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Women in the Labor Force: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Philip L. Rones, Acting Commissioner September 2006 Report 996 27 Contents Page Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Highlights .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Statistical Tables 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages ......... 4 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2005 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 7 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages ..................... 10 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2005 annual averages .............................................................. 12 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 ....... 13 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 ................................................................................................................................. 16 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2005 ......................................... 19 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages ..................................................................................................... 22 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970- 2005 ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2004-05 annual averages ................................................... 26 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages .................................................... 28 12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages ............................................................................................................................................. 35 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages .................................................................. 36 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages ......................................................... 39 15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages ..................................................................................................................................... 45 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2005 annual averages ................................................................ 46 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages ................................................................................. 48 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages ..................................................................................................................................... 50 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2005 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages .................................... 58 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 61 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2004 ............. 62 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2004 .................................................... 63 24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2004 .......................................................................... 65 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2004 .................................................................................... 66 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2005 annual averages ............................................................................... 67 27. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status, February 2005 ................................................................................................................................................. 68 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangement, February 2005 .... 69 29. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ...................... 70 iii Contents—Continued Page Statistical Tables— Continued 30. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004 .............................................................................................................................. 31. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2006 ................................................................................................................................................... 32. Labor force status of 2005 high school graduates and 2004-05 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2005 ...................................................................................................... 33. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2005 .................................................................................................................................................. 34. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2005, not seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................. 35. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages .... 36. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 37. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2005 ......................... Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................ iv 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 79 81 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Introduction white and Asian women were much lower than those of their black and Hispanic counterparts. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.) T he past several decades have been marked by several notable changes in women’s labor force activities compared to men’s, including rising labor force participation, employment growth in higher-paying occupations, and earnings increases. In 1970, about 43 percent of women age 16 and older were in the labor force. By the late 1990s, the labor force participation rate of women had risen to 60 percent. Though it is still well above the rates that prevailed throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and much of the 1990s, the rate has receded slightly since 1999, to 59.3 percent in 2005. During the past several decades, women were increasingly employed in higher-paying occupations. In 2005, more than half of all the workers in management, professional, and related occupations were women. Women’s earnings relative to men’s also were substantially higher in 2005 than in previous decades. In 1979, among full-time workers, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s; by 2005 the ratio had grown to 81 percent. The movement of women into the labor force and into higher-paying occupations has gone hand in hand with their pursuit of higher education. For example, in 1970, about one-tenth of women age 25 to 64 in the labor force had completed 4 or more years of college; by 2005, one-third held at least a bachelor’s degree. This report presents historical and current labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical Note at the end of this report. • Since the early 1980s, women’s and men’s unemployment rates have been roughly similar. In 2000, the jobless rates for women and men were 4.1 and 3.9 percent, respectively, and were at 30-year lows. The rates rose from 2000 to 2003, but then declined in the next 2 years. The unemployment rates for women and men were equal in 2005 at 5.1 percent. (See table 2.) • From 1975 to 2000, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under age 18 rose from 47 to 73 percent. By 2005, the rate had receded slightly to about 71 percent. In general, mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age) are more likely to participate in the labor force than are mothers of younger children (under 6 years of age). Unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.) • The educational attainment level of working women age 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to 2005. About 3 in 10 women in the labor force held college degrees in 2005, compared with about 1 in 10 in 1970. About 8 percent of women in the labor force in 2005 were high school dropouts, compared with 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.) • In 2005, half of all persons employed in management, professional, and related occupations were women. The share of women in specific occupations within this broad category varied. For example, 6 percent of mechanical engineers and 32 percent of physicians and surgeons were women. In contrast, 95 percent of dietitians and 86 percent of paralegals and legal assistants were women. (See table 11.) • Employed Asian women were more likely than employed white, black, and Hispanic women to work in management, professional, and related occupations (about 45 percent compared with 39, Highlights • In 2005, just over 59 percent of women age 16 and over were in the labor force. Their unemployment rate declined to 5.1 percent in 2005 compared with 5.4 percent a year earlier. Although still a percentage point higher than it was in 2000, the unemployment rate for women remained low by historical standards. The unemployment rates for 1 30, and 22 percent, respectively). Hispanic and black women (31 and 27 percent, respectively) were more likely than white and Asian women (19 and 18 percent, respectively) to work in service occupations. (See table 12.) • • • • • By industry, in 2005, women accounted for more than half of all workers within financial activities, education and health services, and leisure and hospitality. However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in mining, construction, manufacturing, and transportation and utilities. (See table 14.) Women who worked full time in 2005 had median weekly earnings of $585. Asian and white women earned more than their black and Hispanic counterparts ($665 and $596 compared with $499 and $429, respectively). In 2005, women’s median weekly earnings were 81 percent of men’s. Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher among black and Hispanic women (89 and 88 percent, respectively) than among white and Asian women (80 and 81 percent, respectively). (See table 16.) (Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in the report are made on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences.) In 2005, female college graduates age 25 and over earned about 79 percent more than women with only a high school diploma. This difference in earnings by education has increased sharply since 1979, when female college graduates earned 43 percent more than female high school graduates. Female college graduates who were full-time wage and salary workers had median weekly earnings that were 76 percent of those of their male counterparts in 2005, $883 versus $1,167. (See table 17.) In 2005, approximately 25 percent of employed women usually worked part time—fewer than 35 hours a week. Comparatively, only about 11 percent of employed men usually worked part time. Since 1994, the proportion of employed women and men who usually work part time has remained little changed. (See table 20.) From 1976 to 2005, the average workweek of women in nonagricultural industries increased by about 2 hours to 36.1 hours. Men’s average workweek remained relatively unchanged over the same period and was 41.7 hours in 2005. (See table 21.) 2 • Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2004, nearly 6 in 10 worked full time and year round, compared with about 4 in 10 in 1970. During the same 35-year period, the proportion of men who worked full time and year round grew from 66 to 74 percent. (See table 22.) These data were collected in the 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and refer to work experience during the prior calendar year. • Both the wife and husband had earnings from work in 57 percent of married-couple families in 2004, up from 44 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) These data also were collected in the 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year. • In 2004, working wives’ contributions to family income accounted for 35 percent (median) of their families’ incomes, up by 8 percentage points from 1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of the family total. The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, the first year data became available for wives’ earnings compared to their husbands’, 18 percent of working wives whose husbands also worked earned more than their spouses; in 2004, the proportion was 25 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) These data, also collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS, reflect the earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year. • In 2005, about 1.2 million women workers paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the Federal minimum wage of $5.15 an hour; about half of these women were age 16 to 24. Among workers age 25 years and over who were paid hourly rates, 2 percent of women had earnings at or below the minimum wage, twice the rate for men. (See table 26.) • Women were slightly less likely than men to have flexible schedules on their jobs in May 2004. White women were more likely to have flexible schedules than either their black or Hispanic counterparts. Women without children under age 18 were more likely to have flexible schedules than women with children under age 18, although the reverse was true for men. (See table 29.) Data are from the May 2004 Work Schedules supplement to the CPS. • About 15 percent of both women and men reported working at home at least once per week as part of their main job in May 2004. Working at home was more common for parents than for persons who were not parents. Women were slightly more likely than men to have a formal arrangement with their employer to be paid for the work they did at home than were men. While self-employment was fairly common among those who worked at home, women were less likely to be self-employed than were their male counterparts; about 29 percent of women working at home were self-employed versus 38 percent of men. (See table 30.) Data are from the May 2004 Work Schedules supplement to the CPS. • • • (21.2 versus 11.5 percent) as were women 16 to 24 years of age who had a high school diploma only. (See table 33.) Data are from the October 2005 School Enrollment supplement to the CPS. About 1.7 million women and 2.1 million men experienced job displacement between January 2003 and December 2005. Women who were displaced were almost twice as likely as men to have left the labor force by January 2006 (21 percent versus 13 percent). (See table 31.) Data are from the January 2006 Displaced Worker supplement to the CPS. Among 2005 high school graduates, young women were slightly more likely than young men to enter college (70.4 versus 66.5 percent). (For information on the labor force status of recent high school graduates and dropouts by school enrollment and sex, see table 32.) Data are from the October 2005 School Enrollment supplement to the CPS. About 48 percent of women age 16 to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or college in October 2005 were in the labor force. Men enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate (42.3 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women were less likely to be in the labor force than men (74.6 versus 87.5 percent). Young women who had not completed high school and were not enrolled in school were significantly less likely to participate in the labor force (53.5 versus 73.2 percent) and nearly twice as likely to be unemployed 3 • From 1970 to 1995, the rate of multiple jobholding among women nearly tripled, from 2.2 percent of employed women in 1970 to 6.5 percent in 1995. Since 1995, however, the multiple jobholding rate for women has trended downward, falling to 5.2 percent by 2005. The multiple jobholding rate for men also has trended downward over the past decade, from 6.3 percent in 1995 to 4.6 percent in 2005. (See table 34.) Data were collected in the May 2005 CPS. • Over the past 30 years, the percentage of employed women who were self-employed has increased slightly, from 4.4 percent in 1976 to 5.4 percent in 2005, while the percentage of employed men who were self-employed has decreased slightly, to 7.8 percent in 2005 from 8.4 percent in 1976. In 2005, about 37 percent of all self-employed persons were women compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 35.) • Foreign-born women were less likely to be in the labor force in 2005 than native-born women (53.8 versus 60.0 percent). Of those in the labor force, foreign-born women were more likely to be unemployed (6.3 percent) than their native-born counterparts (5.3 percent). The reverse was true for men for both labor force participation and the unemployment rate. (See table 36.) • In 2005, about 13 percent of female wage and salary workers were represented by unions, compared with about 15 percent of men. Union attachment for both groups has fallen since 1983, when unions represented 18 percent of female wage and salary workers and nearly 28 percent for men. (See table 37.) Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Total, both sexes 16 years and over ……... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762 16 to 19 years …….…… 16,398 7,164 43.7 5,978 36.5 1,186 16.6 9,234 16 to 17 years……… 8,778 2,825 32.2 2,284 26.0 541 19.1 5,953 18 to 19 years……… 7,619 4,339 56.9 3,694 48.5 645 14.9 3,281 20 to 24 years………... 20,276 15,127 74.6 13,792 68.0 1,335 8.8 5,149 25 to 54 years……….… 124,175 102,773 82.8 98,517 79.3 4,256 4.1 21,403 25 to 34 years……… 39,064 32,341 82.8 30,680 78.5 1,661 5.1 6,723 25 to 29 years…… 19,484 16,049 82.4 15,116 77.6 933 5.8 3,435 30 to 34 years…… 19,580 16,291 83.2 15,564 79.5 728 4.5 3,288 35 to 44 years……… 43,005 36,030 83.8 34,630 80.5 1,400 3.9 6,975 35 to 39 years…… 20,511 17,125 83.5 16,430 80.1 695 4.1 3,387 40 to 44 years…… 22,494 18,905 84.0 18,200 80.9 705 3.7 3,589 45 to 54 years……… 42,107 34,402 81.7 33,207 78.9 1,195 3.5 7,704 45 to 49 years…… 22,257 18,561 83.4 17,886 80.4 675 3.6 3,695 50 to 54 years…… 19,850 15,841 79.8 15,321 77.2 520 3.3 4,009 55 to 64 years………… 30,165 18,979 62.9 18,349 60.8 630 3.3 11,185 55 to 59 years……… 17,206 12,289 71.4 11,873 69.0 416 3.4 4,918 60 to 64 years……… 12,958 6,691 51.6 6,476 50.0 214 3.2 6,268 65 years and over……. 35,068 5,278 15.1 5,094 14.5 184 3.5 29,791 65 to 69 years……… 10,048 2,846 28.3 2,748 27.3 98 3.4 7,202 8,358 1,366 16.3 1,316 15.7 50 3.7 6,992 16,663 1,066 6.4 1,031 6.2 36 3.3 15,597 70 to 74 years……… 75 years and over…… 4 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Women 16 years and over ……... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,081 3,574 44.2 3,055 37.8 519 14.5 4,507 16 to 17 years……… 4,297 1,457 33.9 1,217 28.3 240 16.5 2,840 18 to 19 years……… 3,784 2,117 55.9 1,838 48.6 278 13.1 1,667 20 to 24 years………... 10,095 7,073 70.1 6,513 64.5 560 7.9 3,022 25 to 54 years……….… 62,967 47,387 75.3 45,315 72.0 2,072 4.4 15,580 25 to 34 years……… 19,618 14,503 73.9 13,687 69.8 817 5.6 5,115 25 to 29 years…… 9,740 7,206 74.0 6,753 69.3 453 6.3 2,534 30 to 34 years…… 9,878 7,297 73.9 6,933 70.2 364 5.0 2,581 35 to 44 years……… 21,828 16,535 75.8 15,850 72.6 685 4.1 5,293 35 to 39 years…… 10,387 7,750 74.6 7,420 71.4 330 4.3 2,637 40 to 44 years…… 11,441 8,784 76.8 8,430 73.7 354 4.0 2,656 45 to 54 years……… 21,521 16,349 76.0 15,779 73.3 571 3.5 5,172 45 to 49 years…… 11,345 8,815 77.7 8,486 74.8 328 3.7 2,530 50 to 54 years…… 10,177 7,535 74.0 7,292 71.7 243 3.2 2,642 55 to 64 years………… 15,663 8,934 57.0 8,635 55.1 299 3.3 6,728 55 to 59 years……… 8,886 5,831 65.6 5,634 63.4 197 3.4 3,055 60 to 64 years……… 6,777 3,104 45.8 3,001 44.3 102 3.3 3,673 65 years and over……. 20,125 2,319 11.5 2,238 11.1 82 3.5 17,806 65 to 69 years……… 5,370 1,275 23.7 1,228 22.9 46 3.6 4,095 70 to 74 years……… 4,613 591 12.8 568 12.3 23 3.9 4,022 10,142 454 4.5 441 4.4 12 2.8 9,688 75 years and over…… 5 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Men 16 years and over ……... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,317 3,590 43.2 2,923 35.1 667 18.6 4,727 16 to 17 years……… 4,481 1,368 30.5 1,067 23.8 300 22.0 3,113 18 to 19 years……… 3,836 2,222 57.9 1,855 48.4 367 16.5 1,614 20 to 24 years………... 10,181 8,054 79.1 7,279 71.5 775 9.6 2,127 25 to 54 years……….… 61,208 55,385 90.5 53,201 86.9 2,184 3.9 5,823 25 to 34 years……… 19,446 17,837 91.7 16,993 87.4 844 4.7 1,608 25 to 29 years…… 9,744 8,843 90.8 8,363 85.8 480 5.4 901 30 to 34 years…… 9,701 8,994 92.7 8,630 89.0 364 4.0 707 35 to 44 years……… 21,177 19,495 92.1 18,780 88.7 715 3.7 1,682 35 to 39 years…… 10,124 9,374 92.6 9,010 89.0 364 3.9 750 40 to 44 years…… 11,053 10,121 91.6 9,770 88.4 351 3.5 933 45 to 54 years……… 20,585 18,053 87.7 17,429 84.7 624 3.5 2,532 45 to 49 years…… 10,912 9,747 89.3 9,399 86.1 347 3.6 1,165 50 to 54 years…… 9,673 8,306 85.9 8,029 83.0 277 3.3 1,367 55 to 64 years………… 14,502 10,045 69.3 9,714 67.0 331 3.3 4,457 55 to 59 years……… 8,321 6,458 77.6 6,239 75.0 219 3.4 1,863 60 to 64 years……… 6,181 3,587 58.0 3,475 56.2 112 3.1 2,594 65 years and over……. 14,944 2,959 19.8 2,857 19.1 102 3.4 11,985 65 to 69 years……… 4,678 1,571 33.6 1,519 32.5 52 3.3 3,107 70 to 74 years……… 3,745 775 20.7 748 20.0 27 3.5 2,970 75 years and over…… 6,521 612 9.4 589 9.0 23 3.8 5,908 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 6 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, both sexes 1970…….… 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315 1971…….… 1972 1……. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091 1973 1……. 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667 1974…….… 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171 1975…….… 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377 1976…….… 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991 1977…….… 1978 1….... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659 1979……… 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900 1980……… 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806 1981…...… 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460 1982…...… 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067 1983…...… 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665 1984…...… 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839 1985…...… 1986 1….... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752 1987……… 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888 1988…...… 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944 1989……... 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523 1990 1…..... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324 1991…...… 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578 1992…...… 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700 1993…...… 1994 1….... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758 1995…...… 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280 1996…...… 1997 1….... 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837 1998 1…..... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547 1999 1…..... 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 2000 1….... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994 2001 …….. 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359 2002 …….. 2003 1…..... 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658 2004 1…..... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956 2005……… 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762 See footnotes at end of table. 7 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2005 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Unemployed Percent of population Total Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Women 1970…….… 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239 1971…….… 1972 1……. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811 1973 1……. 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000 1974…….… 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101 1975…….… 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386 1976…….… 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406 1977…….… 1978 1……. 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703 1979…….… 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608 1980…….… 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861 1981…….… 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922 1982…….… 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993 1983…….… 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181 1984…….… 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068 1985…….… 1986 1……. 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376 1987…….… 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195 1988…….… 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014 1989…...… 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601 1990 1…..... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957 1991…...… 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468 1992…...… 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394 1993…...… 1994 1….... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221 1995…...… 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462 1996…...… 1997 1….... 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382 1998 1…..... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748 1999 1…..... 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175 2000 1….... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310 2001 …...... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962 2002 …….. 2003 1…..... 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461 2004 1…..... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225 2005……… 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643 See footnotes at end of table. 8 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2005 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Unemployed Percent of population Total Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men 1970…….… 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076 1971…….… 1972 1……. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280 1973 1……. 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667 1974…….… 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069 1975…….… 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993 1976…….… 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585 1977…….… 1978 1……. 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956 1979…….… 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293 1980…….… 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945 1981…….… 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537 1982…….… 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073 1983…….… 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484 1984…….… 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771 1985…….… 1986 1……. 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376 1987…….… 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692 1988…….… 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930 1989…...… 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923 1990 1……. 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367 1991…….… 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110 1992…….… 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306 1993…….… 1994 1……. 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538 1995…….… 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818 1996…….… 1997 1……. 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454 1998 1……. 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799 1999 1……. 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210 2000 1……. 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684 2001..……. 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396 2002…….… 2003 1…..... 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197 2004 1…..... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730 2005……… 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 9 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in labor force Percent of labor force White Total, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years………………..…… 20 to 24 years……………..……… 25 to 54 years………………..…… 55 to 64 years………………..…… 65 years and over…………..…… 184,446 12,690 15,871 99,796 25,534 30,556 122,299 5,950 12,109 83,341 16,275 4,624 66.3 46.9 76.3 83.5 63.7 15.1 116,949 5,105 11,231 80,346 15,788 4,480 63.4 40.2 70.8 80.5 61.8 14.7 5,350 845 878 2,995 488 144 4.4 14.2 7.2 3.6 3.0 3.1 62,148 6,739 3,763 16,455 9,258 25,932 Women, 16 years and over……….. 16 to 19 years………….....……… 20 to 24 years…………….….…… 25 to 54 years……………..……… 55 to 64 years…………….....…… 65 years and over…………....….. 94,419 6,219 7,814 49,834 13,119 17,433 55,605 2,962 5,546 37,563 7,542 1,993 58.9 47.6 71.0 75.4 57.5 11.4 53,186 2,597 5,190 36,152 7,317 1,930 56.3 41.8 66.4 72.5 55.8 11.1 2,419 365 356 1,411 225 63 4.4 12.3 6.4 3.8 3.0 3.2 38,814 3,257 2,268 12,271 5,578 15,440 Men, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years…………….……… 20 to 24 years…………………..… 25 to 54 years……………..……… 55 to 64 years………………..…… 65 years and over…………….….. 90,027 6,471 8,057 49,962 12,415 13,123 66,694 2,988 6,562 45,778 8,734 2,631 74.1 46.2 81.4 91.6 70.4 20.0 63,763 2,508 6,041 44,194 8,471 2,550 70.8 38.8 75.0 88.5 68.2 19.4 2,931 480 522 1,585 263 81 4.4 16.1 7.9 3.5 3.0 3.1 23,334 3,482 1,495 4,183 3,681 10,492 Black or African American Total, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years………………...…… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over……………….… 26,517 2,481 2,835 15,254 2,980 2,967 17,013 803 1,957 12,202 1,647 403 64.2 32.4 69.0 80.0 55.3 13.6 15,313 536 1,599 11,247 1,555 375 57.7 21.6 56.4 73.7 52.2 12.7 1,700 267 358 955 92 28 10.0 33.3 18.3 7.8 5.6 6.9 9,504 1,677 878 3,052 1,333 2,564 Women, 16 years and over……….… 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years…………………...… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………..… 65 years and over………………... 14,635 1,258 1,494 8,403 1,661 1,819 9,014 405 1,017 6,494 891 207 61.6 32.2 68.1 77.3 53.7 11.4 8,158 282 852 5,986 844 193 55.7 22.4 57.0 71.2 50.8 10.6 856 123 166 507 47 14 9.5 30.3 16.3 7.8 5.3 6.6 5,621 853 477 1,909 769 1,612 Men, 16 years and over…………… 16 to 19 years………………...…… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over………………... 11,882 1,223 1,341 6,851 1,319 1,148 7,998 399 940 5,708 756 196 67.3 32.6 70.1 83.3 57.3 17.1 7,155 254 748 5,260 711 182 60.2 20.8 55.8 76.8 53.9 15.9 844 145 192 448 45 14 10.5 36.3 20.5 7.8 5.9 7.1 3,884 824 401 1,143 564 952 10 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Asian Total, 16 years and over………….... 16 to 19 years………………….…. 20 to 24 years…………………...… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years………………...…… 65 years and over…………….…… 9,842 616 867 6,142 1,123 1,093 6,503 160 538 4,878 757 170 66.1 26.0 62.1 79.4 67.4 15.5 6,244 140 503 4,717 719 165 63.4 22.8 58.1 76.8 64.0 15.1 259 20 35 161 37 5 4.0 12.4 6.5 3.3 4.9 3.1 3,339 456 329 1,264 366 923 Women, 16 years and over………… 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years……………………… 55 to 64 years……………...……… 65 years and over……………..…. 5,163 299 439 3,202 604 619 3,002 79 260 2,233 354 76 58.2 26.5 59.2 69.7 58.6 12.3 2,885 73 250 2,154 335 74 55.9 24.4 57.0 67.3 55.3 11.9 118 6 10 79 20 2 3.9 7.9 3.8 3.6 5.6 3.1 2,161 220 179 969 250 543 Men, 16 years and over………….... 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years……………...……… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over………………... 4,679 317 428 2,940 519 474 3,500 81 279 2,645 402 94 74.8 25.6 65.0 90.0 77.5 19.8 3,359 67 254 2,563 385 91 71.8 21.3 59.2 87.2 74.2 19.2 141 14 25 82 17 3 4.0 16.8 9.0 3.1 4.3 3.1 1,178 236 150 295 117 380 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and over………….... 16 to 19 years……………….……. 20 to 24 years…………………...… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over………………..… 29,133 2,689 3,647 18,194 2,361 2,242 19,824 1,038 2,651 14,446 1,378 311 68.0 38.6 72.7 79.4 58.4 13.9 18,632 847 2,423 13,749 1,317 296 64.0 31.5 66.4 75.6 55.8 13.2 1,191 191 227 697 61 15 6.0 18.4 8.6 4.8 4.4 4.9 9,310 1,651 997 3,749 983 1,930 Women, 16 years and over………… 16 to 19 years…………………….… 20 to 24 years………………….…… 25 to 54 years………………….…… 55 to 64 years………………...…… 65 years and over……………...… 14,172 1,313 1,692 8,640 1,237 1,289 7,839 462 1,005 5,654 599 119 55.3 35.2 59.4 65.4 48.4 9.3 7,295 382 912 5,318 569 113 51.5 29.1 53.9 61.5 46.0 8.8 544 80 93 336 30 6 6.9 17.2 9.2 5.9 5.0 5.1 6,333 851 686 2,987 639 1,170 Men, 16 years and over………….... 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years………………...…… 55 to 64 years………………...…… 65 years and over……………..…. 14,962 1,376 1,956 9,554 1,123 953 11,985 577 1,645 8,792 779 192 80.1 41.9 84.1 92.0 69.3 20.1 11,337 465 1,511 8,431 748 183 75.8 33.8 77.3 88.2 66.6 19.2 647 112 134 361 31 9 5.4 19.3 8.2 4.1 4.0 4.8 2,977 799 310 762 344 761 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 11 Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Marital status and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Total, 16 years and over………... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762 Married, spouse present………. 119,750 82,712 69.1 80,256 67.0 2,456 3.0 37,038 Unmarried, total……………..…… 106,332 66,608 62.6 61,473 57.8 5,135 7.7 39,724 Never married……………….… 62,172 42,397 68.2 38,593 62.1 3,804 9.0 19,774 Other marital status…………… 44,161 24,211 54.8 22,880 51.8 1,331 5.5 19,949 Divorced……………………..… 22,140 15,851 71.6 15,030 67.9 821 5.2 6,289 Separated………………….… 8,175 5,622 68.8 5,237 64.1 384 6.8 2,553 Widowed……………….…….. 13,846 2,738 19.8 2,613 18.9 126 4.6 11,107 Women Total, 16 years and over………... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643 Married, spouse present………. 59,205 35,941 60.7 34,773 58.7 1,168 3.3 23,263 Unmarried, total……….………… 57,726 33,346 57.8 30,983 53.7 2,363 7.1 24,380 Never married…………...……. 29,046 19,183 66.0 17,588 60.6 1,595 8.3 9,864 Other marital status…………... 28,680 14,163 49.4 13,396 46.7 768 5.4 14,516 Divorced…………………….… 12,990 9,157 70.5 8,711 67.1 446 4.9 3,833 Separated……………………. 4,553 2,906 63.8 2,680 58.9 226 7.8 1,647 Widowed………………….….. 11,137 2,100 18.9 2,005 18.0 96 4.5 9,037 Men Total, 16 years and over………... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119 Married, spouse present………. 60,545 46,771 77.2 45,483 75.1 1,287 2.8 13,775 Unmarried, total……………….… 48,606 33,262 68.4 30,490 62.7 2,772 8.3 15,344 Never married……………….... 33,125 23,214 70.1 21,006 63.4 2,209 9.5 9,911 Other marital status……….….. 15,481 10,048 64.9 9,484 61.3 563 5.6 5,433 2,457 Divorced……………………… 9,151 6,694 73.2 6,319 69.0 375 5.6 Separated……………….…… 3,622 2,715 75.0 2,558 70.6 158 5.8 906 Widowed…………………..…. 2,708 638 23.6 608 22.4 30 4.8 2,070 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor 12 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Total Women, 16 years and over……………...…… 116,534 68,597 58.9 65,113 55.9 3,484 With children under 18 years old…………… 37,112 26,168 70.5 24,787 66.8 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 20,470 15,744 76.9 15,077 73.7 With children under 6 years old………….… 16,642 10,424 62.6 9,709 Under 3 years old………………….……… 9,742 5,744 59.0 With no children under 18 years old………. 79,422 42,428 Men, 16 years and over……………………..… 108,702 With children under 18 years old………….… 28,770 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… With children under 6 years old…………… Under 3 years old……………………….… With no children under 18 years old………… 5.1 47,937 1,382 5.3 10,944 667 4.2 4,726 58.3 715 6.9 6,218 5,339 54.8 405 7.1 3,998 53.4 40,326 50.8 2,102 5.0 36,993 78,854 72.5 74,164 68.2 4,690 5.9 29,849 27,114 94.2 26,114 90.8 1,000 3.7 1,657 15,776 14,686 93.1 14,169 89.8 516 3.5 1,090 12,994 12,428 95.6 11,944 91.9 484 3.9 566 7,783 7,463 95.9 7,192 92.4 272 3.6 320 79,932 51,740 64.7 48,050 60.1 3,690 7.1 28,192 White Women, 16 years and over………………...… 94,166 55,102 58.5 52,758 56.0 2,344 4.3 39,064 With children under 18 years old………….… 29,330 20,532 70.0 19,691 67.1 841 4.1 8,799 With children 6 to 17, none younger…….… 16,264 12,488 76.8 12,061 74.2 427 3.4 3,776 With children under 6 years old…….…...… 13,066 8,044 61.6 7,630 58.4 414 5.1 5,022 Under 3 years old…………………….…… 7,751 4,499 58.0 4,274 55.1 225 5.0 3,252 With no children under 18 years old………… 64,836 34,571 53.3 33,067 51.0 1,504 4.4 30,265 Men, 16 years and over……………………...… 89,572 65,691 73.3 62,233 69.5 3,457 5.3 23,881 With children under 18 years old………….. 24,100 22,892 95.0 22,130 91.8 762 3.3 1,208 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 13,235 12,419 93.8 12,019 90.8 400 3.2 817 With children under 6 years old…………… 10,865 10,474 96.4 10,111 93.1 363 3.5 391 Under 3 years old………………………..… 6,573 6,362 96.8 6,171 93.9 190 3.0 211 65,471 42,798 65.4 40,104 61.3 2,695 6.3 22,673 With no children under 18 years old………. See note at end of table. 13 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Black or African American Women, 16 years and over……………...…… 14,565 8,925 61.3 8,039 55.2 886 9.9 5,640 With children under 18 years old………….… 5,023 3,818 76.0 3,374 67.2 444 11.6 1,205 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 2,745 2,187 79.7 1,994 72.6 193 8.8 559 With children under 6 years old………….… 2,278 1,631 71.6 1,380 60.6 251 15.4 646 Under 3 years old……………………….… 1,207 817 67.7 673 55.8 144 17.7 389 With no children under 18 years old……..… 9,542 5,107 53.5 4,664 48.9 442 8.7 4,435 Men, 16 years and over…………………..…… 11,812 7,773 65.8 6,859 58.1 915 11.8 4,038 With children under 18 years old………….… 2,452 2,175 88.7 2,009 81.9 165 7.6 277 With children 6 to 17, none younger…..… 1,372 1,192 86.8 1,117 81.4 75 6.3 181 With children under 6 years old…………… 1,080 983 91.0 893 82.7 90 9.2 97 Under 3 years old…………………..……… 606 550 90.9 487 80.4 64 11.6 55 With no children under 18 years old………… 9,360 5,598 59.8 4,849 51.8 749 13.4 3,761 Asian Women, 16 years and over………………...… 5,108 2,924 57.2 2,806 54.9 119 4.1 2,184 With children under 18 years old………….… 1,797 1,167 64.9 1,129 62.8 37 3.2 631 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 945 685 72.5 664 70.3 21 3.1 260 With children under 6 years old…………… 853 481 56.5 465 54.6 16 3.3 371 Under 3 years old………………………… 511 268 52.5 262 51.2 6 2.4 243 With no children under 18 years old………… 3,311 1,758 53.1 1,676 50.6 82 4.6 1,553 Men, 16 years and over……………………..… 4,629 3,454 74.6 3,305 71.4 149 4.3 1,175 With children under 18 years old…………… 1,486 1,387 93.4 1,346 90.6 41 2.9 99 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 785 728 92.8 699 89.1 29 4.0 56 With children under 6 years old………….… 701 659 93.9 647 92.3 12 1.8 42 Under 3 years old……………………….… 405 376 92.9 368 91.0 8 2.1 29 With no children under 18 years old………. 3,144 2,067 65.8 1,959 62.3 108 5.2 1,077 See note at end of table. 14 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women, 16 years and over………………...… 14,023 7,726 55.1 7,208 51.4 518 6.7 6,297 With children under 18 years old………….… 6,341 3,726 58.8 3,490 55.0 236 6.3 2,616 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 3,068 2,088 68.1 1,975 64.4 113 5.4 980 With children under 6 years old…………… 3,273 1,638 50.0 1,515 46.3 123 7.5 1,636 Under 3 years old………………………… 1,905 847 44.5 786 41.3 61 7.3 1,058 With no children under 18 years old………… 7,682 4,000 52.1 3,718 48.4 282 7.1 3,682 Men, 16 years and over……………………..… 14,791 11,754 79.5 11,017 74.5 737 6.3 3,037 With children under 18 years old…………… 4,847 4,594 94.8 4,384 90.4 210 4.6 254 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 2,208 2,058 93.2 1,956 88.6 102 5.0 150 With children under 6 years old………….… 2,639 2,536 96.1 2,428 92.0 108 4.2 104 Under 3 years old……………………….… 1,559 1,503 96.4 1,453 93.2 50 3.3 56 With no children under 18 years old………. 9,944 7,160 72.0 6,633 66.7 527 7.4 2,784 NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as His- panic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. SOURCE: 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 15 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, 16 years and over………………………………... With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 116,534 37,112 20,470 16,642 9,742 79,422 68,597 26,168 15,744 10,424 5,744 42,428 Total, all marital statuses 55.9 58.9 65,113 70.5 24,787 66.8 76.9 15,077 73.7 62.6 9,709 58.3 59.0 5,339 54.8 53.4 40,326 50.8 3,484 1,382 667 715 405 2,102 5.1 5.3 4.2 6.9 7.1 5.0 47,937 10,944 4,726 6,218 3,998 36,993 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 59,449 26,709 14,495 12,214 7,345 32,741 35,809 18,184 10,875 7,309 4,185 17,625 Total, married, spouse present 60.2 34,738 58.4 1,071 68.1 17,626 66.0 558 75.0 10,563 72.9 312 59.8 7,063 57.8 246 57.0 4,049 55.1 136 53.8 17,112 52.3 513 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.3 2.9 23,641 8,525 3,620 4,905 3,160 15,116 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 57,084 10,403 5,975 4,428 2,397 46,681 32,788 7,985 4,869 3,115 1,559 24,803 Total, other marital statuses1 57.4 30,375 53.2 76.8 7,161 68.8 81.5 4,515 75.6 70.4 2,646 59.8 65.0 1,290 53.8 53.1 23,214 49.7 2,413 824 355 469 269 1,589 7.4 10.3 7.3 15.1 17.2 6.4 24,296 2,419 1,106 1,313 838 21,878 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 94,166 29,330 16,264 13,066 7,751 64,836 55,102 20,532 12,488 8,044 4,499 34,571 White, all marital statuses 58.5 52,758 56.0 70.0 19,691 67.1 76.8 12,061 74.2 61.6 7,630 58.4 58.0 4,274 55.1 53.3 33,067 51.0 2,344 841 427 414 225 1,504 4.3 4.1 3.4 5.1 5.0 4.4 39,064 8,799 3,776 5,022 3,252 30,265 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 51,119 22,535 12,236 10,299 6,243 28,584 30,576 15,279 9,173 6,106 3,541 15,296 White, married, spouse present 59.8 29,703 58.1 67.8 14,842 65.9 75.0 8,929 73.0 59.3 5,913 57.4 56.7 3,431 54.9 53.5 14,861 52.0 873 438 245 193 111 435 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.2 3.1 2.8 20,544 7,256 3,063 4,193 2,702 13,287 24,527 5,252 3,315 1,938 957 19,274 White, other marital statuses1 57.0 23,055 53.6 1,471 77.3 4,850 71.4 403 82.3 3,133 77.8 182 70.0 1,717 62.1 221 63.5 843 55.9 114 53.2 18,206 50.2 1,069 6.0 7.7 5.5 11.4 11.9 5.5 18,520 1,542 713 829 550 16,978 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 43,047 6,795 4,028 2,767 1,507 36,252 See footnote at end of table 16 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total 14,565 5,023 2,745 2,278 1,207 9,542 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old…………………….. With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old……………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………. 4,168 1,997 1,130 867 468 2,171 Total, 16 years and over……………………………….… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 10,397 3,027 1,616 1,411 738 7,371 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 5,108 1,797 945 853 511 3,311 2,924 1,167 685 481 268 1,758 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 3,054 1,574 800 774 472 1,480 1,790 987 566 421 238 803 1,135 180 119 60 31 955 2,055 224 145 79 39 1,831 Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Black or African American, all marital statuses 8,925 61.3 8,039 55.2 886 3,818 76.0 3,374 67.2 444 2,187 79.7 1,994 72.6 193 1,631 71.6 1,380 60.6 251 817 67.7 673 55.8 144 5,107 53.5 4,664 48.9 442 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… Percent of population Not in labor force 9.9 11.6 8.8 15.4 17.7 8.7 5,640 1,205 559 646 389 4,435 Black or African American, married, spouse present 2,765 66.3 2,661 63.8 104 1,526 76.4 1,461 73.2 65 895 79.2 858 76.0 37 631 72.8 603 69.6 28 322 68.7 310 66.1 12 1,238 57.0 1,200 55.2 39 3.8 4.3 4.1 4.4 3.8 3.1 1,403 470 235 236 147 933 Black or African American, other marital statuses1 6,160 59.2 5,378 51.7 782 2,292 75.7 1,913 63.2 379 1,292 79.9 1,136 70.3 156 1,000 70.9 777 55.1 223 496 67.1 363 49.2 132 3,868 52.5 3,465 47.0 404 12.7 16.5 12.1 22.3 26.7 10.4 4,237 735 324 411 243 3,502 119 37 21 16 6 82 4.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.4 4.6 2,184 631 260 371 243 1,553 Asian, married, spouse present 58.6 1,741 57.0 62.7 960 61.0 70.8 550 68.8 54.4 409 52.9 50.3 234 49.5 54.2 781 52.8 49 27 16 12 4 22 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.6 2.7 1,264 586 234 353 235 677 Asian, other marital statuses1 55.2 1,065 51.8 80.2 170 75.9 82.1 114 78.4 76.7 56 71.3 78.6 28 71.7 52.2 895 48.9 69 10 5 4 3 60 6.1 5.4 4.5 7.1 8.8 6.3 920 44 26 18 8 876 17 Asian, all marital statuses 57.2 2,806 54.9 64.9 1,129 62.8 72.5 664 70.3 56.5 465 54.6 52.5 262 51.2 53.1 1,676 50.6 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over………………………………… 14,023 7,726 55.1 7,208 51.4 518 6.7 6,297 With children under 18 years old……………………… 6,341 3,726 58.8 3,490 55.0 236 6.3 2,616 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… 3,068 2,088 68.1 1,975 64.4 113 5.4 980 With children under 6 years old……………………… 3,273 1,638 50.0 1,515 46.3 123 7.5 1,636 With children under 3 years old…………………… 1,905 847 44.5 786 41.3 61 7.3 1,058 With no children under 18 years old…………………… 7,682 4,000 52.1 3,718 48.4 282 7.1 3,682 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… 6,888 3,628 52.7 3,463 50.3 165 4.5 3,260 With children under 18 years old……………………… 4,379 2,339 53.4 2,237 51.1 102 4.4 2,040 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… 2,035 1,294 63.6 1,241 61.0 53 4.1 741 With children under 6 years old……………………… 2,344 1,045 44.6 996 42.5 49 4.7 1,299 With children under 3 years old…………………… 1,385 556 40.1 529 38.2 27 4.8 830 With no children under 18 years old…………………… 2,510 1,289 51.4 1,227 48.9 63 4.9 1,220 3,038 Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… 7,135 4,097 57.4 3,745 52.5 353 8.6 With children under 18 years old……………………… 1,963 1,387 70.7 1,253 63.9 133 9.6 576 1,033 794 76.9 734 71.1 60 7.5 239 With children under 6 years old……………………… 930 593 63.8 519 55.9 73 12.4 337 With children under 3 years old…………………… 520 292 56.1 257 49.5 35 11.8 228 5,172 2,711 52.4 2,491 48.2 220 8.1 2,461 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons. races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all SOURCE: 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 18 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2005 (Numbers in thousands) With own children under age 18 Civilian labor force Year Total With own children ages 6 to 17 Unemployed Percent of population Employed Total Civilian labor force Percent of labor force Total Percent of population Unemployed Employed Total Percent of labor force 1975...… 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 1976...… 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 1977…… 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 1978…… 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 1979...… 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 1980…… 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 1981...… 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 1982...… 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 1983...… 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 1984…… 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 1985…… 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 1986…… 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 1987…… 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 1988…… 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 1989…… 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 1990...… 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 1991...… 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 1992...… 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 1993…… 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 1994…… 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 1995…… 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 1996…… 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 1997…… 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 1998...… 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 1999…… 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 2000...… 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 2001...… 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 2002…… 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 2003...… 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 2004…… 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 2005……… 26,168 70.5 24,787 1,382 5.3 15,744 76.9 15,077 667 4.2 See note at end of table. 19 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands) With own children under age 6 Civilian labor force Year Total With own children under age 3 Unemployed Percent of population Employed Total Unemployed Civilian labor force Percent of labor force Total Percent of population Employed Total Percent of labor force 1975...… 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 1976…… 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 1977…… 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 1978…… 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 1979…… 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 1980...… 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 1981...… 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 1982…… 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 1983...… 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 1984…… 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 1985...… 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 1986...… 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 1987...… 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 1988…… 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 1989…… 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 1990...… 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 1991…… 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 1992…… 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 1993…… 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 1994...… 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 1995…… 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 1996…… 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 1997...… 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 1998...… 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 1999…… 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 2000…… 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 2001…… 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 2002…… 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 2003...… 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 2004…… 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 2005……… 10,424 62.6 9,709 715 6.9 5,744 59.0 5,339 405 7.1 See note at end of table. 20 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child,1975-2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands) With no own children under age 18 Civilian labor force Year Total Unemployed Percent of population Employed Total Percent of labor force 1975…… 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 1976…… 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 1977…… 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 1978…… 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 1979…… 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 1980...… 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 1981…… 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 1982…… 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 1983…… 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 1984…… 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 1985…… 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 1986…… 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 1987…… 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 1988…… 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 1989…… 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 1990...… 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 1991...… 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 1992…… 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 1993…… 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 1994…… 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 1995…… 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 1996…… 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 1997…… 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 1998…… 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 1999…… 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 2000…… 2001…… 40,142 40,996 54.8 54.4 38,408 39,363 1,733 1,633 4.3 4.0 2002…… 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 2003...… 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 2004…… 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 2005……… 42,428 53.4 40,326 2,102 5.0 NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1975-2005, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 21 Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Employed Educational attainment and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Total Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Not in Percent labor force of labor force Total Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… Less than a high school diploma………… High school graduates, no college1…… 154,340 121,752 78.9 116,866 75.7 4,886 4.0 18,883 11,893 63.0 10,965 47,669 36,432 76.4 34,688 32,588 58.1 928 7.8 6,990 72.8 1,744 4.8 11,236 7,773 Some college or associate degree……… 41,581 33,808 81.3 32,507 78.2 1,300 3.8 College graduates, total………………... 46,207 39,619 85.7 38,705 83.8 914 2.3 6,589 Bachelor's degree……………………… 30,500 25,880 84.9 25,219 82.7 661 2.6 4,619 Master's degree………………………... 11,218 9,679 86.3 9,480 84.5 199 2.1 1,539 Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… 2,507 2,242 89.4 2,216 88.4 25 1.1 266 1,983 1,818 91.7 1,789 90.2 29 1.6 165 78,630 56,322 71.6 53,951 68.6 2,371 4.2 22,308 Women Total, 25 to 64 years……………………... Less than a high school diploma………… High school graduates, no college1…… 8,956 4,364 48.7 3,926 43.8 438 10.0 4,592 23,768 16,191 68.1 15,392 64.8 799 4.9 7,577 5,426 Some college or associate degree……… 22,444 17,018 75.8 16,331 72.8 687 4.0 College graduates, total………………… 23,461 18,748 79.9 18,302 78.0 446 2.4 4,713 Bachelor's degree……………………... 15,769 12,360 78.4 12,048 76.4 312 2.5 3,408 Master's degree………………………... 6,019 4,972 82.6 4,868 80.9 104 2.1 1,047 Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… 969 803 82.8 787 81.2 16 1.9 167 705 613 87.0 599 85.0 14 2.3 91 Total, 25 to 64 years……………………… 75,710 65,430 86.4 62,915 83.1 2,515 3.8 10,280 Less than a high school diploma………. High school graduates, no college1…… 9,927 7,529 75.8 7,039 70.9 490 6.5 2,398 23,900 20,241 84.7 19,296 80.7 945 4.7 3,659 Some college or associate degree……… 19,137 16,790 87.7 16,176 84.5 613 3.7 2,347 College graduates, total………………… 22,746 20,871 91.8 20,403 89.7 468 2.2 1,875 14,731 13,520 91.8 13,171 89.4 349 2.6 1,211 Men Bachelor's degree……………………..… Master's degree…………………...…… 5,199 4,707 90.5 4,613 88.7 94 2.0 492 Professional degree…………………..… Doctoral degree………………………… 1,538 1,439 93.6 1,430 92.9 10 0.7 99 1,278 1,205 94.2 1,190 93.1 15 1.2 74 1 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 22 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total College Less than 4 4 years, no years college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more Total, both sexes 1970¹…...… 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1 1971…...… 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8 1972…...… 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5 1973…...… 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4 1974…...… 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5 1975…...… 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3 1976…...… 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4 1977…...… 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2 1978…...… 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6 1979…...… 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3 1980…...… 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0 1981…...… 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0 1982…...… 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1 1983……... 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2 1984……... 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7 1985…...… 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9 1986…...… 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8 1987…...… 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3 1988……... 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7 1989…...… 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4 1990……... 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4 1991…...… 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5 Some Less than a High school college, no high school graduates, degree, or diploma no college2 associate degree College graduates3 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Total, both sexes 19924……. 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6 1993…...… 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0 1994…...… 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6 1995……... 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3 1996…...… 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7 1997……... 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0 1998……... 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8 1999…...… 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5 2000…...… 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7 2001…...… 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0 2002…...… 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6 2003……... 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1 2004…...… 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4 2005……. 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5 See footnotes at end of table. 23 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages—Continued Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total College Less than 4 4 years, no years college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more Women 1970¹…...… 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 1971…...… 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.2 11.8 1972……... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4 1973……... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3 1974…...… 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6 1975…...… 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1 1976…...… 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2 1977…...… 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9 1978…...… 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0 1979…...… 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8 1980…...… 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7 1981…...… 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6 1982…...… 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5 1983…...… 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9 1984……... 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7 1985……... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0 1986…...… 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2 1987…...… 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8 1988…...… 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1 1989…...… 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3 1990…...… 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5 1991…...… 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Some Less than a High school college, no high school graduates, degree, or diploma no college2 associate degree College graduates3 Women 19924……. 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 1993…...… 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7 1994……... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2 1995…...… 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9 1996…...… 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8 1997…...… 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4 1998…...… 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2 1999……... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9 2000…...… 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1 2001……... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4 2002…...… 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3 2003……... 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2 2004…...… 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6 2005……. 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3 See footnotes at end of table. 24 25.0 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages—Continued Year 1970¹…...… 1971…...… 1972……... 1973……... 1974…...… 1975…...… 1976……... 1977…...… 1978…...… 1979……... 1980……... 1981…...… 1982……... 1983…...… 1984…...… 1985…...… 1986…...… 1987…...… 1988…...… 1989…...… 1990……... 1991…...… Civilian labor force (thousands) 39,303 39,539 40,098 40,617 41,344 41,628 42,077 42,954 43,766 44,630 45,417 46,363 47,144 47,903 48,767 49,647 50,733 51,860 52,616 53,668 54,476 55,165 Percent distribution High school Total College Less than 4 4 years, no years college Men 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.5 35.9 34.8 32.4 30.8 28.9 27.0 26.3 24.8 23.0 22.2 21.5 20.3 19.4 18.4 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.5 15.7 15.1 14.7 1 to 3 years 34.5 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.0 35.3 35.3 35.7 35.7 36.5 36.8 36.3 36.7 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.3 36.9 37.2 37.5 4 years or more 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.4 13.9 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.9 17.5 17.7 17.4 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.9 18.9 18.5 19.2 19.7 20.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.2 19.3 20.2 21.5 22.3 23.0 23.8 24.3 24.6 25.5 26.6 26.9 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.8 28.2 28.0 27.6 Some Less than a High school college, no high school graduates, degree, or 2 diploma associate no college degree College 3 graduates Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Men 4 1992 ……. 1993…...… 1994…...… 1995…...… 1996…...… 1997…...… 1998…...… 1999…....... 2000…...… 2001…...… 2002…...… 2003……... 2004…...… 2005……. 56,428 56,992 57,205 57,784 58,692 59,684 60,255 60,570 62,001 62,664 63,318 64,025 64,519 65,430 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.7 12.9 12.4 11.8 12.2 12.2 12.0 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.5 11.5 34.2 33.9 33.0 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.1 31.6 31.2 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.7 30.9 24.3 25.1 25.9 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.6 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.8 25.6 25.6 25.7 27.8 28.1 28.8 29.4 29.4 29.6 30.3 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.8 32.1 32.3 31.9 1 Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March Current Population Survey. Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. 4 Beginning in 1992, data on educational attainment are annual averages and are based on the "highest diploma or degree received" rather than the "number of years of school completed." 2 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 25 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation and sex 2004 Number 2005 Percent Number Percent Total Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………………… 139,252 100.0 141,730 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 48,532 34.9 49,245 34.7 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 20,235 14.5 20,450 14.4 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 28,297 20.3 28,795 20.3 Service occupations ......................................................................... 22,720 16.3 23,133 16.3 Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 35,464 25.5 35,962 25.4 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 15,983 11.5 16,433 11.6 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 19,481 14.0 19,529 13.8 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 14,582 10.5 15,348 10.8 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 991 .7 976 0.7 6.5 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 8,522 6.1 9,145 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 5,069 3.6 5,226 3.7 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 17,954 12.9 18,041 12.7 Production occupations ................................................................. 9,462 6.8 9,378 6.6 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 8,491 6.1 8,664 6.1 64,728 100.0 65,757 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 24,396 37.7 24,896 37.9 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 8,517 13.2 8,689 13.2 Women Total, 16 years and over.……………………………………………… Professional and related occupations ............................................ 15,879 24.5 16,207 24.6 Service occupations ......................................................................... 12,894 19.9 13,251 20.2 Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 22,660 35.0 22,772 34.6 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 7,878 12.2 8,072 12.3 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 14,781 22.8 14,700 22.4 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 652 1.0 713 1.1 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 204 .3 220 0.3 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 216 .3 274 0.4 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 231 .4 219 0.3 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 4,126 6.4 4,124 6.3 Production occupations ................................................................. 2,875 4.4 2,838 4.3 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 1,251 1.9 1,286 2.0 26 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2004-05 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation 2004 Number 2005 Percent Number Percent Men Total, 16 years and over.…………………………………………… 74,524 100.0 75,973 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 24,136 32.4 24,349 32.0 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 11,718 15.7 11,761 15.5 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 12,418 16.7 12,588 16.6 Service occupations ......................................................................... 9,826 13.2 9,882 13.0 Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 12,805 17.2 13,190 17.4 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 8,105 10.9 8,362 11.0 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 4,700 6.3 4,829 6.4 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 13,930 18.7 14,635 19.3 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 786 1.1 756 1.0 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 8,306 11.1 8,871 11.7 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 4,838 6.5 5,008 6.6 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 13,827 18.6 13,917 18.3 Production occupations ................................................................. 6,587 8.8 6,540 8.6 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 7,240 9.7 7,377 9.7 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 27 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………………………………… 141,730 46.4 Management, professional, and related occupations...................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations.................................................................... Management occupations........................................................................................................................ Chief executives................................................................................................................................... General and operations managers....................................................................................................... Advertising and promotions managers................................................................................................. Marketing and sales managers............................................................................................................ Administrative services managers........................................................................................................ Computer and information systems managers..................................................................................... Financial managers.............................................................................................................................. Human resources managers................................................................................................................ Industrial production managers............................................................................................................ Purchasing managers.......................................................................................................................... Transportation, storage, and distribution managers............................................................................. Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers...................................................................................... Farmers and ranchers.......................................................................................................................... Construction managers........................................................................................................................ Education administrators...................................................................................................................... Engineering managers......................................................................................................................... Food service managers........................................................................................................................ Funeral directors.................................................................................................................................. Lodging managers............................................................................................................................... Medical and health services managers................................................................................................ Property, real estate, and community association managers............................................................... Social and community service managers............................................................................................. Business and financial operations occupations........................................................................................ Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.............................................................................. Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products.......................................................... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators................................................................. Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation............... Cost estimators.................................................................................................................................... Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists................................................................... Logisticians.......................................................................................................................................... Management analysts.......................................................................................................................... Accountants and auditors..................................................................................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate.............................................................................................. Budget analysts................................................................................................................................... Financial analysts................................................................................................................................ Personal financial advisors.................................................................................................................. Insurance underwriters......................................................................................................................... Loan counselors and officers............................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents................................................................................... Tax preparers....................................................................................................................................... Professional and related occupations.......................................................................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations................................................................................................ Computer scientists and systems analysts.......................................................................................... Computer programmers....................................................................................................................... Computer software engineers.............................................................................................................. Computer support specialists............................................................................................................... 49,245 20,450 14,685 1,644 872 67 798 80 351 1,045 272 310 183 244 195 827 881 805 97 929 54 159 470 626 307 5,765 213 281 303 139 112 660 51 549 1,683 125 54 96 380 110 439 76 93 28,795 3,246 745 581 832 334 50.6 42.5 37.2 23.8 29.9 56.1 41.0 30.2 32.3 51.7 72.7 17.2 39.7 11.7 19.3 25.6 6.3 63.4 9.5 44.2 21.5 49.8 71.2 48.7 69.3 55.9 50.7 55.0 61.6 47.2 17.4 70.9 41.9 40.9 61.9 34.7 68.0 39.0 30.8 71.9 54.1 58.4 68.2 56.3 27.0 30.3 26.0 21.9 33.2 See note at end of table. 28 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Database administrators...................................................................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators.................................................................................... Network systems and data communications analysts.......................................................................... Operations research analysts............................................................................................................... Architecture and engineering occupations............................................................................................... Architects, except naval....................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers........................................................................................................................... Chemical engineers............................................................................................................................. Civil engineers..................................................................................................................................... Computer hardware engineers............................................................................................................. Electrical and electronics engineers..................................................................................................... Industrial engineers, including health and safety.................................................................................. Mechanical engineers.......................................................................................................................... Drafters................................................................................................................................................ Engineering technicians, except drafters.............................................................................................. Surveying and mapping technicians..................................................................................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations......................................................................................... Biological scientists.............................................................................................................................. Medical scientists................................................................................................................................. Chemists and materials scientists........................................................................................................ Environmental scientists and geoscientists.......................................................................................... Market and survey researchers............................................................................................................ Psychologists....................................................................................................................................... Chemical technicians........................................................................................................................... Community and social services occupations........................................................................................... Counselors........................................................................................................................................... Social workers...................................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous community and social service specialists...................................................................... Clergy.................................................................................................................................................. Legal occupations.................................................................................................................................... Lawyers............................................................................................................................................... Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers................................................................................... Paralegals and legal assistants............................................................................................................ Miscellaneous legal support workers.................................................................................................... Education, training, and library occupations............................................................................................. Postsecondary teachers....................................................................................................................... Preschool and kindergarten teachers................................................................................................... Elementary and middle school teachers............................................................................................... Secondary school teachers.................................................................................................................. Special education teachers.................................................................................................................. Other teachers and instructors............................................................................................................. Librarians............................................................................................................................................. Teacher assistants............................................................................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................................................................... Artists and related workers................................................................................................................... Designers............................................................................................................................................. Producers and directors....................................................................................................................... Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers................................................................................. Musicians, singers, and related workers............................................................................................... Announcers.......................................................................................................................................... News analysts, reporters and correspondents...................................................................................... Public relations specialists................................................................................................................... Editors................................................................................................................................................. Technical writers.................................................................................................................................. See note at end of table. 29 89 200 322 86 2,793 235 90 55 319 81 352 189 318 212 410 95 1,406 119 125 116 99 131 188 86 2,138 626 670 276 435 1,614 961 70 353 229 8,114 1,185 719 2,616 1,136 421 709 214 947 2,736 234 774 124 273 213 61 89 154 150 52 32.3 18.4 24.6 50.5 13.8 24.4 13.3 14.3 13.2 10.8 7.1 14.9 5.8 21.6 20.2 2.7 42.5 48.7 45.9 35.3 22.5 55.3 67.3 28.1 61.3 69.8 80.1 67.0 15.5 49.4 30.2 41.2 86.4 75.3 73.8 44.4 97.7 82.2 56.8 85.3 65.9 84.9 90.9 47.8 52.6 55.0 35.1 30.8 37.6 12.2 56.5 61.4 58.1 52.3 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Writers and authors.............................................................................................................................. Miscellaneous media and communication workers............................................................................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators...................................................... Photographers..................................................................................................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................................................................... Chiropractors....................................................................................................................................... Dentists................................................................................................................................................ Dietitians and nutritionists.................................................................................................................... Pharmacists......................................................................................................................................... Physicians and surgeons..................................................................................................................... 178 60 92 150 6,748 82 164 68 248 830 62.8 58.3 13.6 39.0 73.2 21.8 22.5 95.3 48.3 32.3 Physician assistants............................................................................................................................. Registered nurses................................................................................................................................ Occupational therapists........................................................................................................................ Physical therapists............................................................................................................................... Respiratory therapists.......................................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists............................................................................................................. Veterinarians........................................................................................................................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................................................................................. Dental hygienists.................................................................................................................................. Diagnostic related technologists and technicians................................................................................. Emergency medical technicians and paramedics................................................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians........................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses............................................................................... Medical records and health information technicians............................................................................. 74 2,416 85 177 94 98 61 334 132 276 155 390 510 121 62.1 92.3 92.9 68.9 58.6 92.0 38.7 74.2 97.1 72.0 31.3 81.8 93.4 86.6 Service occupations........................................................................................................................................ Healthcare support occupations.................................................................................................................. Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides........................................................................................ Physical therapist assistants and aides................................................................................................ Massage therapists.............................................................................................................................. Dental assistants................................................................................................................................. Protective service occupations.................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives..................................................................... Fire fighters.......................................................................................................................................... Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers............................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators................................................................................................... Police and sheriff's patrol officers......................................................................................................... Private detectives and investigators..................................................................................................... Security guards and gaming surveillance officers................................................................................. Crossing guards................................................................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations...................................................................................... Chefs and head cooks......................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers............................................ Cooks.................................................................................................................................................. Food preparation workers.................................................................................................................... Bartenders........................................................................................................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food................................................... Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop........................................................ Waiters and waitresses........................................................................................................................ 23,133 3,092 1,900 55 111 259 2,894 122 243 424 123 677 89 814 51 7,374 317 574 1,838 664 384 305 321 1,927 57.3 89.0 88.7 77.5 82.0 96.1 22.4 12.5 3.3 29.1 24.0 14.3 37.7 24.7 63.8 56.6 20.4 58.5 42.3 61.2 56.8 71.5 65.7 71.8 See note at end of table. 30 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Food servers, nonrestaurant................................................................................................................ Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers............................................................... Dishwashers........................................................................................................................................ Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.................................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations..................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers…………………………........... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers............... Janitors and building cleaners.............................................................................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners....................................................................................................... Pest control workers............................................................................................................................ Grounds maintenance workers............................................................................................................ Personal care and service occupations....................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers............................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers............................................................... Nonfarm animal caretakers.................................................................................................................. Gaming services workers..................................................................................................................... Barbers................................................................................................................................................ Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists...................................................................................... Miscellaneous personal appearance workers....................................................................................... Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges......................................................................................... Transportation attendants.................................................................................................................... Child care workers............................................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides............................................................................................................. Recreation and fitness workers............................................................................................................ Residential advisors............................................................................................................................. 147 373 264 256 5,241 291 238 2,074 1,382 69 1,187 4,531 128 152 146 98 106 738 216 69 103 1,329 668 337 56 69.1 46.6 23.8 84.6 40.6 36.3 6.2 32.8 89.5 2.6 7.5 78.3 48.3 64.4 69.8 49.8 19.2 92.0 85.1 15.7 74.5 94.8 85.9 67.0 69.4 Sales and office occupations.......................................................................................................................... Sales and related occupations.................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers........................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers................................................................. Cashiers............................................................................................................................................... Counter and rental clerks..................................................................................................................... Parts salespersons.............................................................................................................................. Retail salespersons.............................................................................................................................. Advertising sales agents...................................................................................................................... Insurance sales agents........................................................................................................................ Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents.............................................................. Travel agents....................................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, services, all other............................................................................................. Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing........................................................................... Models, demonstrators, and product promoters................................................................................... Real estate brokers and sales agents.................................................................................................. Telemarketers...................................................................................................................................... Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers......................................... Office and administrative support occupations............................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative supportworkers....................................... Telephone operators............................................................................................................................ Bill and account collectors.................................................................................................................... Billing and posting clerks and machine operators................................................................................ Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks...................................................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks............................................................................................................. Tellers.................................................................................................................................................. 35,962 16,433 3,523 1,414 3,075 159 139 3,248 235 531 392 91 474 1,379 63 995 179 279 19,529 1,598 58 207 427 1,456 164 418 63.3 49.1 41.5 25.5 75.9 51.9 12.0 51.9 50.2 45.2 28.7 76.3 32.9 27.2 85.9 57.1 64.4 62.7 75.3 69.8 78.0 72.2 89.0 91.3 91.4 87.3 See note at end of table. 31 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Court, municipal, and license clerks..................................................................................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.............................................................................................. Customer service representatives........................................................................................................ Eligibility interviewers, government programs....................................................................................... File clerks............................................................................................................................................ Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks..................................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan................................................................................................ Library assistants, clerical.................................................................................................................... Loan interviewers and clerks................................................................................................................ Order clerks......................................................................................................................................... Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................. Receptionists and information clerks.................................................................................................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks............................................................. Couriers and messengers.................................................................................................................... Dispatchers.......................................................................................................................................... Postal service clerks............................................................................................................................ Postal service mail carriers.................................................................................................................. Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators........................................ Production, planning, and expediting clerks......................................................................................... Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks................................................................................................... Stock clerks and order fillers................................................................................................................ Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping........................................................... Secretaries and administrative assistants............................................................................................ Computer operators............................................................................................................................. Data entry keyers................................................................................................................................. Word processors and typists................................................................................................................ Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................................................................................... Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service............................................................ Office clerks, general........................................................................................................................... Office machine operators, except computer......................................................................................... 106 64 1,833 55 376 138 167 130 198 143 66 1,376 169 309 291 146 348 111 294 543 1,461 71 3,499 184 495 295 263 132 965 58 81.4 73.4 68.7 82.7 81.4 65.9 79.4 85.4 77.0 67.2 89.3 92.4 64.0 15.8 59.1 41.7 39.1 45.1 57.1 31.9 37.1 52.6 97.3 55.3 82.2 95.0 86.9 55.5 84.5 60.7 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations...................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................................................................................................. Graders and sorters, agricultural products........................................................................................... Logging workers................................................................................................................................... Construction and extraction occupations..................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers.................................... Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons.................................................................................... Carpenters........................................................................................................................................... Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers........................................................................................ Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.................................................................. Construction laborers........................................................................................................................... Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators....................................................... Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers............................................................................... Electricians.......................................................................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance.............................................................................................. Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters............................................................................... Roofers................................................................................................................................................ Sheet metal workers............................................................................................................................ Structural iron and steel workers.......................................................................................................... Helpers, construction trades................................................................................................................ 15,348 976 69 85 9,145 1,012 245 1,797 297 119 1,491 414 252 852 689 661 274 147 63 113 4.6 22.5 69.4 1.7 3.0 2.9 .9 1.9 2.3 1.7 3.6 2.7 .8 2.6 7.5 1.2 2.4 3.6 1.6 3.2 See note at end of table. 32 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Construction and building inspectors.................................................................................................... Highway maintenance workers............................................................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations....................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers............................................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers................................................................... Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers...................................................... Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers...................................................... Security and fire alarm systems installers............................................................................................ Aircraft mechanics and service technicians.......................................................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................................................................................. Automotive service technicians and mechanics................................................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists....................................................................... Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics........................................... Small engine mechanics...................................................................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers................................................... Home appliance repairers.................................................................................................................... Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.................................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general............................................................................................. Millwrights............................................................................................................................................ Electrical power-line installers and repairers........................................................................................ Telecommunications line installers and repairers................................................................................. Precision instrument and equipment repairers..................................................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers........................................................ 107 94 5,226 314 384 214 61 60 140 168 954 365 224 63 393 53 444 344 65 110 152 69 60 8.5 4.6 4.2 5.7 13.7 13.5 2.1 4.5 4.5 1.9 1.8 .5 1.0 1.8 1.4 3.0 2.6 4.1 2.0 3.5 6.0 7.7 12.0 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations......................................................................... Production occupations............................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers.................................................. Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers................................................................... Bakers................................................................................................................................................. Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers............................................................ Food batchmakers............................................................................................................................... Computer control programmers and operators..................................................................................... Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................... Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.......................................................................................................................................... Machinists............................................................................................................................................ Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................ Tool and die makers............................................................................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.............................................................................................. Job printers.......................................................................................................................................... Printing machine operators.................................................................................................................. Laundry and dry-cleaning workers........................................................................................................ Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials................................................................................. Sewing machine operators................................................................................................................... Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers........................................................................................................ Upholsterers........................................................................................................................................ Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.................................................................................................. Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood....................................................................... Stationary engineers and boiler operators............................................................................................ Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators............................................................. Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders............................................................ Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers................................................................ 18,041 9,378 868 209 183 292 85 51 123 22.9 30.3 20.9 58.7 54.0 22.3 46.4 11.2 22.8 60 420 60 90 576 58 218 178 70 269 91 57 82 56 116 79 60 93 10.3 6.8 20.3 1.1 5.8 20.1 15.6 62.8 76.0 77.4 79.3 16.7 4.9 11.3 3.0 4.6 15.2 10.8 See note at end of table. 33 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Cutting workers.................................................................................................................................... Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers........................................................................... Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers.................................................................................. Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians........................................................................ Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... Painting workers.................................................................................................................................. Photographic process workers and processing machine operators...................................................... Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders......................................................................... Helpers--production workers................................................................................................................ Transportation and material moving occupations........................................................................................ Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.................................................................... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers........................................................................................................ Bus drivers........................................................................................................................................... Driver/sales workers and truck drivers.................................................................................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs.................................................................................................................. Locomotive engineers and operators................................................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters.................................................................................................. Parking lot attendants.......................................................................................................................... Service station attendants.................................................................................................................... Crane and tower operators................................................................................................................... Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators............................................................................ Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................................................................................... Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.................................................................................................... Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand....................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand.............................................................................................................. Refuse and recyclable material collectors............................................................................................ NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed as well as certain other occupations are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed occupations may not always sum to 100 684 55 103 303 198 76 58 58 8,664 202 121 591 3,409 291 51 53 65 100 72 86 541 347 1,806 452 73 21.2 38.5 40.6 46.7 55.6 15.0 62.9 30.1 16.2 14.8 18.1 5.2 48.7 4.5 15.5 1.4 .7 10.0 14.2 2.8 .2 6.3 14.1 17.3 61.1 8.7 the broader categories. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 34 Table 12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages Occupation Black or African American White Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……………………… Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Asian 53,186 8,158 2,885 7,295 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ............................... 38.8 30.4 44.5 22.4 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............. 13.6 10.0 15.6 7.9 Professional and related occupations ................................................... 25.2 20.4 29.0 14.4 Percent……………………………………………………..………………… Service occupations ................................................................................ 19.0 27.3 18.2 30.5 Sales and office occupations ................................................................... 35.1 33.4 28.7 33.0 Sales and related occupations ............................................................. 12.5 11.0 11.9 12.3 Office and administrative support occupations ..................................... 22.6 22.4 16.8 20.7 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............. 1.1 .9 .7 2.0 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................... .4 .2 .3 1.0 Construction and extraction occupations .............................................. .4 .3 .1 .7 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................ .3 .4 .3 .3 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 5.9 8.0 7.9 12.1 Production occupations ........................................................................ 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.5 Transportation and material moving occupations ................................. 1.9 2.7 1.2 3.6 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 35 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2004 Number 2005 Percent Number Percent Total, both sexes Total, 16 years and over…………….…………………………………… 139,252 100.0 141,730 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. Mining .................................................................................................. Construction ......................................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................................... Durable goods .................................................................................... Nondurable goods .............................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................. Retail trade ......................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ Utilities ............................................................................................... Information ......................................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................................ Finance and insurance ....................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... Professional and business services ..................................................... Professional and technical services ................................................... Management, administrative, and waste services........................... Education and health services ............................................................. Educational services .......................................................................... Health care and social assistance ..................................................... Hospitals .......................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals .................................................... Social assistance ............................................................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... Accommodation and food services .................................................... Other services ...................................................................................... Other services, except private households ........................................ Private households ............................................................................ Public administration ............................................................................ 2,232 539 10,768 16,484 10,329 6,155 20,869 4,600 16,269 7,013 5,844 1,168 3,463 9,969 6,940 3,029 14,108 8,386 5,722 28,719 12,058 16,661 5,700 8118.0 2,844 11,820 2,690 9,131 6,903 6,124 779 6,365 1.6 .4 7.7 11.8 7.4 4.4 15.0 3.3 11.7 5.0 4.2 .8 2.5 7.2 5.0 2.2 10.1 6.0 4.1 20.6 8.7 12.0 4.1 5.8 2.0 8.5 1.9 6.6 5.0 4.4 .6 4.6 2,197 624 11,197 16,253 10,333 5,919 21,405 4,579 16,825 7,360 6,184 1,176 3,402 10,203 7,035 3,168 14,294 8,584 5,709 29,174 12,264 16,910 5,719 8,332 2,860 12,071 2,765 9,306 7,020 6,208 812 6,530 1.6 .4 7.9 11.5 7.3 4.2 15.1 3.2 11.9 5.2 4.4 .8 2.4 7.2 5.0 2.2 10.1 6.1 4.0 20.6 8.7 11.9 4.0 5.9 2.0 8.5 2.0 6.6 5.0 4.4 .6 4.6 36 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2004 Number 2005 Percent Number Percent Women Total, 16 years and over…………….…………………………………… 64,728 100.0 65,757 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. Mining .................................................................................................. Construction ......................................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................................... Durable goods .................................................................................... Nondurable goods .............................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................. Retail trade ......................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ Utilities ............................................................................................... Information ......................................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................................ Finance and insurance ....................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... Professional and business services ..................................................... Professional and technical services ................................................... Management, administrative, and waste services........................... Education and health services ............................................................. Educational services .......................................................................... Health care and social assistance ..................................................... Hospitals .......................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals .................................................... Social assistance ............................................................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... Accommodation and food services .................................................... Other services ...................................................................................... Other services, except private households ........................................ Private households ............................................................................ Public administration ............................................................................ 546 55 1,041 4,998 2,728 2,270 9,289 1,355 7,934 1,671 1,395 276 1,501 5,572 4,149 1,424 6,039 3,746 2,293 21,497 8,306 13,191 4,366 6,383 2,441 6,037 1,230 4,807 3,573 2,854 719 2,908 .8 .1 1.6 7.7 4.2 3.5 14.4 2.1 12.3 2.6 2.2 .4 2.3 8.6 6.4 2.2 9.3 5.8 3.5 33.2 12.8 20.4 6.7 9.9 3.8 9.3 1.9 7.4 5.5 4.4 1.1 4.5 544 80 1,079 4,882 2,697 2,185 9,509 1,316 8,192 1,727 1,477 250 1,502 5,640 4,115 1,525 6,132 3,818 2,314 21,869 8,459 13,410 4,372 6,582 2,456 6,207 1,249 4,958 3,614 2,869 745 2,971 .8 .1 1.6 7.4 4.1 3.3 14.5 2.0 12.5 2.6 2.2 .4 2.3 8.6 6.3 2.3 9.3 5.8 3.5 33.3 12.9 20.4 6.6 10.0 3.7 9.4 1.9 7.5 5.5 4.4 1.1 4.5 37 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2004 Number 2005 Percent Number Percent Men Total, 16 years and over…………….…………………………………… 74,524 100.0 75,973 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. Mining .................................................................................................. Construction ......................................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................................... Durable goods .................................................................................... Nondurable goods .............................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................. Retail trade ......................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ Utilities ............................................................................................... Information ......................................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................................ Finance and insurance ....................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... Professional and business services ..................................................... Professional and technical services ................................................... Management, administrative, and waste services........................... Education and health services ............................................................. Educational services .......................................................................... Health care and social assistance ..................................................... Hospitals .......................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals .................................................... Social assistance ............................................................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... Accommodation and food services .................................................... Other services ...................................................................................... Other services, except private households ........................................ Private households ............................................................................ Public administration 1,687 483 9,727 11,485 7,600 3,885 11,580 3,245 8,335 5,342 4,449 892 1,962 4,396 2,791 1,605 8,068 4,639 3,429 7,222 3,752 3,470 1,333 1,735 403 5,783 1,460 4,323 3,330 3,270 60 3,458 2.3 .6 13.1 15.4 10.2 5.2 15.5 4.4 11.2 7.2 6.0 1.2 2.6 5.9 3.7 2.2 10.8 6.2 4.6 9.7 5.0 4.7 1.8 2.3 .5 7.8 2.0 5.8 4.5 4.4 .1 4.6 1,654 545 10,118 11,370 7,636 3,734 11,896 3,263 8,633 5,633 4,707 926 1,900 4,563 2,920 1,643 8,161 4,766 3,395 7,304 3,804 3,500 1,347 1,749 404 5,864 1,516 4,348 3,407 3,339 67 3,558 2.2 .7 13.3 15.0 10.1 4.9 15.7 4.3 11.4 7.4 6.2 1.2 2.5 6.0 3.8 2.2 10.7 6.3 4.5 9.6 5.0 4.6 1.8 2.3 .5 7.7 2.0 5.7 4.5 4.4 .1 4.7 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 38 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Total, 16 years and over……………………...…………………………………………………… Percent women 141,730 46.4 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.............................................................................. Crop production.......................................................................................................... Animal production.......................................................................................................... Forestry, except logging................................................................................................. Logging.......................................................................................................................... Fishing, hunting, and trapping........................................................................................ Support activities for agriculture and forestry................................................................. 2,197 903 939 53 106 57 139 24.7 24.7 25.2 32.2 6.2 18.6 35.6 Mining................................................................................................................................... Oil and gas extraction.................................................................................................... Coal mining................................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..................................................................... Support activities for mining........................................................................................... 624 89 82 99 330 12.8 20.6 5.9 6.1 14.1 Construction.......................................................................................................................... 11,197 9.6 Manufacturing....................................................................................................................... Durable goods................................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral products......................................................................................... Glass and glass products........................................................................................... Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products.......................................................... Primary metals and fabricated metal products............................................................... Iron and steel mills and steel products....................................................................... Aluminum production and processing........................................................................ Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing............................... Foundries................................................................................................................... Metal forgings and stampings.................................................................................... Cutlery and hand tools............................................................................................... Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers................................................. Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts.......................................... Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities................................................. Machinery manufacturing............................................................................................... Agricultural implements.............................................................................................. Construction, mining, and oil field machinery............................................................. Commercial and service industry machinery.............................................................. Metalworking machinery............................................................................................. Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment............................................... Computers and electronic products............................................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment.......................................................................... Communications, audio, and video equipment........................................................... Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments............................. Electrical equipment and appliances.............................................................................. Household appliances................................................................................................ Transportation equipment.............................................................................................. Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment............................................................. Aircraft and parts........................................................................................................ Aerospace products and parts................................................................................... 16,253 10,333 503 153 206 1,926 274 76 72 111 70 57 425 378 92 1,211 102 114 134 162 60 1,501 303 191 234 487 96 2,297 1,407 354 278 30.0 26.1 20.9 30.9 9.6 17.3 15.0 13.0 21.0 12.2 20.9 31.5 19.3 12.5 20.3 22.3 19.7 12.6 28.8 15.1 15.2 33.7 32.6 30.3 36.4 32.4 35.5 24.1 24.4 26.2 24.8 See note at end of table. 39 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Ship and boat building................................................................................................ Wood products.............................................................................................................. Sawmills and wood preservation................................................................................ Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products...................................................... Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes....................................................... Miscellaneous wood products.................................................................................... Furniture and related product manufacturing................................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing........................................................................................ Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing......................................................... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing............................................... 173 542 155 74 74 239 656 1,210 487 138 19.3 15.6 9.4 18.4 11.1 20.2 28.7 41.3 45.8 41.0 Nondurable goods............................................................................................................. Food manufacturing....................................................................................................... Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling....................................................................... Sugar and confectionery products.............................................................................. Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods.................................................... Dairy products............................................................................................................ Animal slaughtering and processing........................................................................... Retail bakeries........................................................................................................... Bakeries, except retail................................................................................................ Beverages and tobacco products................................................................................... Beverages manufacturing.......................................................................................... Textiles, apparel, and leather..................................................................................... Fabric mills, except knitting........................................................................................ Carpet and rug mills................................................................................................... Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs............................................................... Cut and sew apparel.................................................................................................. Paper and printing......................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.............................................................................. Paperboard containers and boxes.............................................................................. Miscellaneous paper and pulp products..................................................................... Printing and related support activities......................................................................... Petroleum and coal products......................................................................................... Petroleum refining...................................................................................................... Chemicals...................................................................................................................... Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments..................................................... Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................................................................. Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................................................................. Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics............................................................. Plastics and rubber products......................................................................................... Plastics product manufacturing.................................................................................. Tire manufacturing..................................................................................................... Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing................................................................ 5,919 1,506 126 77 161 133 471 168 163 289 252 871 135 73 141 301 1,241 214 164 118 745 153 132 1,208 135 420 62 141 652 469 84 99 36.9 38.7 26.9 43.8 34.9 26.3 37.9 59.0 38.3 27.1 26.0 54.0 40.6 39.1 58.8 63.5 32.0 17.0 28.5 34.6 36.6 19.7 18.8 35.0 30.1 46.3 24.0 44.7 31.4 33.4 17.3 33.8 Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................................................... Wholesale trade................................................................................................................ Motor vehicles, parts and supplies................................................................................. Furniture and home furnishings..................................................................................... Lumber and other construction materials....................................................................... 21,405 4,579 236 102 252 44.4 28.7 20.5 46.9 17.0 See note at end of table. 40 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Professional and commercial equipment and supplies.................................................. Metals and minerals, except petroleum.......................................................................... Electrical goods............................................................................................................. Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies............................................ Machinery, equipment, and supplies.............................................................................. Recyclable materials...................................................................................................... Miscellaneous durable goods......................................................................................... Paper and paper products............................................................................................. Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products........................................................ Apparel, fabrics, and notions......................................................................................... Groceries and related products...................................................................................... Farm product raw materials........................................................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products................................................................................ Alcoholic beverages....................................................................................................... Farm supplies................................................................................................................ Miscellaneous nondurable goods................................................................................... Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers........................................................ 435 77 335 187 523 103 182 103 296 114 887 57 141 150 54 240 68 32.0 20.0 28.1 25.1 23.7 16.1 37.1 32.7 42.5 52.8 26.4 25.4 24.2 12.0 17.5 42.5 41.0 Retail trade........................................................................................................................ Automobile dealers........................................................................................................ Other motor vehicle dealers........................................................................................... Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores......................................................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores........................................................................... Household appliance stores........................................................................................... Radio, TV, and computer stores.................................................................................... Building material and supplies dealers........................................................................... Hardware stores............................................................................................................ Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.......................................................... Grocery stores............................................................................................................... Specialty food stores..................................................................................................... Beer, wine, and liquor stores......................................................................................... Pharmacies and drug stores.......................................................................................... Health and personal care, except drug, stores............................................................... Gasoline stations........................................................................................................... Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores.............................................................. Shoe stores................................................................................................................... Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores................................................................... Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores....................................................... Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores................................................................ Music stores.................................................................................................................. Book stores and news dealers....................................................................................... Department stores and discount stores......................................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores................................................................... Retail florists.................................................................................................................. Office supplies and stationery stores............................................................................. Used merchandise stores.............................................................................................. Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops................................................................................... Miscellaneous retail stores............................................................................................. Electronic shopping....................................................................................................... 16,825 1,337 191 526 715 83 652 1,088 232 268 2,670 278 122 834 267 520 890 144 223 456 68 138 202 2,434 443 167 202 210 249 418 83 48.7 19.8 23.3 15.1 42.4 34.4 30.1 28.5 35.7 31.9 50.8 45.4 44.3 63.1 69.5 47.8 73.7 61.5 67.4 41.7 87.1 36.1 58.5 63.5 61.3 72.6 44.4 64.3 73.4 50.2 48.7 See note at end of table. 41 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Mail order houses.......................................................................................................... Vending machine operators........................................................................................... Fuel dealers................................................................................................................... 78 64 84 69.8 22.7 23.8 Transportation and utilities.................................................................................................... Transportation and warehousing....................................................................................... Air transportation........................................................................................................... Rail transportation.......................................................................................................... Water transportation...................................................................................................... Truck transportation....................................................................................................... Bus service and urban transit........................................................................................ Taxi and limousine service............................................................................................. Services incidental to transportation.............................................................................. Postal Service................................................................................................................ Couriers and messengers.............................................................................................. Warehousing and storage.............................................................................................. 7,360 6,184 574 282 61 2,033 555 218 619 828 647 306 23.5 23.9 36.2 9.7 28.0 11.5 40.5 17.1 26.2 39.2 20.5 30.2 Utilities.............................................................................................................................. Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution............................................... Natural gas distribution.................................................................................................. Electric and gas, and other combinations...................................................................... Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems................................................... Sewage treatment facilities............................................................................................ 1,176 604 120 86 243 109 21.3 22.9 17.1 29.2 19.8 14.1 Information............................................................................................................................ Newspaper publishers................................................................................................... Publishing, except newspapers and software................................................................. Motion pictures and video industries.............................................................................. Radio and television broadcasting and cable................................................................. Wired telecommunications carriers................................................................................ Internet service providers............................................................................................... Data processing, hosting, and related services.............................................................. Libraries and archives.................................................................................................... 3,402 508 302 323 563 794 80 103 235 44.2 48.8 51.7 38.6 39.0 36.6 31.7 47.8 79.4 Financial activities................................................................................................................. Finance and insurance...................................................................................................... Banking and related activities........................................................................................ Savings institutions, including credit unions................................................................... Non-depository credit and related activities.................................................................... Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments......................... Insurance carriers and related activities......................................................................... 10,203 7,035 1,912 270 1,195 1,146 2,512 55.3 58.5 67.3 74.1 55.4 38.1 60.9 Real estate and rental and leasing.................................................................................... Real estate.................................................................................................................... Rental and leasing services........................................................................................... Automotive equipment rental and leasing................................................................... Video tape and disk rental.......................................................................................... Other consumer goods rental..................................................................................... Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing....................... 3,168 2,678 490 173 109 103 104 48.1 50.8 33.5 30.6 50.8 32.9 20.5 See note at end of table. 42 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Professional and business services...................................................................................... Professional and technical services................................................................................... Legal services................................................................................................................ Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.................................... Architectural, engineering, and related services............................................................. Specialized design services........................................................................................... Computer systems design and related services............................................................. Management, scientific, and technical consulting services............................................ Scientific research and development services............................................................... Advertising and related services.................................................................................... Veterinary services........................................................................................................ Other professional, scientific, and technical services..................................................... Management, administrative, and waste services............................................................. Management of companies and enterprises.................................................................. Employment services.................................................................................................... Business support services............................................................................................. Travel arrangement and reservation services................................................................ Investigation and security services................................................................................ Services to buildings and dwellings............................................................................... Landscaping services.................................................................................................... Other administrative and other support services............................................................ Waste management and remediation services.............................................................. 14,294 8,584 1,658 884 1,468 357 1,632 1,009 493 511 251 321 5,709 63 1,015 739 259 682 1,161 1,133 252 407 42.9 44.5 57.9 62.7 25.8 58.7 26.6 42.6 45.4 52.2 76.1 53.0 40.5 49.6 57.4 65.1 67.1 25.0 48.6 10.4 49.9 16.5 Education and health services.............................................................................................. Educational services......................................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools............................................................................... Colleges and universities, including junior colleges........................................................ Business, technical, and trade schools and training....................................................... Other schools, instruction, and educational services..................................................... 29,174 12,264 8,359 3,263 108 534 75.0 69.0 75.6 53.1 51.4 66.1 Health care and social assistance..................................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals................................................................................... Offices of physicians.................................................................................................. Offices of dentists...................................................................................................... Offices of chiropractors.............................................................................................. Offices of optometrists............................................................................................... Offices of other health practitioners............................................................................ Outpatient care centers.............................................................................................. Home health care services......................................................................................... Other health care services......................................................................................... Nursing care facilities................................................................................................. Residential care facilities, without nursing.................................................................. Social assistance........................................................................................................... Individual and family services..................................................................................... Community food and housing, and emergency services............................................ Vocational rehabilitation services............................................................................... Child day care services.............................................................................................. 16,910 5,719 8,332 1,801 792 163 98 275 901 795 1,045 1,848 615 2,860 994 74 221 1,571 79.3 76.5 79.0 76.8 80.3 58.1 72.3 70.9 77.7 89.8 70.2 86.7 73.7 85.9 77.5 64.0 60.4 95.8 See note at end of table. 43 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................................................... Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries................ Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions..................................... Bowling centers............................................................................................................. Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries................................................. Accommodation and food services.................................................................................... Accommodation............................................................................................................. Traveler accommodation............................................................................................ Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses............... Food services and drinking places................................................................................. Restaurants and other food services.......................................................................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages......................................................................... 12,071 2,765 796 392 55 1,523 9,306 1,552 1,448 104 7,754 7,514 240 51.4 45.2 42.6 41.5 39.3 47.7 53.3 57.0 57.6 49.1 52.5 52.3 58.2 Other services....................................................................................................................... Other services, except private households........................................................................ Repair and maintenance................................................................................................ Automotive repair and maintenance........................................................................... Car washes................................................................................................................ Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance...................................... Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance.......... Personal and household goods repair and maintenance............................................ Personal and laundry services....................................................................................... Barber shops.............................................................................................................. Beauty salons............................................................................................................ Nail salons and other personal care services............................................................. Drycleaning and laundry services............................................................................... Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories............................................................ Other personal services............................................................................................. Membership associations and organizations.................................................................. Religious organizations.............................................................................................. Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services.............. Labor unions.............................................................................................................. Business, professional, political, and similar organizations........................................ Private households............................................................................................................ 7,020 6,208 2,160 1,252 155 172 327 244 2,116 115 914 334 323 151 279 1,932 1,066 624 69 173 812 51.5 46.2 12.7 10.2 16.3 15.2 9.4 26.2 72.1 22.9 90.7 75.9 60.6 36.4 59.4 55.3 48.0 66.9 39.9 64.6 91.7 Public administration............................................................................................................. Executive offices and legislative bodies......................................................................... Public finance activities.................................................................................................. Other general government and support......................................................................... Justice, public order, and safety activities...................................................................... Administration of human resource programs................................................................. Administration of environmental quality and housing programs..................................... Administration of economic programs and space research............................................ National security and international affairs...................................................................... 6,530 889 364 91 2,710 874 338 540 725 45.5 55.9 63.8 41.3 34.7 72.1 40.8 42.1 37.2 NOTE: Generally, data for industries with fewer than 50,000 employed as well as certain other industries are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed industries may not always sum to the broader categories. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 44 Table 15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages Industry Black or African American White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Asian Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……………… 53,186 8,158 2,885 7,295 Percent……………………………………………………..……… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture and related industries ................................................. 1.0 Mining .......................................................................................... .1 Construction ................................................................................ 1.9 .1 .3 - 1.0 .1 .1 .6 .9 1.5 10.3 Manufacturing .............................................................................. 7.3 7.2 10.7 Durable goods ........................................................................... 4.0 3.5 7.0 4.5 Nondurable goods ...................................................................... 3.3 3.7 3.7 5.8 Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................... 14.9 11.4 14.4 15.2 Wholesale trade ......................................................................... 2.1 1.1 2.8 2.7 Retail trade ................................................................................ 12.8 10.3 11.6 12.5 Transportation and utilities ........................................................... 2.4 4.0 2.4 2.7 Transportation and warehousing ................................................ 2.0 3.6 2.2 2.4 Utilities ....................................................................................... Information ................................................................................... .4 .4 .2 .3 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.8 Financial activities ........................................................................ 8.7 7.7 9.5 7.3 Finance and insurance ............................................................... 6.2 6.2 7.5 4.9 2.5 Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................. 2.5 1.6 2.0 Professional and business services ............................................. 9.6 7.5 10.3 9.0 Professional and technical services ........................................... 6.2 3.2 7.7 3.6 Management, administrative, and waste services....................... 3.4 4.3 2.6 5.5 Education and health services ..................................................... 32.7 39.0 28.9 27.4 Educational services .................................................................. 13.3 11.6 9.2 9.5 Health care and social assistance .............................................. 19.4 27.4 19.7 17.8 4.2 Hospitals .................................................................................. 6.3 8.5 8.2 Health services, except hospitals ............................................. 9.6 13.3 9.2 8.9 Social assistance ..................................................................... 3.5 5.5 2.3 4.8 12.9 Leisure and hospitality ................................................................. 9.5 8.3 10.3 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................................ 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.5 Accommodation and food services ............................................ 7.4 7.2 8.9 11.4 Other services .............................................................................. 5.6 4.7 6.6 7.2 Other services, except private households ................................. 4.4 3.7 5.9 3.7 Private households .................................................................... 1.2 1.0 .7 3.5 Public administration .................................................................... 4.1 7.1 3.5 3.6 - Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 45 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2005 annual averages Total, both sexes Year Total White Black or African American Women Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1979…… $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157 1980…… 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172 1981…… 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190 1982…… 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203 1983…… 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215 1984…… 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223 1985…… 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230 1986…… 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241 1987…… 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251 1988…… 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260 1989…… 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269 1990…… 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278 1991…… 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292 1992…… 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302 1993…… 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313 1994…… 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305 1995…… 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305 1996…… 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316 1997…… 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318 1998…… 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337 1999…… 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348 2000¹… 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366 2001…… 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388 2002…… 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397 2003…… 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410 2004…… 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419 2005…… 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429 See footnotes at end of table. 46 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2005 annual averages— Continued Men Year Total White Women's earnings as a percent of men's Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1979…… $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 1980…… 313 320 244 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 340 350 268 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 1982…… 364 375 278 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 1983…… 379 387 294 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 1984…… 392 401 303 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 1985…… 407 418 305 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 1986…… 419 433 319 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 1987…… 434 450 327 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 1988…… 449 465 348 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 1989…… 468 482 348 - 234 1981…… 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 1990…… 481 494 361 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 1991…… 493 506 375 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 1992…… 501 514 380 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 1993…… 510 524 392 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 1994…… 522 547 400 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 1995…… 538 566 411 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 1996…… 557 580 412 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 1997…… 579 595 432 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 1998…… 598 615 468 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 1999…… 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 2000¹…… 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 2001…… 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 2002…… 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 2003…… 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 2004…… 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 2005…… 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 ¹ The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 47 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Total……………….……………………………… 92,453 $696 Less than a high school diploma…………... 8,861 409 Less than 1 year of high school………….… 3,331 388 1-3 years of high school………….………… 4,508 421 4 years of high school, no diploma……….. 1,022 446 High school graduate or more…………….… 83,592 735 High school graduates, no college……….… 27,514 583 Some college, no degree…………….……… 16,062 653 Associate degree………………….………… 9,409 699 Occupational program…………...………… 5,023 692 Academic program…………….…………… 4,386 708 College graduates…………………..……… 30,607 1,013 Bachelor's degree……………….………… 19,843 937 Master's degree…………………...………. 7,784 1,129 Professional degree…..……………..……. 1,549 1,370 Doctoral degree…………...………………. 1,431 1,421 Educational attainment and sex Total, both sexes Women Total……………………………..……………… 40,443 612 Less than a high school diploma…………... 2,878 341 932 321 Less than 1 year of high school………….… 1-3 years of high school…………………...… 1,594 347 4 years of high school, no diploma……….. 352 382 High school graduate or more………….…… 37,565 636 High school graduates, no college………… 11,517 493 Some college, no degree……………….…… 7,448 570 Associate degree……………………….…… 4,656 614 Occupational program…………….……… 2,372 596 Academic program…………….…………… 2,284 636 College graduates……………….…………… 13,944 883 Bachelor's degree……………...…………. 9,057 813 Master's degree………………...…………. 3,871 983 Professional degree……………….……… 568 1,131 Doctoral degree……………………..……… 448 1,214 48 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Total……………………….……………………… 52,010 $771 Less than a high school diploma…………..… 5,983 455 Less than 1 year of high school………….… 2,399 413 1-3 years of high school……………...……. 2,914 486 671 492 Educational attainment and sex Men 4 years of high school, no diploma………… High school graduate or more…………..…… 46,027 826 High school graduates, no college……….. 15,997 652 Some college, no degree………………….… 8,615 753 Associate degree…………….……………… 4,753 791 Occupational program………….………… 2,651 784 Academic program………………….……… 2,102 802 College graduates…………….……………… 16,662 1,167 Bachelor's degree………………….……… 10,786 1,071 Master's degree……………...……………. 3,913 1,333 Professional degree…………...………….. 980 1,558 Doctoral degree………………….………… 983 1,536 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 49 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Men Median Median Median Total Total Total weekly weekly weekly employed employed employed earnings earnings earnings Total, 16 years and over………………………….……………………… 103,560 Management, professional, and related occupations............................ Management, business, and financial operations occupations.......... Management occupations................................................................. Chief executives............................................................................ General and operations managers............................................. Advertising and promotions managers....................................... Marketing and sales managers.................................................. Administrative services managers.............................................. Computer and information systems managers........................... Financial managers.................................................................... Human resources managers...................................................... Industrial production managers.................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Transportation, storage, and distribution managers................... Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers............................ Construction managers.............................................................. Education administrators........................................................... Engineering managers............................................................... Food service managers.............................................................. Lodging managers..................................................................... Medical and health services managers...................................... Property, real estate, and community association managers..... Social and community service managers................................... Business and financial operations occupations.............................. Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products................................................................................... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators....... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health, safety, and transportation............................................... Cost estimators.......................................................................... Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists......... Management analysts................................................................ Accountants and auditors........................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate.................................... Budget analysts......................................................................... Financial analysts...................................................................... Personal financial advisors........................................................ Insurance underwriters............................................................... Loan counselors and officers..................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents......................... Tax preparers............................................................................. Professional and related occupations................................................ Computer and mathematical occupations...................................... Women Women's earnings as percent of men's $651 45,154 $585 58,406 $722 81.0 36,908 14,977 10,340 1,043 754 66 728 73 326 949 263 295 184 227 77 430 712 89 594 100 432 341 258 4,637 153 937 997 1,083 1,834 1,099 870 1,235 978 1,428 1,061 1,083 1,123 1,099 757 680 1,051 1,114 1,788 651 647 1,089 724 838 871 802 18,597 6,782 4,122 253 226 38 283 22 100 503 188 48 72 28 13 30 440 9 249 52 308 193 176 2,660 75 813 847 902 1,413 932 (1) 990 (1) 1,094 853 998 (1) 939 (1) (1) (1) 972 (1) 549 525 1,026 662 784 778 708 18,311 8,195 6,219 790 528 28 445 51 227 446 75 247 112 200 65 400 272 80 345 48 123 149 82 1,976 77 1,113 1,167 1,230 1,903 1,152 (1) 1,440 1,104 1,540 1,347 1,357 1,147 1,199 771 689 1,060 1,289 1,852 740 (1) 1,327 803 990 1,037 930 73.0 72.6 73.3 74.3 80.9 (1) 68.8 (1) 71.0 63.3 73.5 (1) 78.3 (1) (1) (1) 75.4 (1) (1) (1) 77.3 82.4 79.2 75.0 76.1 271 276 785 789 145 174 710 706 126 102 912 971 77.9 72.7 128 80 585 288 1,383 74 50 74 270 110 387 72 52 21,931 2,924 893 941 791 1,229 887 832 1,050 1,136 1,134 894 861 764 668 902 1,132 57 14 417 128 855 32 35 33 83 79 210 43 36 11,815 760 923 (1) 762 981 784 (1) (1) (1) 888 851 786 (1) (1) 792 1,007 71 67 168 160 529 42 14 41 188 31 178 30 16 10,116 2,164 877 961 904 1,362 1,072 (1) (1) (1) 1,239 (1) 977 (1) (1) 1,058 1,174 105.2 (1) 84.3 (1) 73.1 (1) (1) (1) 71.7 (1) 80.5 (1) (1) 74.9 85.8 See footnotes at end of table. 50 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Computer scientists and systems analysts................................ Computer programmers............................................................. Computer software engineers.................................................... Computer support specialists..................................................... Database administrators............................................................ Network and computer systems administrators.......................... Network systems and data communications analysts................ Operations research analysts..................................................... Architecture and engineering occupations..................................... Architects, except naval............................................................. Aerospace engineers................................................................. Civil engineers........................................................................... Computer hardware engineers................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers........................................... Industrial engineers, including health and safety........................ Mechanical engineers................................................................ Drafters...................................................................................... Engineering technicians, except drafters.................................... Surveying and mapping technicians........................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations............................... Biological scientists.................................................................... Medical scientists....................................................................... Chemists and materials scientists.............................................. Environmental scientists and geoscientists................................ Market and survey researchers.................................................. Psychologists............................................................................. Chemical technicians................................................................. Community and social services occupations................................. Counselors................................................................................. Social workers........................................................................... Miscellaneous community and social service specialists........... Clergy........................................................................................ Legal occupations.......................................................................... Lawyers..................................................................................... Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers......................... Paralegals and legal assistants.................................................. Miscellaneous legal support workers.......................................... Education, training, and library occupations................................... Postsecondary teachers............................................................. Preschool and kindergarten teachers......................................... Elementary and middle school teachers..................................... Secondary school teachers........................................................ Special education teachers........................................................ Other teachers and instructors................................................... Librarians................................................................................... Teacher assistants..................................................................... Women Men Women's Median earnings as Median Median Total Total Total weekly percent of weekly weekly Employed Employed Employed men's earnings earnings earnings 647 524 778 310 82 201 254 80 2,509 176 88 277 72 330 185 306 186 354 98 1,164 106 125 109 87 106 83 85 1,797 499 602 237 385 1,162 598 73 311 181 6,066 808 515 2,204 1,037 382 306 163 546 See footnotes at end of table. 51 $1,091 1,086 1401 823 1,116 1,058 1,062 1,252 1,105 1,146 1,362 1,138 1,405 1,350 1,161 1,262 769 805 735 965 890 935 1,128 1,217 997 966 699 725 740 700 662 785 1,052 1,609 1,101 740 715 798 1,072 521 826 878 868 728 829 398 198 133 165 95 23 34 59 38 322 42 10 37 5 22 28 18 42 67 2 452 49 55 36 21 54 50 25 1,054 345 473 146 49 638 203 30 261 144 4,405 323 495 1,801 577 327 187 137 496 $983 1,014 1,174 858 (1) (1) 952 (1) 945 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 695 (1) 837 (1) 938 (1) (1) 898 909 (1) 683 728 682 608 (1) 846 1,354 (1) 737 702 753 924 520 813 841 853 657 826 398 449 391 612 215 58 166 195 43 2,187 134 78 239 66 309 157 288 144 287 96 712 56 70 72 66 52 32 60 742 154 129 90 335 524 395 43 50 37 1,660 485 19 403 460 55 120 25 50 $1,140 1,129 1,456 809 1,314 1,072 1,082 (1) 1,133 1,147 1,449 1,166 1,524 1,354 1,198 1,265 783 819 742 1,073 1,000 934 1,241 1,223 1,138 (1) 701 797 788 780 751 813 1,531 1,748 (1) 769 (1) 960 1,173 (1) 909 942 949 803 (1) 398 86.2 89.8 80.6 106.1 (1) (1) 88.0 (1) 83.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 84.9 (1) 78.0 (1) 100.4 (1) (1) 78.9 (1) (1) 85.7 92.4 87.4 81.0 (1) 55.3 77.5 (1) 95.8 (1) 78.4 78.8 (1) 89.4 89.3 89.9 81.8 (1) 100.0 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... Artists and related workers......................................................... Designers................................................................................... Producers and directors............................................................. Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers....................... Musicians, singers, and related workers.................................... News analysts, reporters and correspondents............................ Public relations specialists......................................................... Editors....................................................................................... Writers and authors................................................................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators.................................................................................. Photographers........................................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations......................... Dietitians and nutritionists.......................................................... Pharmacists............................................................................... Physicians and surgeons........................................................... Physician assistants.................................................................. Registered nurses...................................................................... Occupational therapists............................................................. Physical therapists..................................................................... Respiratory therapists................................................................ Speech-language pathologists................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Dental hygienists........................................................................ Diagnostic related technologists and technicians....................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics....................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians............................................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses..................... Medical records and health information technicians................... Service occupations.............................................................................. Healthcare support occupations.................................................... Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.............................. Dental assistants....................................................................... Protective service occupations.......................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives........... Fire fighters................................................................................ Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers..................................... Detectives and criminal investigators......................................... Police and sheriff's patrol officers............................................... Private detectives and investigators........................................... Security guards and gaming surveillance officers...................... Food preparation and serving related occupations............................ Chefs and head cooks............................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers……………………………………………………… Cooks........................................................................................ Women Men Women's Median Median Median earnings as Total Total Total percent of weekly weekly weekly Employed Employed Employed men's earnings earnings earnings 1,488 83 500 75 123 51 62 135 108 70 $819 868 816 971 713 893 866 860 865 887 623 28 218 28 21 13 31 86 59 43 $735 (1) 653 (1) (1) (1) (1) 817 794 (1) 865 54 282 48 102 38 31 49 49 27 $885 989 920 (1) 749 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 83.1 (1) 71.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 64 53 4,821 51 185 562 52 1,805 59 117 80 68 279 53 212 144 813 721 878 666 1,557 1,547 1,155 935 996 1,036 854 933 750 895 873 658 6 19 3,560 47 89 187 26 1,654 55 74 46 60 197 49 145 34 (1) (1) 834 (1) 1,483 1,134 (1) 930 983 1,014 (1) 914 725 (1) 789 (1) 59 34 1,262 3 96 375 26 151 5 43 34 7 82 3 67 110 823 (1) 1,043 (1) 1,597 1,862 (1) 1,011 (1) (1) (1) (1) 836 (1) 973 730 (1) (1) 80.0 (1) 92.9 60.9 (1) 92.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) 86.7 (1) 81.1 (1) 290 401 104 14,123 2,085 1,334 150 2,549 121 228 401 119 669 68 667 4,007 275 504 625 543 413 410 388 474 678 1,009 944 605 1,054 826 662 481 356 486 237 369 88 7,099 1,842 1,181 142 525 15 9 115 31 97 29 159 1,966 46 503 621 522 379 408 385 479 514 (1) (1) 531 (1) 738 (1) 405 337 (1) 53 31 15 7,024 243 153 8 2,025 105 219 286 88 573 39 507 2,041 229 521 (1) (1) 478 422 406 (1) 729 1,010 952 632 1,188 849 (1) 508 371 494 96.5 (1) (1) 79.3 96.7 94.8 (1) 70.5 (1) (1) 84.0 (1) 86.9 (1) 79.7 90.8 (1) 451 1,198 422 336 272 433 398 314 179 766 522 350 76.2 89.7 See footnotes at end of table. 52 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Food preparation workers.......................................................... Bartenders................................................................................. Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food................................................................................... Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop.............................................................................. Waiters and waitresses.............................................................. Food servers, nonrestaurant...................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers..... Dishwashers.............................................................................. Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop........ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial work........................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers...................................... Janitors and building cleaners.................................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................. Pest control workers.................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers.................................................. Personal care and service occupations............................................. First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers................... First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers..... Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................ Gaming services workers........................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists............................ Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................... Transportation attendants.......................................................... Child care workers..................................................................... Personal and home care aides................................................... Recreation and fitness workers.................................................. Sales and office occupations................................................................ Sales and related occupations.......................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers.............. First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers....... Cashiers.................................................................................... Counter and rental clerks........................................................... Parts salespersons.................................................................... Retail salespersons.................................................................... Advertising sales agents............................................................ Insurance sales agents.............................................................. Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents.... Travel agents............................................................................. Sales representatives, services, all other................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................. Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................ Telemarketers............................................................................ Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.................................................................. Women Men Women's Median Median Median earnings as Total Total Total percent of weekly weekly weekly Employed Employed Employed men's earnings earnings earnings 339 210 $321 420 189 107 $318 417 149 102 $324 422 98.1 98.8 132 310 98 308 34 (1) (1) 90 848 82 163 141 77 3,425 292 352 409 347 296 332 394 56 556 42 72 29 65 1,249 289 332 (1) 325 (1) 322 344 34 292 40 92 112 12 2,176 (1) 384 (1) 367 293 (1) 428 (1) 86.5 (1) 88.6 (1) (1) 80.4 177 537 57 433 120 613 70.6 101 1,477 829 55 787 2,057 81 58 57 77 285 60 77 444 402 181 25,193 10,031 2,365 922 1,428 102 123 1,869 194 341 288 56 369 1,140 489 98 593 408 335 508 389 409 628 577 379 579 416 457 680 332 390 487 575 622 631 881 336 429 562 494 870 742 1,007 593 814 920 773 367 3 421 724 1 43 1,517 41 31 43 38 258 11 55 414 328 107 15,654 4,449 979 250 1,064 48 14 810 99 178 93 46 112 289 275 70 (1) 363 328 (1) (1) 390 (1) (1) (1) (1) 409 (1) 619 330 381 479 520 483 525 753 322 (1) (1) 401 730 624 733 (1) 648 737 716 360 98 1,056 105 54 744 540 40 27 14 39 27 49 22 30 75 73 9,539 5,582 1,386 673 363 55 109 1,060 95 162 195 11 257 851 213 28 598 441 390 511 393 491 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 442 494 690 762 723 944 389 589 586 606 1,017 908 1,239 (1) 919 960 989 (1) (1) 82.3 84.1 (1) (1) 79.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 86.2 97.0 75.4 63.4 72.6 79.8 82.8 (1) (1) 66.2 71.8 68.7 59.2 (1) 70.5 76.8 72.4 (1) 66 422 21 (1) 46 (1) (1) See footnotes at end of table. 53 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Office and administrative support occupations.................................. First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support.............................................................. Bill and account collectors......................................................... Billing and posting clerks and machine operators...................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks............................ Payroll and timekeeping clerks.................................................. Tellers........................................................................................ Court, municipal, and license clerks........................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.................................... Customer service representatives.............................................. File clerks.................................................................................. Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks........................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan...................................... Library assistants, clerical.......................................................... Loan interviewers and clerks...................................................... Order clerks............................................................................... Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Receptionists and information clerks.......................................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks....................................................................................... Couriers and messengers.......................................................... Dispatchers................................................................................ Postal service clerks.................................................................. Postal service mail carriers........................................................ Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators................................................................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks............................... Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks......................................... Stock clerks and order fillers...................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping.......................................................................... Secretaries and administrative assistants.................................. Computer operators................................................................... Data entry keyers....................................................................... Word processors and typists...................................................... Insurance claims and policy processing clerks........................... Mail clerks and mail machine operators except postal service..................................................................................... Office clerks, general................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations............ Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........................................ Graders and sorters, agricultural products................................. Logging workers......................................................................... Construction and extraction occupations........................................... First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers............................................................. Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons......................... Carpenters................................................................................. Women Men Women's Median earnings as Median Median Total Total Total percent of weekly weekly weekly Employed Employed Employed men's earnings earnings earnings 15,161 $550 11,205 $533 3,957 $605 88.1 1,399 175 355 964 136 296 95 64 1,490 255 107 128 58 179 120 686 518 572 555 613 426 575 607 524 507 376 502 517 623 519 953 115 313 861 123 270 81 49 1,010 201 66 99 54 134 77 656 519 566 551 611 425 571 (1) 505 505 367 501 496 614 509 447 60 42 102 12 26 14 15 480 54 41 29 5 45 42 796 516 (1) 580 (1) (1) (1) (1) 624 513 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 82.4 100.6 (1) 95.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) 80.9 98.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 60 923 601 466 55 846 580 463 5 76 (1) 504 (1) 91.9 134 212 274 147 295 626 664 584 791 832 90 31 168 58 110 586 (1) 556 750 733 44 182 105 89 185 (1) 678 613 830 874 (1) (1) 90.7 90.4 83.9 109 275 472 1,012 751 694 488 427 50 152 138 361 742 650 450 409 59 123 334 651 763 767 504 448 97.2 84.7 89.3 91.3 60 2,684 164 403 216 238 467 562 599 509 500 560 35 2,611 89 324 206 204 (1) 559 541 507 499 565 26 73 76 79 10 35 (1) 654 674 529 (1) (1) (1) 85.5 80.3 95.8 (1) (1) 99 672 12,086 755 63 64 6,826 508 518 623 372 402 483 604 52 574 517 154 48 2 163 480 509 486 327 (1) (1) 480 47 98 11,569 601 15 62 6,663 (1) 591 628 388 (1) 485 606 (1) 86.1 77.4 84.3 (1) (1) 79.2 645 166 1,213 830 598 556 (1) 626 166 1,196 839 598 559 See footnotes at end of table. 54 20 - 17 (1) (1) (1) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................. Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers........ Construction laborers................................................................. Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators................................................................................. Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers..................... Electricians................................................................................ Painters, construction and maintenance.................................... Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..................... Roofers...................................................................................... Sheet metal workers.................................................................. Structural iron and steel workers................................................ Helpers, construction trades...................................................... Construction and building inspectors......................................... Highway maintenance workers.................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................. First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers……………………………………………………….. Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers......... Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers.................................................................................. Security and fire alarm systems installers.................................. Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................... Automotive body and related repairers....................................... Automotive service technicians and mechanics......................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics......................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers.................................................................................. Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.......................... Maintenance and repair workers, general.................................. Millwrights.................................................................................. Electrical power-line installers and repairers.............................. Telecommunications line installers and repairers....................... Precision instrument and equipment repairers........................... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............... Production occupations..................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers.................................................................... Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers......... Bakers....................................................................................... Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers.................................................................................... Women Men Women's Median earnings as Median Median Total Total Total percent of weekly weekly weekly Employed Employed Employed men's earnings earnings earnings 178 90 1,170 $482 519 502 2 2 38 (1) (1) (1) 176 88 1,132 $484 518 504 (1) (1) (1) 367 185 747 384 550 209 127 58 110 84 86 4,504 733 511 713 466 703 500 653 772 437 791 581 705 11 1 13 17 2 6 4 1 2 9 3 199 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) $691 356 184 734 367 547 203 123 57 108 75 83 4,305 735 510 712 469 704 503 655 768 430 824 575 706 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 97.9 307 336 814 753 18 45 (1) (1) 289 291 817 749 (1) (1) 206 56 137 137 724 326 861 705 919 587 629 694 29 3 8 2 13 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 177 53 129 135 711 325 858 730 920 579 631 693 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 218 726 1 (1) 216 727 (1) 314 444 305 58 105 145 54 15,251 8,403 693 724 631 824 868 788 819 540 538 3 14 11 3 4 9 4 3,288 2,412 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 420 423 311 430 294 55 102 136 50 11,963 5,991 694 724 635 891 875 780 877 591 608 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 71.1 69.6 825 195 117 761 473 411 162 117 59 545 441 357 662 79 58 817 528 480 66.7 83.5 74.4 262 444 56 400 206 471 84.9 See footnotes at end of table. 55 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Men Women's Median Median Median earnings as Total Total Total percent of weekly weekly weekly Employed Employed Employed men's earnings earnings earnings Food batchmakers..................................................................... Computer control programmers and operators........................... Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders.............................................................................. Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators..................................................................... Machinists.................................................................................. Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal.......................................................................... Tool and die makers.................................................................. Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.................................... Printing machine operators........................................................ Laundry and dry-cleaning workers.............................................. Sewing machine operators......................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters........................................ Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............. Stationary engineers and boiler operators.................................. Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................................................................................. Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders..................................................................................... Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers...... Cutting workers.......................................................................... Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers................. Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders................ Painting workers........................................................................ Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders............... Transportation and material moving occupations.............................. Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.......... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.............................................. Bus drivers................................................................................. Driver/sales workers and truck drivers....................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................ Locomotive engineers and operators......................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters........................................ Service station attendants.......................................................... Crane and tower operators......................................................... Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.................. Industrial truck and tractor operators.......................................... Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.......................................... Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............. Packers and packagers, hand.................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................. 1 Women 71 54 $465 697 26 5 (1) (1) 44 49 (1) (1) (1) (1) 120 502 30 (1) 90 $533 (1) 55 401 557 697 7 25 (1) (1) 48 376 (1) 712 (1) (1) 60 91 550 201 125 236 53 54 108 529 821 599 585 372 360 516 428 819 13 1 32 30 82 171 4 6 2 (1) (1) (1) (1) $347 355 (1) (1) (1) 46 91 518 170 43 64 50 48 105 (1) 824 608 617 (1) 372 518 (1) 797 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 69 674 2 (1) 67 710 (1) 56 95 94 618 76 291 177 58 6,848 194 98 353 2,758 179 53 50 68 69 67 514 224 1,384 377 66 769 498 496 596 545 410 562 603 543 734 1,366 517 624 483 998 1,017 323 727 616 499 385 456 372 491 7 11 22 237 37 159 23 16 876 29 6 141 101 24 1 (1) (1) (1) 486 (1) 384 (1) (1) 412 (1) (1) 456 473 (1) (1) 50 84 72 380 39 132 155 42 5,972 164 92 213 2,657 155 52 50 59 66 67 483 197 1,173 137 62 717 503 525 679 (1) 452 592 (1) 574 751 1,368 576 631 500 1,013 1,017 333 727 616 494 390 469 406 501 (1) (1) (1) 71.6 (1) 85.0 (1) (1) 71.8 (1) (1) 79.2 75.0 (1) (1) Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. - 9 2 - (1) (1) - 31 27 210 240 4 (1) (1) 406 358 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 86.6 88.2 (1) SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. 56 Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2005 annual averages Both Sexes Industry Total, 16 years and over…………….………………… Women Total Employed Median Weekly Earnings 103,560 Men Total Employed Median Weekly Earnings $651 45,154 $585 Total Employed Median Weekly Earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 58,406 $722 81.0 Agriculture and related industries ............................... 914 414 163 345 752 729 47.3 Mining ......................................................................... 592 885 65 693 527 897 77.3 Construction ............................................................... 7,876 622 678 602 7,198 624 96.5 Manufacturing ............................................................. 14,903 676 4,332 541 10,571 739 73.2 Durable goods ........................................................ 9,554 704 2,435 572 7,119 757 75.6 Nondurable goods ................................................... 5,349 624 1,897 508 3,452 702 72.4 Wholesale and retail trade .......................................... 14,569 566 5,747 475 8,822 640 74.2 Wholesale trade ...................................................... 3,734 692 1,029 575 2,705 750 76.7 Retail trade ............................................................. 10,835 516 4,718 450 6,117 598 75.3 Transportation and utilities .......................................... 6,065 743 1,351 644 4,714 774 83.2 Transportation and warehousing ............................. 4,923 716 1,115 631 3,809 746 84.6 Utilities .................................................................... Information ................................................................. 1,142 884 237 723 905 924 78.2 2,677 820 1,154 696 1,523 946 73.6 Financial activities ...................................................... 7,834 741 4,416 645 3,417 932 69.2 Finance and insurance .......................................... 5,876 765 3,523 653 2,353 1,061 61.5 Real estate and rental and leasing ........................ 1,958 654 893 616 1,065 696 88.5 Professional and business services ............................ 9,749 743 3,980 636 5,769 847 75.1 Professional and technical services ...................... 5,864 965 2,530 754 3,333 1,155 65.3 Management, administrative, and waste services.. 3,885 493 1,449 473 2,436 506 93.5 Education and health services .................................... 21,325 678 15,643 631 5,682 825 76.5 Educational services ............................................. 9,216 760 6,210 729 3,005 862 84.6 Health care and social assistance ......................... 12,109 610 9,433 578 2,676 781 74.0 Leisure and hospitality ................................................ 6,828 414 3,103 388 3,725 449 86.4 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ....................... 1,509 529 609 504 900 571 88.3 Acomodation and food services ............................ 5,319 388 2,494 361 2,824 412 87.6 Other services ............................................................ 4,062 535 1,799 447 2,263 621 72.0 Other services, except private households ............ 3,644 579 1,432 493 2,212 625 78.9 Private households ............................................... 418 351 367 340 51 416 81.7 Public administration................................................... 6,167 788 2,723 682 3,444 896 76.1 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 57 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Year Total employed 1 Usually full time Usually part time2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...…… 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 1971………...……… 19723………...…… 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7 19733………...…… 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6 1974……...………… 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8 1975…………...…… 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6 1976………...……… 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7 1977………...……… 19783…………...… 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5 1979………..……… 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4 15.2 1980……..………… 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9 1981……..………… 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1 1982………..……… 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2 1983…..…………… 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4 17.6 1984…..…………… 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 1985……...………. 19863….…..……… 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4 1987……...….……. 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3 1988……...………… 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2 1989……...………… 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0 19903……...……… 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9 1991……...………… 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4 1992………...……. 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6 1993……….……… 19943………...…… 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9 1995………...……. 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6 1996….…………… 19973………..……. 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9 19983……...……… 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7 19993…………….… 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4 20003………...…… 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8 2001…………..…… 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1 2002………………. 20033…………..…… 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7 20043……………… 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8 20053……………. 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4 See footnotes at end of table. 58 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Women Year Total employed 1 Usually full time Usually part time2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...…… 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 1971………...……… 19723………...…… 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 19733………...…… 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 1974……...………… 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 1975…………...…… 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 1976………...……… 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 1977………...……… 19783…………...… 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 1979………..……… 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 1980……..………… 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 1981……..………… 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 1982………..……… 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 1983…..…………… 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 1984…..…………… 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 1985……...………. 19863….…..……… 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 1987……...….……. 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 1988……...………… 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 1989……...………… 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 19903……...……… 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 1991……...………… 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 1992………...……. 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 1993……….……… 19943………...…… 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 1995………...……. 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 1996….…………… 19973………..……. 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 19983……...……… 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 19993…………….… 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 20003………...…… 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 2001…………..…… 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 2002………………. 20033…………..…… 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 26.1 20043……………… 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 20053……………. 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 See footnotes at end of table. 59 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed 1 Usually full time Usually part time2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...…… 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 1971………...……… 19723………...…… 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9 19733………...…… 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6 1974……...………… 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8 1975…………...…… 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4 1976………...……… 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4 1977………...……… 19783…………...… 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2 1979………..……… 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0 1980……..………… 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6 1981……..………… 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6 1982………..……… 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6 1983…..…………… 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8 1984…..…………… 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2 1985……...………. 19863….…..……… 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2 1987……...….……. 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2 1988……...………… 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2 1989……...………… 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0 19903……...……… 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1 1991……...………… 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6 1992………...……. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0 1993……….……… 19943………...…… 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5 1995………...……. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0 1996….…………… 19973………..……. 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7 19983……...……… 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6 19993…………….… 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5 2000 ………...…… 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1 2001…………..…… 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3 2002………………. 20033…………..…… 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8 3 8.5 20043……………… 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8 20053……………. 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7 1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 60 Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages All industries Nonagricultural industries Year Total Women Men Total Women Men 1976……... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4 1977……... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6 1978……... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8 1979…...… 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7 1980……... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2 1981……... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7 1982…...… 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6 1983……... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0 41.5 1984……… 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 1985…...… 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8 1986……... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9 1987……... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8 1988……... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2 1989…...… 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4 42.1 1990……... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 1991…...… 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9 1992……... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6 1993……… 19941…….. 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1 1995……... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2 1996……… 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2 1997……... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3 1998……... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2 1999…...… 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4 42.4 20001…….. 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 2001…...… 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8 2002……... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7 2003…...… 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6 2004……... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6 2005…….. 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7 1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 61 Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2004 (Percent distribution) With work experience Year Population (in thousands) Total (in thousands) Percent of population With work experience Usually work full time Total Usually work part time Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks 13.9 Total, both sexes 1970………….……… 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 1975………….……… 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 1980…….…………… 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 1985………….……… 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 1990……….………… 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 1995………….……… 20001………...……… 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 2003………….……… 222,509 150,689 67.7 100.0 79.8 66.3 13.6 20.2 10.2 10.0 2004………………… 225,236 152,235 67.6 100.0 79.9 66.8 13.1 20.1 10.2 9.9 1970………….……… 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 1975…….…………… 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 1980……….………… 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 1985…….…………… 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 1990………….……… 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 1995……….………… 20001………...……… 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 2003……….………… 115,269 71,150 61.7 100.0 72.1 58.8 13.3 27.9 14.5 13.4 2004………………… 116,534 71,683 61.5 100.0 71.9 59.0 13.0 28.1 14.7 13.4 1970………….……… 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 1975………….……… 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 1980……….………… 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 1985……….………… 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 1990………….……… 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 1995……….………… 20001………...……… 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 2003………….……… 107,241 79,539 74.2 100.0 86.8 73.0 13.8 13.2 6.3 6.9 2004…………………. 108,702 80,552 74.1 100.0 87.0 73.8 13.2 13.0 6.2 6.8 Women Men 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. NOTE: See Technical Note for an explanation of the work experience concept. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 19712005, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 62 Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2004 (Numbers in thousands) Married-couple families Two earners or more One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Other family member Wife only Total Husband and wife Husband and other family member Wife and other family member Husband and wife are not earners 1967……..… 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - - 1968……... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - - 1969……... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - - 1970…...… 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - - 1971…...… 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - - 1972……... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - - 1973…...… 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - - 1974…...… 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - - 1975…...… 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - - 1976……... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - - 1977…...… 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - - 1978…...… 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - - 1979…...… 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - - 1980……... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - - 1981……... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - - 1982……... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - - 1983…...… 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - - 1984……... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - - 1985…...… 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - - 1986……... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - - 1987……... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - 1988……... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 1989…...… 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 1990……... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 1991……... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 1992……... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 1993…...… 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 1994…...… 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 1995……... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 1996……... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 1997……... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 1998…...… 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 1999……... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 2000…...… 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 2001……... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 2002……... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 2003……... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 2004……… 58,179 7,997 14,381 10,852 2,990 539 35,801 33,221 1,843 613 125 See note at end of table. 63 - Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2004—Continued (Percent distribution) Married-couple families One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Other family member Wife only Total Two earners or more Husband and wife Husband and other family member Wife and other family member Husband and wife are not earners 1967…..…… 1968…...… 1969…...… 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.8 6.6 6.8 38.1 37.4 36.6 35.6 34.9 34.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 55.1 56.1 56.6 43.6 45.0 45.7 10.7 10.3 10.2 - - 1970…...… 1971…...… 1972…...… 1973……… 1974…...… 1975…...… 1976…...… 1977……... 1978……... 1979……... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.5 9.1 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 35.9 36.7 36.0 34.1 33.3 33.9 32.5 31.4 29.8 28.3 33.3 33.7 33.0 30.8 29.8 30.0 28.4 27.3 25.6 24.3 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 56.8 55.8 56.2 57.4 57.6 55.8 57.2 57.8 59.4 60.4 45.7 44.9 45.7 46.9 47.3 46.7 48.0 48.8 50.8 52.1 10.3 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.4 7.1 - - 1980……... 1981……... 1982……... 1983……... 1984……... 1985……... 1986……..… 1987……... 1988……... 1989……... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.0 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 28.2 27.8 28.5 27.3 25.7 25.4 24.4 24.0 22.8 22.4 23.6 23.2 23.2 22.1 20.8 20.4 19.4 18.9 18.1 17.6 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 59.8 59.6 58.6 59.6 61.1 61.4 62.6 63.0 64.3 64.6 51.8 51.8 50.8 52.1 53.6 54.5 55.9 56.6 58.6 58.9 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.4 4.5 - - 1990…...… 1991…...… 1992…...… 1993…...… 1994……... 1995……... 1996……... 1997……... 1998……... 1999……... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.0 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.6 13.3 13.4 13.2 12.9 22.3 21.9 22.5 22.2 21.8 21.9 21.5 21.6 22.4 22.3 17.4 16.9 17.1 16.4 16.2 16.5 16.2 16.2 16.8 16.4 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 64.8 64.6 63.9 64.1 64.8 64.5 65.1 65.0 64.4 64.8 59.0 59.1 58.7 58.8 59.6 59.8 60.4 60.3 59.8 60.3 2000…...… 2001……... 2002…...… 2003……... 2004……… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.2 13.5 13.6 13.9 13.7 22.5 22.7 23.5 24.3 24.7 16.8 16.9 17.6 18.1 18.7 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 64.4 63.8 62.9 61.8 61.5 59.8 59.3 58.5 57.5 57.1 - Dash indicates data not available. 1.0 0.8 .3 .3 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplement 19682005 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. 64 Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970-2004 Year Contribution to family income (median percent) 1970………………….…………… 26.6 1971…………………….………… 27.5 1972…………...………………… 26.7 1973……………….……………… 26.0 1974……………….……………… 25.4 1975…………….………………… 26.3 1976………………….…………… 26.4 1977………………….…………… 26.1 1978……...……………………… 26.1 1979……………...……………… 26.0 1980………….…………………… 26.7 1981……...……………………… 27.3 1982……………...……………… 28.4 1983……………….……………… 28.8 1984………………….…………… 28.4 1985……………….……………… 28.3 1986………………...…………… 29.0 1987……………………...……… 29.5 1988……………………...……… 29.6 1989……………………….……… 29.9 1990………………….…………… 30.7 1991………………….…………… 31.3 1992…………………….………… 32.4 1993………….…………………… 32.2 1994…………….………………… 31.9 1995……………….……………… 31.9 1996……………………….……… 32.6 1997…………………….………… 32.7 1998……………….……………… 32.8 1999……………………….……… 32.8 2000……………………….……… 33.5 2001……………………….……… 34.4 2002……………………….……… 34.8 2003……………………….……… 35.2 2004……………………………… 34.8 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971-2005 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 65 Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2004 (Numbers in thousands) Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings Married-couple families in which wife (but not necessarily husband) had earnings from work Wives who earn more than their husbands1 Percent of wives who earn more than their husbands1 Married-couple families in which both wife and husband had earnings from work Wives who earn more than their husbands2 Percent of wives who earn more than their husbands2 1987…...… 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8 1988…...… 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1 1989…...… 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8 1990…...… 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2 1991…...… 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9 1992…...… 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3 1993…...… 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3 1994…...… 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5 1995…...… 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0 1996…...… 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7 1997……... 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7 1998……... 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7 1999……... 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3 2000……... 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3 2001……... 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1 2002……... 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0 2003……... 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2 2004……… 36,802 12,004 32.6 33,201 8,402 25.3 Year 1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work. Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. SOURCE: 1988-2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and 66 Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing minimum wage Characteristic Total Percent of hourly paid workers Total At prevailing Below prevailing Federal Federal minimum wage minimum wage Age and sex Total, 16 years and over………………..………………. 75,609 1,882 2.5 479 1,403 16 to 24 years………………………..…………………. 16,374 1,002 6.1 283 720 25 years and over……………………..……………….. 59,235 880 1.5 196 683 Women, 16 years and over……………..……………… 37,957 1,234 3.3 290 944 16 to 24 years………………………..…………………. 8,086 650 8.0 153 496 25 years and over……………………..……………….. 29,871 584 2.0 137 447 Men, 16 years and over………………………..………… 37,652 648 1.7 189 459 16 to 24 years…………………………………..………. 8,288 353 4.3 130 223 25 years and over…………………………..………….. 29,364 296 1.0 60 236 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity White……………………………..………………….…… 60,978 1,537 2.5 349 1,188 Women………………………..………………….……… 30,078 1,053 3.5 216 836 Men………………………..………………….…………… 30,901 485 1.6 133 352 Black or African American……………………………… 9,793 215 2.2 96 119 Women………………………..………………….……… 5,372 111 2.1 54 57 Men………………………..………………….…………… 4,421 105 2.4 42 63 Asian……………….………………………………..……… 2,720 65 2.4 14 51 Women………………………..………………….……… 1,437 35 2.4 9 26 Men………………………..………………….…………… 1,283 30 2.3 5 25 Hispanic or Latino ………………………………………… 12,527 282 2.2 71 210 Women………………………..………………….… 5,060 167 3.3 42 125 Men………………………..………………….……… 7,467 114 1.5 29 85 608 1 Full- and part-time status Full-time workers……………………..………………….. 57,385 752 1.3 143 Women……………………………….…………………… 25,474 430 1.7 74 356 Men……………………………………..……………….. 31,911 321 1.0 69 252 Part-time workers…………………..……………………. 18,084 1,126 6.2 336 790 Women……………………………...…………………… 12,415 799 6.4 216 583 Men…………………………..………………………….. 5,669 327 5.8 120 207 1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour in 2005. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 67 Table 27. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status, February 2005 (Numbers in thousands) Contingent workers1 Age and sex Total employed Total, 16 years and over………… Estimate 1 Estimate 2 Estimate 3 Noncontingent workers1 138,952 1.8 2.3 4.1 95.9 16 to 19 years……………….…… 5,510 5.6 6.1 8.6 91.4 20 to 24 years………………...… 13,114 4.6 5.2 8.2 91.8 25 to 34 years…………………… 30,103 2.3 2.9 4.8 95.2 35 to 44 years………………….… 34,481 1.2 1.7 3.0 97.0 45 to 54 years………………...… 32,947 0.8 1.2 2.7 97.3 55 to 64 years…………………… 17,980 0.8 1.1 3.0 97.0 65 years and over………………. 4,817 1.6 2.3 5.2 94.8 Women, 16 years and over……… 65,006 1.8 2.4 4.3 95.7 16 to 19 years…………………… 2,931 5.6 6.2 8.4 91.6 20 to 24 years…………………… 6,186 4.0 4.8 7.8 92.2 25 to 34 years…………………… 13,480 2.2 2.7 4.6 95.4 35 to 44 years…………………… 15,958 1.1 1.7 3.2 96.8 45 to 54 years……………….…… 15,754 1.1 1.6 3.2 96.8 55 to 64 years……………….…… 8,495 0.9 1.1 3.2 96.8 65 years and over…………...…… 2,202 2.6 3.5 7.2 92.8 Men, 16 years and over…………… 73,946 1.8 2.2 3.9 96.1 91.2 16 to 19 years…………………… 2,579 5.6 6.1 8.9 20 to 24 years…………………… 6,928 5.2 5.7 8.6 91.4 25 to 34 years………………….… 16,624 2.4 3.1 5.0 95.0 35 to 44 years…………………… 18,523 1.3 1.6 2.9 97.1 45 to 54 years…………………… 17,193 0.6 0.8 2.1 97.9 55 to 64 years…………………… 9,485 0.7 1.1 2.8 97.2 65 years and over……………… 2,615 0.7 1.3 3.5 96.5 1 Contingent workers are those who do not have an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment. Persons who do not expect to continue in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement or returning to school, are not considered contingent workers, provided that they would have the option of continuing in the job were it not for these personal reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary workers who expect their jobs will last for an additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and independent contractors who expect their em- ployment to last for an additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs (or been self-employed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes all workers who do not expect their jobs to last. This is the broadest definition of contingency and estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those workers who do not fall into any of the three definitions of contingency. SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work arrangements supplement to the Current Population Survey, February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 68 Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, February 2005 Percent of workers with alternative arrangements1 Total employed (in thousands) Total Total, 16 years and over………..… 138,952 100.0 7.4 1.8 0.9 0.6 89.1 16 to 19 years……………..……… 5,510 100.0 1.6 2.4 .6 .1 94.3 20 to 24 years…………...……… 13,114 100.0 2.7 2.7 1.5 .7 91.9 25 to 34 years…………….……… 30,103 100.0 5.0 1.8 1.2 .7 91.1 35 to 44 years……………..……… 34,481 100.0 8.0 1.7 .7 .6 88.9 45 to 54 years………..…………… 32,947 100.0 8.5 1.3 .6 .6 89.0 55 to 64 years………………..…… 17,980 100.0 10.8 1.5 .8 .6 86.2 65 years and over………….…… 4,817 100.0 18.3 3.6 .7 .4 76.8 Women, 16 years and over……… 91.0 Age and sex Independent contractors On-call workers Temporary help agency workers Workers with traditional arrangements Workers provided by contract firms 65,006 100.0 5.6 1.9 1.0 .4 16 to 19 years…………………..… 2,931 100.0 1.9 1.8 .3 - 95.7 20 to 24 years……………..……… 6,186 100.0 2.6 2.5 1.5 .4 92.5 25 to 34 years……………..……… 13,480 100.0 3.8 1.8 1.3 .5 92.6 35 to 44 years…………………..… 15,958 100.0 5.8 2.0 .8 .4 91.0 45 to 54 years………………...… 15,754 100.0 6.6 1.3 .8 .3 90.9 55 to 64 years…………..………… 8,495 100.0 7.7 1.9 1.0 .5 88.8 65 years and over…………….… 2,202 100.0 13.3 3.8 .8 .7 81.1 Men, 16 years and over……….… 87.5 73,946 100.0 9.1 1.7 .8 .8 16 to 19 years……………..……… 2,579 100.0 1.2 3.2 .9 .3 92.6 20 to 24 years…………..………… 6,928 100.0 2.8 2.9 1.5 .9 91.4 25 to 34 years……………..……… 16,624 100.0 6.1 1.8 1.1 .8 89.9 35 to 44 years……….…………… 18,523 100.0 9.8 1.4 .6 .8 87.1 45 to 54 years………….………… 17,193 100.0 10.3 1.2 .4 .8 87.3 55 to 64 years………………….… 9,485 100.0 13.6 1.1 .5 .7 83.9 65 years and over…………….… 2,615 100.0 22.5 3.5 .6 .1 73.3 1 Independent contractors are workers who were identified as independent contractors, independent consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were self-employed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are workers who are called to work only as needed, although they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are workers who are employed by a company that provides them or their services to others under contract and who are usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at the customer's worksite. NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals because the total employed includes day laborers (an alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero. SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work arrangements supplement to the Current Population Survey, February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 69 Table 29. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Characteristic Women With flexible schedules2 Total1 Number Percent of total Men With flexible schedules2 Total1 Number Percent of total With flexible schedules2 Total1 Number Percent of total Age Total 16 years and over………………… 99,778 27,411 27.5 43,366 11,558 26.7 56,412 15,853 28.1 1,427 336 23.6 524 151 28.9 903 185 20.5 20 years and over…………..……… 98,351 16 to 19 years……………..………. 27,075 27.5 42,842 11,406 26.6 55,509 15,668 28.2 9,004 2,058 22.9 3,856 993 25.8 5,147 1,065 20.7 25 to 34 years………………… 24,640 6,902 28.0 10,283 2,851 27.7 14,358 4,051 28.2 35 to 44 years…………..……… 26,766 7,807 29.2 11,342 3,202 28.2 15,424 4,605 29.9 45 to 54 years………………… 24,855 6,651 26.8 11,415 2,882 25.2 13,440 3,769 28.0 55 to 64 years………………… 11,745 3,181 27.1 5,361 1,316 24.5 6,383 1,865 29.2 41.4 20 to 24 years………………… 1,341 475 35.4 585 161 27.6 757 314 16 to 24 years……..…………….… 10,431 65 years and over……………. 2,394 23.0 4,380 1,144 26.1 6,050 1,250 20.7 25 to 54 years……..……...……….. 76,261 21,360 28.0 33,040 8,935 27.0 43,222 12,425 28.7 55 years and over……………………13,086 3,656 27.9 5,946 1,477 24.8 7,140 2,179 30.5 White………………………………… 80,498 23,121 28.7 34,276 9,539 27.8 46,222 13,582 29.4 Black………………..……………… 12,578 2,476 19.7 6,131 1,283 20.9 6,447 1,193 18.5 Hispanic origin……………………… 14,110 2,596 18.4 5,489 1,166 21.2 8,621 1,430 16.6 Married, spouse present…………… 57,630 16,270 28.2 22,704 5,888 25.9 34,926 10,382 29.7 Never married….……..….….……… 25,144 6,693 26.6 10,676 3,088 28.9 14,469 3,605 24.9 Other marital status………………… 17,004 4,448 26.2 9,986 2,582 25.9 7,018 1,866 26.6 With no own children under 18…… 61,761 16,759 27.1 27,081 7,349 27.1 34,680 9,410 27.1 With own children under 18…..…… 38,018 10,652 28.0 16,285 4,209 25.8 21,733 6,443 29.6 With own children 6 to 17………… 21,739 5,960 27.4 10,262 2,619 25.5 11,477 3,341 29.1 With own children under 6……… 16,279 4,692 28.8 6,023 1,590 26.4 10,256 3,102 30.2 Race and Hispanic origin Marital status Presence and age of children 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work, whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their job. origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic- SOURCE: May 2004 Flexible schedules and shift work supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 70 Table 30. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Persons who usually worked at home1 Characteristic Percent distribution by class of worker 2 Wage and salary 3 Total employed Total Rate Paid Unpaid Self-employed 4 Total Total, 16 years and over…………………… 136,602 20,673 15.1 16.2 49.3 Married, spouse present………...…… 77,243 14,623 18.9 16.4 48.1 34.6 Not married……………...……………… 59,359 6,050 10.2 15.7 52.2 31.5 Never married……………………. 36,857 3,087 8.4 17.7 58.1 23.2 Other marital status……………… 22,502 2,963 13.2 13.6 46.1 40.2 With own children under 18………….. 50,011 8,584 17.2 17.4 47.5 21,373 3,599 16.8 19.2 47.3 32.8 86,591 12,090 14.0 15.4 50.5 33.4 29.4 With own children under 6……… With no own children under 18……… 33.7 34.0 Women Total, 16 years and over…………………… 64,185 9,893 15.4 17.8 51.4 Married, spouse present………...…… 33,750 6,509 19.3 18.2 48.8 31.4 Not married……….....………………… 30,435 3,384 11.1 17.1 56.5 25.5 Never married……………………… 16,754 1,522 9.1 19.2 66.2 12.7 Other marital status……………… 13,681 1,862 13.6 15.3 48.6 35.9 With own children under 18………..… 24,108 4,051 16.8 19.9 46.6 31.5 9,331 1,614 17.3 23.4 42.6 32.6 40,077 5,842 14.6 16.3 54.8 27.9 Total, 16 years and over…………………… 72,417 10,780 14.9 14.7 47.3 37.6 Married, spouse present………….…… 43,493 8,114 18.7 15.0 47.5 37.1 Not married…………..……...………… 28,924 2,666 9.2 13.9 46.8 39.1 Never married……………………… 20,104 1,565 7.8 16.2 50.3 33.3 Other marital status……………… 8,820 1,101 12.5 10.5 41.8 47.4 With own children under 18…….…… 25,903 4,533 17.5 15.1 48.4 36.3 12,042 1,986 16.5 15.8 51.0 33.0 46,514 6,247 13.4 14.5 46.5 38.6 With own children under 6……… With no own children under 18……… Men With own children under 6……… With no own children under 18……… 1 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 2 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately. 3 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at home. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. SOURCE: May 2004 Work at Home supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 71 Table 31. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2006 (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Percent distribution by employment status Total Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Total Total, 20 years and over…………...……… 3,815 100.0 69.9 13.4 16.7 20 to 24 years…………………...………… 111 100.0 66.4 21.4 12.2 25 to 54 years……………...……………… 2,841 100.0 74.5 13.4 12.0 55 to 64 years…………...………………… 728 100.0 60.6 12.3 27.0 65 years and over…………...…………… 135 100.0 25.4 10.8 63.8 Women, 20 years and over…………..…… 1,739 100.0 20 to 24 years……………………...……… 44 100.0 25 to 54 years………………..…………… 1,289 100.0 69.6 14.2 16.2 55 to 64 years…………………..………… 350 100.0 59.7 10.0 30.3 65 years and over………………..……… 55 100.0 Men, 20 years and over……………..…… 65.6 (2) 13.1 (2) (2) 21.3 (2) (2) (2) 2,076 100.0 73.5 13.6 20 to 24 years……………………..……… 67 100.0 77.4 21.4 12.9 1.2 25 to 54 years……………..……………… 1,552 100.0 78.6 12.8 8.5 55 to 64 years…………..………………… 377 100.0 61.5 14.5 24.0 65 years and over…………..…………… 80 100.0 27.5 18.3 54.2 Total, 20 years and over…………..……… 3,169 100.0 70.0 13.2 16.8 Women…………………………………… 1,386 100.0 64.8 13.3 22.0 Men……………………………….……… 1,784 100.0 74.1 13.1 12.8 White Black or African American Total, 20 years and over…………………. 452 100.0 71.2 13.4 15.4 Women…………………………….……… 271 100.0 70.7 11.5 17.9 Men…………………………….…………… 181 100.0 72.1 16.3 11.6 113 100.0 72.0 12.3 15.7 Asian Total, 20 years and over…………………. Women…………………………….……… 48 100.0 (2) (2) (2) Men………………………………..……… 65 100.0 (2) (2) (2) Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 20 years and over………….……… 416 100.0 60.2 22.9 Women………………………………..…… 187 100.0 56.2 20.3 23.5 Men…………………………..…………… 230 100.0 63.5 25.0 11.5 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2003 and December 2005 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 16.9 data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. SOURCE: January 2006 Displaced Worker supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because 72 Table 32. Labor force status of 2005 high school graduates and 2004-05 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2005 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, 2005 high school graduates……….… 2,675 1,529 57.2 1,320 49.3 209 13.7 1,146 Women…………………….……………………. 1,414 778 55.0 668 47.2 110 14.2 635 Men……………………….……………………… 1,262 751 59.5 652 51.7 99 13.1 511 Enrolled in college………...…………………… 1,834 869 47.4 795 43.4 73 8.4 965 Women…………………………..……………. 995 463 46.5 431 43.3 31 6.8 533 Men………………………….…………………. 839 406 48.4 364 43.4 42 10.3 433 Not enrolled in college……………..…………… 841 660 78.5 525 62.4 136 20.6 181 Women…………………………………..……. 418 315 75.4 236 56.5 79 25.1 103 Men……………………………………….……. 423 345 81.6 288 68.2 57 16.4 78 407 233 57.2 156 38.3 77 32.9 174 Total, 2004-05 high school dropouts1 Women…………………………..……………. 180 97 54.0 69 38.4 28 28.8 83 Men………………………………….…………. 227 136 59.7 87 38.3 49 35.9 91 1 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2004 and October 2005. SOURCE: October 2005 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 73 Table 33. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2005 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Enrolled in school…………………...…… 20,905 9,442 45.2 8,528 40.8 914 9.7 11,462 Enrolled in high school1…………...……… 9,905 3,075 31.0 2,552 25.8 523 17.0 6,830 Women……………………………….…… 4,671 1,547 33.1 1,260 27.0 287 18.6 3,123 Men……………………………….………… 5,234 1,528 29.2 1,292 24.7 236 15.4 3,706 Enrolled in college……………..…………… 11,000 6,367 57.9 5,976 54.3 391 6.1 4,633 Women…………………….……………… 5,965 3,551 59.5 3,356 56.3 195 5.5 2,414 Men…………………….…………………… 5,034 2,816 55.9 2,620 52.0 196 7.0 2,218 15,856 12,896 81.3 11,504 72.6 1,392 10.8 2,960 Women…………………………….………… 7,578 5,656 74.6 5,062 66.8 594 10.5 1,921 Less than a high school diploma .......... High school graduates, no college2 ...... 1,449 776 53.5 611 42.2 165 21.2 673 3,219 2,355 73.2 2,083 64.7 271 11.5 864 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,861 1,553 83.4 1,430 76.8 123 7.9 308 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 1,049 973 92.8 938 89.4 35 3.6 76 Men……………………………………...…… 8,279 7,240 87.5 6,442 77.8 798 11.0 1,039 Less than a high school diploma .......... High school graduates, no college2 ...... 2,009 1,602 79.8 1,357 67.5 246 15.3 406 3,849 3,381 87.8 3,018 78.4 363 10.7 468 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,713 1,576 92.0 1,424 83.1 153 9.7 137 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 708 681 96.1 644 90.9 37 5.4 27 Not enrolled in school……………..…….. 1 Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. SOURCE: October 2005 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 74 Table 34. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2005, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Year Total employed Multiple jobholding rate¹ Multiple jobholders Women Total Number Percent of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men White Black or African American² 1970…..…. 78,358 4,048 636 15.7 3,412 5.2 2.2 7.0 5.3 4.4 1971…...… 78,708 4,035 765 19.0 3,270 5.1 2.6 6.7 5.3 3.8 1972…...… 81,224 3,770 735 19.5 3,035 4.6 2.4 6.0 4.8 3.7 1973……... 83,758 4,262 869 20.4 3,393 5.1 2.7 6.6 5.1 4.7 1974…...… 85,786 3,889 867 22.3 3,022 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.6 3.8 1975…...… 84,146 3,918 956 24.4 2,962 4.7 2.9 5.8 4.8 3.7 1976……... 87,278 3,948 911 23.1 3,037 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.7 2.8 1977…...… 90,482 4,558 1,241 27.2 3,317 5.0 3.4 6.2 5.3 2.6 1978…...… 93,904 4,493 1,281 28.5 3,212 4.8 3.3 5.8 5.0 3.1 1979……... 96,327 4,724 1,407 29.8 3,317 4.9 3.5 5.9 5.1 3.0 1980…...… 96,809 4,759 1,549 32.5 3,210 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.1 3.2 1985…...… 106,878 5,730 2,192 38.3 3,537 5.4 4.7 5.9 5.7 3.2 1989…...… 117,084 7,225 3,109 43.0 4,115 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.5 4.3 1991…..…… 116,626 7,183 3,129 43.6 4,054 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 4.9 1994…..…. 122,946 7,316 3,343 45.7 3,973 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 4.9 1995….…… 124,554 7,952 3,727 46.9 4,225 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.2 1996…..…. 126,391 7,846 3,494 44.5 4,352 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.1 1997…..…. 129,565 8,197 3,800 46.4 4,398 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5 5.7 1998…..…. 131,476 8,126 3,688 45.4 4,438 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.5 1999…..…. 133,411 7,895 3,778 47.9 4,117 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5 2000…..…. 136,685 7,751 3,667 47.3 4,084 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 4.9 2001..……. 137,121 7,540 3,626 48.1 3,914 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.3 2002…..…. 136,559 7,247 3,511 48.4 3,736 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.7 2003..……. 137,567 7,338 3,498 47.7 3,841 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.3 2004…..…. 138,867 7,258 3,605 49.7 3,653 5.2 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 2005……… 141,730 6,895 3,402 49.3 3,493 4.9 5.2 4.6 5.4 4.4 ¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. ² Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-and-other population group. bility" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in Employment and Earnings. Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84, 1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93. NOTE: Data from 1994-2004 are not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Compara- SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 75 Table 35. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total Year Total employed Selfemployed Women Selfemployed as Total a percent of employed total Men SelfSelfemployed as Total employed a percent of employed total Selfemployed women as SelfSelfemployed as percent of employed a percent of total selfemployed total 1976…… 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 1977….. 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 1978….. 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 1979….. 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 1980….. 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 1981….. 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 1982….. 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 1983….. 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 1984…… 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 1985….. 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 1986….. 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 1987….. 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 1988…… 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 1989….. 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 1990…… 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 1991….. 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 1992….. 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 1993….. 1994….. 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 1995….. 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 1996….. 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 1997….. 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 1998….. 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 1999….. 2000….. 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 2001….. 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 2002…… 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 2003….. 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 2004…… 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 2005….. 141,730 9,509 6.7 65,757 3,565 5.4 75,973 5,944 7.8 37.5 NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS). SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 76 Table 36. Employment status of the native-born1 and foreign-born2 civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Both sexes Native born:1 16 years and over……..…. 62.1 6,971 5.5 65,626 16 to 24 years………..…. 191,594 32,228 125,968 19,771 61.3 65.7 118,997 17,352 53.8 2,419 12.2 12,457 25 to 34 years………….… 31,118 26,219 84.3 24,753 79.5 1,466 5.6 4,899 35 to 44 years………...…… 35,745 30,072 84.1 28,793 80.5 1,280 4.3 5,673 45 to 54 years………….… 35,904 29,452 82.0 28,374 79.0 1,079 3.7 6,451 55 to 64 years………...…… 25,625 15,963 62.3 15,386 60.0 577 3.6 9,661 65 years and over…….…. 30,975 4,490 14.5 4,339 14.0 151 3.4 26,484 Foreign born:2 16 years and over……..…. 31,763 21,433 67.5 20,255 63.8 1,178 5.5 10,330 16 to 24 years……….…… 4,191 2,497 59.6 2,278 54.4 219 8.8 1,694 25 to 34 years……..……. 7,821 5,988 76.6 5,670 72.5 318 5.3 1,833 35 to 44 years……..……. 7,481 6,085 81.3 5,787 77.4 298 4.9 1,396 45 to 54 years………….… 5,342 4,305 80.6 4,096 76.7 210 4.9 1,036 55 to 64 years……….…… 3,294 2,050 62.2 1,945 59.0 105 5.1 1,244 65 years and over……….. 3,634 507 14.0 479 13.2 28 5.5 3,127 Women Native born:1 16 years and over……..…. 99,797 59,893 60.0 56,736 56.9 3,158 5.3 39,904 16 to 24 years…………..… 16,123 9,673 60.0 8,600 53.3 1,074 11.1 6,450 25 to 34 years……...……. 15,905 12,259 77.1 11,602 72.9 657 5.4 3,646 35 to 44 years……...……. 18,326 14,139 77.2 13,544 73.9 595 4.2 4,187 45 to 54 years……….…… 18,395 14,222 77.3 13,720 74.6 502 3.5 4,173 55 to 64 years………..…… 13,293 7,594 57.1 7,331 55.2 263 3.5 5,699 65 years and over……..... 17,755 2,006 11.3 1,939 10.9 67 3.4 15,749 Foreign born:2 16 years and over……..…. 15,849 8,528 53.8 7,992 50.4 536 6.3 7,321 16 to 24 years………..…… 1,938 922 47.6 833 43.0 89 9.7 1,016 25 to 34 years……...……. 3,676 2,150 58.5 2,003 54.5 147 6.8 1,526 35 to 44 years……...……. 3,644 2,480 68.0 2,336 64.1 144 5.8 1,165 45 to 54 years……….…… 2,690 1,901 70.7 1,798 66.8 103 5.4 789 55 to 64 years………….… 1,732 872 50.3 826 47.7 46 5.3 861 65 years and over……….. 2,169 204 9.4 196 9.1 8 3.9 1,965 See footnotes at end of table. 77 Table 36. Employment status of the native-born1 and foreign-born2 civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Country of birth, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Men Native born:1 16 years and over………... 91,797 66,075 72.0 62,261 67.8 3,813 5.8 25,722 16 to 24 years………….… 16,105 10,098 62.7 8,753 54.3 1,345 13.3 6,007 25 to 34 years………...…. 15,212 13,960 91.8 13,151 86.4 809 5.8 1,253 35 to 44 years………...…. 17,419 15,933 91.5 15,249 87.5 685 4.3 1,486 45 to 54 years……….…… 17,509 15,230 87.0 14,654 83.7 577 3.8 2,278 55 to 64 years……….…… 12,332 8,369 67.9 8,055 65.3 314 3.8 3,963 65 years and over……..... 13,219 2,484 18.8 2,401 18.2 84 3.4 10,735 16 years and over……….... 15,913 12,905 81.1 12,263 77.1 642 5.0 3,008 16 to 24 years……….…… 2,253 1,575 69.9 1,445 64.2 130 8.2 678 25 to 34 years……...……. 4,145 3,838 92.6 3,667 88.4 172 4.5 307 35 to 44 years………...…. 3,836 3,606 94.0 3,451 90.0 155 4.3 231 45 to 54 years………….… 2,652 2,405 90.7 2,298 86.6 107 4.5 247 55 to 64 years……….…… 1,562 1,178 75.4 1,119 71.7 59 5.0 384 65 years and over……..... 1,465 303 20.7 283 19.3 20 6.6 1,162 Foreign born:2 1 Native-born persons are those who were born in the United States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent. 2 Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes legally admitted immigrants, but also includes refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 78 Table 37. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2005 (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Year Total employed Members of unions1 Percent of Total employed Women Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total employed Members of unions1 Percent of Total employed Represented by unions2 Percent of Total employed 1983……… 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0 1984…...… 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8 1985……. 19863…… 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5 1987…...… 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9 1988……. 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0 1989…...… 103,480 19903…… 104,876 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9 1991...…… 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8 1992……. 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9 1993……. 19943…… 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1 1995……. 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3 1996…...… 111,960 19973…… 114,533 19983…… 116,730 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1 19993…… 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 2000……. 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1 2001……. 20023…… 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0 2003……. 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9 2004……… 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5 2005…… 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 125,889 See footnotes at end of table. 79 Table 37. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed Members of unions1 Percent of Total employed Represented by unions2 Percent of Total employed 1983……… 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7 1984……. 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7 1985……. 19863…… 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7 1987…...… 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9 1988…...… 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5 1989……. 19903…… 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2 1991……… 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1 1992……. 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4 1993…...… 19943…… 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6 1995……. 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8 1996……… 19973…… 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7 19983…… 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4 19993…… 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4 2000…...… 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5 2001……. 20023…… 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9 2003……. 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6 2004……. 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0 2005……. 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in Employment and Earnings. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 80 Technical Note T he estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households, which provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. Over its history, numerous changes have been made in the CPS questionnaire, methodology, and estimation procedures to improve the quality of the data that the survey produces. In January 2003, several major changes were introduced to the CPS. As a result, most data for 2003 forward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. These changes include the following: new occupational and industrial classification systems effectively created a break in series from 2000 forward for data disaggregated by class of worker status—that is, the classification of workers as either self-employed or wage and salary. This change resulted in a slightly lower estimate of the number of wage and salary workers and in minor revisions to the earnings measures for 2000-2002. Users therefore may note some differences with previously published women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios for those years. Additionally, data for 2004 are not strictly comparable with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2004 of further revisions to the population controls used in the CPS. For more information about these and other recent changes to the survey, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings on the Internet at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf or the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of the February 2005 and subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings. Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. • Population controls were updated by the Census Bureau to incorporate new intercensal information and assumptions about the growth of the population, especially estimates of net international migration. • The survey questions on Hispanic ethnicity and race were modified to comply with new standards on race and ethnicity data from Federal agencies. In accordance with the new standards, individuals now are asked whether they are of Hispanic ethnicity before being asked about their race. Also, individuals now are asked directly if they are Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino, instead of being asked a general question on country of origin. With respect to race, the response category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two categories: Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. In accordance with the new standards, individuals were allowed to choose more than one race category. Prior to 2003, individuals who considered themselves to belong to more than one race were required to select a single primary race. In this report, data by race for 2003 forward include only those who choose a single race category. Concepts and Definitions Concepts used in this report are defined below. Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another reason. • New occupational and industrial classification systems Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who had no employment during the survey week, were available for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. were introduced. These systems were derived from the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The new classification systems differ substantially from the previous systems. The introduction of the 81 Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall group boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings. This could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300, or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for example, measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians. Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hoursworked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference week, persons also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who are temporarily absent from work. Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median, and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The value of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Over-the-year changes Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, ex82 nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Standard errors included in this report were rounded for presentation purposes, as were the earnings estimates. Consequently, a precise confidence interval cannot be constructed using these data. CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and Earnings publication. cludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the full- and part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately.) Work experience. These data reflect the work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey. Persons who worked were those who answered “yes” to the following questions from the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during (the year)?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during (the year)?” Since the reference period is a full year, the number of persons with some employment or unemployment greatly exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates. Reliability Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 83
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