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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ) BUREAU OF LABO R STATISTICS f M I S C E L L A N E O U S ' ' . f \T~ \lN U . ^JU S E R I E S W ELFARE W O R K FOR E M PL O Y EES IN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISH MENTS IN THE UNITED STATES / v \ o FEBRUARY, 1919 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction................................... •............................................................................. . 7-13 Chapter I.— Health measures for employees............................................................. 14-38 Medical, hospital, and surgical treatment............................................................ 14-32 Training of first-aid crews............... ................................................................ 16 First-aid equipm ent......................................................................................... 17,18. Scope of the work of emergency hospitals.................................................... 18-20 System of following up absentees................................................................... 20 Average number of cases treated....................; .............................................. 20, 21 Construction and equipment of standard emergency hospital................ 21-24 List of equipment for emergency hospital................................................... 24-26 Dental and other special work............................................................ ........... 26 Physical examinations on entrance............................................................... 27 Periodic physical examinations...................................................................... 27328 Company hospitals.............................................................................................28, 29 Cost of treatment to employees....................................................................... 29, 30 Treatment for tubercular employees............................................................. 31 Employees sent to public hospitals at company expense. ...................... 32 Medical fees......................................................................................................... 32 Rest periods.................................................................................................................33-36 Relief in monotonous and fatiguing occupations........................................35, 36 Vacations and sick leave...............................................-.......................................... 36-38 Vacations with pa y .............................................................................. ............ 36, 37 Length of vacations........................................................................................... 37,38 Vacations without pa y...................................................................................... 38 Sick leave with p a y ........................................................................................... 38 Chapter II .— Drinking-water systems........................................................................ 39-41 Chapter I I I .—Washing-up and locker facilities...................................................... 42-52 Character of equipm ent............................................................................................ 44, 45 Hot water, soap, and towels...........................................................*....................... 45, 46 Use of washrooms on employer’s tim e................................................................... 46 Lockers and cloak rooms.......................................................................................... 46-48 Provision of uniforms or other clothing...............................................i ............... 48, 49 Drying apparatus....................................................................................................... 49 Details of wash and change house.......................................................................... 49-52 Chapter IV .— Lunch rooms and restaurants.......................................... . ................. 53-67 Kind of service........................................................................................................... 55 Establishments having restaurants, cafeterias, or other lunch facilities....... 55, 56 Character of management..................................................................... .................. 56 Number of attendants required.............................................................................. 57 Financial results of operating restaurants............................................................ 57, 58 Establishments serving free meals......................................................................... 58, 59 59 Undesirability of serving lunches in workrooms................................................ Milk stations................................................................................................................ 60 Average prices charged for food .............................................................................. 60 Methods of paym ent.................................................................................................. 60 3 4 CONTENTS. •Chapter IV.—Lunch rooms and restaurants—Concluded. Page. General lunch-room requirements................................................................ 60 Construction and general equipment........................................................... 61 Kitchens....................................................................................................... 61, 62 Menus............................................................................................................ 62 Restaurant equipment..................................................................................62-67 Chapter V.—Indoor recreation..........................................................................68-86 Rest and recreation rooms............................................................................ 68-72 Clubrooms or clubhouses.............................................................................. 72, 73 73 Club membership, dues, and management.................................................. Examples of different types of clubhouses................................................... 74-79 Clubhouse hours............................................................................................ 79 Bowling alleys and game rooms................................................................... 79,80 Swimming pools............................................................................................ 80 Gymnasiums................................................................................................. 80, 81 Social gatherings........................................................................................... 81-83 Auditoriums for the use of employees.......................................................... 84 Lectures and moving pictures...................................................................... 84, 85 Music clubs among employees...................................................................... 85,86 Chapter VI.—Outdoor recreation...................................................................... 87-93 Country clubs............................................................................................... 87-89 Recreation parks........................................................................................... 89, 90 Baseball grounds........................................................................................... 90 Other athletics.............................................................................................. 90, 91 Tennis........................................................................................................... 91 Athletic fields............................................................................................... 91, 92 Field days.................... ................................................................................ 92 Roof gardens................................................................................................. 92 Outings for employees.................................................................................. 92, 93 Chapter VII.—Education.................................................................................. 94-99 Company libraries......................................................................................... 94, 95 Branches of public libraries.......................................................................... 95 Business libraries.......................................................................................... 95, 96 Reading rooms............................................................................................. 96 Classes for employees.................................................................................... 96 Technical and vocational education............................................................. 97, 98 Continuation schools..................................................................................... 98,99 English for foreigners.................................................................................... 99 Chapter VIII.—Disability funds, pensions, and group insurance................. 100-112 Management of associations.......................................................................... 102 Physical examinations required for membership......................................... 102 Length of membership required before eligible for benefits........................ 103 104 Time between beginning of disability and payment of benefits.................. Initiation fees............................................................................................... 104 Forfeiture of membership.......................................................................... 105-107 Pensions..................................................................................................... 107,108 Classes of employees eligible for pensions.................................................... 108 Employees’ contributions to funds........................................................... 108,109 General rules and requirements................................................................... 109 Special allowances........................................................................................ 110 Group insurance............................................................................................ 110 Conditions under which group insurance can be provided...................... 110, 111 Method of insurance...................................................................................... Ill Cost and scope of insurance plans............................................................. Ill, 112 C O N TE N TS. 5 Page. Chapter I X .— Encouragement of thrift........................................................................ 113-117 Vacation and Christmas savings funds....................................................................... 114 Building and loan funds............................................................................................. 114,115 Legal aid............................................................................ .............................................. 115,116 Cooperative buying, and discounts......................................................................... 116,117 Advice as to investments and expenditures............................................................ 117 Chapter X .— Administration of welfare work............................................................ 118-124 Cost to the employers of betterment activities................................................... 118,119 Comparison of present conditions with those prevailing before welfare work began................................................................................................................... 119-121 Administration of welfare work................................................................................ 121,122 Cooperation with outside agencies........................................................................... 122,123 Employment of welfare secretary............................................................................ 123,124 Chapter X I .— Social betterment among employees’ families.............................. 125-135 Living conditions.......................................................................................................... 126,127 Protection of health...................................................................................................... 127-129 Recreation and education.......................................................................................... 129-133 Welfare workers.............................................................................................................. 133,134 Organizing of clubs....................................................................................................... 134,135 ILLUSTRATIONS. P la te Plate P late P late P la te P la te P late P la te P late P la te P la te P la te P late P late P late P late P late P late P late P la te P late P la te P late P late P late P late P late P late P late P late Facing page. apparatus of a chemical company........................................ 16 2.— Mine emergency room or refuge chamber................................................. 17 3.— Stretcher suspended in mine wagon........................................................... 18 4.— Exterior of standard emergency hospital.................................................. 20 5.— Floor plan of standard emergency hospital.............................................. 21 6 .— Operating room in emergency hospital..................................................... 22 7.— Floor plan of factory emergency hospital................................................. 23 8 .— Unit dispensary and rest room...................................................................... 24 9.— Dispensary in end of factory......................................................................... 25 1 0 .— Section of surgery, showing dressing tables............................................. 26 1 1 .— Accident room of a spinning m ill................................................................ 27 1 2 .— Sanitary drinking fountain............................................................................. 41 44 13.— Double trough with spray faucets.............................................* ................ 14.— Type of individual steel locker much used............................................. 45 15.— Interior of wash and change house.............................................................. 46 16.— Compartment locker.......................................................................................... 47 17.— Chain lockers....................................................................................................... 48 18.— Factory cloakroom for girls........................................................................... 49 19.— Electrically heated cafemobile en route to station in plant.............. 58 2 0 .— Cafemobile at station ready to serve........................................................... 59 21.— Plant lunch counter.......................................................................................... 60 2 2 .— Milk station.......................................................................................................... 61 23.— Two-way cafeteria seating about 1,400....................................................... 62 24.— Floor plan of company restaurant............................................................... 63 25.— Company restaurant.......................................................................................... 64 26.— Smoking and game room for men in a garment factory....................... 70 27.— Girls’ recreation room in automobile factory.......................................... 71 28.— Girls’ rest room in telephone exchange..................................................... 72 29.— Silence room for office girls in factory........................................................ 73 30.— Combination rest and recreation room for girls in department store. 74 1 .— Emergency 6 CO N TE N TS. Facing page. P l a t e 31.— Interior of a men’s clubhouse of the better type.................................. 75 P l a t e 32.— Neighborhood house, the center'of club activities of one company town.......................................................................................................•_____ 76 78 P l a t e 33.— Clubhouse presented to employees of a'large company...................... P l a t e 34.— Game room of an automobile plant............................................................. 79 P la t e 35.— Country club for employees of a machine manufactory...................... 88 P la t e 36.— Country club for telephone g irls........................................... Facing plate 37 P l a t e 37.— L iv in g room of telephon e girls’ c lu b .....................................Facing plate 36 89 P l a t e 38.— Bedrrom of telephone girls’ club................................................................. P l a t e 39.— Reading room and library of better-class settlement house.............. 94 P l a t e 40.— Reading room in foreigners’ clubhouse in a Steel community......... 95 BULLETIN OF THE U . S . B U R E A U no. 250. O F L A B O R WAS HIN GTON. S T A T I S T I C S . February, 1919. WELFAREWORKFOR EMPLOYEESININDUSTRIALESTABLISHMENTS IN THE UNITEDSTATES. IN T R O D U C T IO N . T h o u g h i t m a y n o t b e a n e x a g g e r a t io n t o s a y t h a t w e lfa r e w o r k as i t is c o n d u c t e d in th e U n it e d S ta te s t o - d a y b e g a n w it h th e b e g in n in g s o f A m e r ic a n m a n u fa c t u r e — f o r e x a m p le , c o t t o n m ills o f L o w e ll in th e fir s t t h ir d o f th e n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y s u p e r v is e d th e liv in g c o n d it io n s o f t h e ir o p e r a t iv e s s o as t o a t t r a c t a n d h o ld a d e s ir a b le c la s s o f la b o r — it is a f a c t t h a t th e p r a c t ic e o f in d u s t r ia l b e t t e r m e n t , e s p e c ia lly s u c h as is c a r r ie d o n in th e a c t u a l p la c e o f w o r k , h a s s p r e a d w id e ly a n d r a p id ly d u r in g th e p a s t fe w y e a r s . B e c a u s e o f th is g r o w t h a n d th e a w a k e n in g in p r a c t ic a lly a ll lin e s o f in d u s t r y t o th e im p o r t a n c e o f w e lfa r e m e a s u r e s , th e r e h a s b e c o m e a p p a r e n t th e n e e d o f a c o m p r e h e n s iv e y e t s o m e w h a t d e t a ile d a c c o u n t o f th e p r a c t ic e as i t e x is ts t o -d a y , s h o w in g w h a t is p r a c t ic a b le a n d d e s ir a b le in th e v a r io u s in d u s tr ie s , a n d w h a t fe a tu r e s a re in e x p e n s iv e , e a s ily a d m in is t e r e d , a n d p o p u la r v e r s u s t h o s e w h ic h a re c o s t l y t o in s t a ll a n d m a in t a in a n d w h ic h p r o v e less s a t is fa c t o r y t h a n a n t ic ip a t e d .1 D e s p it e its lo n g h is t o r y in c e r t a in p a r t s o f th e c o u n t r y a n d in c e r t a in in d u stries^ w e lfa r e w o r k is fa r fr o m b e in g s t a n d a r d iz e d , a n d it s p it fa lls m a y b e a v o id e d o n ly b y a p a in s t a k in g p r e lim in a r y s t u d y o f th e lo c a l s it u a t io n a n d in q u ir y as t o w h a t in th e e x p e r ie n c e o f o t h e r s h a s fa ile d o r s u c c e e d e d u n d e r s im ila r c o n d it io n s . I n m a n y e s t a b lis h m e n t s th e in s t a lla t io n o f in d u s t r ia l b e t t e r m e n t w o r k is d u e t o a m e m b e r o f th e fir m , m o r e e n lig h t e n e d t h a n th e o t h e r s , w h o h a m m e r s a w a y u n t il g iv e n p e r m is s io n t o s p e n d a fe w h u n d r e d d o lla r s o n th e e x p e r im e n t . H a v in g s e c u r e d th is h e v is it s , o r s e n d s s o m e o n e t o v is it , a n u m b e r o f fir m s w h o s e A velfare a c t iv i tie s a r e w e ll e s t a b lis h e d , o r h e m a k e s in q u ir ie s b y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e . I t w a s la r g e ly b e c a u s e o f th e n u m b e r o f in q u ir ie s f o r s u c h in fo r m a t io n m a d e t o th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s t h a t th e fir s t -h a n d in v e s t ig a t io n , th e r e p o r t o f w h ic h is th e s u b je c t m a t t e r o f th is b u lle t in , w a s u n d erta k en . T h e fie ld w o r k o f th e in v e s t ig a t io n e x t e n d e d o v e r a p e r io d o f 12 m o n t h s , in 1 9 1 6 -1 7 , a n d 31 S t a t e s w e r e v is it e d in c o n n e c t io n w it h th e s t u d y . I n 2 8 o f th e s e o n e o r m o r e s c h e d u le s w e r e s e c u r e d ; in 1 Owing mainly to the rapid and general rise ta price of practically all articles of merchandise—whether raw material or finished product—and also, to some extent, to the variations in the price of one article in various sections of the country, it is thought not feasible to give the costs of installment except in rare 8 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. th e o t h e r 3 S t a t e s e s ta b lis h m e n t s w e r e n o t e d b u t f o r s o m e r e a s o n w e r e n o t s c h e d u le d . T h e in v e s t ig a t io n d id n o t e x t e n d t o th e P a c ific c o a s t , U t a h a n d A r iz o n a b e in g th e m o s t w e s t e r ly S t a t e s v is it e d . S c h e d u le s w e r e s e c u r e d f o r 4 3 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t s ; a ll b u t 7 o f th e s e r e p o r t e d n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s , th e a g g r e g a t e a p p r o x im a t in g 1 ,6 6 2 ,0 0 0 . T h e g r e a t v a r ie t y o f in d u s t r ie s in c lu d e d is s h o w n b y th e d is t r ib u t io n o f th e 4 3 1 s c h e d u le s , as fo llo w s : T e x t ile s , 6 0 ; fo u n d r ie s a n d m a c h in e s h o p s , 4 9 ; s to r e s , 4 7 ; ir o n a n d s te e l, 4 0 ; e le c t r ic r a ilr o a d s , 1 7 ; f o o d p r o d u c t s , 1 5 ; t e le p h o n e a n d te le g r a p h , 1 5 ; c lo t h in g a n d fu r n is h in g s , 1 3 ; c o a l m in in g , 1 2 ; o t h e r m in in g , 1 2 ; g a s a n d e le c t r ic lig h t a n d p o w e r , 1 0 ; p r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g , 1 0 ; s t e a m r a ilr o a d s , 1 0 ; a u t o m o b ile s , 9 ; o ffic e s , 9 ; r u b b e r a n d c o m p o s it io n g o o d s , 9 ; fin e m a c h in e s a n d in s t r u m e n t s , 8 ; c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s , 7 ; p a p e r a n d p a p e r g o o d s , 7 ; b o o t s a n d s h o e s , 5 ; e le c t r ic a l s u p p lie s , 5 ; e x p lo s iv e s , 5 ; a n d m is c e lla n e o u s in d u s t r ie s , e a c h r e p r e s e n t e d b y fe w e r t h a n 5 s c h e d u le s , 5 7 . F o r th e p u r p o s e s o f th e in v e s t ig a t io n a n d r e p o r t th e t e r m i ‘w e l fa r e ” w a s d e fin e d as f o llo w s : A n y t h in g f o r th e c o m /o r t a n d i m p r o v e m e n t , in t e lle c t u a l o r s o c ia l, o f t h e e m p lo y e e s , o v e r a n d a b o v e w a g e s p a id , w h ic h is n o t a n e c e s s it y o f th e in d u s t r y n o r r e q u ir e d b y la w . A s th e s t u d y p r o c e e d e d i t b e c a m e e v id e n t t h a t e v e n a m o n g fir m s lim it in g t h e ir w e lfa r e fe a t u r e s t o t h o s e r e q u ir e d b y la w th e r e w e r e w id e ly v a r ie d d e g r e e s o f c o m p lia n c e t h e r e w it h , a n d e q u ip m e n t m u c h m o r e g e n e r o u s t h a n th e b a r e r e q u ir e m e n t s t h e r e fo r e h a s b e e n c r e d it e d t o th e e m p lo y e r . I t m u s t b e k e p t c le a r ly in m in d , in a c o n s id e r a t io n o f th is r e p o r t , t h a t th e in v e s t ig a t io n w a s c o n c e r n e d w it h s o -c a lle d w e lfa r e w o r k a s e n t ir e ly s e p a r a t e a n d d is t in c t f r o m o t h e r p h a s e s o f e m p lo y m e n t . W a g e s m ig h t b e lo w , h o u r s lo n g , w o r k in g c o n d it io n s b a d , a n d t e n u r e o f e m p lo y m e n t in s e c u r e , b u t i f th e e s t a b lis h m e n t h a d , b e f o r e c o r r e c t in g th e s e o b v io u s e v ils , in s t a lle d a g o o d lu n c h r o o m , w a s h r o o m , o r o t h e r w e lfa r e fe a tu r e ,7 i t w a s v is it e d• a n d s c h e d u le d f o r t h a t a lo n e . H o w e v e r , as a g e n e r a l r u le e s t a b lis h m e n t s d o in g th e m o s t a lo n g w e l fa r e lin e s h a v e s u p e r io r c o n d it io n s in th e o t h e r d ir e c t io n s m e n t io n e d . I n a fe w c a s e s th e a g e n t s w e r e d ir e c t e d t o e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h w e r e fo u n d o n in s p e c t io n t o p o s s e s s n o n e o f th e fe a tu r e s s p e c ific a lly c la s s e d a s w e lfa r e b u t w h o s e w o r k in g c o n d it io n s w e r e fa r in a d v a n c e o f th e a v e r a g e in th e ir r e s p e c t iv e in d u s t r ie s , w it h s u p e r io r f a c t o r y c o n s t r u c t io n , g o o d lig h t , h e a t , a n d v e n t ila t io n ; s p a c e a n d o r d e r ; d e v ic e s f o r a v o id in g u n n e c e s s a r y la b o r o r s t r a in ; b a c k s t o c h a ir s , f o o t r e s ts , e le v a t o r s e r v ic e ; g r a s s , tre e s, a n d v in e s o n th e e x t e r i o r ; a n d p e r h a p s e v e n m o r e t h a n th e s e fe a tu r e s f o r th e h e a lt h a n d c o m f o r t o f th e w o r k in g fo r c e . A c o n s u lt in g e n g in e e r in a n e a s te r n c i t y w h o is m u c h in t e r e s te d in i m p r o v e d f a c t o r y b u ild in g s s t a t e s t h a t e m p lo y e r s o b j e c t a t fir s t t o h is p la n s , s a y in g , “ T h e s e t h in g s w o n 't g o w it h o u r e m p lo y e e s , o u r c o m m o n la b o r e r s ,” b u t h is r e p ly is , “ L e t m e s h o w IN TR OD U C TIO N . 9 y o u , ” a n d h e h a s b e e n a llo w e d t o d o s o e v e n in th e c a s e o f th e N e g r o la b o r o f a .la r g e t o b a c c o c o m p a n y . T h e in v e s t ig a t io n , n a t u r a lly o f t r e m e n d o u s in t e r e s t, d e v e lo p e d v a r io u s -s u r p r is e s a lo n g th e lin e o f fa ilu r e t o fin d w e lfa r e w o r k w h e r e it m ig h t m o s t b e e x p e c t e d a n d s u c c e s s in fin d in g it in in d u s t r ie s n o t s u s p e c t e d o f a n y t h in g r e m a r k a b le . A s a n e x a m p le o f th e la t t e r th e r e m a y b e m e n t io n e d a c h a in o f 5 a n d 10 c e n t s t o r e s , a n i n d u s t r y q u it e o f t e n fr o w n e d u p o n b y s o c ia l w o r k e r s a n d r e fo r m e r s . V is its t o b r a n c h e s o f th is fir m i n v a r ia b ly d is c lo s e d s e v e r a l lin e s o f w e lfa r e a c t iv it y , o n e s t o r e in a la r g e m id -w e s t e r n c i t y h a v in g t h e f o llo w in g : R e s t r o o m a n d r e s t p e r io d s ; fir s t -a id p r o v is io n ; w a s h a n d c lo a k ro o m s ., w it h m a t r o n s ; lu n c h r o o m a n d fr e e c o ffe e ; b o t t l e d d r in k in g w a t e r , w it h in d iv id u a l g la s s e s ; o c c a s io n a l t h e a t e r p a r t ie s ; u n ifo r m s w h e r e r e q u ir e d ; v a c a t i o n w it h p a y ; a n d a m in im u m w a g e o f $ 7 a w e e k . T h e w e ll- k n o w n la u n d r y in t h e E a s t w h ic h s e ts t h e p a c e f o r b e t t e r m e n t w o r k in t h is in d u s t r y is n o t th e o n l y o n e d e s e r v in g o f m e n t io n , f o r th e M id d le W e s t a g a in m a y b e c it e d as h a v in g o n e w h o s e t r a in e d n u r s e , u n d e r a g e n e r o u s m a n a g e m e n t , is e n t h u s ia s t ic a lly in s t a llin g e v e r y t h in g t h a t c o u ld w it h in r e a s o n b e e x p e c t e d — s h o w e r b a t h s , c lo a k r o o m , lu n c h r o o m , r e s t p e r io d s , c lin ic , d o c t o r ’s s e r v ic e s , n o o n t a lk s , s o c ia l g a th e r in g s , r e a d in g m a t t e r , b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n , a n d a m in im u m w a g e o f $ 1 .5 0 a d a y . T h e m a n a g e r s o f a b le a c h e r y s o m e w h a t r e m o v e d f r o m t o w n , w h o s e v illa g e o ffe r e d n o r e c r e a t io n a l fa c ilit ie s w h a t s o e v e r , r e a liz e d s u d d e n ly th e im p e r a t iv e n e c e s s it y o f s o m e p r o v is io n o f th is s o r t . I n s t e a d o f c o n t r a c t in g f o r th e o m n ip r e s e n t m o v in g -p ic t u r e s h o w a n d c o n s id e r in g t h e ir r e s p o n s ib ilit y e n d e d t h e r e w it h , t h e y e n g a g e d th e s e r v ic e s o f a y o u n g w o m a n t r a in e d f o r Y . W . C . A . w o r k a n d p la c e d a t h e r d is p o s a l a c o t t a g e , a p l o t o f g r o u n d f o r o u t d o o r r e c r e a t io n , a n d a s u m o f m o n e y . I n a f e w m o n t h s s h e a n d t h e g ir ls o f th e v illa g e t r a n s fo r m e d t h e p la c e , t h e m a le e m p lo y e e s d o in g t h e ir p a r t b y e q u ip p in g a s m a ll u n u s e d b u ild in g w it h b illia r d t a b le s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s , s im p le g y m n a s iu m a p p a r a t u s , a n d fa c ilit ie s f o r m u s ic . M e a s u r e s f o r t h e s h e lt e r a n d c o m f o r t o f e m p lo y e e s o c c u p ie d in t e r m it t e n t ly — s u c h a s t r a in a n d s t r e e t -c a r c r e w s , e x p r e s s m e n , p o r t e r s a n d m e s s e n g e r s , lo n g s h o r e m e n , e t c . — w e r e n o t e d in a f e w ca s e s . I t is th e p r a c t ic e o f r a ilr o a d s t o p r o v id e f o r t h e ir c r e w s c lu b r o o m s o r h o u s e s , w it h s le e p in g q u a r t e r s a t 2 5 o r 3 5 c e n t s a n ig h t , a t la y o v e r s r e m o v e d f r o m c it ie s ; s t r e e t r a ilw a y c o m p a n ie s h a v e r e c r e a t io n fa c il it ie s a t t h e ir b a r n s o r a d ja c e n t t h e r e t o ; e x p r e s s c o m p a n ie s h a v e a s s e m b ly r o o m s w h e r e d r iv e r s w a it w h ile t h e ir w a g o n s a r e m a d e r e a d y ; t h e t e le g r a p h c o m p a n ie s m a k e p r o v is io n f o r t h e ir m e s s e n g e r s — a ll, o f c o u r s e , in v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f a d e q u a c y . I n a la r g e e a s te r n p o r t t h e r e w a s v is it e d a “ lo n g s h o r e m e n ’s r e s t ” e x c e lle n t ly a d a p t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e b u t w h ic h , o w in g p a r t ly t o la b o r d is t u r b a n c e s a n d p a r t l y t o w a r c o n d it io n s , h a s n o t y e t b e e n u s e d t o a n y g r e a t e x t e n t b y th e c la ss f o r w h ic h it w a s in t e n d e d . T h e r e is a c o m m e n d a b le t e n d e n c y 10 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM P LO YE E ^. o n t h e p a r t o f n e w s p a p e r s t o p r o v id e w a it in g r o o m s f o r t h e b o y s w h o o t h e r w is e m u s t c o n g r e g a t e o n t h e s tr e e t . A n in t e r e s tin g a n d p e r h a p s u n iq u e e x a m p le o f w e lfa r e a c t iv it ie s a m o n g m u n ic ip a l e m p lo y e e s is t h a t o f a b o r o u g h e m p lo y in g o v e r 2 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s in its a d m in is t r a t iv e o ffic e s , 2 5 0 o f w h o m a re w o m e n , w h ic h h a s b e e n d o in g w o r k o f t h is s o r t s in c e 1 9 1 4 . T h e p la n w a s s t a r t e d d u r in g th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f a b o r o u g h p r e s id e n t w h o h a d b e e n a c t iv e in a n a t io n a l o r g a n iz a t io n c o n c e r n e d , a m o n g o t h e r t h in g s , w it h t h e w e lfa r e o f w o r k in g p e o p le . H e a p p o in t e d a c o m m it t e e o f 1 4 p e r s o n s , r e p r e s e n t in g t h e v a r io u s d e p a r t m e n t s , a n d t h is o p e r a t e s t h r o u g h s e v e r a l s t a n d in g c o m m it t e e s a n d a c o m m it t e e o f o n e h u n d r e d in c h a r g e o f fe s t iv it ie s . A m o n g t h e a c t iv it ie s a re b a lls , o u t in g s , a n d s u m m e r fe s t iv a ls , v e r y la r g e ly a t t e n d e d , t h e p r o c e e d s o f w h ic h m a k e t ip t h e r e lie f f u n d w h o s e d is b u r s e m e n t is a n im p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e w o r k ; le c t u r e s ; a b a ll t e a m , c a m e r a c lu b , a n d 6 0 -p ie c e b a n d ; a n d s w im m in g , d a n c in g , a n d g y m n a s iu m c la ss e s. F o r t h e la s t n a m e d t h e e x c lu s iv e u s e a t c e r t a in h o u r s o f s o m e o f t h e c i t y p o o ls a n d g y m n a s iu m s is s e c u r e d , a n d m a n y h u n d r e d s o f t h e m u n ic ip a l e m p l o y e e s t a k e a d v a n t a g e t h e r e o f. U n d e r th e s a m e b o r o u g h p r e s id e n t a jo i n t t r ia l b o a r d w a s in a u g u r a t e d f o r th e c o n s id e r a t io n o f c h a r g e s a g a in s t b o r o u g h e m p lo y e e s . T h e o ffic ia l m a k in g t h e c h a r g e s a n d t h e a c c u s e d e m p lo y e e a p p e a r b e f o r e a b o a r d c o m p o s e d o f t w o b o r o u g h o ffic ia ls , t w o e m p lo y e e s o f t h e s a m e r a n k a s t h e o n e o n t r ia l, s e le c t e d b y lo t , a n d th e b o r o u g h p r e s id e n t as p r e s id in g o ffic e r . T h e e ffe c t o f t h is s y s t e m o n t h e e n t ir e f o r c e o f e m p lo y e e s is s a id t o b e e x c e lle n t . A n o t h e r p h a s e o f in t e r e s t w h ic h d e v e lo p e d w a s t h e u n ifo r m it y o r v a r i a b i li t y o f p r a c t ic e a m o n g t h e s e v e r a l p la n t s o f o n e c o m p a n y . T h e f a c t t h a t t h e m a in e s t a b lis h m e n t c a r r ie s o n p r a c t ic a lly e v e r y s o r t o f b e t t e r m e n t w o r k b u t it s b r a n c h e s d o n o t h in g a t a ll s u g g e s t s e it h e r t h a t t h e m a t t e r is le ft e n t ir e ly t o t h e d is c r e t io n o f t h e lo c a l m a n a g e m e n t o r t h a t t h e w o r k a t h e a d q u a r t e r s is d o n e as a d v e r t is in g . U n fo r t u n a t e ly t h e r e a r e e x a m p le s o f th is in t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , b u t t h e r e a re m o r e n u m e r o u s in s t a n c e s o f a s y s t e m s o w e ll fo u n d e d a n d s in c e r e t h a t w h e r e v e r t h e fir m o r c o r p o r a t io n in q u e s t io n is fo u n d t o b e d o in g b u s in e s s w e lfa r e w o r k , t o a g r e a t e r o r le s s e x t e n t , is b e in g d o n e . C a p t io u s c r it ic is m h a d n o t a t t h e t im e o f th e in v e s t ig a t io n , n o r h a s it n o w , a n y p la c e in th is s t u d y o f in d u s t r ia l b e t t e r m e n t ; fu r t h e r m o r e , in v i e w o f t h e m a n y fa c t o r s in flu e n c in g o r c o n t r o llin g t h e s it u a t io n , i t w o u ld n o t b e fa i r t o b la m e a n e m p lo y e r t o o s e v e r e ly f o r in e q u a lit ie s in h is w e lfa r e p r o v is io n s . H o w e v e r , it w o u ld s e e m t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n o f s t o c k t a k in g , s o t o s p e a k , m ig h t b e p r a c t ic e d a t t im e s , a n d c e r t a in c o n d it io n s r e m e d ie d o r e lim in a t e d . G ir ls s t a n d in g t o o p e r a t e m a c h in e s w h o in o t h e r fa c t o r ie s w o u ld b e p r o v id e d w it h s e a t s ; f a c t o r y g ir ls ly in g o n t h e flo o r o f t h e w a s h r o o m b e c a u s e t h e r e s t r o o m s p r o v id e d a re f o r t h e o ffic e f o r c e o n l y ; t h e m o n o p o liz in g o f a h o s p it a l b y p r iv a t e p a t ie n t s o f t h e c o m p a n y d o c t o r ; t h e s w e e p in g o f a n IN TR O D U C TIO N . 11 e m e r g e n c y r o o m w h ile ja r s o f d r e s s in g s s t a n d u n c o v e r e d ; p r o t r a c t e d d e la y s in c o n s t r u c t io n o r e q u ip m e n t e a g e r ly a w a it e d b y e m p lo y e e s ; t h e c o m m o n t o w e l a n d d r in k in g c u p — a ll w e r e f o u n d in e s ta b lis h m e n t s h a v in g m o r e o r le s s s p e c t a c u la r w e lfa r e w o r k . C o m p u ls o r y d e n t a l w o r k a t t h e e m p lo y e e ’s e x p e n s e , d e s p it e its u s u a l h ig h c o s t , f o llo w in g a g r a t u it o u s e x a m in a t io n ; e m p lo y m e n t s o in s e c u r e t h a t u h o w e v e r lo n g y o u ’v e b e e n h e r e , w h e n y o u g o in th e m o r n in g y o u n e v e r k n o w b u t w h a t y o u ’ll b e d is c h a r g e d t h a t d a y ” a n d s p e e d in g u p s o v i o l e n t l y d u r in g r u s h s e a s o n s t h a t m a n y e m p lo y e e s a re m a d e ill— th e s e e x is t in t h r e e o f t h e b e s t -k n o w n p la c e s v is it e d . T h e s u b je c t o f s t a n d a r d iz a t io n h a s b e e n m e n t io n e d . I t is th e t h e o r y o f a n o ffic ia l o f o n e la r g e a n d o l d e s t a b lis h e d fir m t h a t e m p lo y ers w o u ld b e n e fit b y a s y s t e m o f s t a n d a r d iz a t io n w h ic h m ig h t b e w o r k e d o u t a n d fo s t e r e d b y c o n fe r e n c e s s im ila r t o t h o s e h e ld b y e m p lo y m e n t m a n a g e r s , t h e v a r io u s w e lfa r e d e p a r t m e n t s t o o p e r a t e u n d e r t h e g u id a n c e o f a n a g e n t o f t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t . A t p r e s e n t t h e s y s t e m o f m e d ic a l s e r v ic e in e x is t e n c e in a la r g e n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s is e n t ir e ly d is a p p r o v e d o f b y o n e m a n a g e r , w h o c o n s id e r s t h a t i t t e n d s t o m a k e t h e e m p lo y e e s e x a g g e r a t e t h e ir a il m e n t s a n d t h in k t o o m u c h a b o u t t h e m s e lv e s ; t h e q u it e c o m m o n c u s t o m o f g iv in g p r iz e s f o r s u g g e s t io n s is b e lie v e d b y a n o t h e r t o t a k e th e e m p lo y e e s * m in d s o f f t h e w o r k in h a n d ; c e r t a in e m p lo y e r s a r e t a k in g o u t a ll in d iv id u a l lo c k e r s a n d u s in g h o o k s , h a n g e r s , a n d s h e lv e s in s t e a d ; t h e s o -c a lle d s a n it a r y d r in k in g fo u n t a in in m a n y c a s e s h a s b e e n fo u n d t o b e a m e n a c e in s t e a d o f a s a fe g u a r d ; s o a p a n d t o w e l s e r v ic e is s t ill a n u n s o lv e d p r o b le m ; th e r e a re fir m s w h ic h w ill c o u n t e n a n c e n o a c t iv it ie s a m o n g t h e ir p e o p le w h ic h d o n o t o r ig in a t e w it h in t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t , a n d o t h e r s w h ic h , q u it e w illin g t o p a y t h e c o s t s , p r e fe r t h a t a ll s h o u ld b e d o n e b y o u t s id e r s ; th e r e a re e m p lo y e r s w h o a r e p u t t in g u p h o u s e s w it h n o p a n t r ie s o r c lo t h e s c lo s e t s b e c a u s e t h e y c o n s id e r s u c h p la c e s c o n d u c i v e t o th e in s a n it a r y h a r b o r in g o f tra s h , w h ile a g r e a t e r n u m b e r a re in s is t in g t h a t a ll n e w h o u s e s h a v e t h o s e fe a tu r e s a n d a re p u t t in g t h e m in o l d h o u s e s w h e r e p o s s ib le b e c a u s e t h e y r e n d e r d e c e n t h o u s e k e e p in g s o m u c h m o r e a t t a in a b le . I n t o w n o r c i t y fa c t o r ie s th e fir s t s t e p in a w e lfa r e p r o g r a m is q u it e c o m m o n l y t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f a lu n c h r o o m ; in fa c t o r ie s in is o la t e d c o m m u n it ie s t h e fir s t s t e p a p p e a r s t o b e a k in d e r g a r t e n f o r th e c h ild r e n o f e m p lo y e e s . O f w h a t e v e r c h a r a c t e r , th e fe a t u r e in t r o d u c e d s h o u ld n o t b e o v e r t h e h e a d s o f t h e p e o p le . T h e w is e s u p e r in t e n d e n t o f a c o t t o n m ill in t h e S o u t h , w h e n t o l d t h a t t h e p r e s id e n t c o n t e m p la t e d in s t a llin g a lib r a r y f o r t h e p e o p le , s u g g e s t e d in s t e a d t h e im p r o v e m e n t o f a w a s t e p ie c e o f la n d as a p a r k a n d r e c r e a t io n g r o u n d . T h is fe a t u r e , w it h m u s ic , h e b e lie v e d f r o m h is in t im a t e k n o w le d g e o f t h e m ill p e o p le w o u ld b e t t e r m e e t t h e im m e d ia t e n e e d ; la t e r , w h e n t h e y h a d g r o w n u p t o it , a lib r a r y w o u ld n o t b e o v e r t h e ir h e a d s . T h e g r a t ify in g s u c c e s s o f t h is p a r k , w h ic h is e x c e p t io n a lly b e a u t ifu l 12 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLOYEES. a n d w e ll p la n n e d , p r o v e s th e c o r r e c t n e s s o f th e s u p e r in t e n d e n t ’s ju d g m e n t . S e v e r a l o t h e r w e lfa r e fe a tu r e s , a n d a t r a in e d s o c ia l w o r k e r , a re n o w m a in t a in e d b y t h is m ill. T h e r e a re v a r ie d id e a s as t o w h a t c o n s t it u t e s th e b e s t a n d m o s t h e lp fu l w o r k a m o n g th e m a n y k in d s b e in g d o n e . A c o t t o n - m i ll s u p e r in te n d e n t c o n s id e r s t h a t i t is t h e c o m m u n it y b a t h h o u s e ; a m a n u fa c t u r e r o f fin e m a c h in e s b e lie v e s it t o b e th e h u n d r e d s o f h o t lu n c h e s t a k e n in t o t h e f o u n d r y b e c a u s e th e m e n w ill n o t p a t r o n iz e th e r e s t a u r a n t s ; a c o n s id e r a b le n u m b e r s a y i t is th e m e d ic a l p r o v is io n , in c lu d in g t h e p r e v e n t iv e a n d c o r r e c t iv e w o r k o f t h e v is it in g n u r s e . T h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e w o r k in g f o r c e o b v io u s ly h a s m u c h t o d o w it h th e s u c c e s s o r fa ilu r e o f in d u s t r ia l b e t t e r m e n t p la n s . A g a r m e n t f a c t o r y , w h ic h h a d c a r r ie d o n w e lfa r e w o r k a m o n g it s A m e r ic a n e m p lo y e e s in t h e M id d le W e s t w it h g r a t ify in g r e s u lts , m o v e d t o a n e a s te r n c i t y a n d e m p lo y e d a c la s s o f fo r e ig n e r s w h o “ b r e a k o r s t e a l n e a r ly a ll t h e fix t u r e s o r a p p lia n c e s p u t in f o r t h e m / ’ c o n d u c t w h ic h , in t h e o p in io n o f t h e m a n a g e m e n t , m a k e s e x t e n s iv e w e lfa r e w o r k im p r a c t ic a b le . I t a lia n g ir ls o r d in a r ily a re n o t a llo w e d t o b e o u t a t n ig h t , w h ic h c o m p lic a t e s t h e c lu b o r c la s s w o r k a t t e m p t e d f o r t h e m . I n s o m e c a s e s fo r e ig n e r s a n d A m e r ic a n s w ill n o t m in g le , n o r w ill o ffic e a n d f a c t o r y h a n d s . R e lig io u s s e c t a r ia n is m is a s t u m b lin g b l o c k in p la c e s . T h e p u b lic a t io n o f a h o u s e o r g a n — w e e k ly o r m o n t h ly — f o r w h ic h c e r t a in e m p lo y e e s in e a c h d e p a r t m e n t a re r e s p o n s ib le , a n d t o w h ic h a n y e m p lo y e e m a y c o n t r ib u t e , is o f v a lu e in a s s im ila t in g a n d c e m e n t in g t h e v a r io u s fo r c e s . P e r s o n a l m e n t io n o f t h e e m p lo y e e s a n d th e ir fa m ilie s , n e w s o f t h e s ic k a n d t h e a b s e n t , th e s c o r e o f t h e b a ll t e a m , t h e fin a n c e s o f t h e b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n , w it h a lit t le t e c h n ic a l m a t t e r a n d p e r h a p s a s t o r y o r v e r s e , m a k e u p t h e a v e r a g e m a g a z in e . I n is o la t e d o r b a c k w a r d s e c t io n s o f t h e c o u n t r y , s u c h a p u b lic a t io n h e lp s t o d e v e lo p t h e c o m m u n it y s p ir it . F i f t y - t w o h o u s e o r g a n s , r a n g in g f r o m c h e a p fo u r -p a g e s h e e ts t o e x p e n s iv e illu s t r a t e d m a g a z in e s o f m a n y p a g e s , w e r e c o ll e c t e d in t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . I n a n y d is c u s s io n o f t h e c h a n g e d in d u s t r ia l c o n d it io n s t h e s t a t e m e n t is p r e t t y s u r e t o b e m a d e t h a t w h e r e a s in t h e o l d d a y s a n e m p lo y e r h a d s o fe w m e n t h a t h e k n e w t h e m b y n a m e a n d c a lle d t h e m B ill a n d T o m , n o w a d a y s h e e m p lo y s t h o u s a n d s a n d c a n n o t b e e x p e c t e d e v e n t o r e c o g n iz e t h e m , m u c h le s s r e c a ll t h e ir n a m e s , w h ic h b y t h e w a y a r e q u it e u n im p o r t a n t , s in c e t h e y g o b y n u m b e r in s t e a d . F r e q u e n t ly t h is is u s e d as a n a r g u m e n t in f a v o r o f o r g a n iz a t io n , o r o f m e d ia t io n in d is p u t e s , a n d o c c a s io n a lly i t is a d v a n c e d in c o n n e c t io n w it h t h e n e c e s s it y o f i m p r o v e d c o n d it io n s o f e m p lo y m e n t . E s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e v is it e d in t h is in v e s t ig a t io n in w h o s e s m a ll w o r k s a c o m p le t e a b s e n c e o f f o r m a lit y is a c c o m p a n ie d b y c o n d it io n s o f lig h t , h e a t , v e n t ila t io n , e t c ., w h ic h w o u ld b e in t o le r a b le in a la r g e r p la c e w it h t h o u s a n d s o f e m p lo y e e s , b u t w h ic h a re as c h e e r fu lly e n d u r e d h e r e as i f t h e w o r k e r s w e r e in t h e ir o w n s h o p s , th e fe w e r INTRODUCTION". 13 e m p lo y e e s , t h e l a x d is c ip lin e , th e a c c e s s ib ilit y o f t h e b o s s , r e n d e r in g c o n d it io n s n o t u n lik e t h o s e o f th e e a r lie r d a y s . I n th e m a jo r it y o f la r g e p la c e s , h o w e v e r , th e s tr e n u o u s n e s s o f m o d e r n b u s in e s s m e t h o d s h a s d e v e lo p e d a c o o l a n d c a lc u la t in g m a n a g e m e n t u n d e r w h ic h th e s y m p a t h e t ic p o in t o f v ie w b e c o m e s d u lle d o r n o n e x is te n t . I t is p a r t ly b e c a u s e o f th is t h a t th e r e is d e v e lo p in g t h e e n lig h t e n e d s y s t e m o f a s e p a r a t e e m p lo y m e n t d e p a r t m e n t w h ic h m a k e s a p o in t o f e n g a g in g a n d p la c in g h e lp w it h c e r e m o n y a n d p o lite n e s s , w h ic h fo llo w s u p th e n e w e m p lo y e e a n d a v o id s m is fits b y a s y s t e m o f t r y o u t s in v a r io u s d e p a r t m e n t s , w h ic h h a s a r e a d y e a r f o r s u g g e s t io n s a n d g r ie v a n c e s , a n d w h ic h a lo n e is e m p o w e r e d t o d is c h a r g e ; th e q u e s t io n a b le m e t h o d o f d is c h a r g e b y fo r e m a n o r o t h e r p e t t y b o s s b e c o m in g o b s o le t e in th e b e s t e s t a b lis h m e n t s . T h e s y s t e m o f s u p e r v is io n w a s f o u n d t o v a r y w id e ly fr o m p la n t t o p la n t , r a n g in g fr o m th e e x t r e m e o f o v e r s p e e d in g , w h ic h r e s u lts in a tir e d , w o r n , a n d s u lle n w o r k in g fo r c e , t o t h a t o f s u c h e x p e r t m a n a g e m e n t t h a t a s a t is fa c t o r y o u t p u t is o b t a in e d fr o m h e a lt h y a n d h a p p y lo o k in g e m p lo y e e s . C lo s e ly r e la te d is th e q u e s t io n o f d is c ip lin e — th e r e a re m a n y p la c e s w h e r e e m p lo y e e s m a y n o t le a v e d e s k o r m a c h in e w it h o u t p e r m is s io n — a n d t h a t o f s u c h s p e c ia l c o n s id e r a t io n as a llo w in g th e w o m e n t o le a v e th e b u ild in g fiv e m in u t e s b e f o r e th e m e n , o n a c c o u n t o f th e r u s h , a n d g r a n t in g a n e x t e n s io n o f th e n o o n re c e s s o n th e d a y s o f c lu b m e e t in g s . I n c o n n e c t io n w it h im p r o v e d m e t h o d s o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d t r a in in g m a y b e m e n t io n e d th e c o m m e n d a b le e ffo r t s o f s o m e e s t a b lis h m e n ts t o r e g u la r iz e s e a s o n a l o c c u p a t io n s a n d le sse n o r e n t ir e ly p r e v e n t p e r io d s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t . T h e s e e ffo r t s c o n s is t o f s e c u r in g o r d e r s e a r ly , m a k in g s t o c k g o o d s o r p a r t s o f g o o d s in d u ll s e a s o n s , fit t in g e m p lo y e e s t o d o m o r e th a n o n e k in d o f w o r k , a n d o t h e r s u c h m easu res. J o in t a d m in is t r a t io n b y e m p lo y e r s a n d e m p lo y e d , s o m e t im e s c a lle d m u t u a lis m , w h e r e s u c c e s s fu lly c o n d u c t e d , p r o b a b ly in c r e a s e s t h e in t e r e s t, g o o d w ill, a n d l o y a l t y o f th e w o r k e r s . T h e e m p lo y e e s m a y b e r e p r e s e n t e d o n c o m m it t e e s h a v in g c h a r g e o f s a fe t y a n d a c c id e n t w o r k , s a n ita t io n , r e c r e a t io n , a n d g e n e r a l w e lfa r e fe a tu r e s . I n c e r t a in n o t a b le c a s e s , c it e d e ls e w h e r e , t h e y h a v e a v o ic e in th e g e n e r a l m a n a g e m e n t a n d t h e s e t t in g o f th e w a g e s c a le . T h e m is t a k e m u s t n o t b e m a d e o f s u p p o s in g t h a t w e lfa r e w o r k w ill p r e v e n t d is c o r d w h e n e v e n c o r d ia l r e la tio n s , th e b e s t o f w o r k in g c o n d it io n s , a n d g o o d w a g e s h a v e fa ile d in th is a t tim e s . N e v e r t h e le s s , t h o u g h fe w e m p lo y e r s w o u ld m a k e a n y v e r y d e fin it e s t a t e m e n t o n t h is s u b je c t , t h e in d ic a t io n s a re t h a t , o t h e r t h in g s b e in g e q u a l, w e lfa r e w o r k r e d u c e s t h e la b o r t u r n o v e r , lo w e r s th e s ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t r a te , a n d c o n d u c e s t o a b e t t e r fe e lin g o n th e p a r t o f t h e w o r k in g fo r c e . CHAPTER I*—HEALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. T h e m e t h o d s o f c a r in g f o r t h e h e a lt h o f e m p lo y e e s v a r y w it h t h e n e e d s o f d iffe r e n t in d u s t r ie s a n d t h e in d iv id u a l id e a s o f e m p lo y ers. T h e s e m e t h o d s in c lu d e w o r k a lo n g t h e lin e s o f p r e v e n t iv e a n d c u r a t iv e m e d ic in e a n d s u r g e r y , t h e s a fe g u a r d in g o f t h e h e a lt h o f a ll t h e e m p lo y e e s t h r o u g h t h e p h y s ic a l e x a m in a t io n u p o n e n t r a n c e , t h e r e lie f fr o m t h e s t r a in o f e s p e c ia lly m o n o t o n o u s a n d fa t ig u in g o p e r a t io n s t h r o u g h t h e g r a n t in g o f r e s t p e r io d s o r c h a n g e o f o c c u p a t io n , a n d t h e g r a n t in g o f v a c a t io n s a n d s ic k l e a v e w h ic h g i v e e m p lo y e e s t h e o p p o r t u n it y t o r e c u p e r a t e fr o m lo n g p e r io d s o f w o r k o r o f illn e s s . M E D IC A L, H O S P IT A L , A ND SU RG ICA L T R E A T M E N T . M a n y k in d s o f in d u s t r ie s h a v e fo u n d fir s t a id o r e m e r g e n c y h o s p i ta ls t o b e e s s e n tia l t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e h e a lt h o f e m p lo y e e s , a n d t h e r e is u n d o u b t e d ly m u c h v a lu a b le w o r k d o n e t h r o u g h t h e a g e n c y o f th e s e h o s p it a ls . I n m a n y c a s e s e m p lo y e e s w h o a r e t o o p o o r o r t o o c a re le s s t o t a k e s t e p s t o s e c u r e t h e p r o p e r t r e a t m e n t f o r t h e m s e lv e s o r w h o d o n o t r e a liz e t h a t s u c h t r e a t m e n t is n e c e s s a r y a r e a d v is e d a n d c a r e d f o r in t im e a n d m u c h n e e d le s s s u ffe r in g is t h e r e b y a v o id e d . I f t h e w o r k is in t e llig e n t ly a n d c o n s c ie n t io u s ly c a r r ie d o u t a n d t h e t e n d e n c y t o g iv e m e d ic in e f o r t o o t r iv ia l c a u s e s is a v o id e d , t h e r e s u lt s t o t h e e m p lo y e e w ill b e b e t t e r h e a lt h a n d in c r e a s e d e a r n in g p o w e r a n d t o t h e e m p lo y e r a m o r e e ffic ie n t f o r c e o f e m p lo y e e s . T h e e q u ip m e n t in d iffe r e n t e s t a b lis h m e n t s r a n g e s f r o m s im p le fir s t -a id c a b in e t s l o c a t e d in t h e o ffic e o r a b o u t t h e p la n t t o e la b o r a t e a n d u p - t o - d a t e e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a ls . T h e s e h o s p it a ls a r e h o u s e d e it h e r in s e p a r a t e b u ild in g s o r in a s u it e o f r o o m s in t h e p la n t a n d in c lu d e d o c t o r s ’ o ffic e s , o p e r a t in g r o o m s , a n d w a r d s f o r m e n a n d w o m e n , w it h d o c t o r s a n d n u r s e s o n d u t y t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r k in g h ou rs. T h e fo llo w in g t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g t h e v a r io u s m e d ic a l fa c ilit ie s a n d t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f c a s e s t r e a t e d p e r m o n t h , b y in d u s t r ie s : 14 15 H E A L T H M EASURES FOR EM PLO YE ES. 1 .— N U M B E R OF E S T A B L IS H M E N T S H A V IN G F IR S T -A ID E Q U IP M E N T A N D E M E R G E N C Y H O S P IT A L S , A N D A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF CASES T R E A T E D P E R M O N TH , B Y IN D U S T R IE S . T a b le Employees. N um ber of estab lish ments. Industry. A utom obiles................................... Boots and shoes............................ Chemicals and allied products.. Clothing and furnishings............. Electrical supplies........................ E x p losiv es ..................................... Fine machines and instruments. Food products..........: .................... Foundry and machine shops___ Iron ana steel................................ Mining, coa l................................... Mining, other................................. Offices.............................................. Paper and paper goods................ Printing and publishing............. Railroads, electric......................... R ubber and com position g ood s.. Stores............................................... Textiles............... ........................... Other industries............................ T o ta l.................................... Male. Female. 9 93,077 2,606 5 16,555 7,375 7 12,698 841 12 6,736 12,547 6,664 5 44,376 5 30,095 5,935 8 2 15,122 a 5,641 8,662 8,367 13 48 138,127 9,148 36 201,306 1,467 11 17,855 12 25,392 56 7 2 3,757 2 4,828 7 5,995 3,179 9 7,750 4,176 1,015 16 59,043 9 37,094 5,753 46 56,838 67,935 33 25,553 20,209 77 3 152,437 2 58,847 H os First- pital aid or equip emer ment gency onty.1 rooms. Total. 95,683 23,930 13,539 19,283 51,040 36,030 25,263 17,029 147,275 202,773 17,856 25,448 13,587 9,174 11,926 60,058 42,847 124,773 45,762 220,734 375 * 958,173 j5 226,885 1,204,010 Male employees. FirstD oc aid tor. Nurse. attend ants. 9 2 2 16 44 8 2 4 11 5 5 7 7 35 32 11 5 6 6 9 6 7 44 16 39 8 2 3 5 4 4 4 5 23 21 5 2 4 1 4 6 4 32 7 27 110 265 171 1 3 3 1 1 4 12 4 6 1 1 Female employees. 7 3 1 10 4 5 5 6 19 25 3 3 2 4 3 2 3 5 23 10 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 7 8 29 4 4 7 1 6 39 11 24 181! 1 131 Total, both sexes. Num Num Num ber of ber of ber of estab estab estab Average lish N um Average lish Num Average lish N um cases ments ber of cases ments ber of treated ments ber of treated treated em report report emreport em per per per ing month. in g ployees. month. ing ployees month. eases cases cases treat treattreat ed. ed. Industry. 26,230 16,640 781 146 138 696 954 3,005 14,008 2,756 1,141 5,276 2,190 1,789 3.122 252 1,198 579 58 40,741 13,313 13,369 17,959 27,383 23,430 21,659 13,595 116,193 132,979 13,207 6,804 13,151 9.174 10,626 20,425 21,938 9,186 16,680 8,835 1,035 3,351! 107,270 29,553 103,170 166 429,871 102,701 83,034 22,819 Automobiles. Boots and sh ________ Chemicals and allied p rod u cts.. Clothing and furnishings............. Electrical supplies........................ E xp losives...................................... Fine machines and instruments. F ood products. F oundry and Iron and ste<' Mining, coal Mining, other, 2,621 93,400 108,819 13,207 6,804 Paper i Print!! „ Railroads, electric. R ubber and com position goods. Stores............................................... T extiles........................................... Other industries............................ 2* 804 5,126 20,025 18,885 15,276 10,303 52,587 33,343 2,100 8,840 1,863 9,997 15,845 6,100 Offices........... T otal..................................... N um ber of establishments reporting— 1 29 15,534 350 2,060 648 1,044 10,782 390 122 852 650 500 4,379 2,386 5,000 3,010 2,498 7,029 451 265 350 131 1,845 90 915 521 292 2,642 124 1.122 200 1 Including pulmotors, stretchers, cots, etc. 2 Not including employees of 1 establishment, not reported. 3 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. 4 Not including employees of 4 establishments, not reported. &N ot including employees of 3 establishments, not reported. 3b, 888 16,493 3,150 2,827 3,730 5,952 13,347 3,495 1,641 34,258 23,520 781 146 1,945 2,138 2,521 3,063 22,061 39,393 3,310 12,951 261 770,889 196,722 16 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. TRAINING OF FIRST-AID CREWS. T h e h o s p it a l w o r k h a s g r o w n t o la r g e p r o p o r t io n s in m a n y in d u s tr ie s b e c a u s e o f t h e im p e t u s w h ic h h a s b e e n g iv e n t o t h e s a fe t y m o v e m e n t in t h e la s t fe w y e a r s . S in c e i t is o f t h e u t m o s t im p o r t a n c e t h a t a c c id e n t s , h o w e v e r t r iv ia l, s h o u ld h a v e im m e d ia t e a n d c a r e fu l a t t e n t io n in o r d e r t o m in im iz e t h e n u m b e r o f c a s e s o f in fe c t io n , i t is e s s e n tia l f o r t h e ir s u c c e s s fu l o p e r a t io n t h a t t h e s e h o s p it a ls n o t o n ly s h o u ld b e w e ll e q u ip p e d a n d h a v e a c o m p e t e n t s t a ff o f d o c t o r s a n d n u r s e s b u t t h a t s o m e o f t h e e m p lo y e e s s h o u ld b e t r a in e d in t h e p r in c ip le s o f fir s t a id a n d t h a t a ll o f t h e e m p lo y e e s s h o u ld b e e d u c a t e d t o c o o p e r a t e b y r e p o r t in g p r o m p t ly t o t h e h o s p it a l in a ll c a s e s o f a c c id e n t o r illn e s s . A s a r e s u lt o f t h is w o r k in t h e m in in g a n d ir o n a n d s t e e l in d u s tr ie s e s p e c ia lly , c r e w s o f m e n a re in s t r u c t e d in t h e p r in c ip le s a n d p r a c t ic e o f fir s t a id , a n d in t e r e s t is s t im u la t e d a n d m a in t a in e d a m o n g t h e e m p lo y e e s b y m e a n s o f s a fe t y -fir s t m a g a z in e s a n d b u lle t in s a n d b y c o n t e s t s a m o n g v a r io u s fir s t -a id t e a m s f o r w h ic h p r iz e s a re g iv e n . I n s o m e c a s e s t h e d a y o n w h ic h t h e s e c o n t e s t s t a k e p la c e b e c o m e s t h e g a la d a y o f t h e y e a r f o r t h e e m p lo y e e s a n d t h e ir fa m ilie s . T h e p a r t ic ip a t io n in r e s c u e a n d fir s t -a id w o r k is e n t ir e ly v o lu n t a r y o n t h e p a r t o f e m p lo y e e s , b u t e a c h o n e b e f o r e b e in g a llo w e d t o e n t e r th e w o r k m u s t h a v e a d o c t o r ’ s c e r t ific a t e s h o w in g t h a t h e is p h y s ic a lly fit t o u n d e r t a k e it. F o u r t o s ix m e n a r e a s s ig n e d t o e a c h c r e w a n d a re t r a in e d b y t h e c o m p a n y d o c t o r . T h e c o u r s e c o n s is t s o f le c t u r e s , d e m o n s t r a t io n s , a n d d rills . T w e lv e le s s o n s a re u s u a lly r e q u ir e d t o c o m p le t e th e c o u r s e . T h r o u g h th e s e s y s t e m s o f fir s t a id th e s e c o m p a n ie s h a v e b e e n a b le t o r e d u c e m a t e r ia lly th e n u m b e r o f c a s e s o f in fe c t io n . T h e fir s t d u t y o f fir s t -a id m e n is t o a p p l y a t e m p o r a r y a s e p t ic d r e s s in g t h a t w ill p r e v e n t in fe c t io n o f th e w o u n d . T h e ir fu r t h e r a c t iv it ie s a re t o s u p e r v is e th e r e m o v a l o f th e in ju r e d p e r s o n t o t h e h o s p it a l a n d t o r e n d e r a p p r o p r ia t e a s s is ta n c e in c a se s o f s h o c k , h e a t e x h a u s t io n , g a s p o is o n in g , e t c . R e s c u e c r e w s c o n s is t o f f r o m fiv e t o e ig h t m e n , w h o a re t r a in e d b y s p e c ia l in s t r u c t o r s t o w o r k w it h r e s c u e h e lm e t s (s u c h as s h o w n in p i. 1) in a r o o m fille d w it h s m o k e o r n o x io u s g a s e s . S e v e r a l c o m p a n ie s h a v e fu ll y e q u ip p e d r e s c u e c a r s c o n t a in in g s t r e t c h e r s a n d s t r e t c h e r r a c k s w it h a c a p a c it y o f f r o m 16 t o 2 0 m e n a n d p r o v id e d w it h s m a ll o p e r a t in g r o o m s w it h s t e r iliz in g e q u ip m e n t a n d a s u p p ly o f d r u g s a n d d r e s s in g s . I n a d d it io n , th e c a r s c a r r y o x y g e n h e lm e t s , s a fe t y la m p s , re e ls o f life lin e , a n d p u lm o t o r s a n d a re a lw a y s r e a d y w it h th e n e c e s s a r y c r e w o f m e n in c a s e o f e m e r g e n c y . PLATE I — EMERGENCY APPARATUS OF A CHEMICAL COMPANY. HELMETS, GLOVES, BOOTS, TOOLS, ETC. NOTE STRETCHER, PLATE 2 —MINE EMERGENCY ROOM OR REFUGE CHAMBER. HEALTH M EASURES FOR EM PLO YE ES. 17 FIRST-AID EQUIPMENT. O f th e 3 7 5 e s ta b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g p r o v is io n s f o r m e d ic a l t r e a t m e n t , 110 h a v e fir s t -a id e q u ip m e n t ; o f th e s e , 77 h a v e fir s t -a id k its o n ly , 16 h a v e fir s t -a id c a b in e t s a n d s t r e t c h e r o r c o t , 12 h a v e fir s t-a id k it s in r e s t r o o m s , a n d 5 h a v e k it , s t r e t c h e r , a n d p u lm o t o r . I n th e m in in g in d u s t r y , w h e r e m u c h o f th e r e lie f w o r k is d o n e b y fir s t -a id c r e w s , th e r e a re fir s t -a id b o x e s a t th e d iffe r e n t m in e le v e ls a n d s o m e t im e s e m e r g e n c y r o o m s o r r e fu g e c h a m b e r s b u ilt o f c o n c r e t e . (S e e p i. 2 .) O n e c o m p a n y r e p o r t s a s p e c ia l s ig n a l s y s t e m , in c a s e o f a c c id e n t s , t o c a ll th e fir s t -a id m e n . S t r e t c h e r s , a n d u s u a lly p u lm o t o r s , o r lu n g m o t o r s , a re s u p p lie d . O n e c o m p a n y k e e p s fir s t -a id b o x e s d r y b y u se o f e le c t r ic -lig h t b u lb s . P o c k e t fir s t -a id c a s e s a re a ls o fr e q u e n t ly fu r n is h e d th e m e n . First-aid cabinets.— T h e e q u ip m e n t o f fir s t -a id c a b in e t s v a r ie s s o m e w h a t in c o m p r e h e n s iv e n e s s a c c o r d in g t o th e s k ill o f th o s e a s s ig n e d t o a d m in is t e r fir s t a id . T h e p o l ic y o f m o s t c o m p a n ie s w it h g o o d h o s p it a l e q u ip m e n t , h o w e v e r , is t o k e e p d o w n th e a m o u n t o f fir s t -a id w o r k o u t s id e th e h o s p it a l t o a m in im u m in o r d e r t h a t p a t ie n t s m a y b e t r e a t e d b y t r a in e d a t t e n d a n t s u n d e r p r o p e r c o n d it io n s a n d w it h p r o p e r e q u ip m e n t . T h e e q u ip m e n t o f o n e fir s t -a id c a s e , w h ic h is c o n t a in e d in a g la ss ja r (a s a t is fa c t o r y m e t h o d o f k e e p in g th e s u p p lie s s t e r ile ), is as fo llo w s : L a r g e a n d s m a ll b a n d a g e s d o n e u p in in d iv id u a l p a c k a g e s , a p a ir o f s c is s o r s , tr ia n g u la r b a n d a g e s , s a fe t y p in s , 1 a n d 2 in c h r o lle r b a n d a g e s , d r y p ic r ic a c id g a u z e in o ile d - p a p e r e n v e lo p e s , a n d t o u r n iq u e t . I n s o m e o f th e lo c a t io n s m o r e d is t a n t fr o m th e c e n t r a l h o s p it a l a d h e s iv e t a p e a n d t in c t u r e o f io d in e a re a d d e d t o th e e q u ip m e n t . Stretcher cases.— I n h a z a r d o u s in d u s t r ie s s t r e t c h e r ca s e s a re u s u a lly lo c a t e d a t v a r io u s p o in t s t h r o u g h o u t th e p la n t . A m e t h o d o f b r in g in g in ju r e d e m p lo y e e s o u t o f m in e s s o as t o m in im iz e th e s h o c k a n d ja r in c a r r y in g t h e m f r o m th e p la c e o f in ju r y t o th e s u r fa c e is s h o w n in p la t e 3 . T h e s t a n d a r d s t r e t c h e r b o x e s o f a la r g e ir o n a n d s te e l c o m p a n y a re m a d e o f s h e e t s te e l w it h s lo p in g t o p t o a llo w d u s t, s n o w , a n d r a in t o fa ll o ff. E a c h b o x c o n t a in s a R e e v e s a r m y s t r e t c h e r , la r g e w o o le n b la n k e t , a r m y t o u r n iq u e t , a n d e m e r g e n c y b a n d a g e s . T h is s t r e t c h e r is d e s ig n e d s o t h a t i t c a n e a s ily b e p la c e d in th e b e d o r o n th e o p e r a t in g t a b le w it h o u t r e m o v in g th e p a t ie n t , t h u s m a k in g m u c h h a n d lin g u n n e c e s s a r y . I t is v e r y c o m fo r t a b le a n d e x t r e m e ly u s e fu l f o r o u i c k t r a n s p o r t a t io n . A fir s t -a id p a c k a g e , s e a le d a n d a s e p t ic , is p la c e d in e a c h s t r e t c h e r b o x . T h is b o x c o n t a in s o n e b o t t l e o f a r o m a t ic s p ir it s o f a m m o n ia , o n e t r ia n g u la r b a n d a g e , o n e r o ll o f g a u z e b a n d a g e , o n e g a u z e c o m p re s s. T h is p a c k a g e is t o b e u s e d o n l y in c a s e a t e m p o r a r y d r e s s in g is n e e d e d . 88203°— 19— B u ll. 250------- 2 18 WELsFABE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. A g r e e n c r o s s o n a w h it e b a c k g r o u n d is u s e d t o in d ic a t e l o c a t io n o f s t r e t c h e r b o x e s , a n d a c a r d g iv in g th e lo c a t i o n o f a ll th e o t h e r b o x e s a b o u t th e w o r k s is p la c e d in e a c h o n e , s o t h a t in c a s e o f in ju r y t o m o r e t h a n o n e p e r s o n th e b o x e s c a n b e l o c a t e d q u ic k ly . A fir s t a id c a r d g iv in g in s t r u c t io n s f o r th e p r a c t ic a l a p p lic a t io n o f t o u r n iq u e t t o th e a r m a n d t o th e le g is in c lo s e d in a w o o d e n fr a m e o n th e o u t s id e o f e a c h s t r e t c h e r b o x . Passes fo r patients .— I n c a s e o f a c c id e n t a “ f o r e m a n ’ s c a r d ” is is s u e d . T h is is a n o ffic ia l o r d e r t o th e d o c t o r t o r e n d e r s u r g ic a l a t t e n t io n . S h o u ld th e c a s e b e o f t r iv ia l c h a r a c t e r , t h e c a r d is s ig n e d b y th e d o c t o r a n d h a n d e d t o th e fo r e m a n as a u t h o r it y f o r h is a llo w i n g t h e m a n t o r e t u r n t o w o r k , b u t i f th e in ju r y is s e v e r e e n o u g h t o n e c e s s it a t e th e p a t ie n t ’ s b e in g ta k e n t o th e h o s p it a l o r t o h is h o m e , t h e c a r d is h e ld b y th e d o c t o r u n t il th e m a n is a b le t o r e t u r n t o h is w o r k . T h e s y s t e m o f a n o t h e r c o m p a n y , in th is r e g a r d , is w o r t h y o f n o t e . P a t ie n t s g o in g t o th e h o s p it a l a re p r o v id e d b y t h e ir fo r e m e n w it h a t r e a t m e n t p a s s , u p o n w h ic h t h e y a re r e q u ir e d t o s t a m p th e t im e o f l e a v i n g t h e ir r o o m , t im e o f a r r iv a l a t h o s p it a l, tim e o f le a v in g h o s p it a l, a n d t im e o f a r r iv a l b a c k o n th e jo b . T h is e n a b le s th e c o m p a n y t o fin d o u t e x a c t l y w h a t th e h o s p it a l s e r v ic e c o s t s in l o s t tim e , a n d a ls o s e r v e s as a c h e c k o n e m p lo y e e s lo a fin g w h ile g o in g t o th e h o s p it a l. W h e n a d r e s s in g is fin is h e d , th e h o s p it a l c le r k e n te r s th e d a t e a n d t im e a t w h ic h th e p a t ie n t m u s t c o m e b a c k f o r r e t r e a t m e n t o n th e b a c k o f t h e c a r d a n d th e p a t ie n t m u s t r e p o r t a t t h e t im e s t a t e d . T h is s y s t e m h a s b e e n v e r y s u c c e s s fu l in p r e v e n t in g e m p lo y e e s f r o m h a v in g t o w a it a lo n g t im e f o r t r e a t m e n t . SCOPE OF THE W ORK OF EM ERGENCY H OSPITALS. I n t h e ir o n a n d s t e e l in d u s t r y , in fo u n d r ie s , m a c h in e s h o p s , a n d o t h e r e x t r a h a z a r d o u s in d u s t r ie s t h e e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a l e q u ip m e n t is o f t e n v e r y e la b o r a t e . A l l t h e m o d e r n s a n it a r y a p p lia n c e s — s u c h as fa u c e t s , w h ic h a r e o p e r a t e d b y f o o t o r k n e e p r e s s u r e , g la s s c a b in e t s f o r m e d ic in e s a n d in s t r u m e n t s , p o r c e la in t a b le s , e le c t r ic s te r iliz e r s , a n d c o m p le t e e q u ip m e n t f o r m a jo r a n d m in o r o p e r a t io n s — a re fo u n d . F o r t y - t h r e e o f th e s e e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y s u r g e o n s , s o t h a t a c c i d e n t s , e v e n t h o u g h v e r y s e r io u s , m a y b e c a r e d f o r w it h o u t t h e lo s s o f t i m e , w h ic h is o ft e n s o s e r io u s a f a c t o r in s u r g ic a l c a s e s . E ig h t e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h a r e n o t e q u ip p e d t o c a r e f o r v e r y s e r io u s c a s e s h a v e t h e ir o w n a m b u la n c e s , o f w h ic h s ix a r e m o t o r a m b u la n c e s , in o r d e r t h a t t h e r e m a y b e a s lit t le d e la y as p o s s ib le in g e t t in g p a t ie n t s t o t h e g e n e r a l h o s p it a l. T h e r e is a s y s t e m a t ic e n d e a v o r in m o s t e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h p o s s e s s g o o d e m e r g e n c y e q u ip m e n t t o h a v e t h e e m p lo y e e s r e p o r t t o t h e d o c t o r o r n u r s e f o r e v e n t h e s lig h t e s t in ju r ie s , a n d a s a r e s u lt PLATE 3 — STRETCHER SUSPENDED IN MINE WAGON, WITH SPRINGS TO ABSORB ALL SHOCK AND JAR, TO TRAVEL FROM PLACE OF INJURY TO SURFACE. H EALTH M EASURES FOR EM PLO YE ES. 19 t b e r e lia s b e e n a g r e a t r e d u c t io n in t h e n u m b e r o f c a s e s o f in fe c t io n . I n m a n y c a s e s s e v e r e p e n a lt ie s a re im p o s e d i f w o r k e r s e n d e a v o r t o r e m o v e p a r t ic le s f r o m th e e y e s o f fe llo w w o r k m e n o r b in d u p c u t s o r s c r a t c h e s , a n d s o m e t im e s t h is is c o n s id e r e d s u ffic ie n t c a u s e f o r d is c h a r g e . A b o u t 1 9 0 o f t h e c o m p a n ie s v is it e d g iv e fr e e m e d ic a l s e r v ic e t o e m p lo y e e s in a d d it io n t o t h e a c c id e n t w o r k . I n t h o s e in d u s t r ie s in w h ic h a c c id e n t s a re r a r e a n d s e ld o m s e r io u s m u c h h a s b e e n m a d e o f t h e m e d ic a l s e r v ic e , a n d in d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s a n d la r g e o ffic e s , w h ic h a lm o s t u n ifo r m ly h a v e e la b o r a t e e m e r g e n c y e q u ip m e n t , e m p lo y e e s a re e n c o u r a g e d t o r e p o r t t o t h e h o s p it a l f o r t h e m o s t t r iv ia l c o m p la in t s . I n th e s e e s ta b lis h m e n t s o ft e n a la r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f th e e m p lo y e e s a re t r e a t e d e a c h m o n t h , w h ile in t h o s e w h ic h c o n fin e t h e m s e lv e s t o - a c c id e n t w o r k o n ly , u s u a lly c o m p a r a t iv e ly fe w r e c e iv e t r e a t m e n t . O f th e 3 7 5 e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g , 2 6 5 h a v e h o s p it a l e q u ip m e n t v a r y in g f r o m v e r y o r d in a r y t o v e r y e la b o r a t e , a n d 1 1 0 o t h e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v e fir s t -a id e q u ip m e n t o n ly . O f th e s e 3 7 5 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 171 e m p lo y d o c t o r s , 8 4 h a v e d o c t o r s o n c a ll, 99 h a v e n o n e , a n d 21 d o n o t r e p o r t . O n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -t w o e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y 1 d o c t o r e a c h , 2 0 e m p lo y 2 d o c t o r s , 8 e m p lo y 3 , a n d 1 6 e m p lo y n u m b e r s v a r y in g f r o m 4 t o 12. T w o c o m p a n ie s e m p lo y 14 a n d 2 2 d o c t o r s , r e s p e c t iv e ly , e a c h c o m p a n y h a v in g s e v e r a l p la n t s ; a n o t h e r e m p lo y s 43., b u t th is c o m p a n y c o v e r s a w id e t e r r it o r y a n d m u c h fa m i l y w o r k is in c lu d e d . O n e c o m p a n y h a s a h o s p it a l a d ja c e n t t o t h e p la n t w h ic h w a s s t a r t e d b y t h e fir m b u t is n o w a p u b l i c h o s p it a l a t w h ic h a ll e m e r g e n c y c a s e s a re t r e a t e d . O n e o th e r d oes n o t r e p o rt n u m b e r o f d o cto rs . O f th e d o cto rs re p o r t e d in t h e 171 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 4 8 a re r e p o r t e d a s s u r g e o n s . O n e h u n d r e d a n d e ig h t y -o n e e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y tr a in e d n u r s e s , 165 h a v e n o n e , a n d 2 9 d o n o t r e p o r t . O f th e s e 181 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 104 h a v e 1 t r a in e d n u r s e e a c h , 3 9 h a v e 2 n u r s e s , 2 0 h a v e 3 , 12 h a v e fr o m 4 t o 8 ; t h e 5 e m p lo y in g m o r e t h a n 8 h a v e r e p o r t e d f o r m o r e t h a n o n e p la n t . I n o n e e s t a b lis h m e n t th e n u r s e s in th e c o m p a n y h o s p it a l s e r v e as e m e r g e n c y n u rse s. T h e m a n a g e m e n t o f o n e v e r y la r g e c o m p a n y e m p lo y in g m a n y y o u n g w o m e n b e lie v e s t h a t t h e c o m p a n y s h o u ld n o t t a k e th e r e s p o n s ib ilit y o f t r e a t in g its e m p lo y e e s in a n y e x c e p t t h e v e r y s im p le s t fir s t -a id c a s e s . I t is t h e p o l i c y o f th is c o m p a n y t o h a v e a fir s t -a id c a b in e t in t h e r e s t r o o m in c h a r g e o f o n e o f th e o ld e r e m p lo y e e s , a n d i f a n y s u d d e n , s e r io u s c a s e d e v e lo p s t o s e n d f o r a p h y s ic ia n . A s fa r as p o s s ib le , h o w e v e r , t h e c o m p a n y w o r k s t h r o u g h t h e f a m i l y p h y s i c ia n , b e lie v in g t h a t a b e t t e r fe e lin g r e s u lts o n t h e p a r t o f e m p lo y e e s a n d t h e ir fa m ilie s i f t h is is d o n e . T h i s c o m p a n y a ls o b e lie v e s t h a t a fin e ly e q u ip p e d e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a l e n c o u r a g e s t h o s e w it h t r iflin g a lim e n t s t o t h in k t o o m u c h o f t h e m , a n d m a k e s it o ft e n t o o e a s y t o 20 WELFARE WORK FOB INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. g e t m e d ic in e w it h o u t w h ic h in th e e n d th e e m p lo y e e w o u ld p r o b a b ly b e b e t t e r o ff. T h e e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a l w o r k is t o a c e r t a in e x t e n t a llie d w it h t h a t o f th e b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n , a n d in a fe w in s t a n c e s is m a n a g e d , b y t h is a s s o c ia t io n , t h e e m p lo y e r g iv in g s p a c e a n d e q u ip m e n t a n d u s u a lly m a k in g a c o n t r ib u t io n t o t h e a s s o c ia t io n fu n d s . I n th e m a jo r i t y o f c a s e s , h o w e v e r , t h e e m p lo y e r p a y s f o r a n d c o n t r o ls t h e h o s p it a l w o r k , a n d t h e m e d ic a l w o r k in c o n n e c t io n w it h t h e b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n is in c id e n t a l t o t h e r e g u la r w o r k o f th e h o s p it a l. SYSTEM OF FOLLOWING UP ABSENTEES. V is its t o t h e h o m e b y t h e d o c t o r o r v is it in g n u r s e a re o ft e n o f g r e a t v a lu e . O n e v e r y la r g e fir m h a s a n e ffic ie n t m e t h o d o f k e e p in g t r a c k o f e m p lo y e e s w h o a r e o u t b e c a u s e o f illn e s s . T h e s e e m p lo y e e s a r e r e p o r t e d e v e r y 12 d a y s b y th e a b s e n t e e d e p a r t m e n t a n d a s p e c ia l in v e s t ig a t io n is c o n d u c t e d . I n c a s e th e e m p lo y e e n e e d s fin a n c ia l a s s is ta n c e , e it h e r f o r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e o r f o r t h e s u p p o r t o f h is fa m ily , h e is g iv e n a r e g u la r w e e k ly a llo w a n c e fr o m th e “ a id -t o -t h e -s ic k ” fu n d w h ic h t h e c o m p a n y m a in t a in s . A n o t h e r c o m p a n y h a s a s y s t e m a t iz e d m e t h o d o f c a r in g f o r its e m p lo y e e s w h o a re a b s e n t b e c a u s e o f illn e s s o r in ju r y . S u c h e m p lo y e e s a re r e q u ir e d t o n o t i f y t h e h e a lt h d e p a r t m e n t w it h in 2 4 h o u r s . A t r a in e d n u r s e c a lls o n th e s e c o n d d a y o f a b s e n c e , a n d e v e r y t h ir d d a y t h e r e a ft e r , t o se e t h a t t h e p a t ie n t is r e c e iv in g p r o p e r m e d ic a l a t t e n t io n . W h ile th is c o m p a n y d o e s n o t a t t e m p t o r g a n iz e d s o c ia l s u p e r v is io n o r t o g iv e b e d s id e c a r e , t h e n u r s e s t r y t o in s t r u c t fa m ilie s in t h e e s s e n tia ls o f A m e r ic a n s t a n d a r d s o f liv in g . E a c h n u r s e e n g a g e d in t h is w o r k is a s s ig n e d t o a d is t r ic t a n d is e n c o u r a g e d t o c o o p e r a t e w it h p u b lic a n d p r iv a t e a g e n c ie s t h a t a r e c o n c e r n e d w it h th e b e t t e r m e n t o f s o c ia l c o n d it io n s . I n t h is e s t a b lis h m e n t , as in o t h e r s t h a t e m p l o y v is it in g n u r s e s , a u t o m o b ile s a r e fu r n is h e d b y t h e c o m p a n y f o r th e u s e o f th e n u r s e s . I n s e v e r a l in s t a n c e s a b s e n c e s a re in v e s t ig a t e d b y th e v is it in g n u r s e w h o g iv e s a d v ic e a n d a s s is ta n c e , a n d in o n e c a s e h e r r e p o r t t o th e m a n a g e r is th e b a s is f o r h e lp e x t e n d e d b y th e c o m p a n y . AVERAGE NUMBER OF CASES TREATED. O f th e e s t a b lis h m e n t s s c h e d u le d , 1 6 6 , e m p lo y in g 4 2 9 ,8 7 1 m a le w o r k e r s , r e p o r t 1 0 2 ,7 0 1 c a s e s o f illn e s s a n d a c c id e n t , o r 2 4 p e r c e n t , in a n a v e r a g e m o n t h , w h ile 9 0 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , e m p lo y in g 8 3 ,0 3 4 fe m a le e m p lo y e e s , r e p o r t 2 2 ,8 1 9 c a s e s , o r 2 7 p e r c e n t , fo r a lik e p e r io d . T w o h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - o n e e s t a b lis h m e n t s , in c lu d in g s e v e r a l w h ic h d o n o t r e p o r t c a s e s b y s e x , w it h a t o t a l o f 7 7 0 ,8 8 9 e m p lo y e e s , r e p o r t 1 9 6 ,7 2 2 c a s e s , o r 2 6 p e r c e n t . F o r th e e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g , t h e p e r c e n t v a r ie s in m a le c a s e s fr o m le s s t h a n 1 t o 7 0 , in fe m a le c a s e s f r o m le s s th a n 1 t o 7 4 ; in t o t a l m a le a n d fe m a le fr o m le ss th a n 1 t o 6 8 H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 21 p e r c e n t . I n c lu d e d in th e t o t a ls a re 9 e s t a b lis h m e n t s s h o w in g a p e r c e n t a g e r u n n in g fr o m 76 t o 1 1 0 . I t s h o u ld b e b o r n e in m in d t h a t th e s e a re th e p e r c e n t s t h a t th e n u m b e r o f “ c a s e s ” are o f th e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s , a n d m a y o r m a y n o t b e th e p e r c e n t s t h a t th e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv in g t r e a t m e n t are o f th e t o t a l n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s . T h is a rise s fr o m th e fa c t t h a t th e s a m e e m p lo y e e s m a y h a v e r e c e iv e d t r e a t m e n t a t t w o o r m o r e d is t in c t tim e s d u r in g th e m o n t h , a n d e a c h tr e a t m e n t w o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d a “ c a s e .” I t is a lso t o b e e m p h a s iz e d t h a t th e te r m “ illn e s s a n d a c c i d e n t ” as u s e d h e r e in c lu d e s a ll c a s e s r e p o r t e d t o th e h o s p it a l, m a n y o f th e m o f a v e r y m in o r c h a r a c t e r . W h ile th e s e p e r c e n t s m a y h a v e n o d e fin ite v a lu e as s h o w in g th e p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s tr e a t e d , t h e y d o s h o w in a g e n e r a l w a y th e g r e a t v a r ia t io n in th e r e la t io n b e t w e e n th e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s a n d th e s e r v ic e s r e n d e r e d . CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OF STANDARD EMERGENCY HOSPITAL. T h e fo llo w in g d e s c r ip t io n o f e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a l c o n s t r u c t io n a n d e q u ip m e n t is t h a t a d o p t e d as a s t a n d a r d f o r th e m a n y d iffe r e n t p la n t s o f a la r g e s te e l c o m p a n y . T h is b u ild in g p la n w a s a d o p t e d as e m b r a c in g t h o r o u g h s a n ita t io n , g o o d c o n s t r u c t io n , a n d e c o n o m y in o p e r a t io n . I t is a d a p t e d t o th e n e e d s w h e r e 1 ,5 0 0 o r m o r e m e n are e m p lo y e d . W h e r e lo c a l c o n d it io n s a re s u c h t h a t th e c o m p le t e s t a n d a r d p la n is in e x c e s s o f th e n e e d s , a h o s p it a l in c o r p o r a t in g th e n e c e s s a r y u n it s o f th is p la n c a n b e e r e c t e d , o r i f a s e p a r a te b u ild in g is n o t d e s ir e d a s u ite o f r o o m s c a n b e a r r a n g e d a n d fit t e d u p in a c c o r d a n c e w it h th e s e o r fo llo w in g s u g g e s tio n s . (S e e p is . 4 a n d 5 .) T h e h o s p it a l b u ild in g , 46 fe e t 3 in c h e s b y 32 fe e t 9 in c h e s , o u t s id e m e a s u r e m e n t, is o f s te e l a n d c o n c r e t e fir e p r o o f c o n s t r u c t io n , w it h th e fo llo w in g r o o m s : W a it in g r o o m , r e -d r e s s in g r o o m , o p e r a t in g r o o m , w a r d r o o m (th re e b e d s ), b a t h r o o m , a n d n u r s e ’s r o o m , o n th e m a in flo o r , a n d X - r a y r o o m , la b o r a t o r y , a n d m o r g u e in th e b a s e m e n t . Foundation.— F o u n d a t io n , c o n c r e t e . B a s e m e n t flo o r , a lso c o n c r e t e , 4 in c h e s t h ic k , t r o w e l fin is h e d , a n d in c lin e d t o flo o r tra p s . Walls.— O u t s id e w a lls 13J in c h e s t h ic k , fa c e d w it h r e d p r e s s e d b r ic k . A ll lin te ls , sills, a n d w a t e r t a b le s m a d e o f c o n c r e t e . Windows.— A ll w in d o w s o n m a in flo o r , d o u b le s a s h ; siz e o f g la s s , 30 b y 3 8 in c h e s . Doors.— A ll d o u b le d o o r s 2 b y 7 fe e t , s in g le d o o r s 3 b y 7 f e e t ; c o r e lo c k e d a n d p la in s u r fa c e . Roof.— S la te , s iz e 12 b y 18 in c h e s , la id o n b o a r d s h e a th in g . Entrance .— M a in flo o r e n te r e d b y a 15 p e r c e n t u p g r a d e , w it h s id e w a lls a n d flo o r o f c e m e n t . B a s e m e n t e n t e r e d o n a 15 p e r c e n t d o w n g r a d e ; r e t a in in g w a lls a n d flo o r a re m a d e o f c e m e n t . Heating.— M a in flo o r h e a t e d b y s te a m . 22 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. Water heating.— W a t e r h e a t e d b y g a s in s t a n t a n e o u s w a t e r h e a t e r h a v in g a c a p a c it y o f 6 g a llo n s p e r m in u t e t o 7 0 ° F . Interior finish .— A l l in t e r io r w o o d w o r k is fin is h e d w h it e , r e c e iv in g o n e c o a t o f s h e lla c , th r e e c o a t s o f w h it e le a d , o n e c o a t o f F r e n c h z in c , a n d o n e h e a v y c o a t o f e n a m e l. T h is c h a r a c t e r o f fin is h c a n b e e a s ily w a s h e d d o w n a n d k e p t c le a n . T h e o p e r a t in g , r e -d r e s s in g , a n d b a t h r o o m s h a v e a v it r o lit e o r g la s s •or tile w a in s c o t in g t o a h e ig h t o f 5 fe e t fr o m th e flo o r , r e s t in g o n a 3 -in c h t e r r a z z o c o v e , th e s h e e t s r u n n in g th e fu ll h e ig h t o f th e w a in s c o t in g , w it h a ll e x p o s e d e d g e s p o lis h e d a n d r o u n d e d ; b a la n c e o f e d g e s g r o u n d s o t h a t jo in t s a n d a ll p a n e ls b u t t in g a d jo in in g w o r k fit e v e n a n d tr u e , a n d c u t o u t u n d e r w in d o w s fo r v e n t ila t in g fa n s . R e m a in d e r o f w a lls , in c lu d in g c e ilin g s , h a v e t w o c o a t s o f h a r d p la s t e r a n d o n e c o a t o f w h it e lim e p la s t e r t r o w e le d t o a s m o o t h fin ish , a ll c o r n e r s b e in g r o u n d e d o r fille t e d . T h e flo o r s t h r o u g h o u t a re fin is h e d w it h t e r r a z z o o f b e s t w h it e I t a lia n m a r b le c h ip s s e t in b la n c c e m e n t a n d g r o u n d t o e v e n fin ish , jo in in g th e w a lls w it h a 3 -in c h te r r a z z o c o v e . A t e r r a z z o flo o r is p r e fe r a b le t o a tile flo o r b e c a u s e o f it s g r e a t e r w e a r in g q u a litie s . T ile flo o r in g , w h e r e s u b je c t t o r o u g h u s a g e , b e c o m e s g r a y a n d p o r o u s , a n d m o r e d iffic u lt t o k e e p s a n it a r y t h a n te r r a z z o . F lo o r d ra in s a re 12 b y 12 in c h e s , o f p o lis h e d b r a s s , w it h h in g e d covers. A t e a c h r a d ia t o r u n d e r th e w in d o w s a s ir o c c o N o . 0 0 o r N o . 0 v e n t ila t o r fa n is p la c e d . T h is in s u r e s fr e e v e n t ila t io n a t a ll tim e s , a t th e s a m e t im e a llo w in g th e w in d o w s t o b e k e p t c lo s e d , t h e r e b y k e e p in g o u t th e d u s t a n d d ir t . F o r s a n it a r y r e a s o n s a ll w in d o w s a re d o u b le , s im ila r t o w in d o w s fo u n d in P u llm a n ca rs . Waiting room .— A c o m fo r t a b le s a n ita r y room , f o r t h e p a t ie n t s w h ile w a itin g , i f n e c e s s a r y , f o r a d re s sin g . E q u ip m e n t c o n s is t s o f 2 0 s t e e l-e n a m e l c h a ir s a n d a w a t e r -c o o le r . E n a m e l c h a ir s a re p r e f e r a b le t o w o o d , b e c a u s e t h e y a re m o r e s a n ita r y a n d w e a r b e t t e r t h a n w o o d c h a irs . Re-dressing room .— T h is r o o m is u s e d f o r t h e r e -d r e s s in g o f a ll c a s e s a n d f o r fir s t a t t e n t io n t o t h e m in o r c a se s. A w a s h s ta n d , w it h f o o t a t t a c h m e n t , is u s e d b y t h e d o c t o r a n d n u r s e in t h e s c r u b b in g o f t h e h & n d s a n d fo r e a r m s p r e p a r a t o r y t o r e n d e r in g s u r g ic a l a t t e n tio n . T h e f o o t b a t h is u s e d f o r th e t h o r o u g h s c r u b b in g o f th e f o o t a n d le g in c a s e s w h e r e t h e f o o t o r le g is in ju r e d . T h e b o t t l e r a c k is u s e d t o s t o r e s t o c k a n t is e p t ic s o lu t io n s s o t h a t w h e n s o lu t io n s a re n e c e s s a r y t h e y w ill b e fo u n d r e a d y f o r u se . B a s in s w it h s t a n d s a re u s e d t o b o l d a n t is e p t ic s o lu t io n s f o r a n t is e p t ic c le a n s in g o f t h e d o c t o r s ’ a n d n u r s e s ’ b a n d s . T h e in s t r u m e n t s t e r iliz e r is u s e d t o s t e r iliz e a ll in s t r u m e n t s b e f o r e u s in g th e m . T h e y a re c o m p le t e ly s t e r iliz e d in e v e r y c a s e a ft e r b e in g u s e d . T h e o t h e r e q u ip m e n t in th is r o o m PLATE 4 —EXTERIOR OF STANDARD EMERGENCY HOSPITAL. 4<ZzA_ PLATE 5 — PLAN OF STANDARD EMERGENCY HOSPITAL. PLATE 6.—OPERATING ROOM IN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL. //ysr/tm & rr ^m r//JZfA ty/r/t’ou s QX/£?JTr/?w s I— I E H E jrr/?//#. ^ OPftf/?r//y& /zoom //y s r /v v /v r /y r c/?s // y, 1 V 1 PLATE 7 —FLOOR PLAN OF FACTORY EMERGENCY HOSPITAL, SHOWING LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT. H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 23 c o n s is t s o f e n a m e l ta b le s , d r e s s in g c a r r ia g e (h o ld in g m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ), ch a irs , n u r s e ’ s d e sk , “ J u s t r it e ” p a il, in s t r u m e n t a n d d r e s s in g c a b in e t (t o h o l d s u p p lie s ), a n d t h e n e c e s s a r y s u r g ic a l in s t r u m e n t s u s e d f o r d re s sin g s , i. e ., tis s u e fo r c e p s , s c is s o r s , k n iv e s , e t c . Operating room .— T h is r o o m is s im ila r t o t h e r e -d r e s s in g r o o m in c o n s t r u c t io n a n d e q u ip m e n t . T h e s u r g e o n ’ s w a s h s t a n d h a s g o o s e n e c k r e m o v a b le s p r a y w it h k n e e - a c t io n s u p p ly v a lv e s . T h e o p e r a t in g r o o m is u s e d f o r m in o r o p e r a t io n s a n d f o r s u r g ic a l a t t e n t io n in th e s e v e r e c a s e s . T h is r o o m is fo u n d t o b e o f g r e a t v a lu e o n a c c o u n t o f it s b e in g s u r g ic a lly c le a n a t a ll t im e s , g iv in g t h e d o c t o r a n d n u r s e e v e r y o p p o r t u n it y f o r c o m p le t e a n tis e p s is , t h e r e b y e lim i n a t in g m a n y in fe c t io n s a n d s e r io u s c o m p lic a t io n s . T h e e q u ip m e n t is s im ila r t o t h a t fo u n d in t h e r e -d r e s s in g r o o m , w it h th e a d d it io n o f a h ig h -p r e s s u r e s te a m , h o t a n d c o ld w a t e r s te r iliz e r, in s t r u m e n t s te r i liz e r , a u t o c la v e f o r th e s t e r iliz a t io n o f g a u z e a n d b a n d a g e s , a n d a u t e n s il s te r iliz e r f o r th e s t e r iliz a t io n o f b a s in s , p a n s , e tc . B o t h e le c t r ic a n d g a s -h e a t e d s te r iliz e r s a re u s e d . I t is a b s o lu t e ly n e c e s s a r y , in o r d e r t o p r e v e n t in fe c t io n s , t h a t a ll s o lu t io n s , m a te r ia ls , in s t r u m e n t s , e t c ., s h o u ld b e s te r iliz e d b e fo r e m a k in g a s u r g ic a l o p e r a t io n o r r e -d r e s s in g . (S e e p i. 6, f o r illu s t r a t io n o f o p e r a t in g r o o m .) Bathroom .— T h e fu r n is h in g s o f th is r o o m c o n s is t o f a s p e c ia lly c o n s t r u c t e d b a t h t u b , 6 f e e t 6 in c h e s lo n g , a n d t o ile t fa c ilit ie s . T h e b a t h t u b is.u se d in th e t r e a t m e n t o f c a s e s o f h e a t e x h a n s t io n a n d h e a t s t r o k e . I t is p r o v id e d w it h a n a u t o m a t ic m ix e r , c a n v a s h a m m o c k , a n d p n e u m a t ic p illo w . I n c a s e s o f h e a t s t r o k e w h e r e th e p a t ie n t h a s a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 1 0 2 ° t o 1 1 1 ° F . c o ld b a t h s a re g iv e n u n t il t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r e a c h e s 1 0 0 ° F . o r s lig h t ly b e lo w . I n th e h e a t -e x h a u s t io n c a s e s w h e r e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e fa lls b e lo w n o r m a l, 9 5 ° t o 9 7 ° F ., a h o t b a t h is g iv e n u n t i l t h e p a t ie n t s h o w s s ig n s o f r e a c t io n . T h is t r e a t m e n t h a s b e e n th e m e a n s o f s a v in g a n u m b e r o f liv e s w h e r e p r o m p t t r e a t m e n t w a s e ss e n tia l. Ward or recovery room .— T h is r o o m is u s e d f o r c a s e s o f h e a t e x h a u s t io n o r h e a t s t r o k e , s h o c k , h e m o r r h a g e , g a s p o is o n in g , o r in t h e t r e a t m e n t o f a c u t e illn e s s e s o f a n y c h a r a c t e r . I t is e q u ip p e d w it h th r e e b e d s , b e s id e s t a b le a n d c h a irs . C a se s o f s h o c k o r h e m o r r h a g e s h o u ld n o t b e m o v e d b u t s h o u ld b e k e p t a t r e s t u n t il a r e a c t io n h a s ta k e n p la c e . T h e b e d s & re s u p p lie d w it h e le c t r ic w a r m in g b la n k e t s a n d h e a t in g p a d s , t a k in g t h e p la c e o f t h e m o r e c u m b e r s o m e h o t w a t e r b o t t le s . T h is r o o m is u s e d d a ily in. th e c a r e o f p a t ie n t s w h o are t e m p o r a r ily ill, a n d is in d is p e n s a b le . X -r a y and laboratory.— A n X - r a y e x a m in a t io n s h o u ld b e m a d e o f e v e r y fr a c t u r e i f a n a c c u r a t e d ia g n o s is is t o b e m a d e . T h e e q u ip m e n t c o n s is t s o f o n e X - r a y m a c h in e a n d o p e r a t in g t a b le , a le a d s c r e e n t o p r o t e c t t h e o p e r a t o r , a p p lia n c e s f o r d e v e lo p in g p la t e s , a n d r o o m f o r s t o r in g sa m e . T h e la b o r a t o r y is o f g r e a t a s s is ta n c e in 24 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. c o n fir m in g d ia g n o s e s w h e n t h e r e is a n e le m e n t o f d o u b t as t o t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d ise a se . T h e e q u ip m e n t f o r t h e s e p u r p o s e s c o n s is t s o f m ic r o s c o p e , c h e m ic a ls , p ip e t t e s , e t c ., u s e d t o e x a m in e t h e b lo o d , s p u t u m , a n d o t h e r s e c r e t io n s . Nurse's room .— T h is room , is f o r t h e p e r s o n a l u s e o f th e fe m a le n u r s e w h e n n o t e n g a g e d . F u r n is h in g s c o n s is t o f a b e d , d re sse r, c h a irs , t a b le , a n d o t h e r n e c e s s a r y e q u ip m e n t . T h is is n o t t h e r e si d e n c e o f t h e n u r s e , b u t is u s e d a s a r e s t r o o m , g iv in g t h e n e c e s s a r y p r iv a c y . Storeroom .— T h is r o o m is f o r s t o r a g e o f s u p p lie s — b la n k e t s , s h e e t s , c o tto n , e tc. LIST OF EQUIPM ENT FOR EM ERGENCY HOSPITAL. 1 water and instrument sterilizer (6gallon). 1 metal, white-enameled operating table, complete with cushions. 1 metal, white-enameled physician’s chair, with headrest for treatment of the eyes. ;-case, 1 metal, white-enameled top 3G inches long. 1 metal, white-enameled three-section dust-proof supply cabinet, each sec tion 12 inches b y 12 inches by 5 feet, with shelves. 1 metal, white-enameled electric-light stand. 1 electric fan. 1 metal, white-enameled medical and surgical cabinet. 1 metal, white-enameled two-basin stand with instrument tray (revolving). 1 small roll-top desk. 1 hospital bed, including mattress and pillows. 1 three-paneled folding screen for bed. 1 revolving stool (metal, white enameled). 2 metal, white-enameled chairs. 1 standard, porcelain-enameled, foot bath. 1 Justrite pail. 1 electric heating blanket. 2 electric heating pads. 1 bandage scissors, 6-inch. 1 mouth gag. 1 razor. 1 military hypodermic syringe. 6 scalpels. 2 bistouries (straight). 1 bistoury (curved). 2 dull-pointed scissors, 5-inch (straight). 2 dull-pointed scissors, 5-inch (curved). 1 suture scissors. 1 grove director. 4 probes. 1 curette. 1 Listens bone forceps, 7J inches. 24 curved needles. 1 needle holder. 2 plain tissue forceps. 2 mouse-tooth forceps. 1 double-pointed eye spud. 1 eye magnifying glass. 1 foot rest. 1 K elley pad. 12 tubes, emergency, catgut. 6 reagent bottles, 4-ounce, glass stoppers. 2 two-quart porcelain-enameled pitchers. 2 basins. 1 pus basin. 6 glass syringes. 12 medicine droppers. 1 Esmarc bandage. 24 tow els. 2 Army and Navy tourniquets. F o llo w in g is th e p la n o f a n e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a l, le ss e la b o r a t e t h a n th e o n e p r e v io u s ly d e s c r ib e d , w h ic h is c e n t r a lly lo c a t e d in o n e o f t h e p la n t b u ild in g s , a n d s e r v e s a c o m p a n y e m p lo y in g a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 0 ,0 0 0 m e n : Interior finish .— T h e m a in d is p e n s a r y c o n t a in s th r e e r o o m s — e y e r o o m , g e n e r a l t r e a t m e n t r o o m , a n d o p e r a t in g r o o m . T h e s e t h r e e PLATE 8 —UNIT DISPENSARY AND REST ROOM. PLATE 9.—DISPENSARY IN END OF FACTORY. H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 25 r o o m s h a v e w h it e t ile flo o r s a n d w a in s c o t in g , a n d wTalIs a n d c e ilin g s h a v e w h it e -e n a m e l fin is h . T h e d o c t o r ’s o ffic e a n d m e n ’s a n d w o m e n ’ s r e c o v e r y r o o m s h a v e l in o le u m -c o v e r e d flo o r s a n d w a lls a n d c e ilin g s p a in t e d w h it e . L ig h t in g is o f s e m i-in d ir e c t t y p e . F o r h e a t in g th e c ir c u la t in g h o t -w a t e r s y s t e m , w h ic h is th e s a m e a s t h a t in th e r e s t o f t h e p la n t , is u s e d . Equipment.— T h e r e is c o m p le t e e q u ip m e n t t o t a k e c a r e o f a ll c a se s t h a t d o n o t h a v e t o r e m a in lo n g e r t h a n o n e d a y . T h is in c lu d e s all s u r g ic a l in s t r u m e n t s a n d a p p lia n c e s t h a t a re in u s e e v e r y d a y , as w e ll as t h o s e t h a t a re u s e d o n l y in e m e r g e n c y c a s e s . O p e r a t io n s o f a m in o r c h a r a c t e r o n l y a r e p e r fo r m e d . S p e c ia l e q u ip m e n t n o t u s u a lly fo u n d in a h o s p it a l o f th is t y p e is a n it r o u s o x id e a p p a r a t u s fo r a n e s th e s ia a n d a la r g e e le c t r o m a g n e t fo r r e m o v in g s te e l. (S e e p i. 7 fo r flo o r p la n o f h o s p it a l, g iv in g l o c a t io n o f e q u ip m e n t .) Supplies .— E n o u g h s u p p lie s t o la s t th r e e o r fo u r m o n t h s a re k e p t in t h e s u p p ly r o o m . T h e s e s u p p lie s in c lu d e g a u z e , a d h e s iv e p la s te r , c o t t o n , b a n d a g e s , t o w e ls , a n d d r u g s , s u c h as a r o m a t ic s p ir its o f a m m o n ia , J a m a ic a g in g e r , s a lo l, a s p ir in , p h e n a c it in , liq u id p e t r o la tu m , v ib u r n u m c o m p o u n d , c lo r a z in e , s ilv e r n it r a t e , io d in e , L a s s a r ’s p a s t e , p is c o l, la n o lin , b o r i c a c id , u n g u e n t in e , ly s o l, c r e o lin , b ic h lo r id e o f m e r c u r y , a lc o h o l, a n d v a s e lin e . I n a d d it io n t o th e s e 8 0 0 t o 9 0 0 d r e s s in g s a re k e p t in r e s e r v e a n d s e p a r a t e f r o m th e s u p p lie s u s e d f r o m d a y t o d a y , t o b e u s e d in c a s e o f e m e r g e n c y . Staff .— T h e h o s p it a l s t a ff c o n s is t s o f a d o c t o r , th r e e g r a d u a t e n u r s e s , o n e m a le n u r s e , o n e s t e n o g r a p h e r , o n e c le r k , a n d a ja n itr e s s . T h e d o c t o r is in a t t e n d a n c e a b o u t fiv e h o u r s d a il y ; th e th r e e n u r se s, g o in g o n d u t y a n h o u r a p a r t , fill in th e t im e fr o m 7 a. m . t o 7 p . m ., w h ile t h e m a le n u r s e is o n f o r n ig h t d u t y . T h is s t a ff tr e a ts d a ily 350 to 400 cases. First-aid rooms.— S e v e r a l u n it d is p e n s a r ie s a n d r e s t r o o m s , e a c h in c h a r g e o f a t r a in e d n u r s e , a re lo c a t e d t h r o u g h t h e p la n t o f o n e c o m p a n y e m p lo y in g a b o u t 1 4 ,0 0 0 m e n . T h e s e u n its a re in t h e n a t u r e o f r e c e iv in g s t a t io n s a n d a r e a ls o f o r t r e a t m e n t o f m in o r c a s e s w h ic h d o n o t r e q u ir e t r e a t m e n t a t t h e m a in e m e r g e n c y h o s p it a l. (S e e p i. 8 .) T h e p o s s ib ilit y o f a d a p t in g in a v e r y s a t is fa c t o r y m a n n e r a n u n u s e d c o r n e r o f a f a c t o r y b u ild in g f o r a n e m e r g e n c y r o o m is s h o w n in p la t e 9, a n d th e s e c t io n o f a s u r g e r y s h o w n in p la t e 10 is a g o o d e x a m p le o f s a n it a r y e q u ip m e n t w it h f o o t a t t a c h m e n t s fo r w a s h b o w ls a n d s te r iliz e r s . F o r a c o m p a n y h a v in g a lim it e d a m o u n t o f s p a c e a n d w is h in g t o in s t a ll e m e r g e n c y e q u ip m e n t a t a m o d e r a t e c o s t , o n e r o o m t h a t w a s e q u ip p e d a t a n a p p r o x im a t e c o s t o f $ 1 ,0 0 0 w a s a lm o s t a m o d e l o f its k in d . - T h e flo o r o f r u b b e r t ilin g c o s t $ 3 5 0 . T h e p lu m b in g , w h ic h w a s o f t h e m o s t m o d e r n t y p e , h a v in g k n e e -p r e s s u r e fa u c e t s a n d all. 20 WELFARE WORK FOE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. i l i e fit t in g s o f t h e b e s t p o r c e la in , c o s t $ 2 5 0 . T h e r e s t o f th e e q u ip m e n t , c o n s is t in g o f t w o m e d ic in e c a b in e t s , a n in s t r u m e n t c a b in e t , a p o r c e la in o p e r a t in g s la b , a n e le c t r ic in s t a n t a n e o u s h e a t e r f o r u s e in c a s e t h e o t h e r h o t -w a t e r s u p p ly s h o u ld fa i l , a n e l e c t r i c w a r m in g p a n , a s a n it a r y c o t , a n d a s a n it a r y s c r e e n b y w h ic h t h e c o t c a n b e e n t ir e ly s h u t o ff f r o m th e r e s t o f t h e r o o m , w a s fu r n is h e d a t a c o s t o f a b o u t $ 4 0 0 . (S e e p i. 1 1 .) DENTAL AND OTH ER SPECIAL W O RK . S e v e r a l c o m p a n ie s h a v e i n t r o d u c e d d e n t a l s e r v ic e f o r t h e ir e m p lo y e e s . O n e c o m p a n y , h a v in g s e m ia n n u a l d e n ta l e x a m in a t io n s f o r a ll e m p lo y e e s , h a s a s u it e o f r o o m s c o n s is t in g o f d e n tis ts ' o ffic e s , a s t e r iliz in g r o o m , a n d a r a d io g r a p h r o o m . T h e r o o m s a re o f w h it e e n a m e l w it h p o r c e la in fit t in g s , g la s s - t o p p e d t a b le s a n d d e s k s , a n d fa u c e t s o p e r a t e d b y f o o t p r e s s u r e . R a d io g r a p h s a re m a d e in a ll c a s e s o f s u s p e c t e d b lin d a b s c e s s . G e n e r a l p r o p h y l a c t i c w o r k is d o n e a n d a r e p o r t m a d e t o t h e p a t ie n t o f th e t e e t h w h ic h n e e d a t t e n t io n . V e r y c o m p le t e r e c o r d s a re k e p t o f a ll c a s e s . A n o t h e r p la n t , e m p lo y in g o n e d e n tis t a n d t w o a s s is ta n ts , h a s h a d a d e n ta l d is p e n s a r y in o p e r a t io n f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . T h e o ffic e is e q u ip p e d w it h t w o c h a ir s a n d t w o s e ts o f in s t r u m e n t s , s o t h a t n o t im e is lo s t b e t w e e n p a t ie n t s , o n e s e t o f in s t r u m e n t s b e in g a lw a y s s t e r iliz e d a n d r e a d y f o r im m e d ia t e u se. A l l e m p lo y e e s in n e e d o f im m e d ia t e a t t e n t io n a re c a r e d fo r , b u t o n ly th o s e w h o h a v e b e e n in th e c o m p a n y ’s e m p lo y f o r m o r e t h a n s i x m o n t h s a re e n t it le d t o r e c e iv e e x t e n s iv e t r e a t m e n t . N e a r ly a ll k in d s o f d e n ta l w o r k a re d o n e a t n o e x p e n s e t o th e e m p lo y e e s . T h is w o r k c o s t s th e e m p lo y e r a lit t le m o r e th a n $4 a y e a r p e r e m p lo y e e . H e r e , as in s e v e r a l o t h e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts , t o o t h b r u s h e s a n d p o w d e r are s o ld a t c o s t . S till a n o t h e r p la c e w h ic h p r o v id e s g e n e r a l s u r g ic a l w o r k g iv e s p r o p h y l a c t ic t r e a t m e n t f o r th e p r e s e r v a t io n o f th e t e e th a n d a lso t r e a ts p y o r r h e a . O th e r s d o r e g u la r d e n ta l w o r k b u t c h a r g e f o r th e c o s t o f m a t e r ia ls o n ly . I n o n e e s t a b lis h m e n t , w h ile th e w o r k is d o n e o n th e c o m p a n y ’s tim e , th e c h a r g e t o th e e m p lo y e e is th e a c t u a l c o s t o f t h e w o r k t o th e c o m p a n y . T h e r e a re a fe w in s t a n c e s o f e m p lo y e r s p r o v id in g th e s e r v ic e s o f a n ea r, n o s e , a n d t h r o a t s p e c ia lis t o r o f a n o c u lis t w h o e x a m in e s e y e s fr e e a n d fu r n is h e s g la sse s a t c o s t . O u t o f 43 d e p a r t m e n t s to r e s in c lu d e d in th is d iv is io n , 3 fu r n is h c h ir o p o d is t s , o w in g t o th e p r e v a le n c e o f f o o t t r o u b le s c a u s e d b y th e s tr a in o f lo n g s t a n d in g . F iv e c o m p a n ie s e m p lo y o c u lis t s , 19 e m p l o y d e n tis ts , a n d 2 e a r, n o s e , a n d t h r o a t s p e c ia lis ts . PLATE 10—SECTION OF SURGERY, SHOWING DRESSING TABLES. NOTE TREADLE ATTACHMENTS TO EQUIPMENT. PLATE II—ACCIDENT ROOM OF A SPINNING MILL. H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 27 PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS ON ENTRANCE. It is quite a general practice to give applicants for employment a more or less comprehensive physical examination. This ranges from a few general questions to a thorough physical test, of which complete records are made and kept. One company, in addition to the physical examinations required of all applicants for work, has in recent years adopted the custom of making mental tests. This was instituted as a safeguard not only for the worker himself but for those who might be associated with him, since some men who are physically able to perform heavy manual labor have not sufficient mentality to be able to comprehend safety regulations and are thus a menace to the safety of others as well as themselves. Since ordinary oral and written tests were not practicable owing to the variety of languages spoken it was found that the most satisfactory results were obtained from the use of cut up picture puzzles. The results of these tests have been most satis factory. It is also quite usual for establishments giving entrance examina tions to reexamine after absence from illness or other causes. It is to be understood that the main purpose of entrance examinations is to exclude those who are undesirables from the standpoint of the employer— that is, usually those suffering from tuberculosis or other contagious diseases— although occasionally firms having some outside work are willing to take tubercular people. In a very few instances, however, valuable assistance is given by the medical department in helping employees to correct minor defects revealed by the examina tions. One firm employing a very large number of men gives advice to applicants who are rejected because of defective physical condi tion as to the correct treatment necessary for cure or help and* recom mends them to reliable physicians or hospitals. Where circumstances warrant, the arrangements for hospital care are made by the health director of the company. Only such applicants are rejected as are totally incapacitated or are suffering from contagious or infectious diseases. The claim is made by this firm that by means of this advice 25 per cent of the rejected are reclaimed and hired. Another firm reports that of the 7 per cent rejected the proportion able to remedy their defects through proper attention is large enough to reduce the net rejections to less than 2 per cent. PERIODIC PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS. Periodic examinations are found less frequently than preliminary medical examinations. In occupations in which the employees are subject to occupational diseases or in establishments which handle or manufacture food products, periodic examinations are either necessary for compliance with the State or municipal law or are so WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. 28 m a n ife s t ly a r e q u ir e m e n t o f o r d in a r y h u m a n it y a n d s o c ia l p r o t e c t i o n t h a t t h e y c a n n o t b e r e g a r d e d as w e lfa r e w o r k . E x a m in a t io n s g iv e n b y s te a m a n d e le c t r ic r a ilr o a d s a re m a in ly f o r s ig h t a n d h e a r in g , a n d , th e r e fo r e , a re m o r e f o r th e p r o t e c t io n o f th e p u b lic t h a n f o r th e b e n e fit o f th e e m p lo y e e s . I n th e c o m p a r a t iv e ly fe w ca s e s b e s id e s th e s e in w h ic h p e r io d ic e x a m in a t io n s a re g iv e n , g e n e r a l c o r r e c t iv e w o r k is d o n e o r a c h a n g e o f w o r k is o r d e r e d in ca s e s w h e r e it is fo u n d t h a t e m p lo y e e s a re n o t p h y s ic a lly c a p a b le o f d o in g th e w o r k a s s ig n e d t o th e m . T h is , as w e ll as le a v e o f a b s e n c e , s o m e t im e s w it h a n d s o m e t im e s w it h o u t p a y , is o ft e n th e m e t h o d o f d e a lin g w it h th e le ss s e r io u s c a s e s . E m p lo y e e s w h o a re fo u n d t o b e in a g e n e r a lly r u n -d o w n o r a n e m ic c o n d it io n are fr e q u e n t ly g iv e n e g g a n d m ilk o r m a lt e d m ilk r e g u la r ly , a n d th e r e s u lts o f th is d ie t a re c a r e fu lly n o t e d b y p h y s ic ia n s o r n u r s e s . S p e c ia l e x a m in a t io n s a n d s u b s e q u e n t m e d ic a l a t t e n t io n a re g iv e n in a n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s u p o n r e q u e s t o f th e e m p lo y e e . O f the 49 establish m en ts w hich report periodic ex am in a tio n s, 17 h ave annual exam in ation s and of these, 10 exam in e all em ployees, 1 exam in es heads of dep artm en ts and assistants ann u ally, the rem ain in g em ployees bein g ex am in ed at the end of one y e a r ’s service and n o t thereafter, and 6 do n o t report the n u m b er ex am in ed each year. S ix establish m en ts h av e sem iann u al exam in a tio n s, and o f these 1 exam in es all em ployees, another all b u t the salaried force, 1 all m ale em ployees, while the others do n o t report classes of em p lo y ees e x a m in ed ; 2 o f these establish m en ts give sem iannual den tal e x a m in a tions. O f the other periodic ex am in a tio n s reported 4 (3 biennial and 1 ev ery fo u r years) are b y railroads and 22 are for fo o d handlers or fo r persons exposed to occu pation al diseases, and v a r y fro m w eek ly to b im o n th ly exam in a tio n s. N ine* e s t a b lis h m e n t s e x a m in e a ft e r a b s e n c e o n a c c o u n t o f illn e s s o r f o r o t h e r c a u s e s a n d o f th e se , 1 e x a m in e s e v e r y t w o y e a r s a n d a ls o b e f o r e p r o m o t io n a n d r e e m p lo y m e n t . O n e e s t a b lis h m e n t e x a m in e s la b o r e r s a ft e r o n e y e a r o f s e r v ic e , 18 e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t s p e c ia l e x a m in a t io n s in c a s e s o f s u s p e c t e d t u b e r c u lo s is o r o t h e r d is e a s e , a n d 3 g iv e t h e m o n r e q u e s t o f th e e m p lo y e e s . F ift e e n r e p o r t d e fin it e c o r r e c t iv e w o r k o n th e p a r t o f p h y s ic ia n s as a r e s u lt o f e x a m in a t io n s . F o u r g iv e e g g a n d m ilk o r m a lt e d m ilk t o e m p lo y e e s in p o o r p h y s ic a l c o n d it io n . I f a p h y s ic a l t e s t is t o b e g iv e n e it h e r u p o n e m p lo y m e n t o r p e r io d ic a lly i t is n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e a s p e c ia l r o o m in c o n n e c t io n w it h t h e e m e r g e n c y r o o m s f o r th is p u r p o s e , a n d th e p r o v is io n o f s e v e r a l d r e s s in g b o o t h s o p e n in g o ff th e e x a m in a t io n r o o m fa c ilit a t e s th e w o r k o f e x a m in a t io n . COM PANY HOSPITALS. T h e r e a re 24 o f th e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c o m p a n ie s v is it e d w h ic h m a in t a in h o s p it a ls f o r th e p u r p o s e o f c a r in g f o r p r o t r a c t e d c a s e s o f illn e s s o r in ju r y a m o n g e m p lo y e e s a n d th e ir fa m ilie s . N in e o f th e s e h o s H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 29 p ita ls are fo u n d in th e m in in g in d u s t r y a n d e ig h t a m o n g th e ir o n a n d s te e l c o m p a n ie s . T h e preponderance of industrial h ospitals in these tw o lines of in d u stry is due p ro b a b ly n o t only to the ex tra h azards of these industries b u t also to the fa ct th at in the m a jo r ity of the cases where such a hospital is m aintained the co m p an y properties are in an isolated section where the usual h ospital facilities are lackin g. COST OF TREATM ENT TO EMPLOYEES. I n 7 ca se s h o s p it a l t r e a t m e n t o f all k in d s is fr e e t o e m p lo y e e s , w h ile o n e c o m p a n y g iv e s fr e e t r e a t m e n t fo r a c c id e n t ca s e s o n ly . T h e r e is b u t o n e c o m p a n y w h o s e h o s p it a l s e r v ic e s are g iv e n t o fa m ilie s o f e m p lo y e e s w it h o u t c h a r g e , a lt h o u g h o n e o t h e r c o m p a n y g iv e s fr e e t r e a t m e n t in s p e c ia l ca se s w h e n c ir c u m s t a n c e s w a r r a n t it. S ix t e e n c o m p a n ie s , h o w e v e r , h a v e h o s p it a ls s u ffic ie n t ly la r g e a n d w e ll e q u ip p e d t o c a re fo r m e m b e r s o f fa m ilie s a n d e ig h t o f th e s e t a k e o u t s id e p a t ie n t s as w e ll. T h e m a jo r i t y o f th e h o s p it a ls h a v e a c c o m m o d a t io n s f o r fr o m 20 t o 40 p a t ie n t s b u t in t w o ca s e s m o r e th a n 100 c a n b e c a r e d fo r a t o n e tim e . I n 11 o f th e se h o s p it a ls th e e x p e n s e s a re la r g e ly m e t b y m o n t h ly d u e s w h ic h a re d e d u c t e d fr o m th e e m p lo y e e s ’ p a y . T h e s e d u e s a re in s o m e ca s e s le ss f o r s in g le m e n th a n fo r m a r r ie d m e n . T h e d u e s r a n g e fr o m 5 0 c e n t s t o $ 1 .3 5 fo r th e fo r m e r a n d 75 c e n ts t o $2 fo r th e la t t e r . I n o n ly o n e c a se w a s it r e p o r t e d t h a t a r e d u c t io n o f th e fe e w a s m a d e f o r a fr a c t io n o f a m o n t h . I n s e c t io n s w h e r e th e r e is a s h ift in g cla s s o f la b o r th is s y s t e m o f d e d u c t io n s m a y w o r k a d e c id e d h a r d s h ip o n e m p lo y e e s , a lt h o u g h i t m a y p r o v e a p r o fit a b le s o u r c e o f in c o m e t o th e h o s p it a l. T h is m o n t h ly fe e d o e s n o t e n t itle m e m b e r s o f fa m ilie s t o fr e e h o s p it a l s e r v ic e b u t o n ly t o d is p e n s a r y a n d h o m e t r e a t m e n t , a lt h o u g h th e a m o u n t o f fe e s f o r o p e r a t io n s w h e r e r e p o r t e d , a re le ss, t h a n th e c u s t o m a r y fe e s . O n e c o m p a n y c h a r g e s h a lf th e u s u a l fe e f o r o p e r a t io n s t o m e m b e r s o f fa m ilie s a n d a n o t h e r c h a r g e s $ 1 2 5 f o r m a jo r a n d $ 5 0 f o r m in o r o p e r a t io n s . T h r e e c o m p a n ie s r e p o r t t h a t n o e x t r a fe e is c h a r g e d e m p lo y e e s f o r o p e r a tio n s . T h e o th e r s d o n o t r e p o r t o n th is p o in t . S e v e r a l, h o w e v e r , c h a r g e f o r b o a r d o r fo r a p r iv a t e r o o m . O n e c o m p a n y m a k e s a c h a r g e o f $ 1 .2 5 f o r w a r d a n d $3 fo r p r iv a t e r o o m p e r d a y i f h o s p it a l c a r e is n o t e s s e n tia l. T h is is d o n e t o k e e p e m p lo y e e s fr o m a b u s in g th e h o s p it a l p r iv ile g e s . T h e in it ia l e x p e n s e o f b u ild in g a n d e q u ip p in g th e se h o s p it a ls is o f c o u r s e b o r n e b y th e c o m p a n ie s a n d th is in it s e lf is a la r g e ite m , s in c e s o m e o f t h e m c o s t m a n y th o u s a n d s o f d o lla r s . T h e r e is a lw a y s th e p o s s ib ilit y , h o w e v e r , i f th e p h y s ic ia n s e m p lo y e d f o r th e fa m ily w o r k h a v e a n o u t s id e p r a c t ic e , o r i f o t h e r p a t ie n t s are r e c e iv e d in th e h o s p it a l, t h a t th e s e r v ic e r e n d e r e d t o e m p lo y e e s a n d th e ir fa m ilie s so WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. m a y b e v e r y p e r fu n c t o r y , s in c e th e e m p lo y e e s h a v e n o c h o ic e b u t t o p a y t h e h o s p it a l fe e w h e t h e r th e s e r v ic e is s a t is fa c t o r y o r n o t . O n e c o m p a n y in th e m in in g g r o u p w h ic h d o e s n o t t a x e m p lo y e e s g iv e s a b s o lu t e ly fr e e t r e a t m e n t a n d m e d ic in e s t o e m p lo y e e s a n d m e m b e r s o f th e ir fa m ilie s . T h e h o s p it a l h a s 2 0 b e d s a n d h a s a s t a ff o f 7 d o c t o r s a n d 7 n u r s e s . E x p e r ie n c e d p h y s ic ia n s o n ly are e m p lo y e d a n d a re p a id e n o u g h t o r e t a in t h e ir s e r v ic e s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . I t is r e q u ir e d o f e a c h t h a t o n e m o n t h o f r e s e a r c h w o r k o r s t u d y s h a ll b e d o n e e a c h y e a r . T h e e m p lo y e e s fo r m e r ly c o n t r ib u t e d t o th is h o s p it a l b u t f o r s o m e y e a r s th e c o m p a n y h a s a s s u m e d th e e n t ir e e x p e n s e , w h ic h a m o u n t s t o a b o u t $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 a n n u a llj’ a n d c o v e r s th e t r e a t m e n t o f a b o u t 2 5 0 h o s p it a l p a t ie n t s a n d a p p r o x im a t e ly 2 0 ,0 0 0 o u t s id e ca lls. A n o t h e r c o m p a n y , w it h p r o p e r t ie s in m a n y lo c a t io n s , h a s a h o s p it a l s e r v ic e r e a c h in g a p p r o x im a t e ly 3 5 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s . T h e r e a re fo u r b a s e h o s p it a ls , t w o o f t h e m r a t h e r s m a ll b u t th e t w o la r g e r o n e s h a v in g 23 a n d 3 5 b e d s , r e s p e c t iv e ly . T h e e m p lo y e e s a re t a x e d 7 5 c e n t s a m o n t h a n d r e c e iv e b o t h m e d ic a l a n d s u r g ic a l t r e a t m e n t a t th e h o s p it a l b u t p a y f o r b o a r d , e x c e p t in a c c id e n t c a s e s . T h e m e d ic a l w o r k o f th e c o m p a n y c o v e r s th e g e n e r a l h o s p it a l wro r k , th e d is p e n s a r ie s , a n d th e s a n it a t io n o f th e c a m p s a n d t o w n s . A c o r p s o f 43 p h y s ic ia n s , 2 d e n tis ts , 1 o c u lis t , a n d 2 0 n u r s e s a re e m p lo y e d . A b o u t 6 0 0 h o s p it a l c a s e s a n d o v e r 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 t r e a t m e n t s a t d is p e n s a r ie s a n d v is it s t o h o m e s a re r e p o r t e d f o r o n e y e a r . T h e r e s u lts o f th e s a n it a r y a n d m e d ic a l w o r k a re s h o w n in th e fo llo w in g fig u r e s : T h e n u m b e r o f c a s e s o f m a la r ia h a s b e e n r e d u c e d fr o m a b o u t 5 ,0 0 0 p e r y e a r t o 2 0 0 , t y p h o id r e d u c e d a b o u t t w o -t h ir d s in fo u r y e a r s , p e lla g r a fr o m a n a v e r a g e o f 3 8 0 c a s e s a y e a r t o 8, a n d n o c a s e o f s m a llp o x in th e y e a r f o r w h ic h th e r e p o r t w a s m a d e . S p e c ia l a t t e n t io n is g iv e n t o th e c o n d it io n o f th e t e e th o f p a t ie n t s b y th e m a n a g e m e n t o f o n e h o s p it a l w h ic h tr e a ts n e a r ly 5 ,0 0 0 c a s e s a n n u a lly . I t h a s b e e n fo u n d t h a t 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e ir h o s p it a l p a t ie n t s n e e d d e n ta l t r e a t m e n t e it h e r f o r p y o r r h e a o r c h r o n ic a b s c e s s . T h is c o m p a n y h a s a ls o e s t a b lis h e d fr e e d e n ta l c lin ic s a t it s d is p e n s a r ie s in it s d iffe r e n t c a m p s f o r th e p u r p o s e o f t r e a t in g c h ild r e n in th e fir s t a n d s e c o n d g r a d e s . L e c t u r e s are a ls o g iv e n o n th e c a r e o f th e t e e t h t o c h ild r e n in th e h ig h e r g r a d e s a n d t o a d u lts . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t 9 8 p e r c e n t o f th e c h ild r e n w e r e in n e e d o f th e s e r v ic e s o f a d e n tis t . T h r e e d e n tis t s a n d t h r e e d e n ta l n u r s e s a re e n g a g e d in t h is w o r k . A n o c u lis t a ls o te s ts th e e y e s o f th e c h ild r e n a n d p r e s c r ib e s g la s s e s w h e n t h e y a re n e e d e d . T h e h e a d s u r g e o n o f th e c o m p a n y v is it e d th e w a r h o s p it a ls in E u r o p e t o s t u d y th e n e w m e t h o d s in t r o d u c e d th e r e , a n d th e C a r r e l-D a k in t r e a t m e n t o f in fe c t e d w o u n d s , p a r a ffin t r e a t m e n t o f b u r n s , a n d B la k e ’s fr a c t u r e s lin g s h a v e b e e n in t r o d u c e d in th e h o s p it a l t r e a t m e n t as a r e s u lt. H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 31 TREATM ENT FOR TUBERCULAR EM PLOYEES. T h ir t y -t w o firm s w ill p a y th e e n tir e e x p e n s e s o f e m p lo y e e s w h o , a ft e r a r e a s o n a b le le n g t h o f s e r v ic e , d e v e lo p t u b e r c u lo s is , b u t i f th e e m p lo y e e is a b le t o p a y p a r t o f th e e x p e n s e h e is e x p e c t e d t o d o s o . T h ir t y -t w o o t h e r firm s s e n d e m p lo y e e s t o s a n a t o r iu m s . T w o e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v e a jo i n t fu n d g iv e n b y e m p lo y e r a n d e m p lo y e e s f o r s a n a t o r iu m c a r e o f t u b e r c u la r ca s e s . S ix t e e n c o m p a n ie s p a y a ll e x p e n s e s , o n e p a y s a ll a ft e r t w o y e a r s 7 s e r v ic e , o n e a ft e r th r e e y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e , a n d a n o t h e r p a y s i f e m p lo y e e s a re u n a b le t o d o s o . O n e c o m p a n y h a s its o w n s a n a t o r iu m a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r firm s s e n d t o a s a n a t o r iu m w h ic h is m a in t a in e d jo in t ly . O n e la r g e in s u r a n c e c o m p a n y m a in t a in s a v e r y la r g e a n d c o m p le t e ly e q u ip p e d s a n a t o r iu m f o r th e c a r e o f its t u b e r c u la r e m p lo y e e s a n d . o t h e r s s u ffe r in g f r o m d ise a se s a n d d e r a n g e m e n t s t h a t c a n b e b e n e fit e d b y o u t - o f - d o o r liv in g a n d t r e a t m e n t u n d e r m e d ic a l s u p e r v is io n . T h e s a n a t o r iu m c o n s is t s o f th r e e g r o u p s o f b u ild in g s — a d m in is t r a t io n , r e fe c t o r y , a n d in fir m a r y — s e v e r a l o p e n w a r d s , r e s t h o u s e , a n d p o w e r h o u s e . T h e r e s t h o u s e w ill a c c o m m o d a t e 8 0 p a t ie n t s , a n d is u s e d f o r t h o s e s u ffe r in g fr o m o t h e r d is e a s e s t h a n t u b e r c u lo s is . T h r e e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -t w o p a t ie n t s c a n b e h o u s e d a lt o g e t h e r . T h e t r e a t m e n t is g iv e n o n ly t o e m p lo y e e s a n d is e n t ir e ly fr e e . T h e h o s p it a l r e p o r t s s h o w a r a p id in c r e a s e in th e p e r c e n t a g e o f e m p lo y e e s a d m it t e d w h o a re in th e in c ip ie n t s t a g e as a g a in s t th o s e m o d e r a t e ly o r fa r a d v a n c e d . A n o t h e r in s u r a n c e c o m p a n y s e n d s t u b e r c u la r e m p lo y e e s t o th e n e a r e s t h o s p it a l f o r s u c h ca s e s . T h e c o m p a n y p a y s th e h o s p it a l e x p e n s e s d ir e c t ly t o th e p a t ie n t , w h o is s u b je c t e d t o n o fin a n c ia l w o r r y o f a n y k in d . B e c a u s e o f l a c k o f lo c a l fa c ilit ie s f o r th e c a r e o f t u b e r c u lo s is , o n e fir m e m p lo y in g s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d p e r s o n s h a s e s t a b lis h e d a s p e c ia l d is p e n s a r y , w h e r e o n ly th e m o s t s e r io u s ca s e s a re k e p t , n e a r th e p la n t f o r th e u se o f e m p lo y e e s w h o e it h e r h a v e c o n t r a c t e d t u b e r c u lo s is o r a re s u s p e c t e d o f h a v in g it. T h e s e p a t ie n t s a re u n d e r th e c o n s t a n t o v e r s ig h t o f a d o c t o r a n d a s p e c ia lly t r a in e d n u r s e w h o s u p e r in te n d s th e ir e x a m in a t io n a t th e c lin ic a n d a lso v is it s t h e m in t h e ir h o m e s t o t e a c h th e m o s t m o d e r n m e t h o d s o f p r e v e n t io n a n d cure. I n C h ic a g o 3 6 c o m p a n ie s u n it e d t o e q u ip a n d s u p p o r t a s a n a t o r iu m in N e w M e x ic o , w h e r e e m p lo y e e s c a n r e c e iv e th e b e s t a n d m o s t s c ie n t ific t r e a t m e n t a t e x a c t c o s t . O n ly e m p lo y e e s w h o a re b e lie v e d t o b e c u r a b le , h o w e v e r , a re a d m it t e d . 32 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. EM PLOYEES SENT TO PUBLIC HOSPITALS AT COM PANY EXPENSE. T h e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r h o s p it a l c a r e o f e m p lo y e e s b y th e firm s f o r w h o m t h e y w o r k a re , in m o s t c a s e s , v e r y in d e fin ite . M u c h t h a t is d o n e a lo n g th is lin e is s o c o n fu s e d w it h th e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f th e c o m p e n s a t io n la w s t h a t it is d iffic u lt t o d e t e r m in e h o w m u c h is r e q u ir e d a n d h o w m u c h c a n b e a s c r ib e d t o w e lfa r e w o r k . A n u m b e r o f th e c o m p a n ie s , h o w e v e r , s t a t e t h a t th ey ' g o b e y o n d th e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f th e la w in g iv in g h o s p it a l c a r e t o a c c id e n t c a s e s , k e e p in g in ju r e d e m p lo y e e s in th e h o s p it a l as lo n g as is n e c e s s a r y f o r a c u r e t o b e e ffe c t e d , a lt h o u g h th e la w s in m o s t S t a t e s lim it e it h e r th e le n g t h o f t im e f o r w h ic h m e d ic a l a t t e n d a n c e is t o b e fu r n is h e d o r th e a m o u n t t o b e sp en t, o r b o th . O n e h u n d r e d a n d t h ir t y -fiv e c o m p a n ie s r e p o r t t h a t s o m e h o s p it a l c a r e is fu r n is h e d e m p lo y e e s , m o s t ly f o r c a s e s o f in ju r y . S e v e r a l c o m p a n ie s s t a t e t h a t h o s p it a l c a r e m a y b e fu r n is h e d in c a s e s o f s ic k n e s s e it h e r b e c a u s e o f n e e d o n th e p a r t o f th e e m p lo y e e o r b e c a u s e o f l o n g a n d fa it h fu l s e r v ic e . A fe w fir m s p a y h o s p it a l b ills f o r m e m b e r s o f th e fa m ily w h e n n e c e s s it y a rise s, a n d s o m e w ill a d v a n c e th e m o n e y , t o b e p a id b a c k in s m a ll in s t a llm e n t s . Q u it e a n u m b e r o f th e s e c o m p a n ie s m a in t a in b e d s in th e g e n e r a l h o s p it a l, w h ic h a r e u s e d f o r th e e m p lo y e e s w h e n ill o r in ju r e d , a n d in a fe w c a s e s w h o le w a r d s a re r e s e r v e d b y th e c o m p a n ie s , t h o u g h th e s e a re u s u a lly s o le ly f o r a c c id e n t c a s e s . MEDICAL FEES. T h e r e a r e 12 c a s e s in w h ic h th e e m p lo y e e s p a y a m o n t h ly m e d ic a l fe e , r a n g in g fr o m 5 0 c e n t s t o $ 1 .5 0 f o r m a r r ie d e m p lo y e e s a n d f r o m 2 5 c e n t s t o $ 1 .5 0 f o r s in g le e m p lo y e e s . I n s o m e c a s e s th is c o v e r s m e d ic a l a n d s u r g ic a l a t t e n t io n f o r e m p lo y e e s a n d fa m ilie s . I n o n e c a s e o p e r a t io n s a re c h a r g e d f o r a t h a lf r a te s . U s u a lly h o s p it a l a t t e n t io n m e a n s , e v e n w h e r e th e m e d ic a l s e r v ic e is p a id f o r m o n t h ly b y th e e m p lo y e e , t h a t a c c o m m o d a t io n s in th e w a r d o n ly a re p r o v id e d . O n e c o m p a n y h a s a h o s p it a l fu n d t o w h ic h e m p lo y e e s c o n t r ib u t e 10 c e n t s a m o n t h , w h ic h is d e d u c t e d fr o m th e ir p a y . E m p lo y e e s a re p la c e d in a s e m ip r iv a t e w a r d a n d b ills a re p a id b y th e tr e a s u r e r o f th e fu n d . T h is a r r a n g e m e n t w a s m a d e b e c a u s e h o s p it a ls h a d t a k e n c o n t r ib u t io n s a n d h a d r e fu s e d fr e e t r e a t m e n t t o e m p lo y e e s . A n o t h e r h o s p it a l a s s o c ia t io n , t o w h ic h a ll e m p lo y e e s p a y $1 f o r e x a m in a t io n a n d 5 0 c e n t s a m o n t h , g iv e s d o c t o r ’s c a r e , m e d ic in e , a n d h o s p it a l a n d s u r g e o n ’s fe e s , a lt h o u g h th e r e is a lim it o f 6 0 d a y s f o r w h ic h t r e a t m e n t is g iv e n . I n t w o in s t a n c e s th e d u e s o f th e b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n c o v e r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e f o r fa m ilie s . I n o n e o f th e s e c a s e s h o m e a n d h o s p it a l s e r v ic e , m e d ic in e s , a n d a m b u la n c e s e r v ic e a re fu r n is h e d . H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 33 REST PERIODS. R e s t p e r io d s a r e g r a n t e d b y 10 6 c o m p a n ie s t o a ll o r p a r t o f th e ir e m p lo y e e s . O f t h e s e 1 0 6 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 6 2 , w it h a t o t a l o f 2 1 6 ,0 6 2 e m p lo y e e s , r e p o r t th e n u m b e r t o w h o m t h e y a r e g r a n t e d t o b e 6 9 ,0 7 3 , o r 3 2 p e r c e n t o f th e e m p lo y e e s . F if t y - f i v e e s t a b lis h m e n t s g r a n t t h e m t o m e n , a n d o f th e s e 5 5 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 3 1 , w it h 6 4 ,0 2 5 e m p lo y e e s , r e p o r t t h a t t h e y a r e g iv e n t o 1 9 ,5 8 9 , o r 31 p e r c e n t o f t h e ir m a le e m p lo y e e s . O f th e 8 5 e s t a b lis h m e n t s g iv in g r e s t p e r io d s t o w o m e n , 5 0 , w it h 5 6 ,3 3 7 e m p lo y e e s , a llo w t h e m t o 4 9 ,0 2 7 , o r 8 7 p e r c e n t o f th e fe m a le e m p lo y e e s . T h e fo llo w in g t a b le s h o w s , b y in d u s t r y g r o u p s , th e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s t o w h o m r e s t p e r io d s a r e g r a n t e d : • 88203°—19—Bull. 250----- 3 T a b le 2.—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS GRANTING REST PERIODS AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES TO \^HOM REST PERIODS ARE GRANTED, BY INDUSTRIES. ^ Male employees. Establishments granting rest periods. Establishments reporting number to whom rest periods are given. Establishments granting rest periods. Total, both sexes. Establishments reporting number to whom rest periods are given. Establishments granting rest periods. Establishments reporting number to whom rest periods are given. Employees Employees Employees Number of Num Number Number of Num Number Num Number of Num Number of em having rest Num of em having rest Num of em having rest ber. employees. ber. ployees. ber. employees. ber. ployees. ber. employees. ber. ployees. periods. periods. periods. 1,050 3,141 1,030 250 2,137 111 2,397 1,255 15,984 23,922 598 4,462 550 3,216 1,030 250 1,237 111 2,397 911 12,873 23,446 321 2,685 2 3 4 4 8 18 4 2 22 14 2 23 21,750 15,129 14,321 7,867 53,823 125,702 10,150 1,968 59,903 i 65,847 2,729 66,933 2 2 2 1 4 10 3 2 10 10 2 14 21,750 3,529 6,927 250 29,499 56.672 5,148 1,968 25,568 39,147 2,729 22,875 550 3,416 6,927 250 1,737 2,700 5,023 1,040 16,524 23,446 321 7,139 19,589 85 2 111,027 50 56,337 49,027 106 i 446,122 62 216,062 69,073 1 2 200 5,897 200 5,897 4 16 3 2 12 19,394 106,585 12,626 713 16,503 2 8 2 2 6 4,430 37,918 2,626 713 4,181 500 2,589 2,626 129 3,651 13 14,453 8 8,060 Total.................................. 55 1 166,759 31 64,025 EMPLOYEES. 1 Not including employees of 1 establishment, not reporting. 2 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reporting. INDUSTRIAL 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 2 10 U 2 9 588 5,897 FOR 1,050 4,541 U,496 3,362 5,987 111 12,397 1,255 34,851 39,774 598 15,605 3 2 WORK 3,997 2 3 4 4 6 2 4 2 22 14 2 20 Automobiles................................ Clothing and furnishings.............. Fine machines and instruments... Food products....................... Foundries and machine shops Iron and steel............................... Offices.......................................... Printing and publishing.............. Stores.......................................... Telegraphs and telephones........... Textiles....................................... Other industries........................... WELFARE Industry. Female employees. 00 H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 35 E x c e p t f o r th e t e le p h o n e in d u s t r y , w h e r e th e n e r v o u s s t r a in o f th e w o r k is v e r y g r e a t , a n d w h e r e it is th e u n ifo r m p r a c t ic e f o r th is r e a s o n t o p r o v id e r e lie f p e r io d s u s u a lly o f 15 m in u t e s ’ d u r a t io n t w ic e d u r in g t h e w o r k in g h o u r s , a n d in th e ir o n a n d s t e e l in d u s t r y a n d in fo u n d r ie s o n th e v e r y h o t w o r k , th e s e tim e s f o r r e s t a re n o t p e c u lia r t o a n y p a r t ic u la r in d u s t r y , b u t a re g r a n t e d u s u a lly t o s u c h g r o u p s o f e m p lo y e e s as a re e n g a g e d in e s p e c ia lly m o n o t o n o u s o r fa t ig u in g o c c u p a t io n s . I t is q u it e u s u a l t o g iv e o ffic e g ir ls w h o a r e in t h e d ic t a p h o n e a n d s t e n o g r a p h y d iv is io n s 10 o r 15 m in u t e s f o r r e la x a t io n , a n d in 22 d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s o u t o f th e 4 6 r e p o r t in g o n th is s u b je c t r e s t p e r io d s o f fr o m 5 t o 2 0 m in u t e s a re g iv e n t w ic e d a ily , g e n e r a lly t o th e m a jo r i t y o f th e ir e m p lo y e e s . E le v a t o r m e n a re g iv e n r e lie f f r o m th e s tr a in o f th e ir w o r k a t fr e q u e n t in t e r v a ls , s o m e t im e s 10 m in u t e s b e in g g iv e n f o r e a c h h o u r ’s w o r k . I t is r a t h e r u n c o m m o n t o fin d r e s t p e r io d s g r a n t e d in th e t e x t ile in d u s t r y , s in c e , in th e w o m e n ’s o c c u p a t io n s e s p e c ia lly , th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e w o r k is o f s u c h a n a t u r e t h a t th e r e a re fr e q u e n t o p p o r t u n it ie s f o r t h e m t o r e s t w h ile a t t h e ir m a c h in e s . I n o n e f a c t o r y , m a k in g fin e m a c h in e s a n d e m p lo y in g a b o u t 2 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s , th e p o w e r is s h u t o ff f o r 10 m in u t e s t w ic e d a ily s o t h a t e m p lo y e e s a re o b lig e d t o r e la x e v e n t h o u g h t h e y m ig h t p r e fe r t o r e m a in a t w o r k . A n o t h e r f a c t o r y e m p lo y in g m a n y w o m e n r e p o r t s t h a t th is w a s tr ie d , b u t b e c a u s e o f th e w o r k b e in g p ie c e w o r k th e r e s t p e r io d s w e r e n o t p o p u la r w it h th e m a jo r i t y a n d s o w e r e a b a n d o n e d . I n o n e s o a p f a c t o r y a ll t h o s e w o r k in g a t th e w r a p p in g m a c h in e s h a v e 15 m in u t e s f o r r e s t t w ic e d u r in g th e d a y , a n d in a la r g e f o o d f a c t o r y a ll t h e w o m e n h a v e r e s t p e r io d s o f 15 m in u t e s t w ic e d a ily e x c e p t b u n d le r s , w h o h a v e h a lf a n h o u r . A n o t h e r f o o d f a c t o r y g iv e s 15 m in u t e s t o t h o s e e m p lo y e e s w h o w o r k a t m a c h in e s , a n d a le a t h e r f a c t o r y g iv e s 8 m in u t e s t o a ll e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t th o s e in th e o ffic e . T w o e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t c a lis t h e n ic s d u r in g th e r e s t p e r io d , a n d it is th e e x p e r ie n c e o f o n e o f th e s e firm s t h a t w h ile th e e m p lo y e e s a t fir s t t o o k u p th e e x e r c is e s v e r y r e lu c t a n t ly t h e y s o o n e n t e r e d in t o t h e m w it h g r e a t e n th u s ia s m , o w in g t o th e g o o d e ffe c t s w h ic h r e s u lt e d . RELIEF IN MONOTONOUS AND FATIGUING OCCUPATIONS. R e s t is p r o v id e d f o r t h r o u g h c h a n g e o f o c c u p a t io n in 11 c a s e s . T h e r e is n o o n e in d u s t r y w h ic h s t a n d s o u t a b o v e a n o t h e r in th is r e s p e c t , b u t it is in s u c h m o n o t o n o u s w o r k a s p a c k in g , b o x fo ld in g , o p e r a t in g c lo s in g m a c h in e s f o r p a p e r b o x e s , w e ig h in g a n d w r a p p in g t o b a c c o , a n d s im ila r w o r k t h a t s u c h r e lie f is a ffo r d e d . T h is is s o m e tim e s a c c o m p lis h e d b y a c o m p le t e c h a n g e o f o c c u p a t io n a n d s o m e tim e s t h o s e w h o s t a n d c h a n g e w it h t h o s e w h o a re s it t in g a n d w h o a r e e n g a g e d in p a r t s o f th e s a m e o p e r a t io n . 36 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES, C h a n g e o f o c c u p a t io n in c a s e s o f p o o r p h y s ic a l c o n d it io n is r e p o r t e d b y 14 e s t a b lis h m e n t s , a n d 6 c o m p a n ie s g i v e le a v e o f a b s e n c e e it h e r w it h o r w it h o u t p a y f o r th e p u r p o s e o f r e c u p e r a t io n . VACATIONS AND SICK LEAVE, W h ile it h a s b e e n c u s t o m a r y fo r y e a r s a m o n g t h e m a jo r i t y o f m a n u fa c t u r in g p la n t s a n d b u s in e s s h o u s e s t o g iv e v a c a t io n s w it h p a y t o t h e ir e m p lo y e e s w h o a re p a id o n a s a la r y b a s is it h a s b e e n v e r y u n u s u a l t o fin d in d u s t r ia l e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h h a v e g r a n t e d s u c h v a c a t io n s t o t h e e m p lo y e e s w h o a re p a id b y t h e d a y o r h o u r . T h is is p r o b a b ly n o t e n t ir e ly d u e t o th e fa c t t h a t th e s a la r ie d w o r k e r s r e c e iv e m o r e c o n s id e r a t io n , b u t a ls o t o th e f a c t t h a t as a r u le t h e y fo r m t h e s m a lle r a n d m o r e s t a b le e le m e n t o f th e in d u s t r y . I t is e v id e n t t h a t in in d u s t r ie s w h ic h h a v e h a d a v e r y s h ift in g c la s s o f la b o r i t c o u ld h a r d ly b e e x p e c t e d t h a t e m p lo y e r s w o u ld g r a n t v a c a t io n s w it h p a y t o t h o s e e m p lo y e e s w h o h a d w o r k e d f o r t h e m o n ly a s h o r t t im e a n d f r o m w h o m t h e y h a d n o r e a s o n t o e x p e c t c o n t in u o u s s e r v ic e . Q u it e a n u m b e r o f t h e c o m p a n ie s g iv e v a c a t io n s w it h p a y t o t h e r a n k a n d file o f e m p lo y e e s a ft e r c e r t a in p e r io d s o f e m p lo y m e n t , w h ic h in d iffe r e n t in s t a n c e s a re 5, 10, 15, 2 0 , a n d e v e n 2 5 y e a r s , b u t t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f r e c e iv in g a v a c a t io n u n d e r th e s e c o n d it io n s is s o r e m o t e a s t o h a v e lit t le in t e r e s t f o r o r e ffe c t u p o n th e m a jo r i t y o f t h e w o r k e r s . S in c e t h is r e s t r ic t io n e x c lu d e s a la r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e w o r k m e n , c o m p a n ie s w h ic h r e q u ir e m o r e t h a n o n e o r a t t h e m o s t t w o y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e f r o m t h e ir f a c t o r y e m p lo y e e s b e fo r e t h e y a re e lig ib le f o r v a c a t io n s h a v e n o t b e e n in c lu d e d . T h r e e h u n d r e d a n d e ig h t y -n in e e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t e d o n th e s u b je c t o f v a c a t io n s a n d s ic k le a v e . N in e o f th e s e e s t a b lis h m e n t s fa ile d t o r e p o r t t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s , b u t t h e 3 8 0 c o m p a n ie s r e p o r t in g e m p lo y e d a t o t a l o f a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 ,5 2 5 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s , c o n s id e r a b ly o v e r t h r e e -fo u r t h s o f w h o m w e r e m a le s . O n th is s u b je c t th e d e t a ils c o v e r e d w e r e t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h t h e p r in c ip le o f v a c a t io n s a n d s ic k le a v e h a s b e e n a d o p t e d b y in d u s t r ia l e s t a b lis h m e n t s , t h e c la s s o f e m p lo y e e s a ffe c t e d , t h e le n g t h o f t im e a llo w e d , a n d th e c o n d it io n s u n d e r w h ic h s u c h le a v e is g r a n t e d . T h e s a la r ie d c la s s o f e m p lo y e e s in c lu d e s o ffic ia ls o f t h e c o m p a n y , o ffic e a n d c le r ic a l fo r c e , a n d a ls o s u p e r in t e n d e n t s a n d h e a d s o f d e p a r t m e n t s . E s t a b lis h m e n t s a llo w in g v a c a t io n s t o a d m in is t r a t iv e s t a ff o r o ffic ia ls o n ly h a v e n o t b e e n in c lu d e d . VACATIONS WITH PAY. O f th e 3 8 9 e s t a b lis h m e n t s c o n s id e r e d , 3 1 7 , o r 81 p e r c e n t , g r a n t v a c a t io n s w it h p a y t o t h e ir s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s a n d p r a c t ic a l ly th is s a m e p e r c e n t a g e p r e v a ils t h r o u g h o u t e a c h in d u s t r y g r o u p . I n c lu d e d in t h is n u m b e r a r e 5 9 c o m p a n ie s (o ffic e s , s to r e s , a n d t e le g r a p h a n d H EALTH MEASURES FOR EMPLOYEES. 37 t e le p h o n e c o m p a n ie s ) w h ic h g r a n t p a id v a c a t io n s t o v ir t u a lly a ll th e ir e m p lo y e e s ; t h e s e e m p lo y e e s a re , h o w e v e r , p r a c t ic a lly a ll o n a p a r w it h th e c le r ic a l fo r c e in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s . T h e r e a re b u t 16 e s ta b lis h m e n t s , w it h a t o t a l o f 1 8 ,1 3 0 e m p lo y e e s , w h ic h g r a n t v a c a t io n s w it h p a y t o a ll u n s a la r ie d as w e ll as s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s . T h e s e c o m p a n ie s a r e d is t r ib u t e d as fo llo w s a m o n g th e in d u s t r y g r o u p : C lo t h in g a n d fu r n is h in g s , 2 ; f o o d p r o d u c t s , 2 ; fo u n d r ie s a n d m a c h in e s h o p s , 4 ; g a s , e le c t r ic lig h t , a n d p o w e r c o m p a n ie s , 2 ; s o a p , 1 ; o t h e r in d u s tr ie s , 5 . I n a d d it io n t o th e s e , 1 c o m p a n y g iv e s v a c a t io n w it h p a y t o w o m e n e m p lo y e d in th e f a c t o r y fo r r e g u la r it y o f a t t e n d a n c e , a n d a n o t h e r c o m p a n y g iv e s t o b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n 1 w e e k f o r e a c h 2 5 w e e k s o f p e r fe c t a t t e n d a n c e . A t e x t ile m ill in t h e S o u t h g iv e s 2 w e e k s a t h a lf p a y t o a ll its o p e r a t iv e s a n d fr e e r e n t d u r in g th is p e r io d . T h e s o a p m a n u fa c t u r in g c o m p a n y m e n t io n e d a b o v e g iv e s 1 w e e k w it h p a y t o a ll e m p lo y e e s , b u t t h o s e w h o p r e fe r n o t t o t a k e it m a y w o r k a n d r e c e iv e d o u b le p a y . From the fact that even a very few companies have been able to meet successfully the cost of giving vacations to all their employees it would seem that there is no reason why some plan could not be quite generally adopted in different industries for those employees who have a reasonable length of service to their credit. LENGTH OF VACATIONS. The length of vacation with pay and the conditions under which such vacation is allowed, vary with the nature of the employment and the length of service. The greater number of vacations for salaried people range closel}7 around a period of two weeks. In numerous in stances this amount is the maximum reached after a specified length of service. Of the establishments reporting on the length of service prerequisite for vacations of salaried employees, the most common re quirement is that of one year’s service for a vacation of two weeks. V a c a t io n s w it h p a y t o s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s a re g e n e r a lly f o r a lo n g e r p e r io d t h a n a r e v a c a t io n s t o o th e r s . I n th e c a s e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s g r a n t in g v a c a t io n s t o a ll, it is v e r y f r e q u e n t ly th e p r a c t ic e t o a llo w t w o w e e k s t o s a la r ie d a n d o n e w e e k o r 10 d a y s t o a ll o t h e r e m p lo y e e s . Tlie method of determining the length of vacation with reference to the length of service is of considerable importance and several schemes for the solution of the problem have been reported. In ad dition to the plan of specifying a definite length of service of six months, one year, or two years before a vacation is granted, some es tablishments take into consideration the date of appointment with reference to the summer vacation period. This method is reported es pecially by stores which allow summer vacations to all clerks on the rolls previous to such dates as the 1st day of September, January, or 38 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. M a r c h . O t h e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s d e t e r m in e th e le n g t h o f t im e t o b e g r a n t e d o n a c u m u la t iv e b a s is , a t a c e r t a in r a t e p e r m o n t h f o r th e t im e e m p lo y e d , u s u a lly w it h th e r e q u ir e m e n t t h a t th e m a x im u m v a c a t io n s h a ll n o t e x c e e d t w o w e e k s . T h is la t t e r m e t h o d o f a v e r a g in g t h e le n g t h o f th e v a c a t io n p e r io d s e e m s t o b e a s a t is fa c t o r y o n e . VACATIONS WITHOUT PAY. M o s t o f th e fir m s r e p o r t in g o n th is p o i n t s t a t e d t h a t a r e a s o n a b le a m o u n t o f le a v e w it h o u t p a y is a llo w e d . A s a m a t t e r o f fa c t , th e o n e s o r d in a r ily a ffe c t e d a r e th e s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s w h o m a y b e a llo w e d t o t a k e a n a d d it io n a l w e e k o r p e r h a p s t w o t o s u p p le m e n t th e ir v a c a t io n w it h p a y w it h th e a s s u r a n c e t h a t th e p o s it io n w ill b e w a it in g f o r t h e m o n th e ir r e t u r n . F o r th e u n s a la r ie d w o r k e r v a c a t io n a n d s ic k le a v e w it h o u t p a y m e a n s v e r y lit t le . I t p r a c t ic a lly r e s o lv e s it s e lf in t o a q u e s t io n o f th e a b u n d a n c e o r s c a r c it y o f la b o r . I f th e r e is n o t a s u ffic ie n t s u p p ly o f la b o r t o m e e t th e d e m a n d th e w o r k e r , w h e n h e r e tu r n s , w ill fin d a p la c e o p e n f o r h im , b u t i f th e r e is a p le n t i fu l s u p p ly o f la b o r it is p r o b a b le t h a t h e w ill h a v e t o t a k e h is c h a n c e a m o n g th e o t h e r s s e e k in g e m p lo y m e n t . SICK LEAVE WITH PAY. F e w e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t a d e fin ite p o l ic y o n s ic k le a v e w it h p a y t h a n r e p o r t a d e fin it e p o l i c y o n v a c a t io n s , a v e r y la r g e n u m b e r p r e fe r r in g t o c o n s id e r e a c h c a s e o n its in d iv id u a l m e r it . T h e p r o v is io n s o f th e b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n s a n d th e c o m p e n s a t io n la w s a re p r o b a b ly r e s p o n s ib le in a la r g e m e a s u r e f o r th e la c k o f o t h e r p la n s in th is r e g a r d o n th e p a r t o f e m p lo y e r s . O f th e 3 8 9 e s t a b lis h m e n t s in c lu d e d , 193, o r 5 0 p e r c e n t , s t a t e d d e fin it e ly t h a t it w a s t h e ir p o l ic y t o a llo w s ic k le a v e w it h p a y t o a ll s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s . O n ly 8 o f th e s e c o m p a n ie s , h o w e v e r , e x t e n d e d t h is p r iv ile g e t o a ll o f th e o t h e r e m p lo y e e s . I n h a lf o f th e s e 8 e s t a b lis h m e n t s th e r e w a s n o b e n e fit a s s o c ia t io n . S e v e n o f th e c o m p a n ie s r e p o r t e d a m in im u m r e q u ir e m e n t o f s e r v ic e o f fr o m 6 t o 12 m o n t h s . O n e w e e k ’s p a y is th e u s u a l a m o u n t a llo w e d , b u t o n e c o m p a n y a llo w s o n e w e e k a t h a lf p a y f o r e a c h y e a r th e e m p lo y e e h a s b e e n w it h th e c o m p a n y . CHAPTER II.—DRINKING-WATER SYSTEMS. I t is e s s e n tia l t o th e c o m fo r t a n d h e a lt h o f w o r k p e o p le t h a t a n a b u n d a n t s u p p ly o f c o o l, p u r e w a t e r b e a v a ila b le f o r d r in k in g p u r p o s e s , a n d i t is e s s e n tia l t o t h e g o o d o f t h e s h o p o r o ffic e t h a t s u c h s u p p ly b e e a s y o f a c c e s s a n d i n v o lv e lit t le lo s s o f t im e in its u s e . A n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e in th e p r e s e n t s t u d y t o a s c e r ta in th e s o u r c e o f s u p p ly o f t h e d r in k in g w a t e r o f th e c o m p a n ie s r e p o r t in g , th e e x t e n t t o w h ic h filt r a t io n o r o t h e r p u r ify in g m e a s u r e is c a r r ie d on, th e p r e v a le n c e o f t h e c u s t o m o f a r t ific ia lly c o o lin g th e w a t e r , a n d t h e w a y s in w h ic h i t is m a d e a v a ila b le t o th e c o n s u m e r . N o t a ll th e s e p o in t s w e r e a n s w e r e d in a ll c a se s, b u t th e fig u re s in th e t w o fo llo w in g p a r a g r a p h s in d ic a t e th e g e n e r a l tr e n d . M in in g is n o t in c lu d e d . I t a p p e a r s t h a t in m o s t c a s e s in th is in d u s t r y th e w a t e r is d e r iv e d fr o m w e lls o r s p r in g s o r fr o m th e m in e s , a n d e it h e r is p ip e d t o th e v a r io u s m in e le v e ls f o r th e u s e o f th e w o r k e r s o r is c a r r ie d u n d e r g r o u n d b y t h e m e n t h e m s e lv e s . T h e r e a re c o n s p ic u o u s in s t a n c e s o f e ffo r t s o n t h e p a r t o f t h e e m p lo y in g c o m p a n y t o im p r o v e t h e w a t e r s u p p ly in is o la t e d c o m m u n it ie s d e v o t e d t o m in in g o r t o t h e ir o n a n d s te e l in d u s t r y , a n d la r g e s u m s h a v e b e e n s p e n t i n t h is d ir e c t io n . O f th e e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g th e s o u r c e o f t h e ir s u p p ly o f d r in k in g w a t e r 8 0 u s e th e w a t e r fr o m th e c i t y m a in s a n d 50 u s e w e ll w a te r . I n 79 e s t a b lis h m e n t s th e w a t e r is filt e r e d o r o t h e r w is e p u r i fie d . O f t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g o n th e ir w a t e r s y s t e m s 132 c o o l t h e w a t e r p r o v id e d f o r d r in k in g p u r p o s e s , t h e m e a n s o f d o in g s o b e in g r e p o r t e d v a r io u s ly as r e fr ig e r a t in g p la n t , a m m o n ia s y s t e m , ic e c o ils , c o o le r s , e t c . I n a s m a ll n u m b e r o f c a s e s t h e s t a t e m e n t is m a d e t h a t a r t ific ia l c o o lin g is p r a c t ic e d o n l y in s u m m e r o r in c e r t a in d e p a r t m e n t s o f th e p la n t . I n a fe w in s t a n c e s te a , o a t m e a l w a t e r , o r o t h e r s u b s t it u t e f o r ic e d w a t e r is s u p p lie d t o t h e m e n e n g a g e d in v e r y o v e r h e a t in g w o r k . I n 2 3 6 o f th e e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g o n th e ir d r in k in g -w a t e r s y s t e m s , th e w a t e r is s u p p lie d t o p a r t o r a ll o f t h e e m p lo y e e s b y m e a n s o f fo u n t a in s , a n y t h in g in t h e n a t u r e o f a fix t u r e h a v in g a n o z z le in s t e a d o f a fa u c e t b e in g s o d e s ig n a te d . T h e w id e a n d r a p id e x t e n s io n o f t h e u s e o f th e s o -c a lle d s a n it a r y d r in k in g fo u n t a in h a s le d in m a n y ca s e s t o its b e in g in s t a lle d w it h o u t p r o p e r c a r e as t o c h o ic e o f t y p e a n d u s e d w it h o u t o b s e r v a n c e o f th e s im p le r u le s la id d o w n . T h e r e a re m a n y t y p e s o f fo u n t a in fr o m w h ic h p e r s o n s m a y d r in k b y t a k in g th e n o z z le o f th e b u b b le r in t o t h e m o u t h , a n d th is p r a c t ic e is c o m m o n ; fu r t h e r m o r e , th e r e a r e m a n y t y p e s in t h e u s e o f w h ic h w a t e r f r o m t h e U p s o f t h e c o n s u m e r fa lls b a c k o n t o t h e b u b b le r a t t h e p o i n t o f o u t le t . 39 40 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. A n im p o r t a n t a n d c o m p a r a t iv e ly r e c e n t in v e s t ig a t io n o f d r in k in g fo u n t a in s , u n d e r t a k e n t o d e t e r m in e t h e s a n it a r y c o n d it io n o f t h o s e in u s e a t t h e U n iv e r s it y o f M in n e s o ta , w a s m a d e b y th e b o a r d o f h e a lt h o f t h a t S t a t e a n d f u lly d e s c r ib e d in P u b lic H e a lt h R e p o r t s f o r M a y 11, 1 9 1 7 . A b r ie f s u m m a r y o f t h e fin d in g s o f t h a t in v e s t ig a t io n is h e r e p r e s e n te d : A resume of the results shows that 77 drinking fountains, which represented 15 different types, were examined. Sixty-five per cent of these fountains were of the continuous-flow type and 35 per cent of the intermittent type operated b y the con sumer. The nozzles on all of these fountains discharged the water vertically. The height of the water jet above parts of the fountain that could be touched by the lips of the consumer was less than 1 inch in 40 per cent of the fountains. On examination of the various types * * * it is seen that all are subject to contamination b y the consumer, either directly b y the lips or by water falling back from the lips onto the jet or the surrounding parts. Certain of these types have closed receptacles around the point of discharge, which retain a part of the water discharged from the outlet. Color ing matter added to these receptacles was not entirely removed for long periods of time. S a m p le s w e r e t a k e n o f t h e w a t e r s u p p ly in g th e fo u n t a in s a n d o f t h e w a t e r d is c h a r g e d fr o m e a c h fo u n t a in , a n d s w a b s w e r e r u b b e d o v e r t h e p a r t s o f t h e fo u n t a in s t h a t m ig h t c o m e in c o n t a c t w it h t h e lip s o f t h e c o n s u m e r . T h e s p e c im e n s , o f w a t e r w e r e e x a m in e d f o r t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f b a c t e r ia , f o r b a c illi c o l i — o ft e n t h e c a u s e o f p e r it o n it is a n d o t h e r a b d o m in a l a ffe c t io n s — a n d f o r s t r e p t o c o c c i, c o m m o n l y fo u n d in a b u n d a n c e in t h e h u m a n m o u t h a n d in c lu d in g s e v e r a l d e a d ly d is e a s e -c a r r y in g s p e c ie s o f b a c t e r ia . E x a m in a t io n o f t h e w a t e r s u p p lie d t o t h e fo u n t a in s s h o w e d c o n s is t e n t ly l o w b a c t e r ia l c o u n t s a n d fa ile d t o s h o w , in 1 0 0 c u b i c c e n t im e t e r a m o u n t s o f w a t e r , e it h e r b a c illi c o li o r s t r e p t o c o c c i. E x a m in a t io n o f t h e w a t e r d is c h a r g e d fr o m th e fo u n t a in s fa ile d t o s h o w b a c illi c o li b u t d id s h o w h ig h e r b a c t e r ia l c o u n t s in a fe w c a s e s a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f s t r e p t o c o c c i in 11 p e r c e n t o f th e c a s e s . E x a m in a t io n o f t h e s w a b s s h o w e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f s t r e p t o c o c c i o n t h e p a r t s o f t h e fo u n t a in e x p o s e d t o th e lip s o f th e c o n s u m e r in 8 0 p e r c e n t o f th e c a s e s . To summarize these results, they show: (a) That a large proportion of the fountains were infected with streptococci, which it is reasonable to assume came from the mouths of the consumers, as these organisms were not found in the water supplying these fountains; (b) that streptococci were actually present in the water discharged from the fountains and could be transmitted to the mouth of a consumer, even though the lips were not touched to the infected parts. T h e e x p e r im e n t e r s c a m e t o t h e c o n c lu s io n , p r e v io u s ly r e a c h e d b y o t h e r s , t h a t t h e p r in c ip a l d e fe c t in c o n s t r u c t io n w a s t h e v e r t ic a l d is c h a r g e fr o m th e fo u n t a in , w h ic h a llo w e d t h e w a t e r t o fa ll b a c k f r o m t h e m o u t h o n t o t h e p o in t o f d is c h a r g e , a n d t h a t i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o p r o t e c t t h e n o z z le a g a in s t t h e a p p r o a c h o f t h e d r in k e r b y a w ir e m u z z le o r o t h e r g u a r d . I t w o u ld a p p e a r , th e r e fo r e , t h a t t h e d is c h a r g e o f th e w a t e r a t a n a n g le in s t e a d o f v e r t ic a lly , a n d a s im p le PLATE 1 2 — SANITARY DRINKING FOUNTAIN, SHOWING RELATION OF SPLASH GUARD “ A ” AND BASIN “ H” TO POST “ I.” W A SH IN G -U P AND LOCKER FACILITIES. 41 d e v ic e t o p r e v e n t th e d r in k e r t o u c h in g th e n o z z le , w o u ld le s s e n t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f th e fo u n t a in b e in g a f a c t o r in th e t r a n s m is s io n o f d ise a se . A n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g in th e s t u d y m a d e b y th e U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s d e s c r ib e t h e ir d r in k in g fo u n t a in s as b e in g o f a t y p e w h ic h p r e v e n t s t h e m o u t h o f th e d r in k e r c o m in g in c o n t a c t w it h th e p o in t o f d is c h a r g e , b u t in v e r y fe w c a s e s h a s t h e t h e o r y o f d is c h a r g in g th e w a t e r a t a n a n g le , s o as t o p r e v e n t it s r e t u r n t o th e n o z z le , b e e n p u t in t o p r a c t ic e . W h e r e c o n d it io n s a r e n o t o f t h e b e s t a n e ffo r t s o m e t im e s is m a d e t o s e c u r e t h e e m p lo y e e s ' c o o p e r a t io n , p la c a r d s b e a r in g r u le s f o r th e b e s t u s e o f th e fo u n t a in , p e r h a p s in s e v e r a l la n g u a g e s , b e in g p o s t e d b y t h e fix t u r e . T h e a c c o m p a n y in g h a lft o n e (p i. 1 2 ) illu s t r a t e s th e e q u ip m e n t in s t a lle d b y o n e c o m p a n y e m p lo y in g s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d m e n . T h is fo u n t a in h a s b e e n a p p r o v e d as “ a b s o lu t e ly s a n i t a r y ” (it is p r o b a b ly a s n e a r ly s o as is p o s s ib le ), a n d th e s t a t e m e n t is m a d e t h a t th is fe a tu r e is e s p e c ia lly a p p r e c ia t e d b y th e e m p lo y e e s . I t is im p o s s ib le f o r s p u t u m t o c o m e in c o n t a c t w it h th e n o z z le , s in c e th e la t t e r is in c lo s e d in a p ip e c o lu m n a llo w in g o n ly f o r th e e s c a p e o f t h e s p u r t o f w a t e r , a n d a g u a r d fa s t e n e d t o th e p ip e c o lu m n a t th e p o in t o f d is c h a r g e p r e v e n t s th e c o n s u m e r a p p r o a c h in g t h a t p o in t t o o c lo s e ly . I t is u n n e c e s s a r y t o t o u c h a n y p a r t o f th e a p p a r a t u s w it h t h e h a n d s , s in c e t h e s u p p ly v a lv e is o p e r a t e d b y p e d a l. A b o x f o r ic e is b u ilt a r o u n d t h e fix t u r e , a c o o lin g d e v ic e w h ic h is r e p o r t e d b y a n u m b e r o f o t h e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s . T h e a n t iq u a t e d b u c k e t a n d d ip p e r s t ill m a y b e fo u n d in a n u m b e r o f p la c e s , d iffic u lt o f b e lie f t h o u g h th is m a y b e , a n d tin c u p s h a n g in g a lo n g s id e fa u c e t s a re in e v id e n c e in m a n y fa c t o r ie s . I n t h e t e x t ile e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g a re 3 c a s e s o f t h e u s e o f b a r r e ls , 1 o f ta n k s , 1 o f b u c k e t s , a n d 1 o f b o t t le s p r o v id e d b y t h e w o r k e r s . S c a t t e r e d a m o n g th e o t h e r in d u s t r ie s a re r e p o r t s o f t h e u s e o f b u c k e t s , t a n k s , an d crock s. O f a p p r o x im a t e ly 10 0 c a s e s r e p o r t in g t h e u s e o f in d iv id u a l c u p s , 16 e s ta b lis h m e n t s s u p p ly t h e m t o t h e o ffic e f o r c e o n ly , 16 g iv e a g la s s t o e a c h e m p lo y e e , 33 s u p p ly p a p e r c u p s t o a ll, a n d 31 r e q u ir e th e e m p lo y e e s t o p r o v id e th e ir o w n . C H A P T E R H I .— W A S H I N G -U P A N D L O C K E R F A C IL IT I E S . T h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h w a s h in g -u p fa c ilit ie s a re p r o v id e d f o r e m p l o y e e s , t h e c h a r a c t e r o f s u c h p r o v is io n , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s t a k in g a d v a n t a g e t h e r e o f, fo r m e d o n e d iv is io n o f th e s t u d y o f in d u s tr ia l b e t t e r m e n t w o r k m a d e b y t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s . O f th e 4 3 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t s in v e s t ig a t e d , 4 0 9 m a in t a in w a s h r o o m s o r s h o w e r b a t h s , o r b o t h , f o r th e u s e o f t h e ir e m p lo y e e s , a n d th e s e e s t a b lis h m e n t s g a v e in fo r m a t io n in v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f c o m p le t e n e s s a s t o t h e e q u ip m e n t p r o v id e d , a n d its u se . I t is, o f c o u r s e , n o t e a s y t o s t a t e w it h a n y t h in g a p p r o a c h in g e x a c t n e s s th e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s w h o m a k e u s e o f th e b a t h s a n d w a s h r o o m s . H o w e v e r , a b o u t o n e -h a lf o f th e 4 0 9 e s ta b lis h m e n t s m a d e a n e s t im a t e a n d t h e ir c o m b in e d r e p o r t s in d ic a t e t h a t b e t w e e n 8 0 a n d 8 5 p e r c e n t o f th e e m p lo y e e s u s e t h e a c c o m m o d a t io n s p r o v id e d . I n c e r t a in in d u s t r ie s — f o r e x a m p le , f o o d m a n u fa c t u r in g , o ffic e s , a n d s t o r e s — i t is c u s t o m a r y f o r th e e m p lo y e e s t o u s e th e w a s h r o o m s d u r in g w o r k in g h o u r s , a n d t h e s e c a s e s r e p o r t a h ig h p e r c e n t a s s o d o in g . I n s e v e r a l o t h e r in d u s t r ie s th e u s e o f th e w a s h r o o m b y t h e e m p lo y e e b e f o r e g o in g h o m e r e q u ir e s o n ly th e fe w m o m e n t s n e c e s s a r y f o r th e w a s h in g o f th e h a n d s . I t is in o v e r h e a t in g o r d ir t y o c c u p a t io n s , o r in t h o s e w h e r e d a n g e r o u s s u b s t a n c e s a re u s e d o r n o x io u s g a s e s a n d fu m e s a re p r e s e n t — in e it h e r c a s e in v o lv in g a t h o r o u g h w a s h -u p o r b a t h a n d a c h a n g e o f c lo t h in g — t h a t th e q u e s t io n b e c o m e s o f in t e r e s t a n d im p o r t a n c e . I n s o m e S t a t e s th e la w m a k in g it c o m p u ls o r y fo r e m p lo y e r s in c e r ta in in d u s t r ie s t o fu r n is h fa c ilit ie s f o r w a s h in g u p a n d c h a n g in g th e c lo t h in g p r o v id e s a ls o a p e n a lt y f o r th e e m p lo y e e w h o fa ils t o m a k e u s e o f s u c h fa c ilit ie s . I n th e a b s e n c e o f le g a l p r o v is io n a n d o f a tim e a llo w a n c e a t th e e m p lo y e r ’s e x p e n s e , th e u s e o r n o n u s e o f th e la v a t o r y b e f o r e g o in g h o m e r e s ts w it h th e e m p lo y e e h im s e lf, a n d it w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t h is c h o ic e d e p e n d s t o a v e r y g r e a t e x t e n t o n th e c o n v e n ie n c e a n d a d e q u a c y o f t h e e q u ip m e n t . I f h e h a s t o g o m u c h o u t o f h is w a y , o r m u s t a w a it h is tu r n a t th e fa u c e t m o r e t h a n a fe w m in u t e s , h e w ill fa ll in t o th e h a b it o f g o in g h o m e w it h o u t w a s h in g u p . S in c e i t is t r e m e n d o u s ly t o th e e m p lo y e r ’s a d v a n t a g e , fr o m s e v e r a l p o in t s o f v ie w , t h a t m e n w a s h u p a ft e r th e ir d a y ’s w o r k , i t w o u ld s e e m t h a t th e m is t a k e s h o u ld n o t b e m a d e o f in s t a llin g e q u ip m e n t w h ic h b a r e ly m e e t s th e n e e d s o r fa lls e n t ir e ly s h o r t o f s o d o in g , w h e n f o r a fe w h u n d r e d d o lla r s m o r e i t m ig h t b e m a d e c o m p le t e ly a d e q u a t e an d p ro v e a p e rfe ct su ccess. O t h e r in flu e n c e s t h a n t h o s e m e n t io n e d h a v e a b e a r in g o n th is q u e s t io n — f o r e x a m p le , lo n g h o u r s . T h e r e m a y b e c it e d th e c a s e o f a fir s t-c la s s h o t e l in o u r la r g e s t c i t y w h ic h w a s v is it e d in c o n n e c t io n w it h th is s t u d y b e c a u s e o f th e t w o s h o w e r b a t h s in s t a lle d fo r 42 43 W A SH IN G -U P AND LOCKER FACILITIES. fir e m e n in its e n g in e a n d b o ile r r o o m s s e v e r a l flo o r s u n d e r g r o u n d . O n in v e s t ig a t io n it w a s fo u n d th a t th e a p p a r a t u s o f o n e o f th e s h o w e r s w a s n o t c o n n e c t e d w it h th e w a t e r s u p p ly . T h e f a c t t h a t t h e 5 5 m e n , e m p lo y e d in t w o s h ifts , w o r k e d 12 h o u r s a d a y 7 d a y s a w e e k , g e t t in g a d a y o ff o n ly o n c e in e v e r y th r e e w e e k s , p r o b a b ly a c c o u n t s f o r th e f a c t t h a t th e o n e s h o w e r a v a ila b le w a s r a r e ly o r n e v e r u s e d . I n c o m m u n it ie s w h e r e p r a c t ic a lly th e e n t ir e m a le p o p u la t io n is e n g a g e d in th e s a m e in d u s t r y , as in m in in g o r ir o n a n d s te e l, a n d w h e r e th e w o r k e r ’s h o m e s a re w it h in a fe w m in u t e s ’ w a lk o f th e m in e o r p la n t , it is n o t u n c o m m o n f o r th e m e n t o p r e fe r t o w a s h u p a t h o m e , e s p e c ia lly if th e a c c o m m o d a t io n s p r o v id e d a t th e p la c e o f w o r k a re n o t a d e q u a t e . I n s o m e c o m m u n it ie s th is f a c t is b o r n e in m in d in c o n s t r u c t in g th e h o u s e s , b a t h in g fa c ilit ie s b e in g in s t a lle d in a n in c lo s u r e o n th e p o r c h o r in a s m a ll o u t b u ild in g u s e d a ls o as a la u n d r y . I n a n u m b e r o f c a s e s th e b o a r d in g h o u s e s a re e q u ip p e d w it h b a t t e r ie s o f w a s h b o w ls w it h in th e h o u s e o r s h o w e r s a n d b o w ls in a s e p a r a t e b u ild in g in th e y a r d . I n th e fo llo w in g t a b le a re g iv e n th e d a t a r e g a r d in g b a t h s a n d w a s h r o o m s s e c u r e d f o r th e in d u s t r ie s r e p r e s e n t e d : T a b le 3.—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTING WASH AND LOCKER FACILI TIES, BY CHARACTER OF EQUIPMENT AND BY INDUSTRIES. Industry. Number of establishments reporting— Num ber of estab lish Facil Facil ment? ities ities having Number not Tow Inof em Tow els used used wash ployees. Show Troughs divid not els not on or er sup on Lock rooms ual plied sup sup sup em em ers. baths. sinks. bowls. or plied plied ploy show plied er s ploy ers, or er’s time. time. both. Automobiles.................. Chemicals and allied pro ducts........................... Clothing and furnishings Fine machines and in struments................... Food products............... Foundries and machine shops.......................... Iron and steel................ Mining, coal................... Mining, other than coal.. Offices........................... Printing and publishing. Railroads, electric.......... Rubber and composition goods.......................... Stores............................. Telegraphs and tele phones........................ Textiles.......................... Other industries............ 665,847 369,711 6670,141 Total.................... 409 81,614,477 13,539 19,498 78 25.326 3 17;638 8 12 150,052 175,088 31,661 25,448 13,814 12,769 60,642 <12 i4 <11 14 48 24 5 9 8 10 17 1 11 14 258 14 8 250 14 734 83 203 207 190 42,847 3 124,773 238 1187 131 1 Part of force in 1 establishment. 7 Including cupboards. 2 Part of force in 2 establishments. 8Not including employees of 7 establishments, 8 Not including employees of 1 establishment, not reported. not reported. 9 Part of force in 10 establishments. 4Part of force in 4 establishments. 10 Part of force in 9 establishments. 6 Part of force in 3 establishments. 11 Part of force in 11 establishments. 6 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. 44 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. CHARACTER OF EQUIPMENT. O f t h e 4 0 9 e s t a b lis h m e n t s f o r w h ic h d a t a w e r e s e c u r e d , 2 3 8 , o r 5 8 .2 p e r c e n t , r e p o r t t h a t t h e y h a v e s h o w e r b a t h s f o r t h e ir e m p lo y e e s. S o m e h a lf-d o z e n h a v in g t u b b a t h s a re n o t in c lu d e d in t h e t a b le . T h e s h o w e r s r a n g e f r o m o n e o r t w o in a d e q u a t e fix t u r e s t o a n e q u ip m e n t c o s t in g s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d d o lla r s , g e n e r o u s ly in s t a lle d a n d m a in t a in e d . T h e c o m p la in t t h a t m e n 's s h o w e r b a t h s a re lit t le u s e d m a y b e m e t b y p r o v id in g d r e s s in g r o o m s , n o t u n iv e r s a l a t p r e s e n t. M u c h e x t r a s p a c e is n o t n e c e s s a r y . A c u b ic le 3 b y 7 fe e t a llo w s f o r a 3 b y 3 s h o w e r c o m p a r t m e n t a n d a 3 b y 4 d r e s s in g r o o m , t h e la t t e r e q u ip p e d s im p ly w it h a h o o k o r a s t o o l. I f th e e n t r a n c e s t o th e s e t w o c o m p a r t m e n t s a re n o t o p p o s it e , d o o r s a n d c u r ta in s m a y b e d is p e n s e d w it h . O n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -fo u r o f t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t s d o n o t r e p o r t as t o w a s h -r o o m e q u ip m e n t . O f t h e 2 8 5 w h ic h d o , 1 2 0 h a v e t r o u g h s o r s in k s a n d 2 0 3 h a v e in d iv id u a l b o w ls , a n u m b e r o f p la c e s — as th e c o m b in e d fig u re s in d ic a t e — h a v in g b o t h . I n s o m e S t a t e s i n d i v id u a l b o w ls a re r e q u ir e d b y la w in s p it e o f t h e s u p e r io r it y o f t h e t r o u g h w it h h ig h fa u c e t s a t w h ic h th e e m p lo y e e w a s h e s u n d e r r u n n in g w a t e r . T h e c o m m it t e e o n s a n it a t io n o f o n e o f o u r g r e a t e s t c o r p o r a t io n s r e c o m m e n d s , if in d e e d it d o e s n o t r e q u ir e , t h a t n o in d iv id u a l b a s in s b e in s t a lle d a t a n y o f its n u m e r o u s p la n t s . T h e r e a re e s t a b lis h m e n t s in c lu d e d in th is s t u d y w h ic h h a v e h u n d r e d s o f in d iv id u a l w a s h b o w ls , k e p t w h it e a n d g lis t e n in g , w h e n n o t in a c t u a l u s e , b y th e c o n s t a n t a t t e n t io n o f s e v e r a l ja n it o r s ; t h e r e a r e o t h e r s w h ic h h a v e a c o m p a r a t iv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r o f b o w ls w h ic h , n e v e r t h e le s s , a r e n o t k e p t c le a n , b u t a re r in g e d , if n o t e n t ir e ly lin e d , w it h g r im e . I t is e v id e n t , f r o m t h e v a r ie d e x p e r ie n c e , t h a t in a ll t h e c le a n e s t in d u s t r ie s b o w ls o r b a s in s s h o u ld b e in s t a lle d o n ly w h e r e ja n it o r s e r v ic e f o r t h e ir c a r e is o f t h e m o s t g e n e r o u s c h a r a c t e r , s in c e t o b e c le a n a n d s a n it a r y t h e y r e q u ir e s c o u r in g a ft e r e a c h u s in g . T h e d e e p t u b lik e s in k s u s e d in s o m e p la c e s a re o p e n t o t h e s a m e o b j e c t io n , as in d e e d is a n y e q u ip m e n t d e s ig n e d f o r u s e w it h a s t o p p e r . A p r a c t ic a l a n d s a n it a r y a r r a n g e m e n t f o u n d in a la r g e n u m b e r o f p la c e s c o n s is t s o f c a s t -ir o n t r o u g h s (se e p i. 1 3 ), e n a m e l lin e d a n d p a in t e d o u t s id e , w it h p ip e s a n d fa u c e t s 18 o r 2 0 in c h e s a b o v e th e t r o u g h , a llo w in g m e n t o g e t h e a d a n d s h o u ld e r s u n d e r t h e r u n n in g w a te r . A t t h e ir b e s t t h e y a r e in s t a lle d t o t h e e x t e n t o f o n e fa u c e t (2 4 in c h e s o f t r o u g h ) f o r e a c h 3 t o 6 m e n u s in g t h e w a s h r o o m a t o n e tim e . T h e t r o u g h m a y b e d o u b le , t h a t is , 2 ^ t o 3 fe e t w id e , w it h fa u c e t s f o r t h e u s e o f m e n o n e a c h s id e . T h e fa u c e t s h a v e s p r a y n o z z le s , r e m o v a b le f o r c le a n in g . C o n t r o l o f t e m p e r a t u r e is s e c u r e d b y t h e u s e o f e it h e r o n e o r t w o t a p s , b u t t h e s im p le r t h e fix t u r e th e b e t t e r . T h e t r o u g h h a s n o s t o p p e r , b u t d r a in s t o a la r g e w a s t e p ip e in th e m id d le . A r e m o v a b le s c r e e n o f n o n r u s t in g m e t a l p r e - PLATE 13.—DOUBLE TROUGH WITH SPRAY FAUCETS; NONSCALDING HOT WATER; NO STOPPER; LIQUID SOAP, AND PAPER TOWELS PLATE 1 4 — T Y PE OF IN D IVID U A L STEEL LOCKER MUCH USED; SLOPING TOP TO AVOID COLLECTION OF D U ST ; DOUBLE FACED. W A S H IN G -U P AND LOCKER FA C ILITIE S. 45 vents soap or other articles being carried to the drain. There are hooks near at hand for the clothing of men who strip to the waist. In a number of establishments troughs are not used in the manner just described, each man having a tin basin which he rests on the sides of the trough or steadies in some other way. When not in use these stand on edge to dry or are hung in the lockers. HOT WATER, SOAP, AND TOWELS. Of the 130 establishments replying to the questions concerning the provision of hot and cold water, 124, or 95.4 per cent, report that both of these are available or that warm water is supplied. More than 400 companies furnish information as to the supplying of soap and towels without charge to employees. Since it is cus tomary to provide these articles for the clerical force in the estab lishment’s offices, the mills and factories which make provisions for office employees only are not included in the table. Excluding these, it appears that in 207 cases, or slightly more than 50 per cent of all establishments, soap is provided, this being to the entire work ing force in all but 10 of the cases. In 190 cases, or somewhat less than one-half of all establishments, towels are provided, in all but 9 cases for the entire working force. On account of skin disorders the soap question is a vexing one, that reason alone being sufficient to account for the fact that in little more than 50 per cent of the cases reported is soap provided by the employer for practically all the workers. Of the establishments reporting kind of soap furnished, 83 use cake soap, 19 of these also providing liquid soap in some departments; 57 use liquid soap, one of this number using powdered soap also; 5 use powdered soap; and 2 shaved soap. Cake soap molded on chains and therefore not remov able nor liable to waste and cake soap in an inverted fixture, with the same advantages and used by rubbing the hand on the soap in stead of vice versa, are used in a number of places. In one or more cases disinfectant in liquid-soap containers is provided for employees handling money. Of the establishments reporting kind of towels furnished, 75 sup ply individual towels, 22 of these having paper and roller towels in some departments; 40 provide paper towels, 7 of this number using also some roller towels; and in 34 establishments roller towels only are used. Rolls of paper toweling, supplied free in the 44 change houses of an enormous explosives company; thousands of linen towels piled by the bowls, the system of a large automobile factory; and individual towels strung on rods, found in many stores and offices and in a factory employing several thousand men, all are reported as giving satisfaction. In rare cases a deposit of 10 or 15 cents is required, returned when the employee leaves the establishment, to insure proper care in a service providing two clean towels a week to 46 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. each employee. One company reports a charge of 1 cent per towel to cover costs of laundry. USE OF WASH ROOMS ON EMPLOYER’S TIME. The question as to the use of wash rooms on the employer’s time is answered by 318 of the companies, 187 of them, or 58.8 per cent, reporting that this practice prevails to a greater or less extent. Conditions thus indicated vary from those in stores, where as a matter of course the employees make use of the wash rooms at all hours of the day, to those in mills and shops, which allow the men in certain departments to quit work from 5 to 15 minutes before closing time so as to bathe and change the clothing. Only 23 establishments make definite statements as to the number of minutes allowed for washing up on the employer’s time before going home. Five or six report that 5 minutes are allowed, 9 report an allowance of 10 minutes in dusty or hazardous occupations and where a change of clothing is involved, and 6 grant 15 minutes to men doing extremely dirty work or handling chemicals. In one plant 20 minutes may be taken in exceptional cases. In none of the mines investigated does such a condition as this exist, owing to the nature of the employment. In the iron and steel industry, and in foundries and machine shops, about 1 in 3 employees, according to the reports, use the washing-up facilities on the employer’s time. Three firms allow to each employee 30 minutes a week the year round for the use of the baths, and in two other cases 40 minutes a week is granted. It may be said in passing that only one of these five firms is in the food industry. LOCKERS AND CLOAK ROOMS. Of the establishments investigated, 85.8 per cent report that they have lockers, ranging from simple wooden cupboards each used by a number of persons to a complete equipment of several thousand individual steel lockers. In a consideration of the comparative merits of lockers and open shelves and coat hangers, several factors enter besides that of ex pense. When fastened, a locker ordinarily protects its contents from pilfering. There is, however, a general complaint among employers that the lockers are left unlocked, a practice which defeats the very purpose for which they are installed. It would seem that lock ing might be made compulsory, the closing being automatic to avoid loss of time, and the opening being by either combination or key. As a rule keys are charged for only in case of replacing after loss, but a number of companies require a deposit of 25 cents, returned when the employee leaves. Lockers may for convenience of access be scattered in groups through the various departments. In this case, however, they are less easily cared for and their disinfection, at PLATE 15.— IN TER IO R OF W ASH AND CHANGE H OU SE; BASINS IN TR OU G H , SH OW E RS B E Y O N D ; STEAM PIPES UND ER LO CK ER S; BE N CH ES; S-SH APED HOOKS ON STEAM PIPES FOR DRYING CLOTHING. PLATE 1 6 — COM PARTM ENT L O C K E R ; 7 INDIVIDUAL HAT BOXES AND CU PBOARD FOR 7 CO A T S; EACH B O X HAS K E Y , AN D CUPBOARD HAS COMBINATION LOCK. W A S H IN G -U P A N D LO CK ER F A C ILITIE S. 47 monthly or weekly intervals, is somewhat interfered with. This is an important consideration in factories where, according to the employers, lockers are kept in great disorder and attract vermin and mice. Two large companies reported in the present study have replaced their lockers by shelves and hangers after unfortunate experience with careless employees. Individual steel lockers are the rule in a surprisingly large number of cases, some companies installing them at the rate of several thousand a year until every employee is supplied. For men engaged in the handling of certain chemicals or other harmful substances it has been found necessary to furnish double equipment, one locker for street and another for working clothes. The lockers are of various kinds—solid plated except for ventilated door, floor, and top; solid plated except for ventilated floor and heavy wire-mesh door (see pi. 14); and all wire mesh (see pi. 15). The installment of lockers too small to be of service— for example, too short to accommodate long cloaks or overcoats where these are worn, and too narrow for a girl's bro$d-brimmed hat— is of ques tionable value, though industries employing men who go to work in sweater, pea jacket, or mackinaw use the 42-inch locker to advantage. A variation for women from the stereotyped steel cupboard with one or two shelves and three or four hooks is found in the compartment locker (see pi. 16), which provides one generous steel locker, with several hangers for the cloaks, and 7 individual hat cupboards, also of steel and attached to the locker, built up at one side and on the top. Nine companies reported in the present study use this type of locker. In men’s industries where a change of clothing is made, benches are placed against the rows of lockers (the latter raised 15 or 16 inches from the floor to allow for steam pipes and for cleaning pur poses) or in the aisles between. (See pi. 15.) Where several hundred lockers are in one room, the numbers— as 1 to 50, 51 to 100, etc.— are chalked or painted on the ends of the rows for convenience in finding. Mirrors placed here and there where the light is good are used and appreciated by both sexes. For large numbers of unskilled or semiskilled laborers the chain locker (see pi. 17), by which clothing may be raised to a height by pulley and held there by a fastening below, is in favor with an increas ing number of employers. Heat rising to the roof from pipes below dries the garments, moisture and odors escaping through ventilators. In most cases a wire tray or basket is provided, in which wet shoes or other personal belongings may be placed, while the clothing is hung on hooks attached to its bottom. The basket is raised by a pulley, for which the worker has a padlock and key, so that after he has fastened it in place it is impossible for anyone else to reach or handle his belongings. The chain-locker system is most largely 48 W ELFARE W O R K FOR IN D U STRIAL EM PLO YEES. in operation in mining, but is not confined thereto. The danger lies in crowding equipment, so that a man’s garments must touch those hanging next. In one or more places visited in connection with this study sheets of galvanized iron separate the garments as they hang overhead. In the absence of this provision large numbers still can be accommodated without crowding, a space 20 by 14 feet being ample for the floor equipment and aisles of 80 lockers. In textile mills the locker system does not yet prevail, simple cloak rooms, or cupboards or racks along the walls, being more commonly found. The custom of each employee hanging his or her coat on a nail near the place of work obtains perhaps more generally in this than in any other large and important industry, but the fact must not be overlooked that in the South, where this condition is most often found, thousands of operatives go to and from work during several months of the year wearing little or no extra clothing. The other facilities suggested— shelves and hangers— may be con sidered less sanitary than lockers in a way, since clothing is not isolated and in only rare cases, according to the reports, is the same hanger and shelf space used by one person day after day. They are, however, more easily aired and disinfected, a number here reported consisting simply of wire-netting inclosures, with hangers on hori zontal bars or the less adaptable screw hook under 1 or 2 shelves. This open netting does not answer the purpose, of course, where the work place is dusty. There is little provision for caring for valuables, though a few companies have lock boxes or a checking system. Most cloak rooms are kept locked during working hours; others are com bined with washing and toilet facilities and are in charge of a matron. (See pi. 18 for illustration of cloak room with hangers on horizontal bars.) Some employers of women supply stands in which large numbers of umbrellas are checked automatically, an individual key being furnished for each slip and the removal of the umbrella therefrom being possible only to the holder of that key. PROVISION OF UNIFORMS OR OTHER CLOTHING. The lending of umbrellas on rainy days, a deposit of only 5 cents being required, is not unusual, and five companies report that stock ings, slippers, and skirts are lent to employees who get wet on their way to work on rainy mornings. In this connection may be mentioned the furnishing of uniforms or other working clothing without charge. This is the custom in food manufacturing, where practically all women are supplied with caps and aprons each day, the men being furnished with khaki or white uniforms. In other industries the employees handling food stuffs, such as lunch or candy counter salespeople, women who are engaged in work in which there is more than ordinary danger of hair PLATE 1 7 — CHAIN LOCKERS, W H E R E B Y CLOTHES ARE RAISED TO ROOF AN D FASTENED B Y PADLOCK B E L O W ; RACKS FOR SM ALLER ARTICLES, W ITH HOOKS A T ENDS. PLATE 1 8 — FACTORY CLOAK ROOM FOR G IRLS. IN M ANY CASES BARS AR E SU RM OUN TED BY ONE OR TW O SH ELVES FOR HATS. W A S H IN G -U P AND LOCKER F A C ILITIE S. 49 or clothing becoming caught in the machinery, and electric workers requiring rubber coats, boots, gloves, and so forth, usually are supplied with such clothing by the employer. Occasionally a nominal charge is made and in some cases the employee pays for the laundering. In an electric establishment reporting, the girls wear blouses of material sold to them by the employer at wholesale price and made up in their homes. Goggles, respirators, and other safety devices are quite commonly provided where needed, either without charge or at wholesale rates. DRYING APPARATUS. In addition to the wash and change house found in mining, iron and steel manufacturing, and some other industries, which has special arrangements for drying the men’s clothing, there are notable ex amples of drying apparatus, steam or electric. Street railways, tele graph and telephone companies, and several others reported in this study make some provision therefor. This is in certain cases simply a small room heated to a high temperature and containing hooks or other hangers; in others, S hooks are strung loosely on steam pipes raised some distance from the floor (see pi. 15), or a rack re sembling a carpenter’s high trestle, with rows of hooks, stands over hot pipes; in still others there are provided electric dryers similar to those used by police and fire departments, in which ordinary clothing dries in an incredibly short time. DETAILS OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. As here reported, the best wash and locker systems for women em ployees appear to be such as are installed in up-to-date office buildings or stores, and no detailed description would seem to be necessary. For readers interested in wash and change houses for men, the follow ing outline of the equipment necessary or desirable— based partly on the rulings of the committee on sanitation of a corporation, but more largely on schedules, photos, and field observations in the present study— is submitted. The plan describes a separate building, but an end or corner of a work building may be equipped in the same general way provided light and ventilation are adequate. D esignation.— A building which provides wash and cloak room facilities for employees is called variously “ service” or “ comfort” building, “ wash and change,” and “ d ry .” Location.— The building is easy of access, between gate and time clock, if possible, and near the work place, so that men are not ex posed to the weather after changing into overalls or when coming out of the shop in an overheated condition. Shape and size.— The building is especially adaptable if long and narrow, with a door at each end or on opposite sides* There are 88203°— 19— Bull. 250-------4 50 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. plenty of windows, preferably high rather than having lower panes frosted, because of defacing. There are ventilators in the roof. A building 100 by 40 or 50 feet will accommodate 200 to more than 500 men (according to type of locker service) with ample washing and locker facilities. Construction.— The building is fireproof or fire resisting; aside from this provision the materials are those most convenient or most easily secured— brick, cement, concrete blocks, corrugated iron over brick, etc. Interior design.— Toilet accommodations are completely shut off from wash and locker rooms, preferably with outside entrance only. The locker room is separated from the wash roam by a partition high enough to prevent excessive steam reaching the lockers. The floor is pitched to drain at one or more places according to area and design, drains being placed under plumbing fixtures where possible. All cor ners and angles are rounded. Finish.— The floor, and the walls and partitions for several feet up, are of hard, nonabsorbent material, the walls being completed by a nondefaceable finish; all other parts receive a coating of white water proof paint. In some cases the concrete or other floor material ex tends only a few inches up the wall, but a thoroughly waterproof finish is applied above that. Cleaning.— One or more permanent hose fixtures are included in the plumbing. A rubber sweeper facilitates the drying of the floor. Cuspidors are liberally provided. Heating.— The building is heated by exhaust and live steam from the plant boiler room, or directly by its own furnace. Pipes run along the walls and under the rows of lockers, with coils for the drying of clothes. (See pi. 15.) In all cases the pipes allow of cleaning behind and beneath. The entire building is kept at an even temperature of not less than 70° F. Ventilating.— Ample ventilation is assured by means of windows and of ventilators in the roof; ordinarily the latter are of the conetop type. Lighting.— Windows are sufficient to insure against dark corners, and to provide ventilation. A complete electric light system is provided. Toilets.— This equipment is intended only for men using the wash house, as general facilities are provided elsewhere. Floor and walls have a hard, nonabsorbent, nondefaceable finish, as described in the foregoing. Entrance is from the open air exclusively, the door being convenient to one of the main entrances to the building. Ventilation and light are adequate, water supply is plentiful, and drainage good. The equipment is simple, but very durable and well installed, with space allowed for cleaning behind and below all pipes, etc. There is a place for washing hands. Toilet paper and cuspidors are furnished. W ASHOTG-U-P A N D LO CK ER F A C IL IT IE S . 51 Showers.— A space 3 by 7 foot allows for a 3 by 3 foot shower com partment and a 3 by 4 foot dressing room. Where the entrances to these two compartments are not opposite, thus |— j, doors and cur tains are dispensed with. Floor and walls are of hard, nonabsorbent, nondefaceable finish, as already described. Adequate ventilation and light, a plentiful supply of hot and cold water, good drainage, and a slatted flooring for the bath are provided. The equipment is simple .but very durable and well installed. The pipes are placed high to prevent the bather coming in contact with them, and with space behind for cleaning. It is possible to regulate the water supply with out standing under the shower. The dressing room has a hook for clothing, or a stool. That the showers may be easily cleaned, space is left between partitions and floor. Wash troughs.— The trough, with spray faucet high enough for the user to get head and shoulders under, is so much to be preferred to individual bowls that the latter are not considered here. Cast-iron troughs, enamel lined and painted outside, are provided to the extent of one faucet (24 inches of trough) to each 3 to 6 men using the build ing at one time. The trough is double, with arrangement as to nozzles, soap, etc., as described on page 44. Laundry sin ks.— Two or more sinks are installed for the use of men who do not take their overalls home for laundering. L ockers.— In order that the men’s clothes may be kept free from the -excessive steam of the wash room a substantial partition about the height of the walls is built. The floor and walls are of the same construction as the rest of the building, so that they may be hosed, for which reason— as well as to allow for steam pipes under them— the lockers themselves are 15 or 16 inches from the floor. Individual steel lockers are of various kinds; solid plated except for ventilated door, floor, and top; solid plated except for ventilated floor and heavy wire mesh door (see pi. 14); and all wire mesh (see pi. 15). The greater dimension (18 inches) is in width instead of depth, to give seating space on the bench which runs along the row of lockers. The depth is 12 to 16 inches, and the height is in many cases 72 inches for a long coat, or more generally 42 inches, in which latter case the lockers are double tier. For men working in or about poisonous substances double equipment is furnished, one locker for street and another for working clothes. It is compulsory to fasten the lockers, for which reason an auto matic lock is provided, opening by combination or key; the latter ! is not charged for except in case of replacing after loss. The benches, already referred to as attached to the front of the steel lockers, are substantial, and their corners are rounded (see pi. 15). Four or five feet of aisle space is allowed between the benches 52 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. of lockers which face each other, and more if another bench is placed in the aisle. M irrors, clock, etc.— Mirrors are placed conveniently where the light is good. A clock over the main entrance proves a useful fea ture. Door mats, or other provision for the same purpose, are a necessity. D ryin g racTcs.— Provision for the drying of garments on wet days and of laundered overalls is appreciated and may be considered a necessity. A rack somewhat resembling a carpenter’s high trestle with rows of hooks, under which are steam pipes, may be constructed, but a simpler plan is the fastening of S hooks on the pipes them selves, a number of coils being installed especially high and being well supported for this purpose (see fig. 15). D rinking water.— A sanitary fountain is included in the equip ment, near the exit. Care and supervision .— Ordinarily the whole time of an attendant is required to care for a washhouse used by several hundred men, but where there are many buildings, for example, the 44 of the explo sives company before mentioned, one man may be in charge of three. The heating, ventilating, care of cuspidors, constant cleaning, and maintenance of order are no light task, and soap and towels, if provided by the employer, must be kept in abundant supply. The lockers are fumigated periodically. The leaving of food in the lockers is prohibited, and meals may not be eaten in this build ing. Dinner buckets may be kept in or on the lockers, or, if the sloping-top locker is used, may be hung on the handles. Wise employers restrict the use of the washhouse to the purposes for which it is originally intended, the reprehensible practice which exists in some places of allowing men to sleep on the benches being prohibited. Where the employees are organized in committees for any pur pose, the general supervision of the change house is placed in the hands of one of these committees. C H A P T E R I V .— L U N C H R O O M S A N D RESTAU RAN TS. Lunch rooms, like emergency hospitals, belong probably among tho more essential features of industrial betterment, for while the provi sion of recreational facilities or other welfare features tends to pro mote good fellowship and interest in the place of employment, these facilities do not have as direct a bearing on the health of the workers, as does the opportunity to secure a warm and wholesome meal at a cost which puts it within the reach of all. There seems to be no particular reason why lunch rooms should be installed in one industry more than in another. The determining fac tors appear to be the distance from homes; the lack of good restau rants, or the presence of many saloons near the plant; the desire to keep employees upon the premises during the luncheon period; and, perhaps, the most frequent reason of all, the wish to give employees the proper food since the tendency with many workers is to economize in this way to the detriment of their health, strength, and efficiency. A number of companies have established lunch rooms primarily to keep the men from patronizing the neighboring saloons during their lunch time, and it is the almost universal testimony that these rooms are not only much appreciated and used, but that in these cases there has been a decided reduction in the number of accidents caused by workmen being slightly under the influence of liquor. Several of the companies report that the meal served in the company res taurant is the best one of the day for many of their employees. Of the industries reporting restaurants the iron and steel industry and foundries and machine shops show the smallest proportion of these facilities for the general working force. Their restaurants are mainly for the office force and for officials, although there are a few cases where large numbers of the plant men are served. Steam rail roads do practically nothing along this line, although the employees are sometimes served at a reduction in the regular station restau rants. All of the telephone companies, most of the large offices, and nearly all of the department stores visited maintain lunch rooms. Only two of the companies visited reported that they had tried lunch rooms and given them up. Two or three others reported that the patronage was not satisfactory, but generally where they were found they seemed to be regarded as necessary to the successful operation of the plant, office, or store. Of the 431 establishments visited, 223 provide lunch rooms for their employees. Six of these establishments did not report the number of employees, but for the 217 establishments reporting, tho total number employed was 830,125. The following table shows, by industries, the number of establish ments having restaurants, cafeterias, and lunch rooms, the char acter of management, and the number of employees patronizing them;. 53 Table 4.—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS &AVTNG RESTAURANTS, CAFETERIAS, AND LUNCH ROOMS, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES USING TfiEM, AND CHARACTER OF MANAGEMiENT, BY INDUSTRIES. Crc ^ fin this table 16 establishments are shown under both “ restaurants” and “ cafeterias, ” as they maintain both; and 12 of the establishments shown as furnishing room, coffee,etc., for employees bringing their own lunches also have restaurants or cafeterias.] Industry. Num ber of Number of estab employees. lish ments. Number of establish ments having restau rants nianaged by— I^mting and publishing............ Railroads, electric..... ............... Rubber and composition goods. Soap................ ........................... Stores.......... .............................. Telegraph and telephone........... Textiles...................................... Other industries......................... Con trac tors. Em ploy- Com pany. Con trac tors. Em- pi°y- Room only. Room, coffee, etc. 93,384 23,230 9,446 15,710 51,040 22,553 111,665 64.401 124,768 76,092 10,651 7,472 9,666 40.402 35,588 8,168 1116,068 2 64,538 20,051 U25,232 Automobiles............................... Boots and shoes......................... Cherhicals and allied products.. Clothing and furnishings........... Electrical supplies..................... Fine machines and instruments. Food products............................ Foundries and machine shops... G&s, electric light, and power... Iron and steel............................. Offices........................................ 224 Establishments reporting num ber of employees using restau rants and cafeterias. * 5 g Com pany. Total................................. Number of estab lishments furnish Number of establish accommoda ments having cafeterias ing tions for those nianaged by— bringing lunches 3830,125 1Not including employees of 1 establishment, not reported. 2Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. * Not including employees of 6 establishments, not reported. Num ber of estab lish ments. 29 34 29 Totalemployees. Employ ees using. 93,384 23,230 9,446 15,710 30,533 22,553 11,015 38,757 13,635 48,625 10,651 6,232 8,908 14,279 35,588 B, 168 111,485 22,328 19,426 61,221 3,400 6,360 8,813 5,728 1,350 1,500 7,841 2,805 3,225 2,355 4.730 3.730 43,018 6,983 4,470 19,740 15,174 168,273 24,665 7,625 3,345 6,590 o w W *4 6 M o o d U1 H W M > hj r o w w- L U N C H BOOMS AND RESTAURANTS. 55 KIND OF SERVICE. Restaurants, with waiters, and cafeterias seem to be about equally popular, there being 112 of the former and 96 of the latter, while 16 establishments have restaurants for the office force and officials and cafeterias for the factory workers. The cafeteria method of serving is considered to give the quickest service with a minimum amount of help, and since rapid serving is es sential to the successful operation of plant lunch rooms this kind of service is generally to be advocated. Cafeteria counters can be ar ranged to suit the requirements of almost any space, those allowing four or more lines to be served at once being the best. One company states that 1,500 are served by this method in nine minutes and another that 1, 300 are served in six minutes. Counter service for men’s lunch rooms, each counter being complete in waiter and serving arrangements, is also an effective method of at taining quick service. Stationary stools may be provided, or the patrons may stand. Waiter service is commonly used in the lunch rooms for offiee force and executives, but as it adds materially to the cost of mainte nance of the lunch room it is less satisfactory when applied to the factory force in general. ESTABLISHMENTS HAVING RESTAURANTS, CAFETERIAS, OR OTHER LUNCH FACILITIES. Of the 223 establishments providing lunch rooms, 18 maintain them for only the office force and officials, and sometimes for foremen, while the remaining 205 serve employees of the factory as well, although in the majority of cases there are either separate rooms or a section of the dining room is reserved for the office people and foremen^ This does not seem to be inspired altogether by a feeling of superiority on their part, as might be supposed, for a number of establishments report an unwillingness on the part of the factory workers to eat with the office force and foremen— in some cases because members of the office force are better dressed, and in others because they feel more freedom with out the presence of those under whom they work. This is especially true in plants where many foreigners of different nationalities are employed. For 181 establishments, with 605,174 employees, it is estimated that the number using the lunch rooms daily is approximately 168,000, or 28 per cent of the total number of the employees. These figures include those employees who bring their own lunches to the regular lunch room and buy nothing and those who supplement their own lunch with one or more dishes from the counter, as well as those, usually the larger number, who buy the entire lunch. 56 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. In very large plants the difficulty of providing sufficient room to serve all the employees who wish to buy their lunch is always to be met with and in addition there are always employees who, while they wish to bring the major portion of their lunch from home, still are ready to take advantage of the opportunity to buy something warm— a cup of coffee or a plate of soup— to supplement it. For such employees a separate room provided with tables and seats and a counter serving either coffee alone or coffee and soup is a decided benefit. Some com panies provide gas plates or stoves for heating lunches, but the counter involves little additional outlay and is more satisfactor}7". Waste baskets, preferably of wire, for lunch papers should be pro vided in such a room and good drinking water should be supplied. There are 63 companies which provide a room for the use of those bringing their own lunches. Twelve of these furnish such a room in addition to the regular lunch room and therefore are included in the total number of establishments having lunch rooms. Thirty-four of these 63 firms provide the room and tables and chairs only, but 29, in addition to this, supply tea, coffee, or milk and, in a few cases, soup. Twelve of these 29 establishments serve coffee free to all who wish it, 1 furnishes soup free, and several of them give tea and milk as well as coffee. In this connection it might be stated that several companies report that it is their practice to discourage the excessive use of coffee. It is, of course, often found to be the case that employees go to work in the morning with little or no breakfast. Two firms, each em ploying a large number of girls, allow them to go to the lunch room in the morning for milk or coffee and rolls. One of these firms grants 10 minutes each morning for this purpose. CHARACTER OF MANAGEMENT. The majority of the lunch rooms are managed directly by the com panies, but in 20 cases the management is turned over to an outsider, the company supplying space and generally light, heat, and equip ment also. In these cases, too, the companies usually supervise the quality of the food offered and also limit prices, although the food prices are not so low as in the many establishments which manage this work with no thought of profit. In 13 instances the companies allow the employees to manage the restaurant. A few of these lunch rooms are run on a cooperative basis, but most of them make a small profit which is turned over to the benefit association or to the athletic association, the lunch room usually being managed by a committee of employees appointed by the association which is to receive the profits. L U N C H ROOMS AND RESTAU RAN TS. 57 NUMBER OF ATTENDANTS REQUIRED. In several restaurants the attendants at counters and tables are members of the regular working force who usually receive their regular rate of pay while performing this service and their lunches; their coats or uniforms also are furnished and laundered. In one case the office errand boys and apprentices wait on the tables, leaving their work 15 minutes before the others and receiving only lunch in payment; in another case the girls volunteer their services and receive lunch in return; and in still another case factory boys serve in the dining room for two hours, being paid their regular factory rate, except for half an hour, and receiving a free lunch also. The number of attendants necessary to serve an average of 4,100 people daily is reported by one firm. This company has four restau rants, a cafeteria, a dining room, a lunch counter, and a grill room. The cooking for the four restaurants is done in one kitchen, and the same quality of food is served in all. Employees are free to patronize any one of them, although the cafeteria is the one generally preferred. Here a full meal may be purchased for 18 cents, the average check, however, being but 11 cents. Besides the manager, his assistant, and the chef there are 13 full-time kitchen and dining-room workers and about 70 others who work during the luncheon period only. Twenty of these are porters in the plant who clear away the used dishes. It is the practice of a number of companies which have cafeterias to have the employees carry their used dishes to a shelf or window which they pass on the way out. In this way the amount of help needed is lessened without imposing unduly upon each individual. FINANCIAL RESULTS OF OPERATING RESTAURANTS. Forty-six of the companies which keep the entire control of the lunch rooms have reported as to the financial returns of the under taking. In 35 cases there is a deficit varying with the size of the plant and the prices charged for food. In 9 cases the restaurant is self-supporting, and only two of these reported a surplus. One company reports a deficit of about $1,000 a month. The office and factory employees in this plant are served separately. A regular dinner is served the factory workers for 15 cents, the h la carte rates for the others being correspondingly low. The company thinks that its deficit is too great, although, since the sentiment of the firm is that the employees are entitled to one good, wholesome meal a day, a loss is expected. A company employing about 12,000 has several mess halls in different sections of the plant. These are located in separate frame buildings. The main mess hall is in two sections, one for clerks and 58 W E LFARE WT0 R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. foremen and the other for the general working force. About 1,300 eat in this building daily. The average price paid for a meal by the office force is 23 cents; by the factory employees, 21 cents. The colored employees are fed in a separate mess hall having long, high tables at which the men stand. About 350 meals are sold here daily at a cost to employees of 10 cents each. Two other lunch counters together serve 1,400, the average check being 23 cents. Owing to the increasing cost of foodstuffs and the desire on the part of the com pany not to lower the food standard, the company was paying a deficit of from $900 to $1,200 per month at the time the schedule was taken. ESTABLISHMENTS SERVING FREE MEALS. In few instances are meals served free to employees. One insur ance company, however, having several thousand employees, serves to each person in its employ a lunch, consisting of soup, meat, one vegetable, bread and butter, a choice of desserts, and tea, coffee, milk, or buttermilk. A t the time the schedule was taken this lunch w^as costing the company about 19 cents per person. This plan was instituted as a means toward greater efficiency in the afternoon's work since it was found that many could not, or at least did not, get the proper luncheon. This is not regarded by the firm as a gift but as a supplement to the wages, which are already as high, it is claimed, as those paid for similar work by other companies. Another firm, doing a large mail-order business, gives breakfast to those of its clerks who are required to come early to attend to the incoming mail. Several give supper to overtime workers, and several others, whose plants are run during the entire 24 hours, provide free coffee at midnight. One company giving a free lunch to officials and clerical force has furnished a small kitchen and dining room for its 35 women employees and provides the materials from which the girls prepare their own lunches. Another, with 600 employees, serves an a la carte lunch to the men for 10 cents and the same lunch free to the 250 women employed. Boys earning less than $5 per week are given their lunch by another company. Still another gives milk and soup to all juniors. Nearly all of the banks visited give a free lunch to all employees, this being done largely for the purpose of keeping the clerks in the building at the noon hour. A newspaper company pays a restaurant for furnishing a lunch consisting of sandwiches, coffee, cake, pie, and. cookies to from 20 to 30 of its newsboys every night. Many companies which charge for other items on their bills of fare provide tea, coffee, or milk free. This is almost universally done by the telephone companies, whose lunch-room food and service is always excellent and provided at very low prices. The employees PLATE 19—ELECTRICALLY HEATED CAFEMOBILE EN ROUTE TO STATION IN PLANT. PLATE 20.—CAFEMOBILE AT STATION, READY TO SERVE. LU N C H ROOMS AND RESTAURANTS. 59 of one large office building are provided with a lunch room seating about 1,300 girls at one time. The majority of them bring their lunches, supplementing them with dishes from the cafeteria counter. Tea, coffee, and milk, the latter in unlimited quantity, is provided for them free by the company. UNDESIRABILITY OF SERVING LUNCHES IN WORKROOMS. Several firms insist that their employees shall leave their work places at lunch time and that those who wish to bring their own lunches shall eat them in the dining room. In these cases it is usual to assign a permanent place at the table, where the lunch may be left upon arrival. In only one instance was there evidence of any objection on the part of the companies to employees bringing all or part of their lunches from home. This one company insists that all employees who wish to eat in the building shall buy their lunches in the dining room, although there is no objection offered to their going outside for them. Nine establishments having restaurants also have lunch counters in the plant, either because of lack of space to take care of all the employees or for the use of those workers who do not consider them selves sufficiently well dressed to eat with the others. For these same reasons eight firms provide box lunches to be distributed through the factory at lunch time, and several have coffee booths. One com pany has soup stations throughout its large factory, and another, in addition to its restaurant, has eight electrically heated “ cafemobiles,” each carrying trays, dishes, and food enough for 300 men, which go through the plant at mealtime. (See pis. 19 and 20.) One company, with about 11,000 employees, has, in addition to a fine restaurant for its office force, five lunch counters in the factory, where about 6,000 are served daily with sandwiches, coffee, and milk. There are no tables, but benches are provided adjacent to the lunch counter. Another company, having over 10,000 employees, serves them only by means of lunch counters like that shown in plate 21. Two lines can be served at once. No cash is paid at the counter, but tickets are sold to the men before the lunch hour. Many of them buy a week’s supply of tickets at a time. It is without doubt something of a problem for firms which employ large numbers of workers to provide a place separate from their work rooms in which all can eat, but since it is generally conceded to be undesirable for employees to be obliged to eat at work places, it would seem that in such cases either a very simply furnished room might be provided or the employees might be served in the restau rant in shifts. Many of the companies find that this plan works satisfactorily. 60 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. MILK STATIONS. Counters, placed at convenient places through the plant, at which milk can be obtained are often found to be of practical value. If these are open for a few minutes at those hours of the day when industrial accidents are most frequent, it may be found that the opportunity for a little relaxation and refreshment will tend to minimize the number of such accidents. (See pi. 22.) AVERAGE PRICES CHARGED FOR FOOD. The prices generally charged for a table d’h6te meal for factory workers as reported for this study vary from 15 to 25 cents, in the majority of cases the charge being 20 cents. In a few cases office workers pay slightly more. The a la carte prices vary, of course, greatly. The usual prices of bread and butter are from 2 to 5 cents; sandwiches, soups, and vegetables, 3 to 5 cents; meats, 8 to 15 cents; fruits and desserts, 2 to 5 cents; tea, coffee, and milk, 2 to 5 cents, the usual price of a cup of coffee being 3 cents. It is possible, in most of the cafeterias, to get a good lunch for from 15 to 20 cents, and in some of them for even less. It must be borne in mind, however, that the prices charged for food as quoted here do not cover the general rise in foodstuffs in the last two years. They only serve to show that the average price of a sufficiently satisfactory meal was much below that in the average outside restaurant, and that it is probable, therefore, that whatever increase the employers have made have been proportioned to the increasingly high prices of fuel and foodstuffs. METHODS OF PAYMENT. There are different methods of payment in use by the various com panies. One company, whose charges are based on the amount of wages, uses tickets of three colors to indicate the three rates which are charged. In some cases metal checks are used, while in others books of tickets are sold either by the cashier or by foremen in the shops. In the majority of cases, however, the employees pay cash.. GENERAL LUNCH-ROOM REQUIREMENTS. The general requirements for a plant restaurant, in addition to a well-balanced and well-cooked food ration, are accessibility, efficient arrangement of entrances, exits, serving counter, and kitchen, and a clean and attractive appearance. A central location and arrangement of entrances and exits, so that there will be no crowding or unneces sary passing, are of the first importance, if, as is usually the case, the lunch period is a short one or if more than one group of employees, are to be served during the time allowed. PLATE 21 —PLANT LUNCH COUNTER. PLATE 2 2 — M ILK STATIO N , OPEN FOR 15 MINUTES TW ICE DAILY BE TW E EN M EALS. SAID TO HAVE REDUCED AC CID EN TS. LU N C H ROOMS AND RESTAURANTS. 61 CONSTRUCTION AND GENERAL EQUIPMENT. The greater number of companies adapt available space in the plant to meet the lunch-room requirements, but in some cases separate buildings are erected. Various materials are used for the exterior, such as brick, corrugated iron, or wood, according to the degree of permanency desired. Some companies which have had a recent rapid growth have built frame mess houses, which, however, are undesirable because of the added fire risk. The details of interior construction should always include a floor— preferably of concrete finished with a granolithic surface, or of tile— which will permit of thorough and frequent washing. One company recommends a white finish for the dining room— a white tile wain scoting and the remainder of the wall finished in white enamel. This undoubtedly is a desirable finish, sin(5e any deviation from strict cleanliness is so readily detected. If women are employed it is usually found desirable to provide a separate lunch room for them,. The hollow square, such as is frequently seen in railroad restau rants, is said to serve large numbers very rapidly. Conservation of space may be attained also by the use of long tables. For men’s lunch rooms stationary stools are to be preferred to chairs unless the question of general attractiveness of appearance or the use of the room for recreation or other purposes is to be considered. The. tables may be of wood which can be scrubbed, they may be covered with oilcloth, or they may be made of one of the various composi tions used for this purpose, such as vitrolite, opalite, or Carrara, glass. The latter are more expensive than wood tops or oilcloth covers, but present a more pleasing appearance and are more easily kept clean. The provision of napkins, either paper or linen, is not uncommon. In one case linen napkins are piled at the ends of the tables for the men to help themselves, thus avoiding the waste of giving them to men who do not care for their use. KITCHENS. The kitchen, stock rooms, and refrigerators should be so located in relation to the restaurant or cafeteria counter us to require a. minimum of walking both in preparing and dispensing the food. A window between the dining room and the kitchen which opens’ directly upon that part of the kitchen where the dish washing is done facilitates the removal of used dishes. Part, at least, of the labor-saving devices, it is stated by some firms, pay for themselves in a short time. Steam or electric dish-washing machines, through which as many as 24,000 pieces can pass in an hour, do the work quickly, thoroughly, and with almost no breakage. Potato-paring machines work quickly and do away with much of the drudgery of the kitchen, but need to be carefully operated or the waste is; 62 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. greater than when the work is done by hand. These two machines do away with the greatest amount of hand labor, but others, such as bread, meat, and butter slicing machines, also give satisfactory results. It was noticeable that a large proportion of the lunch rooms and kitchens visited would pass with a very high mark as to sanitary conditions, although a number were seen which were not adequately screened for flies and which in general neatness left a good deal to be desired. However, these were in the minority and the general standard of cleanliness and quality of food served by moJt of the •companies was very good., while some were models of neatness, kind of equipment, and generally efficient service. (See pi. 23.) MENUS. JSTo attempt will be made in this report to deal with the nutritive values of food, since books dealing exhaustively with this subject are readily available. In most cases where a regular meal is served for men it consists of soup, meat, potatoes, one other vegetable, bread and butter, and tea, coffee, or milk. Usually on alternate days a dessert is served in place of the soup. A la carte menus may give a wide range of choice, in which case they need to be changed but little, or, if they give opportunity for only a limited selection, they should be sufficiently varied from day to day to avoid monotony. The energy requirement of women being somewhat below that of men a simpler luncheon will usually be found sufficient for them. Some companies employ a dietitian, and there is no doubt that a knowledge of food values on the part of the one in charge is of decided benefit. RESTAURANT EQUIPMJE0NT. The plan and equipment of a company restaurant seating 900 persons follows. As the restaurant is located on a shop floor, it has the same finish as other floors—brick walls and wooden ceilings— the only difference being that the lighting is the same as in the offices — semi-indirect. The officers' dining room is paneled in dark oak. The tables in the employees' dining room are of wood, with white opaque glass tops. The chairs are bent-wood with fiber seats. There are two entrances, the employees forming a line at each, leading to the serving counter. After the food has been selected, checks are punched and the cashier is paid when the employee leaves the dining room. In the officers' dining room the serving is done by five waitresses. The restaurant is open for an hour twice daily, at noon and in the evening. There are 45 people employed in the restaurant— 5 cooks, 3 helpers, 5 countermen, 6 bus boys, and 5 cleaners, the remaining 21 consisting of clerks, cashiers, waiters, etc. (See pis. 24 and 25.) The stock of dishes, cutlery, etc., is PLATE 2 3 — T W O -W A Y C A FE TER IA SEATING ABOUT 1,400. NOTE TA B L E PLATFORM S FOR W A T E R COOLERS, GLASSES, ETC., W ITH BASK ETS O F K N IVE S, FORKS, AND SPOONS HANGING BENEATH. KITCHEN BEHIND SE RV IN G C O U N TER . SE V E R A L TA B L E S FOR W A IT R E S S SE RV IC E IN CE N TER . PLATE 24—COMPANY RESTAURANT; WHITE OPAQUE-GLASS TABLE TOPS. L U N C H ROOMS AND RESTAURANTS. 63 sufficient to serve 900 at one time. The usual individual cafeteria service comprises a tray, meat and potato plate, pie plate, soup bowl, cup, dessert or extra vegetable dish, butter plate, paper napkin, teaspoon, soup spoon, knife, and fork. The following list is complete as regards fixtures, labor-saving devices, kitchen utensils, and ranges: KITCHEN AND DINING-ROOM EQUIPMENT. 4 counters. 8 coffee urns. 3 show cases. ^ tray supports. 1,290 aluminum trays. 2 cash registers. 4 punches. 2 cypress cabinets, 25 feet b y 16 inches. 2 copper tanks, w ith faucets, 18 b y 24 inches. 1 electric grill. 3 ovens (steam warming). 1 oven (steam proof). 2 gas ovens (portable reel). 3 gas ranges ( 1 14-burner and 1 60-burner). 2 refrigerators. 1 broiler. 1 fish board. 1 fish chest. 1 express wagon. 3 meat choppers. 2 meat cutters. 1 meat hook. 1 meat block (chopping). 8 ice-cream tubs. 14 ice-cream containers. 41 ice-cream cans. 2 cream scoops. 13 ice boxes. 1 ice chopper. 5 ice picks. 2 pairs ic e tongs. 5 cutlery racks. 8 racks (w ooden). 1 rack (metal). 2 pan racks. 9 sinks. 4 dish pans. 3 balance scales for baker. 1 can opener. 1 cabbage cutter. 3 carving boards. 2 metal mixing bowls, 24 inches diameter and 19 inches deep. 1 dough cart. 1 grinding wheel. 2 hatchets. 2 laundry baskets. 18 mops. 4 mop squeezers. 2 mop wringers. 6 garbage cans, 18 b y 26 inches. LABOR-SAYING DEVICES. 3 electric dish-washing machines. 1 dough mixer. 1 paring machine. 1 bread cutter. 1 butter cutter. COOKING UTENSILS. 1,200 pie tins. 185 bread pans w ith taps. 20 cake pans. 29 pans. 19 agate pans. 130 baking pans. 10 frying pans. 4 flange covers, 24 inches diameter. 8 covers. 30 covers for steam pans. 2 flat strainer ladles. 34 dipper ladles. 13 strainer ladles. 2 strainers. 2 cone strainers. 14 tin scoops (small). 17 dippers. 1 cruller pan and wire, 18 b y 7£ inches. 23 steam pans. 15 steam pots. 9 preserving pots. 1 milk measure (1 gallon). 2 funnels. 3 mixing paddles. 64 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. 6 collanders. 2 dough, beaters. 23 large spoons. 1 wooden shovel. 2 flour sieves. 4 pails. 1 tea kettle. 5 coffee strainers. 44 tea strainers. 3 agate pitchers. 5 pie carvers. Somewhat different equipment from that just described is that of a steel company’s restaurant which is open continuously throughout the week except on Sunday. The restaurant seats 450 at one time. It has long tables with wood tops, stationary stools, and concrete floor. The cafeteria counter serves a double line. An average of 30 employees is necessary to the operation of the lunch room. Their work is so arranged that the majority are free for service in the lunch room at meal times and between times they are employed on various kinds of work, such as preparing vegetables, cooking pastry, and gen eral kitchen work. There is a chef on each shift to take care of short orders, whicli are served only in the morning and evening, and to supervise the cooking of the regular meals. One checker serves for the two lines, and the cashier’s desk is located at the exit. Payment is made by cash or coupon. These coupons are 5 cents each and can be obtained in $2 or $5 books. They can be drawn in advance of pay day up to the amount that the employee has due him at the time of purchasing the book. The following is a list of kitchen equipment and cooking utensils: K ITCH EN EQUIPM ENT. 1 meat block. 1 block set, kitchen, 20 by 3 feet. 2 refrigerators. 1 vegetable steamer. 2 steam roasting pots. 1 steam stock pot. 3 gas ranges. 1 gas broiler, 42 b y 16 inches. 1 gas hot-cake griddle, 34 by 18 inches, 8 burners. 2 steam tables. 1 dish heater. 2 coffee urns. COOKIN G U TENSILS. 1 20-gallon aluminum soup kettle. 1 10-gallon aluminum soup kettle. 2 5-gallon aluminum stewers. 1 3-gallon aluminum stewer. 1 lj-gallon aluminum stewer. 3 aluminum oyster stewers. 2 5-gallon galvanized-iron stewers. 2 lj-gallon galvanized-iron stewers. 2 3-quart galvanized-iron stewers. 1 15-gallon galvanized-iron stock pot. 6 iron roast pans (large). 4 iron roast pans (small). 1 galvanized-iron mixer. 6 dish pans. 2 small vegetable steamer pans. 2 large vegetable steamer pans. 1 arm French fryer. 1 flat dip grease fryer. 6 large frying pans. 8 small frying pans. 8 dairy pans. 6 pudding pans. 8 large baking pans. 8 small baking pans. 48 large iron spoons. 3 large egg whips. 1 lj-gallon ladle. 8 ladles, assorted sizes. 4 large steam-table pans. 10 small steam-table pans. /aor. sy/7/7/T o r / v ?/ ?r. sy? / 2 3 * S 6 7 $ Ce-o~A3-<zy 7?7Sir. CO/J3 &/S//XS. Srf/9/7 T/70//T■/ r/ rs / f so / t T/e/frs-. /?#//. O ff/C//nS T/7SLF3-. S S xO“0 / 0 .) o'Avy /o cw/yrf/t. r /2 S//YX. '3 T/t&tf. /V //7/y/7<?<rs?s o/v/cs. /& / y /G 0/r//y/r r/7/Y/e. /7 COS7/*/?fSSO/? /6 srerc?/ ? /jr//0. /if/ve/ett/rrox. /? /c/T 2 0 M9S/S T/f/VA. 2/ srocA- / c f rtfr/r/Gf/z/fro/t. 2 2 /c/r c/?£/?/7 r/rfrzT/z. Dm □ 0 □ g g p g _ 0 _ □ p g .J u .. 1 I 23 / c f c/?t/s/s/rx. 2V z * / w sr/ ty f?<r/rA’/cr£-/?/?ra/?. 2 6 A ts r x y / crr rtjr. 2 7 //o r /?LrfT<T. 28 h V //f,P//y<? S7/7CM 2 ? r/r/y s?/rex. 30 a a /s // /r /x r /t . 3/ T/ZOOGM PLATE 25—FLOOR PLAN OF COMPANY RESTAURANT, SHOWING LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT. L U N C H ROOMS AND RESTAU RAN TS. 65 LA B O R -SA V IN G MACHINES. 1 dish-washing machine. 1 lightning bread cutter. 1 meat chopper. 1 slicing machine. 1 potato-peeling machine. A company employing about an equal number of men and women devotes a three-story brick building to lunch and recreational pur poses. The men’s dining room, seating about 800, and the kitchen are on the first floor; the women’s dining room, which extends over the kitchen and has a larger seating capacity, is on the second floor; the third floor is used for recreation. The lunch-room tables are 9 feet 8 inches long, 2 feet 6 inches wide, and 2 feet 5J inches high. They seat 5 persons on a side. They are made of plain oak and have two coats of good varnish to give a wear ing surface. All chairs are bent-wood with pressed fiber seats. The cafeteria counter serves six lines at one time. A separate counter is used to serve those who bring their lunches and wish coffee or additional eatables. There are six steam tables with aluminum steam-table pots and with warming ovens under them inclosed with sliding doors. The tables on which the urns set and the ones between them and the steam tables are made of galvanized iron and have warming ovens under each. There is a 3-section dishwasher, a steel tank in which pots and pans are washed, a copper-lined tank in which silverware is washed, and 2 copper-lined sinks in which trays and glassware are washed and rinsed. Eight wire baskets are used with the dishwasher. Four square baskets are used for silver in the tank instead of the round ones usually furnished with the dishwasher. Drain boards are arranged around these. One large and two small tables are used for preparing sandwiches and for surplus pastry, etc., during the serving time. H ot water is supplied at four points near the urns from a large water heater in the basement. Trays are piled on the three stands and the counter directly back of them at the entrances to the 6 serving aisles. These aisles are separated from the others by 1^-inch galvanized-pipe rails. Two menu racks made of ^-inch-mesh galvanized-wire cloth with galvanized-iron frame are used. These are 50 inches long and 36 inches high and have 4 tiers of brass cup hooks on each side on which 22 heavy cardboard signs can be hung. The signs are 2 f by 24 inches. The remainder of the counter equip ment is as follows: 4 coffee urns, 10 gallons, heated by steam. 4 milk urns, 10 gallons. 1 bread slicer. 60 aluminum steam table pots. 60 galvanized-iron covers, 12 b y 12 inches, with hemmed edges for the above. These are used to cover the holes in steam table when pots are removed and allow the use of the top for other purposes. 6 galvanized-iron covers, 12J b y 18^ inches, same as above. 88203°— 19— Bull. 250------ o' 66 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. 12 tinned meat pans about 17 b y 11J b y 4J inches deep, with flange 1^ inches below the top on three sides. These are used in pairs in the steam tables and should be ordered with them. 1 ticket seller’s cage to accommodate two persons. Wooden trays are used for knives, forks, and spoons. Salt and pepper shakers, vinegar cruet, and sugar bow l are on each table. Nickel-plated oval trays are used b y the employees to carry their food to the tables. The kitchen is arranged to permit of cooking for 1,500 or more, as it serves both the men’s and women’s rooms. The ordinary kitchen utensils are much the same as those on the preceding lists. The special equipment is as follows: 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 potato masher and sieves, motor driven. potato peeler, motor driven. vegetable slicers (different sizes), motor driven. chopper, motor driven. coffee and meat grinder, motor driven ; also have a grindstone which attaches to th is. slicer with motor. mixing machine, motor driven, with two kettles, mixers, and whips. dough divider. aluminum steam jacketed kettle, 25 gallons capacity. aluminum kettle, same as above, 60 gallons capacity. cast-iron vegetable kettles, 40 gallons capacity, with metal baskets, cast-iron soup kettles, 40 gallons capacity. truck, 53 b y 24 b y 50 inches high, with 7 shelves. apple parer. No. 3 oven and one 4-section range. pot rack about 2 feet shorter than table, suspended from ceiling. 42-inch electric fans. large refrigerator, built in, brine piping. The attendants required are 1 foreman and 1 woman assistant, 1 chef, 1 cook, 2 bakers, 1 pot washer, 1 stock keeper, and 1 helper. The first two work together and the last three assist in whatever capacity they are required in the kitchen when not taking care of their regular duties. One man operates the dishwasher in each dining room and one does general cleaning. Sixteen women pre pare the food and arrange it and the dishes before the noon meal, serve the meal, and clean up the rooms afterwards. They also pre pare and serve the evening meal. All are required to take care of about 1,500 persons at noon. A t noon they are assisted on each floor by 12 girls from the factory. The employees enter the serving aisles at the center of the three main counters, take a tray, select the food wanted, and move toward the cashiers, where they pay for the food, pass out, and go to a table. Trays and dishes are left on the tables and collected after the lunch hour. Two zinc-lined oak trucks are used when collecting dishes. The garbage is scraped into receptacles and the dishes and trays are piled on the trucks and taken to the dishwasher. The same trucks L U N C H ROOMS AND R E STAU RAN TS. 67 are used to carry the food from the kitchen or other places to the dining rooms. One food carriage or truck 50 by 21 inches and 46 inches high is also used to carry pies or other pastry from the kitchen. Tickets are printed in strips with a heading and 1-cent stubs in denominations of 10, 25, and 50 cents. They are on different colored cards and the heading of each series is numbered consecutively. They are sold by the two ticket sellers in a cage placed near one end of the room, who are the only persons who handle money and who have to file a report of sales each day. Cashiers are placed at the exit end of each of the six serving lines. They figure the value of the food purchased and tear off the equivalent number of 1-cent stubs. The cashiers are not allowed to accept money or tickets which do not have the heading, and if a complete ticket is used they must tear off the heading. This system practically does away with any opportunity for dishonesty. It is probable, even though the majority of the companies have not adopted the ticket system of paying for lunches, that this method of payment makes for quicker service and diminishes the liability of loss through carelessness or fraud. C H A P T E R V .— I N D O O R R E C R E A T IO N . It is undoubtedly something of a problem to direct the recreation of large groups of employees, and it is necessary to find recreational facilities which will appeal to the individuals of the groups, in order to arouse and stimulate their interest and enthusiasm. The work of directing the amusement of the employees, moreover, is one that must be approached with care by the employer. Many firms have made little or no attempt in this direction, preferring to provide some of the more essential forms of betterment, such as emergency hospitals and lunch rooms, and to leave to the individual the ques tion of what shall be done with his leisure hours. In some cases the distance of the plant from the homes of the workers has mili tated against anything of this nature being tried, or if begun, has necessitated its abandonment; in other cases the feeling that the employee would object to any interference on the part of his em ployer with the time which is his own has prevented attempts by the members of the firm to institute any of the various means of amusement. It is perhaps easier in this line of service work than in any other for the employer to assume a paternalistic attitude, and it would appear from the reports that this is felt by many employers who have found it wiser, in order to avoid the danger of employees suspecting such a tendency on their part, to leave the development of the recreational features to the employees themselves, with the knowledge that proper efforts along these lines will be assisted and encouraged by the company. REST AND RECREATION RO O M S. Heretofore rest rooms have not been considered an absolute necessity in any industry, since even the most wearing industries have been carried on from the beginning without such provision. Many of the more enlightened employers, however, are beginning voluntarily to provide such rooms, among other conveniences, for the comfort, pleasure, and well-being of their employees during the working hours. These employers are discovering that expenditures for such things have turned out to be investments paying high dividends. Rest rooms, which are used for a comparatively short period during the working day, often represent a very material cost to the employer in the amount of floor space devoted to them which otherwise might be given over to the business of the plant, office, or store. The employer is induced to sacrifice such space for a number of reasons INDOOR RECREATION. 69 aside from a purely altruistic motive. In some instances these rea sons are the same as those which prompt employers to maintain lunch rooms. The location of the place-of work at a distance from the homes of the workers often makes it impossible for them to return home during the lunch period, or the plant is situated in a part of the city or town where the associations are such that it is desirable to keep the employees protected from them as much as possible. Banks in which large sums of money are necessarily handled by employees usually require, for the protection of the employees as well as the bank itself, that all employees remain in the building from the opening to the closing hour. In such cases, therefore, while rest and recreation rooms are not entirely a necessity, still it is of great advantage to both sides for the employer to provide a pleasant and attractive place in which the workers may spend the noon hour. The granting of rest periods also is another reason for the main tenance of these rooms. In some instances these periods are of such short duration that the period of relaxation is spent at desks or machines. But in some establishments a long enough rest period is allowed to enable employees to make use of special rest rooms. Such periods of complete relaxation and change from the strain of monotonous and tiresome occupations have usually proven of great advantage to both employees and employers. There is a great variety in the size and equipment of the rest and recreation rooms provided. These facilities range from small and plainly furnished rooms or a section of the dining room set aside for dancing or other recreation to large and beautifully furnished rooms with special equipment. The following table shows, by industries, the number of estab lishments having rest and recreation rooms. It also shows, for the establishments from which this information was obtained, the number of employees using such rooms. It should be noted that the figures in the columns under “ T otal” are not necessarily the sum of the figures under “ Male” and “ Female,” as some establishments have not reported employees of both sexes and some have not reported employees by sex; so that the “ T otal” columns include data not appearing in the male and female columns, and on the other hand exclude some data found in one or the other of these columns. T able 5 .— NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS HAVING REST AND RECREATION ROOMS AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES USING SUCH ROOMS, O BY INDUSTRIES. Male employees. Establishments Establishments reporting Establishments Establishments reporting Establishments Establishments reporting number of employees having rest and number of employees having rest and having rest and number of employees recreation recreation using rest and recrea using rest and recrea recreation using rest and recrea rooms. tion rooms. tion rooms. rooms. rooms. tion rooms. 2,280 45,987 i 2,316 2,945 57,121 14,810 23,138 3 3 27 16,047 546 850 175 7 2 26,967 2,051 1,212 340 3 1 9 5,575 1,075 11,446 4,505 195 5,608 1,316 1,762 57,051 1 2 7 400 1,085 4,672 50 1,050 535 105 i 226,588 36 69,864 14,520 1 Not including employees of 1 establishment, not reported. 1,294 12,507 i 2,896 7,927 7,231 12,611 3,167 792 3.797 57,527 39,774 4,825 1,090 32,307 5 4 3 3 24 4 1 1 3 24 12 5 2 25 1,155 6,759 2,896 957 6,481 2,278 300 100 2,650 30,496 30,617 4,333 240 11,222 692 730 265 907 3,311 302 50 30 545 21,778 30,202 1,311 240 2,912 205 2 177,745 116 100,484 63,275 7 11 4 11 27 7 6 5 5 44 14 7 3 54 7 11 4 11 33 7 6 14 5 44 14 7 3 56 34,281 19,239 15,871 15,729 107,134 11,213 9 455 58,036 35,163 103,461 1 65,847 10,204 2,752 236,990 5 6 3 3 27 4 2 2 3 26 11 5 2 28 28,992 13,719 11,371 2,096 99,615* 5,410 2,762 2,604 19,431 58,793 50,844 8,796 1,325 40,588 1,842 1,385 265 1,646 4,396 642 750 1,505 740 30,726 30,202 1,361 1,290 4,238 222 i 725,375 127 346,346 80,988 2 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. EMPLOYEES, 5 14 4 3 14 '2 21 2 2 INDUSTRIAL Total........................................................ 16,047 1,815 FOR Telegraph and telephone.................................. Textiles............................................................. Tobacco and cigars............................................ Other industries................................................ 2 7 Number Number Number of em Num Number Num Number of em Num Number Num Number of em of em ployees ber. of em of em ployees ployees of em ber. ber. using ployees. ber. ployees. Using using ployees. ployees. rooms. rooms. rooms. WORK Number Num Number of em Num of em ber. ber. ployees. ployees. Automobiles...................................................... Clothing and furnishings.................................. Fine machines and instruments...................... Food products.................................................. Foundries and machine shops.......................... Offices................................................................ Printing and publishing................................... Railroads, electric............................................. Rubber and composition goods......................... Total, both sexes. WELFARE Industry. Female employees. PLATE 26—SMOKING AND GAME ROOM FOR MEN IN A GARMENT FACTORY. USED AT NOON. PLATE 27.— G IR L S ’ RECREATION ROOM IN AUTOM OBILE FACTORY. THIS ESTA BLISH M EN T HAS Q U IET ROOMS ALSO. INDOOR RECREATION. 71 Two hundred and twenty-two companies provide a room or rooms for the use of either their male or female employees, or for both, for rest or recreational purposes. Of these 222 establishments, 127, with 346,346 employees, report them to be used by 80,988, or 23 per cent, of their employees. Out of 105 establishments in which the rest or recreation rooms provided could be used by males, 36, with 69,864 employees, report that they are actually used by 14,520, or 21 per cent, of their male employees. Out of 205 establishments in which the rest or recreation rooms provided could be used by females, 116, with 100,484 employees, report that they are actually used by 63,275, or 63 per cent, of the female employees. In 30 establishments part of the lunch room is set aside as a recreation room, and is either used mainly for dancing or has a section with comfortable chairs, and usually a supply of reading matter. Twenty establishments permit dancing by both male and female em ployees during the lunch hour, and usually in the lunch room. The music in most cases is furnished by a pianola or victrola* but one company pays an orchestra of its employees to play; another com pany pays different employees to play the piano, and still another provides music from the outside semiweekly. One establishment has the lunch room space arranged with sliding partitions between the men’s and women’s lunch rooms and this, together with another section containing a stage, makes a very large room available for recreation. It is reported by one department store that dancing was prohibited because girls overstayed the lunch period, and also were too tired afterwards to do good work. The latter objection would probably not apply to many other kinds of employment where women are not obliged to stand for a major portion of the day’s work. In general these rooms are provided for the factory as well as the office force, but in two manufacturing establishments, employing 15,335 men, recreation rooms are provided solely for men in the office, and eight such establishments, with 9,537 female employees, furnish such provisions for the office women only. In 13 instances separate rooms are provided for office and factory force, but in the majority of cases the same rooms are used by both classes of employees. There are 69 establishments, having a total of 200,607 male employ ees, which have separate recreation rooms for men, and of these, 31 establishments, with 68,015 male employees, report the number using them to be 13,116, or 19 per cent of the male employees. The men’s rooms are usually less pretentious than the ones for women. In some cases they are very simply furnished with plain tables and chairs, and in the majority of cases the furnishings are planned with a view to having them practical and substantial rather than Ornamental. (See pi. 26.) One company provides two rooms for the men. Smoking is permitted in both, but while games and good 72 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U STRIAL EM PLO YE ES. natured noise are allowed in one, in the other, which is provided with periodicals and newspapers, quiet is maintained. The same company provides also a separate room for the boys, in which different games, a pool table, a writing desk, and magazines are supplied. All are comfortably furnished and well lighted. In 23 cases the men’s rooms are reported as smoking rooms, but nearly all of these rooms, as well as the remainder of the 69 reported, are equipped with games, such as checkers and chess, with cards, although two companies report that no card playing is allowed, often with pool or billiard tables, and with tables with newspapers and periodicals. Several establishments also furnish victrolas or pianos for the pleasure of the men. From the nature of the industry it is necessary that some waiting place should be provided by electric railroads for the motormen and conductors who are obliged to wait, often for some time, at car barns and terminals for the beginning of their runs. These rooms are usually ^ery comfortably fitted up with easy chairs, games, and read ing matter, and often with writing materials, as well as gymnasium facilities and shower baths. Of the 15 electric railroads scheduled all but one report such provisions for the men. Both rest and recreation rooms are frequently provided for the women. In industries where large numbers of women are employed, such as the telephone business, large offices, and department stores, there is usually a recreation room, often beautifully furnished, with easy chairs, tables with reading matter, flowers, curtains, and ordi narily a piano or victrola, and in many cases there is also a rest room, with couche? and easy chairs, where the girls are required to be quiet. (See pis. 27 to 30.) These rooms generally are in charge of a matron, and in these industries are open throughout the working hours. In other industries, however, the rooms are frequently kept locked except during the lunch period. In several instances where only a few girls are employed their recreation rooms are also furnished with gas or electric plates for making tea or coffee, so that those who bring their lunches use these rooms also as lunch rooms. While the majority of the companies have separate recreation rooms for their male and female employees, there are 36 establish ments which provide one recreation room for both sexes. CLUBROOMS OR CLUBHOUSES. One hundred and thirty-seven firms, with 813,904 employees, provide clubrooms or clubhouses. These range all the way from a few small, plainly furnished rooms in the plant to large and elaborately furnished houses. An interior of a clubhouse for* men is shown in PLATE 28.—GIRLS’ REST ROOM IN TELEPHONE EXCHANGE. PLATE 29.—SILENCE ROOM FOR OFFICE GIRLS IN FACTORY. 73 INDOOR RECREATION. plate 31. Six companies provide club facilities for officials, super intendents, and foremen only, 1 company restricts them to members of the benefit association, 10 companies did not report as to member ship limitations, and 120, with 705,674 employees, reported that the privilege of membership is open to all classes of employees. The following table shows the number of establishments having various recreational facilities for their employees, by industries: T a b l e 6 .— N U M B E R O F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S H A V IN G C L U B H O U S E S , G Y M N A S IU M S , A N D OTH ER R E C R E A T IO N F A C IL IT IE S , B Y E stablishm ents h avin g recreational facilities. IN D U S T R IE S . N u m b e r o f establishm ents h av in g — In d u stry. Num ber. A u to m o b ile s ........................................................... F ou n dries and m a ch in e s h o p s ......................... Gas, electric lig h t, and p o w e r ......................... Ir o n a n d s te e l......................................................... M in in g , c o a l ............................................................ M in in g , oth er than c o a l..................................... O ffic e s ....................................................................... R a ilroa d s, electric................................................. R a ilroa d s, s te a m ................................................... Stores......................................................................... T e x tile s ..................................................................... O th er in d u stries.................................................... T o t a l.............................................................. 1N o t 2N o t 3 19 6 7 5 7 7 14 8 13 23 40 152 C lub N u m b e r o f houses or em ployees. c lu b room s. 24,001 . 59,787 21,432 33,941 18,552 11,536 13,085 57,210 354,525 33,396 i 23,818 i 205,256 2 856,539 2 14 6 7 4 7 B illiard or p o o l room s. B ow lin g alleys. 2 8 3 4 G ym na sium s. 3 11 3 1 2 6 2 4 3 6 8 11 22 6 3 11 7 2 6 36 19 16 17 137 74 63 52 14 4 7 2 6 2 2 4 7 1 12 in clu d in g e m p loyees o f 1 establish m en t, n o t reported. in clu d in g e m p loy ees o f 2 establishm ents, n o t reported. CLUB M EM B ERSH IP, DUES, AND M ANAGEM EN T. Many of the establishments having clubrooms or clubhouses did not report as to the number of members, and many others did not report the amount of the club membership fee, but 53 establishments employing 175,770 persons reported the club membership to be 51,120, or 29 per cent of the total number of employees. Fiftynine establishments reported as to the amount of the annual dues. These dues range from less than $1 to $25, the average being $3.50 a year. Forty other establishments reported that no club dues are charged. These clubs are open to all employees and in several cases to members of their families and the entire community. No special inquiry into the question of club management was made, but this information was furnished in 58 cases. Ill 23 instances the management of the clubrooms or houses is kept entirely in the hands of the company. Twenty-five firms manage them in coopera tion with the employees and 10 companies allow the members to have entire control. 74 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. EXAM PLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLUBHOUSES. There are 80 companies that have provided separate clubhouses for their employees. This number includes several cases where the house is, in a measure, a settlement house, but nevertheless serves all the purposes of a clubhouse, with a rather wider range of activities than the ordinary club, since it is not limited to the employees but is open to the families as well and sometimes to other members of the community. Other companies, notably the railroads, have chosen the Y . M. C. A . as the medium through which their club work is carried on. In these cases, where large numbers of men are employed, the well-built-up organization of the Y . M. C. A . probably offers them the most effec tive means for carrying on this work. One large railroad system, in addition to its many branches of the Y . M. C. A ., has a number of clubhouses maintained by various athletic associations which are fostered by the company. The company furnishes the buildings and equipment, while the running expenses are paid by the members, the dues being 50 cents and $1 per year. In addition to the usual games, there are basket-ball and volley-ball courts and shooting galleries of an improved type. One of these clubs also has an athletic field, adjoining which is a commodious building with lockers and shower baths. This company also maintains a clubhouse at the seashore, accommodating about 60, under the direction of the Y . M. C. A . secretary, as a vacation place for the sons of its employees. The rates are nominal and the sports of swimming, surf bathing, and boating are supervised by older men. This house is reserved for girls for two weeks in the early part of the season and for wives of the employees for one week. This same company provides for a camp of its common laborers a recreation hall furnished with reading matter, cards, checkers, shuffleboard, a piano, and a phonograph. The largest Y . M. C. A . of another great railroad system provides for its many members practically all club facilities. There is a large and excellently equipped gymnasium, with a physical director in charge, a very good library and reading room, a restaurant, and a dormitory for over 200 men, sleeping accommodations being furnished to members at a very low rate. Much social and educational work is done, many series of concerts and social affairs are arranged for throughout the year, and various classes and a good orchestra and glee club are-maintained. Still another large railroad company provides 13 clubhouses, which are not connected with the Y . M. C. A . These clubs are located, for the most part, in out of the way places, and the aim of the company is to furnish good food and lodging, a chance for baths, and also good, clean amusements to its employees. No membership dues are PLATE 30—COMBINATION REST AND RECREATION ROOM FOR GIRLS IN DEPARTMENT STORE. NOTE COTS IN REAR. PLATE 31—INTERIOR OF A MEN’S CLUBHOUSE OF THE BETTER TYPE. INDOOR RECREATION. 75 charged and only such rates and fees as barely cover the cost of maintenance. Several of the smaller railway systems do not provide the club houses, but merely contribute to the support of the railroad branches of the Y . M. C. A. The membership fees charged for these clubs vary from $1 to $5 per year, according as the company contributes much or little toward their support. A company employing over 2,000 women has a branch of the Y . W . C. A ., with about 800 members, its employees composing the entire membership. Classes in music, domestic science, sewing, painting, and dancing are taught at nominal rates of tuition, and there is a well-equipped gymnasium, with a woman in charge as physical director. The classes meet in the recreation rooms of the plant. The membership fee is $1 per year; no fees are charged for the gymnasium work. The company bears the greater part of the expenses, stipulating that the major part of the advantages offered shall be open to all girls, whether members or not. A summer cottage, under the supervision of the Y . W . C. A . secretary, is pro vided with accommodations for about 25 girls, and board is furnished at a very moderate rate. Another large corporation, whose employees are of many nationali ties, centers its club activities about the libraries by making liberal donations, and in several instances an officer or an employee of the company is a member of the board of librarj- directors. In such cases the libraries are operated more as private clubs than as public institutions. The company’s employees usually pay a smaller mem bership fee than that paid by nonemployees and a less charge is made for bowling, billiards and pool, and for the use of the gymnasium and baths. One of these libraries boasts a membership of more than 3,500, with a total attendance at games and social gatherings of 80,000 for the year, during which period 60,000 games of billiards and 12,000 bowling games were played. There were 35 basket-ball teams and 1,000 members in gymnasium classes. Another distinctive type of clubhouse found was the “ com munity,” “ settlem ent/7 “ neighborhood,” or “ mission” house which many companies have adopted as the center of their welfare work. This type was found more often where plants had been established in outlying sections. A striking example of this kind is where what was originally intended as a kindergarten house center has developed, within a very few years, into a large and well-appointed neighbor hood house (see pL 32) with reading rooms and a free public library with books in different languages, and with the kindergarten feature still intact. In this clubhouse, classes in manual training, sewing, and cooking are conducted, as well as special classes in Eng lish for foreigners. Entertainments are given for the benefit of the 76 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. townspeople from time to time in the gymnasium and dances are conducted at regular intervals. The gymnasium is open to the public on Saturday nights for general recreational purposes, and amusement and entertainment may be found for every class; some bowl, some play basket ball, some play games, some use the library, while others dance. It is said that the attendance on Saturday nights ranges from three hundred to six hundred people of all ages, drawn from a community of 6,000 inhabitants of various nationalities. That the company has succeeded in cultivating a taste for clean, healthful, and protected amusement is evident from the fact that there is not a commercial dance hall in the town. In connection with this clubhouse are to be found playgrounds with tennis courts, swings, and various out-of-door games, all free to the people of the town, with the gymnasium instructor in charge during the summer months. In this clubhouse, the advantages of which are entirely free to all, practically all of the employees and townspeople meet on terms of friendship and equality, which is rather remarkable, since many nationalities are represented. In striking contrast to this are some of the mining communities in Arizona in which the common labor is chiefly Mexican, where companies provide very good clubhouses for their American employees, but make no provision for the entertain ment of the ordinary laborers. The club dues in some of these cases are in themselves prohibitive, being as much as $25 per year. Some mines in other sections of the country report that the clubhouses are open to, and are used by, all classes of white employees. One company with many Negro employees has a club, run on the principles of the Y . M. C. A., but financed and managed by the com pany, in which club facilities are provided on separate floors of the club building for the colored and white employees and their families. Another company employing about 2,400 men has three clubs, one for American employees, one for foreigners, and one for the Negro employees. The first club began in a small way, but has outgrown two buildings, and now occupies a well-equipped clubhouse. The club holds many entertainments and excursions and encourages athletics, having good baseball, basket ball, and bowling. Club dues are 25 cents per month, 40 per cent of which goes into the club’s benefit fund. This fund is used for special or emergency needs among the members. The club also makes it a rule to help the needy at Christ mas and other times. The foreigners’ club is under the supervision of the welfare secretary, and through it the foreign workers have gained a better idea of American ideals. The club for Negro workers is conducted along the lines of the first club and a majority of the colored employees are members. PLATE 3 2 — NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSE, THE CEN TER OF TH E CLUB A C TIV IT IE S OF ONE COM PANY TO W N . INDOOR RECREATION. 77 Another clubhouse, in the nature of a general recreation building, was erected by the company at a cost of a quarter of a million dollars, for the free use of all the people in the town, which has a population of about 8,000 and is located in a section remote from any large city. The building is a brick and stone structure of three stories and con tains rest rooms, billiard and pool rooms for adults and children, gymnasium, bowling alleys, plunge and shower baths, library, and theater. No charge is made for the use of any part of the building, except the theater, where a 10-cent show is given daily except Sunday. The theater is said to be very popular, the attendance being about 20,000 per month. The swimming pool is constructed of white tile, and is 25 by 75 feet, the depth of the water ranging from 4 to 9 feet. The water is filtered, disinfected, and warmed. It is changed once a week. The plunge is patronized by approximately 2,000 people per month, the number of the men, women, boys, and girls being about equal. There are six bowling alleys, which are kept well polished and which are equipped with automatic pin setters. Some 3,000 people use these alleys each month and tournaments are carried on throughout the winter. The pool and billiard rooms are equipped with seven tables, four for adults and three for children, and are used by 5,000 people per month. In the main rest room of the building are to be found card and chess tables, and ample room for lounging. It is more often the rule than the exception, in the case of southern cotton mills, that any welfare work that is attempted is done through the “ settlement” or “ mission” house or through the school or church, which is established, taken over, or fostered by the mill owner. In one instance of this kind the “ mission house” is mainly supported by several mills and is the center of industrial betterment for the entire community. In this mission a large hall, which is used for kindergarten work in the morning, is provided for club meetings. There are also a chapel, a library, a domestic science room, shower and tub baths, and playground apparatus in the large yard about the mission. A training school for settlement workers is conducted here and the “ mission” has charge of the hospital, where, it is said, employees and members of their families are charged a weekly rate of less than one-third the rate charged others. In a few instances the club work of the mills is carried on through the Y .M . C. A . and in others no intermediary is employed, but the work is administered directly by the company and the employees. From the fact, however, that the majority of the cotton mills in the South form isolated communities, and also that the workers are recruited from all branches of the family, the work is necessarily more in the line of family work than of o rd in a l club activities. 78 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. The head of the firm of one large factory in New England pre sented a very beautiful and commodious clubhouse to his employees. The house has bowling alleys, smoking and lounging rooms for men, clubrooms for women, a large general recreation room, and a music hall, with stage, so constructed that it may be inclosed and heated in winter, but in the summer may be opened up to form a roofed-over summer garden. In connection with the clubhouse is an athletic field of 13 acres, which can be flooded in winter for skating. Club membership is open to all employees and members of their families and about one-third of the total number of employees belong to the club. The dues are $2 a year and the government of the organization is in the hands of a board of directors, the majority of whom are elected from the rank and file of the factory workers. This club is located close to the factories so it can be used at the noon hour. Another club, which is composed entirely of men, is a very live organization. It is open every day from 9 in the morning until mid night, and while it is not close enough to the factory to be used during the factory hours, it is used by practically all employees at other times. Each male employee automatically becomes a member after working one week for the firm; there are no club dues and only small fees for bowling and pool are charged. The clubhouse is open to woman employees and members of fami lies one evening a month. This club manages an unusually successful savings and loan department. The control of the club is in the hands of the employees, who elect their own officers by secret ballot. Another company with about 2,900 employees has donated to its force an excellent, large clubhouse. (See pi. 33.) W ith the excep tion of one representative of the management on the board of gov ernors, it is managed by the athletic association, which has a mem bership of about 2,000. Two hundred of these are outsiders, it being a provision of the club rules that outsiders may belong to the club, but that they may never form more than 25 per cent of the member ship. The annual dues are $1. Many acres are devoted to athletics, baseball, football, cricket, field sports, and tennis, and there is also a fine shooting range. A t a recent annual field day 10,000 persons assembled for the events. One street railway company with about 10,000 employees has a clubhouse at one of its terminals, which while plainly furnished meets the needs of the men and is very generally used by them. It has a billiard room, bowling alley, gymnasium, tub and shower baths, lockers and electric clothes dryers, a reading room, restau rant, and auditorium. It is a fact of some interest that of the many clubhouses and rooms for men which were visited only two cases were found where liquor was sold to the members. PLATE 3 3 — CLUBHOUSE PRESEN TED TO THE EMPLOYEES OF A LARGE COM PANY. TH RE E H UN DRED AC RE S O F LAN D . TO ALL PR IVILE G E S. DUES O F $1 A YE A R EN TITLE PLATE 34—GAME ROOM OF AN AUTOMOBILE PLANT. INDOOR RECREATION. 79 One company with many mining camps establishes clubs only when the people of the community ask for them. Usually an old building is remodeled and equipped by the company and the club is financed until such time as it becomes self-supporting. A board of governors is appointed from among the employees who are interested in the betterment of the town, and the management left entirely in their hands. The dues are usually 50 cents a month and the families of members also enjoy the privileges of the clubhouse. There are a number of firms which maintain country clubs or summer camps for their employees, but since, in most cases, these clubs are maintained for the purpose of providing means for outdoor recreation they have been treated in the chapter on Outdoor recrea tion.” (See pp. 87 to 93.) CLUBHOUSE HOURS. According to the reports received as to the hours that the clubrooms are kept open, the time ranges from an hour at noontime and a short while in the evening at a few clubs, to the entire 24 hours of the day at others. On this point, however, the establishments reporting may be placed in two groups— those that open early in the morning and remain open until late at night, and those that do not open until some time in the afternoon, but are usually open in the evening. There are 66 establishments in the former class and 22 in the latter. The remaining 49 establishments did not report as to the hours the clubrooms are kept open. BOW LING ALLEYS AND GAM E R O O M S . Of the 152 establishments having one or more of the features in cluded under clubs, etc., 94 provide pool tables (sometimes referred to as pocket billiards) or bowling alleys; 31 of these provide pool tables only; 20 provide bowling alleys only; while 43 provide both pool tables and bowling alleys. (See pi. 34.) Some of the pool rooms were found to be in connection with the rest rooms. This was especially true of the street railway companies, many of which provide pool tables in the employees’ waiting rooms. In addition to the number of establishments mentioned above, several street railway companies reported that pool tables are to be found at most of their car houses, but did not state the number of barns. Quite a few of the companies make no charge whatsoever for pool playing, and of those reporting on this point, only one charges as much as 5 cents per cue, the other rates ranging from 1 to 2\ cents. In other establishments the charge is 10 to 30 cents per hour. The fees at the bowling alleys are correspondingly low. As to the extent to which employees take advantage of the pool room privileges, one company, employing 2,815 people, reported that 80 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. 14,209 games were played during one year. Another establishment, with 2,600 employees, which has provided two Y . M. C. A . buildings, reported that the pool room at each is used by 200 employees daily. Still another, having 2,370 employees, said that nearly 5,000 per month used the pool rooms. Reporting on the number using the bowling alleys, one establishment having 12,600 employees made the statement that 125 use the alleys daily. Another with 2,370 employees said the alleys are used by 3,000 per month. Still another said that 276 persons had played 17,392 games in one year. It is owing to the fact that careful records of the numbers using these facilities are seldom kept that such very incomplete reports on this point were secured. Reports were given, however, in a suffi cient number of instances to indicate that such means of amusement are much used and appreciated. SWIMMING POOLS. Of the 137 establishments having clubrooms, 41 have provided baths or swimming pools. In 27 of these the pool is inside the club house, in 13 establishments outdoor swimming pools are found, and one establishment did not report the location of its pool. Among the comparatively few establishments reporting as to the numbers using the swimming pools, one, having 2,370 employees, said its indoor pool was used by 2,000 in a given month; another, with 2,815 employees, reported that the pool was used by 3,713 in one season; still another, having only 748 employees, said that 1,580 used the pool in one month. One concern, with 1,708 employees, said that its outdoor pool was used by 200 persons per day during hot weather, and another establishment, with 6,681 employees, that has an outdoor pool convenient to the homes of many of its employees, reported that 102,000 had made use of it during the season. This pool is very large and well constructed and there are very good bath houses with showers for men and women. Most of the reports, both as to indoor and outdoor pools, stated that the water is changed once, or, in some cases, twice a week, and in one or two instances it was reported that a continuous flow of water is supplied. GYMNASIUMS. Fifty-two establishments, with a total of 535,107 employees, were found to have provided gymnasium facilities for their employees. These places for exercise vary from small rooms with simple equip ment to large and well-equipped rooms or buildings, with instructors in charge. Quite frequently, as a means of saving space, the audi torium, either in plant or clubhouse, has gymnasium equipment, thus securing double service for the one room. INDOOR RECREATION. 81 In a few instances companies have separate gymnasium buildings. One company employing several thousand people has built a very complete gymnasium for its office employees, with squash and hand ball courts, and exercise room. There is a large swimming pool having a continuous flow of filtered and warmed water and rooms with shower, needle, and electric-light baths. This gymnasium is in charge of three instructors and classes are held alternately on employers' and employees’ time. Another company equipped a gymnasium very completely and turned it over to an association of employees to manage. A very competent instructor was engaged and a nominal fee for membership charged. There was not, however, sufficient interest shown to warrant retaining the instructor, and the result was an almost com plete waste of space and valuable equipment. Still another company has an excellent athletic field and grand stand, with a gymnasium and lockers and showers, as well as club-* rooms for the athletic teams. In addition to the 52 plants mentioned above, several companies which do not have gymnasiums of their own make it a practice to pay part or all of the membership fees in the Y . M. C. A. and Y . W . C. A. for those of their younger employees who wish to take the courses. Basket-ball courts were found at 50 establishments. In quite a few instances outdoor courts were found, but in most cases these courts are in the clubhouses or gymnasiums, where, as a rule, no fees are charged beyond the club dues. In some cases the companies pro vide uniforms and equipment. Not a great many of the 52 establishments having gymnasiums reported as to the number using these accommodations, but it would seem from those which did report that they are usually used by only a small proportion of the employees. Fourteen of the 52 plants report that no fees are charged for the use of the gymnasiums; one estab lishment, having 15,000 employees, reports a charge of $5 per year and a membership fee of $4; another with 1,200 employees charges only SI; while the remaining establishments did not report on this point. SOCIAL GATHERINGS. There are 239 establishments— of which numoer 236 reported th& number employed to be 1,170,382 — which report entertainment, either indoor or outdoor or club work among employees, contributed to in some degree by the employer. In 188 of the establishments social gatherings, such as dances, banquets, theatricals, or parties are held on special occasions like Hallowe'en or Christmas. Dances, being the easiest form of entertainment and the one most generally enjoyed, of course predominate. 88203°— 19— B u ll. 250------- 6 82 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. In the following table the establishments furnishing one or more of these features of recreation or culture for their employees are given by industries : T a b le 1 . — N U M B E R O F E S T A B L I S H M E N T S H A Y I N G S O C IA L G A T H E R I N G S , L E C T U R E S , M U SIC , E T C ., B Y IN D U S T R I E S . Number of establishments having— Num 1 ber Lectures. ' Music clubs. Number of of em Mov Social; estabA u di ployees. ing Out gather-,’ lishtor pic Or Glee ings. ments ings. | iums. Bands. ches clubs. Safety. Other. tures. i tras. ! Industry. Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . Boots and shoes................... Chemicals and allied prod ucts ..................................... Clothing and furnishings. . Electrical supplies.............. Fine machines and in struments ........................... Food p ro d u cts..................... Foundries and machine shops ................................. Gas, electric light and power................................... Iron and steel........................ Offices....................................... Paper and paper goods. . . Railroads: Electric............................ Steam............................... Rubber and composition goods..................................... Stores....................................... Telegraph and telephone. Textiles................................... Other industries................... T otal............................. ! 1 5 4 75,114 21,180 4 1 4 | 2 1 4 9 5 9,163 8, 833 77, 733 3 I 9 1 4 1 2 2 1 2 !i 1 ; 5 8 15, 031 13,786 „4 i 4 2 1 1 ! 28 82,742 7 4 | 8 9 9 4 i 23,268 103,435 13,814 6,332 3 3 5 1 1 | 2 , 1 1 I 14 7 54,640 352,774 6 28 7 35 44 35,088 81,4G0 35,083 38,673 2122,203 239 *1, 170,382 17 4 9; 2 _ 3 4 i il 7 6 ' 26 : 7 27 28 188 4 5 3 24 ! I 5 1 1 6 3 7 15 70 4 3 3 32 ! I 2 5 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 9 8 2 1 15 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 8 5 2 2 5 6 5 i 1 8 29 15 7 i 3 1 2 5 63 56 22 4 1 1 12 1 ' 13 1 4 1 1 3 5 18 8 16 24 23 141 1 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. 2 Not including employees of 1 establishment, not reported. 3 Not including employees of 3 establishments, not reported. In the many cases where the companies haye provided clubhouses the club committees, with the clubhouse as a meeting place, naturally assume the leadership in social affairs, and usually the fees for club membership coyer the most, if not all, of such activities. Even though there is no clubhouse provided there are many establishments in which there are employees’ clubs which promote and manage all gatherings of a social nature among the employees. In many estab lishments these clubs are purely recreational in character; however, in 22 instances the athletic association or the benefit association has charge of the social affairs, and any surplus gained from them goes to swell the funds of these organizations. Usually there are large rooms in the plants— either lunch rooms, recreation rooms, or auditoriums— which, with the expenditure of a little labor, can be temporarily converted into a dance hall or may be used for other amusements. Sometimes the use of such a room, INDOOR RECREATION. 83 together with heat, light, and janitor service, is all that is given by the company. Frequently when no room large enough is available in the plant the firm hires a hall for the use of the employees for their social affairs. Other firms make a money contribution to the recreation club, and quite a number seek to bring all the employees together in a social way at one large affair during the year, in which case the expenses are usually met wholly or nearly so by the com pany. One of the street railway companies gives a free theatrical entertainment in the auditorium of its clubhouse each month, except during the summer, and each winter a vaudeville entertainment is given daily for one week in the same place, thus enabling all em ployees to attend some time during the week. Free tickets are given to all employees and their families and transportation furnished for all who attend. Several dramatic clubs were found which give plays, often several in a season; the minstrel show, also, is popular as a means of entertainment. Two companies presented very elaborate masques, each of which was written especially for the company giving it, dealing largely with the evolution of the particular kind of work in which each of these companies is engaged. Both of these events included many of the employees as participants and were attended by thousands of spectators. The activities of one of the large insurance companies along these social and educational lines are centered in the athletic association and an entertainment committee. The athletic association each year, under the sanction of the company, conducts an excursion which is attended by the clerks and members of their families and friends. Each year the association gives a concert or opera in the company auditorium, followed by dancing. Aside from the orchestra, all of the participants are members of the company. For these affairs tickets are sold. Once or twice during the winter smokers are held for the men and a nominal admission fee is charged. A season’s course of entertainment is arranged by the entertainment compiittee. These affairs, given entirely at the expense of the company, consist of lectures, concerts, and moving pictures, and are held in the after noon immediately after the close of office. Noon-day concerts are also given twice a week by local talent in the company auditorium, which has a seating capacity of 1,000. These noon meetings are very popular. The auditorium has a grand piano, a concert phonograph, a stereopticon, and a moving-picture machine. There are various musical clubs among the employees. For the purpose of better ac quaintance among employees a dinner is given each year by the company to several hundred of the men, and about 150 of the women are given a luncheon each year for a similar purpose. 84 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. AU DITORIUM S FOR THE USE OF EM PLOYEES. Each of 63 of the companies provides an auditorium either in the plant, clubhouse, or Y . M. C. A . building. In the 14 cases in which the seating capacity was reported, it varied from 300 to 5,500; the majority of these rooms, however, seated between 400 and 800. These auditoriums usually have an adequate stage and in most cases the seats are removable so that the room may be used for dances and other social affairs. One company with about 4,500 employees has two rooms, one seating 1,500 and one 5,500, each equipped with a pipe organ and a piano. The smaller room, in addition, is supplied with a moving-picture outfit. Musicals and illustrated lectures are given from time to time, some of which are free; others are given, however, to supply funds for some charitable purpose. Many of the large department stores use their public auditoriums for gather ings of the employees, but these stores have not been included with the 63 establishments reported, because the rooms are primarily for the use of the public. LECTURES AND M OVIN G PICTURES. Ninety-four establishments report the provision of lectures or talks to employees on various subjects. In some instances the talks are quite informal, being given to the employees during the lunch period or at the close of the working period. In 24 establishments the lectures were on “ safety,” and were frequently illustrated with stereopticon views. Also, moving pictures were exhibited— other pictures being shown to secure a good attendance— and a short talk on the subject given in connection with the “ safety” reels. In 70 cases the lectures dealt with a variety of subjects, such as health, first aid, travel, current events, technical subjects, and plant problems. Two companies report that their lectures are given on the employer’s time. One of these has weekly lectures on technical subjects; the other has occasional lectures on safety and health, which are attended usually by about 1,200 persons. One company reports starting an evening course of lectures, but as the employees were widely scattered it was so difficult to get them together in the evening that it had to be given up. Two southern cotton mills report that lectures were tried, but were discontinued because of lack of response on the part of the employees. On the other hand, most of the establishments report a good attendance, varying, of course, with the interest to the employees of the subjects presented, in some cases the attendance being as high as 1,500 or 2,000 at a single lecture. Moving pictures are reported in 32 cases. A few of the com panies have moving picture machines in the building, but more often INDOOR RECREATION. 85 they are installed in the clubhouse or Y . M. C. A . building. Often where the plant is located in a small town, the moving pictures are open to the public, and pictures are shown usually once or twice a week and an admission fee of 5 or 10 cents is charged. About the only advantage resulting to the people is that a better class of pictures are shown than could ordinarily be provided for that fee. When the moving pictures are shown in the plant or clubhouse, however, it is seldom that any fee is charged. MUSIC CLUBS AM O N G EM PLOYEES. Musical organizations such as bands, or orchestras, and glee clubs are quite numerous. Fifty-six companies report bands which range all the way from 1 of 10 or 12 pieces to organizations with 100 instru ments. One company having many foreign-born employees has four bands, one of these being composed exclusively of Slavic and one ex clusively of Hungarian players. The companies contribute to the bands in various ways. Many of them contribute instruments and uniforms and hire leaders and most of them provide a place for the band to practice. Those companies which make no contribution other than a place to practice have been excluded from the count, since it is probable that the value of this slight assistance is more than offset by the worth of the band to the company as an advertising feature. Sometimes these bands give concerts at regular intervals, in other cases an occasional concert is given, but usually the band plays at company picnics or outings and at other social affairs. In some cases the company pays for these services. One company hav ing a band with 44 members has noon concerts on the lawns during the warm weather, which are attended by 4,000 of its employees. An other which has a band with 100 members provides a band hall con taining a large room for rehearsals, clubrooms for cards, pool, and shuffle board, and a reading room well supplied with periodicals. Still another company has monthly concerts given by its band, to which no admission fee is charged and wThich are attended by about 3,500 people. Twenty-two of the companies have orchestras and 23 establish ments have choral societies or glee clubs. The companies usually pay the instructor, buy the music, and in several cases, both for bands and orchestras, the members are paid for the time spent in practice. The orchestras range in size from 10 members to 100, the majority having from 25 to 35 members. There is but one orchestra reported having 100 members. This orchestra started a few years ago with a membership of 12. It has been so successful, under a competent director, that at present it apparently has an influence upon the music life of the city since there 86 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. is a series of concerts for the betterment of civic music given by it each year in one of the large concert halls. Concerts also are given for various large organizations in the city. The company pays all of the expenses, buys some of the instruments, and pays each member 50 cents for each rehearsal. This same company has a choral club of over 100 voices. The regular leader is an employee of the com pany, but a coach from outside is secured to finish preparing for the concerts, at which quite ambitious programs are presented. One large department store has a number of musical organizations. There is a large choral society, a girls’ military band of about 40 pieces, a larger band of the same character among the young men, a girls’ and a boys’ drum and bugle corps of about 30 members each, and an orchestra of about 35 pieces. Concerts are given by these organizations in the store auditorium. One company having about 1,000 employees has them all assemble once a week at noon for chorus singing under the direction of a leader prominent as a conductor of community singing. CHAPTER VI.— OUTDOOR RECREATION. The motive actuating many employers who have provided club rooms or houses and the means for athletic recreation for their em ployees seems to be the belief that since in a large measure the suc cess of the business depends upon the loyalty and efficiency of the employees, they are therefore entitled to recognition of this fact; and that by bringing these opportunities, usually beyond the means of the average worker, within the employees7 reach, they are serving the needs which all should feel for healthful and sane recreation. Many of the out-of-door sports undoubtedly do not make as strong an appeal to the majority of the workers as do other forms of amuse ment. This is partly due to the fact that at the close of the day’s work many do not wish to take exercise or recreation which is physi cally strenuous, and partly to the fact that most of the more common forms of outdoor recreation, such as baseball, football, tennis, etc., permit of comparatively few taking an active part in the games. The* provision of athletic grounds, country clubs, and parks does serve the greater part of those employed, however, since these recrea tional features furnish an incentive for people to be out in the open even though not as active participants in the sports. In a large number of plants the interest in all kinds of amusements is fostered by athletic associations, which usually include the ma jority of the employees as members and which frequently have the management of all the social and recreational affairs. The interest in athletics among the employees of many companies is very keen, the various teams often belonging to city or State leagues or organizations. One baseball team is reported as being a member of an interstate league; a soccer team made up of employees of a large steel company was the winner of the world’s championship; an aero club held the national championship in balloon flights for three years and secured the international championship in the last race held at Paris before the war, and the rifle club of this same company is affiliated with the National Rifle Association. COUNTRY CLUBS. Firms which provide country clubs or camps for their employees do so for the purpose of furnishing either a place where employees may spend their vacations or where they may go for week ends and holi days or daily for golf, tennis, shooting, swimming, etc. These coun try places are often situated where there are many of the natural 87 88 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. advantages for outdoor recreation, or if not plenty of such facilities are provided. One company, employing several thousand people, has four clubs, two in the town and two in the country. One of the country clubs is open to others than employees and is not largely used by the fac tory people, but the one which is maintained for the employees and their families is very popular. Field days, attended by thousands, are held here several times during the summer. In addition to the two clubhouses, one for men and one for women, there are booths, lunch houses, an outdoor stage for evening entertainments, and a dancing pavilion. (See pi. 35.) In the women’s clubhouse there is a nursery for the babies and small children. Another country club, which can easily be reached by train or trolley, has a membership of 1,800, about half the employees of the company. Membership dues for men and women are 10 cents and 5 cents a week, respectively. It is managed entirely by the employees, the company exercising no powers except those of a purely ad visory character. In addition to the usual clubhouse equipment there is a large concrete swimming pool. There are two baseball diamonds where teams representing different departments play every week end for the championship. There is a football field, a quartermile cinder track, and six tennis courts. This same company also conducts a summer camp for the younger boys and an athletic coach is provided for them, who drills them several times a week through out the year. Many of the boys spend their vacations and week ends at the camp where they sleep in tents and eat at a central lodge which is in charge of a responsible man. A small charge for board is made in order that the boys may be made to feel independent. Six of the department stores visited maintain summer camps for employees. One firm which provides a camp for its juvenile em ployees allows the boys and girls to go to it on alternate weeks at no cost whatever to the young people. Another camp which is much used charges for board on the basis of the employees’ pay. One large department store maintains a summer camp near the ocean for all of its employees. The junior employees, both boys and girls, are obliged to take systematic physical instruction, the boys being organized as a cadet regiment conforming to the United States regu lations and fully equipped and uniformed. These cadets as part of their regular store duty are required to spend two weeks at the camp each summer. This camp is under military regulations, the boys sleeping in Army tents and spending much time in drilling and in athletic sports. Attendance at the camp for the girls and adult em ployees is optional with the employees, but the opportunity is much appreciated, since the management provides all possible means of diversion and entertainment. PLATE 35—COUNTRY CLUB FOR EMPLOYEES OF A MACHINE MANUFACTORY. PART OF IMMENSE TRACT OF NATURAL AND IMPROVED LAND THROWN OPEN TO EMPLOYEES AND PUBLIC. PLATE 36—COUNTRY CLUB FOR TELEPHONE GIRLS. PLATE 37.—LIVING ROOM OF TELEPHONE GIRLS’ CLUB SHOWN IN PLATE 36. PLATE 38—BEDROOM OF TELEPHONE GIRLS' CLUB SHOWN IN PLATE 36. 89 OUTDOOR RECREATION. One company, employing about 1,200 women, has a beautiful coun try place where the girls may spend their vacations or go to recuper ate after illness. (See pis. 36 to 38.) That it is extremely popular is attested by the fact that more than half of the women employees spent their vacations there last year. RECREATION PARKS. Several companies provide parks which are intended generally to benefit all of the townspeople and get them together in a social way. Frequently concerts by the company band are given at regular inter vals throughout the warm weather and open-air moving pictures are often shown. A very beautiful park of many hundred acres is provided by one company, not alone for its employees, although they have constant use of it, but also for the general public. For the use of picnic parties there are provided tables and benches enough to accommodate 5,000 persons. There are rest rooms, a children’s playground, an athletic field with tennis court, shooting galleries, bowling alleys, restaurants, opportunity for boating, and a concrete swimming pool large enough for 2,000 people to use at one time. In the following table the number of companies having outings or providing baseball grounds, tennis courts, or athletic fields for em ployees are given by industries: T able 8 .—N U M B E R OF E S T A B L IS H M E N T S H A V IN G O U T D O O R R E C R E A T IO N F A C IL I TIE S A N D OU TIN GS F O R E M P L O Y E E S , B Y IN D U S T R IE S . Establishments reporting. Num ber of establishments having— Industry. Em Num ber. ployees. A utom obiles........................................................................ Foundries and m achine shops........................................ Gas, electric light and p ow er.......................................... Iron and steel...................................................................... Mining, coal......................................................................... Mining, other than coal.................................................... Offices................................................................................... Railroads, electric.............................................................. Railroads, stea m ................................................................ Stores.................................................................................... Textiles................................................................................. Other industries................................................................. T ota l.......................................................................... 22, 881 5 71, 566 29 7 23,502 14 109,007 25,054 7 6 11,261 5 11,140 8 46,451 279,032 3 58,461 18 134,264 30 87 2 257,773 219 3 950,392 Baseball Tennis grounds. courts. A th letic fields. Out ings. 4 20 6 11 7 3 4 8 2 12 25 50 1 16 6 8 2 4 2 1 2 8 5 34 1 1 3 2 11 18 16 54 152 89 28 140 4 1 5 5 15 6 8 5 13 1 N ot including employees of 1 establishment, not reported. 2 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. 3 N ot including employees of 3 establishments, not reported. Two hundred and nineteen companies, or practically one-half of the establishments for which schedules were taken, report facilities for outdoor recreation or outings which are held regularly at least once a year. 90 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. The branches of athletics provided for in many establishments comprise baseball, football, basket ball, and tennis. Less frequently are found such games as golf, cricket, hockey, and clubs for swim ming, boating, and target practice. Ice skating is sometimes pro vided for by flooding the athletic grounds. BASEBALL GROUNDS. When studied as a welfare feature, “ the great American game” shows its usual popularity. One hundred and fifty-two establish ments, employing 815,535 persons, report having baseball grounds. In the majority of these establishments the company provides the ball grounds only, but in 38 cases the company also provides the equipment or makes cash donations to the teams. Twelve companies provide equipment only, which in most cases includes the uniforms; and half a dozen other establishments report ball teams but make no statement as to where the games are played. One company has 10 baseball teams in one plant all of which belong to the city league. Other companies have teams in different departments of the plant, playing interdepartmental games and bringing into these games much friendly rivalry in the contests, either for the cup or prizes which the companies offer. In several cases where companies have a number of plants the employees have formed leagues. One company had 25 teams in its various camps, forming a league, all these teams competing for the championship. For some time this company expended a large sum of money each year on baseball. It was found, however, that the superintendents were putting good ball players on the pay roll who were not good workers, and that the players were losing too much time, so the policy of the company was changed. The company now contributes $50 annually to each ball team and helps maintain the grounds and stands. OTHER ATHLETICS. Tennis, basket ball, golf, cricket, hockey, and such games are patronized chiefly by office workers, although there are many com panies which provide facilities for these sports in generous enough measure to be used by others if they wish. Such games as golf are of course somewhat prohibitive in themselves, since the equipment for playing is expensive and the fees for the few clubs reported would indicate that only the higher salaried employees play. Several gun clubs are reported, for which generally an outdoors rifle range is provided. One club with a membership of about 150 has a special contest arranged about four times a year which is made a social event among the employees. OUTDOOR RECREATION. 91 Clubs for boating are found only rarely. One company has a boat club of nearly 100 members, but this company with its fine club house and 300 acres of land close to the ocean has exceptional oppor tunities along these lines to offer to its employees. TENNIS. There are 89 companies reported which provide the space for tennis courts and which in most cases keep them in good condition for playing. Frequently there are from 4 to 6 well-kept courts and in several instances the number ranges from 10 to 16. A consider able number of establishments report that no charge is made for the use of the courts, while the fees reported by others vary from 50 cents to $4 per season, the predominating fees being 50 cents and $1. As in the case of basket ball, when the courts are found in connection with the club no fees other than the club dues are charged for their upkeep. ATHLETIC FIELDS. Twenty-eight establishments provide athletic fields for the use of their employees and their families in the enjoyment of outdoor sports. In most cases baseball, football, and tennis are provided for, and several establishments have good track teams. In many cases there is a good grandstand. One company, with about 16,000 employees, has a large athletic field with a house each for the men and women. These houses are equipped with lockers, showers, etc., and have wide porches with chairs. There are 16 tennis courts and 4 baseball diamonds. An instructor in tennis playing is hired by the company, and a court is always reserved for beginners. These courts are open to the public during the hours the plant is in opera tion. There are eight baseball teams, and on the annual field day, when all the usual track events are scheduled, there is an attendance of about 20,000 persons. Another large company has a federation of employees’ clubs, educational as well as athletic, governed by a “ central committee’ ’ composed of one representative from each club and one member representing the factory management. The company does not expect to finance these organizations so long as they can succeed by themselves, but if, for good reasons, they need assistance, the company stands ready to furnish it. A fine athletic field is provided for the employees. An unusual club is the aero club, with 40 active members. The company provides the balloon and keeps it in repair, and the running expenses of the club are provided for by dues and fees for flights. One large steel company has provided a fine athletic field with grandstand seating 3,500 people, which has dressing rooms, lockers, 92 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. showers, and gymnasium underneath. The field has baseball diamonds, football field, and 10 tennis courts. Another company has an athletic field of 12 acres devoted to baseball, football, and tennis. The company gives prizes to the teams and the athletic club furnishes uniforms and equipment. One athletic association with 900 members has two baseball diamonds, two soccer fields, and a number of tennis courts. The annual membership fee is $3, which amount the company duplicates* FIELD DAYS. “ Field day” as used by many of the companies is a somewhat elastic term under which, in addition to the athletic events usually understood to be included, there are many amusements other than field sports which are provided for the entertainment of the employees and their families. Reports from 19 establishments show that it is the custom to hold an annual field day and at one establishment employing more than 25,000 people this outing is held twice a year. While only eight of these companies reported as to the attendance, the interest mani fested in such events is shown by the fact that in the eight plants there were 40,100 employees and the total attendance on the eight field days was 35,650. ROOF GARDENS. Roof gardens for the use of employees are provided by 23 com panies. The recreational facilities provided here are necessarily mainly in the line of outdoor sports. One large department store has three tennis courts and two basket-ball courts in wire cages, as well as two running tracks; one very large office building has tennis courts; another has an athletic cage on the roof; and still another in addition to seats and walks has two places screened off for handball* one for men and one for women. Many of the roof gardens are very attractively furnished with plants, easy chairs, hammocks, and swings, and with awnings, so that they are very cool and comfortable places to spend the noon hour in summer. OUTINGS FOR EMPLOYEES. One hundred and forty firms have outings for employees, to which they make some material contribution. These picnics or excur sions are often attended by practically the entire working force and their families as well. Often in very large plants each department of the plant holds its picnic independently. The numbers attending many of these annual outings are very large. Two companies report that about 20,000 attend the comp any picnic and another has an attendance of 12,000, for which the company pays the transportation OUTDOOR RECREATION. 93 and gives the prizes for the games. One company with about 15;000 employees has abandoned the annual picnic because it had grown to unmanageable proportions, and in place of it closes the plant for one day each summer and gives $1 to each employee. For a picnic attended by 8,000 persons, one firm pays the trans portation; for another attended by about the same number all the expenses are paid by the company, and for one with an attendance of 7,000, refreshments and prizes are furnished. In some cases where amusement parks are used for these outings the companies distribute tickets for the various amusements to each one who attends. One company furnishes transportation and the free use of park amusements to employees and their families, and also prizes, aggregating about $100 in value, to the children. A mining company has an annual celebration, attended by about 6,000 people, which is rather unique in that it combines practically the entire community work of the company. The primary purpose of the meet is to give a demonstration of the first-aid and mine rescue work, in which the various teams compete for the Red Cross medal and certificates and for the cup given by the company. In addition to these drills, however, there are parades, an exhibition of the work of the schools, folk dancing in the native costumes of those participating, concerts by the two company bands, baseball games, and athletic contests. Another firm, which has an outing which is largely attended, turns its management over to an associ ation of the employees. The company pays for the grounds, prizes,, and transportation, and the control of the amusement concessions is given to the girls7 club, which receives the profits for its welfare fund. Not until there was a practically unanimous desire evidenced by the employees of one steel mill for an outing was the matter taken up by the management, but since then an outing has been had each year. Committees of the shopmen have charge of all the arrange ments and the firm ascribes the great success of these annual affairs to this fact. Much of the success of these outings seems to be due to the fact that they are nearly always managed in a democratic way. This, and the fact that the expense attached is usually so slight as to make it possible for all to attend, contribute to make them one of the most popular forms of recreation found among the companies visited. CHAPTER VII.—EDUCATION. Systematic attempt is made by many firms to improve the general intellectual condition of their employees as well as to develop the powers of many individuals who, having been obliged to go to work early in life, lost the opportunity to fit themselves for higher places than those they have been thus forced by circumstances to fill. The educational and cultural opportunities offered to employees take the form of libraries and reading rooms, and of classes and lectures. When it is considered that an army of 1,000,000 14-year-old children leaves school every year and that a large number of them have not completed the work beyond the fifth or sixth grade, it is evident that employers must accept as part of their responsibility the provision for further education, unless these young people with a minimum of education are to become a handicap to the prosperity of the country. While there is evidenced a decided interest in this work on the part of employers as shown in the reports obtained by this bureau and in the list of members of the National Association of Corporation Schools, still when the small percentage who are reached by the classes is considered it is evident that this is a problem which is as yet only partially solved. COMPANY LIBRARIES. There are 99 establishments reported which provide the books in the library, the necessary space for them either in the plant or a separate building, and the attendants. Of these 99 establishments, 57, with about 210,000 employees, report the total number of volumes in these libraries to be approximately 190,000. The following table shows the extent to which these advantages are developed in the different industries: T ab le 9 .—N U M B E R OF E S T A B L ISH M E N T S R E P O R T IN G N U M B E R T H E IR L I B R A R IE S , B Y IN D U S T R IE S . [ Industry. Num ber of establish ments. OF N um ber of employees. V O L U M E S IN V olumes in libraries. 3 16,317 B oots and shoes........................................................................ 1 1,052 Clothing and furnishings......................................................... 1 1,246 F ood products........................................................................... 3 Foimdries and machine shops............................................... 11,405 18,233 4 Gas, electric light and power................................................. 5 30,051 Iron and steel............................................................................. 1 3,500 Mining, coa l............................................................................... Mining, other............................................................................. 5 17,012 3 10,546 Offices.......................................................................................... 4 Printing and publishing......................................................... 5,611 R ubber goods............................................................................ 2 16,207 2 Stores.......................................................................................... 18,312 T extiles....................................................................................... 8,365 12 O ther in d u strie s_____________ _________________________________ 52,036 11 T o t a l_________________________________________ 94 57 209,893 1.300 700 2,000 2,875 11,250 41,530 2.500 79,919 6,228 6.500 1,350 6,500 10,070 16,900 189,622 PLATE 39—READING ROOM AND LIBRARY OF BETTER-CLASS SETTLEMENT HOUSE. PLATE 40—READING ROOM IN FOREIGNERS’ CLUBHOUSE IN A STEEL COMMUNITY. EDUCATION'. 95 There is, of course, great variation in the size of the libraries. In some instances they consist only of a few shelves of books, hardly enough to be dignified by the name of library, but generally there are at least several hundred volumes and quite a number of the libraries range in size from 1,000 to 10,000 volumes. There is one library reported with 25,000 and another with 45,000 books, the former having a number of club features—swimming pool, games, etc.— which somewhat reverses the usual ord&r in which the library is a subordinate feature of the clubhouse. In all cases where the library is very large it is open to all the people of the community as well as to the company employees. The company libraries are housed either in some available space in the plant, or if sufficiently large, in a separate building devoted to library purposes. In those cases where the firm maintains a club house for its employees the library is usually an adjunct of this feature. (See pi. 39.) In most establishments it is not possible to secure a very accurate estimate of the number using the books, but in those libraries for which the number of books withdrawn in an average month is reported, the figures indicate that many of the employees take advantage of the opportunity afforded them. There are very few cases where any charge is made for the use of the books and only two cases where a membership fee is charged. In those instances where the libraries are located in the clubhouse part of the regular club fees is used generally to cover a portion of the upkeep of the library. For the books from the public libraries only the usual charge for overdue books is made. BRANCHES OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES. Fifteen of the 99 companies which provide a library for their em ployees also have a branch of the public library in connection with their own. This is quite an advantage, since many of the libraries naturally are not large enough to cater to all the employees in the establishment and all the resources of the public library are thus made readily available for them. There are 56 companies which, while not furnishing any books of their own, maintain a branch of the public library and furnish the necessary attendants. These books are usually placed in the office, recreation room, or lunch room, and while, in many cases, the rooms are found open for the withdrawal of books during the working hours they are more frequently open only during the luncheon period. BUSINESS LIBRARIES. Many firms provide purely technical libraries, which are not con sidered here because the books are used almost exclusively for refer ence purposes and ajte supplied for the benefit of the business rather 96 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. than of the individuals using them. However, the system of one Com pany having a technical library is worthy of mention, since it results in its use by practically all of the employees. The library of 1,700 volumes comprises books on technical, commercial, and educational subjects as well as many technical magazines. The librarian makes a list each week of articles in all periodicals along the line of work of the company, showing magazinp and page number, and this is sent to all departments. Employees send back the list with articles checked which they wish to see, and the magazines, which can be kept three days, are sent to them. This naturally leads also to the use of the books on these subjects in the library. READING ROOMS. Eighty-five of the 155 firms which have either their own or a branch of the public library also provide a reading room for their employees. In 34 of these both periodicals and newspapers are provided; in the other establishments either one or the other is furnished, usually magazines. If a fair sized library is maintained, usually the reading room is in connection with it, but in many cases a section of the recreation room or dining room is used for this purpose. There are 14 establishments having no libraries which furnish reading rooms. In plate 40 is shown a reading room in a foreigner’s clubhouse in a steel community. CLASSES FOR EMPLOYEES. The opportunities for study cover many different branches, usually following the general lines of the business itself. Thus, iron and steel plants and foundries and machine shops may have courses in en gineering, mathematics, physics, chemistry, metallurgy, mechanical drawing, and designing. Companies with many office employees give courses in stenography and typewriting, spelling, accounting, and bookkeeping. Stores give instruction in salesmanship, textiles, and advertising. Firms having many foreign-born employees provide classes in English and urge attendance upon all non-English speaking workers. A number of companies have classes in modern languages, history, elocution, and geography, while many provide domestic science classes—cooking, sewing, embroidery, and millinery—for the women in their employ. Dramatic clubs and orchestras, glee clubs, and bands, which have been discussed in another chapter, should also be mentioned here, since they develop the ability of the individuals, and the cultural value of learning and producing good music and good plays affects not only those who participate but also those who fill the rdle of listeners. Seventy-two establishments with about 265,000 employees reported on the number in their various classes. In these establishments there were approximately 14,200 employees enrolled #as students, or about 5 per cent of the entire number employed. ED U CATION . 97 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. One company with about 14,000 employees maintains, with the cooperation of the local school board, a technical night school for its employees, in which about 1,000 students are enrolled. There are several departments. In the foreign department, classes are held in arithmetic and also in the reading, speaking, and writing of English. The preparatory department has classes in mental arithmetic, shop problems, composition, commercial geography, and mechanical draw ing. In the engineering department, instruction is given in theoretical and applied electricity, pattern, foundry and machine shop practice, sciences, higher mathematics, etc. There is also a woman's depart ment, giving a commercial course, domestic science, and music. A moderate tuition fee is charged; the high-school building is used, and the costs above the tuition paid by students is met by the company and the school district, the former paying about three-fourths of the deficit. A technical school, a commercial school, and an accounting school are maintained by another large company for any employees who wish to attend. A fine laboratory is provided for the use of the students in the technical school. Classes are held on 5 evenings each week during the 25 weeks of the course and in addition classes are held on 2 afternoons for the benefit of the night workers. The lectures are given by men prominent in the various lines of work presented. The first year course is open to all employees, but the second and third year courses are open only to those who have obtained satisfactory ratings in the previous year’s work. Prizes are offered to the students having the highest standing in various courses. The educational work is of such character as to receive credit in one of the great universities of the city. A large steel company at first conducted night schools for its em ployees under 22 years of age but it was found that since many of the employees lacked the mental discipline which would enable them to hold themselves, to their studies when physically tired only those who had reached the point of really desiring an education took advantage of the opportunity. Therefore a day school was started and each young man in the plant was placed in the school one morn ing or one afternoon each week, during which time he received full pay. Night employees of any age are also allowed the privilege of attending the classes. Several courses are given and four hours a week for four years are required to complete them. Diplomas are awarded the pupils on completion of a course. The idea that the schools of the country have, in the past, proceeded along too exclusively academic lines and have not sufficiently taken into account the numbers of young men and women who must go into 88203°—19—Bull. 250------7 #8 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. industrial life, has been growing in recent years with the result that many vocational schools have been established. Following along these lines a combination of the apprentice system and the work of the high schools has been effected in a number of instances, in which the high schools unite with the factories to provide a course for stu dents, whereby the shop takes care of the practical training of the stu dent and the school teaches the theory. This plan is of advantage to the school as well as the factory, since it does away with the need of equipping the high school with expensive machinery. In one instance reported, several manufacturers and the public-school officials entered into an arrangement which is essentially the same as the plans of other establishments using this method of instruction. Under this plan any high-school student may elect this course and is given two months7 trial. If, at the end of this time, he chooses to continue, there is a contract drawn up in which he agrees to complete the course and the manufacturer agrees to teach him the various branches of the trade designated in the agreement. The first year of the course is entirely school work; the succeeding three years alternate one week in the shop and one week in the school. The boys are paired—working on alternate weeks—so that the manufacturers have one always at work. Boys receive pay for the weeks they are at work at slightly more than apprentice rates. The high-school curricu lum was so changed for these students as to give subjects of the most practical value along the line of work chosen. Half the employees of a large banking establishment are enrolled in its educational work. The classes for the boys below the age of 18 are compulsory and are held each morning for three-quarters of an hour before the beginning of work. The subjects—penmanship, grammar, arithmetic, etc.— are such as will prepare them to fill better positions. Practical and helpful talks to develop character are also given. Employees above the age of 18 are allowed to take different courses, subject to the approval of the educational com mittee. Each year a certain number of college men are employed, who are trained for foreign service and are given courses in banking, commercial geography, and languages, the class work in languages being supplemented by conversation with the different language teachers at the lunch hour. While the work is for the sole purpose of training the employees in the banking business, still the large enrollment is evidence of the fact that the employees consider it of very practical benefit. CONTINUATION SCHOOLS. Continuation school work, carried beyond the requirements of the law, is found occasionally. One factory, in which the work is entirely piecework, pays even those employees who are above the required ED U CATIO N . 99 school age their average piece rate for the time spent in class. One large department store gives a course in the common-school branches, together with elementary business, musical, social, physical, and military training. Part of the classes are held during store hours, but the classes for the older boys are held in the evening and a free supper is served to those who remain for them. The instruction to each member averages about seven hours a week. Pupils who satisfactorily complete the work prescribed are awarded diplomas at the closing exercises, which are held in June each year. The southern cotton mills in many cases have night schools in the common-school branches and also classes in sewing and cooking. These classes usually have a fair attendance. ENGLISH FOR FOREIGNERS. Classes in English for foreigners are among the most valuable edu cational agencies, since this work is often the entering wedge in the Americanization of our foreign-born workers. Instruction in civics is frequently given in connection with these classes and aid is rendered in taking out naturalization papers. Without this instruction these employees often have little opportunity to learn our ways and cus toms, living as they generally do in communities of their own fellowcountrymen who preserve their native speech and customs. One company reports that members of these classes are paid their regular hourly rates while attending classes, whether these classes are held during the day or at night. Another firm, in order to keep up the interest in the study, has found it necessary to provide occasionally a moving picture or some other form of entertainment. A number of companies pay the tuition fees of employees who wish to take advantage of the opportunities offered by local schools, usually stipulating that in order to receive this, the students shall either maintain a certain average of attendance or attain a certain grade in their studies. In still other cases than these already mentioned, the educational work of the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. is utilized by the com panies in the endeavor to improve the capabilities of the employees. CHAPTER VIII.—DISABILITY FUNDS, PENSIONS, AND GROUP INSURANCE. A study of the costs, management, benefits paid, etc., of estab lishment and trade-union disability funds was made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the results summarized in the Monthly Review for August, 1917.1 In this chapter only those funds to which the employers make sub stantial contributions are considered. Many establishment funds were reported in which the only help extended by the firm was the use of a room for meeting purposes, some slight clerical assistance, or the promise of financial aid if a deficit should occur. These asso ciations have been excluded from the report as being practically independent organizations. The details asked for in the study of industrial benefit associations were the percentage of the expenses paid by the different firms, the amount of dues brought to a monthly basis, the amount of the weekly sick and accident benefits, and of death benefits, the number of sick, accident, and death benefits paid, and the amount paid out in benefits in the last fiscal year. Of the 431 establishments visited, 80 reported benefit associations which come within the foregoing requirement. The number of employees in 78 of these establishments was 673,095; two establish ments failed to report the number of employees. Fifty-eight of the establishments, with 617,342 employees, reported on the associa tion membership. In these 58 associations the membership was 550,177, or 89 per cent of the total number of employees. This is a high percentage, since in 15 of these establishments a period varying from 2 weeks to 6 months must elapse, after employment, before the individual is eligible for membership. In 12 plants membership in these societies is made a condition of employment, 16 failed to report, while the remaining 52 report that there is no rule which compels employees to become members of the association. There is no doubt, however, that in some of the establishments, while there may not be a rule to this effect, yet indirectly there is strong pressure brought to bear upon employees to become members. The follow ing table shows, by industries, the number of associations, the mem bership, the classified dues and benefits, and the percentage of expenses contributed by the companies. The employees of all plants of one company in the telephone and telegraph industry have been i “ Operation of establishment and trade-union disability funds,” b y Boris E m m et, M onthly R eview for August, 1917, pp. 17-36. 100 101 D ISA BILITY F U N D S , PE N SIO N S, A N D GROUP IN SU R A N C E . shown in this table, since the data furnished relates to all and not simply to those places visited, as in other sections of the study. T able 1 0 .— N U M B E R O F B E N E F IT A SSOCIATIO N S, N U M B E R OF M E M B E R S, C L A S S I F IE D D U E S A N D B E N E F IT S , A N D P R O P O R T IO N O F E X P E N S E S P A ID B Y COM P A N IE S , SH O W N B Y IN D U ST R IE S. Associations reporting dues per m onth to be— Benefit associations. Establishments having benefit associations. Establish ments report ing. Members. Industry. N um Em Num N um E m ber. ployees. ber. ployees. ber. Flour and grist m ill prod ucts ................................... Foundries and machine shops................................. Gas, electric light, and p ow er................................ Iron and steel...................... Mining, other than c o a l... Railroads, electric............. Railroads, steam................ Telegraph and telephone. Textiles................................ Other industries................. Total.......................... Dif ferent 25 40 Un 75 sums f and and cents a o Per der 25 under under and cord cent 75 over. ing of cents. 40 cents. cents. to total wages, em etc. ploy ees. 1 3 1,532 2 1,360 1,100 81 12 54,270 9 42,180 36,065 86 7 1 18,166 53, 852 5 3 6,549 9 26,528 2 171,318 1 3179,000 14,214 6 147,666 32 4 14,131 12,875 5 53,852 52,397 3 4,955 6,549 8 22,928 20,222 2 171,318 155,410 1 179,000 179,000 5,221 7,351 3 21 118,673 82,932 91 97 76 88 91 100 71 70 21 1 24 1 2 80 58 617,342 550,177 89 410 5 i 673,095 Associations report ing benefits per week to be— Associations r e p o r t i n g death benefits to be— 2 1 2 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 1 4 13 13 2 39 4 22 21 E stablishments p a y i n g toward expense o f asso ciations— $100 $200 $100. 100 100 $200. Flour and grist m ill prod ucts................................... Foundries and machine shops................................ Gas, electric light, and power............................... Iron and steel.................... Mining, other than coa l... Railroads, electric............. Railroads, steam ............... Telegraph and telephone. Textiles............................... Other industries................ 1 9 Defi Dif Dif nite ferent Un 50 ferent $5 and sums, Un and $7 sum s, Un and and $300 sums, der un re No ac ac der un and cord der un un and cord 50 der per gard fixed $5. der over. ing to der der over. ing to per cent less of sum. $7. $300. pro dues, cent. per dues, cent. por etc. etc. tion. Industry. T o ta l. 1 1 18 23 1 Not including employees of 2 establishments, not reported. 2 N o dues. 3 Including employees of all plants of one company. * Including 8 associations in which no dues are charged. 102 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. As will be seen, the proportion of the expenses of the associations assumed by the employers varies considerably, although as already stated those companies which contribute only a negligible amount have not been considered. One company, which pays $12,500 an nually, stipulates that an average membership of at least 50 per cent of the employees shall be maintained. Another company, in addi tion to its contributions to the benefit association, has provided a fund of $25,000, from the proceeds of which it cares for employees who are* not eligible to join the benefit association. Still another company, not included in the count, has a fund of $1,000,000, the in come from which is used in paying accident and sick benefits. This company follows no set plan in making the awards, but considers each case on its own merits, the chief factors in determining the amount awarded being length of service and the necessities of the case. M A N A G E M E N T OF ASSOCIATIONS. The management of the benefit associations is participated in largely by employees. For those companies which reported on this subject there are 34 associations which are managed jointly by the companies and their employees, although in four of these the com panies really retain control of the management, since a majority of the association officers are company officials. Fifteen associations are managed by the employees alone, in several of these the company contribution being as much as 50 per cent of the benefit fund. The eight funds which are financed entirely by the companies are, of course, administered and controlled by them. There are six funds to which employees contribute in the management of which they have no voice. PHYSICAL E XA M IN ATIO N S REQUIRED FOR M E M B E R SH IP . Usually in the large organizations physical examinations are re ported as a requisite for membership. A fee of 50 cents or $1 frequently is charged for this examination. In several instances the company emergency hospitals are managed by the benefit associations, and in some others the regular dues of the association cover a certain amount of medical attention. One mining company has turned over its two hospitals, equipped at a cost of about $10,000 each, to the association, which furnishes medical attendance to the members and their fami lies. One association has a provision, recently added to its rules, that $100 in addition to other benefits shall be paid to any member who must undergo an operation. DISABILITY FUNDS, PENSIONS, AND GROUP INSURANCE. 103 LEN G TH OF M E M B E R SH IP REQUIRED BEFORE ELIGIBLE FOR BENEFITS. The length of time which must elapse after becoming a member before one is eligible for benefits in the various associations is not reported by 37 of the organizations. Thirteen associations pay bene fits immediately; 5 have waiting periods of five, fifteen, or twentyone days; 12 of four weeks; 2 of two months, and 2 of three months, and only 1 has a waiting period of six months. In a few eases there is a longer period of membership required before death benefits are paid than is required for payment of sick and accident benefits. One association in which membership is compulsory has a waiting period of four weeks before one is eligible for sick benefits, and three months before death benefits are paid. It is generally necessary for the employees of those companies which furnish the entire amount of the disability fund to give a longer period of service before they become eligible for sick benefits and before payment is made for death from sickness than is required in those associations which are partly financed by the employees. Two of the eight companies which maintain such funds did not give any information on this* question. One company pays sick benefits after 30 days7 service, and death benefits after 1 year, though these benefits do not apply to anyone receiving $1,800 or more a year. Another of these companies makes employees eligible for sick and accident benefits during the second six months that they are em ployed, with compensation amounting to full pay for four days and half pay for eight days, the benefits increasing gradually in amount up to 15 years’ service when full salary is paid for one month and half salary for six months. Death benefits are paid after six months’ service. Three of the companies require one year of continuous serv ice before sick benefits are paid. The one remaining company does not provide in its plan for any benefits for sickness under two years of service, but quite generally the plan has been supplemented by provisions for payment during the first seven days of absence for those employees of two years’ service or more, and for payments after the first eight days of disability to employees of less than the required two years’ service. These supplemental payments are being gradually systematized. Payments under the disability plan are graded according to length of service. Benefits for death from sick ness are not paid to dependents except for five years or more of con tinuous service. This company, which is a great public utility whose business extends over a large portion of the United States, pays acci dent benefits from the date of accident even in those States in which there are as yet no compensation laws for workmen. 104 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. T IM E B ET W EEN BEG IN N IN G OF DISABILITY AN D PAY M EN T OF BEN EFITS. The necessity of guarding against the feigning of sickness or the making of slight illness an excuse to be absent from work is undoubt edly the reason that so large a proportion of the associations do not pay from the beginning of sickness. Many of these associations which do not pay from the first in cases of sickness do, however, pay from the date of injury in accident cases, since the risk of malin gering in cases of injury is not so great. Eighteen of the associations do not report the number of days intervening between the beginning of the disability and the payment of benefits. In 9 instances benefits are payable from the first day; 9 pay after three days; 2 each after four, five, and six days; 33 pay after seven days, and 1 each after ten days and fourteen days. One association pays from the first if the sickness lasts more than three weeks, another has a seven-day waiting period unless disablement lasts more than fourteen days when pay ment is made from the first, and still another pays nothing if dis ability lasts less than a week, but pays from the first if it lasts longer. The maximum time for which benefits are paid in any twelve months is reported in all but nine cases. Seventeen associations pay benefits for a period of three months, 14 for six months, and 12 for one year, the remaining associations paying for various fractions of a year. In one association those employees who have been members of the society for ten, fifteen, or twenty years may draw benefits, if necessary, for two, three, or four years, respectively. Several asso ciations pay benefits for a longer period for injury than for illness. INITIATION FEES. The majority of the associations do not charge an initiation fee, only 20 of the 78 associations reporting that this is a requirement for membership. These fees vary from 25 cents to $2, the usual fee being $1. The entrance fee in four societies varies according to the differ ent classes of dues, and in one depends upon the age of the applicant. It might be expected that charging a substantial initiation fee, es pecially if there were a fairly large turnover, would have the effect of reducing the monthly dues or of increasing the benefits paid, but this does not seem to be borne out by the figures as reported. One of the associations, which has a membership of over 15,000 and which charges a fee of $2, reports the monthly dues to be 50 cents, and the benefits but $5 a week for a period of 27 weeks. In this association the company pays 20 per cent of the dues. In the other associations which charge a fee of one or two dollars, if there is a reduction in the dues or an increase in the benefits over these figures, it seems to be due to the fact that the company pays a much larger percentage of the expenses of the association. DISABILITY FUNDS, PENSIONS, AND GROUP INSURANCE. FORFEITURE OF 105 M E M B ER SH IP . In nearly all cases membership is forfeited upon leaving the em ploy of the company, but several associations provide that employees upon terminating their connection with the company shall be paid benefits, which they may be receiving at the time, until recovery or until the expiration of the time to which they are entitled to them. In two associations, members on leaving the employ of the company may retain their association membership by vote of the board of directors. In another association, if the person remains a resident of the town and is a member in good standing at the time of leaving, or if he is a pensioner of the company, membership may be retained, while still another allows an employee who has been a member for 10 years and who does not engage in other business or occupation to retain death benefits for himself and wife by paying the regular dues. The variation in the length of time which elapses between the be ginning of the illness and the payment of benefits in the various as sociations results in a great difference in the proportion of employees receiving benefits and is also an important factor in the cost of the scheme since a waiting period of from 7 to 14 days excludes a large proportion of the cases. The following table shows the establishments which reported the sick, accident, and death cases and the amount of benefits which were paid during the fiscal year of each association preceding the date of the schedule covering the association: 106 T ab l e 1 1 .—-N U M BER OF B E N E F IT CASES AND AM OU N T OF B E N E F IT S P A ID B Y ASSO C IATIO N S, SEEOWN B Y IN D U S T R IE S . [The data for the different associations cover in each case the fiscal year previous to the date the schedule was taken.] Sickness benefits. Associations reporting. $3,451.50 5,766.83 U0,224.27 M l, 247.57 51,948.19 3 53,178.51 881,201.51 959,729.00 12,625.01 3 16,198.50 $62.75 26.33 120.87 122.92 25.28 3 15.45 14.88 51.16 1 17.27 3 16.82 393,021 «87,145 6 2,025,570.89 6 23.24 Num Members. ber. Flour and grist mill products....... Foundries and machine shops___ Gas and electric light and pow er.. Iron and steel................................... Mining, other than coa l................. Railroads, electric........................... Railroads, steam............................. Telegraph and telephone............... Textiles............................................. Other industries.............................. Total.................................... 1 55 1,000 1 2,500 219 2 1 490 2,610 2 21,819 11,800 3 4,955 2,055 6 18,871 3 3,442 2 155,410 59,209 1 5 179,000 18.760 1 1,340 1152 5 5,516 3 963 24 22 Associations Aver reporting. Num age ber of amount o f bene cases. Num Members. fit. ber. $2,970.60 2 9,266.99 2 24,573.83 28,649.97 4 1,151.74 412,111.90 7,979.00 2 1,040.41 4 5,326.40 $8.89 2 26.55 2 16.58 12.27 i 18.28 19.12 52.41 2 14.06 4 12.83 391,498 7 37,253 " 1,043,070.84 7 28.00 1 1,000 2,500 1 2 2,610 2 32,136 3 4,955 5 18,720 2 155,410 1 517ft, 000 1 1,340 4,991 4 22 402,66? 4 14 17 238 42 109 1,369 214 2 36 2,044 Total amount of benefits. Aver age amount of bene fit. $900.00 $22?, 00 100.00 1,400-00 838.24 14,250.00. 205.13 48,820.95 42,729.00 1,017.36 338.45 36,891.50 714,870.28 522.18 162,961.00 761.50 100.00 50.00 3, 90.00 m oo 1,026,072.73 &including employees of all plants of 1 com pany, 6 Including accidents for 7 associations. i N ot including accidents for T associations; included in sickness. 501.99 EMPLOYEES, i Including accidents for 1 association. a N ot including accidents for 1 association; included in sickness. * Including accidents for 2 associations. « Not including accidents for 2 associations; included in sickness. 1 334 2,500 2 2 349 2,610 3 32,172 2 1,482 3 4,955 2,335 5,105 4 4 63 2 21,555 155,410 1 6179,000 10,646 2 5,040 2 74 4 415 4,706 4 Total amount of benefits. FOE INDUSTRIAL Associations Aver reporting. , Num age ber of amount oases. of bene Num Members. fit. ber. WOEK Total amount o f benefits. Num ber of cases. Death benefits. WELFARE Industry. Accident benefits. DISABILITY FUNDS, PENSIONS, AND GROUP INSURANCE. 107 The benefit associations have been affected in recent years in many of the States by the enactment of workmen’s compensation laws and in the majority of cases the by-laws of these societies have been amended to exclude cases of injury incurred in the course of em ployment. Since the majority of these laws do not provide for pay ments for injuries the disability from which lasts less than two weeks, many of the associations provide for payments for this intervening period. In a number of instances, also, where the compensation laws have been less liberal than the provisions of the benefit associations for disability from industrial accidents, the employers have volun tarily assumed the larger payments, A number of companies also which do not contribute to the associations and which have not been included in the statistics, pay a death benefit to the dependents of employees, usually stipulating a certain length of service as pre requisite to the payments. PENSIONS. The establishment of a definite pension system has been a com paratively recent manifestation among employers of the belief that the worker has a just* claim on those for whom he works for some pro vision for his declining years. It is probably true, however, that while the majority of the plans state that the pensions are granted for “ loyal and efficient” service, still the fact that the provision of these funds tends toward a more stable force, toward keeping the services of the more experienced and skillful workmen who might be able to command higher wages elsewhere, and toward moderating industrial unrest generally, has its weight also in determining firms or corporations to establish such funds. There are 75 establishments of those visited, with a total of 1,111,500 employees, which maintain pension funds and which have a definite plan which is followed in the granting of old-age allow ances. The conviction that it is both desirable and necessary to provide for the many workers who are unable for various reasons to save enough to care for themselves in old age seems to be growing among employers. Of the 66 funds for which the date of the inaugu ration of the plan was given, 32 were established in the years 1913 to 1917, 20 were established from 1910 to 1913, while only 14 were established previous to 1910. The following table shows, by industries, the number of establish ments having pension funds and the number of employees on pension rolls, and the amount paid out in pensions during the fiscal year pre ceding the date of the schedule covering the establishment. The employees of all plants of one company in both the iron and steel and the telephone and telegraph industries have been shown in this table since the data furnished relates to all and not simply to those places visited as in other sections of the study. WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. 108 T a b le 1 2 .—N U M B E R OF. P E N S IO N FU N D S, N U M B E R ON P E N S IO N A M O U N T OF PE N SIO N S, B Y IN D U S T R IE S . ROLLS, AND Establish m e n t s having pension funds. Establishments rep orting employees on pension rofls. Num ber. N um ber. Industry. Em ployees. N um ber of Total em em ployees. ployees pen sioned. Total am ount of pensions. Aver age amount o f pen sion per year. Foundries and machine s h o p s-. Gas, electric light and pow er___ Iron and steel................................. Offices.............................................. Ore reduction and smelting........ Railroads, electric.................. — Railroads, steam ........................... Telegraph and telep h on e........... Other industries............................ 12 6 2 7 3 9 7 2 27 49,132 25,705 257,978 2 8,946 8 3,315 46,775 381,595 2 179,000 159,054 10 4 1 3 2 6 4 1 16 45,608 13,670 * 250,000 3,493 2200 32,421 307,407 i 179,000 71,763 265 201 697 14 156 148 4,163 284 631 $125,427.00 96,300.00 174,389.40 10,369.00 49,275.00 68,305.55 1,321,297.32 153,360.00 288,384.73 $473.31 479.10 250.20 740.64 315.87 461.52 317.39 640.00 457.03 T otal..................................... 75 3 1,111,500 47 2 903,562 6,559 2,287,108.00 348.70 1 Including employees of all plants of 1 com pany. 2 Not including em ployees of 1 establishment, not reported s Not including employees of 3 establishments, not reported. CLASSES OF EM PLO YEES ELIGIBLE FOR PEN SION S. In general the pension plans apply to all grades of employees, but there are four which exclude officials and directors, four which exclude salaried employees whose yearly earnings exceed amounts varying from $1,500 to $5,000, and only one which does not include the factory force. This company has about 11,000 employees, and since the plan covers only those in the office it necessarily debars from participation in its benefits many of those employees who most need such assistance. This seems to be true in a measure of all industrial pension plans since the lower paid and more unskilled class of work men are less likely to give the continuous service necessary to the granting of a pension, and, if they do, in those cases where no mini mum is established the amount is so small as to be of little practical help to the recipient. A case in point is that of one company which has on its pension rolls men receiving as little as $3 per month. E M PLO YEES’ CONTRIBUTIONS T O FUNDS. The majority of the funds are supported and managed exclusively by the companies. Only four of them require contributions from employees. Three of these assess the employees 3 per cent of their annual pay, and one assesses them 2 per cent, the amount contributed being returned without interest if the employee leaves the service of the company, although one firm pays 4 per cent interest if the em DISABILITY FUNDS, PENSIONS, AND GROUP INSURANCE. 109 ployee is dismissed. The amount, exclusive of the initial fund, set aside by the companies each year for the maintenance of these funds, is usually a certain per cent, most frequently 1 per cent, of the total annual pay roll, or it may be a sum aggregating the amount of the pension allowances or the interest from trusts or other funds which may have been provided. GENERAL RULES AND REQ U IREM ENTS. There is a very decided similarity in many of the regulations gov erning the payment of pensions. The acceptance of a pension in nearly all cases does not debar the one receiving it from engaging in other work which is not prejudicial to the interests of the company. Usually a temporary absence due to illness or a reduction of the force is not counted in computing the length of service unless it exceeds six consecutive months, and most of the companies allow a break of one or, in most cases, two years in the continuity of service. Assign ment of pension allowances is never permitted nor are the pensions subject to attachment for debts of the beneficiaries. Pensions are forfeited usually because of misconduct on the part of the pensioner or at the discretion of the pension board. The maximum employ ment age in most cases, for those reporting, is 45 years, but sometimes for inexperienced workers this limit is placed at 35 years. The usual ages at which male employees are retired are 60, 65, and 70, by far the largest number of companies fixing this age at 65 years. For women the average retirement age is about five years less than that of men, although there are several cases where they do not become eligible for pensions before reaching the age of 70. The usual number of years of continuous service requisite for the allow ance of a pension is 20, although the requirements in this regard range from 10 to 40 years. Many of the companies have several classes of service requirements, those employees with the longest required period of service to their credit being retired at an earlier age. Pensions for cases of total disability are given at the discretion of the company in many cases; in others a service period varying from 10 to 30 years is a requirement of the pension rules. A minimum pension allowance is fixed by about half of the com panies. In two cases this amount is as low as $5 a month, but the greater number fix the lowest amount paid at $18 or $20 a month. The method of determining the amount of the pension is much the same in the majority of cases, the most usual method being to com pute the pension on the basis of the earnings for a certain period of years. The required number of years of service and the percentage of the earnings are fairly uniform in the different establishments. 110 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. SPECIAL ALLOWANCES. There are 53 firms which reported that while they have no pension fund or system of caring for aged employees, still provision is made for deserving cases. In several instances quite a number of persons are thus cared for, but while this may be a liberal arrangement on the part of the firm, there can be no certainty on the part of the em ployee that it will be continued and there is also the feeling that it is a gratuity instead of the “ deferred wages” to which the employee may feel himself entitled because of his long and faithful service. The chief objection to industrial pensions as now administered is not in the amount of pensions allowed, which in most cases is fairly liberal, but in the element of uncertainty which results from the fact that the firms universally stipulate that the establishment of such a fund does not form a contract, and that the right to discharge an employee is not affected by the length and character of the service he has rendered. There also can be no assurance to the employee that the firm may not be dissolved and that the assistance which he has confidently expected in his old age may thus be denied him. GROUP INSURANCE. One of the most recent evidences of the interest employers are taking in their relations with their employees is found in the growth of the group insurance idea. As in the case of the pension plan, it undoubtedly works toward more harmonious relations and toward the reduction of the labor turnover since it offers a strong inducement to employees to remain with the firm. Individual life insurance is too expensive to be within the reach of most workmen. The guaranty that, in the event of death, a sum will be paid which will be adequate to care for the family during the adjustment to the changed condi tions and responsibilities must appeal strongly to that class of work men who are unable to save anything toward the future and to those also who have reached an age where the rates would be greatly in creased or who would be unable to pass the necessary physical ex amination. CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH GROUP INSURANCE CAN BE PROVIDED. The group plan can be offered to firms by the life insurance com panies at greatly reduced rates since it does away with the medical examination and much of the usual expense incidental to the selling of life insurance. In order to secure a satisfactory rate from the insurance company, the employer must offer conditions of employ ment which measure up to a certain standard. The occupations must not be extrahazardous, sanitary conditions generally must be good, and good drinking water must be supplied. This does not offer an D ISA B IL ITY F U N D S , P E N S IO N S , A N D GROUP IN SU R A N C E . Ill obstacle in the case of most firms, for the ones most likely to wish to introduce such a plan are those which have already progressed far toward safeguarding the plant and providing good working condi tions. It is evident, too, that the elimination of medical examina tions is made possible through the physical examination on entrance which many companies require and through the work of the emer gency hospital departments in caring for the health of employees, which results in lowering the number with serious diseases and main taining the general health of the force at a high standard. METHOD OF INSURANCE. The method of insuring is to issue to the company a blanket policy which covers the entire group to be insured. The insurance company has a list of the employees included, with the age of each and the amount for which each is insured, A certificate is given to each individual which names the beneficiary, the amount of insurance, and also gives the conditions under which it will remain effective. Nat urally the employee's eligibility to the plan ceases upon leaving the employ of the company, but several of the plans allow the employee to continue his insurance at the regular rates, about the only advantage being that he does not have to take the medical examination, with perhaps the consequent increase in the premium. COST AND SCOPE OF INSURANCE PLANS. There are 32 firms, with a total of 136,318 employees, which re port that a part or all of their employees have been insured under the group plan. The largest number of these plans cover all em ployees, but some limit the plan to include those with a stated length of service to their credit. This service is for periods varying from 30 days to 2 years. One large company had insured only its day laborers of one year or more of service, although it was planned to extend the insurance to other groups as fast as possible. Three companies make eligibility for life insurance contingent upon mem bership in the relief association, and still another company insures all below a salary of $4,000. One company, which insures only fore men and clerks, has an endowment feature which takes effect upon the employees reaching the age of 65. Most of the companies pay the entire cost of the insurance scheme, but two of the companies pay 50 per cent, and another pays all after five years' service, while those in the employ of the firm from one to five years are assessed according to their length of service. This has not worked out very satisfactorily, as those to whom it is free are ready to avail themselves of it, but comparatively few of the others have done so. One company which pays half of the costs has insured under the “ term" plan. This differs from the ordinary 112 W E LFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. group plan in the respect that the policy is renewed each year and that the premium increases from year to year as the employee grows older. The plan of this company, as well as of several of the others, carries a disability clause, agreeing to pay for total disability incurred before the ages of 60 or 65 are reached. Only one company is re ported as making a rule that joining a labor union or participating in a strike invalidates the claim for insurance benefits. The plans in force vary somewhat in the extent of the provisions. Probably the most equitable and most satisfactory in its working out is one where the equivalent of one year’s salary or wages, with, of course, a maximum limit, is paid in installments. This takes into consideration automatically any change in the employee’s wages and provides for the family a year’s income on the same basis to which they have been accustomed. This plan has been adopted by a num ber of the companies. Several of the plans provide for the payment of a fixed sum, these sums varying in the different establishments from $200 to $1,000, and still others for the payment of sums vary ing with the years of service until the maximum is reached, which is $1,000 in most cases, but which is as high as $2,500 in several in stances. CHAPTER IX.—ENCOURAGEMENT OF THRIFT. A variety of methods are made use of by employers in the endeavor to inculcate in their employees habits of economy and thrift. These plans include savings and loan funds, building funds, cooperative buying, vacation and Christmas savings funds, discounts on pur chases, legal aid, and advice as to investments and expenditures. Profit sharing and stock ownership were not considered, since they had been covered in a recent investigation by this bureau. One hundred and eighty-eight firms are reported as aiding the employees in one or more of the ways mentioned. Only a small proportion of the firms reported on the number reached, since records of some of these methods of assisting employees are not in all cases kept, and if kept are not always readily available. There were 90 savings and loan funds reported; in a few cases as many as 40 or 50 per cent of the employees were depositors. In one case the number represented 65 per cent. The companies do not alwa}^s invest the funds, sometimes merely acting as agents of a bank for the conven ience of the employees, who frequently might not take the trouble to deposit the money if it were not made so easy for them to do so. When the company acts for the bank, only the local rate of interest is paid; but when the company is sufficiently interested in the encouragement of saving to invest the money itself the interest, as reported in different cases, varies from 4 to 8 per cent. In only one case does it go higher, and here from 9 to 10 per cent is paid. At the end of each fiscal year this company returns the deposits, with interest, to the employees, who may, if they desire, deposit them in the permanent fund, which pays 5 per cent and is similarly guar anteed by the company. This fund has about 30 per cent of the employees as depositors. Another company, which deposits the funds with a trust company, supplements the 3 per cent interest paid by the bank with an addi tional 3 per cent. Most establishments did not report the amount of deposits, but there were three reported which had deposits annu ally of about $40,000 and one of nearly $80,000. The others were of smaller amounts. One company after five years’ service by an employee pays 5 per cent of the employee’s earnings for the year to his credit at the bank as a reserve fund. This fund can not be drawn upon for six years, and if then drawn out two years must elapse before accumu lation begins again. In case of discharge all the amount credited the employee is paid; but if an employee leaves of his own accord the company has the option of paying all or only half of it. In case of 88203°—19—Bull. 250------8 113 114 W E L FA R E W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L E M PLO YE ES. disability the employee may draw upon the bank account, and in case of death the full amount is paid to his legal representatives. Another company presents a bank book with a deposit of $25 at Christmas to each employee who has been in the factory six months or more. The following November the employees present the books and the company adds one-half of the additional amount shown to have been saved. Deposits in the savings fund to the credit of the individual deposi tors, equal to one-half the deposits made during the year, are made by another company in the case of all employees except those retired during that time for incapacity. The employees’ deposits may be withdrawn, but those of the company must remain in for 20 years. VACATION AND CHRISTMAS SAVINGS FUNI>S. It is sometimes easier to interest employees in saving for a definite object, such as a vacation or Christmas giving than to rouse their interest toward saving for less specific needs. Such funds may serve, however, as an incentive, once an employee has formed the habit of putting something by at stated intervals, toward joining the regular savings fund and saving in larger amounts. There were 14 vacation and 5 Christmas savings funds reported. The majority of the vacation savings funds are branches of the Vacation Association (Inc.), and as such receive little active assist ance from the firm except, perhaps, the services of a clerk to take charge of the collections. Considerable sums, however, are saved. About 1,350 employees of one company saved nearly $18,000 in one year, and the company reports that this fund acts also as an encour agement to the clerks to join the general savings fund. BUILDING AND LOAN FUNDS. Part of the 65 loan funds reported were established for the purpose of assisting employees in either building or buying homes, and quite a number also are maintained in order to help employees through the temporary financial difficulties which are so likely to occur either because of illness or from other unavoidable causes. The “ loan shark” evil is frequently the cause of a great deal of trouble to the employer through the garnishment of men’s wages as well as to the employees themselves who are so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of money lenders charging exorbitant rates of interest. Very often when loans are made for the purpose of pro tecting employees no interest is charged, but the employees usually sign an agreement to have the amount taken out of their pay in regular installments. On the other liand, some companies charge a high rate of interest in order to discourage as much as possible the employees coming to them for loans. EN CO U RAG EM EN T1 OF T H R IF T . 115 One savings and loan department which has been most successful is conducted by the employees, the officers being elected each year by the depositors^ with no interference whatever by the company. The firm assists, however, by allowing the managers of the fund to attend to the business during the working hours, without which privilege they could hardly carry on the work successfully, and also by advancing temporarily the amount which is out in loans at the close of each six months^ series. This allows the paying off of depositors at the regular withdrawal dates without having to call in outstanding loans. Deposits of 25 cents or more weekly may be made, and a fine is imposed for failure to deposit each week. A charge is made if deposit is withdrawn before the end of the period of saving, which is six months. While deposits of any amount are accepted, interest is paid only on weekly savings of $1 or less. Profits are derived from fines, charges for loans, and withdrawal fees. The charge for loans varies from 2 per cent a month to 6 per cent per annum. The maximum loan to any depositor is $200, and the amount on deposit bears no relation to the sum that may be borrowed. Loans up to $25 are made with no guaranty, but above that sum a second signature, usually that of a trusted employee, is required. The savings and loan department has grown in popularity since the beginning, and, contrary to predictions, though practically unsecured loans have been made, there has resulted a loss so small as to be negligible. Three hundred thousand dollars in one year was loaned without interest by one company to its employees. These loans were returned in small payments, and out of this sum only $150 was not repaid. Several companies, in order to encourage employees in owning their homes, loan money to them on easy terms, in some instances no interest at all being charged. About 800 employees of one company own shares in the com pany’s building and loan association, and each year from 40 to 50 homes are purchased through this medium. The company keeps up about 4,000 shares in the association for the benefit of the employees. These shares are assigned to them in lots of 5, 10, or more, and the employee can use such shares in the purchase of a home, the company paying the dues and the employee the interest on the money borrowed. LEGAL AID. Forty-eight companies report that their employees have the privi lege of coming to them for free legal advice. Very frequently the attorney for the firm gives a certain amount of time to this work or it may be some member of the firm who is qualified to render such aid. One large automobile company puts its legal department at the service of its employees, Advice is given to foreign employees as to 116 W ELFARE W O R K FOR IN D U ST R IA L EM PLO YE ES. the quickest and easiest manner of securing naturalization papers and assistance is given in all legal difficulties and entanglements. The department does not care to examine abstracts for p r o p e r t y which is being bought for purely speculative purposes, but in all cases of home buying the company urges employees to ask for advice before paying any money on the contract as an examination will be made of the abstract, contract, and deed to the property, and even, if desired, an appraisal of the property will be made. Another company retains the services of an attorney of wide experience two afternoons a week, who gives free and confidential advice to any employee desiring it. This service is much appreciated by the men. It results in domestic and personal entanglements being straightened out expeditiously at a saving to the men and often to the company, and has done much toward fostering the good will of the workmen. COOPERATIVE BUYING, AND DISCOUNTS. In 54 establishments reporting here some form of cooperative buying is in force or discounts are allowed to employees on company goods. There are several stores which are run by the companies and at which goods are sold at cost plus the overhead charges. One store paid, for the year reported, an 8 per cent cash rebate on purchases. In a number of cases staples such as flour and potatoes are purchased in quantities and sold at cost. Several companies sell coal and wood at very decided reductions to their employees. Other establishments sell their own products at a discount, and several sell goggles, work tools, etc., at less than cost. Department stores generally allow a special discount to employees with stated times at which they may make their purchases and sometimes arrange special sales for them. The members of the force of one large insurance company have a cooperative retail store which is maintained by the employees, but toward which the company contributes a share of the rent and the services of one clerk. The goods are sold at very nearly cost price since there are few overhead charges. The store is largely patronized by the employees. A cooperative store in connection with its restaurant is operated by a large steel company. This was started through requests of the men that they should be allowed to buy their home supplies at prices as near cost as possible. Permission was finally granted the com missary department to sell their supplies at only a sufficient advance over the wholesale price to cover the cost of handling. Meats and canned goods were sold from the kitchen at first, but the business soon grew so large as to need special room, so that a large section adjoining the lunch room was taken. In this department men can purchase meats, groceries, vegetables, overalls, etc. All purchases EN COURAGEM ENT' OF T H R IF T . 117 are for cash or coupons, 5-cent coupons being sold in books of $1, $2, and $5. These books can be purchased at the timekeeper’s office and charged against the accrued wages so that a man starting to work in the morning without a cent can purchase a coupon book bynoon and immediately get on a self-supporting basis with regard to food supplies to take home. One of the most conspicuous examples of a successful store man aged by employees is one doing a business of about $10,000 a month and requiring a force of 16 to run it. The company furnishes the light, heat, and the store building, and the goods are sold to the employees at cost plus the expense of handling. A bakeshop is run in connection wTith the store, in which all the bread and pastry for the store as well as all that which is used in the plant restaurant is baked. The ovens have a capacity of 3,000 loaves of bread a day. The company also roasts its own coffee, makes sausage, and renders lard. Goods are bought by the carload and the products of two farms supply the store and restaurant. The store has two wagons and two trucks, and, contrary to the usual custom of cooperative stores, purchases are delivered. ADVICE AS TO INVESTMENTS AND EXPENDITURES. Only 14 companies report that any attempt is made to advise employees in the use of their money. Advice as to investments is usually given by the legal department; advice as to expenditures is more frequently given by the welfare secretary, and while it is a matter requiring tact, if the secretary is on friendly terms with the employees, there is frequently opportunity to keep them from going into debt unnecessarily. The distribution of thrift literature is another method of educating employees to the desirability of planning in time for the inevitable rainy day, and various companies use the services of visiting nurses or housekeepers to give practical demonstrations in economics as related to workmen’s incomes. CHAPTER X.— ADMINISTRATION OF WELFARE WORK. This chapter treats of the methods of carrying on the industrial betterment work described in this report, the costs to the employer, and the effect of the work on the efficiency and stability of the force in the various establishments visited. COST TO THE EMPLOYERS OF BETTERMENT ACTIVITIES. In this particular phase of the welfare study it is difficult to get very exact information, either as to costs or as to a comparison of the present conditions with those prevailing before service work for the employees began. It is surprising to find that few firms have definite knowledge of what the work is costing them. In the majority of cases, even with a fairly well organized department, no separate record of the expenditures is kept, and in those establishments which are able to give the amounts expended, there is so much diversity in the forms of welfare work for which the figures are given that it is difficult to make a comparison or arrive at very definite conclusions as to the outlay which might be considered to be a reasonable one. The costs, as given, vary from a fraction of 1 per cent to 5 per cent of the total annual pay roll. In those cases where the allowance is as high as 4 and 5 per cent, the costs of the pension or group insurance plans and the contribution to the benefit associations or the mainte nance of an expensive clubhouse form a large part of the expense. It seems, taking into consideration the scope of the work in relation to the costs, as reported by the different companies, that excluding unusual contributions to these features a fairly comprehensive pro gram can be maintained for about 2 per cent of the annual pay roll. Another element to be taken into consideration in this matter of costs is the degree of participation of the employees. Those examples of welfare which cost the firms the most have not necessarily the greatest success, since advantages are appreciated by most people in measure as they give to them, both of money and effort. The company which, while encouraging and aiding such work, still leaves to the employee a share in both the management and the expense is probably nearer to harmonious plant relations than the employer who gives lavishly but administers the work in a more or less paternalistic spirit. The following table shows, by industries, the number of establish ments scheduled and their employees, the administration of the welfare work, and its effect in regard to the time lost and the stability of the labor force. 118 ADMINISTRATION OF WELFARE W GftK. 119 T a b l e 1 3 .—A D M IN IS T R A T IO N O F W E L F A R E W O R K A N D IT S E F F E C T U P O N TIM E L O S T A N D S T A B IL IT Y OF T H E F O R C E , B Y IN D U S T R IE S . Industry. A utom obiles............. Chemicals and allied p roducts................. Clothing and fur nishings................... Electrical supplies... E xplosives................. F ine machines and instruments........... F ood products.......... Foundries an d ma chine shops............ Gas and electric light and pow er.............. Iron and steel........... Mining, coal............... Mining, other than coa l.......................... Offices......................... Paper and paper goods....................... Printing and pub lishing..................... Railroads, electric... Railroads, steam ___ R ubber and com po sition goods............ Stores.......................... Telegraph and tele phone...................... T extiles...................... Other industries....... Total................ N um ber of N um ber , of em estab lish ployees. ments. 9 5 95,683 23,930 Welfare w ork administered by— Establishments Establishments reporting as to effect of welfare w ork having— upon— Em ployer Em and ployer em alone. ployees jointly. Stability of Tim e lost. W el force. Outside fare agen cies co- secre tary 1m- , oper Im em No No ating. prove- change. prove change. ployed. ment. ment. 6 1 3 4 3 1 3 1 5 3 1 7 13,539 2 5 3 3 4 18 5 5 19,498 51,040 36,030 3 1 2 10 4 3 8 2 4 10 1 4 6 2 2 8 15 25,326 1 17,638 2 12 6 3 2 6 2 3 3 8 49 143,882 28 21 12 16 18 10 »40 12 a 27,102 213,143 34,807 1 33 7 9 7 5 12 4 1 2 9 1 2 15 6 12 9 25,448 13,814 5 2 7 7 5 2 3 6 2 7 9,174 3 4 3 2 10 17 10 12,769 60,642 393,583 5 6 4 5 11 S 3 3 8 9 47 42,847 . 1125,148 5 17 4 30 1£6,447 i 71,221 1138, 793 14 41 31 431 n , 661,504 231 3 15 60 57 2 3 .2 1 3 1 1 6 1 2 2 3 5 1 6 18 8 2 2 3 2 9 3 1 4 6 1 7 1 1 6 3 1 4 4 1 4 6 2 2 1 4 5 2 2 1 3 20 6 30 4 18 1 2 3 10 3 1 19 26 2 31 18 8 16 10 2 21 15 2 4 3 22 19 2 3 200 154 141 160 29 136 38 1 N ot including em ployees of 1 establishment, n ot reported. 2 N ot ineluding em ployees of 2 establishments, not reported. 3 Individual plants of 1 corporation have been counted as separate establishments. 4 N ot including em ployees of 7 establishments, not reported. COMPARISON OF PRESENT CONDITIONS WITH THOSE PREVAILING BEFORE WELFARE WORK BEGAN. The date of the beginning of welfare work as reported by many of the firms is somewhat misleading. Many firms had an employees’ benefit association long before any other kinds of work were even thought of, and to accept the dates given by these firms would give an entirely erroneous idea of the length of time over which the move ment ha& extended. It is safe to say that, with the exception of a comparatively few of these establishments, the major part of the prog ress along these lines would extend over only the last 10 or 12 years. The emergency hospital work, for example, has been introduced or extended in many of the hazardous industries since the passage of the various State workmen’s compensation laws. The work along the lines of safety and sanitation also has been much influenced by 120 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. these laws and has grown with amazing rapidity in the last few years. The increase in the number of firms providing a pension sys tem for their employees has been very marked in the last seven years, and group insurance has developed entirely since 1911. In spite of the fact that so much of this work is comparatively recent, it will readily be seen that, owing to the abnormal labor con ditions of the past three years, it was very difficult to obtain from the companies a comparison of present conditions with those prevail ing before welfare work was undertaken. The extent to which the output is affected by the welfare work is difficult to determine, both because of the present unusual labor conditions and the fact that few companies have made any study of this point. A few firms, however, give it as their opinion that the output has been increased by it, although several of these state that this improvement is only in part due to the welfare work. Quite a number state that their increased output is due to a reduction in the working hours, a form of welfare which has not been given special consideration in this report. The stability of the force also has been much affected in many plants by present labor conditions. One hundred and thirty-six of the establishments scheduled report an improvement in this regard, due in whole or in part to the betterment activities. In many cases this is more than a mere expression of opinion, since many employ ers have, of late, been im'pressed with the fact that a large turnover is a very important item in the cost of production, and have been seeking to reduce this turnover by more scientific management of the employment departments and by the introduction of welfare features. One firm which has compiled statistics in regard to the reduction in the turnover had an increase of 13.4 per cent of employees of more than two years’ service in 1916 over a similar group for 1914, due entirely, so the management states, to the welfare work. One hundred and sixty of the establishments report an improve ment in the time lost. There are probably two reasons for this: One is the work of the emergency hospitals, which care for the general health of the employees and do much preventive work, as well as sort out those most undesirable physically through their examination on entrance; the other is the installation of safety devices and the education through safety lectures and literature which have resulted in a large reduction in the time lost through industrial accidents. Even though only a small proportion of the companies report on this subject, still enough have done so to prove that welfare work does have an appreciable effect upon the work and health of the employees. It would be reasonable to suppose, even without the confirmation of the reports, that all service work which is carried on in such a spirit that it results in a more contented force, as well as a healthier one, must have the effect of making the employees more stable and more ADMINISTRATION OF WELFARE WORK. 121 efficient. Proof of this is found also in the attitude toward welfare work even of those employers who are least in sympathy with it, for there is an apparent realization among them that much of this work is becoming necessary in order to get and retain a desirable class of employees. ADMINISTRATION OF WELFARE WORK. It will be found that in slightly more than one-half the cases the administration of this work is by employers alone. This may give a somewhat wrong impression, since there are necessarily many firms reported which do comparatively little along these lines. The com panies which do the least are those most likely to control entirely such features as they have, partly because the kinds of work first introduced are usually those which naturally remain under the immediate direction of the firm, and partly because it usually takes some experience to realize the desirability of giving the employees an active part in the conduct of the welfare activities. It is natural that the employer should direct the work of the emergency hospital, although there are a number of cases where this has been given over to the benefit association; similarly several firms allow their employees to manage the lunch room, either on a cooper ative basis or using the profits for the benefit or athletic association. The employees quite frequently have a voice in the management of the club rooms or houses, in several instances being given entire con trol of the clubhouse. In the matter of athletics and recreation more often the employer plays a passive part, assisting financially and providing rooms for meeting purposes, gymnasiums, and ath letic fields. The work among families, except what is done in con nection with the benefit association, is entirely under the direction of the companies through the medium of the welfare secretary or visiting nurse. The administration of the benefit association is in most cases either mutual or in the hands of the employees. Pen sion and group insurance funds, generally being provided by the firms, are administered by them, as is much of the educational work, although frequently members of the force assist in teaching, espe cially in the classes in English for foreigners. Mention must be made of one conspicuous and well-known exam ple of cooperative management by the firm and its employees of both the business and the welfare organization. It has been the policy of this company in increasing degree through the past quar ter of a century to give the employees a share in the management. An association of the employees is maintained, to which all of them belong. The affairs of this organization are conducted by a group elected by the employees, and this executive body has the power to make, change, or amend any rule that affects the discipline or work- 122 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. iiig conditions of the employees. This can be carried even over the veto of the management by a two-thirds vote of all the employees. This association is also represented by 4 members on the board of 11 directors of the corporation. All the parts of the welfare organiza tion have been carefully built up and are controlled and managed by the council of the association through committees. The firm contributes club and business rooms, certain salaries, and any other assistance necessary. The fundamental principle followed by the club in the management, however, is that these activities shall be in the main self-supporting and that financial or other assistance rendered by the firm shall receive a direct return from the employees in increased efficiency. There is no doubt that in this particular instance the generous and broad-minded policy of the firm is re flected in the very unusual personal interest in the business which is evidenced by the employees as a whole. COOPERATION WITH OUTSIDE AGENCIES. The practice exists in a number of industrial towns, including some of the oldest in* the United States, of leaving all welfare work to outside agencies, such agencies being, however, largely financed by the corporations. In some cases contributions are entirely volun tary, in others the budget is apportioned among the firms according to the numbers of their employees. Charity organizations, district nurses, church missions, Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A., women's and girl's clubs—any workers for civic betterment—may lend a hand in the actual service provided the necessary funds are guaranteed. It is the belief of some managers, as a result of experience, that this system is better than direct provision by the employer. In more than one case reported, even the financial connection is kept secret, since the employers consider that the working force would view it with suspicion. Where an establishment is so situated that the community or other agency already provides lunch rooms, libraries, recreation, and other advantages, it manifestly would be superfluous for the employer to embark upon these enterprises, and he confines his efforts to improving the actual place of work, with perhaps an occa sional entertainment, contributions to the benefit association, and active interest in the ball team or other group. In cities the exclu sive use of municipal gymnasiums, swimming pools, or other special equipment ordinarily may be secured at stated times by establish ments guaranteeing classes of a certain size. In the North and West the continuation school work often is carried on beyond the requirements of the law, and several com panies also cooperate with the public schools in their apprenticeship courses. ADMINISTRATION OF WELFARE WORK. 123 The Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. serve as the medium through which a number of employers carry on the club work for employees. Most railroad companies use the Y. M. C. A., since it is so well organized and seems particularly to fill their needs. In a few other instances firms have established their own branches of these organi zations or pay membership fees for junior employees in the city branch. In many cases meetings for employees in the plant are conducted by one or both of these associations with the sanction of the company. EMPLOYMENT OF WELFARE SECRETARY. The employment of a welfare secretary is reported in 141 cases. Very often the secretary’s sole duties are supervising the various welfare activities; in other cases the employment and welfare departments are merged into one, part of the time of the manager being given to each, and in still other instances the doctor or head nurse assumes these duties in addition to the hospital work. In quite a number of instances the welfare department employs a corps of trained workers. One large department store has, in addition to its medical department and welfare secretary, a number of college women engaged in educational work, physical culture, and dancing, as well as supervising the library and the girls’ club house. A company which does much community work has, in addi tion to the head worker, seven others, teachers, librarian, and a visiting nurse, who have kindergarten, manual training, and other classes, many clubs among both young and old, and much general supervision of the townspeople, of whom many are foreigners. The duties of a welfare secretary are many and varied. In certain cases she must interview all female applicants for employment, oversee the work of the emergency hospital, see that the food served in the lunch room is kept up to the standard and that the kitchens are kept in a sanitary condition, and look after many other details of sanitation; she has charge of the library unless it is sufficiently large to require one or more special attendants; her office is so placed that she has a view of the rest and recreation rooms and, in some plants, of the cloakrooms. Often, in cases of special need, she visits the homes, and a number of instances are found where the firm has placed a sum of money at her disposal, to be used at her discretion, in special cases of illness or distress among the em ployees or their families. In the larger cities there is a great deal of cooperation among those serving different firms in this capacity, in the way of exchange of ideas, and the visiting nurses’ association often is utilized to help out in cases of illness in families. 124 WELFARE WORK FOE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. In one large city the State factory inspectors suggested to certain establishments which had not yet taken up any work of this sort, that they should allow an experienced woman to start the work for them. This woman, feeling that the city was well equipped to do the necessary educational and recreational work, did not include such work in her program, but confined herself to the installation of rest rooms, emergency rooms, and lunch rooms. Even when little space was available she utilized it until such time as the firm could provide more. Two or three months were spent in each plant getting the work under way, when it was turned over to a competent woman, and the same thing begun in another estab lishment. This particular welfare worker was able to interest the employers because she believed strongly that production is increased and labor turnover decreased by the introduction of this work. One might conclude from the wording of the foregoing that all welfare secretaries are women. In the majority of cases women are employed, but in a number of instances this department, especially in those industries employing only men, is conducted by a man. In either case the opportunity which is presented for a broad and helpful service to employer and employees is very great. It is a difficult position to fill, since, if the policy pursued is not a liberal and broadminded one, the employees may feel that the position is being used to their disadvantage, but if the one who holds it is gifted with sympathy and tact, the possibilities for help and encouragement of all kinds are almost unlimited. CHAPTER XI.—SOCIAL BETTERMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES’ FAMILIES. It must be evident to the most casual observer of industrial con ditions that social betterment work in more or less isolated com munities becomes a matter of the employee’s family and not of him self as a prart of the actual working force. Steel mills and coal mines have their wash and change houses for the workers, and their first-aid and hospital provisions; but their clubhouses and libraries, their recreation grounds and social gatherings, their nurses and welfare workers generally are for the benefit of the community and not alone for the men within the plant. No other industry studied in the recent investigation approaches the two mentioned in the amount of work done among families, with the exception of cotton manufacturing in the South. Examples of conspicuously good fam ily work are found, of course, in many other industries, notably foundries and machine shops and explosives. There are great dif ferences in the amount and excellence of the work done by various establishments, depending to some extent on the nature of the working force and the isolation of the plant but far more on the character and ideas of the employer. Of the 431 establishments for which schedules were secured, 158, with a total of about 838,000 employees, were found to be doing more or less social betterment work among their employees’ families, generally along the following lines: (1) Improving the dwellings and the streets, installing sewerage, lighting, and water systems, and assisting in gardening. (2) Providing educational and recreational facilities. (3) Introducing into the community a nurse or other capable visitor to advise in the care of the sick and the children, to instruct in Ameri can methods of home making, to develop the community spirit by organizing and fostering clubs, and to be the sympathetic friend in time of trouble. Work of this kind has transformed squalid towns into clean and attractive places and has much improved the standard of living. The extent to which certain branches of betterment wrork are carried on by the companies reported in the present study is shown in the following statement: 125 126 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. Per cent of the 158 establishments doing each kind of work. Visiting nurse Playground............................................ Domestic-science classes........................ Welfare worker....................................... Charitable relief..................................... Settlement house................................... Kindergarten.......................................... Land for gardens.................................... Christmas presents to others than needy Classes other than domestic science...... Prizes for gardens................................... Doctor.................................................... Day nursery........................................... Clinic.................................... - ............... Christmas gifts to needy........................ 53. 80 39. 87 27. 22 26. 58 26. 58 19. 62 18. 35 17.10 14. 56 13. 29 11.40 8. 23 5.70 5.06 3. 80 LIVING CONDITIONS. Many of the four and six room houses recently constructed have porches, pantries, and clothes closets, and are neatly fenced. In some industrial towns practically every house has running water and sewer connection, and electric lighting is becoming general. The best houses have bathtubs; employers who complain that the bath tubs installed are used as coal bins, or not used at all, probably overlook the fact that in many cases water must be heated and car ried to the tub in the old-fashioned way and that bathrooms built on porches are likely to be cold. The community bathhouse, with separate compartments or buildings for the women and children, exists in several places. These bathhouses may be inexpensively installed and maintained and are considered by at least one mill manager in the South the most satisfactory of the various forms of welfare work attempted. Streets are graded, walks laid out, and young trees planted. In certain cases landscape gardeners are employed to supervise the town planning and instruct in gardening. Employers are finding that fences, unless of wire or metal, are an expensive feature; they fall rapidly into disrepair and sometimes are willfully destroyed for firewood. In a number of cases all fences have been removed and company land at a distance is allotted for gardens and stock, the maintenance of unfenced gardens being difficult or impossible. In other cases a fence of metal posts and wire is used. In some instances gardens are plowed free of cost by the company or the plow and team are lent to the householder, and the free dis tribution of seeds and cuttings is not uncommon. In a large propor tion of cases, however, the householders are able to finance their garden plots and the employer contributes only supervision and prizes. “ City-beautiful” contests, with generous prizes for the best SOCIAL BETTERMENT' AMONG EMPLOYEES7 FAMILIES. 127 lawns, flower gardens, vegetable gardens, and porch or window boxes, and for general appearance, stimulate the householders’ interest in a new community. Children’s gardens on company land are reported by 27 of the 158 companies doing work among families and 18 companies give prizes or otherwise encourage home gardening. In the towns of one com pany alone there have been as many as 7,000 gardens, or 95 per cent of the total number that could be planted, the average value of the vegetables grown being over $20 per garden. Where gardening is undertaken on a considerable scale the work is in charge of a paid instructor, under whose supervision the children must work in the gardens for a certain number of hours a day. In one notable case the company provides for each of 80 boys a plot 53 by 11 feet, and there is a cooperative plot which all must help to work. It gives the whole time of an instructor, the seeds and plants, overheadsprinkler system, tools, wheelbarrows, express wagons, diaries, books and papers, club rooms, and prizes. The course lasts two years. The boys are incorporated as a stock company under the laws of the State and elect their own officers. PROTECTION OF HEALTH. The health of the industrial community is recognized as of such importance that measures for its protection form the largest single department of betterment work as reported in this study. Sanitary measures in operation in a number of industrial towns are as fol lows : Draining or filling in of pools and lowlands, or their treatment with crude petroleum, to exterminate the mosquito; screening of houses, at cost or without charge, and the distribution of circulars explaining in a simple way the dangers of the house fly; provision and care of garbage cans; bacteriological analysis of the water used for drinking; regulation of the milk supply. Of the 158 companies under consideration, 85 report that they have a visiting nurse, or some one acting in that capacity, who, in addition to actual care of the sick, instructs the women of the community in nursing and in the preparation of food, and teaches the value and necessity of cleanliness and the benefit of fresh air and sunshine. Quite often the nurse^s headquarters are the community house or model cottage described in a later section of this chapter (p. 131). It is not unusual for her employer to give her the use of an auto mobile. Usually this nurse is under the direction of the company physician or plant manager, though she may be connected with the district nurse association where such an organization exists. It has been found that where a visiting nurse has been installed in a com munity, and her services have been announced as free to employees’ 128 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. families, men in whose homes there is sickness work more regularly and with easier minds than formerly, to the great benefit of the shop. The following statement of family visits made by two nurses in one summer month may be regarded as typical of the better class of work done: Object of visxt. Domestic science............................................ Sanitation hygienics..................................... Dinner buckets.............................................. Care of babies.................................................. Care of mothers............................................... Care of sick....................................................... Em ploym ent sought..................................... E m ploym ent fou n d ....................................... In regard to circumstances.......................... Placed persons in sanitariums.................... Sent persons to hospitals............................. A t request of schools..................................... Total .................................................... Visits in District A. 37 28 103 107 6 18 51 5 4 359 Visits in District B. 60 52 41 36 35 46 31 31 54 2 5 23 416 Several companies in the South report that medical treatment of the families is supplied at little or no cost to them. This is, of course, exclusive of the arrangement whereby the employees’ fees cover treatment also of their families, and excludes the practice in some villages of limiting the fees which may be charged by private practitioners. Free clinics, or clinics charging for medicines only, are conducted in eight of all cases reporting; three of these give dental and one gives optical treatment. In one case toothbrushes have been pro vided free to school children by the employing company, free dental treatment is furnished children in the first and second grades, and lectures on the care of the teeth are given before adults and the children of the higher grades. The optical work comprises tests, prescriptions, and the provision of glasses at cost. At least one company has a first-class milk clinic, dispensing certi fied milk at less than cost to the public and without charge to the destitute, and prescribing for infants through a corps of nurses and a doctor; another company sells milk below cost; four companies do anti tuberculosis work; two or more vaccinate against typhoid; and three have fresh-air camps to which invalids may be sent. In one town a 2-cent lunch is served to the school children and in another the experiment is being made of serving school lunches free. One company has a fund for crippled children and many make a practice of paying for hospital and surgical treatment in necessitous cases. Day nurseries for the small children of mothers employed outside of the home are reported by 9 companies, the majority being in the South. Children between 4 months and 8 years of age are received in the nurseries, and the usual charge is 5 cents a day. A higher SOCIAL BETTERMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES’ FAMILIES. 129 charge may be made if the father is employed, and one nursery reports that a slight increase is asked in midsummer to cover the cost of ice. The greater number of the children are occupied for several hours in the kindergarten, the babies and very little tots comprising perhaps 10 out of a total of 75 children. Nursing mothers are allowed by the employers to leave their work two or three times a day. On the subject of working mothers may be mentioned, in passing, the case of a mill in the South w~here several sets of looms are operated each by three shifts of married women, which enables the women to add to the family income without being away from home all day. RECREATION AND EDUCATION. Of recreational facilities the most common are the baseball field and the children’s playground. These are found almost invariably where community work of any magnitude has been undertaken, and vary all the way from “ a piece of land where the men play ball” to a large and extensively improved field, with high fence, box office, grand stand, dressing rooms, moving-picture apparatus, and refresh ment stand; and from an unfenced plot with a swing or two and a seesaw to an elaborately equipped inclosure that would put to shame many a city playground. Sixty-three companies, or 40 per cent of all reporting family w^ork, have playgrounds of one sort or another. As in all the other activities described, this of course excludes places w~here the welfare measure in question is provided by the community or other agency so that it is unnecessary for the employer to under take it. The equipment of one playground, which has an attendance of between 200 and 300 children at a time, is as follows: 1 shelter house, 2 toilet houses, 2 bathhouses, 1 swimming pool, 1 wTading pool, 2 drinking fountains, 2 sand boxes, 1 jump pit, 2 volley-ball courts, 1 baseball ground, 6 box swings, 12 rope swings, 6 seesaws, 1 giant stride, 1 large slide, 1 small slide, 4 flying rings, 4 climbing poles, and 3 horizontal bars. Unless the children are few and the equipment is of the simplest there is generally a competent person in charge of the playground, and sometimes there are several such persons, including volunteers. In some cases sewing, carpentry, basketry, and other handwork are taught, and folk dancing is general. Almost invariably the behavior of the children improves rapidly, playground work being one of the most satisfactory of welfare undertakings. For the older members of the community there are athletic fields, soccer and tennis courts, and basket-ball grounds, the equipment for which is provided by the players or lent to them by the caretaker of the grounds. In the South the question of parks for the people 88203°—19—Bull. 205------9 IS O WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. has for a long time been receiving attention; 14 of the companies reporting have parks of some sort and 3 others have immediate plans therefor. Hero again the variety of standards is very great. A “ park” may be merely an unimproved piece of woodland which the employer has decided to leave in its natural state as a pleasure place for the people, either with no equipment at all or with benches and perhaps a band stand; or it may rival the most beautiful small parks in existence, with club facilities, dancing, skating, games, and music, in. an exquisite setting of trees, grass, flowers, and running water. Indoor recreation is commonly provided by means of a club or settlement house, managed by the employees themselves, by paid social secretaries, by churches, or by the Young Men's or the Young Women's Christian Association. The church mission is active in the South, and among the 8 reported in the present study there are good and bad examples of its occupancy of the field. Ordinarily the mill not only provides the cottages used in the work, but assumes no inconsiderable part of the financial burden of maintenance. The missions do work similar to that of secular institutions in recreation, education, nursing, sanitary supervision, etc., with the addition of religious services on Sunday. Where two or more mill villages are a short distance apart, one mission may extend its activities, devot ing certain days and evenings to each village. The industrial department of the Y. M. C. A. has been in opera tion in the South for many years, and 3 of the companies here report ing state that their educational and recreational work is done with success under these auspices. In a notable group of western mining camps the betterment work has been undertaken by the Y. M. C. A. upon vote of the employees. The company provides the buildings and equipment and the Y. M. C. A. assumes full responsibility for the methods and policy of operation. Clubhouses which are models of their kind—representing an expenditure of from $15,000 to $25,000 each— are being erected in the various camps, and some 20 secretaries and 10 trained women workers already are employed. The families of the men attend the moving-picture shows and on certain da}^s and evenings are allowed to use the bowling alleys and pool room, gymnasium and baths, library and reading room. In at least one case where assimilation is difficult, foreigners of one nationality are given the exclusive use of the building for a few hours each week, since in no other way can they be induced to visit it. Fees for games, like minor furnishings, classes, refreshments sold, and other unimportant details, vary from camp to camp, but the members' dues— 50 cents a month or $5 a year for men and 15 cents a month or $1.50 a year for boys under 16— are uniform. On Sun SOCIAL BETTERMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES’ FAMILIES. 131 days the games are free to members, who alone may play, and they may be indulged in all day except during the hours of religious service. This is but partial evidence of the commendable breadth of view with which the work is being conducted. In order that mem bership fees may be kept within the reach of all, the company makes a monthly appropriation toward operating expenses, besides paying for heat, light, water, and repairs. Some branches are so successful that the company’s cash contribution has been materially reduced, if not entirely suspended. The receipts of the soft-drinks counter, where ice cream, candy, cigars, tobacco, and perhaps sandwiches, are also sold, amount sometimes to several hundred dollars a month. There are communities where the betterment work is successful only when carried on by the Y. M. C. A. or other outside agency, largely financed by the employer but without other participation by him and without the employees knowing that any relation at all exists. Where wages permit, the work may be done to no small extent by the employees themselves, the company usually furnishing the initiative and providing the buildings and in many cases the heat, light, and equipment. A conspicuous example of employees’ man agement is a textile mill having between 15,000 and 20,000 operatives where an employees’ organization of more than 1,600 members, with annual dues of $2 each and a fund raised by entertainments, conducts the excellent clubs and classes and much of the recreational work. The company houses and otherwise assists the organization, and provides visiting nurses, dental clinic, and recreation grounds for adults and children. The settlement house—or community house of the South—ordi narily is a more humble affair than the club buildings mentioned, though there are notable exceptions to this rule. Thirty-one, or 20 per cent of the companies reporting, conduct their welfare activities through this medium. The accommodations vary from one of the workers’ dwellings or a disused official residence to suitable buildings put up and equipped for the purpose. Where the house is small it may be the model home of the community, furnished and operated in a manner such as the other householders would do well to imitate. Cooking classes meet in the tiny kitchen; housekeeping classes make the beds and sweep and dust. A few shelves of books and a dozen magazines constitute the library; chess, checkers, and pinochle, the games. Though probably it may be said with truth that so simple an endeavor as this makes little appeal to anyone but the children of the community, it is a fact that the children are of the greatest importance unless we except the older girls who will become house keepers within a few years. If the worker in charge is a mature, capable, and tactful woman who succeeds in gaining the confidence 132 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. of the women of the community by friendly visiting and nursing, her influence is strongly felt. Where the house and equipment are more elaborate, accommodat ing considerable numbers of persons in the various rooms and having many activities, the settlement more nearly resembles a clubhouse, and accordingly meets with the response deserved by such outlay. Some half dozen of the cases recorded belong to this class. In the West is a children's community cottage the walls and floors of whose four rooms were tinted and stained by the boys of the school, while the girls made bed and table linen, towels, curtains, and dresser scarfs. The simple furniture was bought by the chil dren, who raised a fund by giving entertainments. Here the girls are taught housekeeping, and the mothers, of various nationalities, are entertained at luncheons or afternoon parties. In this com munity school credits are given for work done by the children in the homes, either in duties about the house or in teaching English or other subjects to the parents. If domestic-science instruction can be said to be of greater impor tance in any one community than in another, it is probably where the dominant industry absorbs the energy of only the male popula tion and there is no industry into which the girls can go. In such cases, sometimes only a short distance from a large city, training for domestic service may meet with gratifying success. A report received in the course of the present investigation may be quoted, as follows: An unusually large percentage of the girls go out to housework. These girls are mostly Polish, and for some reason which we have been unable to fathom get abso lutely no domestic training at home. We place these girls through an employment agency, and we find the demand for trained girls much larger than the demand for the untrained ones. Moreover, the wages paid trained girls is more than twice that paid the untrained, and the work is no harder and in many cases it is easier. * * * What-------- needs is not a school of domestic science, where the children would be taught the number of calories of heat in rice and potatoes, but a school where the equipment will permit of actual practical work and experience; a school where much thought is given to practice and little to theory, and where the 14-year-old girl, getting ready to help eke out the family income, is not discouraged by a course that is too long for the time that she has to give. There are none of these girls who could not make good, practical housekeepers with a year’s real training. It seems best to run the library in a community or settlement house on lines similar to those of the usual public library, with sim ple rules and fines for their infraction. In a number of cases maga zines may not be taken from the reading room, but in others their circulation is a valuable feature. A cotton mill reports that a cer tain woman constantly borrows the magazines, her explanation being, “ My man doesn't spend so much time in the pool room if I have one of them around the house." In another mill the men subscribe SOCIAL, BETTERMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES* FAMILIES. 133 jointly to a considerable number of periodicals of the highest class; these are read in the homes during the week, but must be in the library Sunday for use and redistribution. To start the library at one village, the management announced that it would duplicate whatever am’ount should be raised by the people. Within a short time the women’s club and the children, by means of a tag day, had collected $60. The head worker of a very successful settlement house recommends that social work in an industrial community should invariably begin through such an agency. First, it can and should begin in a small way, developing as the needs of the community become apparent; second, it should begin with educational work for the children, pref erably through a kindergarten, since the workers are thus brought into contact with the homes; third, its policy should be flexible, without distinction as to sex, race, or creed; and, fourth, it should be undertaken in a spirit of willingness to meet the demands for increased equipment and enlarged quarters as the work grows. Social affairs may be arranged by the welfare workers at no cost to the community, but the indications are that the most popular affairs are at least partly managed and financed by the people. In a large number of cases the most important day of the year, to the families as well as to the employees, is the field day or other outing in which practically every one participates. In the mining and steel communities the occasion is elaborately celebrated, with parades, first-aid contests, races, and other competitive events, penny scram bles for the children, and varied entertainment. Visitors attend from miles around, and the affair receives considerable notice from the p ress. In the southern cotton-mill villages the churches generally manage the annual outing, assisted financially by the mills. As a rule, several mills combine, and Independence Day is chosen for the festivity, which is not unlike a big Sunday-school picnic. Of the 42 cotton mills reporting, 15 have an annual gathering of this character. Christmas celebrations are reported in 29 cases. These range from the giving of baskets of provisions to needy families only, to the presenting of a ham, turkey, cake, basket of fruit, or $5 bill to each family in the village, and the setting up of a community Christmas tree, with instrumental music and singing and the distribution of candy, apples, and small gifts to the children. One company report ing has given to each of 4,000 children a pound of candy, an orange, and tw^o apples. WELFARE WORKERS. The character of the person charged with such welfare work as requires family visiting or other intimacy is of the utmost impor tance. Health, balance, courage, patience, sympathy, and infinite 134 WELFARE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES. tact are essential. The wisdom of this worker’s having a time and place on which no one may intrude, and occasional leave of absence for refreshing and stimulating contact with other social workers and w^ith the outside world, is imdoubted. There may be great harm in work done half-heartedly or in a haphazard way; consequently it is of first concern that the workers keep fit. The experienced welfare worker or nurse may be intrusted with a small relief fund not too closely scrutinized, and frequently may be consulted with advantage regarding proposed dismissals or other harsh measures. Where the labor turnover is considerable, she may, by her census of families, keep the management informed on many things of significance. Even when supported largely by outside agencies, such as a church mission, the worker should cooperate as closely as possible with the management of the industry. A tactful visitor to the homes may, through her knowledge of wages and income, suggest a wiser expenditure, more careful housekeeping, or— conversely—the retention in school of a child of legal working age, or the return to home work of an employed mother. She may interest the families in cooperative buying; stores conducted under this system exist in several of the industrial communities reported and cooperative buying of one or more articles of large consumption is practiced in many others. Work of great value is being done in teaching the nursing of the sick, the care of babies, the wholesome preparation of food, the economical making and repair of clothing, the cleaning and ven tilating of the home. The first and second named are universal needs, while ignorance of good cooking is especially prevalent among certain classes. According to the schedules, sewing is more generally taught than is cooking, perhaps because the latter requires a more elaborate equipment and frequently forms part of the publicschool work. A wider use of the sewing machine should be encour aged as more practical than handwork after the rudiments have been acquired, and young people can thus be interested in making simple clothing. ORGANIZING OF CLUBS. The clubs organized by welfare workers in the communities studied vary in character from the toothbrush brigade or the Blue Birds (girls too young for the Camp Fire) to civic organizations of no mean standing. One of the latter class is transforming a foreign colony in the Middle West which has had anything but a favorable reputation into a respected and self-respecting community. Married women’s clubs, though in successful operation in 20 cases among the southern cotton mills reported, are not easily managed. It is difficult to get busy mothers out, and some of them object to being SOCIAL BETTERMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES’ FAMILIES. 135 supervised by a woman perhaps their junior, probably unmarried, and almost certainly of another class than their own. Boys7 clubs are a problem everywhere. One Y. M. C. A. club house with three paid workers has temporarily abandoned its boys' room because the supervisors can not prevent rowdyism. The Boy Scout organization has hundreds of branches in industrial communi ties and these are a success in practically all cases. Manual training is always an outlet for youthful energy; first-aid teams are excellent, as is the work in gardens, described in an earlier part of this chapter. For girls, the field of sewing, fancy work, weaving, basketry, cooking, home making, nursing, child care, first aid, and surgical dressings is almost limitless. There are many branches of the Camp Fire organization, and gardening and canning clubs are numerous. One mill village in the South has recently opened a beautiful club house for its girls, the management here evidently believing, as $ superintendent elsewhere is quoted as saying, u Raise up a generation of fine girls and the question of the men will take care of itself.’7 INDEX. A. Page. Administration of welfare work..................................... •.................................................................. 118-124 Athletics and field days........................................................................................................................90-92 Auditoriums for use of employees........................................................................................................ 84 B. Baseball grounds................................................................................................................................... 90 Betterment activities, cost of, to the employers................................................................................ 118,119 Bowling alleys and game rooms........................................................................................................... \9,80 Building and loan funds.................................................................................................................... 114,115 Business libraries.................. ...............................................................................................................95,96 G. Cafeterias. (See Lunch rooms and restaurants.) Classes for instruction of employees...................................................................................................... 96 Clubhouses, different types of, examples of......................................................................................... 74-79 Clubhouse hours................................................................................................................................... 79 Clubrooms or clubhouses...................................................................................................................... 72 Clubs, organizing of........................................................................................................................... 134,135 Continuation schools.............................................................................................................................98,99 Cooking utensils. (See Lunch rooms and restaurants.) Cooperation with outside agencies, in welfare work.......................................................................... 122,123 Cooperative buying and discounts..................................................................................................... lit), 117 Country clubs....................................................................................................................................... 87-89 D. Dental and other special medical work, for employees........................................................................ 26 Disability funds, pensions, and group insurance.............................................................................. 103-112 Drinking-water systems........................................................................................................................39- 41 Drying apparatus.................................................................................................................................. 49 E. Education............................................................................................................................................. 94-99 Emergency hospital. (See Medical, hospital, and surgical treatment.) English, classes in, for foreigners........................................................................................................... 99 F. Field days and athletics........................................................................................................................90-92 First-aid crews, training of............................................................................. '..................................... 16 First-aid equipment.............................................................................................................................. 17,18 First-aid equipment, number of establishments having, with number of employees, by indusiries.. 15 Funds, benefit or disability: Establishments reporting, number of, with dues per month, etc.................................................. 191 Initiation fees.......................................................................................................................... . 104 Management of................................................................................................................................ 102 Membership in, forfeiture of........................................................................................................ 105-107 Membership in, physical examination required for....................................................................... 102 Membership in, required length of, before eligible to benefits........................................................ 103 Payment of benefit, and beginning of disability, time between.................................................... 104 Sick, accident, and death benefits paid, by industries................................................................... 106 Funds. (See also Pensions; Group insurance.) G. Group insurance: Conditions under which provided............................................................................................... 110, 111 Cost and scope of insurance plans............................................................................................... Ill, 112 Method of insurance........................................................................................................................ Ill Gymnasiums......................................................................................................................................... 80,81 H. Health measures for employees................................................................................................ 14-3S, 127-129 Hospitals. (See Medical, hospital, and surgical treatment) I. Indoor recreation...................................................................................................................................C8-86 Insurance. (See Group insurance.) K. Kitchens. (See Lunch rooms and restaurants.) 137 138 IX D K X . Page. Lectures and moving pictures.............................................................................................................. 84,85 Legal aid............................................................................................................................................ 115,116 Librariesj company...............................................................................................................................94,95 Living conditions, social betterment as to........................................................................................ 126,127 Locker and washing-up facilities.......................................................................................................... 42-52 Lockers and cloakrooms................................................... ................................................................... 46-48 Lunch rooms and restaurants...............................................................................................................53-67 Attendants required, number of..................................................................................................... 57 Cooking utensils, list of.................................................................................................................. 63, G4 Construction and general equipment............................................................................................. 01 Equipment.....................................................................................................................................G2-07 Establishments having, number of, by industries......................................................................... 54 Financial results........................................... . ............................................................................... 57,58 Free meals................................................... ' .................................................................................58, 59 General req nirements...............................................................................l.................................... 60 Kind of service............................................................................................................................... 55 Kitchens......................................................................................................................................... 61,62 Management of............................................................................................................................... 50 Menus............................................................................................................................................. 62 Methods of payment....................................................................................................................... 60 Milk stations.1................................................................................................................................ GO Prices, average, charged for food.................................................................................................... 60 Serving of lunches in workrooms, undesirability of....................................................................... 59 M. Medical, hospital, and surgical treatment: Absentees, systems of following up................................................................................................ 20 Cases treated, average number o£................................................................................................... 20,21 Company hospitals......................................................................................................................... 28,29 Cost of treatment to employees...................................................................................................... 29,30 Dental and other special work........................................................................................................ 26 Emergency hospital, standard, construction and equipment of..................... ............................. 21-20 Emergency hospitals, scope of work of...........................................................................................18-20 Fatiguing and monotonous occupations, relief i n ......................................................................... 35,36 First-aid crews, training of............................................................................................................. 16 First-aid equipment....................................................................................................................... 17, IS Medical fees.................................................................................................................................... 32 Physical examinations of new employees...................................................................................... 27 Physical examinations, periodic.....................................................................................................27,2 S Public hospitals, employees sent to, at company expense............................................................. 32 Rest periods................................................................................................................................... 33-25 Sick leave with pay........................................................................................................................ 38 Tubercular employees, treatment for................................................................................; ........... 31 Vacations and sick leave................................................................................................................ 30 Vacations, length of........................................................................................................................37,38 Vacations without pay......................................................................................................... r....... 38 Vacations with pay........................................................................................................................ 36,37 Menus. (See Lunch rooms and restaurants.) Milk stations. (See Lunch rooms and restaurants.) Music clubs among employees.............................................................................................................. 85, SO N. Nurses, trained, employment of.......................................................................................................... Nurses, visiting, object of, and number of visits.................................................................................. 19 123 O. Outdoor recreation................................................................................................................................ 87-93 Outdoor recreation facilities, number of establishments having, by industries................................... f-9 Outings for employees.......................................................................................................................... 92,9-3 P. Pensions: Classes of employees eligible for...................................................................................................... 103 Employees’ contributions to fund.............................................................................................. 108, U/9 Establishments reporting, number of............................................................................................ 10'S Rules and requirements, general.................................................................................................... 109 Special allowances.......................................................................................................................... 119 Physical examinations: Membership in disability funds..................................................................................................... 102 New employees.............................................................................................................................. 27 Periodic........................................................................................................................................ 27,2S Protection of health........... ............................................................................................................... 127-129 Public hospitals, employees'sent to, at company expense................................................................... 32 95 Public libraries, branches of........ ......................................................................................................... R. Reading rooms..................................................................................................................................... 93 Recreation and education.................................................................................................................. 129-133 Recreation parks...................................................................................................................................89,9j Rest and recreation rooms.................................................................................................................... 68-72 Rest and recreation roams, number of establishments having, with number of employees, by industries........................................................................................................................................... 70 Restaurants and lunch rooms. (See Lunch rooms and restaurants.) Rest periods..........................................................................................................................................33-35 Roof gardens......................................................................................................................................... 92 INDEX. 139 S. Page. Sanitary measures............................................................................................................................. 127-129 Sick leave with pay.............................................................................................................................. 38 Social betterment among employees’ families........................................................................■.......... 125-135 Social gatherings................................................................................................................................... 81-83 Surgical treatment. (Sez Medical, hospital, and surgical treatment.) Swimming pools.................................. ............................................................................................... 80 T. Technical and vocational education................................................................................ .................... 97, S8 Tennis................................................................................................................................................... 91 Thrift, encouragement of................................................................................................................... 113-117 Tubercular employees, treatment for................................................................................................... 31 U. Uniforms or other clothing, provision of..............................................................................................48,49 V. Vacations: Christmas savings funds, and......................................................................................................... 114 Length of........................................................................................................................................37,38 Sick leave, and................................................................. ; ............................................................ 36 Without pay................................................................................................................................... 38 With pay........................................................................................................................................ 36,37 Vocational and technical schools.........................................................................................................97,98 W. Washing-up and licker facilities............................ ............................................................................. 42-52 Welfare secretary, employment of........................... ......................................................................... 123,124 Welfare work, number of establishments reporting, and number of employees.................................. 119 Welfare work, present conditions under, compared with prior conditions....................................... 119-121 Welfare workers, character of......................................................................................... .................. 133,134 A D D IT IO N A L C O PIE S OFTHISPUBLICATIONMAYBEPROCUREDFROM THESUPERINTENDENTOFDOCUMENTS GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE WASHINGTON,D. C. AT 35 CENTS PER COPY V
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