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Errors were found in table 26 of this report. The table was reissued on March 26, 2013, to correct the data. Errors were found in table 33 of this report. The table was reissued on December 9, 2016, to correct the data. U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS F E B R U A R Y 2 0 1 3 R E P O R T 1 0 4 0 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical Notes at the end of this report. Selected demographic characteristics Women’s labor force participation rate peaked at 60.0 percent in 1999, following several decades in which women increasingly entered the labor market. In 2011, 58.1 percent of women were in the labor force, down 0.5 percentage point from 2010. (See tables 1 and 2.) O ver the past 4 decades, women have made notable changes in their labor force activities. Labor force participation is significantly higher among women today than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with children, and a larger share of women are working full time and year round. In addition, women have increasingly attained higher levels of education: among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to 2011. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time. In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what men did; in 2011, women’s earnings were 82 percent of men’s. This report presents historical and current labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov The overall unemployment rate for women in 2011 was 8.5 percent, compared with 9.4 percent for men. Women’s jobless rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (7.3 percent), followed by White (7.5 percent), Hispanic (11.8 percent), and Black (14.1 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.) The labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 18 years of age was 70.9 percent in March 2011, down slightly from 2010. (See tables 6 and 7.) (Data were collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.) CONTENTS Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 Statistical Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–98 Technical Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99–102 1 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K In general, mothers with children 6 to 17 years of age are more likely to participate in the labor force (76.5 percent in March 2011) than mothers with children under 6 years of age (64.2 percent). Also, unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than married mothers. In March 2011, 74.9 percent of unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old were in the labor force, compared with 69.1 percent of married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.) (Data were collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.) Educational attainment The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past 40 years. In 2011, 37 percent of these women held college degrees, compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 7 percent of women had less than a high school diploma (that is, did not graduate high school) in 2011, down from 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.) Occupation and industry In 2011, women accounted for 51 percent of all persons employed in management, professional, and related occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 14 percent of architects and engineers and 34 percent of physicians and surgeons were women, whereas 61 percent of accountants and auditors and 82 percent of elementary and middle school teachers were women. (See table 11.) Employed Asian and White women were more likely (44 and 42 percent, respectively) to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations in 2011 than were employed Black (34 percent) and Hispanic (25 percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic (31 percent) and Black (28 percent) women were more likely than White (20 percent) and Asian (22 percent) women to work in service occupations. (See table 12.) In 2011, women accounted for at least 50 percent of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities, education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and other services. However, women were 2 substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, and in transportation and utilities. (See table 14.) Earnings Women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $684 in 2011. This represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($832). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($751) and Whites ($703) than for Blacks ($595) and Hispanics ($518). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks and Hispanics (both 91 percent) than for Whites (82 percent) and Asians (77 percent). Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be significant in explaining earnings differences. (See table 16.) In 2011, female full-time wage and salary workers ages 25 and older with only a high school diploma had median usual weekly earnings of $554. This represented 81 percent of the earnings for women with an associate’s degree ($682) and 56 percent of those for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($998). (See table 17.) Hours of work In 2011, 27 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, fewer than 35 hours per week. In comparison, 11 percent of employed men usually worked part time. (See table 20.) Women employed in nonagricultural industries worked fewer hours per week than men in 2011. On average, women worked 35.6 hours per week, compared with 40.6 hours for men. (See table 21.) Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2010, 59 percent worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. During the same period, the proportion of men who worked full time and year round rose slightly, from 66 to 69 percent. (Data were collected in the 1971 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.) (See table 22.) BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Married-couple families Among married-couple families, 54 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2010, compared with 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families in 2010, compared with 36 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) (Data were collected in the 1968 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the prior calendar year.) In 2010, working wives contributed 38 percent of their families’ incomes, up about 11 percentage points from 1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 18 percent of working wives whose husbands also worked earned more than their spouses; in 2010, the proportion was 29 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (Data were collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the prior calendar year.) Minimum wage and working poor In 2011, approximately 2.4 million women who were paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage. This represented 6 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 25 years and older who were paid hourly rates, 4 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 16 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 26.) Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2010, about the same number of women (5.2 million) and men (5.3 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks), however, was higher for women than for men—7.6 percent, compared with 6.7 percent. Black and Hispanic women were significantly more likely than their White or Asian counterparts to be among the working poor. The working-poor rates for Black and Hispanic women were 14.5 percent and 13.8 percent, respectively, compared with 6.6 percent and 5.2 percent, respectively, for White and Asian women. (See table 27.) (Data are BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov from the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the prior calendar year.) Worker displacement and tenure From January 2009 through December 2011, 6.1 million workers ages 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for about 44 percent of those displaced. Women were less likely than men to have found a new job at the time of the survey in January 2012: the reemployment rate for women was 50 percent, compared with 61 percent for men. Among displaced workers, the proportion of women who were unemployed at the time of the survey in January 2012 was higher than for men—31 percent, compared with 23 percent. Women were slightly more likely than men to have left the labor force, 20 percent, compared with 16 percent. (See table 28.) (Data are from the January 2012 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.) In January 2012, the median number of years that female wage and salary workers had been with their employer was 4.6, compared with 4.7 years for their male counterparts. (See table 29.) (Data are from the January 2012 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.) Other characteristics Among 2011 high school graduates, young women were more likely than young men to be enrolled in college in October 2011 (72 percent, compared with 65 percent, respectively). (See table 30.) (Data are from the October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) In October 2011, 41.8 percent of women ages 16 to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or college were in the labor force. Young men of the same age group who were enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate (36.2 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women were less likely to be in the labor force than men (74.0 percent, compared with 84.8 percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from the October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) Young women 16 to 24 years old who were not enrolled in school and who did not have a high school diploma were significantly less likely to participate in the labor force 3 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K (57.0 percent) in October 2011 than those who had a high school diploma but no additional education (68.4 percent). Among those in the labor force, high school dropouts were more likely to be unemployed (31.2 percent) than were high school graduates (19.0 percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from the October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) Multiple jobholders and the self-employed In 2011, 5.3 percent of employed women held more than one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.6 percent. Multiple jobholding rates for women and men have edged down in recent years and remain below the rates recorded in the mid-1990s. (See table 32.) In 2011, 5.1 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 7.1 percent for their male counterparts. In 2011, 39 percent of all selfemployed persons were women, compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 33.) native-born men (68.8 percent) and were somewhat less likely to be unemployed (8.8 percent, compared with 9.5 percent). (See table 34.) Union membership In 2011, 11.2 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 12.4 percent of their male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2011 was lower than in 1983, but the rate has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2011 period—12.3 percentage points, compared with 3.4 points for women. (See table 35.) Veterans In 2011, there were 11.3 million veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force. Ten percent of these veterans were women. Among female veterans in the labor force, a little more than half (56 percent) served in the Gulf War-era I and II service periods (August 1990 to present). (See table 36.) Foreign born In 2011, foreign-born women were somewhat less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force (54.6 percent, compared with 58.7 percent). Of those in the labor force, foreign-born women were more likely to be unemployed than their native-born counterparts (9.5 percent, compared with 8.3 percent). Foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (79.5 percent) than 4 Women with disabilities Of the 14.7 million women with disabilities in 2011, 2.6 million, or 17.4 percent, were in the labor force. Nearly half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; labor force participation among them was 4.8 percent, compared with 29.6 percent among those ages 16 to 64. (See table 37.) BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Statistical Tables Selected demographic characteristics Page 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages ................................. 7 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970–2011 annual averages.....10 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ..........................................13 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2011 annual averages ...................................................................................15 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011 .................16 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011 .......................................................................................................................18 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2011 .................................................21 Educational attainment 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages .........................................................................................................24 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011 .......25 Occupation and industry 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2010–2011 annual averages ..............................................................29 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages.....................................................................31 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ..................................4 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010–2011 annual averages..............................................................................4 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages..........................................................................4 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages.......................................5 Earnings 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2011 annual averages .....................................................................................55 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages .........................................................................................................57 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages ..............................................................................................................................................................59 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2011 annual averages ............72 Hours of work 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages.........................................................73 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages .....77 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2010 ................................78 BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov 5 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Statistical Tables continued Married-couple families Page 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2010 ................................................................79 24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2010 ......................................................................................81 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2010 ..................................................................................................82 Minimum wage and working poor 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages ......................................................................................................................83 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 ..................................................................................................................................85 Worker displacement and tenure 28. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2012 ................87 29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex, selected years, 1998–2012 ...............................................................................................................................................88 Other characteristics 30. Labor force status of 2011 high school graduates and 2010–2011 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2011 .......................................................................................................................89 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2011 ...................................................................................................................................................................90 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2011 annual averages..................................91 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages....................92 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages ..................................................................................................................................93 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2011 ......................................95 36. Employment status of SHUVRQV\HDUVDQGRYHUE\veteransWDWXV period of service, DQGVH[ 2011 annual averages .97 37. Employment and disability status by sex and age, 2011 annual averages ......................................................................99 6 BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Not in labor force Total Percent of labor force 8.9 86,001 Total, both sexes 16 years and over ……... 239,618 16 to 19 years …….…… 16,774 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 5,727 34.1 4,327 25.8 1,400 24.4 11,048 16 to 17 years……… 8,727 1,873 21.5 1,355 15.5 519 27.7 6,854 18 to 19 years……… 8,048 3,853 47.9 2,972 36.9 881 22.9 4,194 20 to 24 years……….... 21,423 15,270 71.3 13,036 60.8 2,234 14.6 6,153 25 to 54 years……….… 124,704 101,744 81.6 93,674 75.1 8,069 7.9 22,961 25 to 34 years……… 41,364 33,724 81.5 30,537 73.8 3,187 9.5 7,639 25 to 29 years…… 21,119 17,137 81.1 15,380 72.8 1,757 10.3 3,982 30 to 34 years…… 20,245 16,588 81.9 15,158 74.9 1,430 8.6 3,657 35 to 44 years……… 39,499 32,660 82.7 30,270 76.6 2,389 7.3 6,839 35 to 39 years…… 19,022 15,688 82.5 14,512 76.3 1,176 7.5 3,335 40 to 44 years…… 20,476 16,972 82.9 15,758 77.0 1,214 7.2 3,504 45 to t 54 years……… 43 842 43,842 35 360 35,360 80 7 80.7 32 867 32,867 75 0 75.0 2 493 2,493 71 7.1 8 483 8,483 45 to 49 years……. 21,788 17,901 82.2 16,594 76.2 1,307 7.3 3,887 50 to 54 years…… 22,054 17,458 79.2 16,272 73.8 1,186 6.8 4,596 55 to 64 years………… 36,987 23,765 64.3 22,186 60.0 1,579 6.6 13,222 55 to 59 years……… 19,670 14,324 72.8 13,389 68.1 935 6.5 5,346 60 to 64 years……… 17,317 9,440 54.5 8,796 50.8 644 6.8 7,877 65 years and over……. 39,729 7,112 17.9 6,647 16.7 465 6.5 32,617 65 to 69 years……… 12,546 4,027 32.1 3,750 29.9 277 6.9 8,520 70 to 74 years……… 9,309 1,752 18.8 1,639 17.6 113 6.5 7,557 75 years and over…… 17,873 1,333 7.5 1,258 7.0 75 5.6 16,540 7 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Women 16 years and over ……... 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,193 2,832 34.6 2,219 27.1 613 21.7 5,361 16 to 17 years……… 4,241 957 22.6 705 16.6 252 26.3 3,284 18 to 19 years……… 3,952 1,875 47.4 1,514 38.3 362 19.3 2,077 20 to 24 years……….... 10,579 7,169 67.8 6,209 58.7 960 13.4 3,410 25 to 54 years……….… 63,096 47,105 74.7 43,517 69.0 3,588 7.6 15,991 25 to 34 years……… 20,653 15,255 73.9 13,863 67.1 1,392 9.1 5,398 25 to 29 years…… 10,453 7,773 74.4 7,032 67.3 741 9.5 2,680 30 to 34 years…… 10,200 7,482 73.4 6,831 67.0 651 8.7 2,717 35 to 44 years……… 20,053 14,973 74.7 13,900 69.3 1,073 7.2 5,079 35 to 39 years…… 9,649 7,109 73.7 6,563 68.0 546 7.7 2,540 40 to 44 years…… 10,404 7,864 75.6 7,337 70.5 527 6.7 2,539 45 to 54 years years……… 22 391 22,391 16 876 16,876 75 4 75.4 15 753 15,753 70 4 70.4 1 123 1,123 67 6.7 5 514 5,514 45 to 49 years……. 11,106 8,491 76.5 7,899 71.1 592 7.0 2,615 50 to 54 years…… 11,284 8,386 74.3 7,854 69.6 531 6.3 2,899 55 to 64 years………… 19,177 11,414 59.5 10,717 55.9 697 6.1 7,763 55 to 59 years……… 10,146 6,874 67.7 6,457 63.6 417 6.1 3,272 60 to 64 years……… 9,031 4,540 50.3 4,260 47.2 280 6.2 4,491 65 years and over……. 22,255 3,121 14.0 2,917 13.1 204 6.5 19,133 65 to 69 years……… 6,634 1,814 27.3 1,694 25.5 121 6.7 4,820 70 to 74 years……… 5,038 735 14.6 684 13.6 51 6.9 4,303 75 years and over…… 10,583 572 5.4 539 5.1 33 5.7 10,011 8 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men 16 years and over ……... 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,582 2,895 33.7 2,108 24.6 786 27.2 5,687 16 to 17 years……… 4,486 917 20.4 650 14.5 267 29.1 3,570 18 to 19 years……… 4,095 1,978 48.3 1,459 35.6 520 26.3 2,117 20 to 24 years……….... 10,844 8,101 74.7 6,826 63.0 1,275 15.7 2,743 25 to 54 years……….… 61,608 54,638 88.7 50,157 81.4 4,481 8.2 6,970 25 to 34 years……… 20,711 18,469 89.2 16,674 80.5 1,795 9.7 2,242 25 to 29 years…… 10,666 9,364 87.8 8,347 78.3 1,017 10.9 1,302 30 to 34 years…… 10,045 9,105 90.6 8,327 82.9 779 8.6 940 35 to 44 years……… 19,446 17,686 90.9 16,370 84.2 1,316 7.4 1,760 35 to 39 years…… 9,373 8,578 91.5 7,949 84.8 630 7.3 795 40 to 44 years…… 10,073 9,108 90.4 8,421 83.6 686 7.5 965 45 to 54 years years……… 21 451 21,451 18 483 18,483 86 2 86.2 17 113 17,113 79 8 79.8 1 370 1,370 74 7.4 2 968 2,968 45 to 49 years……. 10,682 9,410 88.1 8,695 81.4 715 7.6 1,272 50 to 54 years…… 10,770 9,073 84.2 8,418 78.2 655 7.2 1,697 55 to 64 years………… 17,810 12,350 69.3 11,469 64.4 882 7.1 5,460 55 to 59 years……… 9,524 7,450 78.2 6,932 72.8 518 7.0 2,074 60 to 64 years……… 8,286 4,900 59.1 4,536 54.7 364 7.4 3,386 65 years and over……. 17,474 3,990 22.8 3,730 21.3 261 6.5 13,484 65 to 69 years……… 5,912 2,212 37.4 2,056 34.8 156 7.1 3,700 70 to 74 years……… 4,272 1,017 23.8 955 22.4 62 6.1 3,254 75 years and over…… 7,290 761 10.4 719 9.9 42 5.5 6,529 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 9 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970–2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, both sexes 1970…….…… 1971…….…… 1972 1……… 1973 1……… 1974…….…… 1975…….…… 1976…….…… 1977…….…… 1978 1…....... 1979………… 137,085 140,216 144,126 147,096 150,120 153,153 156,150 159,033 161,910 164,863 82,771 84,382 87,034 89,429 91,949 93,775 96,158 99,009 102,251 104,962 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3 61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 57.5 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8 56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,365 5,156 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980………… 1981…...…… 1982…...…… 1983…...…… 1984…...…… 1985…...…… 1986 1…....... 1987………… 1988…...…… 1989………… 167,745 170,130 172,271 174,215 176,383 178,206 180,587 182,753 184,613 186,393 106,940 108,670 110,204 111,550 113,544 115,461 117,834 119,865 121,669 123,869 63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4 64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5 60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0 7,637 8,273 10,678 10,717 8,539 8,312 8,237 7,425 6,701 6,528 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62,523 1990 1…....... 1991…...…… 1992…...…… 1993…...…… 1994 1…....... 1995…...…… 1996…...…… 1997 1…....... 1998 1…....... 1999 1…....... 189,164 190,925 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 207,753 125,840 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 118,793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 7,047 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 5,880 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 63,324 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 68,385 2000 1…....... 2001 ………… 2002 ………… 2003 1…....... 2004 …........ 2005………… 2006………… 2007………… 2008 1…....... 2009………… 212,577 215,092 217,570 221,168 223,357 226,082 228,815 231,867 233,788 235,801 142,583 143,734 144,863 146,510 147,401 149,320 151,428 153,124 154,287 154,142 67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0 66.0 66.2 66.0 66.0 65.4 136,891 136,933 136,485 137,736 139,252 141,730 144,427 146,047 145,362 139,877 64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3 62.7 63.1 63.0 62.2 59.3 5,692 6,801 8,378 8,774 8,149 7,591 7,001 7,078 8,924 14,265 4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.8 9.3 69,994 71,359 72,707 74,658 75,956 76,762 77,387 78,743 79,501 81,659 2010………… 2011…......... 237,830 239,618 153,889 153,617 64.7 64.1 139,064 139,869 58.5 58.4 14,825 13,747 9.6 8.9 83,941 86,001 See footnote at end of table. 10 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970–2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Women 1970…….…… 1971…….…… 1972 1……… 1973 1……… 1974…….…… 1975…….…… 1976…….…… 1977…….…… 1978 1…....... 1979………… 72,782 74,274 76,290 77,804 79,312 80,860 82,390 83,840 85,334 86,843 31,543 32,202 33,479 34,804 36,211 37,475 38,983 40,613 42,631 44,235 43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7 46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9 29,688 29,976 31,257 32,715 33,769 33,989 35,615 37,289 39,569 41,217 40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5 1,855 2,227 2,222 2,089 2,441 3,486 3,369 3,324 3,061 3,018 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 41,239 42,072 42,811 43,000 43,101 43,386 43,406 43,227 42,703 42,608 1980………… 1981…...…… 1982…...…… 1983…...…… 1984…...…… 1985…...…… 1986 1…....... 1987………… 1988…...…… 1989………… 88,348 89,618 90,748 91,684 92,778 93,736 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,630 45,487 46,696 47,755 48,503 49,709 51,050 52,413 53,658 54,742 56,030 51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6 54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4 42,117 43,000 43,256 44,047 45,915 47,259 48,706 50,334 51,696 53,027 47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5 50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3 3,370 3,696 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,791 3,707 3,324 3,046 3,003 7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4 42,861 42,922 42,993 43,181 43,068 42,686 42,376 42,195 42,014 41,601 1990 1…....... 1991…...…… 1992…...…… 1993…...…… 1994 1…....... 1995…...…… 1996…...…… 1997 1…....... 1998 1…....... 1999 1…....... 98,787 99,646 100,535 101,506 102,460 103,406 104,385 105,418 106,462 108,031 56,829 57,178 58,141 58,795 60,239 60,944 61,857 63,036 63,714 64,855 57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0 53,689 53,496 54,052 54,910 56,610 57,523 58,501 59,873 60,771 62,042 54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3 55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4 3,140 3,683 4,090 3,885 3,629 3,421 3,356 3,162 2,944 2,814 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 41,957 42,468 42,394 42,711 42,221 42,462 42,528 42,382 42,748 43,175 2000 1…....... 2001 ………… 2002 ………… 2003 1…....... 2004 …........ 2005………… 2006………… 2007………… 2008 1…....... 2009………… 110,613 111,811 112,985 114,733 115,647 116,931 118,210 119,694 120,675 121,665 66,303 66,848 67,363 68,272 68,421 69,288 70,173 70,988 71,767 72,019 59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.3 59.5 59.2 63,586 63,737 63,582 64,404 64,728 65,757 66,925 67,792 67,876 66,208 57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.2 56.6 56.6 56.2 54.4 2,717 3,111 3,781 3,868 3,694 3,531 3,247 3,196 3,891 5,811 4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.5 5.4 8.1 44,310 44,962 45,621 46,461 47,225 47,643 48,037 48,707 48,908 49,646 2010………… 2011…......... 122,656 123,300 71,904 71,642 58.6 58.1 65,705 65,579 53.6 53.2 6,199 6,063 8.6 8.5 50,752 51,658 See footnote at end of table. 11 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970–2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in labor force Percent of labor force Men 1970…….…… 1971…….…… 1972 1……… 1973 1……… 1974…….…… 1975…….…… 1976…….…… 1977…….…… 1978 1…....... 1979………… 64,304 65,942 67,835 69,292 70,808 72,291 73,759 75,193 76,576 78,020 51,228 52,180 53,555 54,624 55,739 56,299 57,174 58,396 59,620 60,726 79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7 77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8 48,990 49,390 50,896 52,349 53,024 51,857 53,138 54,728 56,479 57,607 76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9 71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8 2,238 2,789 2,659 2,275 2,714 4,442 4,036 3,667 3,142 3,120 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1 13,076 13,762 14,280 14,667 15,069 15,993 16,585 16,797 16,956 17,293 1980………… 1981…...…… 1982…...…… 1983…...…… 1984…...…… 1985…...…… 1986 1…....... 1987………… 1988…...…… 1989 1989………… 79,398 80,511 81,523 82,531 83,605 84,469 85,798 86,899 87,857 88 762 88,762 61,453 61,974 62,450 63,047 63,835 64,411 65,422 66,207 66,927 67 840 67,840 77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4 76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76 4 76.4 57,186 57,397 56,271 56,787 59,091 59,891 60,892 62,107 63,273 64 315 64,315 72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7 70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72 5 72.5 4,267 4,577 6,179 6,260 4,744 4,521 4,530 4,101 3,655 3 525 3,525 6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 52 5.2 17,945 18,537 19,073 19,484 19,771 20,058 20,376 20,692 20,930 20 923 20,923 1990 1…....... 1991…...…… 1992…...…… 1993…...…… 1994 1…....... 1995…...…… 1996…...…… 1997 1…....... 1998 1…....... 1999 1…....... 90,377 91,278 92,270 93,332 94,355 95,178 96,206 97,715 98,758 99,722 69,011 69,168 69,964 70,404 70,817 71,360 72,087 73,261 73,959 74,512 76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1 75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7 65,104 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69,685 70,693 71,446 72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4 70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6 3,906 4,946 5,523 5,055 4,367 3,983 3,880 3,577 3,266 3,066 5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 21,367 22,110 22,306 22,927 23,538 23,818 24,119 24,454 24,799 25,210 2000 1…....... 2001 ………… 2002 ………… 2003 1…....... 2004 …........ 2005………… 2006………… 2007………… 2008 1…....... 2009………… 101,964 103,282 104,585 106,435 107,710 109,151 110,605 112,173 113,113 114,136 76,280 76,886 77,500 78,238 78,980 80,033 81,255 82,136 82,520 82,123 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3 73.3 73.5 73.2 73.0 72.0 73,305 73,196 72,903 73,332 74,524 75,973 77,502 78,254 77,486 73,670 71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2 69.6 70.1 69.8 68.5 64.5 2,975 3,690 4,597 4,906 4,456 4,059 3,753 3,882 5,033 8,453 3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.1 4.6 4.7 6.1 10.3 25,684 26,396 27,085 28,197 28,730 29,119 29,350 30,036 30,593 32,013 2010…......... 2011…......... 115,174 116,317 81,985 81,975 71.2 70.5 73,359 74,290 63.7 63.9 8,626 7,684 10.5 9.4 33,189 34,343 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 12 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Percent of population Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force 124,579 4,714 12,120 81,381 20,188 6,175 64.5 36.8 73.2 82.5 65.5 18.1 114,690 3,691 10,574 75,708 18,937 5,780 59.4 28.8 63.8 76.7 61.5 16.9 9,889 1,024 1,546 5,673 1,251 395 7.9 21.7 12.8 7.0 6.2 6.4 68,498 8,103 4,442 17,311 10,610 28,031 Total White Total, 16 years and over……… 193,077 16 to 19 years……………… 12,818 20 to 24 years……………..… 16,562 25 to 54 years……………… 98,692 55 to 64 years……………… 30,799 34,206 65 years and over………….. Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years………….....… 20 to 24 years…………….… 25 to 54 years……………..… 55 to 64 years…………….... 65 years and over………….. 98,276 6,208 8,077 49,218 15,781 18,992 57,028 2,328 5,581 36,879 9,559 2,681 58.0 37.5 69.1 74.9 60.6 14.1 52,770 1,889 4,943 34,423 9,005 2,509 53.7 30.4 61.2 69.9 57.1 13.2 4,257 439 637 2,456 554 171 7.5 18.9 11.4 6.7 5.8 6.4 41,248 3,880 2,496 12,339 6,221 16,312 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years…………….… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………..… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 94,801 6,610 8,485 49,474 15,018 15,213 67,551 2,386 6,539 44,502 10,629 3,494 71.3 36.1 77.1 90.0 70.8 23.0 61,920 1,802 5,630 41,285 9,932 3,271 65.3 27.3 66.4 83.4 66.1 21.5 5,631 585 909 3,217 697 223 8.3 24.5 13.9 7.2 6.6 6.4 27,249 4,223 1,946 4,972 4,389 11,719 Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 29,114 2,594 3,168 15,958 3,955 3,440 17,881 647 2,105 12,420 2,155 555 61.4 24.9 66.5 77.8 54.5 16.1 15,051 380 1,574 10,645 1,943 508 51.7 14.7 49.7 66.7 49.1 14.8 2,831 267 531 1,775 212 47 15.8 41.3 25.2 14.3 9.8 8.4 11,233 1,947 1,063 3,539 1,800 2,885 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 15,950 1,312 1,657 8,689 2,196 2,096 9,427 318 1,093 6,547 1,172 298 59.1 24.2 65.9 75.4 53.4 14.2 8,098 193 840 5,708 1,086 272 50.8 14.7 50.7 65.7 49.4 13.0 1,329 125 253 839 86 25 14.1 39.4 23.1 12.8 7.4 8.5 6,523 994 565 2,142 1,024 1,798 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 13,164 1,282 1,510 7,269 1,759 1,344 8,454 329 1,012 5,872 983 257 64.2 25.7 67.0 80.8 55.9 19.1 6,953 187 734 4,937 858 236 52.8 14.6 48.6 67.9 48.8 17.5 1,502 142 278 935 125 21 17.8 43.1 27.4 15.9 12.7 8.2 4,710 953 498 1,397 775 1,087 Black or African American See note at end of table. 13 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Asian Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 11,439 652 940 6,789 1,555 1,504 7,386 141 518 5,428 1,032 266 64.6 21.7 55.1 80.0 66.3 17.7 6,867 106 461 5,097 953 250 60.0 16.2 49.1 75.1 61.3 16.6 518 36 57 332 78 16 7.0 25.2 11.0 6.1 7.6 6.0 4,054 510 421 1,360 524 1,238 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………...… 65 years and over…………… 6,011 321 467 3,534 848 841 3,414 75 249 2,493 501 97 56.8 23.4 53.2 70.5 59.1 11.6 3,165 60 223 2,329 461 92 52.6 18.6 47.8 65.9 54.4 10.9 250 15 25 164 40 5 7.3 20.5 10.1 6.6 7.9 5.3 2,596 246 219 1,041 347 744 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………...… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 5,429 331 472 3,255 707 663 3,972 66 269 2,936 531 169 73.2 20.1 57.1 90.2 75.0 25.5 3,703 46 238 2,768 492 158 68.2 13.9 50.4 85.1 69.6 23.9 269 20 32 168 39 11 6.8 30.5 11.7 5.7 7.3 6.4 1,457 265 203 319 177 494 Total, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 34,438 3,407 4,193 20,624 3,311 2,903 22,898 965 3,017 16,390 2,015 511 66.5 28.3 72.0 79.5 60.8 17.6 20,269 665 2,544 14,774 1,820 465 58.9 19.5 60.7 71.6 55.0 16.0 2,629 300 473 1,616 195 45 11.5 31.1 15.7 9.9 9.7 8.8 11,540 2,442 1,175 4,234 1,296 2,393 Women, 16 years and over… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 16,685 1,595 1,915 9,825 1,707 1,643 9,322 419 1,206 6,587 893 217 55.9 26.3 63.0 67.0 52.3 13.2 8,220 301 1,010 5,894 814 200 49.3 18.9 52.7 60.0 47.7 12.1 1,102 118 196 692 78 17 11.8 28.1 16.3 10.5 8.8 8.0 7,363 1,176 709 3,238 814 1,426 Men, 16 years and over……… 16 to 19 years……………… 20 to 24 years……………… 25 to 54 years……………… 55 to 64 years……………… 65 years and over…………… 17,753 1,812 2,278 10,799 1,604 1,260 13,576 545 1,811 9,803 1,122 293 76.5 30.1 79.5 90.8 69.9 23.3 12,049 364 1,535 8,880 1,006 266 67.9 20.1 67.4 82.2 62.7 21.1 1,527 182 277 924 116 28 11.2 33.3 15.3 9.4 10.4 9.5 4,177 1,266 467 996 482 966 Hi Hispanic i or Latino ethnicity NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 14 Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Marital status and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Total, 16 years and over……….... Married, spouse present……….. Unmarried, total……………..…… Never married……………….…. Other marital status……………. Divorced……………………..… Separated………………….…. Widowed……………….…….. 239,618 121,419 118,199 71,048 47,151 24,374 8,683 14,094 153,617 82,095 71,521 46,178 25,343 16,522 5,864 2,958 64.1 67.6 60.5 65.0 53.7 67.8 67.5 21.0 139,869 77,393 62,476 39,739 22,737 14,907 5,139 2,690 58.4 63.7 52.9 55.9 48.2 61.2 59.2 19.1 13,747 4,702 9,045 6,439 2,606 1,614 725 267 8.9 5.7 12.6 13.9 10.3 9.8 12.4 9.0 86,001 39,323 46,677 24,869 21,808 7,853 2,819 11,136 123,300 60,061 63,240 33,266 29,974 13,954 4,836 11,185 71,642 36,141 35,501 20,878 14,623 9,303 3,069 2,251 58.1 60.2 56.1 62.8 48.8 66.7 63.5 20.1 65,579 34,110 31,469 18,266 13,203 8,484 2,662 2,057 53.2 56.8 49.8 54.9 44.0 60.8 55.1 18.4 6,063 2,031 4,032 2,612 1,420 820 406 194 8.5 5.6 11.4 12.5 9.7 8.8 13.2 8.6 51,658 23,919 27,739 12,388 15,351 4,650 1,767 8,934 116,317 61,358 54,959 37,782 17,177 10,421 3,847 2,909 81,975 45,954 36,020 25,301 10,719 7,218 2,795 706 70.5 74.9 65.5 67.0 62.4 69.3 72.7 24.3 74,290 43,283 31,007 21,474 9,533 6,424 2,477 633 63.9 70.5 56.4 56.8 55.5 61.6 64.4 21.8 7,684 2,671 5,013 3,827 1,186 794 318 74 9.4 5.8 13.9 15.1 11.1 11.0 11.4 10.4 34,343 15,404 18,939 12,481 6,457 3,202 1,052 2,203 Women Total, 16 years and over……….... Married, spouse present……….. Unmarried, total……….………… Never married…………...……. Other marital status…………... Divorced…………………….… Separated…………………….. Widowed………………….….. Men Total, 16 years and over……….... Married, spouse present……….. Unmarried, total……………….… Never married……………….... Other marital status……….….. Divorced……………………… Separated……………….……. Widowed…………………..….. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 15 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Women, 16 years and over…………….. 123,012 With children under 18 years old……… 36,172 With children 6 to 17, none younger… 19,750 With children under 6 years old……… 16,422 With children under 3 years old…… 9,621 With no children under 18 years old…… 86,165 71,574 58.2 65,679 5,895 8.2 51,438 23,510 14,058 9,452 5,240 42,256 53.4 65.0 71.2 57.6 54.5 49.0 25,783 15,247 10,536 5,878 46,098 71.3 77.2 64.2 61.1 53.5 2,273 1,189 1,085 638 3,842 8.8 7.8 10.3 10.9 8.3 10,389 4,503 5,886 3,742 40,067 Men, 16 years and over………………… 115,986 With children under 18 years old……… 27,407 With children 6 to 17, none younger… 15,042 With children under 6 years old……… 12,365 With children under 3 years old…… 7,279 With no children under 18 years old…… 87,412 81,294 25,701 13,937 11,763 6,911 55,936 70.1 93.8 92.7 95.1 94.9 64.0 72,732 23,630 12,902 10,728 6,329 48,358 62.7 86.2 85.8 86.8 86.9 55.3 8,562 2,071 1,036 1,035 582 7,578 10.5 8.1 7.4 8.8 8.4 13.5 34,692 1,707 1,105 602 368 31,477 White Women, 16 years and over……………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old…….… With children under 3 years old old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 98,103 28,252 15,508 12,744 7 514 7,514 69,547 57,011 20,039 11,951 8,088 4 543 4,543 37,278 58.1 70.9 77.1 63.5 60 5 60.5 53.6 52,810 18,461 11,092 7,368 4 114 4,114 34,419 53.8 65.3 71.5 57.8 54 8 54.8 49.5 4,200 1,578 859 720 429 2,858 7.4 7.9 7.2 8.9 94 9.4 7.7 41,092 8,213 3,557 4,656 2 970 2,970 32,269 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 94,689 22,575 12,470 10,105 5,988 71,352 67,217 21,309 11,642 9,666 5,716 46,195 71.0 94.4 93.4 95.7 95.5 64.7 60,780 19,740 10,856 8,884 5,265 40,507 64.2 87.4 87.1 87.9 87.9 56.8 6,437 1,569 787 782 451 5,688 9.6 7.4 6.8 8.1 7.9 12.3 27,472 1,266 828 438 272 25,157 Women, 16 years and over…………….. With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 15,896 4,993 2,729 2,263 1,303 10,718 9,366 3,738 2,148 1,590 879 5,660 58.9 74.9 78.7 70.3 67.5 52.8 8,141 3,206 1,897 1,309 713 4,991 51.2 64.2 69.5 57.9 54.7 46.6 1,225 532 251 281 166 669 13.1 14.2 11.7 17.6 18.9 11.8 6,530 1,254 581 673 424 5,059 Men, 16 years and over…………………. With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 13,108 2,457 1,346 1,110 619 10,422 8,245 2,204 1,177 1,027 577 6,137 62.9 89.7 87.4 92.5 93.3 58.9 6,671 1,863 1,016 847 482 4,711 50.9 75.8 75.5 76.3 77.8 45.2 1,574 340 161 179 96 1,426 19.1 15.4 13.7 17.5 16.6 23.2 4,863 253 170 84 42 4,285 Black or African American See note at end of table. 16 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Asian Women, 16 years and over……………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 5,995 2,007 1,058 949 529 3,834 3,481 1,370 795 575 292 1,998 58.1 68.2 75.1 60.6 55.3 52.1 3,219 1,274 746 528 272 1,841 53.7 63.5 70.5 55.7 51.5 48.0 263 95 49 47 20 157 7.5 7.0 6.1 8.1 6.9 7.8 2,514 637 263 374 236 1,836 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 5,325 1,699 854 844 489 3,494 3,910 1,595 800 795 455 2,264 73.4 93.9 93.7 94.1 93.0 64.8 3,634 1,504 738 766 441 2,059 68.3 88.5 86.3 90.7 90.1 58.9 275 91 63 29 14 205 7.0 5.7 7.8 3.6 3.1 9.1 1,415 103 54 49 34 1,230 Women, 16 years and over……………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With t c children de u under de 6 yea years so old……… d With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 16,552 6,873 3,347 3,526 3,5 6 2,018 9,339 9,257 4,258 2,357 1,901 ,90 1,019 4,910 55.9 61.9 70.4 53.9 53 9 50.5 52.6 8,148 3,742 2,113 1,630 ,630 857 4,313 49.2 54.5 63.1 46.2 6 42.5 46.2 1,109 515 244 271 162 597 12.0 12.1 10.3 14.3 3 15.9 12.2 7,295 2,615 991 1,625 ,6 5 1,000 4,429 Men, 16 years and over………………… With children under 18 years old……… With children 6 to 17, none younger… With children under 6 years old……… With children under 3 years old…… With no children under 18 years old…… 17,602 4,914 2,384 2,529 1,486 12,286 13,268 4,581 2,175 2,406 1,411 8,618 75.4 93.2 91.2 95.1 94.9 70.1 11,553 4,097 1,985 2,112 1,252 7,270 65.6 83.4 83.3 83.5 84.3 59.2 1,715 483 190 293 158 1,348 12.9 10.6 8.7 12.2 11.2 15.6 4,335 333 209 124 75 3,669 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above ace groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 17 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, all marital statuses Total women, 16 years and over…………… 123,012 With children under 18 years old………… 35,786 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 19,570 With children under 6 years old………… 16,216 With children under 3 years old………… 9,253 With no children under 18 years old……… 87,226 71,574 25,376 58.2 70.9 65,679 23,109 53.4 64.6 5,895 2,266 8.2 8.9 51,438 10,410 14,973 10,403 5,639 46,198 76.5 64.2 60.9 53.0 13,842 9,268 5,006 42,569 70.7 57.2 54.1 48.8 1,131 1,135 633 3,629 7.6 10.9 11.2 7.9 4,597 5,813 3,615 41,028 Total, married, spouse present Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 60,095 24,699 36,383 17,067 60.5 69.1 34,340 16,055 57.1 65.0 2,043 1,012 5.6 5.9 23,712 7,631 13,362 11,336 6,593 35,396 10,007 7,061 3,943 19,316 74.9 62.3 59.8 54.6 9,447 6,608 3,683 18,285 70.7 58.3 55.9 51.7 559 453 260 1,031 5.6 6.4 6.6 5.3 3,356 4,276 2,650 16,080 Total, other marital statuses1 Total women, 16 years and over…………… 62,917 With children under 18 years old………… 11,087 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 6,208 With children under 6 years old………… 4,879 With children under 3 years old………… 2,660 With no children under 18 years old……… 51,830 35,191 8,308 55.9 74.9 31,338 7,054 49.8 63.6 3,852 1,254 10.9 15.1 27,727 2,779 4,966 3,342 1,695 26,882 80.0 68.5 63.7 51.9 4,394 2,660 1,322 24,284 70.8 54.5 49.7 46.9 572 682 373 2,598 11.5 20.4 22.0 9.7 1,241 1,537 965 24,948 White, all marital statuses Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 98,103 27,977 57,011 19,744 58.1 70.6 52,810 18,206 53.8 65.1 4,200 1,538 7.4 7.8 41,092 8,233 15,375 12,603 7,320 70,125 11,750 7,994 4,451 37,267 76.4 63.4 60.8 53.1 10,950 7,256 4,032 34,604 71.2 57.6 55.1 49.3 800 738 419 2,662 6.8 9.2 9.4 7.1 3,625 4,609 2,869 32,859 Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 51,244 20,699 30,860 14,285 60.2 69.0 29,201 13,471 57.0 65.1 1,658 815 5.4 5.7 20,385 6,414 11,225 9,474 5,588 30,545 8,401 5,885 3,365 16,574 74.8 62.1 60.2 54.3 7,949 5,522 3,151 15,730 70.8 58.3 56.4 51.5 452 362 214 844 5.4 6.2 6.4 5.1 2,824 3,590 2,223 13,971 White, married, spouse present White, other marital statuses1 Total women, 16 years and over…………… 46,858 With children under 18 years old………… 7,278 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 4,150 With children under 6 years old………… 3,129 With children under 3 years old………… 1,732 With no children under 18 years old……… 39,580 26,151 5,459 55.8 75.0 23,609 4,735 50.4 65.1 2,542 723 9.7 13.2 20,707 1,820 3,349 2,110 1,086 20,693 80.7 67.4 62.7 52.3 3,001 1,734 881 18,874 72.3 55.4 50.9 47.7 348 376 205 1,819 10.4 17.8 18.9 8.8 801 1,019 645 18,888 See footnote at end of table. 18 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Percent of population Total Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Black or African American, all marital statuses Total women, 16 years and over…………… 15,896 With children under 18 years old………… 4,936 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 2,684 With children under 6 years old………… 2,252 With children under 3 years old………… 1,186 With no children under 18 years old……… 10,960 9,366 3,686 58.9 74.7 8,141 3,120 51.2 63.2 1,225 566 13.1 15.4 6,530 1,250 2,121 1,564 763 5,680 79.0 69.5 64.3 51.8 1,862 1,258 597 5,021 69.4 55.9 50.4 45.8 260 306 165 659 12.2 19.6 21.7 11.6 562 688 424 5,280 Black or African American, married, spouse present Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 4,205 1,786 2,719 1,333 64.7 74.6 2,520 1,226 59.9 68.6 199 108 7.3 8.1 1,486 453 994 792 432 2,419 799 534 270 1,386 80.4 67.5 62.4 57.3 732 494 246 1,295 73.6 62.3 57.0 53.5 67 41 23 91 8.4 7.6 8.6 6.6 195 258 162 1,034 Black or African American, other marital statuses1 Total women, 16 years and over…………… 11,691 With children under 18 years old………… 3,150 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 1,690 With children under 6 years old………… 1,460 With children under 3 years old………… 754 With no children under 18 years old……… 8,541 6,647 2,352 56.9 74.7 5,621 1,894 48.1 60.1 1,026 458 15.4 19.5 5,044 797 1,323 1,030 493 4,295 78.3 70.5 65.3 50.3 1,130 764 351 3,727 66.9 52.4 46.5 43.6 193 265 142 568 14.6 25.8 28.8 13.2 367 430 261 4,246 Asian, all marital statuses Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 5,995 1,891 3,481 1,282 58.1 67.8 3,219 1,196 53.7 63.3 263 85 7.5 6.7 2,514 609 1,019 872 489 4,104 744 538 279 2,200 73.0 61.7 57.0 53.6 696 501 260 2,022 68.3 57.4 53.1 49.3 48 37 19 177 6.5 6.9 6.9 8.1 275 334 210 1,905 Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 3,481 1,641 2,104 1,081 60.4 65.8 1,969 1,017 56.6 62.0 135 63 6.4 5.9 1,377 561 864 777 431 1,840 614 466 232 1,024 71.1 60.0 53.9 55.6 580 437 216 952 67.2 56.2 50.1 51.7 34 29 16 72 5.5 6.3 7.1 7.0 250 311 198 816 Asian, married, spouse present Asian, other marital statuses1 Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 2,514 250 1,377 201 54.8 80.5 1,250 179 49.7 71.7 127 22 9.3 10.9 1,137 49 155 95 59 2,264 130 71 47 1,176 83.7 75.2 79.5 51.9 116 64 44 1,070 74.5 67.1 74.6 47.3 14 8 3 105 11.0 10.8 6.2 9.0 25 23 12 1,088 See footnote at end of table. 19 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses Total women, 16 years and over…………… 16,552 With children under 18 years old………… 6,951 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… 3,491 With children under 6 years old………… 3,459 With children under 3 years old………… 1,953 With no children under 18 years old……… 9,602 9,257 4,286 55.9 61.7 8,148 3,753 49.2 54.0 1,109 533 12.0 12.4 7,295 2,664 2,403 1,883 960 4,971 68.8 54.4 49.1 51.8 2,142 1,611 803 4,395 61.3 46.6 41.1 45.8 261 272 156 576 10.9 14.4 16.3 11.6 1,088 1,576 994 4,631 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 7,492 4,428 4,129 2,504 55.1 56.6 3,705 2,247 49.5 50.7 424 257 10.3 10.3 3,363 1,924 2,181 2,247 1,248 3,064 1,375 1,128 574 1,625 63.1 50.2 46.0 53.0 1,239 1,008 508 1,458 56.8 44.9 40.7 47.6 137 120 66 167 10.0 10.6 11.6 10.3 805 1,118 674 1,439 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses1 Total women, 16 years and over…………… With children under 18 years old………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger………….………………… With children under 6 years old………… With children under 3 years old………… With no children under 18 years old……… 1 9,061 2,523 5,128 1,782 56.6 70.6 4,442 1,506 49.0 59.7 685 276 13.4 15.5 3,933 741 1,310 1,212 705 6,538 1,027 755 386 3,345 78.4 62.3 54.7 51.2 903 603 296 2,936 68.9 49.7 41.9 44.9 124 152 90 409 12.1 20.1 23.3 12.2 283 458 320 3,192 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons. NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 20 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2011 (Numbers in thousands) With children under age 18 Civilian labor force Unemployed Year Total With children ages 6 to 17, none younger Percent of Employed population Civilian labor force Total Percent of labor force Total Unemployed Percent Employed of population Total Percent of labor force 1975...…… 1976...…… 1977……… 1978……… 1979...…… 14,616 15,073 15,669 16,385 16,883 47.4 48.8 50.8 53.0 54.5 13,069 13,725 14,276 15,142 15,624 1,548 1,346 1,393 1,242 1,259 11.0 8.9 8.9 7.6 7.7 8,917 9,388 10,040 10,401 10,646 54.9 56.2 58.3 60.0 61.6 8,218 8,769 9,389 9,845 10,030 700 621 650 556 615 7.9 6.6 6.5 5.3 5.8 1980……… 1981...…… 1982...…… 1983...…… 1984……… 1985……… 1986……… 1987……… 1988……… 1989……… 17,790 18,422 18,744 18,924 19,555 20,041 20,620 21,422 21,545 21,936 56.6 58.1 58.5 58.9 60.5 62.1 62.8 64.7 65.1 65.7 16,526 16,952 16,854 16,792 17,782 18,306 18,922 19,798 20,141 20,647 1,264 1,471 1,890 2,131 1,773 1,735 1,698 1,624 1,404 1,289 7.1 8.0 10.1 11.3 9.1 8.7 8.2 7.6 6.5 5.9 11,252 11,490 11,377 11,340 11,538 11,826 12,075 12,438 12,683 12,800 64.3 65.5 65.8 66.3 68.1 69.9 70.4 72.0 73.3 74.2 10,640 10,725 10,440 10,303 10,739 10,984 11,320 11,661 12,042 12,168 612 765 936 1,037 799 842 756 778 641 632 5.4 6.7 8.2 9.1 6.9 7.1 6.3 6.3 5.1 4.9 1990...…… 1991...…… 1992...…… 1993……… 1994 1994……… 1995……… 1996……… 1997……… 1998...…… 1999……… 22,196 22,327 22,756 23,063 24 191 24,191 24,695 24,720 25,604 25,647 25,472 66.7 66.6 67.2 66.9 68 4 68.4 69.7 70.2 72.1 72.3 72.1 20,865 20,774 21,052 21,521 22 467 22,467 23,195 23,386 24,082 24,209 24,307 1,331 1,552 1,704 1,541 1 724 1,724 1,500 1,334 1,522 1,438 1,165 6.0 7.0 7.5 6.7 71 7.1 6.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 4.6 12,799 12,691 13,183 13,441 13 863 13,863 14,300 14,427 14,993 15,028 15,150 74.7 74.4 75.9 75.4 76 0 76.0 76.4 77.2 78.1 78.4 78.5 12,133 12,017 12,391 12,757 13 074 13,074 13,608 13,794 14,282 14,370 14,633 666 674 793 684 789 691 633 711 658 516 5.2 5.3 6.0 5.1 57 5.7 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.4 2000...…… 2001...…… 2002……… 2003...…… 2004……… 2005……… 2006...…… 2007...…… 2008...…… 2009...…… 25,795 26,269 26,140 26,202 25,913 25,941 26,009 26,834 25,930 26,122 72.9 72.7 72.2 71.7 70.7 70.5 70.6 71.3 71.2 71.6 24,693 25,030 24,612 24,598 24,413 24,564 24,728 25,646 24,637 24,079 1,102 1,239 1,529 1,603 1,501 1,377 1,281 1,188 1,294 2,043 4.3 4.7 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.3 4.9 4.4 5.0 7.8 15,479 15,839 15,948 15,993 15,782 15,594 15,579 15,940 15,479 15,625 79.0 79.4 78.6 78.7 77.5 76.9 76.9 77.7 77.5 78.2 14,931 15,220 15,171 15,166 15,006 14,930 14,949 15,341 14,842 14,562 549 619 777 828 776 663 630 599 636 1,063 3.5 3.9 4.9 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.1 6.8 2010...…… 25,783 2011...…… 25,376 71.3 70.9 23,510 23,109 2,273 2,266 8.8 8.9 15,247 14,973 77.2 76.5 14,058 13,842 1,189 1,131 7.8 7.6 See note at end of table. 21 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2011—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) With children under age 6 Civilian labor force Unemployed Year Total Percent of population With children under age 3 Civilian labor force Total Percent of labor force Total Employed Unemployed Percent Employed of population Total Percent of labor force 1975...…… 1976...…… 1977……… 1978……… 1979...…… 5,699 5,684 5,629 5,983 6,238 39.0 40.1 41.2 44.0 45.7 4,851 4,957 4,887 5,297 5,594 848 727 742 687 644 14.9 12.8 13.2 11.5 10.3 2,824 2,702 2,795 3,179 3,380 34.3 34.1 35.4 39.4 41.1 2,326 2,285 2,371 2,768 2,979 500 418 424 411 401 17.7 15.5 15.2 12.9 11.9 1980……… 1981...…… 1982...…… 1983...…… 1984……… 1985……… 1986……… 1987……… 1988……… 1989……… 6,538 6,933 7,367 7,583 8,017 8,215 8,545 8,983 8,862 9,136 46.8 48.9 49.9 50.5 52.1 53.5 54.4 56.7 56.1 56.7 5,886 6,227 6,414 6,489 7,043 7,322 7,602 8,137 8,099 8,478 652 706 953 1,094 974 893 943 846 763 657 10.0 10.2 12.9 14.4 12.1 10.9 11.0 9.4 8.6 7.2 3,565 3,826 4,133 4,233 4,401 4,601 4,786 5,064 4,947 5,053 41.9 44.3 45.6 46.0 47.6 49.5 50.8 52.9 52.4 52.4 3,167 3,380 3,542 3,551 3,839 4,089 4,227 4,570 4,477 4,671 398 446 591 682 562 513 559 494 470 381 11.2 11.7 14.3 16.1 12.8 11.1 11.7 9.8 9.5 7.5 1990...…… 1991...…… 1992...…… 1993 1993……… 1994……… 1995……… 1996……… 1997……… 1998...…… 1999……… 9,397 9,636 9,573 9 621 9,621 10,328 10,395 10,293 10,610 10,619 10,322 58.2 58.4 58.0 57 9 57.9 60.3 62.3 62.3 65.0 65.2 64.4 8,732 8,758 8,662 8 764 8,764 9,394 9,587 9,592 9,800 9,839 9,674 664 878 911 857 935 809 701 810 780 648 7.1 9.1 9.5 89 8.9 9.0 7.8 6.8 7.6 7.3 6.3 5,216 5,417 5,329 5 349 5,349 5,724 5,650 5,619 5,839 5,882 5,645 53.6 54.5 54.5 53 9 53.9 57.1 58.7 59.0 61.8 62.2 60.7 4,823 4,868 4,776 4 857 4,857 5,165 5,172 5,222 5,366 5,454 5,285 393 550 553 492 559 478 397 473 428 359 7.5 10.1 10.4 92 9.2 9.8 8.5 7.1 8.1 7.3 6.4 2000...…… 2001...…… 2002……… 2003...…… 2004……… 2005……… 2006...…… 2007...…… 2008...…… 2009...…… 10,316 10,430 10,193 10,209 10,131 10,347 10,430 10,894 10,452 10,497 65.3 64.4 64.1 62.9 62.2 62.6 63.0 63.5 63.6 63.6 9,763 9,810 9,441 9,433 9,407 9,634 9,779 10,305 9,794 9,517 553 620 752 776 724 714 651 589 657 980 5.4 5.9 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.9 6.2 5.4 6.3 9.3 5,670 5,743 5,600 5,568 5,401 5,704 5,842 6,006 5,754 5,960 61.0 60.7 60.5 58.7 57.3 58.9 59.9 60.1 59.6 61.1 5,350 5,350 5,160 5,112 4,983 5,299 5,458 5,679 5,380 5,401 320 393 440 456 417 405 384 327 374 559 5.6 6.8 7.9 8.2 7.7 7.1 6.6 5.5 6.5 9.4 2010...…… 10,536 2011...…… 10,403 64.2 64.2 9,452 9,268 1,085 1,135 10.3 10.9 5,878 5,639 61.1 60.9 5,240 5,006 638 633 10.9 11.2 See note at end of table. 22 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2011—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) With no children under age 18 Civilian labor force Unemployed Year Total Percent of Employed population Total Percent of labor force 1975...…… 1976...…… 1977……… 1978……… 1979...…… 22,365 23,327 24,385 25,362 26,962 45.1 45.7 46.4 47.0 48.6 20,381 21,389 22,348 23,631 25,285 1,984 1,938 2,037 1,731 1,677 8.9 8.3 8.4 6.8 6.2 1980……… 1981...…… 1982...…… 1983...…… 1984……… 1985……… 1986……… 1987……… 1988……… 1989……… 27,144 27,992 28,351 28,856 29,684 30,850 31,112 31,538 32,490 33,255 48.1 48.7 48.6 48.7 49.3 50.4 50.5 50.5 51.2 51.9 25,375 25,934 26,041 26,373 27,652 28,814 29,107 29,688 30,911 31,761 1,769 2,059 2,311 2,483 2,032 2,036 2,005 1,850 1,580 1,495 6.5 7.4 8.2 8.6 6.8 6.6 6.4 5.9 4.9 4.5 1990...…… 1991...…… 1992...…… 1993……… 1994 1994……… 1995……… 1996……… 1997……… 1998...…… 1999……… 33,942 34,047 34,487 34,495 35 455 35,455 35,843 36,509 37,295 38,253 39,314 52.3 52.0 52.3 52.1 53 1 53.1 52.9 53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3 32,391 32,167 32,481 32,476 33 345 33,345 34,054 34,698 35,572 36,680 37,587 1,551 1,880 2,006 2,020 2 110 2,110 1,789 1,811 1,723 1,573 1,727 4.6 5.5 5.8 5.9 60 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.4 2000...…… 2001...…… 2002……… 2003...…… 2004……… 2005……… 2006...…… 2007...…… 2008...…… 2009...…… 40,142 40,996 41,278 42,039 42,289 42,677 43,392 44,039 45,585 45,649 54.8 54.4 54.0 54.1 53.8 53.5 53.6 53.9 54.3 53.8 38,408 39,363 39,038 39,667 40,000 40,570 41,440 42,279 43,417 42,343 1,733 1,633 2,241 2,372 2,289 2,107 1,952 1,760 2,168 3,306 4.3 4.0 5.4 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.0 4.8 7.2 2010...…… 46,098 2011...…… 46,198 53.5 53.0 42,256 42,569 3,842 3,629 8.3 7.9 NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. SOURCE: 1975-2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 23 Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Educational attainment and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Percent of population Total Percent of population Total 125,508 10,891 35,192 35,171 44,253 28,528 11,492 2,113 2,121 77.6 62.2 74.0 78.8 85.1 84.0 86.0 89.2 91.8 115,860 9,317 31,804 32,370 42,369 27,146 11,090 2,063 2,070 71.7 53.2 66.9 72.5 81.5 79.9 83.0 87.2 89.6 9,648 1,574 3,388 2,802 1,885 1,382 401 49 52 7.7 14.5 9.6 8.0 4.3 4.8 3.5 2.3 2.4 36,183 6,614 12,364 9,455 7,750 5,441 1,865 255 189 82,273 8,158 22,880 23,957 27,278 17,841 7,525 958 954 58,520 3,918 15,114 17,784 21,704 13,901 6,174 785 843 71.1 48.0 66.1 74.2 79.6 77.9 82.1 82.0 88.4 54,234 3,315 13,769 16,372 20,778 13,228 5,971 758 822 65.9 40.6 60.2 68.3 76.2 74.1 79.3 79.1 86.1 4,286 603 1,345 1,412 926 673 204 28 21 7.3 15.4 8.9 7.9 4.3 4.8 3.3 3.5 2.5 23,754 4,240 7,767 6,174 5,573 3,940 1,351 172 111 79,418 9,347 24,676 20,669 24,726 16,128 5,832 1,410 1,356 66,989 6,973 20,078 17,388 22,549 14,627 5,317 1,327 1,278 84.3 74.6 81.4 84.1 91.2 90.7 91.2 94.1 94.2 61,626 6,002 18,035 15,998 21,591 13,918 5,120 1,305 1,248 77.6 64.2 73.1 77.4 87.3 86.3 87.8 92.6 92.0 5,363 971 2,043 1,390 958 709 198 22 30 8.0 13.9 10.2 8.0 4.3 4.8 3.7 1.6 2.4 12,430 2,374 4,597 3,282 2,177 1,501 515 83 78 Total Percent of labor force Total Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… 161,691 Less than a high school diploma……… 17,505 High school graduates, no college…… 47,556 Some college or associate's degree… 44,627 College graduates, total………………. 52,003 Bachelor's degree……………………… 33,969 Master's degree………………………. 13,357 Professional degree…………………… 2,367 Doctoral degree………………………… 2,310 Women Total, 25 to 64 years……………………. Less than a high school diploma……… High school graduates, no college…… Some college or associate's degree… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………………. Master's degree………………………. Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… Men Total, 25 to 64 years……………………… Less than a high school diploma……… High school graduates, no college…… Some college or associate's degree… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………………. Master's degree…………………...…… Professional degree………………….. Doctoral degree………………………… SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 24 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total Less than 4 years 4 years, no college College 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 11.8 12.3 12.4 13.0 13.7 14.4 15.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 17.6 17.7 17.3 18.1 18.4 19.0 19.5 19.7 19.7 20.0 20.7 21.1 14.1 14.8 15.5 16.4 17.5 18.3 19.4 20.2 20.6 21.3 22.0 22.0 23.1 24.2 24.7 24.9 24.8 25.3 25.7 26.4 26.4 26.5 Some college, no degree, or associate's degree College graduates 25.6 26.6 27.7 28.1 27.8 27.5 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 27.7 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.7 27.7 28.0 28.0 27.9 28.0 26.6 27.0 27.6 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.8 30.5 30.7 31.0 31.6 32.1 32.4 32.5 33.0 33.8 34.2 34.4 34.6 35.3 Total, both sexes 1 1970 …...……… 1971…...……… 1972…...……… 1973…...……… 1974…...……… 1975…...……… 1976…...……… 1977…...……… 1978…...……… 1979…...……… 1980…...……… 1981…...……… 1982…...……… 1983…….......... 1984…….......... 1985…...……… 1986…...……… 1987…...……… 1988…….......... 1989…...……… 1990…….......... 1991…...……… 61,765 62,344 63,704 64,775 66,527 67,774 69,243 71,324 73,504 75,781 78,010 80,273 81,516 83,615 86,001 88,424 90,500 92,966 94,870 97,318 99,175 100,480 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.1 34.5 33.3 30.9 29.3 27.5 25.8 24.9 23.7 21.8 20.6 19.7 18.8 17.8 16.7 15.9 15.5 14.9 14.7 14.0 13.4 13.0 38.1 38.4 38.8 39.7 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.5 39.8 40.6 40.8 39.9 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 39.9 39.6 39.5 39.4 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Total, both sexes 1992²…………… 1993…...……… 1994…...……… 1995…….......... 1996…...……… 1997…….......... 1998…….......... 1999…...……… 2000…...……… 2001…...……… 2002…...……… 2003…….......... 2004…...……… 2005…………… 2006…………… 2007…………… 2008…………… 2009…………… 2010…………… 2011…………… 103,018 104,237 105,610 107,032 108,932 110,945 111,932 113,095 115,750 116,893 118,028 119,621 120,135 121,752 123,550 125,104 126,011 126,247 126,237 125,508 See footnotes at end of table. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.1 11.3 10.8 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.3 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.7 25 35.7 35.1 33.9 33.2 32.9 32.9 32.4 31.8 31.4 30.9 30.7 30.3 30.1 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.8 28.6 28.6 28.0 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011—Cont'd Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total Less than 4 years 4 years, no college College 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 10.9 11.9 11.8 12.4 13.4 13.9 14.7 15.2 16.1 17.1 17.4 17.9 18.3 18.8 18.9 19.9 20.3 20.7 21.2 20.9 21.9 22.2 11.2 11.8 12.4 13.3 14.6 14.1 16.2 16.9 17.0 17.8 18.7 18.6 19.5 20.9 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.8 23.1 24.3 24.5 25.2 Some college, no degree, or associate's degree College graduates 27.3 28.4 29.8 30.2 29.9 29.4 29.4 29.5 29.8 30.2 29.9 29.9 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.1 30.4 30.3 30.3 30.4 25.0 25.7 26.2 26.9 27.8 28.4 29.2 29.9 30.1 30.4 31.3 32.2 32.6 33.3 33.9 34.9 35.6 36.0 36.4 37.1 Women 1 1970 …...……… 1971…...……… 1972…...……… 1973…...……… 1974…...……… 1975…...……… 1976…...……… 1977…...……… 1978…...……… 1979…...……… 1980…...……… 1981…...……… 1982…...……… 1983…….......... 1984…….......... 1985…...……… 1986…...……… 1987…...……… 1988…….......... 1989…...……… 1990…….......... 1991…...……… 22,462 22,804 23,606 24,158 25,203 26,146 27,166 28,369 29,738 31,151 32,593 33,910 34,870 35,712 37,234 38,779 39,767 41,105 42,254 43,650 44,699 45,315 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.5 32.2 30.7 28.4 26.7 26.5 24.0 22.8 22.0 20.1 18.4 17.4 16.6 15.6 14.5 13.7 13.2 12.5 12.4 11.9 11.3 10.9 44.3 44.2 45.1 45.9 45.3 45.5 45.1 45.1 44.9 45.0 45.4 46.1 45.6 44.8 44.9 44.4 44.3 44.0 43.3 42.9 42.4 41.6 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Women 1992²…………… 1993…...……… 1994…...……… 1995…….......... 1996…...……… 1997…….......... 1998…….......... 1999…...……… 2000…...……… 2001…...……… 2002…...……… 2003…….......... 2004…...……… 2005…………… 2006…………… 2007…………… 2008…………… 2009…………… 2010…………… 2011…………… 46,589 47,245 48,405 49,247 50,240 51,261 51,678 52,525 53,749 54,229 54,710 55,596 55,616 56,322 57,201 57,791 58,465 58,787 58,808 58,520 See footnotes at end of table. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.3 9.3 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.1 6.9 7.0 6.8 6.7 26 37.4 36.6 35.0 34.1 33.6 33.5 32.7 32.1 31.6 31.0 30.6 30.0 29.4 28.7 28.3 27.9 27.2 26.7 26.4 25.8 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011—Cont'd Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total Less than 4 years College 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 34.5 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.0 35.3 35.3 35.7 35.7 36.5 36.8 36.3 36.7 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.3 36.9 37.2 37.5 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.4 13.9 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.9 17.5 17.7 17.4 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.9 18.9 18.5 19.2 19.7 20.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.2 19.3 20.2 21.5 22.3 23.0 23.8 24.3 24.6 25.5 26.6 26.9 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.8 28.2 28.0 27.6 Men 1 1970 …...……… 1971…...……… 1972…...……… 1973…...……… 1974…...……… 1975…...……… 1976…...……… 1977…...……… 1978…...……… 1979…...……… 1980…...……… 1981…...……… 1982…...……… 1983…….......... 1984…….......... 1985…...……… 1986…...……… 1987…...……… 1988…….......... 1989…...……… 1990…….......... 1991…...……… 39,303 39,539 40,098 40,617 41,344 41,628 42,077 42,954 43,766 44,630 45,417 46,363 47,144 47,903 48,767 49,647 50,733 51,860 52,616 53,668 54,476 55,165 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.5 35.9 34.8 32.4 30.8 28.9 27.0 26.3 24.8 23.0 22.2 21.5 20.3 19.4 18.4 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.5 15.7 15.1 14.7 See footnotes at end of table. 27 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011—Cont'd Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college, no degree, or associate's degree College graduates 24.3 25.1 25.9 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.6 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.8 25.6 25.6 25.7 25.5 25.6 25.9 25.9 25.8 26.0 27.8 28.1 28.8 29.4 29.4 29.6 30.3 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.8 32.1 32.3 31.9 32.3 32.9 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.7 Men 1992²…………… 1993…...……… 1994…...……… 1995…….......... 1996…...……… 1997…….......... 1998…….......... 1999…...……… 2000…...……… 2001…...……… 2002…...……… 2003…….......... 2004…...……… 2005…………… 2006…………… 2007…………… 2008…………… 2009…………… 2010…………… 2011…………… 56,428 56,992 57,205 57,784 58,692 59,684 60,255 60,570 62,001 62,664 63,318 64,025 64,519 65,430 66,350 67,313 67,546 67,460 67,429 66,989 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.7 12.9 12.4 11.8 12.2 12.2 12.0 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.6 10.4 34.2 33.9 33.0 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.1 31.6 31.2 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.7 30.9 30.6 30.4 30.2 30.3 30.6 30.0 1 D t from Data f 1970 1991 are from 1970-1991 f th March the M h Current C t Population P l ti S Survey. Th educational The d ti l attainment tt i t categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. 2 Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 28 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation and sex 2010 Number 2011 Percent Number Percent Total Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………………… Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ......... Professional and related occupations ............................................... Service occupations ............................................................................. Sales and office occupations ................................................................ Sales and related occupations .......................................................... Office and administrative support occupations .................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .......... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................ Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. Production occupations ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 139,064 100.0 139,869 100.0 51,743 20,938 30,805 24,634 33,433 15,386 18,047 13,073 987 7,175 4,911 16,180 7,998 8,182 37.2 15.1 22.2 17.7 24.0 11.1 13.0 9.4 .7 5.2 3.5 11.6 5.8 5.9 52,547 21,589 30,957 24,787 33,066 15,330 17,736 13,009 1,001 7,125 4,883 16,461 8,142 8,318 37.6 15.4 22.1 17.7 23.6 11.0 12.7 9.3 .7 5.1 3.5 11.8 5.8 5.9 65,705 26,673 26 673 8,993 17,680 13,982 21,015 7,683 13,331 606 231 185 190 3,429 2,206 1,224 100.0 40 6 40.6 13.7 26.9 21.3 32.0 11.7 20.3 .9 .4 .3 .3 5.2 3.4 1.9 65,579 26,995 26 995 9,314 17,681 13,858 20,616 7,597 13,019 552 216 163 173 3,558 2,316 1,242 100.0 41 2 41.2 14.2 27.0 21.1 31.4 11.6 19.9 .8 .3 .2 .3 5.4 3.5 1.9 Women Total, 16 years and over.…………………………………………… Management, professional Management professional, and related occupations ........................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ......... Professional and related occupations ............................................... Service occupations ............................................................................. Sales and office occupations ................................................................ Sales and related occupations .......................................................... Office and administrative support occupations .................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .......... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................ Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. Production occupations ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. See note at end of table. 29 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation 2010 Number 2011 Percent Number Percent Men Total, 16 years and over.…………………………………………… Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ......... Professional and related occupations ............................................... Service occupations ............................................................................. Sales and office occupations ................................................................ Sales and related occupations .......................................................... Office and administrative support occupations .................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .......... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................ Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. Production occupations ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 73,359 100.0 74,290 100.0 25,070 11,945 13,125 10,652 12,419 7,703 4,716 12,467 755 6,990 4,721 12,751 5,792 6,959 34.2 16.3 17.9 14.5 16.9 10.5 6.4 17.0 1.0 9.5 6.4 17.4 7.9 9.5 25,552 12,275 13,277 10,929 12,450 7,733 4,717 12,457 785 6,962 4,710 12,902 5,826 7,076 34.4 16.5 17.9 14.7 16.8 10.4 6.3 16.8 1.1 9.4 6.3 17.4 7.8 9.5 NOTE: Effective with the January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classifcation (SOC). Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 30 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,869 46.9 Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funeral service managers managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,547 21,589 15,250 1,515 978 16 87 1,009 63 128 553 1,107 21 243 38 259 204 254 978 926 853 106 1,051 13 23 148 529 16 40 587 329 5 3,173 6,339 48 12 170 259 296 198 119 595 65 130 88 707 109 78 205 51.4 43.1 38.1 24.2 30.4 – 50.5 45.8 52.4 39.5 25.3 54.2 – 73.6 – 16.5 47.3 14.1 23.0 6.1 65.2 8.5 45.7 – – 52.4 71.4 – – 48.0 71.3 – 33.9 55.3 – – 46.4 54.0 58.6 43.8 15.0 74.5 75.5 57.2 35.6 41.9 76.2 72.0 57.5 See note at end of table. 31 Percent women Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer and information research scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Computer t occupations, ti allll other. th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 32 281 1,653 88 53 24 84 371 117 8 326 70 110 77 30,957 3,608 20 447 44 459 1,044 182 461 134 233 98 306 18 2 116 37 6 2,785 181 42 144 1 12 74 383 77 309 45 174 9 32 322 11 20 25 337 147 Percent women 66.9 61.3 34.4 51.8 — 34.8 31.2 62.7 — 53.7 56.2 65.8 61.8 57.1 25.0 — 33.9 — 20.8 19.0 38.6 26.3 37.3 22.8 11.4 21 7 21.7 — — 45.1 — — 13.6 20.7 — 12.4 — — 22.3 13.1 13.2 8.8 — 17.8 — — 5.5 — — — 10.8 20.8 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conservation scientists and foresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 33 Percent women 376 62 1,303 39 114 28 156 0 20 7 88 98 152 23 3 197 4 26 60 24 21 77 10 3 3 151 2,352 732 769 94 131 16.3 12.2 47.3 — 48.2 — 54.4 — — — 45.9 28.9 39.8 — — 71.2 — — 55.4 — — 40.3 — — — 41.9 64.5 69.9 81.6 56.8 82.4 83 414 44 85 1,770 1,085 5 67 404 209 8,619 1,355 707 2,848 1,136 388 812 48 198 67.5 17.7 — 67.9 49.8 31.9 — 44.4 84.3 76.7 73.6 46.2 97.7 81.7 58.0 85.4 62.6 — 86.2 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Speech—language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 34 37 950 140 2,779 180 766 28 149 272 20 191 44 53 70 158 166 60 218 89 106 148 57 3 7,740 56 181 102 28 274 822 82 6 19 112 222 14 14 134 125 2 138 71 2,706 33 5 100 26 321 148 342 185 Percent women — 92.2 71.2 46.1 48.0 51.3 — 40.7 34.5 — 29.8 — 26.9 34.1 61.6 54.2 60.2 57.0 64.9 9.9 51.3 19.9 — 74.4 24.5 22.2 90.6 — 55.7 33.8 69.8 — — 92.0 67.8 — — 62.0 95.6 — 79.9 56.4 91.1 — — 90.6 — 73.6 97.5 73.0 36.0 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fi inspectors. Fire i t ................................................................... Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 35 511 560 116 51 167 70 24,787 3,359 1,981 17 75 146 307 395 74 48 38 119 158 3,210 42 107 44 111 305 20 446 151 6 7 668 8 6 92 963 59 27 146 7,747 347 505 1,990 784 392 326 255 2,059 181 347 273 286 Percent women 78.6 90.5 89.7 64.3 65.7 39.5 55.9 87.7 87.8 — 60.8 86.5 97.9 93.4 95.4 — — 81.8 74.0 20.7 — 17.5 — 24.2 4.5 — 27.9 16.7 — — 12.0 — — 35.3 19.2 64.3 — 58.1 54.4 18.7 59.1 39.2 58.0 55.7 66.0 68.3 69.5 67.7 46.8 19.9 83.0 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P Personal l care aides. id ............................................................... Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of non—retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Door—to—door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 36 4 5,492 292 274 2,186 1,419 75 1,247 4,979 120 192 49 179 113 8 46 182 8 23 89 758 251 81 38 1,231 1 057 1,057 390 59 105 33,066 15,330 3,217 1,088 3,158 139 131 3,224 254 531 267 69 503 1,297 78 811 30 108 201 226 17,736 Percent women — 38.8 41.0 9.9 30.3 88.6 3.7 5.2 78.4 46.4 73.5 — 75.9 44.9 — — 51.7 — — 24.0 93.0 84.1 14.0 — 94.5 85 6 85.6 64.1 58.3 48.2 62.3 49.6 43.5 26.7 73.6 48.6 15.5 51.2 55.6 47.3 29.9 79.4 31.2 25.9 79.2 56.8 — 59.4 59.2 50.7 73.4 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation First—line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 37 1,423 39 40 7 211 471 1,300 5 168 26 413 64 11 12 86 45 1,916 85 334 135 153 113 117 33 113 40 1,259 99 118 8 249 239 28 146 348 60 236 559 1,503 70 2,871 126 334 136 2 246 93 1,061 45 7 18 Percent women 68.2 — — — 70.6 90.1 89.9 — 89.3 — 85.3 77.1 — — 79.5 — 66.5 84.2 83.9 64.4 84.4 81.6 82.7 — 67.1 — 92.1 59.5 83.6 — 16.4 57.9 — 50.9 36.0 40.5 53.5 28.5 34.8 55.7 95.9 49.9 83.2 88.5 — 83.0 53.0 85.4 — — — Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pile—driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gl i Glaziers. ....................................... ................................. Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helpers, construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rail—track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 38 513 13,009 1,001 52 22 10 95 708 37 2 14 61 7,125 634 19 146 1,330 189 70 1,253 21 1 369 150 682 48 47 528 8 519 24 7 222 126 66 5 63 75 30 45 32 105 7 11 36 46 23 9 78 10 17 Percent women 74.8 4.2 21.6 8.4 — — 60.2 19.1 — — — .9 2.3 2.2 — .9 1.9 .5 .0 2.1 — — .8 1.7 1.5 — — 6.8 — 1.7 — — 1.1 2.3 .0 — 8.0 4.7 — — — 2.5 — — — — — — 1.6 — — Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Helpers——extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical power—line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helpers——installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First—line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 39 8 68 4,883 313 305 150 16 35 6 14 20 38 53 164 140 17 855 312 199 52 95 24 338 43 433 422 38 58 124 201 76 2 46 0 28 7 14 5 24 215 16,461 8,142 727 20 156 34 32 860 207 342 Percent women — 1.7 3.5 6.8 9.0 7.7 — — — — — — .0 3.1 1.2 — 1.4 .7 1.3 .3 1.6 — .8 — 2.5 3.2 — 2.0 .2 4.3 16.2 — — — — — — — — 7.8 21.6 28.4 18.6 — 51.9 — — 38.2 55.0 26.6 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Laundry and dry—cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See note at end of table. 40 Percent women 12 90 24 115 72 13 6 8 100 5 — 53.3 — 29.9 5.5 — — — 14.8 — 65 15 4 419 16 7 45 5 66 505 4 6 15 7 368 41 217 16 174 48 169 11 8 94 1 5 14 16 1 5 47 22 66 17 1 32 20 21 50 95 6.7 — — 4.4 — — — — 2.3 7.8 — — — — 22.0 — 18.7 — 60.7 — 78.5 — — 74.9 — — — — — — — — 2.3 — — — — — 1.8 2.2 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helpers——production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . See note at end of table. 41 71 39 65 94 84 34 11 647 41 87 288 120 43 3 9 11 3 10 37 37 20 54 777 8,318 228 121 43 88 13 573 3,059 342 62 45 5 52 11 22 37 8 6 73 76 32 32 16 5 63 51 4 528 331 Percent women 5.2 — 16.4 13.5 22.5 — — 34.9 — 53.1 50.6 13.4 — — — — — — — — — 25.6 26.2 14.9 22.1 4.3 — 77.4 — 43.4 4.8 12.5 5.6 — — 6.6 — — — — — 13.2 10.6 — — — — .4 .7 — 6.7 12.0 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Total employed Occupation Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,787 36 393 21 92 1 3 62 NOTE: Effective with the January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classifcation (SOC). Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not available. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 42 Percent women 16.9 — 53.5 — 7.7 — — 10.3 Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages (Percent distribution) Occupation White Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……………… Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 52,770 8,098 3,165 8,220 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 34.1 44.4 25.2 Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . 14.7 11.2 15.4 8.9 Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.6 22.9 29.0 16.3 Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 28.0 21.8 31.2 Percent……………………………………………………..………… Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 30.8 26.3 31.8 Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 11.5 11.4 12.2 Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 19.3 14.9 19.6 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . .9 .5 .6 1.8 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 .2 1.1 Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 .1 .4 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 .3 .3 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . 5.1 6.7 6.9 10.1 Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.1 6.0 7.1 Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.6 0.9 3.0 NOTE: Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 43 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2010 Total, both sexes Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………… Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ Construction ............................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information ................................................................................. Financial activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ........................................... Professional and technical services ......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services ................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals .......................................... Social assistance ................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Other services ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. Private households .................................................................. Public administration .................................................................. 44 2011 Number Percent Number Percent 139,064 2,206 731 9,077 14,081 8,789 5,293 19,739 3,805 15,934 7,134 5,880 1,253 3,149 9,350 6,605 2,745 15,253 9,115 6,138 32,062 13,155 18,907 6,249 9,406 3,252 12,530 2,966 9,564 6,769 6,102 667 6,983 100.0 1.6 .5 6.5 10.1 6.3 3.8 14.2 2.7 11.5 5.1 4.2 .9 2.3 6.7 4.7 2.0 11.0 6.6 4.4 23.1 9.5 13.6 4.5 6.8 2.3 9.0 2.1 6.9 4.9 4.4 .5 5.0 139,869 2,254 817 9,039 14,336 9,007 5,329 19,726 3,798 15,927 7,200 5,957 1,243 3,150 9,386 6,613 2,773 15,819 9,461 6,358 31,867 12,965 18,902 6,315 9,367 3,221 12,697 2,922 9,775 6,724 6,002 722 6,853 100.0 1.6 .6 6.5 10.2 6.4 3.8 14.1 2.7 11.4 5.1 4.3 .9 2.3 6.7 4.7 2.0 11.3 6.8 4.5 22.8 9.3 13.5 4.5 6.7 2.3 9.1 2.1 7.0 4.8 4.3 .5 4.9 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2010 2011 Number Percent Number Percent Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………… 65,705 100.0 65,579 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ Construction ............................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information ................................................................................. Financial activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ........................................... Professional and technical services ......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services ................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals .......................................... Social assistance ................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Other services ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. Private households .................................................................. Public administration .................................................................. 541 101 807 3,949 2,144 1,806 8,957 1,089 7,868 1,630 1,358 273 1,289 5,081 3,787 1,294 6,304 3,937 2,366 23,962 9,025 14,937 4,783 7,402 2,752 6,444 1,381 5,063 3,496 2,889 607 3,145 .8 .1 1.4 6.2 3.4 2.8 13.6 1.7 11.9 2.5 2.2 .4 2.1 7.9 6.0 1.9 9.5 6.1 3.4 36.4 13.9 22.5 7.3 11.1 4.1 10.0 2.1 7.9 5.5 4.4 1.1 4.8 556 99 828 4,108 2,230 1,878 8,826 1,083 7,742 1,625 1,349 276 1,267 5,132 3,811 1,320 6,480 4,023 2,457 23,706 8,870 14,836 4,786 7,314 2,737 6,397 1,324 5,073 3,494 2,850 644 3,060 .8 .2 1.3 6.3 3.4 2.9 13.5 1.7 11.8 2.5 2.1 .4 1.9 7.8 5.8 2.0 9.9 6.1 3.7 36.1 13.5 22.6 7.3 11.2 4.2 9.8 2.0 7.7 5.3 4.3 1.0 4.7 Women 45 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2010 2011 Number Percent Number Percent Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………… 73,359 100.0 74,290 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ Construction ............................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information ................................................................................. Financial activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ........................................... Professional and technical services ......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services ................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Hospitals ................................................................................ Health services, except hospitals .......................................... Social assistance ................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Other services ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. Private households .................................................................. Public administration .................................................................. 1,665 630 8,270 10,132 6,645 3,487 10,782 2,716 8,066 5,503 4,523 981 1,861 4,269 2,818 1,451 8,949 5,178 3,772 8,100 4,130 3,970 1,466 2,004 500 6,086 1,585 4,501 3,273 3,213 60 3,838 2.3 .9 11.3 13.8 9.1 4.8 14.7 3.7 11.0 7.5 6.2 1.3 2.5 5.8 3.8 2.0 12.2 7.1 5.1 11.0 5.6 5.4 2.0 2.7 .7 8.3 2.2 6.1 4.5 4.4 .1 5.2 1,698 718 8,211 10,228 6,777 3,451 10,900 2,715 8,185 5,575 4,608 967 1,883 4,255 2,802 1,453 9,338 5,438 3,901 8,160 4,095 4,066 1,529 2,053 484 6,300 1,599 4,702 3,230 3,152 78 3,793 2.3 1.0 11.1 13.8 9.1 4.6 14.7 3.7 11.0 7.5 6.2 1.3 2.5 5.7 3.8 2.0 12.6 7.3 5.3 11.0 5.5 5.5 2.1 2.8 0.7 8.5 2.2 6.3 4.3 4.2 .1 5.1 Men SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 46 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………… 139,869 Percent women 46.9 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting........................................................................ Crop production....................................................................................................... Animal production.................................................................................................... Forestry, except logging........................................................................................... Logging.................................................................................................................... Fishing, hunting, and trapping.................................................................................. Support activities for agriculture and forestry........................................................... 2,254 966 907 42 97 51 191 24.7 25.4 24.2 — 8.5 12.9 33.8 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................................................. Oil and gas extraction.............................................................................................. Coal mining.............................................................................................................. Metal ore mining...................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying............................................................... Not specified type of mining..................................................................................... Support activities for mining..................................................................................... 817 64 110 40 66 16 521 12.1 19.6 4.8 — 7.1 — 13.9 Construction................................................................................................................... 9,039 9.2 Manufacturing................................................................................................................. Durable goods............................................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral products................................................................................... Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing.......................................... Structural clay product manufacturing.................................................................. Glass and glass products..................................................................................... Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products..................................................... Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing................................... Primary metals and fabricated metal products......................................................... Iron and steel mills and steel products.................................................................. Aluminum production and processing................................................................... Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.......................... Foundries............................................................................................................. Metal forgings and stampings............................................................................... Cutlery and hand tools.......................................................................................... Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers............................................ Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts..................................... Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities........................................... Ordnance.............................................................................................................. Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing........................................ Not specified metal industries............................................................................... Machinery manufacturing......................................................................................... Agricultural implements........................................................................................ Construction, mining, and oil field machinery........................................................ Commercial and service industry machinery........................................................ Metalworking machinery....................................................................................... Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment......................................... Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................ Not specified machinery manufacturing................................................................ Computers and electronic products.......................................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment..................................................................... Communications, audio, and video equipment...................................................... Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments........................ Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c...................................... 14,336 9,007 392 29 27 140 143 52 1,658 295 65 63 87 46 44 345 307 81 41 258 26 1,126 104 147 85 137 61 584 7 1,267 274 128 214 650 28.7 24.8 18.4 — — 21.6 8.8 21.1 15.2 8.4 21.2 14.9 12.7 — — 15.3 10.2 16.2 — 23.5 — 21.5 18.1 18.2 28.3 14.4 15.6 23.9 — 33.4 31.2 31.8 35.4 34.1 See note at end of table. 47 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Electrical equipment and appliances........................................................................ Household appliances.......................................................................................... Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c......................... Transportation equipment........................................................................................ Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment........................................................ Aircraft and parts.................................................................................................. Aerospace products and parts.............................................................................. Railroad rolling stock manufacturing..................................................................... Ship and boat building.......................................................................................... Other transportation equipment manufacturing..................................................... Wood products......................................................................................................... Sawmills and wood preservation.......................................................................... Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products................................................ Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes.................................................. Miscellaneous wood products............................................................................... Furniture and related products manufacturing...................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing................................................... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing.......................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c...................................................................... Not specified manufacturing industries................................................................. 366 70 296 2,022 994 390 438 19 147 33 375 135 20 22 198 474 1,328 573 110 479 167 29.6 40.1 27.1 23.2 25.9 20.1 22.6 — 16.7 — 14.1 11.6 — — 15.6 24.2 37.4 42.4 38.9 33.0 31.7 Nondurable goods....................................................................................................... Food manufacturing................................................................................................. Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling.................................................................. Sugar and confectionery products........................................................................ Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods.............................................. Dairy products...................................................................................................... Animal slaughtering and processing..................................................................... Retail bakeries...................................................................................................... Bakeries, except retail.......................................................................................... Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c..................................................... Not specified food industries................................................................................. Beverages and tobacco products............................................................................. Beverages manufacturing..................................................................................... Tobacco manufacturing........................................................................................ Textiles, apparel, and leather................................................................................... Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................................. Fabric mills, except knitting................................................................................... Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills......................................................... Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................. Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs...................................................... Knitting mills......................................................................................................... Cut and sew apparel............................................................................................. Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing......................................... Footwear manufacturing....................................................................................... Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing............................. Paper and printing.................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........................................................................ Paperboard containers and boxes........................................................................ Miscellaneous paper and pulp products................................................................ Printing and related support activities................................................................... Petroleum and coal products................................................................................... Petroleum refining................................................................................................ 5,329 1,685 161 82 158 165 507 191 194 188 38 260 243 18 601 10 108 21 52 82 32 222 7 42 25 872 173 90 84 524 187 167 35.2 36.9 28.8 30.8 42.3 29.7 32.5 57.8 33.9 40.8 — 26.0 25.6 — 53.4 — 45.4 — 42.6 58.7 — 59.3 — — — 27.4 18.5 16.1 30.9 31.8 19.1 20.4 See note at end of table. 48 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products......................................................... Chemicals................................................................................................................ Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments................................................ Agricultural chemical manufacturing..................................................................... Pharmaceuticals and medicines........................................................................... Paints, coatings, and adhesives........................................................................... Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics........................................................ Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals................................................................ Plastics and rubber products.................................................................................... Plastics product manufacturing............................................................................. Tire manufacturing................................................................................................ Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing.......................................................... 20 1,267 189 30 458 65 132 391 457 315 65 77 — 35.4 27.1 — 49.0 23.2 49.1 21.7 31.6 32.7 16.7 39.5 Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................................. Wholesale trade.......................................................................................................... Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers...................................... Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers........................................... Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers............................. Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers........ Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers............................... Electrical goods, merchant wholesalers................................................................... Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.. Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers................................... Recyclable materials, merchant wholesalers........................................................... Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers.............................................. Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers................................................... Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers.............. Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers............................................... Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers........................................... Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers................................................. Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers...................................... Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers............................................................ Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers...................................................................... Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers........................................ Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers.................................................. Not specified wholesale trade.................................................................................. 19,726 3,798 193 70 146 384 47 194 138 369 117 103 67 239 108 843 63 167 135 64 215 88 47 44.7 28.5 24.1 30.3 19.8 34.2 — 24.1 25.7 26.1 12.5 37.4 33.2 44.2 52.7 24.9 26.9 25.9 13.9 23.2 36.9 33.8 — Retail trade.................................................................................................................. Automobile dealers.................................................................................................. Other motor vehicle dealers..................................................................................... Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores................................................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores..................................................................... Household appliance stores..................................................................................... Radio, TV, and computer stores.............................................................................. Building material and supplies dealers..................................................................... Hardware stores...................................................................................................... Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.................................................... Grocery stores......................................................................................................... Specialty food stores................................................................................................ Beer, wine, and liquor stores.................................................................................... Pharmacies and drug stores.................................................................................... Health and personal care, except drug, stores......................................................... Gasoline stations..................................................................................................... Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores........................................................ 15,927 1,194 132 548 518 62 536 855 252 261 2,805 271 129 826 318 454 1,012 48.6 18.2 23.9 16.9 41.0 28.4 28.3 28.9 29.2 29.8 50.2 46.2 35.6 65.0 64.1 50.5 75.4 See note at end of table. 49 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Shoe stores.............................................................................................................. Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores............................................................. Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores................................................. Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores.......................................................... Music stores............................................................................................................ Book stores and news dealers................................................................................. Department stores and discount stores.................................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............................................................. Retail florists............................................................................................................ Office supplies and stationery stores....................................................................... Used merchandise stores........................................................................................ Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................. Miscellaneous retail stores....................................................................................... Electronic shopping.................................................................................................. Electronic auctions................................................................................................... Mail order houses.................................................................................................... Vending machine operators..................................................................................... Fuel dealers............................................................................................................. Other direct selling establishments.......................................................................... Not specified retail trade.......................................................................................... 160 212 453 66 84 150 2,218 491 80 145 223 159 485 151 20 62 44 80 202 269 58.9 66.2 40.1 72.5 26.3 60.9 61.0 60.2 76.2 40.7 62.1 76.3 54.6 44.8 — 68.2 — 27.6 69.4 53.0 Transportation and utilities.............................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing................................................................................. Air transportation..................................................................................................... Rail transportation.................................................................................................... Water transportation................................................................................................ Truck transportation................................................................................................. Bus service and urban transit................................................................................... Taxi and limousine service....................................................................................... Pipeline transportation............................................................................................. Scenic and sightseeing transportation..................................................................... Services incidental to transportation........................................................................ Postal Service.......................................................................................................... Couriers and messengers........................................................................................ Warehousing and storage........................................................................................ 7,200 5,957 509 246 67 1,739 505 234 57 34 801 711 693 361 22.6 22.6 35.3 10.5 18.8 11.8 36.0 11.0 18.8 — 23.9 39.7 20.0 23.5 Utilities........................................................................................................................ Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution......................................... Natural gas distribution............................................................................................ Electric and gas, and other combinations................................................................ Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems............................................. Sewage treatment facilities...................................................................................... Not specified utilities................................................................................................ 1,243 659 117 84 245 109 29 22.2 21.5 27.1 32.0 21.7 11.8 — Information..................................................................................................................... Newspaper publishers............................................................................................. Periodical, book, and directory publishers................................................................ Software publishers…………................................................................................... Motion pictures and video industries........................................................................ Sound recording industries...................................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming................. Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals.................................. Wired telecommunications carriers.......................................................................... Other telecommunications services......................................................................... 3,150 281 263 63 386 40 596 63 564 541 40.2 41.0 54.8 26.8 35.6 — 33.5 35.8 32.8 35.5 See note at end of table. 50 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Data processing, hosting, and related services........................................................ Libraries and archives.............................................................................................. Other information services....................................................................................... 101 217 34 Financial activities.......................................................................................................... Finance and insurance................................................................................................ Banking and related activities.................................................................................. Savings institutions, including credit unions............................................................. Nondepository credit and related activities............................................................... Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments................... Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................... 9,386 6,613 2,062 263 747 1,127 2,414 54.7 57.6 63.3 72.3 55.5 38.7 60.7 Real estate and rental and leasing.............................................................................. Real estate............................................................................................................... Rental and leasing services..................................................................................... Automotive equipment rental and leasing............................................................. Videotape and disk rental..................................................................................... Other consumer goods rental............................................................................... Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing................. 2,773 2,384 389 176 23 92 97 47.6 51.0 27.1 26.5 — 29.6 19.5 Professional and business services................................................................................ Professional and technical services............................................................................ Legal services.......................................................................................................... Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.............................. Architectural, engineering, and related services....................................................... Specialized design services..................................................................................... Computer systems design and related services....................................................... Management, scientific, and technical consulting services...................................... Scientific research and development services......................................................... Advertising and related services.............................................................................. Veterinary services.................................................................................................. Other professional, scientific, and technical services............................................... 15,819 9,461 1,665 1,012 1,496 379 1,935 1,309 541 518 270 335 41.0 42.5 54.4 62.6 23.0 53.2 25.0 41.1 45.4 51.8 79.5 56.0 Management, administrative, and waste services....................................................... Management of companies and enterprises............................................................ Employment services............................................................................................... Business support services....................................................................................... Travel arrangement and reservation services.......................................................... Investigation and security services.......................................................................... Services to buildings and dwellings.......................................................................... Landscaping services.............................................................................................. Other administrative and other support services...................................................... Waste management and remediation services........................................................ 6,358 195 895 830 262 800 1,373 1,258 275 469 38.6 47.1 51.6 62.9 57.6 22.0 52.4 9.7 44.9 18.8 Education and health services........................................................................................ Educational services................................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools......................................................................... Colleges and universities, including junior colleges.................................................. Business, technical, and trade schools and training................................................. Other schools, instruction, and educational services............................................... 31,867 12,965 8,524 3,607 123 711 74.4 68.4 75.5 53.5 53.3 62.5 Health care and social assistance............................................................................... Hospitals.................................................................................................................. 18,902 6,315 78.5 75.8 See note at end of table. 51 47.2 81.2 — Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Health services, except hospitals............................................................................. Offices of physicians............................................................................................. Offices of dentists................................................................................................. Offices of chiropractors......................................................................................... Offices of optometrists.......................................................................................... Offices of other health practitioners...................................................................... Outpatient care centers........................................................................................ Home health care services................................................................................... Other health care services.................................................................................... Nursing care facilities........................................................................................... Residential care facilities, without nursing............................................................ Social assistance..................................................................................................... Individual and family services............................................................................... Community food and housing, and emergency services....................................... Vocational rehabilitation services.......................................................................... Child day care services......................................................................................... 9,367 1,512 866 129 123 279 1,214 968 1,738 1,778 760 3,221 1,481 99 156 1,485 78.1 77.4 81.2 61.3 77.4 76.0 78.3 88.6 70.6 83.8 69.9 85.0 79.1 67.6 55.0 95.2 Leisure and hospitality.................................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation............................................................................. Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries......... Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions............................... Bowling centers....................................................................................................... Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries........................................... 12,697 2,922 798 371 51 1,702 50.4 45.3 40.3 47.3 41.9 47.3 Accommodation and food services.............................................................................. Accommodation....................................................................................................... Traveler accommodation...................................................................................... Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.......... Food services and drinking places........................................................................... Restaurants and other food services.................................................................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 9,775 1,407 1,301 106 8,368 8,148 220 51.9 53.5 53.7 52.2 51.6 51.5 56.2 Other services................................................................................................................ Other services, except private households.................................................................. Repair and maintenance.......................................................................................... Automotive repair and maintenance..................................................................... Car washes.......................................................................................................... Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance................................ Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance..... Personal and household goods repair and maintenance...................................... Footwear and leather goods repair....................................................................... Personal and laundry services................................................................................. Barber shops........................................................................................................ Beauty salons....................................................................................................... Nail salons and other personal care services....................................................... Dry-cleaning and laundry services........................................................................ Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories....................................................... Other personal services........................................................................................ Membership associations and organizations............................................................ Religious organizations......................................................................................... Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services........ Labor unions......................................................................................................... Business, professional, political, and similar organizations................................... Private households...................................................................................................... 6,724 6,002 1,984 1,132 165 182 308 192 4 2,218 97 961 377 327 106 350 1,800 1,025 579 76 121 722 52.0 47.5 10.7 8.4 11.8 11.0 8.5 26.7 — 74.6 23.4 91.5 78.1 58.5 38.6 64.6 54.6 48.4 67.0 37.3 58.8 89.3 See note at end of table. 52 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Public administration...................................................................................................... Executive offices and legislative bodies................................................................... Public finance activities............................................................................................ Other general government and support.................................................................... Justice, public order, and safety activities................................................................ Administration of human resource programs............................................................ Administration of environmental quality and housing programs................................ Administration of economic programs and space research...................................... National security and international affairs................................................................ n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 53 6,853 884 346 138 2,820 976 299 594 795 Percent women 44.7 53.7 62.3 37.3 33.6 72.4 41.6 43.7 35.2 Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages (Percent distribution) White Black or African American Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..…… 52,770 8,098 3,165 8,220 Percent…………………………………………………… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.3 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .................... .2 .1 .1 .1 Construction ...................................................................... 1.4 .5 .4 1.1 Manufacturing .................................................................... 6.2 5.2 9.5 7.9 Durable goods ................................................................. 3.4 2.6 5.9 3.5 Nondurable goods ........................................................... 2.9 2.7 3.6 4.4 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. 13.8 11.9 12.7 14.9 Industry Agriculture and related industries ...................................... Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Wholesale trade .............................................................. 1.8 .9 2.1 1.9 Retail trade ...................................................................... 12.0 11.0 10.6 13.0 Transportation and utilities ................................................ 2.3 3.8 2.1 2.5 Transportation and warehousing ..................................... 1.9 3.2 1.9 2.1 Utilities ............................................................................. .4 .5 .3 .3 Information ......................................................................... 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.3 Financial activities ............................................................. 8.0 6.7 8.2 6.7 Finance and insurance .................................................... 5.9 5.4 6.7 4.9 Real estate and rental and leasing .................................. 2.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 P f Professional i l and db business i services i .................................. 10 2 10.2 78 7.8 10 5 10.5 10 3 10.3 Professional and technical services ................................ 6.4 3.5 8.3 3.5 Management, administrative, and waste services............ 3.7 4.3 2.1 6.8 Education and health services ........................................... 35.6 41.7 31.4 30.4 Educational services ........................................................ 14.1 12.0 8.4 10.0 Health care and social assistance ................................... 21.5 29.7 22.9 20.4 Hospitals ........................................................................ 6.9 9.1 9.7 4.8 Health services, except hospitals .................................. 10.6 14.8 10.4 10.2 Social assistance ........................................................... 4.0 5.9 2.9 5.4 Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... 9.7 8.9 11.5 13.2 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................. 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.5 Accommodation and food services .................................. 7.6 7.7 9.3 11.6 Other services ................................................................... 5.4 3.8 8.2 6.7 Other services, except private households ...................... 4.3 3.2 7.5 3.8 Private households .......................................................... 1.0 .7 .7 2.8 Public administration ......................................................... 4.3 7.4 3.3 3.7 NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 54 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2011 annual averages Total, both sexes Total White Black or African American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983……. 1984……. 1985……… 1986 1…… 1987……. 1988……… 1989……. 262 284 302 313 326 344 359 374 385 399 269 291 310 320 336 356 371 384 395 409 212 235 245 261 269 277 291 301 314 319 - 209 223 240 250 259 270 277 285 290 298 201 219 239 252 265 277 291 303 315 328 203 221 242 254 268 281 294 307 318 334 185 206 217 232 241 252 264 276 288 301 - 172 190 203 215 223 230 241 251 260 269 1990 1…… 1991……. 1992……. 1993……. 1994 1…… 1995……. 1996……. 1997 1…… 1998 1…… 1999 1…… 412 426 440 459 467 479 490 503 523 549 424 442 458 475 484 494 506 519 545 573 329 348 357 369 371 383 387 400 426 445 - 304 312 321 331 324 329 339 351 370 385 346 366 380 393 399 406 418 431 456 473 353 373 387 401 408 415 428 444 468 483 308 323 335 348 346 355 362 375 400 409 - 278 292 302 313 305 305 316 318 337 348 2000 1…… 2001……. 2002……. 2003 1…… 2004……. 2005…… 2006……. 2007……. 2008 1…… 2009 …… 576 596 608 620 638 651 671 695 722 739 590 610 623 636 657 672 690 716 742 757 474 491 498 514 525 520 554 569 589 601 $615 639 658 693 708 753 784 830 861 880 399 417 424 440 456 471 486 503 529 541 493 512 529 552 573 585 600 614 638 657 502 522 547 567 584 596 609 626 654 669 429 454 473 491 505 499 519 533 554 582 $547 563 566 598 613 665 699 731 753 779 366 388 397 410 419 429 440 473 501 509 2010 …… 2011 …… 747 756 765 775 611 615 855 866 535 549 669 684 684 703 592 595 773 751 508 518 Year 1979……. Women Asian See footnote at end of table. 55 Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity $292 $298 $227 — $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983……. 1984……. 1985……… 1986 1…… 1987……. 1988……… 1989……. 313 340 364 379 392 407 419 434 449 468 320 350 375 387 401 418 433 450 465 482 244 268 278 294 303 305 319 327 348 348 — — — — — — — — — — 234 251 269 274 287 296 299 306 308 315 64.2 64.4 65.7 66.5 67.6 68.1 69.5 69.8 70.2 70.1 63.4 63.1 64.5 65.6 66.8 67.2 67.9 68.2 68.4 69.3 75.8 76.9 78.1 78.9 79.5 82.6 82.8 84.4 82.8 86.5 — — — — — — — — — — 73.5 75.7 75.5 78.5 77.7 77.7 80.6 82.0 84.4 85.4 1990 1…… 1991……. 1992……. 1993……. 1994 1…… 1995……. 1996……. 1997 1…… 1998 1…… 1999 1…… 481 493 501 510 522 538 557 579 598 618 494 506 514 524 547 566 580 595 615 638 361 375 380 392 400 411 412 432 468 488 — — — — — — — — — — 318 323 339 346 343 350 356 371 390 406 71.9 74.2 75.8 77.1 76.4 75.5 75.0 74.4 76.3 76.5 71.5 73.7 75.3 76.5 74.6 73.3 73.8 74.6 76.1 75.7 85.3 86.1 88.2 88.8 86.5 86.4 87.9 86.8 85.5 83.8 — — — — — — — — — — 87.4 90.4 89.1 90.5 88.9 87.1 88.8 85.7 86.4 85.7 2000 1…… 2001……. 2002……. 2003 1…… 2004……. 2005…… 2006……. 2007……. 2008 1…… 2009 …… 641 670 679 695 713 722 743 766 798 819 662 689 702 715 732 743 761 788 825 845 510 529 524 555 569 559 591 600 620 621 $685 732 756 772 802 825 882 936 966 952 417 440 451 464 480 489 505 520 559 569 76.9 76.4 77.9 79.4 80.4 81.0 80.8 80.2 79.9 80.2 75.8 75.8 77.9 79.3 79.8 80.2 80.0 79.4 79.3 79.2 84.1 85.8 90.3 88.5 88.8 89.3 87.8 88.8 89.4 93.7 79.9 76.9 74.9 77.5 76.4 80.6 79.3 78.1 78.0 81.8 87.8 88.2 88.0 88.4 87.3 87.7 87.1 91.0 89.6 89.5 2010 …… 2011 …… 824 832 850 856 633 653 936 970 560 571 81.2 82.2 80.5 82.1 93.5 91.1 82.6 77.4 90.7 90.7 Year 1979……. 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected this race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000–02 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 56 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages Total employed (in thousands) Educational attainment and sex Median weekly earnings Total, both sexes Total……………….………………………… Less than a high school diploma ………… High school graduate or more…………. High school graduates, no college……… Some college or associate's degree…… Some college, no degree…………….… Associate's degree………………….…… Occupational program…………...…… Academic program…………….……… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………….……… Master's degree…………………...…… Professional degree…..……………..… Doctoral degree…………...…………… 91,733 7,019 84,715 25,157 25,205 15,178 10,027 4,466 5,562 34,353 21,834 9,256 1,538 1,726 $797 451 840 638 739 719 768 760 775 1,150 1,053 1,263 1,665 1,551 40,714 2,225 38,489 10 220 10,220 12,048 6,940 5,108 2,138 2,970 16,221 10,200 4,777 579 665 718 395 741 554 645 622 682 657 701 998 930 1,125 1,415 1,371 Women Total……………………………..…………… Less than a high school diploma………… High school graduate or more…………. Hi h school High h l graduates, d t no college……… ll Some college or associate's degree…… Some college, no degree…………….… Associate's degree………………….…… Occupational program…………...…… Academic program…………….……… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree……………...……… Master's degree………………...……… Professional degree……………….…… Doctoral degree……………………..…… 57 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Total employed (in thousands) Educational attainment and sex Median weekly earnings Men Total……………………….………………… Less than a high school diploma………… High school graduate or more…………. High school graduates, no college……… Some college or associate's degree…… Some college, no degree…………….… Associate's degree………………….…… Occupational program…………...…… Academic program…………….……… College graduates, total………………… Bachelor's degree………………….…… Master's degree……………...………… Professional degree…………...……… Doctoral degree………………….……… 51,020 4,794 46,226 14,937 13,156 8,237 4,919 2,327 2,592 18,132 11,634 4,478 958 1,062 $886 488 940 720 840 818 880 875 885 1,332 1,199 1,515 1,836 1,734 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 58 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Total, 16 years and older………………………………………………100,457 Management, professional, and related occupations……………… 39,791 Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………………………………………… 16,061 Management occupations……………………………………. 10,891 Chief executives……………………………………………… 990 General and operations managers…………...................... 921 13 Legislators……………………………………………………… 68 Advertising and promotions managers……………………… 891 Marketing and sales managers…………..........................… 62 Public relations and fundraising managers………………… Administrative services managers…………………………. 115 530 Computer and information systems managers……………… Financial managers………………………………………….. 1,044 21 Compensation and benefits managers……………………… Human resources managers………………………………. 207 Training and development managers……………………… 36 250 Industrial production managers…………..........................… 183 Purchasing managers………………………………………… Transportation, storage, and distribution managers……… 229 98 Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers……… Construction managers…………………………………….. 464 Education administrators………………………………….… 735 98 Architectural and engineering managers…………………… Food service managers……………………………………… 675 8 Funeral service managers……….…………………………… 22 Gaming managers……………..……………………………… Lodging managers…………………………………………… 91 450 Medical and health services managers……………………… 12 Natural sciences managers…………………………………… 29 Postmasters and mail superintendents……………………… Property, real estate, and community association managers……………………………………… 317 277 Social and community service managers…………………… Emergency management directors………………………… 5 2,050 Managers, all other…………………………………………… 5,170 Business and financial operations occupations……………… Agents and business managers of artists, 25 performers, and athletes……………………………………… 7 Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products……………… Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products……… 130 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and 226 farm products………………………………………………… Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators…………………………………………… 271 176 Compliance officers…………………………………………… 106 Cost estimators………………………………………………… 522 Human resource workers……………………………………… 53 Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialits……… Training and development specialists……………………… 117 77 Logisticians……………………………………………………. 458 Management analysts………………………………………… Meeting, convention, and event planners…………………… 87 See footnotes at end of table. 59 Women Men Women's earnings as percent of men's Total employed Median weekly earnings $684 941 55,971 19,267 $832 1,269 82.2 74.2 7,386 4,440 245 270 4 40 392 29 44 138 567 14 149 12 45 89 33 17 31 467 7 314 5 7 55 325 7 19 977 1,018 1,464 972 (1) (1) 1,127 (1) 1 ( ) 1,543 991 (1) 1,273 (1) (1) 1,026 (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1,061 (1) 599 (1) (1) 841 1,166 1 ( ) (1) 8,676 6,451 745 651 9 28 499 33 71 392 477 7 58 24 204 94 196 81 433 268 91 361 4 15 36 125 5 10 1,370 1,427 2,122 1,319 (1) (1) 1,660 (1) 1,170 1,595 1,504 (1) 1,488 — 1,245 1,368 861 855 1,325 1,532 1,908 734 (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1,456 1 ( ) (1) 71.3 71.3 69.0 73.7 (²) (²) 67.9 (²) (²) 96.7 65.9 (²) 85.6 (²) (²) 75.0 (²) (²) (²) 69.3 (²) 81.6 (²) (²) (²) 80.1 (²) (²) 921 1,045 (1) 1,265 1,038 182 196 1 737 2,946 728 973 (1) 1,047 937 135 81 4 1,313 2,225 1,201 1,221 (1) 1,406 1,225 60.6 79.7 (²) 74.5 76.5 (1) (1) 882 13 2 62 ( ) 1 ( ) 849 12 5 68 ( ) 1 ( ) 928 (²) (²) 91.5 1,015 118 945 108 1,129 83.7 913 1,125 1,080 938 893 1,059 864 1,355 889 162 78 19 406 39 64 27 208 71 804 995 (1) 912 (1) 951 (1) 1,174 892 110 98 87 116 13 53 50 250 16 1,077 1,279 1,117 1,053 (1) 1,260 938 1,514 (1) 74.7 77.8 (²) 86.6 (²) 84.0 (²) 77.5 (²) Median weekly earnings Total employed $756 1,082 44,486 20,524 1,160 1,237 1,963 1,191 (1) 1,164 1,408 1,475 1,021 1,579 1,166 (1) 1,331 1 ( ) 1,211 1,242 882 800 1,268 1,228 1,914 660 (1) (1) 883 1,252 (1) (1) Median weekly earnings 1 1 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Men Women's earnings as percent of men's Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings 56 167 238 1,383 50 52 21 63 270 108 7 306 67 55 72 23,730 3,296 19 373 45 411 $1,064 1,157 991 1,056 990 1,174 (1) 1,737 1,239 970 (1) 1,024 920 701 913 1,029 1,305 (1) 1,328 1 ( ) 1,277 42 101 149 852 20 30 12 22 97 64 5 159 40 41 41 13,139 787 2 132 7 83 (1) $1,029 908 956 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 941 939 (1) 829 (1) (1) (1) 919 1,126 (1) 1,144 (1) 1,238 14 66 88 532 30 22 9 40 173 44 2 147 27 13 30 10,592 2,509 17 242 38 329 (1) $1,446 1,185 1,250 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1,535 1 ( ) (1) 1,345 1 ( ) (1) (1) 1,211 1,369 (1) 1,410 (1) 1,330 (²) 71.2 76.6 76.5 (²) (²) (²) (²) 61.3 (²) (²) 61.6 (²) (²) (²) 75.9 82.2 (²) 81.1 (²) 93.1 990 117 434 138 221 94 282 17 2 116 30 6 2,494 113 31 134 1 12 73 335 76 283 36 178 6 30 306 1,558 1,017 915 1,238 1,180 1,441 1,127 (1) (1) 1,273 (1) 1 ( ) 1,315 1,325 (1) 1,621 (1) (1) 1,757 1,398 1,528 1,442 1 ( ) 1336 (1) 1 ( ) 1,374 179 35 107 48 49 12 61 5 1 51 13 2 316 21 5 16 0 2 16 46 10 26 10 34 1 4 16 812 81 326 90 172 81 221 12 1 66 17 5 2,178 92 26 119 1 10 57 289 66 256 26 143 6 26 290 1,606 1,033 896 1,470 1,243 1,585 1,165 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1,258 (1) (1) 1,343 1,351 (1) 1,745 (1) (1) 1,885 1,436 1,546 1,455 (1) 1356 (1) (1) 1,399 86.4 (²) 106.1 (²) (²) (²) 85.7 (²) (²) 105.4 (²) (²) 84.9 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 9 23 19 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 2 1 1,388 (1) 951 (1) (1) (1) 998 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1,326 (1) (1) 1,140 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 8 20 18 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (²) (²) (²) Number of Workers (in thousands) Fundraisers…………………………………………………… Maret researcxh analysts and marketing specialists……… Business operations specialists, all other…………............ Accountants and auditors…………………………………… Appraisers and assessors of real estate…………………… Budget analysts………………………………………………… Credit analysts………………………………………………… Financial analysts……………………………………………… Personal financial advisors…………………………………. Insurance underwriters…………..........................………… Financial examiners…………………………………………… Credit counselors and loan officers………………………… Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents…………… Tax preparers…………………………………………………… Financial specialists, all other………………………………… Professional and related occupations………………………….. Computer and mathematical occupations……………………… Computer and information research scientists……………… Computer systems analysts……………………………… Information security analysts……………………………… Computer programmers……………………………………… Software developers, applications and systems…………… software…………………………………………………….. Web developers………………………………………………… Computer support specialists………………………………… Database administrators……………………………………. Network and computer systems administrators…………… Computer network architects………………………………… Computer occupations, all other……………………………… Actuaries………………………………………………………. Mathematicians……………………..........................………… Operations research analysts………………………………… Statisticians…………………………………………………… Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations……… Architecture and engineering occupations…………………… Architects, except naval……………………………………… Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists………… Aerospace engineers………………………………………… Agricultural engineers…………..........................…………… Biomedical engineers………………………………………… Chemical engineers…………………………………………… Civil engineers………………………………………………. Computer hardware engineers……………………………… Electrical and electronics engineers………………………… Environmental engineers……………………………………. Industrial engineers, including health and safety…………… Marine engineers and naval architects……………………… Materials engineers…………………………………………. Mechanical engineers………………………………………… Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers……………………………………. Nuclear engineers……………………………………………. Petroleum engineers…………………………………………… Women See footnotes at end of table. 60 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Engineers, all other………………………………………….. Drafters………………………………………………………… Engineering technicians, except drafters…………………… Surveying and mapping technicians………………………… Life, physical, and social science occupations………………… Agricultural and food scientists……………………………… Biological scientists…………………………………………… Conservation scientists and foresters……………………… Medical scientists……………………………………………… Astronomers and physicists…………………………………… Atmospheric and space scientists…………………………… Chemists and materials scientists…………………………… Environmental scientists and geoscientists………………… Physical scientists, all other……………………………….. Economists……………………………………………………. Survey researchers……………………………….…………… Psychologists…………………………………………………… Sociologists…………………………………………………… Urban and regional planners………………………………… Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers………………………………………………………… Agricultural and food science technicians…………………… Biological technicians………………………………………. Chemical technicians………………………………………… Geological and petroleum technicians……………………… Nuclear technicians…………………………………………… Social science research assistants………………………… Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians…………………………………………………… Community and social services occupations………………… Counselors……………………………..........................…… Social workers………………………………………………… Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists……………………………………………………… Social and human service assistants……………………… Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, health educators and community health workers………………………………………………… Clergy………………………………………………………….. Directors, religious activities and education………………… Religious workers, all other…………………………………… Legal occupations……………………………………………… Lawyers………………………………………………………… Judicial law clerks……………………………………………… Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers…………… Paralegals and legal assistants……………………………… Miscellaneous legal support workers………………………… Education, training, and library occupations…………………… Postsecondary teachers……………………………………… Preschool and kindergarten teachers……………………… Elementary and middle school teachers…………………… Secondary school teachers…………………………………… Special education teachers…………………………………… Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 310 124 341 53 1,043 27 103 22 141 18 7 83 86 133 20 1 104 2 19 $1,366 941 954 777 1,108 (1) 1,031 (1) 1,109 (1) (1) 1,169 1,383 1,383 (1) (1) 1,229 1 ( ) (1) 35 23 40 6 479 10 50 4 78 4 1 38 25 51 8 0 74 2 9 (1) (1) (1) (1) $1,038 1 ( ) 853 (1) 1,127 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,167 (1) (1) 1,244 (1) (1) 275 102 301 47 565 17 53 18 64 15 6 45 61 82 12 0 31 0 10 $1,361 1,052 952 1 ( ) 1,156 1 ( ) 1,177 (1) 1,102 (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1,408 1483 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) 89.8 (²) 72.5 (²) 102.3 (²) (²) (²) (²) 78.7 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 48 13 19 69 6 3 1 (1) (1) 1 ( ) 788 (1) (1) 1 ( ) 29 6 9 29 3 1 0 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) 19 7 10 40 3 2 1 (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 118 1,931 568 684 763 813 828 817 49 1,202 380 554 ( ) 772 808 798 69 728 188 130 807 906 874 902 (²) 85.2 92.4 88.5 86 105 822 597 44 83 (1) 597 41 21 (1) 1 ( ) (²) (²) 62 343 34 50 1,259 704 4 58 338 155 6,518 925 532 2,436 1,005 364 676 945 (1) 654 1,277 1,774 (1) 1,655 824 815 919 1,209 606 947 1,015 939 39 51 25 26 676 242 3 26 286 120 4,769 399 519 1,973 575 308 (1) 889 (1) (1) 1,003 1,631 (1) (1) 813 788 869 1,093 603 933 989 935 23 292 10 24 583 462 1 32 52 35 1,749 526 13 463 431 55 (1) 961 (1) (1) 1,758 1,884 (1) (1) 884 (1) 1,109 1,358 (1) 1,022 1,049 967 (²) 92.5 (²) (²) 57.1 86.6 (²) (²) 92.0 (²) 78.4 80.5 (²) 91.3 94.3 96.7 See footnotes at end of table. 61 1 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Other teachers and instructors……………………………… 368 38 Archivists, curators, and museum technicians……………… Librarians……………………………………………………… 139 Library technicians…………………………………………… 13 Teacher assistants…………………………………………… 605 94 Other education, training, and library workers……………… Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………………………………………………… 1,464 56 Artists and related workers…………………………………… 458 Designers……………………………………………………… Actors…………………………………………………………. 8 105 Producers and directors……………………………………… Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers………… 109 6 Dancers and choreographers………………………………… 35 Musicians, singers, and related workers…………………… Entertainers and performers, sports and related 7 workers, other…………………………………………….…… Announcers…………………………………………………… 32 62 News analysts, reporters and correspondents……………… 123 Public relations specialists…………………………………… 132 Editors…………………………………………………………… 46 Technical writers……………………………………………… Writers and authors…………………………………………. 85 47 Miscellaneous media and communication workers………… Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 79 and radio operators…………………………………………… 45 Photographers………………………………………………… Television, video, and motion picture camera 27 operators and editors………………………………………… Media and communication equipment 2 workers, all others…………………………………………… Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations…………… 5,725 5 Chiropractors…………………………………………………… 42 Dentists………………………………………………………… Dietitians and nutritionists…………………………………… 69 9 Optometrists…………………………………………………… 195 Pharmacists…………………………………………………… 573 Physicians and surgeons……………………………………… 69 Physician assistants…………………………………………… 1 Podiatrists………………………..........................…………… Audiologists…………………………………………………… 14 Occupational therapists……………………………………… 72 Physical therapists………………………………………….. 146 12 Radiation therapists…………………………………………… 10 Recreational therapists………………………………………… Respiratory therapists……………………………………….. 126 Speech-language pathologists……………………………. 87 2 Exercise physiologists………………………………………… 83 Therapists, all other…………………………………………… 40 Veterinarians…………………………………………………… Registered Nurse……………………………………………… 2,145 Nurse anesthetists…………………………………………… 26 2 Nurse midwives………………………………………………… 81 Nurse practioners……………………………………………… See footnotes at end of table. 62 Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $858 (1) 850 1 ( ) 480 982 205 26 118 10 566 71 $739 (1) 813 1 ( ) 471 979 163 12 21 3 39 23 $1,105 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 66.9 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 929 1,115 950 (1) 1,023 825 (1) (1) 613 21 201 2 47 25 3 5 856 (1) 816 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 850 36 257 6 58 84 3 29 995 (1) 1,045 (1) 1,130 919 (1) (1) 86.0 (²) 78.1 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) 1 ( ) 937 954 902 (1) 918 (1) 4 9 18 75 74 26 43 32 (1) (1) (1) 887 892 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 3 24 44 49 58 20 42 15 (1) (1) (1) (1) 933 1 ( ) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) 95.6 (²) (²) (²) 857 (1) 6 16 (1) (1) 73 29 872 (1) (²) (²) (1) 5 (1) 22 (1) (²) (1) 995 (1) (1) 897 (1) 1,917 1,860 1,220 (1) 1 ( ) 1,189 1,322 (1) (1) 997 1,075 (1) 885 (1) 1,039 (1) (1) 1,461 1 4,296 2 9 64 3 110 206 44 1 10 62 87 10 7 73 84 1 64 28 1,937 10 2 69 ( ) 965 (1) (1) 906 (1) 1,898 1,527 (1) (1) (1) 1,193 1,216 (1) (1) 1,028 1,076 (1) 869 1 ( ) 1,034 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1,432 1 1,429 3 33 6 6 85 366 24 0 4 10 59 2 3 53 3 1 19 12 208 16 0 11 ( ) 1,129 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,998 1,935 1 ( ) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1,522 (1) (1) 966 1 ( ) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1,081 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1 1 (²) 85.5 (²) (²) (²) (²) 95.0 78.9 (²) (²) (²) (²) 79.9 (²) (²) 106.4 (²) (²) (²) (²) 95.7 (²) (²) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other……………………………………………………… Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians………… Dental hygienists…………………………………………….. Diagnostic related technologists and technicians………… Emergency medical technicians and paramedics………… Health practitioner support technicians……………………… Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses………… Medical records and health information technicians…………………………………………………… Opticians, dispensing………………………………………… Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians…………………………………………………… Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations…………………………………………………. Service occupations………………………………………………… Health care support occupations……………………………… Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides……………… Occupational therapy assistants and aides…………….. Physical therapist assistants and aides……………………… Massage therapists………………………………………….. Dental assistants……………………………………………… Medical assistants……………………………………………… Medical transcriptionists……………………………………… Pharmacy aides………………………………………………. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers……………………………………………………… Phlebotomists………………………………………………… Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers…………………… Protective service occupations………………………………… First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers……………………………………………………….. First-line supervisors of police and detectives……………… First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers…………………………………………. First-line supervisors, protective service workers, all other………………………………………………………… Fire fighters…………………………………………………… Fire inspectors………………………………………………… Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers…………………… Detectives and criminal investigators………………………… Fish and game wardens……………………………………… Parking enforcement workers………………………………… Police and sheriff's patrol officers…………………………… Transit and railroad police………..........................………… Animal control workers………………………………………… Private detectives and investigators………………………… Security guards and gaming surveillance officers………… Crossing guards……………………………………………… Transportation security screeners…………………………… Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 5 282 61 273 167 374 424 (1) $861 986 981 715 644 722 2 206 59 191 54 283 386 (1) $845 992 964 649 632 720 3 77 3 82 113 91 39 (1) $888 (1) 1,054 757 682 (1) (²) 95.2 (²) 91.5 85.7 92.7 (²) 107 34 588 (1) 96 26 574 (1) 10 8 (1) (1) (²) (²) 127 744 89 711 38 (1) (²) 63 14,378 2,190 1,305 12 54 34 191 314 44 23 870 486 487 453 (1) 665 1 ( ) 579 522 (1) (1) 22 6,991 1,900 1,134 11 32 28 184 293 43 14 ( ) 433 483 446 (1) (1) (1) 582 518 (1) (1) 41 7,387 290 172 1 22 6 7 21 2 10 (1) 551 521 502 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) 78.6 92.7 88.8 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 20 94 (1) 521 13 77 (1) 516 7 16 (1) 1 ( ) (²) (²) 98 2,798 487 757 72 511 480 602 26 2,287 ( ) 797 (²) 75.5 41 101 (1) 1,083 11 18 (1) (1) 30 83 (1) 1,109 (²) (²) 40 1 ( ) 1 (1) 39 (1) (²) 96 291 18 436 147 5 5 653 7 8 86 775 23 21 716 1,000 – 682 1,154 (1) (1) 947 (1) (1) 869 519 (1) (1) 23 11 1 116 22 1 2 75 0 4 30 156 8 10 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 586 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 938 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 474 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 73 281 17 320 125 5 3 578 7 5 56 619 15 12 788 998 (1) 722 1,192 1 ( ) (1) 948 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 891 544 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (²) (²) (²) 81.2 (²) (²) (²) 98.9 (²) (²) (²) 87.1 (²) (²) See footnotes at end of table. 63 1 1 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers…………………………………… Food preparation and serving related occupations…………… Chefs and head cooks……………………………………… First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers……………………………………………… Cooks…………………………………………………………… Food preparation workers…………………………………… Bartenders…………………………………………………… Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food……………………………………….. Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop……………………………………………… Waiters and waitresses……………………………………… Food servers, nonrestaurant……………………………….. Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers…………………………………………… Dishwashers…………………………………………………… Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop………………………………………………… Food preparation and serving related workers, all other………………………………………………………. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………………………………………………… First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers…………………………………………… First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers……………………………… Janitors and building cleaners………………………………. Maids and housekeeping cleaners…………………………… Pest control workers…………………………………………… Grounds maintenance workers……………………………… Personal care and service occupations……………………… First-line supervisors of gaming workers…………………… First-line supervisors of personal service workers……………………………………………… Animal trainers………………………………………………… Nonfarm animal caretakers…………………………………… Gaming services workers……………………………………. Motion picture projectionists………………………………… Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers………………… Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers……………………………………………… Embalmers and funeral attendants………………………… Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors……………… Barbers………………………………………………………. Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists……………… Miscellaneous personal appearance workers……………… Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges………………… Tour and travel guides………………………………………… Childcare workers……………………………………………… Personal care aides…………………………………………… Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's (1) $409 580 23 1,909 53 (1) $390 502 21 2,021 245 (1) $429 601 (²) 90.9 83.5 378 1,210 357 210 485 390 384 545 220 449 202 106 458 363 375 505 158 761 155 104 525 406 395 593 87.2 89.4 94.9 85.2 161 387 114 385 46 1 ( ) (²) 58 872 84 323 407 419 32 559 52 (1) 389 393 26 313 31 ( ) 466 1 ( ) (²) 83.5 (²) 119 118 383 332 42 28 1 ( ) (1) 77 90 392 321 (²) (²) 62 369 52 356 10 1 ( ) (²) 4 ( ) 0 ( ) 4 ( ) 1 (²) 3,339 465 1,128 406 2,212 502 80.9 179 646 67 488 113 756 64.6 94 1,496 751 58 761 2,121 90 797 489 399 575 425 453 739 10 384 638 1 29 1,543 39 ( ) 418 392 (1) (1) 422 (1) 85 1,111 114 57 732 578 51 808 514 473 572 424 562 876 (²) 81.3 82.9 (²) (²) 75.1 (²) 67 16 82 82 3 9 613 (1) 419 636 1 ( ) (1) 46 7 60 39 0 6 (1) (1) 417 (1) (1) (1) 21 9 22 43 3 3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 66 5 16 29 282 136 63 9 367 549 424 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) 453 441 545 (1) 382 412 31 2 3 4 259 104 8 3 342 455 ( ) (1) (1) (1) 440 413 (1) (1) 383 407 1 35 3 12 25 23 32 55 6 26 94 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 561 (1) (1) 454 44 3,930 299 See footnotes at end of table. 64 1 1 1 1 1 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 89.6 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Recreation and fitness workers……………………………… 177 42 Residential advisors…………………………………………… Personal care and service workers, all other……………… 34 Sales and office occupations……………………………………… 22,989 Sales and related occupations………………………………… 9,294 First-line supervisors of retail 2,223 sales workers………………………………………………… First-line supervisors of non-retail 702 sales workers………………. ………………………………. Cashiers………………………………………………………… 1,343 Counter and rental clerks………………………………….. 87 Parts salespersons…………………………………………. 117 Retail salespersons…………………………………………… 1,789 202 Advertising sales agents……………………………………… Insurance sales agents……………………………………… 384 Securities, commodities, and financial services 222 sales agents…………………………………………………… Travel agents………..........................……………………… 49 397 Sales representatives, services, all other…………………… Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing………………………………………………… 1,091 15 Models, demonstrators, and product promoters…………… 380 Real estate brokers and sales agents……………………… 30 Sales engineers………………………………………………… Telemarketers……………………………………………….. 69 Door-to-door sales workers, news and street 55 vendors, and related workers……………………………… 140 Sales and related workers, all other………………………… Office and administrative support occupations……………… 13,695 First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers……………………………… 1,274 Switchboard operators, including answering service………………………………………………………… 29 Telephone operators………………………………………. 38 6 Communications equipment operators, all other…………… Bill and account collectors………………………………….. 178 Billing and posting clerks ………………………………… 397 862 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks……………… 2 Gaming cage workers………………………………………… 136 Payroll and timekeeping clerks……………………………… 24 Procurement clerks…………………………………………… 283 Tellers…………………………………………………………… 64 Financial clerks, all other……………………………………… 11 Brokerage clerks……………………………………………… Correspondence clerks……………………………………… 10 74 Court, municipal, and license clerks………………………… 47 Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks…………………… 1,509 Customer service representatives………………………….. 79 Eligibility interviewers, government programs……………… 248 File clerks……………………………………………………… 86 Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks………………………… 121 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan……………………… Library assistants, clerical…………………………………… 49 110 Loan interviewers and clerks………………………………… 27 New accounts clerks…………………………………………… See footnotes at end of table. 65 Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $506 (1) 1 ( ) 638 670 101 27 11 13,977 4,069 $494 (1) 1 ( ) 602 549 76 15 23 9,012 5,225 $575 (1) 1 ( ) 738 804 85.9 (²) (²) 81.6 68.3 676 959 599 1,263 759 78.9 951 383 603 610 545 893 807 214 962 38 16 733 112 201 781 373 (1) 1 ( ) 466 772 665 488 381 50 100 1,056 90 183 1,016 411 620 587 620 961 1,033 76.9 90.8 (²) (²) 75.2 80.3 64.4 1,144 (1) 887 73 38 119 884 (1) 757 149 11 278 1,269 (1) 953 69.7 (²) 79.4 991 (1) 812 (1) 412 262 11 204 3 40 927 1 ( ) 676 (1) 1 ( ) 829 4 176 27 29 1,019 1 ( ) 992 (1) (1) 91.0 (²) 68.1 (²) (²) 526 781 623 20 64 9,908 (1) 618 615 35 76 3,787 (1) 985 668 (²) 62.7 92.1 764 856 741 418 833 89.0 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 608 607 655 (1) 710 (1) 492 793 (1) 1 ( ) 763 (1) 588 632 616 423 546 1 ( ) 706 (1) 25 30 3 130 359 750 1 125 16 241 48 4 8 60 34 972 70 217 53 99 38 93 19 (1) (1) (1) 597 605 656 (1) 704 (1) 500 (1) (1) (1) 738 (1) 569 632 620 416 551 1 ( ) 696 1 ( ) 4 7 4 48 38 112 1 11 9 41 16 7 2 14 13 538 9 32 33 21 12 17 8 (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 654 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) 628 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 100.3 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 90.6 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Order clerks…………………………………………………. Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping…………………………………………………… Receptionists and information clerks………………………… Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks…………………………………………………… Information and record clerks, all other……………………… Cargo and freight agents……………………………………… Couriers and messengers…………………………………… Dispatchers…………………………………………………… Meter readers, utilities………………………………………… Postal service clerks…………………………………………… Postal service mail carriers………………………………….. Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators……………………………… Production, planning, and expediting clerks………………… Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks……………………… Stock clerks and order fillers………………………………… Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping………………………………………………. Secretaries and administrative assistants…………………… Computer operators…………………………………………… Data entry keyers……………………………………………… Word processors and typists………………………………… Desktop publishers………………………………………….. Insurance claims and policy processing clerks…………… Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service………………………………………. Office clerks, general……………………………………….. Office machine operators, except computer………………… Proofreaders and copy markers……………………………… Statistical assistants…………………………………………… Office and administrative support workers, all other…………………………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………………………………………………… Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations…………………… First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers………………………………… Agricultural inspectors………………………………………… Animal breeders……………………………………………… Graders and sorters, agricultural products………………… Miscellaneous agricultural workers………………………… Fishers and related fishing workers………………………… Hunters and trappers………………………………………… Forest and conservation workers…………………………… Logging workers…………………………………………….. Construction and extraction occupations……………………… First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers……………………………………… Boilermakers…………………………………………………… Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons…………… Carpenters……………………………………………………… Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers……………… Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings 35 (1) ( ) 520 5 78 ( ) $521 47 86 2 19 126 3 63 98 (1) 737 (1) 1 ( ) 626 (1) 892 892 33 18 4 145 81 18 66 205 918 812 562 492 24 116 141 337 (1) 722 543 501 60 2,143 116 280 109 1 236 596 654 724 595 599 — 660 28 2,059 56 231 99 0 197 (1) 651 651 597 594 — 647 79 794 31 7 12 521 604 (1) (1) (1) 41 673 20 6 8 387 679 9,965 775 96 $586 60 $577 45 868 (1) 520 40 790 80 105 6 164 207 21 129 303 649 744 (1) 744 651 (1) 978 979 57 226 481 992 (²) 1 (²) 99.8 ( ) (1) (1) 785 728 (1) 1,014 1,017 1 (²) (²) (²) (²) 86.0 (²) 88.0 87.7 33 110 340 655 (1) 916 571 488 (²) 78.8 95.1 102.7 32 84 59 49 10 1 39 (1) 757 853 (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (²) 86.0 76.3 (²) (²) (²) (²) ( ) 594 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1 38 121 11 1 4 (1) 712 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (²) 83.4 (²) (²) (²) 286 645 101 792 81.4 732 430 391 150 515 371 9,574 625 740 445 69.6 83.4 38 23 3 85 565 13 1 8 39 5,031 (1) (1) 1 ( ) 379 419 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) 717 3 12 1 53 77 0 0 4 0 95 (1) (1) (1) 363 370 (1) (1) (1) (1) 612 35 11 2 32 488 13 1 4 39 4,937 (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 427 (1) (1) (1) (1) 718 (²) (²) (²) (²) 86.7 (²) (²) (²) (²) 85.2 482 18 96 737 110 992 (1) 710 630 579 15 0 1 10 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 467 18 95 727 109 1,001 (1) 706 630 581 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) See footnotes at end of table. 66 1 Women's earnings as percent of men's Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Cement masons, concrete finishers, and 59 terrazzo workers……………………………………………… Construction laborers………………………………………. 862 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment 19 operators……………………………………………………… Pile-driver operators…………………………………………. 1 Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators……………………………………….. 345 101 Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers………… 542 Electricians……………………………………………………… 40 Glaziers………………………………………………………… 41 Insulation workers……………………………………………… 266 Painters, construction and maintenance…………………… Paperhangers………………………………………………… 2 417 Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters………… Plasterers and stucco masons……………………………… 13 Reinforcing iron and rebar workers………………………… 5 143 Roofers………………………………………………………… Sheet metal workers…………………………………………. 107 Structural iron and steel workers…………………………… 66 2 Solar photovoltaic installers…………………………………. Helpers, construction trades………………………………… 50 54 Construction and building inspectors………………………… 30 Elevator installers and repairers……………………………… 32 Fence erectors………………………………………………… 25 Hazardous materials removal workers……………………… 96 Highway maintenance workers……………………………… Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment 8 operators…………………………..........................………… Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners…………… 9 28 Miscellaneous construction and related workers…………… Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining………………………………………… 42 17 Earth drillers, except oil and gas……………………………… Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters…………………………………………………. 10 70 Mining machine operators…..........................……………… Roof bolters, mining………………………………………… 12 Roustabouts, oil and gas……………………………………. 18 8 Helpers—extraction workers………………………………… 49 Other extraction workers…………………………………….. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations…………… 4,159 First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers……………………………………. 327 Computer, automated teller, and office machine 237 repairers……………………………………………………… Radio and telecommunications equipment 139 installers and repairers……………………………………… 16 Avionics technicians…………………………………………… 26 Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers…………… Electrical and electronics installers and 7 repairers, transportation equipment………………………… Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility…………………………………………………….. 15 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, See footnotes at end of table. 67 Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings $651 586 0 15 (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) 0 0 809 507 857 (1) (1) 544 1 ( ) 851 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 523 805 870 (1) 469 906 (1) (1) (1) 708 Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 59 846 $651 587 ( ) 1 ( ) 18 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (²) (²) 2 1 3 0 2 17 0 11 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 2 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 343 100 539 40 39 249 2 406 13 5 141 104 66 2 47 52 30 32 24 94 809 509 855 (1) 1 ( ) 555 (1) 853 (1) (1) 520 805 870 (1) 1 ( ) 919 (1) (1) (1) 711 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 0 0 0 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 8 9 28 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 0 0 (1) (1) 42 17 (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) ( ) 1,022 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 806 0 1 0 1 0 0 146 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) $751 10 69 12 17 8 49 4,013 (1) 1,010 (1) (1) (1) (1) 807 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 93.1 947 21 (1) 306 936 (²) 811 22 (1) 215 812 (²) 898 (1) (1) 12 2 0 (1) (1) (1) 127 15 25 883 (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (1) 0 (1) 7 (1) (²) 1 1 ( ) 14 ( ) 1 (²) 1 ( ) 1 1 (²) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) motor vehicles………………..........................……………… 14 Electronic home entertainment equipment 32 installers and repairers……………………………………… 44 Security and fire alarm systems installers…………………… 143 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians………………… 107 Automotive body and related repairers……………………… 11 Automotive glass installers and repairers…………………… 653 Automotive service technicians and mechanics…………… Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists…………………………………………………… 286 Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service 182 technicians and mechanics………………………………… 32 Small engine mechanics……………………………………… Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers……………………… 73 25 Control and valve installers and repairers…………………… Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration 281 mechanics and installers…………………………………… Home appliance repairers…………………………………… 27 Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics…………… 425 359 Maintenance and repair workers, general…………………… Maintenance workers, machinery…………………………. 34 57 Millwrights……………………………………………………… Electrical power-line installers and repairers……………… 111 Telecommunications line installers and repairers………… 192 62 Precision instrument and equipment repairers……………… Wind turbine service technicians…………………………… 2 Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers……………………………………… 29 Commercial divers…………………………………………… 1 Locksmiths and safe repairers……………………………… 17 7 Manufactured building and mobile home installers………… Riggers………………………………………………………… 15 Signal and track switch repairers…………………………… 5 Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair 18 workers………………………………………………………… Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers………………………………………………………… 149 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………………………………………………… 13,333 Production occupations………………………………………… 7,058 First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers……………………………………… 654 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers…………………………………………………… 19 Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical 148 assemblers…………………………………………………… Engine and other machine assemblers….......................... 30 33 Structural metal fabricators and fitters……………………… 758 Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators………………… Bakers…………………………………………………………. 125 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers…………………………………………… 281 Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders…………………………… 7 See footnotes at end of table. 68 Men Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings (1) 0 (1) (1) (1) $988 624 (1) 714 2 0 4 1 0 8 801 Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 14 (1) (²) ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 30 44 139 107 10 645 ( ) 1 ( ) $990 625 1 ( ) 718 1 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 1 1 ( ) 286 802 (²) 822 (1) 3 1 (1) 1 ( ) 179 31 822 1 ( ) (²) (²) 463 (1) 2 1 1 ( ) (1) 71 24 463 (1) (²) (²) 793 1 ( ) 868 758 1 ( ) 892 1,116 915 898 1 ( ) 1 4 10 11 3 1 0 7 10 0 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 279 23 415 347 31 56 111 185 52 2 795 (1) 870 756 1 ( ) 897 1,116 926 914 (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 0 1 0 3 0 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) 27 1 17 7 12 5 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) 1 (1) 17 (1) (²) 671 12 (1) 137 718 (²) 609 605 2,603 1,817 $485 483 10,730 5,241 651 667 74.5 72.4 888 124 665 530 929 71.6 (1) 7 (1) 13 (1) (²) 521 (1) (1) 519 448 73 4 1 285 63 449 (1) (1) 479 416 75 25 31 473 63 591 (1) (1) 566 471 76.0 (²) (²) 84.6 88.3 504 66 479 215 515 93.0 (1) 3 (1) 5 (1) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Women Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Food batchmakers…………………………………………… Food cooking machine operators and tenders……………… Food processing workers, all other………………………… Computer control programmers and operators…………… Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………… Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………………………. Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………………………… Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………… Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………… Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………………………………… Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………… Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………… Machinists……………………………………………………… Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders……………… Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic………………………………………………………… Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………… Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………… Tool and die makers…………………………………………… Welding, soldering, and brazing workers…………………… Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………… Lay-out workers, metal and plastic…………………………… Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………………………. Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners………………………… Metal workers and plastic workers, all other………………… Prepress technicians and workers…………………………… Printing press operators……………………………………… Print binding and finishing workers…………………………… Laundry and dry-cleaning workers…………………………. Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials…………… Sewing machine operators…………………………………… Shoe and leather workers and repairers…………………… Shoe machine operators and tenders……………………… Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers………………………… Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders…………………………………………………… Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………………………… Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………… Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………… Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings 63 17 104 70 $554 (1) 534 770 28 5 25 5 (1) (1) (1) (1) 11 (1) 2 5 (1) 1 9 (1) 92 591 5 Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 1 (²) (²) (²) (²) ( ) 1 (²) ( ) 1 (²) 7 (1) (²) 78 608 (²) ( ) 4 ( ) 1 (²) 3 (1) 57 641 (²) 1 ( ) 0 (1) 15 (1) (²) 3 393 19 (1) 755 (1) 0 16 1 (1) (1) (1) 3 377 18 (1) 767 (1) (²) (²) (²) 4 1 ( ) 1 (1) 3 (1) (²) 47 (1) 12 (1) 35 (1) (²) 3 61 461 (1) 920 679 0 2 36 (1) (1) (1) 3 59 426 (1) 930 695 (²) (²) (²) 5 8 (1) (1) 1 1 ( ) (1) 4 7 ( ) (1) 1 (²) (²) 15 6 356 30 186 13 115 37 112 8 2 46 1 ( ) (1) 561 (1) 613 (1) 412 (1) 403 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 0 81 16 31 6 64 24 84 1 1 33 (1) (1) $517 (1) (1) (1) 386 (1) 398 1 ( ) (1) (1) 13 6 275 14 155 7 52 13 28 7 1 13 (1) (1) 583 (1) 646 (1) 447 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (²) (²) 88.7 (²) (²) (²) 86.4 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 4 (1) 0 (1) 4 (1) (²) 6 (1) 2 ( ) 1 4 ( ) 1 (²) 8 (1) 6 ( ) 1 2 19 (1) 11 ( ) 1 8 35 12 78 65 ( ) (1) $544 781 ( ) 1 9 ( ) 1 4 2 (1) 15 (1) ( ) 1 1 60 643 15 See footnotes at end of table. 69 1 1 (²) 1 ( ) (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Extruding and forming machine setters, 2 operators and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers………… 5 Fabric and apparel patternmakers…………………………… 34 Upholsterers…………………………………………………… 15 Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other………… 42 Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters……………………… 11 Furniture finishers……………………………………………… 1 Model makers and patternmakers, wood…………………… Sawing machine setters, operators, and 31 tenders, wood………………………………………………… Woodworking machine setters, operators, and 17 tenders, except sawing………………..........................…… Woodworkers, all other……………..........................……… 10 Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers…………………………………………………. 53 Stationary engineers and boiler operators………………… 93 Water and wastewater treatment plant and 75 system operators……………………………………………… 37 Miscellaneous plant and system operators………………… Chemical processing machine setters, 66 operators, and tenders……………………………………… Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and 94 blending workers……………………………………………… 69 Cutting workers……………………………………………….. Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting 31 machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………… Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders………………………………………………… 11 Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers……………………………………………………… 608 14 Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers…………… Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory 68 technicians…………………………………………………… Packaging and filling machine operators and 259 tenders………………………………………………………… Painting workers……………………………………………… 111 Photographic process workers and processing 24 machine operators…………………………………………… 4 Semiconductor processors…………………………………… 10 Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders………… Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders………………………… 13 Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders……………………………………………………… 3 7 Etchers and engravers………………………………………… Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic…………………………………………………… 21 Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………………………… 31 17 Tire builders…………………………………………………… 45 Helpers—production workers………………………………… Production workers, all other………………………………. 652 Transportation and material moving occupations…………… 6,275 Supervisors, transportation and material moving 208 workers………………………………………………………… See footnotes at end of table. 70 Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0 2 4 5 1 2 0 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 2 2 30 9 41 9 1 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (1) 1 (1) 30 (1) (²) (1) 1 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 15 8 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (²) (²) $1,091 855 1 1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 52 92 $1,085 851 (²) (²) 780 (1) 5 3 (1) (1) 70 34 788 (1) (²) (²) 853 14 (1) 52 947 (²) 659 518 12 13 (1) (1) 82 55 702 540 (²) (²) (1) 3 (1) 28 (1) (²) (1) 0 (1) 11 (1) (²) 675 (1) 212 7 $541 1 ( ) 396 7 792 1 ( ) 68.3 (²) 612 34 (1) 34 (1) (²) 455 602 139 12 421 (1) 120 99 505 608 83.4 (²) (1) (1) (1) 13 1 6 (1) (1) (1) 10 3 4 (1) (1) (1) (²) (²) (²) ( ) 1 3 ( ) 1 9 ( ) 1 (²) 1 ( ) (1) 0 2 (1) (1) 3 4 (1) (1) (²) (²) (1) 6 (1) 15 (1) (²) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 579 614 8 1 6 151 786 (1) (1) (1) 483 490 23 16 40 502 5,489 (1) (1) (1) 612 634 (²) (²) (²) 78.9 77.3 761 38 (1) 170 773 (²) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd Both sexes Occupation Number of Workers (in thousands) Aircraft pilots and flight engineers…………………………. 93 Air traffic controllers and airfield operations 40 specialists……………………………………………………. 52 Flight attendants……………………………………………… Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians………………………….. 9 310 Bus drivers……………………………………………………… Driver/sales workers and truck drivers……………………… 2,439 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs…………………………………. 207 28 Motor vehicle operators, all other…………………………… 43 Locomotive engineers and operators………………………… Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators……………… 6 48 Railroad conductors and yardmasters……………………… Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers………………………………………………………… 14 23 Sailors and marine oilers……………………………………… 35 Ship and boat captains and operators……………………… 6 Ship engineers………………………………………………… Bridge and lock tenders…………………………………….. 7 46 Parking lot attendants………………………………………… 42 Automotive and watercraft service station attendants……… Transportation inspectors…………………………………… 32 13 Transportation attendants, except flight attendants………… 15 Other transportation workers………………………………… Conveyor operators and tenders…………………………… 5 63 Crane and tower operators…………………………………… Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators…………………………………………………….. 37 5 Hoist and winch operators…………………………………… 491 Industrial truck and tractor operators………………………… 230 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment………………………… Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand…………………………………………………………. 1,260 Machine feeders and offbearers………………………….. 32 300 Packers and packagers, hand………………………………… Pumping station operators…………………………………… 26 58 Refuse and recyclable material collectors…………………… 1 Mine shuttle car operators…………………………………… 3 Tank car, truck, and ship loaders…………………………… 45 Material moving workers, all other…………………………… Women Median weekly earnings Total employed Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings $1,461 4 (1) 89 $1,466 (1) 791 5 38 ( ) (1) 1 35 14 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 608 705 553 (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) 0 122 102 29 1 2 0 3 ( ) $579 511 (1) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1 9 188 2,337 178 26 42 6 45 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) 739 2 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 8 1 3 1 (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 562 465 0 2 35 25 509 1 ( ) 397 (1) 541 (1) (1) (1) 175 5 165 0 3 1 0 3 1 (²) (²) ( ) 645 712 576 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (1) 1 (²) 89.8 71.8 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) 12 23 35 6 7 40 40 28 5 14 2 62 (1) (1) (1) 1 ( ) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 736 (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) (²) ( ) 1 ( ) (1) (1) 37 3 456 206 ( ) 1 ( ) 556 458 1 (²) (²) (²) (²) 416 (1) 397 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1,085 27 135 26 56 0 2 42 520 (1) 396 (1) 580 (1) (1) (1) 80.0 (²) 100.3 1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000. ² Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. NOTE: Effective with the January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classifcation (SOC). Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not available. 71 (²) 1 1 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Women's earnings as percent of men's (²) (²) (²) (²) Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2011 annual averages Total, both sexes Industry 1 Data Men Women's earnings as Median percent of weekly men's earnings Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Total employed $756 44,486 $684 55,971 $832 82.2 1,020 751 5,957 12,901 8,173 4,728 13,009 3,128 9,881 5,858 4,666 1,192 2,551 7,448 5,747 1,702 10,764 6,637 491 1,067 753 789 820 738 613 758 578 842 805 1,004 930 867 908 737 883 1,150 187 84 524 3,490 1,930 1,560 5,127 851 4,276 1,249 988 261 975 4,120 3,353 767 4,255 2,730 428 842 732 655 689 615 539 698 512 728 697 832 797 744 755 686 760 913 832 667 5,433 9,410 6,243 3,168 7,882 2,277 5,605 4,609 3,678 931 1,576 3,329 2,394 935 6,509 3,907 502 1,087 757 848 874 803 679 792 630 882 841 1,077 1,015 1,100 1,218 793 991 1,363 85.3 77.5 96.7 77.2 78.8 76.6 79.4 88.1 81.3 82.5 82.9 77.3 78.5 67.6 62.0 86.5 76.7 67.0 4 127 4,127 23,383 9,814 13,570 6,693 1,542 5,151 3,793 3,473 321 6,329 575 786 888 711 484 616 447 626 654 407 924 1 525 1,525 17,140 6,641 10,499 3,035 619 2,416 1,592 1,319 273 2,708 542 745 849 676 442 550 414 536 580 405 793 2 602 2,602 6,243 3,173 3,070 3,658 923 2,735 2,201 2,154 48 3,621 590 939 987 884 519 675 483 716 723 (1) 1,016 91 9 91.9 79.3 86.0 76.5 85.2 81.5 85.7 74.9 80.2 (1) 78.1 Total employed Total, 16 years and over…………….………… 100,457 Agriculture and related industries ...................... Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .... Construction ...................................................... Manufacturing .................................................... Durable goods ................................................ Nondurable goods .......................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................ Wholesale trade ............................................. Retail trade ..................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................ Transportation and warehousing .................... Utilities ........................................................... Information ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................. Finance and insurance ................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ................ Professional and business services .................. Professional and technical services ............... Management, administrative, and waste services services........................................................ Education and health services .......................... Educational services ...................................... Health care and social assistance ................. Leisure and hospitality ....................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................ Accomodation and food services ................... Other services ................................................... Other services, except private households .... Private households ........................................ Public administration.......................................... Women not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 72 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...… 1971………...…… 1972 3………...… 1973 3………...… 1974……...……… 1975…………...… 1976………...…… 1977………...…… 1978 3…………... 1979………..…… 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 66,753 66,973 69,214 71,803 73,093 71,586 73,964 76,625 80,193 82,654 11,925 12,393 12,939 13,262 13,701 14,260 14,788 15,391 15,855 16,171 84.8 84.4 84.3 84.4 84.2 83.4 83.3 83.3 83.5 83.6 15.2 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.8 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.4 1980……..……… 1981……..……… 1982………..…… 1983…..………… 1984…..………… 1985……...……… 1986 3….…..…… 1987……...….…… 1988……...……… 1989……...……… 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 82,562 83,243 81,421 82,322 86,544 88,534 90,529 92,957 95,214 97,369 16,740 17,154 18,106 18,511 18,462 18,615 19,069 19,483 19,754 19,973 83.1 82.9 81.8 81.6 82.4 82.6 82.6 82.7 82.8 83.0 16.9 17.1 18.2 18.4 17.6 17.4 17.4 17.3 17.2 17.0 1990 3……...…… 1991……...……… 1992………...…… 1993……….…… 1994 3………...… 1995………...…… 1996….………… 1997 3………..… 1998 3……...…… 1999 3…………… 118,793 118 793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 98 666 98,666 97,190 97,664 99,114 99,772 101,679 103,537 106,334 108,202 110,302 20 128 20,128 20,528 20,828 21,145 23,288 23,220 23,170 23,224 23,261 23,186 83 1 83.1 82.6 82.4 82.4 81.1 81.4 81.7 82.1 82.3 82.6 16 9 16.9 17.4 17.6 17.6 18.9 18.6 18.3 17.9 17.7 17.4 2000 3………...… 2001…………..… 2002……………… 2003 3………….. 2004 …………… 2005 …………… 2006 …………… 2007 …………… 2008 3………….. 2009 …………..… 136,891 136,933 136,485 137,736 139,252 141,730 144,427 146,047 145,362 139,877 113,846 113,573 112,700 113,324 114,518 117,016 119,688 121,091 120,030 112,634 23,044 23,361 23,785 24,412 24,734 24,714 24,739 24,956 25,332 27,244 83.2 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.2 82.6 82.9 82.9 82.6 80.5 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.7 17.8 17.4 17.1 17.1 17.4 19.5 2010 …………..… 2011 …………..… 139,064 139,869 111,714 112,556 27,350 27,313 80.3 80.5 19.7 19.5 See footnotes at end of table. 73 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages―Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Women Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...… 1971………...…… 1972 3………...… 1973 3………...… 1974……...……… 1975…………...… 1976………...…… 1977………...…… 1978 3…………... 1979………..…… 29,688 29,976 31,257 32,715 33,769 33,989 35,615 37,289 39,569 41,217 21,929 21,950 22,842 23,960 24,714 24,598 25,814 27,076 28,912 30,227 7,758 8,026 8,416 8,756 9,055 9,391 9,799 10,213 10,658 10,990 73.9 73.2 73.1 73.2 73.2 72.4 72.5 72.6 73.1 73.3 26.1 26.8 26.9 26.8 26.8 27.6 27.5 27.4 26.9 26.7 1980……..……… 1981……..……… 1982………..…… 1983…..………… 1984…..………… 1985……...……… 1986 3….…..…… 1987……...….…… 1988……...……… 1989……...……… 42,117 43,000 43,256 44,047 45,915 47,259 48,706 50,334 51,696 53,027 30,845 31,337 31,086 31,679 33,473 34,672 35,845 37,210 38,398 39,484 11,270 11,664 12,170 12,367 12,441 12,587 12,862 13,124 13,298 13,544 73.2 72.9 71.9 71.9 72.9 73.4 73.6 73.9 74.3 74.5 26.8 27.1 28.1 28.1 27.1 26.6 26.4 26.1 25.7 25.5 1990 3……...…… 1991……...……… 1992………...…… 1993……….…… 1994 3………...… 1995………...…… 1996….………… 1997 3………..… 1998 3……...…… 1999 3…………… 53,689 53,496 54,052 54,910 56,610 57,523 58,501 59,873 60,771 62,042 40,165 39,783 40,301 40,991 40,940 41,743 42,776 44,076 45,014 46,372 13,524 13,713 13,751 13,919 15,670 15,779 15,725 15,797 15,757 15,670 74.8 74.4 74.6 74.7 72.3 72.6 73.1 73.6 74.1 74.7 25.2 25.6 25.4 25.3 27.7 27.4 26.9 26.4 25.9 25.3 2000 3………...… 2001…………..… 2002……………… 2003 3………….. 2004 …………… 2005 …………… 2006 …………… 2007 …………… 2008 3………….. 2009 …………..… 63,586 63,737 63,582 64,404 64,728 65,757 66,925 67,792 67,876 66,208 47,916 47,950 47,494 47,946 48,073 49,158 50,380 51,056 51,178 48,683 15,670 15,788 16,088 16,459 16,654 16,598 16,545 16,736 16,698 17,525 75.4 75.2 74.7 74.4 74.3 74.8 75.3 75.3 75.4 73.5 24.6 24.8 25.3 25.6 25.7 25.2 24.7 24.7 24.6 26.5 2010 …………..… 2011 …………..… 65,705 65,579 48,214 48,224 17,491 17,355 73.4 73.5 26.6 26.5 See footnotes at end of table. 74 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages―Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...… 1971………...…… 1972 3………...… 1973 3………...… 1974……...……… 1975…………...… 1976………...…… 1977………...…… 1978 3…………... 1979………..…… 48,990 49,390 50,896 52,349 53,024 51,857 53,138 54,728 56,479 57,607 44,825 45,023 46,373 47,843 48,378 46,988 48,150 49,551 51,281 52,427 4,166 4,367 4,523 4,507 4,646 4,870 4,988 5,178 5,198 5,180 91.5 91.2 91.1 91.4 91.2 90.6 90.6 90.5 90.8 91.0 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.8 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.2 9.0 1980……..……… 1981……..……… 1982………..…… 1983…..………… 1984…..………… 1985……...……… 1986 3….…..…… 1987……...….…… 1988……...……… 1989……...……… 57,186 57,397 56,271 56,787 59,091 59,891 60,892 62,107 63,273 64,315 51,717 51,906 50,334 50,643 53,070 53,862 54,685 55,746 56,816 57,885 5,471 5,492 5,937 6,145 6,020 6,028 6,207 6,360 6,457 6,430 90.4 90.4 89.4 89.2 89.8 89.9 89.8 89.8 89.8 90.0 9.6 9.6 10.6 10.8 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.0 1990 3……...…… 1991……...……… 1992………...…… 1993……….…… 1994 3………...… 1995………...…… 1996….………… 1997 3………..… 1998 3……...…… 1999 3…………… 65,104 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69,685 70,693 71,446 58,501 57,407 57,363 58,123 58,832 59,936 60,762 62,258 63,189 63,930 6,604 6,815 7,077 7,226 7,617 7,441 7,445 7,427 7,504 7,516 89.9 89.4 89.0 88.9 88.5 89.0 89.1 89.3 89.4 89.5 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.1 11.5 11.0 10.9 10.7 10.6 10.5 See footnotes at end of table. 75 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages―Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 2000 3………...… 2001…………..… 2002……………… 2003 3………….. 2004 …………… 2005 …………… 2006 …………… 2007 …………… 2008 3………….. 2009 …………..… 73,305 73,196 72,903 73,332 74,524 75,973 77,502 78,254 77,486 73,670 65,930 65,623 65,205 65,379 66,444 67,858 69,307 70,035 68,853 63,951 7,375 7,573 7,697 7,953 8,080 8,115 8,194 8,220 8,634 9,719 89.9 89.7 89.4 89.2 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 88.9 86.8 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 11.1 13.2 2010 …………..… 2011 …………..… 73,359 74,290 63,501 64,333 9,858 9,957 86.6 86.6 13.4 13.4 1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 76 Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages All industries Nonagricultural industries Year Total Women Men Total Women Men 1976……. 1977……. 1978 1…… 1979…...… 38.7 38.8 39.0 38.9 34.1 34.2 34.5 34.5 41.7 41.9 42.1 42.0 38.4 38.5 38.7 38.6 34.1 34.2 34.4 34.4 41.4 41.6 41.8 41.7 1980……. 1981……. 1982…...… 1983……. 1984……… 1985…...… 1986 1…… 1987……. 1988……. 1989…...… 38.5 38.1 38.0 38.3 38.8 39.0 39.1 39.0 39.4 39.6 34.5 34.1 34.1 34.5 34.9 35.2 35.4 35.3 35.7 35.8 41.5 41.1 40.9 41.2 41.8 42.0 42.1 42.0 42.4 42.6 38.3 37.9 37.7 38.1 38.6 38.9 38.9 38.8 39.3 39.4 34.4 34.1 34.0 34.4 34.9 35.2 35.3 35.3 35.7 35.8 41.2 40.7 40.6 41.0 41.5 41.8 41.9 41.8 42.2 42.4 1990 1…… 1991…...… 1992……. 1993……… 1994 1…… 1995……. 1996……… 1997 1…… 1998 1…… 1999 1…… 39.4 39.2 38.9 39.4 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.5 39.3 39.6 35.8 35.8 35.6 36.0 35.5 35.6 35.7 36.0 35.8 36.2 42.3 42.0 41.7 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.4 42.2 42.4 39.3 39.1 38.8 39.3 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.4 39.2 39.5 35.8 35.8 35.6 36.0 35.6 35.7 35.7 36.0 35.9 36.2 42.1 41.9 41.6 42.1 42.1 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.2 42.4 2000 1…… 2001…...… 2002……. 2003 1…… 2004……. 2005……. 2006……… 2007……… 2008 1…… 2009 …… 39.7 39.2 39.2 39.0 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.2 38.9 37.9 36.4 36.1 36.0 35.9 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 35.3 42.5 41.9 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.3 40.2 39.6 39.2 39.1 39.0 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.1 38.8 37.8 36.4 36.1 36.1 35.9 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 35.3 42.4 41.8 41.7 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.2 40.1 2010 …… 2011 …… 38.2 38.3 35.5 35.6 40.5 40.6 38.1 38.2 35.6 35.6 40.4 40.6 1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 77 Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2010 (Percent distribution) With work experience Year Population (in thousands) Percent distribution by work experience Usually work full time Total Percent of (in population thousands) Total Total 50 to 52 weeks Usually work part time 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total, both sexes 1970………….……… 1975………….……… 1980…….…………… 1985………….……… 1990 ………...……… 1995………….……… 2000 ………...……… 2005…………………… 2006…………………… 2007…………………… 2008…………………… 2009…………………… 2010…………………… 138,953 153,180 169,452 179,944 189,238 199,925 214,292 227,975 231,033 232,995 235,086 237,158 238,999 93,850 102,603 115,752 123,466 132,562 138,971 150,787 154,322 156,658 157,653 157,472 153,929 152,320 67.5 67.0 68.3 68.6 70.1 69.5 70.4 67.7 67.8 67.7 67.0 64.9 63.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.4 78.9 78.5 78.2 78.8 78.6 80.4 80.3 80.9 80.9 79.5 78.3 78.2 55.6 54.3 56.1 58.7 60.4 62.9 66.7 67.5 68.4 68.4 65.6 64.0 64.7 23.8 24.6 22.4 19.5 18.4 15.7 13.7 12.8 12.5 12.5 13.9 14.3 13.6 20.6 21.2 21.4 21.9 21.3 21.3 19.5 19.7 19.1 19.1 20.5 21.7 21.8 6.7 7.5 7.7 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.3 10.0 9.7 9.8 10.5 11.3 11.2 13.9 13.7 13.7 13.6 12.6 12.2 10.2 9.7 9.4 9.3 10.0 10.4 10.5 73,657 80,834 89,259 94,490 98,970 104,058 111,440 117,814 119,300 120,300 121,328 122,339 123,012 38,809 43,511 51,492 56,165 61,494 65,304 71,341 72,309 73,527 74,115 74,363 72,855 71,980 52.7 53.8 57.7 59.4 62.1 62.8 64.0 61.4 61.6 61.6 61.3 59.6 58.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.9 67.1 67.7 68.1 69.8 70.2 72.9 72.7 73.0 73.6 72.2 71.5 71.5 40.7 41.4 44.7 48.9 51.5 54.3 58.4 59.9 60.7 61.5 59.3 59.3 59.4 27.2 25.7 23.0 19.2 18.3 15.9 14.5 12.8 12.3 12.1 12.9 12.2 12.1 32.2 32.8 32.3 31.8 30.2 29.7 27.1 27.3 27.0 26.4 27.8 28.5 28.5 10.1 11.7 11.9 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.4 14.1 14.1 14.2 15.0 15.8 15.6 22.1 21.1 20.4 19.5 17.4 16.4 13.7 13.2 12.9 12.2 12.8 12.7 12.9 65,296 72,346 80,193 85,454 90,269 95,867 102,853 110,161 111,733 112,695 113,758 114,820 115,986 55,041 59,091 64,260 67,301 71,068 73,667 79,446 82,013 83,131 83,538 83,109 81,073 80,341 84.3 81.7 80.1 78.8 78.7 76.8 77.2 74.4 74.4 74.1 73.1 70.6 69.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.6 87.5 87.2 86.5 86.4 86.2 87.5 87.0 87.8 87.4 86.0 84.4 84.3 66.1 63.8 65.2 66.8 68.0 70.6 74.2 74.2 75.2 74.6 71.2 68.3 69.4 21.5 23.7 22.0 19.7 18.4 15.6 13.3 12.8 12.6 12.8 14.8 16.1 14.9 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.5 13.5 13.9 12.6 13.0 12.2 12.6 14.0 15.6 15.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.5 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.5 7.3 7.3 8.0 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.4 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.7 7.5 8.3 8.4 Women 1970………….……… 1975…….…………… 1980……….………… 1985…….…………… 1990 ………...……… 1995……….………… 2000 ………...……… 2005…………………… 2006…………………… 2007…………………… 2008…………………… 2009…………………… 2010…………………… Men 1970………….……… 1975………….……… 1980……….………… 1985……….………… 1990 ………...……… 1995……….………… 2000 ………...……… 2005…………………… 2006…………………… 2007…………………… 2008…………………… 2009…………………… 2010…………………… NOTE: These data reflect the work experience of the entire year. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 78 Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2010 (Numbers in thousands) Married-couple families One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Wife only Two earners or more Other family member Total Husband Wife and Husband Husband and other other and wife and family family are not wife member member earners 1967……. 1968……. 1969……. 43,292 43,842 44,436 2,943 2,888 3,022 16,490 16,375 16,268 15,429 15,310 15,133 716 730 797 345 335 339 23,859 24,579 25,145 18,888 19,743 20,327 4,639 4,522 4,517 — — — — — — 1970…...… 1971…...… 1972……. 1973…...… 1974…...… 1975…...… 1976……. 1977…...… 1978…...… 1979…...… 44,832 45,939 46,594 47,185 47,438 47,878 48,150 48,131 48,532 49,132 3,252 3,471 3,632 4,027 4,325 4,943 4,962 5,177 5,226 5,559 16,117 16,847 16,787 16,080 15,795 16,217 15,630 15,119 14,456 13,912 14,931 15,502 15,387 14,547 14,122 14,343 13,690 13,153 12,434 11,934 867 1,004 1,003 1,110 1,216 1,394 1,424 1,456 1,509 1,499 320 340 398 423 457 481 516 512 513 480 25,464 25,621 26,175 27,078 27,319 26,717 27,559 27,835 28,850 29,660 20,510 20,641 21,279 22,152 22,451 22,338 23,104 23,474 24,655 25,595 4,622 4,651 4,553 4,535 4,442 3,861 3,829 3,812 3,609 3,476 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983…...… 1984……. 1985…...… 1986……. 1987……. 1988……. 1989…...… 49,316 49,669 49,947 50,134 50,395 50,978 51,574 51,847 52,149 52,385 5,903 6,213 6,427 6,549 6,630 6,693 6,731 6,741 6,754 6,812 13,900 13,832 14,235 13,692 12,952 12,961 12,565 12,435 11,876 11,748 11,621 11,524 11,575 11,100 10,472 10,406 9,984 9,787 9,463 9,212 1,707 1,680 2,048 1,944 1,852 1,897 1,917 1,946 1,777 1,840 573 628 613 647 628 658 664 702 636 695 29,513 29,624 29,285 29,893 30,814 31,324 32,278 32,671 33,519 33,825 25,557 25,729 25,387 26,119 27,035 27,787 28,811 29,369 30,536 30,879 3,380 3,212 3,149 2,996 2,891 2,764 2,730 2,576 2,303 2,373 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 532 435 148 138 1990……. 1991……. 1992……. 1993…...… 1994…...… 1995……. 1996……. 1997……. 1998…...… 1999……. 52,241 52,549 53,254 53,248 53,929 53,621 53,654 54,362 54,829 55,352 6,770 7,091 7,256 7,282 7,227 7,278 7,148 7,289 7,257 7,163 11,630 11,523 11,977 11,842 11,774 11,739 11,556 11,728 12,279 12,328 9,107 8,873 9,114 8,745 8,719 8,821 8,671 8,792 9,198 9,093 1,826 1,993 2,145 2,411 2,374 2,253 2,214 2,302 2,419 2,595 698 657 718 687 681 664 671 634 662 640 33,841 33,935 34,021 34,123 34,928 34,604 34,950 35,345 35,293 35,861 30,829 31,049 31,268 31,302 32,125 32,061 32,406 32,764 32,810 33,360 2,369 2,161 1,940 2,051 2,048 1,878 1,899 1,853 1,726 1,815 479 527 624 614 603 539 522 569 616 519 164 197 199 156 151 127 123 158 141 167 2000…...… 2001……. 2002……. 2003……. 2004……… 2005……… 2006……… 2007……… 2008……… 2009……… 56,643 56,798 57,362 57,767 58,045 58,225 59,050 58,490 59,183 58,516 7,463 7,666 7,803 8,043 7,996 8,017 8,091 7,914 8,083 8,466 12,717 12,907 13,487 14,051 14,352 14,292 14,545 14,264 14,622 15,035 9,515 9,621 10,109 10,469 10,821 10,603 10,693 10,392 10,567 10,565 2,601 2,698 2,818 3,026 2,991 3,096 3,261 3,265 3,435 3,849 600 588 560 557 540 593 591 608 620 621 36,463 36,224 36,071 35,673 35,696 35,915 36,414 36,312 36,477 35,015 33,892 33,696 33,547 33,220 33,131 33,380 33,880 33,718 33,930 32,327 1,865 1,898 1,845 1,789 1,832 1,818 1,752 1,847 1,739 1,789 566 501 558 548 610 597 639 597 650 739 139 129 121 117 123 121 142 149 158 160 2010……… 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172 See note at end of table. 79 Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2010—Continued (Percent distribution) Married-couple families One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Wife only Two earners or more Other family member Total Husband Wife and Husband Husband and other other and wife and wife family family are not member member earners 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.4 4.5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.0 .8 0.3 .3 59.0 59.1 58.7 58.8 59.6 59.8 60.4 60.3 59.8 60.3 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 .9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 .9 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 64.4 63.8 62.9 61.8 61.5 61.7 61.7 62.1 61.6 59.8 59.8 59.3 58.5 57.5 57.1 57.3 57.4 57.6 57.3 55.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.1 1.0 .9 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 .3 1967…..… 100.0 1968…...… 100.0 1969…...… 100.0 6.8 6.6 6.8 38.1 37.4 36.6 35.6 34.9 34.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 0.8 .8 .8 55.1 56.1 56.6 43.6 45.0 45.7 10.7 10.3 10.2 1970…...… 1971…...… 1972…...… 1973……… 1974…...… 1975…...… 1976…...… 1977……. 1978……. 1979……. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.5 9.1 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 35.9 36.7 36.0 34.1 33.3 33.9 32.5 31.4 29.8 28.3 33.3 33.7 33.0 30.8 29.8 30.0 28.4 27.3 25.6 24.3 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 .7 .7 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 56.8 55.8 56.2 57.4 57.6 55.8 57.2 57.8 59.4 60.4 45.7 44.9 45.7 46.9 47.3 46.7 48.0 48.8 50.8 52.1 10.3 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.4 7.1 1980……. 1981……. 1982……. 1983……. 1984……. 1985……. 1986……. 1987……. 1988……. 1989……. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.0 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 28.2 27.8 28.5 27.3 25.7 25.4 24.4 24.0 22.8 22.4 23.6 23.2 23.2 22.1 20.8 20.4 19.4 18.9 18.1 17.6 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 59.8 59.6 58.6 59.6 61.1 61.4 62.6 63.0 64.3 64.6 51.8 51.8 50.8 52.1 53.6 54.5 55.9 56.6 58.6 58.9 1990…...… 1991…...… 1992…...… 1993…...… 1994……. 1995……. 1996……. 1997……. 1998……. 1999……. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.0 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.6 13.3 13.4 13.2 12.9 22.3 21.9 22.5 22.2 21.8 21.9 21.5 21.6 22.4 22.3 17.4 16.9 17.1 16.4 16.2 16.5 16.2 16.2 16.8 16.4 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 64.8 64.6 63.9 64.1 64.8 64.5 65.1 65.0 64.4 64.8 2000…...… 2001……. 2002…...… 2003……. 2004……… 2005……… 2006……… 2007……… 2008……… 2009……… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.2 13.5 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.7 13.5 13.7 14.5 22.5 22.7 23.5 24.3 24.7 24.5 24.6 24.4 24.7 25.7 16.8 16.9 17.6 18.1 18.6 18.2 18.1 17.8 17.9 18.1 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 2010……… 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 80 Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2010 Contribution to family income (median percent) Year 1970………………….……… 1971…………………….…… 1972…………...……………… 1973……………….………… 1974……………….………… 1975…………….…………… 1976………………….……… 1977………………….……… 1978……...…………………… 1979……………...…………… 26.6 27.5 26.7 26.0 25.4 26.3 26.4 26.1 26.1 26.0 1980………….……………… 1981……...…………………… 1982……………...…………… 1983……………….………… 1984………………….……… 1985……………….………… 1986………………...………… 1987……………………...…… 1988……………………...…… 1989……………………….… 26.7 27.3 28.4 28.8 28.4 28.3 29.0 29.5 29.6 29.9 1990………………….……… 1991………………….……… 1992…………………….…… 1993………….……………… 1994…………….…………… 1995……………….………… 1996……………………….… 1997…………………….…… 1998……………….………… 1999……………………….… 30.7 31.3 32.4 32.2 31.9 31.9 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.8 2000……………………….… 2001……………………….… 2002……………………….… 2003……………………….… 2004…………………………… 2005…………………………… 2006…………………………… 2007…………………………… 2008…………………………… 2009…………………………… 33.5 34.4 34.8 35.2 34.9 35.1 35.6 36.0 36.0 37.1 2010……………………….… 37.6 NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 81 Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2010 (Numbers in thousands) Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not ¹ Year Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings ² Married-couple Married-couple families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives wife (but not more than who earn more both wife and more than who earn more necessarily their than their husband had their than their husband) had husbands husbands earnings from husbands husbands earnings from work work 1987…...………… 1988…...………… 1989…...………… 32,025 32,810 33,119 7,581 7,827 8,068 23.7 23.9 24.4 29,755 30,503 30,848 5,311 5,520 5,796 17.8 18.1 18.8 1990…...………… 1991…...………… 1992…...………… 1993…...………… 1994…...………… 1995…...………… 1996…...………… 1997……............ 1998……............ 1999……............ 33,093 33,516 33,987 34,286 35,066 34,819 35,120 35,613 35,806 36,454 8,221 8,983 9,715 10,000 10,184 9,822 10,070 10,309 10,467 10,548 24.8 26.8 28.6 29.2 29.0 28.2 28.7 28.9 29.2 28.9 30,794 30,998 31,221 31,264 32,091 32,030 32,389 32,745 32,782 33,340 5,923 6,465 6,948 6,978 7,209 7,033 7,340 7,441 7,443 7,434 19.2 20.9 22.3 22.3 22.5 22.0 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.3 2000……............ 2001……............ 2001 2002……............ 2003……............ 2004……………… 2005……………… 2006……………… 2007……………… 2008……………… 2009……………… 2010……………… 37,037 36,864 36 864 36,905 36,761 36,710 37,055 37,733 37,536 37,988 36,858 36,024 11,070 11,329 11 329 11,765 11,923 11,985 12,215 12,601 12,570 13,104 13,903 13,798 29.9 30.7 30 7 31.9 32.4 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.5 34.5 37.7 38.3 33,873 33,665 33 665 33,531 33,189 33,110 33,364 33,838 33,678 33,905 32,280 31,373 7,906 8,130 8 130 8,391 8,351 8,386 8,524 8,707 8,712 9,020 9,326 9,147 23.3 24.1 24 1 25.0 25.2 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.6 28.9 29.2 1 2 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work. Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work. NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 82 This table was reissued on March 26, 2013, to correct errors in the data. Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage Characteristic Total Total Percent of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage 1,677 2,152 Age and sex Total, 16 years and over………………..………… 73,926 3,829 5.2 16 to 24 years………………………..…………… 14,436 1,896 13.1 893 1,003 25 years and over……………………..…………… 59,490 1,933 3.2 784 1,149 Women, 16 years and over……………..………… 37,469 2,395 6.4 1,029 1,366 16 to 24 years………………………..…………… 7,147 1,109 15.5 505 604 25 years and over……………………..…………… 30,323 1,286 4.2 524 762 Men, 16 years and over………………………..…… 36,457 1,433 3.9 648 785 7,290 787 10.8 388 399 29,167 647 2.2 260 387 16 to 24 years…………………………………..… 25 years and over…………………………..……… Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity White……………………………..…………………. 59,314 3,006 5.1 1,258 1,748 Women………………………..………………….… 29,571 1,898 6.4 774 1,124 Men………………………..………………….……… 29,743 1,108 3.7 484 624 9,523 577 6.1 324 253 Black or African American………………………… Women………………………..………………….… 5,271 356 6.8 208 148 Men………………………..………………….……… 4,252 222 5.2 117 105 Asian……………….………………………………..… 3,037 99 3.3 36 63 Women………………………..………………….… 1,612 58 3.6 23 35 Men………………………..………………….……… 1,425 41 2.9 13 28 Hispanic or Latino …………………………………… 13,264 720 5.4 340 380 Women………………………..………………….… 5,561 394 7.1 186 208 Men………………………..………………….……… 7,703 326 4.2 154 172 See footnotes at end of table. 83 This table was reissued on March 26, 2013, to correct errors in the data. Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averagesʊCont'd (Numbers in thousands) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage Characteristic Full- and part-time status Total Total Percent of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage 1 Full-time workers……………………..……………… 53,594 1,274 2.4 522 752 Women……………………………….……………… 24,302 773 3.2 317 456 Men……………………………………..…………… 29,292 501 1.7 205 296 Part-time workers…………………..……………… 20,199 2,545 12.6 1,153 1,392 Women……………………………...……………… 13,096 1,615 12.3 711 904 Men…………………………..……………………… 7,103 932 13.1 443 489 1 Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week. Data will not sum to totals because fullfull or part-time part time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. $7 25 an hour in 2011. 2011 Data are for wage and salary workers, workers excluding NOTE: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $7.25 the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 84 Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 (Numbers in thousands) Total Total, 16 years and older………… 146,859 16 to 19 years……………...… 3,140 20 to 24 years…………...…… 13,300 25 to 34 years…………...…… 32,561 35 to 44 years……………..… 32,056 45 to 54 years……………...… 34,721 55 to 64 years………………… 24,066 65 years and older…………… 7,015 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 7,063 72 449 1,661 1,948 1,636 1,049 247 21,283 571 2,546 6,127 5,467 4,068 1,943 560 10,512 452 2,057 3,005 2,353 1,689 814 143 7,728 326 1,531 2,132 1,778 1,258 604 99 2,120 101 429 670 428 314 148 30 339 7 43 89 87 66 43 5 3,010 125 421 954 862 454 162 32 Black or African American Asian 119,582 2,621 10,669 25,743 25,461 28,539 20,426 6,122 16,827 329 1,795 4,216 3,884 3,870 2,197 536 Age and sex Total Below poverty level White Women, 16 years and older…… 16 to 19 years……………….. 20 to 24 years…………...…… 25 to 34 years………...……… 35 to 44 years………………… 45 to 54 years………………… 55 to 64 years……………….. 65 years and older……….…… 68,234 1,563 6,265 14,652 14,694 16,498 11,439 3,122 54,353 1,304 4,950 11,296 11,314 13,295 9,526 2,667 8,979 177 933 2,185 2,099 2,079 1,209 297 3,304 35 196 735 927 782 524 105 8,630 244 999 2,270 2,192 1,814 862 249 5,213 246 1,149 1,437 1,111 799 406 66 3,561 162 813 904 756 584 299 45 1,304 74 269 444 267 163 73 14 173 3 30 38 54 21 24 – 1,193 51 210 339 314 186 81 12 Men, 16 years and older………… 16 to 19 years………………… 20 to 24 years years……………….. 25 to 34 years……………...… 35 to 44 years…………...…… 45 to 54 years………………… 55 to 64 years………………… 65 years and older…………… 78,626 1,577 7 035 7,035 17,908 17,362 18,223 12,627 3,893 65,229 1,317 5 720 5,720 14,446 14,146 15,244 10,900 3,455 7,848 153 862 2,031 1,784 1,790 987 240 3,759 37 253 926 1,022 854 526 141 12,653 328 1 547 1,547 3,857 3,275 2,255 1,081 311 5,299 206 908 1,568 1,242 890 408 77 4,166 164 718 1,228 1,023 674 305 54 816 27 160 226 161 150 75 16 167 4 12 51 33 45 19 3 1,817 74 211 615 549 268 80 20 See footnotes at end of table. 85 Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010—Cont'd Rate 1 Total White Black or African American Total, 16 years and older………… 16 to 19 years……………...… 20 to 24 years…………...…… 25 to 34 years…………...…… 35 to 44 years……………..… 45 to 54 years……………...… 55 to 64 years………………… 65 years and older…………… 7.2 14.4 15.5 9.2 7.3 4.9 3.4 2.0 6.5 12.4 14.3 8.3 7.0 4.4 3.0 1.6 12.6 30.6 23.9 15.9 11.0 8.1 6.8 5.5 4.8 (2) 9.5 5.4 4.5 4.0 4.1 2.1 14.1 21.8 16.5 15.6 15.8 11.2 8.3 5.8 Women, 16 years and older…… 16 to 19 years……………….. 20 to 24 years…………...…… 25 to 34 years………...……… 35 to 44 years………………… 45 to 54 years………………… 55 to 64 years……………….. 65 years and older……….…… 7.6 15.7 18.3 9.8 7.6 4.8 3.5 2.1 6.6 12.4 16.4 8.0 6.7 4.4 3.1 1.7 14.5 41.7 28.8 20.3 12.7 7.9 6.0 4.6 5.2 (2) 15.5 5.2 5.8 2.7 4.6 1.9 13.8 20.9 21.0 15.0 14.3 10.2 9.4 4.9 Men, 16 years and older………… 16 to 19 years………………… 20 to 24 years years……………….. 25 to 34 years……………...… 35 to 44 years…………...…… 45 to 54 years………………… 55 to 64 years………………… 65 years and older…………… 6.7 13.1 12 9 12.9 8.8 7.2 4.9 3.2 2.0 6.4 12.5 12 6 12.6 8.5 7.2 4.4 2.8 1.6 10.4 17.9 18 5 18.5 11.1 9.0 8.4 7.6 6.7 4.4 (2 ) 48 4.8 5.5 3.2 5.2 3.6 2.2 14.4 22.9 13 6 13.6 15.9 16.8 11.9 7.4 6.4 Age and sex Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. 2 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000. NOTE: These data, collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to zero. SOURCE: 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 86 Table 28. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2012 Age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Percent distribution by employment status Total (in thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Total Total, 20 years and over…………...… 20 to 24 years…………………...…… 25 to 54 years……………...………… 55 to 64 years…………...…………… 65 years and over…………...……… 6,121 128 4,268 1,338 386 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.0 61.7 61.5 47.4 23.5 26.7 22.4 26.2 28.1 27.5 17.4 15.9 12.3 24.5 49.0 Women, 20 years and over………… 20 to 24 years……………………...… 25 to 54 years………………..……… 55 to 64 years…………………..…… 65 years and over………………..… 2,681 50 1,831 611 189 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 49.7 30.8 19.5 54.6 43.3 23.5 30.9 31.1 27.7 14.5 25.6 48.8 Men, 20 years and over…………….. 20 to 24 years……………………..… 25 to 54 years……………..………… 55 to 64 years…………..…………… 65 years and over…………..……… 3,440 78 2,438 727 197 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.9 70.6 66.7 50.8 23.5 23.4 15.0 22.7 25.6 27.3 15.7 14.4 10.6 23.7 49.2 5,027 2,920 2 107 2,107 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 57.4 51.2 61 9 61.9 26.1 30.2 23 1 23.1 16.5 18.7 14 9 14.9 662 378 284 100.0 100.0 100.0 46.1 41.2 52.7 31.2 35.9 24.8 22.7 22.9 22.4 230 109 121 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.3 58.9 61.5 26.7 25.6 27.6 13.1 15.5 10.9 901 307 594 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2) (2) (2) White Total, 20 years and over…………..… Women……………………………… M Men……………………………….…… Black or African American Total, 20 years and over……………… Women…………………………….… Men…………………………….……… Asian Total, 20 years and over……………… Women…………………………….… Men………………………………..… Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 20 years and over………….… Women……………………………… Men…………………………..……… 54.9 44.3 60.3 27.7 31.6 25.7 17.4 24.1 14.0 1 Data refer to people who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2009 and December 2011 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: January 2012 Displaced Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 87 Table 29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex, selected years, 1998–2012 Age and sex February 1998 February 2000 January 2002 January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 Total, 16 years and over…………...… 16 to 17 years…………………...…… 18 to 19 years…………………...…… 20 to 24 years…………………...…… 25 years and over………………….. 25 to 34 years……………...……… 35 to 44 years……………...……… 45 to 54 years……………...……… 55 to 64 years……………...……… 65 years and over……………...…… 3.6 .6 .7 1.1 4.7 2.7 5.0 8.1 10.1 7.8 3.5 .6 .7 1.1 4.7 2.6 4.8 8.2 10.0 9.4 3.7 .7 .8 1.2 4.7 2.7 4.6 7.6 9.9 8.6 4.0 .7 .8 1.3 4.9 2.9 4.9 7.7 9.6 9.0 4.0 .6 .7 1.3 4.9 2.9 4.9 7.3 9.3 8.8 4.1 .7 .8 1.3 5.1 2.7 4.9 7.6 9.9 10.2 4.4 .7 1.0 1.5 5.2 3.1 5.1 7.8 10.0 9.9 4.6 .7 .8 1.3 5.4 3.2 5.3 7.8 10.3 10.3 Women, 16 years and over…………. 16 to 17 years…………………...…… 18 to 19 years…………………...…… 20 to 24 years…………………...…… 25 years and over………………….. 25 to 34 years……………...……… 35 to 44 years……………...……… 45 to 54 years……………...……… 55 to 64 years……………...……… 65 years and over……………...…… 3.4 .6 .7 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.5 7.2 9.6 8.7 3.3 .6 .7 1.0 4.4 2.5 4.3 7.3 9.9 9.7 3.4 .7 .8 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.2 6.5 9.6 9.4 3.8 .6 .8 1.3 4.7 2.8 4.5 6.4 9.2 9.6 3.9 .6 .7 1.2 4.8 2.8 4.6 6.7 9.2 9.5 3.9 .6 .8 1.3 4.9 2.6 4.7 7.0 9.8 9.9 4.2 .7 1.0 1.5 5.1 3.0 4.9 7.1 9.7 10.1 4.6 .7 .8 1.3 5.4 3.1 5.2 7.3 10.0 10.5 Men, 16 years and over……………..… 16 to 17 years…………………...…… 18 to 19 years…………………...…… 20 to 24 years…………………...…… 25 years and over………………….. 25 to 34 years……………...……… 35 to 44 years……………...……… 45 to 54 years……………...……… 55 to 64 years……………...……… 65 years and over……………...…… 3.8 .6 .7 1.2 4.9 2.8 5.5 9.4 11.2 7.1 3.8 .6 .7 1.2 4.9 2.7 5.3 9.5 10.2 9.0 3.9 .8 .8 1.4 4.9 2.8 5.0 9.1 10.2 8.1 4.1 .7 .8 1.3 5.1 3.0 5.2 9.6 9.8 8.2 4.1 .7 .7 1.4 5.0 2.9 5.1 8.1 9.5 8.3 4.2 .7 .8 1.4 5.2 2.8 5.2 8.2 10.1 10.4 4.6 .7 1.0 1.6 5.3 3.2 5.3 8.5 10.4 9.7 4.7 .6 .8 1.4 5.5 3.2 5.4 8.5 10.7 10.2 SOURCE: 1998–2012 Displaced Worker Supplements to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 88 Table 30. Labor force status of 2011 high school graduates and 2010–2011 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2011 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Total, 2011 high school graduates1…… 3 Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force 1,487 48.3 1,090 35.4 398 26.7 1,594 Women…………………….………………… 1,474 Men……………………….………………… 1,607 679 808 46.1 50.3 539 551 36.6 34.3 140 258 20.6 31.9 795 799 Enrolled in college………...……………… Percent of total 2011 graduates……… 2,103 68.3 815 54.8 38.8 - 643 59.0 30.6 - 172 43.2 21.1 - 1,288 80.8 Women…………………………..………… Percent of female 2011 graduates…… 1,065 72.3 437 64.4 41.0 - 370 68.6 34.8 - 66 47.1 15.2 - 628 79.0 Men………………………….……………… Percent of male 2011 graduates……… 1,038 64.6 378 46.8 36.5 273 49.5 26.3 - 106 41.1 27.9 - - 659 82.5 Not enrolled in college……………..……… Percent of total 2011 graduates……… 979 31.8 672 45.2 68.7 447 41.0 45.6 - 226 56.8 33.6 - - 306 19.2 Women…………………………………..… Percent of female 2011 graduates…… 409 27.7 242 35.6 59.2 - 169 31.4 41.2 - 74 52.9 30.4 - 167 21.0 Men……………………………………….… Percent of male 2011 graduates……… 569 35.4 430 53.2 75.5 - 278 50.5 48.8 - 152 58.9 35.4 - 139 17.4 369 205 55.5 126 34.2 79 38.4 164 169 200 87 118 51.3 59.1 41 86 24.1 42.8 46 33 Women…………………………..………… Men………………………………….……… 2 Total Percent of population Unemployed 3,081 Total, 2010–11 high school dropouts2… 1 Employed 53.1 27.5 Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2011. Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2010 and October 2011. Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SOURCE: October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 89 82 82 Table 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2011 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Enrolled in school…………………...…… 2 Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Unemployed Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force 22,403 8,744 39.0 7,501 33.5 1,243 14.2 13,659 Women……………………………….…… 11,333 Men……………………………….………… 11,071 4,740 4,004 41.8 36.2 4,125 3,375 36.4 30.5 615 628 13.0 15.7 6,593 7,067 Enrolled in high school 1…………...……… 9,618 2,116 22.0 1,582 16.5 534 25.2 7,502 Women……………………………….…… 4,608 Men……………………………….………… 5,010 1,140 976 24.7 19.5 878 704 19.1 14.1 262 272 23.0 27.9 3,468 4,034 Enrolled in college……………..…………… 12,785 6,628 51.8 5,919 46.3 709 10.7 6,158 Women…………………….……………… 6,725 Men…………………….…………………… 6,061 3,600 3,028 53.5 50.0 3,247 2,671 48.3 44.1 353 356 9.8 11.8 3,125 3,033 15,873 12,642 79.6 10,431 65.7 2,212 17.5 3,231 Women…………………………….………… Less than a high school diploma .......... High school graduates, no college 2 ..... Some college or associate's degree ..... Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 7,521 1,222 2,986 2,073 1,240 5,563 697 2,042 1,682 1,142 74.0 57.0 68.4 81.1 92.1 4,641 480 1,654 1,457 1,051 61.7 39.3 55.4 70.3 84.7 922 217 389 225 92 16.6 31.2 19.0 13.4 8.0 1,958 525 943 392 98 Men……………………………………...…… Less than a high school diploma .......... High school graduates, no college 2 ..... Some college or associate's degree ..... Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 8,352 1,532 3,990 1,971 859 7,080 1,131 3,348 1,772 828 84.8 73.8 83.9 89.9 96.4 5,790 907 2,574 1,559 749 69.3 59.3 64.5 79.1 87.2 1,290 223 774 213 79 18.2 19.7 23.1 12.0 9.5 1,273 401 642 199 31 Not enrolled in school……………..…….. 1 Employed Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. Includes high school diploma or equivalent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. SOURCE: October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 90 Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Multiple jobholding rate¹ Multiple jobholders Women Year Total employed Total Number Percent of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 7,260 7,693 7,832 7,955 7,926 7,802 3,336 3,554 3,640 3,718 3,748 3,698 46.0 46.2 46.5 46.7 47.3 47.4 3,924 4,139 4,192 4,237 4,178 4,104 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.9 5.7 2000…..… 136,891 2001..…… 136,933 2002…..… 136,485 2003..…… 137,736 2004…..… 139,252 2005………141,730 2006………144,427 2007………146,047 2008………145,362 2009………139,877 7,604 7,357 7,291 7,315 7,473 7,546 7,576 7,655 7,620 7,271 3,608 3,523 3,557 3,599 3,638 3,691 3,753 3,822 3,783 3,741 47.4 47.9 48.8 49.2 48.7 48.9 49.5 49.9 49.6 51.5 3,996 3,834 3,734 3,716 3,835 3,855 3,822 3,833 3,837 3,530 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.8 2010………139,064 2011………139,869 6,878 6,880 3,552 3,496 51.6 50.8 3,326 3,384 4.9 4.9 5.4 5.3 4.5 4.6 1994…..… 1995….… 1996…..… 1997…..… 1998…..… 1999…..… ¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 91 Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total Year 1976…… 1977….. 1978….. 1979….. 1980….. 1981….. 1982….. 1983….. 1984…… 1985….. 1986….. 1987….. 1988…… 1989….. 1990…… 1991….. 1992….. 1993….. 1994 1994….. 1995….. 1996….. 1997….. 1998….. 1999….. 2000….. 2001….. 2002…… 2003….. 2004…… 2005….. 2006…… 2007…… 2008…… 2009…… 2010…… 2011….. Total Selfemployed employed 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 101,685 103,971 106,435 109,232 111,800 114,143 115,570 114,449 115,246 117,144 119 651 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 130,207 134,427 134,635 134,174 135,461 137,020 139,532 142,221 143,952 143,194 137,775 136,858 137,615 5,782 6,115 6,428 6,792 7,001 7,097 7,263 7,575 7,785 7,810 7,881 8,201 8,519 8,605 8,719 8,850 8,576 8,959 9 003 9,003 8,901 8,971 9,056 8,962 8,790 9,205 9,121 8,923 9,344 9,467 9,509 9,685 9,557 9,219 8,995 8,860 8,603 Women Men Selfemployed SelfSelfSelfwomen as employed employed employed percent of Total SelfTotal Selfas a as a as a total selfemployed employed employed employed percent of percent of percent of employed total total total 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.6 75 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 35,027 36,677 38,900 40,556 41,461 42,333 42,591 43,367 45,262 46,615 48,054 49,668 51,020 52,341 53,011 52,815 53,380 54,273 55 755 55,755 56,642 57,630 59,026 59,945 61,193 62,983 63,147 62,995 63,824 64,182 65,213 66,382 67,302 67,358 65,712 65,164 65,023 1,549 1,692 1,814 1,982 2,097 2,192 2,309 2,439 2,566 2,603 2,610 2,778 2,955 3,043 3,122 3,150 2,963 3,065 3 443 3,443 3,440 3,506 3,550 3,482 3,424 3,631 3,594 3,499 3,609 3,607 3,565 3,681 3,637 3,483 3,468 3,388 3,341 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.6 62 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 50,394 52,057 53,761 54,921 54,477 54,697 53,534 54,083 56,423 57,356 58,381 59,564 60,780 61,802 62,559 61,634 61,866 62,871 63 896 63,896 64,818 65,634 67,133 68,140 69,014 71,444 71,488 71,179 71,636 72,838 74,319 75,838 76,650 75,836 72,062 71,694 72,592 4,233 4,423 4,614 4,810 4,904 4,905 4,954 5,136 5,219 5,207 5,271 5,423 5,564 5,562 5,597 5,700 5,613 5,894 5 560 5,560 5,461 5,465 5,506 5,480 5,366 5,573 5,527 5,425 5,736 5,860 5,944 6,004 5,920 5,736 5,527 5,472 5,262 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.0 8.9 9.2 9.1 9.4 87 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.2 NOTE: Since 2000, data reflect population controls for Census 2000 and changes in the classification of industries. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 92 26.8 27.7 28.2 29.2 30.0 30.9 31.8 32.2 33.0 33.3 33.1 33.9 34.7 35.4 35.8 35.6 34.5 34.2 38 2 38.2 38.6 39.1 39.2 38.9 39.0 39.4 39.4 39.2 38.6 38.1 37.5 38.0 38.1 37.8 38.6 38.2 38.8 Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Native- or foreign-born status, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Both sexes Native born1 16 years and over…….. 203,197 16 to 24 years………..… 34,567 25 to 34 years………… 33,801 35 to 44 years………... 31,006 45 to 54 years………… 36,753 55 to 64 years………... 32,250 65 years and over…… 34,819 129,226 19,026 27,967 25,817 29,560 20,604 6,252 63.6 55.0 82.7 83.3 80.4 63.9 18.0 117,686 15,668 25,282 23,970 27,593 19,315 5,858 57.9 45.3 74.8 77.3 75.1 59.9 16.8 11,539 3,358 2,685 1,847 1,967 1,289 393 8.9 17.7 9.6 7.2 6.7 6.3 6.3 73,971 15,541 5,834 5,189 7,193 11,646 28,568 Foreign born2 16 years and over…….. 36,420 16 to 24 years……….… 3,631 25 to 34 years……..…… 7,562 35 to 44 years……..…… 8,492 45 to 54 years………… 7,089 55 to 64 years……….… 4,737 65 years and over…… 4,909 24,391 1,971 5,758 6,843 5,799 3,161 860 67.0 54.3 76.1 80.6 81.8 66.7 17.5 22,183 1,695 5,255 6,301 5,274 2,870 788 60.9 46.7 69.5 74.2 74.4 60.6 16.1 2,208 276 503 542 525 290 72 9.1 14.0 8.7 7.9 9.1 9.2 8.3 12,029 1,660 1,805 1,650 1,290 1,577 4,049 Native born1 16 years and over…….. 104,970 16 to 24 years………… 17,078 25 to 34 years……...… 17,091 35 to 44 years……...… 31,006 45 to 54 years……….… 18,819 55 to 64 years………..… 32,250 65 years and over…… 34,819 61,630 9,228 13,162 25,817 14,289 20,604 6,252 58.7 54.0 77.0 83.3 75.9 63.9 18.0 56,516 7,772 11,983 23,970 13,395 19,315 5,858 53.8 45.5 70.1 77.3 71.2 59.9 16.8 5,115 1,456 1,179 1,847 894 1,289 393 8.3 15.8 9.0 7.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 43,340 7,850 3,930 5,189 4,530 11,646 28,568 Foreign born2 16 years and over…….. 18,331 16 to 24 years………..… 1,694 25 to 34 years……...… 3,562 35 to 44 years……...… 4,166 45 to 54 years……….… 3,572 55 to 64 years………… 2,473 65 years and over…… 2,864 10,012 773 2,094 2,775 2,587 1,434 349 54.6 45.6 58.8 66.6 72.4 58.0 12.2 9,063 656 1,880 2,534 2,358 1,314 321 49.4 38.7 52.8 60.8 66.0 53.1 11.2 949 117 213 241 229 120 28 9.5 15.1 10.2 8.7 8.8 8.4 8.0 8,319 921 1,468 1,391 984 1,039 2,516 Women See footnotes at end of table. 93 Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Native- or foreign-born status, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men Native born1 16 years and over……… 16 to 24 years………… 25 to 34 years………... 35 to 44 years………... 45 to 54 years……….… 55 to 64 years……….… 65 years and over…… 98,228 17,489 16,710 15,120 36,753 32,250 34,819 67,595 9,797 14,805 13,619 29,560 20,604 6,252 68.8 56.0 88.6 90.1 80.4 63.9 18.0 61,170 7,895 13,300 12,603 27,593 19,315 5,858 62.3 45.1 79.6 83.4 75.1 59.9 16.8 6,425 1,902 1,506 1,015 1,967 1,289 393 9.5 19.4 10.2 7.5 6.7 6.3 6.3 30,633 7,691 1,905 1,501 7,193 11,646 28,568 Foreign born2 16 years and over……… 18,090 16 to 24 years……….… 1,936 25 to 34 years……...… 4,000 35 to 44 years………... 4,326 45 to 54 years………… 3,517 55 to 64 years……….… 2,265 65 years and over…… 2,045 14,379 1,198 3,664 4,067 3,212 1,727 511 79.5 61.9 91.6 94.0 91.3 76.2 25.0 13,120 1,039 3,374 3,767 2,915 1,557 468 72.5 53.7 84.4 87.1 82.9 68.7 22.9 1,260 159 289 300 296 170 44 8.8 13.3 7.9 7.4 9.2 9.8 8.6 3,711 738 337 259 305 538 1,534 1 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. 2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 94 Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2011 (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Members of unions 1 Year Total employed Women Represented by unions Members of unions 1 2 Total employed Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9 1990 …… 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9 1991...…… 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8 1992……. Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 1983……… 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 1984…...… 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 1985……. 3 1986 …… 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 96,903 16,975 17.5 1987…...… 99,303 16,913 17.0 1988……. 101,407 17,002 1989…...… 103,480 3 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9 1993……. 106,101 3 1994 …… 107,989 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1 1995……. 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3 1996…...… 111,960 1997 3…… 114,533 1998 3…… 116,730 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1 1999 3…… 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 13.1 3 2000 …… 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 2001……. 122,229 2002……… 121,826 2003 3…… 122,358 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9 2004……… 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5 2005…… 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 2006……… 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2 2007……… 129,767 2008 3…… 129,377 2009 …… 124,490 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7 2010 …… 2011 …… 14,715 14,764 11.9 11.8 16,290 16,290 13.1 13.0 60,542 60,502 6,722 6,758 11.1 11.2 7,528 7,558 12.4 12.5 124,073 125,187 See footnotes at end of table. 95 Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2011—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Men Members of unions 1 Year Total employed Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 1983……… 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7 1984…...… 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7 1985……. 3 1986 …… 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7 1987…...… 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9 1988……. 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5 1989…...… 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8 3 1990 …… 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2 1991...…… 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1 1992……. 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4 1993……. 3 1994 …… 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6 1995……. 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8 1996…...… 58,473 1997 3…… 59,825 1998 3…… 60,973 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4 1999 3…… 9 949 9,949 16 1 16.1 10 758 10,758 17 4 17.4 3 2000 …… 61 914 61,914 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5 2001……. 63,647 2002……… 63,272 2003 3…… 63,236 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6 2004……… 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0 2005…… 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7 2006……… 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0 2007……… 67,468 2008 3…… 66,846 2009 …… 63,539 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4 2010 …… 2011 …… 7,994 8,006 12.6 12.4 8,761 8,731 13.8 13.5 63,531 64,686 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract, as well as to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 96 Table 36. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and period of service Women as a percent of total Total Women Men Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 21,613 1,801 19,812 8.3 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 11,320 1,116 10,204 9.9 52.4 62.0 51.5 Employed…………………………………………………… 10,375 1,015 9,360 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 48.0 56.3 47.2 Unemployed………………………………………………… 945 101 844 Total veterans, 18 years of age and over Participation rate……………………………………………… 9.8 10.7 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 8.3 9.1 8.3 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 10,293 685 9,608 6.7 Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 2,387 405 1,982 17.0 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 14.5 Period of Service Gulf War-era II veterans 1,937 281 1,656 Participation rate……………………………………………… 81.2 69.5 83.5 Employed…………………………………………………… 1,704 246 1,457 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 71.4 60.9 73.5 Unemployed………………………………………………… 234 35 199 14.4 15.0 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 12.1 12.4 12.0 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 450 123 327 27.3 Gulf War-era I veterans Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 2,936 461 2,475 15.7 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 2,460 339 2,121 13.8 Participation rate……………………………………………… 83.8 73.5 85.7 Employed…………………………………………………… 2,289 318 1,971 13.9 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 78.0 68.9 79.6 Unemployed………………………………………………… 172 21 150 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 7.0 6.3 7.1 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 476 122 353 25.6 Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 10,436 330 10,106 3.2 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 3,549 108 3,441 3.0 Participation rate……………………………………………… 34.0 32.7 34.0 Employed…………………………………………………… 3,280 99 3,181 12.2 World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans Employment-population ratio…………………………… 31.4 30.1 31.5 Unemployed………………………………………………… 269 9 260 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 7.6 7.9 7.6 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 6,887 222 6,665 See note at end of table. 97 3.0 3.3 3.2 Table 36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percent of total Veterans of other service periods Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 5,853 605 5,248 10.3 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 3,374 388 2,986 11.5 Participation rate……………………………………………… 57.6 64.1 56.9 Employed…………………………………………………… 3,102 351 2,751 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 53.0 58.1 52.4 Unemployed………………………………………………… 271 36 235 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 8.0 9.4 7.9 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 2,480 217 2,262 8.8 Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 209,278 117,259 92,019 56.0 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 140,424 69,570 70,854 49.5 11.3 13.3 Nonveterans, 18 years and over 67.1 59.3 77.0 Employed…………………………………………………… 128,140 63,859 64,280 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 61.2 54.5 69.9 Unemployed………………………………………………… Participation rate……………………………………………… 12,284 5,710 6,573 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 8.7 8.2 9.3 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 68,854 47,689 21,166 49.8 46.5 69.3 NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 98 Table 37. Employment and disability status by sex and age, 2011 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and age Total Women Men Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 27,382 14,749 12,633 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 5,722 2,571 3,152 Total persons with a disability, 16 years of age and over Participation rate……………………………………………… 20.9 17.4 24.9 Employed…………………………………………………… 4,861 2,192 2,670 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 17.8 14.9 21.1 Unemployed………………………………………………… 861 379 482 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 15.0 14.7 15.3 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 21,659 12,178 9,481 Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 15,047 7,533 7,514 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 4,854 2,228 2,627 16 to 64 years of age Participation rate……………………………………………… 32.3 29.6 35.0 Employed…………………………………………………… 4,067 1,877 2,190 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 27.0 24.9 29.2 Unemployed………………………………………………… 787 351 436 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 16.2 15.8 16.6 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 10,192 5,305 4,887 12,335 7,216 5,119 868 343 525 65 years of age and over Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… Civilian labor force…………………………………………… Participation rate……………………………………………… 7.0 4.8 10.3 Employed…………………………………………………… 794 315 479 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 6.4 4.4 9.4 Unemployed………………………………………………… 74 28 46 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 8.5 8.1 8.7 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 11,467 6,873 4,594 Total persons without a disability, 16 years of age and over Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 212,236 108,552 103,684 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 147,894 69,071 78,823 69.7 63.6 76.0 Employed…………………………………………………… 135,008 63,387 71,621 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 63.6 58.4 69.1 Unemployed………………………………………………… 7,202 Participation rate……………………………………………… 12,886 5,684 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 8.7 8.2 9.1 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 64,342 39,480 24,861 See note at end of table. 99 Table 37. Employment and disability status by sex and age, 2011 annual averages―Cont'd (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and age Total Women Men Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 184,842 93,513 91,330 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 141,650 66,293 75,358 76.6 70.9 82.5 Employed…………………………………………………… 129,155 60,785 68,370 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 69.9 65.0 74.9 Unemployed………………………………………………… 6,987 16 to 64 years of age Participation rate……………………………………………… 12,495 5,508 Unemployment rate……………………………………… 8.8 8.3 9.3 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 43,192 27,220 15,972 Civilian noninstitutional population…………………………… 27,394 15,039 12,355 Civilian labor force…………………………………………… 6,244 2,779 3,465 Participation rate……………………………………………… 22.8 18.5 28.0 Employed…………………………………………………… 5,853 2,602 3,251 Employment-population ratio…………………………… 21.4 17.3 26.3 Unemployed………………………………………………… 391 176 215 65 years of age and over Unemployment rate……………………………………… 6.3 6.3 6.2 Not in labor force……………………………………………… 21,150 12,261 8,889 NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: deaf or serious difficulty hearing; blind or serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; difficulty dressing or bathing; or difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 100 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Technical Notes The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. Concepts and definitions Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions (for example, correctional facilities, residential nursing, and mental health care facilities) and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Employed persons. All persons who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management disputes, job training, or other family or personal reasons, BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off did not need to be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force. Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no jobs were available for them. Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget guidelines, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as persons of two or more races. (Previously, persons identified a group as their main race.) In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being 101 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/ rvcps03.pdf. Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses present. Families include those without children as well as those with children under 18 in the home. Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Unincorporated self-employed workers are included in the self-employed category. Selfemployed persons whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers. Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. Data on union membership and earnings of wage and salary workers exclude all selfemployed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Workers paid by the hour. Persons paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or 102 hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated). The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50-centered interval within which each median falls. Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey reference week, persons also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who were temporarily absent from work. BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job held during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which they worked the greatest number of hours. CPS data use the Census occupational classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the Census industry classification, derived from the 2007 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm. Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of persons who worked were based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Since the reference period is a full year, the number of persons with some employment or unemployment greatly exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates. Workers paid at or below the Federal minimum wage. The estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. Research has shown, however, that the degree of understatement is small. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher. Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families based on factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary in accordance with the makeup of the family. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information on poverty data and thresholds, see http:// www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html. Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are often presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a supplement to the January Current Population Survey (CPS). Employee tenure. This is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a supplement to the January Current Population Survey (CPS). 103 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of persons in these categories. The native born are persons born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. Persons are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. Each of the questions ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” they are then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. More information, including the wording of the six questions used to identify persons with a disability, is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/ demographics.htm#disability. Union membership. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. Members of the Reserve and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to active duty. Persons who are on active duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here, as are persons who reside in institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?” Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify persons with disabilities. The questions inquire about 104 Reliability of the estimates All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and estimating standard errors is available at http://www.bls.gov/ cps/documentation.htm#reliability. BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov
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