ranged from $23.48 to $39.35. Almost 40 per
cent of the women engaged in the manufacture of food products had
worked more than 54 hours during the week for which records were
taken, and some had worked as long as 60 horn’s. The canning of
vegetables was done in some of the plants visited, and it must be
remembered that canneries are exempt from the provisions of the
weekly hour law. Only a few women working on metal products or
optical goods and scientific instruments worked longer than 54 hours,
and there is no information to indicate anything extraordinary about
the occupations of those who did so.
Ihe distribution of the figures in Table II in the appendix, which
gives the detailed relation between hours and earnings for the women
in all industries taken together, also indicates a lack of causal con
nection between hours worked and earnings. For example, among
the women who had worked less than 30 hours there were some who
had earned over $25, while among the women who had worked over
54 hours there were some who had earned less than $8. It is probable
that these latter women were learners, but the figures still remain
as an indication of the dispersion of earnings in the various hour
groups.
There were 4,262 women for whom time worked was reported in •
teims oi days. Ihe situation presented by this correlation may be
quite different from that of earnings by hours worked, since the
woman whose record showed that she had worked 44 hours may have
put in full time in a plant with a 44-hour week or she may have lost
10 hours from a normal scheduled week of 54 hours. In the latter
event her earnings would bring down the average for that group of
women, since hers was only a part week and there is no tendency for
the rates for a long scheduled Week to be any higher than for a short
one. When time worked was reported in days, however, it is obvi
ous that in practically all cases where a woman was employed less
than 51 days she was putting in less than her normal week. Table 5
shows the median earnings and days worked for those women whose
record of time worked was reported in days. Over 70 per cent of the
women with time records by the day had worked on 5£ or 6 days.
The highest median wage was $18.10 for those who worked on 5J
days, while those who worked on 6 days during the week had a
20
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
median of $16.15. With the exception of these two figures, there
was a steady and comparatively regular increase with each additional
half-day of work.
Table 5.—Median earnings and time worked, by industry.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Women who worked during the week on—
All women
reported.
1| days.
1 day.
2 days.
days.
Industry.
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
4,262 $15.65
Manufacturing:
32
113
615
484
11.15
9.60
21.60
18.80
622
70
392
(>)
5
0
c)
10
1
4
8
1
m
6
1
13
0)
0
0
1
0)
8
2
0
1
0
3
. 1
2
1
0
1
(')
5
0
12. 35
16.65
1
0
0
1
0)
1
2
3
Papcr and paper products................
182
14.20
Pottery...............................................
44
112
Textiles—
5
General mercantile.................................
laundries..................................................
1
942
157
213
16.65
11.75
15. 30
i
0)
1
0)
1
0
8
1
(>)
0
1
0
3 days.
Industry.
0
10.15
0
13
18.90
13.90
7.90
Optical goods and scientific instru-
1
3
17
3
8
35
42
21
Jewelry and gold and silver ware...
S8. 35
8.
13.90
9.50
12.00
Glass and glass products..................
58
2
7
128
21
32
Electric products—
$5.60
0)
0
12.05
13.30
15.50
Shirts and overalls.....................
41
1
1
2
4
Chemicals and drugs.........................
Cigars...................................................
Clothing—
12
31 $2.35
34 days.
2
w
2
0
2
0
1
1
ft
2
5
8
1
0
1
0
4 days.
Me
Me
Me
Me
Num dian Num dian Num dian Num- dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn . ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
179 $10.70
260
$13.50
3
1
52
21
18.00
12. 85
9. 55
0)
13.15
65 1
1
60
10.85
0
14-5.5
b)
U
0 '
$8.85
88
$9.65
2
4
1
8
0
1
1
3
5
5
ri
(i
(i
O
14
44
4
7
0
Shirts and overalls...............................
Underwear.............................................
Other......................................................
Electric products—
21
4
5
6. 50
8
23
5
22
7.40
0)
11.40
53
12
25
Other......................................................!
1
c)
8
<>)
4
All industries............................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons........................................................
Candy.......................................................... Chemicals and drugs...................................
44 days.
100
’
8
Clothing—
.
I Not computed, owing to small number involved.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
Table
21
5.-—Median earnings and time worked, by industry—Continued.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN
3 days.
Industry.
3} days.
Me
Num dian Num
ber. earn ber.
ings.
Manufacturing—Continued.
Food products..............
Glass 'and glass products..........
Handkerchiefs......
Jewelry and gold and silver ware..
Leather and 1 eather products.......
Metal products...........
Optical goods and scientific instruments...
Paper and paper products__
Pencils__
Pottery.........
Rubber and rubber products__
Textiles—
Cotton goods__
Hosiery and knit goods...............
Silk goods...................
20
2
1
1
5-and-10-ccnt stores... .
Laundries................
$9.50
(')
i
DAYS—Continued.
4 days.
Me
dian Num
earn ber.
ings.
ii days.
Me
Me
dian Num dian
ber.
earn
earn
ings.
ings.
(>)
6
i1)
1
i
o
12
0)
(■)
(')
4
o
{')
2
to
1
3
C‘)
b)
3
3
8
9
5
«
(l)
1
7
0)
0)
4
t‘i
(>)
0
2
C)
(>>
13
3
8
0)
8
5
2
8
8
1
1
(D
17 $12.90
5 days.
5£ days.
6 days.
c)
(>)
5 days
and over.
Industry.
Me
Me
Me
Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
All industries...........
Manufacturing:
Buttons..................
Candy .............
Chemicals and drugs ..
Cigars ........................
Clothing—
Felt hats...............
Shirts and overalls__
Underwear........
Other............
Electric products—
Lamps.........
Food products ..
Glass and glass products .
Handkerchiefs__
Jewelry and gold and silver ware...........
Leather and leather products ..
Metal products.........
O ptical goods and scientificinstruments.
Paper and paper products ...
Pencils..............
Rubber and rubber products___
Textiles—
Cotton goods...........
474 S14. 20
3,493
$16.80
11
98
531
428
(l)
9. 75
22.50
19.65
426
46
262
13.70
15.00
16.75
15. 75
c)
(>)
15. 30
11
84
515
373
0)
9.90
22.65
20.40
2
8
44
73
12.80
15.00
15.05
327
2
184
14.10
(l)
17. 45
1
c>)
5
0)
id
88
15.90
95
18
12.65
18
12.65
(>)
33
36
10
19. 25
15. 20
0)
33
39
10
19. 25
15.05
14.20
95
15. 35
140
14.80
l1)
18. 30
12
44
(l)
16.50
25
93
13.70
17.15
3
o
23
7
77
15.65
0)
15. 60
3
49
i1)
17
17
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
1,077 $16.15
14
14
47
Silk goods.................
Woolen goods.......
5-and-10-cent stores ..
Laundries.............
1,942 $18.10
Me
Num dian
ber. earn
ings.
10. 35
13.90
1
5
8
(l)
n
4
848
120
88
17.05
12. 30
16.60
908
144
182
16.85
12.05
16.05
22
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Table III in the appendix gives the distribution of earnings for
all the day groups. The range is not so conspicuous as in the table
showing earnings and horn’s, yet even here a rather broad range in
earnings is found. While there was no one who worked on only one
day who had earned more than $5, there were two women who had
worked on six days and earned between $6 and $7, and there were
48 women who had worked on
days and earned less than $0.
Full-time earnings.
Table 6.—Week's earnings of women who worked firm's full scheduled week or
more,' compared ivith those of all workers.
Industry.
Manufacturing:
Clothing—
Electric products:
Textiles—
Women who worked
Percent
firm's scheduled Median earnings. by which
week or more.
median
earnings
of full
Per cent
time
workers
of w omen
Full
All
exceeded
for
whom
time
Number. time rec
workers. those of
all
ord was workers.
workers.
available.
16.176
58.0
$16.25
$14.95
8.7
65
139
1,201
760
47.8
55. 2
63.4
61.8
13.50
11.30
19.50
18.80
12.75
10.35
17.80
16.20
5.9
9.2
9.6
16.5
1
384
213
224
0)
43.5
54.5
45.2
(l)
14.25
14.70
16.60
23.00
13.20
13.45
13.90
8.0
9.3
19.4
625
458
559
177
187
391
402
997
866
300
660
190
162
38.6
50.9
54.9
68.9
27.9
52. 3
61.7
45.7
63.9
54.2
67. 1
38.5
34.5
17.05
14. 85
16. 45
12.45
16. 00
16. 45
15.10
14. 25
20. 60
14.40
14.15
15.40
15.30
16.45
13.80
14.75
11.95
14.10
15. 20
13.65
13.65
18. 35
13.05
13.70
13. 40
14.85
3.6
7.6
11.5
4.2
13.5
8.2
10.6
4.4
12.3
10.3
3.3
14.9
3.0
518
924
60
1,119
1,458
318
198
1,802
244
494
72.1
71.2
26.5
47.6
75.7
69.9
35.7
89. 1
79.0
71.1
16.90
17. 40
16. 90
16. 85
15. 55
12.15
14. 70
17.20
12. 15
13.05
16.30
16.75
16.10
15.90
14.75
10.95
13. 10
16.75
11.30
12.30 i
3.7
3.9
5.0
6.0
5.4
11.0
12.2
2.7
7.5
6. 1
1NoC computed, owing to small number involved.
It has already been suggested that the comparison of earnings
with time worked was affected by the fact that of women who had
worked for the same number of hours some might have put in a full
week while others might have worked considerably below their
normal schedule. It is possible that wages are more affected by the
proportion of the full scheduled week which the woman has worked
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
23
thaii by the actual number of hours. Consequently, it was felt that
an interesting check on the general wage figures might be obtained
by recording the earnings of all those women who had worked as long
or longer than the hours scheduled for the firm by which they were
employed. The number of full-time workers and the median earnings
of these women in the various industries are given in Table 6. The
full details of earnings by industry appear in Table IV in the
appendix.
Time records were secured, either in days or in hours, for 27,902
women. Of this number, 16,176, or 58 per cent, had worked the
normal week of the firm by which they were employed, or even
longer.
Though a woman employed in a plant with a scheduled week of 6
days may be reported as having worked on 6 days, it does not neces
sarily follow that she actually worked the whole of each day, but
this type of record of time worked may be taken as a fairly accurate
indication of the extent to which the workers were employed for a
full week. Even though this lack of exact data may slightly reduce
the median for the day workers, it can not greatly affect the general
median for all full-time workers taken together, since the time records
were reported in hours for over 80 per cent of the full-time workers.
Naturally the median earnings of these women who had worked a
full week or more were higher than those of the women for whom
the earnings recorded were irrespective of time worked. The differ
ence, however, is rather less than might have been expected, amount
ing to only $1.30, or less than 9 per cent increase over the median
for all workers, including those who put in a short week as well as
those who worked a greater number of hours. The median earnings
for those who had lost no time wore $16.25. This group, however,
includes a certain number of women, who had worked more than
the scheduled hours. More detailed figures than are given in this
report show that when only those women were considered who had
worked the exact scheduled hours of the plant, neither more nor less,
the median was $15.90.
Both the proportion of full-time workers and the difference between
their median and the median of all the workers varied considerably
among the different industries. The smallest proportions of women
who had worked at least a normal week were found in the manufac
ture of handkerchiefs and of hosiery and knit goods. While the
median earnings of the full-time workers on handkerchiefs ($16) were
13.5 per cent higher than those of all the workers surveyed in that
industry, the median for the corresponding group of hosiery and
knit goods workers ($10.90) exceeded the general figure for that in
dustry by only 5 per cent. The largest proportion of full-time
workers was found in the general mercantile establishments, and
24
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
here was the least difference between the two figures on earnings,
those of the full-time workers ($17.20) being only 2.7 per cent in
advance of the general figure. There were eight industry groups
in which the median for the full-time workers was less than 5 per cent
higher than that of all the workers. In some industries, however,
there was a very considerable difference, the largest being that
between the two figures for miscellaneous clothing, in which the
median of the full-time workers was $16.60, almost one-fifth more
than the median for all the women surveyed in the industry. This
was in spite of the fact that a considerable proportion of women in
that industry had worked a full week. Such a situation would indi
cate that the workers in the industry who had lost time had lost a
considerable amount, or that most of the time was lost by women
with the lower rates of pay.
Earnings and rates.
When reports on the earnings of any considerable body of women
show them to be conspicuously low, it is always possible that the
women had not been earning all that they could—-that for personal
reasons or reasons connected with the factory they had not been able
to work on the job steadily, and had been irregular in their attend
ance. Consequently, it is important to consider the weekly rate of
pay, the amount which the worker may reasonably expect to receive
if she puts in a normal scheduled week. It is quite true that it is
her actual earnings, and not her expected earnings, with which she
must meet her living expenses, but a checking up of the weekly rate
and any discrepancy between that and actual earnings is of value
as a basis of comparison, giving a more complete picture of the general
wage situation.
It would be ideal, for the sake of completeness, if such a comparison
could be made for all those women for whom information on week’s
earnings was furnished, but such complete figures are not obtainable.
Almost one-half of the New Jersey women for whom figures on
earnings were secured were working on a complete or partial piece
work basis. For these women, obviously, there could be no flat
weekly rate, the amount in their pay envelopes depending entirely
on the amount of work which they had been able to do during the
week. Nor are the piece workers the only women for whom there
was no weekly rate, for many of the time workers were paid so much
an hour and had no assurance that they were to have a full week’s
work and therefore a full week’s pay. No weekly rates are tabulated
which could be obtained only by calculating on the basis of hourly
rates and the number of scheduled weekly hours. Only when the
records of the plant visited actually showed the rate for the weekly
period are the women included in this tabulation.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
25
A comparison between earnings and rates was possible for 6,746
women. In six different industries—the manufacture of felt hats,
pottery, rubber and rubber products, cotton goods, electric lamps,
and textile other than cotton—figures on weekly rates were given
for too few women to make the computation of a median worth while.
For all of the other industries included in the survey, however, the
median rates and earnings are compared in the following table 7.
The detailed figures from which the median were compiled will be
found in Table Y in the appendix.
Tablk 7.—Median rates and median earnings, by industry.
Industry.
All industries1..................................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons..............................................................................
Candy.........................................................................
Chemicals and drugs......................................
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls................................................
1- nderwear..............................................................
Other...................................................................
Electric products—
Other...........................................................
Food products...............................................................
Class and glass products....................................................
Handkerchiefs...........................................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware.........................
Leather and leather products...........................
Metal products................................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments........................
Paper and paper products.............................................
Textiles—
Hosiery and knit goods.................................................
Silk goods................................................................
Woolen goods........................................
Miscellaneous.........................................................
General mercantile..................................................
5-and-10-cent stores...............................................................
Per cent
by which
actual
earnings
Number
of women Weekly Week’s fell below
rate.
earnings. ( —) or
reported.
exceeded
( +)
weekly
rate.
6,746
$14.55
$14.35
-1.4
29
162
62
155
12.90
9.95
13.15
11-90
12.75
9-60
12.00
11.15
-1.2
35
-8.7
223
25
54
12.50
13.25
14.90
12.30
13.15
13.75
1.6
-.8
—7-7
23
323
117
88
126
523
129
440
159
81
15-25
14.65
11.80
14.35
16. 20
14.65
13.85
18.10
12-30
11.25
15.15
16.05
11.70
13.65
— .7
+96
— .8
13.60
13.95
17.75
11.25
10.65
—7.2
+ .7
— 1.9
-8.5
45
853
182
157
2.025
281
471
17.50
15-95
14.40
14.00
15.35
12-25
16. 70
14.45
13.00
13.40
16. 75
11.80
-4.6
-94
-97
4.3
+9-1
—3.7
1 Industries with numbers too small for the computing of medians do not appear but are included i n “ all
industries.”
For these 6,746 women the median rate was $14.55 and the median
earnings were $14.35, the actual earnings falling little short of the
amount due for a full week's work. Such figures indicate that unless
the worker were able to shift to different and more remunerative work
or to work overtime she could not expect to increase her earnings
much above her present level.
In only three of the industries in which a comparison was possible—
the preparation of food products, the manufacture of metal products,
and the general mercantile establishments—did the median earnings
81843°—24-----3
26
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
exceed the median rate. In each of the other industries the workers'
earnings averaged less than their rates, although in some cases the
difference was very slight, as in the plants making underwear and in
the glass factories, where the difference amounted to less than 1 per
cent of the rate. The greatest decline of earnings below rates
was found in the silk and woolen mills and in the manufacture of
chemicals and drugs and of paper and paper products. In both
branches of the textile industry mentioned the median earnings of the
workers were almost one-tenth less than the median rates, while the
differences in the other two industries were 8.7 and 8.5 per cent,
respectively, of the median rate.
Of the industries compared in this table the workers with the high
est median rate ($18.10) were found in the manufacture of optical
goods and scientific instruments, an industry in which much of the
work was of a skilled nature. The manufacture of hoisery and knit
goods came next, with a median rate of $17.50. In the first men
tioned the earnings of the women compared favorably with the rates,
the median of earnings falling less than 2 per cent short of the median
rate. In the hosiery and knit-goods factories, however, the median
earnings were only $16.70, which was 4.6 per cent short of the late
characteristic of the industry. The lowest median rates were for the
workers in pencil, and in glass and cigar factories, and in laundries,
in all of which the median rates were less than $12. In other words,
one-half of the women for whom weekly rates were reported in these
industries could not expect more than $11.25, $11.30, $11.80, or
$11.90, respectively, though they worked the full scheduled hours of
the firm. Their only chance of higher earnmgs lay in the possibility
of overtime work, with its additional tax upon their strength. As an
actual fact, however, it does not seem likely that overtime was
resorted to, for the earnings fell from 0.8 per cent to 6.3 per cent below
the rates in those industries.
The table below summarizes in somewhat different form the find
ings in regard to rates and earnings.
Table 8.—Weekly rates and actual week’s earnings.
Amount.
\
Per cent of women
for whom the
amount specified
was—
Weekly Week’s
rate.
earnings.
6.1
49.9
32.7
11.4
15.5
39.9
31.1
13.5
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
27
An interesting difference in the distribution of the rates and earn
ings appears in thi& table. While only 6.1 per cent of the women
expected to earn less than $10 a week, more than twice that number,
or 15.5 per cent, actually received less than that amount. The per
cent who actually earned $10 and under $15 was markedly less than
the per cent whose weekly rate was quoted as within those limits,
while only a few more women had a weekly rate of $15 and under $20
than received that amount during the week surveyed. In the highest
dollar group, however, a larger proportion of the women are repre
sented by earnings than by rates. The earnings of the women were
more evenly distributed among the four wage groups, while there was
greater piling up of the rates in the two middle groups. In other
words, the table seems to show the presence of both time lost and
overtime. Some workers received less than would be due them for
a week’s work, while others received more than would have been pos
sible in their regular scheduled week.
Rates and scheduled hours.
Although earlier figures have shown that there was no very con
sistent relation between the actual earnings received and the actual
hours of work, it is still important to examine a similar’correlation for
rates of pay and scheduled hours, to see whether the standard rate
of pay set by the industry had any direct relationship to the standard
number of hours of work. The following table, compiled from de
tailed figures which do not appear in this report, shows the median
rates by scheduled weekly hours in each industry. Table VI in the
appendix gives the more detailed wage figures for all industries
combined.
Table 9.—Median rate and scheduled weekly hours, by industry.
Total.
Under 44
hours.
44 hours.
Over 44
and under
48 hours.
48 hours.
Over 48
and under
50 hours.
50 hours.
Over 50
and under
52 hours.
to
00
52 hours.
Over 52
and under
54 hours.
54 hours.
Over 54
hours.
All industries___ 6,746 $14.55
31 $12.60
913 $16.00 2,160 $14.95
944 $16.30
677 $13.80
590 $13.80
23 12.80
33 13.95
32 10.60
398 $13.15
180 $12.75
385 $14.40
449 $11.90
19 $14.25
Manufacturing:
ClothingShirts
Glass * and
152 9.95
155 11.90
46 10.25
and
glass
Jewelry and gold
Leather and leather
Optical goods and
scientific instruPaper and paper
Textiles—
Woolen goods..
223 12. .50
323 14.65
1
o
24 14.00
9.85
73 12.30
126 16.20
121 16.20
523 14.65
129 13.85
172 16.65
1
(3)
4
17 14.50
26 12.50
14.40
14.00
15.35
12.25
13.00
1
92 14.40
42 13.15
231 14.65
(2)
142 13.25
48 13.25
9
63 11.30
79 11.00
1
m
52 14.35
33 16.25
114 13.65
'%
28 10.50
103 11.95
29 14.85
272 15.50
1 (2)
1,717 15.50
72 12.65
31 12.55
20 11.50
87 14.65
88 15.70
48 12.90
4 0)
98 14.85
84 10.90
6 (?)
449 16. SO
69 13.50
52 14.00
1 Industries with fewer than 100 women reported do not appear but are included in “all industries.”
s Not computed, owing to small number involved.
«
414 18.25
159 12.30
853
182
157
2.025
281
471
125 12.50
2
117 11.80
117 11.80
440 18.10
129
182 14.40
50 13.60
51 12.45
153 12.20
12.00
29 11.95
33 12.35
214 10.70
14
w
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
Num
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
Me
Me of
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian wo dian
men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate. men rate.
re
re
re
re
re
re
re
re
re
re
re
re
port
port
port
port
port
port
port
port
port
port
port
port
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
ed.
Industry.1
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
29
When the weekly rate is tabulated according to the scheduled
hours of the firm no positive correlation is to be found between the
hours which the worker is expected to put in during the week and
the amount of pay which she may expect to receive for her work.
In fact, the highest median rate ($16.30) is found for those women
who were scheduled to work 48 hours a week. The 44-hour week
was accompanied by the next highest median rate, that of $16. The
hour group which stands third in line in respect to rates is the 44-andunder-48-hour group, with a $14.95 median, this group including
almost one-third of all the women for whom information on scheduled
hours was obtained. While the few women who were scheduled to
work more than 54 hours had comparatively high wages, the lowest
median was found for those women whose schedule called for 54 hours’
service. In general, so far as there is any relation between scheduled
hours and weekly rate of pay, the tendency is for higher wages to
accompany shorter hours, those firms with a high standard in one
respect having it also in the other.
The tabulation of median rates and scheduled weekly hours
amounts almost to a tabulation by industry, since certain industries
are largely run on one schedule of hours and the high or low wages
of that industry affect greatly the median for that hour group.
Within the various industries there seems to be but slight relation
between the length of the week and the normal compensation paid.
In the candy factories the rates of those with a 48-to-50-hour schedule
were higher than those working from 44 to 48 hours a week. The
highest rate in the cigar industry was found in the 48-to-50-hour
range. The highest rates for shirts and overall workers were those of
the women working on a 44-hour schedule. In the manufacture of
leather and leather products those with a 44-hour week fared best,
but those scheduled for 52 hours of work had higher rates than those
whose scheduled hours fell between these extremes. The women in
the optical goods and scientific instrument groups were reported as
working only on a schedule of under 44 hours or one of 48 hours, and
the median rate of the latter group was almost half again (46 per
cent) as large as that of the under-44-hour workers. An investiga
tion of the original material, however, shows that this difference in
wages is not related to the difference in hours, for the small group of
women with a week of less than 44 hours were all employed as
cleaners, while many of the other women were doing comparatively
skilled work.
.
Earnings and experience.
In any study of earnings a correlation between length of experi
ence and amount of earnings is important in determining the possi
bilities of increased earning power which the various industries hold
WOMEN" IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
30
out to the beginner. Knowledge of the actual length of experience
which has been had by the women workers is also important to show
whether they can he considered to be permanent factors in industry
or whether they should be classed as more or less temporary employees
whose short terms of employment renders them of less real value to
industry. Table 10 shows the extent of experience for the women for
whom records were secured, and also the median earnings for those
who had been employed for various lengths of time.
Table
10.— Median earnings and time in the trade, by industry.
Women who had been in the trade—
Number of
women re
porting.
Under 1 year.
Total.
Industry.
Under 3
months.
3 and under 6 and under
G months.
9 months.
Me
MoMe
Me
Me
N um dian Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
All industries......................... 11,509 *15.00
Manufacturing:
Buttons......................................
Candy.........................................
Chemicals and drugs................
Cigars..........................................
Clothing—
2,023 $12.70
139
120
254
576
12.95
9. 85
13.10
17.55
26
28
82
26
10.50
9.05
11.40
13.65
23
232
286
299
19.50
14.55
13.70
12.75
]
11
22
36
(‘)
525
233
441
166
106
448
10.20
16.05
15.20
12.60
13.45
15.00
Leather and leather products.. 189
Metal products.......................... 1,454
Optical goods and scientific instrum cuts................................ 206
Paper and paper products...... 253
Pencils........................................ 249
Pottery....................................... 102
288
Rubber and rubber products.
Textiles—
Cotton goods....................... 113
Hosiery and knit goods__ 977
.Silk goods............................ 1,224
Woolen goods..................... 1,282
Other................................... 140
259
General mercantile.......................... 418
5-and-10-cent stores.......................... 143
Laundries.......................................... 304
Underwear..........................
Other...................................
Electric products—
Lamps.................................
Other...................................
Food products...........................
Glass and glass products..........
Jewelry and gold and silver
6
1
17
7
0)
o
10.40
(>)
7
24
34
7
9.00
11.50
1
(l)
01
0)
553 $13.00
4
3
27
8
(>>
0)
11.95
0)
8
8
(l)
■)
(‘i
4
6
8
(l)
12. 50
0)
66
28
59
13
12.55
13. 55
13.95
14.90
13.85
13.90
1L40
58
14.25
29
47
44
13
3
32l
10.35
0)
18
61
9.00
12.05
14
62
12.50
(*)
(>>
11.75
13
17
24
7
29
13.75
10.75
11.65
17
14
21
6
21
6
15
129
95
141
38
8
134
13.00
13.75
13.95
10.00
14.10
15
3
12
1
2
28
13.20
13.95
56
208
11.55
11.15
14
54
14.45
13.90
13.75
15.45
15.60
06
42
72
31
67
13.40
11* 35
11.70
13.40
13.50
2G
7
10
18
4
20.45
16.80
16.35
15.30
13. 25
14.25
17.60
12.05
12.95
15
110
111
226
19
32
40
58
87
19.15
14.00
13.25
13.95
11.75
11.20
13.80
10.80
10.90
1
9
19
51
3
6.50
13.60
C)
12
12
25
0)
0)
10.05
(l)
779 $12.55
o>
11.35
11.00
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
(l)
378 $11.45
12.35
«
o>
(l)
0)
Cl
0)
9
38
43
99
6
8
22
27
35
c-i
0)
12.90
01
11.50
13.20
14.00
01
0)
14. 50
10. 40
10.90
3
31
17
62
6
16
7
10
18
0)
0)
0)
0)
14.55
(0
11.00
13.55
0)
11.65
0)
14.15
0)
15.65
12.50
14.05
0)
1J.35
0)
0)
12.20
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Table
31
10.—Median earnings and time in the trade, by industry—Continued.
Women who had been in the trade—
Under 1
year—Con.
Industry.
9 months
and under
1 year.
Me
Num dian
ber. earn
ings.
All industries...................................
1 and under
2 years.
2 and under
3 years.
3 and under
4 years.
MeMeMe
Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
313 *13.90 1,381 $13.65
1,310 *14.65
1,306
*15.30
16
16
43
13.00
(>)
12.65
17.40
34
33
30
(■)
13.00
13.70
14.65
Manufacturing:
Candy.......................................................
Chemicals and drugs..........................
Cigars......................................................
ClothingFelt hats...........................................
Shirts and overalls..................................
9
31
12.3u
\/
24
13. o0
12.60
26
UJ
•> i. /d
i
35
Other.................................
Electric products—
Other...........................................
Food products............................................
Glass and glass products........................
Handkerchiefs..................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware..............
Leather and leather products......................
Metal products...:.......................
Optical goods and scientific instruments....
Paper and paper products......................
Pencils.......................
Pottery..............................
Rubber and rubber products.........................
Textiles—
Cotton goods...................................
Hosiery and knit goods......................
Silk goods...............................
W oolen goods........................
Other..............................
Miscellaneous...................................
General mercantile..........................
5-and-10-cent stores...............
Laundries...................
10.90
26
11
lo. 30
12.40
(')
13
0)
(>)
13.60
13.25
18
0)
49
17.90
5
13
0)
15.00
14.85
8}
M
9
16.70
55
V. J
12.50
14.70
11. SO
i
14.35
C)
32
32
14
83
14
113
42
40
209
1C
28
16
10
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
K)
154
98
142
15.50
12.30
13.20
83
22
52
25
24
48
22
186
25
32
30
(l)
14.25
99
14.15
15. 30
12.50
13.65
15.65
12.25
12.85
16. 75
16.50
15. 70
12.60
12.65
16.00
13.50
14.15
15.10
14.00
14. 90
(>)
15.40
18
19.50
17.09
129
16.15
153
15.65
17
13.50
32
15.00
48
16. 20
10 ■ (‘)
23
12.90
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
32
Table
10.—Median earnings and time in the trade, by industry—Continued.
Women who had been in the trade—
4 and under
5 years.
5 and under
10 years.
10 and under
15 years.
15 years and
over.
Industry.
Me
Me
Me
Me
Num dian Num dian Num dian Num dian
ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn ber. earn
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
1,117 $15.80
Manufacturing:
Clothing—
Electric products—
Optical goods and scientific instruments..
Textiles—
2,594 $16.55
94G $17.15
832
$17.05
13
21
25
41
(>)
10.40
17.15
18.10
18
32
60
246
14. 75
11.35
15.50
17.85
7
3
16
91
U)
0)
16. 50
18.85
7
1
13
50
0)
0)
0)
19.40
2
28
18
22
CD
13.00
13.50
14.00
4
54
80
66
(')
15. 40
14.35
14.80
2
22
31
27
(>)
17. 35
16. 40
13.75
9
22
17
26
0)
18.20
15.50
15.00
54
30
24
13
37
12
156
31
23
24
7
40
17. 35
18.00
15.35
13. 60
0)
15. 65
(1)
14. 80
14. 95
14. 75
15. 00
(0
15.85
91 17.65
38 18. 25
56 15. 40
33 14. 50
56 14. 35
75 17. 05
25 15.50
290 15.10
42 15.40
54 16.00
39 15. 75
18 17.00
36 15. 90
12
4
22
5
28
25
4
98
7
23
23
9
13
0)
0)
17.00
(l)
13. 75
18.25
0)
15.00
0)
16. 25
15.15
01
0)
9
43
4
134
1
22
11
11
18
(’)
19.15
0)
14.75
(0
16.65
0)
0)
15.40
18
122
114
116
14
17
50
9
15
19.60
18.00
16.60
15. 50
0)
15.15
18.10
(0
14. 50
29
269
290
306
29
55
134
10
59
21.70
18. 60
17.30
16. 50
15. 50
16. 05
18. 75
(>)
14.15
9
101
151
117
14
20
35
2
25
re
18.55
18. 95
16. 95
d)
14. 50
20.40
01
15.10
5
28
232
84
1
17
25
1
31
0)
16.00
19.30
16.50
(0
13.75
23. 25
to
16.65
2
0)
8
0)
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The figures given in this table show that the women included in
the survey can by no means be classed as an inexperienced group.
Of the 11,509 for whom experience records were secured, 38 per cent
had worked in the trade for five years or more and 15.4 per cent had
worked for 10 years or more. There were also a considerable num
ber of beginners, 2,023, or 17.6 per cent of the total number, having
been employed for less than one year in the trade; but in view of the
generally accepted theory that women’s employment in industry is
not likely to last many years, it is interesting to see that the women
with 10 or more years’ experience numbered only 245 fewer than
those who had worked in the trade for less than one year.
The experience record varied with the industry, some industries
employing a veiy much larger proportion of comparatively inex
perienced workers than did others. The following statement lists
them in the order of their importance as employers of women with
less than one year of experience.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Industries.
Electric products other than
lamps .
5-and-10-cent stores.
.
Chemicals and drugs
Food products
__
Optical goods and scientific
instruments__
Pottery.. __
Jewelry and gold and silver
ware _ _
_
Leather and leather products.
Pencils_______
Laundries.
Electric lamps.
Candy____ ..
Rubber and rubber products..
Glass and glass products.
Per cent
of women
employees
with less
than one
year’s ex
perience
in the
trade.
Industries.
Buttons.
40.
40.
32.
32.
8
6
3
0
32. 0
30 4
29.
29.
28.
28.
24.
23.
23.
22.
9
6
9
6
6
3
3
9
. .
33
Per cent
of women
employees
with less
than one
year’s ex
perience
in the
trade.
18. 7
Paper and paper products___
Metal products
16. 6
14 3
Cotton goods__ ______
Miscellaneous manufacturing.
13. 3
12. 4
Hosiery and knit goods.
11. 3
Silk goods____ ____
9. 1
7 7
4 ft
4 ^
Felt hats. ________
4. 3
The manufacture of electrical products other than lamps and the
5-and-10-cent stores were the two industries employing the greatest
proportion (more than two-fifths) of inexperienced workers. The
industries employing the smallest proportion of such workers were
the manufacture of felt hats, cigars, shirts and overalls, and hand
kerchiefs.
i On the whole the wage figures show that there was a steady
increase of earnings with each year of additional experience, except
for the women who had worked 15 years and over, whose median
earnings were slightly less than those of the women who had worked
10 and under 15 years. This is not an unusual situation, as in the
group with the longest experience there are naturally included a
greater proportion of older women who may have passed the peak
of their efficiency and whose earnings may have correspondingly
decreased.
b
A study of the wage figures by industry reveals the fact that
although in each industry there is a certain premium put upon
experience, there is no very constant relation between the two fac
tors. .Extreme variations are found in the length of experience
34
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
required to reach the maximum earnings and the amount by which
such earnings exceed the rate for inexperienced workers.
The following statement gives the variations for those industries
from which records were secured for 200 or more workers.
Industry.
All industries _ _ ____
-
Median
earnings Highest
for under median.1
1 year.
Years of experience for
highest median.
$12. 70 $17. 15
10 and under 15___
11.
13.
11.
11.
Electric lamps....
_. 13.
Other electric products
_.
13.
Food products ___
_____ 13.
Jewelry and gold and silver ware _ 14.
Metal products ________ _
11.
Optical goods and scientific in- 13.
struments.
Paper and paper products. _
.
11.
11.
Pencils _ . .. ..
Rubber and rubber products
13.
Hosiery and knit goods
_.
14.
Silk goods__
_
13.
Woolen goods___ _____ __ _____ 13.
Miscellaneous manufacturing __ 11.
13.
10.
Cigars______
________
____
Underwear ----------- --- _
40
65
35
00
00
75
95
10
15
40
17.
19.
16.
15.
17.
18.
17.
19.
15.
15.
15
40
40
00
65
25
00
15
10
50
35
70
50
00
25
95
20
80
90
16.
15.
17.
18.
19.
16.
16.
23.
16.
65
75
90
60
30
95
05
25
65
15 and over
10 and under 15__
5 and under 10___
5 and under 10___
10 and under 15__
15 and over___ __
5 and under 10___
2 and under 3
15 and over.
5 and under 10___
1 and under 2 __
5 and under 10___
10 and under 15__
5 and under 10___
15 and over
15 and over__ __
Ter cent
by which
highest
median
exceeds
median
for under
1 year, t
35. 0
50.
42.
44.
36.
35.
32.
21.
35.
35.
15.
4
1
5
4
8
7
9
8
4
7
46.
34.
32.
32.
45.
21.
43.
68.
52.
7
6
6
9
7
5
3
5
8
1 Does not include medians for any experience groups in which fewer than 15 women were recorded.
In only three industries was the highest median reached by less
than 5 years of experience. In the manufacture of rubber and rubber
products the highest median, an increase of 32.6 per cent over the
lowest, was paid to those with 1 but less than 2 years of experience.
In optical goods and scientific instruments manufacturing the highest
median was for those with 2 and under 3 years of experience, and in
the manufacture of chemicals and drugs the highest median was for
those with 4 and under 5 years of experience. In six industries—the
manufacture of electric lamps, other electrical products, metal
products, pencils, hosiery and knit goods, and miscellaneous manu-
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
35
facLuring—5 and under 10 years of experience was the period which
brought the highest median earnings. In the manufacture of under
wear, food products, and woolen goods 10 to 15 years were required to
reach the highest median, while in the remaining seven industries it
was the group with the greatest experience (15 years or more) which
received the highest earnings. Although the median earnings for
those with less than 1 year’s experience showed great variety in the
different industries, there was a considerable similarity in the per
cent of increase. ' In eight industries there was an increase between
the lowest and highest median of from 32 to 36 per cent. In five
industries the increase ranged from 42 to nearly 47 per cent. In only
three industries was the increase as much as 50 per cent and in only
three was it lower than 22 per cent.
/
Earnings and nativity.1
Among the women included in the New Jersey survey there was a
considerable number who were of foreign birth. Less than 14,000
women of the 35,000 surveyed supplied information as to country of
birth; but of this number, 3,817, or 27.5 per cent, were foreign born.
Since these foreign-born women formed such a considerable propor
tion of the women in New Jersey industries, it seemed worth while to
make a comparison between their earnings and those of the nativeborn white woman. Table VII in the appendix gives the details of
earnings by nativity.
The median earnings of the native-born white women in all of the'
industries were $14.95, while the corresponding median for the foreignborn women was $15.50. For those nationalities which furnished at
least 100 of the foreign-born women the highest median was $16.30,
that of the natives of Austria-Hungary. The German Empire and
Russia followed, each with $15.75, Poland with $15.55, and Italy with
$15.05, while the women of the United Kingdom stood near the
bottom of the list with a median of $14.95, exactly the same as that
of the native-born white women. The earnings of the negro women
fell considerably below those of either of the white groups.
This difference in the earnings of the foreign-born group and the
native can not be accounted for by a disproportionate number of the
foreign-bom women in those industries which have higher earnings,
for in many instances the same discrepancy is to be found even within
an industry.
In fact, the information available is not sufficient to permit any
very definite conclusions as to the cause of this difference. The
method of securing information on nationality may have had some
selective effect, since it is possible that only the more ambitious and
1 In this section the countries of Europe are classed according to pre-war conditions, as the information
was sullied by the women themselves.
,
36
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
alert foreign women would fill out the schedule on personal informa
tion, while the native-born workers who answered might repesent a
more complete cross section of their entire group. It is also possible
that the foreign-born actually worked longer or more intensively, thus
raising their earnings. Without more definite information, none of
these suppositions may be declared correct, and the figures are pre
sented here not with an idea of any possible interpretation, but
because they seem to indicate an interesting situation which would
bear more detailed analysis than is possible with the limited figures
now available.
Year’s earnings.
The wage figures quoted in the foregoing discussions have repre
sented earnings for only one week. This week was selected as a
representative one in which neither excessive overtime nor excessive
undertime had been worked. It -was a week in which there were no
holidays and no general shutdown in the industries surveyed.
Figures for such a period permit of the most satisfactory and signifi
cant analysis in an attempt to show a satisfactory cross section of
the wage conditions for a large group of women in many industries.
In no industry, however, and in the life of no worker, does the year’s
work consist of 52 such representative weeks. For almost every
industry and every establishment in each industry there are certain
periods during the year when work is slack, when orders are not
coming in, and when complete or partial shutdowns occur. Almost
every worker must reckon on a certain amount of absence for per
sonal reasons such as illness, home duties, or vacations. In addi
tion, therefore, to the wage figures for the one week, figures were
secured during this survey to show for as many women as possible
complete figures on a year’s earnings. The women for whom such
records were secured were selected to represent the steady workers
who had been in the employment of the same firm for at least one
year previous to the time of the survey. Records were not taken of
any woman who had not worked at least 44 weeks during the year.
In all, the year's records were taken for 2,938 women. Of this
number 2,242 had been paid by the week, while 696 had been paid
by semi-monthly or two-week pay periods. Of those who had been
paid by the week the records show that 854 (38.1 per cent) had
worked in every one of the 52 weeks of the year, while 923 (41.2 per
cent) had been absent less than two weeks. Only 147 women (6.6
per cent) had worked less than 48 weeks. Of the 696 women
whose pay records were given for semi-monthly or two-week periods,
512 (73.6 per cent) appeared on every one of the year’s pay periods.
It can be considered, therefore, that the year’s earnings quoted in
the following discussion represent the remuneration received for
what amounted, in the large majority of cases, to a full year’s work.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
37
Table VIII in the appendix gives the detailed figures on the year’s
earnings for the women in the various industries. The median earn
ings in each industry and the number of women for whom records were
secured are listed according to the amount of the earnings as follows:
Industry.
General mercantile. __
Cotton goods. _ ___
Hosiery and knit goods
Felt hats
__ __
Cigars ______ _.
Clothing not specified. _
Chemicals and drugs__
Electric lamps..
_
Optical goods and scientific instruments
Silk goods ______ __ .
Pottery___ _
Jewelry and gold and silver ware
Handkerchiefs
...
Paper and paper products
_
Food products __
Leather and leather products
Rubber and rubber products
Metal products
_ ____ __
Shirts and overalls . .
Underwear..
.
Woolen goods. _ _
Buttons___ ...
_.
Glass and glass products____
Pencils__
_. .
Electric products other than lamps
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Laundries.
_____ ____
5-and-10-cent stores.__
Textiles not specified
Candy
... __
All industries
___
Median year’s
earnings.
$1, 085
QQfi
995
Q33
900
881
877
&65
858
839
825
796
7Q2
789
786
780
780
7fiQ
752
750
741
733
725
715
711
684
A75
667
664
500
811
Number of
women.
124
160
61
156
90
34A
39
123
62
84
64
53
131
• J90
30
1 04
~
81
61
34
46
2, 938
CO
00
Median ''fear’s Mornings in Leading Industries Surveyed (Those industries are included in wHich reports on year’s earnings ore available Jar
DollarsIfOOr
,1085
at least
100
women)
IS
900
$877
$865
$839
^792
BOO.
$786
1752
b74l
Shirts
Woojsh
and
a cods.
$715
700.
600
500.
400
300
200.
too
General
mercantile.
Hosier*
andkviiT
goods,
♦
doors.
1
Chemicals
qnddruqs.
1
Electric
Silk
Hanaterlamps. .. Textiles. , chiefs.
Food.
products.
meTal
products.
opsralls.
"Pencils
w
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
$995
1000.
WOMEN" IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
39"
The range of earnings as shown by the more detailed figures in
appendix Table VIII was from $300 to $2,000 and over, but only 5
women earned as little as $300 to $350, and only 4 as much as $2,000.
The majority of the women were massed in the group earning $600
and less than $900, 57.5 per cent of the total number appearing in
this group, while 32.5 per cent earned $900 and over, and only 10.1
per cent earned less than $600. In some industries, of course, there
were far larger proportions of women in the highest and lowest earn
ings groups. For example, earnings of less than $600 were reported
for more than one-half of the candy workers and more than one-third
of the laundry workers, for one-third of the women manufacturing
electric products other than lamps, for nearly one-third of the women
manufacturing “other textiles,” and for nearly one-fourth of the
women employed in miscellaneous manufacturing. On the other
hand, $900 or more was earned by over four-fifths of the women
in general mercantile establishments, by nearly three-fourths of those
manufacturing hosiery and knit goods and cotton goods, by more
than one-half of the women manufacturing cordage and felt hats, and
by exactly one-half of the cigar makers.
It is difficult to translate a figure on year’s earnings into terms of
the everyday expenses of life. Most budgets and statements of
living costs are based on a smaller unit of expenditure, and for this
reason it is easier to appreciate the significance of the figures on a
year’s earnings when they are divided by 52, the result being used as
an estimate of the week-by-week expenditures which would be per
mitted by the year’s earnings under discussion. The following state
ment compares the average weekly earnings based on this method of
computation, for the women for whom the year’s records were
secured, with the median of the earnings for the current week of all
of the women included in the survey.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
40
Industry.
General mercantile-----------------------------Cotton goods_________________________
Hosiery and knit goods-----------------------Felt hats____________________________
Cigars_______________________________
Clothing, not specified-----------------------Chemicals and drugs--------------------------Electric lamps________________________
Optical goods and scientific instruments
Silk goods___________________________
Pottery______________________________
Jewelry and gold and silver ware---------Handkerchiefs_______________________
Paper and paper products-----------------Food products_______________________
Leather and leather products-------------Rubber and rubber products--------------Metal products_______________________
Shirts and overalls___________________
Underwear__________________________
Woolen goods________________________
Buttons-------------------- -----------------------Glass and glass products-------------------Pencils______________________________
Electric products other than lamps-----Miscellaneous manufacturing-------------Laundries___________________________
5-and-10-cent stores__________________
Textiles, not specified------------------------Candy______________________________
All industries_________________
Median
year’s earn
ings divided
t>y 52.
Median
week’s
earnings.
16. 94
16. 87
16. 63
16. 50
16. 13
15. 87
15. 31
15. 23
15. 17
15. 12
15. 00
15. 00
14. 62
14. 46
14. 42
14. 25
14. 10
13. 94
13. 75
13. 67
13. 15
12. 98
12. 83
12. 77
9. 62
$16. 75
16. 75
16. 10
23. 00
16. 20
13. 90
17. 80
16. 45
18. 35
15. 90
13. 40
15. 20
14. 10
13. 05
14. 75
13. 65
14. 85
13. 65
13. 20
13. 45
14. 75
12. 75
11. 95
13. 70
13. 80
13. 10
12. 30
11. 30
10. 95
10. 35
15. 60
14. 95
$20.
19.
19.
17.
87
15
13
94
17. 31
It is obvious from the foregoing figures that in almost every industry
the earnings of the women for whom the year’s records were secured
exceeded those of the larger group for whom there is a record of
only one week’s earnings. Even so, there were 13 industries with
less than $15 for the average weekly earnings for the picked group
of workers who had been employed with the firm throughout the
year, no one of whom had worked less than 44 weeks. In seven
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
41
industries the average weekly earnings for such a group were $15 and
under $16, while in only 10 industries were they more than $16.
Earnings of night workers.
Of the women for whom wage records were secured, 239 were
employed on night shifts. The textile industry employed a large
majority of this group, with 121 in the manufacture of woolen goods
and 67 in the manufacture of cotton goods. Table 11 gives the
earnings of the night workers classified by the hours they worked
during the period for which the wage record was secured.
The earnings of these women were not very different from those
of the *day workers, their median being $14.65 as compared with
$14.95 for the day workers. For the night workers who had worked
48 hours the median was $14.85, which is considerably lower than
the median of $16.40 for the day workers who had worked 48 hours.
Table 11.—Earnings
by hours worked—night workers.
Week’s earnings.
Total..................................................................
Per cent distribution.....................................
Median earnings..........................................
Under $1......................................................
$1 and under $2.............................................................
$2 and under S3...............................................
S3 and under $4......................................................
S4 and under So.............................................................
$5 and under SO..............................................................
$6 and under $7...............................................
S7 and under $8......................................
$8 and under SO....................................................
$9 and under S10.......................................................
S10 and under $11...........................................................
$11 and under S12.............................................................
$12 and under $13.............................................................
$13 and under $14....................................................
$14 and under $15..........................................
$15 and under $16.............................................
$16 and under $17.............................................
$17 and under $18.............................................
$18 and under $19......................................................
$19 and under $20...............................................
$20 and under $21..........................................
$21 and under *22..................................................
$22 and under $23....................................
$23 and under $24............................
$24 and under $25......................................
$25 and under $30........................................
$30 and under $35..........................................
$35 and under $40........................................
JNot computed, owing to small number involved.
81843°—24------4
,
Number Number of women earning e ich specifie I amount vho worke d—
of women
for whom
hours
worked Under 42 42 and
under 48 hours. Over 48
were
hours.
reported. hours. 48 hours.
239
100. 0
$14.65
42
17.6
$11.10
1
1
29
12.1
$14.90
4
1
1
3
l
3
4
7
10
9
36
65
20
14
7
7
7
10
2
6
7
10
1
1
2
6
2
2
2
67 4
$14.85
(>>
PART III.
HOURS.
For a number of years there has been an ever-increasing interest in
the length of the working day, effort being made to stndy scientifi
cally the problem in relation both to the output and to the fatigue of
the worker. Of considerable importance in early industrial history
was the practical demonstration by Robert Owen of the feasibility
of reducing factory hours, although his reductions were from 16 hours
a day to 10] hours. Now we more often think of shortening the
working day in terms of a change from 10 to 8 hours. The subject
has assumed especial interest in relation to the employment of women
and children. Comparatively little lias been done in this country
through Government regulation to change the hours of labor of work
ing men, who have often been able through their organization or indi
vidually to establish their own standards. It has not been possible
for women, however, to do much through their own efforts to shorten
the day’s work, and their welfare has been recognized as of sufficient
social interest to make desirable such legal regulation as would pro
tect them from the strain of overlong hours.
The earliest legislative limitations applied only to child workers,
and it was not until 1847 that a law limiting the hours of work for
women was passed. This was a statute of New Hampshire, and was
the first law of its kind in this country. It is a far cry from the prac
tically unenforceable hour laws of those early days to the 8-hour laws
of our more progressive States, laws which provide for actual en
forcement.
The principle of hour limitation for women workers has taken such
hold in this country that there remain only five States which have no
legal regulation of the number of hours which women may be em
ployed. Considerable variation is found, however, in the standards
of the diffierent States. Nine States and the District of Columbia
limit the working day of women in most industries to 8 hours. While
the majority of the States establish a 9 or 10 hour limit, the laws of
four States permit a day of over 10 hours, one of them a day of 12.
In New Jersey the standard of working hours for women which has
been set by law is much less progressive than that of many of her
sister States. The New Jersey statute still permits a 10-hour day for
her women workers, although the weekly limit is placed at 54 hours.
In 23 States the regulation of the length of the day is stricter than
42
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
43
this, and fortunately in New Jersey the actual industrial practice has
gone much in advance of the standard set by law.
SCHEDULED HOURS.
Information was obtained from managers regarding the daily and
weekly hour schedules actually in operation in the various establish
ments at the time of the survey, that is, the number of hours which the
women of the plant were expected to work regularly each day and each
week. The facts presented in this section, therefore, deal with the
normal working hours of the plants visited and are not affected by
any divergence from that schedule in the number of hours actually
worked during the week. It must be remembered that overtime or
time lost may cause considerable variation from the plant’s scheduled
hours. For that reason, whenever it was possible record was also
made of the actual hours worked by the women included in the survey.
Some discussion of both these types of information relating to women’s
hours is essential to a well-rounded conception of the whole situation,
and the subject of “actual time worked” will be dealt with under that
heading.
Daily hours.
The length of the working day for the women employed in the in
dustries studied is shown in Table 12.
Table 12.—Scheduled daily hours, hy industry.
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled daily hours were—
Number re
ported.
Under 8.
Over 8 and un
der 9.
8.
Industry.
263
252
1,970
2,149
2
1
32
754
1,298
1,557
3,517
2,326
455
545
2,025
309
745
3
1
2
5
71
23
817
412
1
3
192
67
186
4
1
2
158
19
178
3
9
1
3
1
5
3
105
1,330
' 71
181
86
375
124
441
1
361
1,374
391
805
1,620
906
1,033
296
1,361
754
652
2,571
1,366
583
1,104
746
541
1
192
229
792
1
126
7
324
383
1
44
4
1
'385
21
30
1,026
11
3
142
962
1
1
1
279
541
9
16
4
2
5
4
2
294
1,298
59
435
1,682
74
451
50
1
8
30
2
20
2
26
21
1,696
.
‘’~48
149
1
354
3
7
756
1.172
2
1
358
19
5
433
93
559
2
3
3
3
186
766
1
146
3
4
210
277
3
2
1
116
477
187
53
3
3
2
1
536
160
365
23
1
705
i
110
2
1
335
44
7
307
2
1
54
279
1
20
,
■
3
Details aggregate more than total because 16 establishments appear in more than one hour group.
♦
4
*
284
WOMES IX HEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
Manufacturing:
Buttons..................................................
Candy....................................................
Chemicals and drugs.............................
Cigars......................................................
Clothing—
Felt hats..........................................
Shirts and overalls..........................
Underwear......................................
Other...............................................
Electric products—
Lamps.............................................
Other...............................................
Food products.......................................
Glass and glass products.......................
Handkerchiefs.......................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware..........
Leather and leather products................
Metal products.......................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments...
Paper and paper products.....................
Pencils....................................................
Pottery..................................................
Rubber and rubber products................
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton..............
Cotton goods....................................
Hosiery and knit goods...................
Silk goods........................................
Woolen goods..................................
Other...............................................
Miscellaneous.........................................
General mercantile.......................................
5-and-10-cent stores......................................
Laundries.....................................................
10.
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
lish Women.
lish Women. lish Women. lish Women. lish Women. lish Women. lish Women. ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
1,854
19
4,438
38
7,487
69
14,257
73
105
1,995
4,598
12
34,629
1300
5.4
6.3
12.8
12.7
'5.8
21.6
41.2
23.0
24.3
13.3
35.0
100.0
100.0
4.0
All industries.............
Per cent distribution.
i
Over 9 and un
der 10.
9.
*
Scheduled
Per cent
cf women.
Daily
Hours of \M)nnen in New Jersey Industries.
30.
21.6 %
zo
153%
12.8%
10 .
38 %
Under
8hours-
5A%
8 hours
Qy/er 8
<+- under
Qhours.
<9 hours.
Ovfer 9
Sunder
10 hours.
WOMEN IN NEW JEBSEY INDUSTKIES.
41.2%
40.
10 hours
Or
46
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Of all the plants visited, only 19, employing 5.4 per cent of the
women included in the survey, had a scheduled day as long as 10
hours; that is, only 19 employers out of the 300 visited took advan
tage of the full limits of the law. The eight industries in which these
19 employers were found are listed below, with the total number of
women reported and the per cent of that number on a 10-hour daily
schedule.
Industry.
Number of
women
reported.
541
906
2, 149
805
2, 326
1, 033
745
3, 517
Per cent of
such number
having 10hour day
56.
37.
32.
13.
12.
4.
2.
1.
7
0
8
7
0
3
7
5
The only industry of which it might be said that the characteristic
day was 10 hours was the manufacture of rubber products. However,
a very considerable proportion of the electrical and cigar workers were
scheduled for such a day. The manufacture of silk goods, one of the
most important industries of the State, is represented on the list, but
only a small number of the employees had a 10-hour day.
There were 12 industrial groups in the State in which none of the
plants scheduled had a regular working day of 8 hours; 11 of these
were manufacturing buttons, candy, both classes of electric products,
handkerchiefs, optical and scientific instruments, pencils, cotton
goods, woolen goods, textiles not specified, and underwear; and the
other was the laundry industry. In not all instances, however, did
the placing of an industry in this group indicate that it was character
ized generally by long hours. In the manufacture of electric lamps, for
instance, 98.1 per cent of the workers had a scheduled day of between
8 and 9 hours, while the remainder had a regular working day of less
than 8 hours. In the handkerchief industry, also, an overwhelming
number of the workers were found in the 8-to-9-hour group, while
none had a 10-hour day and a few were scheduled for less than 8 hours.
A glance at Table 12 will show that similar statements might be made
with reference to the cotton industry and the manufacture of optical
and scientific instruments.
Certain industries are conspicuously representative of the most
progressive hour standards found in the State. In the general mer-
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
47
cantile establishments 89.1 per cent of the women were scheduled to
work less than 8 hours a day, while as much as 9 hours was not
expected of any one. Both in the silk mills and in the 5-and-10-eent
stores, 48.2 per cent of the women had an 8-hour day, while in the
latter group there were no establishments employing women as long
as 9 hours. All of the women workers in the cotton mills had a
scheduled day of between 8 and 9 hours, while 98.1 per cent of the
women making electric lamps and 92.6 per cent of optical and
scientific goods workers fell in that same hour group.
On the whole, New Jersey shows an unusually good record so far as
the daily hours of her women in industry are concerned. The exist
ence of a low legal standard, however, has made it possible for some
employers to stick to the long working day. While only 18.2 per
cent of the women surveyed had a working day of over 9 hours, yet
that proportion amounted to over 6,000 women in the group for
which information was available. If data could be obtained for all
the women employed in New Jersey, the number would doubtless
be increased several fold.
Weekly hours.
A report on daily hour schedules docs not tell the whole story.
The woman in industry is not there to do an isolated day’s work,
but must keep up that amount of work day after day. Even an 8hour day might become too much for the woman worker if she had
regularly to put in that much time seven days a week. Fortunately,
however, the New Jersey law requires one day’s rest in seven and
further reduces the possible number of hours which a woman may be
required to work by establishing a weekly limitation of 54 hours.
Here again we find that the State industries have progressed further
than the State law, although not to quite the same extent that was
found in regard to daily hours. The accompanying table shows the
number of establishments and number of women in each industry
with specified weekly hours:
Table 13.—Scheduled weekly hours, by industry.
oo
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours were—
Number
reported.
Under 44.
Over 44 and
under 48.
44.
Industry.
Over 48 and
under 50.
48.
Over 50 and
under 54.
50.
Over 54.
54.
All industries................ i^no 34,615
Per cent distribution... 100.0 100.0
7
2.3
189
0.5
58
19.3
3,968
11.5
Manufacturing:
2,149
Clothing—
1
32
1
441
347
Electric products—
12
805
0
906
1,033
and
leather
14
754
21
2,571
Paper and paper prod-
and
rubber
Textiles—
Cordage other than
Cotton goods..............
1
1,366
%
11
583
1 104
746
11
527
4
1,298
6,444
18.6
60
20.0
8,521
24.6
43
14.3
5,166
14.9
40
13.3
3,908
11.3
2
1
2
150
130
703
2
1
2
42
99
357
1
1
2
3
29
23
817
306
2
42
2
106
1
7
398
67
383
2
252
1
117
4
1
2
4
5
11
Optical goods and scien-
Rubber
126
47
Jewelry and gold and
Leather
1
48
16.0
195
2
1
30
30
1
1
i
10
7
175
1
9
1
17
2
69
1
106
i
i,004
186
385
44
56
792
1
2
19
351
3
9
142
1,047
2
5
67
1,119
3
1,265
3
279
294
294
3,515
10.2
15
5.0
2,128
6.1
12
4.0
776
1
57
467
1
oO
36
473
2
324
1
110
1
1
58
44
9
9
3
1
3
35
11.7
3
1
181
541
2
57
1
61
1
4
38
267
1
71
1
1
5
86
375
2
35
1
354
2
4
69
787
3
2
210
106
2
1
2
52
477
187
1
2
277
101
1
146
1.........
2
k
170
6
226
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab W om Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
en. ments. en. ments. en.
ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments.
4
Hosiery and knit
goods.......................
Silk goods...................
W oofen goods............
Other..........................
Miscellaneous...................
General mercantile.................
5-and-10-cent stores.................
Laundries................................
<
9
|'
9 1,557
42
7
5
3
8
13
10
3,517
2,326
455
545
2,025
309
745
1
40
2
26
206
1,696
2
1
75
fti
3
33
6
1,717
2
38
28
1
5
4
1
50
395
1,747
' 64
1
i
72
20
2
2
193
82
1
1
2
1
19
464
88
48
4
1
1
1
7
2
2
563
1,172
84
96 '
2
o
517
132
3
227
579
2
346
1
14
1 Details aggregate more than total because 19 establishments appear in more than one hour group.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
(O
50
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Of the establishments surveyed, 15 had a scheduled week of 54
hours and 12 had one of over 54 hours. Only 8.4 per cent of the
women for whom reports were obtained were found in these two
groups. The largest proportion found in any one hour group was
24.6 per cent with a 48-hour schedule. A week of 44 hours or less
was the regular thing for 12 per cent of the women, and 18.6 per
cent were scheduled for between 44 and 48 hours.
In 18 industrial groups there were plants which reported a scheduled
week of 44 hours or less, but in most instances a relatively small
proportion of the women working in that trade were involved. The
largest proportion (74.5 per cent) of women with such a scheduled
week were engaged in the manufacture of felt hats, biit only 361
women all told were surveyed in that industry. The next largest
proportion in any one industry to have a weekly schedule of 44 hours
or less was in the silk mills, where 49.4 per cent of the women employed
in 64.3 per cent of the mills were so scheduled. Such a standard
is of particular importance in this industry, which employs a larger
number of women workers than any other manufacturing industry
of the State. None of the women silk mill operatives worked as
much as 54 hours a week, but one-third of them had a 50-hour week.
Approximately one-third of the 754 women working on jewelry and
silverware worked on a schedule of 44 hours.
A relatively high standard in regard to weekly hours existed in
the general mercantile establishments and in the cotton mills. In
the former, 84.8 per cent of the women surveyed were expected to
work between 44 and 48 hours a week, and 77.3 per cent of the
cotton mill employees were found in the same hour group.
There were 9 industries in which some of the establishments cm*
ployed their women workers on a schedule of 54 hours a week or
more. With two exceptions, these are the same industries in which
plants were reported with a daily schedule up to the full limit per
mitted by law. The exceptions are the manufacture of chemicals
and drugs, which appears with 1.8 per cent of the women scheduled
to work 54 hours or more a week, and silk mills, also not on this
list, although ohe appeared as having a scheduled day of 10 hours.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Industry.
Rubber and rubber products. . _
Laundries__________
__ __
Electric products other than lamps
Cigars..
________ __ _
Woolen goods__
____
Food products
_ _
__ __ _
Clothing, not specified _
.
Handkerchiefs_____ ________
Chemicals and drugs . _
Per cent
reporting
specified
hours.
75.
48.
37.
37
1
3
0
0
24. 9
14.
13.
10.
1.
0
7
7
8
51
Hours reported.
54 hours and over.
Do.
Do.
Do
54 hours.
54 hours and over.
Over 54 hours.
54 hours.
Do.
The standard of hours recommended by the Women’s Bureau for
the employment of women in industry is an 8-hour day and a 44-hour
week.
New Jersey fell further short of this standard for weekly hours
than for daily hours. For only 12 per cent of the women was the
weekly standard of 44 hours met, while 19 per cent of the women for
whom reports were obtained were employed under the daily standard
of 8 hours or less. But even so the New Jersey record is better than
that which obtained in the majority of the States in which the
Women’s Bureau has made surveys covering the hours of women
workers. These States are listed below in the order of the propor
tion of women in each who were working on a weekly schedule of
48 hours or less.
State.
Maryland _ _ .
__ ___
New Jersey ___ ._____
Rhode Island, _ _ _ . _
.
Ohio___
__
Missouri - _ _
_
Kentucky.
__ _____
. _
Virginia
__________
.
Alabama __ ___
_ _____
Arkansas. _
_. . _
___
Georgia
_
__
..
South Carolina
.
_______
Date of
survey.
1921
1922
1920
1922
1922
1921
1919
1922
1922
1920
1921
Number of
women re
ported.
13,
34,
9,
30
16,
9,
17,
5,
2,
8,
10,
304
615
934
464
724
330
981
701
174
691
484
Per cent work
ing 48 hours
and less.
56. 9
55. 2
53. 5
34 7
32. 3
21. 9
19. 3
12. 7
11. 6
8. 0
4. 9
52
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Of these 11 States, only 1 had a proportion larger than New Jer
sey’s of the women surveyed working on a weekly schedule of 48
houre or less, and only 1 other approached the New Jersey percentage.
Such a comparison, however, does not indicate that there is no
improvement to be made in New Jersey. It should merely serve
as an encouragement in the work of establishing an 8-liour day and
44-hour week for an even greater proportion of women workers in
the industries of the State.
Saturday hours.
Data on Saturday hours were taken separately from those for the
other days of the week to discover to what extent the shorter work
ing day on Saturday prevailed. The provisions of the New Jersey
law in themselves suggest the use of the Saturday half holiday to
lighten the week’s work, when they permit a day of 10 hours but
limit the weekly total to 54 hours.
The number of women employed for each specified number of
hours on Saturdays in the various industries is shown in Table IX in
the appendix. Of the 300 plants surveyed 12 had no work on Satur
day for any of the women, as a regular scheduled policy, while in 5
others some of the women did no Saturday work. The largest pro
portion both of the establishments and of the women were found
with a regular Saturday schedule of 4 but under 5 hours. Only 13.1
per cent of the women had a scheduled Saturday of as much as '6
hours.
.
The only industries in which all of the women had a full day’s
work on Saturday were the two mercantile groups—the general
stores and the 5-and-10-cent stores. In the latter, all of the women
surveyed had a 10-hour day, and 4.8 per cent of the larger group were
working longer hours than usual on Saturday. The great majority
(84.8 per cent) of the general mercantile workers were employed
for 7 but under 8 hours, as they were throughout the week. Below
are listed the industries, with the proportion of the women employees
who regularly worked less than 6 hours on Saturday.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Industry.
Per cent
working
less than
6 hours.
Buttons.. . _____
Candy.. _____ _______
Cordage other than cottons___
Cotton goods__
.
Felt hats__ _______ _______
Hosiery and knit goods. . __
Jewelry and gold and silver
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
ware _
_________
Leather and leather products..
Metal products
_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing __
Optical and scientific instruments________ _______ _
Other electrical products___
Other textiles
. .
_____
Paper and paper products__
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.
100.
100.
100.
0
0
0
0
Industry.
Pencils
53
Percent
working
less than
6 hours.
mo o
mo o
Shirts and overalls__
_
100. 0
Silk goods
mo o
Underwear
mo o
Handkerchiefs
99 2
Electric lamps
...
.
98. 1
Cigars _
80 2
Chemicals and drugs _ .
86. 4
Other clothing
86 3
Food and food products
83. 9
Glass and glass products____
•81. 1
Rubber and rubber products.._ 80. 8
Woolen goods. _____
64. 9
Laundries51. 2
One plant each in the shirt and overall industry, the manufacture
of metal products, of optical and scientific goods, and of paper and
paper products, and one laundry had a scheduled Saturday of less
than 4 hours.
In the following manufacturing industries none of the women
scheduled had a Saturday as long as 5 hours: Candy, felt hats,
underwear, jewelry, and cotton goods. In general the half holiday
was th'e accepted thing in the manufacturing industries, 67.4 per cent
of the women having a day of less than 5 hours while less than 6 per
cent were scheduled to work as long as 6 hours on Saturday. With
such a large proportion of the manufacturing of the State carried
on with a 5 2-day week, it would seem entirely possible for all factory
work to be planned on that basis.
Hours of night workers.
During the course of the investigation records were secured for
239 women who were employed at night. The large majority of
these (188) were in the cotton and woolen mills. The women on
night shift in the textile industries Were all scheduled to work 94
hours a night, five nights a week, making a total of 48 hours a week.
A few women night workers were employed in the manufacture of
chemicals and drugs, electric lamps, glass, and rubber products.
Some of these workers put in
hours a night, and others 8, the
weekly schedule varying from 37?,- to 48 hours. The employment
54
WOMBS' IS SEW JERSEY IKWSTRIES.
of women workers on night shifts, however short the hours, has been
recognized as undesirable, and the New Jersey Legislature has taken
action prohibiting such employment of women, the law to become
effective in December, 1924.
Lunch periods.
A study of Table X in the appendix shows that the 1-hour lunch
period was more common than any other, 172 of the establishments
visited having such a lunch period, while 77 allowed 30 minutes, and
51 between 30 minutes and 1 hour. In 2 establishments, and in
certain departments of other establishments, no regular lunch period
was allowed and the workers had to eat as opportunity presented
itself in the course of their work. In only 1 plant were the em
ployees given less than 30 minutes for lunch and in only 1 was the
regular noon intermission more than 1 hour in length.
In general, no one lunch period was particularly characteristic
of any industry. In two industries, however, no establishments
were found which allowed an hour for lunch, while an overwhelmingly
large proportion of the women in four branches of the textile indus
try—cordage, cotton, silk, and hosiery and knit goods—had an hour
for lunch. One hour was the accepted lunch period for all of the
general mercantile establishments and for all hut one of the 5-and-10cent stores visited.
Generally speaking, the length of the lunch period may be adjusted
to the convenience of managers and employees, but certainly no
arrangement is satisfactory which does not set a definite period, or
which allows less than 30 minutes. That much relaxation from the
strain of work is necessary if the woman is to continue during the
latter half of the day the same standard of work which she has es
tablished in the first.
*
ACTUAL HOURS WORKED.
In many cases the hours which the women actually worked were
not the scheduled hours of the firm. Variations in the running of
the plant or personal reasons of the workers themselves served to
bring about such differences. Information concerning actual hours
worked was not available for all the women for whom wage data
were supplied, since many firms using the piece-work basis of pay
ment did not report the number of hours worked by their employees,
but kept track only of the days on which they Worked. Table 14 shows
the number in the manufacturing establishments and the laundries
for whom such data were secured and the proportion who worked
more or less than the scheduled week. The more detailed informa
tion on the subject is available in Tables XI and XII in the appendix.
WOMEN IN NEST JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
55
There were 22,384 women in the manufacturing industries and in
the laundries for whom such information was given, or almost 70
per cent of all the women in those industries for whom data on earnings
were obtained. In most industries the report on hours worked was
available for a fairly representative number of women, but in a few
instances it could be obtained for only a small proportion of the
women surveyed. Actual hours worked were given for only 738
in the cigar factories, though wage information was reported for
over 2,000 women in that industry. Time worked was reported
for only 13 of the 361 women in the manufacture of felt hats. Nor
was the number supplying hour information sufficient to be considered
representative in the manufacture of shirts and overalls, clothing
not specified, handkerchiefs, or hosiery and knit goods. In all of
these industries the proportion of piece workers is large, and accurate
hour records are ordinarily more difficult, to get for that class of
workers.
Reports on hours worked in stores were obtainable for approxi
mately one-half of the women surveyed. The difficulty in getting
hour figures for these women notwithstanding the complete absence
of piece work, is due to the fact that many stores keep records only
of the number of days on which their employees work and not of
the number of hours. The situation of the store employees is quite
different from that of the workers in factories and laundries in respect
to time lost, since in stores the time not worked represents generally
only the loss due to personal reasons, while among other workers
it may be caused either by personal reasons or by slack work which
shuts down the plant or department for a day or part of a day.
For these reasons the groups of store workers have been omitted
from the table. Among the general mercantile workers as well as
the 5-and-10-cent store girls for whom information was reported,
however, time lost was not an insignificant factor, for 11.7 per cent
of the former and 18.4 per cent of the latter had lost some time in the
week surveyed. Overtime may be found in stores as in factories,
for workers may have to remain evenings to unpack or rearrange
stock or to shorten the time of taking inventory. In contrast to
factory practice, however, these girls do not receive any additional
pay, other than a supper check. Of the general mercantile workers
for whom time worked was given, 10.5 per cent had put in some over
time during the week surveyed, although practically all of them had
exceeded the scheduled hours by less than 5 hours.
56
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Table 14.—Time lost and overtime, by industry.
Overtime.
Time lost.
Industry.
Num
ber of
women
report
ed.
Per
cent
for
whom
over
time
10
Less 5 and
than under hours was
re
and
10
5
hours. hours. over. ported.
Per cent of those los
ing time who lost
Per cent of those
working more than
scheduled hours who
worked overtime—
Less 5 and
10
than under hours
and
5
10
hours. hours. over.
46.1
44.4
23.2
32.4
8.0
61.0
33.9
5.2
139
1,278
60.4
46.5
60.0
57.1
50.5
44.0
22.0
22.6
21.7
16.9
18. 0
20.2
27.8
39.1
15.4
33.1
13.6
.9
100.0
84.8
68.4
100.0
8.7
19.0
6.5
12.6
13
321
92 3
48! 0
8.3
17.1
44.8
24.6
25.0
8.3
25.3
14.5
66. 7
74.6
29.9
60.9
3.4
.9
100.0
66.7
33.3
1,619
772
998
225
656
712
610
2,160
61.4
52.1
44.0
29.3
73. 6
49.7
40.0
54.3
70.6
44.0
34.2
40.9
43. 5
57.1
32.4
65.3
13.9
29.9
23.2
28. 8
23.6
27.7
36. 5
15.0
15.5
26.1
42.6
30.3
32.9
15.3
31.1
19.7
11.7
7.3
42.7
15.6
95.8
64.3
26.8
31.4
3.7
35.7
70.4
68.6
2.8
12.9
5.2
7.8
50.0
59.4
86.4
43.5
28.1
11.8
6.5
12.5
1.8
1,355
371
984
449
. 355
36.1
44.7
32.9
61.5
66.8
50.9
28.3
21.6
25.4
53.6
22.1
21.7
45.1
37.3
18.6
27.0
50.0
33.3
37.3
27.8
6.3
1.1
2.3
2.2
3.7
36.0
75.0
69.6
80.0
92.3
64.0
25.0
8.7
20.0
7.7
21.7
718
1,298
226
2,516
1,926
455
539
482
27.9
28.8
73.5
52.5
24.3
30.1
63.3
28.4
33.0
35.8
35.5
35.7
24.6
20.4
45.5
14.6
39.0
30.2
33.7
17.9
29.9
49.6
20.8
33.6
28.0
34.0
30.7
46.3
45.5
29.9
33.7
51.8
1.1
1.8
6.6
10.8
1.8
2.9
4.6
3.7
50.0
29.1
53. 3
77.5
65.7
53.8
32.0
83.3
50.0
4.2
46.7
18. 8
34.3
30.8
36.0
11.1
All industries1....................................... 22,384
Manufacturing:
Buttons............................................
Candy...............................................
Chemicals and drugs......................
Cigars...............................................
ClothingFelt hats...................................
Shirts and overalls...................
Underwear...............................
Other.........................................
Electric products—
Lamps.......................................
Other.........................................
Food products........................ .......
Glass and glass products................
Handkerchiefs.................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware.
Leather and leather products.......
Metal products................................
Optical goods and scientific in
struments.....................................
Paper and paper products............
Pencils.............................................
Pottery.............................................
Rubber and rubber goods.............
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton —
Cotton goods.............................
Hosiery and knit goods...........
Silk goods.................................
Woolen goods...........................
Other........................................
Miscellaneous..................................
Laundries...............................................
Per
cent
for
whom
lost
time
was
re
ported
.5
66.7
3.7
15.4
32.0
5.6
i Excluding stores, in which actual hours worked are generally not reported.
Time lost.
Not far from one-half (46.1 per cent) of all the workers for whom
data were furnished on the hours which they actually spent on the
job were reported as losing some time. To be sure, the largest pro
portion of these (44.4 per cent) lost less than 5 hours, but 23.2 per
cent lost between 5 and 10 hours, while as many as 32.4 per cent
actually fell short of the scheduled week by 10 hours or more. No
study was attempted of the causes of the time lost, but it is probable
that part of it arose from personal causes not connected with the
factory and part was due to slack work in some of the plants.
In the following industries over one-half of the workers lost some
time: The manufacture of candy, felt hats, shirts and overalls, other
clothing, electric lamps, other electric products, handkerchiefs,
metal products, pottery, rubber and rubber products, hosiery and
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
57
Extent of Time Lost and of Overtime Among Women in New Jersey Industries.
iillfliliiiHl
wmmmmmmsmmmm
Women WorKino 0>
mC
Less than >5 hours
0
10
20
-30
40
“
SO
Per cent
81843°—24----- 5
k
>5
andJ under 10 hours
over
58
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
knit goods, silk goods, and miscellaneous. In some of these indus
tries time lost mounted unusually high. While actual time worked
was reported by only 13 women making felt hats, all but 1 of them
lost some time and 8 of these lost 10 hours or more. Over threefourths of the shirt and overall workers lost some time, and almost
the same proportion of that number lost 10 hours or more. Although
73.6 per cent of the women working on handkerchiefs lost some time,
almost one-half of that number lost under 5 hours. Almost threefourths of the hosiery and knit-goods workers had put in less than a
scheduled week, but they were fairly evenly divided among the
three groups losing less than 5 hours, 5 to 9 hours, and 10 hours or
more.
On the whole, lost time presented a very- considerable problem
and may be recognized as all the more serious in that the figures were
not taken for a year when there was any unusual business depression.
Overtime.
Overtime did not assume any great importance in New Jersey
industries during the week for which records were secured. Of all
the 22,384 women for whom hours worked were reported, only 1,799,
or 8 per cent, had worked longer than the scheduled week. Over 60
per cent of these had exceeded the week’s schedule by less than 5
hours, and less than a hundred had worked as much as 10 hours
overtime.
In three industries—the manufacture of felt hats, of other cloth
ing, and of handkerchiefs—no overtime was reported. In no industry
had as many as one-half of the women put in extra time. The largest
proportion in any industry who had exceeded the regular hours was
found in the manufacture of food products, where 42.7 per cent of
the women had a record of overtime, but for practically all of that
group the overtime amounted to less than 10 hours. In the candy
factories 33.1 per cent of the women had put in extra time, but
84.8 per cent of that number had exceeded the schedule by less than
5 hours. There was very little overtime in the cigar factories and
in the shirt and overall factories, and in both cases all the small
group so reported had worked less than 5 hours more than their
scheduled week. Overtime was comparatively insignificant in
paper and paper products, cordage, cotton goods, and woolen goods.
The laundries also showed very little overtime, with only 18 of the
women so reporting, and 15 of those had worked less than 5 hours
beyond the regular plant schedule.
Overtime did not constitute a serious problem for women workers
in New Jersey at the time of the study. They were getting the
benefit of the comparatively high industrial standard in regard to
scheduled hours.
PART IV.
THE WORKERS.
In the analysis of data concerning wages and correlations of wages
with other factors one is inclined to see simply a mass of figures,
scarcely realizing who or what is represented. The language ordi
narily used in the presentation of statistical material increases this
very natural tendency. Industrial groups are often rated according
to the “median earnings” for the group, and perhaps there is a tend
ency to think of all the women employed in that industry as a homo
geneous body. Such careless thinking is a serious mistake not only
because of the presence of a great range in wages on either side of
that median figure but because the information given relates to a
body of women—distinct individuals—of varying ages and nation
alities, living in different types of home surroundings, and with dis
similar social responsibilities.
It is interesting to know the general situation in the State so far
as the age of its industrial women workers is concerned. Are they
young girls just starting out to work; or are there many mature
women contributing to the industrial life of their State? It is of
importance to the community to know whether many married women
are in industry; whether many mothers are finding it necessary to
add duties outside the home to those ordinarily considered as belong
ing to their normal sphere. The proportion of foreign-born women
among those employed, and the extent to which they may show a
tendency to group themselves in any particular industry, is a problem
worth consideration, as is the steadiness of the women in their indus
trial life.
To answer some of these questions suggested and to present a more
complete picture of the women in New Jersey industries, cards were
distributed to the women in each of the plants visited, on which they
were to answer questions concerning age, conjugal condition, living
arrangements, and nativity. While not all of the women returned
such information, and while some cards were incompletely filled out
personal information was obtained from more than 13,000 women, or
almost 40 per cent of all the women for whom wage information was
obtained, a number large enough to indicate fairly well the charac
teristics of the women surveyed.
59
60
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Age.
Of the 13,274 women in New Jersey industries who reported on
age, 32.2 per cent were less than 20 years old, 25.8 per cent were
between 20 and 25, 13.9 per cent were between 25 and 30, while 28
per cent were over 30 years of age. In other words, the women
workers in the industries surveyed were pretty well distributed among
the various age groups, with a very considerable number of them over
30 years old. Suoh figures should serve as an answer to those who
maintain that the majority of women in industry are young girls who
are merely occupying themselves for a few years before marriage.
There is considerable difference among the industries surveyed in
the age most prevalent among the women employed. Table XIII in
the appendix shows the details of age by industry. Below are listed
the five industries which had the largest proportions of girls between
16 and 18 years of age, with the per cent which those in this age
group formed of all those reporting:
Industry.
•
Per cent over
16 and under
18 years.
43.
35.
27.
25.
23.
0
3
0
0
4
More of the older women were found in the industries following,
fisted with regard to the per cent of the women employed who were
30 years of age or older:
Industry.
Per cent of
women 30
years of age
or older.
54.
45.
42.
39.
35.
6
8
4
7
7
In every industry but one—the manufacture of electric products
other than lamps—there was at least one woman who was 50 years
of age or more.
Table 15 indicates that, on the whole, the foreign-born women were
older than the native-born white women.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
61
Table 15.—Age, by nativity.
Native born.
Foreign born.
Age
White.
Negro.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total number reporting.....................
Under 16 years...........................................
16 and under 18 years..................
18 and under 20 years....
20 and under 25 years....................
25 and under 30 years...................................
30 and under 40 years...................................
40 and under 50 years...................................
50 and under 60 years...................................
60 years and over..........................................
9,382
1,652
1,825
2, 605
1,190
1,283
562 •
201
64
100.0
106
100.0
3,653
100.0
17.6
19. 5
27.8
12. 7
13. 7
6.0
2.1
0. 7
4
14
24
28
17
16
3
3.8
13.2
22.6
26.4
16.0
15.1
2.8
273
460
762
614
908
428
164
44
7.5
12.6
20.9
16.8
24.9
11.7
4.5
1.2
The largest group of native white women was composed of those
between 20 and 25 years of age, who formed 27.8 per cent of all such
women. The largest number of foreign-horn women, on the other
hand, was in the 30 to 40 years group, and these formed 24.9 per cent
of the foreign born reporting. Only 106 negro women workers sup
plied information on age. On the whole, the negro women were older
than the native white workers but younger than the foreign born.
Almost one-half (49.1 per cent) of the negro women were between
20 and 30 years of age. Information on the correlation between
ago and nativity is available by industry in unprinted material. For
the most part the situation within each industry was much the same
as that found when all industries are considered together. Perhaps
the most striking difference between the two nativity groups is found
in the woolen mills. The two largest groups of the native-born women
were those between 16 and 18 years of age and between 18 and 20 years.
Over half (56.9 per cent) the native-born women were between 16 and
20 years of age. The largest age group among the foreign women in
the woolen mills was that of 30 to 40 years. Practically one-half
(49.9 per cent) of the foreign-born women were over 25 years of age
and under 40.
Nativity.
It is to he expected that in a State such as New Jersey—located on
the eastern seaboard, easily accessible to the port through which large
numbers of our immigrants enter—the women of foreign birth would
form a sufficiently large proportion of all the women employed to be
worthy of special notice. Information on place of birth was returned
by 13,861 women in the plants surveyed and is presented in Table 16.
62
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Gqe of Women in New -Jersey Industries.
Under £5 years
64-.8per cent
Native-born white.
2-5 and under AO years
41.7 percent
Under S3 years
39.6 percent
,2-5and under A0 years^
42.-5 percent
•40 years
and oVer
I7.4per cen
63
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Table 1G.— Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal information,
by industry.
Number who were—
Industry.
All industries....................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons...................................................
Candy.................................................... .
Chemicals and drugs.............................
Cigars.......................................................
ClothingFelt hats...........................................
Shirts and overalls........................ .
Underwear.......................................
Other................................................
Electric products—
Lamps..............................................
Other................................................
Food products........................................
Glass and glass products.......................
Handkerchiefs........................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware.........
Leather and leather products...............
Metal products........................................
Optical goods and scientific instru
ments...................................................
Paper and paper products....................
Pencils.....................................................
Pottery....................................................
Rubber and rubber products...............
Textiles—
Cotton goods....................................
Hosiery and knit goods..................
Silk goods.........................................
Woolen goods..................................
Other................................................
Miscellaneous..........................................
General mercantile........................................
5-and-10-cent stores.......................................
Laundries.......................................................
Number
of
women
re
porting.
Native bom.
Per cent who were—
Foreign
born.
Native
born.
273
3,817
72.5
27.5
88
110
219
249
1
47
52
12
68
329
62.9
90.2
76.4
47.4
37.1
9.8
23.6
52.6
24
268
308
337
23
180
237
272
5
2
10
1
83
69
55
95.8
69.0
77.6
83.7
4.2
31.0
22.4
16.3
1,294
269
539
179
348
457
186
1,629
1,023
191
328
140
195
400
160
1,320
2
271
78
211
37
153
57
25
289
79.1
71.0
60.9
79. 3
56.0
87.5
86.6
82.3
20.9
29.0
39.1
20.7
44.0
12.5
13.4
17.7
263
256
285
122
312
205
226
207
91
263
29
30
78
31
47
89.0
88.3
72.6
74.6
84.9
11.0
11.7
27.4
25.4
15.1
118
1,039
1,378
1,559
192
303
444
152
425
55
865
1,028
618
117
237
385
133
206
63
168
350
941
75
66
59
19
71
46.6
83.8
74.6
39.6
60.9
78.2
86.7
87.5
83.3
53.4
16.2
25.4
60.4
39.1
21.8
13.3
12.5
16.7
White.
Negro.
13,861
9,771
140
122
288
625
1
20
29
2
6
148
Foreign
born.
Of this number, 70.5 per cent wore native-born white, 2 per cent
were native-born negro, and 27.5 per cent were foreign born.
The ratio of foreign and native-born women varied quite con
siderably among the different industries, and often two industries
which would seem to have much in common differed greatly as far
as this characteristic of their personnel was concerned. The two
industrial groups which employed the largest proportion of foreign
women were the manufacture of woolen goods, in which 60.4 per
cent of the women reporting on nativity were foreign born, and
cotton manufacture, in which the foreign-born women formed 53.4
per cent of the total. In two other important textile industries,
however, knit goods and silk, the foreign born formed only 16.2 per
cent and 25.4 per cent, respectively, of all the women in these indus
tries for whom such information was available.
64
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
The largest proportions of foreign-born women were found in the
following industries:
Industry.
Per cent
foreign-born
form of
number
reporting.
Number
reporting.
1, 559
60. 4
118
53. 4
625
52. 6
348
44. 0
539
39. 1
192
39. 1
In other industries a comparatively small proportion of the women
were foreign bom. Only 24 women engaged in the manufacture of
felt hats reported upon country of birth, and of this number only
one was foreign born. Only 9.8 per cent of the women candy
workers were foreign bom, and a third of these were from English
speaking countries. In optical goods manufacturing only 11 per
cent of the women surveyed were bom outside the United States,
and of these almost one-half came from the United Kingdom.
The foreign women surveyed reported 16 different countries of
birth. From most of these, however, there were but few representa
tives, and the bulk of the foreign-born group was made up of only a
few nationalities. Those countries are listed below whose emigrants
formed at least 10 per cent of the total foreign-born element:
Per cent.
Italy28. 7
Austria-Hungary______________________________ _________ 19. 9
Poland 16- 1
United Kingdom 13. 6
Among the women employed in all the industries surveyed, those
from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Poland together formed 64.7 per
cent of the total foreign bom. In those industries which had the
most foreign bom, these three groups formed an even greater pro
portion of the foreign women; in the woolen mills they formed 85.1
per cent of the foreign born and 51.4 per cent of all the women
employed.
■
The figures on New Jersey from the latest census show that, in
the State as a whole, 23.4 per cent of the population was foreignborn white, while this same element constituted 25.4 per cent of the
urban population.1 Two of the industries surveyed which employedi
i u. S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census. Population, 192®, Vol. Ill, Table 1, p. 636.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
65
unusually large numbers of foreign workers—the manufacture of
woolen goods and of cotton goods—were located principally in
Passaic. The census figures indicate an unusually large foreign
element in that city, where the foreign born comprised 41.3 per cent
of the total population, a larger proportion than obtained for the
State as a whole, and larger than was found in any other city or
town with the exception of two.3
A large number of foreign-born women in an industrial community
constitutes a special problem when the establishment of standards is
under consideration. ' In the past it has frequently been the case that
advantage has been taken of such workers because of their lack of
familiarity with the laws and customs of their adopted country. The
figures on wages obtained in the present survey do not indicate the
need for any special protection for this group of workers in that par
ticular respect, for the median earnings of the foreign-born women
exceeded those of the native in the industrial group taken as a whole
and within many of the individual industries.
Conjugal condition.
Conjugal condition was reported by 13,082 of the women surveyed
and the facts are shown in Appendix Table XIV. Of this number
67.2 per cent were single, 21.9 per cent were married, and 10.3 per
cent were widowed, separated, or divorced.
The proportion of married and of single women differed markedly
in the various industries. The largest percentage of single women
(94.1 per cent) was found in the manufacture of felt hats, while
5-and-10-cent stores stood next in this respect, with 92.4 per cent
unmarried. Approximately 80 per cent of the women workers in
each of the following manufacturing industries were single: Electric
lamps, jewelry, paper and paper products, and candy. Three of
these six industries had large groups of workers between 16 and 18
years of age, and it is to be expected that a considerable proportion
of their workers should not yet have married.
The following is a list of the industries with' large proportions of
women who were or had been married, the per cents being based on
the total numbers reporting:
Laundries _ 55 3
Woolen goods __ _
" 53 j
Cigars--------------------------------------HU__________________ I_ 4& 2
Food products
45.1
Cotton goods_______________ ________________ II. ” 37! 1
In Table 17 conjugal condition is correlated with nativity and
race, showing the difference in the proportion of single and married
women to be found in the various groups.2
2 Ibid., Table 10, p. 646.
66
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Conjugal Condition of W>men in New ■cJehsey Industries.
Single, 76.0 per cent
Native-born white.
<----Single, 45.2 per cent—>
■Married, 42.1 percent
or divorced
Foreign-born white.
,
Widowed
Separated
,,
......
,
v
or
divorcee
<— Single, 38.8 per cent 5 f----Mamed, 44.9 percent—> 16.3 per cent
§fjj§§ jg
Negro.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
67
Table 17.—Conjugal condition, by nativity.
Native born.
Conjugal condition.
White.
Foreign bom.
Negro.
Number. Per cent.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total number reporting__
Single................................
Married............................
Widowed, separated, or divorced__
9,272
100.0
98
100.0
3,566
100.0
7,043
1,283
946
76.0
13.8
10.2
38
44
16
3a 8
44.9
16.3
1,606
1,497
453
45.2
42.1
12.7
While over three-fourths of the native-born white women were
single, only 45.2 per cent of the foreign-bom group and 38.8 per cent
of the negro women were unmarried. There is a less striking dif
ference in the proportions of women with disrupted marital relations,
for 10.2 per cent of the native-born white, 12.7 per cent of the foreignborn, and 16.3 per cent of the negro women were widowed, separated,
or divorced, the differences in the case of single women being largely
offset by the number of women who were married and living a
normal family life. Both the negro and the foreign-bom women
showed a greater tendency to continue work outside the home
after marriage than did the native white women.
Living conditions.
Of the women surveyed, 12,877 reported on living condition. The
facts reported are given in Table XV in the appendix. The women
living at home were greatly in the majority, forming 86.3 per cent of
the total, while 7.5 per cent lived with relatives and 6.1 per cent were
living independently. Although there are differences among the
various industries in the proportion of women who were living at
home and the proportion who were living independently or with
relatives, the range is not great and figures on such correlations
appear to have no great significance. The largest percentage of
women living at home was found in the leather industry, with a
figure almost as large in the 5-and-10-cent stores. These two indus
tries also employed the greatest number of girls between 16 and 18
years of age.
The point of real importance, however, is that this large proportion
of women living at home does not indicate the existence of a group
of women workers- who need not leave the home for the factory,
except to earn money for unnecessary extravagances. The suggestion
has been made that the unemployment situation for men might be
relieved by discharging married women, since they supposedly had
someone to support them. It is also commonly assumed that the
unmarried woman living with her family need be only partially
68
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
self-supporting. Such arguments make a strong appeal to those not
throughly acquainted with the true situation and justify in the eyes
of many people the low wages of women workers. The fallacy of
this position can not be too much emphasized. The average woman in
industry, whether married or single, living at home or independently,
really needs her earnings, frequently not only for her own support
but for that of others as well. It is not usual for her to be the sole
support of others, although many instances of such responsibility are
to be found, but the average woman shares the burden of family
support with others.
A recent report of a study made by the Women’s Bureau in
Manchester, N. H., presents data bearing definitely on this problem.
The facts obtained showed that all of the women included in that
survey who were living at home contributed something to their
families. Furthermore, 59.9 per cent of the women who were
daughters and 95.8 per cent of the women who were wives and mothers
contributed all of their earnings to the family support. None of
the wives and mothers, and only 0.7 per cent of the daughters, con
tributed less than one-fourth of their earnings.3
The responsiblities of the women living at home are likely to be
quite as severe or perhaps even more so than those of the women
living independently.
Education.
An attempt was made in New Jersey to get some record of the school
history of the women surveyed and the information obtained for
10,664 women is given in the table following.
su, S. Dept, of Labor, Women’s Bureau. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support
Bulletin 30, 1923, pp. 67-59.
►
L
Table 18.—Extent of schooling and country of birth.
Number of women with schooling as specified who were born in Extent of schooling.
AustriaHun
gary.
Ger
many.
Italy.
Poland.
Russia.
United
King
dom.
'
Other
foreign
coun
tries.1
Foreign
country
not
specified.
Total
foreign
coun
tries.
Country
of birth
not re
ported.
Grand
total.
10,664
8,040
461
144
825
392
190
377
202
33
2,624
87
10,751
417
24
59
2
134
108
58
8
22
2
393
3
420
16
36
76
227
537
1,293
2,028
2,519
438
252
65
118
8
37
376
2,004
5
8
23
43
48
89
33
47
6
2
2
1
2
8
6
26
26
44
3
6
34
98
66
111
117
81
52
1
2
6
16
28
38
34
37
28
21
3
3
3
6
1
8
19
19
20
6
424
814
1,709
2,340
2,875
475
271
2
1
2
19
2
1
94
299
23
54
120
272
68
222
1
20
96
15
15
32
27
39
6
3
1
2
1
196
269
397
293
336
31
19
i
13
34
72
76
96
9
7
1
3
6
8
6
5
3
10
15
16
16
32
3
2
2
2
Indefinite........................................................
Schooling not reported..................................
43
t03
249
423
806
1,690
2,321
2,855
469
271
69
137
13
41
767
3,197
39
143
25
90
2
17
391
1,193
2
5
20,707
139
13
43
772
23,904
Grand total...........................................
13,861
10,044
760
198
1,097
614
286
520
292
50
3,817
20,794
34,655
None................................................................
Grade:
First..........................................................
Second........................................... ;........
Third........................................................
Fourth.....................................................
Fifth.........................................................
Sixth.........................................................
Seventh....................................................
Eight........................................................
Ninth, or first year high school.............
Tenth, or second year high school........
Twelfth, or fourth year high school___
1 Countries for which fewer than 100 women reported.
103
3
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Number of women reporting on
schooling...........................................
Number
of women
reporting
country United
of birth. States.
a*
o'
70
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
When the women were classified according to the grade which
they had completed before leaving school, the largest group (26.8
per cent) consisted of those who quit after completing the eighth
grade, although very nearly as many left school at the end of the
seventh grade. A few women had continued their schooling for a
longer period of time, so that over a third (36.1 per cent) had gone
at least as far as through the eighth grade. Only 3.9 per cent re
ported that they had never attended school.
A difference in the amount of schooling was found between the
native women and those foreign horn, especially from non-Englishspeaking countries, who had received then education in the United
States. While 42.6 per cent of the native-born women had com
pleted at least the eighth grade, only 12.6 per cent of the women
from the non-English-speaking countries had progressed that far.
Of the women from these countries who reported on schooling, 16.9
per cent gave replies which were classified as indefinite, including
some who had attended school in their native countries but for whom
no information was available on the extent of such schooling. The
English-speaking group of foreign born fell but slightly short of the
American-born women, with 34.3 per cent who had completed at
least the eighth grade.
An almost negligible .number of native women reported that they
had not attended school at all, while 17.3 per cent of the non-English,
speaking foreign-horn women reported complete lack of schooling.
Successively large numbers of native women had quit at the end of
each added school grade through the eighth, the climax being reached
there with only a scattering who had gone beyond. A similar situa
tion was found among those foreign women who came from English
speaking countries. Among those who came from other countries,
however, the increase continued only through the sixth grade, the
largest number of these women having quit with the completion of
the sixth grade.
Practically one-tenth of the American girls at least entered high
school, although only 1.5 per cent completed the course. Of the
English-speaking immigrants, 7.3 had entered the secondary schools,
while only 2 per cent of the non-English-speaking women had pro
gressed that far. Vocational schools had played practically no part
in the training of these working women, for only 2 women reported
having attended such schools.
APPENDIXES
Appendix A.—GENERAL TABLES.
Appendix B.—SCHEDULE FORMS.
Appendix C.—NEW JERSEY LAWS AFFECTING
WORKING HOURS OF WOMEN
EMPLOYEES.
APPENDIX A.
Appendix Table
I.—Week’s earnings, by industry.
Number of women earning each specified amount in^The manufacture of—
All
indus
tries.
Clothing.
Chemi
But Candy. cals Cigars.
and
tons.
drugs.
Shirts
and Under Other. Lamps. Other.
over wear.
alls.
Food
prod
ucts.
Glass
and
glass
prod
ucts.
Jew
elry, Leather
and
Hand gold
ker
and leather
prod
chiefs. silver
ucts.
ware.
754
361
1,374
391
805
1,620
906 1,033
1,970 2,149
296 1,361
1.0
4.0
1.1
4.7
3.9
2.2
2.3
6.2
2.6
3.0
5. 7
0.9
$17. 80 $16.20 $23. 00 $13. 20 $13. 45 $13.90 $16.45 $13.80 $14.75 $11.95 $14.10 $15.20
9
11
10
5
3
2
6
1
17
21
6
24
1
2
7
6
9
1
4
19
8
16
21
2
1
9
2
13
14
8
16
1
23
21
2
10
5
2
21
2
181
24
17
2
17
2
15
7
7
3
22
4
19
32
34
17
6
6
21
4
5
19
2
19
36
51
9
20
7
8
10
33
6
64
53
13
7
8
19
1
22
12
12
42
8
67
66
48
34
1
21
29
11
22
11
20
88
11
3
90
37
21
15
38
52
55
19
42
19
103
6
88
58
33
37
33
95
90
20
33
74
59
102
8
52
93
90
41
53
53
31
46
48
104
117
107
9
109
84
113
213
41
41
69
18
120
63
106
114
95
47
129
101
35
42
94
145
108
96
26
122
101
11
30
58
132
77
131
67
107
13
156
17
123
133
104
29
79
53
116
73
94
133
10
65
46
242
62
9
132
19
144
54
98
145
19
82
17
130
95
45
215
40
4
75
41
180
138
19
60
46
173
19
40
34
2
30
100
44
188
13
39
20
20
134
36
38
1
47
31
87
114
22
35
22
71
36
3
12
s
24
84
108
30
16
11
11
22
44
23
7
4
75
17
9
15
91
15
25
3
16
24
1
4
7
79
11
22
3
13
11
64
12
16
1
12
47
56
3
8
9
12
23
13
12
1
23
189
7
19
6
131
59
1
15
2
44
4
18
7
48
3
1
5
30
6
1
1
2
5
9
1
2
20
652
1.9
$13.65
1
7
10
4
3
10
7
19
24
18
35
52
70
99
48
46
48
27
21
24
16
18
1
11
4
27
2
IN N E W JE R SE Y IN D U STR IES,
252
263
34,655
0.7
Per cent distribution...................................... 100.0
0.8
Median earnings.............................................. $14.95 $12.75 $10.35
1
2
1
2
5
2
6
328
3
6
400
7
4
494
13
7
596
24
$8 and under $9...............................................
897
15
53
$9 and under $10............................,............... 1,256
16
28
SI0 and under SI 1........................................... 1,999
22
30
Slland under S12........................................... 1,977
33
19
$12 and under $13........................................... 2,829
35
15
$13 and under $14........................................... 2,817
24
11
$14 and under $15........................................... 2,944
17
8
$15 and under SI 6........................................... 2,676
12
7
17
SI 6 and under SI 7........................................... 2,849
$17 and under SI 8........................................... 2,297
4
11
4
S18 and under SI 9............................................ 2,134
9
4
$19 and under $20............................................ 1,478
7 ‘
2
$20 and under $21............................................ 1,228
4
$21 and under S22...........................................
7
1
941
3
$22 and under $23............................................
5
730
3
545
2
471
4
1,384
357
84
... 54
Felt
hats.
Electric prod
ucts.
WOMEN"
Week's earnings.
t
V
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
81843
The manufacture of—
Week’s earnings.
Total................
Per cent distribution.
Median earnings.........
2,571
7.4
$13.65
Under $1......................
$1 and under $2..........
$2 and under $3..........
$3 and under $4..........
$4 and under $5..........
$5 and under $6...........
$6 and under $7...........
$7 and under $8.‘.........
$8 and under $9...........
$9 and under $10.........
$10 and under $11.......
$11 and under $12.......
$12 and under $13.......
$13andunder$14.......
$14 and under $15.......
$15 and under $16.......
$16 and under $17.......
$17 and under $18.......
$18 and under $19.......
$19 and under $20.......
$20 and under $21.......
$21 and under $22.......
$22 and under $23.......
$23 and under $24.......
$24 and under $25.......
$25 and under $30.......
$30 and under $35.......
$35 and under $40.......
$40 and over................
3
19
26
20
31
25
30
45
80
124
227
194
311
238
253
225
192
159
141
85
46
40
28
8
9
11
1
1,366
583
3.9
1.7
$18.35 $13.05
1
3
5
4
8
6
6
6
8
16
37
35
67
99
56
64
147
79
109
52
52
64
58
33
55
250
46
' |
3
6
6
5
6
6
14
15
38
41
55
35
59
58
53
31
38
30
20
18
18
11
7
4
2
3
1
Textiles.
Pen
cils.
Rub
ber
and
rubber
prod
ucts.
Pot
tery.
1,104
746
3. 2
2.2
$13. 70 $13.40
4
15
7
12
7
7
15
10
10
37
87
149
105
121
116
93
99
75
43
49
13
12
8
3
2
4
541
754
1.6
2.2
$14.85 $16.30
1
3
7
8
9
9
16
14
41
41
46
84
67
66
50
61
69
53
27
20
17
12
8
4
3
7
2
1
1
l
Cord
Hos
iery
age
other Cotton and
than goods. knitcotton.
goods.
1
2
1
3
8
6
13
19
14
44
34
48
39
46
59
40
29
24
34
12
14
21
9
8
13
l
1,298
1,557
3.7
4.5
*16.75 $16.10
1
2
1
3
4
5
3
3
6
6
12
12
51
99
68
71
93
82
78
26
45
19
16
8
7
28
4
6
7
12
13
16
6
14
17
23
27
76
128
113
85
143
158
112
109
54
55
36
31
22
26
4
1
2
2
3
6
4
2
8
20
22
38
47
62
64
84
88
107
106
106
114
76
124
76
65
76
50
40
40
91
29
9
Miscel
lane
Silk Woolen Other. ous.
goods. goods.
3,543
2,326
455
10. 2
6. 7
1. 3
*15.90 $14.75 $10. 95 $13.10
42
56
38
41
57
49
74
79
94
116
144
153
167
223
228
229
316
169
212
143
151
120
104
80
63
254
89
13
6
13
9
6
14
25
23
18
33
45
80
128
218
248
408
261
231
189
148
16
126
10
8
8
7
38
. 8
2
5
3
3
4
4
9
4
21
41
135
34
48
20
28
17
11
7
9
10
6
9
5
7
4
6
1
3
10
7
5
15
19
13
18
30
29
46
39
35
41
57
48
49
24
22
14
8
4
3
3
2
1
Gen
eral
mer
can
tile.
5-and
10-cent Laun
stores. dries.
2,025
309
5.8
0.9
$16.75 $11.30
745
2.1
$12. 30
1
5
2
2
3
4
5
16
29
82
17
81
26
15
12
i
1
5
1
12
13
10
5
10
14
22
20
53
125
60
88
70
51
57
40
20
22
11
9
8
6
4
3
1
2
5
10
8
19
27
92
75
141
132
182
194
165
160
177
116
96
76
68
50
42
111
48
13
15
1
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Optical
goods Paper
Metal
and
and
prod scien paper
ucts.
tific
prod
instru ucts.
ments.
1
1
00
Appendix Table
II.—Week’s earnings and time worked, by industry.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS.
.
Number of women earning each specific amount who worked—
Week’s earnings.
Per cent distribution...................................................
23,640
100.0
1,855
7.8
175
170
223
256
310
361
587
792
1,392
1,348
2,082
2,088
2,233
1,929
2,230
1,717
1,446
982
804
537
399
270
222
638
128
24
26
173
162
205
208
187
130
150
78
72
54
43
30
23
25
13
7
8
6
2
4
1
2
2
1,805
7.6
1
1
5
10
25
85
112
180
191
180
175
219
161
119
91
71
47
37
28
21
22
9
2
3
9
1
2,780
11.8
2
5
14
20
48
103
156
280
256
266
299
260
241
249
163
91
84
65
47
29
24
20
43
13
2
1,045
4.4
5,172
21.9
2
2
6
21
20
45
55
85
64
86
89
191
62
55
29
55
34
26
17
10
68
19
3
1
i
l
3
5
19
61
187
207
310
408
483
511
424
533
511
477
311
191
122
111
63
62
133
22
8
8
3,723
15.7
2,213
9.4
1,524
6.4
677
2.9
199
0.8
948
4.0
899
3.8
800
3.4
2
13
16
22
87
79
326
346
441
368
430
325
325
178
216
110
77
43
62
205
41
8
3
1
1
7
12
26
222
96
144
110
166
104
92
111
108
66
81
33
35
26
18
43
9
1
12
1
2
4
11
24
8
27
19
19
12
29
8
9
3
8
6
3
1
2
2
3
5
29
35
46
68
86
80
69
49
37
65
24
19
25
12
9
4
10
2
1
1
2
3
7
15
16
72
69
123
97
92
77
82
47
55
30
33
28
17
13
60
8
1
5
2
2
13
111
35
189
95
116
83
127
41
27
23
6
15
1
5
3
4
2
5
14
13
44
53
128
147
150
60
54
25
22
18
15
5
29
9
1
1
1
Median earnings: All women reported, $14.80; women who worked 48 hours and over, $15.70.
*
r
10,983
46.5
i
1
2
2
4
13
24
44
108
148
225
228
262
203
222
173
137
121
85
64
49
48
18
30
2
1
48
hours
and
over
f
2
4
11
46
72
160
608
498
l,U6l
1,051
1,234
1,059
1,173
927
778
524
470
308
223
164
125
383
73
11
17
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Num
ber of
Over
Over
Over
Over
women Under 30 and 39 and
52 and
Over
50 and
44 and
48 and
54
52
50
under
48
44
under
report
54
under
under
30
hours. hours.
hours.
hours.
hours. under
hours. under
44
39
ed.
54
52
50
48
hours. hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
►
#
I
V
Appendix Table III.—Week’s earnings and time worked> by industry.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked on—
Week’s earnings.
Number
of women
reported.
1 day.
2 days.
2\ days.
3 days.
3J days.
4 days.
4J days.
5 days.
days.
6 days.
' 5 days
and over.
41
1.0
58
1.4
100
2.3
88
2.1
179
4.2
260
6.1
474
11.1
1,942
45.6
1,077
25-3
3,493
82.0
4
6
7
6
8
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
5
4
5
6
4
11
8
5
3
1
3
2
6
10
12
17
18
35
18
18
14
11
5
3
3
3
1
2
1
1
6
2
Total.....................................................
Per cent distribution....................................
4,262
100.0
31
0.7
12
0.3
Under $1. i.....................................................
3
9
28
20
29
34
63
75
105
204
253
219
282
298
306
316
241
225
280
212
151
155
143
106
95
323
68
15
3
7
16
2
3
1
4
3
1
4
2
1
1
2
6
9
17
9
7
27
7
6
5
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
11
9
19
31
18
25
18
25
15
22
15
13
11
7
4
3
3
2
...........
................
Median earnings: All women reported, $15.65; women who worked on 5 days and over, $16.80.
3
2
5
8
8
10
12
10
14
3
3
6
1
2
16
16
21
37
40
39
53
51
38
32
31
19
20
11
14
11
6
5
9
1
1
1
1
2
4
11
28
77
57
82
87
119
111
153
103
117
162
127
81
94
91
73
67
248
37
8
2
5
18
70
37
103
86
101
105
78
58
81
52
50
43
38
23
23
64
29
7
4
1
1
3
2
8
27
49
116
164
159
229
258
263
296
213
206
262
199
142
151
140
102
95
321
67
15
4
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
1J days.
-7
Oi
Appendix Table IV.—Week's earnings of women who worked the firm's scheduled week or more, by industry.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked the firm’s scheduled days or hours in—
The manufacture of—
16,176
$16.25
Total........
Median earnings
S2 and under $3..
$3 and under $4..
$4 and under $5..
$5 and under $6..
$6aad under $7..
$7 and under $8..
$8 and under $9..
$9 and under $10.
$10 and under $11
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13.
$13 and under $14.
$14 and under $15.
$15 and under $16.
$16 and under $17.
$17 and under $18.
$18 and under $19
$19 and under $20
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22
$22 and under $23
$23 and under $24
$24 and under $25
$25 and under $30
$30 and under $35
$35 and under $40
$40 and over........
All
But
tons.
Chemi
cals Cigars.
Candy. and
drugs.
65
$13.50
139
$11.30
1,201
760
$19.50 $18.80
Felt
hats.
p)
1
1
31
4
18
49
108
247
793
654
1, 339
1, 372
1, 619
1, 488
1, 716
1, 367
1, 274
844
735
518
422
303
243
819
172
37
30
*
Electric prod
ucts.
Clothing—
indus
tries.
6
16
9
3
6
5
5
6
2
1
7
2
2
16
12
11
8
6
6
3
4
3
1
1
3
29
25
40
66
63
70
64
59
93
152
67
73
76
72
182
17
1
3
7
9
14
19
20
24
39
41
40
44
58
77
43
53
56
38
38
31
82
18
5
i
Shirts
and Under Other. Lamps. Other.
over wear.
alls.
213
$14.70
384
$14.25
1
1
1
2
5
s
13
26
27
32
39
27
37
50
23
26
16
14
8
9
7
1
1
3
1
1
11
23
26
24
23
20
15
10
12
12
10
9
2
3
2
5
9
1
1
i
224
$16.60
625
317.05
458
$14.85
Food
prod
ucts.
Glass
and
glass
prod
ucts.
Hand
ker
chiefs.
559
$16.45
177
$12.45
187
$16.00
i
3
3
18
34
68
91
136
128
32
34
5
2
3
3
32
20
17
35
27
16
9
4
3
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
Jewelry Leather
and
and
gold leather
and
prod
silver ucts.
ware.
391
$16.45
1
3
2
3
8
3
21
9
16
36
19
15
23
10
10
12
9
7
5
ii
2
3
58
38
40
69
98
100
66
67
34
27
13
5
5
1
1
5
134
52
45
33
46
24
24
17
17
15
18
9
8
11
3
14
8
13
15
20
20
24
17
16
11
15
4
1
1
2
2
1
4
33
4
6
90
32
59
24
27
12
24
15
14
9
7
21
6
2
2
402
$15.10
4
8
7
12
25
29
78
35
40
40
21
17
18
14
18
1
10
2
22
1
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Week's earnings.
►
4
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked the firm’s scheduled days or hours in—
The manufacture of—
Week’s earnings.
Total......................................................
997
Median earnings.............................................. $14.25
$2 and under $3...............................................
S3 and under $4...............................................
$4 and under $5...............................................
$5 and under $6...............................................
S6 and under $7...............................................
$7 and under S8...............................................
S8 and under $6 .............................................
$9 and under $10.............................................
$10 and under $11...........................................
$12 and under $13...........................................
$13 and under $14...........................................
$14 and under $15...........................................
$15 and under $16...........................................
$16 and imder $17...........................................
$17 and imder $18...........................................
$18 and under $19...........................................
$19 and under $20...........................................
$20 and under $21...........................................
$21 and under $22...........................................
$22 and imder $23...........................................
$23 and under $24...........................................
$24 and under $25...........................................
$25 and under $30...........................................
$30 and under $35............................................
$35 and under $40...........................................
$40 and over............................ ........................
10
12
17
74
65
178
111
127
95
74
70
52
45
*24
21
9
4
3
6
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
866
$20.60
1
8
1
33
26
24
27
11650
90
33
40
48
43
20
48
215
43
Paper
and
paper Pencils.
prod
ucts.
Textiles—
General 5-and- Laun
Rubber
mercan 10-cent dries.
and
Miscel
tile. stores.
rubber Cordage
Hosiery
laneous
prod other Cotton and
Silk Woolen
than goods.
ucts.
knit goods. goods. Other.
cotton.
goods.
Pot
tery.
300
660
190
$14.40 $14.15 $15.40
1
1
4
9
35
22
37
31
26
25
22
23
12
12
16
10
6
2
2
3
1
52
114
68
85
73
55
70
56
27
28
11
8
5
2
2
3
1
162
$15.30
1
1
2
3
1
19
4
7
21
16
33
14
18
6
7
3
2
6
1
1
15
27
20
20
24
35
28
6
4
4
i
1
i
1
518
$16.90
924
$17.40
60
$16.90
1.199
$16.85
1,458
$15.55
318
$12.15
198
$14.70
1,802
$17.20
244
$12.15
494
$13.05
78
173
337
221
192
167
141
48
16
27
14
7
5
7
15
22
32
22
28
14
7
118
118
169
173
152
148
169
77
25
14
12
1
1
4
64
49
40
51
27
16
21
1
2
2
9
2
73
1
7
3
7
18
17
24
73
44
51
74
66
63
22
35
11
13
8
5
25
3
1
43
105
81
59
114
133
104
91
45
45
33
25
15
20
4
1
2
7
3
4
4
9
2
11
4
6
1
1
2
2
45
* 59
80
100
198
77
140
62
32
41
21
17
72
26
12
9
2
9
1
2
15
W O M E N IN N E W JE R SE Y IN D U ST R IE S.
Optica
goods
Metal and
sci
prod entific
ucts. instru
ments.
Appendix Table V.—Weekly rate and actual week’s earnings, by industry.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Clothing.
All industries.
Chemicals and
drugs.
Candy.
Buttons.
Cigars.
Shirts and
overalls.
Felt hats.
* Underwear.
Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s
Week’s
Weekly Week’s
earn-' Weekly earn Weekly
earn
earn
earn*
earn
earn
earn
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
6.746
Median............................................................. §14.55
$1*2 and under $13...........................................
14
35
90
267
677
377
779
663
869
662
626
404
130
215
102
87
38
48
206
46
13
*
6,746
$14.35
174
48
75
106
117
198
331
562
388
624
561
555
479
572
413
432
201
184
142
110
78
219
86
19
16
29
$12.90
29
§12.75
152
§9.95
1
2
14
3
2
1
2
2
1
3
10
4
1
1
2
41
4
78
20
19
18
12
3
1
1
152
$9.60
6
6
3
4
10
16
50
17
22
6
7
3
1
1
62
$13.15
62
$12.00
155
$11.90
3
12
22
5
3
7
5
4
3
1
4
15
6
4
7
2
4
2
1
i
1
1
1
6
3
1
1
5
3
155
$11.15
(■)
2
223
$12.50
223
$12.30
1
1
1
1
4
8
12
13
18
28
10
37
14
11
22
12
6
11
1
7
4
10
1
11
11
9
11
22
15
14
26
20
13
19
u
8
7
1
5
1
3
1
3
1
4
1
2
«
5
2
2
19
21
20
15
12
19
16
10
4
2
9
1
11
7
5
14
24
19
12
15
17
9
7
5
2
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25
$13.25
1
2
4
5
2
5
1
1
i
1
1
1
25
$13.15
i
1
1
3
3
3
3
4
1
1
i
i
l
i
W O M EN IN N E W JE R SE Y IN D U STR IES,
Amount-
►
V.
■w
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Clothing—Con.
Amount.
Lamp.
Glass and glass Handkerchiefs. Jewelry and
gold and silver
products.
ware.
Food
products.
Other.
Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s "Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s
earn
rate.' earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
Total.........................................
Median...................................................
Under $4.........................................
$4 and under $5.. ....................................................
$5 and under $6.....................................
$6 and under $7........................................
$7 and under $8...............................................
$8 and under $9................................................................
$9 and under $10..........................................
$10 and under $11..........................
$11 and under $12.............................................................
$12 and under $13.....................................................
$13 and under $14...........................................................
$14 and under 815.........................................................
$15 and under $16................................
$16 and under $17...............................
$17 and under $18.......................
$18 and under $19........................................
$19 and under $20...................
$20 and under $21.....................................
$21 and under $22.......................
$22 and under $23...........................................
$23 and under $24..............................
$24 and under $25...............
$25 and under $30...................
$30 and under $35............................................
$35 and under $40..........................
$40 and over.................................................................
54
$14.90
54
$13.75
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
3
1
5
2
2
4
7
6
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
4
3
6
3
1
9
8
4
2
5
C1)
5
«
5
23
$15.15
323
$14. 65
323
$16.05
117
$11. 80
117
$11. 70
1
5
1
1
1
1 .
4
2
1
.!
3
9
3
3
1
2
4
2
1
1
!
23
$15.25
2
1
2
1
2
14
1
1
3
1
1
1
88
$14. 35
88
$13.65
126
$16.20
126
$15.15
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Other.
Electric products.
1
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
CD
ce
o
Appendix Table V.—Weekly rale and actual week’s earnings, by industry—Continued.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Metal products.
Optical goods
Paper and
and scientific paper
products.
instruments.
Pencils.
Textiles.
Rubber
and rubber
products.
Pottery.
Cotton goods.
Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s
Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly
earn
earn
earn rate.
earn
earn rate. earn rate.
earn
earn rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
rate.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
Total...........
Median..................
523
$14.65
Under $4...............
$4 and under $5...
So and under $6...
$6 and under $7...
$7 and Under$8...
$8 and under $9...
$9 and under $10..
510 and under $11.
511 and under $12.
$12 and under $13.
$13 and under $14.
$14andun derSlo.
$15andunder$16.
$16 and under $17.
$17aud under $18.
$18 and under $19.
$19 and under $20.
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22.
$22 and under $23.
$23 and under$24.
$24 and under $25.
$25 and under $30.
$30 and under $35
$35 and under $40.
$40 and over........
523
$13. 60
129
$13.85
129
$13. 95
440
$18.10
2
5
3
1
1
12
6
2
19
2
3
4
30
15
26
9
19
16
7
23
3
1
1
*
9
3
24
1
14
1
3
1
2
13
1
3
1
2
1
1
440
$17.75
44
89
11
32
19
13
8
20
34
6
5
20
18
11
10
101
46
74
13
21
20
17
6
6
39
13
159
159
81
$12.30 $11. 25 $11.25
5
2
1
8
49
7
19
6
13
8
9
9
7
7
4
1
2
2
5
5
17
15
27
13
17
9
11
7
4
7
5
6
1
2
1
81
$10.65
11
(>)
11
«
(*)
1
•<i)
1
p)
1
o)
1
10
1
36
19
5
4
1
1
2
3
2
3
7
22
9
4
3
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
7
i
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
i
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Leather
and leather
products.
Amount.
I
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week’s earnings in
Tlie manufacture of—
Textiles—Continued.
Amount.
General
mercantile.
•
Silk goods.
Woolen goods.
Other.
Laundries.
*
Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s Weekly Week’s W eekly Week’s
earn rate.
earn rate.
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn rate.
rate. ings.
rate.
rate.
rate. ings.
rate.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
ings.
Total.................................................
Median.........................................
Under $4.........................................................
S4 and under $5...............................................
So and under $6...............................................
$6 and under $7...............................................
S7 and under $8...............................................
$8 and under $9...............................................
$9and under $10.............................................
$10 and under $11...........................................
$11 and under $12...........................................
$12 and under $13...........................................
$13 and under $14...........................................
$14 and under $15................................. ..........
$15 and under $16...........................................
$16 and under $17.....................
$17 and under $18...........................................
$18 and under $19.....................................
SI9 and under $20......................................
$20 and under $21...........................................
$21 and under $22......................................
$22 and under $23...........................................
$23 and under $24...........................................
$24and under $25......................................
$25and under$30...........................................
$30 and under $3.5........................................
$35 and under $40...........................................
$40 and over...............................................
45
$17.50
45
$16.70
2
1
4
5
2
4
2
3
3
3
1
12
3
3
1
4
3
3
2
5
1
10
3
3
1
2
1
2
1
i
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
853
$15.95
1
7
21
23
48
48
41
62
79
99
101
98
44
14
24
20
7
1
2
94
12
5
2
853
$14.45
37
13
9
29
16
27
46
48
59
52
63
59
64
98
70
17
19
12
8
4
3
32
21
4
1
182
$14.40
25
5
18
23
50
1
47
13
182
$13.00
C1)
3
pi
3
157
$14.00
14
3
8
5
6
3
8
13
17
16
35
1
157 2,025
$13.40 $15.35
281
$12.25
3
2
1
18
7
i
11
12
87
81
255
19
11
1
2,025
$16. 75
1
1
5
10
8
19
141
951
270
189
147
160
55
1
2
1
1
1
29
51
18
15
41
23
4
10
76
68
50
42
111
48
13
15
2
2
16
77
16
104
28
13
12
3
1
4
1
1
1
281
$11.80
7
2
3
4
5
10
20
77
16
78
25
14
11
1
1
5
1
1
471
$11.30
471
110.90
1
27
4
5
9
17
17
49
118
51
71
43
23
15
9
3
5
1
1
1
i
1
l
38
173
77
88
35
25
15
5
5
1
1
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Hosiery and
knit goods.
5-and-10-cent
stores.
Miscellaneous.
00
Appendix Table VI.—Weekly rate and scheduled weekly hours3 all industries.
oo
to
Number of women receiving each specified rate whose scheduled weekly hours were—
Weekly rate.
Number
of
Over 44
Over 48
Over 50
Over 52
women Under 44
under 48 hours. and under 50 hours. and under 52 hours. and under 54 hours.
reported. hours. 44 hours. and
48 hours.
50 hours.
52 hours.
54 hours.
6,746
100.0
$14. 55
31
0.5
$12.60
913
13.5
$16.00
2,160
32.0
$14. 95
944
14.0
$16.30
1
5
23
13
31
49
62
68'
90
116
113
103
48
15
20
25
5
9
2
100
13
1
1
7
4
6
116
95
112
272
240
236
261
189
147
139
56
101
24
48
16
15
44
21
5
6
7
24
12
122
51
65
37
66
47
134
65
119
19
49
25
19
8
22
42
8
2
1
677
10.0
$13.80
590
8.7
$13.80
398
5.9
$13.15
180
2.7
$12.75
385
5.7
$14.40
449
6.7
$11.90
19
.3
$14.25
1
2
8
178
40
41
36
61
9
51
13
7
5
3
1
1
i
Under $4...........................................................................
$4 and under $5................................................................
$6 and under $7...............................................................
$12and under $13............................................................
$13 and under $14............................................................
$16and under $17............................................................
$23 and under $24............................................................
•
4
14
35
90
267
677
377
779
663
869
662
626
381
404
130
215
102
87
38
48
206
46
13
13
1
25
1
i
i
i
i
...........
4
4
9
19
26
84
30
117
57
92
65
51
19
45
13
12
9
10
7
3
1
'
8
10
27
96
48
54
66
59
41
44
21
28
11
25
17
3
4
2
14
3
4
52
26
32
79
58
83
36
12
4
9
2
3
1
1
2
1
5
13
31
10
37
11
11
13
28
6
8
1
2
1
13
22
86
169
71
2
2
13
1
2
1
1
i
i
i
............... 1................
r
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Total.......................................................................
Per cent distribution.............................................
Median rate............................................................
Over 54
hours.
►
Appendix Table
V.
VII.—Week's earnings and nativity of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry.
Number of women earning each specified amount who were born in—
United States.
Week’s earnings.
White.
Under $1...........................................
$1 and under $2...............................
$2 and under $3...............................
$3 and under $4...............................
$4and under $5...............................
$5 and under $6...............................
$6 and under $7...............................
$7 and under $8...............................
$8 and under $9...............................
S9 and under $10..............................
SlOand under $11............................
$11 and under $12............................
$12 and under $13............................
$13 and under $14............................
$14 and under $15............................
$15 and under $16............................
$16 and under $17............................
$17 and under $18............................
$18and under $19............................
$19 and under $20............................
$20 and under $21............................
$21 and under $22............................
$22and under $23............................
$23 and under $24............................
$24 and under $25.......................... .
$25 and under $30............................
$30 and under $35............................
$35 and under $40....... -...................
$40 and over.....................................
1 Countries for which fewer than 100 women reported.
Negro.
Total.
Hungary Germany.
Italy.
Poland.
Russia.
King-
Other
Foreign
foreign country
coun- not specitries.1
fied.
13,861
9,771
273
3,817
760
198
1,097
614
286
520
292
100.0
70.5
2.0
$15. 05
$14.95
$10.55
27.5
100. 0
$15. 50
19.9
$16.30
5.2
$15. 75
28. 7
$15.05
16 i
$15. 55
$15. 75
$14.95
$15.80
18
54
51
77
77
115
133
198
290
505
777
864
1,156
1,186
1,374
1,250
1,259
1,049
876
583
490
374
253
174
155
385
101
28
9
12
34
33
52
51
78
93
137
210
351
559
617
870
855
972
875
880
697
609
435
309
271
188
114
112
267
71
24
5
1
7
3
8
3
9
7
18
14
41
48
22
22
18
12
12
. 6
4
7
4
2
2
2
5
13
15
17
23
38
33
43
66
113
170
225
264
313
390
363
373
348
260
154
179
101
63
60
43
117
30
4
4
1
4
4
7
5
3
4
3
13
21
24
24
46
57
76
73
53
70
60
29
58
30
21
10
17
36
10
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
4
4
3
4
7
14
17
34
40
55
77
70
65
68
32
23
48
13
5
11
1
2
i
l
5
1
4
3
6
11
8
21
13
22
26
33
28
27
25
11
11
6
5
4
4
4
7
11
15
36
36
41
46
56
49
52
36
28
25
13
15
11
12
3
5
4
4
12
21
22
26
24
24
41
22
20
16
12
6
4
3
10
4
i
9
1
1
9
2
1
2
1
2
1
i
2
2
8
5
6
7
11
15
16
13
13
23
19
17
6
4
8
3
4
10
1
i
2
j
1
10
13
13
12
20
42
63
77
84
90
110
98
110
100
70
43
28
23
23
14
10
35
9
1
5
3
50
$17^35
1
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
8
3
1
6
8
1
5
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Total......................................
Per cent distribution:
Native and foreign born.
Foreign bom...................
Median earnings....................
Foreign countries.
of women
reporting
i
2
3
06
CO
Appendix Table
00
VIII.—Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were secured, by industry.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of—
Total......................................................
Median earnings..............................................
$300 and under $350
$650 and under $700........................................
$800 and under $850........................................
Per cent earning—
$600 and less than $900............................
$900 and over............................................
All
indus
tries.
2,938
*811
Electric
products.
Clothing.
But
tons.
28
$733
Chem
Candy. icals
and Cigars.
drugs.
26
*500
156
$877
144
$900
Felt
hats.
22
$933
1
2
3
6
3
2
5
2
2
2
10.1
57.5
32.5
10.7
75.0
14.3
4
8
1
•6
1
5
1
53.8
46.2
131
$752
2
6
6
16
9
11
14
7
15
27
23
10
10
1
5
4
7
15
14
15
11
28
25
8
10
1
1
i
5
2
3
1
4
3
1
3
6
4
9
4
7
11.
9
12
12
10
7
13
13
4
6
1
8.3
46.2
45.5
4.2
45.8
50.0
4.5
40.9
54.5
25.2
46.6
28.2
1
5
10
24
61
83
113
220
259
278
350
299
282
375
248
132
136
44
11
Shirts
and under Other. Lamps. Other.
over wear.
alls.
i
1
40
$750
61
$881
162
$865
2
4
3
5
6
3
1
7
7
2
15.0
62.5
22.5
3
1
4
5
4
8
9
11
8
5
3
6
9
14
14
29
30
47
11
2
4.9
50.8
44.3
63.0
37.0
81
$711
i
2
8
10
6
9
3
7
3
6
14 ■
9
2
Food
prod
ucts.
Glass
and
glass
prod
ucts.
Hand
ker
chiefs.
84
$786
30
*725
123
$792
3
5
12
7
21
15
14
7
4
3
5
6
6
4
2
1
33.3
51.9
14.8
3.6
88.1
8.3
13.3
80.0
6.7
2
2
3
10
14
12
22
19
19
14
3
Jewelry
and
gold
and
silver
ware.
39
$796
Leather
and
leather
prod
ucts.
64
$780
2
2
3
1
7
5
7
4
4
4
4
2
1
1
5
10
9
5
3
2
6
8
2
6
3
5.7
71.8
16.3
71.8
28.2
7.8
53.1
39.1
W O M EN IN N E W JE R SE Y IN D U STR IES,
Year’s earnings.
V.
r
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Year’s earnings.
Under $300..........................
$300 and under $350...........
$350 and under $400...........
$400 and under $450...........
$450 and under $500...........
$500 and under $550...........
$550 and under $600...........
$600 and under $650...........
$650 and under $700...........
$700 and under $750...........
$750 and under $800...........
$800 and under $850...........
$850 and under $900...........
$900 and under $1,000........
$1,000 and under $1,100__
$1,100 and under $1,200__
$1,200 and under $1,400__
$1,400 and under $1,600__
$1,600 and under $1,800__
$1,800 and under $2,000....
$2,000 nad over...................
Per cent earning—
Less than $600.............
$600 and less than $900
$900 and over...............
Optical
goods
and
scien
tific
instru
ments.
250
$760
90
$858
Paper
and
paper Pencils
prod
ucts.
Pot
tery.
62
$789
104
*715
60
$825
1
i
2
8
10
11
17
10
19
12
8
4
1
1
1
Textiles.
Genera 5-and- Laun
Rubber
10-cent
and
Mis mercan
tile. stores. dries.
rubber Cordage
Hosiery
cella
prod other Cotton and
Silk Woolen
neous.
than goods. knit goods. goods. Other.
ucts.
cotton.
goods.
53
$780
11
. (*)
98
$996
160
$995
346
$839
1
1
1
2
7
2
7
11
13
37
28
16
20
10
1
2
1
2
7
10
18
17
27
21
40
38
36
45
32
18
24
4
4
1
1
1.9
26.3
71.9
11.0
51.7
37.3
190
$741
46
$664
61
$684
1
2
2
7
7
4
2
1
1
4
4
2
7
10
8
8
5
7
124
$1,085
34
$667
58
$675
6
6
3
1
1
2
4
4
6
8
4
2
85.3
5.9
55.2
8.6
1
2
2
6
9
17
32
46
55
30
21
20
7
2
1
7.6
80.4
12.0
1
2
7
7
7
8
11
12
16
7
5
6
1
3.3
57.8
38.9
2
3
5
4
9
9
13
5
4
7
9.7
72.6
17.7
20.2
74.0
5.8
1
3
7
2
8
6
4
14
5
5
1
3
8.3
68.3
23.3
4
1
5
4
6
11
8
3
4
4
2
1
9.4
69.8
20.8
1
2
2
3
2
1
45. 5
54.5
2
5
2
3
6
9
23
18
18
11
1
27.6
72.4
1
4
12
30
26
27
41
14
8
3
4
4
6
10
2
3
2
1
1
5
3
9
21
26
21
6
8 9
76. 8
14.2
47.8
21.7
62.3
13.1
14.5
84.7
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Total.........................
Median earnings................
Metal
prod
ucts.
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
OO
Appendix Table IX.—Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry.
oo
a
Number of establishments and number of women whose Saturday hours were—
Number re
ported.
None.
4 and un
der 5.
5 and un
der 6.
6 and un
der 7.
7 and un
der 8.
8 and un
der 9.
9 and un
der 10.
3 and un
der 4.
10
Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en. ments. en.
All industries___ 1300 34,615
Per cent distribution .. 100. 0 100.0
17
5.7
752
2. 2
60 8,591
24.8
194 20,569
59.4
64.7
20.0
3 1,024
3. 0
1.0.
4 1,827
1.3
5.3
8
2.7
541
1.6
r
1.7
404
1. 2
16
5.3
639
1.8
5
1.7
268
0.8
Manufacturing:
3
Clothing—
12
Leather and leather
9
753
554
139
7
14
2
11
361
1,230
'252
695
1
111
47
117
9
6
2
1,543
'731
li4
1
4
58
753
4
224
1,289
2
1
16
61
2,149
805
1
232
1
1
33
110
1
30
7
14
754
14
754
11
652
2,571
9
15
500
2,142
2
3
152
181
1
133
1,366
3
1,265
1
71
1
30
583
1,104
746
8
502
1
4
184
17
1
3 1,104
7 ' 562
10
3
•
115
361
1,374
252
695
9
7
6
1,543
789
867
6
8
240
1,350
6
1 361
2
7
16
2
11
3
268
8
1
11
263
252
1,702
1,917
6
1
'906
1,033
Optical goods and sciPaper and paper
42
2
4
8
Glass and glass prodJewelry and gold and
2
3
361
1 374
Electric products—
221
252
949
1,363
252
254 29,428
86.9
88. 2
2
1
11
2
2
101
56
14
.......... 1.........
.......................
!..........
..........
|........... j..........
......................
r~
11
19
652
2,456
1,366
10
3
11
583
1,104
746
W OMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Industry.
Number of
establish
ments and
number of
women hav
ing a Satur
day of less
than 6 hours.
11
527
3
4
754
1,298
9
42
7
5
3
8
13
10
1,557
3,517
2,326
455
545
2,025
309
745
•
2
1
3
1
11
2
63
19
122
65
23
6
36
3
114
7
261
2
4
400
1,298
1
354
6
31
5
3
2
476
2,091
1,380
93
88
2 1,062
9 1,304
1
88
339
1
1
451
2
58
4
297
1
1
9
8
40
6
4
793
3 1,717
1
S9
220
2
122
1
88
1
126
13
309
i
8
7
375
3* 395
539
363
1 Details aggregate more than total because 7 establishments appear in more than one hour group. Twelve establishments have no work on Saturday for any women and 5 other
have no work for some women.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
Rubber and rubber
products.................
Textiles—
Cordage other than
cotton..................
Cotton goods..........
Hosiery and knit
goods..................
Silk goods...............
Woolen goods.........
Other......................
Miscellaneous............
G eneral mercantile.......
5-and-10-cent stores......
Laundries......................
00
Appendix Table X.—Length of lunch period, by industry.
oo
co
Number of establishments and number of women whose daily lunch period was—
Number reported.
30 minutes or less.1
Industry.
Manufacturing:
Chemicals and drugs....................................................................................
Clothing—
Electric products—
Glass and glass products.............................................................................
Pencils
.................................
Rubber and rubber products......................................................................
Textiles—
Other.......................................................................................................
ft.
r
1 hour or more.2
No definite period
allowed.3
Estab
lish
ments.
Women.
Estab
lish
ments.
Women.
Estab
lish
ments.
Women.
Estab
lish
ments.
Women.
Estab
lish
ments.
<300
100.0
34,508
100.0
78
26.0
8,508
24.7
51
17.0
6,598
19.1
173
57.7
19,039
55.2
3
1.0
363
1.1
6
3
7
12
263
252
1,970
2,149
4
1
2
1
103
99
93
111
2
2
2
153
653
797
2
160
3
10
956
1,241
1
268
7
16
4
12
361
1,374
391
805
1
1
1
3
92
iu
67
222
7
2
2
490
104
72
6
8
1
7
269
773
220
511
11
8
9
8
8
14
11
21
4
10
3
11
11
1,620
906
1,018
'296
1,350
754
652
2,571
1,366
'583
1,104
746
541
1
4
5
1
2
2
7
10
1
4
1
5
4
30
372
773
19
406
381
359
580
943
375
477
389
140
4
3
2
3
752
257
115
207
36
8
98
1,146
322
39
2
81
838
277
130
34
944
365
195
845
71
169
627
357
261
1
1
2
6
2
1
6
1
2
3
6
11
2
6
1
5
2
6
6
1
59
3
4
9
42
7
5
754
1,298
1,557
3,517
2,261
'455
3
2
7
39
1
3
1,129
1,530
3,451
296
93
2
2
4
2
27
38
1,372
362
2
169
1
2
28
593
Women.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES,
Per cent distribution..........................................................................................
Over 30 minutes
and under 1 hour.
'V
Miscellaneous - General mercantile.
5-and-10-cent stores
81843
Laundries.............
3
8
13
10
545
2,025
309
745
2
5
94
1
451
473
1
1
33
30
8
12
4
c-
2,025
276
242
1 Only 1 establishment, with 793 women, had less than 30 minutes.
2 Only 1 establishment', with 18 women, had more than 1 hour.
8 Two entire establishments, employing 304 women, and 59 employees of another establishment, had no regular interval for lunch, the women being expected to eat while on
, duty or while substitutes took their places.
[g
4 Details across aggregate more more than total because 5 establishments appear in more than one group.
WOMEN IK NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
-4
OC
CO
CO
Appendix Table XI.—Hours worked less than scheduled, by industry.
Per cent distribution of women who worked less than sched
uled hours.................................................................................
Manufacturing:
Clothing—
Electric products—
Textiles—
22,384
10,325
100.0
925
987
614
348
1,712
2,392
1,081
581
456
343
886
10.5
5.6
4.4
3.3
8.6
2
9.0
9.6
5.9
3.4
16.6
23.2
1
23
18
4
6
8
23
67
5
3
124
38
3
1
53
9
15
13
82
43
11
19
129
62
3
2
49
35
1
4
19
21
1
2
20
15
29
30
2
2
49
48
2
3
3
8
25
4
3
17
39
10
5
72
20
4
3
31
12
9
15
1
10
10
3
6
25
10
13
18
11
20
4
20
10
8,
32
13
16
14
16
10
12
6
14
2
11
5
4
19
13
8
5
8
6
35
18
88
3
45
3
31
64
26
23
46
15
10
6
14
2
76
29
5
7
11
14
35
5
155
50
14
29
28
104
139
1,278
738
50
84
594
366
48.1
60.4
46.5
49.6
13
261
321
104
12
205
154
69
92.3
78.5
48.0
66.3
17
20
3
2
15
7
1,619
'772
998
225
656
712
610
2,160
1,355
'371
984
449
355
994
402
439
66
483
354
244
1,173
489
166
324
276
237
61.4
52.1
44.0
29.3
73.6
49.7
40.0
54.3
36.1
44.7
32.9
61.5
66.8
39
56
19
9
51
71
16
74
113
13
8
41
78
451
33
36
4
16
27
4
42
41
11
22
11
20
55
12
32
1
47
7
6
18
17
1
20
9
5
30
10
26
5
61
4
5
42
20
2
4
2
6
127
66
37
8
35
93
48
590
58
20
16
7
18
138
120
102
19
114
98
89
176
108
36
146
103
44
61
42
40
7
63
25
26
84
41
26
28
50
31
28
28
25
4
20
11
7
32
39
10
15
14
9
718
1,298
226
2,516
1,926
455
539
482
200
374
166
1,321
468
137
341
137
27.9
28.8
73.5
52.5
24.3
30.1
63.3
28.4
15
27
13
60
29
11
90
6
12
26
5
47
22
5
21
3
5
9
8
140
19
s
12
3
1
9
4
30
8
1
4
33
63
29
195
37
6
28
8
78
113
56
237
140
68
71
46
20
19
27
187
70
11
25
8
u
34
16
83
43
8
24
20
1 Excluding stores, in which actual hours worked are generally not reported.
I
46.1
30
hours
and
over.
1
6
6
5
25
1
111
21
3
30
4
WOMEN IX NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
Num women who
ber of worked less
scheduled Under 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and 10 and 15 and 20 and 25 and
women thanhours.
under under under under under under under under under
1
re
25
30
15
20
5
10
4
2
3
hour. hours.
ported.
hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours.
Per
Num
ber.
cent.
Industry.
o
Number of women who worked less than scheduled hours to the extent of—
Number and
V.
Appendix Table XII.—Hours worked more than scheduled, by industry.
Industry.
22,384
1,799
218
341
239
157
142
609
70
13
3
5
2
12.1
19.0
13.3
8.7
7.9
33.9
3.9
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.1
4
7
40
2
10
8
9
1
2
16
33
7
6
3
4
2
11
i
104
139
1,278
738
16
46
174
7
15.4
33.1
13.6
.9
1
13
13
4
i
9
41
13
261
321
104
9
3
3.4
.9
4
1
3
1
1
1
1,619
772
998
225
656
712
610
2,160
1,355
371
984
449
355
189
56
426
35
11.7
7.3
42.7
15.6
44
3
10
48
8
20
20
8
21
6
11
9
26
1
7
20
300
24
32
169
86
4
23
10
13
12.9
5.2
7.8
6.3
1.1
2.3
2.2
3.7
4
1
30
2
2
1
58
8
37
4
i
9
71
9
1
14
4
3
21
2
31
4
2
5
7
10
18
2
7
6
1
3
6
i
40
9
20
55
1
2
718
1,298
226
2,516
1,926
455
539
482
8
24
15
271
35
13
25
18
1.1
1.8
6.6
10.8
1.8
2.9
4.6
3.7
1
2
4
1
7
51
12
1 Excluding stores, in which actual hours worked are generally not reported.
8.0
100.0
3
2
73
3
4
2
6
41
7
2
3
7
r
1
3
1
2
28
1
3
2
2
32
8
1
3
2
36
4
1
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
All industries1................................................................
Per cent distribution of women who worked more than
scheduled hours........................................................................
Manufacturing:
Buttons..................................................................................
Candy.....................................................................................
Chemicals and drugs............................................................
Cigars......................................................................................
Clothing—
Felt hats..........................................................................
Shirts and overalls.........................................................
Underwear......................................................................
Other...............................................................................
Electric products—
Lamps.............................................................................
Other...............................................................................
Food products.......................................................................
Glass and glass products......................................................
Handkerchiefs.......................................................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware.......................................
Leather and leather products..............................................
Metal products......................................................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments...........................
Paper and paper products...................................................
Pencils................................................
Pottery..................................................................................
Rubber and rubber products..............................................
Textiles—
Cordage other than cotton............................................
Cotton goods...................................................................
Hosiery and knit goods.................................................
Silk goods........................................................................
Woolen goods.................................................................
Other...............................................................................
Miscellaneous........................................................................
Laundries......................................................................................
Number and
Number of women who worked more than scheduled hours to the extent of
per cent of
Num women who
ber of worked more
scheduled Under 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and 10 and 15 and 20 and 25 and
30
women thanhours.
under under under under under under under under under hours
1
re
2
3
4
5
10
15
and
20
25
30
ported.
hour. hours.
hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. over.
Num
Per
ber.
cent.
16
8
2
1
CD
e-1
Appendix Table XIII.—Age of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry.
Number and per cent of women whose age was—
Industry.
1,953
14.7
2,324
17.5
3,429
25.8
1,849
13.9
2,229
16.8
1,007
7.6
375
2.8
108
0.8
142
122
287
594
33
33
40
41
23.2
27.0
13.9
6.9
31
32
39
99
21.8
26.2
13.6
16.7
28
16
68
170
19.7
13.1
23.7
28.6
18
14
46
129
12.7
11.5
16.0
21.7
22
8
55
123
15.5
6.6
19.2
20.7
8
8
31
29
5.6
6.6
10.8
4.9
2
5
5
3
1.4
4.1
1.7
.5
6
3
4.9
1.0
24
256
Shirts and overalls..........................................
Underwear.......................................................
294
311
Other.................................................................
Electric products—
Lamps.............................................................. 1,305
269
542
Food products........................................................
Glass and glass products.......................................
179
231
Jewelry and gold and silver ware........................
378
Leather and leather products...............................
187
1,619
'257
253
Paper and paper products....................................
273
Pencils.....................................................................
120
Pottery....................................................................
Rubber and rubber products...............................
311
Textiles—
118
Hosiery and knit goods.................................. 1,036
Silk goods......................................................... 1,210
Woolen goods................................................... 1,571
Other.................................................................
204
297
Miscellaneous..........................................................
422
149
313
Laundries......................................................................
6
42
49
34
25.0
16.4
16.7
10.9
31
49
36
12.1
16.7
11.6
3
67
66
68
12.5
26.2
22.4
21.9
4
33
28
41
16.7
12.9
9.5
13.2
5
47
54
73
20.8
18.4
18.4
23.5
2
21
23
34
8.3
8.2
7.8
10.9
2
12
20
18
8.3
4.7
6.8
5.8
2
3
5
7
8.3
1.2
1.7
2.3
132
44
59
41
54
79
66
226
12
57
59
11
42
10.1
16.4
10.9
22.9
23.4
20.9
35.3
14.0
4.7
22.5
21.6
9.2
13.5
253
50
99
38
45
48
41
305
43
61
51
23
59
19.4
18.6
18.3
21.2
19.5
12.7
.21.9
18.8
16.7
24.1
18.7
19.2
19.0
524
94
100
46
54
104
37
409
99
66
49
45
79
40.2
34.9
18.5
25.7
23.4
27.5
19.8
25.3
38.5
26.1
17.9
37.5
25.4
171
36
69
15
25
62
15
225
46
23
25
14
46
13.1
13.4
12.7
8.4
10.8
16.4
8.0
13.9
17.9
9.1
9.2
11.7
14.8
155
38
104
26
43
48
17
261
42
26
54
15
58
11.9
14.1
19.2
14.5
18.6
12.7
9.1
16.1
16.3
10.3
19.8
12.5
18.6
51
7
75
9
6
33
9
122
13
16
22
4
21
3.9
2.6
13.8
5.0
2.6
8.7
4.8
7.5
5.1
6.3
8.1
3.3
6.8
12
.9
7
.5
30
3
4
3
1
57
2
2
10
5
4
5.5
1.7
1.7
.8
.5
3.5
.8
.8
3.7
4.2
1.3
6
1
1.1
.6
1
1
14
.3
.5
.9
2
3
3
2
.8
1.0
2.5
.6
12
126
206
230
29
63
20
64
43
10.2
12.2
17.0
14.6
14.2
21.2
4.7
43.0
13.7
22
183
204
267
44
52
48
43
28
18.6
17.7
16.9
17.0
21.6
17.5
11.4
28.9
8.9
39
290
262
296
49
73
156
31
41
33.1
28.0
21.7
18.8
24.0
24.6
37.0
20.8
13.1
16
184
168
218
30
39
72
7
30
13.6
17.8
13.9
13.9
14.7
13.1
17.1
4.7
9.6
18
173
225
344
28
29
78
2
58
15.3
16.7
18.6
21.9
13.7
9.8
18.5
1.3
18.5
9
56
99
160
13
25
41
1
59
7.6
5.4
8.2
10.2
6.4
8.4
9.7
.7
18.8
2
19
38
50
10
12
7
1
36
1.7
1.8
3.1
3.2
4.9
4.0
1.7
.7
11.5
5
8
6
1
4
.5
.7
.4
.5
1.3
18
5.8
All industries....................................................... 13,274
Manufacturing:
Candy......................................................................
Chemicals and drugs..............................................
Clothing—
r'
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES
Num
ber of 16 and under 18 and under 20 and under 25 and under 30 and under 40 and under 50 and under 60 years and
women
25 years.
20 years.
18 years.
30 years.
50 years.
60 years.
40 years.
over.
re
port
ing.
Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
93
Appendix Table XIV.—Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied
personal information, by industry.
Number and per cent of women who were—
Industry.
Num
ber of
women
report
ing.
Single.
Num
ber.
All industries........................................
Manufacturing:
.
Buttons....................................................
Candy...........................................................
Chemicals and drugs.................................
Cigars..........................................................
Clothing—
Felt hats.............................................
Shirts and overalls...............................
Underwear.....................................
Other.....................................................
Electric products—
Lamps............................................
Other.....................................................
Food products..........................................
Glass and glass products............................
Handkerchiefs...............................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware..............
Leather and leather products................
Metal products.......................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments..
Paper and paper products..........................
Pencils...........................................................
Pottery....................................
Rubber and rubber products.....................
Textiles—
Cotton goods.....................................
Hosiery and knit goods......................
Silk goods................................
Woolen goods.........................................
Other.....................................................
Miscellaneous...............................................
General mercantile..................................
5-and-10-cent stores...........................................
Laundries..........................................................
Per
cent.
Married.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Widowed,
separated, or
divorced.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
13,082
8,796
67.2
2,860
21.9
1,426
10.9
138
121
272
490
105
98
180
254
76.1
81.0
66.2
51.8
22
7
59
190
15.9
5.8
21.7
38.8
11
16
33
46
12! 1
34
254
303
321
32
176
213
207
69.3
70.3
64.5
45
45
61
17.7
14.9
19.0
33
45
53
12.9
14.9
1,259
268
521
179
192
453
184
1,591
244
228
272
115
303
1,030
194
286
125
136
369
144
1,139
173
185
175
77
202
81.8
72.4
54.9
69.8
70.8
81.5
78.3
71.6
70.9
81. 1
64.3
67.0
66.7
155
48
148
41
48
47
31
253
48
23
53
21
63
12.3
17.9
28.4
22.9
25.0
10.4
16.8
15.9
19.7
10.1
19.5
18.3
20.8
74
26
87
13
8
37
9
199
23
20
44
17
38
5.9
9.7
116
1,004
1,329
1,557
201
292
407
118
316
73
656
947
731
142
207
293
109
138
62.9
65.3
71.3
46.9
70.6
70.9
72.0
92.4
43.7
39
224
263
678
39
55
59
7
88
33.6
22.3
19.8
43.5
19.4
18. 8
14. 5
5.9
27.8
4
124
119
148
20
30
55
2
90
9.4
8.8
16.2
12.5
12.4
9.0
9.5
28.5
94
WOMEN IN NEW JEKSEY INDUSTRIES,
Appendix Table XV.—Living condition of the women employees who supplied
personal information, by industry.
Number and per cent of women who were living—
Industry.
ber of
women
re
porting.
With relatives. Independently.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
11,118
86.3
972
7.5
787
6.1
143
121
290
590
128
99
238
520
89.5
81.8
82.1
88.1
5
15
29
30
3.5
12.4
10.0
5.1
10
7
23
40
7.0
5.8
7.9
6.8
24
262
305
335
17
219
262
268
70.8
83.6
85.9
80.0
4
26
20
31
16.7
9.9
6.6
9.3
3
17
23
36
12.5
6.5
7.5
10.7
545
274
538
180
353
368
193
1,023
259
262
282
121
310
466
233
454
161
302
309
182
1,378
219
239
252
103
265
85.5
85.0
84.4
89.4
85.6
84.0
94.3
84.9
84.6
91.2
89.4
85.1
85.5
53
32
51
14
29
32
8
136
23
13
18
7
26
9.7
11.7
9.5
7.8
8.2
8.7
4.1
8.4
8.9
5.0
6.4
5.8
8.4
26
9
33
5j
22
27
3
109
17
10
12
11
19
4.8
3.3
6.1
2.8
6.2
7.3
1.6
6.7
6.6
3.8
4.3
9.1
6.1
116
1,034
1,360
1,568
204
305
444
153
315
105
911
1,223
1,381
165
267
376
142
234
90.5
88.1
89.9
88.1
80.9
87.5
84.7
92.8
74.3
4
69
80
94
32
16
31
7
37
3.4
6.7
5.9
6.0
15.7
5.2
7.0
4.6
11.7
7
54
57
93
7
22
37
4
44
6.0
5.2
4.2
5.9
3.4
7.2
8.3
2.6
14.0
All industries............................................. 12,877
Manufacturing:
Buttons..........................................................
Candy.............................................................
Chemicals and drugs....................................
Cigars.............................................................
Clothing—
Felt hats.................................................
Shirts and overalls.................................
Underwear.............................................
Other.......................................................
Electric products—
Lamps.....................................................
Other.......................................................
Food products...............................................
Glass and glass products..............................
Handkerchiefs...............................................
Jewelry and gold and silver ware..............
Leather and leather products.....................
Metal products..............................................
Optical goods and scientific instruments -.
Paper and paper products..........................
Pencils...........................................................
Pottery...........................................................
Rubber and rubber products.....................
Textiles—
Cotton goods..........................................
Hosiery and knit goods........................
Silk goods...............................................
Woolen goods.........................................
Other.......................................................
Miscellaneous................................................
General mercantile..............................................
5-and-10-cent stores.............................................
Laundries.............................................................
At home.
Per
cent.
APPENDIX B.
SCHEDULE FORMS.
1
Schedule
I.
This schedule was used for recording the firms’ schedule hours,
and the number of employees.
U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, Washington.
1. Firm name.
Adress............... .
Mail report to__
Position in Firm
2. Industry...
Scheduled force average........
Weeks closed dining 52 week period " ’
Number employedin scheduled week (payroll date
Men
White.
Negro.
Total. || White.
Negro.
Total. [White.
Negro.
Total.
Minors...............
Total................
5. Firm’s regular hours:
Begin..........................
End...............................
Lunch period................
Rest period...................
Daily hours...................
Weekly number of days
Weekly hours...............
Daily.
Saturday.
Daily.
Saturday.
Daily.
Saturday.
6. Irregular hours....................
7. Wages: Length of pay period...................
Deductions............................................
Bonus, commissions............................
Premium (piece work with guaranty)
Overtime pay
Basis of payment irregular .!".!!!!!!!!
Vacation with pay, length....... . . . . .
* * * ’ I”\\. ” 11 ’ ’ ’ ’ * ’ * ‘ * ’' ”' * *' .......
8. Employment policy: Centralized method (employment mgr., supt., foreman)
Method not centralized.........
'..................................................
Records kept............................... .I”!!!!”!!!!!!”!!!"”!”............................
Labor turnover................................. ....................................................................
9. Subcontract shop:.....................................
Home work process........................ In pian't'game rate'.'.'.'.'.'.'”' Var.
.
Date.............................................
Company’slnformant......................
U.S.Agent........................................”........."I”””"”'”
95
96
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
II.
Schedule
Pay-roll information was copied onto this card, one card being
used for each woman employee.
i
U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau.
Department
Employee’s No.
Establishment
Male
Name
Address
Age
Conjugal condition
S
Occupation
Rate
of
pay
Female
Hour
Piece
I
%
%
$
Undertime
Earnings
hours
This period Computed
for regular
time
$
SO.
Overtime
Hours
hours
worked
this period
Regular
weekly
hours
Days
worked
%
%
Began work
Coimtry of birth
Age
Board
At home
Time at work
In this trade
D
NR
Additions
Month
£ month
Week
Day
W
M
8
Deductions
S
This firm
_________________________________•
Pay-roll period
__ days ending
Schedule
III.
This card was distributed in the plant to be filled out by each
woman employee.
U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau.
Establishment
Employee’s No.
Department
Name
.......................................................................................... Male or female................................
Address...............................
Single, married, widowed, separated,
....................................................
or divorced..........................................
Country of birth................................................................................................... Age.........................*..............
How old were you when you began to work for wages
How long have you been in this trade or business.......
How long have you been working for this firm...........
What is your regular work here.....................................
Schooling—Last grade completed.........................
Do you live with your family................................
Do you board or room with persons not relatives
i
With other relatives
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
97
Schedule IY.
j
This schedule was used to record earnings for each week in the
year.
U. S. D
L
, W
’ B
, W
.
epartment of
abor
Finn..............................................................................
1
ureau
ashington
City...............................................
2
3
1
2
3
Occupation.
Occupa
tion.
Occupa
tion.
Earnings.
Earnings.
Name.
P. T. B.
Name.
P. T. B.
Name.
P. T. B.
Bate.
Earnings.
Earnings.
Earnings.
1.....................
2.....................
3.....................
4.....................
5.....................
6.....................
7.....................
8.....................
9.....................
10.....................
11.....................
12.....................
13.....................
14.....................
15.....................
16.....................
17.....................
18.....................
19..................
20.....................
21.....................
22.....................
23.....................
24.....................
25.....................
26.....................
omen s
Date.
Earnings.
27................
28...................
29
30..................
31............
32.
33...................
34...
35__
36
37...
38
39.
40 .
41.......
42.................
43...................
44__
45....................
46...................
47....
48__
49...
50...........
51...................
52___
1.
2.
3
Total, $............................................ Total, $............................................ Total, $...........
Weeks worked...............................
Weeks worked................................
Weeks not worked......... .............. Weeks not worked..............
Weeks worked
Weeks not worked...
Average weekly wage.................... Average weekly wage.................... Average weekly wage
<
Average for 52 weeks.....................
Average for 52 weeks.....................
Average for 52 weeks
APPENDIX C.
i
NEW JERSEY LAWS AFFECTING WORKING HOURS OF WOMEN
EMPLOYEES.
Daily and weekly hours.
Section 1. No female shall be employed, allowed or permitted to
work in any manufacturing or mercantile establishment, in any
bakery, laundry, or restaurant more than ten hours in any one day,
or more than six days, or sixty hours in any one week: Provided,
That nothing herein contained sli all be held to apply to any mercantile
establishment for the six working-days next preceding the twentyfifth day of December in each year; And 'provided further, That
nothing herein contained shall apply to canneries engaged in pack
ing a perishable product such as fruits or vegetables.
Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of labor, the
assistant commissioner or the inspectors and they shall have power
to investigate and inspect, all establishments coming under the
intent and provisions of this act.
Sec. 3. An abstract of this law shall he prepared and furnished
by the commissioner of labor to every corporation, firm or person
in this State who is affected thereby, and every such corporation,
firm or person shall post such abstract of this law and keep it posted,
in plain view, in such place that it can be easily read by the employees
or operatives in going in or coming out from said manufacturing or
mercantile establishment, bakery, laundry, or restaurant, and shall
also keep a record of the hours of work of each employee in a proper
book prepared for that purpose which book shall be open to the
inspection of the department of labor as required.
Sec. 4. Whoever employs any female or permits any female to be
employed in violation of any of the provisions of this act shall be
punished for a first offense by a fine of not less than twenty-five nor
more than fifty dollars, and for a second ofTense by a fine of not less
than fifty nor more than two hundred dollars. (Supplement to the
Compiled Statutes of New Jersey, 1911-1915, sec. 83, p. 866.)
Weekly hours.
Amendment to law of 1912.
An act to amend an act entitled “An act to regulate and limit the
hours of employment of females in any manufactory, mercantile
establishment, in any bakery, laundry, or restaurant, in order to
safeguard the health of such employee; to provide for its enforcement
and a penalty for its violation.” (Approved March 28, 1912.)
Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of
New Jersey: 1. Section one of the act to which this is an amendment
is hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. No female shall be employed, allowed, or permitted to work
in any manufacturing or mercantile establishment, in any bakery,
laundry, or restaurant more than 10 hours in any one day, or more
than 6 days, or 54 hours in any one week; provided, that in hotels or
other establishments the business of which is in its nature continuous,
and when the working hours for women do not exceed 8 hours per
98
v
/
WOMEN IN NEW JERSEY INDUSTRIES.
99
day, the provisions of this act shall not apply; and provided, that
nothing herein contained shall apply to canneries engaged in pack
ing a perishable product such as fruits and vegetables.”
2. This act shall take effect immediately. (Approved April 8,
1921,)
(Session Laws of New Jersey, 1921, p. 510.)
Night work.
Supplement to an act entitled, " An act to regulate and limit the
hours oi employment of females in any manufactory, mercantile
establishment, in any bakery, laundry, or restaurant, in order to
safeguard the health of such employees; to provide for its enforce
ment and a penalty for its violation,” approved March 28, 1912
Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of
New Jersey: 1. In order to protect the health and morals of females
employed m manufacturing establishments, bakeries, and laundries
by providing an adequate period of rest at night, no female shall be
employed or permitted to work in any manufacturing establishment
bakery, or laundry in this State before 6 o’clock in the morning or
after 10 o’clock in the evening of any day; provided, that nothing
herein contained shall apply to canneries engaged in packing a perish
able product, such as fruits or vegetables.
2. This act shall take effect December 31, 1924. (Approved
March 21, 1923.)
(Session Laws of New Jersey, 1923, pp. 312-313.)
Lunch period.
Section 1. Every corporation, firm, or person owning or operating
any place coming under the provisions of the act to which this act is
a supplement (secs. 16-60, pp. 1386 et seq.), shall give all operatives
and employees at least one-half hour for their midday meal, after
being continuously employed for a period of not more than six hours,
on any workday except Saturday.
Sec. 2. The period for such meal shall be fixed by every such
employer, having in view the health and physical welfare of such
operatives and employees in all such factories, workshops, mills,
and places where the manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on;
if any such place is operated at night, or in eight-hour shifts, such
meal period shall be fixed as aforesaid for such operatives and em
ployees at such time as may be consistent with the mutual interests
of such employer and operatives and employees.
Sec. 3. Notice of the hours within which such operatives may
obtain such meals shall be plainly printed and kept posted in a
conspicuous place in all workrooms where any such employees or
operatives are engaged.
Sec. 4. Any such owner or employer, violating any of the provi
sions of this act shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars for
the first offense and of two hundred dollars for each subsequent of
fense. (First Supplement to the Compiled Statute of New Jersey,
1911-1915, sec. 54, p. 861.)
o
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU,
BULLETINS.
No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries of
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industries in Indiana. 29 pp. 1918.
No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 7 pp. 1919.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
No. 5. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1919.
No. 7. Night-Work Law's in the United States. 4 pp. 1919.
No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 36 pp. 1920.
No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32
pp. 1920.
No. 11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920.
No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 dd.
1920.
^
No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp.
1921.
No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 dd
1921.
F
No. 16. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1921. (Supplement
1923.)
No. 17. Women’s Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921.
No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. (Reprint of paper published
in the Nation’s Health, May 1921) 11 pp. 1921..
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923.
No. 26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 85 pp. 1922.
No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women’s Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp. 1923.
No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
No. 32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
No. 33. Proceedings of the Women’s Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
No. 35. Women in Missouri Industries. (In press.)
No. 36. Radio talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
No. 37. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
No. 38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. (In press.)
First Annual Report of the Director. 1919. (Out of print.)
Second Annual Report of the Director. 1920. (Out of print.)
Third Annual Report of the Director. 1921.
Fourth Annual Report of the Director. 1922.
Fifth Annual Report of the Director. 1923.
@FedFRASER