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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Isador Lubin, Commissioner W ages, H ours, and W o rk in g Conditions in U nion Bakeries, June 1, 1939 ♦ Prepared by INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DIVISION FLORENCE P E T E R SO N , Chief Bulletin Tsfo. 673 U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE W A S H IN G T O N : 1940 For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, Washington, D . C, - Price 10 cents CONTENTS Page Preface________________________________ Average wages_________________________________________________________________ Distribution of membership according to hourly wage rates________________ Overtime rates____ ____________________________________________________________ Hours___________________________________________________________________________ Changes between 1938 and 1939______________________________________________ Scope and method of study___________________________________________________ Provisions in agreements______________________________________________________ Parties to agreements____________________________________________________ Duration of the agreements______________________________________________ Union status and hiring__________________________________________________ Wage regulations__________________________________________________________ Hours and leave provisions______________________________________________ Holidays and vacations___________________________________________________ Seniority___________________________________________________________________ Working rules_____________________________________________________________ Apprentices________________________________________________________________ Health, safety, and welfare______________________________________________ Adjustment of disputes___________________________________________________ Aids to enforcement______________________________________________________ Wages and hours in each city_________________________________________________ HI v ii 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 7 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 15 16 Letter o f Transmittal U n it e d S t a t e s D epartment B ureau of of L abor, L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , W a sh in g to n , D . C ., F eb ru a ry 1 0 , 1 9 4 0 . M a d a m S e c r e t a r y : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report covering a study made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of wages, hours, and other provisions in the union agreements for the bakery industry, as of June 1, 1939. This survey was under the general direction of Florence Peterson, Chief of the Industrial Relations Division, of the Bureau. F. S. McElroy was in immediate charge of both the field work and the preparation of the bulletin. I sa d o r L u b i n , C o m m is sio n e r . Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k i n s , Secretary o f L a bor. PR EFAC E The Bureau of Labor Statistics has made surveys of union wage rates and hours in the bakery trades each year since 1907. In the earlier surveys 39 cities were visited, and effective union rates were reported in 29. The number of cities visited was gradually increased. This report includes rate quotations from 60 of the 72 cities visited in 1939. The local unionization of bakery workers began as early as 1880, and assumed national character in 1886 when delegates from 17 cities met in Pittsburgh, Pa., to form the Journeymen Bakers’ National Union of America. Later, when its jurisdiction had been extended to include candy and ice cream makers, this organization adopted its present name, the Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ International Union of America. The Bureau’s surveys, however, have never included the candy and ice cream workers. The earlier bakery unions were composed of workers in small shops where most work was done by hand, and relatively few job distinc tions were drawn. With the growth of the factory-type bakery, the unions extended their membership to include the newly created occupations or divisions of old occupations. In recent years the tendency has been to include not only workers who actually prepare bakery products, but also other workers in the bake shops. This changing character of the industry and of its unionization is apparent in the gradually lengthening lists of occupations and union wage rates published from time to time as part of the Bureau’s studies. The earlier reports listed rates for only ovenmen, mixers, and benchmen, sometimes termed first, second, or third hands. The present report lists union rates for a great variety of occupations, including in some cases maintenance men, janitors, and elevator operators. The present report not only presents a study of the wage and hour scales of union bakery workers, but also includes a detailed analysis of the other provisions found in the agreements of bakery unions such as vacation and leave provisions, seniority and apprenticeship regula tions, and methods of settling disputes. I sador L u b i n , Commissioner o f Labor Statistics. F ebr uar y 1940. VII DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS IN UNION BAKERIES BY HOURLY WAGE RATES UNITEO STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Bulletin 7s£o. 673 o f the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics W ages, H ours, and W o rk in g Conditions in U nion Bakeries, June 1, 1939 A v era g e W ages The average hourly rate of union bakery workers in 60 cities was $0,769 on June 1, 1939. This represented an increase of 1.2 percent over June 1, 1938. The actual rates ranged from $0.25 per hour for woman novices in Portland, Maine, to $1,667 per hour for cake foremen under one of the New York City agreements. Wage payments under the bakery agreements are universally estab lished on a time basis. Agreements with large factory bakeries generally specify hourly rates, whereas those with the smaller shops specify daily or weekly rates. In order to achieve comparability, these daily and weekly wage scales have been converted to an hourly basis and are so presented throughout this report. The averages cited include all of the occupations specified in the agreements, except apprentices. Variations in the descriptive terminology applied to particular occupations and in the duties assigned to workers in the various classifications prevent the computation of averages by job classifications. D istrib u tio n o f M em bership A ccord in g to H o u r ly W age R ates Rates of $1.00 or more per hour were reported for 17.6 percent of the total membership. A considerable majority (73.2 percent) of the membership, however, were receiving between 40 and 90 cents per hour. Only 1.5 percent of the total membership had contractual rates of less than 40 cents per hour. The distribution of the member ship according to hourly rates is shown in table 1. 1 212973°— 40- -2 2 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES T a b l e 1 .—Distribution of union members in the bakery trades, by hourly rates, June 1, 1939 Classified hourly rates 1939 Average hourly rate__________ ____ ___________________ $0.769 Percent of members whose hourly rates were— Under 40 cents____________ ____ ________________ 40 and under 50 cents_______________________ _____ 50 and under 60 cents________________________ ____ 60 and under 70 cents_____________________________ 70 and under 80 cents______ ____ __________________ 80 and under 90 cents.................................................... 90 cents and under $1.00__________________________ $1.00 and under $1.10------------------------ ------ ------------$1.10 and under $1.20....... ........... ....................... ......... $1.20 and under $1.30___ _____ ____________________ $1.30 and under $1.40_____________________________ $1.40 and under $1.50.................................................... $1.50 and under $1.60________ ______ _____ _______ $1.60 and under $1.70-------------- ------------------------------ 1.5 13.2 13.6 15.5 16.3 14.6 7.7 5.0 3.3 2.6 2.2 2.4 1.4 .7 O v e rtim e R ates Time and one-half or time and one-third were most frequently specified as the overtime rates in the bakery agreements. The time and one-half rate was provided for 60.8 percent of the members and time and one-third for 25.2 percent. Generally any overtime work was discouraged except in emergencies, and frequently definite limitations were placed upon the amount of overtime per mitted. These restrictions ranged from 1 to 8 hours in any week, 2 to 4 hours being the maximum most frequently specified. The overtime rates provided and the proportions of the union membership to which each applied are shown below. N u m b er o f q u o t a t io n s No overtime rate provided______________________ 5 Straight time__________________________________ 52 Time and one-third____________________________ 259 Time and one-half_____________________________ 792 Double time___________________________________ 7 Specified amounts, not a multiple of regular rate__ 19 Overtime prohibited____________________________ 26 P ercen ta g e o f u n io n m em bers a f fe c t e d 0. 2 4. 3 25. 2 60. 8 1. 8 1. 1 6. 6 H o u rs, 1939 The average maximum workweek provided in the union agreements for bakery workers on June 1, 1939, was 41.6 hours. A 40-hour week was specified for 60.1 percent of the members; 44 hours were specified for 11.5 percent; and 11.6 percent were allowed 48 hours. A small group (0.1 percent) worked under 54-hour week provisions and, at the other extreme, a limit of 30 hours was specified for 0.3 percent of the members. CHANGES BETWEEN T able 2 .— 19 3 8 AND 3 19 3 9 D istrib u tion o f u n ion m em bers in the bakery trades b y hours p e r w eek , June 1, , 1 93 9 ’ Classified weekly hours 1939 Average weekly hours.. _____________________________ 41.6 Percent of members whose hours per week were— 30 hours______ _ __ __ __ 32hours________ ___ ___ _ _______ 35 hours_________________________ _______ _____ 36 hours____________ ____________________________ 373^ hours_______________________ _______ _______ 39 hours__________________________________ _____ _ _ _ 40 hours_____________________ ___ 42 hours___________ ______________________________ 44 hours_____________________________ _ ______ 45 hours______ ________________ __ ______ 47 hours_____________________________ __________ 48 hours___________________________________ _____ 54 hours_________________________________________ 0.3 .5 .7 3.0 .5 .2 60.1 3.3 11.5 8.1 .1 11.6 .1 Changes B e tw e e n 1938 and 1939 W a g e rates .— Nearly a fourth (24 percent) of the union members whose rates were reported for both 1938 and 1939 had pay increases during the year. The few rate reductions reported affected only 0.1 percent of the membership. The increases appeared in 185, or 22.8 percent, of the quotations which gave data for both years. Eight quotations, not quite 1 percent, showed decreases. The amounts of the increases reported ranged as high as 16 percent, although the number of advances exceeding 10 percent of the 1938 rates was comparatively small. The largest percentage increases were those of bakeshop helpers in Cleveland pie plants, whose rate rose from $0,500 per hour in 1938 to $0,580 in 1939, and of ovenmen in one Scranton, Pa., hand shop, whose rate rose from $0,375 to $0,438. Half of the members who benefited by rate increases received pay increases of between 5 and 10 percent, and nearly half received increases of less than 5 percent. Of the total quotations showing rate increases there were 92 indicating advances of under 5 percent, 87 of 5 to 10 percent, and 6 of 10 percent and over. N u m b er o f q u o t a t io n s Increase______________________________________ Under 5 percent__________________________ 5 and under 10 percent____________________ 10 and under 15 percent___________________ 15 percent and over_______________________ Decrease_____________________________________ No change____________________________________ 1Less than one tenth of 1 percent. 185 92 87 4 2 8 618 P e rc en ta g e o f u n io n m e m b e r s a f fe c t e d 24.0 11.8 12.0 .2 (*) .1 75.9 4 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES W eek ly hours v— Changes in hour scales during the year affected relatively few union members. Reductions in the maximum weekly hours were reported in 34 quotations, applying to 2.1 percent of the members for whom comparable 1938 and 1939 data were available. In three quotations increases in weekly hours were reported, but these increases affected less than 0.1 percent of the membership. For 97.9 percent of the members the workweek remained the same in 1939 as in 1938. N u m b er o f q u o ta tio n s Increase______________________________________ Decrease_____________________________________ No change____________________________________ 3 34 774 P erc en ta g e o f u n io n m e m b e r s a f fe c t e d (*) 2.1 97.9 1Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Scope and M eth o d o f S tu d y The wage and hour data summarized above are based on informa tion obtained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as of June 1, 1939. This study is one of a series of annual surveys started in 1907, cover ing union scales in various trades in the principal cities of the United States. The early studies included 39 cities. The coverage has been gradually extended and now includes 72 cities. Effective union agreements providing wage and hour scales for bakery workers were reported in only 60 of these cities in 1939. Agents of the Bureau visited 110 union representatives, obtaining 1,160 quotations of scales, 811 of which included comparable data for both 1938 and 1939. The union membership covered by these con tractual scales of wages and hours was 48,844, of which 40,021 were included in the reports which gave comparable rates and hours for 1938. A verages .— The averages and percentages of change given in this report are based upon aggregates which are weighted according to the number of members in the various local unions. Thus the aver ages reflect not only the actual rates and hours provided in the union agreements but also the number of persons presumably benefiting from these scales. The membership weights used in both of the aggregates from which the percent of change over the year was com puted are those reported for the second year. Changes in coverage.— In the previous studies relating to bakery workers, only those engaged principally in bread baking were included. The present study has been extended to include all types of baking and to cover all occupations included under the bakery unions’ agree ments. The averages given in this report, therefore, are not com parable with those shown in previous reports. As the percentages of change are based entirely upon comparable quotations for the two years considered in each report, they are not affected by changes in PROVISIONS IN BAKERY AGREEMENTS 5 coverage and may be compared with those in previous reports for the purpose of determining the trend of union wage rates and hours in the bakery trades. P rovision s in B a k ery A g reem en ts 1 The following discussion of provisions in agreements entered into by bakery unions and employers is not restricted to the agreements in the cities from which wage and hour data were obtained but is based upon all of the bakery agreements (175) in the Bureau's files. PARTIES TO THE AGREEM ENTS The bakery locals almost invariably sign their agreements with each shop separately. The agreements with small and medium-size shops are usually uniform throughout the locality, but those with the large factory bakeries frequently vary between shops. The agreements with the smaller firms are frequently negotiated with associations of employers. If no association of employers exists, the union usually consults with several employers before drawing up the agreement which it then asks each individual employer to sign. The agreements with factory bakeries are negotiated either with associations or separately with each firm. Frequently the associations do not include all of the employers. Under these circumstances it is customary for the union to offer identical terms to the nonassociation shops. About two-fifths of the agreements are negotiated with employers' associations. Two-thirds of these associations are permanent organi zations. The others are temporary groups assembled only for union negotiating purposes. About two-fifths of the associations include all of the union employers in the district; about one-fourth include 75 percent of the employers; and only about 5 percent include less than half of the employers in the locality. Approximately 10 percent of the agreements provide either that no more favorable terms shall be granted to any other employer in the district or that, if such terms are granted, they shall immediately become effective for all employers. DURATION OF THE AGREEMENTS The great majority of the bakery agreements are for a term of 1 year, with provisions for continuance pending the signing of a new agreement or in the absence of notice by one of the parties that its termination is desired. The standard termination clause specifies that the sanction of the international office must be obtained before the local union may request the termination of the agreement, and 1 In addition to wage and hour scales analyzed above. 6 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES that the terms of any new agreement consummated after the stated expiration date shall be retroactive to that date. UNION STATUS AND HIRING The closed sh o p . — Bakery agreements almost universally provide that union membership shall be a requisite for continued employment in the production departments of signatory shops. The membership requirement, usually expressed as “ members in good standing,” is sometimes amplified by a clause requiring the employer to discharge any worker who may be suspended or expelled by the union. W o r k in g e m p lo y e r s , fo r e m e n , a n d excluded e m p lo y e e s. — One-third of the agreements specifically provide that not more than one partner or official of a firm may work in the bake shop. A small number provide further that the working member of the firm must belong to the union. Generally it is specified that working employers must observe all of the working rules, including the restrictions on hours per day or week. In 1-man shops the owner is frequently required either to belong to the union or to employ a union member at least half time in order to qualify to use the union label. , Preference in obtaining employment by purchase of stock is fre quently denied through a clause prohibiting any member from going to work for a firm in which he owns stock, unless such employment is obtained in the regular manner through the union office. Foremen who regularly work with the product are included under the agreements. Those whose work normally is entirely supervisory are generally excluded. Packers, shippers, porters, janitors, and sometimes elevator opera tors are included, when such exist. Office workers and supervising officials are specifically excluded in many agreements, and are never mentioned in any of the wage-rate sections. As a rule, the coverage clause merely states that all of the occupations listed in the rate section of the agreement shall be subject to the provisions of the contract. U n io n h irin g . — Sixty percent of the agreements specify that all hiring shall be through the union office. In some it is definitely stated that the employer must accept the workmen sent by the union. A few stipulate that the employer’s request for a particular individual will be honored if he is available. Usually a clause is included pro viding that if the union is unable to supply the help requested, the employer may engage nonmembers upon condition that they make application for union membership within a specified time. The time limit is sometimes set as low as 24 hours, but is most frequently 2 weeks or a month. PROVISIONS IN BAKERY AGREEMENTS 7 A few agreements specifically permit the employer to hire anyone he chooses, but require that all nonmembers apply for membership within a short time after starting work. C h eck -o ff .— The check-off system of paying union dues and assess ments is not often found in the bakery agreements. Only 5 of the 175 agreements examined contain this provision. U n io n label .— Nearly three-fourths of the agreements contain pro visions regarding the use of the union label upon products of the signatory shops. The great majority of these make its use manda tory, about 15 percent providing that its use shall be optional. In all cases it is required that the labels be obtained from the union, except when permission has been granted to print the label upon wrappers, and it is definitely specified that ownership of the labels remains in the union. The fee for furnishing labels is most frequently set at 15 cents per 1,000 for plain labels, with slightly higher fees for those in color. Continued use of the label is usually made contingent upon strict observance of all agreement provisions. W A G E REGULATIONS S e x d ifferen tia ls .— Many of the bakery agreements specifically des ignate certain occupations, such as icing cakes or hand wrapping, as women’s work. Differentials in pay for identical work, however, are not found in any agreement. A few, about 4 percent, definitely prohibit such differentials. N ig h t d ifferen tia ls .— Most of the agreements do not distinguish between day and night work. About one-fifth specify somewhat higher rates for night work than for day work. Most frequently the night rate applies to work between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m., in some cases being applied to all of the work on any shift which either starts or ends between those hours. Some agreements specify a higher differ ential for work between midnight and 6 a. m. than for the hours from 6 p. m. to midnight. The differentials generally range from 5 to 10 cents per hour. T ra n sfer rates .— About 17 percent of the agreements, mostly those with the large bakeries, contain provisions regarding the pay of an employee temporarily working at an occupation not his own. Gen erally it is required that he be paid his regular rate or that of the temporary work, whichever is higher. Some agreements, however, provide that he shall continue to receive his regular rate, if the tem porary assignment is of only a few hours’ duration. Several agree ments require an employee who regularly performs work in more than one rate classification to be paid for his entire time at the rate of the highest-paid classification. A few specify that the classifica- 8 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES tion occupying 51 percent of an employee’s time shall determine his rate, and several provide that the highest-rated occupation requiring as much as one-third of his time shall establish his full-time rate. P a y g u a ra n ties.— Minimum-pay guaranties are frequently included in the agreements with hand and small machine shops. Agreements with the factory bakeries do not, as a rule, contain guaranties since the work in these shops is more regular. A few, however, provide for a minimum of 30 hours pay per week for regular employees. The guaranties for regular employees are most common in agree ments which provide higher pro rata rates for part-time workers than for regular workers. These guaranties are usually either pay for the full week or for 1 day less than a full week. Part-time workers are generally guaranteed a minimum for each time they are asked to report, ranging from 2 hours’ to 2 full days’ pay. A number of the agreements specify that any regular employee who works less than a designated time in any week must be paid at the part-time rate. A comparatively common provision in the agreements provides that should any law require that the agreed-upon working hours be reduced, this reduction shall be made without any reduction in the weekly pay. A similar protection against reduction in purchasing power is found in a few agreements, which provide that the wage scales shall be adjusted in the event of monetary inflation. Employees who, at the time of the adoption of the agreement, were receiving higher pay than specified in the contract, are usually protected by a clause prohibiting the reduction of their rates. S h a re-th e-w ork r u le s .— The equal distribution of available work in slack times is guaranteed in a number of agreements, especially with factory bakeries, which require rotation among the employees in each classification rather than lay-offs. A few agreements grant the union the privilege of restricting the number of days a member may work during slack times so as to insure rotation. W a g e p a y m e n t .— Nearly half of the agreements specify the day of the week which shall be pay day. The majority of these require payment in full for the week, including the pay day. A few allow the employer 1 or 2 days after the end of the workweek in which to make up the pay roll. Part-time workers are generally required to be paid at the end of each day’s work. About 10 percent of the agreements require wage payments to be made in currency. R o o m , board , a n d allow a n ces .— To discourage the old custom of bakery workers’ being required to accept room and board as part payment of wages, more than half the agreements covering hand or small machine shops contain restrictions upon this practice. In P R O V IS IO N S IN BAKERY AGREEM ENTS 9 most cases the workers are specifically prohibited from accepting pay in such form ; a few, however, merely state that it shall not be required that any member room or board with his employer. A few agreements specifically grant the employees the right to take designated amounts of the shop’s product for their own use. These allowances usually amount to about 20 or 30 cents’ worth of baked goods per day. Such provisions are most frequently included in agreements covering Hebrew baking. HOURS AND L E AV E PROVISIONS H o u r s p e r d a y .— The variations in the demand for baked goods on certain days of the week, and particularly just before holidays, neces sitates deviations from a uniform workday in some bakeries. This is most frequently true in the smaller shops. Nearly all of the agreements with the large factory bakeries specify an 8-hour day. The 8-hour day is generally designated as the normal day in the agreements with the smaller shops, but these frequently include a tolerance in the form of a minimum and a maximum number of hours that may constitute a workday, subject in all cases to the specified maximum weekly hours. In a few agreements particular days are named on which longer or shorter than normal hours may be worked. D a y s p e r w e e k .— The hand-shop agreements as a rule allow 6 days’ work each week. In machine shops the maximum weekly hours allowed are frequently less than in hand shops and the workweek generally is restricted to 5 or 5% days. O vertim e .— Generally the agreements specify a penalty rate, most frequently time and one-half, for work in excess of either the daily or weekly maximum hours. It is frequently provided that overtime shall be worked only in emergencies, and in a few instances overtime is prohibited entirely. Nearly a fifth of the agreements set the maximum amount of overtime that any employee may work during a week. The maximums range from 1 to 8 hours, 2 hours being specified most frequently. In a few cases it is provided that in extraordinary cir cumstances special permission to exceed the specified maximum may be secured from the union. A few agreements require that overtime be spread among all of the employees in the shop. R eg u la tion o f sh ifts .— Split shifts are commonly prohibited in the bakery agreemen ts by a provision that the working hours in each day be continuous. A few agreements specify that a designated number of hours must intervene between the time an employee finishes one shift and starts work on another. In some cases a day’s notice is required when an employer wishes to change a workman from one shift to another. 212973°— 40- >3 10 WAGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S L ea ve o f a bsen ce .— Leave without pay is not commonly provided in the bakery agreements. A few, however, allow an employee to take an occasional day off, upon advance notice, and one agreement permits & leave of absence up to 90 days. Reinstatement after an absence caused by sickness or injury is required in a number of agreements. HOLIDAYS AND VACATIONS A n n u a l va ca tion s .— Vacations with pay after a year’s continuous employment with one firm are provided in over half of the agreements. Generally, the vacation allowed is 1 week, although a few agreements provide that after a longer term of service (3 to 5 years) 2 weeks shall be allowed. Many of the agreements state that the employees must take the vacation and may not accept additional pay in lieu of the time off. Some agreements provide that vacations may be given at any time during the year, but more commonly the summer months are designated, and preference in the choice of time is granted to the employee oldest in service. A frequent provision, in agreements which specify higher rates for part-time workers than for regular employees, is that substitutes for men on vacation or absent because of illness shall be paid only the rate of the regular employees. H o lid a y s .— Nearly all of the agreements specify certain holidays that are to be observed. The number specified ranges from 1 to 10, 6 being most frequently listed. Those usually specified are New Year’s Day, Decoration Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Less frequently Lincoln’s Birthday, Washington’s Birthday, Armistice Day, May First, and various local holidays, such as Admission Day in California, are included. The agreements covering Hebrew baking generally specify certain religious holidays, the most frequently specified being Rosh Hashonah and Yom Kippur. Over half the agreements, including most of those that specify pay on a weekly basis, provide that the holidays shall be paid for at the regular rate. Generally it is provided that the maximum weekly hours allowed without overtime shall be reduced in holiday weeks. In a few cases it is provided that the employees shall work 1 or 2 hours additional on the day before a holiday without additional pay. This allowance usually occurs only when pay is specified on a weekly basis and no deduction is allowed for the holidays. Generally provision is made for necessary work on holidays, but only upon payment of a penalty rate, which is most frequently double time. Several agreements particularly specify that no work shall be done under any circumstances on the morning of Labor Day, so that no member shall be compelled to give up his participation in the parades or activities of that holiday. P R O V IS IO N S IN BAKERY AGREEM ENTS 11 SENIORITY Seniority provisions are included in about one-third of the agree ments. M ost of these relate to lay-offs and rehiring. A number of the agreements with large bakeries, however, extend the principle of seniority to include promotions. The application of seniority in lay-offs and rehiring is generally mandatory, but in the case of pro motions it is usually specified as a preferential factor to be given con sideration by the employer. In respect to lay-off and rehiring, the agreements usually specify that its application shall be within the respective classifications or occupations of employees. In the case of promotions, plant-wide seniority is to be observed. WORKING RULES Shop restrictions.— A common provision in bakery agreements restricts the work to be expected of any member to that of his own craft. This is generally expressed by prohibiting the employer from requiring members to load or unload trucks, or to perform any other work not directly connected with baking. A very small number of agreements specify the maximum number of batches of dough that a “ set” or crew shall be required to complete during a shift. Several machine-shop agreements specify the mini mum number of workers to be employed on particular machines or ovens, and a number provide for the periodic relief of workers on certain machines through exchange of jobs with other workers. Part-time workers.— Part-time workers in bakeries are termed “ jobbers,” and their wage rates are generally specified on a daily basis. Frequently the daily rate provided for jobbers is higher than the equivalent rate for regular or full-time employees. A number of the agreements define a jobber as one who is employed less than 4 days in any 1 week, and some provide that any regular employee working 7 days in 1 week shall receive the jo b b e d rate for the seventh day. Discharges.— About half of the agreements contain provisions relat ing to discharges. As discharge is customarily considered a matter which any member may request his union to take up as a grievance, only a small number of the agreements specifically state this as a right. Advance notice of discharge is required in most cases. The period ranges from 1 day to a full week. A few agreements specify that the notice shall be in writing and some require that a copy setting forth the reasons be furnished to the union. Failure to give the required notice is usually subject to a penalty amounting to the employee’s pay for the required period of notice. A number of agreements specify that no employee shall be dis charged other than at the end of the workweek, and a few covering 12 W AGES A N D HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S Hebrew baking prohibit discharges during specified periods before designated religious holidays. Very few of the agreements mention specific reasons for discharge, intoxication being the only cause listed in more than one or two agree ments. Relatively few agreements grant the employer an unrestricted right to discharge. In these cases the employers agree to exercise their right of discharge in a fair and just manner and to avoid arbitrary action. Quit notices.— All of the agreements that require advance notice of discharge place a similar requirement of notice upon employees who desire to quit their jobs. Failure to give this notice subjects the employee to a penalty equivalent to his pay for the required period of notice. APPRENTICES Only a very few agreements specify the term of apprenticeship, the manner in which apprentices should be trained, or the method by which their qualifications for journeymanship should be tested. In about half of the agreements a wage scale for apprentices is established, and in about one-third the maximum number of appren tices allowed in any one shop is specified. One apprentice to each shift is frequently the limit, although the majority of the agreements specify the allowance as a ratio to the number of journeymen em ployed. These ratios range from 1 apprentice to 3 journeymen, to 1 to 10 journeymen, with ratios of 1 to 4, 5, or 6 predominating. H E A L T H , S AFE TY, AND W EL F A R E In most cities the laws covering sanitation in shops which prepare food for the public are sufficiently strict to make the inclusion of such rules in union agreements comparatively superfluous. Nevertheless, over half of the agreements do contain provisions requiring the employer to maintain his shop in a sanitary condition. A number of these also require each employee to maintain his personal cleanli ness under penalty of union discipline. About a third of the agreements require the employers to provide adequate lockers. Cool drinking water, comfortable ventilation, dressing rooms, and washrooms are also required under a number of agreements. ADJUSTMENT OF DISPUTES TJnion-management negotiations.— About one in every five of the agreements contain provisions for the appointment of shop stewards. More than half of these provide that the steward shall be appointed by the union, some specifying that he shall be elected by the employees in the shop. In all cases it is understood or specifically stated that P R O V IS IO N S IN BAKERY AGREEM ENTS IS the steward is to be one of the regular employees of the shop. In most cases it is specifically stated that there shall be no discrimination against the steward because of his activity as such. Generally the.provision is for one steward in each shop. Occasion ally a steward is required only for the larger shops employing five or more workers. Some of the large factory-bakery agreements call for a steward in each department of the plant. In some of the factory bakeries there are shop committees to supplement and assist the shop stewards. The steward’s duty is to see that the agreement is observed and to report any violations to the business agent of the local union. A few agreements with factory bakeries authorize the steward to take up grievances with the lesser officials of the firm. In the majority of the agreements it is either implied or definitely stated that some union official, or the union’s adjustment committee, shall represent the employees in grievance discussions with the manage ment. Frequently, especially in the smaller shops, the specified union official is the business agent. The factory-bakery agreements more frequently specify a series of successive steps to be followed in reaching the settlement of a griev ance. A number specify that the steward and the aggrieved employee shall first present the case to the foreman and then to the superin tendent. If satisfaction is not obtained, the matter is then referred to the union officers who carry the discussion to the higher company officials. In a few agreements it is provided that the shop committee shall succeed the steward after he has contacted the foreman or superintendent, and that the union officers shall participate only when the committee has failed to reach agreement with any of the manage ment officials. Others of the factory agreements provide that the committee shall conduct all of the preliminary grievance discussions, the union officers assuming charge thereafter, if necessary. M any of the agreements impose time limits at various stages of grievance discussion. It is frequently required that grievances be raised within a specified time after the occurrence of the event to which exception is taken and, when a sequence of procedure is specified, a time limit is often imposed upon the discussion at each stage. A very small number of agreements specify that grievance discus sions shall take place outside of working hours. Generally, however, the time for such meetings with the management is not mentioned. Special handling of discharges.— M ost of the agreements do not pro vide specific regulations covering disputes over discharges other than those applying to ordinary grievances. A few agreements, however, definitely state that a discharged employee may appeal through the regular grievance procedure and a small number specifically state that discharge cases may be arbitrated if all other methods of settlement 14 W AGES AN D HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S fail. A few set a definite time limit on appeals from discharge and some require a written statement of the reasons for discharge so that the employee may prepare his defense. Arbitration.— Over half (99) of the 175 agreements, studied provide for arbitration. A majority (58) of these specify that arbitration shall be resorted to after all attempts at direct settlement of grievances shall have failed. The others make no reference to previous negotia tions. M ost of the arbitration clauses imply or specifically state that all grievances or disputes arising over the interpretation or application of the present agreement shall be subject to arbitration. Five agree ments state that disputes over the terms of succeeding agreements shall also be arbitrated. One agreement restricts arbitration to dis charge cases; one to new agreements only; and one excludes wages, hours, the system of substitutes, and the union shop from arbitration. The great majority of the arbitration agreements provide for the creation of temporary arbitration boards as disputes arise. Only 13 require the appointment of permanent boards. Nearly all of these are agreements with employers’ associations, covering all or most of the bakeries in a locality. In most cases it is provided that the arbitration board shall con sist, from the start, of an equal number of union and employer appointees, plus an impartial member who shall be chairman. Twenty agreements, however, specify that the board of equal union and employer members shall first attempt to reach an agreement and that the impartial member shall be appointed only upon their failure to settle the dispute. The impartial member of the arbitration board is generally selected by the other members who are appointed by the union and the employers. Some agreements provide that in the event of failure to agree upon the impartial member, he shall be named by a specified outsider, usually a judge or public official. A few agreements con tain only the reference to arbitration and do not specify how the arbitration board shall be constituted. Requests for arbitration may come from either party. A few agreements specify that such requests must be in writing. M ost of the agreements (66) having provisions for arbitration specify time limits. These include the requirement that each party appoint his arbitrators within a specified time after arbitration has been requested; that the impartial member be selected prom ptly; that each side present its case to the board immediately upon being called; and that the board render its decision within a specified time after the closing arguments have been presented. P R O V IS IO N S IN BAKERY AGREEM ENTS 15 Strikes and lock-outs.— Various restrictions are placed upon strikes and lock-outs in 71 of the 175 agreements. In 18 they are prohibited without reservation for the term of the agreement, and in 52 they are prohibited pending arbitration of disputes. Three agreements exempt general bakery strikes or lock-outs from the restrictions, and 16 specifically permit sympathetic strikes in support of other crafts employed in the same shops. In some cases a sympathetic strike is permitted only when the employer has refused to arbitrate with the other craft; two agreements specifically prohibit all sympathetic strikes. One agreement requires a week’s notice before a strike or lock-out may be called. Eight agreements provide that the employer shall not ask any union man to cross a picket line, and a considerable number require the employer not to furnish baked goods to any shop at which a strike or lock-out is in progress. In addition to the restrictions upon strikes incorporated in the agreements, each local union is bound by the restrictions contained in the constitution of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ Inter national Union of America. These provide that every effort possible must be made to settle disputes without striking, and that a strike may be called only upon the affirmative vote of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting called for the specific purpose of voting upon the strike. It is further required that every member of the local must have been given advance notice, either in writing or in person, of the time, place, and purpose of the meeting. Any local union desiring strike assistance from the international union is fur ther required to submit full details to, and to secure advance approval from, the international’s general executive board. AIDS TO ENFORCEMENT Nearly all of the bakery agreements require that a signed copy of the contract be conspicuously posted in each shop, so that its terms may be familiar to all workers in the plants. About four-fifths of the agreements specifically permit union offi cials to enter the shops to interview union members during working hours. Generally it is only required that proper credientals be shown. A small number require that the employer’s permission be requested. Four agreements specifically provide that pay-roll records shall be open to inspection by the union. Nearly all of the agreements, which include provisions concerning use of the union label, provide that this right may be withdrawn by the union upon the employer’s violation of any of the agreement terms. 16 W AGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S Wages and Hours in Each C ity The hourly wage rates and hours per week for union bakery workers in the cities covered in the survey on June 1,1939, are shown in table 3. T able 3 . — U n io n sca les o f w a ges a n d h ou rs in the b a k e r y tra d es , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d June 1 , 1939 June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week Atlanta, Oa. Company A :1 Mixers or ovenmen_______ _____ ___ _ _. ___ _____ Dividers, molders, or wrapping-machine operators. __ _____ Packers or bench hands.______ __________ _________ Machine catchers or general helpers. ____________________ Porters___ ___ _________ __ .. . __________ leers or wrappers, female______ __ _______ _________ Company B (crackers and cookies): Dough mixers, rate B __ ___ ___ ________ __ Machine captains _ . . . . . __________ Bakers or ovenmen . _ . ______ ____ Rollermen or stackers _ ____ ______ ___ Hot-pan men __ __ _ _____ ___ __-____ ________ Bakery helpers _ __ ___. . . ___ - _____- _____ Supervisors, female___ ________ __ ______ ____ Helpers, female _ _____________ _ ______________ _ Company C: Dough mixers - . . _______ _ _ ____________ Bakers - __ _________ _____________________ H elpers_______________ - _________________________ Packers or slicers, female. _____ _____________________ Baltimore, Md. $0.650 .600 .550 .500 .400 .375 .950 .900 .850 .800 .750 .700 .650 . 550 .530 .460 .580 .510 .400 .350 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Shop A:2 40 Ovenmen . _____________________ _ 1.000 40 .988 Shipping clerks _ _____ __- ___ ___ ____ __.956 40 Mixers __ __ ____ ___ __________ _ .863 40 Divider men. _ ______ ___ ___ ___ _ _____ __ ______ 40 Steam-box men _ ___ __. . . _ _______ .838 .763 40 Wrapping-machine operators or molders ______ ___ 40 Doughnut-machine operators or flour blenders ___ _ _ .750 .725 40 Pan greasers ________ _ _____ _ ___ ___ __ _ _ .713 40 Pan rackers. __________ _________ __ __ _____ __ .700 40 Material scalers, pan washers, or general bakery helpers---.681 40 Oven feeders _____ _______ ______ _ . _ ____ .675 40 Bread packers______ _ _ _ ______ _____ __________ .663 40 Molders’ helpers. ___ _ _ ____ __ .660 40 Porters _ _ _ _ . ______ ___ ________ ____ __________ .625 40 General or mixers’ helpers. ______ ____ _ _________ _ _ .619 40 Bread rackers _ _ _______ _________ _ . . . ___ .500 40 Doughnut packers, female________________ ... ________ Shop B :2 40 .775 Mixers ___ ____________________ - - ____ ____ .725 40 Divider men____________ ___ __ __ _________ Oven feeders, dumpers, or stock-room men. ... _ _ __ ___ .700 40 .625 40 Doughnut-machine operators or mixers’ helpers ________ .600 40 Molders ________ __ _ _ ______ __ .550 40 Molders’ helpers or steam-box men __ _ _______ .525 40 Bread packers, pan rackers, or greasers ._ __ ______ .375 40 Porters, general helpers, or doughnut packers, female_____ Shop C :2 3 40 .775 Mixers, dividers, or ovenmen _______ ______________ .700 3 40 Wrapping-machine operators____________________ ____ _ .675 3 40 Formulae workers________________ _ __ _ ________ _ .625 3 40 Oven feeders or dumpers.__ ______ ____ _______ ___ _ Steam-box men, pan rackers or greasers, molders, shipping 3 40 .575 clerks, molders’ or mixers’ helpers _ ______ _____ _ 3 40 .550 Flour blenders ______ _ __ __________________ .420 3 40 Pan washers _ ____ _____ ___ _____________________ .382 44 General helpers or porters_________ ___________ _______ 1 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service, or 2 weeks vacation after 3 years. 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 2 44 hours of straight time permitted. $0,950 .900 .850 . 800 . 750 .700 .600 . 550 . 530 .460 . 550 . 500 .400 .350 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 W AGES AN D T able HOURS IN EACH 17 C IT Y 3 . — Union scales o f wages and hours in the bakery trades , J une 1 , 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u ed June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Baltimore, Md.—Continued Cake:2 Mixers. _______ _____ _____ ______ ... . . . __________ leers______________ ______ _ ________ _________ Scalers or mixers’ helpers... _______ __________ _________ leers’ helpers____________ ______ ___________________ Wrappers, foreladies___ . . . . ___ ____ ___ ____ _ Pan greasers; oven helpers; clean-up men; wrappers, female. Hebrew baking: Union A: Foremen or ovenmen____ . _____ ____ _____ ______ Second hands________ _____ ____________________ Union B: Dough mixers____ ____... ______ ____ _________ Bakers, journeymen _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ Apprentices___ __ __ . ________________________ Helpers__________________________ _______________ Birmingham, Ala. Union A :2 Dough mixers______ _ _ _ _ .. ___ _____________ Ovenmen____________ ______ ___ __________ _______ Mixers’ helpers__ _______ ___________________ _______ Icing mixers or dividers _ _________________ ___ _______ Feeders and dumpers___________ ______ __ _________ Molders. _______________ _______ ______________ Bake-shop helpers or assistant head packers ______ _______ Wrapping-machine operators_______ __ _____ _________ Packers and order fillers ___ _ _ __________ ___________ leers and wrappers, fem ale_______ _________ __________ Beginners, girls, first 8 weeks___ ____ . __ __________ Machinists _ . _ _______________ _____________ Machinists’ helpers.. _______ ___ ___________ ___ _______ Utilitym en______ _ _______________________________ Garagemen _ __ _______________ __________ _____ Oilers _ __ ____________ ______ _______________ Porters and cleaners_______________________ ___________ Union B ‘, Head mixers__ __ _________ ________________ _______ Mixers, head rollers, or ovenmen, rate A________________ Dough rollers or ovenmen, rate B__ __ _____ ___ _ Cracker stackers___________ _ ________________ _______ Machinemen.. _ __ _____ ______ ____ __________ _ Icing mixers, scalers, or conveyor men_. __ _ Checkers, maintenance helpers, machine wrappers, packers, machine girls, cappers and baggers, wrappers _ Boston, Mass. Hand shops: Foremen. _ _ _ ____ ______ __________ Ovenmen or dough mixers _________ Benchmen__ _ ____ _____ _ _ ___________ Frosters_____ __ ________ ___ _ __ ... ________ Cleaners___ ____ ___ ____ ___________________ Head shipper. ___ ____ _ _________ __________ __ Assistant shipper. _ ______________ ________________ Machine shops: Company A :2 Mixers_____ ______ ____ ____ ___________________ Dividermen.. . _ _____ Mixers’ helpers, ingredient scalers, moldermen, or oven feeders. _ _ ________ _ ________ __ Flour blenders._ _ __ ______________ ________ ___ Wrappers Molders’ helpers, pan greasers, or rackers_ _________ Packers _ _____ _______ _ _ _ _____ Company B :2 Dough m ixers.___________________________________ Bakers, first class._________ ___________ _________ Doughnut men or ovenmen _ ___ ____ __ ____ Bakers, second class, or bench hands_____ ________ Scalers. _____ ____ _ ________________________ Bakers, third class, or helpers_______________________ Bakers, fourth class __ ___ _____________ Helpers, female. .................................................................. week vacation with pay after year of service. 44 hours of straight time permitted. 21 3 1 June 1, 1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week $0.864 .614 .477 .432 .386 .364 44 44 44 44 44 44 1.188 1.125 .729 .625 .521 .500 48 48 48 48 48 48 .650 .550 .505 .500 .475 .450 .400 .370 .350 .340 .290 .875 .550 .500 .400 .380 .350 .670 .500 .450 .420 .400 .380 .350 340 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 33 40 340 3 42 3 42 3 42 3 42 342 3 42 3 42 .833 .688 .625 .375 .354 .521 .458 .900 .780 .730 .680 .680 .630 .630 .833 .667 .604 .583 .542 .417 .375 .313 $1.188 1.125 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 .833 .688 .625 .375 .354 .521 .458 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 3 40 3 40 3 40 340 3 40 3 40 340 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 .880 .760 .710 .660 .610 40 342 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 .833 .667 .604 .583 .542 .417 .375 .313 340 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 18 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES T a b l e 3 . — Union scales o f wages and hours in the bakery trades , J u n e 1, 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e I , 193 9 — C o n tin u ed June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week Boston, Mass.—Continued Machine shops—Continued. Company C :2 Mixers___________________________________________ $0.735 Benchmen, divider or molder operators, mixers’ helpers, or ovenmen_____________________________________ .630 Molders’ helpers___________________________________ .600 Rackers and helpers, or pan greasers_________________ .525 All-round bakers__________________________________ .630 All-round bakers’ helpers___________________________ .550 Mixers and doughnut-machine operators_____________ .500 Helpers, female____________________________________ .350 Shipping: Wrapping-machine operators__________________ .630 Wrapping-machine floormen__________ _________ .473 Packers, strippers, and baggers, or porters................ .450 Company D :2 Mixers___________________________________________ .850 Benchmen________________________________________ .750 Dividers or moldermen_____________________________ .725 Flour blenders, ingredient scalers, oven feeders, or wrap pers________________________________ ______ _____ .700 Packers, mixers’ or moldermen’s helpers..... ..................... .650 Pan greasers, rackers, or helpers......................................... .600 Company E (cake): 2 Mixers or ovenmen________ ________________________ 8.650 Dough mixers or ingredient scalers...... .......................... 8.550 Stockmen, chute men, or helpers........................................ 8.500 Table heads______________________________________ .500 Cleaners, greasers, icers, wrappers, or packers........ ........ 8.400 Company F (cake): Chief ovenmen.................................................... ............... .690 Senior ovenmen or pie men__-----------------------------------.550 Ovenmen or benchmen_____________________________ .520 Ingredient scalers, icing mixers, or chief general helpers. _ .500 Assistant ovenmen-------------------------------------------------.480 Beltmen or general helpers_________________________ .420 Assistant pie men, beltmen’s helpers, stamp or class A girls-------------------------------------------------------------------.400 Beginners, less than 6 months_______________________ .370 Hebrew baking: Foremen_____________________________________________ 1.323 Second hands--------------------------------------------------------------- 1.219 Third hands_____________________ ______ ______________ 1.115 Buffalo, N. Y. June 1, 1938 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 48 48 48 $0. 735 .630 .600 .525 .630 .630 .525 .400 .630 .473 .450 .850 .750 .725 .700 .650 .600 8.650 8.550 8.500 .500 8.400 3 40 340 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 1.271 1.167 1.063 48 48 48 .771 .729 .375 .950 .875 .825 .775 .725 .650 .600 .575 .375 .875 .800 .750 .700 48 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 740 7 40 7 40 740 Union A Hand and small machine shops: Oven hands or mixers.......................................................... .771 48 Bench hands______________________________________ .729 48 Helpers___________________________________________ .375 48 Machine shops: Foremen_____________________ ____ ________________ 6.950 40 Oven hands or mixers---------------------------------------------- 6.875 40 Bench hands______________________________________ 6.825 40 Scalers------------------ ------------------------------------------------ 6.775 40 Ingredient stock men----------------------------------------------.725 40 Oven dumpers____________________________________ 6.650 40 Helpers, pan greasers, packers, checkers, flour dumpers and blenders, or porters__________________________ 40 6.600 Bread and pan stackers____________________________ 40 .575 Icers or wrappers, female_____ ____ _________________ 40 .375 Union B. —Machine shops: Foremen, bread.................................................................... ........ 740 .950 Foremen, cake________________________________________ 740 .900 Mixers, peel oven men, assembly men, or ingredient scalers. .800 740 Divider men, bench hands, or traveling-oven men________ .750 7 40 740 Machine or moldermen___________________ __________ .700 week vacation with pay after year of service, s 44 hours of straight time permitted. 48 hours of straight time permitted. 5 For first 5 years; 5 cents additional from 5 to 10 years; additional 5 cents after 10 years. per week increase after July , 1939. 42 hours of straight time permitted. 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 : 2 2 2 1 1 4 6 $1 7 2 WAGES AND HOURS IN EACH CITY 19 T a b l e 3 . — Union scales o f wages and hours in the b a k ery trades, J u n e 1, 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week Buffalo, N. Y.—Continued Union B. 2—Machine shops—Continued. Forewomen, cake__ ______ ___________________________ $0.675 Wrapping-machine operators, assembly or mixers’ helpers.. .650 Bench, oven, wrapping or slicing helpers, flour handlers, fried-cake-machine men, yeast doughnut men, checkers, orutilitymen________________________ _ ______ ... .600 Pan greasers, packers, or machine-hand helpers__________ .550 Roll wrappers, fried packers, icers or packers; female_____ .430 Elevator men. _ ___ ________________________________ .600 Janitors or warehouse men.......................................................... .550 Union C.—Biscuit workers: Baking department: Head mixers............................................................................ .850 Machine captain........................ ........................................... .840 Peelers------------------ ------------------------- ------------------.800 Sponge mixers, traveling or peel ovenmen.................... .770 Cuttermen........................................ ................................... .750 Sweet mixers or sponge rollermen_____ _____ _________ .740 Mixers’ helpers _. _ _ _________________ _________ .710 Sponge drawmen____________ _____________________ .700 Oven firemen........................................................................ .690 Scalers........ .............................................. .................. . .675 Clerks............... .................................................................... .670 Flour dumpers.................................................................... . .620 Icing department: Head mixers____________________________________ .770 Mixers.................... .............................................................. .720 Machine set-up.................................................................. .700 Machine men....................................................................... _ .650 W ork supervisors........ ...................................................... .560 Machine operators________________________________ .480 Packers, feeders or handlers________________________ .470 Clerks................... ............... .............................................. .510 Cone department: Mixers................................................................................ . .680 Supervisors or clerks....................................................... ....... .600 Bakers or packers................................................ ................. .550 Ritz baking: Machine captain................................ ............................... .780 Bakers_____________________ ___________________ _ .720 Mixers or rollermen________________________________ .680 Spray-machine operators, oven feeders, take-out men, scrapmen, spreaders, pan feeders, or stackers.. ____ .620 Packing department: Checkers or truckers___________________________ ... .620 Supervisors or repack girls________________________ .570 Sponge packers---------------------------------------------------- _ .520 Tally clerk------------------------------------------------------------.490 Handbundlers_______ __________________ _______ .480 Carton formers, hand; Q formers and stitchers, machine operators, retail store clerks, sweet packers, sealing and weighing, carton closers, or filling-machine operators-------------------------------- ------------------------.470 Shipping department: Loading foremen___________________________ ____ _ .770 A ssemblers................................ ............................................ .700 Carloaders........................................ ................... ................. .650 Porters................................................................................... .590 Warehouse department:2 Receiving clerks_____ __ -------------- --------- -----------.750 Paper stock men, elevator operators, or general......... . .670 Assembly department:2 Division head________________________________ __ _ .690 General assemblymen........... ............................................... .670 Cafeteria department: Cook________ . ... ........... ............................................. .560 Kitchen helpers or matrons..................... ............................ .450 Maintenance department: Machinist, 1st class........ ................... ................................... .950 .920 Painters........................................................... ........................ Electricians. __ __________________________________ * .900 week vacation with pay after year of service. 42 hours of straight time permitted. 21 7 1 June 1, 1938 7 40 7 40 $0. 675 .650 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 .600 .550 .430 .600 .550 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 740 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .850 .840 .800 .770 .750 .740 .710 .700 .690 .675 .670 .620 .770 .720 .700 .650 .560 .480 .470 .510 .680 .600 .550 .780 .720 .680 .620 .620 .570 .520 .490 .480 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .470 .770 .700 .650 .590 .750 .670 .690 .670 .560 .450 .950 .920 .900 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 W AGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S T a b l e 3 . — Union scales o f wages and hours in the bakery trades , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e I , 1 93 9 — C o n tin u ed June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation 2 2 Chicago, III. Union A: First hands, ovenmen, or spongers----------------------------------Second hands________________________________________ Helpers-----------------------------------------------------------------------Union B Retail bakeries: First hands___________________________ ____ ___ Second hands.. _ _____ _ __ --------------- __ Wholesale bakeries: First hands, ovenmen, or spongers________________ Second hands--------------- ----------------------------------------Union C Mixers, ovenmen, or divider men-------------------------------- Traveling-oven feeders, bench hands, or moldermen--------Traveling-oven dumpers_______________________________ Mixers’ helpers__________. .. __ ---------------------------------Bake-shop helpers_____________ ___ _______________ Porters__________ _________________________________ Pie-machine operators, female_____________ _______Bohemian baking: Small shops: First hands-------------------------- ------------------------------Second hands---------------------------- ----------------------------Large shops First hands... ------------- ---------. . . ------ ---------... Second hands_____________________________________ Greek baking—hand shops First class or ovenmen-------------------------------------------- -Second class, mixers, or bench hands____________________ Hebrew baking: Foremen or first hands----------------------------------------------- -Second hands. _ -------------------------------------------------------Third hands______________________ _____ ________ _____ Italian baking Hand shops: First-class ovenmen or mixers_______________________ Second class or benchmen_________________________ Machine shops: First class ovenmen or mixers. - __________________ Second class________ ... _____________ _____ ______ Polish baking Retail shops, South Side: Daywork: Foremen or spongers----------------------------------- — Second hands________ ____ ______ ____________ week vacation with pay after year of service. Minimum of 36 hours; maximum of 42 hours. 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 $0. 870 .850 .820 .800 .750 .720 .590 .550 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .750 .867 .822 48 48 45 45 37H 37^ Butte, Mont. 2 1 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week Buffalo, N. Y —Continued Union C.—Biscuit workers—Continued Maintenance department—Continued. Head carpenters___________ . ______ _____________ $0. 870 Machinists, 2d class___________ _______________ _ _ .850 .820 Maintenance___________ _ _ . _ _ _ _________ Carpenters’ or pipefitters’ helpers___________________ .800 Machinists’ and electricians’ helpers___________ _____ .750 Oilers. .................................... ................. ......................... .720 Sweepers__________________________ _____________ .590 Junior mechanics. __________ _______________ ____ .550 Polish and Hebrew baking: Day work: .775 First hands_______________________________________ .713 Second hands_____________________________________ Night work: First hands. . . . . ------------ -----------------------------------.880 .827 Second hands. _ . ------------------------------ ------- -------Foremen or doughmixers ....... ............................................. . -Ovenmen ________ _________ _ ... ___________ _______- Bench hands ................ .................................................................. June , 1938 .6 8 8 1.179 1.143 1.048 42 42 42 1.179 1.143 1.048 42 42 42 .900 .850 .700 48 48 48 .900 .850 .700 48 48 48 .833 .792 .850 .800 .800 .750 .700 .650 .550 .500 .460 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .833 .792 .850 .800 .800 .750 .700 .650 .550 .500 .460 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 48 48 40 40 48 48 48 48 48 .833 .771 : 2 : 9 : 2 : 2 .854 .792 1.025 .950 .646 .583 1.208 1.146 1 .0 0 0 8 8 .925 .646 .583 1.188 1.125 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 8 8 48 48 40 40 48 48 48 48 48 : 2 .631 .825 .758 48 48 40 40 .875 .750 48 48 .6 8 8 .631 .825 .758 48 48 40 40 .875 .750 48 48 .6 8 8 : 2 21 8 1 •Week vacation with pay after 2 years of service. W AGES AND HOURS IN EACH 21 C IT Y T a b l e 3 . — Union scales o f wages and hours in the bakery trades , J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e 1 9 1 93 9 — C o n tin u ed June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Chicago, III.—Continued Polish baking —Continued. Retail shops, West Side: Daywork: Foremen or spongers.................................... ................. Secondhands _________ ____________ Night work: Foremen or spongers____________________ ___ Secondhands_______________ __________ _ _ . Wholesale bakeries: Daywork: Foremen or spongers________ ____ ____________ Second hands________________________________ Nightwork: Foremen or spongers. ________________________ Second hands. _ ___________________ __ _ June 1, 1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week 2 Cincinnati, Ohio $0.896 .833 1.096 1. 033 48 48 48 48 $0.875 .750 48 48 1. 063 .938 1. 263 1.138 32 32 32 32 1.063 .938 32 32 .945 .863 .800 . 625 . 620 . 520 . 480 . 470 . 450 . 400 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .945 .863 .800 . 625 .620 .520 .480 . 450 .400 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .875 .813 48 48 48 48 48 48 .854 .792 .667 .833 .750 .667 48 48 48 48 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .820 .760 .710 .650 .600 .430 .820 .760 .710 .650 .600 .430 .700 .600 .500 .470 .380 .792 .750 .646 1.167 1.063 .875 .583 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 45 45 45 45 45 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 2 Foremen or first hands ____ . . . ___ ________________ Ovenmen or mixers__ _ . . . . _ ________ ... _____ _ Bench or machine hands. ... ... _______________ _____ . Helpers ... .. . _ _______ .. . _ _____________ ... ... Machine operators._ ________ ... _ ____________ _______ Packers or shippers ___ ____ _____________________ _ Chute men or machine helpers. _ ______________________ _. Utility helpers_____ ___ ___ ____ ____ _______ ___ Porters ___ _ ______ ___ _ ________ ________ _ _ _ Helpers, female____________ _____ ______________________ Cleveland, Ohio Hand shops Union A-Retail bakeries: First hands... ______ _____ _________ _ _________ Second hands__________________________________ _ Third hands_______________ ________ ________ Union B: First hands____ _______________________________ ... Secondhands__________ _________________ ... . Helpers.. _____________ __________________________ Machine shops Medium-sized shops: venmen, mixers, ingredient men, or cake decorators Bench or machine hands_________ _____ . . . ____ Mixers’ helpers____ _______ _______ __ _____________ Oven feeders, dumpers, or helpers_______________________ Bake-shop helpers or slicers. ____ _ __________ .. ... _________ _________ Bake-shop helpers, female. Larger shops Ovenmen, mixers, ingredient men, or cake decorators___ Bench or machine h a n d s._____... . Mixers’ helpers _______ _ _ . ___________ _____ Oven feeders, dumpers, or helpers.. . _________ _____ Bake-shop helpers or slicers __ _ _ _ ________ ____ Shop helpers, female ______ ... _____________ Pie makers Ovenmen, fruit cookers, or dough mixers _______________ Dough cu tters____ ____ ._ _____ ______ _______ Bake-shop helpers__ ____ .. _ _________ ____________ Machine girls. _ .. . __ _. . _______ ___________ . Wrapper girls. __ ____ _ _ ________________ __________ Bohemian baking: First hands ____________ _____ . ------------------ -Second hands------------ -----------------------------------------------Third hands ________________________ ____________ Hebrew baking: First hands ................ . . . ---------- -------------------------Second hands---------------- ------------------------- ----------------Bakers, cake.. ------------- ---------------- .. ------- .. Helpers.. ---- --------------. . . --------- . .. ........................ week vacation with pay after year of service. week vacation with pay after years of service. 2 cents per hour increase after June 12, 1939. 10 10 10 10 10 : 2 .6 8 8 .854 .771 .6 8 8 : 9 0 : 9 : 9 21 9 1 19 1 2 .850 .800 .710 .650 .600 .430 .820 .760 .710 .650 .600 .430 .730 .580 .580 .470 .400 .854 .792 44 44 44 44 44 48 48 .6 8 8 48 1.244 1.133 .933 .644 45 45 45 45 22 T able W AGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S 3 . — Union scales o f wages and hours in the bakery trades, J u n e 1 , 1 93 8 , and J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u ed June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week , Dallas Tex. Hand shops: Foremen-,-_______ ___________ ____ __________________ Helpers____________________ _____ ___________ _________ , $0.875 .625 48 48 .740 .690 .530 44 44 44 .833 $0.875 .625 48 48 .833 .896 .750 48 48 48 48 .975 .880 .825 1.050 .955 .900 1.013 .918 .938 .894 .871 .653 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 48 48 48 48 Davenport Iowa (See Rock Island (111.) district.) Dayton, Ohio Mixers_____________ _ ________ _____________________ Ovenmen or machine men _ ___________________________ Helpers, porters, or clean-up men_____________ _____________ Denver, Colo. Hand shops: Day work: Foremen__________________________ _______________ Bench or machine hands___ ______ _____________ Night work: Foremen. __ _________ _____ ______________________ Machine operators_________________________________ Machine shops: Day work: Forem en___________ ______ _________________ Dough mixers or ovenmen ___ _ ___ _ _______ Bench or machine hands________________ ________ Night work: Foremen __ _ ______________ _ __ _____________ Dough mixers or ovenmen__________ ____________ Bench or machine hands____ _____________ _______ Part day and part night work: Forem en__________ _________ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ Dough mixers or ovenmen_________ _ ______ ______ Hebrew baking: Foremen _ ____ _ _ _ ___ ____ _______ Second hands_____________ _ __ - - - _________ Bench hands_______ ________ _________ . ___Helpers___________ ___________________________________ .896 .750 48 48 48 48 .975 .880 .825 1.050 .955 .900 1.013 .918 .938 .894 .871 .653 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 48 48 48 48 Hand shops First hands or foremen_____________ _____________ _ __ Second hands___________________________ ___________ Third hands or helpers___________________________ _____ Machine shops: Foremen _____ ______ _______ ____________ _ Dough mixers, ovenmen, pan setters or dumpers. _______ Benchmen___________ _____________________________ Machine men_________ _____________________________ Helpers or pan greasers_______________________ ______ Hand wrappers or packers __________ __________ Biscuit: Peelers _ _ __________ ______________ _ ________. Mixers - __________ _______- _____________________ Rollers or feeders. ____ _________________________ _ Stackers _________ .. - . _____________________ .604 .542 .850 .750 .700 .650 .575 .525 .700 .650 .590 .580 Des Moines, Iowa .6 8 8 : 2 .6 8 8 48 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .6 8 8 .6 8 8 .604 .542 .850 .750 .700 .650 .575 .525 48 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 Detroit, Mich. Union A 2—Machine shops: Mixers or senior bakers___________________ ____________ Bakers, mixers’ helpers, dividers, twisters, panners, friedcake men___ ... ______ _ _________ ___________ Stockmen, flour blenders, make-up helpers, wrappers, ship ping clerks.. ............. . ---------- ---------------------------------Pan cleaners___ ______________ . . . ___________ . . . _____ Fried-cake helpers, wrapper girls, bakers’ helpers, female.. Union B: Mixers or ovenmen__ __________ ____________________ Blenders, scalers, dividers, molders, mixers’ helpers, benchmen, oven feeders or dumpers._________ . ______ Helpers, m ale.._ ._ ... ___________ __________ _____ Helpers, female............................................................................ week vacation with pay after year of service. 21 1 .800 .750 .700 .650 .550 .800 .700 .550 .450 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 .800 .750 .700 .650 .550 .800 .700 .550 .450 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 23 WAGES AND HOURS IN EACH CITY T able 3.— U n io n sca les o f w a g es a n d h ou rs in th e b a k e r y tra d es , J u n e J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — Continued June 1,1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Detroit, Mich.—Continued Cake, pie or cookies: Dough mixers_________________ _______________ _______ Flour blenders, ingredient scalers, icing mixers, dividers, peel ovenmen, or benchmen_______________ ____ ______ Helpers, male_________ ____ ________. . . _______________ Helpers j female_________ ____________ ____________ _ . Hebrew* baking: First hands: ovens________________________ _____ ____ __ .. __ oven. ______ _____ ______ ___________ ______ Second hands________ _____ _________ _________ __ Helpers.. ... ___________ __ _______________ _______ Balrers (cake)__ _________ ____ _ _______ ______ ___ Polish baking: First hands, ovenmen or mixers_____________________ Second dough mixers__________ ________ _____ ____ _ Second hands or benchmen. _ _ __________ __________ Third hands_______. . . ____ ... _. _________ _________ 1, 1 9 3 8 , a n d June 1,1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week $0.800 .700 .550 .450 44 44 44 44 $0,800 .700 .550 .450 44 44 44 44 1.400 1.356 1.289 ii. 667 1.356 .958 .875 .813 . 521 45 45 45 45 45 48 48 48 48 1.400 1.356 1.289 .667 1.356 .958 .875 . 813 .521 45 45 45 45 45 48 48 48 48 Daywork: Foremen.. _____ _ ____ ___ ______ _____________ __ Dough mixers, or ovenmen_______________ ___ ____ ____ Bench hands 1 _______ _ _ ______ ___________ Machine men _ __ _ _ _____________ __ __ ._ _ ____ Helpers (after year)_____ _ ___ _________________ Night work: Foremen_____ _ __ _ ___ _________________ ___ _ Dough mixers or ovenmen. _______ _____ ________ _ Bench hands __ __ ____ _______ __ _____ _ Machine men. __ _ ______ _________ _____ _ ___ Helpers (after year)______ ___ _________ ________ _ .910 .800 .750 .625 .985 . 875 .825 .763 .700 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .910 .800 . 750 . 625 .985 . 875 .825 .763 . 700 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Ovenmen or mixers__ ___ _____ _ _ ___________ __ Bench or machine men __ _ __ _____ ________ __ Men-in-charge, wrapping machines. _ _ _ ________ __ ... _ Bake-shop or oven helpers, slicing machine operators.____ _ __ .650 . 550 . 500 .450 44 44 44 44 .650 . 550 .500 .450 44 44 44 44 .813 .646 .604 .705 .659 .580 .568 48 48 48 44 44 44 44 44 .841 .659 .614 .534 .523 44 44 44 44 44 .700 . 650 .625 .500 . 700 .600 .450 .700 .650 .500 .450 .450 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 44 .700 .650 .625 .500 .700 .600 .450 .700 .650 .500 .450 .450 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 44 2 1 Duluth, Minn. 1 1 Erie, Pa. Houston, Tex. Handshops: Foremen_____ ________ ____________ ______ ____ Dough mixers or ovenmen. _ _ _______ _______ Benchmen__________ ____ _____ _ ______ ____ Machine shops: Foremen ______ ___________ . .. __ ____ Dough Imixers, ovenmen or spongers____________________ Counters, bench or machine men __ ___________ ______ Wrappers _. ____________ _ _________ ________ Helpers ___________________________________________ _ 2 .6 8 8 2 Indianapolis, Ind. Union A: Company A: Bread shops: Dough mixers. ______ _______________ _ ._ .. . Ovenmen, divider or molder operators___________ Oven dumpers, mixers’ helpers, wrapping-machine operators.__________________________________ Helpers, rackers, greasers, or relief men________ _ Cake shops: Mixers or ovenmen__ ______ _________________ Bench or machine hands________________________ leers or wrappers. ________________________ Roll shops: Dough mixers, ovenmen or first bench hands ____ Second bench hands____________________ _____ Helpers. _ _ ____ _____________ ____________ leers or wrappers_____ ___ ___ ____ _ __________ General helpers: Stock room, porters, or pan washers... 21 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 11 $3 per week increase after Sept. 1,1939. .8 8 6 .6 8 8 24 WAGES AND HOURS IN UNION BAKERIES T able 3.— U n io n scales o f w a g es a n d h ou rs i n th e b a k e r y tra d es , J u n e J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — Continued June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Indianapolis, Ind.—Continued Union A—Continued. Company B: Bread shops: Mixers, ovenmen, or oven operators_____________ Oven feeders, dumpers, bench or machine hands, head wrappers or slicers_______________________ Bake-shop helpers, wrappers, or packers__ _____ Assistant head' checkers_____ ___ __________ Flour dumpers_____ __ _____________________ Porters __ ___ _______________ _ _ ______ Cake shops: Cake mixers or assistant foremen, _________ _ __ Pastry mixers, bench or oven hands, _____ Wrappers or icers, female; panboys, helpers, or doughnut-machine operators.. _ __________ . Company C: Mixers, molders, or dividers,____ _________ _ _ _ Stock-room men______ _ _____ __________ _ , Traveling-oven men, rate A ________ ______________ Traveling-oven men, rate B, or mixers’ helpers_______ Wrapping machine operators_______ _____ _______ ______ Bake-shop helpers, __ __ Bread rackers or slicing-machine operators____ ____ Porters ______ __________ _______ _ __ _ Union B: Foremen.. _ _________ ___ _ ____ _____ _ ___ Mixers or ovenmen... ________________ ________ _ Help-out-jobs__________________________________ ___ Benchmen or machinemen_______ ____________________ Jacksonville, Fla. Bread shop: Mixers or head ovenmen ____ _ _ _________ Molders, dividers, or wrappers _ _ _____ Dumpers, panners, rackers, or greasers__________________ Porters_____________ ____ _______ _________ _____ Cake shop: Mixers _ _ _________________________________ Wrappers or icers, female _________ ___________________ Kansas City, Mo. 1 938, and June 1, 1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week .750 is .550 .700 .682 .600 .620 .550 .500 .409 .950 .850 .800 .750 40 40 40 40 3 40 40 3 40 3 40 40 3 40 44 3 40 40 40 40 40 44 48 48 48 48 .600 .550 .450 .400 .600 .300 40 40 40 40 40 40 $0. 850 .750 .655 I2.650 .600 .550 1 .0 0 0 .6 8 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Union A (bread): Daywork: 40 Foremen_____________ __________ _____________ _ 1.063 40 Mixers, spongers, ovenmen, or drawers_____________ .975 40 .913 Bench hands_______ _ __ _______ _____________ 40 .450 Helpers, male.. ________________________________ 40 .400 Helpers, female____________ _ _ ________ _ __ __ __ Night work: 40 Foremen_________________________ _ ____________ 1.188 40 Mixers, spongers, ovenmen, or drawers_________ _ _ _ 40 Bench hands. _______ _______________ ______ __ 1.038 Union B (crackers and cookies): 44 Machine captain. ______ ___ ______ _____ ________ _ .850 44 .790 Mixers. ___________ ______________ _ ____ ____ 44 .780 Peelers __ __________________ _______________________ 44 Bakers. ________________ _____ ____________ _______ .750 44 Rollermen .. . ______ ______ _ ______ ___________ .730 44 Cuttermen, drawmen, or spongers _______ __________ _ .720 44 Mixers’ helpers or dough feeders. _ ___ ______ _______ _ .670 44 Flour dumpers or stackers ___ __ __ ___ .620 44 Pan cleaners, sweepers or conveyormen__ _ .570 Icing department: Mixers ___________ _ _ ____ ___ _ _ _____ _ .670 44 44 Mixers’ helpers _ _ ____ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ .650 44 Working supervisors, female _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .600 44 Helpers, female _ _ ___ _ ________ __________ ___ .440 Cone department: .720 Machine captain or bakers___________ _ _ _ _ 44 .670 44 Mixers_______________ ___________ _______________ .570 44 Packers__________________ ____ _______________ ... 3 44 hours of straight time permitted. 12 5 cents per hour increase after June 10, 1939. is 10^ cents per hour increase, after June 10,1939, for doughnut-machine operators. I, 1 .1 0 0 $0.850 .750 .655 .650 .600 .550 1 .0 0 0 .750 .550 .700 .682 .680 .600 .620 .550 .480 .409 .950 .850 .800 .750 1.063 .975 .913 .450 .400 1.188 1.038 1 .1 0 0 3 3 40 40 40 40 3 40 40 40 3 40 40 3 40 44 40 40 40 3 40 40 44 48 48 48 48 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 25 WAGES AND HOURS IN EACH CITY T able 3.— U n io n scales o f w a ges a n d h ou rs i n th e b a k e r y tra d es , J u n e J u n e I, 1 9 3 9 — Continued June 1,1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Kansas City, Mo.—Continued Union B (crackers and cookies)—Continued. Packing department* Supervisors (working)____________________ _ ... ___ Sealers or weighers._ __ ________ _ __ __ _____ _ Sponge packers ______________ __ ... ______ _ Helpers^ female________________ _ _________ Union C (crackers and cookies): Sponge baking: Machine m en.__ __ _ __ _ ________ ____ ______ _ Head mixers___ _ ___ ________ _____ _________ Peelermen_____ ___ _ __ __ . Rollermen or relief rollermen__ _ ____ Ovenmen or night mixers _____ __ ____ ___ _ Helpers _ __________ __ _ _______ Overmen’s helpers_____ ___ _ _. Reliefmen, while on floor_____ _ _ _ _ Pan boys______ __ _______ _ ___ __________ _ Floormen_____________ _____________ __ _______ Sweet side baking: Machine men__ ______ _ _____ __ __ __ ___ Head mixers .. _________ ____________ __ _ Ovenmen or assistant mixers __ ___ _______ _ __ __ Helpers _ __________ __ __ _ ___________________ Dough feeders___________ _______ ______ _______ Reliefmen __ _________________ ____ _________ Pan feeders or fig grinders._ __________ _ ____ __ Pan greasers___________ ____ __ _____________ _____ Hebrew baking:2 Foremen_______________ ___________ _ _ __ ------------Mixers, ovenmen, or drawers... ___ ______________ _____ Benchhands______ _________________________ Little Rock, Ark. Bread shops: Mixers or ovenmen_____________ ____________________ Head checkers______ ____ _______________ ___ _ _ Dividers. _ ___________. . . ____ _________________ _ Benchmen, molders, or machine operators _____ __ _ __ Stock-room clerks. __________ _ _ _________________ Assistant checkers__ _ __ __. ___ ___ _ _ Wrapping-machine operators __ _ ___ __ __ _ _ Tw isters_____ _ __________ ____ ______ __ Helpers (after 6 months)------------ -------------------------------Cakeshops: Mixers __ ____ ___ ______ ___________________ Ovenmen, ingredient men or scalers________ __________ Helpers __ __ _ ___ _______ _____ _ Los Angeles, Calif. J, 1 9 3 8 , and June 1, 1938 Rates of Hours Rates of Hours wages wages per hour per week per hour per week $0.620 . 570 .480 .460 44 44 44 44 .830 .818 .750 .720 .700 .650 .630 .575 .550 .500 .830 .780 .700 .650 .595 .570 .550 .500 .927 .854 .802 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 48 48 48 .750 .750 .700 .650 .625 .600 .600 .550 .500 .620 .550 .450 1 440 i*40 u 40 40 14 40 14 40 40 14 154 0 14 1440 $0.989 .911 .856 45 45 45 .750 .750 .700 .650 .625 .600 .600 .550 .500 40 48 40 40 40 48 40 40 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 Union A (bread):2 Hand shops: 17. 909 44 .909 Dough mixers. -------------- ------ ------- ----------44 .864 Ovenmen... _______ ____ _ _________ . . . __ __ 17.864 44 17. 773 .773 Benchhands------------------------ ----------------------------Machine shops: 1.050 40 Foremen__________________________________________ 1.050 1.000 40 Dough mixers--------------------------------------------------------- 17 1. 000 17.950 40 .950 Ovenmen______________ _ ------- -- . . . ___... ... .850 40 Machine or bench hands__________ __ . . . _____ . 17. 850 40 .750 Mixers’helpers___ _____ _ ... ._. _ _ _ _ _ _ ------ 17. 750 .700 40 Machine men or checkers--- -- ---------- _ __ . ... 17. 700 17. 675 .675 40 Machine or bench hands’ helpers----- --------- _ _ ____ .600 40 Helpers------------------------------ -------------------------------- 17. 600 17. 600 40 Pan wash firs or greasers Union B (crackers):2 Mirers or maniline men __ _ __ .963 40 40 .913 Peelers, ovenmen, or relief men __ _____ 40 .848 Rollermen _ . __ ___ ____. _ _ _ 40 .815 Mixers’ helpers_____ ______________________ -- ---- -21week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 14 Minimum of 40 hours; maximum of 44 hours. 45Minimum of 40 hours; maximum of 48 hours. 16Minimum of 36 hours; maximum of 44 hours. 17$2 per week increase for male employees; $1 increase for female employees after July 9,1939. 44 44 44 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 26 T able WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e i , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week $0. 750 .618 40 40 . 530 .495 .455 40 40 40 1. 313 1.188 40 40 $1.313 1.188 40 40 Machine shops: F o rem en ... _______ . . . . . . . . . . _______________ ___ Ovenmen, mixers, or spongers. _ _ _____________ __________ M a c h in e m e n ._____ _____ . . . _____ ______ ______ __ __________ Bench hands__________ . . . __________ _____ _____________ . . . Helpers. ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ .938 .838 .813 .784 .675 48 40 40 40 40 .938 .838 .813 .784 .675 48 40 40 40 40 M a n ch ester , N . H . Bread shops: Foremen_________________________________________ . . . _______ Second hands......... ............ . . . . . . __________ __ _________ __ _ Bench h a n d s ___ ______ _______________________________________ .792 48 48 48 .792 .625 .688 .625 48 48 48 . 563 .375 .313 40 40 40 . 563 .375 .313 40 40 40 .830 .750 .730 .650 .700 .550 .460 .430 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .880 .830 .760 .750 .730 .650 .700 .600 .460 .570 .530 .460 .430 .660 .630 .580 .625 .550 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 44 44 .771 .667 .625 .583 .521 48 48 48 48 48 .771 .667 .625 .583 .521 48 48 48 48 48 .925 .800 .750 .625 40 40 40 40 .925 .800 .750 .625 40 40 40 40 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week L os A n geles, Calif .— Continued Union B (crackers)2— Continued. Warehousemen and all other helpers in baking shops.......... Truckers or general h elp ers_______________________________ Females: Supervisors_______________ _____ ______________________ _ Packers or bundlers _ ______ ___________ _______ _____ __ Scalers, carton formers, or sweet packers________________ Hebrew baking: First hands___________ ________ __ ___ ______________________ Second hands_________________________________________________ M a d ison , W is. .688 M e m p h is, Ten n. Bread shops: Mixers, ovenmen, second hands, bench hands, or machine men . . ______ ___ ________ __ _______ _ _ _____ Helpers_______________________ ________________________________ Wrapping-machine operators, female.__ _ . . . _______. . . Cake shops: . ___ Machine captain__ _____ __ „ ____________ __ P eelers__ __________________ . . . ____________ __ _ __ __ _ Ovenmen, rate A _______________ __ _____ _______ ____ _______ Ovenmen, rate B __________ __ _ _ ______ ___________________ Rollers __________ __________ ____ ______ _____ ________ __ Pan greasers, bake-shop helpers___ ________________ _______ Packers, rate A ________ _________ ______ ____ _____________ Packers, rate B ______ ________ ________ ____ _______ ___ _____ Cracker shops: Head mixers ____ __ __ ________ _____________________ _ . Machine ca p ta in ___ _____ __ ________ ______ ______ __________ Sponge setter, second man . _________ ____ _________ __ __ Peelers or assemblymen _____ _______ _____ ________ __ _ _ Ovenmen, rate A ____________ ______________________ ______ __ Ovenmen, rate B ____________ _______ __________ _________ Rollermen __ ___________________ ____ . . ___________ _____ _ _________ Helpers, rate A __ _______________ ________ __ Helpers, rate B _ _ _____ __________________________________ Assemblymen’s helpers ___________ ____ _______ _____ __ . . . Packers, floor ladies._ ______________________ __________ . . Packers, female, rate A ____ ______ __ _______ ________ ______ Packers, female, rate B ____ ___________________________ ______ Head warehousemen. __________ ________ __________ _______ Warehousemen, rate A ___________ _________ __ _____ _____ Warehousemen, rate B ___________ ____ ____ ____________ ____ __ Head shippers . ______ __ __________________ . Shippers (cake and crackers)__ ____ _______________________ _ M ilw aukee, W is. Hand shops: Foremen___________ . . . ___________ _____________________ . . First bakers___________________________________________________ Second bakers __________ __ _______________________________ . Third bakers______________ __ _______ . . . _______________ Helpers---------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------------Machine shops: Foremen.----------------------------------- --------------------------------------- . . Mixers or ovenmen, class 1 . . . ---------- --- ----------------... . Bench hands or ovenmen, class 2-----------------------------------------Helpers______________________________________________ _________ 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. * 44 hours of straight time permitted. W AGES AND HOURS IN EACH 27 C IT Y T a b l e 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, 1938 June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $0. 872 .787 .702 47 47 47 $0. 872 .787 .702 47 47 47 .902 .817 .732 47 47 47 .902 .817 .732 47 47 47 .844 .711 .667 45 45 45 .844 .711 .667 45 45 45 .935 .785 7 40 7 40 .900 .750 7 40 7 40 .735 .680 .575 7 40 7 40 7 40 .700 .650 .550 7 40 7 40 7 40 1.354 1.250 48 48 1.354 1. 250 48 48 1.050 .925 .775 .675 .625 .575 .425 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.050 .925 .775 .650 .600 .550 .425 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.354 1.250 48 48 1.354 1.250 48 48 .750 .713 .675 48 48 48 .750 .713 .675 48 48 48 1.083 48 48 48 1.083 .625 .625 48 48 48 .635 .593 .530 .500 .450 .350 48 48 48 48 48 48 .625 .583 .520 48 48 48 1.000 40 40 40 1.000 40 40 40 Hours per week M ilw au k ee, TFis.— Continued Hebrew baking: D ay work: Bench hands, first ----------------- ----------------------------------Bench hands, second- _ ________________________________ Bench hands, third_________________________________ _ _ Night work: Bench hands, first________________________________________ _______________________________ Bench hands, second___ Bench hands, third ___ __ ___ _ ____________________ M in n ea p olis , M i n n . Hand shops: Foremen___ __ ___ __ _ ___________ _ ------------ - . . . Mixers or ovenmen______ _________ _ ___ ______ __________ Bench hands __ _______ _________ _____________ __ Machine shops: 2 Foremen ___ __ _ _ _ ________________ - _. . _ ___ Sponge and dough mixers, ovenmen, or oven operators. _ __ Bench hands, dividers, molder men, automatic-bun-machine operators_____ ____ __ . . . ---------------------------------- -Dough-room men or traveling-oven feeders or dumpers. __ . Twisters, molders, dough panners, or bench hand helpers.. M o lin e, III. (See Rock Island (111.) district.) New ark, N . J . Union A (bread): First ovenmen_______ ___________ ______ __________________ Second hands or bench m en .. . __________ ______ ____________ Union B (cake and bread): Foremen, ovenmen, or dough mixers------------------------------------Bench hands__________ ______________________________________ Third hands_____________________________________________ . . . Mixers’ or oven helpers ___ ______ _______________________ Bench hand helpers _ _____________ ___________ — . . . . . . Pan greasers, machine-packers or slicers-------------------------------Wrappers, female____________ ________ _________________ Hebrew baking (bread): Foremen or ovenmen __ ------------ ---------------------------------Second hands or mixers_____ __ __________ _______ __________ N e w H aven, Conn. Hand shops: 2 Foremen or mixers_____________ _____ ______ __________ _______ O v e n m e n ________ _______ _________________________ _ __ Benchraen_______ __________ __________________________________ Hebrew baking: Foremen or ovenmen__________________________________ _ . . . Second hands. _ _ ___________ _ ------------------------------------- _ Bench hands---------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------------- 1. 000 1.000 N ew Orleans, La. ___ __ ___ __ ______ ____________________ _ Foremen __ Mixers, ovenmen—feeders. . ------- --- --------------- ------------------Bench hands or divider men . . . ________ ______________________ Ovenmen— take out. __ _ ___ _ ________ _______________ Molder men or twisters ______ _____ __ _ _______________ Wrapping machine operators _ __ __ _ _______________ _ N e w York, N . Y . Union A : Small bakeries: First hands. _. ______________________________ _____ _____ Second hands. _ ... ____________________________ H elpers.. . . . _______ ________________________ _____ “ 5 day” large bakeries: Foremen____ _____ __ __ _________ __________ _____ . . Ovenmen or mixers _ . . . _ . . . ------------------------- . . . Bench hands„ ------- --------------- ---------- -----------------------Helpers. _ . . . . ___ . ----------------------------- 1 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 7 42 hours of straight time permitted. .900 .700 1.250 1.100 1. 050 .750 40 40 40 40 .900 .700 1.250 1.100 1.050 .750 40 40 40 40 28 T able WAGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $0.970 .810 .720 40 40 40 $0,950 .740 .680 40 40 40 .800 .750 .700 .525 .450 40 40 40 40 40 .800 .750 .700 .525 .450 40 40 40 40 40 1.100 1.000 40 40 40 1.050 .950 .750 40 40 40 1.000 35 35 1.000 .929 35 35 1.214 1.143 35 35 1.143 1.071 35 35 .975 .875 .800 .775 40 40 40 40 . 750 .725 .700 .675 .625 40 40 40 40 40 . 950 . 775 . 750 . 725 .700 . 650 .625 .463 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Hours per week N e w York, N . Y — Continued Union A — Continued. “ 6 day” large bakeries: Ovenmen or mixers______________________________________ Bench hands, A __________________________________________ Bench hands, B __________________________________________ Pie shops: Oven workers_____________________________________________ Bench hands, A __________________________________________ Bench hands, B __________________________________________ Bake shop helpers________________________________________ Helpers—packing, etc____________________________________ Union B (bread and cake)— Brooklyn: First hands___________________________________________________ Second hands_________________________________________________ Helpers_______________________________________________________ Union C (bread) : 3 Small shops: First hands_______________________________________________ Second hands or bench hands___________________________ Large shops: First hands_______________________________________________ Second hands or bench hands___________________________ Union D : Company A : Bread department: Mixers or ovenmen__________________________________ Benchmen or divider men___________________________ Molder operators____________________________________ Soft-bun molder operators___________________________ Mixers’ helpers, oven feeders, soft-roll scalers, head machine wrappers_________________________________ Checkers_____________________________________________ Oven dumpers or pan greasers______________________ Flour dumpers or general helpers___________________ Rack pusher, bread or restaurant wrappers________ Cake department: Mixers or ovenmen__________________________________ Icing makers_________________________________________ Dough scaler, mixers’ helpers, or oven feeders______ Ingredient scalers or milk men______________________ Scalers’ helpers, cake or oven dumpers______________ leers’ helpers or tray men___________________________ Tray boys____________________________________________ Cake wrappers, female employees___________________ Company B : 2 Mixers or ovenmen______________________________________ Bench w orkers-.:________________________________________ Scalers____________________________________________________ Packers or wrappers______________________________________ Helpers___________________________________________________ Company C: 2 Ovenmen, mixers, or scalers_____________________________ Bench workers___________________________________________ Helpers____________________________________________________ Wrappers_________________________________________________ Packers___________________________________________________ Wrappers, female________________________________________ Company D : 2 Mixers____________________________________________________ Ovenmen or scalers----------------------------------------------------------Benchmen________________________________________________ Helpers, packers, or wrappers___________________________ Union E 19 (crackers and cookies): Peelers or machine captains__________________________________ Mixers________________________________________________________ First bakers or ovenmen, rollermen or breakermen, or mixers’ helpers_____________________________________________ Second bakers, sponge or flour blenders_____________________ Stackers— 1 per oven, conveyormen, flour dumpers, or dough cutters_______________________________________________ .800 1.071 .950 .850 .800 .675 .625 1840 is 40 is 40 1840 is 40 .975 .850 .675 .650 .625 .450 40 40 40 40 40 40 .975 .950 .850 .650 40 40 40 40 .930 .850 40 40 .830 .800 40 40 700 40 3 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service 18 M inim um of 40 hours; maximum of 42 hours. 191 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. This local has other cooky and cracker agreements which provide different rates; the scales given, however, apply to 83 percent of the membership. 29 WAGES AND HOURS IN EACH CITY T a b l e 3 . - - U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n th e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of wages per hour June 1, 1938 Hours per week Rates of wages per hour Hours per week N e w York, N . Y .— Continued Union E 19 (crackers and cookies)— Continued. Pan feeders or assemblymen_______ _____ ____________ ______ Stackers— 2 per ove n .__ ____________________ . . . ________ __ Icing department: Chocolate temperers______________________________ . . . _ Mixers________________________________________ ____ __ Mixers’ helpers____________________ _____ __________ _ Feeders___r_______________________ __ ___ __ Tray handlers...___________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . ______ _________ _______ __ . . . _ General___ Sugar-wafer department: Spreading-machine captains ._ _ ______ ________ M ix e rs... . . . ._ __ _ __ ____ . . . _ . _ Mixers’ helpers, trimmers, or spreaders. __ __ _. _ Shipping and miscellaneous departments: Checkers, carloaders, or assemblymen __ . . . __ Paste or broken crackermen . . _ ____________ __ Supervisors or inspectors— female _ _ __ Packers. . . . ... __ ___ __ Hand bundlers, carton closers, bundlers, sponge packers or labeling-machine operators. „ _ _ Carton formers or miscellaneous helpers.. _ _ Chute feeders _______ _________ . . . Plant men: First-class machinists, clock-time foremen, or powerplant engineers __ _____ __________ . ___ Electricians or millwrights _ _______ _______ Second-class machinists or maintenance m e n ___ _ Firemen __ _______ _________ _____ __ _ _ __ Machinists’ helpers______ ______ __ ____________ Painters. __ . . . _ ______________________ __ Oilers or warehouse laborers_________________ __ _ _ Laundry workers . . . _ _. ________________ . . . Male helpers in washrooms ______________ . . . Dressing-room attendants _ ___________ ______ _ Matrons__________ __ ._ _ ______ _____ _________ __ Union F: Cake, retail: First hands_______ _ _____ _______ ___ __ . . . . . . . Second hands_____ ______ ________________________ . Third hands___________ ____________ ________________ Cake, wholesale: Foremen. ___________ . . . ____ _______ __ Benchmen, ovenmen, mixers, or finishers___ _ . Helpers __ ________ ___ _______ . . . ______ __ _ French baking— Hand shops: 2 Agreement A : D ay work: First h a n d s ... _ ______ __ . . . __ _________ __ . . . Second hands.. _. . . . . __ . . . _______ Third hands or helpers_________ _____ . . . __ __ _ Night work: First hands__________ ___ . . . ______ Second hands_______________________ _____________ Third hands or helpers____ _______________ _________ Agreement B— D ay and night work: F o rem en _______________ . __________ __________________ First or second hands. __ _______ _______ _____________ Third or bench hands___ . . . _______„__________ __ German-American baking: Union A (bread and cake): Hand shops: Ovenmen or first hands_____ _ ______________ Second hands______ _ . . . _________ __________ _ Third hands or helpers___________________ ____ _ Machine shops: 2 Foremen. . _ . . . ___ __ . . . ______ ._ __ Ovenmen or mixers __ . _____ __ Bench hands.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ __ _ _ . Helpers__________ _________ _________ ____ ... $0. 680 .650 40 40 . 880 .850 .800 . 750 .680 . 530 40 40 40 40 40 40 . 850 .800 . 750 40 40 40 . 750 . 680 . 600 . 580 40 40 40 40 .550 . 530 . 480 40 40 40 1.000 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 . 950 .900 . 830 . 800 . 750 . 700 .650 . 630 . 550 . 500 1. 600 1. 333 .933 45 45 45 $ 1. 600 1. 333 .933 45 45 45 1.667 .933 .400 45 45 45 1. 667 .933 .400 45 45 45 .933 .889 .845 45 45 45 .960 .889 .845 371/3 371/3 37i/3 1.029 .952 .905 35 35 35 1.000 .952 .905 42 42 42 .956 .867 .778 45 45 45 .933 .844 .756 45 45 45 .950 .850 .750 40 40 40 .950 .850 .750 40 40 40 1.075 .875 .775 .625 40 40 40 40 1.050 .850 .750 .600 40 40 40 40 2 1 week vacation with pay, after 1 year of service. 191 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. This local has other cooky and cracker agreements which provide different rctes; the scales given, however, apply to 83 percent of the membership. 30 WAGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S T a b l e 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 7 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $ 1,000 .938 .625 40 40 40 $1,000 .938 .625 40 40 40 1.400 1.267 45 45 45 1. 333 .933 45 45 45 1.000 45 45 45 1.467 1. 333 .933 45 45 45 1.643 1. 500 1.071 42 42 42 1. 571 1.429 1.000 42 42 42 1.467 1.333 .933 45 45 45 1.467 1.333 .933 45 45 45 1. 571 1.429 .933 42 42 42 1. 571 1.429 .933 42 42 42 1.288 1.125 .900 1. 225 40 40 40 40 1.238 1.075 .850 1.175 40 40 40 40 1.542 1.458 48 48 1. 542 1.458 48 48 .933 .889 .844 45 45 45 .933 .889 .844 45 45 45 1.000 42 42 42 1..000 .952 .905 .952 .905 42 42 42 .648 .481 54 54 .900 .800 .700 .600 40 40 40 40 .900 .800 .700 .600 40 40 40 40 1.025 .875 .775 40 40 40 1.025 .875 .775 40 40 40 .800 .700 2i . 650 22 4 4 2244 22 4 4 .800 .700 .650 44 44 44 2i .600 22 4 4 .600 44 ’ i . 500 2i . 370 22 4 4 22 4 4 .500 .370 44 44 Hours per week N e w York, N . Y .— Continued German-American baking— C ontinued. Union B (bread and cake)— Hand shops: First hands_________________ __________________ ______ Second ha n d s,______ _______ __ __ ____________________ Helpers__________ ___________ __________ ________ ________ Hebrew baking: Union A — Hand shops (bread): First hands or ovenmen____________________________ _ _ Second hands_____________________________________________ Third hands or helpers, _________________________________ Union B: Hand shops: First hands______ ____________________________________ Second hands_______ ______________________ _______ _ Third hands or helpers _________________________ _ Machine shops: First hands_____________________ _______________ ____ Second hands____________________________________ __ Third hands_________________ ______________________ _ Union C: Hand shops (bread): First hands___________________________________________ Second hands_________________________________ ______ Helpers_________________________ _____________________ Machine shops: First hands __ ______________ ____________________ Second hands ________ _ _____ ___________________ Helpers __ _________ ____________ ______ __ Union D (bread and cake)— Semi-Hebrew baking: Foremen or first hands __ _ __ _ _________ Second hands. ___________ ________ _____ _______ ______ Helpers. ____________ _ ___ ___ ______________ _. Mixers or oven workers________________ ___________ __ . Union E (Beigel): F o rem en __ _________ __ ________________________________ Second or third hands_________________________________ _ Italian baking: Union A : D ay work: Foremen __ ______________________________________ Second hands_______________________________________ Third hands _______________________________________ Night work: Foremen ______________________________________ _ Second h a n d s.________ ___________________ ____ _______ Third hands_________ _____ ___________________ _ ___ Union B— Long Island— Hand shops: First hands _______ __ _ __ _____________________ Second hands _. ______ __ . ________________________ 1.000 1.533 1.400 1.200 Oklahoma C ity, Okla.w D ay work (bread): Foremen __ __ _ _ __ ______________________________ Dough mixers or ovenmen ____ ________________________ Bench or machine men __ ___________________ _________ Helpers (1 year service or lon ge r)_________________________ _ Night work: Foremen __ _ _ _______ __________________________ Dough mixers or ovenmen __ ______ ___________________ ____ Bench or machine men _ ___ ____________________ ______ Omaha, Nehr. Foremen. __ __ _ __ ______ _________ ______________ Dough mixers or ovenmen _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _____ __ ______ Cake mixers or bench men _ _ _ ___________ . . . Dough-room helpers, machine men, order checkers, or oven dum pers._ ______ _ __ _ _ _. __ __ _______ Ingredient scalers, stock-room men, or bake-shop helpers over 1 year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _________ . . . ___ __ . . . Hand wrappers and icers over 1 y e a r ... ________ _ ________ 20 One-half week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 21 5 cents per hour increase after July 1, 1939. 22 Decrease of 2 hours after Oct. 24, 1939. W AGES AND HOURS IN EACH 31 C IT Y T a b l e 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 19 38, and J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1., 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $0.911 .733 45 45 $0.911 .733 45 45 1. 025 .900 .825 40 40 40 .976 .875 .786 42 42 42 .800 .775 .750 .710 .700 .680 .660 .650 .625 .550 .540 .530 .410 .425 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .800 .775 .750 .710 .700 .680 .660 .650 .625 .550 .540 .530 .410 .425 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .800 .750 .600 .500 .450 .400 .375 .825 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .800 .750 .600 .500 .450 .400 .375 .825 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.031 .859 .844 .703 .510 .844 23 32 23 32 23 32 .875 .820 .750 .700 .500 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Hours per week Peoria, III.2 Hand shops: Foremen____________ ________________ __ _______________ Bench men _ _________ _________ ___ _______ ___ ___ _ Machine shops: Foremen______________ _____ __________________ ___ __________ Spongers or ovenmen________________________ _______________ Bench men or machine operators_________ _._ ___________ __ Philadelphia, P a. Union A (bread) 2— machine shops: Traveling-oven supervisors__________________________________ Peel-oven feeders or dumpers________ ^-------------------------------Mixers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _______ _________ __ Bench men, divider or molder operators_____ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Ingredient scalers______________________ _____________________ Depositor operators. _ _ _ _______ _______ __________ Traveling-oven helpers or oil oven firemen__ ___ ________ __ Mixers’ helpers_________ ____________________________________ Route packers.____________________ ___ ___________ _________ Flour blenders or pilers________________________________ ____ Wrapping-machine m en_____ _______________ __ __ . __ Pan greasers or porters. ___ ____________ _ ________ __ __ Twisters. _________________ __________________ _ _ ___________ Cake wrappers or icers, female______ __________ ____ __ Union B (crackers and cookies): Company A : Machine captain _____________ _____________ ________ Bakers-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dough mixers------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------Dough mixers’ helpers_____ _ _ _ ------___ _ ___'. ___ General helpers. _ ________________ _________________ ._ _ Packers and bundlers, female___________________________ Carton makers, female; or helpers on odd jobs . . . __ __ Mechanics______ _________ . . . _. _ _. __. __ _ _. __ Company B : __ __________ ______ Dough mixers. ._ Bakers. ______ __ __ _______ __ _______ _____ ______ __ Dough mixers’ helpers _______ __ _ _ __ __ General helpers _ _ _ _ _ _ Packers, carton makers, or bundlers, female _ _ _ _ Stevedores _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mechanics or maintenance men __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Company C : Machine captains.________ ______ __ __ ____________ . . . P eelers___ _____ __ ._ ---------- --- .... ___ - ------------ _ Bakers, class A ___ ______________ _______ _______ __ _ Bakers, class B__ _________ __ _ Icing-machine operators, female___ __ _ _____________ Dough mixers . . . _ . . . ________ . . . __ . . . ___ . . . Dough mixers’ helpers _ _ _ _________ ________________ Icers, female _ ____________________ _ _ _ ------- . . . Truck loaders._________ ____________ _ . _. ___________ P ackers... _________ _______________ __________ ________ __ Sackers, bundlers or carton makers, female_____________ Hebrew baking: Bread: First hands, foremen or ovenmen _______________ __ _ Second hands or dough mixers ._ _ _ _________________ ____ __ ________ _____ ________ __ Third hands ____ __ _ ________ . . . .__ _ Fourth hands.. ______ ___ Cake: First hands or foremen _ . . . Second hands _ _ _ _ ___ __ Third hands _________ ____ ______ _______ _________ Fourth hands _ _ _ _____ ________ ________ Polish baking 2— Hand shops (bread): First hands or ovenmen.. . . . _ -------------- ._ --------Second h an ds._ . . . _ _______________ _______ __ (24) .875 .820 .750 .700 .500 23 3 2 23 30 23 32 23 32 40 40 40 .770 .660 .510 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.309 1.247 1.143 .727 45 45 45 45 . 781 .656 .531 .448 48 48 48 48 .875 .750 40 40 (25) (25) (25) 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 22 40 hours of straight time permitted for male employees; 3 7^ hours for females. 24 $30 per week minimum, average of $34.50. 28 Rates vary with individuals. (25) (25) (25) .770 .660 .510 45 1. 309 1.247 1.143 .727 45 .875 .750 40 40 45 45 32 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES T a b l e 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of wages per hour June 1, 1938 Hours per week Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Philadelphia, P a .— Continued Polish baking 2— Hand^shops (bread)— Continued. Shippers_______ ____________________________________ _ _ _____ Third hands ___________ _____ __________ ___________________ Bakers— cake _______________________ _____ ________ __________ Phoenix , A r iz . Hand shops: Foremen___ ____________________ ____ __ ____________________ _ Dough mixers ____________ ____________ _________ ________ Ovenmen. _______________ ________ ______ ________________ _ Benchmen___________ _______________ _________ ______ ______ Helpers___________________ __ ____ __ _ ___________ _______ Machine shops: _____ __ ______ __ Foremen ______________________ ______ __ Dough mixers______________ _ _ _ ___ __________ _________ Ovenmen______ _________________ __ _________ _________ __ __ Machine m e n _ _ ________ __ _________ __ ________ ____ __ _ Ovenmen’s helpers _ ______________ _____ __ _ __ _______ Helpers______________ _____ __ ___ _ _____________ __ ___ $0.625 .500 .750 40 40 40 .875 .833 .795 .729 .521 48 48 48 48 48 1.050 1.000 .955 .875 .750 .625 40 40 40 40 40 40 .800 .750 .700 .650 .600 .530 .420 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 $0,625 .500 .750 40 40 40 .800 .750 40 40 .650 .600 .630 .420 40 40 40 40 Pittsburgh, P a . Mixers or ovenmen 9______________________________________________ Benchmen or machine hands 9 _________________ ________ _______ Traveling-oven feeders or dumpers 9______________ ______ ______ __ Helpers 9____________ _____ ____________________ ___________ ____ __ Checkers 9 ______ _______________________ __ _________ __ . Packers 9 __ _ _ ________________ ____________ _______ _______ Helpers, female 9____________ ____________ ________ ________ __ __ Hebrew baking: First hands or ovenmen. _ ___ ___________________________ Second hands or mixers ________________ _________________ Third or bench hands _ ___ __ ________ ___ ________ Shippers. _________ _____ . ------- ----------- ___ ______ . . . ___ ________ _ Cake bakers’ helpers________ Pan greasers___ _______________ _ __ _______ _______________ Wrappers, female ___ ------------------- ------------------------------------Porters or stock handlers___________ ___ ___________________ Polish baking: First hands _________________________________________________ Second hands. _ ___ _____________ ______________________ Third hands----------------------------- ------------------------------------------Helpers....... ................. ....... _ __. ------------------------------------- 1.422 1. 356 1.267 .542 .530 .468 .333 .500 26 3 7 ^ 26 3 7 ^ 26 Z7V2 48 48 48 48 48 26 Z7H 1.422 1. 356 1.267 .542 .530 .468 .333 .500 37H 37^ 37M 48 48 48 48 48 37M 37^ 37H 37^ .933 .889 .844 .556 26 37H 26 3 7 ^ 26 3 7 ^ .933 .889 .844 .556 .909 .716 .500 .386 2744 2744 2744 27 44 .909 .716 .500 .386 27 44 27 44 .250 .318 .341 .364 .386 2744 27 44 27 44 27 44 27 44 .250 .318 .341 .364 .386 27 44 27 44 27 44 27 44 27 44 .568 .500 .341 4 44 4 44 4 44 .568 .500 .341 4 44 4 44 4 44 1.050 1.000 .900 40 40 40 1.050 1.000 .900 40 40 40 Portland, M a in e Machine shops: Shop A : Foremen_______________________________________________ _ First hands______________________________________ _____ _ _ Second hands________________ ______________ _______ Helpers_____ ______________________________________________ W om en: Novices __________________________ _ --------------------First year___ ______________________________ . ___ Second year_____ ____________________________________ Third year. _ _ _______ _______ __________ ________ _ After 3 years. _ _ _ _ --------------------------------- -----------Shop B : First hands _ ___ ________ __ ___ __ _____________ ___ Second hands_____ __ --------------------------------------- --------Helpers. __ _______________ ________________ _____ ________ 2744 2744 Portland, Oreg. Hand shops: Foremen . ___________________ ___ _______________ ________ __ Ovenmen or mixers_________ _________ ____________ __________ Bench hands._. _. __ . . . ______________ __________________ __ 3 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 4 48 hours of straight time permitted. 9 1 week vacation with pay after 2 years of service. 26 45 hours of straight time permitted. 27 40 hours per week for 12 weeks following Christmas, then 44 hours until July 1, and 48 hours from July 1 until Christmas, all at same weekly pay; 4 hours of overtime at straight pay permitted. WAGES AND HOURS IN EACH 33 C IT Y T a b l e 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e 1 , 1 9 38, and J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of wages per hour June 1., 1938 Hours per week Rates of wages per hour 36 36 36 36 36 $ 1. I l l 1.056 .875 .800 .750 .700 40 40 40 40 40 1.000 .875 .800 .750 .700 40 40 40 40 40 .650 .600 40 40 .650 .600 40 40 .900 .800 .750 .650 .625 .500 28 40 28 40 28 40 28 40 28 40 28 40 .900 .800 .750 .650 .625 .500 28 40 28 40 28 40 28 40 28 40 28 40 .835 .760 .665 .620 .570 .475 .430 .410 I640 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 .835 .760 .665 .620 .570 .475 .430 .410 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 16 40 .938 .875 48 48 .938 .875 48 48 .694 .619 .559 40 40 40 .644 .619 .509 40 40 40 1.000 .750 .700 .675 .650 .625 .500 .750 .400 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .975 .725 .675 .650 .625 .600 .475 .725 .375 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .833 .760 .729 48 48 48 .833 .760 .729 48 48 48 .885 .813 .781 48 48 48 .885 .813 .781 48 48 48 Hours per week Portland, Or eg — Continued Machine shops: Foremen___________ _ _ _ __________________ ___ _ _ _ _____ Ovenmen or mixers__________________________________________ Bench hands or machinemen _______ ________________ . ____________ _____ __________ Flour blenders__________ ___ Pan greasers______ __________ ___ ___________ __ _________ _ Providence , R . 1. Machine shops: Company A : 2 Head dough mixers ____________ _____ ______________ Second dough mixers ____________ _ __ . _ _______ Ovenmen or divider operators. ___________ _____ _____ Molder-machine operators __ __ ___________ First benchmen__T_________________ _________ ______ __ Mixers’ , molders’ , or henchmen’s helpers, or pan catchers. _ . _ _ __________ _______ _________ __ __ Bread packers________ __________ ___ ______________ __ Company B : Dough mixers. __ ______ _________ ______________ _________ Ovenmen, dividers, or benchmen__ . _____________ __ Molders, ingredient scalers, or assistant dough mixers. _ Dough mixers’ helpers. _ ____________________ . . . ___ Molders’ or ovenmen’s helpers, or flour dumpers Pan greasers __ ___________________ . _______________ Company C (cake) : 2 M i x e r s .__________ _______ _ ________ . . . ______ . . . _ __ Ovenmen____________________ _______ _________ _________ Machine operators, or fried-cake mixers________ __ Fryers________ ________ ________________ _ . . . __ _______ Floormen. ____ _____ ____________ _ ________ __ Fryers’ helpers or beginners __ _ _ _____________ _____ Girls— experienced__________ ______________ __ __ __ ___ Girls, 1 to 12 weeks______ _______ ______ __ _._ Hebrew baking: Foremen or ovenmen_________ __ ___ __ _______________ Second hands, bench hands, or mixers. _______________ ____ $ 1. I ll 1.056 1.000 .833 .778 1.000 1.000 .833 .778 36 36 36 36 36 Reading, P a . Bread: Dough mixers ___ _ ___ __________ ________ _______ Head paekers, bench hands, ovenmen, or mechanics___ __ Helpers______________ ________ _______ __ ___ _______________ R ichm ond , V a. Foremen . _________ _ _ _ Dough mixers or divider operators___________ ____________ __ Molder operators __________ _______ _______ _______ _________ Oven feeders or wrapper operators. _____ ______ ____ _ _________ Molders’ helpers._ _ __ ____________________ ______ _________ Oven helpers or bread packers. _____ _____________ _ ___ __ Flour blenders____________ __ _______ _____ __ __ ____________ Mechanics _____ ____ ____ ____ _ ______ _____ _ __________ Helpers or porters_____________ _____ ________ _______ ___________ Rochester, N . Y . Union A (bread): Hand shops: D ay work: Foremen or first hands___ ____ ______________________ Second hands, oven workers, or dough mixers______ Third hands, bench hands, or machine hands ______ Night work: Foremen or first hands_____________ _______ _________ Second hands, oven workers, or dough mixers______ Third hands, bench hands, or machine hands........... 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 16 M inimum of 36 hours; maximum of 44 hours. 28 36 hours per week guaranteed. 34 WAGES AND HOURS IN U NIO N BAKERIES T a b l e 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e 1 , 19 38 , and J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $0.909 .830 .795 .750 44 44 44 44 $0,909 .830 .795 .750 44 44 44 44 .966 44 44 44 44 .966 .852 .807 .852 .807 44 44 44 44 .870 ! 820 40 40 . 850 !800 40 40 .770 .720 40 40 .750 .700 40 40 .620 .620 .570 .570 .720 .670 40 40 40 40 40 40 .600 .600 .550 .550 .700 .650 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.109 1.018 .896 .784 48 48 48 48 1.109 1.018 .896 .784 48 48 48 48 .850 .750 .700 48 48 48 .850 .750 .700 48 48 48 .850 .750 .700 44 44 44 .850 .750 .700 44 44 44 .600 44 .600 44 .500 .500 .550 .350 .385 44 44 44 44 44 .500 .500 .550 .350 .385 44 44 44 44 44 .625 .600 . 575 . 550 .525 .500 .475 .450 .350 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 .833 .750 48 48 .833 .750 48 48 1.210 1.100 40 40 40 40 1.155 1.050 .998 .971 40 40 40 40 Hours per week Rochester, N . Y — Continued Union A (bread)— Continued. Semimachine shops: D ay work: Foremen or first hands_______________________________ Second hands, ovenmen, or dough mixers . . . _ Benchmen___________ ________ _____ ______ ______ . . . Dum pers. ___________________________________________ Night work: Foremen or first hands_______________________ _____ Second hands, ovenmen, or dough mixers__________ Benchmen or machine hands______________________ _ Dum pers. __________ __ _ ________________________ Union B — Large machine shops: 2 Divider m en___ ______ . . . ___________ _____ ______________ ._ Machinemen, moldermen, bench hands, ovenmen, assemblymen, or b a tch m en ... ________________________________ Flour blenders. . . _______________________ _________________ Pan greasers, flour handlers, oven helpers, machine hands’ helpers, bench helpers, wrapping machine operators, bread rackers, or checkers. _ . . . ._ ______________________ Packers, rate A _ ________ . . . _________ ___________ _ . Packers, rate B _______ _______________________ _______ Wrappers’ and slicers’ helpers______________________________ Maintenance, rate A _______ __________________ ____________ Maintenance, rate B _______________ ________________________ Hebrew baking: Ovenmen _______________ ______________________________ ______ Dough mixers or bench hands___________________________ __ Cake bakers.. ____________________________________ _____ _____ Third h ands.- . ______ _____ ________________________ .. .886 .886 Rock Island (III.) district Union A : 2 Hand shops: F o rem en ---------- --- -------------- -------------------------------------------Ovenmen or m ixers.__ ______________ ______ ... . ... Benchm en.. . . . . . . __________________________ ... Machine shops: Foremen------- ------------ ------------ -------------. . . ---------- . . Dough mixers, peel-oven men, or bench foremen______ Machinemen, benchmen, or mechanical-oven men_____ Wrapping and stockroom foremen, wrapping-machine operators, or checkers. _ _______________ _. ________ Stockroommen, packers, wrapping-machine helpers or truck loaders.__ . . . ____ __ . . . . . . . ________ . . . . Helpers, first 6 m onths._ _ . ______ _______ . . . Helpers, after 6 months____ _ ________ _______ Hand wrappers or icers, female; first 6 months . . . . . . . Hand wrappers or icers, female; after 6 m o n th s... _ . Union B 2— Davenport, Iowa (crackers and cookies): Mixers__ __ ... __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ _________ __ Peelers or drawers _ _____________ __ _ __ __ _____ Weighers or order m e n ___ __ _ _ _____________ ____ Rollermen or mixers’ helpers___ ___________ _________ ____ Special helpers or unloaders. _ __ _________ ______ _____ __ Wrappers, sugar-wafer mixers or stackers. _ ___________ ___ General workers or helpers ______ _______ __ __ ______ ____ Helpers in baking or icing departments_____ __ __ _ Helpers, female ______ ____________ ___________ ________ __ St. L ouis, M o . Hand shops: 29 Foremen____ ___________ _ ----------------- -------------------------------Second hands or benchmen________________ ____________ __ Machine shops: 2 Foremen___________________________________________________ _ Ovenmen or spongers_______ ____________________ ________ __ Assistants pongers_____ _______________________________________ First bench hands _. _._ __ __________ ___________ ___ _ ._ 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 29 2 weeks vacation with half pay after 1 year of service. 1.045 1.018 WAGES T able AND HOURS IN EACH 35 C IT Y 3 . — U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week $0.990 .825 .798 .625 . 575 .525 40 40 40 40 40 40 $0.945 .788 .761 40 40 40 .500 40 1.210 1.100 .990 .798 .761 .500 .400 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.155 1.050 .945 .761 .725 40 40 40 40 40 .950 .700 .625 40 40 40 1.104 .938 .875 48 48 48 1.104 .938 .875 48 48 48 .729 .667 .646 .475 48 48 48 48 .729 .667 .646 .475 48 48 48 48 .935 .785 .785 .735 .735 .680 .680 .630 . 575 . 500 . 500 . 525 .400 .450 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .900 .750 40 40 .700 40 .700 .650 .600 40 40 40 .935 . 735 .735 40 40 40 .900 40 .700 40 .630 40 . 600 40 .630 .500 .500 . 525 .400 .450 40 40 40 40 40 40 .781 .677 .625 48 48 48 .781 .677 .625 48 48 48 .909 .800 .700 .500 30 44 30 44 30 44 30 44 .909 .800 .700 .500 30 44 30 44 30 44 30 44 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week S t. L o u is , M o .— Continued Machine shops— Continued. Bench hands or machine hands _ __ _________________ _ _ Bread counters.,. ___________ _______ _______ Helpers_______________________________________________________ Miscellaneous helpers_________ ___ __ ______________________ Bread packers____ . . . Wrapping or slicing machine operators. __ ___________ . . . Cake department: Foremen_____________ __ _ _ _ ____________ ________ _ Ovenmen or mixers ________ _____ __ __ __ . . . ______ . Machine hands. _ _________ _ ___________ _______ __ _ __ Helpers________ __ _ __________ ____________________ Icing mixers or ingredient scalers ____ _ ________ Foreladies____ _______ __ _ ___________ _. _______ . _ Helpers, female _ __ __ . . . _____________ _ ______ __ . Shipping department: Foremen . . _ __ _____ __ _ _________ __ Shippers or receivers________ . . . ______ __ ________ Freight handlers__ ____ ________ ______ __ ... Hebrew baking 2— Hand shops: Foremen, bakers, or ovenmen_________ _. __ . . . _______ Second hands_______ __ _ ________ . . . ____________ . . . Bench hands____________ _______ __________________________ St. P a u l , M i n n . Hand shops: 2 Foremen___ .... ______ . . . . . __ __ . __ . . . __ _ Ovenmen or mixers ________ _ _ _______ ______________ __ Bench hands ________ __________ __ . . . __________ . . . . Helpers__________ ________ _______ __________ . . . ________ ._ Machine shops: 2 Bread: F o rem en ___________ . . . ___________ ______ _____ __ Spongers or dough mixers________________________________ Oven operators or o v e n m e n ____ __ __ ___________ __ Bench hands, dividers, or molders ______ ___________ Bun-machine operators _ __________ ... . Dough-room men . _ __ _______________ _ Oven feeders or dumpers ___ _. _____________________ Slicing-machine or wrapping-machine operators. . Oven or bench hand helpers, twisters, or dough panners. Floor women or girls-in-charge . . . ___ __ __ Helpers, first 6 months _______ __ _________ __ _____ Helpers, after 6 months _ Hand wrappers or icers, female; first 6 m o n t h s ______ _ Hand wrappers or icers, female; after 6 months __ Cake : 2 Foremen. _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _______ Mixers, icing or batter; or ovenmen___ Bench h a n d s .___ __ _______ Wrapping-machine operators, ingredient scalers, dough nut-machine operators. ________ Fruit cookers or depositors and/or drop-machine opera tors _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ Floorwomen. _ __ _______ __ __ ______ Helpers, first 6 months. _ _ _____________________ __ Helpers, after 6 months _ _ __ Hand wrappers or icers, female; first 6 months_ _ Hand wrappers or icers, female; after 6 months______ _ Salt Lake City, Utah Hand shops: Foremen, _ ___ ________ __ _ ___ __ ___ __ ____________ Ovenmen or doughmen________ __ __ __________ ___________ Bench hands ___ ________________________ _________ _________ Machine shops: Forem en... _______________ ________ ______ ___ _________ Dough mixers or ovenmen ______ __ _______________ _____ Machinemen or bench hands_________________ ____________ Helpers, first year. _____________ __ ____________ ___ __ 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 3o 40 hours per week guaranteed. 36 W AGES AND HOURS IN U N IO N B A K E R IE S T a b l e 3 .— U n i o n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n th e b a k e r y tr a d e s , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e J, 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, City, type of baking, and occupation San Francisco , Calif. Union A (bread): Small shops (retail): Foremen, ovenmen, or mixers___________________________ Bench hands_____________________________________________ Large shops (wholesale): Foremen or ovenmen____________________________________ Dough mixers____________________________________________ Bench hands_____________________________________________ Flour blenders___________________________________________ Helpers (after 1 year)____________________________________ Union B (crackers) : 31 Machinemen, head mixers, or receiving foremen___________ Mixers, peelers, relief men, ovenmen, or wrapping-machine operators___________________________________________________ Rollermen____________________________________________________ Sponge-oven helpers or mixers’ helpers_____________________ leers__________________________________________________________ Sponge stackers, wrapping-machine helpers, shippers, conemachine men, cone mixers, icing helpers (sugar wafers), sweet-dough feeders, pan feeders, or assemblymen_______ Benchmen____________________________________________________ Oven feeders_________________________________________________ Pan greasers__________________________________________________ W om en’s auxiliary: Supervisors______________________________________________ Weighers, carton formers, sponge packers, wrappers, or bundlers_______________________________________________ Can renovators, icing (sugar wafers), or sweet packers. Elevator operators______________ ____________________________ French and Italian baking: Hand shops: Foremen, ovenmen, or mixers___________________________ Bench hands_____________________________________________ Machine shops: Foremen, ovenmen, or mixers__________________________ Bench hands____________________________________________ Scranton , P a . Hand shops: 2 Company A : First hands______________________________________________ Benchmen or ovenmen__________________________________ Cake mixers_____________________________________________ Wrappers________________________________________________ Benchmen’s helpers_____________________________________ Company B : First hands______________________________________________ Second hands____________________________________________ Bench hands____________________________________________ Ovenmen________________________________________________ Wrappers or helpers_____________________________________ Company C: Foremen, first or second hands_________________________ Bench hands____________________________________________ Semimachine shops: 2 Bread and variety department: Mixers___________________________________________________ Peel-oven or bench men_________________________________ Dividers_________________________________________________ M olders__________________________________________________ Traveling-oven men_____________________________________ Helpers__________________________________________________ Cake department: Mixers or peel-oven men________________________________ Helpers__________________________________________________ Shipping department: Clerks___________________________________________________ Wrappers________________________________________________ 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 31 2 weeks vacation with pay after 1 year of service. June 1,1938 tates of wages er hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $0.970 .910 42 42 $0.935 .874 42 42 1.178 1.178 1.092 1.017 .853 36 36 36 36 36 1.157 1.072 1.017 .853 36 36 36 36 36 1.110 Hours per week 1.058 40 1.000 .933 .895 .880 40 40 40 40 .825 .770 .743 .693 40 40 40 40 .530 40 .494 .459 .770 40 40 40 .980 .881 42 42 .962 .864 42 42 1.056 .949 39 39 1.036 .931 39 39 .771 .583 .521 .333 .292 48 48 48 48 48 .656 .594 .531 .438 .333 48 48 48 48 48 .625 .563 .500 .375 .292 48 48 48 48 48 .708 .604 48 48 .688 48 48 .667 .563 .521 .500 .438 .417 48 48 48 48 48 48 .458 .438 48 48 .583 .479 48 48 .583 W AGES AND HOURS IN EACH 37 C IT Y T a b l e 3 .— U n i o n s c a l e s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n t h e b a k e r y t r a d e s , J u n e I , 1 9 3 8 , a n d J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of wages per hour June 1, 1938 Hours per week Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Scranton, P a .— Continued Machine shops :3 Company A : Peel-oven m e n .. __________ _ __ Molder operators____________ __________________________ Mixers_______ _ __ __ ___ _____. . . __ Divider operators. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Flour blenders._ ________ ___ _. _ _ _ Pan greasers ___ _______ _______ __ Mixers’ helpers. ______ ___ Pan setters ___________ __ _ __ __ __ __ Traveling-oven men___ _ _ ___ __ __ Molders’ helpers._ __ __ ___ ___ __ _ __ __ ___ _ Shipping department: Shipping clerks _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ __ ___ __ Assistant shippers. . ________ ____ _______ ___ W ra p p e rs____________ ______ ___ . . . ________ __ Wrappers’ helpers.. ... _ _________ _____ Maintenance department: Maintenance men. ______ ____ __ _ ______ __ Firemen__ _________ __ ____ ____ ___ _ ______ __ Janitors. __ __ _ __ _______ _ __ _______ ________ Company B : Utility m en. __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ _________ ___ . . . Peel-oven tenders __ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . . ___ __ Molders__ _________ _____ . . . __ Mixers__ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ . . . . . . Flour blenders, dividers, or firem en.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mixers’ helpers __ ________ __ __ ______ Pan setters or pan greasers. _ __ _ ____ Molder-machine helpers. ___ ______ _____ __ _ _ ___ Bench hands or wrappers_____ _________ ____________ ___ Extra helpers ________ __ _ _____ __ ____ _______ Shipping clerks __ _ _ __ ________________ _ _ Janitors__ ______ __ ______ __ _________________ _ $0.875 .875 .825 . 775 . 740 .694 .685 .660 .625 .625 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 .953 .650 .600 .550 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 1.000 .745 .675 3 40 3 40 $0,865 .815 .760 .710 .710 .660 .685 .660 .575 .600 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 .928 3 40 .575 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 .990 .710 .675 3 40 3 40 3 40 .875 .865 .815 . 760 .710 .685 .660 .600 .575 .500 .928 .675 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 .875 .865 .815 .760 .710 .685 .660 .600 .575 .500 .928 .675 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 3 40 1.236 1.176 1.106 36 36 36 1.180 1.120 1.050 36 36 36 .827 .938 36 36 .772 .883 36 36 .797 .908 36 36 .742 .853 36 36 .688 48 48 .688 .625 48 48 3 40 Seattle, Wash. Foremen________ ________ _ _ _______ __ ______________________ Dough mixers, ovenmen or machinemen _ ____________________ _ Bench hands. __ __ _ _ _________ ______ __ Helpers (day work): 1 year’s experience________________________________________ 2 years’ experience __________________________________________ Helpers (night work): 1 year’s experience __ ____ __ _______ _____ 2 years’ experience _ _ _ ______________________________ South Bend, Ind. Small shops: _ _ ____________________ First hands_____________ ____ Second hands. _ ___________ ____ _____ _____ _________________ _ Large shops: 9 Mixers, head benchmen, divider men, or traveling-ovenmen ______ __ __ _______ __ _ _ _________ ____ ___ Molder men _____________ _____ _ _ _ _ _ Bench hands.. __ __ __ __ __ _ _ ______ Traveling-oven feeders. _ __ _______ __ _ __ Mixers’ helpers, molders’ helpers, or traveling-oven dumpers Checkers.- _ _ ____ ______ ___ _____ __ _ __ Bake-shop helpers or conveyor m en________ __ ____ __ Packers or hand wrappers.. __ __ __ ___ Slicers __ _ __ __ _____ _____ __ _ Stale checkers. _ _ ____________ _________________ 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 3 44 hours of straight time permitted. 7 42 hours of straight time permitted. 9 1 week vacation with pay after 2 years service. .625 .700 .67.0 .650 .610 .570 .550 .530 .480 .420 .400 740 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 44 .700 .670 .650 .610 .570 .550 .530 .480 .420 .400 7 40 7 40 740 740 740 740 7 40 7 40 7 40 48 38 WAGES T able 3.— U n io n AND HOURS IN U N IO N s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s i n B A K E R IE S th e b a k e r y tr a d e s, J u n e I, 19 3 8 , and J u n e 1 , 1 9 3 9 — C o n tin u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation Rates of wages per hour June 1, 1938 Hours per week Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Spokane, Wash. Union A : Foremen, mixers, or ovenmen ___ _ ___ __ __ __________ Machine hands ____________ _____________________ _________ Bench hands___ ____________________________ _ ____________ _ Shipping clerks, stock clerks, flour blenders, or packers____ Helpers_______ _ _________________ _________ __ __ __ Bread wrappers, after 2 months____________ ___ _______ Cake and cooky wrappers, female; after 2 months ___________ Union B (crackers): 2 Machinemen____ __________ _______ ___ ___ _ ______________ Mixers__________ _________________ __ ___ ____ ______ __ Peelers___ __ __ _ _ _ _____ ___________________ ____ Ovenmen __ ______ _ ______ _________ __ _ __ Rollermen __ ___ __ _______ __ ___________ __________ __ Scale men or wrappers___ __ _ _ _____ ____________ ____ Ovenmen’s h elp ers___ _______ __ _ _ ___ _ _ ______ Mixers’ helpers _ __ _ __________ _ ___ ____ __ __ __ Sugar-wafer m e n __ ___ ____ _ _ __________ __________ __ _ _ Rollermen’s helpers ____ ________________________ _________ Stackers ___ _______ __ __ __ ___ __ __ Icing helpers, pan cleaners, feeders, sweepers, and other helpers _____ __________ __ _______ ___ __ _________ _ _ Receiving clerks ___ __ ____ __ ____________________ ___ 3240 3240 $1.100 1.050 1.000 .750 .700 .650 .480 32 40 32 40 32 40 32 40 32 40 .838 .800 .775 .725 .690 .688 .680 .650 .625 .600 .580 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .575 .750 40 40 .977 .864 .750 3240 3240 $1.100 1.050 1.000 .750 .700 .650 .480 32 40 32 40 32 40 32 40 32 40 44 44 44 .977 .864 .750 44 44 44 .952 .833 .786 .762 .714 .667 .643 .571 .381 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 .909 .795 .750 .727 .682 .636 .614 .500 .364 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 1.042 .938 .625 48 48 48 1.042 .938 .625 48 48 48 .810 .760 .760 .760 .710 44 44 44 44 44 .750 .680 .750 .700 .660 44 44 44 44 44 .660 .610 .560 44 44 44 .660 .610 .560 44 44 44 1.050 .650 40 40 1.050 .600 40 40 1.250 .750 40 40 1.250 .700 40 40 .583 .521 .417 .375 48 48 48 48 .583 .521 .417 48 48 48 Springfield, M a ss. Hand sh o ps:2 Foremen.______________ - ______________ __________ Second hands, mixers, or ovenmen. __ ___.................... ___ Bench h a n d s _________ __________________________ ______ ______ Machine sh o ps:2 Foremen. _ _________ ___ ______________________________ Second hands or dough mixers_______________________________ Assistant foremen__________ ______________________________ Peel-oven men.. ------------ ----------- ----------------------------------- _ Bench hands. _ _ ______________ _ _ ___•___________________ Dividers or scalers_____ __ __ ____________________________ Conveyor ovenmen. -------------------------------------------Wrapping-machine men, checkers, or helpers----------------------Girls _ __ _ _ ______ ______ __ _________________ _ Hebrew baking: Foremen ____ ____ _____ ______________________________ Second hands or dough mixers_________ ________ ______ ______ Bench hands__________ . . . -----------------------------------------------Toledo, Ohio First mixers___ . _ _________ _______________________________ Bench hands, rolls_____ ___ _ _______________________ ______ Runner-in m e n ___ __ _ -------------------------------------------------- -----Bench hands, bread___ __ _ ._ ________________________ ___ Second mixers___ ______ ______ _________ ___ ___________________ Peeler-out men, traveling-oven men, dividers, molders, or mixers’ helpers. _ __ ___ ________ ________ _____________ ___ Molders’ helpers, peel-oven helpers, or wrapping-machine men__ All other helpers in bake shop, packing or shipping_____________ Washington, D . C . D ay w o rk :2 Journeymen______________________________ ___________ ________ Helpers___________________________________ ____________________ Night w o rk :2 Journeymen-------- ------------ --------------------------------------------------- --Helpers_________________________________________________ ______ Wichita, K a n s. Hand shops: First bakers................ ........................................................................ Second bakers____ _ _______ _____ __________ _______ ________ H elpers._______ __ ________ __________ _ __________ ______ Wrappers. _ _ ___ __ ___ _ __ ___ ______________ _ 2 1 week vacation with pay after 1 year of service. 32 M inim um of 36 hours; maximum of 40 hours. 39 WAGES AND HOURS IN EACH CITY T able 3.— U n io n s c a le s o f w a g e s a n d h ou rs in th e b a k e r y tr a d e s , J u n e 1, 1 9 3 8 , and J u n e I , 1 9 3 9 — C o n t in u e d June 1, 1939 City, type of baking, and occupation June 1, 1938 Rates of wages per hour Hours per week Rates of wages per hour $0.875 .700 .650 .500 40 40 40 40 $0.875 .700 .650 .500 40 40 40 40 1.042 .938 48 48 1.042 .938 48 48 .780 .720 .660 .425 .360 48 48 48 48 48 .780 .720 .660 .425 .360 48 48 48 48 48 .800 .725 .670 .630 .620 .600 .560 .480 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .800 .725 .670 .630 .620 .600 .560 .480 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 .925 .850 .738 48 48 48 .925 .850 .738 48 48 48 Hours per week Wichita, K a n s .- Continued Machine shops: Foremen _ . . . __ __ __ ___________ _______ __ Mixers or ovenmen _________ _ ___ _ ___ _____________ Machinemen or bench hands ________ ________________ __ H e l p e r s ,._______ ___________________ ___________________ Worcester, M a,ss. Hebrew baking: Foremen___________________________________ ___________________ Second hands. _ ________________ __________ _____ __________ Yovmgstown, Ohio Hand shops (bread): Foremen____________ __ ______ __ __ _____________________ _ Ovenmen or mixers . . . ______ __ _ ___ ______________ Bench hands _ _ ____ __________ _ ________________________ _ First helpers, female. ____ _____ __ __________ _____________ Second helpers, female _______________ ________ ____________ Machine shops: 9 ___ ___ . . . __________ ________ Mixers or ovenmen Mixers’ helpers, bench hands, or machine hands _________ Dumpers or feeders _ _______________ ___________________ E ake-shop helpers____________________________________________ Checkers___ _________ __ _______ _______ ________ . . . . ____ ____ Chute men or head slicers and wrappers ________ Packers or slicing- and wrapping-machine operators________ Hand wrappers, female. ___ _______ _ ___ __ __ __ __ _ Hebrew baking: O venm en .. . ___ __ ______________________________________ Mixers. . . . __ _ . . . --------- _ ------------------------------------_______ ___ __ . . . ___ __ ________ _ Bench hands 9 1 week vacation with pay after 2 years of service. O
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