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. U.S. DEl>ARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN'S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
OF
THE
WOMEN'S
BUREAU, No. 35
1
WOMEN IN MISSOURI
.INDUSTRIES
.
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'
[PUBLIC-No. 259-661'H
CONGRESS.]
[H. R. 13229.]
An Act To establish in the De;eartment of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women's bureau.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Oongress•assembled, That there shall be
established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women's Bureau.
,
· SEC. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be a2pointed by the President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate
standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wageearning women, improve their working conditions, increase their
efficiency, and advance their opportumties for profitable employ...
, ment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and
report ~o the said de2artment upon all matters pertaining to the
welfare of women in industry. The d,irector of said bureau may
from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such
a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
SEc. 3. That ther~ shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to
be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual com:eensat10n of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall
be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of
Labor.
'
SEc. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be e~ployed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such sfecial agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates o compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
SEC. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment, for the work of
this bureau.
, .
.
SEC. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after' its passage.
Approved, June 5, 1920.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN'S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN
OF
THE
WOMEN'S
BUREAU, No. ·35
WOMEN IN MISSOURI
INDUSTRIES
A Study of Hours and Wages
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1924
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ADDITIONAL COPIES
01'' THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
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CONTENTS.
Letter of transmi ttaL _____________________________________________ _
Part I. Introduction and summary ________________________________ _
Scope __ _________________________ _._____________ _______ ___ ____ _
Summary of facts ________________________ _____________ ________ _
Conclusion _____ __ ______ _________ ___ _____________ ___ ____ __ ___ _
Part II. Wages ______________ __ _ -. ______ __. ____ ______ ___ __________ _
Week's earnings ___________ _________ ___ ____ ___________________ _
Earnings and time wor.ked _____ _____________________ ______ _____ _
Scheduled hours and weekly rates of pay ________________________ _
Rates and earnings _____________________ __ ___ ___ __ _______ ___ __ _
Time and piece workers _______________________________________ _
Earnings and time in the trade _________________________________ _
Year's earnings ______________________ '- _________ ~ ___________ ___ _
Time lost during the year __ __ __ ____ ___ __ ___ ____ ________________ _
Telephone operators ______ _______________________ __ ______ __ ___ _
Part III. The negro worker __ _______ _____ ___ :- ___ __________________ _
Week's earnings __________________________________________ :- ___ _
Earnings and time worked ________________ _____________________ _
Weekly rate and scheduled hours __ ______________ _________ ~----Rates and earnings __ __ __________________ _______ ____ _______ ___ _
Time lost and overtime _________ __ __ ____ ____ _____ __ ____________ _
Earnings and time in the trade _____ _____ _____ ______________ ____ _
Early pay-roll period ____________________ ___ __ _______ ______ ____ _
Year's earnings ____________________________._________ :.. ______ ___ _
Part IV. Hours __________ :- ____ _____ . _____________ ___ ______ ______ _ _
Weeklyhours ________ _____________________ ~-----------------Actual time worked __ _____________________________ ___ _______ _
Daily hours ___ . _____________________ ______________________ ..: __
Saturday hours __ . ----- -- --------- ~-- ------- --- - - ------------Lunch periods _ ___ _________ ______ ____ ___ _____________________ _
Part V. The workers _________________________________________ ____ _
Nativity _______ __ ____ _____ _______ ___ ____ ________ ________ ____ _
Age __ _______ __ __ _
-----·-- ------------ ------ -- -- ------- -----
Page.
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Conjugal condition ______ _____________ ____ ____ ______ __ __ ______ _
Living condition ____ ____ ______ ______ _____ _______________ _____ _
Appendix A. -General tables __________ ____ __________ ___ ____ -; ______ _
Appendix B.-Schedule forms _____ ___ ____ ___ ________ __ __ ____ ___ __ _ _
- 120
Appendix C.-Cost of Living for Women employed in St. Louis, autumn
1922, compiled by the Committee on Living Costs of the
League of Women Voters of St. Louis ________ ____ ___ _
124
•
66
TEXT TABLES.
1. Number of establishments visited and number of women employed
therein, by industry and locality____ _____ __ ___ ________ __ __ __ __
2. Median earnings of white women, by industry and locality, 1922____
3. Median earnings of white women, by industry and locality, 1921- _·_ _
III
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·CONTENTS.
Page.
4. Median earnings of white women by hours worked, 1922___________
5. Median earnings of white women by time worked, 1921 and 1922____
6. Median earnings of full-time workers and of all workers, by locality,
1922----------------------- - ---- - -----------------~-------7. Median rates and scheduled weekly hours, by industry_____________
8. Weekly rates and actual week's earnings of white women, 1922______
9. Weekly rates and actual week's earnings of white women, 192L_____
10. White women on timework and on piecework, by industry, 1922 _ _ _ _
11. Week's earnings and time in the trade of white women who supplied
personal information, 1922______ ___________ ___ ____ _ __ ________ _
12. Median earnings and time in the trade of white women who supplied
personal information, by industry_____________________________
13. Industries listed according to per cent of women having year's earnings as specified, 1921- ______________________________________ _
14. Median earnings of negro women, by industry, 1922 _ _ __ ___________
15. Median earnings of negro women, by time worked, 1922__ __________
16. Weekly rates and actual week's earnings of negro women, 1922______
17. Median earnings and time in the trade of negro women who supplied
personal information, 1922___ ________________ __ ______ __ __ ____ _
18. Scheduled weekly hours, by industry__ _________ __________________
19. Scheduled weekly hours, by locality__________________________ ____
20. Time lost and overtime, by industry_ __________ _____ ________ _____
21. Scheduled daily hours, by industry_ _____ ___ __ ___ ____ ____________
22. Scheduled daily hours, by locality __ ____ __ ______ __ _____ ________.. _
23. Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry ______ ___ _____________ ____ _
24. Length of lunch period, by industry_ __ ____ ____ ___ __ ___ __ ________
25. Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal information,
by industry___________________________ ______________________
26. Age of the women employees who supplied personal information, by
industry____________________________________________________
27. Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied personal
jnformation, by industry_____________________________________
28. Living condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by industry_ ____ ________________________________
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21
22
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25
25
26
27
29
32
39
41
42
43
46
47
49
51
52
53
55
56
59
60
61
APPENDIX TABLES.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
Week's earnings, by industry a nd locality, 1922-white women_
Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-negro women_
Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-white women_ .
Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-negro women_
Week's earnings and time worked, 1922-white women________
Week's earnings and time worked, 1922-negro women________
Week's earnings and time worked, 1921-white women________
Week's earnings and time worked, 1921-negro women________
Weekly rates and scheduled weekly hours, 1922-white and
negrowomen----------------------------------•------Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry and
locality, 1922-white women_____________________________
Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry, and
locality, 1922-negro women __ __ ______ __________________
Weekly rate and actual week's earnings, by industry, 1921____
Week's earnings and time in the trade of womenemployees who
supplied personal information, 1922 _____ -- __________ __ ___
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CONTENTS.
V
Page.
XIV. Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week pay-roll records
were secured, by industry_ ___ _____________ ______________
XV. Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week pay-roll records
were secured, by weeks worked_ ___ _________ __ __ _________
XVI. Weeks lost during the year by women for whom 52-week payroll records were secured, by industry_ _____ __ _____________
XVII. Weeks lost during the year through closing of establishment or
department, women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were
secured, by industry-white and negro women_____________
XVIII. Scheduled weekly hours, by industry and locality__ _ _ ________
XIX. Hours worked less than scheduled, by industry-white and negro
women_·__ ___ _________ ______ ____ __ ___ ___ ___ __ _________
XX. Hours worked less than scheduled, by scheduled hours, all
industries-white and negro women_________ ___ ___ ___ __ _
XXI. Hours worked more than scheduled, by industry-white and
negro ~ men ______ ____ ~---- - ------------ - ----- --- ----- .
XXII. Hours worked more than scheduled, by scheduled hours, all
industries-white and negro women_____ _________________
XXIII. Scheduled daily hours, by industry and locality__ ____________
XXIV. Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry and locality__________
XXV. Length of lunch period, by industry and locality_____ ________
XXVI. Earnings in the telephone industry, by length of pay-roll period_
XXVII. Earnings in the telephone industry, by time worked__________
XXVIII. Rates and earnings in the telephone industry______ _____ _____
XXIX. Earnings in the telephone industry, by time in the trade__ ____
XXX. Earnings in the telephone industry, by time with the firm____ __
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
WOMEN'S BUREAU,
Washington, · November 19, 1923.
Sm: I am submitting a report o·n an investigation of hours and
wages of women in industry in the State of Missouri. The request
for such a survey was made by a commission appointed by the
Missouri Legislature to draft a minimum wage law and make a
report to the next legislature. The survey was made during the
months of May and June, 1922, and covered 22 cities and towns
in the State. Caroline Manning was in charge. The report was
written by Ruth I. Voris and Elizabeth A. Hyde had charge of
the preparation of the statistics. A preliminary report was submitted to the commission and to the manufacturers who cooperated
with the Women's Bureau in this survey.
The appendix to this report contains the schedules used by the
Women's Bureau in the investigation and als0 a cost of living study
for women employed in St. Louis in the-autumn of 1922, which was
compiled by the committee on living costs of the League of Women
Voters. · In order that we may better understand the significance of
figures on women's wages it is important to know the cost of the
different items which make up a budget. The Women's Bureau does
not make cost of living studies, but the information given in this
study seemed so pertinent to the statistical material presented in
our report and this committee has done such an excellent piece of
work that we are glad to present the result of their investigation so
that it can be used in connection with our figures.
MARY ANDERSON, Director.
Hon. JAMES J. DAVIS,
Secretary of Labor.
vn
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Mr:DIAN WEEK'S [ARNINGS BY 11'-0USTRY
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. ·---
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WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
4-t the 1921 session of the Missouri Legislature a resolution was
passed authorizing the appointment of nine people "to be known as
the minimum· wage commission * * · * for the purpose of drafting a minimum wage law suited to the needs of the industrial condition of the State of Missouri, and the said commission be required to
make report to the legislature at the next regular session." The
members of the commission were Representatives Fenton Stockard,
Frank Smith, and E. R. James; Senators Peter Anderson, Frank
Harris, and David M. Proctor; Mrs. Nelle Burger, president of the
Missouri Women's Christian Temperance Union, Mrs. Harry Violette,
and Miss Marie Ames, secretary of the Women's ·Legislative Committee of Missouri.
·
•
To study the industrial condition of the women of Missouri cooperation was asked of the Women's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor, and in response to this request the Women's Bureau
made a survey of hours and wages for women in industry throughout
the State, during the months of May and June, 1922. The investigation for this report was made in 22 cities and towns, including all but
two of the cities in the State which showed a population of 10,000 or
more in the 1920 census. The cities included were Brookfield, California, Carterville, Carthage, Columbia, De Soto, Eldon, Hannibal,
Jefferson City, Joplin, Kansas City, Meta, Mexico, Moberly, Russellville, St. Joseph, St. Louis, Sedalia, Springfield, Versailles, Washington, and Webb City.
The figures quoted in this report were secured, in all establishments
but one, by agents of the Women's Bureau who copied from the pay
rolls such information as was necessary and obtained other desired
information from the management. Pay-roll figures were obtroned
both for a week in April or May, 1922, and for a week in January, 1921,
while year's earnings were for the calendar year of 192). The few
establishments in which the pay-roll information was not copied by
the Women's Bureau agents supplied this information themselves on
the schedules of the Women's Bureau. Personal information was
supplied by the workers on cards distributed in the plants. A few of
the workers were visited in their homes, and information was
obtained regarding home responsibilities and dependents.
1
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2
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
The work of the agents was much facilit ated by the cooperation of
the State minimum wage commission, the State industrial inspection
department, and the State bureau of labor statistics. Among private
organizations that assisted with their knowledge and advice on local
conditions were the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the
League of Women Voters, the Catholic Women's Association, the
Consumer's League, the Young Women's Christian Association, the
Women's Legislative Committee, the Salvation Army Boarding
Homes, the Missouri School of Applied Sociology, the Kansas City
Welfare Board, and a few trade-union organizations. But, above
all, it was the courtesy and generous cooperation of employers and
employees which made the survey possible.
Missouri as an industrial State. 1
Missouri was reported in the 1920 census as having a population of
3,404,055, giving her the rank of ninth in population among the
States. The leading city, St. Louis, stood fourth among the cities
of the country in population. In 1920 there were 13 cities in the
State with a population of 10,000 or more.
Whe!i the States of the country are rated according to the value of
their manufactured products as reported in the 1919 census of manufacturers, Missouri stands eleventh on the list, the value of her
products amounting annually to $1,594,208,338. The value added
by manufacture was $537,751,174, Missouri ranking twelfth among
the States in this respect. 2
Missouri occupies a particularly important position in the manufacture of certain products, notably boots and shoes, in which the
State is outranked only by Massachusetts and New York. The condition of that industry in these States is shown in the following
summary: 3
Capital.
Value of p roduct~ .
Value added by
manufacture .
$442,466,000
190,476,000
109,194,000
$173, 115, 000
82,312,000
32,268,000
..
Massachusetts ___________ ____ $202,663,000
New York ___ ________________ 105,105,000
Misscturi ___________________ ~
53,837,000
1 Except when otherwise indicat ed the st atistics quoted in this section are t aken from the figures presented
by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the census of manufactures for 1919.
2 In determining the relative importance of a m anufacturing Stat e, or of an industry within a State, any
one of three figures m ay be used-the amount of capital invest ed , the t otal value of the product, and the
value added to the product by the process of manufacture. Each of these is indicat ive of the importance
of an industry, and each has special significance in certain subjects of discussion. In the present study,
comparison on the basis of the value added by manufacture is of most i n terest, since it is the actual manufacturing process and the workers engaged in it with which the investigation is chiefly concerned. Accordingly, when the position of Missouri in the m anufacture of any product is quoted in the following discussion, it has been determined on that basis.
• Missouri. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 40th and 41st annual repocts, 1918-1920, Jefferson City 1921.
p. 558.
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WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
3
The value added by manufacture in the shoe industry was 6 per
cent of the total for all the manufacturing of the State, the largest
percentage contributed by any one industry. Although the State
does not take first place in the manufacture of boots and shoes, St.
Louis is said to have the largest shoe house in the world. 4 According
to the Missouri Red Book there were 62 large boot and shoe factories
operating in St. Louis alone in 1918, with a daily output of 125,000 pairs
of shoes. Recently the shoe houses have been establishing branches
in the various smaller towns where competition for labor is less keen.
In the manufacture of bags other than paper, Missouri stood
second in 1919, with New York leading.
Missouri led the country in the manufacture of tobacco products
other than cigars and cigarettes. According to the 1919 census of
manufactures, the value added by manufacture amounted to $19,421,000, while for New Jersey and Kentucky, standing second and
third, the figures were $11,929,000 and $9,240,000, respectively.
When the industries within the State were rated on the same basis
the manufacture of tobacco took fourth place. This industry was ·
concentrated in St. Louis, and the Missouri Red Book for 1918 and
1920 stated that that city stood first among the cities of the world
in the manufacture of tobacco products. 5
Another important woman-employing industry is the manuf acture of men's clothing, in which Missouri ranks seventh among the
other States of the country, although the value added by manufacture was only $13,663 ,000 as compared with $265,438,000 and $106,369,000 in New York and Illinois, respectively, the two leading
clothing centers of the country.
In all these industries the women workers played an important
part. In the manufacture of men's shirts and overalls 91.5 per cent
of the employees were women, the largest percentage found in any
industry. In the men's . clothing industry exclusive of shirts and
overalls, the women made up 80.2 per cent of the personnel. In the
other leading industries mentioned, the w9men also occupied an important place, making up 67.1 per cent of the force in the bag factories, 49.5 per cent in the tobacco plants, and 42.3 per cent in the
shoe manufacturing industry.
,,, Below, the important woman-employing industries of the State
are listed according to the number of women whom they employed
in 1919:
·
Clothing (all branches)___ _ ____ _____ __________________ 12, 280
Boots and shoes_ ___ ___ ______ ___ _______________ ____ ___ 7,854
Foodproducts ___ _____________________ _______ ____ ____ 4,014
Printing and publishing _____ ~__ _________ ____ __________ 2, 929
Canning and preserving _______________________________ 2,619
Confectionery __ _________________________ ___ ____ _____ 2, 194
Electric product s_____________________________________ 2, 091
Tobacco __ ________ ___________ ____________________ ___ 1,986
4 Missouri. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 40th and 41st annual reports, 1918-1920, Jefferson City, 1921.
pp. 546 and 558.
'
• Missouri. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 4oth and 41st annual reports, 1918-1920. J efferson City, 1921.
p. 546.
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4
WOMEN I N MISSOURI INDU ST RIES.
Of 1,352,024 women (including all females 10 years of age and over)
in Missouri in 1920, 244,615 or 18.1 per cent were gainfully employed.
In comparison with other States of the country Missouri stood
eleventh in the absolute number of women employed, but in 27 of
the States a larger proportion of the women were so reported. In
some of these the percentage was but slightly greater than that in
Missouri, in others it rose · much higher, as in South Carolina where
slightly over one-third of the women were gainfully employed and
in the District of Columbia with almost one-h alf of the women in
that classification.
Scope.
I n 1919 there were approximately 46,000 women 16 years of age or
over employed as wage earners in the various m nuf acturing industries
of the State. In order .to show the scope of the Women's Bureau
survey it is important to compare the industrial distribution of the
women investigated with the more inclusive figures shown by the
census for the entire State. In the following tabulation the manufacturing industries included in the survey are listed with the numbers
of women reported in the Census of Manufactures and the number
of women actually included in the survey made by the bureau.
I n t he surveyIndustry.
Bags __ __ ____ _____ ___ ____ ______ ___ ____ __
Candy ____ __ __ _____ ___ _____ __ __________
Men's clothing _________ _____ ___ ___ ____ __
Drugs __ ___ __ ___ ___ __ _______ ______ _______
Electric products ________ ___ __ ____ ____ __ _
Food products __ ______ ____ ______ __~-- - -- Millinery _ ____ ___ ____ ____ _____ ______ _~ __
Pa per products ___ ___ ___ ___ _____________ _
Shoes ______ __________ ___ ____ __ ___ ____ __
Tobacco ____ __ __ .. ___ ___ __ ___ - - - - .. - - _- _- Miscellaneous __ _________ ___ _____ ____ ___ _
T otal in
the industry
(U. S. Census).
Number.
9, 434:
931
2,091
4,014
1,655
2,573
7,854
1,986
696
742
2,902
502
456
1,469
726
938
2,330
1, 404
2, 480
424
l,256
2, 194:
Per cen t of
total.
55. 4
33. 8
30. 8
53. 9
21. 8
36. 6
43. 9
36. 5
29. 7
70. :;
17. 1
Over one-fourth of all the women shown by the census to be
· engaged in all lines of manufacturing were included in the survey,
and the industries studied included ones of marked importance in
the State as well as industries in which the women constituted a
large proportion of the working force . As a matter of fact, something
over a third of the women employed in the m anufacturing industries
surveyed were actually included in the report. A c·o mparison · of
the number of women surveyed in the mercantile trade, in the
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5
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
laundries, and in the telephone exchanges with the numbers in these
industries reported in the United States census indicates that for these
types of employment information also was-secured for a satisfactorily
representative proportion of women. 6
In certain sections of this study the figures for St. Louis and
Kansas City have been compiled and discussed separately from those
for the rest of the State. In a city of almost 800,000 inhabitants the
industrial situation may be quite different from that of a city of
300,000 and markedly unlike that in smaller towns. The habits of
life of the workers vary, and these frequently have their effect upon
the conduct of the industries themselves. Conse_q uently the data on
hours as well as wages ~re taken up for each of the two largest cities
and for the others as a unit.
In the 174 establishments for which information was secured there
were employed at the time of the investigation 16,403 white women
and 1,536 negro women, totaling 17,939. The detailed figures ,
distributed both geographically and industrially, are given in the
following table:
TABLE
1.-Number of establishments visited and number of women employed therein,
by industry and locality.
St. Louis.
State.
Industry.
Kansas City.
Other places.
EstabEstabEstabEstablish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women.
ments.
men ts.
men ts.
ments.
- - - - - - - - - --, ---1-----1---1-- - - - - - - - - - -- - All industries ............. .
174
17,939
62
10,056
25
2,917
87
4,966
t - - - - - + - - - - t - - - t - - - 1 - -- - 1 - - - - , - - 1 1 - - - -1- - -
Manufacturing:
Bags .................... . ... .
Candy ...... . ............... .
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls ..... . .
Suits .... . .............. . Drugs ................... ·-···
Electric products ............ .
Food products ........... _.. .
Millinery .. . ...... . .......... .
Paper -products ............. .
Shoes .. . ......... . .., ........ .
Tobacco ....... . ...........•.
Miscellaneous ............... .
General mercantile .............. .
5-and-10-cent stores ............. .
Laundries .. . ............. . . . .... .
Telephones ...... . . . ... . ..... .. .. .
696
742
433
187
21
. 2,487
415
5
502
5
456
3
13
1,469
726
7
938
8 •
17
2,330
1,404
3
8
424
2,728
20
442
11
1,141
26
1,039
14
509
326
502
456
1,384
551
168
1,069
1,404
157
1,983
5
8
235
467
225
b.dustry.
Stores . . ..... . ..... . .. . ............ . .. . . . .. . .. .. ........ . ..... . .... .
Saleswomen ... ... .. .. ........ . . . ....................... ; ... .. . .
Clerks ... . . . ..•... . ... . ... . . . . ....... ...... . ............. . ... . ..
Laundries ...... . ...... . ..... . ... . • . ........ . ... . ...................
Telephones . . ............ ... . . .. • ••• .•• .••........ . .. .. . .... . .. •.. . .
2
3
4
494
15
1,484
······-· -· · ·--·· ·
1
89
····---· -··---·-· ··· ·-· · · ···••••·•
...... . . · -·-···- ·
5
85
2
175 • • .. . .• • -·· · ··· · ·
460
1
310
3
··-···- · · ·-· ·· ···
11
1,261
······i" ..... isg· ··· ···a" ·······1s
1
1
6
1
16
8
13
220
119
399
278
11
525
88
275
536
In the surveyTotal in
the indus- 1 - - - - - - , - - - try (U.S.
Percent
Census).a Number.
of total.
18,566
12,351
6,215
3,586
6,239
a U.S. Bureau of the Census. 14th Census. Population. Vol. 4, T able 15.
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263 · ·-··--- •.• . .••..
320
3
235
3,170
17.1
1,141
1,039
31. 8
16. 7
•
6
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
The largest percentages of the women employed in the industries
surveyed in the State were engaged in the general mercantile industry,
and in the manufacture of shirts and overalls and of shoes. These
three groups together comprised nearly one-half of all the workers
·included in the survey.
The majority of the shirt and overall establishments were found in
the smaller cities, although 40.3 per cent of the women engaged in the
industry were in St. Louis and Kansas City. Shoe factories were
located both in St. Louis and in the smaller places, over one-half
the workers being employed in the factories of the smaller cities. All
of the tobacco workers were found in St. Louis.
The industries employing the most white women are listed below in
the order of the percentage these women formed of all the white
women in the survey.
of
General mer cantile _______________ ___ ___ ___ __ ____ "' _____
Shirts and overalls______ __ ____ _____ ___ __ ___ ___________
Shoes--~-------------------- -- -- - --- --- --- ---- - -----Tobacco_____________ ________ ____ ___ _____ ______ ___ ___
Tclephones___ ________ __ ________ ___ _______ __ ________ __
Paper products _____ ____ ___ ___ ___ _______ __ ___ ____ ___~_
Laundries ______ ____ ___ _____ ____ ________ ____ __________
16. 6
15. 2·
1~ 2
a9
a3
5. 7
~ 8
There were practically one-tenth (9.4 per cent) as many negro
women in the plants visited as there were white and 85.2 per cent
of these were located at St. Louis. Negro women were not found to
any extent in any industries but the manufacture of food products,
tobacco, and bags, and in laundries. Outside of St. Louis, the
majority of the negro workers were employed in laundries, but
altogether only 26 negro women were found in the plants visited in
the smaller cities.
As the scheduled hours of the negro women were the same as those
of the white workers, all the workers will be treated together in the
discussion of hours. The difference in their earnings, however, was
so great as to make separate treatment of that subject imperative.
SUMMARY OF "ouTSTANDING FACTS.
Extent of survey.
Number of cities and towns visited________ _______ __ _______ _______
22
Number of establishments visited_____ _____________ _____ ______ ___
174
Number of women employed in these establishments ____ ___ ____ ____ 17, 939
Workers.
Per cent.
1. Proportion of negroes ___________________ ___ ______ ___ ___ _____ _
8. 6
2. Distribution of women in industry groupsManufacturing ______________ ______ ________ ______ __ __ ___ _
70. 2
Mercantile ____ _____ ______ ___ __ _________ _________ ________
17. 7
Laundries __ ____ _____ __ _______ _________ _____ ___ _________ _
6. 4
Telephones ____________ ___ ______ ____ __ __ ______ __________ _
5. 8
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WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
7.
Workers- Continued.
3. The largest group of women in one manufacturing industry was
found in shirt and overall manufacturing-19.8 per cent of all the
workers in factories.
4. Conjugal condition of9,699 white women63. 6 per cent single.
20. 2 per ·cent married.
16. 2 per cent widowed, separated, or divorced.
746 negro women27. 1 per cent single.
45. 2 per cent married.
27. 7 per cent widowed, separated, or divorced.
5. Age of9,582 white women55. 7 p·er cent were under 25 years.
13. 1 per cent were 25 and under 30 years.
31. 2 per cent were 30 years or over.
773 negro women31. 7 per cent were under 25 years.
20. 3 per cent were 25 and under 30 years.
48. 0 per cent were 30 years or over.
6. Living condition of9,924 white women12. 6 per cent were living independently.
84. 1 per cent were living at home.
3. 3 per cent were living with relatives.
7 59 negro women20. 0 per cent were living independently.
76. 5 per cent were living at home.
3. 4 per cent were living with relatives.
7. Nativity was reported for 11,596 women, only 6.0 per cent of whom were
foreign born.
- Hours.
Hour data for 156 plants showed:
1. Weekly hoursA schedule of 54 hours for 9.7 per cent of the women.
A schedule of 48 hours or less for 32.3 per cent of the women.
Hours less than scheduled worked by 53.3 per cent of the women.
Hours more than scheduled worked by 4.4 per cent of the women.
2. Daily hoursA schedule of 9 hours for 52.0 per cent of the women.
A schedule of 8 hours or less for 22.5 per cent of the women.
A schedule of less than 6 hours on Saturday for 68.7 per cent of all the
women, and for 89. 9 per cent of the women in the manufacturing group.
A schedule of normal length or more on Saturday for all women in mercantile establishments.
Lunch periods varying from 30 minutes to one hour in length; 57.4 per
cent of the women had 30-minute lunch periods and 24.3 per cent had
one hour.
;.
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8
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES,
Wages.
Wage data for 160 plants 7Week's earningsMedian week's earnings for all industries-
January, 1921.
Aprll,1922.
White women _________________ ____________ $12. 90
$12. 65
Negro women_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __
9. 35
6. 00
Industry with the highest median earningsWhite womenTobacco ___________________________ ___ 1~ 55
Electric products ___ __ ________ _________ _
15. 90
Negro women·
·
Tobacco ______________________________ 13. 30
Laundries _________ _________ __________ _
9. 80
Industries with the lowest median earningsWhite wt>men, 5-and-10-cent stores ___ ______ ..:_ 11. 20
9. 80
Negro women, food products ____________ ___ _
5. 45
4. 60
Median week's earnings of full-time workersWhite women ______ __ ______ _____ _________ _ 14. 35
13. 70
Negro women ____________ ·____ ____________ _ 12. 50
8. 80
Median week's earnings, by localitySt. LouisWhite women ________________________ _ 13. 60
13. 50
Negro women _____________________ ___ _
8. 90
5. 50
Kansas CityWhite women ________________________ _ 14. 05
13. 35
Negro women ________________________ _ 10.05
9. 90
Other placesWhite women ________________ ________ _ 10.45
10.40
Negro women ________________________ _
8. 70
9. 50
Year's earnings (for calendar year 1921) .
Median year's earningsWhite women _____________ _______________ __ __ ____ __ ___ _ $743
Negro women _____________ ____ ____________________ ____ _
521
Industry with highest median earnings for white women 8Tobacco manufacturing _________________________________ _
921
Industry with lowest median earnings for white women 85-and-10-cent stores_ ______ ___ ________ ___________________
622
Wage data for telephone operators in 14 exchanges showed median week's
earnings to be $15.05.
•
CONCLUSION.
Hours.
In the matter of hour legislation Missouri may be classed among
the moderately progressive States, having set up a 9-hour daily
standard and a 54-hour week. As is usual in most of the States
which provide for a 9 or 10 hour legal working day many employers
have instituted a shorter day in their plants. Over a fifth of the
women included in this study were working in establishments where
the scheduled daily hours were 8 or less. On the other hand, over
Telephone exchanges not included.
s Reports on year's earnings were obtained for too f ew negro women to make possible any comparison
among industries.
·1
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WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
9
one-half of the women were employed in establishments whose daily
hours came up to the maximum permitted by law. The prevalence
of the shorter working day on Saturday brought a much larger proportion of the women within the legal" maximum for weekly hours.
Less than one-tenth of them were required to put in a week as long
as 54 hours, while almost a third had a regular week of 48 hours or
under. In respect both of daily and of weekly hours the smaller
towns in the State were less progressive, longer hours p~evailing
there than in the two larger cities.
Wages.
The facts concerning wages which were disclosed by the study
were more thought provoking than those on hours. One-half of
the 15,364 white women in the State for whoni information was
reported earned less than $12.65. a week. Even when consideration
is limited to .t hose ·who had worked a full week, one-half of these
women earned less than $13.70.
There was a marked difference between the earnings of the women in
the two largest cities . and in the other places of the State, both for
the industries as a whole and within the same industry. The median
week's earnings for St. Louis and Kansas City were $13.50 and
$13.35, respectively, as compared with $10.40 for the other places of
the State. The most conspicuous contrast between the earnings in
different localities within any one industry was found in the shirt
and overall and shoe factories. One-half of the shirt and overall
workers in Kansas City were getting as much as $17.75, while the
median for the same class of workers in the smaller cities was less
than half that amount. The median earnings of the shoe workers
in St. Louis were over one-fourth higher than those in the plants of
the smaller towns, and in this industry as well as in the manufacture
of shirts and overalls the factories in the different places were in
many cases owned by the same firms.
The relation between earnings and hours actually worked as well as
that between rates of pay and the length of the scheduled week is of
considerable interest. In the first instance there was a tendency for
wages to increase with hours worked, the rate of increase being less
after 48 hours was reached. In regard to rates and scheduled hours,
however, quite a different situation was found, for not only did
rates of pay not increase with longer hours, but the tendency was for
the higher rate of pay to accompany the shorter day.
The figures on the length of time which the women had been in
the trade did not bear out the common idea that women stay in
industry but a short time. Only about one-fifth of these workers
had been in the trade less than one year, while almost as large a
proportion had been in the trade 5 and under 10 years. But the
82034°- 24--2
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10
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
reward for remaining in the trade seemed slight, for although there
was a tendency for wages to increase with the length of time in the
trade the amount of increase was not great. The extent of the increase varied considerably in the different industries, the least change
with added time in the trade being found in the tobacco industry,
where the women who had been in the trade 15 years or more received wages only 5 per cent above those of women who had been
engaged in the work 1 and less than 2 years. Skill in the trade
was very quickly acquired and the woman who had been in the
trade one year was able to keep well up with the old-timer. Although the increase in earnings with time in the trade was most
marked in the shirt and overall factories, the workers in that industry
began with exceptionally low earnings.
The earnings of the n egro women were low, one-half of these
workers earning under $6 in a week. When earnings and localities
are compared, their situation is the reverse of that of the white
women, for the earnings were lowest in St. Louis.
The last census reported 244,615 women gainfully employed in
Missouri. The women of the State, therefore, are an important
factor in its industrial life. The figures in this survey indicate that
while in certain respects State standards for these women are comparatively satisfactory and the .individual standards of industry
even higher, in other respects there is room for considerable improvement if modern progressive standards of earnings and hours
are to be generally established.
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PART II.
WAGES.
Industrial situation at the time of the survey.
Since figures on wages have comparatively little meaning unless
considered in relation to the general industrial situation, before considering the m aterial on wages which was gathered during the course
of this study, some inquiry must be made into data which will
characterize the period of the survey. Although no figures are
available showing the condition of Missouri industries in the periods
for which wages were obtained, information does exist for the country
as a whole, and may be used as a general index to the conditions
within the State itself.
Information on week's earnings was obtained, for the most part,
for a week in April, 1922, and one in January, 1921. In making
the study, every effort was made t o avoid taking figures which
would be in any way abnorm al and unrepresentative of the length
of week or of the wages of the workers. Consequently, if these two
months seemed to give a false impression of the activity of any plant
at the time, information was taken in a week in the month immediately following or preceding those designated. In most instances,
however, the information was taken for April, 1922, and January,
1921. What then was the economic situation during these periods ~
One type of information which may be taken to indicate the
industrial condition at any time is the union wage rate, since unions
are most successful in their bargainings during times of prosperity.
The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the index
figures of union rates computed with 1913 as a basis. For the trades
which were selected as representative throughout the country, the
peak of the index :tigures, whether the hourly r ate or the rate for a
full week be t aken as a basis of comparison, was found in 1921.
The index figures for 1922 had dropped below those for 1920.
I ndex fi gures of union wage rates f rom 1917 to 1922. 1
[1913=100.]
Year.
1917 ___ ___________ __ ·--- - --- - ------ --- ---------~------1918 __ _____ ____ ________________ _________ ___ . ---- - ----1919 ____________________ ___ ___ ~ - ---------- - - - ----- - - 1920__ _____ _______ __________ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___
1921 __ ___ _________ __ ___ ________ ____________ __________ _
1922 ____ ___ _____ __________ ___ _____ ___________________ _
1
R ate per
hour.
R ate p er
full week.
114
112
133
155
199
205
130
148
189
193
183
193
Monthly Labor Review, v ol. 15, No. 5, November, 1922, p. 107.
11
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12
WOMEN IN MISSOURI IN DUSTRIES.
A more detailed statement of union rate index figures was ·given
in an earlier number of the Monthly Labor Review, showing the
index by industry and by city. Although in some industries the
union rates in St. Louis and in Kansas City remained the same
throughout the three years of 1920, 1921, and 1922, the peak year
was most often 1921, or when there were several peak years 1921
was included. 2
A more reliable indication of industrial conditions is found in
reports on the number of workers on the pay roll and the amount of
the pay roll, and such information has been compiled by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics for 1epresentative establishments in 14 industries.
It must be remembered that these figures represent the situation of
the United States as a whole, and do not show the kind or extent
of fluctuation in Missouri.
Comparison of the employment in identical establishments in December, 1920, and
December, 1921. 1
Industry.
Iron and steeL _______ __________ __.:. ____~ __ ___ _
Auto manufacturing ___ __ _______ __________ ____ _
Car building and repairing ______ ____ ____ ___ __ __
Cotton manufacturing ____ __ ___ ________ ____ ___ _
Cotton finishing __ ____ ___ ___ _________ ____ ____ _
Hosiery and underwear ______ _____ ____ ___ _____ _
Woolen ____________ ____ ___________ ____ ______ _
Silk ________________ __ _______ __________ __ __ _ _
Men's ready-made clothes ___ ________·____ _____ __ ____
Leather manufacturing ____ ___ __________ _______
Boots and shoes ____ ___ __ ____ ________ ________ _
Paper making ____ ___ ______ ______-.- ______ ___ __
Cigar manufacturing _______ __ _______ ____ ____ __
Co~l mining ________ _________________ ___ ______
P er cent of
Per cent of
increase or deincrease or decrease in number crease in amount
on pay roll.
of pay roll.
-29.
-6.
-19.
+12.
3
9
7
5
-59. 4
-12. 7
-34. 5
+35. 5
+83. 4
+24. 0
+80. 0
+113.8
+11.6
+101. 7
-0. 9
+39. 1
-27. 9
-14. 7
-43. 3
+119. 9
+14. 8
+85.
.+17.
+33.
-18.
-2.
-14.
3
7
5
1
7
4
+5. 9
1 Employment in selected industries in December, 1921. Monthly Labor Review, vol. 14, No. 2, February, 1922, pp. 102-105.
Of the industries reported, 8 showed an increase in the number
on the pay roll and 7 an increase in the amount of it, while 6 reported
a decrease in number and 7 a decrease in amount. The percentages
of increase were all higher than those of decrease, but woolens, the
industry with the highest per cent of increase, showed such a change
largely because the industry had been practically suspended at the
first date.
2
Changes in union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1913- 1922. Monthly Labor Review, vol. 15, No.
3, September, 1922, pp. 69-95.
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WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
13
On the whole these figures indicate that the decline in earnings
was not yet well under way in January, 1921, the time for which
early pay-roll figures for Missouri were taken. The comparison
of figures of April, 1921, with those of April, 1922, the month in
which the late pay-roll figures for the survey were taken indicates
that the severity of the depression was becoming rather more marked
just before the study was made than it had yet been.
Comparison of the employment in identical establishments in April, 1921, and
April, 1922. 1
Industry.
Iron and steeL _________ ____________ ·_________ _
Au to manufacturing __________________________ _
Car building and repairing ____________________ _
Cotton manufacturing ________________________ _
Cotton finishing ________ __________ _~ _________ _
Hosiery and underwear _______________________ _
Silk ______ _____ _____________________________ _
Men's ready-made clothing _________ ___________ _
Leather manufacturing _____ ___ __ ________ _____ _
Boots and shoes ________ ________ ___'!.. __ _ ____ _ _ _
Paper making _______ ____ ____________ ____ ____ _
- Cigar manufacturing __ __ _______ __ __ ________ __ _
Per cent of
· Per cent of
increase or deincrease or decrease in number crease in amount
on pay roll.
of pay roll.
+11.2
+1. 0
+13. 7
-25. 7
-11. 9
+34. 9
-9. 4
+o. a
+27.9
+14. 9
-2. 3
-10. 2
- 7.3
+2. 1
-5. 0
- 34. 0
- 2_0. 4
+33. 6
-29. 2
-31. 3
+17.5
+2. 7
-10. 2
-22. 2
1 Employment in selected industries in April, 1922. Monthly Labor Review, vol. 14, No. 6, June, 1922,
pp. 122-124.
This condition of depression becomes especially evident when the
March and April, 1922, figures as presented by the Bureau of Lab-or
Statistics are compared. In 8 industries a decrease in the number
of people on the pay roll was shown and in 6 an increase. The percentages of decrease were greater than those of increase. The amount
of the pay roll had decreased in 12 of the industries and increased in 2.
Although the men's clothing industry had an increase in the number
on the pay roll between April, 1921, and April, 1922, there was a de. crease in the amount of it. In the boot and shoe industry there was
an increase in both number and amount, although the per cent of
increase of the number exceeded considerably that of the amount.
The late pay-roll date of the survey fell after the peak of high
wages and during the period of industrial adjustment.
Week's earnings.
Actual week's earnings for the women employees were taken for
two different weeks, one in Apr1.l, 1922, and one in January, 1921,
in each case care being taken by consultation with employers in
regard to production oonditions, to secure a week in which the plant
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14
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
had not had an unusual amount of either undertime or overtime.
In all consideration of material dealing with earnings either week's
or year's, the figures for white women have been compiled separately
from those for negro women on account of the difference in the wage
standards of the workers and differences in the occupations and industries in which the two groups of workers have been found. Both
discussion and tables, therefore, have been handled independently
throughout.
The following table gives in condensed form information regarding .
earnings of white women in the various industries and localities, but
the more ·d etailed information is available in Table I in the appendix:
TABLE
2.-Median earnings of white women, by industry and locality, 1922.
State.
Industry.
St. Louis.
Kansas City.
Other places.
Num- Median Num- Median Num- Median Num- Median
ber re- earn- ber re- earn- ber re- earn- ber re- earnported. ings. ported. ings. ported. ings. ported. ings.
All industries .... ........... ... 15,364
$12.65
8,522
$13.50
2,438
$13. 35
628
739
12.15
11.95
379
187
12.65
10.80
249
319
2,486
415
502
456
654
724
937
2,330
1,129
424
2,717
440
783
10.90
12.15
11.95
15 .90
11.10
14.40
12.25
12.80
13.20
13.25
14.45
9.80
12.45
508
326
502
456
570
550
168
1,069
1,129
157
1,982
233
306
4,404
$10.40
11.45
12.65
233
11.45
17.75
1,484
8.85
Manufacturing:
~:~a:/::.-::::::::::::::::::::::::
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls . .. . . ..... .
Suits ........ . .... .. ... . ..... .
Drugs .............. . .. ... ...... . .
Electric products. ...... . ...... .. .
t~4i~~~~.~~~~-.::::::::::::::::::
Paper products ..... ........ .... .
Shoes ... .. ... ...... ... .......... .
Tobacco ....... .. .. .. ... ......... .
Miscellaneous ...... .. . .... ...... .
General mercantile .............. ... . .
5-and-10-cent stores .. . . .. ..... .. ..... .
Laundries.. ••.. . .... .. ... . . . . . . ......
1
2
13.10
494
13.15 ·-·-··· ·
11.95 ....... .
15 .90 --·· · ··11 .60 . . . ..... .
14 . 25
174
12 .85
459
15.15 ...........
13 .20
1528
13.65
14 .60 --······
10.20
215
13.60
.. ..... .. ........ . .......
........
........
.... ... .. ········
····1:00
. "iS:is" ·· ····84·- ........
11.45
........ ··i;2'ii" ···ii:os
··ia:w· ...i,iii" 11.80
........
13.65
515
88
262
12.35
8.35
10.20
Includes one department store and one 5-and-10-cent store, tabulated here to avoid identification.
Includes the m anufacture of paper products and men 's suits, tabulated here to avoid identification.
The median earnings for the 15,364 white women reported, including both time ana piece workers in all industries,3 were $12 .65
for the late pay-roll period. In other words, one-half of all the white
women for whom information was reported _earned under $12.65 a
week. The median earnings ip. the various industries ranged from
$9.80 for the 5-and-10-cent store employees to $15.90 for the women
working on electric products. Both of these. industries comprised
fairly small groups, for only 440 women were employed in the former
and 456 in the latter.
The largest numbers of women were employed in the manufacture
of _shirts and overalls, in shoe factories, and in general mercantile
establishments. The median wage for the 2,486 shirt and overall
workers was $10.90, for the 2,330 shoe workers $12.80, and for t he
2,717 women employed in general stores $14.45.
The earnings for the women in the ~mailer cities throughout the
State were responsible for reducing considerably the median for the
State as a whole. One-half of the 4,404 women in the State working
8
Telephone operators not included, but treated separately in another section of this report.
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15
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
outside St. Louis and Kansas City earned less than $10.40 a week.
The women employed in St. Louis showed median weekly earnings
of $13.50, while the figure for the 2,438 women workers scheduled
in Kansas City was $13.35.
This discrepancy between the earnings of those who worked in the
large cities and those who worked in the smaller places was particularly marked among the shirt and overall workers. While onehalf of the 494 shirt and overall workers in Kansas City earned as
much as $17.75, the median earnings of the 1,484 women engaged
in similar work throughout the State were only $8.85, a situation
largely due to the strength of the organization of the clothing workers
in Kansas City. · Shoe workers in St. Louis had median earnings
of $15.15, while those for the women in shoe factories in the rest of
the State were $11.05. Other industries which were represented
both in the two principal cities and in the smaller places showed a
similar tendency, but in not all cases was the difference so great.
It has already been pointed out that the period during which this
survey was made was one of industrial depression. It is important,
therefore, to go back of the current week for which earning records
were taken in order to find whether this depression had affected wages
to such an extent that they were not indicative of normal standards.
Accordingly, figures were secured for January, 1921, more than a
year earlier.
The median earnings of the women employed in the various industries throughout the State for this early pay-roll period were $12.90,
only 2 per cent higher than those for the later period. Table 3 shows
the median earnings in the various localities and industries for the
first p rt of 1921. The more detailed information may be found in
Appendix Table III.
TABLE
3.- Medi an earnings of whi te women, by in dustry and locality, 1921.
State.
Indust ry.
St . Louis.
K an sas City.
Other p laces.
Num- Median Num- Median Num- Med ian Num- Median
b er r e- earn- b er r e- earn- b er r e- earn - b er re- earnported . ings. p orted. ings . ported. ings. ported. ings.
- - - - - - - -- - - -1---1·- - - - - - - - - - - - - Allindustries .. . .. .. . . .. . . ... 11,360
- -
Manufacturing :
Bags ............... ............. .
Candy ....... . . . ... . . ... ... . . ... .
Clothing, men'sS~rts and overalls. . . . . . . . . . . .
Smts.. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Drugs. ...... ... .. . .. ... . ...... . ..
E lectric p roduct s... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F ood p rodu cts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Millinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pap er products. . . . .. . ....... . . . ..
Shoes....... . . . ...... .. .. .. . . ... .
Tobacco.... . ..... ........ . .. . . .. .
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gen eral m ercantile.. . . . . ... .. .. .. ....
5-and-l<kent stores. . . . . . . . . ..... . ....
Laundries ..... .. .. . . . . ....._. . . . . . . . . .
414
509
1, 722
227
263
167
457
948
561
1,749
1, 316
233
1,552
442
820
$12. 90
6, 529
$13.60
1,875
$14.05
2, 956
$10.45
- - - - - - -1----1---~---1--12. 70 ..... 83. -------·
176
12.90
··· ·is2· . ... . ...
13. 30
12.95
244
13. 50
11.35
517
13.10
13. 50
154
15. 90
12. 65
263
12. 65
13. 35
167
13. 35
12. 35
410
12. 40
13.10
654
13. 10
13. 60
158
13. 40
12. 60
1, 048
13. 85
15. 55
1,316
15. 55
13. 50
13. 45 11 ,213
13. 75
.... .. . . . . .
11.20 ····232· 11. 60
12. 60
314
14.95
327
16.45
13.00
878
9.15
......... .........
·······
.. . .... -. ·-----···
··-··· · ..... . ... . .........
. . .... ... ..........
·····41· ·--iuis
. .... .. ...
294
13.10 ------- - .........
15.10
271
------- · ·······- · ·· ·1oi· 10.80
···2·3i)g· 13. 75 · --a· 2io · · · ·io~1s
. ..... . . ... .........
.... i94.
14. 00
531
95
312
12. 40
8. 65
9. 70
1 Includes a department store and a b ag factory t ab u lated h er e t o avoid iden tification.
2 I ncludes a d epartm ent store and a 5-and-10-cent s tore tabulat ed h ere to avoid ident ifi cation.
• Includes the m anufacture of m en's suits and p aper products, t a bulated here to avoid identification.
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16
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Lower wages for the later period were not the rule in every industry, even though that was the condition in the industries taken as a
whole. The median wage for the workers engaged in the manufacture of electric products was $13.35 for the early period, or 16 per cent
less than the median earnings for that industry in the later period.
A similar situation-although not to so great an extent-was found
in the millinery industry and in general mercantile establishments.
In making such a comparison as this, it must be remembered that
two decidedly seasonal industries were included in the survey. April
is normally a busy month for millinery establishments while January
is dull. In the nut-shelling plants, included among _the establishments manufacturing food products, on the other hand, April is a dull
month and January more active.
The greatest difference in median earnings for the two periods was
found in Kansas City, where the median for the early pay-roll period
was $14.05 as compared with $13.35 for the late. St. Louis showed a
decrease of only 10 cents in median earnings and the median in the
other cities of the State had dropped only 5 cents during the time
between the two pay-roll periods.
Comparing the figures for the two periods it seems that although
by the spring of 1922 the decline in industrial activity was well under
way throughout the country, this decline seemingly had not affected
the earnings of the women employed in Missouri industries. The
figures for the current (April, 1922) pay-roll period are not indicative,
therefore, of any unusual or depressed conditions, but may be considered to be fairly indicative of normal wage standards for women
throughout Missouri.
The following summary of wage figures indicates the relative standing of the various industries employing women in the State:
Earnings of less than $9 a week.
Per cent of
women.
All industries_ __ ________ ________ __ __ ____ _______________ ____ __ 20. 2
Clothing manufacturing ____ ____ __·_____ __ ____ ____ _______ ___ ___ __ ____ __ 35. 9
Food-products manufacturing _____________________ ____ ________ ___ ____ 29. 8
5-and-10-cent stores____ ____ __ ______ _______ __________________ ____ ____ 29: 5
Candy manufacturing _____ ___ ______ ______ ________________ ___ ____ _____ 22. 7
Shoe manufacturing _____ ___ __________ ____ ·_____ _________ __ ______ __ __ _ 21. 3
Miscellaneous manufacturing __ _______ ___ _______ _____ __ ______ ____ ___ __ ·18. 2
Tobacco manufacturing __ ___ _________ _________ ________ ___ ____ ______ __ 17. 4
Laundries _________ ____ ________ ______ ________ ____ ___ _________ __ __ __ 1a 7
Drug manufacturing ____ ___ __ ____ _________ ___ ________________ ___ _____ 16. 7
Millinery establishments _____ __ ___ ______ ___ ________ ___ __ ______ ____ __ _ 15. 9
Paper-products manufacturing __ ___ ____ __ __ _______ ______ __ ___ ____ _____ 15. 5
Bag manufacturing_ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ______ ___________ ___ _______ 10. 7
General mercantile establishments______ _____ ________ _____ ___ ___ _______ 8. 4
Electric-products manufacturing_:.._____________ ____ ____________________ 6. 1
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17
WOME N IN MISSOURI I N DU STRIES.
Earnings of less than $1 2 a week.
P-;=~~f
All industries__ ___________ ____ __________ _______ ___ _____ ______ 43. 4
5-and-10-cent stores ___ ____ ____ ___ ·______________ ____ _____ _____ _______
Food-products manufacturing ___ ______ _______________ __________ -~- ___ __
Clothing manufacturing __ _____ ___ _____ _____ _________ ______ _____ __ ____
Drug manufacturing ___ __ ______ _______ ___ ________ ____ __ __ ______ ______
Candy manufacturing ________ _____________ ______ ________ _______ ____ __
Bag manufacturing_____ ___ ____ ______ ___ _______ ____ ____ ___ ________ __
Paper-product s manufacturin g ___ ___ _________ _____ __ ______ __ ___ ___ ____
Laundries ___ ___ __ ________________ __ ______________________ ___ _____ _
Shoe manufacturing __ ___ __ _______ __________________ ______ ________ ___
Tobacco manufacturing ______ ___ _________ _____________ ______ __ ___ ____
Miscellaneous manufacturing __ ____ ______ _____ _______ _ ___ ______ ____ ___
Milliner y establishments ____ _____ _____ __ _ ~ ____ _____ _____ ___ __________
General mercantile establishments __ ___ __ ________________ __ _____ _____ __
Electric-product s manufacturing___ ______ ______________________ ________
Earnings of less than $15 a week.
80.
58.
54.
50.
50.
4 7.
47.
44.
43.
40.
37.
30.
25.
19.
2
1
9
6
3
8
0
6
6
6
5
8
4
0
P er cent of
women.
All industries__ ___________ ___ __ _______ __ ________ ___ _____ ____ _ 67. 1
5-and-10-cent-st ores ______ __ _______________ _____ ___ ____ ______ __ ___ ___
Food-products m anufacturing ___ ____ ___ ____ -~- ____________ ____ ______ _
Candy -manufacturing ____ ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ __ ____ __ ________ __ ___ ____ __
Drug manufacturing ___ ____ ____ ________ __ ________ ________ __ ________ __
Bag manufacturin g_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
P a p er-products manufacturing ____ ____ ____ ____ ________ ____ ____________
Laundries___ ___________ ___ __ ______ __________________ ___ _____ __ __ __
Clothing man ufacturing_ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Miscellaneous manufacturing ______ _________ ____ ___ ______ ___________ __
Shoe manufacturing ____ ___ ___ ___ ______ ____ _______ ______ ____ _________
Tobacco manufact uring ______ _______ ________ __ ___ ___ ____ ___ __ __ _____ _
Gener al mercantile establishments ______ ____ _________ ___ ___ ____ ___ _____
Millinery establishments_____ ___ ____ _________ ___ _________ _______ _____
Electric-produc~s manufacturing ____ _______ _______ _______ __________ ____
Earnings of less than $18 a week.
94.
82.
79.
77.
76.
74.
71.
3
1
7
5
9
6
5
71. 4
7
0
67.
64.
63.
54.
52.
40.
8
9
9
1
Per cent of
women.
All in dustries _______________ _________ ___ ______ ____ ___ ____ ____ 83. 7
5-and-10-cent st ores _______ __ _________________________ ___ ____ ____ ____
Food-product s m a nufacturin g __ ___ __________ ____ ________ __ __ ___ ____ __
Can d y manufacturing __ _____ _________ __ _______ ____ ______ ___ __________
Drug manufacturing __ ___ ___ ______ ________ ____ _____ _________ __ _______
Bag manufacturing ___ __ _________ _________ _________ ___ ____ ____ ______
Paper-products manufacturing _____ _____ ___ __ ____ ___ __________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing ___ ____ ____ _____ _____ ___ __ _____ ___ ___ ___._
Laundries _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Tobacco manufacturing __________ __________ ___ _______ ____ ___ _________
Clothing manufacturing_ ___ _________ ___ _______________ _____ ___ _______
Shoe manufacturing ___ __ ___ ___________ ___ _____________ _______ ____ ___
General m er ca ntile establishments __ __ ___ ___ _____ ______ ___ __ __ _________
Millinery establishments ___ _____ ____ _____________ ____ __ _________ _____
Electric-products manufacturing __ ___ _____________ _____ ____ __ ______ ____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
98.
94.
93.
91.
91.
89.
88.
6
3
6
8
2
3
0
87. 9
87. 1
84. 1
78. 3
76. 2
75. 6
69. 7
18
WOME N IN MISSOURI I N DU STRIES.
Earnings and time worked.
In the previous figures on earnings all the white workers have been
considered, as they were found in the various industries, without
regard to the amount of time they had worked, and it might be contended that it was unfair to quote figures affected by those who
worked much less than a normal week. Consequently , attention must
be devoted to the r elation between the time actually worked during
the week and wages earned.
From the standpoint of the woman wage earner, who must live on
what she earns during a week, these figures on actual week's earnings
are supremely significant. But the full story of earnings is not told
until a correlation is made between the amount of the earnings and
the number of hours of work required to amass that amount. Obviously it is of great importance both to the industry and to the individual worker to know whether a stated amount has been earned as
the result of 30 or 50 hours of work, and whether the actual hours of
work constituted more or less than an accepted standard for a full
working week. Information on this subject was not available for all
the women for whom figures were secured showing earnings without
relation to hours. This is due to the fact that the hours of many
pieceworkers in m anufacturing establishments are not recorded, and
also that r ecords in stores and laundries often show the number of
days worked but not the number of hours in each day. It is the
difficulty of getting satisfactory material from the records rather
than any artificial selection. which reduces the number of women
included, in the correlations of earnings and hours worked. The
validity of the figures is in no way impaired, and those taken may
be considered as representative of the whole group.
Table 4 gives a summary of the r elation between tim_e worked and
earnings of those for whom information was furnished on the basis
of hours worked for the week. The more detailed information may
be found in Table V in the appendix.
TAB L E
4.- M edian earnings of whi te women, by hours worked, 1922.
N umber of hours worked.
Under 44 . ........ .. . . . .... . .. . .......... . ..... . . . ... . . . . .. . ......... .. . ........
44and under 48. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . ....... . ... . . ... . .. . . .... . ....... .. . . .. .
48 and under 54.. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54 and over .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Number of
women
reported.
2, 557
1, 450
3,103
468
Median
week' s
earnings.
$9. 80
14.05
13. 80
14. 35
WOMEN I N MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
19
The summary shows a definite relationship between time worked
and earnings, but, while the earnings of the women working under
44 hours were con~iderably smaller than the earnings of those who
worked between 44 and 48 hours, the differences between the other
groups are not so great.
When the more detailed grouping of hours is used (Table 5) , the
increase in earnings with additional hours of work is less regular and
certain, but it is true that, when the general tendency is worked out,
higher earnings_ are seen to accompany longer hours although the
rate of increase is low. 4 When the women who worked obviously
less than a normal week are disregarded and only those who worked
44 hours or more are considered, the tendency for an increase in
earnings with a longer week still remains, but it is less marked.
This shows that it is the element of lost time which most immediately
affects earnings, while increased scheduled hours do not seem to
bring, to a very great extent, increases in earnings. In fact the detailed figures show that those who were working under the more
progressive hour standards were slightly better paid than those who
worked the 54 hours a week permitted by law.
The figures taken from the early pay-roll period show only a rough
progression upward with longer hours. The women working 54
hours a week or more actually earned less than those with shorter
hours. Except for these women with the longest hours the earnings
of each hour group were higher than those of the corresponding group
on the late pay roll. Here again the general tendency was for wages
· to increase with hours when all were considered, but when only
those women who worked at least 44 hours were considered earnings
actually decreased as the length of the week increased.
For part of the women employed information on time worked
could be obtained only in terms of the number of days on which they
worked. It was impossible to convert this material into hours since
there was no record to show whether the women were there a full
day. Consequently, the information for these women must be presented separately.
The second part of Table 5 gives the median earnings by the
number of days on which the women worked, the more detailed information being available in Table V of the appendix.
'The method known as "least squares" has been used to determine the exact location of the line which
represents the general trend in the graphs on the following page. An explanation of the method and its
theory may be found in Merriman, Mansfield. Text-book on the method of least squares. Erl. 8, New
York, 1911. 230 p.
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20
WOMEN I N MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
.R ELATION BETWEEN HOURS WORKED AND
EARNINGS Of' WHITE: WOMEN
EARLY PAY
ROLL
Dolla rs
25~- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - 201------ - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.s _ ______________________________
LATE
PAY
ROLL
Dollars
2
15
10
_median woqes for hour- (\roups
___ waqe tenderc.y with increased
noun, all workers considered
Waqe iendency with inc r eased
nou~. full l me worKer:i on!y
considered
s
Under-
hJfl.s
JO and .39and
44
<Ner44
ul'\der under hour& +under
Jqhour& 44hours
_4_8h<M's
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oler48
48
hours •1.mJer
-so~.
50
Over.SO
s~
hours ,t u\"der hOure
-~
Over&
+under
.54hcu's
54-
Over
hours 54 hours
21
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDU STRIES.
TABLE
5.-Medi an earni ngs of white women, by time worked, 1921 and 1922.
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS.
Early pay-roll
period ( 1921).
Hours worked, or days on which work was done.
L ate pay-roll
period (1922).
~:~i~:
Number ~~~ Number
reported. earnings. reported. earnings.
Total.. .... . . . _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5, 159
$13. 35
7, 578
1 - - - 1 - - - - ; - --
U n der 30 hours. . .... . .... . .... . .. . ... . .. . . . . . . .. ... .. ... . .. . ...
30 and under 39 hours ... . . .. . .. . .. . ... : .... . .. .. .. .. . . .........
39 and under 44 hours ..... . ........ . .. . . . ... . ............ . .. ...
44 hours.... •... . .•. .• . . .. . .. .. .. ... ..... . .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over 44 and under 48 hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48 hours. . . .... . ....... . .......... .. .. . .. . .. . ...... . ........... .
Over 48 and under 50 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50 hours........................ . . . . . .... .. .. . ... . ... .. . ... .. . . .
Over 50 and under 52 hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52 hours... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .... ... .. ..... ...... . .. . ... .. .. ... .....
Over 52 and under 54 hours.. ... .. ... .... ... . .... . . ..... .. . . . ..
54 hours...... .. ........ . .. .. . . . .. ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over 54 hours........ . ... . ... ..... ... .. . . . . ... . .. . .. .. .. . ... . . . .
811
678
485
173
841
514
123
1, 017
177
18
140
169
13
6. 85
11. 20
12. 85
16. 85
14. 15
16. 30
13. 95
15. 60
16. 35
17. 00
15. 20
12. 75
(1 )
749
780
1,028
383
1,067
623
462
1,212
669
38
99
426
42
$12. 65
- ; - --
5. 00
10.10
12. 05
15. 25
13. 50
13. 45
13. 50
13. 80
14. 60
11. 10
14. 05
13. 85
18. 35
B. W OME N W HO SE TIME W ORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Total. .. . . .. . ........ .. ... . . .. . ....... . ... . ..............•
4, 353
$12. 80
5, 975
$13.00
lday . .• . ......... ..... .. ...... .. ... .. ... . .. .. .. ..... . ... .. .. . ..
l ½days ......... . . ..... . ... . .. ... . . . .. .. .. . .. ... ..... . ... . ..... .
2days .. •........ . . . . ... . .... . .. . .. .. ...... .... . . ... ... . ..... .. .
2½days .•........ . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. .. . . . .... ... .... .... .. .........
3days . ..... ... .. . ... ...... . ... . ............. . .. .. . . .. . . .... ... .
71
1. 95
35
76
37
102
44
126
101
441
1, 196
2,124
3.05
4.85
5.65
6.60
54
25
58
25
94
62
236
180
747
1, 337
3, 157
1.55
2.20
4.45
5.05
6. 70
7.85
9. 45
11. 10
10.30
13. 70
14.30
!½~~~~:::::::
:: :::::::: ::::::::::: ::::: :::::: :::::::::: :: :::: ::
4½days . ..•.•.. . ... . . ...... .. .... . ........ .. . ... .. . .. ........ .. .
5days . ........ . . ...... . ....... .. ........... . . .. .. . .... .... .. .. .
5½days ........ .. . . . ..... . ... .. . .. . . . .... . . .. . . . . . ........... . . .
6days .. . .. .. ... .... .. . . .... . .... ..... . ... . ... . ... . . . . . .... . ... .
1 Not
6.00
8.65
9.25
11.35
14. 60
13.65
computed, owing to 'sm all number involved.
The progress of earnings with time worked was more consistent
and regular when the days on which the wumen worked was used as
a basis for the time record. The same tendency was found in the
early pay-roll period that was found to exist for the later, and no
great difference was shown between the sets of data. The median
earnings for all women working on 5 days or more were $13.50 in
January, 1921, and $13.60 in April, 1922.
When the tables in the appendix are studied it is obvious that not
all of the low earnings can be attributed to those who worked less
than a full week. Among those working more than 44 hours and
less than 48 there were five women who earned less than $6. On the
other hand, there were two women in this· hour classification
who earned over $40. The wages of the 50-hour group also ranged
from less than $6 to over $40, while in the 54-hour group the earnings
varied from less than $6 to between $30 and $35. Not all high earnings were connected with long hours, nor all low earnings with a short
week.
An important reason for considering wages and hours together is
to furnish a check on the general figures. In this manner the danger
of lumping all material so that causes are completely ignored is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
avoided. Comparing the general :figures with figures showing earnings for full-time workers will show to how great an extent the general
figures have been a:ff e.c ted by the inclusion of those who worked less
than full time. Because almost every establishment visited had its
own standard of scheduled hours, in other words its own standard
of what constituted "full-time" work, it is not possible to present a
correlation detailed enough to show the earnings of the women who
worked "full time" according to the standards. There is, however,
a generally accepted standard for the length of the working week
which can be accepted as a rough measure of "full-time" work. This
standard is a 48-hour week, and with this as a measure the following
table has been prepared, in which the median wages are given for those
women who may be considered as having worked a full week or more
and are compared with the median wages of the workers which were obtained without regard to time worked. In each case the median for
the full-time workers was larger than that for the whole group, but
the differences were not very great, ranging in the various localities
from $1.65 to $.40, and even when the full-time workers alone were
considered, the median wage for all the white women reporting
throughout the State was only $13.90 a week.
This figure indicating the earnings for a full-time week is not, however, really representative of the situation of .the average worker
week in and week out. In every worker's career there is some time
lost both because of .personal reasons and because of conditions in
the industry. Therefore an estimate of average weekly earnings
of any one worker throughout the year must include some allowance
for lost time, and the figure arrived at with such an allowance would
probably be not far from the figure representing the median week's
earnings irrespective of time worked of a large group of women for
any one week.
TABLE
6.- M edian earnings of full-time workers and of all workers, by locality, 1922.
Time worked reported
by hours.
Locality.
All women.
State ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
St. Louis.~.............. . . . ... . . . .. . .. . ... . ........
Time worked reported
by days.
Women who
Women who
worked 48 All women. worked on
hours or
5 days or
more.
more.
$12. 65
$13. 90
$13. 00
$13. 60
13.10
14. 75
14.00
14.40
1----1-----1--------
tti::t~Jls·::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ff:
~u~
~ui
~ui
Scheduled hours and weekly rates of pay.
The foregoing discussion has dealt with the wage situation as reflected through actual conditions of hours worked and earnings received. Both of these conditions, 4owever, are more or less variable
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
factors, depending upon the immediate situation in the different establishments, as well as upon the individual adjustments made by
each worker. There is another correlation which can be secured
which will to a certain degree offset these variations and give a more
constant basis for discovering the relation bet'Yeen hours worked and
earnings. This correlation is between rates of pay and scheduled
weekly hours of work. Each of these figures will show a standard
within the industry, for normal hours and normal output, when lost
time need not be allowed for. Unfortunately, rates of pay could not
be secured for any except timeworkers, as such rates for pieceworkers
are dependent upon output and are often complicated by the addition of a bonus for output above certain amounts.
Although we find a positive correlation between week's earnings and
actual hours worked, the same relationship does not exist between the
scheduled hours and rates of pay. Table 7 gives the median rate for
women scheduled to work the specified number of hours in each
industry.
TABLE
7 -Median rates and scheduled weekly hours, by industry.
Industry.
N umber of
wom en
I Median weekly rates of white
women whose scheduled weekly
hours were-
I
pi-red.
.
44
Over
44and
under
48
Over
48
All industries.. . . . . . . . . . 5,043 $15. 70 $15. 30 $12. 20
Over
~ii
52
54
$12. 75 SU. 85 SU. 85 $13. 00 $14. 40
$12. 55
~J1e~
50
50
Manufacturing:
Bags ......... ............ .
119
(1) ••••••• ····-·· •• • •••• 11.95
Cand-y- ................... .
212 . . . . . . • . . • . . • . • • • • • • • 7. 30 10. 50
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls ... .
176 16. 70 16. 05
(1)
9. 15 11. 85
Suits ................. .
263 15. 10 . . . . . . . . • • . . . . 12. 85 • • • • • • •
Drugs .................... .
157 ....... 14.55
(1) ..•...•.......
272 . . . . . . . (1)
(1)
10. 70 12. 60
Food products .••.........
550 . . . . . . . 15. 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. [;0
Millinery ........•••.......
Paper products .......... .
89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 50 . . . . . . .
265 . • • • . • . . . • . • . . ( 1 )
11. 15 10. 05
Shoes ... .. ........•.......
Tobacco .............•..•..
8 ....•.........•.• , •• • . . . . •..
(1)
147 .... •.. 15. 75 •.....•....... 14. 50
Miscellaneous ............ .
General mercantile .•.....• .. .. 1, 971 . . . . . . . 15. 15 11. 10 12. 90 . . .- . . . .
5-and-10-cent stores ........... .
410 ······· ...........••. ······· ..•....
404 . . . . . . . (1)
(1)
15. 40
(1)
Laundries .. ... ............... .
1
( 1 ) •••••••••••••••••.•••
14. 55 • • • • • • • 13. 70
(1)
(1)
•••••••••••••••.•.•••
• . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . .•.•••
11.95 ······: •.•••••. . .....
15. 75 . • • • . • • . . • . . • • 12. 60
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••
. . . . . . . . . . • • • . 15. 85 •....••
. . . . . • . . . •• ••• • . •. • • •
(1)
14. 00
..•••••..•.•••.......
15. 40
(1) •.•.•••... .. ..
12. 80 . . • . • • • . . . . • • . 12. 70
10.35 · ····•· (1 )
7. 75
. . . . . • . 12. 05 13. 40
12. 50
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The general tendency, shown by the figures in this table was for
lower rates of pay to accompany long hours. In other words a plant
with high standards in respect to hours was apt to show the same
policy in dealing with wages. When all industries were considered
together the highest median rate was found for those women employed
for a 44-hour week, while those with a 44-to-48-hour week had the
next highest rate of pay, and the 52-to-54-hour group stood third.
When the individual industries are considered the ups and downs
of the median rates of pay are even more irregular. The women en-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
gaged in the manufacture of suits were to be found only in two hour
groups, but the median rate for the 44-hour group was $15.10, while
for those in the 48-to-50-hour group it was only $12.85. In the shirt
and overall plants the highest median rate of pay was found among
those women with a week of 44 hours or between 44 and 48 hours. In
some industries the pay bore no consistent relation to the length of the
scheduled week, while in others it did show an inclination to increase with the number of hours, but in the majority of cases increases
were inconsistent and spasmodic.
Rates and earnings.
Rates and earnings are by no means always the same. The amount
of earnings is particularly difficult to compute in advance for piece
workers whose output may vary for many different reasons and whose
earnings vary correspondingly. Even for time workers the amount
earned often differs from the rate. It may fall below the rate as a result of time lost or on account of penalties. On the other hand, bonuses are sometimes paid when production exceeds a certain amount,
and workers in stores ordinarily get some commission in addition to
their regular wages. Itis important, therefore, in studying wage possibilities for women to discuss rates as well as the actual earnings
received.
Figures on earnings and rates were obtained for 5,076 white
women in the State of Missouri, the difference between this number
and the number of women for whom wage information was given
being largely due to the fact that figures on weekly rates can be
obtained for time workers only and even for them such information
is not always available. The median earnings exactly equaled the
median weekly rate when al~ of these women for whom rates were
reported were considered together. These figures, however, do not
represent the situation for the individual industries, for in the general
mercantile establishments the earnings of the workers exceeded the
rates by 12.4 per cent, while in all of the other industries surveyed
the reverse obtained. The greatest discrepancy between rates and
earnings was found in the men's suit factories, where the earn.ip.gs
were 13.5 per cent lower than the weekly rate (Appendix Table X).
The manufacture of paper products came next, for there the median
earnings fell short of the median rates by 11.3 per cent, while the
earnings of the s oe workers were 10.1 per cent less than the rates.
The least difference between rates and earnings was found in the
manufacture of bags, where earnings were only 2.1 per cent below the
rate and in the 5-and-10 cent stores which had median earnings
only 2.0 per cent below the median rate. The difference in the
relation between earnings and rates for the two groups of mercantile
workers is due to the fact that any deduction for time lost on the
part of the women in the general mercantile establishments is more
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
than compensated for by the sale's bonus, while the 5-and-10-cent
store clerk lacks this opportunity for making up for time lost. It
is to be expected that the discrepancy between earnings and rates
would be less for the 10-cent store employee than in the manuf acturing industries, since slack work can not cut down her pay through
partial closing of the plant. Thus is eliminated a frequent cause of
lowered earnings.
Table 8 shows for three wage groups the actual difference between
rates and earnings for more than 5,000 women.
TABLE
8.- Weekly rates and actual week's earnings of white women, 1922.
Number of women Per cent of women
for whom amount ·
for whom amount
specified wasspecified wasAmount.
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Total. ..... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. .............. .
5, 076
5,076
100. 0
100.0
UnderSlO.. . . . . .. . .... ... ....... . ..... . .. .. .. .........•....
SlO and under $15 ... ·. .... . . ... ..... ... .. .. . . . .. .......•....
$15 and over ..... . . .... .. . ....... ... . ... ... . . . ... . ....... . .
681
2, 695
1, 700
1,119
2,193
1,764
13. 4
53.1
33. 5
43.2
34.8
22.0
While only 13.4 per cent of "the women employed in the various
industries of the State had a scheduled weekly rate of less than $10,
over one-fifth of the workers actually received less than that amount.
On the other hand, more women had a weekly rate between $10
and $15 than had actual earnings lying within those limits, and the
number with weekly earning~ of $15 and over was slightly greater
than the number with such rates. In the early pay-roll period the
discrepancy between the percentage actually earning under $10 and
the percentage with such wage rates was greater than in the late.
It is also worth noting that for this period, while 37.6 per cent of
the women had a scheduled weekly rate of over $15, only 30.3 per
·cent actually received that much in a week. The tendency was for
the earnings to lag behind the rates more in the early period than in
the late. Along with this condition, it is also evident that even
the rates had been but little higher in the more prosperous period.
TABLE
9.-Weekly rates and actual week's earnings of white women, 1921.
Number of women
for whom amount
specified was-
Per cent of women
for whom amount
specified was-
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Weekly
rate.
3, 895
3,895
Amount.
Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100. O
Week's
earnings.
100. o
1 - -- - - l - - - - f - - - - t - - -
Unde.r SlO.. . ... ... ..... . .... .. ....... . . ... . . . .. .. ..... ... ..
SlO and under $15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S15andover.. .... . . .. . .. .... .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . ........ . ....
82034 °-24 -3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
519
1, 911
1,465
984
1, 729
1, 182
13. 3
49. 1
37.6
25. 3
44. 4
30.3
26
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
In St. Louis the median earnings for the women in all industries
taken together exceeded the median rate by 3.1 per cent, while there,
as in the State taken as a whole, the median earnings fell short of
the median rate in each industry except general mercantile. When
the women in the department stores were left out of the calculation,
the median earnings for all the other workers were 5.2 per cent short
of the median rate. In St. Louis, as for the whole State, the greatest
discrepancy between rates and earnings was found in the manufacture
of suits. The median earnings of the general mercantile employees
were 15.2 per cent greater than the median rate.
In Kansas City the median earnings for all industries considered
together were somewhat (6.5 per cent) less than the median rate.
Not only was a similar difference found for the workers in the smalle!
cities, but in those localities the median rate was higher than the
median earnings even for the workers in the general mercantile
establishments.
Timeworkers and pieceworkers.
The wages of the women studied were based on two systems of
payment: (1) on a straight-time basis, with an hourly, daily, or
weekly rate, and (2) a piecework hasis, with payment according to
the amount produced. The wage payments of a limited number of
workers were based on a combination of the two systems. The
numbers of timeworkers and pieceworkers in the various industries
are shown in Table 10.
TABLE
10.-White women on timework and on piecework, by industry, 1922.
w ·omen reported as doingIndustry.
All industries....... . . ... . ..... .. ......... .....
Manufacturing:
Bags .................. . ..................... ... . .
Candy .. .. ... .. ....... . ............ .... ......... .
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls. ... . . .................... .
Suits ........ . .. . . . .... . ............... . .... .
i~~~ic
i;ro.ciucts::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Food products . . ... .................. . ..... . . ... .
Millinery ..... .. ...................... ...... .. .. .
§:E:.~.r~~~~~~:
:: :: :: :::: :: :::: :: :: :: :: :::::: :::
Tobacco ............ ........ . .. ... . ....... __ ... . .
Miscellaneous .......... . .. . _.. _. ... __ .. .. .... _.. .
General mercantile ....... ..... . .. . . _.. ___ . _........ .
5-and-l~ent stores . . ........ . . . .. . .. ........ ..... .. .
Laundries ......... . ............... . ..... ....... . . . . .
Number
Timework.
of woPiecework.
men reported. 1 i - - -, - - - - i - - - - -Number. Percent. Number. Percent.
15,364
8,639
56,2
5,808
37.8
628
311
739
377
49. 5
51.0
291
240
46.3
32.5
2,486
41.5
502
456
654
724
937
2,330
1,129
424
2,717
440
783
253
278
248
261
338
553
599
976
456
166
2,717
440
666
10. 2
67. 0
49. 4
57. 2
51. 7
76. 4
63. 9
41. 9
40. 4
39. 2
2,038
136
28
147
293
164
236
1,333
622
248
82. 0
32. 8
/j.6
32. 2
44. 8 ·
22. 7
25. 2
57. 1
55. 1
58. 5
100. 0 •. • .....•...•....•..
100. 0 ..••.••.......•.•..•
85. 1
32
4.1
1 The number of women doing timework and the number doin~ piecework does not equal the total
number reported, since the latter figure includes as well those working on a combined time and piece basis
and those not reporting.
Of the 15,364 women included in the survey 56.2 per cent were employed on a timework basis and 37.8 per cent were pieceworkers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Only 5.1 per c~nt of the women had a wage based on a combination
of these two forms of payment.
Naturally no pieceworkers were found in either mercantile group.
Excluding those industries, the smallest proportion of pieceworkers
was in the laundries. Both piece and time systems of payments
were found in all of the manufacturing industries. The smallest
percentage of pieceworkers was found in the manufacture of drugs,
although the number of timeworkers was not correspondingly
greater on account of the fact that many of the workers in this
industry were on. a modified time basis, receiving something over
their regular wages whenever production rose above a certain amount.The manufacture of shirts and overalls stood first in line according
to the proportion of its women on a piecework basis, forming an
interesting contrast to the other branch of the men's clothing industry,
since less than a third of the women employed on men's suits were
pieceworkers.
Earnings and time in the trade.
The value of experience is recognized in practically every field of
activity. Even in simple routine occupations some time is required
for training new workers. The most discouraging questions with
which the young worker is confronted are the unfailing, "What
have you done before ? What experience have you had?." When
business is slack it is often found that there is work for those who
know the job, but no chance for learners. The value to the firm of
the worker's experience is recognized by those managers who are
studying scientifically the problem of labor turnover with the aim
of reducing it.
To what extent then does the employer recognize in the form of
wages the experience of the worker and to what extent do the women
remain in the trade long enough to profit by such recognition?
Table 11 shows the relation between earnings and time in the trade
for the women reporting on this subject in the Missouri survey.
TABLE
11.- W eek' s earnings and time in the trade of white women who supplied
personal information, 1922.
Per cent of women in each
Median specified group who earnedweek's
Sl2and $15and
Under
Number. Per cent. earnings.
$12.
under$15.
over.
Women reporting.
Time in the trade.
Total. ............ . ........ . . . .. . . . . .
8,349
100.0
$13. 00
39.6
25. 4
35.0
Under 3 months ........... . ... .. .. . . . .... .
3 and under 6 months .. . .. . . . . . .... . . .... .
6 and under 9 months . . .. . .............. ..
9 months and under 1 year . . . ... ......... .
487
449
514
249
1,168
1, 133
842
653
1,478
694
682
5. 8
5. 4
6. 2
3. 0
14. 0
13. 6
10. 1
7. 8
17. 7
8. 3
8. 2
9. 80
10.40
10. 55
11. 05
11. 85
12. 65
13. 40
14. 65
15. 25
16. 25
17. 30
85. 8
72. 6
67. 7
58. 6
51. 6
41. 7
33. 6
27. 7
21. 9
16. 0
14. 2
9. 0
16. 9
21. 8
31.3
31. 9
31. 9
32. 3
25. 6
25. 7
21. 2
16.4
5.1
10. 5
10. 5
10.0
16.4
26. 5
34.1
46. 7
52. 4
62. 8
69.4
:~a ~~:~ ~ ~:~~:::::: ::::::::::::::::::
~:~a ~a:~ t~:~~---·.:::::::::::::: :::::::
~
5 and under 101,ears . . . . .. . . .. .... . .·. . .....
10 and under 1 years . . .... . . .. . . . ... .. . . ..
15 years and over . ......... . . .. ..... .... ...
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28
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
EARNINGS Or WOMEN ACCORDING TO TIME' IN Tl-IE'
TRAOC
.,er~~t
90
_ "Per centot wom.n eornin9 under 111.t
___'Percent of ...,men earni-,9111.Z.a(ld vnder $1.5
80
- ._ 1'e r cent of wornen ~arrli"'l 1115 o_n d ~r.
70
00
50
40
10
-----·-
0
Of the 8,349 women for whom information on time in the trade
was obtained one-fifth (20.3 per .cent) had been in the trade less than
a year. For each succeeding group up to 5 years the number of
women is less, but in the aggregate almost two-thirds (65.8 per cent)
of the women had been in the trade less than 5 years. A considreable number (17.7 per cent) had been in the trade from 5 to 10
years, but only 8.2 per cent had had as much as 15 years' experience.
Even a hasty glance at the table shows that there is a positive relation between the length of time spent in the industry and the weekly
earnings. The percentage of women earning under $12 decreased
steadily as the length of time in the trade increased, and at a rather
even rate. While 85.8 per cent of the women who had been in the
industry less than three months earned under $12 a week, only 14.2
per cent of those who had been at the work 15 years or more had such
earrungs.
The largest proportion- of women earning from $12 to $15 a week
had been in the industry from 9 months to four years. After that
the number in this wage group fell off, somewhat slowly. The
percentage of women in this _$12 to $15 group varied less radically
with the time in the trade than it did in the other two.
Among those who had been in the industry less than a year, comparatively few women were to be found earning $15 or ·more a week
and the percentage with such earnings increased but slightly with
3, 6, 9, and 12 months of experience. After experience of more than
a year in the trade the percentage of women earning over $15 increased steadily as the length of time in the trade increased. While
only 5.1 per cent of the women who had been in the industry less
than three months earned as much as $15, 69.4 per cent of those who
had been in the work for 15 years or longer were found in this highest
wage group.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
. WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Table 12 gives the median wage for the women according to industry and to the length of time in the industry.
TABLE
12.-Median earnings and time in the trade of white women who su pplied
personal information, by industry, 1922.
M:edian week 's earnings of women who had been in the tradeIndustry.
1 and
Under u n der
1 year.
2
years.
4 and
under
5
years.
5 and
under
10
years.
lOand
under
15
years.
15
years
and
over.
Median
for in dust ry.
2 and
under
3
years.
3and
under
4
years.
Sll. 85
$12. 65
$13.40
$14.65
$15.25
$16.25
$17.30
$13. 00
11. 20
10.90
11. 90
12. 40
12. 95
11.50
13.35
13.50
14.35
12.50
14.65
13.35
15. 75
14.00
17.50
15.00
12. 50
12. 35
8.05
9.50
10.65
13. 75
9.65
12.00
10. 65
10.10
11.30
9.60
12.05
9. 55
9.35
9.35
12.20
11.90
16.20
11.50
10.00
1~. 45
12.00
14. 20
12.80
12. 45
10. 30
11.50
10. 45
12. 50
13.10
15. 80
11. 80
13.20
13.15
13.30
13.45
12.50
13.15
10.90
12.10
11.15
13.65
12.90
15. 35
13. 80
15. 00
17. 25
15.65
17. 15
14. 35
15. 65
14. 75
14. 85
15. 90
12.50
13. 25
16.65
16.65
11.20
12.25
12. 30
16.05
12. 35
15.20
12.60
13. 35
13. 70
13. 45
14. 70
10. 20
12. 30
- -- - - -- -- All industries . .. . ..... . $10. 30
M:anufacturing:
Bags . . . . .••. ... •. . . .. ..•.
Cand y ...•.. . . . . . . ... . . ..
Clothing, rueu 'sShirts and overalls ...
Suits •..••...... . •.. .
Drugs ...•••... .. .. .. . . . .
E lectric p roducts . .. . ..•.
Food products .. •. .... . ..
Millinery ..• . ... . .. . .....
P aper .•.••......••... .. .
Shoes ... . . . •••...........
Tobacco . ..•.... . ....... .
M:iscellaneous .. . . . .......
General mer can tile .•...... . .
5-and-10-centstores .•... . . . . .
Laundries .•.•••••... • .... . ..
(1)
16.00
13. 25
13.15
13.60
13. 65
14. 35
14.50
14. 00
12.25
11.50
~~~
(1 ) .
13.85
15. 80
14.90
15.10
15.10
13. 75
14. 80
(1)
11.25
(1)
(1)
( 1)
(1 )
(1)
(1)
14.50
18. 75
15.25
18. 60
15.50
16. 70
14. 45
13.50
17. 45
18.50
15. 00
17.15
19.00
15.50
15. 50
(1)
(1)
(1)
lNotcomputed, owin g to sm all number involved .
The median earnings for all industries showed a continuous and
fairly regular increase with the length of time in the trade, but this
increase was not very great. The women who had been employed
continuously in one industry for 15 years or more had a median wage
only 46 per cent higher than that of the women who had been employed
in the trade for one year, but less than two years. Sufficient information was not obtained in all the industries to make a comparison of
median wages correlated with .time in the trade possible. Of those
for which information was available, the lowest percentage of increase with time in the trade was found -in the tobacco industry.
The women who had worked in- tobacco factories for 15 years or
more had median earnings only 5.6 per cent above those who had
been in the work one to two years, and only 52.3 per cent higher
than those employed less than three months. Analysis of the wages
shows that skill in the work was quickly acquired, for the only
notable differences in median earnings were found among the groups
employed less than two years.
Acquired skill apparently counted for most in· the millinery trade
and in the manufacture of shirts and overalls. The m@dian earnings of the women employed in the shirt and overall factories for 15
years or more was 78.1 per cent higher than the earnings of those
who had worked in this industry one to two years. For the millinery
workers the percentage of increase was 87.5 per cent as between the
two groups of more and less experienced employees.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~
0
MEDIAN YEAR·s EARNlf\JGS BY INDUSTRY. · W1-11Tt v\OMCN
900
~
10,0
eoo
750
0
~
$7.SO
t_:rj
I08(l
lOO
IO
.
011
To'bacco ShO<!S llliscel-Tl\illinery Boqs
1nd~rie5 \
loneous
Su'ots
Druqs Candy food ·A:iper [lcctncal Sl-ir1!.+ ;
.
l'narwfacturinq
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
products product, products
·
OVero\\s
Cjenerol
/
S~\Ocent'l.,iundrie,
111m:0"11I• •lbr-e,
z
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUS,T RIES.
31
Year's earnings.
While figures on earnings and on living expenses are ordinarily
given for a week's period of time, yet it is the all-year-round income
that is of real importance to the worker. The wage figures thus
far presented are for a given week irrespective of the other weeks
in the year. Because of fluctuations in the activity of the industries and because of vicissitudes in the industrial careers of the
women, the earnings of individual workers are apt to suffer considerable variation from week to week. The question of yearly income is
the significiant one in judging the adequacy of the wage received,
since it is the year's earnings which in the final analysis must regulate
the standard of living. Accordingly, it is important to know not
only what wages women in Missouri earned during one specific week
but p.ow much they obtained during the year. In order to give a
picture of the ~ntire year's budget possible for the average woman
employed in the industries of Missouri, reports on year's earnings
were obtained from pay-roll records for the calendar year of 1921,
and 1,972 white women were included in the study. The women
were usually selected with the aid of the management so as to include
only those who were steady experienced workers, who had worked
for the firm for at least a year·and who had been absent not more than
8 weeks.
The median year's earnings for these 1,972 women, distributed in
the various industries throughout the State were $748. (Table XIV
in the ·appendix). The highest median was $929 found in the tobacco industry, while the lowest was that of the 5-and-10-cent-store
workers, where half of the women earned less than $622 a year.
The largest number of women for whom information on year's income was secured was engaged in the manufacture of shirts and
overalls and in shoe factories, where the· median earnings were $700
and $805 respectively.
Table 13 shows the standing of the different industries in three
income groups.
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32
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
13.-lndustries listed according to per cent of women having year's earnings
as specified, 1921.
Under $600 for the year .
Industry.
$600 and under $900 for the year.
Per cent
of
women.
All industries .... .
22.0
5-and-10-cent stores .... .
Shirts and overalls ..... .
Laundries .... ... ...... .
Suits ...... ... ......... .
Millinery .... ....... ... .
Food products ......... .
General mercantile .... .
43. 9
38. 9
f!E::::::::::::::::
Candy . .... ............ .
~~E:~r-~~~~~:::::::::
Electric products ....•••
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...•. .•... . ..•••
32. 5
30.6
20. 7
20.6
19.6
15.1
14.1
14.0
13.5
13.2
12. 5
7.4
0. 0
Industry.
Percent
of
women.
$900 and over for the year.
Industry.
53.5
Miscellaneous manu-
c!~~t~!:::
::::: :: ::
Paper _products ....... .
Electric products ..... .
~~~f~:::::::::::::::::
!~~SJ~.~~~~·_:::::::
Shoes ......... ... .... .
Millinery . ...... . ..... .
General mercantile ... .
5-and-10-cent stores ... .
Shirts and overalls .. . .
Suits .. ......... . ..... .
Tobacco ........ . ..... .
85. 3
77. 0
72. 8
70. 4
68. 8
68. 1
66. 7
53.1
51. 6
51. 2
46. 5
45. 5
35. 1
34. 7
34.4
Per cent
of
women.
24.5
Tobacco .......... .... .
Suits ............... __.
Shoes ..•........ . .....
General mercantile ... .
Millinery ... . . ........ .
Shirts and overalls ... .
Electric products ..... .
Drugs ................ .
Bags ................. .
Miscellaneous manuf acturing ... ........ .
Laundries .. .......... .
Paper products . ...... .
Food products ....... _
5-and-10-cent stores ... .
Candy ............... .
53.1
34. 7
34.4
33.5
28.1
25.9
22.8
17.2
16.2
U.7
14.4
14.0
12. 7
10.6
9.5
Twenty-two per cent of th.e women received less than $600 a
year, which when distributed throughout the 52 weeks in the year
would average only $11.54 a week. Somewhat more than one-half
of the women were in the group with annual earnings between $600
and $900, .or ranging from $11.54 to $17.30 a week. Only 24.5 per
cent received as much as $900 a year.
It is obvious from the :figures reported here that earnings were
higher for the women for whom this year's information was secured
than for the majority ef the women reported. While the median
week's wage for all the women investigated was $12.65, the result
obtained by dividing the median year's income by 52 was $14.39.
Since many of those for whom year's records were secured did not
work the full 52 weeks, their week's wages were doubtless often
higher than that. In fact, when the median income of those working every week in the year was divided by 52, the amount obtained
was $15.04.
The l argest percentage of women earning under $600 a year was
found in the 5-and-10-cent stores, wp.ere 43.9 per cent of the employees
were found in this lowest earnings group. Only 10.6· per cent of the
women in these stores earned $900 and over. The clothing industry
was next in the proportion of its women represented in the low
earnings group, with 38.9 per cent of the shirt and overall workers,
and almost a third of those working on suits earning under $600.
The clothing employees were distributed fairly evenly among the
three wage groups, with the largest proportion of the suit workers,
in the $600 to $900 group. Although a little less than a third of the
laundry workers receiv~d under $600, only 14.4 per cent earned
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
33
$900 and over, the rest falling in the group earning between $600
and $900.
None of the workers in miscellaneous manufacturing, all of whom
were engaged in the needle trades, received less than $600. The
bulk of these workers was found receiving between $600 and $900,
for only 14.7 per cent of them were in the highest wage group. The
tobacco industry had a small proportion of its workers earning
under $600, and also stood at the head of the list of industries when
the proportion of women earning $900 and over was ·considered;
53.1 per cent of these wome.n had earned $900 or more during the
year.
The industry standin next in rank was the manufacture of suits,
where 34.7 per cent of the workers received $900 or over, exactly the
proportion in. the $600 to $900 group.
Although only 9.5 per cent of the candy workers received $900 or
over, there was also a small percentage of them in the lowest paid
group, the majority of them receiving between $600 and $900.
With year's earnings as with week's earnings there was a marked
difference between the two largest cities and the rest of the State.
The median year's earnings for all industries in St. Louis were $801,
as compared with $760 for the State _as a whole. Only 14.9 per
cent of the women in St. Louis received under $600, and 68. 8 per cent
received less than $900, as compared with 76.1 per cent who came
under the higher figure in the State as a whole.
The median year's earnings for Kansas City were $772, which is
$29 lower than that of St. Louis. Only one-tenth _of the workers
had an annual income less than $60..Q, although 73 per cent came
under $900.
In the other cities of the State, the median income was only $631.
Almost one half of the women earned less than $600 during the
year and 89.5 per cent received under $900.
Time lost during the year.
The material on time lost during the year was taken from the payroll reports for the women for whom year's earnings were given.
It must be remembered that, in selecting these women, all those were
excluded who had worked less than 44 weeks. Furthermore, the full
extent of time lost is not shown, since the records report only that the
woman was working in the plant during any specific week, and not
how m~ch of the week she actually worked. Consequently, the
figures contained in Tables XVI and XVII in the appendix on time
lost are in no way representative or reliable as an indication of the
full extent to which time was lost by all the women in the survey.
Even with a picked group of workers such as this, however, the problem of lost time can not be entirely ignored, although 45.9 per cent of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
these women lost no full weeks. The best time record was shown by
the women employed in the manufacture of bags, where 69.7 per cent
of them worked a full year, and in food products, where 68.6 per cent
of the women were reported as working 52 weeks.
The investigators who were in the field report, however, that the
bag factories were working less than a normal weekly :schedule most
of the year. The nut picking plants also had considerable undertime
within the week.
The most time was lost by the workers engaged in the manufacture
of electric products. Almost four-fifths of these women had lost
some time, while one-third of this number (25. 9 per cent of the total)
had lost over four weeks. Almost two-thirds of the general mercan- ·
tile employees had worked less than a full year, but less than one-tenth
of all these women had lost over four weeks.
Of the women in the shirt and overall factories, 72.6 per cent
had worked less than 52 weeks, and over one-fifth of these had lost
more than four weeks. ·
While time lost had not been tabulated by cause, that due to the
closing down of a plant or of a department has been segregated. It
must be recalled that no figures would appear in this connection if
the plant had been closed m~re than 8 weeks.
In view of the fact that stores and laundries, which derive their
income from furnishing continuous service to the public, can not make
adjustment during a period of business depression by closing a whole
or a part of the establishment, only the manufacturing industries need
be included when time lost on this account is considered. Of the 1,500
workers in manufacturing p~nts for whom such information was
available, practically one-fifth (20.1 per cent) lost some time due to
the shutting down of part or all of the plant; 6.2 per cent of the women
lost one week, 8. 7 per cent ·Jost two weeks, 3.6 per cent three weeks,
and 1.6 per cent lost more than three weeks. The only manufacturing
industries which showed no record of a plant being closed for even
a short period of time were the manufacture of bags, millinery, and
paper products. The indications are, therefore, that even for a
picked group of steady experienced workers, allowance must be made
for a certain amount of unemployment due to causes outside the
workers' control. Such allowance must, naturally, be considerably
increased when a less carefully selected group is included.
Telephone operators.
The telephone industry, from the nature of the service which it
renders, is in a position very different from that of most womanemploying industries. The nervous strain resulting from the work
performed and .the need for continuous service gives rise to special .
problems in connection with length of hours, rest periods, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
35
evening, night, and Sunday shifts. Not only scheduled hours,
but wage rates, are affected by this condition. In addition, some of
the workers are paid by the week and others semimonthly. Such
irregularities as these make it inadvisable to combine the wage figures
for the telephone operators with those for the other women in industry.
The earnings of 383 of t e telephone operators in this survey were
reported for a half-month period, while those of 656 were based on a
week's pay-roll period. In order to get a general wage figure for the
State the earnings of each woman on a half-month pay-roll period
were converted into terms comparable with th eek's earnings of the
. other women, by dividing the half-month's figures by 2¼, the method
of the telephone exchanges themselves in computing week's earnings
from semi-monthly. With all earnings on a weekly basis, the
resulting medium of week's earnings for the 1,039 telephone operators
was $15.05.
If the median be taken as indicative of the wages of an industry,
telephone operating stands second in the list of the industries studied
in the States, the only group of women with higher earnings being
found in the manufacture of electric products, where the figure was
$15.90. The median for the telephone operators was almost onefifth higher than the median for the women in all the other industries
of the State, and though practically one-half of these telephone
workers earned under $15, more than two-thirds of the other women
wage earners in the State were in that earnings group.
In considering the amount of time worked, the infm~mation for the
women with a half-month pay period could not legitimately be
converted into weekly terms; nor is information available for a
sufficiently large number of women to discuss the detailed relationship between hours and earnings. But some statements may be
made in regard to the full-time workers. The median for the 550
weekly workers who were reported as having worked 48 hours or
more was $16.75; for the 189 women on the half-monthly basis who
worked 104 hours or more it was $30.25, equivalent to about $13.96,
a week; while for the 59 who were reported as working 15 days it
'fas $30.15, amounting to $13.90 a week. Although it is not possible
to give a general median for all full-time workers, it is apparent
that such a median would fall somewhere between $13.90 and $16.75,
and since a large proportion of the full-time workers were in the
first group, the amount representative of the situation for the fulltime workers would fall in the lower part of the range.
As regards the relationship between earnings and ra~es, the median
rates of the two pay-roll groups, those paid weekly and those paid
semimonthly, were $15.70 and $27.80, while the median earnings
were $16.25 and $28.90,respectively. Of the workers paid weekly, 58.1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
COMPARISON Of LENGTH Of EXPERIE:NCE IN Tl-IE TRADE FOR
Tru:PM0NE: OPE:RATORS AND FOR OTHE:R WORKERS
Per
cent
H
z
t!
-
- "Per- cenT of t elephone ope r olor& w ith
specif ied amount of e ,C pe ri ence
_ _ _ l'er c.ent of ot her ~rkers with specified
a m ount of e;e pe r,enc:e
I\
I
i!O
\
I
-
~
H
00
<fl
0
§
H
zt:j
15
0
<fl
~
t;j
!fl
Un er
one.
year
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I and
fond 3and
4and
uncle.- unde.- underyears .3 )<80r& 4yea"s .Syl,ars
.J,lnder
.,i:
5onc:A
undarlOyeo,.s
10 and
under
_1,6 yearr.
ISyears
c,,/er-
ana
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
37
per cent had rates of $15 or over; while almost two-thirds of them
had earnings in that class.
In both pay-roll groups the earnings increased very definitely,
although not with regularity, according to both the length of time
in the trade and the length of time with the firm. In fact, such similarity is shown between the effect of these two qualifying factors
upon earnings as to suggest that, in actual fact, the length of time in
the trade ordinarily coincided with the length of time with the
firm. In other words, the corresponding time groups in each case
·included, for the most part, the same workers, indicating that teiephone operators do not shift from one firm to another, but stay on
where they begin. In sinall towns this is doubtless due to lack of
opportunity for similar work, while in the cities it may be due to the
standardized conditions of the work, which keep the worker from
seeking more advantageous conditions elsewhere. Even in St.
Louis, with its two companies, one of them is so small that it offers
comparatively few chances for an operator to move from one firm to
another, and unless she moves from city to city there is small likelihood of an operator being with more than one firm. Earnings
increased with the workers' experience in the trade; but with less
regularity than might have been expected, since large telephone
companies ordinarily have a very definite scale of wage increases for
additional time in the trade.
But how many of the telephone operators really profit by this
correlation of experience and earnings~ Of 911 women who reported, ·
68.1 per cent had been in the trade less than 3 years, the largest
proportion in each instance having been so engaged between 1 and
2 years. No such large percentage of women was found in any one
experience group among the rest of the white workers of the State.
Only 3. 7 per cent of the telephone operators reporting had been in
the trade 10 years or more, while practically one-sixth of the other
white women in the industries of the States had been in their trades
at least as long as 10 years.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.
"
(for the sake of clearness in 9rQphic. presentation~ the u.romen eorninq $;!.5 and
l.B per- c&nt of lo tal, are om·1 tt•d )
I \
I
\
WEtK'S EARNINGS' Of W~ITE" AND NEGRO- WOME"N
$ 4-
\
o.Jer,.
\
:It
I
I
\
\
II
I
I
10
I
\
\
I
9
I
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8
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I
I
7
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6
,,
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I
I
4
\ ./
V
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I
5
\
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,3 I
z
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_ _ White women
_ _ Ne~ro wcme;...
I
\
I
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
C-0
00
PART III.
THE NEGRO WORKER.
Only 1,536 negro women were found in the establishments visited,
and over 98 per cent of these were employed in only four industries-the
manufacture of food products, tobacco, and bags, and laundry work.
But even in these industries not all the women employed were negroes.
Over one-half of the women employed in the manufacture of food
products were negroes, but the negroes made up less than a third of
the laundry workers and about one-fifth of the tobacco workers, while
the overwhelming majority of the women in the bag factories were
white. For the most part the negro workers were employed either
in different plants or in different occupations from the white women.
Practically all of the negro food workers were in the nut-picking
plants, which employed very few white women. In the bag factories
also the negro women were employed at unskilled jobs.
The largest proportion of the negro women was found in St. Louis,
and it was only in that city that they were employed to any extent
outside the laundries.
Week's earnings.
Table 14 gives the median earnings for those industries in which
the most negro women were employed:
TABLE
14.- M edian earnings of negro women, by industry, 1922.
Women reported.
Median
earnings
of white
Median. women
Industry.
earnings. in corresponding
Num.ber. Per cent.
industries.
- - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- 1 - - - - - - - -- -- All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1, 536
1 100. 0
$6. 00
112. 65
' - - -1- - - 1 - - - 1 - - -
B ag manufacturing. . .. . ..... . . . ..... . . . ..... . .. . ... . . . .... . ....
0
¥~b~i~ !~;;~:;~~~~~~~~-·::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Laundries........... .. .. .. ... .. ... . . . . ... . .. .. . ... .. . .. ..... .. .
68
4. 4
358
fU
23. 3
~i~
8. 95
12.15
gg
9. 80
IU8
12. 45
1 Details aggregate less t han total, because the latter includes 20 women scattered in various.industries
not shown here.
The median week's earnings for the 1,536 negro women throughout
the State were $6, or less than half the median of the white women
in the State. The lowest earnings were found in the manufacture
39
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
WOMEN IN MISSOU R:I INDUSTRIES.
of food products, where the median was $4.60. There were 814 negro
women in this industry in St. Louis, and they were all employed in nutshelling plants, in which very few white women were working ..
In the tobacco industry the median for the 275 negro women employed was $7. 70, or 41. 7 per cent lower than that of the white women
in the same industry.
There were 68 negro women employed in the manufacturing of bags,
and here again their wages were low in comparison with the white
workers of the same plants, even though they were high as compared
with the women in the nut plants. The median for the negro
women in the bag industry was $8.95, while that of the white women
in this industry was $12.15.
The highest wages for negro women were found in the -.laundries
where the median was $9.80, more than twice that of the nut pickers.'
Here also, however, their earnings fell considerably below those of the
white women engaged in that work.
In the industries where only two or three isolated negro women
were found there seemed to be little difference between theirwages
and those of the white women in the same establishments. It was
when they were employed in large numbers and were practically
the only women on a specific operation that their wages were conspicuously lower than those of white women.
When the wages of the negro women were considered by locality,
the situation was found to be quite the reverse of that for the white
women. When all industries were considered together as a unit, the
median earnings of the St. Louis negroes were $5.50, or 50 cents
lower than the median for the entire State. This was probably accounted for by the fact that all the large group of low paid women in
the nut-shelling plants was included in the St. Louis· figures. In
Kans~s City the median earnings for the negro women were $9.90,
while the median for the few negro women employed in the smaller
cities were $9.50. It must be remembered that the negro laundry
workers as a group, whether they were in the large cities or elsewhere, had the highest wages of any industry, and -that a large proportion of the negro women employed outside St. Louis were engaged in laundry work. Consequently, a comparison of wages of the
various localities amounts to a comparison of wages in different industries .
•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUS.TRIES.
Earnings and time worked.
Table 15 gives a summary of the material on earnmgs ·and time
worked for negro women:
TABLE
15.-Median earnings of negro women, by time worked, 1922.
A. Women whose time worked was reported in hours.
Hours worked.
Number ~::~~:
reported. earnings.
B. Women whose time worked was reported in days.
Days on which
work was done.
Total. .. .. .... . ... . ........ .. ....... .
445
$9.20
Total.. .......
857
$5.55
Under 30 hours . . .... . ... . ............ .. .. .
30 and under 39 hours ......... . ... . ...... .
39 and under 44 hours ..•.......... ... . . .. .
44 hours ...•••••................. ... . . .....
Over 44 and under 48 hours ... ...... .. . . ..
48 hours . . . .••.••........•.............. . . .
Over 48 and under 50 hours ...... ... ..... .
robours ............ . . . ......... . . .. ...... .
Over 50 and under 52 hours .... .. ....... . .
52hours . . .... . ...........••. . ......... . . . .
Over 52 and under 54 hours .... ... . ... .. . .
54hours .................. . .. . ... . ........ .
Over 54 hours . . . . .... . .. . .. . ............. .
89
34
56
2
68
6
3.30
7.55
10.35
1 day ..............
1½ days ............
2 days .............
2½days .. ..........
3 days .............
3½days . . ..........
4 days .. ....... . .. .
4½ days ............
5 days .............
5½days .. . .........
6 days .............
27
16
26
29
54
70
95
124
142
197
77
1. 30
2. 00
2.10
3. 20
3. 55
4. 20
4. 65
5.05
6. 60
7. 60
10.40
1
23
101
39
10
9
4
4
(1)
9.00
(1)
11.50
8.95
14. 90
(1)
(1)
(1 ~
(1
Not computed, owing to small number inv olved.
The wages increased with time worked rather more rapidly and
more consistently for t~e negro women than they did for the white.
The highest median wage was $14.90 which was found in the 50-to-52hour group, while the wages of the 10 women who had worked 52
hours ranged from $12 to $18. Figures were too incomplete to furnish any basis of comparison after the 52-hour group was passed.
The median ~arnings for all negro women working 48 hours or more
were $11.05, but the median for all the negro women for whom
time worked was reported in hours was $9.20, also considerably
higher than that of all the negro workers. Apparently the lower
paid workers were found am ng those for whom time worked was
reported according to the days on which they worked, since the
median earnings for all of those women were $5.55, while for those
who had worked on five days or more they were $7. 70.
The median earnings for those for whom time worked was reported
by days increased more regularly with time worked, ranging from
$1.30 for those who worked on one day to $10.40 for those who
worked on six.
Weekly rate and scheduled hours.
Information on weekly rates and scheduled hours was obt.ined
for 194 women. The majority of these had a 54-hour week and the
median rate was $10.35. The only other group of any size was made
up of those whose weekly hours fell between 48 and 50, and for these
the median rate was $10.25. The difference between these two
medians was very slight and there were not enough women in the
82034°- 24--4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42
WOMEN IN MISSOURI I N DU STRIES.
other h our groups t o make any comparison possible, but from what
information is available it seems to be clear that the standard of paym ent for negroes, as for white women, did not depend to any great
extent upon the length of the working week.
Rates and earnings.
In the case of the negro women the median rate very definitely
. exceeded the week's earnings. Such information was obtained for
only 244 women, and for these the median rate was $10.30 while the
median earnings were only $9.80. Table 16 shows the number and
per cent of those having earnings and rates within definite amounts.
T A BLE
16.- W eekly rates and actual week' s earnings of negro women, 1922.
Amoun t.
Number of women
for whom amount
specified was-
Per cent of women
for whom amount
specified was-
Weekly W eek's Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
rate .
earnings.
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
244
1()().
0
100. 0
f------t---+----t----
U n der $10. . .. . .. . . .. . ... . . ... .. . ... .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . ... .. . . .. . . . .
$10 and under $15 .. .. .. . ... .. ...... . .... . .. . . .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$15 an d over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
132
11
134
103
• 7
41. 4
54. 1
4. 5
54. 9
42. 2
2. 9
In the case of 41.4 per cent of the negro w'o men the rates were less
than $10, and for 54.9 per cent of them the actual earnings fell short
of that amount. Those with rates of $10 or more considerably exceeded in number those who actually earned such an amount. The
figures applied to a rather limited number of women, and the majority
of them (90.2 per cent) were employed in the laundries, so that this
picture may not be a fair representation of the situation of all negro
women in industry in the State. It indicates, however, that for
many of the women included actual earnings fell considerably below
what they might have expected, either because of undertime work,
absence, slack work, or some other reason connected with production.
Time lost and overtime.
Of the 444 negro women for whom was reported the extent to which
they worked more or less than the scheduled weekly hours, 279, or
62.8 per cent, had lost some time. The percentage for white workers
was 53.3. Of the negroes, 26.9 per cent had lost less than 5 hours,
28.7 per cent had lost between 5 and 10 hours, and 35.5 per cent
had ,ost 15 hours or more. Information was not available for a
sufficiently H1rge number of women t o make a comparison among
industries valid.
Almost one-fifth of the negro women had put in some overtime,
but 62.4 p er cent of those who had worked more than their scheduled number of hours had put in less than 5 hours in addition to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN
MISS◊'URI
43
INDUS.TRIES.
their regular week, while 35.3 per cent had worked from 5 to 10
hours overtime. Only 2.4 per cent of them had worked as much as
10 hours in addition to their r egular week.
Earnings and time in the trade.
The effect of experience on earnings is shown in Table 17.
TABLE
17.-Median earnings and time in the trade of negro women who supplied
personal information, 1922.
Time in the t rade.
Under 3 months ............. . . .. ........... . ............. . ... ... .... .. .. .. .... .
3 and under 6 months . ....... . ......... . .... . . .. . . . . ... ... .... ... . .. .. ... . ..... .
6 and under 9 months ...... . ... .. .. .. ... . . .. . ... .. .... . ....... . .. , . .. .. .. ... . . . .
;i~J~J;~:{C) HHH: H:+ H:UH
15 years and over ........................... . ...... .. ......... ... ............. . .
Number of
women
reporting.
Median
week' s
earnings .
85
68
50
$4. 25
67
90
5. 65
7. 70
6. 55
15
63
67
141
34
33
4. 55
5. 30
4. 90
s. 90
6. 75
7. 50
8. 50
Although the progress of earnings with time in the trade was rather
less regular for the negroes than for the white women, yet with them
also the general tendency was for a higher wage to accompany a
correspondingly longer period in the indus~ry. The highest median
wage was found for the women who had worked from 4 to 5 years.
There was a marked slump in the groups between 5 and 15 years,
while those who had been working 15 years or more again showed
a higher wage, although they failed to reach the peak found in the
4-to-5-year group.
Early pay-roll period.
Information on wages dilling January, 1921, was obtained for 825
negro women. The medium earnings for these women was $9.35,
over 50 per cent higher than the median for the later period. Although the difference within any one industry is not so great as this
and the exuent of the discrepancy is partly due to a difference in
distribution, still the early pay-roll figures were actually higher
for each industry except the laundries. The median for the workers
in the bag factories was $10.90, or 21.8 per cent higher than it was
in the later period~ Although the median for the women employed
· in the food products plants w s extremely low, $5.45, yet it was 18.5
per cent higher than that found in the same industry during the later
period. The greatest difference in earnings was evident ir.r the
tobacco industry, where the median for 275 women in the late pay-roll
period was only $7. 70, while that for 319 women in the early p_eriod
was $13.30, or 72.7 per cent higher than the earnings for 1922. For
· the laundry workers, however, the earnings in the earlier and generally more prosperous period were slightly lower than at the later dat~.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
WOMEN IN MISSOURI I N DUSTRIES.
year's eammgs.
Information on year's earnings was obtained for but a small
number of negro women-only 61. It must be remembered that the
same limitations apply to them as to the white women, limitations
arising from the method of selection itself. But so far as this small
group of women is concerned, there was less difference between
the white and negro workers when year's income was considered
than when week's earnings were the basis of comparison. While the
week's earnings for white women were over 100 per cent higher than
those of the negro, the year's earnings of the white women were less
than 50 per cent above those of the negro, which latter were $521.
This is probably due to the fact that the method of taking the figures
on year's earnings had a more selective effect when applied to the
negro women than when applied to the white. The negro women
for whom year's earnings were obtained formed a group more nearly
comparable to the corresponding section of the white. women than
to the other workers of their own race. On the whole, the negro
women included in the survey were less steady and less skilled than
were the white. Consequently the contrast between the earnings
of the picked group of each race was less marked than that shown in
the figures on earnings obtained from all of the workers. One
reason for the better wages of the negro women included in annual
earnings is that, in order to get the earnings for any regular workers,
it was necessary to include many women who had proved their ability
and been advanced to the position of maids or matrons. The
inedian earnings for the 28 negro women who had worked the full
52-week year ($533) were but slightly higher than the median of
all the women included.
Conclusion.
The wages of the negro women working in Missouri industry were
conspicuously low. One-half of these women -earned less than $6
a week, while almost three-fourths of them (72.8 per cent) earned
less than $9. The week's earnings of 90.4 per cent of the 1,536
negro women in the industries fell below $12. These are figures for
the entire State, and they were mainly influenced by the wages of the
women in St. Louis, although that city paid its white women higher
wages than did other localities in the State. One-half of the St. Louis
negro women workers earned under $5.50, and 80.5 per cent had
. week's earnings of less than $9. As compared with these, Kansas
City stood rather high, but when the figures are regarded absolutely
rather than relatively we find that 25. 9 per cent of the negro women
recorded in Kansas City earned less than $9 while 82.6 per cent
received less than $12, leaving a large proportionof the women in the
$9-to-$12 group.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PART IV.
HOURS.
In a consideration of hours of work attention should be given to
three phases of the problem: The standard established ·by the law
of the State, the scheduled hours of the plants studied, and the number of hours actually worked by employees of these plants during a
definite period of time.
So far as the number of hours which women in industry are permitted to labor is concerned Missouri is_to be numbered among the
more progressive of the .States, though its place is not at the top.
It is one of a group of 14 States providing for a 9-hour day, and the
Missouri statute also limits the hours per week to 54. Seven States
have stricter regulation of weekly hours, five of them-California,
Massachusetts, North Dakota, Oregon, and Utah-having a 48-hour
week, while Ohio and ·Wisconsin allow 50 hours. Nine StatesArizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Utah, and Washington-provide for an 8-hour day, while
North Dakota and Wyoming allow 8½ hours day.
a
Scheduled weekly hours.
The table of scheduled weekly hours which follows applies to
usual scheduled hours, not to special conditions at the time of the
survey, and shows that the industries of the States as a whole had a
considerably higher standard in regard to hours than that fixed by
law. Although they did not have
generally accepted 48-hour
week, 32.3 per cent of the women employed throughout the State
had a week of 48 hours or less and only 9.7 per cent of them had a
scheduled week of 54 hours.
In the scheduled hours of its women employees the suit-making industry stood considerably in advance of all others in the State, 68
per cent of the workers having a 44-hour week. The rest of the
women in the industry were employed in plants having practically
a 50-hour week, so that the indus_try as a whole had a standard considerably higher than that established by law.
In the millinery establishments 85.5 per cent of the workers had a
week of between 44 and 48 hours.
Of the women in the drug manufacturing plants, 75.1 per cent had a
week of 48 hours or under, although the scheduled hours in diffP.rent
establishments ranged from 44 to 52. None had a scheduled week
as long as 54 hours.
Although the largest number (42.1 per cent) of those employed in
the manufacture of bags had a 50-hour week, one large establishment,
employing 35.5 per cent of all the workers scheduled in bag manufacturing, raised the standard for the industry with a 44-hour week.
a
45
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
18.-Scheduled weekly hours, by industry.
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours were-
Number
reported.
Over 44and
under 48.
44.
Industry.
48.
Over 48and
under 50.
Over 50 and
under 52.
50.
52 and
under 54.
Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Worn- Estab- Wornlishlishlishlishlishlishlishlishlishen.
en.
en.
en.
en.
en.
en.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments. en.
ments.
ments.
ments.
mcnts. en.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ! - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total........ . . . . • • • • . • . . . . . . .
Per cent distribution of women.....
1
156 16, 724
100. 0
Manufacturing:
Bags .•••••..•..................
Candf······················ ···
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls •........
Suits.••.••.................
Drugs .. ................... ... . .
Electric products ............ .. .
5
8
21
5
5
3
l1n~;~~~~~·.: :::::::::::::::
~°fi
Paper products ................ .
Shoes ......................... .
Tobacco....................... .
Miscellaneous .... ........... .. .
General mercantile ................ .
5-and-10-cent stores ................ .
Laundries .................... . ... . .
13
7
8
17
3
8
20
11
3
22
8
6. 2
1,037
2,128
20
1 .7
696
247 ······· ............... ····••·• ..........••.•.
119
2
155
1
742 .. ..••. . . . . . ... .. ..... . ... .. . .
2,487
415
502
456
1,469
726
938
2,330
1,404
424
2,728
442
965
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4,009
30
24. 0
3
2
293
81
1,757
22
lll. 5
1.
1
156
116
7
2. 6
440
35
1, 629
9. 7
239
32
190 ............................ . .
2
306
7
894
89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .....•.
1
44
57 ............................ . .
68
1
. . . . . . ••
246 ....... ········ •..............
........ .. ..... ........
307
4
58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
830
3
45
105 ............................ ....... . . . ... . . . .
1
........
56 . . . . • . . . ...... .
1
356
2
89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
413
3
699 ....... ········ ....... ..... . ..
6
89
24 ..........................••• •
1
1,341
2
........
.
..............
51
89
1
197
4
........
350
11
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2, 021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3
8
2
405
7
. . . . . •. . . . •. . •• •. .. . . • . ••. . . •• •. . . . . . . . . . . . •• . • . ••. • . •. . . . . • . • •. . . . . . . . •••.
498
13
86
3
13
1
193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
150
2
25
.. .. .. . .... ....
578
4
475
3
282 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
163
2
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
177
1
33
218
2
.. .... . .. .... ..
621
6
• • •• • • • • • . • • • . •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••. . . . .
....... .... .... ....... ........
39
....... ........
87
······· ........
220
.. .. . .. .. .... ..
44
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . •.
214
1
...............
11
1
.. .. . .. .. .. ....
437
3
1,129
7
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
...... . ........
90
2
5
1
. . .. . . .
·······
1
.. ... ..
2
1
. . .. . • .
.......
Details aggregate more than total because two establishments appear in more than one hour group.
Includes one establishment making infants' headwear.
a Excludes four establishments, with 176 women, working irregular hours.
1
1
- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - --
3,494
18
20. 9
2,230
18
1 .3
47
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
SCHEDULED WF:. E KL Y
44
48
hourr.
l'IOUMI
HOURS
o..rer-48
,54
and under
hOU1'6
SOhOurs
The shoe factories presented a fairly good record, with 48.5 per
cent of the workers employed for a 48-hour week; 17.7 per cent of
the women had a 54-hour week.
The number of hours a week most common in the general mercantile establishments was between 48 and 50, although 12.8 per cent
of the workers had a 54-hour week. A week of 50 to 52 hours was
most usual for the girls employed in the 5-and-10-cent stores.
None of these had less than a 50-hour week, and a few had as high as
54 hours.
· The lowest standard was found in the laundries, where 51.6 per
cent of the women employed had a scheduled week of 54 hours.
TABLE
19 -Scheduled weekly hours, by locality
Per cent of women having schedJiled
weekly hours as specified in-
Scheduled weekly hours.
State.
St.
L
•
Kansas
ows. City.
Other
places.
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 44....••......... ............. . ······· ..... ··· ·· · ...... :-..... .. .
Over 44 and under 48 ..... .... ............................... .. .
48 ...•................. ......... ............ . ........ .. .... ...~ .
Over 48 and under 50 ........................... . ........ .. . ... .
50............ ... ... ............... .. ................... .. ... .. .
Over 50 and under 52 . . .. . .. .... . . ....... ......... . ....... .... . .
52 and under 54 .... .. ... . . ... . . . . . . .. ...... .. .......... .... .. . .
54•.•••.. . ••..... .... .. .... . • ....... . ··· · · · · . .. . ...... . .. .. . ... .
6. 2
12. 7
13. 3
20. 9
24.0
10.5
2. 6
9. 7
5.8
14. 5
16.4
25. 7
26.8
6.3
•6
3.9
11. 0
24.5
16. 7
2.1
11. 5
16. 3
9.6
8.3
4. 5
2.2
4.6
20.9
24.8
16.4
3.3
23.4
St. Louis was somewhat in advance of the rest of the State in the
matter of scheduled weekly hours, for only 3.9 per cent of the women
had a 54-hour week and 36.6 per cent had 48 hours or less, while for
the State as a whole 9.7 per cent of the women had a 54-hour week
and 32.3 per cent had a week of 48 hours or under. (See Appendix
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Table XVIII.) The only industries in St. Louis in which there were
any establishments with a 54-hour week were the manufacture of
candy and of food products, with 17.1 per cent and 17.2 per cent,
respectively, of the women employees, and laundries with 27.2 per
cent, working 54 hours. Even so, the characteristic week for the
candy industry was 48 hours, for the preparation of food products
50 hours, and for the laundries between 48 and 50 hours. All the
shoe factories in St. Louis had a 48-hour week.
In Kansas City, al though almost as large a proportion of the
workers as in the State at large had a 54-hour week, the per cent
being 8.3, more.than one-half of the women (52.2 per cent) had a week
of 48 hours or less. All the establishments engaged in the manufacture of shirts and overalls had a week of 48 hours or under, and none
of the millinery workers studied had a week of more than 48 hours.
At the other end of the scale were the laundries, with 78.3 per cent
of their employees scheduled for a 54-hour week, a·n d this was the
only industry of those studied in Kansas City employing any woman
as long as 54 hours a week. The candy factories came next, with
74.7 per cent of the workers having scheduled weekly hours falling
between 52 and 54.
In the State outside the two largest cities, only 11.3 per cent of
the women for whom information was obtained had a week of 48 hours
or under, while 23.4 per cent were required to work the full number
of hours permitted by law.
Actual time worked.
The previous analysis has dealt entirely with scheduled hours, but
the actual number of hours worked may show marked deviation in
either direction from the number scheduled. The plant may not
have enough work to keep operating the full number of hours or the
workers may lose time for personal reasons. On the other hand, the
workers may be required to put in extra time on account of a rush
order or a busy season. Tables XIX and XX in the appendix show
the hours lost by the workers during a characteristic week in April
or May, 1922, classified first according to industry and second according to scheduled hours. Tables XXI and XXII treat the subject of
overtime in a similar way. Overtime in this connection does not
mean that the women were ~mployed in excess of the legal hours of
the State, but of the scheduled hours of the individual plants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
49
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Table 20 shows what percentage of the women lost time and what
percentage worked longer than the firm's regular hours, as well as
the extent to which the hours worked varied from those scheduled.
Overtime amounted to very little during the period for which the
figures were obtained.
TA~LE
20.-Time lost and overtime, by industry.
Time lost.
Overtime.
Per cent of those working
Nummore than scheduled
Per P1~;:n\~~~ossec~~J~~! Per
berof
hours who worked
hours
who
lostcent
for
centfor
women
Industry.
overtimewhom
whom
reoverported. lost
time
time
5and
5and
10
10
was re- Less under
was re- Less under
hours ported.
hours
ported. than5
than 5
10
and
10
and
hours. hours. over.
hours. hours. over.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -35.2
27.8
4.4
64.9
26.7
All industries .......... 7,570
37.0
8.4
53.. 3
Manufacturing:
Bags .....•• ---····· · ·····
Candf ... __ ..............
Clothing, men's Shirts and overalls ...
Suits ................
Drugs ...................
Electric products ....... .
F<?o~ products ......... ..
Millinery ................
Paper products . ....... ..
Shoes ........ . ... ..... ...
Tobacco .................
Miscellaneous .... . ...... .
Laundries ..... . .. .......
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
626
360
48.1
, 78_1
25.5
37.7
43.9
16.7
30. 6
45.6
722
324
386
456
272
145
884
1,753
1,076
273
293
67.5
60.5
33.1
72.5
58.5
31.0
43.3
47 .1
56. 7
33.3
66.2
42.1
44. 4
37.5
64.7
28.3
33.3
31.3
32.2
19.4
30. 7
44 .9
16.4
16.8
23.4
17.8
37.1
31.1
32.1
23.5
44.4
37.4
24.2
41.5
38.8
39.1
17 .5
34.6
35.6
36.6
44.3
36.2
31.9
30.9
2.4
.6
40.0
100.0
60.0 ........
-·-··-·· ----·---
.......... ............ ----·-·- ............
11.4
56.8
. 81100.0
::t;:::t:;:
.1
7.3
4.3
5.1
13.6
43 .2
'!: . . . . . . . . . . .
--- -- ---
8.5
100.0 ...........
36. 7
41.4
8.7
91.3
100.0 .........
92.5
7 .5
-------21.9
-------·· --·-··
------· ·
50
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Of all the workers for whom such information was available, 53.3
per cent lost some time, and 37 per cent of these ·1ost more than 10
hours during the week. The greatest amount of time was lost by
the candy workers, 78.1 per cent of them losing some time, and almost
half of those (45.6 per cent) losing 10 hours or over. Although the
next largest proportion (72.6 per cent) of workers losing time was
found among those employed in the manufacture of electric products,
almost two-thirds of the women lost less than five hours each. For
67.5 per cent of the ·women engaged in making shirts and overalls
some undertime was reported, 41.5 per cent of those who lost time
being out 10 hours or more.
In considering these figures by industries, it must be remembered
that the periods of slack work and of prosperity fall at different times
of 'the year for different industries. The busiest season for the candy
industry is the three or four months immediately preceding Christmas,
and the figures given in the report were obtained in April. According
to the statements of managers of the plants making electric products,
that business is fairly steady throughout the year, although one reported a slack t ime during May, June, and July. The shirt and
overall manufacturers claimed a rather steady business throughout
the year, somewhat stronger during the summer months.
The smallest percentage of workers losing time was found in millinery (31 per cent) and in the manufacture of drugs (33.1 per cent).
The figures were taken for a week falling within one of the busier
seasons for the millinery houses, but the schedules indicate that the
manufacture of drugs is steady throughout the year.
Only 4.4 per cent of the workers for whom actual time worked was
reported had exceeded the scheduled hours, and of that number 64. 9
per cent worked less than five hours overtime. The only industry in
which more than 10 hours overtime was reported was boot and shoe
manufacturing, but this can not be taken to indicate much overtime
for the workers in general, since only 7.3 per cent of them reported
any overtime wh atever. The largest proportion of workers who
had put in some overtime was in the laundries, but most of these had
worked less than five hours in addition to their scheduled week.
The number of hours undertime or overtime seemed to bear no
determinable relation to the length of the scheduled week.
Scheduled daily hours.
Daily hours are of perhaps greater importance than scheduled
weekly hours. If there existed only a weekly limitation, excessively
long hours might be worked on one day and be offset by shorter hours
on other days. However, the strain on the worker of an excessively
long day can not be entirely relieved by working shorter hours the
following day, and the Missouri law does not leave this to the discretion of the individual employer, but limits the day's work for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
51
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
women to 9 hours. In this respect, as in the matter of weekly hours,
many of the employers are in advance of the standards demanded
by law.
Table 21 gives the scheduled daily hours by industry for the
State as a whole.
TABLE
21.-Scheduled daily hours, by industry.
Number
reported.
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled
daily hours wereUnder 8.
Industry.
8
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ __, _ _ - - - - - - - - - -
Total.... . . . . . . .
Per cent distribution
of women. . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing:
Bags ............ .
Cand¥············
Clothrng, men'sShirts and
overalls .... .
Suits ...... . . .
Drugs ........... .
Electric products
Food products .. .
Millinery ...... . . .
Paper products .. .
Shoes ......... ... .
Tobacco ......... .
Miscellaneous .... .
General mercantile .. .
5•and-10-cent stores .. .
Laundries ........... .
1 159
rn, 897
100. 0
5
8
220
1. 3
Over 8 and
under 9.
-·1-
Over 9 and
under
10.
9
- 1 - -- 1 - - -
20 3, 583
42 4,287
96 8,784
21. 2
25. 4
52.0
696. ... . . . . . .. ..
1 247 .. .. ... ······
742... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .
1 155
21 2,487 ....... ... . . .
3
475
1 190
5 415 . .. . . . . . . . . . .
5 502 ............ . ... . .. . ..... .
3
456... . ... . . . . . .
1
33
13 1,469 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
11
87
726 ....... ......
4 359
8 938 ....... · · ·· · · ............ .
17 2,330....... ......
1
60
~ 1' ~ ::::::: :::::: ...... i ·····5
20 2, 728
1 220
6 2, 111
11
442 .........•••.. . .... . ......
5 25 _1, 138 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
92
7
2
3
1
2
2
4
6
1
2
2
8
1
4
-
--
23
0.1
449 ·· · ·· ·· · · ·· ·.
21
23
6564
794
97
377
11 1,218 .......... .. .
2
128 ........ . . .. .
177
101
1,240 . ....•.......
1
t4
10
465 . . ..•••..... .
3
23
29 ·····•· ..... .
995 ....••.•.....
218
262
473
1,069
39
115
47
413
51
2
125 ............ .
246 .. ..... · ··· · ·
1051··.......... .
1, 201 ......•.. . ...
3 1,365 . ........... .
3041
······.
115
350 ·······
.....•......
Det ails aggregat e more than total because one establlshment appears in more than one hour group.
One establishment scheduled 9 hours 5 minutes daily, but under 54 hours a week.
s Includes one establishment making infants' h ead wear.
4 Includes one establishment in which girls actually work a 9-hour day and get two 15-minute rest periods making 9½overall hours ( exclusive of a half-hour lunch p eriod).
5 Excludes one establishment, with 3 women, working irregular hours.
1
2
The figures show that 52 per cent of the women were employed
for a 9-honr day, the legal limit in the State. Almost one-half of
the women, therefore, were employed by firms with a higher standard,
so far as hours were concerned, than that established by the State
law. More than one-fifth of the women (21.2 per cent) had the
benefit of the 8-hour day.
Only 6.6 per cent of the women in the 5-and-10-cent stores were
employed as long as 9 hours, the common standard being 8½ hours.
Among the women in the other mercantile establishments the fact
that the 12:8 per cent who had a 9-hour day were distributed among
55 per cent of the establishments indicates that the 9-hour day was
common only for the smaller stor es; over three-fourths (77.4 per cent)
had an 8-hour day, and 8.1 per cent had a day of 7½ hours.
In the branch of the clothing industry devoted to the making of
men's suits, less than one-third (30.8 per cent) of the employees were
required to work for as long a day as permitted by law, while 45.8 per
cent had an 8-hour day. The record of the shirt and overall plants
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRrns:
was not so good, for in these only 19.1 per cent of the women enjoyed
an 8-hour day.
None of the establishments studied in the following industries had
an 8-hour day: The manufacture of candy, paper products, drugs,
and tobacco, and the 5-and-10-cent stores. It will be recalled,
however, that the most common day for this last group was 8½
hours. In two other industries only an insignificant number of
women had an 8-hour day, in the shoe industry only 2.6 per cent of
the employees weJe working under that standard, and in the manufacture of food products only 0. 7 per cent of them had an 8-hour day.
Table 22 furnishes some indication of the standards of the
various sections of the State.
TABLE
22.-Scheduled daily hours, by locality.
Number of women whose daily hours wern----
Locality.
Number
ofwomen reported.
Under 8.
Over 8 and under
9.
8.
9.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent.
-- -- -- -- -- -- 21. 2
52.0
25.4
8,784
3,583
16,897
4,287
220
1. 3
--
State.........
St. Louis .......... .
Kansas City ...... .
Other places .......
-9, - -- 831
2,639
220 ·····s:3·
4, 427 .. ......... .. .. ......
2,729
451 ·
403
27.8
17. 1
9.1
3,175
698
414
32.3
26.4
9. 4
3,927
1,247
3,610
39.9
47.3
81. 5
St. Louis was somewhat more progressive than the rest of the State,
for less than 40 per cent of the women were employed as long as 9
hours a day and 27.8 per cent had a scheduled working day of 8
- hours. These figures do not represent the situation in all the industries, however, for Table XXIII in the appendix shows that no
workers engaged in manufacturing candy, shirts and overalls, drugs,
food products, paper products, or tobacco, nor in 5-and-10-cent
stores enjoyed an 8-hour day.
In Kansas City a smaller percentage (47.3 per cent) of the women
had a 9-hour day than in the State as a whole, but there was also a
smaller percentage (17.1 per cent) with an 8-hour day, and 26.4 per
cent of the women had a scheduled dav of between 8 and 9 hours.
The only industries in Kansas City (Table XXIII in the appendix)
reporting establishments having an 8-hour day were the manufacture
of shirts and overalls and of millinery. All the workers in the two
millinery establishments studied had an 8-hour day.
The rest of the State was considerably more backward in its
standard of hours than were the two cities just mentioned: 81.5 per l
cent of the women for whom reports were made were employed for
the 9-hour day permitted by law and less than one-tenth (9.1 pe cent)
had an 8-hour day.
Saturday hours.
The prevalence of the Saturday half.,.holiday custom makes it
necessary to consider Saturday scheduled hours independently of
those for the rest of the week.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
23.-Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry.
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were-
Number
reported.
4 and under 5
5 and under 6
6 and under 7
7 and under 8
8 and under 9
9 and under 10
11 and under 12
Industry.
~f!~:>"
ments.
Total. .............................. .
l
545
13
2,565
5,482
51
5,931
5
8
696
742
1
247
297
4
2
449
174
: :: :: :: : :: : :: :: : . . . . . . . . . .. .239. : :: :: :: : : :: :: :: : . . . . . . . . . .... 32. : :: : : :: : : :: : : :: :
8
2
3
1
6
5
3
6
3
6
401
133
178
246
893
551
392
699
1, 404
3,10
95 ........ ········ .. . ............ .
2
71
21
23
5
3
13
7
8
17
3
47
20
11
5
22
4
13
1,991
2,4 7
190
1
323
324
2
502
2
210
456
258
2
1, 469
175
2
726
490
4
938
1, 158
7
2,330
1, 404 .... ..... . -···--··
391 --· --- -- .. ...... .
2,728
442
142
981
1 --
11
220
51
86
1
5
2
1
51
2,073
127
92
Details aggregate more than total because one establishment ap~ears in more than one hour group.
Excludes two establishments, with 92 women, not working on Saturday .
• Excludes one establishment, with 33 women, working irregular hours.
4
-
-1-- -
307 . ....... ... .... .
56 ...... . . ····· ...... ..... ... . . . . .
413 ............... .
3
60
a Includes one establishment making infants' head wear.
a Excludes one establishment, with 25 women, not working on Saturday, and three establishments, with 135 women, working irregular hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,039
39
§~g::.~~~~~~:~·. ~ ~:: :: :::::::::::::::::
( .
44
16, 615
~Yil 1n~;~1~~:~~: :: :::::::::::::::::::::
1
2
51
153
Manufacturing:
Bags .................................. .
Cand:y .... .. ...................... . ... .
Clothing, m en'sShirts and overalls ......... . . .. ... .
Suits ......... ....... .. ......... .. .
Drugs ................... .. ..... .... .. .
Electric products ..................... .
T obacco ......•.... .................. ..
Miscellaneous .•.......... .... .... .. ....
General mercantile ........................ .
5-and-10-cent stores ....................... .
Laundries ................................ .
~~~- EJ!~:>" ~~~- ~f!~:>" ~~~- EJ!~:>" ~~~- ~f!~:>" ~~~EJ!~~
~f!~:>" ":~~- men
EJ!~:>" ~~~- ments.
men ts.
men ts.
ments.
ments.
ts.
W omments.
en.
13
9
14
2
433
315 ............... .
539 ········ ....... .
54
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
Of all the women reported 68.7 per cent were employed for ' a Saturday of less than six hours. These workers were found almost entirely in the manufacturing group, and included 89.9 per cent of such
employees, but a few laundry workers also had the half holiday. Although one of the laundries did not run at all on Saturdays, 54. 9 per
cent of the women employed in this industry whose Saturday hours
were reported had a 9-hour day. The stores, including both 5-and10-cent stores and general mercantile establishments, had a Saturday
at least as long as the other working days. In fact, 15.9 per cent of
the general mercantile workers and 71.3 per cent of the girls in the
5-and-10-cent stores had a Saturday of more than nine hours.
In St. Louis the half holiday on Saturday was customary in the
manufacturing plants, for 95.4 per cent of the women engaged in those
industries worked less than six hours on Saturday. · Two clothing
manufacturing plants in the city did not run at all on Saturday, as a
regular scheduled policy. Although all the workers in the general
mercantile establishments had a full day on Saturday, none of those
included in the study worked longer than usual on Saturday. All
the 5-and-10-cent store employees had a Saturday of 9 hours or more.
The Saturday half holiday was also prevalent in Kansas City factories,. 87.4 per cent of the factory employees having a schedule of less
than six hours on Saturday. Although the mercantile employees
worked as long on Saturdays as on other days, the only women employed over 9 hours on Saturday were found in the laundries, where
78.3 per cent of them worked longer than the regular working day.
The rest of the State did not lag far behind the leading cities in the
matter of the Saturday half holiday · for almost two-thirds of these
workers were employed for less than 6 hours on Saturday. However,
37.5 per cent of the shoe workers and 94.1 per cent of the women engaged in the manufacture of food products in the smaller towns of the
State had a Saturday of 8 hours or more. A long Saturday was common for the stores, .82.9 per cent of the employees in the general mercantile establishments and 90.9 per cent of the 5-and-10-cent store
employees havirig a day of 9 hours or over.
Lunch periods. ·
The length of time allowed for rest and lunch in the middle of the
day is of serious importance for the workers from the point of view_
both of health and output. In Missouri establishments the lunch
period was from 30 minutes to 1 hour, but the percentage of workers
having the different periods of time varied considerably within the
State.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
55
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
24.- Length of lunch period, by industry.
Number of establishments and number of women whose
lunch period was- .
Industry.
Number reported. >-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Over 30 and un1 hour.
30minutes.
der 50 minutes.
Es tabEstabEstabEstablish- Women. lish- W omen. lish- Women. lish- Women.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
- - - - - - - -- 1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total .................. .
Manufacturing:
Bags ... . ...... . ......... .
Candr .................. .
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls .. .
Suits ....... . -· ...... .
Drugs ...... . . . . . ..... . . . .
Electric products ........ .
Food products .......... .
Millinery 1 ••••... •.• . . . . •
Paper products ......... .
Shoes ............. . ..... .
Tobacco................. .
Miscellaneous ........ . .. .
General mercantile . . ........ .
5-and-l<kent stores ........ .. .
Laundries ................... .
157
16,765
72
9,615
21
3,077
5
8
691>
742
3
6
29.3
348
2
2
403
394
21
5
5
3
13
7
2,487
415
502
9
4
3
2
7
8
17
3
8
20
11
2
23
456
1, 469
726
938
2,330
1,404
424
2, 728
442
1,006
1
5
5
3
6
3
224
3
1,643
326 ·· · ······
178
2 ·····324·
177
1
279
238
938
1
229
3
105
394
2
234
542
775
3
1,40i ......... ······· ·397 -- ------- ······ ···
1,983 ------·- - ----·-···
. ........ . . . . ·1i2·
15
2
152
-
--fy!
4,073
------·-- .. .......
········· ··· ······
9
1
620
89
------··· --··-····
·······5· ······2w
3
1
9
392
310
1,013
2
·······21
17
745
11
442
14:;i
6
1 Includes
2
one establishment making infant's head wear.
Excludes three establishments, with 135 women, having irregular hours.
In St. Louis 72 per cent of the women had a 30-minute lunch period,
while 19.5 per cent had between 30 and 50 minutes, and only 8.5 per
cent had a full hour. All the 5-and-10-cent store employees and 71.1
per cent of the millinery workers had 1 hour at noon, but these were
the only groups in which it was common.
Of the Kansas City workers 49.3 per cent had a 30-minute lunch
period, 37.1 per cent had between 30 and 50 minutes, and 13.5 per cent
had a full hour, the last-named comprising only those working in
stores.
The situation in the rest of the State was in marked contrast to that
of the two cities, and especially t o that of St. Louis; 65.4 per cent of
the women employed in the other towns had an hour for lunch, 5.3
per cent had between 30 and 50 minutes, and 29.3 per cent had a halfhour. All the candy workers had a 30-minute lunch period as had
44.1 per cent of the women in laundries. Other manufactures in
which some of the women had a short lunch period were clothing,
food products, and shoes. The generally accepted standard in the
smaller places allowed 1 hour for lunch. An explanation of this difference in length of lunch period for the two cities and the rest of the
State may be found in the habits of the women themselves. It is quite
probable that in the smaller cities a larger proportion of the women
lived near enough to their work to go home for lunch when an hour
was allowed. In a large city that is seldom possible, and most of the
workers lunch in the building or in the immediate vicinity of the work
place.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PART V.
THE WORKERS.
Any study of hours and wages assumes more significance when
considered in conjunction with some knowledge of the workers.
What type of women is employed in Missouri 1 Are they foreign or
American born, young girls or mature women, married or single, living
at home or shifting for themselves 1 While actual wages and hours
may be the things of especial interest to the individual worker, nativity, age, and other factors may have such a qualifying effect as
to give them considerable importance. Furthermore, such information makes it possible to picture more clearly the group of women to
whom the wage figures apply.
To secure such information simple questionnaires were distributed
among the workers in each of the plants visited. While the total
number of women included in the survey was 17,939, personal information could not readily be obtained for all of them, nor did all the
women who turned in personal information blanks reply to each of
the questions. Consequently, the number for whom personal information is available varies with the inquiry. In all cases, however,
such information is available for over one-half of the women included
in the study, a large enough proportion to be taken as representative
of the women employed in the State.
Nativity.
Table 25 shows the nativity of the women for whom schedules were
obtained.
TABLE
25. -Nativit y of the wo m en employees who sup plied personal i nformation,
by industry .
Industry.
Nl.llllber of women who wereNumber 1- - -- -- , - - - -of
Native born.
women
reporting . 1 - - - ~- -i Foreign
born . .
Wp.ite.
Negro.
All industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Per cent distribution. ........... . .............................
Manufacturing:
Bags . .. . . . .... ..... . .... . ........... . ............. . .... . .. .
Candy . ... . .. .. ... . . ...... . .. . ............................ .
Clothing, men's·
Shirts and overalls ......... . .......... . ............... .
Suits . . . .. . . .. ....... .. .......... . ........ . ...... . ... . .
Drugs .. . ................................. . . . ........... . . .
5ti~~
r;~~~s:·:·:::::::::::::::::::::::: ~::::::::::::::
r;:-e::.~:~~~~~~·.·.:: :: ::::: :::: :::::::: :: :: ::.::::: :: :::::::
Tobacco . .. ..... . ........ . .................. . ...... . . . .... .
Oen~lc~~~:~~&e::::: : :::: : ::::: :: :: ::::::::::::::::: : : :: :: ::
5-and-10-Cent stores . . ...... . . . . . . . .. .. .... . .. . ... ... . .. . . . . . .. .
~:~i~~!s::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11, 596
100. O
9, 370
80. 8
1, 536
13.2
690
6.0
467
475
333
461
68
66
1,422
242
271
160
1, 182
364
542
1,601
1, 111
264
1, 623
262
697
913
3
1,343
165
265 ·· ······ ·•
155 ·· ·· · ··· · .
341
340
524
l,iii
815
2
1
·· ····215·
225 .. ..... ii"
1,545
250
2
326
358
906
11
78
77
6
5
26
22
17
30
216
39
67
10
13
7
57
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
A total of 11,596 women reported the country of their birth, and
of this number, 9,370 or 80.8 per cent were native-born white women,
while 13.2 per cent were negroes. Only 6.0 per cent were foreign born. ·
Missouri is but little acquainted with the problems which confront
many industrial centers arising from large numbers of foreign workers
massed together. Most of the negro workers were found in St. Louis
and they were not employed to any great extent outside food-products manufacturing (where they worked principally as nut pickers),
tobacco manufacturing, and laundries.
The largest proportion (nearly one-third) of foreign-born women
in any industry was found in the manufacture of suits. This is rather
to be expected in the needle ·tr~des, and it is surprising that only 5.5
per cent of the women in the shirt and overall factories were foreignborn.
The next largest proportion of foreign born was in the tobacco
industry, where they comprised practically one-fifth of the workers.
Only.55.8 per cent in this industry were native white.
Although the percentage of native white workers was ~ow in the
laundries (46.8 per cent) and in food products (28.8 per cent), the
balance was largely made up of negro workers.
The following is a list of the industries in which over 90 per cent
of the women employed were native white:
Per cent.
'l'elephones __________________ __ ___ ____ ____ ____ __ ___ ___ 99. 2
Shoes- --- ---- -- --- ------- --- -- --- ~- -- ---- ----- ---- --Drugs __ _____ ______ ______________ __________ __________
Candy ______ ____ ______ ____ ______ __ ______________ _____
Electric products __ ___ _______ _____ ________________ __ ___
Paper products ________________ ________________________
5-and-10-cent stores __ _____ __ ______ _____________________
General mercantile ___________ ____ ___ __________ ______ ___
Shirts and overalls _ _ ___________________________________
Millinery_ _ _ _ _ _______________ _________________________
98.
9~
97.
96.
96.
95.
95.
94.
93.
1
8
1
9
7
4
2
4
4
In general, then, the women who were working in Missouri were
American-born women with American standards of living. There
seems to be very little relation between the proportion of foreignborn women in the industry and the wages paid by that industry.
The two industries with the lowest median earnings, the 5-and-10cent stores and the shirt and overall factories, each had over 90 per
cent of native white workers.
Age.
The age of the worker is another qualifying factor which may
affect earnings, and a classification of workers by age is of interest.
A very large proportion of young and inexperienced girls, or of women
past their prime and period of greatest efficiency, might conceivably
have brought down the median wage. Under such circumstances
somewhat lower wages might be expected. If, on the other hand the
82034°- 24-5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
majority of the workers are mature, experienced women at what
should be the height of their earning capacity, a low wage becomes a
more serious problem especially because-such women ordinarily have
to meet responsibilities for the sup.port of others, and must also
provide for the future.
The somewhat common belief that most working women are young
girls in industry for a few years only is in no way supported by the
facts in regard to the ages of Missouri women workers as shown in
Table 26.
Of the 9,582 white women reporting, only 31.8 per cent were under
20 years of age. Almost one-half (44.3 per cent) were at least 25
years of age, while 31.2 per cent wer~ 30 years old or more.
The largest proportion of the mature women was employed in
laundries, general mercantile establishments, tobacco factories, and
the manufacture of men's suits. Only 30.4 per cent of the white
women employed in the laundries were under 25 years of age. The
largest number (28.9 per cent) of the laundry workers was found in
the 30-to-40-year group, while the 40~to 50-year group ranked second
in number. Of the women in the general mercantile establishments
who reported their age, only 39.4 per cent were under 25, while as
many as 40.1 per cent were between 30 and 50 years old. In the
tobacco industry, the largest proportion of the white women were
30 to 40 years of age; only 43.5 per cent of the tobacco workers were
under 25. The largest number of women in the suit-making industry
was in the age group of 30 to 4Q, but as many as 53.5 per cent of them
were under 25.
The 5-and-10 cent stores and the telephone exchanges employed
the largest numbers of young girls. Of the 5-and-10-cent store
workers, 80.4 per cent and of the telephone operators, 83.3 per cent
were under 25 years of age. Over one-half of the store employees
(58.8 per cent), and a somewhat smaller proportion (46.2 per cent)
of the telephone girls were under 20. Over a third of these 5-and10-cent store workers were between 16 and 18 years old. It is interesting to note that this same group of women had the lowest
median wage of any of those studied, while the median in the other
industrial group made up largely of young women was $15.05.
The majority of the electric products workers were also younger
women, with almost three-fourths of their number less than 25 years
old, while 39.1 per cent of them were under 20. In spite of the fact
that such a large number of young workers was reported among the
employees engaged in the manufacture of electric products, the
highest median wage was found in this industry.
Of the women in the bag factories, 71.8 per centwere under 25 and
almost one-half (45.9 per cent) were less than 20 years old. The
proportions of young and mature workers engaged in the manufacture
of paper products were practically the same as in the bag factories.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
26.-Age of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry.
Number of women whose age wasNumber of
women
reporting.
Industry.
16 and under 18 and under 20 and under 25 and under 30 and under 40 and under 50 and under 60 years and
over.
60 years.
50 years.
40 years.
30 years.
25 years.
20 years.
18 years.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
--- --- --All industries ................. . ....... 9,582
Per cent distribution .......•................ 100. 0
i
i.rnnufacturing:
401
Bags ... .......... .......................
474
Candr ...... ....... .....................
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls .................. 1,323
243
Suits ...•••••........................
271
Drugs .•••.......... ..... .. .... .... ......
156
Electric products .......•........ .... ....
368
·.
259
539
1,578
836
Tobacco .................................
247
Miscellaneous .........•.•...............
1,360
260
332
Laundries ..•••••............................
935
Telephones ...•••.•.. ........................
~~~~~~~~~
~::::::::::::::::::::::::
~:E;;.~~~~~~s. ·.·.:::::::::::::::::::::::
2:~it~~~~~~!s:::::::::::::::::::::::: :·
773 1,233
100. 0 12. 9
20
1
462
153
2
75
58
141
35
49
16
72
43
90
212
97
33
69
36
4. 7
2
21
3
90
135
26
127
9
1,814
18. 9
59
7.6
2,292
23. 9
109
103
104
97
184
46
67
45
76
51
126
290
115
33
170
63
31
305
269
49
66
54
57
59
166
404
152
71
297
56
44
347
32
10
15
150
19. 4
4
83
33
30
1,252
13.1
39
70
174
32
31
18
5.2
38
67
218
101
24
221
25
41
101
157
20. 3
~
.102
25
26
1,653
17. 3
52
74
254
52
27
16
60
42
70
280
181
48
336
14
96
51
217
28.1
8
1
125
45
38
920
9.6
113
14.6
332
3. 5
34
4.4
86
0. 9
7
0. 9
~
0
·~
!:rj
14
52
193
22
25
5
31
20
18
118
123
18
209
7
61
4
1
····1i.
26
15
6
19
81
7
6
1
15
5
2
49
47
15
49
2
28
z
z
2
1
H
27
······· ....... .......
. .......
.......
22
.......
··.. ic,
2
1
5
1
7
20
5
9
3
5
6
.......
.......
.. ..... ........ ....... ....... ........
~
H
m
m
~
H
H
z
g
~
~
r'2
!:rj
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
60
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
The negro women were older on the whole than were the white
workers, for only 31. 7 per cent of them were under 25 y ears of age,
while 48 per cent were over 30. Of the negro women employed in
the laundries, 40 per cent were under 25 years, but the l argest number
was found in the 30-to-40-year group. In the tobacco industry, only
30.1 per cent of the negro workers were under 25 years of age, and the
largest group was composed of those between 30 and 40.
Conjugal condition.
Table 27 gives the conjugal condition of the women workers,
according to industry.
TABLE
27.- Conjugal condition of the women em ployees who supplied personal
i nformati on, by i ndustry.
Number of women wh o were-
Industry .
Number of
women
reporting.
Widowed , separated, or
div orced .
Married. ·
Single.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
All industries. __ ____ • __ ____ _--- 9, 699
P er cent distribution _____ __-- __ _- ___ _ 100. 0
Manufacturing:
B ags ___ ___ _____ __ ____ _____ __ ___ __
392
470
Candf --· -- --- -- --·- -- - -- -- -- - -- -Clothmg, m en 'sShirts and overalls . ________ • _ 1,341
Z37
Suits_- - -- - • - • •• _- -- -- -- - --- - _
267
Drugs.·· - -- -·· -· · · - -- - -. - ••
_. ·____
___•••
E
lectric products-______
158
Food products _• _• • ___ _. _. ______•
363
Millinery __ ___ __________ . - __ _- _•••
345
Paper products ___ _- __ _. - . _. ___ __
5Z3
Shoes _____ ____ ___ __ __. __________ _
1, 484
Tobacco. ___ _____ ___ .. _- . . . __. _- _833
Miscellaneous . _. ___ ___ _. _. _. ___ __
254
General m ercantile ___ ______ . __ _____ __ 1,541
5-and-10-Cent stores- -- ____ - . .. __ . __ ___
256
Laundries. ___ ___ _____. ______ ______ ___
332
Telephones ____ _____ __ ----------- --- 903
746
100.0
6, 167
63.6
202
27.1
1, 963
20. 2
18
1
284
271
12
59
106
····- ···
········
... ... ...
445
1
........
---·is2·
2
127
··· -----
733
137
196
. .. .....
132 ··· ·· ···
240
260
358 ........
985 ·-·· -si·
355 .
152
973
2
190
113
39
788 ........
-····or
........
- 337
- - 1, -569 45. 2
41
207
27. 7
2
49
93 ... ...... ...
---·2zi·
260 ........
29
36
18 . . .... . ..
64
120
44
66
218
166
47
71
99
281
312
60
252
47
119
- 66
-
4
1
348
35
8
59
16. 2
1
54
42
316
19
50
100
4.9
38
Of tie 9,699 white women reporting conjugal condition, 63.6 per
cent were single, 20.2 per cent were married, and 16.2 per cent
were widowed, separated, or divorced. These percentages tend to
disprove the theory that practically all women work only until
marriage, for over one-third of t hese women (36.4 per cent) were or
had been married. Even a larger proportion of the n egro women
were or had been married. Only . 27.1 per· cent of the 746 negro
workers returning personal information blanks were single, while
45 .2 per cent were married, and 27.7 per cent" were widowed, separated, or divorced.
The three industries employing the largest proportions of married women were tobacco manufact uring (37 .5 per cent), laundries
(35.8 per cent), and the manufacture of men's suits (30 per cent).
The largest proportion of workers who were widowed, 1:iep arated, or
divorced (30.2 per cent) was found in the laundries, while general
mercantile establishments and tobacco factories stood next in rank.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
61
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
The widowed, separated, and divorced women were placed in one
class because their responsibilities and economic problems are practically the same. In each case the majority of them must assume
the burden of supporting the family, which ordinarily is borne by
the husband.
For the married woman also the responsibilities may be greater,
rather than less, than for the woman who has not married. She may
be at work on account of her husband's illness, and have to furnish
the entire family income, or the husband may have only irregular
work, or for other reasons be earning less than enough for the support of the family.
In some instances in the present survey the wife was working to
enable the family to get ahead, or to live a little better. One woman
said that she had been turning in the most of what she earned as
payments on a house, which was almost paid for at the time of the
agent's visit.
Another woman, whose husband was working steadily but ' for a
very small income, had begun to work for wages when her youngest
child was 7 years old. Since that time she had clothed the family,
paid the insurance, and met other expenses, while her husband had
the responsibility of actual food and shelter.
Another worker, whose husband had a small express business,
reported that she had gone t o work "to get a house"; she and her
daughter had succeeded in paying off the mortgage on the house in
four years. All the members of another family visited were contributing their surplus earnings to the buying of a home.
Living condition.
Of the 9,924 white women supplying information on living conditions, only 12.6 per cent were living independently, while 84.1 per
cent were living at home, and the remainder with relatives.
TABLE
28.-Living condition of the women employees who supplied personal infor-'
mation, by industry.
Number of
women
reporting.
Industry.
Number of women who wereliAgAt home.
With relatives. Independently.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
Alli ndustries ... ... ... .. .. .... .
Percent distribution . ......... .. .
Manufacturing:
~:~~y
_.::::::::::::::: :::::::::::
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls ........ . . .
Suits............... ..... .... .
Drugs ........................... .
Electric products ............ ... . .
~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::
[:~.~~~~~~------::::::::::::::::
Tobacco ... ................ ... ... .
Miscellaneous ............ .. ..... .
General mercantile .................. .
5-and•l0·cent stores .................. .
Laundries ............ . ....... . ...... .
Telephones .......................... .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9,924
100. 0
759
100. 0
400
472
19
1
1,lll
235
271
161
363
365
530
1,512
838
260
1,593
260
323
930
450
1
....... .
....... .
150
•··•····
2
136
....... .
8,346
84.1
581
76. 5
326
3. 3
26
3.4
352
11
23
1
405 ..............••..•.....
1,185
209
240
140
335
298
468
1,295
767
. ...•.•.
34 .•••••••
........ ·•··•··· ...••••.
........
11 ...•.••.
······· · ··•· •· ·• ....... .
353
5
2•
1 ········ ....... .
····•··· ··•••··· .•..•...
········
49 .•••••..
110 ...••..•
1
238 ••••••••
1,210
2
237 ........
265
104
702 ... .....
3 ••••••••
98
1
2
100
........
.....•..
..•.•...
··••••••
1,252
12. 6
152
20.0
25
67
7
1
192
26
20
21
23
67
62
168
71
19
285
22
56
128
. ...... .
·· ·•••••
...•..••
••. ·••··
73
..•.••••
...•....
..••• •..
30
..••••..
....... .
..•.....
82
..... . . .
•
62
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
An u?usually high proportion (over 90 per cent) of the women
employed in the manufacture of food products and tobacco, and in
5-and-10-cent stores lived at home. It may be of interest to note
that food products manufacturing and 5-and-10-cent stores ranked
among the industries with the lowest median earnings. Whether
this situation is due to the policy often found in poorly paid industries
of giving preference for employment to those who live at home
can not be determined in this instance. It may be possible that the
large proportion of comparatively young women (under 25 years)
employed in 5-and-10-cent stores and the manufacture of food
products accounts to some extent for the larger proportion of women
living at home.
In the industries listed below the percentage of women living
. independently was greater than the corresponding figure for all the
industries.
Per cent.
Millinery_ __ ____ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
General merca ntile_____ ______ ___ __ __ ___ ______ _____ ____ _
Laundries _____ ______ __ ____ ___ ~--- -- --- - - - - -----------Candy ______ __________________________________________
Shirts and overalls ________ _______ __ ___ _____ ____________
E lectric pr oducts _______________________________________
•
18.
17.
1~
14.
13.
13.
4
9
3
2
6
0
It has already been pointed out that "liying at home" does not
necessarily mean lessened responsibility for the married worker.
For the single girl, also, living with her family may involve even
more responsibility than living independently. Very few of the
women who were reported as living at home had lighter burdens
because of that fact. Their responsibilities were quite as likely
to be increased, since others in the family were apt to be at least
partially dependent upon their earningi . Although material on the
extent of home responsibility obtained in the survey was insufficient
for statistical compilation, yet enough information was gained
throu~ home visits and interviews with the workers to indicate
the type of situation which might and often did exist. Many of the
younger workers who lived at home were members of large families
and turned over all their earnings to their parents to supplement the
family income. Others paid a definite amount, usually, but not in
all cases, somewhat less than the current rate for board and room,
even though they were living at home. Others had more severe and
definiteihome responsibility.
One family visited consisted of a man and wife and three small
children and the wife's aged parents. The younger woman was a
filler in a drug factory, earning $lo to $16 a week. Her mother kept
the house, her father was unable to work, and she was the only
steady wage earner in t he family, for h er husband worked only
irregularly, bringing in perhaps $10 to $18 a week.
The only
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
63
dependable source of income for this family of seven was the wage
of this one woman.
One girl, a packer in a food-products plant, had to bear half the
burden of support of a family of five in which the father was an
invalid and not able to work. One sister had been hurt in an accident and had been unable to assist for some time.
Another woman, also working in food products, was the sole
support of herself and an aged mother, who was quite helpless as a
result of two paralytic strokes. This worker had to shoulder all the
responsibility for the housework as well.
An ironer in a laundry, who was only 18, was sending to her
mother and a younger brother all that she earned above the $5.50
which she paid for board and room "in a home" and a dollar "for
spending." The mother, who was going blind, was living with a
married brother, but would have to leave there soon, and the girl
was looking forward to assuming the entire responsibility for her
mother and young brother. Since she was earning only $15.20
a week, slightly less than what she needed to care adequately for her
own needs, it was not surprising that she was wondering how she
could make ends meet in the future.
In another family a woman and her two oldest daughters, whose
combined earnings averaged a little over $30 a week, were supporting
themselves and a younger girl.
One case was reported of three sisters who were "living at home"
maintaining themselves and their mother. They shared the household expenses evenly.
Many other similar instances migl_it be related, but these are
sufficient to indicate that home responsibility is a very real thing for
many women workers.
· In making up budgets for women in industry, it is ordinarily considered that the worker has no others dependent upon her and that
her budget should cover only her personal needs. It is not coatended
here that allowance should be made in the single woman's budget
for the support of total dependents but the fact must not be lost
sight of that the single woman plays an important part in the economic life of the family. This side of the problem has been set forth
in anticipation of the attitude so commonly taken that, since many
of the women live at home, their income will go much further than
indicated by budget comparisons. I.t is probably truer that the
discrepancy is more likely to occur in the opposite direction.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIXES
Appendix A.-GENERAL TABLES
Appendix B.-SCHEDULE FORMS
Appendix C.-COST OF LIVING FOR WOMEN
EMPLOYED IN ST. LOUIS,
AUTUMN, 1922
65
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX A.
TABLE
O')
O')
GENERAL TABLES.
!.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 192t-White women.
STATE.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of-
Week's earnings.
All
industries.
Clothing, men's.
Bags.
Candy. Shirts
and
overalls.
Drugs.
Suits.
Electric
products.
Food
products.
Millinery.
Paper
products.
Shoes.
Gen- 5-andLaunera!
Miscel- mer- 10-cent dries.
Tostores.
lanecantile.
bacco.
ous.
1,129
739
628
2,330
Total. .................. . ............. 15,364
2,486
502
937
415
456
654
424
2,717
724
440
Median earnings ............ .... ... . ... . .... $12.65 $12.15 Sll.95 $10.90
12.15 Sll.95 $15. 90 $11.10 $14.40 $12.25 $12. 80 $13. 20 $13.25 $14. 45
$9. 80
--111
2
4
5
2
UnderSl. ......• •. ........ ... ..... .........
~
1
4 ...... 9.
...... 6.
-- -·· ···
1
S1 and under S2 . .................. . ... ... ..
48
19
29
12
6
163
2
8
7
5
7
S2 and under S3 . ...........................
13
3
42
3
6
6
135
4
11
H
2
3
8
10
14
S3 and underS4 ............................
14
1
17
58
25
10
4
187
13
3
3
8
1
8
3
8
19
S4 and under S5 ... . .... .... ............. ...
90
14
4 ...... 2.
10
15
34
111
7
243
9
8
119'
15
7
21
S5and underS6 ............................
25
15
13
53
11
3
337
20
20
6
30
151
S6 and under S7 . ................ . . . . .. . ....
6
67
21
11
7
3
42
19
38
27
473
16
16
57
S7 and underS8 .. ..........................
10
198
30
13
31
311
113
11
8
25
26
42
20
653
30
18
187
43
S8 and under S9 . ...........................
167
27
103
27
9
48
32
46
36
853
30
53
S9 and under SlO . ...... ....... . ............ 1,007
44
165
167
59
31
80
39
14
68
31
69
110
18
82
SlO and under Sll .. . .... ... . ...... .... .. .. . 1,341
180
55
29
207
73
76
10
114
204
30
84
59
51
69
147
113
128
175
146
Sll and under Sl2 .......................... 1,221
35
22
31
47
58
26
112
40
81
86
392
$12 and under S13 . ...... . ... .... ........... 1,533
153
187
87
39
31
61
26
78
109
39
69
78
$13 and under $14 .......................... 1,094
45
102
174
118
39
81
158
55
17
33
28
43
57
57
53
73
S14 and under S15 ...................... . ... 1 003
112
133
34
238
14
35
42
36
34
69
23
42
10
$15 and under $16 .......................... 1; 111
34
103
132
97
43
281
51
91
61
21
34
42
32
40
112
174
6
$16 and under Sl 7 ........... ......... . ... ..
133
47
113
25
20
25
57
40
885
24
21
18
121
37
87
3
$17 and under $18 ..........................
24
71
37
54
18
13
16
558
16
17
159
3
S18 and under SI 9 .. ..................... . ..
26
14
87
79
44
15
22
47
15
59
25
647
1
81
35
11
86
8
S19 and under S20 ..........................
10
53
12
3
41
7
11
21
3 9
34
7
87
1
S20 and under S21 ..........................
9
8
47
19
65
386
10
9
26
6
35
70
11
7
5
$21 and under $22 ..........................
13
14
11
40 .........
4
54
3
2
6
248
58 .........
12
32
$22 and under $23 ..........................
5
3
46
4
195
7
2
2
8
5
4
1
29 ········
1
22
31
4
1
2
S23 and u nder S24 . .................... .....
3
3 ········
3
3
104
21 -------·
1
1
7.
1
1
29
2
2
1
S24 and under $25 . .. ................... . ...
103
22
10
3
1
1
94
1
1 -- ···· ·· -------S25 and under $30 . .. . ......................
46
26
5
73
3
266
3
;4
32 ........
S30 and u nder $35 ..........................
22
1 --·----27 ------- - ···----92 ···-···· ...... i.
2 -------6
21
1
3 ·······- ········
2 ·------1
13 ···· · ··S35 and under S40 . .........................
42 ...........
21 ........
$40 and over ................................
1 ------·- -------- -------- -------36 ...... .... -------8 .... ....
6 --- --- -- --·-·-·-
--.w ---
······;,:
---
······r
788
$12.45
2
1
3
8
8
7
19
33
50
59
87
72
95
66
50
69
37
22
35
9
23
8
7
1
2
8
2
-------- .........
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
·······-
ST. LOUIS.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture ofWeek's earnings.
All
industries.
Clothing, men's.
Bags. Candy. Shirts
and
overalls.
Drugs.
Suits.
Electric
products.
Food
products.
Millinery.
Paper
products.
Shoei.
Gen- 5-anderal 10-cent Launmerdries.
MiscelTocantile. stores.
lanebacco.
ous.
rs:
------ --- --187
$10.80
508
$13.10
326
$13.15
21 ...... a"
5
84
1
60
71
2
81
2
1
3
120
4
167
a
3
13
213
5
17
8
354
21
439
24
26
37
660
13
717
76
27
52
932
27
679
20
2
656
38
2
696
24
8
585
24
19
364
4
21 ...... a"
420
7
268
6
3
251
151
2 ...... i.
113
2
1
70
2
59
...... i.
178
55 ......... .........
34 ... ...... .........
24 -------- .........
1
9
10
11
10
8
2
2
6
8
5
7
7
12
15
12
25
25
32
31
Total._ ........•............ . ........ 8,522
Median earnings-- .......................... $13. 50
Under $1. ............. .. ......... . .. . . . ....
S1 and under $2 ............... .. ...... . ....
$2 and under $3 . ...... . . . ..................
$3 and under S4 . ............. • ............ .
$4 and under $5 . ....... . ................ . ..
$5 and under $6 ......... . ... . ...... . .......
$6 and under $7 ............................
S7 and under $8 ............................
$8 and under S9 ....................... . ....
$9 and under $10 . ................... . ..... .
$10 and under Sll . ........................ .
$11 and under $12 ..........................
Sl2 and under $13 ..........................
$13 and under $14 ........... . ........ .. .... ·
$14 and under $15 ........... . ..............
$15 and under $16 . .................... . ....
$16 and under $17 .•................. . . ... ..
Sl 7 and wider $18 . .......... . ....... . ......
$18 and under Sl9 . ....... . .................
Sl9and under $20 ....... . ......... . ........
$20 and under $21. ..... . ...................
$21 and under $22 .•... . ............. . ......
$22 and under $23 • •..•....... . ........ . . . ..
$23 and under $24 ..................... . ....
$24 and under $25 .................. . .......
$25 and under S30 . . . .......................
$30 and under S35 .. . ................... . ...
$35 and under $40 . .........................
$40 and over ................................
379
$12.65
·--···r
22
32
19
19
45
24
41
37
38
40
37
20
26
12
11
15
9
3
3
22
21
23
14
15
11
10
3
7
3
3
3
2
502
Sll.95
2
12
4
4
4
13
7
11
27
39
84
47
61
39
35
34
20
18
22
3
9
2
2
1
1
1
--- --456
$15. 90
1
1
3
1
2
3
8
9
14
10
35
26
28
42
51
47
37
47
41
26
13
4
3
1
570
Sll.60
1
5
6
13
10
19
23
27
42
46
59
56
72
43
32
41
25
13
15
7
6
6
2
·--···r
----·-··
········
1 -------2 ·-·-····
......... ········ ········
.......... ·-----·- ......... ··------ ----· -··
5
1
~
0
550
$14. 25
3
6
1
8
18
15
15
28
26
37
22
51
37
34
53
38
16
39
11
27
14
8
3
7
24
5
4
168
$12. 85
1, 069
$15.15
1,129
$13. 20
·····-··
3
7
6
9
5
14
17
24
47
42
70
56
78
75
69
72
59
49
47
61
43
50
19
25
22
59
23
13
5
11
29
13
10
19
21
21
30
43
59
2
1
······:r
5
7
6
11
15
41
17
18
12
8
4
4
1
3
3
2
2
2
1
········-·-····
55
147
87
102
73
g7
112
54
44
35
34
11
12
4
2
4
157
$13. 65
2
2
3
2
····--2·
4
5
10
.9
8
18
21
18
15
9
9
5
5
2
4
l
1
1,982
$14.60
...... i.
1
3
7
9
23
14
65
:w
233
$10. 20
306
$13. 60
5
1
2
5
....... i
14
8
11
61
47
24
13
126
135
307
144
14
197
9
188 ·
8
143
5
96
3
121
2
67
1
64
25
44 ....... . .
21
--······
2
2
2
2
5
11
23
IQ
34
26
44
29
38
27
8
12
l:;j
z
z
H
rs:
H
U2
U2
~
H
H
z
g
rJ).
~
H
l:;j
rn
3
7
3
....... i
1
74
4
21 ···-·-··
2
18 ......... ..........
15 ........ . ........
16
1
------·- ...... i.
········ .........
O')
-.:t
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
!.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-White women-Con.
KANSAS CITY.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of-
All
industries.
Bags.
Mis•
Clothcellsing,
men's- M'll"
P aper neous
1 m- p rod- i nd usCandy. shirts
and
ery ·
ucts. tries.I
overalls.
Total........................... 2,438
Median earnings...... . .............. . $13. 35
249
$11.45
319
$12. 65
Week's earnings.
Under$!. .....•......................
$1 and under $2 . .. ... .... ...... .... . .
$2and under $3 . . ...... ... ..... . .... .
$3 and under $4 ..................... .
$4 and under $5 . .................... .
$5 and under $6 . . . ............. ... . . .
$6 and under $7 ..................... .
$7 and under $8 . ....... .... ..... .. .. .
$Band under $9 .................... . .
$9a.nd under $10 .................... .
$10 and under $11 ................... .
$11 and under $12 ................... .
$12 and under $13 ........ ........... .
$13 and under $14 ........ .... ....... .
$14 and under $15 ................... .
$15 and under $16 ................... .
$16and under $17 ........ ........... .
$17 and under $18 ..... . ..... ........ .
$18 and under $19 ................... .
$19 and under $20 . .. .... ... .... . .... .
$20 and under $21 . . .. ... ....... . .... .
$21 and under $22 ................... .
$22 and under $23 ................... .
$23 and under $24 ................... .
$24 and under $25 ... .......... ...... .
$25 and under $30 ................... .
$30 and under $35 . ... .......... . ..•. .
$35 and under $40 . . ................. .
$40 and over .....•.•......... ...... .. .
1
3
11
22
34
34
24
40
71
88
150
219
229
221
196
158
494
$17. 75
174
$15. 15
······a· ······i· :::::::: ~:~:::::
2
12
1
4
6
9
10
8
19
21
39
42
41
rn
~g
201
151
8
19
5
12
91
130
5
9
69
1
3
3
2
70
53
2
5
48
3
1
18 ·····•·· • •......
22
1 • •••....
47 ·····•·· • •••.• ..
23 . ..•.... . •. .....
4 ••··•••• • •••.••.
11 •. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .
3
4
10
10
13
528
$13.50
49
19
30
43
20
8
28
10
27
8
6
31
2
30
2
15 ···•···· ....... .
11
3
2
1
32
19
1 ....... .
1
2 ........
4 .••. • . ..
1
6
2
3
11
16
10
9
'l!5
25
16
1
10
4
5
H
4
18
20
~~ ··· ··as"
5
13
12
28
35
68
62
32
40
26
31
18
16
1
Includes a department store and-a 5-and-10-cent store, tabulated here 10 avoid identification.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
215
$13. 65
···--·-··-·····1
2
1
1
8
6
10
19
22
54
42
34
43
45
39
54
31
18
27
21
8
9
7
3
6
8
3
5 ·• · ·· ·· ·
2
9
1 ... .... .
5
2
2
1
5
10
20
50
37
29
18
459
$11. 45
Laundries.
~
1
3
1
3
4
7
15
28
32
16
12
19
7
10
18
6
16
4
5
1
4
69
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
!.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-White women-Concl.
OTHER PLACES.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of-
Week's earnings.
ClothAll
ing,
indusFood
men'stries . Candy. shirts proda nd
ucts .
over-
Mis- ;:~:~~ ~~t L au nShoes. cellantile.
stores. dries.
eous. 1
alls.
- - - - - - - - - - - - l -- - - - - - - - --
Total. .. . . . ............ 4,404
Median earnings . .•. . ........ $10. 40
Under SL .. ...... . ..........
Sl and under $2 ........... . ..
$2 and under $3 ..... ...... . . .
S3 and under $4 .... . ...... . ..
$4 and under $5 ..............
$5 and under 36 ...... . .......
$6 and under $7.. ........... .
17 and under $8 ..............
S8 and under 59 ............ . .
$9 and under $10 .. . ..........
SJO and under $11.. ..........
$11 and under $12 . ... ... ... . .
$12 and under $13 .... ...... . .
513 and under $14 . .•....... ..
$14 and under Sl5 ...... . .....
$15 and under $16 .... . ... . ...
$16 and under $17 ..... .......
$17 and under $18 ............
$18 and under $19 .... _... _...
$19 and under $20 ..... . _.....
ll20and underS21.. . .........
$21 and under $22 . . ........ ..
$22 and under $23 . . ........ . .
$23 and under $24 .•..........
$24 and under S25 ...•.. . . _...
$25 and under $30 .... .. _. _. . .
$30 and under $35 . . . ... . . _...
S.35 and under $40 .. ..........
$40 and over .. .. ·. .. . .........
2
35
68
53
82
128
193
266
369
411
418
462
275
380
219
189
214
149
103
97
52
65
44
34
16
22
41
14
4
1
233
$11.45
.... ..i.
2
5
2
5
18
34
5
13
24
17
17
17
21
17
13
5
5
4
3
······r
2
.. . . .... .
1, 484
$8.85
26
39
32
46
78
111
126
155
152
136
126
79
87
65
42
37
47
21
18
13
9
8
7
4
- - - - - - - - - - - -- -- -
84
$7.90
...... i .
·· ··· ·4·
4
6
19
9
6
22
2
6
······4·
1
8
9
2
1 ........ . .
..... . .... . . ... .. .. .
1,261
$11.05
477
Sll .80
2
12
8
16
29
39
50
89
120
125
134
90
109
83
64
60
54
38
32
20
22
20
1
6
6
1
6
21
17
22
33
47
44
43
51
30
30
23
17
23
15
11
13
7
1
1
5
3
13
6
7
14
4
1
88
$8.35
262
$10.20
4
2
7
2
1
4
4
1
5
3
1
5
4
4
3
g
14
13
24
16
20
37
19
39
37
29
9
74
7
53
10
31
3
37
11
62
6
17
1
19
9
12
64
3
15
4
12
21
5
4 --- -·-·- .. . .. . ...
18 -------· .... .. .i
8
10
2
5 ······· · ········
1 ..... . ... ········
13 ------- - . . ... ...
~ .. . . .. ... .... ....
2 ·-·-· ··· ······ ··
········
· ·· · ··· · ...... .. .. .. . ...... .. ... ... .
Includes paper products an d men's suits, tabulated here to avoid identification
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
515
$12.35
TABLE
IL-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-Negro women.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of-
All industries.
_____________
Bags.
UnderSl .......................... .
Sl and under S2 .. .................. .
S2 and under $3 .................... .
S3 and under $4 .. . ... .... ... .. .. .. . .
S4and under$5 ......... .. ......... .
S5 and under $6 .................... .
S6 and under S7 ... ................. .
S7 and undPr $8 .. .................. .
S8 and under $9 .................... .
i9 and under $10 ................... .
SlO and under $11.. ..... .. ... ....•..
Sll and under $12 . ......... . ....... .
S12 and under $13 ............ . •.• •••
Sl3 and under $14 .........•.........
$14 and under $15 .................. .
S15 and under $16 .... • ..............
$16 and under Sl 7.............•.....
Sl 7 and under Sl8 .................. .
$18 and under Sl9 .................. .
$19 and under S20 .................. .
S2O and over ....................... .
I
Food products.
Tobacco,
State
Kan- Other
Kan- Other
Kan- Other
KanSt.
St.
St.
St. Other (St.
St.
State. Lotili.
sas
sas
sas places. State. Louis.
State. Louis.
sas State. Louis.
places. Louis). State. Louis. City.
City. places.
City. plaC(S.
City.
..,-- ,
_,_
,
.,
,.
- - - --- --- ----- ---- ,
___ __ ___ ___ ___ __
Total.............. .. ......... 1,536 1,309
201
Median earnings .................... $6. 00 $3. 50 S9. 90
2
Other industries. 1
Laundries.
Week's earnings.
24
87
101
169
206
181
135
99
116
112
113
45
50
15
24
26
16
7
24
78
101
165
201
176
125
87
98
54
61
28
36
10
2'0
20
12
6
3
1
4
2
1
6
26
9. 50
68
$8. 95
54
$8. 75
14
(2)
..... 9. : : ::: :: ..... 2. . .... 2. :: :: :: :
. .... 2. ··--·2· ····-~- ..... ~. :::::::
3
4
6
Ii54
44
16
14
4
4
5
2
3
3
1 .. .. ... .. .. .. .
4
1
1
2
23
2g
4
8
5
8
7
4
1
9
8
3
3
1 .... ...
2
2
3
.......
.......
___ ______
---
815
S4. 60
814
S4. 60
15
53
15
53
1
(2)
1~i
1~i
172
172
147
98
g~
147
97
1
..... a"
~~
3
13
13
3
6
6
1
1
1
.. .......•......... .. ···· ··.
1 .................... .
... ·........................ .
3 ....... ······· ...... .
4 •••·••· •• •••••••••••• •••••·• .•••••• ·••·••• •.•••••
1 ...................... ····· · ........ ·· · ··· . ······
2 .•• • •.. •••• ••• •••.•••••••••.•.••••• •••••·· •••••••
1 ....................... . ........................ .
275
$7. 70
358
$9. 80
8
18
12
16
24
26
1
14
1
22
17
15
16
13
11
16
8
12
19
11
6
2
2
1
3
5
7
11
24
54
75
86
21
29
5
10
161
19. 55
184
$9. 8.5
13
20
( 2) $9. 00
5
( 2)
3
( 2)
12
1 . .......... ... .. ... .... . ... . . ······ ...... .
5
9 · ···•·· ... .......................••
1 ..... :i" ······· .... T ..... i. ::::::: ······2
1
2
3
3
4
1 ... .... .......
1
5
13
39
20
38
6
3 .•••••. .••••••
3
7
15
2
6
2 ..•.... . .•.•••
2
10
1 ·· ··· ·· ·······
1
15 ................•......•....••.••••
51
4 ••••••••••••••.•••••• •••••••
41
7
1 . . . . .. . . . .. . . .
1
14
3
1
1
1
14
2
2 ........•.....
2
1
1 ...... .
f ······· ··--·2· ::::::: .. .. .i ....... i
2
1
5
1
4 •• •·••• ••••••• •••••••••••••••••••.•
1 .................................. .
1
2
1 ...........•..
3
1 .................................. .
1
....................................................... .
Comprises stores and the manufacture of candy~ shirts and ovem!ls, millinery, and paper products, all combined employing only 20 negro women.
Not computed, owing to small number involvea.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
( 2)
TfBLE III.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-White women.
STATE.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture ofWeek's earnings .
All
industries.
Clothing, men's.
Bags.
.
Total ................ . ............... 11,360
Median. earnings .......... : ................ $12. 90
414
$12. 70
Under$1. .•.•....... : ................ . ..•.•
43 ...... f
100
$1 and under $2 .... .. . .. . .. .. .........•....
151
82 and under $3 .. .. ...... . ...... . ... • ......
3
157
$3 and under $4 .. ............. . .... .... .•. .
8
169
Mand under$5 ...... , .... . ..... .... ..... . .
5
85and underS6 ........ ... . ...... ..... . ....
241
8
19
$6 and under $7 ............................
369
502
S7and under SB ............................
8
591
23
S8and under$9 ............................
640
27
S9and under$10 ................... . .......
928
41
SlO and under $11. ••.. ... . .......... ... ....
Sll and under $12. _• . ......... .. . ....... .. .
43
787
23
S12and under 13 .•........................ 1,104
44
S13and under 314 ......................... .
841
$14 and under $15 ..........................
685
35
964
S15and under $16 ..........................
37
12
$16 and under Sl 7 . . . .... . ..... . ...... ......
579
440
16
S17and under $18 .. . .. ......... ... . . ... ... .
487
15
S18and under$19 ..... . ................... .
284
Sl9and under$20 . .............. ...... .....
8
12
$20 and under $21. ........ ....... . .... . . ...
286
170
$21 and under $22 ••... • ....... . ... .........
7
6
149
S22and under$23 •••............ . . . ........
1
160
$23 and under $24 •.... .... . ... ... ..... . .. . .
87
5
S24 and under$25 .. ... .... ... .... . . ........
297
2
S25and under$30 ••........ ....... .. .......
100
........
.
S30and und&$35 ••.....•. ..•..•.......... -1
24 · · · ·-·-S35 and under S40 ..•...••...•........ ... ...
25 --· ·····
$40 and over .....••.•......................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Candy. Shirts
and
overalls .
509
$13. 30
1, 722
$11.35
9
3
6
6
9
23
15
15
20
39
13
71
80
40
61
19
16
43
40
39
80
104
116
125
124
125
Drugs.
Suits.
ao
23
2
8
1
.3
1
1
5
3
1
··· · -···
Food
products.
227
$13.50
4
6
5
6
5
7
9
12
12
14
12
17
9
15
16
9
5
8
7
9
3
7
2
4
18
6
263
$12. 65
·····--2 2
4
3
1
1
6
16
25
27
70
37
25
12
12
6
5
2
3
1
1
1
87
78
77
109
95
63
46
50
36
21
22
20
22
······-·
52
1
16
-----· ··
3 ·····-- · ····· · ··
3 ....... . . .. ..... ..
Paper
products .
Millinery.
- -- ------ - -- -
16
94
Electric
products.
-- -
Shoes.
Gen- 5-anderal
Lanndries.
m er- 10-cent
Miscelrrocantile. stores.
bacco. laneous.
-- - -------- --- -
167
$13. 35
457
$12. 35
948
313.10
561
5513. 60
1, 749
$12.60
1, 316
$15.55
1
1
4
7
2
5
6
9
6
5
9
9
14
15
18
11
7
4
7
3
4
4
2
5
1
3
1
2
2
9
9
20
19
26
64
41
90
42
31
29
14
11
20
5
11
...... 6.
12
20
9
22
49
33
42
60
64
1
1
4
5
9
6
13
13
16
20
50
18
12
28
12
36
16
15
64
55
55
55
95
62
38
130
53
23
63
20
8
1
........
..........
9
9
6
4
22
7
55
53
54
45
31
30
32
15
16
9
8
12
1
6
1
······-· ........
7
··· ·····
2
15
23
32
25
37
57
67
113
125
172
123
143
140
108
109
99
67
70
62
27
31
12
18
12
36
18
3
3
:,
s
1
1
28
. . . .... . . .......... .. . ... . . . .......
41
36
40
68
85
51
152
97
54
61
56
51
48
32
63
19
85
20
1
233
Sl3. 45
. ........
4
3
1
1
5
3
10
10
9
17
16
23
34
17
16
10
12
15
7
6
3
2
2
1
2
3
1
......... ........
1, 552
$13. 75
2
12
8
5
12
15
22
76
67
68
134
95
200
81
104
141
80
81
79
35
55
20
27
24
10
51
23
14
11
-- --422
$11.20
820
$12. 60
-----3
4
6
4
6
13
29
27
:u
65
104
52
24
19
15
5
1
7
1
2
···· ····
........
.. ·- .. i.
1
1
. ..... i.
2
6
7
8
9
15
28
32
55
56
73
60
-96
57
53
81
36
37
36
11
18
11
13
•
6
8
1
1
. ...... . ..
TABLE
III.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-White women-Continued.
ST. LOUIS.
Number of women earning each sp ecified amount inThe manufacture of-
Week's earnings .
All
industries.
Clothing, men's.
Cand~.
Shirts
and
overalls.
Drugs.
Electric
Food
products. products.
UnderSl. .....•.••....... . ......
Sl and under S2 _....... . . . ......
S2 and under S3 . ... . ..... . ......
S3 and under S4 . ... _. . ...... . .. .
S4 and under $5 .• •..............
S5 and underS6 ........... . .....
S6 and under S7 . ................
S7 and under S8 . ........... . . . ..
S8 and under S9. _....... . .......
S9 and under SlO .. ......... _. ___ .
SIO and under SU . ........... _..
SU and under $12 ...•. _....... _.
$12 and under $13 ...............
$13 and underS14 ...............
Sl4 and under $15 ... _...........
Sl5 and under Sl6 . . . ......... ...
S16 and under SI 7 .... . . . ... . .. ..
S17 and under SIS ........ . .. _._.
$18 and under SlO . ........... _..
Sl9 and under $20 .•... ... _......
S20 and under $21 .......... . ....
$21 and under S22 . ... ...........
S22 and under $23 •• __.. . ........
S23 and under S24 ...... _... _. _..
$24and under S25 .. .. ··-··--·--$25 and under $30 .•.... _... _. _..
$30 and under $35 .. . .. ..... . . __ .
$35 and under S40 . ..... _.. _.....
$40 and over •.• _.......... _.. . _.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,529
S13. 60
83
Sl2. 95
23 --- -···-··
45 ...........
81 ·······--·
75 ......._. i.
90
109 ----·-····
156
2
235 ....... -i.
252
1
275
12
500
410 ---- · -····
703
26
499
6
436
4
I)
576
3
383
283
4
328
3
205 ·········182
3
111 ···------92
2
118 ··· ·······
56
--------·-
210
3
2
68
15
1
13 ..............
PaJ?er
products.
Shoes.
MiscelTobacco. laneous.
5-and-10cent
stores.
Laundries.
Suits.
- - - - --
--Total. .... . ...... . ....... .
Median earnings ....... _........
Millinery.
517
154
263
Sl3.10
S15.90
S12.65
167
S13. 35
410
$12.40
158
1,048
S13.10
S13.40
S13. 85
1
1
3 ---------- ------··· ·
····· ·····
1
3
1
2
5 ·······
3
···
1
2
4
1
9 ... .
8
I
12
7
1
6
I ······ ·· · ·
2
2
2
1
8
8
4
14
5
7
I
6 ............
3
6
41 ----·- ··· ·
19
3
1
9
19
21
1
9
1
22
4
6
29
14
28
8
4
6
16
17
5
22
45
6
7
25
9
42
14
40
5
56
27
9
47
10
47
8
38
70
51
47
9
14
77
30
7
37
15
41
37
15
36
15
18
37
15
40
25
26
12
12
13
11
25
66
44
41
26
9
12
7
5
14
11
20
35
3
6
4
4
45
12
24
8
5
7
20
3
18
19
7
2
5
4
19
9
9
3
11
5
4
3
1
6
2
2
4
4
I
2
3
8
5
7
4
1
5
1
5
2
5
2
1
1
4
4
4
1
17
3
18 ··········
8
8
...
1 ········- 2
5 ----·-·--·
6 ···----- -1 ·········· ...... .. ..... . . .... . ..... ·····-···· ............ ..........
3 ······· · ··
·········- .......... . ........ ... ······ · ··· ......... ..
--------
--- - --
654
··-·····s·
18
19
10
23
24
20
37
50
93
68
84
82
79
77
76
50
55
51
20
20
11
15
11
27
14
3
3
1,316
S15. 55
- -1,213
$13. 50
- - - - -232
314
Sll.60
S14.!15
18 ........... ---·· · · · · · ······--·3
2
12
5
3
3
4
4
3
12
9
2
12
2
36
4
5
16
25
4
3
15
29
6
3
65
64
5
2
57
55
15
7
41
43
48
22
36
98
39
13
40
64
37
148
42
68
19
93
26
85
51
15
29
82
13
51
152
91
3
97
27
63
61
1
54
30
3
61
63
22
1
56
5
34
51
39 ............
9
17 ·-·-···-·48
4
3
32
14 ...........
18 · ·········
1
63
1
9
2
19
1
2
37
85
18 ------- . ·· ·-·· ··· ···
20
I
9 . .......... . ............
1 ·········6
. . ........
28
73
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
III.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-White womtnContinued.
KANSAS CITY.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture ofWeek's earnings.
All
industries.-
ClothBags.
m~1ti~~Candy. shirts
and
overalls.
Miscel-
Millinery.
Paper.
\~nd~~
~~~
tries.
1
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -1--- -1-- - -1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total.. ... ...... . .............. 1, 875
Medianearnings ........ . ........... . $14.05
UnderSL .•..........................
S1 and under $2 ..................... .
$2 and under $3 . .. . ................. .
S3 and under 54 . .................... .
S4 and under $5 ..................... .
$5 and under $6 . .................... .
$6 and under $7 ..................... .
$7 and under SB ..................... .
$8 and under $9 ..................... .
S9 and under $10 .................... .
SlO and under Sll . , ................. .
$11 and under S12 ........... . ....... .
$12 and under $13 ................... .
$13 and under Sl 4 ..... . ............. .
Sl 4 and under $15 ... . ............... .
$15 and under $16 ................... .
$16 and under $17 ................... .
Sl 7 and under $18 ................... .
$18 and under $19 ................... .
$19 and under $20 ................... .
S20 and under $21 .. .. ............... .
$21 and under $22 ................... .
S22and under$23 . .................. .
$23 and under $24 ................... .
$24 and under $25 ................... .
$25 and under $30 .......... . ........ .
$30 and under $35 ................... .
$35 and under $40 ................... .
$40 and over ..................... . .. .
1 Includes
176
$12.90
244
$13.50
327
$16.45
294
$13.10
271
$15.10
369
$13.75
1 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
1 ..............•.
13
4
6
1 . .. . . . . .
1
1
13
2
2
3
2
3
1
20
4
1
8
3
3
1
2
2
l
6
1
13
21
4
6
8
2
1
40
8
10
8
3
3
5
3
52
10
17
12
8
3
2
46
7
13
14
2
4
3
3
11
69
7
15
15
5
11
5
lH
26
11
11
22
13
18
13
10
13
8
78
27
14
78
28
162
10
24
11
44
14
35
24
13
187
55
16
25
30
34
14
21
155
23
19
1
30
41
20
190
13
27
17
64
28
30
11
102
7
2
28
12
23
24
6
7
17
11
3
24
15
4
81
7
13
13
18
17
20
12
100
4
47
15
2
11
9
6
5
5
11
9
11
6
9
56
38
6
13
3
6
4
6
2
5
11
1
4
8
8
39
12
1
10
5
3
31
24
14
........
·
·······
3
4
3 ····•···
49
30
5
3
4
6
1 .. ······
14
2
1
2
1
20
2
1 ................. ·······
1
12
3
4 ........
5 ••••••••
a department store and a 5-and-l<kent store, tabulated here to avoid identification.
82034°-24-6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
194
$14.00
74
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
III.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-White womenConcluded.
OTHER PLACES.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of-
Week's earnings.
ClothAll
ing,
indusmen'sFood
tries. Candy. shirts prodand
ucts.
overalls.
Total .. .............. .. 2,956
Median earnings...... ... .... $10. 45
182
$13. 00
878
$9. 15
Under $1. .. .... .... . .... . ...
19
$1 and under $2.. ............
42
3
$2 and under $3 ••••••••••••••
57
1
$3 and under $4 .... ..........
62
2
$4 and under $5 ..... .........
66
3
$5 and under $6 ....... .......
111
5
$6 and under $7.. ........... .
173
13
$7 and under $8 ..............
215
5
$8 and under $9 ..............
293
7
S9 and under $10 ...... . . .... .
12
296
$10 and under $11.. ...... ....
314
16
Sll and under $12.. ..........
199
3
$12 and under $13.. ... .......
239
21
$13 and under $14 ............
155
19
$14 and under $15........... .
94
13
$15 and under $16..•.. .......
198
25
$16 and under Sl 7.. ..........
94
9
$17 and under $18.... .... ....
76
9
$18 and under $19 ............ 1.
59
7
$19 and under $20 ............
32
2
$20 and under $21.. ..... . ....
48
$21 and under $22 ............
21
1
$22 and under $23 ............
18
1
23 and under $24 ... .........
1
11
$24 and under $25 ......... . ..
7
1
$25 and under $30 ............
38
2
$30 and under $35 .. .. ... ... . .
12
1
$35 and under $40 .. . ........ .
7 ...........
$40 and over ......... . ... .... --------
13
13
35
33
29
68
75
77
2 Includes
83
92
74
34
29
26
18
48
41
17
9
16
16
4
6
3
4
14
General 5-and- LaunMiscel- mercan- 10-cent dries.
lanetile.
stores .
Shoes.
ous.2
47
$11. 85
701
$10. 80
······r
2
7
5
13
15
14
2
...... i.
5
4
8
3
13
1
5
4
33
47
76
75
79
55
59
58
29
32
23
17
15
210
$10. 75
95
$8. 65
312
$9. 70
2
12
5
3
5
3
10
28
37
45
60
1
1
1
2
2
6
21
21
2
2
3
4
6
9
22
27
50
4
7
5
6
8
14
9
14
14
32
36
20
33
11
11
7
.u
9
8
3
4
4
1
1
1
3
1
9
4
--------1 .--·-·-·. ......... ........... .........
............
531
$12. 40
:.
.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
23
16
60
2
15
26
1
21
3 ···-·· -·
23
1
3
8
4 ----·--1 . ....... .
13 ·····-··
7 ----·--6 ···· ····
·-·····-
paper products and men's suits, tabulated here to avoid identification.
10
7
16
3
«
38
19
35
17
4
19
3
3
2
..........
1
2
. ..........
·····-·.........
. ... .... .. .
........
TABLE
IV.-Week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1921-Negro women.
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of-
All industries.
Laundries.
Week's earnings.
Bags.
KanKan- Other
St.
St.
State. Louis.
State. Louis.
sas
sas
City. places.
City.
---Total. .......... .. ........... .
Median earnings ... . ........ . .. .....
825
9.35
Under SL......................... .
Sl and under $2.....................
$2 and under $3.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S3 and under $4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$4 and under $5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$5 and under S6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$6 and under S7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$7 and under S8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$8 and under 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S9andunderSIO............. .. ....
SlO and under SU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sll and under $12.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$12 and under $13..................
$13 and under $14....... .. . . . . . . . . .
S14 and under $15......... . ........
$15 and under $16..................
$16 and under $17.... .. .... .. ......
29
28
25
41
41
42
54
46
80
71
78
39
43
26
16
79
33
m
:~~ ~~:rnL::::: :: ::::: :::: i1
Sl9 and under $20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
164
633
$8. 90 SlO. 05
28
26
21
36
36
38
45
33
58
38
36
28
31
22
15
74
30
2
i ···
1
2
3
5
5
4
7
7
15
31
39
9
7
4
1
5
3
24
28
33
S8. 70 $10.90 $10.35
. .. . .. . ... . .. .
.. . . .. . . .. . .. .
1 .......
1
1
7
2 .......
6 .......
7 .......
2
2
3
6
2
6
5
4
2
....... .......
. . . . .. . . . . . .. .
....... .......
. ... .. .
.......
.......
1
1
6
.......
.......
.......
2
6
4
2
Other indust::ies.1
Food products.
(2)
9
.......
.......
.......
.. .. .. .
.......
1
.......
.......
.......
...... .
.......
2
2
2
... . ... . .. . .. .
.. . . .. . . . . . .. .
....... .......
Tobacco,
State
Kan- Other
Kan- Other
St. Other
St.
(St.
St.
State. Louis.
sas
sas places. State. Louis.
places. Louis). State. Louis. City.
City. places.
---- - --- --- - - - - --146
145
319
310
142
154
14
17
1
13
1
3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$5. 45 $5.45
$13. 30 $9.65 $9.40 $9. 95
$10.15
1
12
IO
18
23
1~
27
16
15
2
1
1
1
. . . . .. .
. . . . .. .
.......
.......
1
12
IO
18
23
H~
26
16
15
2
1
1
1
. . . . .. .
.......
. . . . .. .
.......
. . . . ...
... . ...
. . . . .. .
. .. . .. .
.......
26
8
10
11
12
9
• 14
7
12
14
4
7
20
18
13
70
30
2
i
2
8
4
IO
5
7
13
22
49
52
64
24
14
6
3
9
3
1
6
1
5
4
5
IO
31
20
25
15
8
4
2
4
1
1
2
3
5
5
3
7
7
15
31
38
7
5
2
1
5
3
....... ..................• .... .....
.................................. .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . •. .
1
1 ............. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
..............................•.•..
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...•.•
5
1 . ... .. . . .. ....
1
3
4 ....... .......
4
1
1 ..............
1
1
3 .......
1
2
2
1
1 ............. .
1
4 . . . . .. . . . . . .. .
4
.........................•.........
.................................. .
.................................. .
.................................. .
· ----2· ::::: :: · .... i. ----T : : ::::: :: :::::
··2· :: :: ::: ..... z' .....z' :::: ::: :: :: ::: ::::::: :::::::
½
·1
6 .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . ... .. . . .. . ... . .. . .. .. .. .
1
6 .. . . ...
6 .................................. .
$20 and under 21. .. .................. ... .. ..... .... ...................... ...... .... . .................................................................................... .
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1
3 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
1
3 .......
3 .. ; ............................... .
S22 and under $23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .......
1 . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .......
1 .................................. .
$23 and under $24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ .... .. .
2 . . . . •. .
2 .......
2 .................................................................................... .
$24 and under $25 ....................................................................................................................................................... .
$25 and over... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . •. .
2 . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .
2 .......
2 .................................. .
1
1
Comprises stores and the manufacture of candyt shirts and overalls, and millinery, all combined employing only 17 negro women.
Not computed, owing to small number involvea.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~
0
~
t_:rj
z
~
z
g
rJ)
~
~
t_:rj
!12
TABLE
V.-Week's earnings and time worked, 1922-White women.
A WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS.
Number o! women earning each specified amount who worked-
Num-
Week's earnings.
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
ber of
30
39
52
48
54
55
women Un44
50
Over
and
and
52
and
and
44
48
and
50
and
54
55
60
r eand
and
der under
60
under hours. under hours. under hours. under hours. under hours. under hours. under hours.
ported.
30
hours.
39
44
55
hours. hours.
48
50
52
54
60
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
- - - - - - - - - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total. •.•....•.•.•...•.......
7, 578
UnderSl .......................... .
29
88
68
$1 and under S2 •...................
S2 and under $3 . ...•..•.•...•......
$3 and under $4 .........•..........
S4 and under S5 . .................. .
S5 and under $6 ......• . ............
S6 and under $7 ........•...........
S7 and under S8 . ..............•....
S8 and under S9 . .................. .
S9 and under SlO .................. .
SlO and under Sll . ................ .
Sll and under $12 .........••.......
$12 and under S13 ................. .
$13 and under $14 ....•..........••.
$14 and under $15 ................. .
$15 and under $16 ................. .
$16 and under Sl 7 ................. .
Sl 7 and under $18 .......•..........
118 and under $19 .............•....
S19 and under S20 . ................ .
$20 and under $21. .....•...•••.•.•.
S21 and under $22 ................. .
$22 and under $23 ....•.•....•.•.•..
S23 and under S24 . ................ .
S24 and under $25 ......•...........
S25 and under $30 •••.•• •...........
S30 and under $35 ...........•••.•..
S35 and under S40 ................. .
$40 and over•...••....•.•••....•....
100
103
128
187
299
402
509
693
705
715
590
~94
505
483
318
326
210
197
129
92
52
57
76
15
749
780
1,028
383
1,067
623
1,212
669
38
99
35
426
2 •••••••
~
3,571
29 .••.••.••••.•..•.•......•... ·- ----· •••.•.• ······- ·-·· .•.•••.•.•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• •• •••••
94
69
66
38
36
28
16
~
3
4
2
1
2
1
4 •.... ..
4
16
70
103
104
79
66
74
~~
1
9
36
95
111
141
106
1
3
8
20
20
18
27
~
1~
36
62
28
25
51
40
25
54
54
16
35
18
9
27
27
9
18
11
9
22
12
10
12
8
7
16
7
3
7
5
2
5
7
4
9
10
1
1
3
. . •.... . . .. ..• . . ... ..
1 ·····•·.. .....
4
18
48
41
84
99
100
1
~5
1
4
4
22
85
73
~t
2
5
12
7
24
55
41
·····i· ·····i· ::.::::: ::::::: ·····r ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
4
11
59
74
87
152
:g i~
1
2
4
18
66
74
2 .......
1
3
5
11
4
2
8
9
11
i! .....
2 ..............................•..••
12
22
25
38
22
~
a° 1:
84
58
31
91
56
5
7
26
66
46
38
116
73
1
8
37
84
40
34
102
46
2
8
29
64
21
30
54
40
11
22
57
34
21
63
43
9
22
38
27
g
45
30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
27
23
9
41
37
1
Ia
22
5
13
18
17
2
17
14
5
8
18
7
2
6
8
8
3
7
3
1
6
12
4
4
6
10
1
5
8
7
8
19
6 ....... .......
5
3 .•.....
1
3 ..•..................
2
1
1 . -··... •••. .•• .. •. . . • . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ••..•.• .•.••••
...........•..................•.••.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..•..
. . . . •. . . . . . . . .
1 ..........••••
...............................••..
..... ~. : : : : : ~: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
.. .. .. . .. ... ..
7 ...........•••
.................................. .
1 .......
4 ............. .
....... .......
5 . . . . • . . . ...•••
. . . . . . . . . .. . . .
2
1 ...••• •
1 .......
4 ........•..•••
1 ....... .......
1 .... • ••
. . .. .. . . . . .. . .
5 .•....... ··• • •
....... .......
2 ...........•••
.........•....
! ............. .
....... .......
1 ............••
.......................•......•.•• •
..............
1 ...........•••
. . .. . . . . . . . . . .
2 .............•
1 .••..•••••.•......•......•......................•......• ···-···
$j
0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
:~ ..... i ...................... ··· ·-·· ....... ······· ······· ....... ······· ······· ....... ······· ······· ······· ...... .
97
2 ..... i ...................... ······· ······· ............................ ······· ······· ........... ......... .
93
7
1 . . . . . . . . •... i° . . . . .. . . .... i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .
Median earnings: All woL1en, $12.65; women who worked 48 hours or more, $13.90.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
462
48
hours
and
over.
1
6
18
38
104
179
341
382
415
344
281
319
266
183
195
132
126
77
48
29
31
45
7
3
1
tzj
z
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Week's earnings.
Number
of
women
reported.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ __
Total. ...............•.......•.......
1JnderSl. ..••.............................
$1 and under $2 ...•.......................
S2 and under S3 . ......................... .
$3 and under $4 ...... .................... .
$4 and under $5 .......................... .
$5 and under $6 .......................... .
$6 and under 17 . ......................... .
$7 and under $8 .......................... .
S8 and under S9 . ......................... .
$9 and under SlO .••.•••••••••••••••••.•.••
SlO and under $11 ...•...•.................
Sll and under $12 .......•...•.•...........
$12 and under $13 ........................ .
$13 and under $14 ..................... ·... .
S14 and under $15 .. ...................... .
$15 and under $16 ........................ .
$16 and under $17 ........................ .
$17 and under $18 .. ...................... .
$18 and under $19 ......... .... ........... .
$19 and under $20 •••.•••••••••••••••••••••
$20 and under $21 ........................ .
$21 and under $22 ........................ .
S22and under $23 ........................ .
$23 and under $24 .......................•.
$24 and under S25 •......•.••••••••.•.••.•.
$25 and under S30 . ........................ _
$30 and under $35 .......................••
$35 and under $40 . ... ....... ............. .
'40 and over .............................. .
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked on 1- - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
1 day.
1½ days.
5,975
54
25
15
39
33
43
71
99
11
29
i9
11
1
2
167 . . . . . . . . . .
239
290
359
513
417
699
419
426
525
342
204
275
139
160
82
81
40
34
150
55
30
2 days.
..........
.. ..... . . .
. .. ..... . .
58
3 days.
3~ days.
4 days.
4½ days.
5 days.
5½ days.
6 days.
5days
and over.
25
94
62
236
3
9
5
2
13
9
. .. .. .. .. .
3
1
..........
4
1
. .. .. ... . .
1
. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .
:: : :::: :: : : :: :: :::: : ........ ~. : :: :: :: :: :
14
10
20
14
8
6
5
9
5
7
3
7
; ........ 3.
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . ... .
3
3
. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .
1
2
. .. .... .. . . .. .. .. .. .
1
1
2
2
. .. .... .. . . .... . ....
1 . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ...
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
1 . . . . . .. . . .
. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... .. .. .. . . ... . .. ... . .. ... ... . . .. .. .. ... . .. .... .. .
1
. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
..•.........•.•...............••••................... ·'·.....
. .... ...... ......•.. ....... .. . •••••••••· •.. .. .. .•.
11
16
34
16
29
19
~i12
··········
. · ··· ·· ···
. ······ ...
··········
747
..........
..•.•...•.
..........
•..••••.•.
··········
········•·
..... .....
······•••·
2
10
11
15
9
18
i~9
9
8
8
6
1
3
3
3
9
4
11
5
5
1
5
6
2
6
2
2
.......... ·········· ··········
3
. .. .......
2
2
10
. .. .. .. ...
1 ... .... .. .
2
•·······•· ...••..••• ····•···•· ... ··••·•·
: ::::::::: : : : :: :: : : : : :: :: :: :: : :::::::::: ::: :: :: :: : .. ...... i ......... i.
··········
•·········
..... . ... .
······•·•·
180
1,337
3,157
5,241
········2· ········i· ·········· ·········· ·········· ·········· ·········· ·········· ··········
8
2 ········2· ········i· ·········· ·········· ·········· ·········· ··········
15
4
7
5 ········a" ········a" ········3· ········2· ......... . ·········s
1
8
13
33
69
68
57
12
16
45
71
69
85
~~
~~
90
83
38
32
23
13
7
10
6
5
4
1
3
5
2
•..•••.•.•
29 •••·•····· •·•·•·•·•· •··•·•·••· •·•••••••• ··••····•• •••••••·•· ··•·•••·•• ······•••• ••••••••••
Median earnings: All women, $13; women who worked on 5 days or more, $13.60.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2½ days.
_ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - -- - t - - - - < - - - - 1 1 - - -- 1 - -- - + - - - - - i - - -
117
101
83
134
103
45
84
32
46
23
12
7
7
37
15
6
6
.
1.
15
42
103
167
261
224
464
214
287
337
204
140
179
87
99
45
63
28
21
94
35
24
23
20
30
93
182
240
309
458
3 0
671
398
408
503
330
19
270
129
151
73
79
36
31
136
52
30
29
~
0
~
l:zj
z
z
H
~
H
rn
rn
0
C:
~
H
z
g
~
l:i:I
.-of
l:zj
?1
TABLE
VI.-Week's earnings and time worked, 1922-Negro women.
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS.
Number of women earning each specified amount who workedWeek's earnings.
Numberof
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
wom- Un- 30and 39and
48and
50and
54and
55and
Over
44 44and
en
d er under under
48
52 52and
60
50
54
55
under
under
under
under
under
under
60
report- 30
44 hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours. hours.
39
hours. 54
hours.
48
52
50
55
60
hours.
hours.
ed. hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
48
hours
and
over.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ---1- - -1·- - - + - - --1- - - - - - - - - ---1---1----11--Total. ........................ .
196
445
89
2
68
23
101
34
56
39
10
9
1 ...... .
2 .••..••
Under SL .......................... .
Sl and under $2 .... .. .............. .
$2 and under S3 . ................... .
S3 and under S4 . ................... .
S4 and under S5 . ................... .
S5 arid under $6 .................... .
$6 and under $7 .................... .
S7 and under S8 . ................... .
$8 and under $9 . . ....... .. ..... . ... .
$9 and under $10 ...... .......... ... .
$10 and under $11 .................. .
$11 and under $12 ................. ..
$12 and under Sl3 . ...... . .......... .
$13 and under $14 .................. .
$14 and underS15 ........... ....... .
$15 and up.der $16 .................. .
m
:~~ ~~~:~ m:::::::::::::::::::
$18 and 1.J.pder $19 .................. .
$19 antl 'under.$20 ....... .......... . .
$20 and' under $21 ........ ... ....... .
9
22
9 .............. ······· ....... •••·••· ........................................................ ••••··· •••••••••••••.
22 ..............................•.... ······· .........••... ••••·•· ••••··· ......................................... .
20
22
11
13
~~
~
n
24
1
~ ..... i.
5
-······ ······· ·· ····· ······· ······· ·····2· ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ······2
1 ..... 6. ::::::: ::::::: ..... i. :::::::
2
3 ..•.................. ·······
8
9
42
2
5
46
1
·4
26
3
32
1
14 . . .. . . . . • •• . . .
17 .. ..... ••••...
4 .•••....••.••••.•••••••••...
···· ·4· .......
8
9
1
12
4
2
J ·····2·1 :::::::2 16~i
6
13
6
1
1
3
9
1
2
2
3
7
9
6
2
1
i~6 :........................................................
:::::: ::::::: ~
i
r r
·····2· ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :: ::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
2 .....•.•••......•......•...................••.....••....
3
3 ....... ·····2· ............ i. ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
4
4
1 ..............................•.....••....
2
1
1 ..............................•.....••••..
4
3 .... ..... .. .. ............................ .
~
r ..... ~. ·---- i · ::::::: ::::::: ·-- --i · : :::::: :::::::
3
1
1
1 .................................. .
5 ............................
1 ..•...........
2 ..... ... .............
1 ..............
1 ••••.......•..
3 .................................................
2 ••.......•......•....
1 ...... ..••••.........••••••....•...
1 ....... ....... ······· ............................ ··•··•• ....................... . ... ........ ....... ..... .. •···· ··
1
Median earnings: All women, 9.20; women who worked 48 hours or more, Sll.05.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .............. ······· ..................... ·····-· ··•···· .••....
4 ··•···· ....... ··••··· .........•.................. ·••···· .•••.•.
7 •••••.•..•••••••••••..•••.••••••••..•......••••••••••••••••••••
2
4
7
11
31
21
19
16
18
8
11
20
12
6
4
3
1
79
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
VI.-Week's earnings and time worked, 1922-Negro women-Concluded.
B. WOMEN WHOSE TI ME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked onNumber of 1- -- - - - -- - - - -- - . . . . . - - - - - - - , . - - . . . . . - - - - - - , , , - - 5
Week's earnings . \Vomdays
:~
1
1½
2
2½
3
3½
4
4½
5
5½
6
ported. day. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. and
over.
- - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1-
Total...· ----·
857
- - - - - - - - - - -1 - - - 1 - - - - t - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 1- -
27
1G
26
29
54
70
95
124
142
197
77
Under $1. ... .......
8
8 .. ...... . .............. . .. ....... .... .......... ............ .
$1 and under $2.. ..
38
18
8
12 . .. .. . . ... ...... ..... .... .... ............. . .... .
$2andunderS3....
59
8
12
12
18
3
6 ................. .. .... .
$3andunder$4 ....
100
1 ......
2
13
17
28
24
9
5
S4and under$5 ... .
143 ..... . .... .. ......
2
12
21
28 . 51
21
8
$5andunder$6 ... .
141 ......... ... ... .•.
2
4
15
18
28
27
46
1
S6 and under $7 . . . .
100 . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . • • • • . . . . .
2
3
13
22
30
28
2
$7 and under $8. . . .
67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
9
26
27
1
$Sand under$9.. ..
44 ...... ...... ...... ... . . . ... . .. ....•.
2
14
21
7
$9 and under $10...
5J. . • . . . • . • • . • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • ••• • • .
1
6
27
17
$10 and under $11. . .
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
11
24
23
$11andunder$12...
16 ...... .... . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... . . . .... ... ...
11
5
S12andunder$13.. .
17 ...... ...... ...... .. .. . . ...... ...... ...... . .. . ..
2
4
11
$13and under$14 . .. . ................... ....... .. ..... .... .... . ... ............... . ..... . .. .
5 .. . ... ...... .... .. ... ... ...... . . .... ..... . ...... ...... ......
5
$14andunderS15...
S15andunderS16...
3 .. . . . . .. . ... . .. ... ....... ..... ...... ...... . .. ... . .. .. .
1
2
$16andunder$17...
1 ... ... ...... ... ... .. .. . . . . . .•. ..... . . .... . ...... .... . . ......
1
Sl 7 and under $18 ... ............ .. .... ..... ......................... ..... ............•.......
$18andunder 19...
1 ...... ...... ... ... ...... ... .. . ...... ...... .. .... ... ..• . .... .
1
$19and under$20 ............•••............. ... ...... .......•.... . . ... .... ......... .. . ... ...
$20and under$21. ........... ..•.. .... _ .. ............•.......•...... . . . ................ . ... ..
1edian earnings: All women, $5.55; women who worked on 5 days or more, $7. 70.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
416
6
29
74
60
54
42
50
58
16
17
5
3
1
TABLE
VII.-Week' s earnings and time worked, 1921- White women.
00
0
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED I~ HOURS.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked-
Wee"k'seamings.
Numberof
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
30
33
36
39
42
worn44
48
50
52
54
and
and
and
and
and
Over
and
and
enre- Under
44
48
50
and
52
and
and
54
55
30
under under under under under hours. under hours. under hours. under hours. under hours. under
55
hours. hours.
ported. hours.
42
33
36
39
44
4
48
52
50
54
55
hours. hours. hours. hours. hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
- - - - - - - - - - -+-- -1-- -1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - t - - - · 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total.. .............. .. 5,159
Under$!. .•.................
$1 and u n der $2 . ......... . . . .
$2 and under $3 ••••••••••••••
$3.and under $4 . ............ .
$4 and under $5 .•• •••••••••••
$5 and under $6 ............. .
$6 and under $7 . ............ .
S7and under$8 ............. .
$8 and under S9 .. . .......... .
$9 and under $10............ .
$10 and under $11.. ........ . .
$11 and under $12 ........... .
$12 and under $13 ......••....
$13 and under $14 ........... .
$14 and under $15 ........... .
$15 and under $16 .•..••••..•.
$16 and under$17........... .
Sl 7 and under $18 ........... .
SI8 and underSI9......•.....
$19 and under $20........... .
$20and underS21. ..•...•....
$21 and under $22.•..........
$22 and under $23 ........... .
$23 and under $24 ...•..•.....
$24 and under $25 ........... .
$25 and underS30........... .
$30 and under $35 ........... .
$35 and under S40 ........... .
$40 and over ................ .
22
41
59
62
78
82
155
213
270
273
401
330
452
423
314
428
306
184
214
162
140
105
78
100
49
173
41
3
811
238
179
261
357
128
173
514
123
1,017
177
18
140
169
4
5
--
2,171
22 ............................ ······· .. ............... .. ... . . .. . . ······· ······· ······· ...................... ······ ... .. . .
41 . ... ... . . .. .... .. .•. . . ..... .. .. . .. . ... . .. .. .. . ... . . .. . .. .. ..... .. .... . . ... . .. . . ·•··• . ..... . .. . .......... . . . ... . . ...... .
59 ······· ······· .. . ............. . ........... ····· .. ······· ............................ ······· ........................... .
~~
65
99
109
1~
45
23
18
11
10
5
6
4
2
2
..... i ...... i ...... i ...... i ...................... ...... .................................................. ... .......... .
4
4
5
I ..... i ............. i ............. i. : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : :
14
22
9
8
~;35
g19
27
17
21
14
14
6
3
4
4
2
1
1
. .. . .. . . .. .. . .
. .. .. . . .. ... . .
19
23
16
17
18
4
4
2
I
1
5
22
~~
45
23
21
18
17
14
11
9
5
2
3
2
1
5
10
3
3
ti28
1i
21
30
71
52
3.3
17
15
5
8
6
12
9
9
9
7
6
3
2
IO
IO
6
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
6
2
. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
••. .... ... .. . . . .. .. . . . ...... ...•... ... . ...
2
~
5
3
17 . .. . . . . . . . .. . .
;~71
2
6
71
7
88
8
84
7
91
19
73
32
47
4
47
14
51
8
29
13
23
2
17
9
14
3
15
5
7
21
17
2
3
... .. . . . . . .. . .
1 ....••................... . .. . ...... ······• ·•·····
Median earnings: All women, $13.35; women who worked 48 hours or more, $15.60.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
841
48
hours
and
over.
~
34
23
75
35
25
49
42
19
32
21
26
20
12
13
12
57
1,4
1
~
18
8
8
10
4
6
5
5
13
6
4
4
1
4
3
5
1
7
9
~~
1 . .. . . .. ... .. . .
1
1
! q;16 :::::::2 :::::::
.......
15
....... .......
i7
43
54
17
65
12
118
3
56
10
154
27
82
20
66
4
44
15
53
9
32
18
38
2
28 . . . . . . .
31
25
13
I
50
I
11 . . . . . . .
2 . .. . . . .
2 . .. .. . . . . ... . . ... .. . .
11 . .. . •. . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .
I
3
3
I
1
2
1
.......
2
.......
2
.......
... .. . .
12
7
8
31
18
12
9
9
9
11
14
12
4
1
3
12
11
2
1
7
15
1
3
2
3
1
3
I
5
2
1
3
. .. .. . . . . . .. . .
1 ·· ···· · .. , . .. . .. ......... .... .. ........ .
. .. . . . . . .. . . . .
2
2
....... .......
. .. . .. . . .. .. . .
1 . .. . . . .
. .. . . . . .. . .. . .
... . . . . .. ... . .
....... .......
... . . .. .. . .. . .
. .. .. . . . .. .. . .
....... .......
. .. .. . . . . . .. . .
... . .. . .. . .. . .
. .. . .. . .. ... ..
....... .......
. . . .. . . . . . .. . .
I
.......
I
. . . .. . .
.......
. . . .. . .
2
.......
.. . .. . .
.. . .. . .
.......
.......
.. . .. . .
. .. ....
.......
.......
. . . .. . .
H
z
1
13
22
t
135
123
201
201
116
259
176
IOI
120
103
90
81
46
79
33
122
30
3
··r···· ................ ·······1. ······
~
H
00
00
0
q
t:d
H
81
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRJES.
TABLE
VIL-Week's earnings and time worked, 1921-White womm-Concluded.
B.
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Number of w omen earning each sp ecified amount who worked onNumb er of
Week's earnings . women
5
2
4
days
3
6
r e1
5
4½
2½
3½
5½
ll
ported. d ay. d ays . days. days . days. days. days. d ays. days. days. days . and
over.
- - - - - Total .....••• 4,353
UnderSl. .... . ....•
S1 and under $2 ..••
S2 and under S3 ....
$3 and under $4 •..•
$4 and under $5 .•. :
S5 and under $6 ....
S6 and under $7 ....
$7 and under S8 . ...
S8 and under $9 . . ••
$9 and under S10 ...
Sl 0and under Sll ...
Sll and under $12 . ..
$12 and under $13 •••
$13 and under $14 •. .
S14and under $15 •..
$15 and under $16 •..
S16and under$17 •..
ii 7 and under $18 ...
S18 and under S19 ...
$19 and under $20 ...
$20 and und ~r S21...
$21 and under $22 •..
$22 and under $23 •• .
S23and underS24 •. •
S24and underS25 .•.
$25 and under S30 •..
$30and under S35 ...
$35 and under $40 •••
$40 and over . • • .....
71
35
1
11
8
29
41
8
47
20
8
6
9
51
2
47
3
2
4
82
4
141
1
186 ------ ··---1
208
245 . ..... ......
380 ------ -- ---349 .... ..
493 .. .... ..... .
300 .. .... ......
275 --- --- · -··· ·
419 -----· . ......
210 -----· -----194
-----215 ...... -----77 -- ---· · · ····
111 .... . . · · ··-36 ·····- ·- · ···
-- ----
76
1
2
10
14
13
13
3
5
4
4
5
1
-- ---- . .....
48
····2·
4
4
4
7
3
1
------1
.... 2.
2
1
2
4
102
44
126
101
441 1,196 2,124
--·· ·· . ...... ...... ···· ·· ......
··-· ·· ........
------ .. ......... . ······ .. ....
4
1 ....... .
-----1
10
11
12
21
17
5
6
3
1
3
2
6
5
10
4
3
5
4
... T
1
. . . . ...
... .2· ....
..
........
.... i. ... . ... -----2 . .... .
.... i"
6
24
15
25
11
24
5
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
4
8
p
8
12
17
9
8
10
4
3
3
. ... .. .
... . ..
......
1
14
15
26
36
47
62
60
60
37
21
19
17
10
8
1
5
------.. 1 ........
...... ....
1
.... . .
------ ···
---- -- . .. ... 11 ......
·. ·...
...
---- -- 1 ... . ... ..... ..
---···.
.......
-- ··-- ......
..... . . -----.... . . . ------ ... . ... ...... ······
......
---------..... . ....... . ..... . . ..... ------ ---- -- ...... -- ---·
.... . . . --- --- .... .. . ...... ....... ...... ... ... ......
1
. ...... . ...... ------ ---· ··
1 ..... . . .. .... ......
1
. .. ------ --···· . ..... ........ .... . ... . .....
... ... ----- - ....
... ... · ···· · · · ··-- ....... .. ... . . .. ... ...... ... .. . . ... ..
------ ....... --- --- ····-- . . . . ... ...... .. ..... ...... ......
---- --
34
19
70
29
17
18
.. ....
······
..
.. ...
37
Median earning: All women, $12.80; women who w orked on 5 days or more, S13.50.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
2
4
42
28
43
66
80
61
122
98
84
183
92
56
91
34
35
12
16
10
7
17
5
1
6
.......
.... 2.
11
83
77
89
197
207
294
154
163
206
99
124
114
41
70
23
32
24
11
51
24
16
12
-3, 761
-----·
-----1
3
20
68
137
156
202
339
328
476
289
268
408
208
190
213
76
110
35
4&
31
19
69
29
17
18
TABLE
VIII.-Week's earnings and time worked, 1921-Negro women.
00
t,O
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS
Week's earnings.
Number of women earning each specified amount who workedNumber of
42
Over
Over
Over
Ov er
33
36
39
Over
worn30
44 and
enre- Under and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
Over
48 48and
44
52 52
50 50
54 54
55
portunder hours.
under hours.
under hours.
30
under under under under under hours.
under hours.
under hours.
55
39
42
44
48
50
52
54
ed. hours.
33
36
55
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours. hours. hour~. hours. hours.
hours.
- - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - 1 - - - - --
Total ................. .
401
65
Under$1 ................... .
$1 and under $2 .... ........ .
$2 and under $3 .. .. ........ .
S3 and underS4 ......... -··.
S4 and under $5 • ••••••••••••
S5 and under $6 .....•.......
$6 and under $7 ........... . .
7 and under S8 ............ .
8 and under S9 . ........... .
S9 and under $10 •••.••••....
SlO and under $11 ••••••••• ..
Sll and under $12 ... .. ..... .
$12 and under $13 .......... .
$13 and under $14 .......... .
$14 and under $15 •..........
$15 and under Sl6 .•.........
Sl6 and under $17 •...•.... ..
Sl 7 and under $18 ••.•.......
$18 and under S19 .....•.....
$19 and under $20 •..........
S21 and under $22 .....•.....
$22 and under $23 .......... .
$25 and under 530 .......... .
7
3
3
7
8
15
14
14
7
3
3
7
8
13
11
3
- - - - - - l -- - + - - - 1 - -- · 1 -- - t - - - - l - - - - --1 - --
22
12
6
30
56
1
6
11 - - - - 1 -- - - 1 - - - --1---111 - - -
14
10
209
1 ..................... . ......................•........•........... ... ....•••••..•••.. .. ..•.•
2 . . •. . . . . . . . . . •
2 ....•.....•...•...•...•.••••••••••••••••...•..••....••••.•••••..•.••••
~i ~ ::::::: ..... i. g ::::::: ..... i. ! ~ :::::::
2 .................. .. . .. .....
8 ..............
~125 :::::::
:::::::
.....
:.
~ ·····a· ..... ~ ..... ~~i4 3
............................
2
3
2
2
30
26
10
7
-1-----
36
2 . •••••..•.• • ...••• •. •• ••••••••••••••••••. • ••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••
1 .......
1 .. .. . ..
24
~~
82
...........•.. ······· ······· ......••••.•......... ····· ·• ····•·· ··•••·· ................................................ .
.. ..... ······· ······· .... ....... ....•..... .. ...................... . .................................... . . ······· . ...•.•
...................................•.•........... ····· · · ....... ······· ·····•· ......................................... .
....... ······· ................••.••.•..... ······· ........................••••..................... ····••• ..........•.••
.................. . .. ······· · ····•• ....... ······· ..........................•..........................•••.•••.......•.•
::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::r
~
..... i.
~
~
....... ..... . . ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
2
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. • . • • •
1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................................... ··· ···· ...... .
.................................................
2
1
..... 4. ..... 2· ::::::: ::::::: ..... 2. ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
6 ....•.•...•••..•.....
6 .................... .
:2 ~5 · ·1·4 :::::::
..•.. ~. ·····i· ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
............ . ........................... ..
~
2
..... 6.
4~
2
13
7
1
9
6
.......
6
1
.....................
g
6
7
1
1
1
~ ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
........................................ ..
. . . . . .. .. . .. . .
1 . . . . . . . .. .. .. .
1
1
1 ............. .
4 ........................... .
4 ................................................. ••••••• ••••••• ....... ....... ....... •••••••
1 ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... .. ....... ....... ....... . .. .... ....... ....... . ...... .......
3 .................... .
1 ..................... · ······
1 ................................. . ............... ······· ....... ..... . . ..... . . .. . .... . .. ....
1 ........................... .
Median earnings: All women, $12.60; women who worked 48 hours or more, 15.55
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48
48
hours
and
over.
3
12
14
7
12
14
8
65
28
25
10
5
4
1
1
~
z
g
r/l
~
~
ttj
r'1
83
W 01v.tEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
VIII.-Week's earnings and time worked, 1921-Negro women-Concluded.
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked onNumb er of 1 - -- , - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - , - - - ~ - -
Week's earnings.
- ~-1 - - - 1 -- - 1 -- - 1 - - - - - - - - - -
Total.........
244
17
UnderSL. ........ .
SI and under S2 . .. .
$2 and under S3 . .. .
S3 and under $4 ... .
$4 and under $5 . •. •
S5 and under $6 ... .
$6 and under S7 ... .
S7 and under S8 ... .
$8 and under $9 ... .
$9 and under $10 .••
SIO and under SIL.
SU and under $12 ..
$12 and under $13 ..
$13 and under $14 ..
$14 and under $15 ..
$15 and under $16 ..
$16 and under S17 ..
$17 and under $18 ..
S18 and under $19 ..
21
11
6
g
16
10
7
13
16
27
36
32
11
16
1
2
7
3
1
4
18
7
2
14
43
36
91
7
. . . . . . .. . ... . . ... .
1 .... . .. .. .. .
3
~ :::::: :::::: ...... ......
~ .... ~ . .... 4...... .
1
5
1 ......
1 ......
1
2
4
1
. ... .. ...... ...... .. . . ..
4
2 ...... ······
3
1
······ ...... ...... ......
1
2 ...... ...... ..... .
4
...... ...... ...... ......
1 .. . . . .
8 ... . . .
1
2
1
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2 ... . . .
11
1
1
. .. .. . . . .... .. . . .. ... ... ...... ......
3 ......
15
4
5
........................ ·····. ...... ..•.•.
2
3
1
30
. . .. .. . . ... . ...... . .. .. . . . ..... ..... ...... ....•.
5
2
25
. .. ... . ..... .. . ... . ..... .. . . . . ...... . ..... . ..... ......
5
6
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
4
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. . . . . . . . . ..
1
...... ... . .. .. . . . . . ..... ... .. . ...... . .. ... . ..... ......
1
1
·· ···· ...... ······ ..... . ............ ······ ...... ......
1
6
............................... . ..... ... .............. ······
3
1 ..... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .................................... ·· · ··· ...... ...... ....•.
Median earnings: All women, $8.55; women who worked on 5 days or more, $9.70.
•
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i
170
1
1
4
7
4
4
4
13
24
34
32
11
16
1
2
7
3
1
1
•
84
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
IX.-Weekly rates and scheduled weekly hours, 1922.
TABLE
WHITE WOMEN.
Number of women receiving each specified rate whose scheduled hours
wereNumber of
women reported. Under
44
Weekly rate.
44
Over
44
and
under
48
Over
48
and
under
50
48
Over
50
and
under
52
50
Over
52
and
under
54
52
54
- -- - - - --- - Total. ........... 5,043
Median rate . ........ .. $12.90
$4 and
under S5........
S5 and under !6.. ......
S6and under $7 . .......
$7 and under $8 ........
S8 and under $9 .••.•...
$9 and under $10 .......
$10 and under $11. .....
Sll and under $12 .•....
$12 and under $13 .•....
$13 and under $14 • • •...
$14 and under $15 .••...
$15 and under $16 ......
$16 and under $17......
SJ 7 and under $18 ......
$18 and under $19..... _
$19 and under $20 ......
$20 and under $21. •....
$21 and under $22..... .
$22 and under $23......
$23 and under $24 ......
$24 and under $25.•....
$25 and under $30 . ... ..
$30 and under $35 ......
$35 and under $40 ... .. .
$40 and over .......... .
1
11
45
112
140
370
497
548
895
396
341
590
260
104
302
50
(1)
3
82
941
118 1,531
506
688
116
265
$15.70 $15.30 $12.20 $12.75 $11.85 $11.85 $13.00 $14.40
1
··--·- -·-····
··- ·· · · --- ---1
8 ..... i . ------.......
13
11
· ·· ··-- ------2
14
12
13
·----........
.......
-······
. ........
.........
3
..........
-------------
..... .. .
-------
--·---ms ···--38 ...... ...
46 .......
7
8
15
17
20
18
22
32
43
11
28
2
12
5
3
2
2
12
18 ------19 -······
72 --·-·-·
27 ·-----·
3
8 ------· ...... .
15 ....... .......
27
38
37
18
133
52
76
173
80
21
106
21
47
16
8
5
11
2
7
25
8
20
3
5
10
1
6
4
1
5
···---1
2
----·-·
16
4
7 -······
2
1
12 ·····-·
793
$12.55
--- ---
1
------- ------- -······1
----·· · ........
---- --··-····
20
-·--·-- ------6 8 --- ---43
27 .........
2
48
143 ------· ------60
108
9
4
101
14
19
8
25
89
146
52
91
69
15
21
263
46
81
75
17
142
400
5
128
51
16
58
11
56
136
23
31
7
10
31
150
23
74
12
18
98
49
20
33
5
24
5
24
2
8
10
14
8
27
78
10
4
8
37
8
3
5 ···---3
7
(:j
31
7 ..... ...
7
23
2
3 . ........
5
2
5
16
2
1
15
--···-2 . ...... . . ------4
3
1 ··-··-- .. .... ..
2 .........
3
16
5
7 ------- .......
12
13
2 ........ ....... ··-··- 2
1 ···-··- ··· ··-· .......
2
2
1 .. ... . . ······- ---·--· .......
2
----- --
NEGRO WOMEN .
Weekly rate.
T otal...... ....
Median rate......... .
Number of
women
reported.
Number of women receiving earh specified rate whose scheduled hours
wereOver
44and
under48
Over
48and
under 50
48
194
$10. 30
26
$10. 25
Over
50and
under52
50
9
52
4
54
143
$10.35
S4 and under $5 . .... .
15 and under S6 . .... .
S6 and under $7 . .... .
½ ..............~ ..... :::::::::: ::::: ::::: ....... . i. :::::::::: .. ....... .
$7 and under $8 ..... .
!8 and under $9 ..... .
l 9 and under SlO . ... .
$10 and under Sll . .. .
$11 and under $12 . . . .
$12 and under $13 ... .
$13and underS14 ... .
S14and under $15 ... .
$15 and under $16 •.. .
S16and under$17 ••..
$17 and under $18 .. . .
$18 and under $19 .. . .
,4
1
2
1 ·········· ······ ··· · ................... .
2 ••••••·•··
6g ·········· ········a" ···· ···io·
~ :::::::::: :::::::::: ········55
54 .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . •. .
11
1
1
2
........ i.
~
········2· ::::::::::
7 · ····· ···· .......... ......... . .......... .......... ..........
3 ·········· .......... ·········· .......... .. . ....... ..........
4
1 ·········· ······ ···· ·········· ··········
3 .......... ........ ..
1 ........ .. .......... ..........
½f
40
~~
7
3
2
2
½ :::::::::: :: ::: :: :~: ..... ···2·: ::::::::: ::::: ::::: :::::::::: ......... ~
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .•..•••• •. .•.• ••• .•.••••••••••
TABLE
X.-Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922- White women.
STATE.
Number o!women !or whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture of-
Amount.
Clothing, men's.
AUindustries.
Candy.
Bags.
Food products.
Drugs.
Shirts and overalls
Millinery.
Suits.
Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's W eekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's
rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings.
- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - Total. .. . . . .•..•...••
Median . ........ .......... .
Under$4 ••• •• • •• ••...•..•..
$4 and under $5 •• • ... . •..•.
$5 and under $6 • • •...•. . •..
S6 and underS7 ••••....... .
$7 and under$8 ••.•. . .. .. . .
$8 and under $9 .•• ...• . •••.
$9 and underSlO ••...••• • •.
$10 and under $11. • . ••..•• .
Sll and under $12 •.. ... . . • .
$12 and under $13 ••.• .. . . • .
$13 and under $14 ••. . • . ..••
$14 and under$15 ••.... . •• •
$15 and under $16 •....• . •• .
S16and underS17 ••...•.. . •
Sl 7 and under S18 ••... . .••.
$18 and under $19 ••. . .. . ••.
$19 and under $20 .•. .. •.• •.
$20 and under $21 .....•.•..
$21 and under $22 • •.... .• •.
$22 and under $23 • ••••.••..
$23 and under S24 • •..•... . .
$24 and under S25 ....• .. • . .
$25 and under $30 ..........
$30 and under S35 • •........
$35 and under $40 ••........
$40 and over ...............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,076
$12. 90
.... .....
1
11
45
112
140
372
503
551
900
400
341
593
262
105
305
51
142
38
46
18
19
72
27
7
15
5, 076
$12. 90
97
42
67
128
168
240
377
437
429
625
380
322
476
295
155
268
102
129
60
62
30
27
94
34
13
19
119
S12.00
119
Sll.75
212
$12.95
..........
1 .........
........ . ..
----·····
2
---······ .........
6
------···
2
7
········3
1
··-······
24
7
..........
60
28
7
5
5
6
2
1
7
50
24
5
5
2
3
2
1
......... ..........
..........
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
........ .
15
24
30
22
17
22
17
3
9
3
4
2
1
2
3
212
$12.40
5
3
14
12
7
15
17
23
25
17
17
18
15
3
6
3
6
1
1
1
3
....... ... ········· ......... ----·-·-····------ -··· ··- .........
······- · - .... ..... .........
---·-····
·········
182
$15. 45
1
1
5
13
5
13
12
7
19
7
3
11
47
2
15
3
5
1
1
1
6
3
1
-- 182
$14.00
--- ----263
$14.80
263
$12. 80
13
6 . ..........
4
2 ·········
5
1
6
7 •.• . .• 3
5
9
10
7.
9
14
10
9
10
24
9
23
22
6
17
19
34
30
27
8
1'l
8
25
16
20
10
33
20
38
19
2
16
11
25
12
14
4
2
2
3
12
6
1
1
5
2
3
3
1
1 ... . l. ...
2
1
2
2
5
7
3
2
2
1 .... . ..... ..........
---- -- --- ------- -· ----· -· ··
157
513. 45
157
272
$12. 80
$12.60
......... ········· ........ .
......... .. . ....... ...... ...
.........
..........
..........
.........
2
14
17
36
22
11
16
6
8
14
8
2
2
4
11
18
18
30
16
13
11
4
7
13
..........
5
1
1
9
58
26
68
31
28
16
9
4
11
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
.......... .... .... ..
3
1
1
550
$15. 35
550
$14.10
10
. ........
7
8
16
13
22
24
21
40
19
58
45
17
87
7
10
10
26
33
27
28
45
16
17
16
7
6
5
1
2
3
2
1
... ......
.. ....... .. .......
--------- ----···
......... ··-·
··· -·
--------- -- --- ---......... -·-----·- ··------............ .........
······---
272
$11.45
····· ····
8
13
14
25
23
31
16
57
29
21
115
46
8
60
13
30
43
9
50
6
15
3
27
8
3
2
2
13
3
7
-·····-· 7·
8
4
2
2
00
Ot
TABLE
00
X.-Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-White women-Continued.
~
ST A TE-Continued.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings in-
Amount.
The manufacture of1 - -- - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - 1 General mercantile. 5-and-l<Hlent stores.
Paper products.
Shoes.
Tobacco.
Miscellaneous.
Laundries.
Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
- - - - - - - - - -- -1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - --1 - - - - t - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- -- - - 1 - - - - + - - - - 1 - - - 410
410
432
432
Total............ .........
89
147
1,971
1,971
89
264
264
147
8
8
(1)
12. 95
$12.60
$12. 05
$9.95
Median........................ .
S14. 20
$12. 60
$10. 90
$15. 30
$14. 40
$14.55
$10.15
$9.80
Under S4........................
S4 and under S5.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S5 and under $6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S6 and under S7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S7 and under $8.. .. .... .. .. . . .. .
andunderS9................ .
S9 and under 10............... .
SlO and under 11.......... . ... .
Sll and under 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$12 and under S13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$13 and under $14. ....... ...... .
$14 and under $15.. . . ... ........
S15andunderS16...............
S16 and under Sl 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$17 and under $18. .... ..........
$18 and under $19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$19 and under S20 .. ..•. .. .. .. .. .
S20 and under S21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$21 and underS22 . . ........ .. . . .
S22 and under S23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$23 and under $24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$24 and under $25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S25andunder$30...............
S30andunderS35...............
$35 and under $40. • • . . . . . . . . . . . .
$40 and over. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
..........
..........
..........
..........
. . .. . .. ...
..........
4
7
6
14
11
12
9
4
5
6
2
7
1
1
.........•
..........
.••.......
.•••......
. . •. . . . . . .
• •• . . . . . . .
4
2
1
2
3
5
5
6
6
17
10
5
7
4
5
2
1
..........
2
. . ..... . ..
. ....... ..
..........
..........
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
20
57
56
28
35
13
3
18
8
6
2
3
3
3
..........
1
1
1
..........
1
7
5
13
13
26
31
46
33
15
21
11
6
14
6
1
6
1
1
3
2
..........
..........
1
1
..........
1
2
. .. .. . . . . . ....... .. . . . .. . . . . . .
3
................................................. .
.......... .......... .......... ..........
11
.......... .......... ..........
2
25
2
2
1
2
29
. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. ..
5
6
59
.......... ..........
1
2
152
.......... .......... ..........
6
270
3
6
13
457
.......... ..........
42
33
153
. . . .. . . ... .. .. .. . .. .
5
11
181
43
29
241
.......... ..........
13
12
66
.......... ..........
7
6
35
14
9
111
... .. ..... ..........
2
5
17
.......... ..........
4
2
50
... .. ...•. •.........
1
1
13
. . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• ••. • •. . . . . . . .
22
.......... ..........
1
1
9
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• •. • • • . •• • . . . .
9
......•••. ..........
1
1
33
.....••••. .•... .. ... ......•••• ..........
16
. . . . . . . •. • . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
5
.......... .......... .......... ..........
7
21
6
6
23
........ 6.
22
24
29
133
84
41
34
16
13
12
8
3
3
2
1
50
65
140
150
259
146
172
216
127
89
119
76
58
38
41
23
16
63
23
11
11
,.,
12
6
3
23
28
32
107
73
40
30
17
14
10
6
3
3
1
1
..........
..........
······-··· ..........
..........
1
3
20
21
34
50
39
78
30
17
51
13
12
29
3
17
2
5
1
1
3
2
8
6
5
16
20
31
41
41
46
51
29
21
35
10
11
27
3
17
2
5
1
1
3
2
·········· ...........
.......... ..........
............ .......... . ......... ········-·
-········· .......... .......... ..........
ST. LOUIS.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture of-
Amount.
All industries.
Clothing, men's.
Shirts and overalls.
Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
Total......................
Median.........................
2,957
$12. 90
UnderS4 ................................. .
$4 and under $5 .... ·...................... .
S5 and under $6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
$6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •
15
$7 and under S8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
$8 and under $9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
$9 and under $10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
$10 and under Sll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
269
Sll and under $12.... .. .. .. . . . . .
421
$12 and under $13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
623
$13 and under $14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
260
$14 and under $15.. .. .. .. . . . . .. .
237
$15 and under $16.. ...... .. .. . . .
312
$16 and under $17.. .. .. . . .. . . . . .
132
Sl 7 and under $18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
S18 and under $19 . .. , . . . . . . . . . . .
179
S19 and under $20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
S20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
S22 and under $23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
123 and under S24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
124 and under $25. • . . . . . • . • . . . . .
10
40
$25 and under $30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l30 and under S35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
$35 and under $40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
$40 and over.... • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2,957
$13. 30
Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
115
Sll.95
115
$11. 70
47
Weekly Week's
rare.
earnings.
16
$17.00
16
$16. 00
Week's
earnings.
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
We·kly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
48
$14.00
48
$13.00
263
$14.80
263
$12. 80
157
$13.45
157
$12. 80
.......... .......... ..........
2 .......... .....••.•. ....•••.•.
·········· ········2· ·········· ·········· ··········
3
112
178
232
291
391
250
229
256
174
60
28
7
g
~
........( ........(
:
4
7
4
~
1
1
1
l ········3·
7
9
l
23
4
7
3
g
1
1
3
4
110 ····•····· ..•••.....
162
1
1
2
2
77
40
39
21
::::::::::
::::::::::
I ········1·2
•••••••••• ••••••••.. ••••••••••
2
1
1
9
1
2
3
2 •••••••••• ••••••••·• ·••••••••· ••••••••• :
1
2
1 ··••·•··•· ..•.•••...
1
1
1 ................... .
1 ·
• ·1
~
62 ·
19 ·········. ·········· ......•... ..........
20
~
········r ········r ········i·
1
1
Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
251
$12. 65 .
251
$11. 50
13 ·········. .......... ..........
········1·
2
3
73
6
. ·2· ········1·
~ •·•· ·2
• ···4·
50....................
24
4
1
5 .......... ..•..•.•••
Products.
Suits.
Weekly
rate.
19 . ................ ·. ... .... ..... .......... ..........
32
52
54
Food
Drugs.
Candy.
Bags.
17
34
17
25
33
19
16
25
2
12
5
3
1
2
7
2
10
t5 ........•.
.......... ········2·
·········· ........
..........i. ········1·
8
9
14
10
24
22
30
27
16
20
2
2
14
17
36
22
11
16
4
11
18
18
30
16
13
11
9
4
56
25
59
31
25
16
25
27
27
26
39
16
14
16
20
6
4
9
7
11
12
8
14
7
13
4
11
r
5
3
2
t ········s· ········i;
1 ..•...•... ..........
3
1
1
2
6
~
3
~
1
1 ...................•
········i'········i·········i·
2
1
2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
8
00
-:r
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
00
00
X.- W eekl"y rates and actual week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-White women-Continued.
ST. LOUIS-Concluded.
I
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture of~and-10-cent
stores.
General
mercantile.
Amount.
Millinery.
Paper products.
Tobacco.
Laundries.
Miscellaneous .
~
'
Weekly Week's Weekly
rate.
earnings.
rate.
Week's
earnings.
42
$12. 70
42
$12.60
377
$15.10
Under$4 .. ....... .... . . . ........ . . ..... . ..
$4 and under S5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S5andunderS6.................
16 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
::::::::
2!
377
$13. 90
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Weekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Weekly
rate.
8
57
$15. 30
57
$14.50
1,253
$12. 85
1,253
$14. 80
233
$10. 45
233
$10. 20
137
$13. 30
5
1. •••••• • .••
2
6 •..•..•.........•.•................................•..................
14 ..••..•.. . .......•.................................•.•....••..........
12 ......••.....•....•...................... . ... . ..•.........•...••......
~
S9andunder$10 ... : ........... .
18
16
110 and under Sll....... . .......
19
26
Ill and under $12 . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .
16
15
$12 and under $13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
40
S13andunderS14...............
21
25
$14 and under $15.. .. . . .. . . . . .. .
21
17
$15 and under $16...............
55
49
$16andunder$17.............. .
26
24
S17andunderS18...............
8
9
$18 and under $19. • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
30
119 and under $20. • • . . • . . . . . . . . .
13
6
120 and under $21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
20
121 and under $22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
8
$22 and under $23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3
$23 and under 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
$24 and under $25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
$25 and under $30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
11
$30 and under $35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
$35 and under $40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S40andover............ . ....... .
3
3
1
Week's
earnings.
W~ek' s
earnings.
0
~
t_:rj
z
Total... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median..........................
:~:~~ ~~~~=L
Weekly
rate.
·········· ··-····T ········2· ········2· ..................i. ::::::::::
3
3 ..........
7
4 . .. .. .. .. .
2
3 . . . .. . . . . .
13
12
4
4 ..........
5
4 • . • • • •• • • •
2
2
1
1 ..........
.......... .......... ..........
2
1 . .. .. ..... . .. .. .. .. .
2 . .. .. ..... . .. .. .. .. .
..........
. . . . . . •••.
..........
..........
..........
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
. . .. . . . . ..
2
.. . . . . . . . .
. .. .. .. ...
. .. .. . ....
..........
..........
..........
. . . .. .. .. .
. .. .. .. .. .
..........
. .. .. .. .. .
. .. .. .. .. .
..........
.......... ... . ......
. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .
. . . •. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .
3
5
..........
13
• •• • • • • • . .
5
14
..........
5
..........
5
3
. .. .. .. .. .
2
.......... ..........
..........
1
. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . ..
. .. .. .. .. .
1
. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .
. .. .. .. .. .
1
.......... ..........
..........
1
...... . ... ..........
.......•..
2
2
8
10
7
9
4
3
3
2
. .. .. .. .. .
1
. .. .. .. .. .
1
. .. .. .. .. .
1
..........
1
..........
6
69
246
354
117
124
132
43
16
69
6
22
4
13
4
2
14
8
2
2
3
1
1
8
5
--····--·· --------·14
7
16
23
84
62
55
110
25
17
176
13
117
131
8
10
123
96
7
64
3
81
2
2
57
35
.............
23 ............
27
15
11
43
12
8
5
8
5
8
11
61
47
24
13
13
19
9
22
14
11
9
8
5
3
2
1
7
22
6
4
--- ----------------
137
$12. 55
2
2
1
2
4
9
19
17
11
13
11
11
5
4
10
......... . .
--···-··-5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
z
~
H
r:n
r:n
g
~
H
z
g
r:n
H
~
t_:rj
1P
KANSAS CITY.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture ofAmount.
All industries.
Clothing, men'sshirts and
overalls.
Candy.
Bags.
Millinery.
Paper products.
Miscellaneous
industries. 1
Laundries.
W eekly Week's Weekly Week 's Weekly Week 's W eekly W eek's Weekly W eek's Weekly Week's Weekly Week 's Weekly W eek's
rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings: rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings.
- - - - - - - -- -- 1·- - - -·1- - - -1·- - - -1- - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - -
TotaL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median.....................
926
$14. 70
Under $4 ......•.............. .. ..... .
$4 and under $5 .................... .
S5 and under S6 . . . ...... .. . . . .. .... .
S6 and under $7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .
S7 and under S8. . . . . . . . . . . .
10
$8 and under S9. . . . . . . . . . . .
4
S9 and under Sl0. . . . . . . . . . .
75
SlO and under Sll.. . . . . . . . .
49
Sll and underS12.. ........
61
S12 and under $13 .• .. .... : .
124
S13andunderS14..........
86
S14 and under $15. . . . . . . . . .
77
$15 and under $16. . . . . . . . . .
159
$16 and under Sl 7. . . • . . . . . .
67
S17 and under $18 . . . . . . . . . .
20
$18 and under $19 . . . . . . . . . .
95
$19 and under $20. · - •.. • .. .
11
$20 and under S21. . . . . . . . . .
37
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . .
9
$22 and under S23. . . . . . . . . .
8
S23 and under S24 . . . . . . . . . .
2
S24 and under $25. . . • . . . • . . .
7
$25 and under $30. . . . . . . . . .
9
$30 and under $35 . . . . . . . . . .
6
$35 and under $40. . . . . . • . . .
1
S40 and over.... . . • • . . . . . • . •
9
1
4
926
$13. 75
( 2)
109
$12. 65
12 ....•...• .•. •..••. .........
109
Sll. 75
29
$16. 95
29
$16. 95
173
$15. 55
173
$15. 10
3 ... ..... . ......... ····•····
2
11 .....••.••••••••.. ··•·•···· •• •... •........••. • .•.•...• ···-·····
8 ..•.•••.••••...•.. ··•·•····
2 . • .•..... .•••••••. .. .••••••
2
15
27
16
68
65
74
99
90
52
.. ....••• .. .. ..... .. .......
. . .. . .... .. ..•.... . . .. .. . . .
::::::::: ::::::::: ······20·
. . .. . .... . . .. . . . . .
. . . . ..... . . .. .. . . .
. . .. .. ... .. .. . . . . .
8
16
16
·······r ·······i·
17
1
1:
2
8
:
·······2·
2
1
4
3
.. .• . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . ....
...•.....
1
. . .. . . . .. . . .. ..... . . ... .. . .
... ............ ..... ·······
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . .. ... . .
118 .. ... .... •····•···
66
30 ·······2·
1
70
21 . . •.•. .. .
27 .........
9 .........
9 .........
4 .........
4
14
2
3
2
l
14
4
18
20
1
4
1
2
3
5
6
7
1
1
5
~
3
5
5
······25· ···· ··20·
4
1
. . ....... . . . . . ... .
1
8
5
. . .. . ... . . . .. . ... .
1
. .... . .. ~ . . .......
1 ........ .
.............................. .. ... .
2 •••••..•• .••••••••
...... i4 ....... ii.
:
~g
·······;-· ·······1·
. . ..•••.. . . ... .•..
········· .........
1
1
1
1
1
1
::::::::: :::: ::::: ::::::::: ::::::::: ·······2· ·······2· ·······2· ·······2· ::::::::: :::::::::
6 ....... . . . ......•• ·•······· . . .......
1
E
2
2
1
1 .. ........ . ...... .
'10
Includes a department store and a 5-and-l<kent store, tabulated here to av oid identification.
4 .••.••••••••••••••
1
387
$14. 55
387
$14. 35
178
$13. 35
2
2
3
3
47
21
13
45
36
53
61
19
5
38
7
11
6
2
4
44
26
25
34
37
31
49
25
16
23
18
6
7
4
3
3
3
4
8
3
1
1
5
6
1
7
178
$12. 95
2
3
1
3
4
4
2
1
10
12
14 . . ..•.... . . ..•.... . . .. .•. ..
12
17
12 . . .. . .. .. . . •. . .••.
8
46
$12. 80
3
2
2
1
7 .. ..•.... ........ . .. .•. • ...
7 . . ... . .. . .. •. .. ..•
10
lg8 .........
·········
. . . . . .... . . •.•.. ..
46
$15. 55
. ......... ··-····-3
8
6
15
28
44
28
29
18
9
19
5
6
16
3
12
1
4
15
9
17
4
5
15
3
12
1
4
.. ....... ·······-·
2
..........
2
.. ....... .... . ....
......... ··------. ........ -·-······
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
00
~
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
co
X.- Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry and locality; 1922-White women-Coneluded.
0
OTHER PLACES.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture of -
Amount.
Clothing,
men's-shirts
and overalls.
All industries.
Candy.
Food products.
Shoes.
Miscellaneous.I
General
mercantile.
5-and-10-cent
stores.
Laundries.
Weekly '!!~~:s Weekly '!!~~:s Weekly '!!~~:s Weekly ' !!~!:i Weekly ~!~~:s Weekly We!~~:s Weekly ~!~~:s Weekly '!!~~:s Weekly '!!~~:s
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings . . rate.
ings.
rate.
ings .
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings .
- - - -- - - - - - 1 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Total............. ... 1, 193
Median.................... $11. 50
Under$4......... . ........ .•.••...
$4 and under $5 ...........
1
$5 and under $6...........
1
$6 and under $7.. .••. ..•.•
30
$7 and under $8.. ..••..•••
95
$8 and under $9...........
94
S9 and under $10..........
155
$10 and under •11.........
185
Sll and under $12. . . . . . • . •
69
$12 and under $13.........
153
Sl3andunder$14.........
54
$14 and under $15.........
27
$15 and under $16...... .. .
122
$16 and under $17.........
63
$17andunder$18.........
18
Sl8and under$19. ........
31
$19 and under $20.........
9
30
$20 and under $21.........
6
$21 and under S22.. .••....
S22and underS23.........
11
$23 and underS24.. .......
4 ,
$24 and under $25.. .••. ..•
2
23
$25 and under $30.... •. . . .
S30 and under $35.........
6
$35 and under $40.. . . . . . . .
3
1
$40 and over.............. .
1
1, 193
Sl0. 85
38
12
27
61
87
112
131
140
64
135
,40
41
102
55
15
36
8
25
11
14
5
3
18
9
3
1
87
$13.50
87
$12.95
105
$12. 75
2
.......... ...... i .
...... 6.
7
1
4
5
8
7
5
10
3
5
9
12
5
10
9
10
9
8
10
5
······r ..... T
1
1
5
13
4
10
7
3
11
3
1
6
30
105
$12. 40
21
$12.15
21
Sll. 25
264
$10.10
:::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
5
1
4
6 ·· ···· ·· · ·· · ··2·
1
7 ...... i.
6 ...... 5.
~
9
2
6
1
2
2
11
9
6
5 ........ ........
3
3
3
7 ........ ........
23 .......• .....•..
· ·······
;~
56
28
35
13
3
18
8
..... T ······g· :::::::: :::::::: ······6·
2
2
1
1 ...... ..
3
3
2
1 ........
..•...•• ....•••• ....••.• •.....•. ........
...••... .••..•.. .•...••.
1 . . .. .. ..
........
........
........
. .. . .. ..
2
3
3
3
13
(2)
13
(2)
498
$12. 55
! ........ ······i· ::::::::
n:::::::: :::::::: ·····ii.
498
$12. 45
1~
25
1~
16
. . . .. . . .
2
.•.. ....
81
24
65
29
9
77
13
71
31
60
16
19
64
15
1 ................
1
2
2
3 .•.•.•.. ........
2 .. . ... .. ... .. .. .
4
20
3
7
4
18
8
10
26 . • . . . . . . . • . . . • . •
:~ .
6
33
1
15
21
11 ······2·
6 . .. ..•..
14
2
6 ·•···•··
• . . •6.
.......•
1
·····-r
~ :::::::: ::::::::
~i
ti
...... i ....... i. :::::::: ...... i. :::::::: :::::::: ...... i. :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: .. .... ~.
~~
~i
88
$8. 70
88
$8.35
117
$9.85
117
$9.35
4
1
3
11
2
24
20
12
20
21
22
12
18
16
10
18
23
1
3
2
11
12
14
1
1
1
1
1
........ ........
..........
10
7
······-·
2
1
........ .........
2
......... . . . . .. i.
2
2
2
................... . .........•..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..•.•••
......... ....... .. . ..... ·····•··
.. ...........•..
...... 6.
4
1
3
9
20
19
9
7
3
11
1
f :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
2
2
3
2 ........ ........
1
1 ........ ........
17
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .
.•... . .• ......•• .•...... ........ ........ ........
1
1 ........ ........
5
8 . .......... .............. .. ..... .
.••..••• .•.•.•••
1 ···•···· ........ ·····•·· .•...... ...... . . ........
2
2 ........ ········ .............•.•
1
1 ............................................................... .
Includes paper products and men's suits, tabulated here to avoid identification.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
264
$9. 80
2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
H
z
g
r.n
H
~
t,:_j
r'1
TABLE
XL-Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry and locality, 1922-Negro women.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inA 11 industries.
Amount.
Weekly rate.
Laundries.
Week's earnings.
Weekly rate.
Other industries.I
Week's earnings.
Weekly rate.
Week's earnings.
State. I~~ia ~-:~- polathceser State. St: ~:~- Other State. St: ~:~- Other State. St: ~~- Other State. St: ~:~- Other st
St. Kan- Other
=.....,· City.
.
Loms. City. places.
Lows. City. places.
Lows. City. places.
Loms. City. places. ate. Louis.
places.
c1i;.
- - - - - - -1- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - ---1-- - - 1 - - -1-- - 1 - - - - 1 -- - + - -i- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total.. . . . .
244
68
163
Median .. ..... _. _ $10. 30 $10. 55 $10. 15
13
(2)
244
68
$9. 80 $10. 10
lfi3
9. 70
(2)
13
220
56
161
$10. 30 SlO. 60 $10. 10
3
(2)
220
56
161
$9. 80 $10. 10 $9. 70
( 2)
3
24
$9. 50
12
(2)
2
(2)
10
(2)
24
$9. 00
12
( 2)
( 2)
2
( 2)
10
Under $4......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
15
3
10
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.
13
3
10 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ...... ......
2
S4 and under S5. .
1
1 .. . .. . .. ... ..
7
2
3
2
1
1 . . . . . . . . . • . •.
5
2
3 ....... ...... ...... ...... .......
2 ...... ......
2
S5 and under 6..
2 ...... ......
2
5
1
3
1 ...... ...... ...... .......
4
1
3 . .. .. ..
2 ...... ......
2•
1 ...... ......
1
S6 and under $7. .
2 ...... ......
2
10
2
ff
2 ...... ...... ...... .......
8
2
6 .. . .. ..
2 ...... ......
2
2 .......... _.
2
$7andunder'8 .•
4
2 ... - ..
2
16
6
10 ...................... .. .... ....
14
4
10 .•.....
4
2 ......
2
2
2.·-·-········
$8andunder$9 ..
3
3 .. - ..........
27
12
15 ............................. - ..
24
9
15 .......
3
3 .............
3
3.·-···········
S9 and under $10.
89
13
75
1
54
6
48 . . . . . . .
87
12
75 . . . . . . .
53
5
48 . . . . . . .
2
1 ......
1
1
1 . _.......... .
SlOandunderSll.
76
·27
46
3
61
18
40
3
74
26
46
2
59
17
40
2
2
1 ......
1
2
1 ......
1
Sllandunder$12.
24
3
20
1
17
2
14
1
20
1
19.......
13......
13.......
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
$12andunder 13.
22
6
16.......
20
11
9 .... -..
20
4
16.......
18
9
9.......
2
2...... .......
2
2 ............•
$13andunderS14.
7
6 .•..•.
1
2
1 ....•.
1
7
6 ......
1
2
1 ....•.
1 ..................................... ·-···· -······
$14andunderS15.
3
1
2 . .. ....
3
1
2 ...• ...
3
1
2 . . .....
3
1
2 .........•..................................•............
$15andunderS16.
4
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
1 .......
2
1
1 .......
2 ......
1
1
2 . .. . _.
1
1
S16andunderS17.
3
1
2 .......
1 ......
1 .......
3
1
2 ··· · ··1 .•.• . .
1 ...............................................•••.......
S17andunderS18.
1
1 ...... ....... ...... ...... ...... .......
1
1 .............. . ...............•.........................................................
$18andunderS19.
3
3 .............
2
2 .............
2
2 .............
1
1 .............
1
1 .............
1
1 ............ .
1 Comprises II tores and the manufacture of bags, candy, shirts and overalls, food products, millinery, and tobacco, all combined reporting rates and earnings for only 24 negro
women.
2 Not computed, owing to small numberinvolved.
e.o
....,.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
XII.-Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry; 19t1.
WHITE WOMEN.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture ofAmount.
Clothing, men's.
All industries.
Bags.
Candy.
Shirts and overalls.
Suits.
Drugs.
Food products.
Millinery.
Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's Weekly Week's
rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings. rate. earnings.
- - - - - - -- - --J ____J_.__ _ _J_ _ _ - - - - -Total..... . ..........
Median. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
3, 895
$13. 15
3,895
$12.45
13
13
(1)
(1)
238
$13. 75
- - - - --
238
$13. 30
201
$12. 80
-
- - - 1- - - - 1 - - - - l - - - - - --1 - - - - 1 - - - -1- -- -1-- - -
201
$13. 25
86
$18. 80
86
$16. 35
148
$15.45
148
$12. 90
303
$12. 55
303
$12. 20
778
$15. 05
778
$12.85
1----1-----1----1----1----1----1----1----1----l-----i----1-----1------1----l----+----
~:11 ;1:rn~ ~:~:::::::: ::::::::: :i
S3 and under S4. - .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
S4andunderS5 . .... ...... . . . .. .. ...
S5andunderS6.......... ..
1
S6 and under $7............
78
S7 and under $8.. ... .. . . . . .
105
$8 and under $9... .. . . . . . . .
142
$9 and under $10... . . ......
193
SlO and under Sll......... .
447
Sll and under $12..........
340
$12 and under $13 . . . . . ... . . .
594
$13 and under $14..........
272
$14 and underS15.. ... .. .. .
258
$15 and under $16..........
524
$16 and underS17....... .. .
214
$17 and underS18.. . .......
113
S18andunderS19..........
239
$19 and under $20..........
42
$20 and underS21... .. . . . . .
117
$21 and underS22.... .. . . . .
21
$22 and underS23.. . .. . . . . .
45
$23 and under$24. .. .. ... ..
19
$24 and underS25..........
19
$25 and under $30.. .. .. .. . .
68
. S30 and under $35..........
17
S35andunderS40..........
14
S40 and over.... .. . . .. . . . . .
13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53
47
71
131
154
197
254
381
354
483
286
225
354
191
109
175
48
95
26
41
20
15
65
20
10
13
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture ofAmount.
Paper products.
Weekly
rate.
Total....... .. ............
Median. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
$15. 40
Week's Weekly Week's
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
91
$14. 45
UnderSl............. . .... . ...
256
$12. 20
.
~!~t:~:rn::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::
~
::::::::::
~:~~ ~~m~:: ::::::::::::: :: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
$19and underS20.. ............ .
$20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$21 and underS22 ............ , . .
S22and under$23. . .. .. .........
$23 and under S24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S24and underS25 ........... :...
I
Weekly Week's Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings. rate.
earnings.
11
(I)
11
(I)
63
$14.95
63
$16.35
841
$13. 40
1 .... ............ :. ......................................... .
~ ···· ···· ·· ·······T :::::::::: ::: ::::::: ::::::::::
1
~ ··· ······· ·········· ········• · ·· · ······· ..... ... f
11
14
17
36
46
53
76
69
90
42
52
81
39
42
34
12
28
7
15
39
42
~
~~
~; ..... .. . i ... ... ... i. ·· · ·····4· ········5·
~~
6
1
17
15
14
6
7
5
16
12
9
4
26
53
14
5
26
7
23 . .. . .. ....
20
2
13
1
9 ..........
15
2
4 ..........
.. · · · ·· ·i · : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
1
1
2
69
118
18
83
109
26
2
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
..... ... . . ........ ..
2
1 . . . .......... ·. ...... .......... . .... .....
12
31
1
14
10
2
~
1
3
10
7
. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .
. . . . . . . ... . ...... . . .
. .. .. . . . . .
2
.. . . .. ....
.... . ... ..
2
..........
1
5
5
6
4
3
7
~
2
10
1
3
4
9
11
5
7
~
g ····· ···2· ········2· · ··· · ··· g"
6
1
8
5
3
1
3
1
.... ......
..........
..........
. .. .......
.. ........
..........
..........
.. . . . . . . . .
r ........~.:::::::::: ::::::::::
t
i
t
$35 and under $40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
$40 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i~
2
~
8
6
Weekly Week's Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
rate.
earnings.
422
$11. 45
841
$12.85
~ :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
1
m:~~ ::~:rnt: ::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::
1
Weekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
15 .. · · · .. · i ·
28
2
:~t~d~J~:ik:::::::::::::: ·······T
m:~~ ~~:rnL :::::::::::::
256
$10.30
Laundries.
Miscellaneous.
3 . ... . .... .
4
S7 and under $8 ......... . . ... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . .
$8 and under S9'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sl2and underS13.. ........... ..
S13and underS14. . ... .. ..... ...
$14andunder$15...... ..... .. . .
$15 and under $16...............
$16 and under$17... ............
Tobacco.
Shoes.
:1:~i ~i:m::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::i: ::::::::::
Sll and underS12.... . .. . .... ..
5-and-10-cent
stores.
1--------,---------,------~--,--------1 General mercantile.
............ ·· · ··· · ·3·
4
20
444
$12.80
--· ·······
4
6
5
9
422
Sll. 20
6
········4·
4
6
13
25
20
7
101
115
62
28
23
15
6
1
7
1
2
27
31
65
104
52
24
19
15
5
1
7
1
2
2
1
1
1
29
.......... ..........
.......... ......... ..
........ ( ........ i.
~
........ i.
2
20
24
32
44
40
72
27
35
57
20
15
27
3
12
3
5
1
1
3
444
$12. 30
1
3
6
3
5
8
20
14
25
36
40
42
60
36
30
43
19
13
23
3
12
3
5
1
1
2
·-····---- -·······-·
~ ....... T ........ i. :::::::::: ::::::::::
8
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
eo
co
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
XII.-Weekly rates and actual week's earnings, by industry, 1921-Concluded.
NEGRO WOMEN
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate and number for whom it was actual week's earnings inThe manufacture of-
All industries.
Amount.
Bags.
Candy.
Clothing,
men'&-shirts
and overalls.
Food products.
Millinery.
General
mercantile.
Tobacco.
Laundries.
Weekly ';:!~~s Weekly ';:!~~s Weekly ';:!~~s Weekly ';:!~~~s Weekly ';:!~~s Weekly ';:;~~s Weekly ';:!~~~s Weekly ';:!~~~s Weekly ';:!~~s
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
rate.
ings.
Total.... . . . . . . . . . . . .
199
Median earnings.... . . . . . . . $10. 25
Under $1. . . . • . • . • • . . . . • • . • . . . . . • . .
199
$9. 70
(l)
1
(1)
1
(1)
1
(1)
2
(1)
1
(1)
1
11
(1)
11
(1)
180
$10. 25
180
$9.65
f~ ~~ ~~:~ tt:::::::::: ::::::::
S3 and under S4.. ......... ........
1 . . . . . • . . . . . . . . •• . •. . • . . . . . . • • . . . • . •• . •• . . • . . • • . . . • •• . . . . . • . • • •• • • •. . • • . . . . • • •• •• •• . . . . . . . . . •• • •• •• •• • . . . . • • . . . . • •• • • . . . .
1
;8 :...•••..
::::::: :..••••..
::::::: :...•....
::::::: :........
::::::: :.•••....
::::::: :.•••••..
::::::: :.•.•.•..
::::::: :•••.••••
::::::: :••.•••..
::::::: :.•••••••
::::::: :.•••..••
::::::: :..••••••
:::::: : :••••....
::::::: .....
T ::::::::
..••.••• •••••...
:
: ~~ ~~:~:;::::::::::: ...... i.
lg ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::...... i .......i. :::::::: :::::~:: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
g
$4 and under $5.. ......... ........
5 ...••.•. ..••.•.. .•••.... ...••.•• •••••••. ••••••.. •••••••. •••••••• .•.•...• ..•••••• •.••.... ..•••••• .•..•... ...••••• ••.•....
8
5
$7 and under SB...........
2
11 ..••••.. ...•.•.. ........ ...•.... ........ ..•••••. .•••.... .....•.• ••••.... ....•... ...••.•. ...•••..
2
1
10
S8 and under $9. • . • . • • • . • .
3
27 . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • • . . . . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . . . • . • • .
3
4
23
$9 and under $10.. .•.•.•..
75
38 .•••••.. . ....... .••.•... . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .••.. . .. .••.. ..•.••.. .•.•. .. . . .. . .•.. . .. ..... .•.•..•.
1
1
74
37
$10 and under $11 . . . . . • . . •
73
51 . . . . • • . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . • . • . . . . . . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . .
1 . •. . . . . . . . . . •. . .
3
2
69
48
$11 and under $12.. .• • •• • .
13
11 . . . . • • . . • . . • . . . . . .. . • . . . . . . .••.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .•• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
1 . . . . . •. . •. •. . . . .
11
9
$12and underS13.........
18
14
2
2 .•.•.•...........•••••....••.....•.•.. :. ..•..... ......•. ••......
2
2
13
9
S13 and under $14.. .......
3
3 ....•... ...•.... ........ ........ ...•••.. ........ .....•.. .•..•••. .•.••.•. ..••.... ........ .•...... ...•.•.. ........
3
3
S14and underS15.........
1
1 .....•.. ........ ........ . ....... .•...... .•...•.. ..••••.. ........ .••••••. ..•..... ...••... ..•..... ........ ..•..•..
1
1
S15 and under $16. . . . . . . . .
4
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . • •• • . . . . • • •• • . . • . • • • . • . • . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . • •. • . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . .
4
3
$16 and under $17. . . . . . . . .
3
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. •. . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . •• •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . • •. . •. . . . . .
3
3
Sl 7 and under $18 ....... . .••...........•...........................................•.•.......•.....•.........................................•.........................•••
$18 and over...............
3
2 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
1
1 ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
2
1
1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XIII.- Week's earnings and time in the trade of women employees who
supplied personal information, 1922.
WHITE WOMEN.
Number o( women earning each specified amount who had been in the trade-
Num9
ber of
2
4
5
10
1
3
6
3
15
months and
Week's earnings. women Under
and and and and and years
and
and
and
reportunder under under under under under under under under and
3
ing. months.
15 over.
2
4
5
10
3
6
9
1
years . years. years. years. years. years.
m onths. months. year.
---Total. ...... , 349
Median earnings ... $13. 00
487
$9.80
449
$10. 40
12
40
36
53
98
145
224
326
432
530
710
702
864
644
614
651
536
335
370
242
3
12
6
15
19
25
27
35
41
78
93
64
25
11
8
9
4
3
4
1
3
16
16
Under $1. .........
S1 and under $2 ...
$2 and under S3 . ..
S3 and under $4 ...
$4 and under $5 .•.
S5 and under $6 .••
$6 and under $7 •••
$7 and under $8 . •.
$8 and under $9 .••
$9 and under $10 ...
$10 and under $11 ..
$11 and under $12 ..
$12 and under $13 ..
$13 and under S14 . .
SH and under$15 ..
$15 and under $16 ..
S16and underS17 ..
S17and underS18 ..
$18 and under $19 . .
S19and underS20 ..
$20 and under $21..
$21 and under $22 ..
$22 and under $23 . .
$23 and.under $24 ..
$24 and under $25 ..
S25and under$30 ..
$30 and under $35 ..
$3,5 and under $40 ..
$40 and over .......
1
3
1
1
200
1
146
1
117
1
58
2
54
1
139
42 ........
18 ·· ··· ·-11 ....... .
.
514
$10. 55
.........
1
2
3
8
19
28
29
42
65
58
55
66
59
30
23
18
9
8
4
6
3
2
31
37
61
64
62
41
13
22
16
15
2
4
2
3
682
842
653 1,478
694
249 1,168 1,133
$11.05 $11.85 $12.65 $13.40 $14. 65,$15. 25 $16. 25 $17. 30
1
2
2
5
1
3
11
21
20
17
40
23
48
18
12
8
10
3
.........
........
........
3
........ ........
2
1
2
........
........
--····-........
1
5
11
8
13
31
38
60
87
97
127
125
172
113
88
62
38
24
30
11
8
7
5
2
3
2
2
3
5
.7
9
13
27
41
81
82
93
109
146
115
100
91
71
36
31
24
14
12
9
2
4
5
. ..... ........
1
2
5
6
14
26
29
26
46
69
59
107
83
82
82
77
33
34
16
13
11
6
4
3
6
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
7
18
14
29
42
60
52
55
60
80
60
35
38
27
24
12
7
4
6
6
3
3
.. ......
2 ······- 1
1
1 ······-· . ....... .......
..... .. . .....
.... ...... .........
1 ...... -·-·· ·
········ -------- ......
2
5
4
3
17
12
20
. ..... ......
4
.......
1
5
5
6
5
10
13
33
29
50
48
49
75
53
47
64
35
37
33
26
11
7
35
10
33
40
35
73
79
129
121
130
154
137
98
110
77
48
33
32
16
16
32
13
6 . .....
3
3
1
1
1
2
4
5
11
11
14
21
26
35
37
40
56
62
48
52
43
49
32
29
17
9
50
14
8
4
NEGRO WOMEN.
713
Total. .• • .•.
Median earnings .. $6.05
85
$4.25
7
25
40
82
105
94
82
55
46
52
43
16
18
6
16
12
8
1
3
2
2
12
11
13
20
14
7
3
1
Under SL .........
Sl and under S2 ....
$2 and under S3 . ..
S3 and under $4 ...
S4 and under $5 . . .
S5 and under S6 . ..
S6 and under $7 .•.
S7 and under S8 . ..
$8 and under $9 .••
$9and under$10 ...
$10 and under SIL.
SU and under $12 ..
S12and underS13 ..
$13 and under $14 ..
Sl4and under$15 ..
$15 and under $16 ..
Sl6and under$17 ..
$17 and under $18 ..
$18 and under $19 ..
$19 and under $20 ..
68
$4.55
······r
5
19
15
13
8
2
3
..... ... . ········
50
$5.30
1
4
9
8
10
10
3
3
1
34
67
141
63
67
90
15
$4.90 $5.65 $7. 70 $6.55 $8.90 $6. 75 $7.50
... . .....
.........
3
5
2
1
1
1
1
..... ... ········ ........ ········
1 -······· ······-- ........
1
1
.........
.........
.........
.........
......
3
6
8
12
7
5
6
5
5
5
2
1
1
1
5
7
10
7
9
7
9
10
13
3
3
1
1
2
5
10
8
8
10
2
6
2
. ... ..
3
3
1
1
1
........ ........
2
1
1
........
1 .... ....
········
2 ......
......... ········ .......... ......... . .....
..
....
.......
1
....
.....
..........
······-· ........
......... ···· ···· ........ ......... ...... ····-· ......
·······- ........ ... .... . ....... ... ....... . ..... ......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
······
····s·
2
5
8
7
6
2
7
5
2
...... ......
2
4
9
15
24
22
9
12
20
10
4
2
3
5
5
4
2
2
1
2
···· --
1
1
2
4
4
1
2
6
1
2
4
......
5
. .....
2
33
$8.50
1
3
1
·····4
3
2
1
3
5
2
1
1
2
3
...... ······
. ..... ······
-····-·····. ......1
.....
TABLE
XIV.-Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were secured, 1 by industry.
WHITE WOMEN.
Number of wom en earning each specified amount inThe m'a nufacture of-
Year's earnings.
· Clothing, men's.
All
industries.
Bags. Candy. Shirts
Drugs.
Suits.
and
overalls.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - -Total. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median earnings............................
1, 972
$748
- - - - - - - - - - --
119
$756
126
$727
316
$700
49
$806
64
$736
Electric Food
~c~<;_-
1:Jc~.-
Millinery.
~:Ei:
ucts.
Shoes.
Tobac- Miscelco. laneous.
i!:~~!:i:
~~t
tile.
stores.
Laundries
I
- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27
$758
102
$728
121
$769
136
$720
343
$805
64
$929
34
$783
245
$815
66
$622
160
$682
1 - - - - 1 - - - - + - - - + - - - - + - -- - + -- - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - t - - ~ -1 - - - - t - - - - t -- - - - l - - - - f - - - l - - - l l - - -
s200 and tmder $250. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$250 and under $300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$300 and under $350. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$350 and under $400... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$400 and under $450. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S450 and under $500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
S500and under $550.. ......... ... ... .......
$550 and under 3600. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$600 and under $650. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'$650 and under $700........................
$700 and under $750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S750and under $800.. ......................
$800 and under $850........................
S850 and under $900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$900 and under $1, 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sl,000 and under $1,100.....................
Sl,100 and under $1,200......................
Sl,200 and under Sl,400.....................
Sl,400 and under $1,600.....................
Sl,600 and number $1,800...................
Sl,800 and under $2,000.....................
$2,000 and over. . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
9
11
39
45
74
103
151
181
181
201
171
169
........ ........
:::::: :: ::: :::::
...... 2....... 4.
5
11
5
17
18
13
12
16
13
3
4
2
10
24
15
13
13
15
17
8
3
1~ .••••• 4.
27
26
19
16
19
21
18
18
31
25
10
15
17
30
29
35
27
27
29
32
45
15
3
3
2
5
1
4
12
4
4
4
14
2
11
4
11
1
11
3
9
2
9
3
13
4
6
3
13
4
3
2
8
6
6
2
10
6
5
4
2
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • . . . .
4
10
10
9
12
12
13
6
18
4
3
4
11
16
26
20
19
10
8
152
11
192
4
139
3
61
68
lf• ...... ~. :::::::: :::::::: ........
1
14 ······ ·· ........
6 ........................................................ ·•······ ........
2
~
2
~ : :: :: :: : : : : :: :: : ...... ~.
:: :: : :: :
~
3 ........
1 ........
3
5
6
8
4
3
3
6
6
2
5
7
3
14
1
5
1~
8
3 ········ ........
18
13
18
12
23
15
21
25
26
18
17
¼
~
2
1~
7
15
9
4
6
5
4
2
5
2
5
20
16
1!!
19
13
11
7
14
3
1
~
1~ ...............
3 ··· ····· ········
: :: : :: :: ::: ::: :: : :: :: : :: ::: :: :: : :: ::: :: : : :: :: : : : : : :: :: :: ...... 2· : :: :: :: : : :::: : :: :: ::: : :: : : :: :: :: ..... ·~- :: : :: :: : :: ::: :: :
Includes only women who worked at least 44 weeks during the year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 ······i· :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ...... i. :::::::: ....... i
lg ..... ~3. :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ..... :6. . . . . . . . .
~i
~ ...... 2. . . . . . . . .
~
~
~
97
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XIV.-Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were
secured, 1 by industry-Concluded.
NEGRO WOMEN.
Number of women earning each specified amount inYear's earnings.
Total. .............................. .
Median earnings ....._..................... .
The manufacture ofGeneral
All
indus- 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 mercantries.
tile.
Bags.
Candy. Tobacco.
57
$529
6
7
Laundries.
42
$525
1- - - - - 1 - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - l - - - -
$200 and under $250. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......... ..........
. . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
$250 and under $300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 .......... ..........
3 . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
$300 and under $350 ................. . .... . ..........................•......••.........................
$350 and under $400 ...... ... ............ : ..... .. ..........................•...........................
S400 and under $450. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .• . . . •
1 ..........
7
$450 and under $500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 .......... ..........
1 ..........
8
$500 and under $550. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . .
1 ..........
12
$550 and under S600. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1
1 . . . . . . . .. .
1
7
$600 and under $650. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
3 . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
$650 and under $700. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1 .......... .......... ..........
1
$700 and under $750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .......... .......... .......... ..........
1
$750 and under !800................. ......
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . .
1
$800 and under $850. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . .
2
$850 and under $900 ............... . . ...... ...... .. .....•......................... . ..••••............. .
$900 and under SI,000..................... .
1
1 ...................................... . .
1
t
Includes only women who worked at least 44 weeks during the year.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
98
TABLE
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
XV.-Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were
secured, 1 by weeks worked.
WHITE WOMEN.
Year's earnings.
Total............ .... ... ........ .....
Per cent distribution.. .... . . . .... .........
Median earnings...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of women earning each specified amount
who workedNumber
of worn- 1-----,-----,-------,---------en
44 and
46 and
48 and
50 and
reported. under 46 under 48 under 50 under 52 52 weeks.
weeks.
weeks.
weeks.
weeks.
1, 743
100. 0
$764
52
3.0
$733
98
5.6
$720
251
14. 4
$738
543
31. 2
$762
799
45.8
$782
2
1 . -... --.. - -- ---·-- ·5
1
2
17
1
3
7
21
2
5
8
50
4
16
1
13
74
3
10
9
23
126
4
6
18
51
165
12
5
31
46
171
2
11
25
52
196
15
28
6
57
161
3
10
'n
39
162
5
7
21
42
142
8
5
1~
48
184
6
25
6
59
5
125
2
11
39
1
55
1
!I
21
63
1
s
10
24
14
2
5
········-·
6 ·····----- . ........... .... .......
4
2 ........... --· ·······
. ............
2
1 .. .. . .....
1 . ...........
1
1
5
6
16
1------+----t-------1----~-
$250 and under $300 . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .
S300 and under $350. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$350 and under $400.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$400 and under $450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
$450 and under $500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$500 and under $550.......................
$550 and under $600. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$600 and under $650. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$650 and under $700.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1700 and under $750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S750 and under $800. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$800 and under S850. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S850 and under $900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$900 and under Sli.000... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sl,000 and under 11,100. ... .... ... . . .... .. .
SI,100 and under Sl,200.......... .. ........
Sl,200 and under Sl,400............ . .... . ..
$1,400 and under Sl,600....................
SI,600 and under $1,800....................
$1,800 and under $2,000....................
S2,000 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
47
71
81
90
82
87
65
88
68
26
25
7
2
2
---·-·····
NEGRO WOMEN .
Total. .............................. .
Per cent distribution .. : .................. .
Median earnings .......................... .
57
100. 0
$529
10
17.5
(ll)
4
7.0
(ll)
14
24.6
(ll)
28
49.1
$533
1------+----+----t----+----1---$200 and under $250. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ....................................... .
$250 and under $300.......................
3 .. . .. . .. . .
2
1 ................... .
$300 and under $350. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . .•.......
$350 and under $400 ..... ....... . .. ................................................................... .
$400 and under $450. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
5 . . . . . . • . .. . . • • • • • . . .
3
$450 and under $500. • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . • . • .
9 . . . . . . . . • . . . • . .. . . . .
3
1
5
$500 and under $550 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2 . . • . • • .. . •
2
9
$550 and under $600. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
$600 and under $650. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.
4
2
$650 and under $700 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • .. . . . . . .
2
$700 and under $750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .......... .......... .......... ..........
1
$750 and under $800. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
1
S800 and under $850. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • •
2 ..........
1 ..........
1 ......... .
$850 and under $900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .
S900 and under $1,000..... ...... ...........
1 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ......... .
1
t
Includes only women who worked at least 44 weeks during the year.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
TABLE
XVI.-Weeks lost during the year by women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were secured,1 by industry.
WHITE WOMEN.
Number of women losing each specified number of weeks inThe manufacture of-
Weeks lost.
All
industries.
Clothing, men's.
Bags.
Candy. Shirts
and
overalls.
Electric Food
Drugs. prod- products.
ucts.
Suits.
l~~t
Millinery.
G:1eer:31
Paper
ToMis- cantile. stores.
prod- Shoes. bacco. cellaneucts.
ous.
- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - -1-- - - 1 - - - -1 - - -- 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Total............ . ........ ............
1,743
119
126
135
33
64
27
102
121
136
342
64
Laundries.
- - - - - -1- - - - - 1 1 - - -
34
214
66
160
1---f---f---+---+---+----1------1----1----1------1----1----1-----1----1----1---
N one.......................................
1 week.....................................
2 weeks ........ ............................
3 weeks...... ... ................... .. ......
4 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 weeks......... .. .........................
6 weeks.... .... ............................
7 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
800
83
310
232
161
17
90
57
41
25
27
11
5
1
1
1
40
26
19
16
7
8
4
3
3
37
14
21
19
15
9
8
6
6
7
6
7
29
6
16
7
9
4
4
3
70
14
7
4
2
3
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . .
3
2
38
22
25
13
12
3
5
1
2
69
28
14
17
5
2
184
32
45
41
15
8
8
5
4
25
20
9
2
3
3
1
1
7
14
5
3
2
2
79
56
36
12
15
6
5
2
8
37
15
6
2
3
1
1
1
96
26
17
7
4
3
a
3
1
Includes only women who worked at least 44 weeks during the year.
<:O
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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
1-l
XVI.-Weeks lost during the year by women for whom 52-week pay-roll records were secured,1 by industry-Concluded.
0
0
NEGRO WOMEN.
Number of women losing each specified number of w~k11 inWeeks lost.
The manufacture ofind~~es. ,__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , m~;:~e. Laundries.
Bags.
Candy.
Tobacco.
Total. .......... ............. ....................... . .. ....... . ................................... .
57
None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 week............. ... ................ ...... ... .......................... .... .... .. .. . ........ . .........
2 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
-4weeks..... .......... ... ............................................................ ...... .............
7
42
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. •. . . .
2 ............ ............
1
24
1 ............ ............ ............
8
2
1 ............ ............ ............ ............
3 ............ ..... . ......
2 ............
1
1
11
3
3
liweeks............... ................................................... . ..............................
8 ............ ... .........
3 . ........ ...
5
6 weeks.................................... . ........................................................... .
2 ............ ............
1 ............
l
7weeks ................................... . ......................... .. ................................................. ... ......... . ........................................... .
8weeks. ............ . .. . . . ............................. . ... . . . ... ... ... . . . ..............................
1 .................. ,.....
1 . ........... ...... .....•
1
Includes only women who worked at least 44 weeks during the year
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
XVII.-Weeks lost during the year through closing of establishment or department, womenfor whom 52-week pay-roll records were secured,1 by industry.
TABLE
WHITE WOMEN.
Number of women losing each specified number of weeks inThe manufacture ofNumber of weeks
establishment or
department was
closed.
Clothing,
All
men's.
inTo- Misd~s- t
Can- i - - - - . - - - - - 1
Food Milli- Paper
tmes. Bags. dy. Shirts
Drugs. prodnery.
Shoes. bac- 1 ~~~
co. ous.
and '
•t
ucts.
over- 8Ill s.
alls.
~~f;-
- - - - - - -- 1-- - - - - 1· -- · 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 --
-
None ......... . .... 1,199 119
9g
195
16
37
93
1 week.............
9
40
12
21
2weeks...... . . .... 130
4
54
14
6
3weeks. ..... . . ....
54
12
14 . . . . . . . . .. . . .
4weeks.. . ... . .... .
8 . . . . . . . .. . . .
7 .. . . .. . ... ...
5weeks......... . . .
5
1 ......
4 ·· · ····
6weeks. ...........
5
3 .. ... ..
1 . .. .. .
7weeks... . ....... .
3 . . . .. . . . ....
3
8weeks..... . ......
3 ...... ·····.
2
Number reported ... .. 1, 500
Number losing a
week or more
through closing.. 301
119
e~rs:-
e~rs:-
1- - - - - - -
-
- - - - --
25
101 121
136
268
1 ... .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .
•.. .. . •••.•• •••••. . . . .. .
48
. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .
27
.. . .. . . ..... ...... . . .. .. .. . . . .
- -
-
57
25
1
9
4
1
1 ..... .
..•.......•. •·•··· ........ ····· ...... . .... .
1 . ........................... . . . . . ... .
126
315
49
64
27
102
27
120
33
27
2
121
136
343
64
34
75
NEGRO WOMEN.
Number of women losing each specified
number of weeks inNumber of weeks establishment or department was closed.
The manufacture ofAllindustries.2
Bags.
Candy.
Tobacco.
None........... . . . ...... . ................. . ......... . ..... . ....
7
6
1 . ...... . . .
1 week .... .. ... . .................... . . . ... . ..... . . . . . ..... . . . ..... ..... ................... . ........... .
2weeks . . ·....................................................... . . . . . .. . .. . . . .......... . ........ . ..... .
4 . . ........ . ..... .. . .
4
3 weeks........ . ................... . ........ . ... . ..............
4weeks.. ......................................................
3 . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. ...
3
Number reported ................................... . ... .
Number losing a week or more through closing ...... . ......... .
1
i
14
6
7 . . . . . . ... . ... ·······
Includes only women who worked at least 44 weeks during the year.
Excludes stores and laundries.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
7
TABLE
XV III.-Scheduled weekly hours, by industry and locality.1
ST. LOUIS.
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours were-
Industry.
Number
reported.
Over 44 and
under 4.
44.
Over 48 and
under 50.
48.
Over 50 and
under 52.
50.
52and under
54.
54.
Es~~1
EstabEstabEstabEstabE stabEstabEstabEstablish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women. lish- Women.
ments.
ments.
ments.
ments.
m ents.
m en ts.
m ents.
ments.
ments.
~59
9,790
562
7
620
12 2,625
Total. .. ........ . . . .
56
4
12 1,418
11
1,606
9 2,517
386
- -- - - - - - -,- - -,- - - - - - - - - · • - - - - -- 1 - - ~1 - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - + - - - - l - - - - f - - - - l - - - - 1 - - - Manufacturing:
B ags . . .......... ..... .
3
4.33
247 . ....... . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . ....
2
186 ..... . ................ ... .. ... . . ............... .
2
Caody ...... .. . ...... .
187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Clothing, m en's2
Shirts and overalls .
509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
273' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
20 ............................................... .
326
Suits ............. .
4
3
282 ...... .. .. ... . .. . . ..... . ... ... ..
1
44 •• . • ..... ••. . ... ... •...... . . .... ...... . .. ...... .. . .... . .... .. ...
Drugs .......•.... .. ..
5
502
~
~
~~.
Electric products ... . . .
456 ...... i.
3
Food products .•......
1,384 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
1
213 . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
1
45
3
830
2
58 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
1
238
8
Millinery 3 ••••••••••••
5
551 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
4
446 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
105 . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....•..
P aper products ...... .
4
168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
76
1
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
56 ...... . . .... ... .
Shoes .............. .. .
6
1,069 .• .• • ••• ••.• ••.. ..... ..• .•. .•...
6
1,069 .......................... : ........ . . ..... . .. ............ ... ....... . . .. . ········
3
Tobacco ............. .
3
Miscellaneous .... .. .• .
~
General mercantile ..... .. .
3
........ ....... . . ....... ..... ... ... . ... . ...... ..
3
1, 9 3 ..... .... .............. ...••. ..... .. ... .. ........ ... ............
2
5-and•lO-cent stores .. ...••
....... . .............. .. ....... .. ... .. .. ........ .... ..... . .............. ····· . ..
2
235 ··· ·· ·· · ······· · ........ ······ · ·
46
Laundries ... . . ......... • •
426 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
92
2
193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
116
--·--aa·
i
1,f~ :::::::: ::::::::
m...... .....:~~. :::::::: :::::::: ...... ......
:~ :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
1,~fs
il~ :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
1,3ti ······~· .....:~. :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
KANSAS CITY.
Total. ... .......... .
Manufacturing:
Bags .......•. ... ......
Candy .. ..•..........
Clothing, men 'sShirts and overalls ..
Millinery ........... . .
Paper products ...... .
Miscellaneous industries 5 • •
Laundries . ....•.. .•. . .. ..
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22
2,507
2
3
263
320
4
494
2
3
4
&4
2
276
5
613
2
419
53
4
288
1
107
81
2
276
410
239
209
156
23g . . ......... .. .. .
218 ........................................ ······ ·· ......... ...... ............. ............ ········
175 •••••••. ....... .
2
175 ... ... . ... ... ... ········ . . . .......... . .. ········ ......... ....... . .. ... .. ······· · . ..... .. ········
460 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
361
1
53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
46 .. ............................. .
528
267
2
4
2
:::::::: :::::::: ...... ~ ..... :~~. ··· ···i·
·····ss· ::::::::(:::::::: ...... ~ ..... ~~ ....... ~ ..... :~~. ::::::::::::::::······a· --···2ro
OTHER PLACES.
Total. ............. .
Manufacturing:
Candy ....••..........
Clothing, m en'sShirts and overalls . .
Food products ....... .
Sh~ ..........•......
Miscellaneous 1 ••••••••
General mercantile ....... .
5-and-10-cent stores . ... ... .
Laundries ...........•....
75
3
15
5
11
5
16
8
8
12
4,427
199
97
199
87
205
8
235
924
119
14
1,096
11
121
I
145
28
1,034
116
44
4
678
6
26
2
190 ............................... .
. ••. . . . •
5
11 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
69
........ ........ ........
1
60
1
89
6
699 . • . • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . • • . .
3
413
. . . . .••.
5 •. . . •. . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . • •. . . . ••
2
111
1
310
1
51 .... ... ... ... . •.
90
1
38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 11
350
...... . . . .. ... . . .. .. . .. .
2
4
51
1
8
3
29
88 ................................... ·· ··· . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .
272 . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
13
3
6
8
173
1,484
85 • • • • • . • .
1,261 . . . . . . . .
477 . . . • . . . .
525 . . . . . . . .
1
1
1 For State as a whole, see text table 18 p. 46.
s Details aggregate more than total because two establishments appear in more than one-hour group .
a Includes one establishment making infants' head wear.
4 Excludes one establishment, with 41 women, working irregular hours.
6 Includes a department store and a 5-and-10-cent store tabulated here to.avoid identification.
1
1 Excludes two establishments, with 132 women working irregular hours.
7 Includes paper products and men's suits, tabufated here to avoid identificati0n.
8 Excludes one establishment, with 3 women, working irregular hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
XIX.-Hours worked less than scheduled, by industry.
WIDTE WOMEN.
Industry
Number
of women
Number
who
of women worked
reported. less than Under
scheduled 1 hour.
hours.
Number of women who worked less than scheduled hours to the extent of1 and
under 2
hours.
2and
under 3
hours.
3 and
under 4
hours.
107
2. 7
591
U.7
1,123
27. 8
495
12. 3
277
6. 9
213
5. 3
148
3. 7
360
8. 9
1,493
37. 0
25
16
105
132
47
39
13
20
7
68
11
8
4
25
25
92
128
89
70
42
12
31
3
48
106
40
80
33
30
59
59
14
123
194
271
34
47
105
24
13
16
7
4
35
106
40
9
15
5
2
3
10
1
13
55
30
2
30
17
17
9
6
8
46
79
81
6
202
76
50
58
55
16
140
366
221
4 and
5and
l0and
15and
20and
25and 30hours
under 5 under 10 under 15 under 20 under 25 under 30 and
over.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
- --- - - - - - - -
All industries 1 •••••••••••• .
Per cent distribution.•...•.•....
:Manufacturing:
Bags ................... .... .
Candf ..•.•••...............
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls ......
Suits ...•••....... -......
Drugs ..•...•••..............
Electric products . ........ ...
Food products ...... . .......
Millinery .......•.... .. ......
Paper products .............
Shoes .•....................•
Tobfl.cco ..... . ...............
Miscellaneous .........•.....
Laundries ..................•....
7,570
4,033
100. 0
626
360
301
281
722
324
386
456
272
145
884
1,753
1.076
273
293
487
196
128
331
159
45
383
826
611
91
194
---- ----
380
9. 4
207
5.1
132
3.3
3
15
18
1
.......... ··········
43
6
1
152
7
6
48
71
33
7
3
34
3
3
30
5
4
15
54
16
8
20
Per cent of all white women who worked undertime, 53.3.
l0hours
or more.
25
4
1
10
2
1
4
17
15
1
33
..........
14
4
1
10
...........
1
5
18
15
1
13
11
18
29
28
12
8
21
31
..........
29
60
37
5
13
24
18
10
9
1
3
17
66
I
33
7
7
..........
11
29
60
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6
25
14
23
18
53
8
3
80
All industries
444
279
5
19. 0
2.9
2. 2
28. 7
9.0
5. 0
8. 2
6. 5
1.8
1.1
:Per cent distribution ..•........•....•.....
100. 0
l-----+----+----+----1-----+----+-----1-----1-----1----+----1---:Manu fac turin g:
1
2
68
Bags ..•...•.................
13
••.••••••• ·•·•••···•
2
3
1
1
3
········3· ········2· ········2· ········4· ·······42· ·······ii. ········r
19
14
238
124
49
5
1
2
36
14
6
2
1
135
Laundries ....•.•.....•..•.. . ....
1 • ••••••• ••• .
~~~·o. ~:::::::::::::::: :::
145 ··········
Per cent of all negro women who worked undertime, 62. 8.
Exclusive of stores, which generally do not report actual time worked.
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
15. 8
3
34
7
124
44. 4
9
2
83
30
rn
TABLE
XX.-Hours worked less than scheduled, by scheduled hours-All industries. 1
WHITE WOMEN.
Number of women who worked less than scheduled hours to the extent of-
Scheduled weekly hours.
Women
reported.
Women who
worked less
1 and
than scheduled Under under
hours.
1 hour.
2
hours.
2and
under
3
hours.
3and
under
4
hours.
4and
under
5
hours.
5and l.Oand Hi and 20and 25and
under under under under under
30
10
15
20
25
hours. hours. hours. hours. hours.
30
hours
and
over.
-----Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Total. .. .................................
7,570
100. 0
4,033
39 and under 42 ..................... . .... ..
7
912
432
1,468
478
2,511
862
129
771
0. 1
12. 0
5. 7
19. 4
6. 3
33. 2
11. 4
1. 7
10. 2
1
569
174
739
308
1,322
391
104
425
44 ......................................... .
Over 44 and under 48 ..... . ........ ........
48 ............ . ............ . ............... .
Over 48 and under 50 ......................
50 .................... ........ ... ......... . .
Over 50 and under 52 ............... .. .... .
Over 52 and under 54 .......•..•...........
54 ........ ......... .........................
Per
cent.
100. 0
(2)
14.1
4. 3
18. 3
7. 6
32. 8
9. 7
2. 6
10. 5
Per cent of all white women who worked undertime, 53.3.
Total. ............................... .
444
100. 0
'J:19
35
1
7. 9
.2
22. 3
.5
57. 9
3. 2
8.1
5
1
88
2
143
4
36
54 ••.••.•••••••••••••• •. ..• ••• •••• • .•.•••.••
2
257
14
36
'lfJ7
132
34
93
25
48
150
1
19
24
48
21
31
26
2
36
107
591
........ ···· ·---
1,123
1
9
9
21
26
5
14
13
153
27
132
86
22
71
23
1
34
8
6
10
34
9
79
39
143
49
552
76
42
121
8
3
6
80
29
100
495
277
213
148
360
........ . . ........ . ......... ..... ..... ········
135
30
17
40
Zl
--1,493
249
36
25
15
97
18
5
9
81
8
8
18
164
14
36
10
54
15
99
19
9
41
22
43
126
25
14
23
18
44
124
1
1
7
20
10
125
32
131
15
11
4
3
9
4
9
87
Zl
10
300
93
572
74
NEGRO WOMEN.
44 •.••.•..•.•••••.•••...•.•••.••••••••••...•.
Over 44 and under 48 ...••..••• •. •••••••...
48 ..•••••••• • • • .••••....•••.•••.• ; •••••.••..
Over 48 and under 50 .•••.•.•.••••••••...•.
50 .. ••.••••.•••••••••...•...••••..•• •••.• ...
Over 50 and under 52 ..••.....••••.•.•••.•.
99
380
--·-····
···-···
· ...... 9..
10
19
10
hours
and
over.
100. 0
5
53
1.8
3 ••••• ••• •••• •• ••
.4 ..... T ..... 49 ....... i. : : : : : :: : :: : : : : : : ..... ff ..... ·5· ...... ii ...... · 2· .... ... .
31. 5
. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .
1
1
51. 3
4
3
2
2
4
43
11
5
19
15
1.4
1
1 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
1
1
12. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
2
19
9 ........ ........
1
... --ar
4
1
2
85
2
10
Per cent of all negro women who worked undertime, 62.8.
Exclusive of stores, which generally do not report actual time worked.
s Less than 0.05 per cent.
1
1---l
0
Cl
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
106
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXL-Hours worked more than scheduled, by industry.
WHITE WOMEN.
Industry.
Number of
women
reported
Num- Number of women who worked more than scheduled hours
ber of
to the extent ofwomen
who
worked
land 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and 10 and 15 and
more Under under under under under under under w1der
3
4
5
10
15
20
than 1 hour. 2
schedhours. hours. hour:s. hours. hours. hours. hours.
uled
hours.
- - - - - - - - - - - -1-- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Allindustries 1 ••••••••.. 7,570
333
Per cent distribution... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . 100. 0
31
9. 3
78
23. 4
15. 0
29
8. 7
28
8. 4
89
26. 7
28
8. 4
- - - i - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1- - -1-- -
Manufacturing:
~:!~y _. _.::::::::::::::::::
626
360
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls ... .
722
324
Suits... -···· ......... .
386
Drugs ......... ·-··········
Electric products ........ .
456
F~ products ........... .
272
145
Milhnery ............. . . .. .
Paper products ........... .
884
Shoes •.................... 1,753
Tobacco._ ...... · · -_ ...... . 1,076
Miscellaneous ..... _.... . . .
273
Laundries ............... _.... .
293
15 ...... _
4 • •• . . . . . •• • • . .
2
, 9 . . .. ....... .. .
2
2 ••.•••• ••••••· ··•••·· -······ · • •••·• · · ···· · . ....••
····a1 · ·····i · ·····a· · ·· · ·.i · · ·· ·io · · -· · ·a· · ···iii· ::: : :: : : :: ::: :
3 .•••... _·•····
47
4
13
1 . -··· ..
11
10
2 . -·· ··- .............•
5
4 ............. .
..... i" ······· ..... i ........ ·· ·-··· ··- ·-·· ·····-· ............. .
128
2
23 ··--io· ··-··2· ··--io· ··--sf ···-2s" :::::::
46
14
40
9
2
23
17
2
3
5
9
10
5
6
4 ...... .... ... .
1 .......... .... .. ... ... ..... .
1
3 ..... . ....... .
Per cent of all white women who worked overtime, 4.4.
NEGRO WOMEN.
Allindustriesl... .. .. . . .
444
85
Per cent distribution.......... . . . . . . . 100. 0
2
2. 4
27
pl. 8
12
14. 1
7
5
8. 2
5. 9
30
35. 3
1
1. 2
1
1. 2
Manufacturing:
~~:~i.::::::::::::::::::
Laundries .. _................. .
68
31 .....•• ······· ······- ·-·····
23~ .....i 1. . ... T .... 2ii. . .. .. ii. . ... T
135
7 .... _. .
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29 ··--··· ···-···
6 . _. _. . . . .. _. . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....•
Per cent of all negro women who worked overtime, 19.1.
Exclusive of stores, which generally do not report actual time worked.
1
2
.... "a" ..•• T ..... i . . ..... i
107
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXII.-Hours worked more than scheduled, by scheduled hours-All industries.1
WHITE WOMEN.
Vfomen
reported.
Women
who
worked
more than
scheduled
hours.
Number of women who worked more than
scheduled hours to the extent of-
4
1
2
3
Un- and and and and
der un- un- un- under
der der der
1
Num- Per Num- Per hour.
2
3
4
5
hours hours h ours hours
ber. cent. ber. cent.
------------ - - -Total.. ...•........... 7, 570 100. O 333 100. 0
31
78
29
28
50
Scheduled weekly hours.
5
and
under
10
hours
15
10
and and
un- under der
15
20
hours hours
---- -89
28 . .... .
- - -1- - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
39 and under 4'2. . . . • . . . . . . .
7
O. 1
44.. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . .. 912 12. 0
Over 44 and under 48....... 432
5. 7
48 ... . ..................... 1,468 19. 4
Over 48 and under 50....... 478 6. 3
50 ......................... 2, 511 33. 2
Over 50 and under 52...... . 862 11. 4
Over 52 and under 54. . . . . . . 129
1. 7
5L........................ 771 10. 2
2 o. 9
50 15. 0
38 11. 4
143 42. 9
1
.3
62 18. 6
14 4. 2
22
6. 6
f
~
····6· ····4· ···io· ····4· ···2s· :::::: ::::::
~~
26
~
···i!r ···i2· ···ff ····s·
3
2
3
1g ···oo· --·2r ::::::
~ .... 4. :::::: ::::::
2 ••••..
4 ...•••...•.•
22 .............•................ ······
Per cent of all white women who worked overtime, 4.4.
NEGRO WOMEN.
Total. ......., . . . . . . . .
444 100. 0
85 100. 0
27
12
7
30
- - - - - - - - · 1 - - - t - - -1- - - - - - - - - - -
44 ...••.•• ·······•··•···· . .
Over 44 and under 48 ...... .
48 ........ ·················
Over 48 and under 50 ...... .
50 ........ ············ · ····
Over 50 and under 52 ...... .
54 .. ······-··········· · · · ··
35
1
99
2
257
14
36
7. 9
•2
22. 3
•5
57. 9
3. 2
8.1
30
35. 3
s:
....1. .. 2. : : : : : : .... i .....6. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
···41· ·ss:f ····2· ···26· ....6. ----:,- ··--f ····i· ··--i· .....i
1
1.2 ······ .... . ..... . . ······
Per cent of all n cgro women who worked overtime, 19.1.
Exclusive of stores, which generally do not report actual time worked.
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29 ........... .
1 ...... .. ......... .
TABLE
XXIII.-Scheduled daily hours, by industry and locality. 1
lo-'
0
ST. LOUIS.
00
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled daily hours were-
Number reported
Over 8 and under 9
Under8
Industry
Establishments.
Women.
Establishments.
Establishmen ts.
Women.
Women.
Establishments.
Women.
Over 9 and under 10
9
Establishments.
Women.
Establishments.
Women.
--------------------1------1---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----1--------1-----1---->---Total. ........................................ .
Manufacturing:
Bags .......•.............................. . ..... .
Candy ..•.•......................................
Cloth'ing, men'sShirts and overalls ... ......... . .... ... . . ... . .
Suits .......•. ................. .... ···· ... ···
~~fric pr.oducis: ~·.-:: _.::::::::::::::::::::::::::
fi~~~~~~~~)~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !~ ~ ~ ~; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~;; ~.:
!!!! !
Tobacco ........... : ..... ........ .. ..... . ....... .
Miscellaneous ............. . ............... . .... . .
General mercantile ................................. ..
5-and-10-cent stores ........................ . ........ .
Laundries ................................. . ........ .
2
60
9,831
3
2
433
187
2
509
326
502
456
1,384
551
4
5
3
8
15
4
6
3
3
3
2
7
9
2, 729
3,175
26
247
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . ..
. • .. .. • .. . . .. . . . . • ..
190
1
2
.•.•.•.... ·•••••···· ••·•··· •.. ·•••·•••··
3
.. . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .
33
.......... .......... .......... ..........
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2
184
.......... .......... .......... ..........
.......... .......... .......... ..........
1
1
2
3
6
1
2
273
97
377
l'i7
213
262
3, 927
186
32
155
168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......... .......... .......... ..........
1,069
1,404
157
1,983
235
467
26
1
1
2
1
7
1
112
1
1,069 ··········
39
115
1
236 ..........••........
39 .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . ..
125 ...... ........ .. . .. .
246 .................. ..
1, 171 ................... .
105 .................. ..
56 ................... .
... ............... ....... . ... .
1,365 ................... .
42 .................. ..
:::::: :::: :::::::::: ........ ~ ..... ~·.~~. ········2· ····· ·2as· ::::: ::::: :::::::::: ::: :: ::::: :::::: ::::
.......... ..........
92
1
51
5
698
14
324 ................. .. .
KANSAS CITY.
Total. ........................................ .
24
2,639
220
451
1,247
23
1 - - - -1-- - - - 1 - - - - + - - - - - , f - - - - - t - - - - - t - - - - - t - - - - - 1 - - - - - t - - - - 1 - - - - - t - - - -
Manufacturing:
Bags .................. .. .... . ....••• ••... ........
Candy ......................................... ..
Cl?t~g, men's-shirts and overalls._. ........... .
Millinery .... ........... . . ........... ..... . ..... .
Paper products ..................... . ........... .
Miscellaneous industries 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laundries .. .................. .............. . ..... .. .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
3
4
2
263
320
494
11.;
3
460 .. ..................
220
52~
399 .......•.. ··········
4
6
.......... ·········• ·········· .......... ·········· ·····•····
.. •..•..•• ...... ....
2
263 .......... ··········
2
297
' 1
23
276
2
218 ....................................... .
2
175 .................................................. ······•·••
6 2
·······--· ..........
1
361
99 ................... .
.. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . ..
1
119
2
189 ................... .
·· ·· · ··· ·· .•... .•. • ......•••.• ······· · ·•
6
399 .......... ··········
•••••••••• . . . •. •. •. • ••••••••. • . •••. •. . . . . ••. ••••. . •••••••• . •
.......... ..........
2
OTHER PLACES.
Total. ... . .. .. . .... .... . ..... . .. . . •· .". .•. . •· •· •
Manufacturing:
75
4, 427
403
f--- - - + - - - - l
.
Cand:y ..••••.... ... ..... . .••................... ..
3
15
Clothing, men's-shirts and overalls . . . .... .. . . .. .
§~~ ~~~~~~~ ·.:::::::::::::::: ·.·.:::: ·.: ·.: ·. ·.·.·.: ·.·.:
Miscellaneous 7 ••• ••• • •• •••••••••••••••••••••• • • ••
General mercantile .... ... ... . .. .. . . . .. . . ... ... .. .. . . .
5-and-10-cent stores .. .. .. .. .. . ..... .. . . .... . . . ...... .
Laundries ..•....... , .............. . . .. .... • • . • • • • • • •
5
11
5
16
8
8
12
235
1, 484 ::::::::: : ::::::::::
85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,261 ... ... . . . . . . .. ... . ..
477 .. . .. ..... . . . .. . . . . .
525 . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... .
414
········i· ······iw· ········4· ······300·
1
1
1
3
11
1
5
128
2
47
60 ......... . ..•..•.•.•
5 . .................. .
88 .• . .. .... . ... .... .. . .......... ..........
272
12
5
59
56
3
10
3
10
4
11
3
12
3,610
235
982
69
1,201
472
350
2Q
272
1 For State as a whole see text Table 21, p. 51.
2 Details aggregate more t han total because one establishment appears in more than one hour group .
• Includes one establishment making infants' head wear.
c Scheduled 9 hours 5 minutes daily, but under 54 hours a week.
'Includes one est ablishment in which girls actually work a 9-hour day and.get two 15-minute rest periods, making 9½ over-all hours (exclusive of a haU-hour lunch period).
8 Includes a department st ore and a 5-and-10-cent store, t abulated here to 19oid identification.
7 Includes paper products and men's suits, tabulated here to avoid identification.
8 Excludes one establishment, with 3 women, working irregular hours.
~
0
c.o
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
XXIV.-Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry and locality. 1
ST. LOUIS.
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were-
Number
reported.
4 and under 5
5 and under 6
6 and under 7
7 and under 8
8 and under 9
9 and under 10 11 and under 12.
Industry.
~~!~?-
ments.
~~:?-
~~!~?-
WornWornWorn
en.
ments.
en.
ments.
en.
~~!~?-
ments.
~f:~
~f:?-
~1!t~
Worn- ~!!~~ WornWornWornen.
men ts.
en.
men ts.
en.
meRts.
en.
men ts.
Women.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----1-----1----1----1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - Total. ................ .... ........ .. .
Manufacturing:
~:t~y:::::::::::::: :: :::::::::::::::::
2
56
9,681
3
2
433
187
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls ................ .
Suits .••.....•......................
Drugs ................. ... ........ .. ... .
12
1r.~;:Eii·•·················
5
4
6
3
52
3
2
06
2
5
3
8
Tobacco..................... .......... .
Miscellaneous ............ ............. .
General mercantile ..................... ... .
S-and-10-cent stores ....... ·................. .
Laundries .............. .... ....... ........ .
20
3,160
24
5
2,131
7
662 ····•·•· ·· ····••
m...... ~. ··--~~. :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::~:::::::: :::::::: ...... i. ·····si" :::::: :: ::::::::
489
1
20
190
1
44
502
324
3
178
456
~
~~g
1,384
551 ······ ·· ..... ...
5
551
2
76
1
36
168
1,069
1,404
124
1,983 . . . .. . . . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
442 ...... i ..... i.i2· :::::::: ::::::::
509
234
51 ............... .
3,677
2
1
2
i
.................................. .. ... . ········ ······· ........................ .
..................... ... . ······· .. . .........•... ········ ········ .... ......... .. .
....... . ........ ··· ··· .. ········ ..............•.................. ...............
=: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . . .
i" --··2.1s· :::::::: ::::::::
........................................ ····•··· ···••·· ........ .. .... .......... .
... .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. ...
1
56 •..••.......•. ... ... ... .. ..... .•
: : : ~: ::~t;: ·····1 ··i;tgf :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1,983 ............. . ........... ..... . .
........ ·····5i· :::::::: :::::::: ····· · .. ·····~·
~
i~~
:::::::: :::::::.
1-(
z
g
[fl
H
~
t;j
rn
KANSAS CITY.
Total ..................... . ......... .
Manufacturing:
~:~~¥:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Clothing, men's-shirts and overalls ••.
f:e~~octiidtii.·.·::::::::::::::::::::::
Miscellaneous industries 1 ••••• ••••• •••••• ••
Laundries ...................... .......... . .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22
2
.3
4
2
3
4
84
2,507
1,106
7
614
2
459
119
209 ••• ... •. · ······•
263 ········ ........
2
263 ....•... ····•··· •.•.•... ··•····· ······•· ······•· ........ ········ ..... . .. ·· ····••
320
1
23
1
58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
239 .... ..... . ....... ........ .....................••
494
4
494 ········ ········ ··· · ···· ········ ········ ········ ········ ······ ·· · ··· ··· · ··· ····· ········ ······• •
175
2
175 ................................ ···· · ........................... .. . .... ........ .. ........ .. ····•
2
414
1
46 ... .... . ... ............ . .......................... .... . ... ............ ....... .. .
460
189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
220
1
119 ....... .. ......................•
2
528 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
58 . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .
3
209 .......... ····••
267 ... .. . . . . .. . . . . .
OTHER PLACES.
Total. .............................. .
75
4,427
1,216
20
119
1
1,640
86
7
315
34
1,168
2
1----1-
Manufacturing:
8~ru'iii,·men;s.::swit:s·~<i. o~~r~ .·::
§~~:~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::
Miscellaneous v•••••••••••••••••••••••••
General mercantile ........................ .
5-and-10-cent stores ... . .............. .... .. .
Laundries ................................. .
3
15
5
11
5
16
8
10 12
235
1,484
85
1,261
477
525
2
...... '.... ~:~~~.
89
i
6
116 ........................................... . .................................. . .
38
1:::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
:::::::: :::::::: ...... :..... ~~. :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
699 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
1
~
...... Sa" .....41369. ::::::::
::::::::
. . . . . . . . . ...... .
gi ..... i3. ····43f ········ ······ ·2
~~
60
88 ··························•·····································
1
8
272 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
86 . . . . • . • . • . • . • • • .
7
8
80 .......... ... .. .
173 ............... .
For State as a whole see text table 23, p. 53.
·
Details aggregate more than total because one establishment appears in more than one hour group.
• Excludes two establishments, with 92 women, not working on Saturday.
• Includes one establishment making infants' headwear.
& Excludes one establishment, with 33 women, working irregular hours.
s Excludes one establishment, with 25 women, not working on Saturday.
7 Includes a department store and a 5-and-10 cent store, tabulated here to avoid identification.
s Excludes two establishments, with 132 women, working irregular hours.
v Includes paper products and men's suits, tabulated here to avoid identification.
10 Excludes one establishment, with 3 women, working irregular hours.
1
1
,-.,.
,-.,.
,-.,.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112
WOMEN IN° MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXV.-Length of lunch period, by industry and locality. 1
ST. LOUIS.
Number of establishments and number of women
whose lunch period wasNumber
reported.
Over 30 and
under 50
minutes.
30minutes.
Industry.
~r:h~
ments.
~f;h~-
~f;h~
1 hour.
~r:h~-
Worn•
WornWornWomen.
ments.
en.
ments .
en.
ments .
en.
--------------1---1----1----1---- - - - - - - - - - - - Total. ......................... .
12
1,912
60
9,831 ,
42
7, 079
3
2
433
187
2
186
1
32
2
4
509
326
502
456
1, 384
551
168
1,069
1,404
157
1,983
235
467
2
4
3
2
6
1
3
3
3
3
509
326
178
279
933
105
135
527
1,404
157
....... . .......••••.......... . •.
..•• . •..•........•...•..... . . . .•
2
324 .•........... . ..
1
177 ••............. .
1
238
1
213
1
54
3
392
1
33 .......... . .. . ••
3
'542 ..... . .....•... .
...•.•.. ········ ..... . .. ···•··· ·
. ....•................ . .. . .....•
6
325
142 ..... . ...•.•.•••
Manufacturing:
Bags ...• . . .. •....................
Cand, ............•....... . .......
Clothing, men'sShirts and overalls .......... .
Suits ..•..• . . .. ......•..... . ..
Drugs.·•.........................•
Electric products .. . ............ . •
Food products . ...............•.•
Millinery 2 •••••• • •••• • • • •••••• •• •
Paper products .................. .
Shoes ....... . .................•..
Tobacco..... . ..... . ..... . ....... .
Miscellaneous ... . ......... . ..... .
General mercantile .. . ... . ........... .
5-and•lO-cent stores ............•......
Laundries .. . .. . ... . ...... .. ..... . ... .
5
3
8
5
4
6
3
3
3
2
7
840
247
155
.. .... ~ ... ~:~~~. :::::::: :::::::: ..... T ·····2i5
KANSAS CITY.
Total. ......................... .
Manufacturing:
Bags .. . .•....... . . . ..............
Candy- . . •.... . .. . . .. . ....... . ....
Clothing, men's-shirts and overalls .... . .. .. .......... : .... . . . . .
Millinery ....................... .
Paper products .......... . ..... . . .
Miscellaneous industries a ••• ••• ••••••
Laundries ....................... . ... .
22
2,507
15
1,237
2
3
263
320
1
2
107
81
4
2
3
4
494
175
460
528
267
q
4
5
931
339
156 .....•.....• . •.•
239 . · •···•·· .•.•.• . •
494 .... . . 2•••.• i 75 • : : : : : : : : : ~::: :::
1
361 ....... . ••.•... •
189 ........ .. . .....
2
339
267 .........•.•.•...•... •••••.•...•
······2· ··· ··99·
2
4
OTHER PLACES.
Manufacturing:
Candy ...... . . .. ......•• . .•... . . .
Clothing,men's-shirts and overalls .... . .... .. ......... ··-· .... .
Food products ... . ........ . ..... .
Shoes ............ .. ............. .
Miscellaneous 5 •• • • •••••••• • ••••••
General mercantile . .......•..........
5-and-10-cent stores .................. .
Laundries ..• . ...•......... . ..........
75
4,427
---+---1_5-1~i---4-+__2_3_4-+-_ _
56-1._2_,_8_94
235
235
15
5
1,484
85
1,261
477
525
88
272
248
51
11
5
16
8
• 12
640
224
4
16
620
80
1,013
426
525
8
6
142
9
4
5
9
1 For State as a whole see text table 24, p. 55.
2 Includes one establishment making in!ants''ileadwear.
• Includes a department store and a 5-and-10-cent store, tabulated here to avoid identification.
• Excludes two establishments, with 132 women having irregular hours.
5 Includes paper products and men's suits, tabuiated here to avoid identification. ·
• Excludes one establishm~nt, with 3 women, having irregular h ours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88
113
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXVI.-Earnings in the telephone industry, by length of pay-roll period.
·B.
C. Women whose pay-roll period was a half-month.
Women
whose
A.All pay-roll
worn- period
NumNumen . 1 was one Half-month's earnings. ber of Half-month's earnings . berof
women.
women.
week.
Week's earnings.
Total. . ... ..... 1,039
Median earnings .. $15.05
Under $2 .... . .... . .. .
S2 and under $3 . ..••.
S3 and underS4 .. . .. .
$4 and under S5 .. . ...
S5 and underS6 .. ... .
S6 and under S7 .. . . . .
$7 and under S8 . . ....
S8 and under $9 . .. . . .
$9and under $10 . . ...
SlO and under $11. . . .
$11 and under $12 . . ..
$12 and under $13 ....
$13 and under $14 . . . .
$14 and under $15 ... _
$15 and under $16 ... _
$16 and under $17 .. __
SI 7 and under $18 .. ..
$18 and under $19 .. ..
$19 and under $20 . ...
$20 and under $21 . . . .
$21 and under $22 . .. .
$22 and under $23 ....
$23 and under $24 ....
$24 and under $25 ....
$25 and over .........
1 Includes women
4
5
8
2
7
13
39
32
54
69
656
$16. 25
Total. ...... .. .... __ .
383
Median earnings . . . . . _ $28. 90
..... ............. ....... ··· ·····
--· -··a·
Under $5 ... ...........
5
S5 and under $6 .......
1
$6 and under $7 .......
3
S7 and under S8 . ... . . .
1
S8 and under $9 .. . .... · ---····
S!fond under $10 ......
SlOand under Sll.. ___
1
$11 and under !12 .....
1
Sl2and under $13 . .... ----····
$13 and under $14 . ....
2
$14 and under $15 .. . . _
2
Sl5and under $16 .....
1
$16and under $17 _. _. _
5
S17 and under $18 , .. ..
5
S18and under $19 .....
6
$19 and under $20 .. _..
8
$20 and under $21 . .. ..
16
$21 and under $22 .. . ..
25
$22 and under $23 . ... _
22
$23 and under S24 .. ...
23
$24 and under $25 .. . _.
12
$25 and under $26 .....
11
$26 and under $27 .. . ..
9
$27 and under $28 .....
19
$28 and under $29 .. . . .
15
........... . ................ .........
...... . .............. . ..... ........
............................ ...... . ...
65
60
80
76
114
104
79
77
50
43
15
11
6
10
16
4
1
6
9
34
20
20
21
32
29
23
32
73
79
65
72
47
32
13
10
5
10
16
. .... . ........ .. . .. .... ... . . . . ··· · · ···
S29andunderS30 . . ....
31
$30 and under $31 .....
29
$31 and under $32 . . . ..
21
S32and under $33 ... ..
19
$33 and under $34 . . ...
21
$34 and under $35 . ....
8
$35 and under $36 . . . ..
7
$36 and under $37 .....
F
$37 and under $38 . .. _.
9
$38 and under $39 . . . ..
5
$39and under $40 .. ...
3
$40 and under $41. ... .
2
$41 and under $42 . . . _. ···----$42 and under $43. _...
3
$43 and under $44 . . _. _
5
$44 and under $45 . . ___
1
$45 and under $46 . .. __
5
$46 and under $47 ... _.
1
$47 and under $48
2
$48 and under $49 .. .. . --·· · ···
$49 and under S50 .. . .. ---·····
$50 and over ..........
1
paid twice monthly, in which cases the earnings have been divided by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,.
'i'ABLE
1---'
I-'
i,+:,,,.
XXVII.-Earnings in the telephone industry, by time worked.
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS.
ONE-WEEK PAY-ROLL PERIOD.
Number of women earning each specified amount who workedNumber
W ~ek's earnings.
1-------,-- - - - - - ~- - - - - -~ - - - ~ - - -~ - - - -- - - ~- -----,-- - ~ -- - ~ - - -
wo~/en
30 and
reported. 3~:0~.
- --
Total ..................... .
656
$2 and under S3 ............... .
S3 and under S4 ................ .
S4 and under 5 ..... . ......... .
S5 and under 6 ... . ............ .
S6 and under S7 ......... ...... . .
S7and under 58 ..... . ......... .
S8and underS9 ............. ... .
S9 and under SlO ............... .
SID and under Sll ....... ..... . .
Sll and under $12 .. . ........... .
Sl2 and under $13 .............. .
Sl3 and under SI4 .............. .
SI 4 and under $15 .............. .
Sl5 and under Sl6 ............. .
$16 and under SI 7 .............. .
SI 7 and under $18 .............. .
Sl8 and under SI9 . ...... ....... .
Sl9 and under $20 •••.•.•...•••.
$20 and under $21 .............. .
$21 and under $22 .............. .
$22 and under $23 ... .... ...... . .
$23 and under $24 ........... ... .
$24 and under $25 .............. .
$25 and over .................... .
3
4
I
6
9
34
20
20
21
32
29
23
32
73
79
65
72
47
32
13
10
5
10
16
33hi:s.
. 36 and
39u::i:s.
- t-- - - -1- - --
17
8
39 and
42 and
4~i~. 44u::i~.
1- - --1 - - - - - - --
21
39
Over 48
- - - - - - --
8
536
Over 50
ad~r~
hours.
Over 55
52 hours. an~w~er
hours.
- - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -
---
2
3 ••••·•···· ··· ·· ····· •••··· ·· ·· ......••. ..•...... •........... ···•··•· •· ........•..•....••....•................. ··········
4
I ................... . .. . ...................................................................................... .
3
! ..........
1 ....................
1
2 ... .......
4
I . ... ......
1
I
. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. ... . .. .. .....
2
I
I . .. . . .. ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
.......... ..........
. . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
I
.......... ..........
I
.......... ..........
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
2
... ... . .. . ... .. .. ... ..........
. .. .. ..... •..... . . .. ..........
............. ·.·. . ... . . . . . . . .. .
1
··········
I
2
2
I
2
3
5
8
5
6
I
I
. .. . . . . . . .
I
. .. . . . . .. .
..........
. .. .. .....
..... .....
..........
..............................
. .. .. .. ...
1 ....... ...
2 ..........
. . . . . . . . •. . •. . . . . •. .
2
. .. . .. ... . . .. .. .. . . . . ... .. .. ..
I
I
3
3
2
1
2
I
3
2
2
I
I
I
2
.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..........
I ..........
. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
.•. . . . . .. .
1 ..........
... ....... .•........ ... .......
... .. ..... .......... . ....... ..
. . . . . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median earnings: All women, $16.25; women who worked 48 hours and over,, $16. 75.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Over 44
44 hours. i~r ~- 4 hours. i~r ~- 50 hours.
hours.
hours.
1
7
25
11
14
18
25
21
13
17
61
67
63
68
46
29
13
7
................................................. .
.......... ····· .................................. .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... .
................................................. .
I ................... .
.......... .......... .......... ..........
I
I . ... . .. . ............................... .
................................................. .
I . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
.......... .......... ..........
I ......... .
.......... .......... .......... ..........
I
. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .
I ......... .
...............................•..................
................................................. .
................................................. .
................................................. .
................................................. .
.......... .............. .......•............ .... ..
4
1 .....................•.•... .. . ..........
10 ..... ·............................ · · ····· ......... .
16 ................................................. .
HALF-MONTH PAY-ROLL PERIOD.
NumHalf-month's earnings.
Number of women earning each specJ.fied amount who worked-
w~~~~
Under 48 and 54 and 60 and 66 and 72 and 78 and 84 and 90 and 96 and 102 and
1~v:~d 108 and 114 and 120
reund er und er un d er under under under under under under under
104
under under under hours
48
6
0
6
6
4
5
72
78
84
90
96
102
104
hours.
114
120
avnedr.
108
Ported. hours. hours. hours. hours. ~~~~~~~L~~~~~L
0
~~~~~~
- - ~--,----,----- -- - - - - - -1-- - - - --
Total........................
S3 and under $4.. . . . .. .............
S4 and under $5. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$5 and under $6... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$6and under$7....................
$7 and under $8....................
$10 and under $11..................
$!land underS12..................
$13 and under $14............... . ..
$14 and under $15..................
$16and under$17.... .. . .. . .... . ...
$17and underS18. ... . ...... ... . .. .
$18and under$19....... ... ... . ....
S19and under$20... .. . ..... .. . . .. .
$20and under$21... .. . ... ... . . . ...
121 and underS22..................
S22and underS23..................
S23and underS24..................
$24and under$25.... .. . ... . . . .. . . .
S25 and underS26... .. .. . ... .. . . .. .
S26and under$27..... .. ... . . . . . .. .
$27 and under $28... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S28and under$29............... .. .
S29and under$30... . ... . . . .. . .. ...
$30 and under $31..................
m:~i ~i:rnL:::::::::: :::::
S33 and under $34..................
$34and under$35....... ... . .. .. . . .
S35 and under $36......... .. .......
S36and under$37............. .. . ..
S37and under$38... ... .... .. ......
S38and underS39....... .. ...... .. .
$39 and under $40... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
308
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
5
4
6
8
10
20
17
15
12
8
8
13
15
29
24
8
1
1
1
2
1
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ---- - - -
1
1
4
1
4
4
15
6
74
1
144
1
23
14
7
......... ... ..... . .............................................. ... .................................................... .
.......... . ....... .... ....... .. ................... . . ... . ... . . ............ . . .......... . .. ....... .. .... ........ . ......... .
..... ... .... ... ... ..................... ..... .. ........ .. ...... . ............... .......... ... ...........•.................
. ......................................................................... . ... . .......... ... ..... ... ....... . ..... . ..... .
............ ... ..... ..... ..... ... .... ... .. . . . ........... ... . . ..... . ... . .. .. . ........ . ... ... . . ... ... ..... . .. . ~ .......... .
1 ... ... .. . ..... ... . ...................... . .... : ............. .. . . .... ..... .. ........ .. ........................... .
1 .... ....... . .. . .... .. ... . ... .... . . ... ... .......... ..... . . . ... . .. ... .. ...... .....•....... . . . .... ... . ...• .... . ....... .....
... .... . ....... . ... .. . ..
2 .. . .. ... ............. . ... ... .... ... . . . .. .......... .............. ... ...... ... ...•........... . ....
1 ... .... . ... . .. . .
1 . ... .... ........... .. .... ... . .. .. ..... . . .. ... .. .. . ........ . . .. .. . .............................. .
...... . . ........
1
1 ........ ........
1 ........ ........ .... ... . ...... .. ........ ... . . . . .
~ ............... .
.... ... ... .. ........ ... ... . ... ......................... .· ........ ........ ... .. . .. ........
1 ...... .. .......•
3 ....... .
. . ..... . .. ... ... ..... ... ........ .... ... .. .. . . ... ........
1 ........ ..... ... ........
2
1 . . .. .... ... . ....
2
. .. .. .. . . .....• • ..... ... . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . ... .. .
2
2
3
1 ............. .. .
.. . .. . . . . ... ..•. .... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . .. . . .
1
4.
~ ••••• •••• •• •••••••••••••••••• •••
. .... .. . ....... . . ... . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .
2
1
1
7
9 ............................... .
....... . ...... .. ... ..... ...... ... . ..... . ........ ...... ..
1
4
11
1 ............... .
.. .. .... ........ ... . . . . . ........
1 . ... .. ..
1 ......•• ........
4
6
1
2 ....... .
. . .. . . .. . ....... ........ . ....... . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .
1
1 ... .•... . .... .. . ..•.....
7
2 . .. .....
1
. .. ... . . . ... . . .. ..... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . ... ..... ..•.. . . .
4
1 . .. . .... . . . . . . . .
3 . ... ........... .
. ... .... . . . ..... .... .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. ... .. . .. . . . ..
2
1
4 ...... ... ............ ... .. ..... .
... .. ... ..... .. . .. . .. .. . . ... . .. . . ... . .. . ... .. . .. . .. .. .. .
1
8
2
2 ...... . .. ...... .
... .. .. . . ....... ... .. ... . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .
1 . .. .. .. .
1
6
6
1 .. .... . ........ .
... . .. . . . .... . .. ... ..... . ....... .. . . . ... . .. . . ... . ... . ...
1
13
11
1
3 ....... .
... ... . . ... .... . .. .. . .. . . ... . .. . . .. .. . . . ... .. . .. ... .. .. .
1
3
9
10
1 .. ............. .
1
~ ···· ···· ······i· ······i· ::::::::
······i·
. . . . . . •. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . •. ••• . . . . . . . . . . . •.
6
9
1 ............... .
... . . .• . •.... ... ..••.... ... .... . . .•.. ... . .. ..... ........
1 ... .. . .. ... .... . . ..... ..
5
1 ...... . ....... . .
. . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2 ............ . . . .
... . .... ..... ... . ....... ........ ... •.... ..... ... ......•. .•. .. ... ....•... .••..... ...... ..
10
1 .. ... ...
2
...... .. ........ ........ ........ ..... ... ...... . . ... . . . .. .••..... ........
1 ... .. . ..
5 ...... ... .......
2 .... . .. .
....... . .... .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
1 ..... . .. .••..... .. . .... .
3
1 . .. ... . ........ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . •. . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ........ ........ ........
1
~i :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
16
7
3
13
8
5
3
r
1
$46
m:~i~~:~tt::::
:::::::::::::
and under $47. .. ......... . ... ..
i :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::1 ::::::::
......3i. ::::
::: : :::::::: ......... .....
. . . . . . •.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .
~ :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ······i· :: :::::: ::::::::
l :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::1 ::::::::
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ...... .
$47 and under $48. .................
S50 an d over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
1 ........ ........
1 . . ..... .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.
1 . . . . . . . . . .•.••••
:1g:~i~i:~m::::::::::::::::::
$43 and under $44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.~
4 . . . . . . . . . •.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
Median earnings: All women, $29.05; women who worked 104 hours and over, $30.25.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
One operator working 138 hours.
I-'
I-'
Ot
116
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXVII.-Earnings in the telephone inditstry, by time worked-Concluded.
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED W.A.S REPORTED IN DAYS.
HALF-MONTH PAY-ROLL PERIOD.
Half month's earnings.
Number of
women
reported.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked
on2
4
5
9
11
12
13
14
15
days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days.
- - - - - - - - - --j-- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ ,______ , _ _ _
Total ...... ... .... .. . .
75
S2 and under $3 .. . . . ... . ... .
S4 and under S.5 ........... . .
S6 and under $7 ............ .
Sl5 and under Sl6 .......... .
S17 and under Sl8 ... ....... .
$20 and under S21 . .. .. ..... .
S21 and under $22 ......... . .
$22 and under S23 ... . ...... .
S23 and under $24 ... ...... . .
$25 and under $26 ....... ... .
S26 and under $27 ....... . .. .
S27and underS28 . .... . . . .. .
S29and underS30 .......... .
$30and underS31. .. ....... .
S3land underS32 .......... .
S32and underS33 . .... ..... .
$33 and under S34 ... . ...... .
134and underS35 .... . ..... .
$35 and under S36 .......... .
$36 and under $37 ..... ..... .
2
2 ··••· ·• . ..• • .• . ..••••. ••••••.. .. ..•. .•........•••.••••••
1
1 ....... ·_...... . ............. ....... ............. .
m:~~ ~~~:~ m:::::::: ·:::
$43 and under S44 . ..... . ... .
59
2
1 ... . ... ... . .. .
1 .... . . . . . ................ . . . . ............•
1
1
6
5
5
8
3
...
6
2
5
2
. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .
1 ............... ....••
. . ... .. .... ... . . . . . .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .... .. ... .. .. . .. .. ..
1
. . .......... . . · · · ····
1 .... ... ... .... ······· ..... . .
5
... .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .
1 . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .
1
3
······· . .. .... ······· ... . ...
1 ....... ....... .......
4
. .. .... ······· ....... ······ · ······ · .. ... .. .... . .. ..... ..
8
.. .. . ....... .. · ···· .... . . . .. ······· ... .... ... . .. . ..... ..
3
. . ... . . .. . .. . . . .... . .
1 .................................. .
. .... . . ....... ... .. .. . . .... . . ......
1 ....... ····· ..
5
....... ··· -· ....................... ·· · · · ..
1
1 ·····-·
···· ··· ····· · · ···· · · · ··· · -·· ····· ·· ······· .......
1
4
. .. . ... . . . .. . . ... .... . . ... . . . . ... .. ..... .. . .... ..
1
1
8 . ...••• . • •••. . ·•·• • •• ·•·•• • • .•••.••••••.••••••.• • ••·•···
l!
5 · •·•· • •.•••••. ·•· • •·· ··•••·· .••••• : ••• • •• • .•.••• • •• •• •..
1 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . ... .. . .
5
1
: ::::::: ::::::: :::::: : ::::::: :: ::: :: ::::: :: ::::::: .....i.
:
1 ····· ........ ... .. . ..... ... ......... .. ... . .... ... ······ .
2 ........ •... ...•.•......• . .. ···•· .• .....•• • . ••. .• ••... • .
1 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .
1
2
1
Median earnings: A ll women, $27.60; women who worked on 15 days, $30.15.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
117
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXVIII.-Rates and earnings in the telephone industry .
.
.A. WOMEN WHOSE PAY-ROLL PERIOD WAS ONE WEEK .
Amount.
Number of women
for whom the
amount specified
wasWeekly
rate.
Week's
earnings.
Total. . .................
Median . . ..... . ...............
656
$15. 70
656
$16. 25
SI and under $2 ...............
$2 and under$3 ...............
S3 and under$4...............
$5 and under $6 .. .............
$6 and under $7 ..... . .... . ....
$7 and under $8...............
$8 and under $9 .......... . ....
$9 and under $10..............
$10 and under Sll .. .......... .
$11 and under $12.............
$12 and under $13 .. ...........
---·-- --------- ------- -----1
2
1
5
6
9
34
20
20
21
32
11
25
20
27
29
33
25
Amount.
Number of women
for whom the
amount specified
wasWeekly Week's
rate.
earnings.
$13 and under $14 .............
$14 and under $15 .•...........
$15 and under $16 ...... . ......
$16 and under $17 ....... . .....
$17 and under$18....... . .....
$18 and under $19 .............
$19 and under $20...... . . ... ..
S20and under $21. .. . ... . .....
$21 and under $22...... . ... . ..
S22 and under $23 ....... . .....
$23 and under $24 .............
S24and under$25 .............
$25 and over .•................
13
91
74
94
97
38
19
HI
7
6
4
19
4
29
23
32
73
79
65
72
47
32
13
10
5
10
16
B. WOMEN WHOSE PAY-ROLL PERIOD WAS A HALF MONTH.
Number of women
for whom the
amount specified
Number of women
for whom the
amount specified
was- ·
was-
Amount.
Amount.
HalfHalf
monthly month's
rate.
earnings.
Total...................
Median earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . .
383
$27. 80
383
$28. 90
t----+----
Under S5 . .................... ____ ____ ..
S5 and under SlO- ........... . . ......... .
$10 and under $15 ...................... .
$15 and under $16 ...... ................ .
$16 and under $17.............
2
$17 and under $18.............
3
$18 and under $19.. . . . . . . . . . . .
8
$19 and under $20........ . . . . .
3
$20 and under $21...... . . . . . . .
14
$21 and under $22.. .. . . . . . . . . .
23
$22 and under $23...... . . . . . . .
30
$23 and under $24.... . . . . . . . . .
25
$24 and under $25.. . . . . . . . . . . .
22
$25 and under $26............ .
2
S26 and under S27.. . . . . . . . . . . .
29
$27 and under $28.. . . . . . . . . . . .
38
$28 and under $29.... . . . . . . . . .
30
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
5
6
1
5
• 5
6
8
16
25
22
23
12
11
9
19
15
HalfHalf
monthly month's
rate.
earnings.
S29 and under $30...... . ......
16
$30 and under $31....... . .....
32
S31 and under $32.............
6
$32 and under $33.............
21
S33 and under $34.... . . . . . . . . .
13
$34 and under $35...... . . . . . . .
25
S-35 and under $36 .... : ..... . . .
4
$36 and under $37.......... .. .
9
S37 and under $38.... . . . . . . . . .
2
S38 and under $39.............
1
$39 and under $40.............
4
S40 and under $41....... . .. . . .
2
Si2 and under $43.... . . . . . . . . .
5
S43 and under $44.. . . . . . . . . . . .
10
$44 and under $45 .......... . ........... .
$45 and under $46.............
1
$46 and under $47 ............. .... . .... .
$47 and under $48.......... ...
1
$50 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
31
29
21
19
21
~
7
17
9
5
3
2
3
5
1
5
1
2
1
118
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXIX.-Earnings in the telephone industry, by time in the trade.
A. · WOMEN WHOSE PAY-ROLL PERIOD WAS ONE WEEK.
Earnings for period.
Number of women earning each specified amo~.mt who had been in
Numthe tradeber of 1- -- - ~ - -,----c---r--,-----, ----,---~ - - - wom3 and 6 and 9 mos. 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and 10
15
en re- Un- under tinder a nd under under under under under a nd years
:port- der 3
under 2
under and
4
10
3
5
6
9
mg. mos. mos. mos.
1 years. years. years.
15 over.
year.
years. years. years.
- - - - - - - - - - - ! --
- -•l - -- - i - - - l - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total......... .. ... ...
618
30
62
38
34
14.9
102
61
54
66
18
Median earnings ............ S16. 40 $15. 40 $15. 40 $15. 60 $13. 75 $16. 55 $17. 10 $17. 90 $15. 20 S20. 00 $21. 50
i -
$2 and under $3. .. ... . . . . . . .
S3and under$4. .......... .
. S4and underS5.. ..........
is and under$6. ..... . .....
S6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . .
S7 and under S8. . . . . . . . . . . .
SB and under $9. ............
$9 and under $10. . . . . . . . . . .
SlO and under Sll. . . . . . . . . .
Sll and under $12. . . . . . . . . .
$12 and under $13. . . . . . . . . .
S13and underS14. .........
S14andunder$15 ......... .
$15 and under $16. . . . . . . . . .
$16 and under $17..........
$17 and under $18 . . . . . . . . . .
S18and underS19.. .. ......
S19and underS20.. .. ..... .
$20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . .
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . .
$22 and under $23 . . . . . . . . . .
$23 and under $24 . . . . . . . . . .
$24 and under $25. . . . . . . . . .
$25 and over.... . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
(1)
- --1- - -1- - - 1 - - - + - - - - l - - - 1 - - - , - - + - - - + - - - l - -
3 ......
1
1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1 ... .. .
3
1
1 ...... ...... ......
1 ........................ .. ... .
1 ......
1 ........................... .......................... .
6 .. .... ......
1
2
1
1 ..... .... .............. .
7 ...... ......
3
4 ........................... ..... .... .... .•
32 . . . . . .
2 ......
3
18
2
4
2
1 . . • . . . . .•...
19. .• .. .
1 . . . .. . . . . .. .
2
9
4
2... .. .
1 ..... .
15
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
2 .. ......•...
21
3
1
1
1
2 ......
5
5
3 . .......... .
30
2
5
2
2
5
2
3
8
1 . . . . . . . .... .
24
2
2
1
2
8
4 . . •. . .
2
2
1 .....•
20 ......
1
1
4
6
3
1
2
2 ...........•
29
1
9
2 ..... .
3
6
1
2
4
1 ..•.••
69
12
15
10
3
13
4
1
5
5
1 ..... .
77
2
14
10
4
24
14
4
1
3
1 ..... .
61
2
3
3
3
15
20
6
6
2 ' 1 .....•
71
3
3
2
2
21
14
16
5
5 .........•. .
4.6
1
2 . .....
1
18
11
8
2
3 .......•••..
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
9
6
2
2
7
2 .•..••
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
1
1
2 ......
8 .. . . . .
1
10 . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
2
3
4
1 ..... .
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••. . . .
3
1
1 .. ... .
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . .
6
3 . .... .
16 . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 • •• . . .
1
7
4
3
B. WOMEN WHOSE PAY-ROLL PERIOD WAS A HALF MONTH.
Total... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
293
Median earnings ............ 528. 85
6
(l)
30
20
21
76
52
25
19
32
$26. 50 $23. 00 $24. 25 $29. 8.5 S27. 65 $29. 15 $30. 85 $36. 30
~
10
(1)
(1)
$3 and under S4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 ...................•....... ....•.....•.............. ... .....
S4 and under $5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .....• ...... ......
1 . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
S5and under S6............
1 . . . .. . . ••. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .•••.. ........................
S6 and under $7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ......
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .
S7and under S B . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ... . .. ......
1 . . .......... ......••................... ... ... ...
Sl0 and under Sll..........
l ...... ......
1 ..................••.•..... ............... .. ....
Sll and under $12 .......... • 1. .. ... ... .. . . .... . . . .. . .
1 .......•................... .........
Sl3and under$14..........
2 ...... ......
1 ..... .
1 .......••...........••..... ... . .....
$14 and under $15..........
2 ...... ...... ......
• 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . .
1 ........... .
$16 and under Sl 7... . . . . . . .
4 ......
1 ...... ...... ......
2 ......
1 ................. .
$17 and under $18.... .. . . . .
4
1
3 .. ... ................. ...•... ......... ...... ..........
$18 and under $19.. .. . . . .. .
6 . .. . . .
4
2 .. ... ............. ........ .................... . .
$19 and under $20. . . . . . . . . .
8
2
2
1
2
1 ........................... ... . .... .
$20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . .
10
1
2
1
2
2 ...... ...... ...... ......
2 ..... .
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . .
19 . . . . . .
1
1
2
8
4
1 ......
2 ........... .
$22 and under $23. . . . . . . . . .
17 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1
5
5
2
1
1 . . . . . . . .... .
.$23 and under $24. . . . . . . . . .
15 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
5
5
2 ......
1 ...... . .... .
$24 and under S25... . . . . . . . .
12
1 ......
1
2
1
3
2 ......
1
1 ..... .
$25 and under $26 . . . . . . . . . .
8 ......
1 ...... ......
1
3 ......
2
1 . . . . . . . .... .
$26 and under $27 . . . . . . . . . .
8 ...... ...... ......
2 . . . •. .
1
3
1
1 . . . . . . . .... .
$27 and under $28. . . . . . . . . .
12 . . . . . .
4
1 ......
2
3
1 . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$28 and under $29. . . . . . . . . .
15 . . . . . .
2
1
1
6
1
1
1
2 ........... .
$29 and under $30. . . . . . . . . .
25 . . . . . .
8
2
1
6
4
3
1 ................. .
$30 and under $31. . . . . . . . . .
24 . . . . . .
1
1
3
13
1
1
3
1 ........... .
S31 and under $32. . . . . . . . . .
17 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1
6
6
1 ...... ......
1 ..... .
S32 and under $33. . . . . . . . . .
10 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
5 ......
1 ......
1
1 ..... .
S33 and under $34..........
16...... . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .
6
1
3
2
2
2 ..... .
S34andunder$35 ......... .
7 ............... .........
4
2 .•....
1 .......... ..... .. .
S35and under $36....... . ..
3 ..... . ...... ...... ......
1
1
1 ....... ...... .. .. ...... .
S36 and under $37. . . . . . . . . .
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
4 ...... ......
7 ........... .
S37 and under $38. . . . . . . . . .
6 ...... ...... ...... ......
1
1
1
2
1 ........... .
$38 and under $39. . . . . . . . . .
5 ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1 . . . . . . . •. . . .
4 ........... .
S39 and under $40 ..... .. .-. .
3 ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1 ......
1
1 ........... .
840 and under $41.. .. . . . . . .
2 ....... ........................... ... T.....
1
1 ........... .
842 and under $43. . . . . . . . . .
1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1 ................. .
843 and under $44..... . . .. .
3... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .
1
1
1 ................. .
844 and under $45. . . . . . . . . .
1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1 ........... .
S45 and under $46 • • • • • • • • • •
5 ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1
1 ......
2
1 ..... .
S46 and under $47.... . .. . ..
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ..... .
S47 and under 548..........
2 ........ ·... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
S50 and over................
1 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . • .. . . .•... . .. . . .
1 ......••....
1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
119
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XXX.-Earnings in the telephone industry, by time with the firm.
A.
WOMEN WHOSE PAY-ROLL PERIOD WAS ONE WEEK.
Number of women earning each specified a.mount who had been with
Numthe flrmber of -:--:----;-----;----.--:--:---.----;----.---:----,---9
Earnings for period.
e:o~- Un- 3 and 6 and
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and a~d
15
port- der 3 under under under under under under under under under years
ing mos
6
9
2
3
4
5
10
and
1
15
·
· mos. mos. year. years. years. years. years. years. years. over.
- - - - - - - - -- 1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --1---1---1-- Total .... _____________
632
34
72
40
34
164
105
61
47
54
18
3
Median earnings ________ . - . _ Sl6. 35 $15. 2-5 $15. 40 $15. 65 $14. 50 $16. 45 $16. 65 $18. 15 $17. 10 $20. 15 $23. 00 (1)
:°J·
$2 and under S3 . _. _. - -- - . . .
S3 and under $4 . _. __ . _- - - - .
$4 and under $5 __ . __ . __ .. - .
S5 and under S6 .... __ .. _. . .
$6 and under $7. - .. - - .. - . - .
S7 and under S8 . _. __ - - . - - _.
S8 and under S9. ___ . _. ___ . _
$9 and under $10 __ . ___ .. ___
$10 and under $11. .. _. __ . __
Sll and underSl2_. ----·-·$12 and under $13 . . - __ - __ . $13 and under $14 ..... _____
S14andunderS15---·----··
$15 and under S16 - . - . - ... _.
$16 and under Sl 7 ... _. _. _. .
S17andunderS18 .. - .. - ....
S18 and under $19 _. ___ - _- . .
$19 and under $20 __ . ____ - . S20ahd underS21.. ··--·-·$21 and underS22 .. -------•
$22 and under S23 .. - . - - - - - $23 and under $24 . ____ - - - __
$24 and under $25 ____ - ____ $25 and over .. ____ ._ ..... _- _,
B.
3 _____ .
1
1 . - ___ . ______
1 . __ . . . . ___ . . _. ___ . . . _. __ _.. _. _
3
1
1 _____ . . _____ ____ . .
1 . _____ . ____ . _____ . . __ . . . ____ . _
1 ______
1 _____ . . _____ _• ___ . _____ . . __ . __ _____ . ______ ____ . _ . ___ . _
6
1 ______
1 _____ •
2
1
1 _____ . _____ . _____ . . __ .. _
8 ____ . _ ______
3
4 ____ . _
1 ___ . __ .. ____ . ____ .. ___________ _
32 ____ . _
2
1
3
23
1
1
1 ___ . __ . _____ _____ _
19
1
1 ______
1
4
8
2
1 _____ .
1 _____ _
15
1
1
2 _____ .
5
2
1
1
2 ______ _•. __ _
21
6
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3 . __ • _•.•• __ ~
31
2
10
2
2
3
2
3
7 -·---· -----· -·····
28 _. ____
1
1
2
10
10 _... _.
2
2 __ . __ . _. ___ •
22
1
2 __ . _. _
4
8
·2
3
1
1 ____ . _ •• _. __
32
1
9
2 ______
2
8
3
2
5 ___________ _
69
12
15
9
4
13
5
2
4
4
1 •• _..•
78
2
15
12
4
24
13
4
1
2
1 . ___ .•
62
2
7
3
3
15
16
5
6
3
2 _____ _
71
3
3
2
2
25
13
16
4
3 ___ ..•.•.. __
46
1
2 ___ . __
1
18
11
9
3
1 ____ . __ • __ .•
31 --·--· ·--··· -----3
10
5
2
2
7
2 _____ _
13 ·---·· ----·· ··---- --·--·
1
2
3
2
4
l •• ___ _
10 - ~ - - _. . - _- -• - - - -• • - - - - - - . - - - - - . ___ . _
3
2
4
1 ••• __ _
5 . - - . __ ____ • • - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - - - _____ . _- _- - •
3
1
1 •••• __
10 . - _. __ . ___ • • • ••• -• • - - . - - - - _- - _ . _.. _. _. ____
1
6
3 ••• __ _
16 _. _. _... ______ . -• __ • __ - _ .. _. _.
1 .. __ • _
1
6
5
3
WOMEN WHOSE PAY-ROLL PERIOD WAS A HALF MONTH.
Total.. ______ .. __ . . . . .
303
Median earnings _______ .... - $28. 95
S3 and under $4 . . _.. - . - . - . .
$4 and under S5. _.. - - - - - - . .
S5 and under $6 ••• __ •• - - • • •
$6 and under S7 . _. _. - _. . . . .
$7 and under $8 _......... _.
Sl0 and under Sll . .. - - - . -. .
Sll ana under $12. - - . - - - - . .
Sl3andunderS14 ..... -·-··
Sl4andunderS15 .. ________
$16 and under Sl 7 . . . _- - - - . $17 and under $18. ____ -- - . .
$18 and under $19 .... _- ___ .
$19 and under$20. _··----··
$20 and under $21 ... __ .. - _.
$21 and under $22 ... _- . ___ $22 and under S23 . _... ___ . .
$23 and under $24 ... _. _. ___
$24 and under $25 ... __ - _. __
$25 and under $26 ... _. - _• __
$26 and under $27 _. __ . __ . __
$27 and under $28 ... _____ . _
$28 and under. $29 - .. _. - -.. _
$29 and under $30 ... ____ .• _
S30 and under $31. . __ . _. ___
S31 and under $32 .... _. ___ •
S32 and under $33 ... ____ . __
$33 and under $34 ... _.. _.. _
$34 and under $35 . . . _... -. .
$35 and under $36 __ . _. _. ___
$36 and under $37. . . . . . . . . .
$37 and under $38 ... _. _. _. .
$38 and under $39 ... _. _. _. .
$39 and underS40 __ ----····
$40 and under $41 ... _.. __ ..
$42 and under S43 ... ____ . __
$43 and under $44 .. __ . - . _. .
$44 and under $45 ... _. _____
$45 and under $46 __ . __ . __ . .
S46 and under $47 __ . _. ___ . _
$47 and under S48 .. _.. ___ ..
$50 and over ____ ._ .. ____ ._..
1
10
351
21
25
80
53
23
16
32
( 1) $27.15 $24. 50 $24. 75 S29. 75 $27.15 S29. 50 $32. 00 $36. 65
7
(1)
1
(1)
1
1 . __ • _• _~ __ . .. _• ___ . _. __ . _ .. __ . _ . _. __ . ____ . _ _• ___ . ___ . __ _____ •
1 . _____ _______ • __ . .
1 ___ . __ _.. __ . . ____ . . ___ . _ ______ . _. ___ _. ___ _
1 ______ ______ __••. _ _. ___ . _____ .
1 . _. __ . . _. ___ __• _. _ ______ _____ _
2 ____ . _
2 ___ • _. ____ . _ ______ ____ . . . ___ . . . _____ ______ ______ _• ___ _
1 ___ • __ ______
1 _. ___ . _. _.. _ . __ •. _ . ___ ... _. _. ____ • _________ • ___ •
1 ___ . ___ • ____
1 ____ .. ____ .. _____ . __ . __ .. ______ • _. __________ • __ _
1 . - - - ___ • _____ •••• _ ______
1 ___ - . - - ___ - - . _. _. __ • ___ . _. __ ... _. __ _
2 ____________
1-----·
1----··------·------·-·---··--·--·--·
2---·--·----·-···-1------··---··---·-·----·
1-----·--·--·
4 ______
1 _______ •. ___
1
2 . ___ . ______________ • _. __ ••. _••
4
1
3 -·-·-. _______________________ . ____ . _____________ ---·-·
6 . _. _. _
5
1 _____ . _. __ . _____ . _ . ___ . __ • _. _____ • ___ . _______ • _.
8
3
1
1
1
1. _____ ··--- 1. _____ ------ - ----·
10
1
2
1
2
2 ______ . ___ .. _. ___ .
1
1 . _.•••
20 _. ____
2
1
4
8
4 ___ • _. _• ___ .
1 _____ . __ . __ •
17
2 . _. ___
2,
1
5
5
1
1 _• _•. _ ______ . ___ .•
15 . _. __ . __ .. __
1
1
5
5
2 ______
1 _____ • ____ .•
12
1 ____ • _
1
2
1
4
3 . ______ • _. ____ . ______ . _.
8
1
1 _• ____ __•• __
1
3 ______
1
1 . _. __ . _•. __ •
8 . _. _. _ . __ . _. _. ____
2 __ •• __
2
3
1 . ____ . __ . __ . _• ___ •
13 . ___ . _
4
1
1
2
3
1 __ . _. _ __•• _. ___ . __
1
15 .. __ . .
2
2
1
6
1 ______
1
2 .• ____ __. __ _
28 _• __ . _
11
2
1
8
2
3
1 _• _• _. . ___ . _ _____ _
24 . _. _. _
1
2
5
11
1
1
2
1 _. _____ ••• _.
19 _. ____ . _____
2
1
7
8
1 _______ • __ • _______ • ____ •
10 _. ____ _• _. __
1
1
5 •••• _.
1 _• _. __
1
1 _• ___ •
16 _______________ •. ___ • ___
6
1
3
2
2
2 _•• __ •
7 . __________ . ____ . _ ______
5
1 .•• _. _
1 . _______ •• _. ____ ••
3 _. ____ . ___________ . _. ___
1
1
1 •• ________ . _ . ____ •• _ ..•
13 _. ________ . __ • ________ • _
1
4 . __ .•. _•• __ .
8 . _.. _. _____ •
6 ______ _. ____ ______ ______
1
1
1
2
1 ______ _____ _
5 ••••• _ •• _• _. ___ . __ ______ _. _. _•
1 __ . _• • • ••• __
4 __ . __ • • ••. _•
3 -·--·· ··-·-· -·---· -·-·-- -····1 ·---··
1
1 ___________ _
2 _•.•.••••• _. _. ____ ______
1 ___ • ____ . __ • ·
1 __ . _•• __ •• _••••. _.
1 _••••. __ ..•• ___ . _. _______ • __ . __ . _. _..•••• _
1 •••••••••••••••. _.
4 __ • • . . . •••• _ .•.•• _ __•. __ __. _. _
1
1 •• ••. •
2 • • • • • • • • _. __
1 _••. _• • • • • • • _• _. __ _____ • _. _. __ _• _. _. _• . • • . • •• _• •
1 • • • • • • • ••• _•
5 .•••.• _•• _••.. ___ • ____ • _ . _•.• _
1
1 •• •• ••
2
1 _•. __ •
1 ____ .• _.•• _•• __ • _. _. _•. __ • _____ • _-· •. -- •••••. -·· • •• •• •
1 .• -•. 2. _____ ···-·· ---··- -·-·-· ____________ ····-· ••••••
1
1 -·····
1 . ___ . _ .••.•.•.•. __ . --· __ -·-·- _____ -· ••.••• ••••••
1 •••••• -···-·
Not computed, owing to small number involved-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~
APPENDIX B.
SCHEDULE FORMS.
SCHEDULE
I.
This schedule was used for the study of number of employees,
hours, and plant policies.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.
No. 178.
WOMEN'S BURE AU.
Washington.
Address ________ ___ __ _____ _______ __
Person interviewed _____ __ __ ___ ____ _
2. Product __ _________________ ___ ___ Po~ tion ________ ___ ____ ___________ _
1. Name of factory_ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _
3 . . Number employed:
Early pay date ____ __
White.
Negro.
Men __ _____ __ _
Women __ ____ _
Minors ______ _
TotaL ___ ____ _
4. Firm's scheduled hours :
Late pay date ______
Total.
White.
Men __ ______ __
Women ______ _
Minors _______ _
Total_ ____ __ __ •
Negro .
Total.
Early Pay Roll.
Daily :
Begin ____ End ____ Lunch period ____ R est period ____ TotaL ___
Saturday : Begin ____ End ____ Lunch period ____ Rest period __ __ TotaL ___
Regular weekly number of days__ ___ _____ Total weekly hours __ _______ _
Late Pay Roll.
Daily :
Begin ____ End ____ Lunch period ____ R est period ____ TotaL __ _
Saturday : Begin ___ _ End ____ Lunch p eriod ____ Rest period ____ TotaL ___
R egular weekly number of days_____ ___ __ Total weekly hours _________ _
5. Seasonal· _________________________________________ · _________________ _
6. Wages :
Length of pay period _______ __________________ _______ _________ ______ _
Deductions ________________________________________________________ _
Bonus __ __________ ________________ _ --- ----------------------------Commissions __________________ ___ ______ ______ _______________ ____ ___ _
Overtime p ay __ _____________________ ______ ____________ ___________ ___
Basis of payment irregular ___ ___ _____ _____ _____ ___________ __ _~ __ _____ _
Vacation- with pay_ _____________ ____
without pay _____ __________ ___ _
7. Employment policy:
Employment manager ________ Centralized m ethod, superintendent, foreRecords __ ____ :______________
man, other
Labor turnover_ ____________ _
8. Subcontract shop ___ ______ _______ ________ __ _____ ___ __ _______ ________ __
Home work process________ In plant________ Same rates ___ Variations
Date ___________ ____ ____ __ ____ Agent __ __ ___ _________ ___ __ ____ __ ___ ___ __
120
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121
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
SCHEDULE II.'
All information which could be secured from the pay roll was
cofied into this card, one card being used for each woman employee.
Al information was added from Schedule III.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.
WOMEN'S BUREAU.
Establishment.
Employee's No.
I
Department.
Name
Male.
Address
I Female. I
Age.
Conjugal condition.
Occupation
IM . , w. ! D.
s.
,N.R.
.
Days
worked.
Regular
weekly
hours.
Earnings.
Hours
Overtime Undertime
worked
hours.
hours.
this period.
This period. Co~uted for
r e artime.
s
s
Country of birth.
$
This firm.
Pay-roll period . .
Board.
At home.
Deductions.
I
. ..... days ending
SCHEDULE
Ill.
This schedule was distributed in the factory to be filled out by
each woman employee. This information was transferred to
Schedule II.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.
WOMEN'S BUREAU.
Establishment..
Employee's No .
Department.
Name______ _________________________ ___ Male or female ___ _____ ___ ___ __ _
Address:
Single, married, widowed, sepa- ________ _______________________________ rated, or divorced ___ ___ ______ _
Country of birth___________ ____ ____ ___ _____ _________ Age_________ Years
How old were you when you began to work for wages _______________________ _
How long have you been in this trade or business ______________ ______ ______ _
How long have you been working for this firm _______ ___________ ____ _______ _
What is your regular work here _____________________________ _____________ _
Do you live with relatives____________________ D o you board ____________ _
Remarks _____ _________________________________________________________ _
82034° -24--9
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122
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
SCHEDULE
IV.
This schedule was used to record earnings for each week in the year.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.
No. 193.
WOMEN' S BUREAU.
Washington.
Firm _______________________ _____ _
City ______________________ . _____ _
2
Dat e.
Name.
Name.
.3
2
Name.
P.T.B.
P.T.B.
P.T.B.
Earnings.
Earnings.
Earnings.
Date.
Earnings.
Earnings.
~~====
29 __ __ =========
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ =========
_ __ _ __ __ _ =
_·======·
_______==_
30 __ __ --------- --------- --------31 ____ - -------- --------- ---------
4 _____ --------- --------- --------5 ___ __ --------- --------- --------6 _____ --- - ----- --------- ---------
32 ____
--------- --------- ---------_
33
______________________________
7 _____ --------- --------- --------8 ____ _ --------9 _____ --------10 _____ - ---- - --11 _____ --------12 ___ __ --------13 _____ --------14 ____ _ --------15 ___ __ --------16 _____ ---------
Occupation. Occupation. Occupation.
Earnings.
l _____ --------- --------- --------2 _____ --------- --------- --------3 _____ --------- --------- ---------
3
--------- ----------------- -------- --------- ----------------- -----------------,------ - - --------- ----------------- -------- --------- ------- - --------- ---------
34 ____ --------- --------- ---------
35 ____ --------- --------- _ -------36 ____ ------- ._ --------- --------37 ____ --------- --------- --- - ----38 ____ --------- --------- ---- - ---39 ______________________________
____ --------- --------- ---------_
40
____ --------- --------- --------41
42 _________________________
__ ___ _
17 __ __ _ --------- --------- --------- 43 ____ --------- --------- --------18 _____ --------- --------- ----- - --- 45
44 ____
--------- ---------_
__ __ --------__________________________
19 _____
- ------- --------- -------- -_
20
____ _ -__________________________
46 ____ - -------- --------- - - --- - ---
21 _____ - - ------- -------- - -------- - 47 ___ _ --------- --------- --------22 __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _____ __ _ 48 ____ --------- --------- --------23 ___ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _____ _
24 ___ ____________________________ _ 49 ____ - -------- -------- - ---------
50 ____ --------- --------- --------25 _____
--------- --------- -------- -_ 51
--------- --------- ---------_
26
____ ___________________________
52 ____
______________________________
1
Total$ _______________ _
Weeks worked _________ _
Weeks not worked _____ _
Average weekly wage ___ _
Average for 52 weeks ___ _
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
3
Total $ ______________ _
Weeks worked ________ _
Weeks not worked _____ _
Average weekly wage __ _
Average for 52 weeks __ _
Total $ _______________ .
Weeks worked ________ _
Weeks not worked _____ _
Average weekly wage __ _
Average for 52 weeks __ _
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
SCHEDULE
123
V.
This schedule was used for the information secured during home
visits to the women employed in the establishments surveyed.
No. 93
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.
WOMEN'S BUREAU.
Washington.
Home Visit Schedule.
Name of worker_ _ _ _ ____________ ______ Address ________________________ _
Firm ________________________________ Occupation _____________ ________ _
Hours: Regular_ _ _ ______________ __ ___ Irregular ____ _______ ______ ___ ___ _
Overtime _______________ _____________________ __________ _________ .
Lost time ______________________________________________ ______ __ _
Reasons _____________ ______ ____________________________________ _
Wages: Piece work ____________________ Time work ________ ______ _____ ___
Increases in past year ____________________________________ _______ _
Decreases ________________ ___________________ ____________ _______ _
Variations in past year ________ ___________________________ _______ _
Fines _____________________________ _____________________________ _
Bonuses ____________________________________ ______ _____________ _
Former job: Industry_______________ __ Occupation _____________ _______ - _
Hours____________ Daily______________ Weekly _______________ _
How long held________________ Earnings when leaving ___________ _
Reason for leaving _____________________________________________ - _
Personal facts: Age left schooL _________ Grade completed ______ _____ _____ _
Reasons for leaving schooL _______________________________ __ - _- - - Livingathome--------------------- ~-------------------- - ------Boarding_ _ ___________________ Amount paid ______________ __ - _- _
Date ________________________________ Agent __________________________ _
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX C.
COST OF LIVING FOR WOMAN EMPLOYED IN ST. LOUIS, AUTUMN, 1922.
[Compiled by the Committee on Living Costs of the League of Women Voters of St. Louis.]
Per week.
Per week.
1. Room and board _______ ___,._ (single r oom) __ $9. 75 (½ double room) $8. 75
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Clothing ($156 per year) __ _________ ______ 3. 00
Laundry_______ __ ___ _____ ____________ ___
. 50
Carfare_____ _____ _____ ___ ___ ______ ___ ___
. 84
D ent ist and oculist ($13 per yea r) __ __ ___ ___
. 25
Contingent fund {sickness, insurance, savings,
. 50
$26 per year) _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _
Organization dues ($7.80 per year) __ ___ ____
. 15
Church_____________________ _______ _____
. 10
Self-improvement________ ______ __ ___ _____
. 17
Vacation ($20.80 per year)_ ___ _ ____ _______
. 40
Recreation_ __ ______ ___ ________ ___ ___ __ __
. 40
Incidentals ($10.40 per year) ______ _________ • . 20
16. 26
3.
.
.
.
00
50
84
25
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
15
10
17
40
40
20
15. 26
This budget has been comfiled from information obtained through
independent investigation o prices current in St. Louis in OctoberNovember, 1922, and through comparison with other similar budgets
from other places on ~uch items as are practically uniform everywhere,
for instance items 5 and 8. It was compiled for use in determining
the need for minimum-wage legislation in Missouri.
It is based on the following standard:
I. The working woman is absolutely independent, and neither receives help
from her family or others, nor has dependents looking to her for support.
a. A woman employed should certainly earn enough to support herself,
and should not be a drain on the family or community purse.
b. Many , but not all women working, have dependents, and it seemed
better not to try to make allowance for them in a budget avowedly
the .minimum for decent and healthy existence.
II. The woman should not be expected to, and certainly can not do hard work
satisfactorily eight hours or more a day, six days a week, if she has in
addit ion to do all her own laundry and sewing, take care of her own room,
and cook her own meals.
III. The minimum wage does not apply to the period of learning or apprenticeship, but represents a permanent wage for some workers; the standard of
this budget is therefore one which is intended to take care of a working
woman in decency and health, year in, year out. As such, it makes some
small allowance for recreation a nd pleasure, for no worker can go on
indefinitely without these necessities for health and efficiency .
DISCUSSION OF THE INDIVIDUAL ITEMS.
1. Room and board.
Personal visits were made to 85 rooms in the various districts of
the city, the addresses of which were taken in the main from the
" _R ooms for Rent " column in the newspaoers. Various room-finding
124
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
125
agencies, cafeteria managers, etc. wer~ consulted in addition. The
figure, $8.75, allows $2.50 per week for room rent (one-half double
room), $1.75 for lunch (25¢ a day), and $4.50 for board (two meals).
a. $2.50 per week for room rent means that the girl must have a roommate,
which is not altogether desirable, and further means considerable search
before satisfactory accommodations are secured. Rooms are cheaper
in the north and south ends of the city than in the west end, and in
general they are cheaper and better in private homes than in boarding
or rooming houses. It is noticeable that the least satisfactory rooms
are by no means always the cheapest. A single room adds about $1
per week to the figure for room and board with two in a room, but a room
of her own seems not more than the worker is entitled to.
The survey of the Missouri School of Social Economy of 1920 allows $2
per week for room rent. As the percentage increase in rents on the
July, 1914, basis, has advanced from about 50 to 65 per cent 1 since that
survey was made, this tallies closely with the present figure, $2.50.
Light housekeeping rooms were not very carefully investigated because
as stated above, the working woman can not be expected to do her
work properly and cook her own meals in addition. Housekeeping
rooms are as a rule exceptionally unattractive, dirty, and dilapidated.
Moreover, it is probable that in the hands of inexperienced girls, light
housekeeping is not cheaper than other more suitable modes of living.
One actual budget submitted by a working woman doing light housekeeping gave $9 per week as the cost of her room and board. It is
certain that light housekeeping is undesirable from the point of view
of proper surroundings, properly balanced food, and proper recreation.
Living costs for negro girls differ from those for white girls only in rooms
available, and contrary to the general opinion, rents for decent rooms
seem to be higher for negro girls than for white. The Provident
Association worker for the negro district states that $3 a .week is the
absolute minimum for decency, and that this is hard to find.
b. $4.50 a week for two meals allows 25 cents for breakfast and 40 cents for
. supper, which seemed to be the minimum permitting sufficient and
properly balanced food. The Y. W. C. A. cafeteria allows 45 cents
per meal to its emploiees. Where room and board are to be had together, $7 per week ($2.50 and $4.50) seems to be the least for which
it will usually be possible to find satisfactory conditions (electricity,
use of bath, cleanliness, etc.), and is $1 less than the amount charged
at the place where the Provident Association habitually sends its
cases until permanent arrangements can be made for them.
c. 25 cents a day "Yill just purchase sufficient lunch at the Y. W. C. A. or
negro Y. M. C. A. cafeteria; at some factory cafeterias, 20 cents a
day may be sufficient allowance, but few girls have this advantage.
a
2. Clothing.
The following detailed yearly budget for clothes yields the figure
$3.00 per week quoted above. The prices given for the various
articles of clothing are those which obtained in the moderate but
reliable department stores in St. Louis in October, 1922. Articles so
cheap as to be worthless, or even less economical in the long run than
higher-priced articles, were not considered, but allowance was made
for the extra wear to be obtained from the higher grades of material.
Sale prices also were not considered, in general, as the girl can not
take her employer's time to attend sales. The number of each article
allowed in the budget (annual reflacement) was settled after consideration of personal experience, o actual clothing budgets submitted
by St. Louis working girls, and of numerous budgets decided upon
elsewhere in minimum-wage investigations. The whole clothing
budget is based on the assumption that the girl will not make any of
her clothes, but will do considerable mending and cleaning. It will
1
Figures from National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 54.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
126
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
be noticed that such things as one dressy dress, silk stockings, etc. are
included. As ex"(>lained above under II, this is not intended to be
an existence mimmum, but a decency minimum throughout.
Per year.-
1 suit every two years at $25 _______ l ___________________ $12. 50
1 coat every two years at $25 __________________________ 12. 50
1 wool dress every two years at $25 _____________________ 12. 50
1 summer skirt _________ ________ _____________________·_ 3. 00
1 dress waist____ _____________ _____________ ___ ________
5. 00
2 waists (1 at $1.50, 1 at $2)___ ____ _____________ _______
3. 50
3. 30
1 sweater every three years at $10_ ____________________
1 dress-up dress every two years at $24.50______ _________ 12. 25
5. 00
1 wash dress____________________________ ___ ___________
Aprons __ ______________ ____ __________________________
2. 40
Hats __ __________________________ __ ________________ __
9. 00
Shoes ___________ __ ___ ___ _________________ · __________ 20. 40
Shoe repairs (2 soles and heels at $1.65)_________ ___ _____
3. 0
Stockings (8 pair at 50 cents, 2 pair silk at $2) ___________
8. 00
3. 95
Gloves (1 pair at $1.95, 2 pair at $1)_ ___________________
Corsets __ __ _____________________________ _____ ________
3. 00
Brassieres or camisoles___ _______________ ______________
3. 00
Undershirts (5 at 35 cents)________________ ____________
1. 75
Envelope chemise _____ _____________ .:.__________________
2. 00
Bloomers _______ ___________ _____________ ______________
3. 00
2. 00
Underskirt___ _______________ ____ _______ _____ _______ __
Nightgowns (2 winter, 2 summer)____ __________________
5. 00
Kimona every two years__ __ __________ _________________
1. 48
Handkerchiefs (1 dozen) _____________ ________ __________
1. 50
Purse__ _ _____ ____ _______________________ ____________
1. 69
Umbrella ____ _______ ____ __ _________________________ , _
1. 7 5
Rubbers_ ______ ______________ ________________ ________
1. 50
Cleaning and pressing clothes______ ___ ___ _____ _________
2. 50
Incidentals and accessories (neckwear, sewing materials,
sanitary supplies, pins, hairpins, etc.)___________________ 10. 00
156. 77
rounded off to $156, or $3 per week.
3. Laundry.
The figure 50 cents a week, is very much less than the amount
needed_to_pay for laundering a!l the necessary clothes, but a girl can
keep within this amount by domg a great deal herself.
4. Car fare.
Eighty-four cents will cover two daily trips six days in the week.
5. Dentist and oculist.
This amount, 25 cents a week, is taken from the District of Columbia budget. The Massachusetts budget allows 50 cents in general,
but include doctor's charges, which in the present budget, fall under 6.
6. Contingent fund.
The allowance of 50 cents a week will carry sickness insurance which
would pay a girl $12 a week, an amount sufficient to pay room and
board, medicines, and perhaps doctor's bills. The District of Columbia allows in addition to this item, 35 cents for insurance and savings,
which is not excessive nor unnecessary, but it is here combined with
the contingent fund, in order to reduce the total budget. In effect,
this means that only the girl who is not sick can save.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN MISSOURI INDUSTRIES.
127
7. Organization dues.
The amount of $7.80 would pay for membership in one organization
as a rule, though some unions have higher dues.
8. Church.
The amount of lOcents a week for churchis the minimum customary contribution, and does not permit the girl who contributes at
church to make any other con tribution to charity.
9. Self-improvement.
The amount of 17 cents a week will purchase a daily newspaper.
10. Vacation.
The amount of 40 cents a week will provide $20..80 for an annual
vacation. Inasmuch as the girl will not be paid during her vacation,
this will hardly give her more than a week's vacation away frpm St.
Louis, or two weeks vacation at home.
11. Recreation.
The amount of 40 cents a week will permit one movie a week, and
car fare to and from the theater.
12. Incidentals.
Twenty cents a week or $10.40 a year would seem to be the minimum possible allowance for toilet articles, postage and stationery,
shoe polish, etc.
0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU.
BULLETINS.
No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in tiw Industries of
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
No.
No.
No.
No.
7.
8.
9.
10.
No. 11.
No. 12.
No. 13.
No. 14.
No. 15.
No. 16.
No. 17.
No. 18.
No. 19.
No. 20.
No. 21.
No. 22.
No. 23.
No. 24.
No. 25.
No. 26.
No. 27.
No. 28.
No. 29.
No. 30.
No. 31.
No. 32.
No. 33.
No. 34.
No. 35.
No. 36.
No. 37.
No. 38.
No. 39.
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
41111
Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1918.
Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 7 pp. 1919.
T
Wage of Candy M,akers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1919.
Night-Work Laws in the United States. 4 pp. 1919. , •
,
Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
Home Work in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 35 pp. 1920.
Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32
pp. 1920.
Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920.
The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp.
1920.
A Physiological basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp. ,
1921.
Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp.
1921.
State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1921. (Supplen'lent
1923.)
Women's Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921.
Health Problems of Women in Industry. (Reprint of paper published
in the Nation's Health, May, 1921.) 11 pp. 1921.
'
Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922.
Womer\ in Rhode Island Industri~s. 73 pp. 1922.
Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922'.
The Family Status of Bread winning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923.
Women in Arkansas Industries. 1922.
The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
1,
Women's Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
r,
The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp. 1923.
What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
Proceedings of the Women's Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924
Women in Missouri Industries. 117 pp. 1924.
Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924,
Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
Married Women in Industry. 88 pp. 1924.
Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. (In press.)
First Annual Report of the Director. 1919. (Out of print.)
Second Annual Report of the Director. 1920. (Out of print.)
Third Annual Report of the Director. 1921.
Fourth Annual Report of the Director. 1922.
Fifth Annual ·Report of the Director. 1923.
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