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Women in the Labor Force: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Hilda L. Solis, Secretary . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Keith Hall, Commissioner September 2009 Report 1018 27 Contents Page Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Highlights ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Statistical Tables 01. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages ...... 4 02. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970–2008 annual averages......................................................................................................................... 7 03. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages ............... 10 04. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2008 annual averages ........................................................ 12 05. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008 . ............................................................................................................................................. 13 06. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008 ............................................................................................................... 15 07. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2008 ...................... 18 08. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages . .............................................................................................. 21 09. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2008 ................................................................................................................................................ 22 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages . .................................. 26 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages................................................. 28 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages ............. 39 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages.................................................... 40 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages...................................................... 43 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages................... 50 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2008 annual averages . ....................................................... 51 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages ....................................................................... 53 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages . .............................................................................................................................. 55 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2008 annual averages . .............................................................................................................................. 68 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2008 annual averages............................... 69 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2008 annual averages . .................................................................................................................... 73 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2007 . ..... 74 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2007 ............................................ 75 24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2007 . ................................................................ 77 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2007 . ............................................................................ 78 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2008 annual averages .......................................................................... 79 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 ........................................................................................................... 81 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status, February 2005............................................................................................................................................ 83 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, February 2005 . ......................................................................................................................................... 84 ii Contents—Continued Page Statistical Tables—Continued 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ............... 85 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004 ................................................................................................................... 86 32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2008 . ........................................................................................................................................... 87 33. Labor force status of 2008 high school graduates and 2007–08 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2008 ............................................................................ 88 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2008 ............................................................................................................................................ 89 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970–2008, not seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................. 90 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2008 annual averages.... 91 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages ................................................................................................................. 92 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2008 ................. 94 Technical Note ........................................................................................................................................................ 96 iii Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Introduction rose from 47 percent to a peak of 73 percent. (These data were collected in the March CPS.) By 2004, the participation rate for mothers had receded to 71 percent, where it remained through 2008. (See tables 6 and 7.) T he past several decades have been marked by notable changes in women’s labor force activities. Women’s labor force participation is significantly higher today than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with children, and a larger share of women work full time and year round than in past decades. In addition, women have increasingly attained higher levels of education: among women aged 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to 2008. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time. In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what men did; in 2008, women’s earnings were 80 percent of men’s. This report presents historical and current labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical Note at the end of this report. • In general, mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age, none younger) are more likely to participate in the labor force than mothers with younger children (under 6 years of age), and unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than married mothers. In 2008, 76 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 69 percent of married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.) • The educational attainment of women aged 25 to 64 in the labor force rose substantially from 1970 to 2008. Thirty-six percent of these women held college degrees in 2008, compared with 11 percent in 1970. Only 7 percent of women were high school dropouts in 2008, down from 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.) • In 2008, women accounted for 51 percent of all persons employed in management, professional, and related occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this broad category varied. For example, 8 percent of construction managers and 34 percent of lawyers were women, while 61 percent of accountants and 79 percent of social workers were women. (See table 11.) Highlights • In 2008, 59.5 percent of women were in the labor force, and this share has been relatively stable over the past several years. Women’s labor force participation rate peaked at 60 percent in 1999, following several decades in which women increasingly entered the labor market. (See tables 1 and 2.) • Employed Asian women were more likely (46 percent) to work in the higher paying management, professional, and related occupations in 2008 than were employed white (41 percent), black (31 percent), or Hispanic (24 percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic women (31 percent) and black women (28 percent) were more likely than white and Asian women (each 19 percent) to work in service occupations. (See table 12.) • In 2008, the overall unemployment rate for women was 5.4 percent, but rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.7 percent), followed by white (4.9 percent), Hispanic (7.7 percent), and black (8.9 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.) • In 2008, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities, education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and other services. However, women were • From March 1975 to March 2000, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under age 18 from 1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their families’ total incomes. The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 18 percent of working wives whose husbands also worked earned more than their spouses; in 2007, the proportion was 26 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (These data were collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year.) substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, and transportation and utilities. (See table 14.) • Women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $638 in 2008. This represented 80 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($798). Earnings of Asian ($753) and white ($654) women were substantially higher than the earnings of their black ($554) and Hispanic ($501) counterparts. Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher among blacks (89 percent) and Hispanics (90 percent) than among whites (79 percent) and Asians (78 percent). (See table 16.) • In 2008, approximately 1.5 million women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage. This represented 4 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 25 years and older who were paid hourly rates, 3 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 10 percent of women aged 16 to 24. (On July 24, 2008, the Federal minimum wage level rose from $5.85 to $6.55 an hour. Data in this report reflect the average number of workers who earned $5.85 or less from January 2008 through July 2008 and those who earned $6.55 or less from August 2008 through the end of the year.) (See table 26.) • In 2008, female full-time wage and salary workers aged 25 and older with only a high school diploma had median usual weekly earnings of $520. This represented 79 percent of the earnings for women with an associate degree ($661), and 54 percent of those for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($955). (See table 17.) • In 2008, 25 percent of employed women usually worked part time—fewer than 35 hours per week. In comparison, 11 percent of employed men usually worked part time. (See table 20.) • Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2007, women were slightly more likely than men to live in poverty—6 percent, compared with 5 percent. Black and Hispanic women who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more were significantly more likely than their white or Asian counterparts to be among the working poor. The poverty rates for black and Hispanic working women were 12 percent and 11 percent, respectively, compared with 5 percent and 4 percent, respectively, for white and Asian women. (See table 27.) (Data are from the 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year.) • Women in nonagricultural industries worked an average of 36.1 hours per week in 2008. The average workweek for men in nonagricultural industries was 41.2 hours. (See table 21.) • Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2007, 62 percent worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. During the same period, the proportion of men who worked full time and year round grew from 66 to 75 percent. (See table 22.) (These data were collected in the 1971 and 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and refer to work experience during the prior calendar year.) • Among 2008 high school graduates, young women (72 percent) were somewhat more likely than young men (66 percent) to be enrolled in college in October 2008. (See table 33.) (Data are from the October 2008 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) • Both the wife and husband had earnings from work in 58 percent of married-couple families in 2007, up from 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 18 percent of marriedcouple families in 2007, compared with 36 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) (These data were collected in the 1968 and 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year.) • In October 2008, 45 percent of women aged 16 to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or college were in the labor force. Young men of the same age group who were enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate (39 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women were less likely to be in the labor force than men (74 percent, compared with 85 percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October 2008 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) • In 2007, working wives contributed 36 percent of their families’ incomes, up by 9 percentage points • Among 16- to 24-year-old women who were not en- rolled in school, those who did not have a high school diploma were significantly less likely to participate in the labor force than those who had a high school diploma but no additional education (50 percent, compared with 71 percent). Of those in the labor force, the high school dropouts were more likely to be unemployed than the high school graduates (25 percent, compared with 13 percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October 2008 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) self-employed persons were women, compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 36.) • In 2008, foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force (55 percent, compared with 60 percent). Of those in the labor force, native-born women were less likely to be unemployed (5.3 and 6.0 percent, respectively). Among men, the opposite was true. Foreign-born men were more likely than the native born to be in the labor force (81 percent, compared with 71 percent) and somewhat less likely to be unemployed (5.7 and 6.2 percent, respectively). (See table 37.) • In May 2008, 5.6 percent of employed women held more than one job, nearly the same as the previous year. The May 2008 multiple jobholding rate for men was lower, at 4.9 percent. Multiple jobholding rates for both women and men have declined since the mid-1990s. (See table 35.) (Data were collected in the May CPS.) • Thirteen percent of female wage and salary workers were represented by unions in 2008, compared with 15 percent of men. Union attachment for both sexes had been on a downward trend since 1983, when unions represented 18 percent of women and 28 percent of men in wage and salary jobs. Over the past 2 years, however, union representation has increased slightly among both women and men, from lows in 2006 of 12 percent and 14 percent, respectively. (See table 38.) • Since 1976, the percentage of working women who were self-employed has trended up (from 4.4 percent in 1976 to 5.2 percent in 2008), while the percentage of men who were self-employed has edged down (from 8.4 percent to 7.6 percent). In 2008, 38 percent of all Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Not in labor force Total Percent of labor force 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501 Percent of population Total, both sexes 16 years and over ……... 233,788 16 to 19 years …….…… 17,075 154,287 66.0 145,362 6,858 40.2 5,573 32.6 1,285 18.7 10,218 16 to 17 years……… 9,133 2,552 27.9 1,989 21.8 563 22.1 6,581 18 to 19 years……… 7,942 4,306 54.2 3,584 45.1 722 16.8 3,637 20 to 24 years……….... 20,409 15,174 74.4 13,629 66.8 1,545 10.2 5,234 25 to 54 years……….… 125,652 104,396 83.1 99,369 79.1 5,027 4.8 21,255 39,993 33,332 83.3 31,383 78.5 1,949 5.8 6,661 25 to 29 years……… 20,815 17,293 83.1 16,171 77.7 1,122 6.5 3,522 30 to 34 years……… 19,179 16,039 83.6 15,212 79.3 827 5.2 3,139 41,699 35,061 84.1 33,457 80.2 1,604 4.6 6,638 35 to 39 years……… 20,537 17,218 83.8 16,408 79.9 810 4.7 3,319 40 to 44 years……… 21,162 17,843 84.3 17,049 80.6 795 4.5 3,318 25 to 34 years……… 35 to 44 years……… 45 to 54 years……… 43,960 36,003 81.9 34,529 78.5 1,473 4.1 7,957 45 to 49 years……. 22,644 18,870 83.3 18,106 80.0 764 4.0 3,774 50 to 54 years……… 21,316 17,133 80.4 16,423 77.0 710 4.1 4,183 55 to 64 years………… 33,491 21,615 64.5 20,812 62.1 803 3.7 11,876 55 to 59 years……… 18,444 13,480 73.1 12,969 70.3 511 3.8 4,964 60 to 64 years……… 15,047 8,135 54.1 7,843 52.1 292 3.6 6,912 65 years and over……. 37,161 6,243 16.8 5,979 16.1 264 4.2 30,918 65 to 69 years……… 11,242 3,451 30.7 3,307 29.4 144 4.2 7,791 70 to 74 years……… 8,639 1,534 17.8 1,462 16.9 72 4.7 7,105 75 years and over…… 17,281 1,258 7.3 1,211 7.0 48 3.8 16,023 4 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force 3,891 5.4 Not in labor force Women 16 years and over ……... 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 48,908 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,415 3,385 40.2 2,837 33.7 549 16.2 5,030 16 to 17 years……… 4,508 1,314 29.2 1,063 23.6 251 19.1 3,194 18 to 19 years……… 3,907 2,071 53.0 1,774 45.4 297 14.3 1,836 20 to 24 years……….... 10,160 7,109 70.0 6,484 63.8 625 8.8 3,050 25 to 54 years……….… 63,574 48,195 75.8 45,965 72.3 2,229 4.6 15,379 25 to 34 years……… 19,994 15,030 75.2 14,200 71.0 830 5.5 4,964 25 to 29 years……… 10,363 7,862 75.9 7,397 71.4 466 5.9 2,501 30 to 34 years……… 9,631 7,168 74.4 6,803 70.6 365 5.1 2,463 21,132 16,089 76.1 15,360 72.7 730 4.5 5,043 35 to 39 years……… 10,395 7,814 75.2 7,437 71.5 377 4.8 2,581 40 to 44 years……… 10,737 8,275 77.1 7,922 73.8 353 4.3 2,462 35 to 44 years……… 45 to 54 years……… 22,448 17,075 76.1 16,406 73.1 669 3.9 5,372 45 to 49 years……. 11,536 8,908 77.2 8,565 74.2 343 3.9 2,628 50 to 54 years……… 10,912 8,167 74.8 7,841 71.9 326 4.0 2,744 55 to 64 years………… 17,367 10,270 59.1 9,893 57.0 377 3.7 7,097 55 to 59 years……… 9,515 6,445 67.7 6,199 65.2 246 3.8 3,070 60 to 64 years……… 7,852 3,825 48.7 3,694 47.0 132 3.4 4,027 65 years and over……. 21,160 2,808 13.3 2,697 12.7 111 3.9 18,352 65 to 69 years……… 5,995 1,585 26.4 1,528 25.5 57 3.6 4,410 70 to 74 years……… 4,728 676 14.3 644 13.6 32 4.7 4,052 75 years and over…… 10,437 547 5.2 525 5.0 22 4.0 9,890 5 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force 68.5 5,033 6.1 Not in labor force Men 16 years and over ……... 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 30,593 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,660 3,472 40.1 2,736 31.6 736 21.2 5,188 16 to 17 years……… 4,625 1,238 26.8 926 20.0 312 25.2 3,387 18 to 19 years……… 4,035 2,235 55.4 1,810 44.9 425 19.0 1,800 20 to 24 years……….... 10,249 8,065 78.7 7,145 69.7 920 11.4 2,184 25 to 54 years……….… 62,078 56,202 90.5 53,404 86.0 2,798 5.0 5,876 25 to 34 years……… 19,999 18,302 91.5 17,183 85.9 1,119 6.1 1,697 25 to 29 years……… 10,451 9,431 90.2 8,774 84.0 657 7.0 1,020 30 to 34 years……… 9,548 8,871 92.9 8,409 88.1 462 5.2 677 20,567 18,972 92.2 18,097 88.0 875 4.6 1,595 35 to 39 years……… 10,142 9,404 92.7 8,971 88.4 433 4.6 739 40 to 44 years……… 10,425 9,568 91.8 9,126 87.5 442 4.6 857 35 to 44 years……… 45 to 54 years……… 21,512 18,928 88.0 18,124 84.2 804 4.2 2,584 45 to 49 years……. 11,108 9,962 89.7 9,541 85.9 420 4.2 1,146 50 to 54 years……… 10,404 8,966 86.2 8,582 82.5 383 4.3 1,438 55 to 64 years………… 16,123 11,345 70.4 10,919 67.7 425 3.8 4,779 55 to 59 years……… 8,929 7,035 78.8 6,770 75.8 265 3.8 1,894 60 to 64 years……… 7,194 4,310 59.9 4,149 57.7 160 3.7 2,885 65 years and over……. 16,002 3,436 21.5 3,282 20.5 153 4.5 12,566 65 to 69 years……… 5,246 1,866 35.6 1,779 33.9 87 4.7 3,380 70 to 74 years……… 3,912 858 21.9 818 20.9 40 4.7 3,053 75 years and over…… 6,844 711 10.4 685 10.0 26 3.6 6,133 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 6 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, both sexes 1970…….…… 1971…….…… 1972 1……… 1973 1……… 1974…….…… 1975…….…… 1976…….…… 1977…….…… 1978 1…....... 1979………… 137,085 140,216 144,126 147,096 150,120 153,153 156,150 159,033 161,910 164,863 82,771 84,382 87,034 89,429 91,949 93,775 96,158 99,009 102,251 104,962 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3 61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 57.5 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8 56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,365 5,156 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980………… 1981…...…… 1982…...…… 1983…...…… 1984…...…… 1985…...…… 1986 1…....... 1987………… 1988…...…… 1989………… 167,745 170,130 172,271 174,215 176,383 178,206 180,587 182,753 184,613 186,393 106,940 108,670 110,204 111,550 113,544 115,461 117,834 119,865 121,669 123,869 63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4 64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5 60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0 7,637 8,273 10,678 10,717 8,539 8,312 8,237 7,425 6,701 6,528 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62,523 1990 1…....... 1991…...…… 1992…...…… 1993…...…… 1994 1…....... 1995…...…… 1996…...…… 1997 1…....... 1998 1…....... 1999 1…....... 189,164 190,925 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 207,753 125,840 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 118,793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 7,047 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 5,880 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 63,324 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 68,385 2000 1…....... 2001 ………… 2002 ………… 2003 1…....... 2004 1…....... 2005………… 2006………… 2007………… 2008 1…....... 212,577 215,092 217,570 221,168 223,357 226,082 228,815 231,867 233,788 142,583 143,734 144,863 146,510 147,401 149,320 151,428 153,124 154,287 67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0 66.0 66.2 66.0 66.0 136,891 136,933 136,485 137,736 139,252 141,730 144,427 146,047 145,362 64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3 62.7 63.1 63.0 62.2 5,692 6,801 8,378 8,774 8,149 7,591 7,001 7,078 8,924 4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.8 69,994 71,359 72,707 74,658 75,956 76,762 77,387 78,743 79,501 See footnote at end of table. 7 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Women 1970…….…… 1971…….…… 1972 1……… 1973 1……… 1974…….…… 1975…….…… 1976…….…… 1977…….…… 1978 1…....... 1979………… 72,782 74,274 76,290 77,804 79,312 80,860 82,390 83,840 85,334 86,843 31,543 32,202 33,479 34,804 36,211 37,475 38,983 40,613 42,631 44,235 43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7 46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9 29,688 29,976 31,257 32,715 33,769 33,989 35,615 37,289 39,569 41,217 40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5 1,855 2,227 2,222 2,089 2,441 3,486 3,369 3,324 3,061 3,018 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 41,239 42,072 42,811 43,000 43,101 43,386 43,406 43,227 42,703 42,608 1980………… 1981…...…… 1982…...…… 1983…...…… 1984…...…… 1985…...…… 1986 1…....... 1987………… 1988…...…… 1989………… 88,348 89,618 90,748 91,684 92,778 93,736 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,630 45,487 46,696 47,755 48,503 49,709 51,050 52,413 53,658 54,742 56,030 51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6 54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4 42,117 43,000 43,256 44,047 45,915 47,259 48,706 50,334 51,696 53,027 47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5 50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3 3,370 3,696 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,791 3,707 3,324 3,046 3,003 7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4 42,861 42,922 42,993 43,181 43,068 42,686 42,376 42,195 42,014 41,601 1990 1…....... 1991…...…… 1992…...…… 1993…...…… 1994 1…....... 1995…...…… 1996…...…… 1997 1…....... 1998 1…....... 1999 1…....... 98,787 99,646 100,535 101,506 102,460 103,406 104,385 105,418 106,462 108,031 56,829 57,178 58,141 58,795 60,239 60,944 61,857 63,036 63,714 64,855 57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0 53,689 53,496 54,052 54,910 56,610 57,523 58,501 59,873 60,771 62,042 54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3 55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4 3,140 3,683 4,090 3,885 3,629 3,421 3,356 3,162 2,944 2,814 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 41,957 42,468 42,394 42,711 42,221 42,462 42,528 42,382 42,748 43,175 2000 1…....... 2001 ………… 2002 ………… 2003 1…....... 2004 1…....... 2005………… 2006………… 2007………… 2008 1…....... 110,613 111,811 112,985 114,733 115,647 116,931 118,210 119,694 120,675 66,303 66,848 67,363 68,272 68,421 69,288 70,173 70,988 71,767 59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.3 59.5 63,586 63,737 63,582 64,404 64,728 65,757 66,925 67,792 67,876 57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.2 56.6 56.6 56.2 2,717 3,111 3,781 3,868 3,694 3,531 3,247 3,196 3,891 4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.5 5.4 44,310 44,962 45,621 46,461 47,225 47,643 48,037 48,707 48,908 See footnote at end of table. 8 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men 1970…….…… 1971…….…… 1972 1……… 1973 1……… 1974…….…… 1975…….…… 1976…….…… 1977…….…… 1978 1…....... 1979………… 64,304 65,942 67,835 69,292 70,808 72,291 73,759 75,193 76,576 78,020 51,228 52,180 53,555 54,624 55,739 56,299 57,174 58,396 59,620 60,726 79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7 77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8 48,990 49,390 50,896 52,349 53,024 51,857 53,138 54,728 56,479 57,607 76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9 71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8 2,238 2,789 2,659 2,275 2,714 4,442 4,036 3,667 3,142 3,120 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1 13,076 13,762 14,280 14,667 15,069 15,993 16,585 16,797 16,956 17,293 1980………… 1981…...…… 1982…...…… 1983…...…… 1984…...…… 1985…...…… 1986 1…....... 1987………… 1988…...…… 1989………… 79,398 80,511 81,523 82,531 83,605 84,469 85,798 86,899 87,857 88,762 61,453 61,974 62,450 63,047 63,835 64,411 65,422 66,207 66,927 67,840 77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4 76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4 57,186 57,397 56,271 56,787 59,091 59,891 60,892 62,107 63,273 64,315 72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7 70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5 4,267 4,577 6,179 6,260 4,744 4,521 4,530 4,101 3,655 3,525 6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2 17,945 18,537 19,073 19,484 19,771 20,058 20,376 20,692 20,930 20,923 1990 1…....... 1991…...…… 1992…...…… 1993…...…… 1994 1…....... 1995…...…… 1996…...…… 1997 1…....... 1998 1…....... 1999 1…....... 90,377 91,278 92,270 93,332 94,355 95,178 96,206 97,715 98,758 99,722 69,011 69,168 69,964 70,404 70,817 71,360 72,087 73,261 73,959 74,512 76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1 75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7 65,104 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69,685 70,693 71,446 72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4 70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6 3,906 4,946 5,523 5,055 4,367 3,983 3,880 3,577 3,266 3,066 5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 21,367 22,110 22,306 22,927 23,538 23,818 24,119 24,454 24,799 25,210 2000 1…....... 2001 ………… 2002 ………… 2003 1…....... 2004 1…....... 2005………… 2006………… 2007………… 2008 1…....... 101,964 103,282 104,585 106,435 107,710 109,151 110,605 112,173 113,113 76,280 76,886 77,500 78,238 78,980 80,033 81,255 82,136 82,520 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3 73.3 73.5 73.2 73.0 73,305 73,196 72,903 73,332 74,524 75,973 77,502 78,254 77,486 71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2 69.6 70.1 69.8 68.5 2,975 3,690 4,597 4,906 4,456 4,059 3,753 3,882 5,033 3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.1 4.6 4.7 6.1 25,684 26,396 27,085 28,197 28,730 29,119 29,350 30,036 30,593 1 documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf . The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability section of the Household Data technical SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 9 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Percent of population Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force 125,635 5,644 12,142 83,922 18,464 5,463 66.3 43.1 76.3 83.7 65.7 17.0 119,126 4,697 11,055 80,297 17,829 5,247 62.8 35.9 69.5 80.1 63.4 16.3 6,509 947 1,087 3,625 634 216 5.2 16.8 9.0 4.3 3.4 4.0 63,905 7,440 3,773 16,346 9,646 26,702 Total White Total, 16 years and over……… 189,540 16 to 19 years……………… 13,084 20 to 24 years……………..… 15,914 25 to 54 years……………… 100,268 55 to 64 years……………… 28,109 32,165 65 years and over………….. Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years………….....… 20 to 24 years…………….… 25 to 54 years……………..… 55 to 64 years…………….... 65 years and over………….. 96,814 6,414 7,842 49,954 14,411 18,193 57,284 2,776 5,616 37,866 8,609 2,417 59.2 43.3 71.6 75.8 59.7 13.3 54,501 2,377 5,197 36,291 8,312 2,325 56.3 37.1 66.3 72.6 57.7 12.8 2,782 399 419 1,575 298 92 4.9 14.4 7.5 4.2 3.5 3.8 39,531 3,639 2,226 12,088 5,802 15,776 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years…………….… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………..… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 92,725 6,669 8,072 50,314 13,698 13,972 68,351 2,868 6,526 46,056 9,855 3,046 73.7 43.0 80.8 91.5 71.9 21.8 64,624 2,320 5,858 44,006 9,518 2,922 69.7 34.8 72.6 87.5 69.5 20.9 3,727 548 668 2,050 337 124 5.5 19.1 10.2 4.5 3.4 4.1 24,374 3,801 1,546 4,258 3,844 10,926 Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 27,843 2,676 2,914 15,643 3,429 3,182 17,740 787 1,981 12,589 1,908 476 63.7 29.4 68.0 80.5 55.6 15.0 15,953 541 1,625 11,555 1,791 440 57.3 20.2 55.8 73.9 52.2 13.8 1,788 246 355 1,034 117 36 10.1 31.2 17.9 8.2 6.1 7.5 10,103 1,889 933 3,054 1,521 2,706 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 15,328 1,354 1,530 8,597 1,910 1,937 9,393 402 997 6,688 1,056 251 61.3 29.7 65.2 77.8 55.3 13.0 8,554 294 831 6,193 1,000 236 55.8 21.7 54.3 72.0 52.3 12.2 839 108 166 495 56 15 8.9 26.8 16.6 7.4 5.3 5.8 5,934 952 533 1,909 854 1,686 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 12,516 1,322 1,384 7,046 1,519 1,245 8,347 385 984 5,901 852 225 66.7 29.1 71.1 83.7 56.1 18.1 7,398 247 794 5,362 792 204 59.1 18.7 57.4 76.1 52.1 16.4 949 138 190 539 61 21 11.4 35.9 19.3 9.1 7.1 9.5 4,169 937 400 1,146 666 1,020 Black or African American 10 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Asian Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 10,751 630 872 6,615 1,343 1,291 7,202 157 526 5,408 891 219 67.0 24.9 60.3 81.8 66.4 17.0 6,917 134 493 5,223 856 211 64.3 21.3 56.5 79.0 63.8 16.3 285 23 33 186 35 8 4.0 14.6 6.3 3.4 3.9 3.8 3,549 473 346 1,207 452 1,072 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………...… 65 years and over…………… 5,639 306 443 3,426 726 738 3,350 72 258 2,488 434 99 59.4 23.6 58.2 72.6 59.7 13.4 3,225 63 242 2,405 418 97 57.2 20.7 54.7 70.2 57.6 13.1 125 9 16 83 15 2 3.7 12.3 6.1 3.3 3.5 2.2 2,289 234 185 938 293 639 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………...… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 5,112 324 429 3,189 616 553 3,852 85 268 2,921 457 120 75.3 26.2 62.5 91.6 74.2 21.8 3,692 71 251 2,818 438 114 72.2 21.9 58.5 88.4 71.1 20.7 160 14 17 103 19 6 4.1 16.6 6.5 3.5 4.3 5.1 1,260 239 161 268 159 433 Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 32,141 3,042 3,620 20,030 2,840 2,609 22,024 1,121 2,668 16,117 1,701 417 68.5 36.9 73.7 80.5 59.9 16.0 20,346 870 2,361 15,110 1,619 385 63.3 28.6 65.2 75.4 57.0 14.8 1,678 251 307 1,007 81 32 7.6 22.4 11.5 6.2 4.8 7.8 10,116 1,921 952 3,913 1,139 2,192 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 15,616 1,489 1,730 9,435 1,475 1,488 8,769 495 1,074 6,304 722 174 56.2 33.3 62.1 66.8 48.9 11.7 8,098 391 955 5,901 690 161 51.9 26.2 55.2 62.5 46.8 10.8 672 104 119 403 32 13 7.7 21.1 11.1 6.4 4.4 7.7 6,847 994 655 3,131 753 1,314 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 16,524 1,553 1,890 10,594 1,365 1,121 13,255 626 1,594 9,813 979 243 80.2 40.3 84.3 92.6 71.7 21.7 12,248 479 1,406 9,209 929 224 74.1 30.9 74.4 86.9 68.1 20.0 1,007 147 188 604 50 19 7.6 23.4 11.8 6.2 5.1 7.8 3,270 927 297 781 386 878 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 11 Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Marital status and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Total, 16 years and over…… Married, spouse present…… Unmarried, total…………… Never married…………… Other marital status……… Divorced………………… Separated………………… Widowed……………….… 233,788 122,349 111,439 66,254 45,185 22,864 8,198 14,122 154,287 84,644 69,643 44,874 24,769 16,126 5,772 2,872 66.0 69.2 62.5 67.7 54.8 70.5 70.4 20.3 145,362 81,729 63,634 40,452 23,182 15,182 5,296 2,704 62.2 66.8 57.1 61.1 51.3 66.4 64.6 19.1 8,924 2,915 6,010 4,422 1,587 944 475 168 5.8 3.4 8.6 9.9 6.4 5.9 8.2 5.9 79,501 37,705 41,796 21,381 20,415 6,738 2,427 11,251 120,675 60,554 60,121 30,980 29,141 13,379 4,520 11,242 71,767 37,194 34,573 20,231 14,342 9,222 2,947 2,173 59.5 61.4 57.5 65.3 49.2 68.9 65.2 19.3 67,876 35,869 32,007 18,513 13,494 8,743 2,702 2,048 56.2 59.2 53.2 59.8 46.3 65.4 59.8 18.2 3,891 1,325 2,566 1,717 849 479 246 125 5.4 3.6 7.4 8.5 5.9 5.2 8.3 5.7 48,908 23,360 25,548 10,749 14,799 4,157 1,572 9,069 113,113 61,794 51,318 35,274 16,044 9,486 3,678 2,880 82,520 47,450 35,070 24,643 10,427 6,905 2,824 698 73.0 76.8 68.3 69.9 65.0 72.8 76.8 24.3 77,486 45,860 31,627 21,938 9,688 6,439 2,594 655 68.5 74.2 61.6 62.2 60.4 67.9 70.5 22.7 5,033 1,590 3,443 2,705 739 465 230 43 6.1 3.4 9.8 11.0 7.1 6.7 8.1 6.2 30,593 14,345 16,248 10,631 5,617 2,581 854 2,181 Women Total, 16 years and over…… Married, spouse present…… Unmarried, total……….…… Never married…………...… Other marital status……… Divorced………………… Separated………………… Widowed………………… Men Total, 16 years and over…… Married, spouse present…… Unmarried, total…………… Never married…………… Other marital status……… Divorced………………… Separated………………. Widowed………………… SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 12 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Women, 16 years and over…………….. 120,300 With children under 18 years old……… 36,410 19,972 With children 6 to 17, none younger… 16,438 With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… 9,657 With no children under 18 years old…… 83,890 71,515 59.4 68,054 3,462 4.8 48,784 24,637 14,842 9,794 5,380 43,417 56.6 67.7 74.3 59.6 55.7 51.8 25,930 15,479 10,452 5,754 45,585 71.2 77.5 63.6 59.6 54.3 1,294 636 657 374 2,168 5.0 4.1 6.3 6.5 4.8 10,479 4,493 5,986 3,903 38,305 Men, 16 years and over………………… 112,695 With children under 18 years old……… 27,898 15,301 With children 6 to 17, none younger… 12,597 With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… 7,514 With no children under 18 years old…… 84,797 81,576 26,192 14,181 12,011 7,198 55,384 72.4 93.9 92.7 95.3 95.8 65.3 76,737 25,201 13,710 11,491 6,871 51,536 68.1 90.3 89.6 91.2 91.4 60.8 4,839 991 471 520 328 3,848 5.9 3.8 3.3 4.3 4.6 6.9 31,119 1,706 1,119 587 316 29,413 White Women, 16 years and over……………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old…….… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 96,576 28,428 15,697 12,731 7,544 68,149 57,044 20,085 12,115 7,970 4,458 36,960 59.1 70.7 77.2 62.6 59.1 54.2 54,604 19,213 11,678 7,536 4,207 35,390 56.5 67.6 74.4 59.2 55.8 51.9 2,440 871 437 434 251 1,569 4.3 4.3 3.6 5.4 5.6 4.2 39,532 8,343 3,582 4,761 3,086 31,189 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 92,469 23,321 12,729 10,592 6,361 69,148 67,675 22,070 11,914 10,155 6,133 45,605 73.2 94.6 93.6 95.9 96.4 66.0 64,105 21,310 11,554 9,756 5,893 42,795 69.3 91.4 90.8 92.1 92.6 61.9 3,570 760 360 399 240 2,810 5.3 3.4 3.0 3.9 3.9 6.2 24,794 1,252 815 437 229 23,543 Women, 16 years and over…………….. With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 15,261 5,100 2,800 2,300 1,301 10,160 9,386 3,848 2,240 1,608 808 5,538 61.5 75.4 80.0 69.9 62.1 54.5 8,600 3,503 2,079 1,424 706 5,097 56.4 68.7 74.2 61.9 54.3 50.2 786 345 161 184 102 441 8.4 9.0 7.2 11.5 12.6 8.0 5,875 1,252 560 692 493 4,622 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 12,448 2,377 1,401 976 553 10,071 8,163 2,091 1,196 895 510 6,072 65.6 88.0 85.4 91.7 92.2 60.3 7,266 1,950 1,134 816 456 5,316 58.4 82.0 80.9 83.6 82.4 52.8 898 142 62 79 54 756 11.0 6.8 5.2 8.9 10.6 12.5 4,285 286 205 81 43 3,999 Black or African American See note at end of table. 13 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Asian Women, 16 years and over……………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 5,580 1,899 1,005 895 513 3,680 3,384 1,321 756 566 314 2,063 60.7 69.6 75.2 63.2 61.3 56.1 3,271 1,279 731 547 306 1,993 58.6 67.3 72.8 61.2 59.7 54.1 113 43 24 18 8 70 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.6 3.4 2,195 578 249 329 198 1,617 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 4,992 1,522 840 681 396 3,470 3,753 1,424 786 638 372 2,328 75.2 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.9 67.1 3,607 1,387 765 622 361 2,220 72.3 91.1 91.0 91.3 91.2 64.0 146 37 22 16 11 108 3.9 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.8 4.6 1,239 97 54 43 24 1,142 Women, 16 years and over……………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 15,465 6,820 3,370 3,450 1,996 8,645 8,708 4,165 2,359 1,806 945 4,543 56.3 61.1 70.0 52.3 47.3 52.5 8,115 3,891 2,225 1,666 859 4,224 52.5 57.0 66.0 48.3 43.0 48.9 593 274 134 140 87 319 6.8 6.6 5.7 7.8 9.2 7.0 6,757 2,655 1,011 1,644 1,051 4,102 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 16,355 5,072 2,393 2,679 1,578 11,283 13,046 4,780 2,219 2,561 1,516 8,267 79.8 94.2 92.7 95.6 96.1 73.3 12,002 4,518 2,109 2,409 1,424 7,484 73.4 89.1 88.1 89.9 90.2 66.3 1,045 262 111 151 92 783 8.0 5.5 5.0 5.9 6.1 9.5 3,309 292 174 118 62 3,017 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified 14 as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over…………………… 120,300 With children under 18 years old………… 36,410 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 19,972 With children under 6 years old………… 16,438 With children under 3 years old………… 9,657 With no children under 18 years old……… 83,890 71,515 25,930 59.4 71.2 68,054 24,637 56.6 67.7 3,462 1,294 4.8 5.0 48,784 10,479 15,479 10,452 5,754 45,585 77.5 63.6 59.6 54.3 14,842 9,794 5,380 43,417 74.3 59.6 55.7 51.8 636 657 374 2,168 4.1 6.3 6.5 4.8 4,493 5,986 3,903 38,305 Total, married, spouse present Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 60,108 25,754 37,074 17,886 61.7 69.4 35,919 17,269 59.8 67.1 1,155 616 3.1 3.4 23,034 7,868 13,919 11,835 7,091 34,354 10,601 7,285 4,146 19,188 76.2 61.6 58.5 55.9 10,270 6,999 3,981 18,650 73.8 59.1 56.1 54.3 331 285 165 539 3.1 3.9 4.0 2.8 3,318 4,551 2,945 15,166 Total, other marital statuses1 Total, 16 years and over…………………… 60,192 With children under 18 years old………… 10,656 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 6,053 With children under 6 years old………… 4,603 With children under 3 years old………… 2,566 With no children under 18 years old……… 49,536 34,441 8,045 57.2 75.5 32,135 7,367 53.4 69.1 2,307 677 6.7 8.4 25,750 2,611 4,878 3,167 1,608 26,397 80.6 68.8 62.7 53.3 4,573 2,795 1,399 24,767 75.5 60.7 54.5 50.0 305 372 209 1,629 6.3 11.7 13.0 6.2 1,176 1,436 958 23,139 White, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 96,576 28,428 57,044 20,085 59.1 70.7 54,604 19,213 56.5 67.6 2,440 871 4.3 4.3 39,532 8,343 15,697 12,731 7,544 68,149 12,115 7,970 4,458 36,960 77.2 62.6 59.1 54.2 11,678 7,536 4,207 35,390 74.4 59.2 55.8 51.9 437 434 251 1,569 3.6 5.4 5.6 4.2 3,582 4,761 3,086 31,189 Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 51,326 21,566 31,375 14,870 61.1 69.0 30,442 14,381 59.3 66.7 933 489 3.0 3.3 19,951 6,696 11,636 9,929 6,005 29,760 8,817 6,053 3,504 16,505 75.8 61.0 58.4 55.5 8,552 5,830 3,376 16,061 73.5 58.7 56.2 54.0 265 223 128 445 3.0 3.7 3.7 2.7 2,819 3,876 2,501 13,255 White, married, spouse present White, other marital statuses 1 Total, 16 years and over…………………… 45,250 With children under 18 years old………… 6,862 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 4,060 With children under 6 years old………… 2,801 With children under 3 years old………… 1,539 With no children under 18 years old……… 38,388 25,669 5,215 56.7 76.0 24,162 4,832 53.4 70.4 1,507 383 5.9 7.3 19,581 1,647 3,298 1,917 954 20,454 81.2 68.4 62.0 53.3 3,126 1,706 831 19,330 77.0 60.9 54.0 50.4 172 211 123 1,124 5.2 11.0 12.9 5.5 763 884 585 17,934 See footnote at end of table. 15 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Percent of population Total Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Black or African American, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over…………………… 15,261 With children under 18 years old………… 5,100 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 2,800 With children under 6 years old………… 2,300 With children under 3 years old………… 1,301 With no children under 18 years old……… 10,160 9,386 3,848 61.5 75.4 8,600 3,503 56.4 68.7 786 345 8.4 9.0 5,875 1,252 2,240 1,608 808 5,538 80.0 69.9 62.1 54.5 2,079 1,424 706 5,097 74.2 61.9 54.3 50.2 161 184 102 441 7.2 11.5 12.6 8.0 560 692 493 4,622 Black or African American, married, spouse present Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 4,298 1,912 2,897 1,473 67.4 77.0 2,764 1,394 64.3 72.9 133 79 4.6 5.4 1,402 439 1,117 795 442 2,386 923 550 263 1,424 82.6 69.1 59.5 59.7 885 508 238 1,370 79.3 63.9 54.0 57.4 38 41 24 54 4.1 7.5 9.3 3.8 194 246 179 962 Black or African American, other marital statuses1 Total, 16 years and over…………………… 10,962 With children under 18 years old………… 3,188 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 1,683 With children under 6 years old………… 1,505 859 With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 7,774 6,489 2,375 59.2 74.5 5,836 2,109 53.2 66.2 653 266 10.1 11.2 4,473 813 1,317 1,058 545 4,114 78.2 70.3 63.5 52.9 1,194 915 468 3,727 70.9 60.8 54.4 47.9 123 143 78 387 9.3 13.5 14.2 9.4 367 446 314 3,660 Asian, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 5,580 1,899 3,384 1,321 60.7 69.6 3,271 1,279 58.6 67.3 113 43 3.3 3.2 2,195 578 1,005 895 513 3,680 756 566 314 2,063 75.2 63.2 61.3 56.1 731 547 306 1,993 72.8 61.2 59.7 54.1 24 18 8 70 3.2 3.2 2.6 3.4 249 329 198 1,617 Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 3,293 1,656 2,064 1,119 62.7 67.6 2,009 1,087 61.0 65.7 55 31 2.6 2.8 1,229 537 874 782 452 1,637 640 478 269 945 73.3 61.2 59.5 57.7 619 468 263 922 70.8 59.9 58.1 56.3 21 10 6 23 3.3 2.1 2.4 2.5 234 303 183 692 Asian, married, spouse present Asian, other marital statuses1 Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 2,287 244 1,320 203 57.7 83.2 1,262 191 55.2 78.6 59 11 4.4 5.5 966 41 131 113 60 2,043 116 87 45 1,118 88.2 77.3 74.9 54.7 112 79 43 1,070 85.8 70.2 72.0 52.4 3 8 2 47 2.7 9.2 3.9 4.2 15 26 15 925 See footnote at end of table. 16 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2008—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over…………………… 15,465 With children under 18 years old………… 6,820 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 3,370 With children under 6 years old………… 3,450 With children under 3 years old………… 1,996 With no children under 18 years old……… 8,645 8,708 4,165 56.3 61.1 8,115 3,891 52.5 57.0 593 274 6.8 6.6 6,757 2,655 2,359 1,806 945 4,543 70.0 52.3 47.3 52.5 2,225 1,666 859 4,224 66.0 48.3 43.0 48.9 134 140 87 319 5.7 7.8 9.2 7.0 1,011 1,644 1,051 4,102 Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 7,557 4,663 4,103 2,625 54.3 56.3 3,874 2,482 51.3 53.2 229 143 5.6 5.4 3,454 2,038 2,259 2,403 1,407 2,894 1,482 1,143 614 1,479 65.6 47.6 43.6 51.1 1,414 1,067 564 1,393 62.6 44.4 40.1 48.1 67 76 50 86 4.5 6.6 8.1 5.8 778 1,260 793 1,415 Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1 Total, 16 years and over…………………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 7,908 2,157 4,605 1,540 58.2 71.4 4,241 1,409 53.6 65.3 364 131 7.9 8.5 3,304 617 1,110 1,047 589 5,751 877 663 331 3,064 79.0 63.3 56.2 53.3 810 599 294 2,832 73.0 57.2 49.9 49.2 67 64 37 233 7.6 9.7 11.1 7.6 233 384 258 2,687 1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons. NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 17 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2008 (Numbers in thousands) With children under age 18 Civilian labor force Year Total With children ages 6 to 17, none younger Unemployed Percent Employed of population Civilian labor force Total Percent of labor force Total Unemployed Percent Employed of population Total Percent of labor force 1975...…… 1976...…… 1977……… 1978……… 1979...…… 14,616 15,073 15,669 16,385 16,883 47.4 48.8 50.8 53.0 54.5 13,069 13,725 14,276 15,142 15,624 1,548 1,346 1,393 1,242 1,259 11.0 8.9 8.9 7.6 7.7 8,917 9,388 10,040 10,401 10,646 54.9 56.2 58.3 60.0 61.6 8,218 8,769 9,389 9,845 10,030 700 621 650 556 615 7.9 6.6 6.5 5.3 5.8 1980……… 1981...…… 1982...…… 1983...…… 1984……… 1985……… 1986……… 1987……… 1988……… 1989……… 17,790 18,422 18,744 18,924 19,555 20,041 20,620 21,422 21,545 21,936 56.6 58.1 58.5 58.9 60.5 62.1 62.8 64.7 65.1 65.7 16,526 16,952 16,854 16,792 17,782 18,306 18,922 19,798 20,141 20,647 1,264 1,471 1,890 2,131 1,773 1,735 1,698 1,624 1,404 1,289 7.1 8.0 10.1 11.3 9.1 8.7 8.2 7.6 6.5 5.9 11,252 11,490 11,377 11,340 11,538 11,826 12,075 12,438 12,683 12,800 64.3 65.5 65.8 66.3 68.1 69.9 70.4 72.0 73.3 74.2 10,640 10,725 10,440 10,303 10,739 10,984 11,320 11,661 12,042 12,168 612 765 936 1,037 799 842 756 778 641 632 5.4 6.7 8.2 9.1 6.9 7.1 6.3 6.3 5.1 4.9 1990...…… 1991...…… 1992...…… 1993……… 1994……… 1995……… 1996……… 1997……… 1998...…… 1999……… 22,196 22,327 22,756 23,063 24,191 24,695 24,720 25,604 25,647 25,472 66.7 66.6 67.2 66.9 68.4 69.7 70.2 72.1 72.3 72.1 20,865 20,774 21,052 21,521 22,467 23,195 23,386 24,082 24,209 24,307 1,331 1,552 1,704 1,541 1,724 1,500 1,334 1,522 1,438 1,165 6.0 7.0 7.5 6.7 7.1 6.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 4.6 12,799 12,691 13,183 13,441 13,863 14,300 14,427 14,993 15,028 15,150 74.7 74.4 75.9 75.4 76.0 76.4 77.2 78.1 78.4 78.5 12,133 12,017 12,391 12,757 13,074 13,608 13,794 14,282 14,370 14,633 666 674 793 684 789 691 633 711 658 516 5.2 5.3 6.0 5.1 5.7 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.4 2000...…… 2001...…… 2002……… 2003...…… 2004……… 2005……… 2006...…… 2007...…… 2008...…… 25,795 26,269 26,140 26,202 25,913 25,941 26,009 26,834 25,930 72.9 72.7 72.2 71.7 70.7 70.5 70.6 71.3 71.2 24,693 25,030 24,612 24,598 24,413 24,564 24,728 25,646 24,637 1,102 1,239 1,529 1,603 1,501 1,377 1,281 1,188 1,294 4.3 4.7 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.3 4.9 4.4 5.0 15,479 15,839 15,948 15,993 15,782 15,594 15,579 15,940 15,479 79.0 79.4 78.6 78.7 77.5 76.9 76.9 77.7 77.5 14,931 15,220 15,171 15,166 15,006 14,930 14,949 15,341 14,842 549 619 777 828 776 663 630 599 636 3.5 3.9 4.9 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.1 See note at end of table. 18 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2008—Continued (Numbers in thousands) With children under age 6 Civilian labor force Year Total With children under age 3 Unemployed Percent Employed of population Civilian labor force Total Percent of labor force Total Unemployed Percent Employed of population Total Percent of labor force 1975...…… 1976...…… 1977……… 1978……… 1979...…… 5,699 5,684 5,629 5,983 6,238 39.0 40.1 41.2 44.0 45.7 4,851 4,957 4,887 5,297 5,594 848 727 742 687 644 14.9 12.8 13.2 11.5 10.3 2,824 2,702 2,795 3,179 3,380 34.3 34.1 35.4 39.4 41.1 2,326 2,285 2,371 2,768 2,979 500 418 424 411 401 17.7 15.5 15.2 12.9 11.9 1980……… 1981...…… 1982...…… 1983...…… 1984……… 1985……… 1986……… 1987……… 1988……… 1989……… 6,538 6,933 7,367 7,583 8,017 8,215 8,545 8,983 8,862 9,136 46.8 48.9 49.9 50.5 52.1 53.5 54.4 56.7 56.1 56.7 5,886 6,227 6,414 6,489 7,043 7,322 7,602 8,137 8,099 8,478 652 706 953 1,094 974 893 943 846 763 657 10.0 10.2 12.9 14.4 12.1 10.9 11.0 9.4 8.6 7.2 3,565 3,826 4,133 4,233 4,401 4,601 4,786 5,064 4,947 5,053 41.9 44.3 45.6 46.0 47.6 49.5 50.8 52.9 52.4 52.4 3,167 3,380 3,542 3,551 3,839 4,089 4,227 4,570 4,477 4,671 398 446 591 682 562 513 559 494 470 381 11.2 11.7 14.3 16.1 12.8 11.1 11.7 9.8 9.5 7.5 1990...…… 1991...…… 1992...…… 1993……… 1994……… 1995……… 1996……… 1997……… 1998...…… 1999……… 9,397 9,636 9,573 9,621 10,328 10,395 10,293 10,610 10,619 10,322 58.2 58.4 58.0 57.9 60.3 62.3 62.3 65.0 65.2 64.4 8,732 8,758 8,662 8,764 9,394 9,587 9,592 9,800 9,839 9,674 664 878 911 857 935 809 701 810 780 648 7.1 9.1 9.5 8.9 9.0 7.8 6.8 7.6 7.3 6.3 5,216 5,417 5,329 5,349 5,724 5,650 5,619 5,839 5,882 5,645 53.6 54.5 54.5 53.9 57.1 58.7 59.0 61.8 62.2 60.7 4,823 4,868 4,776 4,857 5,165 5,172 5,222 5,366 5,454 5,285 393 550 553 492 559 478 397 473 428 359 7.5 10.1 10.4 9.2 9.8 8.5 7.1 8.1 7.3 6.4 2000...…… 2001...…… 2002……… 2003...…… 2004……… 2005……… 2006...…… 2007...…… 2008...…… 10,316 10,430 10,193 10,209 10,131 10,347 10,430 10,894 10,452 65.3 64.4 64.1 62.9 62.2 62.6 63.0 63.5 63.6 9,763 9,810 9,441 9,433 9,407 9,634 9,779 10,305 9,794 553 620 752 776 724 714 651 589 657 5.4 5.9 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.9 6.2 5.4 6.3 5,670 5,743 5,600 5,568 5,401 5,704 5,842 6,006 5,754 61.0 60.7 60.5 58.7 57.3 58.9 59.9 60.1 59.6 5,350 5,350 5,160 5,112 4,983 5,299 5,458 5,679 5,380 320 393 440 456 417 405 384 327 374 5.6 6.8 7.9 8.2 7.7 7.1 6.6 5.5 6.5 See note at end of table. 19 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2008—Continued (Numbers in thousands) With no children under age 18 Civilian labor force Year Total Unemployed Percent Employed of population Total Percent of labor force 1975...…… 1976...…… 1977……… 1978……… 1979...…… 22,365 23,327 24,385 25,362 26,962 45.1 45.7 46.4 47.0 48.6 20,381 21,389 22,348 23,631 25,285 1,984 1,938 2,037 1,731 1,677 8.9 8.3 8.4 6.8 6.2 1980……… 1981...…… 1982...…… 1983...…… 1984……… 1985……… 1986……… 1987……… 1988……… 1989……… 27,144 27,992 28,351 28,856 29,684 30,850 31,112 31,538 32,490 33,255 48.1 48.7 48.6 48.7 49.3 50.4 50.5 50.5 51.2 51.9 25,375 25,934 26,041 26,373 27,652 28,814 29,107 29,688 30,911 31,761 1,769 2,059 2,311 2,483 2,032 2,036 2,005 1,850 1,580 1,495 6.5 7.4 8.2 8.6 6.8 6.6 6.4 5.9 4.9 4.5 1990...…… 1991...…… 1992...…… 1993……… 1994……… 1995……… 1996……… 1997……… 1998...…… 1999……… 33,942 34,047 34,487 34,495 35,455 35,843 36,509 37,295 38,253 39,314 52.3 52.0 52.3 52.1 53.1 52.9 53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3 32,391 32,167 32,481 32,476 33,345 34,054 34,698 35,572 36,680 37,587 1,551 1,880 2,006 2,020 2,110 1,789 1,811 1,723 1,573 1,727 4.6 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.4 2000...…… 2001...…… 2002……… 2003...…… 2004……… 2005……… 2006...…… 2007...…… 2008...…… 40,142 40,996 41,278 42,039 42,289 42,677 43,392 44,039 45,585 54.8 54.4 54.0 54.1 53.8 53.5 53.6 53.9 54.3 38,408 39,363 39,038 39,667 40,000 40,570 41,440 42,279 43,417 1,733 1,633 2,241 2,372 2,289 2,107 1,952 1,760 2,168 4.3 4.0 5.4 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.0 4.8 NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 20 Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Educational attainment and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… 159,142 Less than a high school diploma……… 17,959 High school graduates, no college 1…… 47,528 Some college or associate degree…… 43,487 College graduates, total………………. 50,168 Bachelor's degree……………………… 33,175 Master's degree………………………. 12,454 2,550 Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… 1,989 126,011 11,400 36,263 35,251 43,097 28,214 10,775 2,306 1,801 79.2 63.5 76.3 81.1 85.9 85.0 86.5 90.4 90.6 120,181 10,353 34,181 33,639 42,008 27,445 10,531 2,267 1,766 75.5 57.6 71.9 77.4 83.7 82.7 84.6 88.9 88.8 5,830 1,047 2,082 1,612 1,089 769 244 40 35 4.6 9.2 5.7 4.6 2.5 2.7 2.3 1.7 2.0 33,131 6,559 11,265 8,236 7,071 4,961 1,679 244 188 80,941 8,379 23,352 23,369 25,842 17,230 6,829 1,023 760 58,465 4,045 15,881 17,754 20,785 13,605 5,637 879 664 72.2 48.3 68.0 76.0 80.4 79.0 82.5 85.9 87.4 55,858 3,652 15,024 16,945 20,237 13,219 5,512 860 646 69.0 43.6 64.3 72.5 78.3 76.7 80.7 84.1 85.0 2,607 393 857 809 548 386 124 19 18 4.5 9.7 5.4 4.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 22,476 4,334 7,471 5,614 5,057 3,624 1,192 144 96 78,202 9,580 24,176 20,119 24,326 15,945 5,625 1,528 1,229 67,546 7,355 20,382 17,497 22,312 14,608 5,139 1,428 1,137 86.4 76.8 84.3 87.0 91.7 91.6 91.4 93.5 92.5 64,323 6,700 19,157 16,694 21,772 14,226 5,019 1,407 1,120 82.3 69.9 79.2 83.0 89.5 89.2 89.2 92.1 91.2 3,223 655 1,225 803 540 383 120 21 17 4.8 8.9 6.0 4.6 2.4 2.6 2.3 1.5 1.5 10,655 2,225 3,794 2,622 2,014 1,337 486 100 92 Women Total, 25 to 64 years……………………. Less than a high school diploma……… High school graduates, no college 1…… Some college or associate degree…… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………………. Master's degree………………………. Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… Men Total, 25 to 64 years……………………… Less than a high school diploma……… High school graduates, no college 1…… Some college or associate degree…… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………………. Master's degree…………………...…… Professional degree………………….. Doctoral degree………………………… 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 21 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total Less than 4 years 4 years, no college College 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 11.8 12.3 12.4 13.0 13.7 14.4 15.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 17.6 17.7 17.3 18.1 18.4 19.0 19.5 19.7 19.7 20.0 20.7 21.1 14.1 14.8 15.5 16.4 17.5 18.3 19.4 20.2 20.6 21.3 22.0 22.0 23.1 24.2 24.7 24.9 24.8 25.3 25.7 26.4 26.4 26.5 Total, both sexes 1 1970 …...……… 1971…...……… 1972…...……… 1973…...……… 1974…...……… 1975…...……… 1976…...……… 1977…...……… 1978…...……… 1979…...……… 1980…...……… 1981…...……… 1982…...……… 1983…….......... 1984…….......... 1985…...……… 1986…...……… 1987…...……… 1988…….......... 1989…...……… 1990…….......... 1991…...……… 61,765 62,344 63,704 64,775 66,527 67,774 69,243 71,324 73,504 75,781 78,010 80,273 81,516 83,615 86,001 88,424 90,500 92,966 94,870 97,318 99,175 100,480 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.1 34.5 33.3 30.9 29.3 27.5 25.8 24.9 23.7 21.8 20.6 19.7 18.8 17.8 16.7 15.9 15.5 14.9 14.7 14.0 13.4 13.0 38.1 38.4 38.8 39.7 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.5 39.8 40.6 40.8 39.9 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 39.9 39.6 39.5 39.4 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 2 Some college, no degree, or associate degree College graduates Total, both sexes 4 1992…………… 1993…...……… 1994…...……… 1995…….......... 1996…...……… 1997…….......... 1998…….......... 1999…...……… 2000…...……… 2001…...……… 2002…...……… 2003…….......... 2004…...……… 2005…………… 2006…………… 2007…………… 2008…………… 103,018 104,237 105,610 107,032 108,932 110,945 111,932 113,095 115,750 116,893 118,028 119,621 120,135 121,752 123,550 125,104 126,011 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.1 11.3 10.8 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.3 9.0 See footnotes at end of table. 22 35.7 35.1 33.9 33.2 32.9 32.9 32.4 31.8 31.4 30.9 30.7 30.3 30.1 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.8 25.6 26.6 27.7 28.1 27.8 27.5 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 27.7 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.7 27.7 28.0 26.6 27.0 27.6 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.8 30.5 30.7 31.0 31.6 32.1 32.4 32.5 33.0 33.8 34.2 3 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008—Continued Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total Less than 4 years 4 years, no college College 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 10.9 11.9 11.8 12.4 13.4 13.9 14.7 15.2 16.1 17.1 17.4 17.9 18.3 18.8 18.9 19.9 20.3 20.7 21.2 20.9 21.9 22.2 11.2 11.8 12.4 13.3 14.6 14.1 16.2 16.9 17.0 17.8 18.7 18.6 19.5 20.9 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.8 23.1 24.3 24.5 25.2 Some college, no degree, or associate degree College graduates 3 27.3 28.4 29.8 30.2 29.9 29.4 29.4 29.5 29.8 30.2 29.9 29.9 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.1 30.4 25.0 25.7 26.2 26.9 27.8 28.4 29.2 29.9 30.1 30.4 31.3 32.2 32.6 33.3 33.9 34.9 35.6 Women 1 1970 …...……… 1971…...……… 1972…...……… 1973…...……… 1974…...……… 1975…...……… 1976…...……… 1977…...……… 1978…...……… 1979…...……… 1980…...……… 1981…...……… 1982…...……… 1983…….......... 1984…….......... 1985…...……… 1986…...……… 1987…...……… 1988…….......... 1989…...……… 1990…….......... 1991…...……… 22,462 22,804 23,606 24,158 25,203 26,146 27,166 28,369 29,738 31,151 32,593 33,910 34,870 35,712 37,234 38,779 39,767 41,105 42,254 43,650 44,699 45,315 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.5 32.2 30.7 28.4 26.7 26.5 24.0 22.8 22.0 20.1 18.4 17.4 16.6 15.6 14.5 13.7 13.2 12.5 12.4 11.9 11.3 10.9 44.3 44.2 45.1 45.9 45.3 45.5 45.1 45.1 44.9 45.0 45.4 46.1 45.6 44.8 44.9 44.4 44.3 44.0 43.3 42.9 42.4 41.6 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 2 Women 4 1992…………… 1993…...……… 1994…...……… 1995…….......... 1996…...……… 1997…….......... 1998…….......... 1999…...……… 2000…...……… 2001…...……… 2002…...……… 2003…….......... 2004…...……… 2005…………… 2006…………… 2007…………… 2008…………… 46,589 47,245 48,405 49,247 50,240 51,261 51,678 52,525 53,749 54,229 54,710 55,596 55,616 56,322 57,201 57,791 58,465 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.3 9.3 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.1 6.9 See footnotes at end of table. 23 37.4 36.6 35.0 34.1 33.6 33.5 32.7 32.1 31.6 31.0 30.6 30.0 29.4 28.7 28.3 27.9 27.2 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008—Continued Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total Less than 4 years College 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 34.5 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.0 35.3 35.3 35.7 35.7 36.5 36.8 36.3 36.7 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.3 36.9 37.2 37.5 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.4 13.9 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.9 17.5 17.7 17.4 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.9 18.9 18.5 19.2 19.7 20.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.2 19.3 20.2 21.5 22.3 23.0 23.8 24.3 24.6 25.5 26.6 26.9 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.8 28.2 28.0 27.6 Men 1 1970 …...……… 1971…...……… 1972…...……… 1973…...……… 1974…...……… 1975…...……… 1976…...……… 1977…...……… 1978…...……… 1979…...……… 1980…...……… 1981…...……… 1982…...……… 1983…….......... 1984…….......... 1985…...……… 1986…...……… 1987…...……… 1988…….......... 1989…...……… 1990…….......... 1991…...……… 39,303 39,539 40,098 40,617 41,344 41,628 42,077 42,954 43,766 44,630 45,417 46,363 47,144 47,903 48,767 49,647 50,733 51,860 52,616 53,668 54,476 55,165 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.5 35.9 34.8 32.4 30.8 28.9 27.0 26.3 24.8 23.0 22.2 21.5 20.3 19.4 18.4 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.5 15.7 15.1 14.7 See footnotes at end of table. 24 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008—Continued Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 2 Some college, no degree, or associate degree College graduates 3 24.3 25.1 25.9 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.6 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.8 25.6 25.6 25.7 25.5 25.6 25.9 27.8 28.1 28.8 29.4 29.4 29.6 30.3 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.8 32.1 32.3 31.9 32.3 32.9 33.0 Men 4 1992…………… 1993…...……… 1994…...……… 1995…….......... 1996…...……… 1997…….......... 1998…….......... 1999…...……… 2000…...……… 2001…...……… 2002…...……… 2003…….......... 2004…...……… 2005…………… 2006…………… 2007…………… 2008…………… 56,428 56,992 57,205 57,784 58,692 59,684 60,255 60,570 62,001 62,664 63,318 64,025 64,519 65,430 66,350 67,313 67,546 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.7 12.9 12.4 11.8 12.2 12.2 12.0 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.9 1 Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March Current Population Survey. 2 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. 4 Beginning in 1992, data on educational attainment are annual averages and are based 25 34.2 33.9 33.0 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.1 31.6 31.2 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.7 30.9 30.6 30.4 30.2 on the highest diploma or degree received rather than the number of years of school completed. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation and sex 2007 Number 2008 Percent Number Percent Total Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………………… Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... Professional and related occupations ................................................ Service occupations .............................................................................. Sales and office occupations ................................................................ Sales and related occupations ........................................................... Office and administrative support occupations .................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. Production occupations ...................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 146,047 100.0 145,362 100.0 51,788 21,577 30,210 24,137 36,212 16,698 19,513 15,740 960 9,535 5,245 18,171 9,395 8,776 35.5 14.8 20.7 16.5 24.8 11.4 13.4 10.8 .7 6.5 3.6 12.4 6.4 6.0 52,761 22,059 30,702 24,451 35,544 16,295 19,249 14,806 988 8,667 5,152 17,800 8,973 8,827 36.3 15.2 21.1 16.8 24.5 11.2 13.2 10.2 .7 6.0 3.5 12.2 6.2 6.1 67,792 26,195 9,203 16,992 13,800 22,948 8,275 14,673 662 201 258 202 4,188 2,832 1,355 100.0 38.6 13.6 25.1 20.4 33.8 12.2 21.6 1.0 .3 .4 .3 6.2 4.2 2.0 67,876 26,813 9,412 17,401 13,980 22,477 8,073 14,404 626 208 219 199 3,980 2,661 1,319 100.0 39.5 13.9 25.6 20.6 33.1 11.9 21.2 .9 .3 .3 .3 5.9 3.9 1.9 Women Total, 16 years and over.……………………………………………… Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... Professional and related occupations ................................................ Service occupations .............................................................................. Sales and office occupations ................................................................ Sales and related occupations ........................................................... Office and administrative support occupations .................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. Production occupations ...................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 26 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation 2007 2008 Number Percent Number Percent 78,254 100.0 77,486 100.0 25,593 12,375 13,218 10,337 13,264 8,424 4,840 15,078 759 9,276 5,043 13,983 6,563 7,420 32.7 15.8 16.9 13.2 16.9 10.8 6.2 19.3 1.0 11.9 6.4 17.9 8.4 9.5 25,948 12,647 13,301 10,471 13,067 8,221 4,845 14,181 780 8,448 4,953 13,820 6,313 7,507 33.5 16.3 17.2 13.5 16.9 10.6 6.3 18.3 1.0 10.9 6.4 17.8 8.1 9.7 Men Total, 16 years and over.…………………………………………… Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... Professional and related occupations ................................................ Service occupations .............................................................................. Sales and office occupations ................................................................ Sales and related occupations ........................................................... Office and administrative support occupations .................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. Production occupations ...................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 27 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Percent women Total, 16 years and over……………………...…………………………………………………………… 145,362 46.7 Management, professional, and related occupations.......................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations........................................................ Management occupations............................................................................................................. Chief executives......................................................................................................................... General and operations managers............................................................................................ Legislators………………………………………………….…………………………………………… Advertising and promotions managers...................................................................................... Marketing and sales managers.................................................................................................. Public relations managers.......................................................................................................... Administrative services managers............................................................................................. Computer and information systems managers.......................................................................... Financial managers.................................................................................................................... Human resources managers...................................................................................................... Industrial production managers.................................................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................................................................ Transportation, storage, and distribution managers.................................................................. Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers........................................................................... Farmers and ranchers................................................................................................................ Construction managers.............................................................................................................. Education administrators........................................................................................................... Engineering managers............................................................................................................... Food service managers............................................................................................................. Funeral directors……….……………………………………………………………………………… Gaming managers……………..……………………………………………………………………… Lodging managers..................................................................................................................... Medical and health services managers...................................................................................... Natural sciences managers…………………………………………..……………………………… Postmasters and mail superintendents...................................................................................... Property, real estate, and community association managers.................................................... Social and community service managers.................................................................................. Managers, all other……………………………………………………………………………………… Business and financial operations occupations............................................................................ Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes……………………………… Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products……………………………………………………… Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products................................................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products............................................... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators...................................................... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation... Cost estimators.......................................................................................................................... Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........................................................ Logisticians................................................................................................................................ Management analysts................................................................................................................ Meeting and convention planners…………………………………………………………………… Other business operations specialists………………………………………………………………… Accountants and auditors.......................................................................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate.................................................................................... Budget analysts......................................................................................................................... Credit analysts…………………………………………………………………………………………… Financial analysts...................................................................................................................... 52,761 22,059 15,852 1,655 985 23 77 922 64 100 475 1,168 293 243 193 239 217 751 1,244 829 109 1,039 45 18 177 561 15 41 558 338 3,473 6,207 50 6 191 264 312 179 100 803 50 731 55 254 1,762 102 64 20 110 50.8 42.7 37.4 23.4 30.1 62.1 42.0 60.3 32.6 27.2 54.8 66.3 14.5 40.4 17.0 23.9 24.4 8.2 65.1 6.3 44.8 46.7 69.4 49.6 68.1 35.8 56.2 36.5 47.6 56.5 65.7 52.3 10.0 70.7 47.2 43.5 79.2 66.3 61.1 33.4 57.1 38.8 See note at end of table. 28 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Personal financial advisors........................................................................................................ Insurance underwriters.............................................................................................................. Financial examiners…………………………………………………………………………………… Loan counselors and officers..................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................................ Tax preparers............................................................................................................................. Financial specialists, all other………………………………………………………………………… Professional and related occupations............................................................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations..................................................................................... Computer scientists and systems analysts................................................................................ Computer programmers............................................................................................................. Computer software engineers.................................................................................................... Computer support specialists..................................................................................................... Database administrators............................................................................................................ Network and computer systems administrators......................................................................... Network systems and data communications analysts............................................................... Actuaries………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mathematicians………………………………………………………………………………………… Operations research analysts.................................................................................................... Statisticians…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations………………………………………………… Architecture and engineering occupations.................................................................................... Architects, except naval............................................................................................................. Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists………………………………………………… Aerospace engineers................................................................................................................. Agricultural engineers…………………………………………………………………………………… Biomedical engineers…………………………………………………………………………………… Chemical engineers................................................................................................................... Civil engineers........................................................................................................................... Computer hardware engineers.................................................................................................. Electrical and electronics engineers.......................................................................................... Environmental engineers……………………………………………………………………………… Industrial engineers, including health and safety....................................................................... Marine engineers and naval architects……………………………………………………………… Materials engineers…………………………………………………………………………………… Mechanical engineers................................................................................................................ Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers…………………………… Nuclear engineers……………………………………………………………………………………… Petroleum engineers…………………………………………………………………………………… Engineers, all other……………………………………………………………………………………. Drafters...................................................................................................................................... Engineering technicians, except drafters................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians.......................................................................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations.............................................................................. Agricultural and food scientists………………………………………………………………………… Biological scientists.................................................................................................................... Conservation scientists and foresters………………………………………………………………… Medical scientists....................................................................................................................... Astronomers and physicists…………………………………………………………………………… Atmospheric and space scientists…………………………………………………………………… Chemists and materials scientists.............................................................................................. See note at end of table. 29 430 82 7 392 58 105 78 30,702 3,676 837 534 1,034 382 93 227 422 26 3 75 41 3 2,931 233 49 137 3 9 64 346 69 350 37 177 17 40 318 10 9 18 363 162 416 105 1,307 38 101 24 132 19 10 118 Percent women 34.3 80.3 58.0 64.2 66.6 57.0 56.7 24.8 27.5 22.4 20.9 27.7 29.2 21.4 23.7 47.6 13.5 24.8 10.3 13.1 10.4 19.4 7.7 14.9 6.7 11.5 23.4 18.5 4.9 46.1 52.9 52.3 33.1 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Environmental scientists and geoscientists............................................................................... Physical scientists, all other………………………………………………………………………….. Economists…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Market and survey researchers................................................................................................. Psychologists............................................................................................................................. Sociologists……………………………………………………………………………………………… Urban and regional planners……………………………………………………………………….. Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers………………………………………………… Agricultural and food science technicians………………………………………………………….. Biological technicians…………………………………………………………………………………… Chemical technicians................................................................................................................. Geological and petroleum technicians……………………………………………………………… Nuclear technicians…………………………………………………………………………………… Other life, physical, and social science technicians………………………………………………… Community and social services occupations................................................................................. Counselors................................................................................................................................. Social workers............................................................................................................................ Miscellaneous community and social service specialists........................................................... Clergy......................................................................................................................................... Directors, religious activities and education............................................................................... Religious workers, all other…………………………………………………………………………… Legal occupations......................................................................................................................... Lawyers...................................................................................................................................... Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers........................................................................ Paralegals and legal assistants................................................................................................. Miscellaneous legal support workers......................................................................................... Education, training, and library occupations.................................................................................. Postsecondary teachers............................................................................................................ Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................................................................................ Elementary and middle school teachers.................................................................................... Secondary school teachers........................................................................................................ Special education teachers........................................................................................................ Other teachers and instructors................................................................................................... Archivists, curators, and museum technicians……………………………………………………… Librarians................................................................................................................................... Library technicians..................................................................................................................... Teacher assistants..................................................................................................................... Other education, training, and library workers........................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................ Artists and related workers........................................................................................................ Designers................................................................................................................................... Actors…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Producers and directors............................................................................................................. Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers...................................................................... Dancers and choreographers………………………………………………………………………. Musicians, singers, and related workers.................................................................................... Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other…………………………….. Announcers................................................................................................................................ News analysts, reporters and correspondents........................................................................... Public relations specialists......................................................................................................... Editors........................................................................................................................................ See note at end of table. 30 85 136 19 134 176 2 32 41 24 24 53 9 3 129 2,293 674 729 303 441 50 95 1,671 1,014 54 346 257 8,605 1,218 685 2,958 1,210 387 751 35 197 44 1,020 101 2,820 213 834 30 154 252 25 186 39 41 94 135 171 Percent women 29.3 40.7 57.0 66.9 35.2 48.3 60.3 68.0 79.4 61.4 14.8 63.5 65.6 51.9 34.4 43.6 87.7 74.5 74.0 46.1 97.6 81.2 56.0 84.9 66.9 83.5 91.7 76.0 47.8 48.6 57.5 38.5 32.5 29.3 45.4 61.6 54.8 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Technical writers........................................................................................................................ Writers and authors.................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous media and communication workers.................................................................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators.......................................... Photographers........................................................................................................................... Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors……………………………… Media and communication equipment workers, all other…………………………………………… Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................................................................ Chiropractors............................................................................................................................. Dentists...................................................................................................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists.......................................................................................................... Optometrists…………………………………………………………………………………………… Pharmacists............................................................................................................................... Physicians and surgeons........................................................................................................... Physician assistants................................................................................................................... Podiatrists………………………………………………………………………………………………… Registered nurses...................................................................................................................... Audiologists……………………………………………………………………………………………… Occupational therapists............................................................................................................. Physical therapists..................................................................................................................... Radiation therapists…………………………………………………………………………………… Recreational therapists………………………………………………………………………………… Respiratory therapists................................................................................................................ Speech-language pathologists................................................................................................... Therapists, all other…………………………………………………………………………………… Veterinarians.............................................................................................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other……………………………………………… Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians...................................................................... Dental hygienists........................................................................................................................ Diagnostic related technologists and technicians...................................................................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics...................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians............................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses.................................................................... Medical records and health information technicians.................................................................. Opticians, dispensing................................................................................................................. Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians……………………………………………… Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations………………………………………… Service occupations............................................................................................................................. Healthcare support occupations....................................................................................................... Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides............................................................................. Occupational therapist assistants and aides………………………………………………………. Physical therapist assistants and aides..................................................................................... Massage therapists.................................................................................................................... Dental assistants........................................................................................................................ Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations…………………………………… Protective service occupations......................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers…………………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives.......................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers.................................... Supervisors, protective service workers, all other…………………………………………………. Fire fighters................................................................................................................................ See note at end of table. 31 Percent women 47 186 83 98 181 50 1 7,399 60 152 100 37 243 877 99 12 2,778 12 87 197 20 17 109 133 107 56 20 351 143 298 138 447 566 98 50 139 52 57.3 72.2 16.1 44.1 15.3 74.6 15.3 27.2 90.0 51.8 30.5 66.9 91.7 95.9 69.0 68.3 98.1 80.8 56.7 75.7 97.7 72.0 30.2 76.7 93.3 95.0 63.4 63.0 42.1 24,451 3,212 1,889 7 75 147 263 831 3,047 42 117 54 102 293 57.2 88.8 88.7 77.0 84.5 96.3 88.8 22.8 14.7 8.7 21.7 4.8 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Fire inspectors…………………………………………………………………………………………… Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers..................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators......................................................................................... Fish and game wardens……………………………………………………………………………… Parking enforcement workers………………………………………………………………………… Police and sheriff's patrol officers.............................................................................................. Transit and railroad police……………………………………………………………………………. Animal control workers………………………………………………………………………………… Private detectives and investigators.......................................................................................... Security guards and gaming surveillance officers...................................................................... Crossing guards………………………………………………………………………………………… Lifeguards and other protective service workers…………………………………………………… Food preparation and serving related occupations.......................................................................... Chefs and head cooks............................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers................................ Cooks......................................................................................................................................... Food preparation workers.......................................................................................................... Bartenders................................................................................................................................. Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food....................................... Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop............................................. Waiters and waitresses.............................................................................................................. Food servers, nonrestaurant...................................................................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers.................................................... Dishwashers.............................................................................................................................. Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop....................................................... Food preparation and serving related workers, all other…………………………………………… Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations......................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers... Janitors and building cleaners................................................................................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................................................................ Pest control workers.................................................................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers.................................................................................................. Personal care and service occupations............................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers.................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers.................................................... Animal trainers…………………………………………………………………………………………. Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................................................................ Gaming services workers........................................................................................................... Motion picture projectionists…………………………………………………………………………… Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers............................................................................... Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers…………………………………… Funeral service workers………………………………………………………………………………. Barbers...................................................................................................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists........................................................................... Miscellaneous personal appearance workers............................................................................ Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................................................................... Tour and travel guides……………………………………………………………………………….. Transportation attendants.......................................................................................................... Child care workers..................................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides.................................................................................................. See note at end of table. 32 27 403 139 4 6 674 5 9 89 867 68 148 7,824 351 635 1,997 724 365 323 323 2,010 187 349 289 263 7 5,445 296 258 2,125 1,434 71 1,262 4,923 155 174 40 157 111 7 42 166 13 87 773 229 72 35 139 1,314 871 Percent women 30.0 19.2 14.7 39.4 23.6 73.5 52.3 56.0 17.0 57.8 40.1 60.7 58.3 68.5 64.1 73.2 70.5 47.8 22.7 88.7 40.2 39.9 7.5 32.2 89.8 8.2 6.1 78.4 38.6 73.2 73.5 51.5 43.0 20.8 90.6 82.3 17.3 71.0 95.6 85.4 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Percent women Recreation and fitness workers.................................................................................................. Residential advisors................................................................................................................... Personal care and service workers, all other………………………………………………………… 353 70 114 68.1 65.8 54.1 Sales and office occupations............................................................................................................... Sales and related occupations......................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers............................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers...................................................... Cashiers..................................................................................................................................... Counter and rental clerks........................................................................................................... Parts salespersons.................................................................................................................... Retail salespersons.................................................................................................................... Advertising sales agents............................................................................................................ Insurance sales agents.............................................................................................................. Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents................................................... Travel agents............................................................................................................................. Sales representatives, services, all other.................................................................................. Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................................................................ Models, demonstrators, and product promoters........................................................................ Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................................................................ Sales engineers………………………………………………………………………………………… Telemarketers............................................................................................................................ Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers............................. Sales and related workers, all other………………………………………………………………… Office and administrative support occupations................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers.......................... Switchboard operators, including answering service……………………………………………… Telephone operators………………………………………………………………………………….. Communications equipment operators, all other…………………………………………………… Bill and account collectors......................................................................................................... Billing and posting clerks and machine operators...................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks........................................................................... Gaming cage workers………………………………………………………………………………… Payroll and timekeeping clerks.................................................................................................. Procurement clerks……………………………………………………………………………………. Tellers........................................................................................................................................ Brokerage clerks………………………………………………………………………………………… Correspondence clerks………………………………………………………………………………. Court, municipal, and license clerks.......................................................................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks……………………………………………………………… Customer service representatives............................................................................................. Eligibility interviewers, government programs............................................................................ File clerks................................................................................................................................... Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks........................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan...................................................................................... Library assistants, clerical.......................................................................................................... Loan interviewers and clerks..................................................................................................... New accounts clerks…………………………………………………………………………………… Order clerks............................................................................................................................... Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping…………………………………… Receptionists and information clerks......................................................................................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks................................................. 35,544 16,295 3,471 1,287 3,031 161 119 3,416 216 573 388 98 521 1,343 74 962 40 139 243 212 19,249 1,641 49 48 11 232 516 1,434 16 158 26 466 5 7 100 64 1,908 63 364 120 146 107 122 23 112 52 1,413 136 63.2 49.5 43.3 26.1 75.5 50.4 10.8 52.2 54.7 46.9 27.9 71.6 34.4 27.3 79.0 54.4 66.3 62.2 61.1 74.8 71.2 68.0 90.9 91.5 90.1 84.8 75.6 71.1 68.3 83.9 83.8 71.9 82.2 83.8 84.7 58.8 84.8 93.6 60.9 See note at end of table. 33 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Percent women Information and record clerks, all other……………………………………………………………… Cargo and freight agents……………………………………………………………………………… Couriers and messengers.......................................................................................................... Dispatchers................................................................................................................................ Meter readers, utilities………………………………………………………………………………… Postal service clerks.................................................................................................................. Postal service mail carriers........................................................................................................ Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators............................ Production, planning, and expediting clerks.............................................................................. Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................................................................................ Stock clerks and order fillers...................................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping................................................ Secretaries and administrative assistants.................................................................................. Computer operators................................................................................................................... Data entry keyers....................................................................................................................... Word processors and typists...................................................................................................... Desktop publishers……………………………………………………………………………………… Insurance claims and policy processing clerks.......................................................................... Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service................................................. Office clerks, general................................................................................................................. Office machine operators, except computer.............................................................................. Proofreaders and copy markers……………………………………………………………………… Statistical assistants…………………………………………………………………………………… Office and administrative support workers, all other………………………………………………… 107 19 261 286 45 167 373 90 269 543 1,481 63 3,296 134 415 149 4 275 123 1,176 43 13 19 558 91.1 17.4 57.4 53.7 33.0 42.7 58.2 32.8 35.4 44.7 96.1 51.4 77.3 92.9 83.4 49.0 84.4 77.3 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations....................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers……………………… Agricultural inspectors………………………………………………………………………………… Animal breeders………………………………………………………………………………………… Graders and sorters, agricultural products................................................................................. Miscellaneous agricultural workers…………………………………………………………………… Fishers and related fishing workers…………………………………………………………………… Hunters and trappers…………………………………………………………………………………… Forest and conservation workers……………………………………………………………………… Logging workers......................................................................................................................... Construction and extraction occupations.......................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................ Boilermakers…………………………………………………………………………………………… Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons......................................................................... Carpenters................................................................................................................................. Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers............................................................................. Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers....................................................... Construction laborers................................................................................................................. Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators……………………………………………… Pile-driver operators…………………………………………………………………………………… Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................ Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers.................................................................... Electricians................................................................................................................................. Glaziers...................................................................................................................................... Insulation workers...................................................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance.................................................................................... 14,806 988 48 24 12 63 723 36 1 8 73 8,667 844 22 230 1,562 224 90 1,651 24 3 398 209 874 49 38 647 4.2 21.1 65.3 19.3 1.0 2.5 2.7 .4 1.5 2.3 3.1 1.5 2.1 1.0 6.3 See note at end of table. 34 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Paperhangers…………………………………………………………………………………………… Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.................................................................... Plasterers and stucco masons................................................................................................... Reinforcing iron and rebar workers…………………………………………………………………. Roofers...................................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers.................................................................................................................. Structural iron and steel workers............................................................................................... Helpers, construction trades...................................................................................................... Construction and building inspectors......................................................................................... Elevator installers and repairers……………………………………………………………………… Fence erectors…………………………………………………………………………………………… Hazardous materials removal workers……………………………………………………………… Highway maintenance workers.................................................................................................. Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators…………………………………………… Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners……………………………………………………… Miscellaneous construction and related workers…………………………………………………… Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining……………………………… Earth drillers, except oil and gas……………………………………………………………………… Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters…………………………………… Mining machine operators……………………………………………………………………………… Roof bolters, mining…………………………………………………………………………………… Roustabouts, oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………… Helpers—extraction workers…………………………………………………………………………… Other extraction workers……………………………………………………………………………… Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers................................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers........................................................ Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers........................................... Avionics technicians…………………………………………………………………………………… Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers…………………………………………………… Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment…………………… Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility…………………………………………… Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles…………………………………… Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers........................................... Security and fire alarm systems installers.................................................................................. Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................................................................... Automotive body and related repairers...................................................................................... Automotive glass installers and repairers…………………………………………………………… Automotive service technicians and mechanics........................................................................ Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................ Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics................................ Small engine mechanics............................................................................................................ Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers…………… Control and valve installers and repairers…………………………………………………………… Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers........................................ Home appliance repairers.......................................................................................................... Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics......................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general.................................................................................. Maintenance workers, machinery.............................................................................................. Millwrights.................................................................................................................................. Electrical power-line installers and repairers............................................................................. See note at end of table. 35 8 606 46 15 234 136 77 113 93 38 38 23 103 15 11 38 40 35 11 51 4 7 7 55 5,152 300 335 200 18 24 3 18 27 75 62 153 157 28 852 358 217 64 86 21 397 51 439 461 39 60 109 Percent women 1.4 1.3 4.8 .9 4.1 9.5 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.9 8.0 10.5 11.4 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 .9 1.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 5.3 2.6 3.5 .9 1.4 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Percent women Telecommunications line installers and repairers...................................................................... Precision instrument and equipment repairers.......................................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers............................................. Commercial divers……………………………………………………………………………………… Locksmiths and safe repairers………………………………………………………………………… Manufactured building and mobile home installers………………………………………………… Riggers…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Signal and track switch repairers……………………………………………………………………… Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers…………………………………………… Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers………………………………………………… 204 58 41 3 31 12 8 5 23 213 3.3 15.4 7.5 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............................................................. Production occupations.................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers...................................... Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers…………………………………… Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers........................................................ Engine and other machine assemblers……………………………………………………………… Structural metal fabricators and fitters………………………………………………………………… Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators…………………………………………………………… Bakers........................................................................................................................................ Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers................................................ Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders……………… Food batchmakers..................................................................................................................... Food cooking machine operators and tenders……………………………………………………… Computer control programmers and operators.......................................................................... Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………… Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………… Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………… Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........ Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………… Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................................................................................................................ Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………… Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………… Machinists.................................................................................................................................. Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders……………………………………………………… Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic……………………………………………… Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................... Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………… Tool and die makers.................................................................................................................. Welding, soldering, and brazing workers................................................................................... Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………… Lay-out workers, metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………… Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………… Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners………………………………………………………………… Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other………………………………………………………… Bookbinders and bindery workers…………………………………………………………………… Job printers……………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepress technicians and workers............................................................................................. Printing machine operators........................................................................................................ Laundry and dry-cleaning workers............................................................................................. Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials....................................................................... 17,800 8,973 874 18 203 13 36 1,050 194 309 11 73 7 68 9 9 12 105 4 22.4 29.7 18.1 57.8 35.0 55.7 26.8 53.5 8.7 20.2 - 50 20 8 409 24 10 58 4 71 598 11 9 13 7 349 36 47 44 213 239 57 19.7 6.9 18.1 1.0 4.7 21.1 19.8 60.8 79.2 See note at end of table. 36 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Sewing machine operators........................................................................................................ Shoe and leather workers and repairers……………………………………………………………… Shoe machine operators and tenders………………………………………………………………. Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers............................................................................................. Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders…………………………………… Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………………………………… Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………………… Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders…………… Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders……… Fabric and apparel patternmakers…………………………………………………………………… Upholsterers............................................................................................................................... Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other………………………………………………… Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters....................................................................................... Furniture finishers……………………………………………………………………………………… Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............................................................ Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing………………………… Woodworkers, all other………………………………………………………………………………… Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers……………………………………………… Stationary engineers and boiler operators................................................................................. Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................................................. Miscellaneous plant and system operators………………………………………………………… Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………………………… Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers..................................................... Cutting workers.......................................................................................................................... Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders……… Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders……………………………………… Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers................................................................. Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers…………………………………………………… Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............................................................ Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders............................................................... Painting workers........................................................................................................................ Photographic process workers and processing machine operators.......................................... Semiconductor processors…………………………………………………………………………… Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders…………………………………………… Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders……………………… Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders…………………………………………… Etchers and engravers………………………………………………………………………………… Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic………………………………………… Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………………… Tire builders……………………………………………………………………………………………… Helpers—production workers………………………………………………………………………… Production workers, all other………………………………………………………………………… Transportation and material moving occupations............................................................................. Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers......................................................... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.............................................................................................. Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists…………………………………………… Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians…………………… Bus drivers................................................................................................................................. Driver/sales workers and truck drivers....................................................................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................................................................ Motor vehicle operators, all other……………………………………………………………………… See note at end of table. 37 226 8 6 71 3 6 5 17 2 2 56 21 85 19 44 22 37 55 101 71 34 52 108 80 29 16 751 59 95 261 183 53 7 11 10 2 7 38 42 14 34 958 8,827 208 141 27 16 651 3,388 373 66 Percent women 78.2 84.2 19.7 6.5 9.2 1.7 8.6 15.4 13.3 26.7 41.3 47.0 56.9 51.5 13.6 47.8 31.0 14.9 20.5 2.6 49.0 4.9 13.3 18.0 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Locomotive engineers and operators......................................................................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators………………………………………………………… Railroad conductors and yardmasters....................................................................................... Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers…………………………………………… Sailors and marine oilers……………………………………………………………………………… Ship and boat captains and operators………………………………………………………………… Ship engineers…………………………………………………………………………………………… Bridge and lock tenders………………………………………………………………………………… Parking lot attendants................................................................................................................ Service station attendants.......................................................................................................... Transportation inspectors……………………………………………………………………………… Other transportation workers…………………………………………………………………………… Conveyor operators and tenders............................................................................................... Crane and tower operators........................................................................................................ Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................................................................. Hoist and winch operators……………………………………………………………………………… Industrial truck and tractor operators......................................................................................... Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.......................................................................................... Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................................................ Machine feeders and offbearers……………………………………………………………………… Packers and packagers, hand................................................................................................... Pumping station operators…………………………………………………………………………… Refuse and recyclable material collectors................................................................................. Shuttle car operators…………………………………………………………………………………… Tank car, truck, and ship loaders……………………………………………………………………… Material moving workers, all other…………………………………………………………………… NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for occupations where employment base is less than 50,000. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 38 58 5 53 18 18 39 5 7 83 87 51 19 5 69 60 5 568 317 1,889 34 391 25 98 5 2 48 Percent women 2.8 4.7 12.6 14.8 11.3 3.7 1.2 8.9 9.5 17.1 58.1 14.0 - Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages (Percent distribution) Occupation White Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……………… Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 54,501 8,554 3,225 8,098 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ..................... 40.6 31.3 46.0 23.5 Percent……………………………………………………..………… Management, business, and financial operations occupations ... 14.3 10.4 16.4 8.8 Professional and related occupations ......................................... 26.3 20.9 29.7 14.7 Service occupations ....................................................................... 19.3 28.2 19.4 31.3 Sales and office occupations .......................................................... 33.7 31.9 26.1 32.9 Sales and related occupations .................................................... 12.0 11.1 11.4 12.1 Office and administrative support occupations ........................... 21.7 20.7 14.7 20.7 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .... .9 .7 .6 1.7 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................. .3 .1 .2 .9 Construction and extraction occupations .................................... .3 .3 .1 .4 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...................... .3 .3 .3 .4 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........ 5.4 7.9 7.8 10.6 Production occupations ............................................................... 3.6 4.8 6.6 7.4 Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 1.8 3.1 1.2 3.2 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 39 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2007 2008 Number Percent Number Percent Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………… 146,047 100.0 145,362 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. Mining ........................................................................................ Construction ............................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information ................................................................................. Financial activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ........................................... Professional and technical services ......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services ................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals .......................................... Social assistance ................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Other services ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. Private households .................................................................. Public administration .................................................................. 2,095 736 11,856 16,302 10,363 5,938 20,937 4,367 16,570 7,650 6,457 1,193 3,566 10,488 7,306 3,182 15,621 9,208 6,412 30,662 12,828 17,834 5,955 8,733 3,147 12,415 2,833 9,582 6,972 6,159 813 6,746 1.4 .5 8.1 11.2 7.1 4.1 14.3 3.0 11.3 5.2 4.4 .8 2.4 7.2 5.0 2.2 10.7 6.3 4.4 21.0 8.8 12.2 4.1 6.0 2.2 8.5 1.9 6.6 4.8 4.2 .6 4.6 2,168 819 10,974 15,904 10,273 5,631 20,585 4,052 16,533 7,727 6,501 1,225 3,481 10,228 7,279 2,949 15,540 9,362 6,178 31,402 13,169 18,233 6,241 8,865 3,127 12,767 2,972 9,795 7,005 6,200 805 6,763 1.5 0.6 7.5 10.9 7.1 3.9 14.2 2.8 11.4 5.3 4.5 0.8 2.4 7.0 5.0 2.0 10.7 6.4 4.3 21.6 9.1 12.5 4.3 6.1 2.2 8.8 2.0 6.7 4.8 4.3 0.6 4.7 Total, both sexes 40 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2007 2008 Number Percent Number Percent Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………… 67,792 100.0 67,876 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. Mining ........................................................................................ Construction ............................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information ................................................................................. Financial activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ........................................... Professional and technical services ......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services ................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals .......................................... Social assistance ................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Other services ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. Private households .................................................................. Public administration .................................................................. 490 101 1,119 4,885 2,696 2,189 9,414 1,276 8,138 1,878 1,621 257 1,501 5,807 4,276 1,531 6,659 4,040 2,619 22,906 8,866 14,040 4,491 6,880 2,669 6,377 1,320 5,057 3,628 2,892 737 3,026 .7 .1 1.7 7.2 4.0 3.2 13.9 1.9 12.0 2.8 2.4 .4 2.2 8.6 6.3 2.3 9.8 6.0 3.9 33.8 13.1 20.7 6.6 10.1 3.9 9.4 1.9 7.5 5.4 4.3 1.1 4.5 518 105 1,069 4,655 2,624 2,030 9,257 1,196 8,062 1,786 1,547 239 1,449 5,605 4,223 1,382 6,584 4,130 2,453 23,603 9,174 14,429 4,790 6,965 2,674 6,575 1,372 5,203 3,615 2,881 735 3,056 .8 .2 1.6 6.9 3.9 3.0 13.6 1.8 11.9 2.6 2.3 .4 2.1 8.3 6.2 2.0 9.7 6.1 3.6 34.8 13.5 21.3 7.1 10.3 3.9 9.7 2.0 7.7 5.3 4.2 1.1 4.5 Women 41 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2007 2008 Number Percent Number Percent Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………… 78,254 100.0 77,486 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. Mining ........................................................................................ Construction ............................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information ................................................................................. Financial activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ........................................... Professional and technical services ......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services ................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals .......................................... Social assistance ................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Other services ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. Private households .................................................................. Public administration .................................................................. 1,604 635 10,738 11,416 7,667 3,749 11,523 3,091 8,433 5,772 4,836 936 2,065 4,681 3,030 1,651 8,962 5,168 3,794 7,756 3,962 3,794 1,464 1,852 478 6,038 1,514 4,525 3,343 3,267 76 3,720 2.0 .8 13.7 14.6 9.8 4.8 14.7 3.9 10.8 7.4 6.2 1.2 2.6 6.0 3.9 2.1 11.5 6.6 4.8 9.9 5.1 4.8 1.9 2.4 .6 7.7 1.9 5.8 4.3 4.2 .1 4.8 1,650 714 9,905 11,249 7,649 3,601 11,327 2,856 8,471 5,940 4,954 987 2,032 4,623 3,056 1,567 8,957 5,232 3,725 7,799 3,994 3,805 1,451 1,900 453 6,192 1,600 4,592 3,390 3,319 70 3,707 2.1 .9 12.8 14.5 9.9 4.6 14.6 3.7 10.9 7.7 6.4 1.3 2.6 6.0 3.9 2.0 11.6 6.8 4.8 10.1 5.2 4.9 1.9 2.5 .6 8.0 2.1 5.9 4.4 4.3 .1 4.8 Men SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 42 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………… 145,362 46.7 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting......................................................................... Crop production......................................................................................................... Animal production..................................................................................................... Forestry, except logging............................................................................................ Logging..................................................................................................................... Fishing, hunting, and trapping................................................................................... Support activities for agriculture and forestry............................................................ 2,168 954 864 59 86 53 152 Mining.............................................................................................................................. Oil and gas extraction............................................................................................... Coal mining............................................................................................................... Metal ore mining........................................................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying................................................................ Not specified type of mining...................................................................................... Support activities for mining...................................................................................... 819 76 100 36 101 7 498 12.9 17.5 7.2 14.4 13.0 Construction..................................................................................................................... 10,974 9.7 Manufacturing.................................................................................................................. Durable goods.............................................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral products.................................................................................... Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing.......................................... Structural clay product manufacturing................................................................... Glass and glass products...................................................................................... Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products..................................................... Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing................................... Primary metals and fabricated metal products.......................................................... Iron and steel mills and steel products.................................................................. Aluminum production and processing.................................................................... Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.......................... Foundries............................................................................................................... Metal forgings and stampings................................................................................ Cutlery and hand tools........................................................................................... Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers............................................ Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts..................................... Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities........................................... Ordnance............................................................................................................... Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing......................................... Not specified metal industries................................................................................ Machinery manufacturing.......................................................................................... Agricultural implements.......................................................................................... Construction, mining, and oil field machinery........................................................ Commercial and service industry machinery......................................................... Metalworking machinery........................................................................................ Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment......................................... Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................. Not specified machinery manufacturing................................................................. Computers and electronic products.......................................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment..................................................................... Communications, audio, and video equipment...................................................... Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments........................ Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c....................................... 15,904 10,273 521 24 45 162 205 85 1,798 317 75 62 80 49 47 403 300 85 38 332 9 1,308 107 149 107 166 60 706 12 1,467 345 190 214 718 29.3 25.5 17.8 27.7 7.5 16.4 16.9 12.3 13.1 20.6 13.6 15.9 13.9 17.1 23.4 22.2 19.8 16.3 38.6 17.9 29.0 22.0 32.7 28.8 31.2 32.8 35.0 See note at end of table. 43 23.9 22.3 25.5 35.2 4.4 11.7 35.8 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Electrical equipment and appliances......................................................................... Household appliances........................................................................................... Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c......................... Transportation equipment......................................................................................... Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment........................................................ Aircraft and parts.................................................................................................... Aerospace products and parts............................................................................... Railroad rolling stock manufacturing...................................................................... Ship and boat building........................................................................................... Other transportation equipment manufacturing..................................................... Wood products.......................................................................................................... Sawmills and wood preservation........................................................................... Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products................................................. Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes.................................................. Miscellaneous wood products................................................................................ Furniture and related products manufacturing....................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing.................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing.................................................... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing.......................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c...................................................................... Not specified manufacturing industries.................................................................. 492 84 408 2,333 1,241 432 428 21 166 45 481 132 48 48 253 582 1,291 547 147 428 169 32.8 32.2 32.9 22.8 25.1 21.8 20.7 16.4 19.0 11.2 23.7 28.1 39.3 42.5 32.1 37.6 39.7 Nondurable goods........................................................................................................ Food manufacturing.................................................................................................. Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling.................................................................. Sugar and confectionery products......................................................................... Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods.............................................. Dairy products........................................................................................................ Animal slaughtering and processing...................................................................... Retail bakeries....................................................................................................... Bakeries, except retail........................................................................................... Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c...................................................... Not specified food industries.................................................................................. Beverages and tobacco products.............................................................................. Beverages manufacturing...................................................................................... Tobacco manufacturing......................................................................................... Textiles, apparel, and leather.................................................................................... Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.................................................................................. Fabric mills, except knitting.................................................................................... Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills......................................................... Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................... Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs....................................................... Knitting mills........................................................................................................... Cut and sew apparel.............................................................................................. Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing......................................... Footwear manufacturing........................................................................................ Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing............................. Paper and printing..................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills......................................................................... Paperboard containers and boxes......................................................................... Miscellaneous paper and pulp products................................................................ Printing and related support activities.................................................................... Petroleum and coal products.................................................................................... Petroleum refining.................................................................................................. 5,631 1,575 148 82 171 138 488 151 209 171 17 257 230 27 700 18 136 19 51 92 15 293 10 39 27 1,087 214 118 77 678 169 145 36.1 37.0 26.3 45.6 31.5 26.2 35.4 63.0 38.0 38.3 27.2 25.6 55.5 42.5 38.3 51.2 63.7 32.5 21.5 27.9 35.9 36.4 21.1 21.6 See note at end of table. 44 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products.......................................................... Chemicals................................................................................................................. Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments................................................ Agricultural chemical manufacturing...................................................................... Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................................................ Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................................................ Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics......................................................... Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals................................................................ Plastics and rubber products..................................................................................... Plastics product manufacturing.............................................................................. Tire manufacturing................................................................................................. Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing........................................................... 24 1,293 165 28 457 71 146 425 550 389 70 92 34.7 29.6 46.4 19.0 51.6 22.5 27.5 28.8 14.4 31.9 Wholesale and retail trade............................................................................................... Wholesale trade............................................................................................................ Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers....................................... Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers........................................... Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers............................. Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers........ Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers............................... Electrical goods, merchant wholesalers.................................................................... Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers. Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.................................... Recyclable materials, merchant wholesalers............................................................ Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers............................................... Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers.................................................... Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers.............. Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers................................................ Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers............................................ Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers................................................. Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers...................................... Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers............................................................. Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers....................................................................... Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers......................................... Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers.................................................. Not specified wholesale trade................................................................................... 20,585 4,052 216 90 230 351 66 224 172 424 122 123 82 255 128 829 68 144 149 37 198 74 70 45.0 29.5 27.6 40.0 21.0 37.4 22.7 26.4 28.4 25.1 10.1 38.2 46.0 40.2 44.0 23.7 23.8 33.9 17.0 41.2 47.3 36.2 Retail trade................................................................................................................... Automobile dealers................................................................................................... Other motor vehicle dealers...................................................................................... Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores.................................................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores...................................................................... Household appliance stores...................................................................................... Radio, TV, and computer stores............................................................................... Building material and supplies dealers...................................................................... Hardware stores........................................................................................................ Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores..................................................... Grocery stores........................................................................................................... Specialty food stores................................................................................................. Beer, wine, and liquor stores..................................................................................... Pharmacies and drug stores..................................................................................... Health and personal care, except drug, stores......................................................... Gasoline stations....................................................................................................... Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores......................................................... 16,533 1,350 175 507 655 85 629 960 222 279 2,644 254 144 859 320 507 965 48.8 19.8 21.5 16.9 42.5 30.9 31.7 28.2 32.9 31.8 50.0 43.9 34.2 64.8 65.2 50.2 74.9 See note at end of table. 45 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Shoe stores............................................................................................................... Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores.............................................................. Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores.................................................. Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores........................................................... Music stores.............................................................................................................. Book stores and news dealers.................................................................................. Department stores and discount stores.................................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores.............................................................. Retail florists.............................................................................................................. Office supplies and stationery stores........................................................................ Used merchandise stores......................................................................................... Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops.............................................................................. Miscellaneous retail stores........................................................................................ Electronic shopping................................................................................................... Electronic auctions.................................................................................................... Mail order houses...................................................................................................... Vending machine operators...................................................................................... Fuel dealers.............................................................................................................. Other direct selling establishments........................................................................... Not specified retail trade........................................................................................... 137 247 470 76 80 190 2,298 491 145 163 195 189 412 92 27 96 62 114 230 263 60.3 65.7 44.5 74.7 36.5 65.3 61.9 56.1 73.4 38.1 62.0 80.0 57.5 47.8 65.5 22.1 24.6 70.0 56.4 Transportation and utilities............................................................................................... Transportation and warehousing.................................................................................. Air transportation....................................................................................................... Rail transportation..................................................................................................... Water transportation.................................................................................................. Truck transportation.................................................................................................. Bus service and urban transit.................................................................................... Taxi and limousine service........................................................................................ Pipeline transportation.............................................................................................. Scenic and sightseeing transportation...................................................................... Services incidental to transportation......................................................................... Postal Service........................................................................................................... Couriers and messengers......................................................................................... Warehousing and storage......................................................................................... 7,727 6,501 569 284 76 1,994 574 275 35 34 733 831 710 385 23.1 23.8 34.6 5.9 30.9 14.0 38.9 11.6 26.5 39.3 19.9 25.1 Utilities.......................................................................................................................... Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution......................................... Natural gas distribution............................................................................................. Electric and gas, and other combinations................................................................. Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems............................................. Sewage treatment facilities....................................................................................... Not specified utilities................................................................................................. 1,225 622 126 84 259 108 26 19.5 17.9 20.1 26.4 20.9 15.5 - Information....................................................................................................................... Newspaper publishers............................................................................................... Publishing, except newspapers and software........................................................... Software publishing………….................................................................................... Motion pictures and video industries......................................................................... Sound recording industries....................................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting and cable............................................................ Internet publishing and broadcasting........................................................................ Wired telecommunications carriers........................................................................... Other telecommunications services.......................................................................... 3,481 407 303 79 397 41 578 34 971 234 41.6 45.8 55.2 41.1 33.0 33.4 35.4 42.9 See note at end of table. 46 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Internet service providers.......................................................................................... Data processing, hosting, and related services........................................................ Libraries and archives............................................................................................... Other information services........................................................................................ 78 87 218 55 Financial activities............................................................................................................ Finance and insurance................................................................................................. Banking and related activities................................................................................... Savings institutions, including credit unions.............................................................. Non-depository credit and related activities.............................................................. Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments................... Insurance carriers and related activities.................................................................... 10,228 7,279 2,133 290 949 1,359 2,548 54.8 58.0 65.4 74.7 52.7 39.2 62.0 Real estate and rental and leasing............................................................................... Real estate................................................................................................................ Rental and leasing services...................................................................................... Automotive equipment rental and leasing.............................................................. Videotape and disk rental...................................................................................... Other consumer goods rental................................................................................ Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing................. 2,949 2,475 474 183 78 86 127 46.9 50.0 30.5 31.1 46.6 28.4 21.3 Professional and business services................................................................................. Professional and technical services............................................................................. Legal services........................................................................................................... Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.............................. Architectural, engineering, and related services....................................................... Specialized design services...................................................................................... Computer systems design and related services....................................................... Management, scientific, and technical consulting services....................................... Scientific research and development services.......................................................... Advertising and related services............................................................................... Veterinary services.................................................................................................... Other professional, scientific, and technical services................................................ 15,540 9,362 1,642 1,002 1,615 386 1,945 1,112 543 520 246 352 42.4 44.1 58.6 62.8 25.8 59.7 25.5 43.4 47.4 49.9 81.7 55.5 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................................ Management of companies and enterprises............................................................. Employment services................................................................................................ Business support services........................................................................................ Travel arrangement and reservation services........................................................... Investigation and security services........................................................................... Services to buildings and dwellings.......................................................................... Landscaping services................................................................................................ Other administrative and other support services....................................................... Waste management and remediation services......................................................... 6,178 67 984 801 272 814 1,350 1,229 226 437 39.7 60.7 58.5 62.9 61.6 26.6 50.1 8.6 45.3 15.1 Education and health services......................................................................................... Educational services..................................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools.......................................................................... Colleges and universities, including junior colleges.................................................. Business, technical, and trade schools and training................................................. Other schools, instruction, and educational services................................................ 31,402 13,169 9,036 3,361 100 671 75.2 69.7 75.6 53.8 55.2 71.2 Health care and social assistance................................................................................ Hospitals................................................................................................................... 18,233 6,241 79.1 76.7 See note at end of table. 47 32.0 51.9 81.5 49.6 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Health services, except hospitals.............................................................................. Offices of physicians.............................................................................................. Offices of dentists.................................................................................................. Offices of chiropractors.......................................................................................... Offices of optometrists........................................................................................... Offices of other health practitioners....................................................................... Outpatient care centers......................................................................................... Home health care services.................................................................................... Other health care services..................................................................................... Nursing care facilities............................................................................................. Residential care facilities, without nursing............................................................. Social assistance...................................................................................................... Individual and family services................................................................................ Community food and housing, and emergency services....................................... Vocational rehabilitation services.......................................................................... Child day care services.......................................................................................... 8,865 1,562 774 139 110 195 1,107 881 1,647 1,779 673 3,127 1,284 111 169 1,563 78.6 76.0 82.4 58.3 78.0 73.4 76.0 89.1 71.4 87.0 71.4 85.5 78.0 65.6 64.6 95.3 Leisure and hospitality..................................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation.............................................................................. Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries......... Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions................................ Bowling centers......................................................................................................... Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries........................................... 12,767 2,972 810 379 52 1,730 51.5 46.2 43.2 45.3 45.9 47.8 Accommodation and food services............................................................................... Accommodation........................................................................................................ Traveler accommodation....................................................................................... Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses......... Food services and drinking places............................................................................ Restaurants and other food services..................................................................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 9,795 1,523 1,423 100 8,272 8,032 240 53.1 56.9 57.4 50.6 52.4 52.4 54.6 Other services.................................................................................................................. Other services, except private households................................................................... Repair and maintenance........................................................................................... Automotive repair and maintenance...................................................................... Car washes............................................................................................................ Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance................................ Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance.... Personal and household goods repair and maintenance...................................... Footwear and leather goods repair........................................................................ Personal and laundry services.................................................................................. Barber shops.......................................................................................................... Beauty salons........................................................................................................ Nail salons and other personal care services........................................................ Drycleaning and laundry services.......................................................................... Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories....................................................... Other personal services......................................................................................... Membership associations and organizations............................................................ Religious organizations.......................................................................................... Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services........ Labor unions.......................................................................................................... Business, professional, political, and similar organizations................................... Private households....................................................................................................... 7,005 6,200 2,086 1,208 175 177 320 199 6 2,240 95 929 365 378 124 348 1,874 1,060 601 59 155 805 51.6 46.5 12.3 10.6 14.7 14.8 6.9 26.4 71.3 25.2 90.0 75.1 61.4 27.6 56.6 54.8 48.0 67.3 49.4 54.6 91.3 See note at end of table. 48 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Public administration........................................................................................................ Executive offices and legislative bodies.................................................................... Public finance activities............................................................................................. Other general government and support.................................................................... Justice, public order, and safety activities................................................................. Administration of human resource programs............................................................ Administration of environmental quality and housing programs................................ Administration of economic programs and space research...................................... National security and international affairs................................................................. 6,763 890 350 162 2,858 922 319 558 703 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for industries where employment base is less than 50,000. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 49 45.2 54.8 67.1 35.5 35.9 71.0 39.4 41.2 33.8 Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages (Percent distribution) White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..…… 54,501 8,554 3,225 8,098 Percent…………………………………………………… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9 0.1 0.3 1.0 Mining ................................................................................. .2 .1 .1 .1 Construction ....................................................................... 1.7 .8 .7 1.3 Manufacturing ..................................................................... 6.8 6.0 10.7 8.8 Industry Agriculture and related industries ....................................... Durable goods .................................................................. 3.9 3.0 6.2 4.1 Nondurable goods ............................................................ 2.9 3.0 4.4 4.7 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. 14.0 11.5 12.7 14.7 Wholesale trade ............................................................... 1.9 1.1 2.1 2.0 Retail trade ....................................................................... 12.1 10.4 10.5 12.6 Transportation and utilities ................................................. 2.5 3.8 2.1 2.9 Transportation and warehousing ...................................... 2.1 3.5 1.8 2.6 Utilities .............................................................................. .4 .4 .3 .3 Information ......................................................................... 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.4 Financial activities .............................................................. 8.4 7.3 8.1 7.2 Finance and insurance ..................................................... 6.3 5.8 6.6 5.4 Real estate and rental and leasing ................................... 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.9 Professional and business services ................................... 9.9 8.1 10.4 10.0 Professional and technical services ................................. 6.4 3.6 8.3 3.8 Management, administrative, and waste services............ 3.5 4.6 2.1 6.2 Education and health services ........................................... 34.3 40.5 30.9 28.7 Educational services ........................................................ 14.1 12.3 8.9 10.0 Health care and social assistance .................................... 20.2 28.2 22.0 18.7 Hospitals ......................................................................... 6.7 8.3 9.8 4.6 Health services, except hospitals ................................... 9.8 13.7 9.4 9.4 Social assistance ............................................................ 3.6 6.2 2.8 4.7 Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... 9.6 8.4 11.1 13.0 Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................. 2.1 1.3 2.0 1.6 Accommodation and food services .................................. 7.5 7.2 9.2 11.5 Other services .................................................................... 5.4 4.1 7.5 7.3 Other services, except private households ...................... 4.3 3.3 6.9 3.9 Private households ........................................................... 1.1 .9 .7 3.5 Public administration .......................................................... 4.1 7.0 3.5 3.6 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 50 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2008 annual averages Total, both sexes Total White Black or African American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983……. 1984……. 1985……… 1986 1…… 1987……. 1988……… 1989……. 262 284 302 313 326 344 359 374 385 399 269 291 310 320 336 356 371 384 395 409 212 235 245 261 269 277 291 301 314 319 - 209 223 240 250 259 270 277 285 290 298 201 219 239 252 265 277 291 303 315 328 203 221 242 254 268 281 294 307 318 334 185 206 217 232 241 252 264 276 288 301 - 172 190 203 215 223 230 241 251 260 269 1990 1…… 1991……. 1992……. 1993……. 1994 1…… 1995……. 1996……. 1997 1…… 1998 1…… 1999 1…… 412 426 440 459 467 479 490 503 523 549 424 442 458 475 484 494 506 519 545 573 329 348 357 369 371 383 387 400 426 445 - 304 312 321 331 324 329 339 351 370 385 346 366 380 393 399 406 418 431 456 473 353 373 387 401 408 415 428 444 468 483 308 323 335 348 346 355 362 375 400 409 - 278 292 302 313 305 305 316 318 337 348 2000 1…… 2001……. 2002……. 2003 1…… 2004……. 2005…… 2006……. 2007……. 2008 1…… 576 596 608 620 638 651 671 695 722 590 610 623 636 657 672 690 716 742 474 491 498 514 525 520 554 569 589 399 417 424 440 456 471 486 503 529 493 512 529 552 573 585 600 614 638 502 522 547 567 584 596 609 626 654 429 454 473 491 505 499 519 533 554 Year 1979……. Women Asian $615 639 658 693 708 753 784 830 861 See footnote at end of table. 51 Asian $547 563 566 598 613 665 699 731 753 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 366 388 397 410 419 429 440 473 501 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2008 annual averages—Continued Men Total White Black or African American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983……. 1984……. 1985……… 1986 1…… 1987……. 1988……… 1989……. 313 340 364 379 392 407 419 434 449 468 320 350 375 387 401 418 433 450 465 482 244 268 278 294 303 305 319 327 348 348 - 234 251 269 274 287 296 299 306 308 315 64.2 64.4 65.7 66.5 67.6 68.1 69.5 69.8 70.2 70.1 63.4 63.1 64.5 65.6 66.8 67.2 67.9 68.2 68.4 69.3 75.8 76.9 78.1 78.9 79.5 82.6 82.8 84.4 82.8 86.5 - 73.5 75.7 75.5 78.5 77.7 77.7 80.6 82.0 84.4 85.4 1990 1…… 1991……. 1992……. 1993……. 1994 1…… 1995……. 1996……. 1997 1…… 1998 1…… 1999 1…… 481 493 501 510 522 538 557 579 598 618 494 506 514 524 547 566 580 595 615 638 361 375 380 392 400 411 412 432 468 488 - 318 323 339 346 343 350 356 371 390 406 71.9 74.2 75.8 77.1 76.4 75.5 75.0 74.4 76.3 76.5 71.5 73.7 75.3 76.5 74.6 73.3 73.8 74.6 76.1 75.7 85.3 86.1 88.2 88.8 86.5 86.4 87.9 86.8 85.5 83.8 - 87.4 90.4 89.1 90.5 88.9 87.1 88.8 85.7 86.4 85.7 2000 1…… 2001……. 2002……. 2003 1…… 2004……. 2005…… 2006……. 2007……. 2008 1…… 641 670 679 695 713 722 743 766 798 662 689 702 715 732 743 761 788 825 510 529 524 555 569 559 591 600 620 417 440 451 464 480 489 505 520 559 76.9 76.4 77.9 79.4 80.4 81.0 80.8 80.2 79.9 75.8 75.8 77.9 79.3 79.8 80.2 80.0 79.4 79.3 84.1 85.8 90.3 88.5 88.8 89.3 87.8 88.8 89.4 Year 1979……. Women's earnings as a percent of men's Asian $685 732 756 772 802 825 882 936 966 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior Asian 79.9 76.9 74.9 77.5 76.4 80.6 79.3 78.1 78.0 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 87.8 88.2 88.0 88.4 87.3 87.7 87.1 91.0 89.6 to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the Historical Comparability documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 52 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages Total employed (in thousands) Educational attainment and sex Median weekly earnings Total, both sexes Total……………….………………………… Less than a high school diploma ………… High school graduate or more 1…………. High school graduates, no college 1…… Some college or associate degree……… Some college, no degree…………….… Associate degree………………….…… Occupational program…………...…… Academic program…………….……… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………….……… Master's degree…………………...…… Professional degree…..……………..… Doctoral degree…………...…………… 96,027 8,120 87,907 27,392 26,526 16,522 10,004 4,541 5,463 33,990 22,033 8,881 1,620 1,455 $761 453 800 618 722 699 757 750 762 1,115 1,012 1,233 1,531 1,561 42,584 2,566 40,018 11,451 12,756 7,713 5,043 2,121 2,922 15,812 10,202 4,476 629 504 670 378 697 520 628 611 661 639 676 955 878 1,074 1,258 1,352 Women Total……………………………..…………… Less than a high school diploma………… High school graduate or more 1…………. High school graduates, no college 1…… Some college or associate degree……… Some college, no degree…………….… Associate degree………………….…… Occupational program…………...…… Academic program…………….……… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………...……… Master's degree………………...……… Professional degree……………….…… Doctoral degree……………………..…… 53 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued Total employed (in thousands) Educational attainment and sex Median weekly earnings Men Total……………………….………………… Less than a high school diploma………… High school graduate or more 1…………. High school graduates, no college 1…… Some college or associate degree……… Some college, no degree…………….… Associate degree………………….…… Occupational program…………...…… Academic program…………….……… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree………………….…… Master's degree……………...………… Professional degree…………...………… Doctoral degree………………….……… 1 53,444 5,554 47,889 15,941 13,770 8,809 4,961 2,420 2,541 18,178 11,831 4,405 991 951 $857 497 913 709 830 803 883 871 896 1,285 1,172 1,442 1,758 1,736 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 54 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Median weekly earnings Total, 16 years and older…………………………………… 106,648 Management, professional, and related occupations…… 40,154 Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………………………………… 16,310 Management occupations……………………………… 11,223 Chief executives……………………………………… 1,044 General and operations managers………………… 919 Legislators……………………………………………… 16 Advertising and promotions managers……………… 69 Marketing and sales managers……………………… 867 Public relations managers…………………………… 57 Administrative services managers…………………… 92 Computer and information systems managers…… 431 Financial managers…………………………………… 1,063 Human resources managers………………………… 288 Industrial production managers……………………… 222 Purchasing managers………………………………… 183 Transportation, storage, and distribution managers……………………………… 218 Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers……… 76 Construction managers……………………………… 586 Education administrators……………………………. 725 Engineering managers………………………………… 99 Food service managers……………………………… 619 Funeral directors……….……………………………… 25 Gaming managers……………..……………………… 14 Lodging managers…………………………………… 119 Medical and health services managers……………… 500 Natural sciences managers………………………… 15 Postmasters and mail superintendents……………… 36 Property, real estate, and community association managers……….. ……… 303 Social and community service managers…………… 277 Managers, all other…………………………………… 2,361 Business and financial operations occupations……… 5,087 Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes…………………… 28 Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products…… 5 Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products………………………………… 152 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products………………………………………… 253 Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators…………………………………… 286 Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation………………………………………… 164 Cost estimators………………………………………… 82 Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists…………………………………………… 717 Logisticians…………………………………………… 39 Management analysts………………………………… 454 Meeting and convention planners…………………… 47 See footnotes at end of table. 55 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $722 1,025 47,209 20,535 $638 892 59,439 19,619 $798 1,238 79.9 72.1 1,128 1,204 1,903 1,229 (1) 1,097 1,345 1,232 1,003 1,576 1,134 1,233 1,253 1,139 7,463 4,535 251 274 7 52 357 31 26 120 583 194 30 72 941 979 1,603 993 (1) 1,000 1,024 (1) (1) 1,260 945 1,137 (1) 995 8,847 6,687 793 646 9 17 510 26 66 311 480 93 192 111 1,343 1,384 1,999 1,315 (1) (1) 1,601 (1) 1,012 1,641 1,457 1,433 1,285 1,251 70.1 70.7 80.2 75.5 (²) (²) 64.0 (²) (²) 76.8 64.9 79.3 (²) 79.5 877 775 1,189 1,170 1,752 676 (1) (1) 788 1,170 (1) (1) 38 13 49 447 5 296 6 4 56 351 2 19 (1) (1) (1) 1,000 (1) 628 (1) (1) 720 1,066 (1) (1) 179 63 536 278 95 323 18 11 63 150 12 17 885 802 1,219 1,398 1,758 739 (1) (1) 877 1,504 (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) 71.5 (²) 85.0 (²) (²) 82.1 70.9 (²) (²) 847 965 1,225 974 177 191 885 2,928 758 871 1,010 885 126 86 1,477 2,159 1,054 1,254 1,359 1,167 71.9 69.5 74.3 75.8 (1) (1) 11 3 (1) (1) 17 2 (1) (1) (²) (²) 816 70 801 82 826 97.0 890 146 859 107 923 93.1 810 188 766 99 891 86.0 1,126 1,055 86 9 950 (1) 78 73 1,245 1,082 76.3 (²) 918 (1) 1,255 (1) 504 19 209 37 850 (1) 1,139 (1) 213 21 245 10 1,158 (1) 1,391 (1) 73.4 (²) 81.9 (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Other business operations specialists……………… Accountants and auditors…………………………… Appraisers and assessors of real estate…………… Budget analysts……………………………………… Credit analysts………………………………………… Financial analysts……………………………………… Personal financial advisors…………………………… Insurance underwriters……………………………… Financial examiners…………………………………… Loan counselors and officers………………………… Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents…… Tax preparers………………………………………… Financial specialists, all other………………………… Professional and related occupations…………………… Computer and mathematical occupations…………… Computer scientists and systems analysts………… Computer programmers……………………………… Computer software engineers……………………… Computer support specialists………………………… Database administrators……………………………… Network and computer systems administrators…… Network systems and data communications analysts……………………………………………… Actuaries……………………………………………… Mathematicians………………………………………… Operations research analysts………………………… Statisticians…………………………………………… Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations………………………………… Architecture and engineering occupations…………… Architects, except naval……………………………… Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists…………………………………… Aerospace engineers………………………………… Agricultural engineers………………………………… Biomedical engineers………………………………… Chemical engineers…………………………………… Civil engineers………………………………………… Computer hardware engineers……………………… Electrical and electronics engineers………………… Environmental engineers……………………………… Industrial engineers, including health and safety… Marine engineers and naval architects……………… Materials engineers…………………………………… Mechanical engineers………………………………… Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers…………………………… Nuclear engineers…………………………………… Petroleum engineers………………………………… Engineers, all other…………………………………… Drafters………………………………………………… Engineering technicians, except drafters…………… Surveying and mapping technicians………………… Median weekly earnings Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 214 1,494 61 62 20 84 313 77 6 355 53 54 66 23,845 3,344 752 470 955 379 93 212 $931 981 1,089 1,197 (1) 1,378 1,194 957 (1) 916 850 911 964 980 1,242 1,184 1,218 1,529 893 1,274 1,189 145 904 22 37 11 39 117 62 3 201 35 36 35 13,072 828 213 105 196 105 25 46 $850 908 (1) (1) (1) (1) 935 917 (1) 812 (1) (1) (1) 867 1,088 1,082 1,003 1,351 878 (1) (1) 69 591 39 26 9 45 197 15 4 154 18 18 30 10,773 2,516 538 365 759 274 68 166 $1,157 1,178 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,370 (1) (1) 1,118 (1) (1) (1) 1,169 1,320 1,240 1,261 1,555 903 1,289 1,209 73.5 77.1 (²) (²) (²) (²) 68.2 (²) (²) 72.6 (²) (²) (²) 74.2 82.4 87.3 79.5 86.9 97.2 (²) (²) 353 24 2 69 33 1,130 (1) (1) 1,259 (1) 82 6 36 14 961 (1) (1) (1) 271 18 2 34 19 1,184 (1) (1) (1) (1) 81.2 (²) (²) (²) (²) 2 2,652 150 (1) 1,244 1,128 334 35 1,001 (1) 1 2,319 115 (1) 1,286 1,273 (²) 77.8 (²) 34 131 4 10 64 303 62 334 29 163 15 41 300 (1) 1,554 (1) (1) 1,546 1,332 1,258 1,443 (1) 1,311 (1) (1) 1,433 3 12 3 8 36 14 26 8 23 6 23 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 32 120 4 8 56 268 48 307 21 140 15 35 276 (1) 1,622 (1) (1) 1,562 1,349 (1) 1,475 (1) 1,364 (1) (1) 1,445 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 12 9 18 347 150 392 87 (1) (1) (1) 1,418 881 905 794 1 1 39 31 59 6 (1) (1) (1) (1) 781 (1) 10 9 17 308 119 332 80 (1) (1) (1) 1,425 924 933 801 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 83.7 (²) See footnotes at end of table. 56 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Life, physical, and social science occupations……… Agricultural and food scientists……………………… Biological scientists…………………………………… Conservation scientists and foresters……………… Medical scientists……………………………………… Astronomers and physicists………………………… Atmospheric and space scientists…………………… Chemists and materials scientists…………………… Environmental scientists and geoscientists………… Physical scientists, all other………………………… Economists…………………………………………… Market and survey researchers……………………… Psychologists………………………………………… Sociologists…………………………………………… Urban and regional planners………………………… Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers………………………………………………… Agricultural and food science technicians………… Biological technicians………………………………… Chemical technicians………………………………… Geological and petroleum technicians……………… Nuclear technicians…………………………………… Other life, physical, and social science technicians…………………………………………… Community and social services occupations………… Counselors……………………………………………… Social workers………………………………………… Miscellaneous community and social service specialists…………………………………………… Clergy…………………………………………………… Directors, religious activities and education………… Religious workers, all other…………………………… Legal occupations……………………………………… Lawyers………………………………………………… Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers…… Paralegals and legal assistants……………………… Miscellaneous legal support workers……………… Education, training, and library occupations………… Postsecondary teachers……………………………… Preschool and kindergarten teachers……………… Elementary and middle school teachers…………… Secondary school teachers…………………………… Special education teachers…………………………… Other teachers and instructors……………………… Archivists, curators, and museum technicians……… Librarians……………………………………………… Library technicians…………………………………… Teacher assistants…………………………………… Other education, training, and library workers……… Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………………………………………… Artists and related workers…………………………… Designers……………………………………………… Median weekly earnings Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 1,080 34 91 21 120 20 8 103 70 122 17 109 84 1 31 $1,035 (1) 1,023 (1) 989 (1) (1) 1,118 1,253 1,363 (1) 1,071 1,220 (1) (1) 477 11 46 2 60 3 2 38 22 50 4 60 57 1 17 $931 (1) (1) (1) 948 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,061 (1) 990 1,004 (1) (1) 603 23 45 18 60 16 6 65 48 72 13 49 27 13 $1,156 (1) (1) (1) 1,133 (1) (1) 1,430 (1) 1,535 (1) (1) (1) (1) 80.5 (²) (²) (²) 83.7 (²) (²) (²) (²) 69.1 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 36 23 20 56 9 2 (1) (1) (1) 872 (1) (1) 13 9 8 20 3 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 23 14 13 36 6 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 103 1,908 522 639 752 788 787 784 50 1,117 355 503 752 753 787 779 54 791 167 135 751 860 787 812 100.1 87.6 100.0 95.9 261 388 38 60 1,199 645 51 304 198 6,677 862 506 2,627 1,086 343 351 25 136 17 651 74 736 882 (1) 669 1,174 1,751 1,281 796 738 866 1,149 591 890 949 944 858 (1) 878 (1) 421 1,071 159 43 21 36 693 247 24 267 155 4,883 379 493 2,127 596 291 209 13 111 14 595 55 680 (1) (1) (1) 962 1,509 (1) 790 702 818 1,056 589 871 920 949 812 (1) 811 (1) 413 886 102 346 18 24 506 398 27 37 43 1,794 483 14 500 490 52 142 11 25 3 56 19 874 899 (1) (1) 1,696 1,875 (1) (1) (1) 1,020 1,245 (1) 994 995 914 953 (1) (1) (1) 517 (1) 77.8 (²) (²) (²) 56.7 80.5 (²) (²) (²) 80.2 84.8 (²) 87.6 92.5 103.8 85.2 (²) (²) (²) 79.9 (²) 1,570 74 540 882 985 811 689 23 268 777 (1) 744 882 51 271 951 1,103 899 81.7 (²) 82.8 See footnotes at end of table. 57 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Median weekly earnings Actors…………………………………………………… 2 Producers and directors……………………………… 108 Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers… 117 Dancers and choreographers………………………… 13 Musicians, singers, and related workers…………… 32 Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other…………………………………… 12 Announcers…………………………………………… 22 News analysts, reporters and correspondents…… 68 Public relations specialists…………………………… 107 Editors………………………………………………… 132 Technical writers……………………………………… 48 Writers and authors…………………………………… 79 Miscellaneous media and communication workers… 46 Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators………………………………… 75 Photographers………………………………………… 69 Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors………………………………… 26 Media and communication equipment workers, all other……………………………………………… 1 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations…… 5,415 Chiropractors…………………………………………… 9 Dentists………………………………………………… 34 Dietitians and nutritionists…………………………… 86 Optometrists…………………………………………… 11 Pharmacists…………………………………………… 196 Physicians and surgeons…………………………… 594 Physician assistants…………………………………… 86 Podiatrists……………………………………………… 6 Registered nurses…………………………………… 2,114 Audiologists…………………………………………… 7 Occupational therapists……………………………… 55 Physical therapists…………………………………… 129 15 Radiation therapists…………………………………… Recreational therapists……………………………… 16 Respiratory therapists………………………………… 90 Speech-language pathologists……………………… 88 Therapists, all other…………………………………… 74 Veterinarians…………………………………………… 26 Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other……………………………………………… 3 Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians… 301 Dental hygienists……………………………………… 75 Diagnostic related technologists and technicians… 238 Emergency medical technicians and paramedics… 121 Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians………………………………… 340 Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses… 439 Medical records and health information technicians…………………………………………… 77 Opticians, dispensing………………………………… 33 Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians…………………………………………… 105 See footnotes at end of table. 58 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's (1) $938 825 (1) (1) 1 42 25 11 5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 65 91 1 27 (1) $983 837 (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) (1) 947 1,000 971 (1) 945 (1) 3 3 25 70 69 22 41 33 (1) (1) (1) $935 941 (1) (1) (1) 9 19 43 37 63 26 38 14 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,062 (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) 88.6 (²) (²) (²) 972 690 13 30 (1) (1) 62 39 996 (1) (²) (²) (1) 5 (1) 21 (1) (²) (1) 962 (1) (1) 672 (1) 1,883 1,731 1,251 (1) 1,022 (1) 1,019 1,176 (1) (1) 881 1,121 791 (1) 4,052 2 15 75 5 94 189 51 1 1,904 5 54 78 10 12 64 87 56 16 909 (1) (1) 674 (1) 1,647 1,230 1,077 (1) 1,011 (1) 1,016 1,019 (1) (1) 819 1,124 796 (1) 1 1,362 8 19 11 5 102 405 34 5 210 2 1 51 5 5 26 18 10 (1) 1,210 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,914 1,911 (1) (1) 1,168 (1) (1) 1,329 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) 75.1 (²) (²) (²) (²) 86.1 64.4 (²) (²) 86.6 (²) (²) 76.7 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) 783 976 957 755 2 223 73 159 39 (1) 750 988 923 (1) 78 2 79 82 942 (1) 1,035 823 (²) 79.6 (²) 89.2 (²) 585 692 258 408 564 679 82 31 677 (1) 83.3 (²) 537 (1) 71 23 551 (1) 6 10 (1) (1) (²) (²) 671 61 615 44 (1) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations…………………………………………… Service occupations……………………………………… Healthcare support occupations……………………… Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides……… Occupational therapist assistants and aides……… Physical therapist assistants and aides…………… Massage therapists…………………………………… Dental assistants……………………………………… Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations…………………………………………… Protective service occupations………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers………………………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives……………………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers…………………………………… Supervisors, protective service workers, all other… Fire fighters…………………………………………… Fire inspectors………………………………………… Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers…………… Detectives and criminal investigators……………… Fish and game wardens……………………………… Parking enforcement workers………………………… Police and sheriff's patrol officers…………………… Transit and railroad police…………………………… Animal control workers……………………………… Private detectives and investigators………………… Security guards and gaming surveillance officers… Crossing guards……………………………………… Lifeguards and other protective service workers…… Food preparation and serving related occupations… Chefs and head cooks………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers…………………… Cooks…………………………………………………… Food preparation workers…………………………… Bartenders……………………………………………… Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food………………………………… Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop……………………………………… Waiters and waitresses……………………………… Food servers, nonrestaurant………………………… Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers…………………………………… Dishwashers…………………………………………… Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop…………………………………………… Food preparation and serving related workers, all other……………………………………………… Median weekly earnings Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 49 14,814 2,222 1,370 7 51 32 168 (1) $475 465 429 (1) 700 (1) 531 17 7,458 1,951 1,201 6 39 22 160 (1) $418 459 424 (1) (1) (1) 524 32 7,355 271 169 1 12 10 8 (1) $537 512 485 (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) 77.8 89.6 87.4 (²) (²) (²) (²) 595 2,683 505 748 524 564 502 594 71 2,119 529 794 94.9 74.8 43 (1) 16 (1) 27 (1) (²) 120 1,200 20 (1) 99 1,239 (²) 53 94 283 24 387 139 4 5 674 3 9 76 695 20 54 4,153 295 1,327 763 970 (1) 695 1,053 (1) (1) 893 (1) (1) 780 516 (1) 401 402 548 4 22 13 112 28 4 101 3 28 173 17 23 2,035 40 (1) (1) (1) 605 (1) (1) 731 (1) (1) 478 (1) (1) 376 (1) 49 72 270 24 275 112 4 1 573 3 6 47 523 3 31 2,118 255 (1) 768 975 (1) 725 1,112 (1) (1) 929 (1) (1) (1) 540 (1) (1) 432 551 (²) (²) (²) (²) 83.4 (²) (²) (²) 78.7 (²) (²) (²) 88.5 (²) (²) 87.0 (²) 483 1,312 325 204 498 390 352 502 280 480 197 108 439 363 338 457 203 832 128 96 599 404 368 596 73.3 89.9 91.8 76.7 141 349 99 341 42 (1) (²) 84 852 91 307 391 451 54 560 62 299 367 424 30 292 29 (1) 436 (1) (²) 84.2 (²) 159 152 390 361 69 44 386 (1) 90 108 394 367 98.0 (²) 49 (1) 39 (1) 10 (1) (²) 6 (1) 4 (1) 2 (1) (²) See footnotes at end of table. 59 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers……………… First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers……… Janitors and building cleaners……………………… Maids and housekeeping cleaners………………… Pest control workers…………………………………… Grounds maintenance workers……………………… Personal care and service occupations……………… First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers………………………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers……………………………………… Animal trainers………………………………………… Nonfarm animal caretakers…………………………… Gaming services workers…………………………… Motion picture projectionists………………………… Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers………… Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers……………………………………… Funeral service workers……………………………… Barbers………………………………………………… Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists……… Miscellaneous personal appearance workers……… Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges………… Tour and travel guides………………………………… Transportation attendants…………………………… Child care workers…………………………………… Personal and home care aides……………………… Recreation and fitness workers……………………… Residential advisors…………………………………… Personal care and service workers, all other……… Sales and office occupations……………………………… Sales and related occupations………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers………………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers………………. ……………………… Cashiers………………………………………………… Counter and rental clerks…………………………… Parts salespersons…………………………………… Retail salespersons…………………………………… Advertising sales agents……………………………… Insurance sales agents……………………………… Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents………………………………………… Travel agents…………………………………………… Sales representatives, services, all other…………… Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing………………………………………… Median weekly earnings Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 3,506 $431 1,274 $383 2,232 $488 78.5 200 623 74 448 127 748 59.9 86 1,510 847 61 802 2,250 687 460 378 611 420 475 4 414 742 4 37 1,634 (1) 397 371 (1) (1) 441 82 1,096 105 57 766 615 712 493 436 596 422 591 (²) 80.5 85.1 (²) (²) 74.6 97 760 36 (1) 62 837 (²) 61 12 62 84 5 7 618 (1) 457 650 (1) (1) 38 6 45 43 3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 23 6 18 41 5 4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 70 6 38 306 130 55 20 102 435 485 176 52 46 25,232 10,113 415 (1) (1) 496 462 581 (1) 717 396 414 514 584 (1) 614 656 34 1 7 269 102 11 11 68 410 394 105 32 18 15,635 4,518 (1) (1) (1) 489 444 (1) (1) 637 393 404 487 (1) (1) 578 516 36 5 31 37 28 44 9 34 25 91 70 20 28 9,597 5,594 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 475 639 (1) (1) 733 796 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 85.1 76.2 (²) (²) 78.9 64.8 2,432 669 1,050 556 1,382 781 71.2 788 1,376 93 111 1,996 181 379 882 360 586 519 521 838 767 233 1,018 35 12 848 99 198 765 349 (1) (1) 440 804 652 555 359 58 99 1,148 82 182 947 399 671 555 623 879 994 80.8 87.5 (²) (²) 70.6 91.5 65.6 290 64 431 1,127 685 926 84 45 148 760 (1) 841 206 19 283 1,272 (1) 957 59.7 (²) 87.9 1,143 986 299 846 844 1,064 79.5 See footnotes at end of table. 60 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Models, demonstrators, and product promoters…… Real estate brokers and sales agents……………… Sales engineers……………………………………… Telemarketers………………………………………… Door-to-door salesworkers, news and street vendors, and related workers……………………… Sales and related workers, all other………………… Office and administrative support occupations……… First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers…………………… Switchboard operators, including answering service………………………………………………… Telephone operators………………………………… Communications equipment operators, all other…… Bill and account collectors…………………………… Billing and posting clerks and machine operators… Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks……… Gaming cage workers………………………………… Payroll and timekeeping clerks……………………… Procurement clerks…………………………………… Tellers…………………………………………………… Brokerage clerks……………………………………… Correspondence clerks……………………………… Court, municipal, and license clerks………………… Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks…………… Customer service representatives…………………… Eligibility interviewers, government programs……… File clerks……………………………………………… Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks………………… Interviewers, except eligibility and loan……………… Library assistants, clerical…………………………… Loan interviewers and clerks………………………… New accounts clerks………………………………… Order clerks…………………………………………… Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping…………………………………………… Receptionists and information clerks………………… Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks…………………………………………… Information and record clerks, all other……………… Cargo and freight agents……………………………… Couriers and messengers…………………………… Dispatchers…………………………………………… Meter readers, utilities………………………………… Postal service clerks………………………………… Postal service mail carriers…………………………… Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators……………………… Production, planning, and expediting clerks………… Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks……………… Stock clerks and order fillers………………………… Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping………………………………………… Secretaries and administrative assistants………… Median weekly earnings Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 25 462 41 95 (1) $794 (1) 457 18 251 2 61 (1) $682 (1) 473 8 211 39 34 (1) $952 (1) (1) (²) 71.6 (²) (²) 55 149 15,119 507 746 601 26 90 11,117 (1) 695 590 29 58 4,003 (1) 809 651 (²) 85.9 90.6 1,500 731 1,029 688 470 848 81.1 40 37 7 206 428 950 15 127 23 338 3 7 92 58 1,511 60 259 81 110 41 114 24 98 (1) (1) (1) 605 584 606 (1) 690 (1) 469 (1) (1) 673 556 577 665 549 410 581 (1) 681 (1) 548 34 27 4 139 386 865 13 110 15 284 3 4 70 39 1,015 50 217 58 88 35 97 20 54 (1) (1) (1) 597 575 603 (1) 700 (1) 468 (1) (1) 643 (1) 568 668 536 406 573 (1) 643 (1) 541 6 10 3 67 42 85 2 17 8 54 3 22 19 496 9 42 24 22 6 17 3 45 (1) (1) (1) 618 (1) 645 (1) (1) (1) 471 (1) (1) (1) 607 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) 96.6 (²) 93.5 (²) (²) (²) 99.4 (²) (²) (²) (²) 93.6 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 48 960 (1) 503 40 896 (1) 502 9 64 (1) 537 (²) 93.5 120 94 17 178 243 42 157 338 572 639 (1) 724 653 (1) 877 908 70 87 5 24 134 6 80 101 538 624 (1) (1) 578 (1) 853 803 50 7 12 154 109 36 77 237 752 (1) (1) 755 722 (1) 905 939 71.5 (²) (²) (²) 80.1 (²) 94.3 85.5 84 249 478 1,059 830 750 543 468 35 147 140 371 (1) 690 516 466 49 102 338 688 (1) 862 559 470 (²) 80.0 92.3 99.1 59 2,575 604 616 26 2,485 (1) 614 34 90 (1) 736 (²) 83.4 See footnotes at end of table. 61 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Median weekly earnings 112 Computer operators…………………………………… Data entry keyers……………………………………… 339 Word processors and typists………………………… 112 Desktop publishers…………………………………… 3 Insurance claims and policy processing clerks…… 264 Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service………………………………… 98 Office clerks, general………………………………… 840 Office machine operators, except computer……… 30 Proofreaders and copy markers……………………… 11 Statistical assistants…………………………………… 18 Office and administrative support workers, all other…………………………………………………… 464 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………………………………………… 11,609 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations…………… 756 First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers………………………… 35 Agricultural inspectors………………………………… 28 Animal breeders……………………………………… 4 Graders and sorters, agricultural products………… 63 Miscellaneous agricultural workers………………… 564 Fishers and related fishing workers………………… 9 Hunters and trappers………………………………… 1 Forest and conservation workers…………………… 5 Logging workers……………………………………… 47 Construction and extraction occupations……………… 6,432 First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers……… 631 Boilermakers…………………………………………… 23 Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons…… 161 Carpenters……………………………………………… 986 Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers……… 118 Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers……………………………………… 77 Construction laborers………………………………… 1,210 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators……………………………………………… 23 Pile-driver operators…………………………………… 2 Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators………………………………… 360 Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers… 158 Electricians…………………………………………… 728 Glaziers………………………………………………… 41 Insulation workers……………………………………… 35 Painters, construction and maintenance…………… 386 Paperhangers………………………………………… 4 Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters… 492 Plasterers and stucco masons……………………… 42 Reinforcing iron and rebar workers………………… 15 Roofers………………………………………………… 153 Sheet metal workers………………………………… 112 Structural iron and steel workers…………………… 71 Helpers, construction trades………………………… 94 See footnotes at end of table. 62 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $673 586 571 (1) 593 58 261 102 3 219 $632 565 560 (1) 588 55 77 10 1 44 $749 652 (1) (1) (1) 84.4 86.7 (²) (²) (²) 494 585 (1) (1) (1) 50 727 15 8 14 446 582 (1) (1) (1) 48 113 15 4 4 (1) 602 (1) (1) (1) (²) 657 357 636 107 729 87.2 702 420 450 144 607 392 11,159 612 705 427 86.1 91.8 (1) (1) (1) 463 394 (1) (1) (1) (1) 688 4 14 3 39 83 1 139 (1) (1) (1) (1) 346 (1) 747 31 14 1 24 481 9 1 4 47 6,293 (1) (1) (1) (1) 402 (1) (1) (1) (1) 688 (²) (²) (²) (²) 86.1 (²) (²) (²) (²) 108.6 947 (1) 622 656 621 15 1 11 2 (1) (1) (1) (1) 615 23 160 975 116 945 (1) 624 655 613 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 574 564 31 (1) 77 1,180 574 558 (²) (²) (1) (1) 3 - (1) - 20 2 (1) (1) (²) (²) 749 559 807 (1) (1) 554 (1) 784 (1) (1) 558 732 871 504 6 3 6 3 20 8 1 7 5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 354 154 722 41 31 366 4 484 42 15 152 105 71 89 744 556 809 (1) (1) 556 (1) 785 (1) (1) 560 733 871 500 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 96.7 (²) (²) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Median weekly earnings Construction and building inspectors……………… 84 Elevator installers and repairers……………………… 39 Fence erectors………………………………………… 26 Hazardous materials removal workers……………… 19 Highway maintenance workers……………………… 97 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators……………………………………………… 16 Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners…… 9 Miscellaneous construction and related workers…… 24 Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining………………………………… 36 Earth drillers, except oil and gas…………………… 37 Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters…………………………………………… 10 Mining machine operators…………………………… 49 Roof bolters, mining…………………………………… 4 Roustabouts, oil and gas……………………………… 8 Helpers—extraction workers………………………… 6 Other extraction workers……………………………… 47 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations…… 4,420 First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers……………………………… 297 Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers……………………………………………… 271 Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers……………………………… 199 Avionics technicians…………………………………… 15 Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers…… 19 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment……………… 5 Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility……………………………………………… 18 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles………………………………………… 26 Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers……………………………… 52 Security and fire alarm systems installers………… 50 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians………… 144 Automotive body and related repairers……………… 116 Automotive glass installers and repairers…………… 26 Automotive service technicians and mechanics…… 650 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists…………………………………………… 328 Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics………………………… 202 Small engine mechanics……………………………… 44 Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers……………… 69 Control and valve installers and repairers………… 22 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers…………………………… 311 Home appliance repairers…………………………… 31 Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics…… 419 Maintenance and repair workers, general………… 420 See footnotes at end of table. 63 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $854 (1) (1) (1) 659 7 3 2 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) 77 36 26 17 96 $849 (1) (1) (1) 656 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) (1) (1) - - 16 9 24 (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (1) (1) 1 - (1) - 36 37 (1) (1) (²) (²) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 774 1 1 167 ( ) (1) $779 9 48 4 8 6 47 4,253 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 774 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 100.6 937 24 (1) 273 940 (²) 823 31 (1) 240 805 (²) 866 (1) (1) 27 2 2 (1) (1) (1) 172 13 17 881 (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (1) - - 5 (1) (²) (1) - - 17 (1) (²) (1) 1 (1) 25 (1) (²) 787 745 919 713 (1) 677 1 3 1 9 (1) (1) (1) (1) 51 50 141 115 26 641 796 745 928 715 (1) 678 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 763 2 (1) 326 763 (²) 846 (1) 2 1 (1) (1) 200 43 847 (1) (²) (²) 489 (1) - - 69 22 489 (1) (²) (²) 804 (1) 801 720 5 12 16 (1) (1) (1) 306 31 407 404 805 (1) 806 719 (²) (²) (²) (²) 1 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Median weekly earnings 40 Maintenance workers, machinery…………………… Millwrights……………………………………………… 65 Electrical power-line installers and repairers……… 97 Telecommunications line installers and repairers… 187 Precision instrument and equipment repairers…… 46 Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers……………………………… 31 Commercial divers…………………………………… 1 Locksmiths and safe repairers……………………… 21 Manufactured building and mobile home installers… 7 Riggers………………………………………………… 7 Signal and track switch repairers…………………… 5 Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers………………………………………………… 16 Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers………………………………………………… 166 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………………………………………… 14,840 Production occupations………………………………… 8,008 First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers……………………………… 810 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers…………………………………………… 23 Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers…………………………………………… 185 Engine and other machine assemblers……………… 14 Structural metal fabricators and fitters……………… 29 Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators………… 959 Bakers………………………………………………… 143 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers………………………………… 303 Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders…………………… 10 Food batchmakers…………………………………… 66 Food cooking machine operators and tenders…… 5 Computer control programmers and operators…… 65 Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………… 9 Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………………… 10 Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………………… 12 Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………… 104 Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………… 2 Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………………………… 52 Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………… 23 Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………… 6 Machinists……………………………………………… 376 See footnotes at end of table. 64 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's (1) $956 1,093 848 (1) 1 1 7 6 (1) (1) (1) (1) 40 64 96 181 40 (1) $960 1,090 836 (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 4 1 1 - (1) (1) (1) - 27 1 20 6 7 5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) - - 16 (1) (²) 639 9 (1) 156 638 (²) 594 595 3,131 2,245 $462 464 11,709 5,763 637 659 72.5 70.4 857 140 634 671 899 70.5 (1) 6 (1) 16 (1) (²) 506 (1) (1) 531 426 107 3 337 68 453 (1) 466 393 78 11 29 622 75 600 (1) (1) 581 478 75.5 (²) (²) 80.2 82.2 490 81 430 223 512 84.0 (1) 477 (1) 810 5 34 2 6 (1) (1) (1) (1) 5 32 3 59 (1) (1) (1) 820 (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) - - 9 (1) (²) (1) - - 10 (1) (²) (1) 1 (1) 11 (1) (²) 525 22 (1) 82 548 (²) (1) 1 (1) 2 (1) (²) 690 8 (1) 44 (1) (²) (1) 3 (1) 20 (1) (²) (1) 708 1 25 (1) (1) 5 351 (1) 715 (²) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders……… Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic………………………………………………… Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………… Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………… Tool and die makers…………………………………… Welding, soldering, and brazing workers…………… Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………… Lay-out workers, metal and plastic………………… Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………… Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners………………… Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other………… Bookbinders and bindery workers…………………… Job printers…………………………………………… Prepress technicians and workers…………………… Printing machine operators…………………………… Laundry and dry-cleaning workers…………………… Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials… Sewing machine operators…………………………… Shoe and leather workers and repairers…………… Shoe machine operators and tenders……………… Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers…………………… Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders…………………………………………… Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………………………………… Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………… Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders………… Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers…………… Fabric and apparel patternmakers…………………… Upholsterers…………………………………………… Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other… Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters……………… Furniture finishers……………………………………… Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood………………………………………… Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing…………………………….. Woodworkers, all other……………………………… Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers…………………………………………… Stationary engineers and boiler operators………… Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators…………………………………… Miscellaneous plant and system operators………… Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………… Median weekly earnings Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 25 (1) 1 (1) 24 (1) (²) 9 (1) - - 9 (1) (²) 52 $589 11 (1) 40 (1) (²) 3 64 536 (1) 946 666 2 1 22 (1) (1) (1) 1 64 514 (1) $952 673 (²) (²) (²) 10 8 (1) (1) 3 1 (1) (1) 7 7 (1) (1) (²) (²) 12 5 356 29 36 37 197 179 47 175 3 3 25 (1) (1) 586 (1) (1) (1) 631 362 (1) 386 (1) (1) (1) 1 73 12 5 20 40 106 37 131 2 20 (1) $515 (1) (1) (1) (1) 345 (1) 383 (1) (1) 11 5 283 17 30 17 157 73 9 45 3 5 (1) (1) 605 (1) (1) (1) 669 414 (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) 85.1 (²) (²) (²) (²) 83.3 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 3 (1) - - 3 (1) (²) 4 (1) 1 (1) 3 (1) (²) 3 (1) 1 (1) 2 (1) (²) 11 (1) 8 (1) 3 (1) (²) 3 2 30 20 61 9 (1) (1) (1) (1) 641 (1) 1 2 7 6 4 2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 2 23 14 57 7 (1) (1) (1) 655 (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 38 (1) 2 (1) 35 (1) (²) 18 17 (1) (1) 6 4 (1) (1) 12 13 (1) (1) (²) (²) 53 97 960 848 6 1 (1) (1) 47 96 (1) 849 (²) (²) 73 34 705 (1) 4 1 (1) (1) 69 33 693 (1) (²) (²) 51 918 6 (1) 45 (1) (²) See footnotes at end of table. 65 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Total employed Median weekly earnings Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers…………………………………… 106 Cutting workers………………………………………… 72 Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders………… 29 Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders…………………………………………… 11 Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers……………………………………………… 711 Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers… 28 Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians…………………………………………… 73 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders………………………………………………… 240 Painting workers……………………………………… 163 Photographic process workers and processing machine operators…………………………………… 32 Semiconductor processors…………………………… 5 Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders………………………………………………… 9 Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders………………… 2 Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders………………………………………………… 1 Etchers and engravers………………………………… 3 Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic…………………………………………… 33 Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………………………………… 41 Tire builders…………………………………………… 12 Helpers—production workers………………………… 31 Production workers, all other………………………… 866 Transportation and material moving occupations…… 6,832 Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers………………………………………………… 215 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers…………………… 92 Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists…………………………………………… 26 Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians…………………… 16 Bus drivers……………………………………………… 372 Driver/salesworkers and truck drivers……………… 2,729 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs…………………………… 208 Motor vehicle operators, all other…………………… 33 Locomotive engineers and operators……………… 53 Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators……… 5 Railroad conductors and yardmasters……………… 53 Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers………………………………………………… 22 Sailors and marine oilers……………………………… 13 Ship and boat captains and operators……………… 36 Ship engineers………………………………………… 4 Bridge and lock tenders……………………………… 7 Parking lot attendants………………………………… 50 See footnotes at end of table. 66 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $596 502 18 18 (1) (1) 88 55 $576 514 (²) (²) (1) 8 (1) 21 (1) (²) (1) 3 (1) 8 (1) (²) 660 (1) 301 13 $527 (1) 409 16 765 (1) 68.9 (²) 582 39 (1) 34 (1) (²) 449 565 131 19 401 (1) 109 144 501 579 80.0 (²) (1) (1) 16 3 (1) (1) 16 2 (1) (1) (²) (²) (1) 3 (1) 6 (1) (²) (1) - - 2 (1) (²) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1 2 (1) (1) (²) (²) (1) 3 (1) 30 (1) (²) (1) (1) (1) 545 593 12 3 5 251 886 (1) (1) (1) 485 455 29 9 26 615 5,946 (1) (1) (1) 592 615 (²) (²) (²) 81.9 74.0 761 1,390 38 4 (1) (1) 177 88 796 1,399 (²) (²) (1) 7 (1) 19 (1) (²) (1) 561 702 503 (1) 1,223 (1) 1,067 4 171 116 30 6 2 2 (1) 507 542 (1) (1) (1) (1) 12 201 2,613 179 27 51 5 51 (1) 605 709 514 (1) 1,207 (1) 1,080 (²) 83.8 76.4 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 436 5 3 2 3 (1) (1) (1) (1) 16 13 33 4 5 46 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 1 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Occupation Median weekly earnings Total employed 64 Service station attendants…………………………… Transportation inspectors…………………………… 44 Other transportation workers………………………… 13 Conveyor operators and tenders…………………… 6 Crane and tower operators…………………………… 68 Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators……………………………………………… 41 Hoist and winch operators…………………………… 4 Industrial truck and tractor operators………………… 551 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment………………… 227 Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand…………………………………………………… 1,392 Machine feeders and offbearers…………………… 29 Packers and packagers, hand……………………… 315 Pumping station operators…………………………… 23 Refuse and recyclable material collectors………… 70 Shuttle car operators………………………………… 5 Tank car, truck, and ship loaders…………………… 4 Material moving workers, all other…………………… 43 1 Women Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Women's earnings as percent of men's $373 (1) (1) (1) 925 7 7 2 2 (1) (1) (1) (1) 56 37 11 6 66 $378 (1) (1) (1) 933 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) (1) 534 428 1 40 19 (1) (1) (1) 39 4 511 208 (1) (1) 533 437 (²) (²) (²) (²) 501 (1) 388 (1) 475 (1) (1) (1) 198 13 186 1 10 8 $417 (1) 368 (1) (1) (1) 1,194 16 129 22 61 5 4 35 508 (1) 410 (1) 493 (1) (1) (1) 82.1 (²) 89.8 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000. ² Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 67 Median weekly earnings Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2008 annual averages Total, both sexes Industry 1 Men Women's earnings as Median percent of weekly men's earnings Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Total employed $722 47,209 $638 59,439 $798 79.9 944 764 7,489 14,548 9,435 5,114 14,204 3,364 10,840 6,377 5,178 1,199 2,822 7,988 6,163 1,825 10,733 6,647 462 1,007 715 743 774 686 603 741 565 811 775 1,005 891 814 856 704 839 1,065 171 88 679 4,112 2,322 1,790 5,637 942 4,695 1,387 1,155 232 1,130 4,495 3,669 826 4,437 2,867 436 814 672 601 633 563 510 674 486 684 662 820 761 712 726 653 724 859 773 676 6,810 10,437 7,113 3,324 8,566 2,422 6,144 4,990 4,023 967 1,692 3,493 2,495 999 6,296 3,780 469 1,042 719 811 834 764 683 769 642 859 812 1,066 999 1,015 1,171 750 954 1,268 93.0 78.1 93.5 74.1 75.9 73.7 74.7 87.6 75.7 79.6 81.5 76.9 76.2 70.1 62.0 87.1 75.9 67.7 4,085 23,324 10,108 13,216 7,036 1,613 5,423 4,058 3,660 398 6,362 550 739 828 667 477 594 436 610 629 419 887 1,569 17,264 6,963 10,301 3,214 645 2,569 1,798 1,444 353 2,798 521 690 775 628 421 522 400 516 555 406 756 2,516 6,060 3,145 2,915 3,822 967 2,855 2,260 2,215 45 3,563 569 910 939 869 510 647 483 698 700 ( 1) 993 Total employed Total, 16 years and over…………….……… 106,648 Agriculture and related industries .................... Mining .............................................................. Construction .................................................... Manufacturing .................................................. Durable goods .............................................. Nondurable goods ........................................ Wholesale and retail trade ............................... Wholesale trade ........................................... Retail trade ................................................... Transportation and utilities .............................. Transportation and warehousing .................. Utilities .......................................................... Information ....................................................... Financial activities ........................................... Finance and insurance ................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ............... Professional and business services ................ Professional and technical services ............. Management, administrative, and waste services...................................................... Education and health services ......................... Educational services .................................... Health care and social assistance ................ Leisure and hospitality ..................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation .............. Accomodation and food services ................. Other services ................................................. Other services, except private households .. Private households ....................................... Public administration........................................ Women Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 68 91.6 75.8 82.5 72.3 82.5 80.7 82.8 73.9 79.3 ( 1) 76.1 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...… 1971………...…… 1972 3………...… 1973 3………...… 1974……...……… 1975…………...… 1976………...…… 1977………...…… 1978 3…………... 1979………..…… 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 66,753 66,973 69,214 71,803 73,093 71,586 73,964 76,625 80,193 82,654 11,925 12,393 12,939 13,262 13,701 14,260 14,788 15,391 15,855 16,171 84.8 84.4 84.3 84.4 84.2 83.4 83.3 83.3 83.5 83.6 15.2 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.8 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.4 1980……..……… 1981……..……… 1982………..…… 1983…..………… 1984…..………… 1985……...……… 1986 3….…..…… 1987……...….…… 1988……...……… 1989……...……… 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 82,562 83,243 81,421 82,322 86,544 88,534 90,529 92,957 95,214 97,369 16,740 17,154 18,106 18,511 18,462 18,615 19,069 19,483 19,754 19,973 83.1 82.9 81.8 81.6 82.4 82.6 82.6 82.7 82.8 83.0 16.9 17.1 18.2 18.4 17.6 17.4 17.4 17.3 17.2 17.0 1990 3……...…… 1991……...……… 1992………...…… 1993……….…… 1994 3………...… 1995………...…… 1996….………… 1997 3………..… 1998 3……...…… 1999 3…………… 118,793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 98,666 97,190 97,664 99,114 99,772 101,679 103,537 106,334 108,202 110,302 20,128 20,528 20,828 21,145 23,288 23,220 23,170 23,224 23,261 23,186 83.1 82.6 82.4 82.4 81.1 81.4 81.7 82.1 82.3 82.6 16.9 17.4 17.6 17.6 18.9 18.6 18.3 17.9 17.7 17.4 2000 3………...… 2001…………..… 2002……………… 2003 3………….. 2004 …………… 2005 …………… 2006 …………… 2007 …………… 2008 3………….. 136,891 136,933 136,485 137,736 139,252 141,730 144,427 146,047 145,362 113,846 113,573 112,700 113,324 114,518 117,016 119,688 121,091 120,030 23,044 23,361 23,785 24,412 24,734 24,714 24,739 24,956 25,332 83.2 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.2 82.6 82.9 82.9 82.6 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.7 17.8 17.4 17.1 17.1 17.4 See footnotes at end of table. 69 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Women Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...… 1971………...…… 1972 3………...… 1973 3………...… 1974……...……… 1975…………...… 1976………...…… 1977………...…… 1978 3…………... 1979………..…… 29,688 29,976 31,257 32,715 33,769 33,989 35,615 37,289 39,569 41,217 21,929 21,950 22,842 23,960 24,714 24,598 25,814 27,076 28,912 30,227 7,758 8,026 8,416 8,756 9,055 9,391 9,799 10,213 10,658 10,990 73.9 73.2 73.1 73.2 73.2 72.4 72.5 72.6 73.1 73.3 26.1 26.8 26.9 26.8 26.8 27.6 27.5 27.4 26.9 26.7 1980……..……… 1981……..……… 1982………..…… 1983…..………… 1984…..………… 1985……...……… 1986 3….…..…… 1987……...….…… 1988……...……… 1989……...……… 42,117 43,000 43,256 44,047 45,915 47,259 48,706 50,334 51,696 53,027 30,845 31,337 31,086 31,679 33,473 34,672 35,845 37,210 38,398 39,484 11,270 11,664 12,170 12,367 12,441 12,587 12,862 13,124 13,298 13,544 73.2 72.9 71.9 71.9 72.9 73.4 73.6 73.9 74.3 74.5 26.8 27.1 28.1 28.1 27.1 26.6 26.4 26.1 25.7 25.5 1990 3……...…… 1991……...……… 1992………...…… 1993……….…… 1994 3………...… 1995………...…… 1996….………… 1997 3………..… 1998 3……...…… 1999 3…………… 53,689 53,496 54,052 54,910 56,610 57,523 58,501 59,873 60,771 62,042 40,165 39,783 40,301 40,991 40,940 41,743 42,776 44,076 45,014 46,372 13,524 13,713 13,751 13,919 15,670 15,779 15,725 15,797 15,757 15,670 74.8 74.4 74.6 74.7 72.3 72.6 73.1 73.6 74.1 74.7 25.2 25.6 25.4 25.3 27.7 27.4 26.9 26.4 25.9 25.3 2000 3………...… 2001…………..… 2002……………… 2003 3………….. 2004 …………… 2005 …………… 2006 …………… 2007 …………… 2008 3………….. 63,586 63,737 63,582 64,404 64,728 65,757 66,925 67,792 67,876 47,916 47,950 47,494 47,946 48,073 49,158 50,380 51,056 51,178 15,670 15,788 16,088 16,459 16,654 16,598 16,545 16,736 16,698 75.4 75.2 74.7 74.4 74.3 74.8 75.3 75.3 75.4 24.6 24.8 25.3 25.6 25.7 25.2 24.7 24.7 24.6 See footnotes at end of table. 70 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...… 1971………...…… 1972 3………...… 1973 3………...… 1974……...……… 1975…………...… 1976………...…… 1977………...…… 1978 3…………... 1979………..…… 48,990 49,390 50,896 52,349 53,024 51,857 53,138 54,728 56,479 57,607 44,825 45,023 46,373 47,843 48,378 46,988 48,150 49,551 51,281 52,427 4,166 4,367 4,523 4,507 4,646 4,870 4,988 5,178 5,198 5,180 91.5 91.2 91.1 91.4 91.2 90.6 90.6 90.5 90.8 91.0 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.8 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.2 9.0 1980……..……… 1981……..……… 1982………..…… 1983…..………… 1984…..………… 1985……...……… 1986 3….…..…… 1987……...….…… 1988……...……… 1989……...……… 57,186 57,397 56,271 56,787 59,091 59,891 60,892 62,107 63,273 64,315 51,717 51,906 50,334 50,643 53,070 53,862 54,685 55,746 56,816 57,885 5,471 5,492 5,937 6,145 6,020 6,028 6,207 6,360 6,457 6,430 90.4 90.4 89.4 89.2 89.8 89.9 89.8 89.8 89.8 90.0 9.6 9.6 10.6 10.8 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.0 1990 3……...…… 1991……...……… 1992………...…… 1993……….…… 1994 3………...… 1995………...…… 1996….………… 1997 3………..… 1998 3……...…… 1999 3…………… 65,104 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69,685 70,693 71,446 58,501 57,407 57,363 58,123 58,832 59,936 60,762 62,258 63,189 63,930 6,604 6,815 7,077 7,226 7,617 7,441 7,445 7,427 7,504 7,516 89.9 89.4 89.0 88.9 88.5 89.0 89.1 89.3 89.4 89.5 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.1 11.5 11.0 10.9 10.7 10.6 10.5 See footnotes at end of table. 71 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed 2000 3………...… 2001…………..… 2002……………… 2003 3………….. 2004 …………… 2005 …………… 2006 …………… 2007 …………… 2008 3………….. 1 73,305 73,196 72,903 73,332 74,524 75,973 77,502 78,254 77,486 Usually full time 1 Usually part time 65,930 65,623 65,205 65,379 66,444 67,858 69,307 70,035 68,853 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part-time but who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for the entire reference week and 7,375 7,573 7,697 7,953 8,080 8,115 8,194 8,220 8,634 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 89.9 89.7 89.4 89.2 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 88.9 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 11.1 for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf . SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 72 Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2008 annual averages All industries Nonagricultural industries Year Total Women Men Total Women Men 1976……. 1977……. 1978 1…… 1979…...… 38.7 38.8 39.0 38.9 34.1 34.2 34.5 34.5 41.7 41.9 42.1 42.0 38.4 38.5 38.7 38.6 34.1 34.2 34.4 34.4 41.4 41.6 41.8 41.7 1980……. 1981……. 1982…...… 1983……. 1984……… 1985…...… 1986 1…… 1987……. 1988……. 1989…...… 38.5 38.1 38.0 38.3 38.8 39.0 39.1 39.0 39.4 39.6 34.5 34.1 34.1 34.5 34.9 35.2 35.4 35.3 35.7 35.8 41.5 41.1 40.9 41.2 41.8 42.0 42.1 42.0 42.4 42.6 38.3 37.9 37.7 38.1 38.6 38.9 38.9 38.8 39.3 39.4 34.4 34.1 34.0 34.4 34.9 35.2 35.3 35.3 35.7 35.8 41.2 40.7 40.6 41.0 41.5 41.8 41.9 41.8 42.2 42.4 1990 1…… 1991…...… 1992……. 1993……… 1994 1…… 1995……. 1996……… 1997 1…… 1998 1…… 1999 1…… 39.4 39.2 38.9 39.4 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.5 39.3 39.6 35.8 35.8 35.6 36.0 35.5 35.6 35.7 36.0 35.8 36.2 42.3 42.0 41.7 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.4 42.2 42.4 39.3 39.1 38.8 39.3 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.4 39.2 39.5 35.8 35.8 35.6 36.0 35.6 35.7 35.7 36.0 35.9 36.2 42.1 41.9 41.6 42.1 42.1 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.2 42.4 2000 1…… 2001…...… 2002……. 2003 1…… 2004……. 2005……. 2006……… 2007……… 2008 1…… 39.7 39.2 39.2 39.0 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.2 38.9 36.4 36.1 36.0 35.9 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 42.5 41.9 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.3 39.6 39.2 39.1 39.0 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.1 38.8 36.4 36.1 36.1 35.9 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 42.4 41.8 41.7 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.2 1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf . SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 73 Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2007 (Percent distribution) With work experience Population (in thousands) Year Total Percent of (in population thousands) Percent distribution by work experience Usually work full time Total Total 50 to 52 weeks Usually work part time 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total, both sexes 1970………….……… 138,953 1975………….……… 153,180 1980…….…………… 169,452 1985………….……… 179,944 1990 1………...……… 189,238 1995………….……… 199,925 2000 1………...……… 214,292 2005…………………… 227,975 2006…………………… 231,033 2007…………………… 232,995 93,850 102,603 115,752 123,466 132,562 138,971 150,787 154,322 156,658 157,653 67.5 67.0 68.3 68.6 70.1 69.5 70.4 67.7 67.8 67.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.4 78.9 78.5 78.2 78.8 78.6 80.4 80.3 80.9 80.9 55.6 54.3 56.1 58.7 60.4 62.9 66.7 67.5 68.4 68.4 23.8 24.6 22.4 19.5 18.4 15.7 13.7 12.8 12.5 12.5 20.6 21.2 21.4 21.9 21.3 21.3 19.5 19.7 19.1 19.1 6.7 7.5 7.7 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.3 10.0 9.7 9.8 13.9 13.7 13.7 13.6 12.6 12.2 10.2 9.7 9.4 9.3 38,809 43,511 51,492 56,165 61,494 65,304 71,341 72,309 73,527 74,115 52.7 53.8 57.7 59.4 62.1 62.8 64.0 61.4 61.6 61.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.9 67.1 67.7 68.1 69.8 70.2 72.9 72.7 73.0 73.6 40.7 41.4 44.7 48.9 51.5 54.3 58.4 59.9 60.7 61.5 27.2 25.7 23.0 19.2 18.3 15.9 14.5 12.8 12.3 12.1 32.2 32.8 32.3 31.8 30.2 29.7 27.1 27.3 27.0 26.4 10.1 11.7 11.9 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.4 14.1 14.1 14.2 22.1 21.1 20.4 19.5 17.4 16.4 13.7 13.2 12.9 12.2 55,041 59,091 64,260 67,301 71,068 73,667 79,446 82,013 83,131 83,538 84.3 81.7 80.1 78.8 78.7 76.8 77.2 74.4 74.4 74.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.6 87.5 87.2 86.5 86.4 86.2 87.5 87.0 87.8 87.4 66.1 63.8 65.2 66.8 68.0 70.6 74.2 74.2 75.2 74.6 21.5 23.7 22.0 19.7 18.4 15.6 13.3 12.8 12.6 12.8 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.5 13.5 13.9 12.6 13.0 12.2 12.6 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.5 6.3 5.7 5.9 8.0 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.4 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.7 Women 1970………….……… 73,657 1975…….…………… 80,834 1980……….………… 89,259 1985…….…………… 94,490 1990 1………...……… 98,970 1995……….………… 104,058 2000 1………...……… 111,440 2005…………………… 117,814 2006…………………… 119,300 2007…………………… 120,300 Men 1970………….……… 65,296 1975………….……… 72,346 1980……….………… 80,193 1985……….………… 85,454 1990 1………...……… 90,269 1995……….………… 95,867 2000 1………...……… 102,853 2005…………………… 110,161 2006…………………… 111,733 2007…………………… 112,695 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf . NOTE: Economic Supplement, reflect the work experience of the entire year. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971-2008, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. These data, collected in the Annual Social and 74 Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2007 (Numbers in thousands) Married-couple families Two earners or more One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Wife only Other family member Total Husband Wife and Husband Husband and other other and wife and family family are not wife member member earners 1967……. 1968……. 1969……. 43,292 43,842 44,436 2,943 2,888 3,022 16,490 16,375 16,268 15,429 15,310 15,133 716 730 797 345 335 339 23,859 24,579 25,145 18,888 19,743 20,327 4,639 4,522 4,517 - - 1970…...… 1971…...… 1972……. 1973…...… 1974…...… 1975…...… 1976……. 1977…...… 1978…...… 1979…...… 44,832 45,939 46,594 47,185 47,438 47,878 48,150 48,131 48,532 49,132 3,252 3,471 3,632 4,027 4,325 4,943 4,962 5,177 5,226 5,559 16,117 16,847 16,787 16,080 15,795 16,217 15,630 15,119 14,456 13,912 14,931 15,502 15,387 14,547 14,122 14,343 13,690 13,153 12,434 11,934 867 1,004 1,003 1,110 1,216 1,394 1,424 1,456 1,509 1,499 320 340 398 423 457 481 516 512 513 480 25,464 25,621 26,175 27,078 27,319 26,717 27,559 27,835 28,850 29,660 20,510 20,641 21,279 22,152 22,451 22,338 23,104 23,474 24,655 25,595 4,622 4,651 4,553 4,535 4,442 3,861 3,829 3,812 3,609 3,476 - - 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983…...… 1984……. 1985…...… 1986……. 1987……. 1988……. 1989…...… 49,316 49,669 49,947 50,134 50,395 50,978 51,574 51,847 52,149 52,385 5,903 6,213 6,427 6,549 6,630 6,693 6,731 6,741 6,754 6,812 13,900 13,832 14,235 13,692 12,952 12,961 12,565 12,435 11,876 11,748 11,621 11,524 11,575 11,100 10,472 10,406 9,984 9,787 9,463 9,212 1,707 1,680 2,048 1,944 1,852 1,897 1,917 1,946 1,777 1,840 573 628 613 647 628 658 664 702 636 695 29,513 29,624 29,285 29,893 30,814 31,324 32,278 32,671 33,519 33,825 25,557 25,729 25,387 26,119 27,035 27,787 28,811 29,369 30,536 30,879 3,380 3,212 3,149 2,996 2,891 2,764 2,730 2,576 2,303 2,373 - - 532 435 148 138 1990……. 1991……. 1992……. 1993…...… 1994…...… 1995……. 1996……. 1997……. 1998…...… 1999……. 52,241 52,549 53,254 53,248 53,929 53,621 53,654 54,362 54,829 55,352 6,770 7,091 7,256 7,282 7,227 7,278 7,148 7,289 7,257 7,163 11,630 11,523 11,977 11,842 11,774 11,739 11,556 11,728 12,279 12,328 9,107 8,873 9,114 8,745 8,719 8,821 8,671 8,792 9,198 9,093 1,826 1,993 2,145 2,411 2,374 2,253 2,214 2,302 2,419 2,595 698 657 718 687 681 664 671 634 662 640 33,841 33,935 34,021 34,123 34,928 34,604 34,950 35,345 35,293 35,861 30,829 31,049 31,268 31,302 32,125 32,061 32,406 32,764 32,810 33,360 2,369 2,161 1,940 2,051 2,048 1,878 1,899 1,853 1,726 1,815 479 527 624 614 603 539 522 569 616 519 164 197 199 156 151 127 123 158 141 167 2000…...… 2001……. 2002……. 2003……. 2004……… 2005……… 2006……… 2007……… 56,643 56,798 57,362 57,767 58,045 58,225 59,050 58,490 7,463 7,666 7,803 8,043 7,996 8,017 8,091 7,914 12,717 12,907 13,487 14,051 14,352 14,292 14,545 14,264 9,515 9,621 10,109 10,469 10,821 10,603 10,693 10,392 2,601 2,698 2,818 3,026 2,991 3,096 3,261 3,265 600 588 560 557 540 593 591 608 36,463 36,224 36,071 35,673 35,696 35,915 36,414 36,312 33,892 33,696 33,547 33,220 33,131 33,380 33,880 33,718 1,865 1,898 1,845 1,789 1,832 1,818 1,752 1,847 566 501 558 548 610 597 639 597 139 129 121 117 123 121 142 149 See note at end of table. 75 Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2007—Continued (Percent distribution) Married-couple families One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Wife only Two earners or more Other family member Total Husband Wife and Husband Husband and other other and wife and wife family family are not member member earners 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.4 4.5 - - 1.0 .8 0.3 .3 59.0 59.1 58.7 58.8 59.6 59.8 60.4 60.3 59.8 60.3 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 .9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 .9 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 59.8 59.3 58.5 57.5 57.1 57.3 57.4 57.6 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 1.0 .9 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 1967…..… 100.0 1968…...… 100.0 1969…...… 100.0 6.8 6.6 6.8 38.1 37.4 36.6 35.6 34.9 34.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 0.8 .8 .8 55.1 56.1 56.6 43.6 45.0 45.7 10.7 10.3 10.2 1970…...… 1971…...… 1972…...… 1973……… 1974…...… 1975…...… 1976…...… 1977……. 1978……. 1979……. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.5 9.1 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 35.9 36.7 36.0 34.1 33.3 33.9 32.5 31.4 29.8 28.3 33.3 33.7 33.0 30.8 29.8 30.0 28.4 27.3 25.6 24.3 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 .7 .7 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 56.8 55.8 56.2 57.4 57.6 55.8 57.2 57.8 59.4 60.4 45.7 44.9 45.7 46.9 47.3 46.7 48.0 48.8 50.8 52.1 10.3 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.4 7.1 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983……. 1984……. 1985……. 1986……. 1987……. 1988……. 1989……. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.0 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 28.2 27.8 28.5 27.3 25.7 25.4 24.4 24.0 22.8 22.4 23.6 23.2 23.2 22.1 20.8 20.4 19.4 18.9 18.1 17.6 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 59.8 59.6 58.6 59.6 61.1 61.4 62.6 63.0 64.3 64.6 51.8 51.8 50.8 52.1 53.6 54.5 55.9 56.6 58.6 58.9 1990…...… 1991…...… 1992…...… 1993…...… 1994……. 1995……. 1996……. 1997……. 1998……. 1999……. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.0 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.6 13.3 13.4 13.2 12.9 22.3 21.9 22.5 22.2 21.8 21.9 21.5 21.6 22.4 22.3 17.4 16.9 17.1 16.4 16.2 16.5 16.2 16.2 16.8 16.4 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 64.8 64.6 63.9 64.1 64.8 64.5 65.1 65.0 64.4 64.8 2000…...… 2001……. 2002…...… 2003……. 2004……… 2005……… 2006……… 2007……… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.2 13.5 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.7 13.5 22.5 22.7 23.5 24.3 24.7 24.5 24.6 24.4 16.8 16.9 17.6 18.1 18.6 18.2 18.1 17.8 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 64.4 63.8 62.9 61.8 61.5 61.7 61.7 62.1 NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968-2008, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 76 Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970-2007 Contribution to family income (median percent) Year 1970………………….……… 1971…………………….…… 1972…………...……………… 1973……………….………… 1974……………….………… 1975…………….…………… 1976………………….……… 1977………………….……… 1978……...…………………… 1979……………...…………… 26.6 27.5 26.7 26.0 25.4 26.3 26.4 26.1 26.1 26.0 1980………….……………… 1981……...…………………… 1982……………...…………… 1983……………….………… 1984………………….……… 1985……………….………… 1986………………...………… 1987……………………...…… 1988……………………...…… 1989……………………….… 26.7 27.3 28.4 28.8 28.4 28.3 29.0 29.5 29.6 29.9 1990………………….……… 1991………………….……… 1992…………………….…… 1993………….……………… 1994…………….…………… 1995……………….………… 1996……………………….… 1997…………………….…… 1998……………….………… 1999……………………….… 30.7 31.3 32.4 32.2 31.9 31.9 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.8 2000……………………….… 2001……………………….… 2002……………………….… 2003……………………….… 2004…………………………… 2005…………………………… 2006…………………………… 2007…………………………… 33.5 34.4 34.8 35.2 34.9 35.1 35.6 36.0 NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971-2008, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 77 Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2007 (Numbers in thousands) Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not Year Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings Married-couple Married-couple families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives wife (but not more than more than who earn more who earn more both wife and necessarily their their than their than their husband had husband) had earnings from husbands 2 husbands 1 husbands 1 husbands 2 earnings from work work 1987…...………… 1988…...………… 1989…...………… 32,025 32,810 33,119 7,581 7,827 8,068 23.7 23.9 24.4 29,755 30,503 30,848 5,311 5,520 5,796 17.8 18.1 18.8 1990…...………… 1991…...………… 1992…...………… 1993…...………… 1994…...………… 1995…...………… 1996…...………… 1997……............ 1998……............ 1999……............ 33,093 33,516 33,987 34,286 35,066 34,819 35,120 35,613 35,806 36,454 8,221 8,983 9,715 10,000 10,184 9,822 10,070 10,309 10,467 10,548 24.8 26.8 28.6 29.2 29.0 28.2 28.7 28.9 29.2 28.9 30,794 30,998 31,221 31,264 32,091 32,030 32,389 32,745 32,782 33,340 5,923 6,465 6,948 6,978 7,209 7,033 7,340 7,441 7,443 7,434 19.2 20.9 22.3 22.3 22.5 22.0 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.3 2000……............ 2001……............ 2002……............ 2003……............ 2004……………… 2005……………… 2006……………… 2007……………… 37,037 36,864 36,905 36,761 36,710 37,055 37,733 37,536 11,070 11,329 11,765 11,923 11,985 12,215 12,601 12,570 29.9 30.7 31.9 32.4 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.5 33,873 33,665 33,531 33,189 33,110 33,364 33,838 33,678 7,906 8,130 8,391 8,351 8,386 8,524 8,707 8,712 23.3 24.1 25.0 25.2 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work. experience of the entire year. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988-2008, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work 78 Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage Characteristic Total Total Percent of hourly paid workers At prevailing Federal minimum wage Below prevailing Federal minimum wage Age and sex Total, 16 years and over………………..………… 16 to 24 years………………………..…………… 25 years and over……………………..………… 75,305 15,680 59,626 2,226 1,122 1,104 3.0 7.2 1.9 286 161 125 1,940 961 979 Women, 16 years and over……………..………… 16 to 24 years………………………..…………… 25 years and over……………………..………… 37,972 7,701 30,270 1,498 738 759 3.9 9.6 2.5 196 103 93 1,302 635 666 Men, 16 years and over………………………..… 16 to 24 years…………………………………..… 25 years and over…………………………..…… 37,334 7,978 29,356 728 384 345 1.9 4.8 1.2 90 58 32 638 326 313 White……………………………..………………… Women………………………..………………….… Men………………………..………………….…… 60,464 29,931 30,533 1,783 1,224 560 2.9 4.1 1.8 215 151 65 1,568 1,073 495 Black or African American………………………… Women………………………..………………….… Men………………………..………………….…… 9,866 5,457 4,408 308 186 122 3.1 3.4 2.8 49 32 17 259 154 105 Asian……………….………………………………. Women………………………..………………….… Men………………………..………………….…… 2,844 1,543 1,301 69 42 27 2.4 2.7 2.1 11 8 3 58 34 24 Hispanic or Latino ………………………………… Women………………………..………………….… Men………………………..………………….…… 13,070 5,313 7,756 324 191 132 2.5 3.6 1.7 39 23 15 285 168 117 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 79 Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2008 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage Characteristic Total Total Full- and part-time status Percent of hourly paid workers At prevailing Federal minimum wage Below prevailing Federal minimum wage 1 Full-time workers……………………..…………… Women……………………………….…………… Men……………………………………..………… 56,837 25,474 31,363 873 532 340 1.5 2.1 1.1 95 68 27 778 464 313 Part-time workers…………………..……………… Women……………………………...……………… Men…………………………..…………………… 18,334 12,431 5,903 1,353 965 388 7.4 7.8 6.6 191 128 63 1,162 837 325 1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage rose from $5.85 to $6.55 an hour on July 24, 2008. Data in this table reflect the average number of workers who earned $5.85 or less from January 2008 through July 2008 and those who earned $6.55 or less from August 2008 through the end of the year. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's 80 earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 (Numbers in thousands) Total Age and sex Total White Total, 16 years and older…… 146,567 119,792 16 to 19 years…………… 4,079 3,397 20 to 24 years…………... 13,315 10,736 25 to 34 years…………... 31,963 25,377 35 to 44 years…………… 34,211 27,346 45 to 54 years…………… 35,187 29,060 55 to 64 years…………… 21,658 18,476 65 years and older……… 6,155 5,401 Below poverty level Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 16,586 416 1,694 3,973 4,165 3,885 1,982 471 6,766 94 433 1,698 1,892 1,577 860 212 20,461 664 2,346 6,204 5,458 3,684 1,682 422 7,521 416 1,413 2,126 1,716 1,175 569 106 5,357 318 1,038 1,460 1,212 869 385 75 1,612 71 296 514 381 211 117 24 262 9 20 65 67 55 44 3 2,139 99 302 713 595 312 102 16 Women, 16 years and older… 16 to 19 years…………… 20 to 24 years…………... 25 to 34 years………...… 35 to 44 years…………… 45 to 54 years…………… 55 to 64 years…………… 65 years and older……… 67,624 2,032 6,147 14,428 15,560 16,502 10,221 2,734 53,999 1,679 4,919 11,067 12,070 13,367 8,539 2,359 8,902 235 833 2,155 2,259 2,057 1,112 251 3,167 39 209 791 858 756 416 98 7,997 262 893 2,225 2,171 1,559 730 158 3,890 212 828 1,125 840 539 290 55 2,592 162 600 676 554 379 183 37 1,036 38 187 367 228 119 79 16 123 1 15 37 30 22 16 1 856 42 133 251 255 122 47 5 Men, 16 years and older…… 16 to 19 years…………… 20 to 24 years…………… 25 to 34 years…………… 35 to 44 years…………... 45 to 54 years…………… 55 to 64 years…………… 65 years and older……… 78,944 2,048 7,168 17,535 18,651 18,685 11,437 3,421 65,794 1,718 5,817 14,310 15,276 15,693 9,937 3,042 7,684 181 861 1,818 1,906 1,828 870 220 3,599 54 224 907 1,035 821 445 114 12,464 402 1,453 3,978 3,288 2,126 953 264 3,631 204 584 1,001 876 637 278 51 2,765 156 438 783 658 490 202 38 576 33 108 147 152 91 38 7 140 7 4 28 37 33 28 2 1,283 57 169 462 340 190 55 11 81 Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007—Continued Rate 1 Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and older…… 16 to 19 years…………… 20 to 24 years…………... 25 to 34 years…………... 35 to 44 years…………… 45 to 54 years…………… 55 to 64 years…………… 65 years and older……… 5.1 10.2 10.6 6.7 5.0 3.3 2.6 1.7 4.5 9.4 9.7 5.8 4.4 3.0 2.1 1.4 9.7 17.0 17.4 12.9 9.1 5.4 5.9 5.0 3.9 9.2 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.5 5.1 1.3 10.5 14.9 12.9 11.5 10.9 8.5 6.1 3.7 Women, 16 years and older… 16 to 19 years…………… 20 to 24 years…………... 25 to 34 years………...… 35 to 44 years…………… 45 to 54 years…………… 55 to 64 years…………… 65 years and older……… 5.8 10.4 13.5 7.8 5.4 3.3 2.8 2.0 4.8 9.7 12.2 6.1 4.6 2.8 2.1 1.6 11.6 16.3 22.5 17.0 10.1 5.8 7.1 6.5 3.9 ( 2) 7.3 4.7 3.5 2.9 3.9 .6 10.7 16.1 14.9 11.3 11.8 7.8 6.4 3.2 Men, 16 years and older…… 16 to 19 years…………… 20 to 24 years…………… 25 to 34 years…………… 35 to 44 years…………... 45 to 54 years…………… 55 to 64 years…………… 65 years and older……… 4.6 10.0 8.2 5.7 4.7 3.4 2.4 1.5 4.2 9.1 7.5 5.5 4.3 3.1 2.0 1.3 7.5 18.0 12.6 8.1 8.0 5.0 4.3 3.3 3.9 ( 2) 2.0 3.1 3.5 4.0 6.2 1.9 10.3 14.1 11.6 11.6 10.3 8.9 5.8 4.0 Age and sex 1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. 2 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000. NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 82 Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status, February 2005 Age and sex Total employed (in thousands) Contingent workers 1 Estimate 1 Estimate 2 Estimate 3 Noncontingent workers1 Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years………………. 20 to 24 years………………. 25 to 34 years………………… 35 to 44 years………………… 45 to 54 years………………. 55 to 64 years………………… 65 years and over…………… 138,952 5,510 13,114 30,103 34,481 32,947 17,980 4,817 1.8 5.6 4.6 2.3 1.2 .8 .8 1.6 2.3 6.1 5.2 2.9 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.3 4.1 8.6 8.2 4.8 3.0 2.7 3.0 5.2 95.9 91.4 91.8 95.2 97.0 97.3 97.0 94.8 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years………………… 20 to 24 years………………… 25 to 34 years………………… 35 to 44 years………………… 45 to 54 years………………. 55 to 64 years………………. 65 years and over………….. 65,006 2,931 6,186 13,480 15,958 15,754 8,495 2,202 1.8 5.6 4.0 2.2 1.1 1.1 .9 2.6 2.4 6.2 4.8 2.7 1.7 1.6 1.1 3.5 4.3 8.4 7.8 4.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 7.2 95.7 91.6 92.2 95.4 96.8 96.8 96.8 92.8 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years………………… 20 to 24 years………………… 25 to 34 years………………… 35 to 44 years………………… 45 to 54 years………………… 55 to 64 years………………… 65 years and over…………… 73,946 2,579 6,928 16,624 18,523 17,193 9,485 2,615 1.8 5.6 5.2 2.4 1.3 .6 .7 .7 2.2 6.1 5.7 3.1 1.6 .8 1.1 1.3 3.9 8.9 8.6 5.0 2.9 2.1 2.8 3.5 96.1 91.2 91.4 95.0 97.1 97.9 97.2 96.5 1 Contingent workers are those who do not have an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment. Persons who do not expect to continue in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement or returning to school, are not considered contingent workers, provided that they would have the option of continuing in the job were it not for these personal reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary workers who expect their jobs will last for an additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and independent contractors who expect their employment to last for an additional year or less and 83 who had worked at their jobs (or been selfemployed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes all workers who do not expect their jobs to last. This is the broadest definition of contingency and estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those workers who do not fall into any of the three definitions of contingency. SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work arrangements supplement to the Current Population Survey, last conducted in February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, February 2005 Percent of workers with alternative arrangements 1 Age and sex Total employed (in thousands) Workers with Workers Temporary traditional provided by help agency arrangements contract workers firms Total Independent contractors On-call workers Total, 16 years and over……… 138,952 16 to 19 years……………..… 5,510 20 to 24 years…………...…… 13,114 25 to 34 years…………….… 30,103 35 to 44 years……………..… 34,481 45 to 54 years………..……… 32,947 55 to 64 years………………. 17,980 65 years and over………….… 4,817 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.4 1.6 2.7 5.0 8.0 8.5 10.8 18.3 1.8 2.4 2.7 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.5 3.6 0.9 .6 1.5 1.2 .7 .6 .8 .7 0.6 .1 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 .4 89.1 94.3 91.9 91.1 88.9 89.0 86.2 76.8 Women, 16 years and over… 65,006 16 to 19 years………………… 2,931 20 to 24 years……………..… 6,186 25 to 34 years……………..… 13,480 35 to 44 years………………… 15,958 45 to 54 years………………. 15,754 55 to 64 years…………..…… 8,495 65 years and over…………… 2,202 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.6 1.9 2.6 3.8 5.8 6.6 7.7 13.3 1.9 1.8 2.5 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.9 3.8 1.0 .3 1.5 1.3 .8 .8 1.0 .8 .4 .4 .5 .4 .3 .5 .7 91.0 95.7 92.5 92.6 91.0 90.9 88.8 81.1 73,946 2,579 6,928 16,624 18,523 17,193 9,485 2,615 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.1 1.2 2.8 6.1 9.8 10.3 13.6 22.5 1.7 3.2 2.9 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 3.5 .8 .9 1.5 1.1 .6 .4 .5 .6 .8 .3 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7 .1 87.5 92.6 91.4 89.9 87.1 87.3 83.9 73.3 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………..… 20 to 24 years…………..…… 25 to 34 years……………..… 35 to 44 years……….……… 45 to 54 years………….…… 55 to 64 years………………… 65 years and over…………… 1 Independent contractors are workers who were identified as independent contractors, independent consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were selfemployed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are workers who are called to work only as needed, although they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are workers who are employed by a company that provides them or their services to others under contract and who are usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at the customer's worksite. 84 NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals because the total employed includes day laborers (an alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a small number of workers who were both "on-call" and "provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero. SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work arrangements supplement to the Current Population Survey, last conducted in February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Women With flexible schedules 2 Characteristic Total 1 Men With flexible schedules 2 Number Percent of total 27,411 336 27,075 2,058 6,902 7,807 6,651 3,181 475 2,394 21,360 3,656 27.5 23.6 27.5 22.9 28.0 29.2 26.8 27.1 35.4 23.0 28.0 27.9 23,121 2,476 1,132 2,596 Total 1 With flexible schedules 2 Total 1 Number Percent of total 56,412 903 55,509 5,147 14,358 15,424 13,440 6,383 757 6,050 43,222 7,140 15,853 185 15,668 1,065 4,051 4,605 3,769 1,865 314 1,250 12,425 2,179 28.1 20.5 28.2 20.7 28.2 29.9 28.0 29.2 41.4 20.7 28.7 30.5 27.8 20.9 22.4 21.2 46,222 6,447 2,300 8,621 13,582 1,193 720 1,430 29.4 18.5 31.3 16.6 5,888 3,088 2,582 25.9 28.9 25.9 34,926 14,469 7,018 10,382 3,605 1,866 29.7 24.9 26.6 27,081 16,285 7,349 4,209 27.1 25.8 34,680 21,733 9,410 6,443 27.1 29.6 10,262 6,023 2,619 1,590 25.5 26.4 11,477 10,256 3,341 3,102 29.1 30.2 Number Percent of total 43,366 524 42,842 3,856 10,283 11,342 11,415 5,361 585 4,380 33,040 5,946 11,558 151 11,406 993 2,851 3,202 2,882 1,316 161 1,144 8,935 1,477 26.7 28.9 26.6 25.8 27.7 28.2 25.2 24.5 27.6 26.1 27.0 24.8 28.7 19.7 27.4 18.4 34,276 6,131 1,836 5,489 9,539 1,283 412 1,166 16,270 6,693 4,448 28.2 26.6 26.2 22,704 10,676 9,986 61,761 38,018 16,759 10,652 27.1 28.0 21,739 16,279 5,960 4,692 27.4 28.8 Age Total 16 years and over……………… 99,778 16 to 19 years……………..……… 1,427 20 years and over…………..…… 98,351 20 to 24 years……………… 9,004 25 to 34 years……………… 24,640 35 to 44 years…………..…… 26,766 45 to 54 years……………… 24,855 55 to 64 years……………… 11,745 65 years and over…………… 1,341 16 to 24 years……..……………. 10,431 25 to 54 years……..……...……… 76,261 55 years and over……………… 13,086 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity White……………………………… 80,498 Black or African American……… 12,578 Asian………………..…………… 4,136 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity……… 14,110 Marital status Married, spouse present………… 57,630 Never married….……..….….…… 25,144 Other marital status……………… 17,004 Presence and age of children With no own children under 18… With own children under 18…..… With own children 6 to 17, none younger………………… With own children under 6…… 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work, whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their job. incorporated. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their businesses were SOURCE: Flexible schedules and shift work supplement to the Current Population Survey, last conducted in May 2004, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 85 Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Persons who usually worked at home Characteristic Total employed 1 2 Percent distribution by class of worker 3 Total Rate Wage and salary Paid Unpaid Selfemployed 4 Total Total, 16 years and over……………… Married, spouse present………... Not married……………...………… Never married………………… Other marital status…………… 136,602 77,243 59,359 36,857 22,502 20,673 14,623 6,050 3,087 2,963 15.1 18.9 10.2 8.4 13.2 16.2 16.4 15.7 17.7 13.6 49.3 48.1 52.2 58.1 46.1 33.7 34.6 31.5 23.2 40.2 With own children under 18……… With own children under 6… With no own children under 18…… 50,011 21,373 86,591 8,584 3,599 12,090 17.2 16.8 14.0 17.4 19.2 15.4 47.5 47.3 50.5 34.0 32.8 33.4 Total, 16 years and over……………… Married, spouse present………... Not married……….....……………… Never married………………… Other marital status…………… 64,185 33,750 30,435 16,754 13,681 9,893 6,509 3,384 1,522 1,862 15.4 19.3 11.1 9.1 13.6 17.8 18.2 17.1 19.2 15.3 51.4 48.8 56.5 66.2 48.6 29.4 31.4 25.5 12.7 35.9 With own children under 18……… With own children under 6… With no own children under 18…… 24,108 9,331 40,077 4,051 1,614 5,842 16.8 17.3 14.6 19.9 23.4 16.3 46.6 42.6 54.8 31.5 32.6 27.9 Total, 16 years and over……………… Married, spouse present………… Not married…………..……...……… Never married………………… Other marital status…………… 72,417 43,493 28,924 20,104 8,820 10,780 8,114 2,666 1,565 1,101 14.9 18.7 9.2 7.8 12.5 14.7 15.0 13.9 16.2 10.5 47.3 47.5 46.8 50.3 41.8 37.6 37.1 39.1 33.3 47.4 With own children under 18…….… With own children under 6… With no own children under 18…… 25,903 12,042 46,514 4,533 1,986 6,247 17.5 16.5 13.4 15.1 15.8 14.5 48.4 51.0 46.5 36.3 33.0 38.6 Women Men 1 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 2 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately. 3 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at home. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. SOURCE: Work at home supplement to the Current Population Survey, last conducted in May 2004, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. 86 Table 32. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2008 Age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Percent distribution by employment status Total (in thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Total Total, 20 years and over…………...… 20 to 24 years…………………...…… 25 to 54 years……………...………… 55 to 64 years…………...…………… 65 years and over…………...……… 3,641 127 2,602 708 204 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.1 67.5 72.6 60.8 18.4 18.0 22.8 17.4 20.7 12.6 15.0 9.7 10.0 18.5 69.0 Women, 20 years and over………… 20 to 24 years……………………...… 25 to 54 years………………..……… 55 to 64 years…………………..…… 65 years and over………………..… 1,617 53 1,112 352 101 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 63.5 ( 2) 70.1 53.4 22.4 16.9 ( 2) 15.1 23.6 9.8 19.6 ( 2) 14.8 23.0 67.8 Men, 20 years and over…………….. 20 to 24 years……………………..… 25 to 54 years……………..………… 55 to 64 years…………..…………… 65 years and over…………..……… 2,024 75 1,490 356 103 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.9 66.4 74.4 68.0 14.4 18.8 22.5 19.1 17.9 15.4 11.2 11.1 6.5 14.0 70.2 3,032 1,348 1,684 1 684 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0 67.9 64.4 70.8 70 8 16.8 14.9 18.2 18 2 15.3 20.7 11.0 11 0 408 187 221 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.6 56.3 60.5 28.2 31.1 25.7 13.3 12.6 13.8 122 57 65 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.3 ( 2) ( 2) 11.7 ( 2) ( 2) 21.0 ( 2) ( 2) 423 153 270 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.4 65.5 70.1 17.4 6.9 23.4 14.1 27.6 6.6 White Total, 20 years and over…………..… Women……………………………… Men……………………………….…… Men Black or African American Total, 20 years and over……………… Women…………………………….… Men…………………………….……… Asian Total, 20 years and over……………… Women…………………………….… Men………………………………..… Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 20 years and over………….… Women……………………………… Men…………………………..……… 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2005 and December 2007 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: January 2008 Displaced Worker supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 87 Table 33. Labor force status of 2008 high school graduates and 2007-08 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2008 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Total, 2008 high school graduates 1…… Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force 3,151 1,644 52.2 1,310 41.6 334 20.3 1,507 Women…………………….……………… 1,511 Men……………………….………………… 1,640 817 827 54.1 50.4 668 641 44.2 39.1 148 186 18.2 22.5 694 813 Enrolled in college………...……………… 2,161 Percent of total 2008 graduates……… 68.6 888 54.0 41.1 - 756 57.7 35.0 - 132 39.5 14.9 - 1,274 84.5 Women…………………………..……… Percent of female 2008 graduates… 1,081 71.5 499 61.1 46.1 - 428 64.1 39.6 - 70 47.3 14.1 - 583 84.0 Men………………………….…………… Percent of male 2008 graduates…… 1,080 65.9 389 47.0 36.0 - 327 51.0 30.3 - 62 33.3 15.9 - 691 85.0 Not enrolled in college……………..…… Percent of total 2008 graduates……… 989 31.4 756 46.0 76.4 - 554 42.3 56.0 - 202 60.5 26.7 - 234 15.5 Women………………………………….. Percent of female 2008 graduates… 430 28.5 318 38.9 74.1 - 240 35.9 55.9 - 78 52.7 24.6 - 111 16.0 Men……………………………………… Percent of male 2008 graduates…… 560 34.1 438 53.0 78.1 - 314 49.0 56.1 - 124 66.7 28.2 - 122 15.0 Total, 2007-08 high school dropouts 2… 400 194 48.4 117 29.3 77 39.5 206 Women…………………………..……… Men………………………………….…… 210 191 91 103 43.4 53.9 61 56 29.2 29.3 30 47 32.7 45.6 119 88 1 2 Data refer to persons who graduated from high school between October 2007 and October 2008. Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2007 and October 2008. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SOURCE: October 2008 School Enrollment supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 88 Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2008 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Enrolled in school…………………...… Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force 21,348 8,974 42.0 7,907 37.0 1,067 11.9 12,374 Women……………………………….… 10,865 Men……………………………….……… 10,483 4,888 4,086 45.0 39.0 4,426 3,482 40.7 33.2 463 604 9.5 14.8 5,977 6,397 Enrolled in high school 1…………...…… 9,677 2,661 27.5 2,099 21.7 562 21.1 7,016 Women……………………………….… Men……………………………….…… 4,686 4,991 1,389 1,272 29.6 25.5 1,139 960 24.3 19.2 251 311 18.0 24.5 3,297 3,720 11,671 6,313 54.1 5,809 49.8 505 8.0 5,358 6,179 5,492 3,499 2,814 56.6 51.2 3,287 2,522 53.2 45.9 212 293 6.1 10.4 2,680 2,678 Not enrolled in school……………..…… 16,220 12,957 79.9 11,113 68.5 1,845 14.2 3,263 Enrolled in college……………..……… Women…………………….…………… Men…………………….……………… Women…………………………….…… Less than a high school diploma ...... High school graduates, no college 2 . Some college or associate degree ... Bachelor’s degree and higher ........... 7,756 1,403 3,200 1,953 1,200 5,728 697 2,274 1,629 1,128 73.9 49.6 71.1 83.4 94.1 5,084 523 1,982 1,525 1,054 65.6 37.2 61.9 78.1 87.9 644 174 292 104 74 11.2 25.0 12.8 6.4 6.6 2,028 707 926 324 71 Men……………………………………... Less than a high school diploma ...... High school graduates, no college 2 . Some college or associate degree ... Bachelor’s degree and higher ........... 8,465 1,606 4,121 1,859 879 7,229 1,204 3,487 1,696 842 85.4 74.9 84.6 91.3 95.8 6,028 887 2,874 1,498 769 71.2 55.2 69.7 80.6 87.5 1,201 317 613 198 73 16.6 26.3 17.6 11.7 8.7 1,236 403 634 162 37 1 2 Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school. Includes high school diploma or equivalent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SOURCE: October 2008 School Enrollment supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 89 Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2008, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Multiple jobholding rate¹ Multiple jobholders Women Year Total employed Total Number Percent of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men White Black or African American ² 1970…..… 1971…...… 1972…...… 1973……. 1974…...… 78,358 78,708 81,224 83,758 85,786 4,048 4,035 3,770 4,262 3,889 636 765 735 869 867 15.7 19.0 19.5 20.4 22.3 3,412 3,270 3,035 3,393 3,022 5.2 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.5 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6 7.0 6.7 6.0 6.6 5.8 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.4 3.8 3.7 4.7 3.8 1975…...… 1976……. 1977…...… 1978…...… 1979……. 84,146 87,278 90,482 93,904 96,327 3,918 3,948 4,558 4,493 4,724 956 911 1,241 1,281 1,407 24.4 23.1 27.2 28.5 29.8 2,962 3,037 3,317 3,212 3,317 4.7 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.9 2.9 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.5 5.8 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.9 4.8 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.1 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0 1980…...… 96,809 1985…...… 106,878 1989…...… 117,084 1991…..… 116,626 4,759 5,730 7,225 7,183 1,549 2,192 3,109 3,129 32.5 38.3 43.0 43.6 3,210 3,537 4,115 4,054 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.2 3.8 4.7 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.4 6.4 5.1 5.7 6.5 6.4 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.9 122,946 124,554 126,391 129,565 131,476 133,411 7,316 7,952 7,846 8,197 8,126 7,895 3,343 3,727 3,494 3,800 3,688 3,778 45.7 46.9 44.5 46.4 45.4 47.9 3,973 4,225 4,352 4,398 4,438 4,117 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.0 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.5 2000…..… 136,685 2001..…… 137,121 2002…..… 136,559 2003..…… 137,567 2004…..… 138,867 2005………141,730 2006………144,041 2007………145,864 2008………145,927 7,751 7,540 7,247 7,338 7,258 6,895 7,641 7,693 7,653 3,667 3,626 3,511 3,498 3,605 3,402 3,778 3,858 3,812 47.3 48.1 48.4 47.7 49.7 49.3 49.4 50.1 49.8 4,084 3,914 3,736 3,841 3,653 3,493 3,863 3,835 3,842 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.2 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.6 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.4 4.9 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.1 4.4 5.4 4.4 4.9 1994…..… 1995….… 1996…..… 1997…..… 1998…..… 1999…..… ¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. ² Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-andother population group. see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84, 1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93. NOTE: Data beginning in 1994 are not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 90 Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total Year 1976…… 1977….. 1978….. 1979….. 1980….. 1981….. 1982….. 1983….. 1984…… 1985….. 1986….. 1987….. 1988…… 1989….. 1990…… 1991….. 1992….. 1993….. 1994….. 1995….. 1996….. 1997….. 1998….. 1999….. 2000….. 2001….. 2002…… 2003….. 2004…… 2005….. 2006…… 2007…… 2008…… Total Selfemployed employed 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 101,685 103,971 106,435 109,232 111,800 114,143 115,570 114,449 115,246 117,144 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 130,207 134,427 134,635 134,174 135,461 137,020 139,532 142,221 143,952 143,194 5,782 6,115 6,428 6,792 7,001 7,097 7,263 7,575 7,785 7,810 7,881 8,201 8,519 8,605 8,719 8,850 8,576 8,959 9,003 8,901 8,971 9,056 8,962 8,790 9,205 9,121 8,923 9,344 9,467 9,509 9,685 9,557 9,219 Women Men Selfemployed SelfSelfSelfwomen as employed employed employed percent of Total SelfTotal Selfas a as a as a total selfemployed employed employed employed percent of percent of percent of employed total total total 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.4 35,027 36,677 38,900 40,556 41,461 42,333 42,591 43,367 45,262 46,615 48,054 49,668 51,020 52,341 53,011 52,815 53,380 54,273 55,755 56,642 57,630 59,026 59,945 61,193 62,983 63,147 62,995 63,824 64,182 65,213 66,382 67,302 67,358 1,549 1,692 1,814 1,982 2,097 2,192 2,309 2,439 2,566 2,603 2,610 2,778 2,955 3,043 3,122 3,150 2,963 3,065 3,443 3,440 3,506 3,550 3,482 3,424 3,631 3,594 3,499 3,609 3,607 3,565 3,681 3,637 3,483 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.2 50,394 52,057 53,761 54,921 54,477 54,697 53,534 54,083 56,423 57,356 58,381 59,564 60,780 61,802 62,559 61,634 61,866 62,871 63,896 64,818 65,634 67,133 68,140 69,014 71,444 71,488 71,179 71,636 72,838 74,319 75,838 76,650 75,836 4,233 4,423 4,614 4,810 4,904 4,905 4,954 5,136 5,219 5,207 5,271 5,423 5,564 5,562 5,597 5,700 5,613 5,894 5,560 5,461 5,465 5,506 5,480 5,366 5,573 5,527 5,425 5,736 5,860 5,944 6,004 5,920 5,736 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.0 8.9 9.2 9.1 9.4 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.6 26.8 27.7 28.2 29.2 30.0 30.9 31.8 32.2 33.0 33.3 33.1 33.9 34.7 35.4 35.8 35.6 34.5 34.2 38.2 38.6 39.1 39.2 38.9 39.0 39.4 39.4 39.2 38.6 38.1 37.5 38.0 38.1 37.8 NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS). SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 91 Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Country of birth, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Both sexes Native born1 16 years and over…….. 198,471 16 to 24 years………..… 33,639 25 to 34 years………… 32,001 35 to 44 years………... 33,372 45 to 54 years………… 37,357 55 to 64 years………... 29,364 65 years and over……. 32,737 130,224 19,821 27,096 28,247 30,623 18,915 5,522 65.6 58.9 84.7 84.6 82.0 64.4 16.9 122,703 17,223 25,517 26,984 29,446 18,232 5,300 61.8 51.2 79.7 80.9 78.8 62.1 16.2 7,521 2,599 1,579 1,264 1,177 682 222 5.8 13.1 5.8 4.5 3.8 3.6 4.0 68,247 13,818 4,905 5,125 6,734 10,450 27,215 35,317 3,845 7,992 8,327 6,602 4,126 4,424 24,063 2,211 6,236 6,814 5,380 2,700 721 68.1 57.5 78.0 81.8 81.5 65.4 16.3 22,660 1,979 5,866 6,473 5,083 2,580 679 64.2 51.5 73.4 77.7 77.0 62.5 15.3 1,403 232 371 341 297 120 42 5.8 10.5 5.9 5.0 5.5 4.5 5.9 11,254 1,634 1,756 1,513 1,222 1,426 3,703 Native born1 16 years and over…….. 103,047 16 to 24 years………… 16,772 25 to 34 years……...… 16,305 35 to 44 years……...… 17,099 45 to 54 years……….… 19,187 55 to 64 years………..… 15,172 65 years and over……. 18,511 62,104 9,676 12,790 13,335 14,758 9,050 2,495 60.3 57.7 78.4 78.0 76.9 59.7 13.5 58,795 8,587 12,104 12,758 14,223 8,725 2,397 57.1 51.2 74.2 74.6 74.1 57.5 13.0 3,310 1,089 686 577 535 325 98 5.3 11.3 5.4 4.3 3.6 3.6 3.9 40,942 7,096 3,515 3,765 4,429 6,122 16,016 9,663 819 2,240 2,755 2,317 1,220 312 54.8 45.4 60.7 68.3 71.1 55.6 11.8 9,082 734 2,096 2,602 2,183 1,168 300 51.5 40.7 56.8 64.5 67.0 53.2 11.3 581 85 145 153 134 52 13 6.0 10.4 6.5 5.6 5.8 4.3 4.0 7,966 984 1,449 1,278 943 975 2,336 Foreign born 2 16 years and over…….. 16 to 24 years……….… 25 to 34 years……..…… 35 to 44 years……..…… 45 to 54 years………… 55 to 64 years……….… 65 years and over…… Women Foreign born 2 16 years and over…….. 16 to 24 years………..… 25 to 34 years……...… 35 to 44 years……...… 45 to 54 years……….… 55 to 64 years………… 65 years and over…… 17,629 1,803 3,689 4,033 3,260 2,195 2,648 See footnotes at end of table. 92 Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Country of birth, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men Native born1 16 years and over……… 16 to 24 years………… 25 to 34 years………... 35 to 44 years………... 45 to 54 years……….… 55 to 64 years……….… 65 years and over……. 95,424 16,867 15,696 16,273 18,170 14,192 14,226 68,119 10,145 14,306 14,913 15,864 9,865 3,027 71.4 60.1 91.1 91.6 87.3 69.5 21.3 63,908 8,635 13,413 14,226 15,223 9,507 2,903 67.0 51.2 85.5 87.4 83.8 67.0 20.4 4,211 1,510 893 687 641 357 123 6.2 14.9 6.2 4.6 4.0 3.6 4.1 27,305 6,722 1,390 1,360 2,305 4,328 11,199 Foreign born 2 16 years and over……… 17,688 16 to 24 years……….… 2,042 25 to 34 years……...… 4,303 35 to 44 years………... 4,294 45 to 54 years………… 3,342 55 to 64 years……….… 1,931 65 years and over……. 1,776 14,400 1,392 3,996 4,059 3,063 1,480 409 81.4 68.2 92.9 94.5 91.7 76.6 23.0 13,578 1,245 3,770 3,872 2,901 1,412 379 76.8 61.0 87.6 90.2 86.8 73.1 21.4 822 147 226 188 163 68 30 5.7 10.5 5.7 4.6 5.3 4.6 7.3 3,288 650 307 235 279 451 1,367 1 whom was a U.S. citizen. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens. 2 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Native-born persons are those who were born in the United States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent. Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of 93 Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2008 (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Members of unions Year Total employed 1 Women Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed Members of unions Total employed 1 Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 1983……… 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0 1984…...… 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8 1985……. 1986 3…… 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5 1987…...… 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9 1988……. 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0 1989…...… 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9 1990 …… 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9 1991...…… 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8 1992……. 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9 1993……. 106,101 1994 3…… 107,989 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1 1995……. 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3 1996…...… 111,960 1997 3…… 114,533 1998 3…… 116,730 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1 1999 3…… 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 3 3 2000 …… 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1 2001……. 122,229 2002……… 121,826 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0 2003 …… 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9 2004……… 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5 2005…… 3 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 2006……… 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2 2007……… 129,767 2008 3…… 129,377 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9 See footnotes at end of table. 94 Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2008—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Members of unions Year Total employed 1983……… 47,856 1 Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7 1984…...… 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7 1985……. 51,015 1986 3…… 51,942 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7 1987…...… 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9 1988……. 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5 1989…...… 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8 1990 3…… 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2 1991...…… 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1 1992……. 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4 1993……. 55,475 1994 3…… 56,570 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6 1995……. 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8 1996…...… 58,473 1997 3…… 59,825 1998 3…… 60,973 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4 1999 3…… 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4 3 2000 …… 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5 2001……. 63,647 2002……… 63,272 2003 3…… 63,236 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6 2004……… 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0 2005…… 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7 2006……… 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0 2007……… 67,468 2008 3…… 66,846 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract, as well as to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf . NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and parttime workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 95 Technical Note T he estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households, which provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings and union affiliation data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions (for example, correctional facilities and residential nursing and mental health care facilities), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another reason. Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1800-877-8339. Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who had no employment during the survey week, were available for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Reliability of the Estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the proportion of the population that is employed. All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of such error in the CPS. For further discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the Household Data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force. Concepts and Definitions Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons who identified themselves in the survey as being Spanish, Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the survey process, race is determined by the household respondent. 96 necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall group boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings. This could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $300, $400, or $500. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. For example, medians measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval, but, once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians. Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Self-employed persons whose businesses are incorporated are included in wage and salary employment. Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are included in the estimates of median usual weekly earnings in this report, along with salaried workers and other workers not paid by the hour. Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were asked to report earnings per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference week, persons also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who were temporarily absent from work. Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median, and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The value of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Overthe-year changes in the medians for specific groups may not Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job held during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which 97 they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2002 Census Bureau occupational and industrial classification systems, which are derived from the 2000 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at http://www. bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm. employment greatly exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates. Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, based on factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary in accordance with the makeup of the family. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information on poverty data and thresholds, see http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty. html. Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey. Estimates of persons who worked were based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Since the reference period is a full year, the number of persons with some employment or un- 98
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