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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
B U LLETIN OF T H E U NITED STA TE S )
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T I C S J
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
No. 365
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN
THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
1923
JANUARY, 1925
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1925
ADDITIONAL COPIES
0 7 THIS PUBLICATION MAT BB PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT 0 7 DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
20 CENTS PER COPY
CONTENTS
Page
1-11
Introduction and summary____
Brief history of the industry__________________________________________________ 12-15
Explanation of scope and method____________________________________________ 15, 16
Regular or customary hours of operation____________________________________ 16, 17
Changes in wage rates since April 1, 1920__________________________________ 17, 18
Bonuses________________________________________________________________________ 18, 19
Extra pay for overtime and for work on Sundays and holidays____________19-22
Days worked in one pay period______________________________ I ______________23-31
General tables_____________________________
32
T able A.— Average earnings per hour, full-time earnings per week,
and full-time hours per week, and classified full-time hours per
week, 1923, by occupation, sex, and region_________________________ 33-51
T able B.— Average number of -days worked by establishments and
employees, and average hours and earnings, 1923, by occupation,
sex, length of pay period, and region________________________________ 52 -7 2
T able C.— Average and classified earnings per hour in selected
occupations, 1923, by occupation, sex, and region________________ 73-81
T able D .— Average and classified actual hours of employees in
selected occupations who worked on as many days as there was
work in the occupation during the pay period, 1923, by occupa
tion, sex, and region_________________________________________________ 8 2 -1 00
T a b l e E .— Average and classified earnings of employees in selected
occupations who worked on as many days as there was work in
the occupation during the pay period, 1923, by occupation, sex,
and region_________________________________________________________ 101-120
Description of operations and equipm ent..____ __________________________ 121-136
Pulp manufacture______________________________________________________ 121-128
Mechanical pulp__________________________________________________ 122, 123
Chemical p u l p ___________________________________________________ 123-126
Pulp screening and pressing_____________________________________ 126, 127
Rags and waste paper conversion_______________________________ 127, 128
Paper makingl____________________________
128-136
Glossarj' of occupations____________________________________________________ 137-142
Pulp mill____________________________________________________
137-139
Paper mill______________________________________________________________ 139-142
m
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
no
W ASHINGTON
. 365
Ja n u a r y . 1925
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PAPER AND
PULP INDUSTRY, 1923
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a study of wages and hours of
labor in the paper and pulp industry in 1923.
The information herein compiled covers 35,799 male wage earners
and 3,262 female wage earners working in 199 establishments located
in California, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsyl
vania, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin, these States
containing 901 per cent of the total number of wage earners in the
paper and pulp mills of the United States.
The pulp establishments scheduled are engaged in manufacturing
;round-wood, sulphite-fiber, and sulphate-fiber pulp. Mills manuaeturing soda-fiber pulp are not included.
The paper-mill establishments scheduled are those whose principal
product is book, newsprint, wrapping, or writing paper. Mills
manufacturing m anil a (rope, iute, tag, etc.), heavy wrapping, straw,
bogus, or wood manila paper have not been scheduled.
The figures have been taken from pay rolls ranging from March
to August. Most of the data, however, are as of March, April, and
May, 1923.
The tables show earnings per hour, full-time or customary hours
of labor per week, days and hours actually worked, and earnings ac
tually received in the representative pay period taken. These figures
are shown by occupation, sex, and region. In addition the report
presents other pertment information concerning this industry and a
description of the occupations therein.
The number of establishments, number of employees, average full
time hours per week, average full-time earnings per week, and average
earnings per hour for all occupations combined, by regions, are shown
in Table 1.i
?
i Census of Manufactures, 1921.
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T able 1 .— N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS AND EM PLOYEES, AVERAGE FULL-TIM E
HOURS PER W EE K , AVERAG E EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIM E EARNINGS
PER W EEK, 1923, B Y REGION
PULP MILLS
Number Number Average Average Average
of estab of em full-time earnings full-time
hours
earnings
lishments ployees
per week per hour per week
Region
New England....... ............................................. .........
New York__________ ________ ____ _____ _____ ____
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio________ _______________ _____ _
Wisconsin and Minnesota. ____________________ _
Pacific coast.......... ................... ...................................
Louisiana................................................................... ;
22
20
7
T otal...................................................................
16
5
3
s
3,364
2,633
960
926
3,193
1,736
209
50.3
62.5
59.2
52.9
52.8
52.2
67.3
$0,483
.474
.463
.491
.440
.464
.273
$24.29
24.89
27. 41
25.97
23.23
24.22
18.37
81
13,011
52.7
.464
24.45
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
New England...... ................. .......................................
New York.................................. ..................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio........ ..............................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota............................................
8
6
11
7
2
3,433
1,631
2,762
3,098
468
50.2
52.1
53.4
50.7
51.2
$0. 530
.537
.477
.467
.445
$26. 61
27.98
25.47
23.68
22.78
T otal.........................................— .....................
34
11,392
51.4
.497
25.55
NEWSPRINT MILLS
New England...............................................................
New Y ork ............................................ ............ .........
Michigan and Ohio— ...............................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota_. ......................... ......... .
Pacific coast.................. ........... ....................................
10
2,000
14
9
5
2,115
151
693
1,537
48.1
48.7
48.6
50.0
51.9
$0.620
.607
.659
.544
.522
$29.82
29.56
32.03
27.20
27.09
Total....................................................................
40
6,496
49.4
.585
28.90
5
4
4
5
6
1,255
456
512
642
1,174
48.6
53.2
59. 5
55.6
51.2
$0. 578
.491
.465
.514
.485
$28.09
26.12
27. 67
28.58
24.83
24
4,039
52.4
.517
27.09
2
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
New England__ 1________________________________
New Y o r k ______________________________________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia____________
Michigan and Ohio _ _ ________________________
Wisconsin and Minnesota______________________
Total_____________________________________
-
WRITING-PAPER MILLS
New England........ ........... ............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio......................................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................................
8
2
7
3
1,516
783
1,108
716
49.1
56.1
51.0
51.2
$0,541
.562
.496
.426
$26. 56
31.53
25. 30
21.81
T otal...................................................................
20
4,123
51.3
.513
26. 32
It will be noted that in pulp manufacturing the average full-time
hours per week range from 50.3 in New England to 67.3 in Louisiana.
The average full-time earnings per week range from $18.37 in Louisi
ana to $27.41 in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. The average
earnings per hour range from 27.3 cents in Louisiana to 49.1 cents in
Michigan and Ohio.
In book-paper manufacturing the average full-time hours per week
range from 50.2 in New England to 53.4 in Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia. The average full-time earnings per week range from
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
3
$22.78 in Louisiana to $27.98 in New York. The average earnings
per hour range from 44.5 cents in Wisconsin and Minnesota to
53.7 cents in New York.
For newsprint mills the average full-time hours per week range
from 48.1 in New England to 51.9 on the Pacific coast. The average
full-time earnings per week range from $27.09 on the Pacific coast to
$32.03 in Michigan and Ohio. The average earnings per hour
range from 52.2 cents on the Pacific coast region to 65.9 cents in
Micnigan and Ohio.
For wrapping-paper mills the average full-time hours per week
range from 48.6 in New England to 59.5 in Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia. The average full-time earnings per week range from
$24.83 in Wisconsin and Minnesota to $28.58 in Michigan and Ohio.
The average earnings per hour range from 46.5 cents in Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and Virginia to 57.8 cents in New England.
For writing-paper mills the average full-time hours per week range
from 49.1 in New England to 56.1 m Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia. The average full-time earnings per week range from $21.81
in Wisconsin and Minnesota to $31.53 in Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia. The average earnings per hour range from 42.6 cents
in Wisconsin and Minnesota to 56.2 cents in Pennsylvania, Mary
land, and Virginia.
A summary of the average full-time hours per week, average earn
ings per hour, average full-time earnings per week, and classified full
time hours per week for each occupation and for all occupations com
bined are shown in Table 2. The group designated “ Other em
ployees” includes employees whose occupations are not peculiar to
the industry but rather are common to most industries, and em
ployees in occupations too few in number or of too little significance
to warrant a separate classification.
T able 2.—AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPATION AND SEX
^
PULP MILLS
Occupation and sex
Per cent of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
48
Over
48
and
under
50
50
Over
50
and
under
54,
54.
Over
54
and
under
.56
56
Over
56
and
under
Off
60
Over
60
and
under
66
66
i
Over
66
and
under
72
72
Over
72
MALES
Other employees..............................................
35
290
36
119
54
200
50 1,054
47
128
139
47
12
32
46
175
13
37
12
32
12
133
12
34
55
292
54
191
70
992
62
14
125
15
81 5,193
81 3,307
52.2 $0,448 $23.39
52.5 .451 23.68
53.7
.455 24.43
52.0 .497 25.84
53.6
.617 33.07
.702 37.70
53.7
54.8 .574 31.46
.474 24.51
51.7
55.1
.505 27.83
54.8 .496 27.18
57.7
.436 25.16
57.2 .499 28.54
53.0 .467 24.75
.562 29.95
53.3
50.7 .466 23.63
.554 27.15
49.0
51.5 .450 23.18'
53.2 .422 22.45
53.0
.515 27.30
All occupations, male............................
81 12,535
52.8
.469
24.76
426
50
49.7
49.8
.330
.372
16.40
18.53
3
7
15
476
49.7
.334
16.60
2
81~ 13,011
52.7
.464
24.45 ~ 0 ~ ~
Barker men_____________________________
Splitter men_- __________________________
Chipper m en...__________________________
Grinder men_____________________________
Acid makers. __
.. ....
..... x„x
Cooks, sulphite_____________ ___________
Cooks, sulphate_____
_____ __ ______
Blow-pit men_________________ __________
Diffuser men__________ _____ _ __ _____
Evaporator men_______ .
..
_____
Recovery men_________ _
_ _________
Caustic men___________
_________
Srceen men_____________
. . __________
Head pressmen_______
_ _________
Pressmen__ ____________
. _____________
Rag washermen______ __ __ . . _ _____
Rag workers, other_____ _________________
Laborers __ ____ „,,,____
_
__ _
32
61
27
0
44
29
45
56
56’
55
66
75
65
66
53
56
68
55
68
95
4
. 37
' 48
.0
46
. 1
, 3
25
61
7
10
20
30
6
9
21
0
-
2
1
2
•57
1
1
4
4
2
4
9
11
9
0
37
16
17
9
2
8
9
.9
9
12
30
18
2
2
7.
3
3
3
5
1
9
3
4
27
38
26
1
'
12
4
16
1
4
5
4
14
14
25
10
27
25
38
35
15
10
7
.
3
•
,
1
1
1
4
1
3
8
5
10
2
• .5
10~
2
6
7,
0
0
1
2
2
1
3
<‘)
«
1
0
3
0
0
1
0
o T
1
To*
!
1
6
5
0
FEMALES
Rag sorters______________________________
Rag workers, other___ _____________ ___
A ll occupations, fem ale
..
All occupations, male and female_____
15
70
62
47~
r
-
1
1“
5~“
5~ ~ 0 ~
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Aver
Aver
age
Num Num age Aver full
age
ber of ber of full
time
estab em time earn
earn •Un
lish ploy hours ings
per
ings der
ments ees
per
hour
per
48
week
week
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
HALES
■RAntAr engineers_____________
‘RAAf’A.r m en ___________________
_ __ _________
__________
A ll occu pation s, m ale ................. ...............
247
1,005
48
453
476
409
289
128
445
204
10
106
476
1,205
4,301
48.8 350.697 3534.01
49.9 ' .488 24.35
.490 26.75
54.6
49.2
.825 40.59
49.1
.609 29.90
49.3
.514 25.34
.477 23.18
4a 6
4a 7
.613 29.85
48.7
.577 2a 10
52.7
.470 24.77
54.4
.567 30.84
51.7
.585 30.24
53.2
.517 27.50
53.6
.431 23.10
.512 26.78
52.3
34
9,802
51.4
.527
27.09
2
96
92
31
94
95
94
97
88
91
31
38
6
15
48
0
57
0
0
2
6
12
5
22
0
7
20
13
16
13
4
3
0
0)
FEMALES
'
4
l
0
19
27
0
i
38
80
20 ______1______
3
23
3
8
4
I
2
5
4
14
10
22 i!
45 |
1
38
21 I
6
17 1
4 1 0
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
4
2
0
2
7
4
4
4
4
1
1
i
i
2
7
6
1
2
4
1
2
3
1
0
0
3
2
0
0)
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
!
C u tte r girls_____________________ __
___
P later girls____________________________________
Sorters________________________________________
C ou n ters _ , ____ -, - r
r- r.
O th er e m p loy ees _____________ _ ________
___
26
2
17
23
18
385
35
563
313
294
51.3
50.0
52.0
51.7
50.6
.331
.336
.307
.320
.319
16.98
16.80
15.96
16.54
16.14
7
32 ...........!
______
7
5
33
A ll occu pation s, fem ale________________
31
1,590
51.5
.319
16.43
1
17 1
A ll occupations, m ale and fem ale...........
34 11,392
6L4
.497
25.55
0)
52
0
14
100
30
49
20
18
32
4
38
5
25
39
39
1
3
29
19
32
2
0
8
8
19
4
0
0
NEWSPRINT MILLS
HALES
Beater engineers.
Beater men.........
Size makers....... .
Machine tenders.
Back tenders___
Third hands____
Fourth hands__
Cutter men....... .
Trimmers...........
’ Less than 1 per cent.
38
33
13
40
40
40
37
18
4
138
445
14
418
419
407
335
63
7
48.3 $0.717 $34.63
48.0
.457 21.94
.488 25.33
51.9
48.0
.943 45.26
48.0
.758 36.38
48.0
.641 30.77
48.0 .513 24.62
50.6
.469 23.73
52.3
.455 23.80
99
100
43
100
100
100
100
57
29
1
50
43
71
*7
____ L .........i........:
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
MflAhinA ten d ers_____________ _____ ________
■Rtvnlr tenders _________________ ____________ ___
T h ird hands ________________________________
F o u r th hands _______________________________
C oatin g-m ach in e runners___
C alen der m en
_
C u tter m e n __________________
____
P la ter m e n ___________________
________ ____
T r im m e r m en ______
Paekers
L a b orers______________________________________
O th er em p loy ees .......................................................
33
34
31
34
34
32
24
5
24
22
2
17
32
34
34
T able 2.—AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPATION AND SEX-Concluded
C*
NEWSPRINT MILLS—Concluded
males—continued
P a ck ers_
Laborers...
_ _ _
Other employees.............................................
All occupations, male............................
40
40
40
361
1,011
2,806
49.5 $0,468 $23.17
.437 21.98
50.3
50.1
.600 30.06
40
6,414
49.3
29.04
.589
Per cent of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Over
Un
der
48
48
48
and
under
50
50
Over
50
and
under
54
54
Over
54
and
under
56
56
0
76
62
77
23
38
19
0
0
82
16
0
0
0
0
—
= =
=
Over
56
and
under
60
60
0
0
1
=
Over
60
and
under
66
66
!
Over
66
and
under
72
72
Over
72
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
_ 0 _
1
0
0
0)
0
| 0
1
FEMALES
Cutter girls. ___________________
Other emplovcfts
.339
.290
16.75
15.66
17
3
65
17
49.4
54.0
All occupations, female
17
82
50.3
.329
16.55
All occupations, male and female_____
40 j 6,496 j 49.4
.585
28.90
0
77
23
100
61
39
82 |......... |.........
17
|
1
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
MALES
Beater engineers..................
Beater men......... ................
Size makers..........................
Machine tenders.................
Back tenders—.....................
Third hands........................
Fourth hands......................
Calender men,.....................
Cutter men..........................
Trimmers....... ............ ........
Packers................................
Laborers...............................
Other employees.................
All occupations, male.
24
24
13
24
24
24
21
2
18
9
23
24
24
13
248
634
1,480
55.1 $0,708 539.01
.470 24.02
51.1
.506 27.48
54.3
.832 42.60
51.2
51.2
.638 32.67
.543 27.58
50.8
50.1
.468 23.45
50.4
.614 30.95
53.1
.492 26.13
.497 27.29
54.9
.462 24.81
53.7
.432 22.68
52.5
53.3
.528 28.14
3,832
52.4
84
410
18
234
235
222
195
5
54
.528
27. 67
83
87
39
2
1
33
17
6
86
86
88
91
60
28
28
46
53
62
0)
40
59
85
53
38
28
0
8
5
0)
2
22
0
1
13
8
11
12
5 . 0
5
0)
2
2
2
14
12
6
12
12
10
9
0
2
3
6
0
1
7
2
0
2
1
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Occupation and sex
Aver
Aver
age
Num Num age Aver
age
full
ber of ber of full earn time
time
estab em
earn
lish ploy hours ings
ings
per
ments ees
per
per
hour
week
week
20
20
Si 7.fi mslrfirs
_ __ __
______
M aeh in e tenders
_
"Raek tenders
_ __ _ ________
T h ird hands
__
F ou rth hands
L o ft TT|An
_
- - ___
C alender m en_________________________________
_ ______
C u tter m e n __ ____
Plater m en_______ _____________________________
C ou nters
_
_
_____
_______
T rim m ers__ ___________ ______________________
_____
_ _
____
Pfifikers _
Laborers _
__
_ __ __
Other employees.......................................................
19
20
20
20
6
5
16
17
8
3
19
95
436
34
168
173
152
31
46
90
121
28
11
84
.50.6 $0.843 $42. 66
51.4
.495 25.44
53.8
.529 28. 46
49.4
.890 43. 97
.634 31. 38
49.5
49.6
.510 25. 30
48.0
.471 22.61
49.3
.606 29.88
.569 28.91
50.8
52.0
.500 26.00
50.9
.705 35.88
50.0
.557 27.85
52.1
.623 32.46
52.4
.528 27. 67
52.3
.433 22.65
.532 27. 45
51.6
I
14
3
18
29
6
6
6
7
100
33
74
67
7
12
20
68
100
17
49
11
21
29
50
28
18
18
6
10
2
2
7
3
3
2
3
1
7
5
29
23
0)
41
20
18
18
14
7
0)
51
15
7
16
21
54
41
5
43
23
17
9
31
3
7
11
43
29
44
64
43
32
18
4
45
47
16
6
22
20
3,216
51.3
.551
28.27
C u tter girls______ ___________ ___ _____ ____ __
_____
_______
P la t e r g irls .
___
_____
___
______ __ _________ _______
Other employees ______- ___ - ______ _________
14
8
14
16
14
164
218
160
213
152
51.3
50.1
51.1
52.5
51.1
.322
.414
.389
.358
.408
16.52
20.74
19.88
18.80
20. 85
5
All occupations, female________________
20
907
51.2
.379
19.40
1
All occupations, male and female-------
20
4,123
51.3
.513
26. 32
21
4
12
1
20
396
1,149
All occupations, male.................................
11
1
38
94
94
93
20
20
20
202
88
86
6
2
0)
0)
3
3
0)
5
0)
4
0)
1
FEMALES
Sorters
_
C ou nters
1Less than 1 per cent.
0)
6
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
MALES
,*8
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
It will be observed that in pulp manufacturing, the average full
time hours per week for all occupations for males are 52.8 and for
females 49.7; that the average earnings per hour of males are 46.9
cents and of females 33.4 cents; and that the average full-time earn
ings per week of males are $24.76 and of females $16.60.
In book-paper manufacturing the average full-time hours per week
for males are 51.4 and for females 51.5; the average earnings per hour
of males are 52.7 cents and of females 31.9 cents; and the average
full-time earnings per week of males are $27.09 and of females $16.43.
In newsprint manufacturing the average full-time hours per week
for males are 49.3 and for females 50.3; the average earnings per hour
of males are 58.9 cents and of females 32.9 cents; and the average
full-time earnings per week of males are $29.04 and of females $16.55.
In wrapping-paper manufacturing the average full-time hours per
week for males are 52.4 and for females 52.7; the average earnings
per hour of males are 52.8 cents and of females 30.2 cents; and the
average full-time earnings per week of males are $27.67 and of females
$!5.92.
In writing-paper manufacturing the average full-time hours per
week for males are 51.3 and for females 51.2; the average earnings
per hour of males are 55.1 cents and of females 37.9 cents; and the
average full-time earnings per week of males are $28.27 and of females
$19.40.
.
'
It will be seen that in the several occupations in pulp mills the
average earnings per hour of males range from 42.2 cents for laborers
to 70.2 cents for cooks, sulphite; in book-paper mills from 43.1 cents
for laborers to 82.5 for machine tenders; in newsprint mills from
43.7 cents for laborers to 94.3 cents for machine tenders; in wrappingpaper mills from 43.2 cents for laborers to 83.2 cents for machine
tenders; and in writing-paper mills from 43.3 cents for laborers to
89 cents for machine tenders.
Table 3 shows for each of the most important occupations the
number of establishments, the number of employees, the average
earnings per horn' and the per cent of employees earning each classified
amount per hour. - In the selected occupations for the paper and pulp
industry, the male and female employees combined represent 47 per
cent of all employees covered.
In the “ pulp-mill” section of the table data are shown for males in
9 and for females in 1 of the 10 selected occupations. The males
and females combined represent 55.7 per cent of all pulp-mill em
ployees scheduled.
The “ book-paper-mill ” section shows males in 6 and females in 2
selected occupations. The males and females combined represent
42.7 per cent of all book-paper-mill employees scheduled.
The “ newsprint-mill” section shows males in 5 selected occupations.
These employees represent 41.6 per cent of all newsprint-mill em
ployees scheduled. No female employees are included.
The “ wrapping-paper-mill” section shows males in 6 and females
in 1 selected occupation. The males and females combined represent
44.7 per cent of the wrapping-paper-mill employees scheduled.
The “ writing-paper-mill ” section shows males in 6 and females in
2 selected occupations. The males and females combined represent
43.4 per cent of the writing-paper-mill employees scheduled.
T able 3.—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY SEX
PULP MILLS
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation and sex
MALES
1,054 $0,497
128 .617
139 .702
32 .574
175 .474
37 .505
32 .496
34 .499
.422
5,193
Grinder men.........................
Acid makers.........................
Cooks, sulphite....................
Cooks, sulphate................... .
Blow-pit men.......................
Diffuser men.........................
Evaporator men...................
Caustic men........................ .
Laborers...............................
3
27
11
25
0)
1
14
9
15
0)
(l)
FEMALES
Rag sorters............................
15
426
27
23
39
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
1 Less than 1 per cent.
4
(»)
0)
20
21
28
0 )
0)
3
10
0)
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Num Num Averber
age
ber
80
100
70
75
90
40
55
20
30
35
45
50
25
of
earn Un and
of
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 125
ings
estab emun un un un cents
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
der
un
un
un
un
per
lish ployder
der
der
der
der and
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
20
der der der
hour cents
ments
80
100
60
65
75
90
125 over
40
45
50
70
30
35
55
25
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents cents
T able 3.—-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY SEX—Concluded
O
NEWSPRINT MILLS
Occupation and sex
MALES
Beater men......
Machine tenders.
Back tenders__
Third hands.....
Laborers.........
33
40
40
40
40
445 $0,457
418
.943
419
.758
407
. 641
.437
1,011
55
0)
0)
3
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
68
34
7
4
3
20
1
11
7
8
7
1
(»)
10
33
1
(i)
3
15
25
4
18
14
0)
7
11
6
0)
23
26
1
28
6
33
4
1
1
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Num Num Aver
ber
ber
age
20
25
30
55
60
70
90
35
40
45
65
75
80
100
50
of
earn Un and
of
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 125
estab em
ings
der
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
cents
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
lish ploy per
der der der
20
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der and
der
hour cents
ments ees
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
80
65
70
75
100
125 over
90
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
WRITING-PAPER MILLS
112
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F T H E IN D U S T R Y
The paper and pulp industry is probably the oldest of the great
modern manufacturing enterprises, and paper, as one of the staple
needs of civilization, is exceeded only by food and clothing and iron
and steel.
The earliest record of paper making is said by some authorities to
have been when Ts’si Lun made paper for the Chinese Emperor
Ho-ti, early in the second century, although history contains no posi
tive mention of its manufacture until the middle of the eighth cen
tury, when the Arabs, after the occupation of the Chinese Province
of Samarkand, began making paper from cotton.
It is claimed by other historians that the Chinese made paper from
the mulberry tree in 150 A. D. They boiled branches of the tree in
lye to remove the bark, then macerated the bark with water several
days. The outer part was scraped off, and the inner part was boiled
in lye until separated into fibers, then washed in a sieve or pan,
worked by hand to a pulp, spread on a table, and beaten fine with a
mallet. The pulp then was placed in a tub containing an infusion of
rice and a root called “ oveni, and all were mixed thoroughly. Sheets
were formed by dipping a mold into the vat of pulp; after molding
the sheets were placed one above another with strips of reed between
them, pressed, and then dried in the sun. The Chinese made dour
kinds of paper; rice, silk, bamboo, and bark.
The industry was introduced in Spain by the Moors in the eleven! n
century. In the twelfth century paper was manufactured in Sicily;
in the fourteenth century in France; at the close of the fifteenth cen
tury in England, during the reign of Henry V II; and in the seven
teenth century the first mill in America was built near Philadelphia.
The Aztecs on the American continent made a paper of cotton
cloth and skins and also a composition of silk and gum, but for the
most part they used a fine fabric from the leaves of the aloe (agave
am ericana ), called by them “ maguey.”
During the greater part of the first century of its existence in Amer
ica, paper making was a feeble industry. Wood pulp wras known, but
no method had been devised by which it could be used commercially.
From the time of the Arabs until the invention of ground-wood
pulp, paper was made chiefly from cotton and hemp, although experi
ments had been made with bark, wasps’ nests, straw, and other
fibrous material.
Although the wasp’s nest suggested to Reaumer in France in 1719
the use of wood for making paper, ground-wood pulp was not actually
manufactured until 1840, in Germany, when it was offered to the
world by Keller.
Wood pulp was first used with cotton waste to give strength to the
product, but in 1866 Tighlman, of Pennsylvania, invented the sul
phite or chemical-wood pulp, and very soon cotton waste was dis
carded as a factor of newsprint paper, and used only in the making
of higher grades requiring greater strength.
The early struggles of the industry in America were due to several
causes and conditions; skilled workmen and linen rags were scarce;
there was extreme difficulty in securing even the simple tools; and
the cost of production was higher than it was in Europe. The colo
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY
13
nies did all in their power to encourage the industry, premiums and
subsidies being offered to get the industry established. The mills
advertised extensively for the people to save rags, and very high
prices were paid for them.
Although the soda-ash process was known, and although the
ground-wood process had been given to the world by Keller in 1840
and the sulphite process by Tig him an in 1866, it was not until after
1880, when the existing patents expired, that the real growth of the
industry in the United States began.
During the early part of the eighteenth century the average paper
mill in America had two vats and a working force of about 10 men
and 10 boys and girls. A two-vat mill required a capital of about
$10,000 and its annual productive capacity was from 2,000 to 3,000
reams of paper of all kinds. Paper was made by hand in small sheets
until 1807, when Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, in England, perfected
and patented the Fourdrinier machine (originally made and patented
four years before by Robert in France) to make paper in a continuous
sheet. The adoption of the Fourdrinier was slow and in 1816 it had
been heard of in America only theoretically. Gilpin patented a ma
chine in 1816 in America for the making of a continuous sheet of
paper, but the machine v/as less efficient than a Fourdrinier. The
first Fourdrinier imported was in 1827 and the first one manufactured
in America was in 1829. The first endless felts made in America
were produced in 1864.
Wages were considered high, but measured by present-day stand
ards they were absurdly small. As to wages of paper workers in
1789, “ for good ones, used to writing paper in every stage, we would
give 15 shillings per week and board, or 15 shillings and an addition
equal to board (5 shillings).” Allowing for the difference in the pur
chasing power of money then and now, this can scarcely be regarded
as a big wage. Skilled labor in New England at that time commanded
from 3 to 4 shillings per day.
In 1795 a skilled engineer who managed a plant received about
three dollars a week, and a vat man and coucher, three dollars and a
half per week each, without board; ordinary workmen and girls,
seventy-five cents per week each, and boys, sixty cents each, with
board. These were the wages that prevailed in all the mills through
out the country at that time and for some time later.
In 1800 there w^ere 16 paper mills in America, all of them small,
employing together only 160 workmen and using annually 320 tons
of rags. In 1810 there were 202 paper mills, producing 42,521 reams
of paper annually, valued at $1,689,718. About 2,500 persons were
employed.
In 1840 there were 426 mills, producing $5,641,495 worth of paper,
the capital invested being $4,745,239. About 4,226 men were em
ployed. There is no record as to the women employed but there
were a number of them. The industry at this time was still con
fined to the eastern part of the country.
In 1860 there were 555 mills in 24 vStates, producing $21,216,802
worth of paper, the capital invested being $14,052,683. There were
6,519 males and 4,392 females employed, and the total wages were
$2,767,212.
95102°— 25t------ 2
14
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
In 1880 there were 742 mills, producing $57,366,860 worth of
paper, the capital invested being $48,139,652. There were 17,317
men, 7,648 women, and 666 boys and girls employed, and the total
wages paid were $8,970,133.
In 1899 there were 763 mills, producing $127,326,162 worth of
paper, the capital invested being $167,507,713. There were employed
41,547 men, 7,930 women, and 169 boys and girls, making a total
of 49,646 wage earners, and the total wages paid were $20,746,426.
In 1909 there were 777 mills, producing $267,656,964 worth of
paper, the capital invested being $409,348,505. There were 75,978
wage earners employed and the wages paid were $40,804,502.
In 1919 there were 729 mills, producing $788,059,377 worth of
paper, and the capital invested was $905,794,583. There were 124,935 persons employed and they were paid $165,643,386. Of the num
ber employed, 113,759 were wage earners, who were paid $135,690,642.
In 1921 there were 738 mills, producing $667,435,847 worth of
paper. Data on the capital invested are not available. There were
115,344 persons employed and of this number 105,294 were wage
earners.
The year 1880 marked America’s entrance into the world trade,
In that year $1,671,120 worth of paper and $7,037,197 worth of
paper stock were imported, while $1,201,143 worth of manufactured
paper was exported during the same period. In 1919 the balance of
trade had been reversed to such an extent that only $53,602,174
worth of paper was imported, while $86,983,063 worth of paper was
exported.
Table 4 shows the number of establishments engaged in the paper
and pulp industry, the capital invested, value of products, etc., as
shown by the United States census, for specified years.
T able 4 . —N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS, CAPITAL, COST OF M ATERIALS, VALUE
OF PRODUCTS, N U M BER OF WAGE EARNERS, EARNINGS, AND QUANTITY OF
PULP AN D PAPER PRODUCED, BY YEARS
[From United States Census of Manufactures, 1921]
Year
1879.........
1889.........
1899.........
1904.........
1909.........
1914.........
1919.........
1921.........
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average num
ber of—
Capital
Cost of
material
Value of
products
Em Wage
ploy earn
ees
ers
Amount
paid to
wage
earners
Aver
age
yearly
earn
ings of
wage
earners
Quantity pro
duced
Pulp
Paper
Tom
Tom
742 $48,139,652 $34,862,132 $57,366,860 W
25,631
0)
(0
0)
649 89,829,548 44,228,480 78,937,184 0)
31,050
0)
0)
(!)
763 167,507,713 70,530,236 127,326,162 52,581 49,646 $20,746,426 $417.89
0)
(0
761 277,444,471 111, 251,478 188,715,189 69,742 65,964 32,019, 212 485. 40 1,921,768 3,106,696
777 409,348,505 165,442,341 267,656,964 81,223 75,978 40,804,502 537.06 2,495, 523 4,216,708
718 534,624,600 213,181,286 332,147,175 95,295 88,457 53,245,639 601.94 2,893,150 5,270,047
729 905,794,583 467,482,637 788,059,377 124,764 113,759 135,690,642 1,192. 79 3, 517,952 6,098,530
*738
445,992,351 667,435,847 115,344 105,294 127,028,767 1,206.42 2,876,301 5,431,265
Si
0)
1 Not reported.
* Not including 3 establishments, data not reported.
Table 5 shows the quantity of wood consumed in the manufacture
of pulp, by State, process of manufacture, and kind of wood. The
figures in this table are from the Forest Service, United States Depart
ment of Agriculture, printed in the Statistical Abstract, 1922, of
the Department of Commerce.
15
EXPLANATION OP SCOPE AND METHOD
T able 5.— QU AN TITIES
OF W OOD CONSUMED IN TH E M A N UFACTU RE OF PULP,
BY STATES A N D K IN D OF W OOD, 1920 AN D 1921, A N D B Y PROCESS OF M AN UFAC
T U R E, 1921
[From Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, printed in Statistical Abstract, 1922, of the Department
of Commerce]
1921
State, and kind of wood
Maine...........................
Wisconsin.....................
New York.... ................
Pennsylvania____ ____
New Hampshire______
Michigan.... ..................
Minnesota...... ..............
Washington..................
West Virginia...............
Vermont.......................
Massachusetts..............
California and Oregon..
All other States1..........
Total-
1920
Mechan
ical
process
Sulphite
Soda
Sulphate
process
Total
Cords
, 389,495
Cords
Cords
Cords
212,773
373,826
1,116
26,941
31,093
84,163
51,883
5,932
41,984
6,501
80,529
7,417
133,609
964,781
,130,505
490,784
403,530
243,632
254,193
-143,794
84,725
116,765
56,049
190,399
645,420
489,465
544,106
334,251
157,552
231,265
130,352
79.994
76,595
55,350
3,849
23.995
112,340
128,805
”209,950
135,"528
1,005,158
867,195#
781,168
326,486
258,206
186,532
164,547
149,691
61,282
47,471
34,874
192,869
481,700
6,114,072 1,287,095 2,367,919
610,059
292,106
4,557,179
27,885
1,813,762
701,131
863,043
73,091
167,818
21,213
Cords
19,147
110,316
25,087
390
1,638
4,378
Cords
KIND OF WOOD '
Spruce:
Domestic.
ImportedHemlock.........
Poplar:
DomesticImported.
Yellow pine—
Balsam fir___
Tamarack___
Yellow i
White fir.l
Jack pine.
Cottonwood.
Gum.............
2,565,787
921,811
885,485
861,130
248,776
75,439
922,984
449,587
763,943
1,763
2,768
189,946
177,748
323,434
328,882
69,751
73,998
41,862
40,052
25,790
68,914
10,469
10,386
874
10,141
62,748
5,141
1,240
142
6,787
138,865
9,222
119,412
114,626
107,860
4,084
5,450
28
38,534
448
127
1,486
13
1,399
35,968
164,556
8,855
20,795
131,038
115,642
238,946
226,726
58,884
43,220
42,618
41,871
21,674
18,235
7,245
1,558
164,569
67,017
Total...................................................6,114,072 1,287,095 2,367,919
610,059
292,106
4,557,179
White pine______
All other kindsJ.
2,202
217,712
170,229
23,661
43,220
21,519
18,235
7,245
114,158
25,113
44,521
35,973
1
Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
’ Comprises beech, birch, maple, chestnut, Douglas fir, and elm.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD
This report is compiled from data taken from the records of re
presentative establishments manufacturing paper and pulp.
In selecting establishments from which to obtain information the
bureau sought to have represented all States in which paper and pulp
manufacturing is of material importance, the measure of importance
being the number of wage earners as reported by the United States
Census of Manufactures.
Because of the small number of establishments, in one or more of
the branches of the industry covered in this study, for which data
have been secured in some of the States, the information has been
tabulated by regions. Proxim ity and similarity of products and
wage rates were the determining factors in assigning the various
States to the regions shown.
16
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Table 6 shows, by regions, the number of wage earners in the
industry according to the 1921 census, the number of establishments
from which the bureau obtained *1923 data, and the number of em
ployees in such establishments.
T able 6 .—N U M B E R OF W A G E E A R N E R S IN T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y IN
1921 A N D N U M B E R OF E S T A B L IS H M E N T S A N D W A G E E A R N E R S C O V E R E D B Y T H IS
S T U D Y , B Y R E G IO N
Region
1923 study
Average
number of
wage earn
ers, 1921—
Number Number
United
of estab of wage
States
lishments
earners
Census
New England_________________________________________________________
New Y ork________________________________- __________________ ________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___________ ___________________
Michigan and Ohio____________________________________________________
Wisconsin and M innesota____________________ ______ _________________
Pacific coast___________ - ______________________________________________
Louisiana___________________________________________ _________________
Other States__________________________________________________________
31,805
15,315
12,685
16,042
14,270
4,257
402
10, 518
37
25
19
5
3
11,568
6,835
5,007
5,925
6,244
3,273
209
T ota l..................... ............................................... ....................................
105, 294
130
39,061
21
20
REGULAR OR CUSTOMARY HOURS OF OPERATION
The regular or customary hours of operation of an establishment
are the hours of operation when the establishment is working its
recognized standard or full time; in other words, the regular or usual
time between beginning work in the morning and closing in the after
noon, less the regular time off duty for midday lunch or dinner.
The amount of employment and conversely of unemployment
within the pay period covered is indicated in the comparison of
u Average full-time hours per pay period;; with “ Average hours
actually worked in one pay period” which are shown in parallel
columns in Table B (pp. 52 to 72) for employees of establishments
having weekly pay periods. The averages in the first of these two
columns show the possible hours of opportunity for work in one pay
period under normal conditions, while the averages in the other
column show what was actually done in one pay period.
Some employeesi in an occupation or an establishment may have
worked more than the full-time hours during the pay period sched
uled, because of overtime work, while others may have worked less
than the full-time hours because of having been sick, disabled, or
laid off part time or on account of termination of service before the
end of the pay period covered or of having entered service after the
beginning of the period.
Table 2 shows the per cent of employees working each classified
number of regular or customary full-time hours per week, while
Table A (pp. 33 to 51) shows the number of employees within each
group.
The full-time hours per week of 47 per cent of the 13,011 pulp
employees covered in 1923, as shown in Table 2, are 48; of 24 per
cent are 54 ; of 10 per cent are 56; and of less than 1 per cent of the
employees are over 72.
CHANGES
m
WAGE BATES
17
The full-time hours per week of 52 per cent of the 11,392 bookpaper employees, are 48; of 19 per cent are 54; and of less than 1 per
cent are over 72. The full-time hours per week of 82 per cent of the
6,496 newsprint employees are 48; of 17 per cent are 54; and of only
1 per cent are over 54.
The full-time hours per week of 60 per cent of the 4,039 wrappingpaper employees are 48; of 25 per cent are 54; and of only 1 per cent
are over 72. The full-time hours per week of 47 per cent of the
4,123 writing-paper employees are 48; of 16 per cent are 50; of 22
per cent are 54; and of less than 1 per cent are over 72.
Between April 1, 1920, and the period covered in 1923 regular or
customary full-time hours per week of day laborers of 3 pulp, 3 news
print, and 1 book establishment were increased from 8 to 9 hours.
In no establishment were the full-time customary hours reduced.
No change was made in the regular or customary hours of 192
establishments.
CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE APRIL 1, 1920
One hundred and ninety-three, or 98 per cent, of the 197 estab
lishments covered by the study reported one or more changes in
wage rates between April 1, 1920, and the date of the 1923 study.
Two establishments did not report on this point and four others re
ported no change.
In both the paper and pulp establishments represented there were
9, or 4.6 per cent, having one wage change; 17, or 8.6 per cent, having
two changes; 31, or 15.7 per cent, having three changes; 75, or 38.1
per cent, having four changes; 37, or 18.6 per cent, having five
changes; 19, or 9.6 per cent, having six changes; 1, or 0.5 per cent,
having seven changes; 2, or 1 per cent, having eight changes; and 2,
or 1 per cent, having nine changes. Two establishments did not
report as to wage changes, and four establishments had no wage
changes.
In the pulp mills 78, or 98 per cent, of the 80 mills reporting had
one or more 'wage changes. Two establishments had no wage
changes at all during the period of this investigation and in one mill
the information was not reported.
One hundred and fifteen, or 98 per cent, of the 117 paper mills
reporting, made one or more changes in wrage rates during this same
period. Two establishments had no changes. One establishment
gave no information on the subject.
18
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T a.b l e 7.—N U M BE R OF ESTABLISHM ENTS R E PO RTIN G W AGE CHANGES, A P R IL 1,
1920, TO DATE OF THIS STUDY
Number of establishments having specified number of
wage changes
Division of the industry
Ptilp manufacturing
...... ...
.....
Paper making:
Book paper______________________________
Newsprint paper__________________
____
Wrapping paper
_ , , ........r.,
Writing paper____________________________
Total paper making _T,
....
. ,
Total paper and pulp manufacturing . _T
No
wage
change
1
2
3
4
5
6
o
6
5
11
26
22
6
5
1
I
1
1
4
5
8
2
5
15
16
8
10
5
6
2
2
3
5
4
1
2
3
12
20
49
15
13
1
1
1
117
4
9
17
31
75
37
19
1
2
2
197
1
3
7
9
Total
report
ing
1
80
1 ....
34
40
23
20
8
1
1
BON USES
Twenty-one of the 199 paper and pulp mills for which data are
presented had in operation between April 1, 1920, and the period for
which 1923 figures are shown, bonus systems which increased the
earnings of employees over and above earnings at the regular or
fixed rates. The bonus systems of 16 establishments were not
changed, 2 were abolished, and 3 were altered before the 1923 data
were collected.
The bonus systems are based on earnings, service, production,
speed, and in one case a premium plan. Only one establishment had
a bonus based on earnings and that firm discontinued it on December
31, 1920. Five establishments had bonus systems based on length of
continuous service of wage earners in the establishment. One es
tablishment paid a bonus of 1 per cent for each year of continued
service, based on earnings at the end of the year. One establishment
paid a service bonus of $25 per month to September, 1920, when the
system was discontinued.
One establishment paid a bonus to skilled labor of 2 cents an
hour for each year of service. Unskilled labor received a bonus of
1 cent an hour for each year of service. One establishment paid a
bonus of 5 per cent for service of 5 years and less than 10 years; 10
per cent for service of 10 years and less than 15 years; 15 per cent for
service of 15 years and less than 20 years; and 20 per cent for service
of 20 years or more.
Twelve establishments had a “ production bonus/7 commonly
called an “ efficiency bonus.77 Under this bonus plan as the mill
earned more because of greater production in the same working time
and with the same number of employees, the employees7earnings were
increased at a specified rate; for example, if the standard normal or
average capacity of the mill is 100,000 pounds of paper per day and
the mill produced during any period 1,000 or more pounds in excess of
that normal amount, then the company gave the men concerned an
additional rate as a bonus, the rate being based usually on 1,000
pounds produced over and above a specified amount.
The minimum tonnage required before a production or efficiency
bonus is paid varies with each mill, according to size and equipment,
OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS
19
different kinds of wood used, and different grades of paper produced.
In some mills the required production is as low as 45,000 pounds
daily and in others the daily production must be at least 125,000 or
130,000 pounds.
When applied to sulphite and sulphate mills this production bonus
is usually based on a certain number of “ cooks” completed. When
applied to beater crews and paper-machine crews, the bonus is usually
based on the number of pounds of paper produced. The latter method
is used also for the finishing and calendering departments.
One establishment had a “ speed bonus” in addition to a “ pre
mium plan,” two systems of bonus which are seldom found. This
establishment had a scale of six speeds, ranging from the minimum
to the maximum speed of each machine. The bonus was paid on an
hourly basis according to the rate specified in the speed scale; for
example, for the number of hours that the machine was kept at No. 1
speed the sum of 1.04 cents per hour was added to the regular rate of
compensation; for the number of hours that the machine was kept at
No. 2 speed the sum of 1.66 cents per hour was added. The scale was
graduated, i. e., No. 1 speed paid 1.04 cents additional; No. 2 speed
paid 1.66 cents additional; No. 3 speed paid 2.5 cents additional; No.
4 speed paid 3.33 cents additional; No. 5 speed paid 4.17 cents addi
tional; and No. 6 speed paid 5 cents.
The premium plan of this mill which has the speed bonus was
based on the “ down time” of each machine; for example, if there
was no “ down time” on the paper machine, that is, if it ran all the
time, machine tenders each received $3 per week extra; if down only
1 hour, $2.40 per week; 2 hours, $1.80 per week; 3 hours, $1.20 per
week; 4 hours, 60 cents per week. If down over 4 hours no bonus
was paid. The others on the machine crew received one-half of the
above amounts.
Detailed information was not obtained from four establishments
having a production bonus.
E X T R A P A Y F O R O V E R T IM E A N D F O R W O R K O N SU N D A Y S
A N D H O L ID A Y S
Between April 1, 1920, and the period for which 1923 data were
obtained, 68 of the 81 pulp establishments covered paid, as shown in
Table 8, all or part of the employees extra rates for any time worked
over and above the regular or customary full-time hours per day
or per week and for work on Sundays and holidays. Thirteen
establishments paid 11
1
te for overtime and for
work on Sundays
entire period between
April 1, 1920, and the date covered by this study. It will be
observed that 27 of the pulp mills paid time and one-half for
overtime and Sunday and holiday work; 15 establishments paid time
and one-half for Sunday and holiday work and after 10 hours* work
on week days; 2 establishments paid time and one-half for Sunday
and holiday work and after 9 hours on week days; 5 establishments
had changes in their overtime pay schedules, and 19 establishments
paid various overtime rates, as noted in the table.
Tour, or shift, workers in both paper and pulp mills do not as a
rule receive overtime pay except when working on some other job
20
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
than a tour job. When a tour worker works longer than his cus
tomary hours, he is considered by the majority of mills as working
for the man on the next shift. A few mills do pay tour workers when
working more than a certain number of hours or days, but this is
not general. Tour workers, in most cases, receive the overtime rate
for Sundays and holidays the same as other classes of labor in the
mills.
There were no changes in overtime rates in the book-paper mills
between April 1,1920, and the period of this study. Six establish
ments paid time and one-half for overtime, Sunday, and holiday
work; 4 establishments paid time and one-half for Sundays and
holidays only; 1 establishment paid double time for Sundays,
holidays, and overtime; 13 establishments had different rates of
pay for overtime to the different classes of labor; 10 establishments
did not pav an extra rate for overtime.
In 39 o f the 40 newsprint establishments, 4 mills had changes in
overtime, Sunday, and holiday pay; and 35 had no changes in over
time pay rates within the period of this study. Eighteen of the 35
establishments paid time and one-half for overtime, Sunday, and
holiday work; 9 establishments paid time and one-half for Sundays
and holidays and after 10 hours on week days; 2 establishments paid
time and one-half for Sundays and holidays and after 9 hours on
week days; 3 establishments paid time and one-half on Sundays and
holidays only; 1 establishment paid time and one-half for Sundays
and holidays and on week days, to mechanics only, after August 22,
1921; 1 establishment paid time and one-quarter on Sundays and
holidays and after 8 hours on week days; 1 establishment paid time
and one-half for Sundays and holidays and overtime and to tour
workers after two weeks.
Eighteen of the 24 wrapping-paper establishments scheduled paid
overtime in some form or another. Sixteen establishments did not
change the overtime rate for the number of employees affected dur
ing the period of this study. Six establishments did not pay an ex
tra rate for overtime.
vSeventeen of the 20 writing-paper establishments paid extra for
overtime in some form or another during the period of this study.
Fourteen of the 17 establishments made no change between April 1,
1920, and the date of this investigation. Three of the 20 mills did
not pay an extra rate for overtime.
OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS
21
T able 8.—N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS PAYING E X T R A R A TE FOR OVERTIM E
AND FOR SUNDAY AND H OLIDAY W ORK, PERIOD COVERED, AND EM PLOYEES
AFFECTED
PULP MILLS
Rato of
wages for—
Sun
Over days
and
time holi
days
Period
Employees affected
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Regular rate
multiplied
by—
m
Apr. 1,1920, to date of th s study__
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
A pr. 1, 1920, to Aug. 16, 1921...........
Aug. 16, 1921, to Apr. 16, 1923.........
Apr. 16, 1923, to date of this study..
Apr. 1,1920, to M ay 20,1921...........
May 20, 1921, to date of this study
Apr. 1,1920, to May 1,1921.............
May 1,1921, to date of this study..
Apr. 1,1920, to Jan. 19, 1922............
Jan. 19, 1922, to date of this study—
Apr. 1,1920, to Jan. 18, 1922............
Jan. 18, 1922, to date of this study..
Apr. 1, 1920, to date of this study__
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
Do...............................................
ny2
m
ix
ny2
i
i
ix
i
m
m
ix
2$
AH employee^.
.do.............
.do............
.do.............
..do..
..do..
IX
1
.do..
IX
ix
.do..
IX
-do..
IX
IX
i
m
i
IX
» r '
•ii
IX
f
1
IX
$
u
1}
a
i]
27
15
1
2
5
1
do..
|— do.,
do..
fir employees..
do..
.do..
Repairmen___
i] .......do...............
i] Day workers...
7IX All employees..
IX .......do...............
i x ___ do________
* 2 ___ do________
i
Total.
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
Apr- 1, 1920, tn date nf this study. _
.
Do.......................................................... .........
Do
_______________
Do....................................................................
Do....................................................................
Tin
___
Do....................................................................
Do
Do
_____
Do
____
Do
Do
_______
Do
________
Do
__________
Do
_______
Do
______________
Do
Do
___________
Total
All employees.
__
_
....... do.......... ........................ .........
....... do......................................... .
Millwrights and carpenters
IX
1
i x All other employees....................... r
1
All
employees__________________ (
IX
1
Repair men called 6 p. m. to 6 a. m . r
ix
All
employees
T _ _ . _ _T _.
IX 7 IX
o
_
____ ...__
1 1M
i x .. _ d
do____
_ ______
*1X
IX
1
do ____ . ...... .......
IX
\
Mechanical
department
_
_ _;
1
ix
1
IX All employees__________________
_ .. _ l
1 Yardlahor.__
ix
1 Mechanical department. _
j
IX
All
employees.................................
101i x 114 Repairmen. . . rrr_.
_
___
1
11i x Mechanics
IX
1
2
2
1
_____
I After 10 hours.
* After 9 hours.
* After 8 hours.
* For workers after 2 weeks and the second shift of 2-shift men.
• Mechanics only; discontinued for common labor Aug. 22,1921.
• Mechanics only.
* Double time for Christmas and Fourth of July.
• Between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m.
•Except for 7-day workers.
10 From July 16,1921, to date of this study, overtime paid for extra work only when worker called.
II Five hours' pay at regular rate for any call; for work over 5 hours, time and a quarter.
6
4
1
1I
.
1
i
2
1
o
2
i
i
2
1
24
22
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PUUP INDUSTRY
T able 8.—N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS PAYING E X T R A R A TE FOR O V E RTIM E
AND SUNDAY AN D HOLIDAY W ORK, PERIOD COVERED, A N D EM PLOYEES AF
FECTE D —Concluded
NEWSPRINT MILLS
Rate of
wages for—
Period
Sun
Over days
time and
holi
days
Employees affected
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Regular rate
multiplied
byApr. 1,1920, to date of this study..
Do.............................................
Do.............................................
Do............................................
Do.............................................
D o...................................... .
Do........................................... .
Do............................................
Apr. 1, 1920, to Aug. 20, 1921.........
Aug. 20, 1921, to date of this study.
Apr. 1, 1920, to May 20,1921_____
May 20,1921, to date of this study.
Apr. 1, 1920, to May 1,1921...........
May 1,1921, to date of this study.
Apr. 1,1920, to Jan. 19,1922..........
Jan. 19,1922, to date of this StudyTotal.....................................
ix
ix
ix
ix
ix
ix
ix
IP.
ix ix
ix
ix
VX
'1H
*1X
IX
l
*1H
3 IX
*1X
i
l
l
IX
IX
IX
IX
IX
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
.do.........................................
1
►
___ do...........................................
1
IX
IX
i
18
9
All employees.,
.do..............
-do..
.do..
.do..
..do..
.do..
All employees except tour workers.
All employees.......... .......... ...........
Machine men and beater engineers
-All employees..............................
39
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
Apr. 1, 1920, to date of this study_____________
All employees________ _____ ____
IX
ix
_ __do___ . . . .
D o..
______________________ _____ 12 i x
ix
Do................................................................. . 13 VX u I X ____ do_____ ________ ___________
D o............... ................... ................................ 1
____
do_________________________
ix
Do.................................................................... i x 18I X ____ do_________________________
____ do__________________________
D o................................................................... 8I X
____ d o... _____________
D o................................................................... i x
2
All employees except 7-day workers
D o....... ...... ......... ........................... ............... 1
Apr. 1, 1920, to Jan. 18, 1922.................................. i x
i x >A11 employees..................................
Jan. 18,1922, to date of this study........................ 1
ix
Apr. 1, 1920, to Jan. 19, 1922.................................. i x
i x 1___ do..............................................
^ ----- —
Jan. 19, 1922, to date of this study........................ 1
ix /
do
Apr. 1, 1920, t.o date of this study _
2
1
D o.
__ _ _ _
,____
__
... do _ ___ ______ _ _
2
ix
Do
- T-- , , ____
.
1
i x . _.do_
Total _ . ____ _ ___ . . . ____
___
IP.
WRITING-PAPER MILLS
Apr. 1, 1920, to date of this study.
July 1, 1920, to date of this study..
Apr. 1, 1920, to date of this study.
Apr. 1, 1920, to Aug. 16,1921.........
Aug. 16,1921, to Apr. 16,1923____
Apr. 16, 1923, to date of this study
Apr. 1,1920, to date of this study.
Do.............................................
D o........................................... .
D o........................................... .
Do............................................
Do......................... ................. .
Total.....................................I
ix
1« i x
*ix
ix
1
1
1
1
IX
ix
1
2
All employees..................................
___ do..............................................
___ do..............................................
.......do..............................................
l X ___ do...............................................
All employees except repairmen.__
All employees.................................
ix
I X All employees except repairmen. _.
i x All employees except tour men___
IX Repair men and rag workers.........
Repair men....... .............................
ix
____do..............................................
2
ix
ix
ix
ix
I After 10 hours.
•After 9 hours.
•After 8 hours.
•Four workers after 2 weeks and the second shift of 2-shift men.
•Mechanics only; discontinued for common labor Aug. 22, 1921.
* Between 7 p. m. and 7. a. m.
II Day workers, after 10 hours.
m Finishing room and mechanics only.
14 From 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. only.
11Tour workers from7 a. m. Sunday to 7 a. m. Monday.
“ After 7 p. m.
6
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
_2
17
WAGES AND HOUBS IN THE BABER AND BULB INDUSTRY
23
DAYS WORKED IN ONE PAY PERIOD
Table 9 shows for the principal paper and pulp occupations average
and specified number o f days of work in the occupation, number of
employees and average and specified number of days worked by
employees during the pay periods for which data are presented.
Data are presented separately for establishments in which employees
are paid weekly ana for establishments in which employees are
paid every two weeks or semimonthly.
The word “ days,” as used in the table, means the number of
calendar days or parts of days of work in the occupation during one
pay period or the number of days or parts of days that employees
worked during one pay period. Any part of a day worked is counted
as a day.
The average number of days of work in the occupation was obtained
by weighting the days of operation of each establishment by the
number of employees in the occupation, without regard to the days
worked by the individual employees.
The average number of days for employees in the occupation is a
simple average, obtained by dividing the aggregate number of actual
days worked by all employees in the occupation in all establishments
by the total number of employees in the occupation.
For this table there have been selected 10 of the principal occupa
tions in pulp mills; 8 in book-paper mills; 5 in newsprint mills; 7
in wrapping-paper mills; and 8 in writing-paper mills.
In several of the occupations the average for the employees is less
than the average for the occupation, due to the fact that some
employees did not work the entire time there was work in the occu
pation. In the cases where the average for the employees in the
occupation equals the average for the occupation, all the employees
in the occupation worked full time during the pay period covered.
In the cases where the average for the employees in the occupation
exceeds the average for the occupation some of the employees in the
occupation worked overtime, in addition to full time during the pay
period covered.
T able 9.—AVERAGE AND SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS OF WORK IN OCCUPATION AND OF DAYS ACTUALLY "WORKED BY EMPLOYEES,
1923, BY LENGTH OF PAY PERIOD, OCCUPATION, AND SEX
.
tO
PULP MILLS
Average Number of establishments
Average'
number
number Number of employees in occupation who in one pay period worked
in which days of work
of days
in occupation in pay Num of days
specified number of days
of work
ber of worked
period were—
by em
in occu
em
pation in
ployees ployees
in pay
pay
5
6 7 12 13 14 15 16
1 2
9 10
12 13 14 15 16
3
4
5
7 8
period
period
6
l 11
One-week pay period
MALES
Grinder men _ . ___ __ .. __ _
Acid makers________________________
Cooks, sulphite____________ ____ 1___
Cooks, sulphate.________ __________
Blow-pit men_______________________
Diffuser men__ ____________________
Evaporator men_____________________
Canst.io men _ .
_
Laborers____________________________
31
23
23
8
23
8
8
8
48
27 4
6.1
6.1 "I” 18 4.
6.2 1 17 5
6 2
6. 3
6.0 T 20 2
7 1
6.1
7 1
6.1
1
7
6.1
6.0 ' I ' 47
12
6.0
638
61
66
20
87
22
21
24
2,534
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.7
6.2
6.1
5.6
12
62
300
5.2
11
317 195
31 22
35 23
1
18
1
7
54 16
1
1
2
16
14
6
21
3
61 137 161 276 1, 388 449
8
1
15
1
24
4
4
67
3
3
1
9
2
1
10
16 107
FEMALES
Rag sorters_____________________ _
12
1
154
1
10
8
1
1
Two-week or half-month pay period
MALES
Grinder man
____
Acid makers__ _ __________________
Cooks, sulphite___ __- ______________
Cooks, sulphate___________ ___ ___ _
Blow-pit men_______________________
Diffuser men.
____________ _
__
Evaporator men______ ______________
Caustic men__ ______ ______________
Laborers____________________________
19
24
24
4
23
5
4
4
33
15.3
13.9
13.8
14.0
13. 5
13. 6
13.5
13.8
13. 7
3
14.0
4
4
3
3
5 3
1
1
1
6
416
7 o 10
67
12 2 3
73
12 2 3
12
4
88
13 2
15
4
12
3
3
10
22
2,659
12.4
6 15
14.4
13.9
14.3
13.5
2
13.3
14.3
14.7
10.4 104 126
4
11
16
12
9
1
1
94 120 105
114
2
4
12
8
2
1
1
6
2
4
1
71 103
90
14
8
12
14
3
2
1
97 141 245
r
92
16
10
1
9
3
4
4
131
36
6
8
3
10
75 88
l3 22
16 24
3
5
17 . 28
4
3
2
3
'T
2
2
236 602 280
FEMALES
Rag sorters_______________________ __
3
126
12.2
1
.
2
3
5
2
16
22
63
!
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Occupation and sex
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
One-week pay period
MALES
21
21
21
20
13
21
6.0
6.0 _
6.0 _
6.0 _
6.0 _
6.0 . . .
21
21
21
20
13
21
578
286
291
255
244
791
5.8
3
6.0
6.0
5.8 ‘ T
1
5.9
5.7 12
10
13
6.0
6.0 —
10
13
315
184
5.8
5.7
7
1
3
1
1
13
4 21 37
1 15
6
12
2
6 "16" 24
4 10
2
25 37 51
473
231
240
180
217
612
10
5
278
156
33
32
34
32
9
41
FEMALES
Sorters......................................................
Counters...................................................
2
1
8
25
14
Two-week or half-month pay period
38 132
8 43
11 55
9 39
24 73
21 130
i
84 !ll0
32 49
37 41
22 40
13 76
72 106
25 128
4 53
28
24
MALES
2
Beater men........
Machine tenders.
Back tenders___
Third hands____
Calender men__
Laborers............
5
10
1
1
11
1
T
2
1
5’ 10
3
3
"2 " 8
10 12
FEMALES
2
2
Sorters...
Counters.
NEWSPRINT MILLS
One-week
pay
2
4
5
9
2
44
35
8
24
26
17
4
7
6
7
13
5
DAYS WORKED IK ONE PAY PERIOD
Beater men..............................................
Machine tenders......................................
Back tenders............................................
Third hands.............................................
Calender men..........................................
Laborers...................................................
period
MALES
Beater man
Machine tenders .
Back tenders
Third hands
Laborers .
_ _ _
. . .
_
_r
__
19
24
24
24
24
1Includes 1 establishment working 7 days.
6.0 . . .
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
U9
24
24
24
24
227
267
264
259
593
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.7
3
3
4
6
4
3
2
12 "l3‘ 29
6
2
10
5
27
23
13
15
26
62
167 21
4
242
4
231
207 16
334 116
to
T able 9*—AVERAGE AND SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS OF WORK IN OCCUPATION AND OF DAYS ACTUALLY WORKED BY EMPLOYEES, 1923,
BY LENGTH OF PAY PERIOD, OCCUPATION, AND SEX—Concluded '
Occupation and sex
Average
Num number
of days
ber of of
work
estab in
occu
lish pation
in
ments
pay
period
Number of establishments
in which days of work
in occupation in pay
period were—
5
6
Num
ber of
em
ployeesi
7 12 13 14 15 16
Average
number Number of employees in occupation who in one pay period worked
of days
specified number of days
worked
by employees
in pay
3
4
period
2
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1
Two-week or half-month pay period
MALES
Beater m en.............................................
Machine tenders......................................
Back tenders............................................
Third hiuidA. ________ ... -. .
Laborers...................................................
14
16
16
16
16
13.7
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.9
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
9
11
11
11
11
218
151
155
148
418
12.7
13.5
13.3
12.6
11.3
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
Beater men.......
IfALES
Machine tenders.
Back tenders___
Third hands____
Laborers.............
FEMALES
Counters.
4
5
1
6
11
4
3
1
14
5
17
1
1
1
2
14
2
1 ::::
1
15
12
7
2
2
4
13
2
3
3
6
20
4
4
1
7
7
4 28.
1 14
4 19
7 12
12 33
18 82
27 64
26 69
28 51
44 130
33
28
24
18
43
21
6
4
7
27
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
NEWSPRINT MILLS— Concluded
fcO
05
DAYS WORKED IN ONE PAY PERIOD
One-week pay period
MALES
________ _____
Beater men
_
Machine tenders __________
_________
Back tenders _______________________ ___
Third hands
n _
.-- . n Calender men
_ ___
.
_ _
Laborers
_ _
_______________
17
17
17
17
13
17
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
17
17
17
17
13
17
365
137
140
120
74
320
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.7
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
4
2
1
11
12
2
3
3
4
12
37
3
7
9
5
37
289
119
111
94
63
239
3
11
14
6.0
6.0
11
14
106
190
5.5
5.7
1
“ 2"
4
3
9
7
18
27
74
151
8
9
15
8
1
16
FEMALES
___
Sorters
Counters .
_____
____
_
__
Two-week or half-month pay period
MALES
Beater men
___________ __________
Machine tenders________________________
Back tenders
.
Third hands
_ _ _ _ . ______ _ _
Calender men . . . . . . . . . . . . .
_ .
L a b orers... . . .
_.
. . .
3
3
3
3
3
3
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
3
3
3
3
3
3
81
31
33
32
16
76
13.5
14.2
14.0
13.9
14.2
13.0
3
2
14.0
14.0
3
2
54
23
14.0
13.8
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
9
1
1
3
2
7
5
56
20
24
20
13
52
1
6
1
3
38
2
20
4
4
4
1
8
4
2
6
3
2 "“ I
FEMALES
Sorters .
Counters
____________
_ _
________
1
2
2
1
to
28
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Table 10 shows for each region and for all regions combined aver
age and classified days of operation and classified days of nonopera
tion during the year ending March 31, 1923.
Because of the varied modes of operation in pulp mills data are
shown separately for the three departments scheduled. In the
ground-wood or mechanical pulp departments the days of operation
are generally governed by the water power available. Because the
wood is cooKed in the sulphite and sulphate departments, the days
of operation are not governed by the supply of water power available.
It will be noted that data are given for 106 establishments under
“ Pulp mills77 in Table 10, while in the other tables in this report
only 81 establishments are shown. This is because in Table 10
data are shown separately for each pulp department and as mills
often have two pulp departments, each of them has been treated as
a distinct unit.
The days of operation of ground-wood pulp departments during the
year ending March 31, 1923, ranged from 120 to 365 days, the aver
age being 309 days. The difference between the average days of
operation, 309, and a possible full time of 365 days was due, as shown
in the table, to the 49 departments being closed an average of 26
Sundays, 3 holidays, 6 days on account of market conditions, 21 days
because of lack of power, 1 day because of lack of material, and less
than 1 day for repairs.
The days of operation of sulphite-pulp departments ranged from
6 to 365, the average being 296; of the sulphate-pulp departments
from 207 to 309, the average being 290; of tne booK-paper establish
ments from 236 to 311, the average being 299; of tne newsprint
establishments from 158 to 317, the average being 300; of the wrap
ping-paper establishments from 258 to 311, the average being 304,
and of the writing-paper establishments from 217 to 311, the average
being 284,
T ab le 1 0 .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED DAYS OF OPERATION AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS IDLE FROM SPECIFIED CAUSES DURING
.
YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1923, BY REGION
PULP MILLS
Region
150
and
un
der
250
250
and
un
der
275
Average number of days idle during
year on account of—
275
and
un
der
300
300
and
un
der
310
310
and
un
der
320
320
and
un
der
340
340
and
un
der
350
2
1
2
1
5
4
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
4
1
5
10
5
5
2
11
350
Lack Re
and 360 Sun Holi Mar
ket Lack
un and days days condi
of
of ma pairs
der over
power
terial
tions
360
GROUND-WOOD PULP
N«w E n g la n d
. .
.. _ _ _ _. . _ _ _
New York.
_____________________________________
Michigan and O h io __ ______________________ _______
Wisconsin and Minnesota__________ - _______ __ _____
306
313
311
337
243
Total__________________________________________
49
309
11
12
5
5
9
5
290
273
296
316^
312
318
47
296
22
2
1
*3
22
203
250
309
308
279
810
290
Paniflf* nnast
................
_
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
1
7
1
4
1
39
24
3
13
15
31
4
3
2
2
1
26
3
6
21
1
1
1
50
39
52 >
42
43
41
4
3
6
3
3
1
16
48
3
3
2
5
4
44
3
1
3
1
52
52
52
51
52
7
52
2
13
13
52
2
88
7
2
1
0)
SULPHITE PULP
New England ___ _ _________________________________
New Y o r k ___
. . ____ ______________________ __
P a n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y l a n d , and V i r g in i a
. ..................
_. .
Michigan and O h io __ _____ ___________- __ _______ ____
W is c o n s in n.nd M i n n e s o t a
. . . .
. . .
Pacific coast_________________________________________
..
T o t a l.. . . .
_-
. ...
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
14
9
3
3
1
1
5
2
14
1
1
6
1
4
1
3
4
16
2
1
3
5
2
4
3
2
3
4
6
56
3
1
5
SULPHATE PULP
New England........... ................ ................ ..........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia_______ ____ ____
Michigan and Ohio_______ _______________ ____________
Wisconsin and Minnesota_____________________________
Louisiana.___ _____ _____________________________ ____
T ota l
_
__
1Less than 1 day.
_
____________
1
1
1
1
1
* N ot including 1 establishment not reported.
1
2
O N E P A Y PE RIO D
____
14
17
3
10
5
DAYS W O R K E D IN
95102°— 25t ------ 3
Number of establishments in which days of operation
were—
Num- Average
her of number
of days
100
estab of
opera Un and
lish
in der un
ments tion
year
100 der
150
2
33
8N ot including 3 establishments not reported.
1
1
18
to
CO
T able 10.—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED DAYS OF OPERATION AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS IDLE FROM SPECIFIED CAUSES DURING
YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1923, BY REGION—Concluded
CO
o
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
Region
1
New England_________________________
New York
__ _ ___ _
____
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia__
Michigan and Ohio
_ ___ _________
Wisconsin and M innesota_____________
6
11
7
2
299
305
293
303
307
1
Total_________T______ j__________
34
299
1
8
1
2
1
4
3
15
2
4
11
8
52
4
7
5
4
3
4
2
2
4
51
52
52
52
51
4
4
3
3
1
2
11
14
15
52
3
6
2
1
3
5
2
2
1
1
1
52
52
52
52
52
4
3
3
4
3
4
1
11
7
52
3
1
1
12
5
2
52
52
52
52
52
3
4
3
2
6
1
4
1
2
2
5
3
4
4
2
2
2
3
2
0)
1
2
0)
NEWSPRINT MILLS
New England_______________________ _
New York
_ __ ___________________
10
14
2
Wisconsin and Minnesota__ ___________
P a cific C oast _
_ __
_ _
9
5
296
295
310
305
310
Total___________________________
40
300
M ich ig a n and O h io
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
4
1
5
•
5
0)
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
New England________________________
New York
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
Michigan and Ohio
W iscon sin and M in n esota
T o ta l
__ _
______________________
5
6
302
310
301
299
309
24
304
5
4
4
2
1
1
1
2
4
1
3
'
1
1
2
1
4
10
0)
3
<2
0)
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Number of establishments in which days of operation
Average number of days idle during year on account of—
were—
Num Average
ber of number
estab of days of
Lack
Lack
lish operation
200 and 250 and 275 and 300 and 305 and 310 and Sun
Holi Market
con
of
of ma Repairs Other
ments in year Under
under under under under under
over
days
days
200
ditions
power
terial
310
275
300
305
250
WRITING-PAPER MILLS
272
309
283
303
1
______
8
2
7
3
Total___________________________
20
284
2
Kfp.w "E ng lan d
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
M ic h ig a n a n d Ohio
W is c o n s in a n d M in n e s o t a
____
s Less than 1 day.
3
1
<Vacation.
3
3
3
2
1
1
7
3
1
1
1
3
* Inventory.
6
5
5
3
29
1
52
52
52
52
2
52
5
18
1
19
7
0)
1
0)
•Strike.
4
5
51
•2
5
1
32
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
G E N E R A L TA B LE S
In addition to the text tables already shown, five general tables
are presented, as follows:
Table A .—Average earnings per hour, full-time earnings per week,
full-time hours per week, and classified full-time hours per week, 1923,
by occupation, sex, and region.
Table B .— Average number of days worked by establishments and
employees, and average hours and earnings, 1923, by occupation,
sex, length of pay period, and region.
Table C.—Average and classified earnings per hour in selected occu- .
pations, 1923, by occupation, sex, and region.
Table D .—Average and classified actual hours of employees in
selected occupations who worked on as many days as there was work
in the occupation during the pay period, 1923, by occupation, sex,
and region.
Table E .—Average and classified earnings of employees in selected
occupations who worked on as many days as there was work in the
occupation during the pay period, 1923, by occupation, sex, and
region.
in Table B “ Average full-time hours per day period” and “ Aver
age hours actually worked in one pay period” are presented in
parallel columns, in order that the regular hours during which, under
normal conditions, it is possible for employees in an occupation to
work may be compared with the hours actually worked during one
pay period by all the employees in the occupation, including those
who worked less than the nours of opportunity.
Tables C, D, and E are limited to 10 pulp, 8 book-paper, 5 news
print, 7 wrapping-paper, and 8 writing-paper occupations.
The data in Tables D and E are shown in two sections because
some establishments had two-week or half-month pay rolls, and a
separation of the data to obtain a one-week pay roll was imprac
ticable.
In Tables D and E the average full-time hours and earnings per
pay period are given for all of the employees covered in each of the
selected occupations. In addition these tables show the average and
classified hours actually worked and the average and classified earn
ings actually received by those employees who worked on as many
days as there was opportunity for work in the occupation in the pay
period.
All employees who worked less than the number of days for which
there was opportunity for work, have been excluded from the tables
showing average and classified hours actually worked and average and
classified earnings actually received, because it is the purpose of these
tables to show as nearly as possible the actual hours and earnings of
employees who worked all the time there was opportunity to work
and to compare therewith the average hours and earnings that would
have been made had every employee worked the regular or customary
full-time hours per week. This assumes that every employee would
have earned the same average per hour during the full-time as was
earned during the time actually worked in the pay period covered.
T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION
PULP MILLS
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average Average
ber of
of Average
full-time
earnings full-time
estab ber
Un
hours
earnings
em
lish ployees per hour per week per week der
ments
48
Over
Over
48
48
and
un
der
50
Total........................................................ Splitter men:
England
MJ'aw Vnrlr
"M^nhigan and Oliin
IjJ^T’ijSP/ynsin pn^ 1VTinnp^nta
pftpifin nnnst.
TPntal
13
100
8
5
35
36
25
94
$0.455
.437
.463
.425
.444
$23.84
22. 86
25. 37
22. 74
22.51
52.4
52.3
54.8
53.5
50.7
2
51
35
290
.448
23. 39
52.2
127
11
33
9
3
9
4
23.
23.
27.
22.
23.
98
94
27
64
58
50.7
54.4
54.0
53.4
52.4
18
3
6
32
37
.473
.440
.505
.424
.450
36
119
.461
23. 68
52.5
14
5
3
49
26
31
7
35
48
4
.472
.461
.471
.493
.444
.448
.207
24.78
23.60
27.93
26. 62
24.20
22. 71
13. 66
52.5
51.2
59.3
54.0
54.5
50.7
66.0
54
200
.455
24.43
53.7
3
6
11
Chipper men:
N p.w England
XTaw Ynrlr
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
A/Mnliigan nnd O hio
W ispnnsin and TVTinnpsnt.q
papifip. pnast
7
3
11
J^nnislana
Total _ ___________
11
_
_ _ _
58
16
11
56
3
13
10
56
60
60
66
66
and
un
der
72
Over
72
72
66
28
6
25
1
2
11
92
25
1
34
5
6
4
6
29
27
1
2
3
5
34 j
2
5
72
1
30
18
9
1
3
4
1
3
7
18
22
1
7
26
90
Over
60
and
un
der
23
43
3
10
l
54
Over
56
and
un
der
GENERAL TABLES
HALES
Barker men:
"NfAw England
Mow Vnrlr
‘M'inhijTfln qnd Ahin'
WicPAncin onH MiTHiPCnto
Pacific coast.................................................
54
and
un
der
54
50
Over
Over
50
and
un
der
1
3
.53
|
I
!
.........1_____
i
i
_____i.........
7
4
11
4
1
6
10
3
32
4
|
1
1
2
7
10
—
— —
CO
CO
T able A — AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, B Y OCCUPA-
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
^
PULP MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, and region
48
Over
Over
50
48
and 50 and
un
un
der
der
50
54
54
Over
Over
Over
Over
54
60
66
56
and 56 and 60 and 66 and 72 Over
un
un
72
un
un
der
der
der
der
72
60
56
66
hales —continued
Grinder men:
New England..............................................
New York.
. _
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...................... .
Pacific coast..................................................
14
17
3
11
5
278
360
51
150
215
$0,526
.495
.472
.469
.487
$26.62
25.05
26.43
25.80
25.86
50.6
50.6
56.0
55.0
53.1
202
288
51
131
137
19
78
Total..........................................................
50
1,054
.497
25.84
52.0
587
43
Acid makers:
New England___________________ _____
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota............. .............
Pacific coast..................................................
11
12
5
5
0
5
32
29
12
13
27
15
.671
.595
.589
.631
.593
.597
33.82
34.39
35.34
37.29
29.53
29.61
50.4
57.8
60.0
59.1
49.8
49.6
20
10
6
3
21
12
3
9
Total............. ............................................
47
128
.617
33.07
53.6
72
12
3
21
Cooks, sulphite:
New England___________ _ ___ _____ _
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota............... ..........
Pacific coast..................................................
11
12
5
5
9
5
34
32
16
13
28
16
.743
.682
.757
.655
.697
.646
37.74
37.92
47.69
38.71
34.64
31.98
50.8
55.6
63.0
59.1
49.7
49.5
20
12
6
* 3
■V22
13
3
12
3
8
47
139
.702
37.70
53.7
76
Total........ ...............................................
—
------ -
■
—-------;---- r----- =
8
29
68
43
37
387
3
6
6
6
3
15
3
------------- 1------------
23
2
18
2
6
2
10
4
6
6
3
=====
8
6
4
=
=
========== =
20
2
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num Num
Average Average
ber of
Average full-time
of earnings
full-time
estab ber
em
earnings
hours
Un
lish ployees
per hour per
week
per
week der
ments
48
Cooks, sulphate:
New England..............................._...............
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. . .
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Louisiana........................ .............................
3
2
4
3
9
4
12
7
.640
.443
.627
.473
32.45
31.90
30.10
29.18
50.7
72.0
48.0
61.7
12
3
Total..........................................................
12
32
.574
31.46
54.8
21
Blow-pit men:
New England............ ..................................
New York.................................. ..................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio.....................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...................... .
Pacific coast.................................................
11
12
5
4
9
5
49
38
18
14
35
21
.508
.452
.469
.490
.455
.462
24.99
25.00
28.14
25.19
22.34
22.18
49.2
55.3
60.0
51.4
49.1
48.0
40
24
9
12
26
21
3
3
Total..........................................................
46
175
.474
24. 51
51.7
132
12
Diffuser men:
New England...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Louisiana............................. ........................
3
2
6
3
9
6
15
7
.599
.413
.532
.405
30.37
29.74
25.54
24. 99
50.7
72.0
48.0
61.7
15
3
Total..........................................................
13
37
.505
27.83
55.1
24
3
Evaporator men:
New England...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Louisiana______ _______________________
3
2
4
3
9
4
12
7
.544
.432
.532
.407
27. 58
31.10
25.54
25.11
50.7
72.0
48.0
61.7
6
3
12
3
Total__ . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ____
12
32
.496
27.18
54.8
21
3
Recovery men:
New England...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Louisiana.....................................................
3
2
4
3
38
20
42
33
.542
.324
.520
.274
27.37
23.33
24.96
19.13
50.5
72.0
48.0
69.8
26
12
42
3
Total________________________________
12
133
.436
25.16
57.7
71
12
Caustic men:
New England..................................... .........
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Wisconsin and Minnesota.........................
Louisiana......................................................
3
2
4
3
9
6
10
9
.611
.381
.546
.413
30. 98
27.43
26. 21
26.43
50.7
72.0
48.0
64.0
6
3
10
3
12
34
.499
28.54
57.2
19
6
4
4
3
6
8
5
6
9
2
5
17
3
6
6
3
3
6
4
10
4
4
8
GENERAL TABLES
Total.
3
6
20
30
50
6
6
3
12
CO
Oi
T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPA-
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation, sex, and region
48
Over
Over
50
48
and 50 and
un
un
der
der
54
50
17
12
6
5
8
4
3
77
58
34
22
53
31
17
$0,508
.483
.438
.523
.459
.478
.221
$25.50
25.31
26.89
26.25
23. 27
23.66
14. 98
50.2
52.4
61.4
50.2
50.7
_________
55
292
.467
24.75
53.0
New England______________
__ _
_ .
New York_______________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast _ ________ _
Louisiana_____________________________
14
10
5
5
13
5
2
45
33
11
15
52
31
4
.613
.583
.532
.562
.547
.514
.458
30.16
33.17
34.85
28. 77
28.33
26. 78
32.98
49.2
56.9
65.5
51.2
51.8
52.1
72.0
54
191
.562
29.95
53.3
105 I
17
18
6
8
14
5
2
214
235
52
78
168
234
11
.490
.460
.521
.482
.449
.454
.250
22.05
23.78
32.61
25.11
22.81
22.97
18.00
45.0
51.7
62.6
52.1
50.8
50.6
72.0
185
182
20
42
90
157
70
992
.
23. 63
50.7
Total___________________ _
Head pressmen:
Total
_____ r., r. __ J
Pressmen:
New England_________________ ______
New York................... ................ _________ _____
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and V i r g i n i a ____
Michigan and O h i o ______________________________
Wisconsin and Minnesota_______ __ ________
Pacific coast____________________________ __________
L o u i s i a n a ...
_ r.
_
....
. „
Total...................................................................................
466 |
60
45
15
20
31
25
3
49.5
67.8
l .J
199 1
3
1
676 |
3
12
2
2
8
19
2
2
45
2
8
8
i
16
6
6
...........
|
38
|
15
3 ....... I........
______
9
25
15
1
54
Over
Over
Over
Over
54
60
56
66
Over
and 56 and 60 and
and
72
un
un
un 66 un 72
der
der
der
der
72
60
66
56
9
3
34
14
1
3
7
5
3
6
24
16
6
58
t
1
2 ! 20
21
1
|
....... 1___ i
___ i______ 1
i
4 i
34
51
77
______
26
8
: 21
32
2
....... 1
l
.... I
....... 1 11
47
183
______ I______
11 | 74
21
u
T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y
males—concluded.
8creen men:
New England__________________________
New York_____________________ _______
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio_______ _____ _____ _
___ _
Wisconsin and Minnesota
_
Pacific coast___________________________
Louisiana_____________________________
Num Num
Average Average
ber of
Average full-time
of earnings
full-time
estab ber
earnings
Un
em
hours
lish ployees
per hour per
week
per
week der
ments
48
W AGES A N D H O U R S IN
PULP MILLS—Concluded
Rag washermen:
New England...............................................
Michigan and Ohio........................ ............
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
28
6
28
T o ta l-.-......... ..........................................
.638
.565
.467
30.69
32.77
22.42
48.1
58.0
48.0
.554
27.15
49.0
23.85
24.21
21. 36
49.9
52.4
53.8
742
628
58
133
239
106
29
59
Rag workers, other:
New England...............................- .............
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
16
40
.478
.462
.397
Total..........................................................
125
.450
Laborers:
New England...............................................
New York................ ............... ...................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia—
Michigan and Ohio.....................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota............- ........—
Pacific coast......................... — ...................
Louisiana........... ............................—...........
1,199
1,151
331
378
1,513
579
42
.436
.427
.385
.466
.407
.427
22.41
.202
22.76
14.26
50.2
52.0
59.5
52.9
53.7
53.3
70.6
5,193
.422
22.45
53.2
1,906
29
791
625
405
228
775
415
.546
.534
.512
.545
.493
.500
.259
27.68
28.84
29.03
28. 67
25.78
26.00
16.89
50.7
54.0
56.7
52.6
52.3
52.0
65.2
519
314
116
107
352
155
19
18
27.30
53.0
1,582
.352
.359
.275
16.90
17.38
14.71
48.0
48.4
53.5
.330
16.40
49.7
.401
.304
19.25
16.42
48.0
54.0
18.53
49.8
81
Total..........................................................
81
3,307
22. 91
24.65
21. 86
82
282
82
128
1,042
349
3
12
51
111
26
172
57
244
10
12
202
419
12
5
47
57
25
13
37
75
10
10
3
4
47
18
7
1
9
1
1
189
39
41
75
124
301
140 1,£
167
108
41
33
70
66
27
8
222
"26"
71
33
33
23
41
858
223
49
180
9
42
55
57
~2~
144
1
16
2
General tables
Total..........................................................
Other employees:
New England...............................................
New Y ork.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Pacific coast....... ...........................................
Louisiana......................................................
22.20
34
FEMALES
Rag sorters:
New England....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
257
43
126
Total........ ......................
15
Rag workers, other:
New England....................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
5
2
Total
7
35
15
50
11
257
2
259
41
85
30
35
co
T able A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
eg
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
Occupation, sex, and region
48
Over
Over
50
48
and 50 and
un
un
der
der
54
50
54
MALES
Beater engineers:
New England _
__
_ ...
New York.............. ......................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
_ _
8
6
11
6
2
96
35
58
46
12
$0. 719
.751
.680
.661
.581
$34.51
36.05
34. 34
32.59
28.18
48.0
48.0
50.5
49. 3
48.5
96
35
52
42
11
1
1
Total................ .......................................
33
247
.697
34. 01
48.8
236
Beater men:
New England._
...
New York................... ...................... .........
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio______ _____________
Wisconsin and Minnesota___
8
6
11
7
2
298
136
268
251
52
.505
.472
.479
.492
.455
24.24
25.16
24.62
24.11
21.84
48.0
53.3
51.4
49.0
48.0
298
106
230
234
52
920
Total..........................................................
34
1,005
.488
24.35
49.9
Size makers:
New England_____- _
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota___
___ _
8
6
10
5
2
11
12
15
8
2
.543
.471
.449
.516
.525
27.86
26.99
24.87
27.76
28.35
51.3
57.3
55.4
53.8
54.0
Total................ ...................... ..................
31
48
.490
26.75
54.6
Machine tenders:
New England....... .......................................
New York........... ........................... ............
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
8
6
11
7
146
66
120
100
.833
.875
.820
.798
39.98
42.00
42.31
39.26
48.0
48.0
51.6
49.2
1
1
6
4.
4
6
30
38
17
17
1
8
2
3
2
2
15
3
146
66
102
92
Over
Over
Over
Over
54
56
60
66
and 56 and 60 and 66 and 72 Over
un
un
un
72
un
der
der
der
der
72
56
60
66
3
7
1
2
1
13
1
68
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
9
1
2
2
1
2
|
1
i
....... 1..........
8
18
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num Num
Average Average
ber of
Average full-time
full-tim^
of earnings
estab ber
em
earnings
Un
hours
lish
per
hour
ployees
per
week
per
week der
ments
48
Wisconsin and Minnesota_______________
2
21
.770
36.96
48.0
Total..........................................................
34
453
.825
40.59
49.2
Back tenders:
New England...............................................
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia .. .
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
8
6
11
7
2
149
66
137
102
22
.601
.672
.602
.597
.582
28.85
32.26
30.76
29.25
27.94
48.0
48.0
51.2
49.0
48.0
Total..........................................................
34
476
.609
29.90
49.1
r
21
—
427
- —'
118
66
105
100
20
.531
.583
.477
.495
.479
25.49
27.98
24.71
24.35
22.99
48.0
48.0
51.8
49.2
48.0
118
66
88
92
20
32
409
.514
25.34
49.3
384
5
5
7
5
2
63
56
75
72
23
.481
.542
.461
.453
.433
23.09
26.02
22.40
22.47
20.78
48.0
48.0
48.6
49.6
48.0
63
56
73
64
23
____ =
—
—
289
.477
23.18
48.6
2
3
43
85
.724
.557
34.75
27.35
48.0
49.1
Total..........................................................
5
128
.613
29.85
48.7
113 ....... !........
15
135
55
102
133
20
445
.648
.614
.517
.542
.530
.577
31. 36
29.66
25. 85
26.23
25.44
28.10
48.4
48.3
50.0
48.4
48.0
48.7
129
53
76
127
20
405
19
4
__ 2_
33
11
41
119
.504
.512
.467
.457
25.00
28.06
26.25
23. 81
49.6
54.8
56.2
52.1
16
12
48
2
204
.470
24.77
52.7
64
14
17 ~ ~
17
2
8
24
22
18
8
Total..........................................................
279
7
=====
8
Coating-machine runners:
New England...............................................
Michigan and Ohio......................................
____
18
___
_____
43
70
-.—- —
8
— ■— —
GENERAL TABLES
Total..........................................................
Fourth hands:
New England....... .......................................
New Y o rk ...,...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia—
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......... ...............
18
—
7
451
•- —
7
6
10
7
2
Total................ .........................................
—
149
66
119
95
22
Tfcird hands:
New England...............................................
New York....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Calender men:
5
New England..............................................
4
New York....................................................
7
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia—
6
Michigan and Ohio......................................
2
Wisconsin and Minnesota............ ..............
Total.......................................................... ____ 24j
Cutter men:
5
New England______________ _______ ____
2
New Y ork....................................................
8
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
7
Michigan and Ohio......................................
8
____ --------1
—
2
15
2
2
__ 23_ __ 2_
1
5
2
14
23
9
22
46
1
44
77
4
3
1
__ 4_
4
1
8 I.......
|
1
....... !____
2
2
2
2
GO
O
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average Average
ber of
of Average full-time full-time
estab ber
earnings earnings
hours
Un
em
lish
per hour per week per week der
ments ployees
48
hales —concluded
Plater men:
Michigan and Ohio...............................
10
Trimmer men:
New England....... ..................................
New York...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio................................
48
$0.567
$30.84
54.4
.635
.561
.575
33.27
33.77
30.91
28.58
52.4
56.0
55.1
49.7
40
Total........ ...........................................
106
.585
30.24
51.7
40
Packers:
New England..........................................
New York........... ................... ...............
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota—......... .........
83
117
134
120
28.10
26.82
30.13
25.50
23.84
50.9
54.4
53.8
52.9
54.3
24
22
.552
.493
.560
.482
.439
30
476
.517
27.50
53.2
362
237
256
272
78
.470
.435
.400
.411
.403
24.21
24.27
22.36
21.62
21.44
51.5
55.8
55.9
52.6
53.2
Total____ . . . . . ..................................
1,205
.431
23.10
53.6
178
Other employees:
NewEngland.............. .............. .............
New York..................... .......... ...... ........
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia
1,384
660
1,141
.546
.552
.474
27.79
28.76
25.73
50.9
52.1
54.4
345
444
Total................................. ..................
32
Over
Over
Over
54
60
56
and 56 and 60 and
un
un
un
der
der
der
56
66
23
110
72 Over
72
27
6
2
460
416
66
and
un
der
72
15
74
140
119
64
63
157
66
15
216
51
Over
21
18
12
Laborers*,
New England____ _____ _____________
New York__...........................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio............ I...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota......................
,
Over
Over
48
50
and 50 and
un
un
der
der
54
50
216
257
291
35
22
6
157
25
53
2
8
20
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
BOOK-PAPER MILLS—Concluded
40
T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPA
Michigan and Ohio................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota................. . . .
577
63
71
2 ,0 5 7
167
979
137
.4 9 3
.4 2 6
25. 59 !
2 2 .2 4 |
5 1 .9 I
5 2 .2
4 ,3 0 1
.5 1 2
26. 78
5 2 .3
132
29
82
128
14
.3 6 2
.3 4 3
.3 1 9
.3 0 9
.2 8 0
1 8 .3 9
1 8 .1 4
1 7 .2 3
15. 3 0
1 5 .2 0
5 0 .8
5 2 .9
5 4 .0
4 9 .5
5 4 .3
385
.3 3 1
1 6 .9
5 1 .3
35
.3 3 6
1 6 .8 0
5 0 .0
303
3
169
.3 3 4
.3 5 3
.2 6 7
.2 7 9
17. 57
1 9 .0 6
1 4 .3 9
1 3 .9 8
5 2 .6
5 4 .0
5 3 .9
5 0 .1
563
.3 0 7
1 5 .9 6
5 2 .0
Counters:
New England..........................................
New York................ ..............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio...............................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......... ...........
42
43
64
131
33
.3 8 4
.3 6 0
.2 6 5
.3 1 6
.3 1 0
1 9 .7 4
1 8 .5 8
14. 31
1 5 .8 3
1 6 .8 0
5 1 .4
5 1 .6
5 4 .0
5 0 .1
5 4 .2
16
Total........... ............. ...........................
313
.3 2 0
1 6 .5 4
5 1 .7
16
62
176
12
.3 1 8
.2 4 9
.3 3 6
.3 3 5
1 9 .6 3
1 4 .5 6
1 3 .4 5
1 6 .6 0
1 8 .0 9
5 3 .2
4 5 .8
5 4 .0
4 9 .4
5 4 .0
294
.3 1 9
1 6 .1 4
5 0 .6
Total.....................................................
34
1
96
51
422
911
67
21
36
7
27
46
86
2
153
273
13
1
37
90 I
FEMALES
Cutter girls:
New England..........................................
New York...................... ........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio___________ ______
Wisconsin and Minnesota......................
'fotal...............- ....................................
26
Plater girls:
Michigan and Ohio.................................
Total....................................................
Other employees:
New England................... ......................
New York..............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio......... ......................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.....................
Total.................................... ...............
88
17
22
22
‘ " 2"
65
5
18
"4 5 "
12
....
10
122
53
2 08
T
57
3
83
167
143
11
26
127’
17
64
4
25
19
94
60
2
22
97
60
117
20
62
12
20
general tables
Sorters:
New England..........................................
New York...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
Michigan and Ohio.............. ...... ...........
8
T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPa -
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num •Num
Average Average
ber of
Average full-time full-time
of earnings
estab ber
Un
hours
em
earnings
lish
per hour per
week per week der
ments ployees
48
Occupation, sex, and region
Over
48
and
un
der
48
Over
Over
and
un
der
54
54
50
56
60
56
56
and
un
der
Over
Over
Over
54
50
and
un
der
50
66
and
un
der
60
60
66
66
and
un
der
72
72
Over
72
MALES
Beater engineers:
N ew "England
New York
_
_______________________
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
.
Pacific coast..................................................
Total..........................................................
Beater men:
TsJfiW England
New York
Michigan and Ohio
_ ___
_
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast.................................................
Total..........................................................
Size makers:
Naw England . . . . . .
N ew York
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast ________ _______
__ _
T o ta l __________________
Machine tenders:
New England _
New York
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast __
_
Total
_
__ __
_ __ __
__
10
13
2
8
5
36
46
6
24
27
38
138'
$0.783
.759
.838
.652
.595
$37.58
37.19
40.22
31.30
28.56
48.0
49.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
.717
34.63
48.3
36
44
2
5
24
27
69
158
14
78
126
445 1.......
445
.491
.455
.431
.451
.446
.457
23.91
21.84
20.69
21.65
21.41
21.98
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
3
3
2
5
3
4
2
5
.617
.434
.477
.459
32.08
20.83
25.76
24.79
52.0
48.0
54.0
54.0
13
14
.488
25.33
51.9
10
14
2
9
125
142
9
58
46.61
45.84
57.55
45.31
40.94
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
125
142
9
58
84
45.26
48.0 |
418 |
8
11
2
8
4
69
168
14
78
126
33
5
84
.971
.955
1.199
.944
.853
40
418
.943
1
136 |.........|......... ' ---- 1
1
2
4
___
6
1
__ '—
____!
2
1
—
1
__
2
5
1
7
1 __
—— = =
1
—
1
1
1
1
__ —
-
-
— —
= =
= =
.
— .—
-----
-
1
..
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
NEWSPRINT MILLS
10
Back tenders:
New Englapd .....__ __ ____________
New York. ___________________________
Michigan and Ohio_____________________
Wisconsin and Minnesota
__ ______
Pacific c ° a s t _______________ _________
Total
Third hands:
New England.... . . _________
New York. ____________ ___ _
Miehigan and Ohio
Pacific coast _ _
___
_ ______
_ __
Total
10
14
2
9
5
127
137
10
60
85
.773
.767
1.009
.772
.681
37.10
36.82
48.43
37. 06
32.69
48.0
48.0
48.0
48. 0
48.0
127
137
10
CO
85
1
1
40
419
.758
36.38
48.0
419
I
10
14
2
9
5
125
134
9
57
82
.655
.652
.776
.630
.593
31.44
31.30
37.25
30.24
28.46
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
125
134
9
57
82
|
407
.641
30.77
48.0
407
8
13
2
9
5
103
117
9
56
50
.532
. 512
. 650
. 500
.466
25.54
24. 58
31. 20
24.00
22.37
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
103
117
9
56
50
Total.........................................................
37
335
.513
24.62
48.0 ____
335
Cutter men:
New England___ - ___________ - . . . .
New York...... ....................................... ......
Wisconsin and Minnesota _
Pacific coast_______
__ ________
4
6
4
4
9
23
8
13
.467
.471
.481
.459
22.42
22.84
25. 97
24.79
48.0
48.5
54. 0
54.0
9
21
18
53
.469
23.73
50.6
30
2
2
2
5
. 139
.461
21.07
24.89
48.0
54.0
2
4
7
.455
23.80
52.3
2
10
14
2
9
5
126
122
7
51
55
.494
.462
.433
.448
.444
23.71
22.50
20.78
22. 58
23.98
48.0
48. 7
48.0
50.4
54.0
125 1 ___
113 1 ___
40
361
.468
23.17 |
49.5
276 1.......
Total
____
Total
.
Packers:
New England__________________ _______
New York_____________________________
Michigan and Ohio. ______ ___________
Wisconsin and Minnesota ______ ________
Papifip pnast __ _ ___ __ ,
Total __
_ ______
n
|
_____ ____ 1■____ _____ ____
7 1
-
____
-
1 . .
GENERAL TABLES
40
Fourth hands:
New England - _ - _
_
___
New York _
__
_____
Michigan and Ohio
_______ ______
Wisconsin and Minnesota _____________
Pacific coast____ _ ___________ ____ ___
Trimmers:
New York........................... ........................
Pacific coast _______________________ ___
!
i
i
____
2
8
13
!
______
23
__
__ ,
1
1
5
. ..
31
!
1
0
!
i
1
1
7 ____1____ 1____
_ _ j ______
:
............ i
•
1
20
55
1
83
1............ 1—
...
. . 1............. 11
1
1
... — ------ - —
1
CO
T able A . — AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average Average
ber of
of Average full-time full-time
estab ber
earnings earnings
Un
em
hours
lish
per hour per week per
week der
ments ployees
48
48
Over
Over
48
50
and 50 and
un
un
der
der
54
50
54
Over
Over
Over
Over
54
56
60
66
and
and
and
and
Over
un 56 un 60 un 66 un 72 72
der
der
der
der
72
56
60
66
males —concluded
Laborers:
New England........................
New York.............................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota...
Pacific coast..........................
10
14
2
9
5
346
247
17
92
309
$0.460
.443
.448
.413
.412
$22.08
21.62
21.50
21.02
22.25
48.0
48.8
48.0
50.9
54.0
345
218
17
45
625
1
27
2
47
309
....... 1 384
Total..................................
40
1,011
.437
21.98
50.3 _____
Other employees:
New England........................
New York.............................
Michigan an,d O h 'o ...^ .......
Wisconsin and Minnesota...
Pacific coast..........................
10
14
2
9
5
912
959
71
179
685
.644
.627
. 632
.488
.530
31.04
30.85
31.09
25.47
28.25
48.2
49.2
49.2
52.2
53.3
1
878
880
67
113
211
56
448
Total.................................. .
40
2,806
.600
30.06
50.1
1 2,149
541
■Cutter girls:
New England.........................
New Y ork ..:..........................
Wisconsin and Minnesota....
Pacific coast...........................
5
6
4
2
19
24
11
11
.355
.347
.288
.346
17.04
17.00
15. 55
16.61
48.0
49.0
54.0
48.0
19
20
T ota l--......... ......................
17
65
.339
16.75
49.4
50
Other employees:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.__
3
17
.290
15.66
54.0
...— 1
____
20
17
_ . — ____
1
1
11
14
3
24
28
24
FEMALES
11
4
11
, 15
17
2 t
|
------ f -----
__ ------ 1'____ ______
_
1
5
1
1
3
1
2
2
10
1
8
23
8
44
6
1
5
2
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
NEWSPRINT MILLS—Concluded
■ies—.gotse
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
i
Beater engineers:
New England_________________ _______
New York........................ ...... ....................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia—
Michigan and Ohio....... .............................
Wisconsin and Minnesota..........................
Total .
Beater men:
New England..............................................
New York..................................... ..............
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia__
Michigan and Ohio.....................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota..........................
Wisconsin and MinnesotaTotal Machine tenders:
New EnglandNew Y ork-----Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and MinnesotaTotal-.
Back tenders:
New England...................... ......................
New York................... ............... ..............
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
Michigan and Ohio....................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota............. ...........
Total.
18
12
3
16
21
39.01
55.1
70
!
.484
.446
.416
. 513
.456
23.23
21.99
27.46
26.73
21.89
48.0
49.3
66. 0
52.1
48.0
153
36
12
59
97
!
!
410
.470
24.02
51.1
357
1
3
5
7
5
6
. 538
.490
.482
28.57
27.05
26. 51
53.1
55. 2
55.0
4
3
13
18
.506
27.48
54.3
7
64
44. 64
41.41
43.10
41.12
4a 85
48.0
50. 5
58. 8
55. 8
48.0
64
17
18
29
74
42.60
51.2
202
5
6
$0.809
.620
.568
.749
.691
$40. 77
31.87
35.84
39. 55
33.17
24
84
.708
5
6
153
38
51
71
97
24
5
4
4
5
4
4
5
6
74
.930
. 820
. 733
. 737
.851
24
234
.832
4
4
5
5
19
34
43
5
6
65
19
34
47
70
24
235
4
4
'
2
2
2
4
4
2
12 !
........|____
....
1
i
i
5
i
6
3
!_____
1
5
2
34
12
5
48
1
1
1
1
4
2
12
14
4
28
4
2
12
14
4
28 !........
GENERAL TABLES
Total Size makers:
New England..
50.4
51.4
63.1
52.8
48.0
20
14
9
20
21
5
|
. 718
. 642
. 580
. 599
.617
34.46
32.42
34.10
33. 00
29.62
48. 0
50. 5
58. 8
55.1
48. 0
65
17
18
33
70
I
i
.638
32.67
51.2
203
1
-
Cn
T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EEK, 1923, BY OCCUPA-
£
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average Average
ber of ber of Average full-time
full-time
estab
earnings earnings
Un
em
lish ployees per hour per week perhours
week der
ments
48
Over
48
and
un
der
50
48
Over
50
50 and
un
der
54
54
Over
54
and
un
der
56
Over
56
56 and
un
der
60
Over
Over
66
60
and
60 un 66 and 72 Over
72
un
der
der
66
72
males—concluded.
Tliird hands:
New England___________ _ __
New York___ ____________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota ___
T otal_______
Fourth hands:
New England____________ _
New York___________ ___
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio................
Wisconsin and M innesota._______
Total _________
5
4
4
5
6
63
20
33
35
71
$0.611
.536
.485
.532
.516
$29.33
27.01
28.32
29.21
24.77
48.0
50.4
58.4
54.9
48.0
63
18
18
25
71
4
2
11
10
24
222
.543
27.58
50.8
195
4
23
5
4
3
3
6
60
20
14
21
80
.506
.456
.415
.521
.444
24.29
22.98
26.31
28.60
21.31
48.0
50.4
63.4
54.9
48.0
60
18
5
15
80
2
e
6
17
21
195
.468
23.45
50.1
178
Calender men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota________
2
5
.614
30.95
50.4
3
2
Cutter men:
New England____
_
r Tr.
„
New York................................ .................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio..................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
4
3
3
3
5
17
6
10
9
12
.513
.535
.482
.495
.447
25.70
30.50
26.61
27.37
23.24
50.1
57.0
55.2
55.3
52.0
11
3
2
2
4
6
3
8
7
8
18
54
.492
26.13
53.1
15
32
7
T o t a l__________
.
_ .
1____
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
W RAPPING-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Trimmers.
New York................................................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
Michigan and Ohio................................. .
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
2
2
.519
.462
.517
.477
28.03
26.24
28.69
25. 76
Total................................................
9
13
.497
27.29
Packers:
New England..................................... .........
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia...
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
4
4
4
5
6
82
35
35
26
70
.465
.434
.476
.531
.439
23.34
24.56
26.99
29.42
23.84
50.2
56.6
56.7
55.4
54.3
52
Total_______ - ...........................................
23
248
.462
24.81
53.7
69
Laborers:
New England..............................................
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia . . .
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
5
4
4
5
6
217
68
90
79
180
.481
.386
.395
.424
.413
23.38
20.50
22. 32
24.68
194
24
21. 68
48.6
53.1
56.5
58.2
52.5
Total..........................................................
24.
.432
22.68
52.5
Other employees:
New England______________ _____ ______
New York.....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia . . .
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
5
4
4
5
6
470
192
156
238
424
.623
.514
.469
.512
.460
30.22
28.01
28.84
29.18
24.29
24
1,480
528
4
3
3
3
37
9
16
18
39
.318
.219
Total.
54.0
56.8
55.5
54.0
3
1
3
4
1
11
1
1
30
18
15
49
12
3
15
5
8
3
132
12
28
2
56
23
34
39
30
118
8
16
46
5
2
13
3
294
244
2
75
18
1
48.5
54.5
61.5
57.0
52.8
436
34
3
6
1
11
8
51
2
3
68
202
32
94
37
75
177
16
2
10
33
38
8
4
8
3
11
28.14
53.3
788
3
415
6
35
72
4
33
91
26
16. 25
11.39
15. 39
16.45
16. 97
51.1
52.0
54.0
52.4
53.7
18
16. 04
52.6
22
20
17
20
66
16
FEMALES
Cutter girls:
New England.............................................
New York....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia . . .
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
6
119
Total..........................................................
Counters:
New York....................................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia . . .
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
3
Total............................................... .........
11
.314
.316
3
3
2
1
19
7
16
2
8
2
13
23
15
14
.284
.312
.277
.316
15. 34
16.85
14.15
16. 53
54.0
54.0
51.1
52.3
4
65
.299
15. 85
53.0
4
8
10
37
89
11
13
23
4
11
50
10
4
4
1
7
1
7
17
GENERAL TABLES
3
3
2
4
4
2
T able A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EEK, 1923, BY OCCUPA-
£•
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
N um ber of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
O ccu p a tion , sex, an d region
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
N um
Average Average Average
ber of earnings
full-time full-time
Un
em
earnings
hours
ployees per hour per week per week der
48
Over
48
and
un
der
50
48
50
Over
50
and
un
der
54
54
Over
54
and
un
der
56
56
Over
56
and
un
der
60
Over
60
60
an d
un
der
66
66
Over
66
and
un
72 Over
72
der
72
f e m a l e s —co n clu d e d .
O ther em p loy ees:
M ich ig a n a n d O h io........................................... ..
Wisconsin an d Minnesota..
_ . ___ .
Total .
___________________
3
3
16
7
$0. 276
.346
$14.71
17.51
53.3
50.6
4
6
23
.297
15.56
52.4
4
\
3
13
3
3
16
WRITING-PAPER MILLS
MALES
Beater engineers:
1
New England___ - .......................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota....... ...................
8
2
7
3
42
13
22
18
$0.873
1.193
.733
.657
$41.90
79.33
35.18
31. 73
48.0
66. 5
48.0
48.3
42
3
22
17
1
1
Total...... ..... ............... ............ ..............
20
95
.8*43
42.6ft
50.6
84
Beater men: .
New England............. ................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and V i r g i n i a ____
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
8
2
7
3
136
103
116
81
.513
.503
.498
.450
24.62
31.39
23. 90
21.60
48.0
02.4
48.0
48.0
136
41
116
81
Total.................. .......................................
20
436
.495
25.44
51.4
374
Size makers:
New England....... .......................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
8
2
6
15
3
7
.526
.929
.483
26.35
57.60
26.28
50.1
62.0
54.4
I
1
10
10
62
62
13
i
1
1
3
2
2
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS—Concluded
3
T otal................................... ..........................
Machine tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia-----
Tntal
Back tenders:
Pennsylvania, M aryland, and Virginia-----
T otal____________- ___- ____——_____- ___
T hird hands:
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia----A/TinliiofQf) orjH Ohin
WicPABcin
VVlovUliOlil o-nri
(UlU TVTitiTifl^ntfl
lVliUUUut/v<l.
T o ta l............................................................ Fourth hands:
Motp- Ti!nDflflri^
MiphicrQTi aliU
qbH viu
Ohio
XViiviiigali
vTotal
Loftmen:
Calender men:
"Nf^w Tflnglpprl
Pennsylvania, M aryland, and Virginia—
TVTiphigqn nnri OViift
Wi<2/wn<3in anrl MiTvnAsntfl
Total...................... ........................................
Cutter men:
TVa^xt Tnngln'prl
Pennsylvania, M aryland, and Virginia—
Mipbig^n and tlhin
WiQrwn^in qtiH Minrsp^ntfl
Total........................................... - .................
.413
23. 42
56.7
2
19
34
’ .529
28. 46
53.8
8
2
67
30
40
31
.911
1.091
.828
.730
43. 73
61.10
39. 74
35. 04
48.0
56.0
48.0
48.0
67
7
. 3
20
168
.890
43. 97
49.4
158
68
1
5
4
10
6
2
10
20
40
31
32
40
33
.629
. 796
.632
.489
30.19
44. 81
30.34
23.47
48.0
56. 3
48.0
48.0
68
21
7
3
20
173
.634
31.38
49.5
162
8
2
7
3
50
30
40
32
. 521
. 552
. 534
.423
25.01
30. 91
25. 63
20.30
48.0
56.0
48.0
48.0
40
32
20
152
.510
25. 30
49.6
142
3
3
13
18
.494
.455
23. 71
21.84
48.0
48.0
13
18
^6
31
.471
22.61
48.0
8
2
13
..... —
—
....- —
----- i—
----- -■
10
- ... ■
—
11
40
33
11
50
20
31
_____
10
10
____ _____ - - - - -
— - ___
1
5
46
.606
29.88
49.3
15
5
30
.600
.581
.570
.496
28. 98
28. 88
30.04
26. 78
48.3
49.7
52.7
54.0
26
. 18
15
3
23
16
16
90
.569
28. 91
50.8 1____
6
2
6
3
36
34
34
17
.487
. 557
.497
.422 j
24.01
30.08
25. 79
22.70
49.3
54. 0
51.9
53.8
17
121
2
6
21
; ■■
........
31
____ —........ ----- —
„„ , , -
3
1
4
1
8
67
6
»
20
52.0
15
.500 1
28. 00
= , ------------- 1--------------1------- ,--------
, ■ .■____
4
2
8
!
i
_ _ _ .... ...
4
24
1
1
18
2
34
9
15
20
59
1
11
%
3
3
\
4
GENERAL TABLES
%
9
T able A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Concluded
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average Average
Average full-time
ber of
of earnings
full-time
estab ber
Un
hours
em
earnings
lish ployees
per hour per
week
per
week der
ments
48
48
Over
Over
Over
50
54
56
60
and
un
der
and
un
der
and
un
der
and
un
der
50
54
56
54
50
56
Over
Over
Over
48
and
un
der
60
66
60
66
66
and
un
der
72
Over
72
72
males—concluded.
Plater men:
New E ngland
M ich ig a n and Ohin
Tntal . . . . . . .
Counters:
New England_______ __________________
Trimmers:
New E ngland
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.—.
M ich igan and O hio
W iscon sin and M in n esota _ _
Total..........................................................
Packers:
New E n gla n d _________________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
M ich igan and O hio
W iscon sin and M in n esota __
T o ta l__________________________
Laborers:
New E n gla n d .
. .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia . . . .
4
4
18
10
$0,744
.635
$37.20
33.40
50.0
52. 6
18
1
3
6
8
28
.705
35.88
50.9
19
3
6
11
.557
27.85
50.0
3
=====|
=
=
“
.653
.932
] 561
.445
32.45
51.17
29 34
23! 85
49.7
54.9
52.3
63.6
6
19
84
.623
32.46
52.1
8
2
7
3
58
59
64
21
.499
.622
.507
.410
25.15
33.59
26. 57
21.94
V 20
202
.528
27.67
130
85
.430
.474
21 80
26.02
=
=
27
13
26
18
2
===
=
===== = = = ===== = = =
11
7
2
7
3
8
=====
■■ -■■=
=
r.
4
10
5
1
1
9
13
6
24
15
24
50.4
54.0
52.4
53.5
10
37
5
30
7
11
59
16
14
52.4
10
42
37
100
50.7
54.9
22
34
20
75
12
3
15
=====
=
" 1 - - ■— • 1 — = =
13
13
33
15 ~ 2 i
___ ________
___
5
16
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
W RITING-PAPER MILLS—Concluded
0
Michigan and Ohio „ ....... ............................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Total................ .........................................
20
Other employees:
New England...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
Total................. ......................................
20
105
76
.426 I
.400
21.98
21.28
51.6
53.2
9
16
18
396
.433
22.65
52.3
81
93
456
204
277
212
.558
.583
.518
.445
27.68
32.88
27.09
22.47
49.6
56.4
52.3
50.5
203
58
91
124
193
35
6
2
50
29
60
53
54
41
1,149
.532
27.45
51.1
476
234
81
208
35
53
37
.395
.304
.313
.288
18.96
16.05
15.65
15.41
48.0
52.8
50.0
53.5
35
16. 52
51.3
20.26
21.26
48.0
52.5
117
117
66
44
11
55
17
45
no
38
24
12
58
9
13
23
7
1
80
31
FEMALES
Cutter girls:
New England...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
37
12
Plater girls:
New England............ ..................................
Michigan and Ohio......................................
117
Total..........................................................
218
.414
20.74
50.1
Sorters:
New England...............................................
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
74
32
54
.414
.510
.282
20.12
26.67
15.17
48. C
52.3
53.8
Total..........................................................
160
.389
19.88
51.1
71
Counters:
New England...............................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota................. .........
21
103
.382
.386
.323
.310
19.52
20.84
16.15
16. 74
51.1
54.0
50.0
54.0
11
103
18.80
52.5
10
66
101
66
23
.422
.405
Total..........................................................
Other employees:
New England...............................................
Michigan and Ohio......................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota...........................
50
36
.433
.455
.298
20.78
24.43
15.88
48.0
53.7
53.3
Total........................................................
152
.408
20.85
51.1
38
63
38
8
18
45
G EN ERAL TABLES
Total..........................................................
37
137
46
20
66
Cn
52
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE RARER AND RULE INDUSTRY
T able B .— AVERAGE N U M BER
OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N
PULP MILLS
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Average number
Aver
Aver
of days worked Aver
age
age
age
Per
in pay period—
hours
full
full
cent
actu
time
of
time
ally
earn
full
hours worked
ings
By
per
time
in one worked
estab By em pay
per
ployees period pay
lish
pay
period
ments
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
MALES
Barker men
One week:
New England......................
New York.................... ........
13
8
100
35
6.0
6.0
6.9
6.0
52.4
52.3
54.1
56.7
103 $23.84
108 22.86
$24.61
24.74
Total....... ..........................
21
135
6.0
5.9
52.4
54.8
105
23.58
24.64
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota, ,
Pacific coast______________
3
6
5
36
25
94
13.4
12.7
14.0
13.7
13.0
11.9
122.3
119.8
118.4
132.6
123. 8
100.0
108
103
84
56.62
50.92
52.57
61.38
52.62
44.34
Total.................................
14
155
13.3 |
12.0
119.5
111.4
93
53.30
49.63
One week:
New England....... - ........... New York............................
11
9
33
11
5.4
6.0
5.0
6.1
50.7
54.4
48.2
59.3
95
109
23.98
23.94
22.79
26.10
Splitter men
Total..................................
20
44
5.5
5.3
51.6
51.0
99
23.89
23.62
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio.............
Wisconsin and Minnesota,.
Pacific coast______________
3
9
4
6
32
37
13.0
13.9
14.1
12.8
13.2
12.4
117.0
123.6
122.2
124.3
120.6
105.8
106
98
87
59.09
52.41
54.99
62.76
51.17
47.65
Total..................................
16
75
13.9
12.8
122.4
113.6
93
54.22
50.36
14
11
49
26
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
52.5
51.2
53.4
59.9
102
117
24.78
23.60
25.20
27.66
3
3
8
4
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
64.9
66.0
66.1
65.3
102
99
30. 24
13.66
30.84
13.54
Total.................................
31
87
5.9
5.9
53.9
57.1
106
24.47
25.92
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia_____ ______
Michigan and Ohio.............
Wisconsin and Minnesota.,
Pacific coast.........................
4
3
11
6
23
7
35
48
13.4
12.6
13.8
14.0
13.8
11.1
13.9
11.8
127.5
129.9
113.1
121.7
126.2 ’ 132.0
118.4
101.8
102
108
105
86
60.31
55.76
56.03
53.04
61.48
60.00
58. 61
45.61
23
113
13.7
12.8 |122.3
118.1
97
55. 65
53.76
14
278
360
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.8
so. a
50.6
53.2
53.7
105
106
26.62
25.05
28.00
26.58
638
6.1
5.9 | 50.6
53.5
106
25.70
27.20
Chipper men
One week:
New England...................
New York............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Louisiana_________ _______
Total........................... .
Grinder men
One week:
New England.............. ........
New York............................
Total..................................
' 17
31
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio.............
Wisconsin and Minnesota,.
Pacific coast.........................
3
11
5
51
150
215
14.9
15.4
15.3
10.6
. 14.1
11.6
118.9
125.5
122.2
91.7
121.6
97.6
77
97
80
56.12
58.86
59.51
43.32
57.09
47.60
Total................. ................
19
416
15.3
12.4
123.0
105.6
86
58.79
5a 50
GENERAL TABLES
53
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
PULP MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
in pay period—
full
time
hours
By
per
estab By em pay
ployees period
lish
ments
Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
hours
full
cent
actu
time
of
ally
earn
full
worked time
ings
in one worked per
pay
pay
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
males—continued
Acid makers
One week:
New England......................
New York............................
11
12
32
29
6.3
6.0
6.2
6.1
50.4
57.8
54.9
59.5
109 $33.82
103 34.39
$36.80
35.39
106
34.12
36.13
Total.................................
23
61
6.1
6.1
53.9
57.1
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio.............
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Pacific coast.........................
5
5
9
5
12
13
27
15
13.3
14.5
13.9
14.4
14.1
14.4
14.5
14.8
136.0
131.7
112.9
115.2
149.8
133.6
123.4
120.2
110 80.10
101 83.10
109 66.95
104 68.77
88.22
84.31
73.14
71.68
Total.................................
24
67
13.9
14.4
121.2
129.4
107
72.72
77.68
11
12
34
32
6.3
6.0
5.9
6.3
50.8
55.6
52.3
56.5
103
102
37.74
37.92
38.82
38.52
102
37.81
38.68
117.03
87.09
86.06
77. 72
Cooks, sulphite
One week:
New England.............. ........
New York............................
23
66
6.2
6.1
53.1
54.3
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio.............
Wisconsin and Minnesota. _
Pacific coast........................
5
5
9
5
16
13
28
16
13.0
14.5
13.9
14.4
13.7
14.5
13.6
14.4
144.0
131.7
113.7
115.0
154.5
132.9
123.5
120.3
107 109. 01
101 86.26
109 79.25
105 74.29
Total..................................
24
73
13.8
13.9
123.8
131.2
106
3
9
6.3
6.1
50.7
48.4
96
32.45
31.01
2
3
4
7
6.0
6.4
6.0
6.0
72.0
61.7
76.0
62.0
106
101
31.90
29.18
33. 64
29.33
Total..................................
8
20
6.3
6.0
58.8
58.7
100 30.99
30.95
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota. _
4
12
14.0
14.3
112.0
120.4
108
70.22
75.50
One week:
New England......................
New York............................
11
12
49
38
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.9
49.2
55.3
52.2
56.7
106
102
24.99
25.00
26.53
25.64
104 |25.00
2a 14
Total.................................
86.04
91.20
Cooks, sulphate
One week:
New England................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Louisiana________________
Blow pit men
Total.................................
23
87
6.0
5.9
51.9
54.2
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia............. ........
Michigan and Ohio..... ........
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Pacific coast........................
5
4
9
5
18
14
35
21
13.3
12.9
13.6
14.3
13.3
13.1
13.3
14.5
136.6
111.4
111.5
112.0
146.9
117.2
112.8
121.1
108
105
101
108
64.07
54. 59
50.73
51.74
68.84
57.48
51.37
55.96
Total.................................
23
88
13.5
13.5
116.8
122.5
105
54.31
57.01
54
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T able B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
PULP MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
in pay period—
fulltime
hours
By
estab By em per
lish
ployees pay
period
ments
Aver
Aver Aver
age
age
age
Per
hours
full earn
cent
actu
time
ings
of
earn actu
ally
full
ings ally re
worked time
in one worked per ceived
Pay
pay in pay
period
period period
males—continued
Diffuser men
One week:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Louisiana.............................
3
9
6.3
6.0
50.7
48.6
2
3
6
7
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.1
72.0
61.7
79.8
60.3
111
98
29.74
24.99
32.98
- 24.41
Total.................................
8
22
6.1
5.7
60.0
60.8
101
28.26
28.68
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
5
15
13.6
13.3
108.8
126.3
116
57.88
67.14
96 $30. 37
$29.14
Evaporator men
One week:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia................ .
Louisiana_________ _______
Total.................................
3
9
6.3
6.7
50.7
55.9
110
27.58
30.42
2
3
8
4
7
20
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.0
5.9
6.3
72.0
61.7
58.8
77.0
66.4
63.8
107
108
108
31.10
25.11
27.46
33.27
27.05
29.81
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota. .
4
12
13.5
14.3
108.0
119.7
111
57.46
63.74
3
38
6.3
5.9
50.5
48.7
96
27.37
26.41
2
3
8
20
33
91
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.8
72.0
69.8
62.2
70.2
72.4
62.0
97
104
100
23.33
19.13
23.26
22.74
19.86
23.23
4
42
13.7
13.5
109.7
120.5
110
57.04
62.67
3
9
6.3
6.3
50.7
54.7
108
30.98
33.42
2
3
8
6
9
24
6.0
6.0
6. 1
6.0
6.0
6.1
72.0
64.0
61.0
77.1
70.7
66.3
107
110
109
4
10
13.8
14,7
110.4
129.6
117
27. 43
29. 37
26.43
29.19
28.37 |
! 30.82
j
60.28 1 70.76
17
12
77
58
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
50.2
52.4
51.6
58.6
103 25.60
112 25.34
3
3
35
15
17
167
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.1
5.3
6.0
72.0
67.8
54.7
71.2
63.2
57.0
99
93
104
31.97
31.63
14.98
13.99
25.16 | 26.18
3
5
8
4
19
22
53
31
13.3
13.5
14.5
14.5
13.9
12.2
13.3
14.0
121.3
113.1
117.1
115.1
122.2
108.0
110.3
119.6
101
96
94
104
52.52
59.15
53.75
55.02
20
125
14.0
13.2
116.5
114.0
98
Recovery men
One week:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia............... ......
Louisiana...........................
Total..................................
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Caustic men
One week:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.-..................
Louisiana.............................
Total..................................
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Screen men
One week:
New England—
New York. ... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Louisiana- ........................
Total..............................
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Pacific coast .
Total.................................
26.22
28.29
52. 97
56.48
50.59
57.12
54.76 j 53.61
GENERAL TABLES
55
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D , B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
PULP MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
m ales—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
Num in pay period—
fullber of
time
em
hours
By
ploy
estab By em per
ees
lish
ployees pay
period
ments
Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
hours
full
cent
actu
time
of
ally
earn
full
ings
worked time
in one worked per
pay
pay
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
continued
Head pressmen
One week:
New England......................
New York...........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.......... ...........
Louisiana________________
14
10
45
33
6.2
6.1
6.2
49.2
56.9
56.0
62.1
114 $30.16
109 33.17
$34.34
36.22
2
2
4
4
6.0
6.0
6.3
5.8
72.0
72.0
74.5
73.5
103
102
36.86
32.98
38.13
33.65
111
31.87
35.20
6 .2
Total.................................
28
86
6.1
6.2
54.3
60.0
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____________
Michigan and Ohio____ . _
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Pacific coast _ ....................
3
5
13
5
7
15
52
31
13.4
14.0
14.6
15.0
14.3
13.4
14.3
15.1
137.1
112.0
118.3
120.3
153.5
119.9
125.9
129.3
112 74. 45
107 62.94
106 64. 71
108 61.83
83.34
67.42
68.90
66. 45
Total.................................
26
105
14.5
14.4
119. 2
127.9
107
64.25
68.93
17
18
214
235
6.1
6.0
6.1
5.5
45.0
51.7
52.7
52.7
117
102
22.05
23. 78
25.82
24.26
2
2
19
11
6.0
6.0
5.7
4.9
72.0
72.0
69.0
56.4
96
78
48. 89
18.00
46.83
14.10
39
479
6.0
5.8
50.0
53.4
107
24.00
25.62
4
8
14
5
33
78
168
234
13.6
13.6
14.0
14.7
13.2
11.5
13.1
10.8
129.3
113.9
116.0
117.3
137.6
99.5
113.2
90.4
106
87
98
77
55. 60
54.90
52.08
53.25
59.18
48.00
50.83
41.03
31
513
14.2
11.8
117.1
102.3
87
53.16
46.47
One week:
New England_____ _______
Michigan and Ohio..........
8
3
28
6
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
48.1
58.0
53.4
56.8
111
98
30. 69
32.77
34.11
32.06
Total..................................
11
34
6.0
5.7
49.8
54.0
108
31.13
33.75
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota...
3
28
14.0
14.5
112.0
117.3
105
52.30
54.73
8
4
69
16
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
49.9
52.4
49.2
49.4
99
94
23.85
24.21
23.51
22.79
Total__________________
12
85
6.0
5.6
50.4
49.2
98
23.94
23.38
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota. ..
3
40
14.0
13.2
125.0
122.5
98
49.63
48.62
Pressmen
One week:
New England...... ..............
New Y ork ............... ...........
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia............. ........
Louisiana............................
Total.............................. .
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____ _______
Michigan and Ohio_______
Wisconsin and Minnesota...
Pacific coast.........................
Total.......... ....................
Pag washer men
Pag workers, other
One week:
New England......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
56
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
PULP MILLS—Concluded
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
Num in pay period—
fullber of
time
em
hours
ploy
By
ees
estab By em per
pay
lish
ployees period
ments
Aver
Aver Aver
age
age
age
Per
hours
full earn
cent
actu
time
ings
of
ally
earn actu
full
worked time
ings ally re
in one worked per ceived
pay
pay in pay
period
period period
males—concluded
Laborers
One week:
New England................... .
New York............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Louisiana..............................
22
20
1,199
1,151
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
51.4
52.0
50.2
50.6
98 $22.41
97 22.20
3
3
142
42
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.1
65.1
70.6
59.5
61.9
91
88
24.74
14.26
22.62
12.48
Total.................................
48
2,534
6.0
5.6
52.7
51.1
97
22.34
21.66
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia..... ................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Pacific coast.........................
4
8
16
5
189
378
1,513
579
13.6
12.9
13.8
14.0
11.5
10.0
10.9
9.2
124.5
114.4
123.7
123.9
111.8
91.6
97.0
78.6
90
80
78
63
48. 31
53. 31
50. 35
52.91
43.33
42.67
39.46
33.57
Total...................... ...........
33
2,659
13.7
10.4
122.4
93.2
76
51.04
38.91
22
20
791
625
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.2
50.7
54.0
51.7
57.2
102 27.68
106 28.84
28.23
30.55
3
3
117
68
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
65.2
65.2
63.7
67.2
98
103
36. 45
16.89
35.59
17.39
$21.89
21.63
Other employees
One week:
New England____________
New York_______________
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____________
Louisiana..............................
Total__________________
48
1,601
6.0
6.0
53.7
55.4
103
28.30
29.21
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia_____ ______
Michigan and Ohio_____ _
Wisconsin and Minnesota. .
Pacific coast.........................
4
8
16
6
288
228
775
415
13.9
13.3
14.0
14.2
13.3
12.6
13.7
12.5
122.7
114.2
120.8
121.2
122.9
117.4
123.9
108.7
100
103
103
90
60.49
62.24
59. 55
60.60
60.61
63.99
61.10
54.32
Total..................................
33
1,706
13.9
13.1
120.3
119.2
99
60.27
59.76
One week:
New England......................
Michigan and Ohio______ _
8
4
257
43
6.0
6.0
5.2
5.7
48.0
48.4
42.0
46.4
87
96
16.90
17.38
14.77
16.67
Total..................................
12
300
6.0
5.2
48.1
42.6
89
16.98
15.04
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota. . .
3
126
14.0
12.2
123.9
106.5
86
34.07
29. 25
One week:
New England................... .
5
35
6.0
5.3
48.0
42.4
88
19.25
16.9
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota. .
2
15
14.0
13.9
126.0
124.4
99
38.30
37.78
FEMALES
Rag sorters
Rag workers, other
GENERAL TABLES
57
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
in pay period—
fulltime
hours
By
estab By em per
pay
lish
ployees period
ments
Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
hours
full
cent
actu
time
of
ally
earn
full
worked time
ings
in one worked per
pay
pay
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
MALES
Beater engineers
One week:
New England _
T
_
New York. _ ,
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia___
Michigan and Ohio__ .. __
Total__________________
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia _ _
_ ,
Michigan"and Ohio __ ..
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total
_
.
8
6
96
35
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.9
48.0
48.0
49.0
54.5
102 $34.51
114 36.05
$35.22
40.97
2
4
4
25
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
60.0
50.3
72.0
51.1
120 33.90
102 33.10
40.68
33.65
20
160
6.0
6.0
48.7
51.1
105
34.67
36.37
9
54
13.2
111.3
103
78.91
81.37
2
2
21
12
13
87
8
6
298
136
24
13.6
12.0
14.0
13.3
96.0
11.8
13.4 113.2
12.9 107.8
114.7
97.8
110.9
110.1
63.74
98 65.77
102 73.52
102
64.99
64.46
75.08
Beater men
One week:
Now England
___
Now York
_
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____________
Miohigan and Ohio . _ ____
Total
____
_
Total
. .
,..
_
48.6
56.2
70.7
50.3
101 24.24
105 25.16
102 24.50
100 24.65
24.50
26.52
25.11
24.76
50.5
51.6
102
24.49
25.06
111.0
109.1
95.6
91.4
100
112.0
98 54.50
47.14
82 50.96
41.62
97
51.87
50.08
120
6.0
6.0
578
6.0
5.8
244
131
52
13.5
12.0
14.0
12.6
2
2
13
427
13.1
12.1
106.5
102.8
8
6
11
12
6.1
6.0
6.1
5.7
51.3
57.3
55.4
55.0
108 27.86
96 26.99
30.12
25.88
2
5
2
8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
56.3
53.8
57.8
57.8
103 24.38
108 27.76
24.99
29.84
21
33
6.0
5.9
54.3
56.0
103
27.37
28.20
8
2
13
2
13.5
14.0
13.0
13.5
122.4
126.0
125.0
136.0
102 55.20
108 66.15
56.33
71.43
10
15
13.5
13.1
122.9
126.5
103
56.66
58.34
8
6
146
66
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
48.0
48.0
50.5
48.9
105 39.98
102 42.00
42.03
42.80
2
5
13
61
6.0
6.0
6.2
5.9
66.5
50.0
65.5
51.4
99
103
36.31
39.60
35.77
40.67
21
286
6.0
6.0
49.3
51.0
103
40.28
41.63
2
5
21
Two weeks or one half month
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia__ _
Michigan and Ohio_______
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
48.0
53.3
69.0
50.0
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
9
6.0
6.0
11.5
11.3
96.0
53.56
46.94
Size matters
One week:
New England. _
New York . __
____r
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohio
T^ _
Total__________________
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total_________________
Machine tenders
One week:
New England
New York r T
_
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
___
Michigan and Ohio
Total.
,_ ,TWTr________
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
58
B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D , B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
T able
BOOK-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average number
Aver
Aver
of days worked Aver
age
age
Per
age
Num in pay period—
hours
full
fullcent
actu
ber of
time
of
time
em
ally
earn
full
hours worked
ploy
ings
By
per
time
estab By em
in one worked per
ees
pay
lish
ployees period
pay
pay
ments
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
males—continued
Machine tenders—Concluded.
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio.......... .
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
9
2
2
107
39
21
13.4
12.0
14.0
13.4
12.2
13.7
111.0
96.0
112.0
116.3
101.2
112.3
105 $94.68
105 77.47
100 86.24
Total..................................
13
167
13.2
13.2
107.6
112.3
104
89.63
93.51
8
6
149
66
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
48.0
48.0
51.6
50.1
108
104
28.85
32.26
31.00
33.69
2
5
13
63
6.0
6.0
6.2
5.8
66.5
49.7
66.8
50.4
101
101
28.53
29.62
28.65
30.06
$99.21
81.68
86.41
Back tenders
One week:
New England.......................
New York............... ............
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.................
Michigan and Ohio.............
Total_________ _________
21
291
6.0
6.0
49.2
51.7
105
29.82
31.30
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia_______ ____
Michigan and Ohio_______
Wisconsin and Minnesota __
9
2
2
124
39
22
13.4
12.0
14.0
13.1
12.4
12.8
110.1
96.0
112.0
113.8
108.6
107.5
103
113
96
68.26
57.50
65.18
70.55
65.04
62.55
Total..................................
13
185
13.2
12.9
107.4
112.0
104
65.62
68.44
7
6
118
66
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
48.0
48.0
49.6
49.1
103
102
25.49
27.98
26.34
28.64
2
5
11
60
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
65.5
50.0
63.8
50.9
98
102
25. 81
25.60
25.14
26.04
Third hands
One week:
New England.......................
New York............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....................
Michigan and Ohio.............
Total.................................
20
255
6.0
5.8
49.2
50.4
102
26.17
26.82
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.....................
Michigan and Ohio.............
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
8
2
2
94
40
20
13.5
12.0
14.0
12.6
11.2
12.9
112.6
96.0
112.0
110.4
94.2
106.8
98
98
95
54.84
45.02
53.65
53.79
44.19
51.18
Total..................................
12
154
13.2
12.3
108.2
105.7
98
52.15
50.96
5
5
63
56
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.7
48.0
48.0
45.8
50.1
95
104
23.09
26.02
22.03
27.13
2
5
5
72
6.0
6.0
6.2
5,7
57.6
49.6
63.1
49.5
110
100
22.29
22.47
24.40
22.42
Total.................................
17
196
6.0
5.6
48.8
48.8
100
23.67
23. 67
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
5
2
70
23
13.9
14.0
12.7
11.2
111.1
112.0
107.0
93.4
96
83
51.77
48.50
49.81
40.46
7
93
13.9
12.3
111.3
103.6
93
50.98
47.50
Fourth hands
One week:
New England.......................
New York............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia..... ................
Michigan and Ohio..............
T ota l..
....... ..............
GENERAL TABLES
59
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex , pay period,
and r e g io n
m ales—
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
in pay period—
fulltime
hours
By
estab By em per
pay
lish
ployees period
ments
Aver
Aver Aver
age
age
age
Per
hours
full earn
cent
actu
time
ings
of
ally
earn actufull
ings alty re
worked time
in one worked per ceived
pay
pay in pay
period
period period
continued
Coating machine runners
One week:
New England......................
2
43
6.0
5.9
48.0
48.0
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio..............
3
85
13.2
13.0
107.7
115.7
One week:
New England____________
New York______ _________
Michigan and Ohio.............
5
4
4
135
55
54
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.9
48.4
48.3
49.0
Total.................................
13
244
6.0
5.9
7
2
2
102
79
20
13.6
12.0
14.0
11
201
100 $34. 75
$34.75
107
59.99
64.49
50.2
50.8
50.0
104
105
102
31.36
29.66
27.98
32.55
31.24
28.52
48.5
50.3
104
30.22
31.36
13.0
11.5
13.1
114.2
96.0
112.0
116.1
102.4
106.8
102
107
95
59.04
50.21
59.36
59.98
53. 57
56.60
13.0
12.4
106.8
109.8
103
55.54
57.12
6 .0
Calender men
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia___ ________
Michigan and Ohio_____ _
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total.................................
Cutter men
One week:
New England......................
New York............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia—..................
Michigan and Ohio..............
5
33
2
11
6.0
5.8
5.6
49.6
54.8
53.5
54.5
108
99
25.00
28.06
26.98
27.91
2
4
3
14
6.0
6.0
6.0
6 .0
63.5
51.7
65.5
51.8
103
100
27.56
26.94
28.46
26.97
Total.................................
13
61
6.0
5.9
51.7
53.9
104
26.11
27.22
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.....................
Michigan and Ohio..............
6
3
38
105
13.2
12.1
12.0
11.7
122.8
105.3
113.4
108.8
92
103
57.72
47.28
53.27
48.86
Total..................................
9
143
12.4
11.8
110.0
110.0
100
50.05
50.05
2
10
12.4
1 2 .2
112.1
111.7
100
63.56
63.37
3
4
4
13
17
30
6 .0
6 .0
6 .0
6 .0
6 .0
5.8
52.4
56.0
49.1
57.7
59.8
47.5
110 33.27
107 33.77
97 27.94
36.63
36. 07
27.03
Total.................................
11
. 60
6 .0
.5.9
51.8
53.2
103
30.82
31.67
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.....................
Michigan and Ohio..............
4
14
32
13.5
2
12.1
13.1
11.9
126.7
101.6
124.9
106.3
99
105
71.08
58.93
70.05
61. 65
Total........................... ......
6
46
12.5
12.3
109.3
111.9
102
62.74
64. 21
Plater men
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio..............
Trimmers
One week:
New England......................
New York..... ......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
60
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T able B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H O F P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Average number
Aver
Aver Aver
of days worked Aver
age
age
age
age
Per
Num Num Jn pay period—
hours
full earn
full actu
cent
ber of ber of
time
ings
time
of
estab em
ally
earn actu
hours worked
full
lish ploy
By
ings ally re
per
time
ments ees
estab By em pay
in one worked
per ceived
lish
ployees
pay
pay in pay
period period
ments
period period
m a l e s — c o n c lu d e d
Packers
One week:
New England......................
New York_____ ____ _____
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia-----------------Michigan and Ohio..............
6
6
83
117
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.8
50.9
54.4
52.4
53.4
2
5
18
67
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.7
52.2
50.9
51.8
49.3
99
97
28.92
24.74
28.72
23. 97
103 $28.10
98 26.82
$28.94
26.32
Total.................................
19
285
6.0
5.8
52.4
52.1
99
26. 83
26. 68
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia_____ ______
Michigan and Ohio_______
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
9
2
2
116
53
22
13.5
12.0
14.0
12,7
11.2
13.5
121.3
110.7
125.7
113.8
110.3
122.8
94
100
98
68.05
52.69
55.18
63.84
52.55
53.88
T otal................................
13
191
13.1
12.4
118.9
113.9
96
62.18
59.56
Laborers
One week:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia—...................
Michigan and Ohio..............
8
6
362
237
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.5
51.5
55.8
51.1
51.8
99
93
24.21
24.27
24.00
22.55
2
5
48
144
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.6
55.3
51.4
50.6
48.3
91
94
19.13
21.02
17.54
19.75
96
23. 37
22.40
90 51.79
102 44.52
86 49.85
46.78
45. 61
43.03
New Y ork ...................... .........
Total..................................
21
791
6.0
5.7
53.0
50.8
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia............... ......
Michigan and Ohio..... ........
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
9
2
2
208
128
78
13.4
12.0
14.0
12.0
11.5
12.1
125.4
107.8
123.7
113.3
110.4
106.8
Total..................................
13
414
13.1
11.9
119.6
111.2
93
49.16
45.71
8
6
1,384
660
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
50.9
52.1
52.4
52.2
103
100
27.79
28.76
28.63
28.79
2
5
104
457
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
62.0
50.7
60.8
sa 9
98
100
26.60
24.54
26.06
24.64
Other employees
One week:
New England.....................
New York.............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Total.,...............................
21
2,605
6.0
5.9
51.6
52.4
102
27.45
27.87
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio!............
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
9
2
2
1,037
522
137
13.6
12.0
14.1
12.8
11.6
13.1
120.5
105.8
121.4
116.8
107.6
116.1
97
102
96
57.48
53.01
51.72
55.68
53.88
49.51
Total..................................
13
1,696
13.1
12.4
116.1
113.9
98
55.73
54.63
61
GENERAL TABLES
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D , B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
in pay period—
full
time
hours
By
per
estab By em pay
lish
ployees period
ments
Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
hours
full
cent
actu
time
of
ally
earn
worked full
ings
time
per
in one worked
pay
pay
period
period
Averageearn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
FEMALES
Cutter girls
One week:
New England.......................
New York............................
Michigan and Ohio..............
7
3
3
132
29
28
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.8
50.8
52.9
51.1
49.7
50.6
48.6
98 $18.39
96 18.14
95 16.05
$17.96
17.39
15.28
Total..................................
13
189
6.0
5.9
51.1
49.6
97
17.99
17.48
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____________
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota-_
9
2
2
82
100
14
13.0
12.0
14.0
12.3
11.8
12.4
117.2
98.2
125.7
107.2
95.3
110.7
91
97
88
37.39
30.15
35.20
34.17
29. 23
30.99
Total..................................
13
196
12.5
12.0
108.1
101.3
94
33.51
31. 42
2
35
13.0
12.4
108.6
102.2
94
36.49
34.35
One week:
New England.....................
New York..................... ......
Michigan and O h io..:_____
6
2
2
303
3
9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
52.6
54.0
50.0
50.5
54.3
50.0
96
101
100
17. 57
19. 06
15. 75
16.86
19.17
15.75
T o t a l.-........................—
Plater girls
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio..............
Sorters
10
315
6.0
5.8
52.5
50.5
96
17. 54
16. 85
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....... ..............
Michigan and Ohio..............
5
2
88
160
13.7
12.0
12.7
11.6
123.9
100.3
112.6
96.1
91
96
33. 08
27. 78
30. 08
26.64
Total..................................
7
248
12.6
12.0
108.7
102.0
94
29. 68
27. 86
5
4
4
42
43
99
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.7
51.4
51.6
50.0
49.2
48.0
47.6
96
93
95
19.74
18.58
15. 76
18.90
17.29
14. 98
Counters
One week:
New England.......................
New York.......... .................
Michigan and Ohio..... ........
13
184
6.0
5.7
50.7
48.1
95
17. 34
16. 42
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota. .
Total..............................
6
2
2
64
32
33
13.3
12.0
14.0
12.5
11.7
12.1
123.5
101.0
125.8
113.6
96.3
108.9
92
95
87
32.73
32. 42
39.00
30.16
30. 93
33. 76
Total..............................
10
129
13.1
12.2
118.5
108.1
91
34. 25
31. 27
3
2
3
22
22
134
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.7
53.2
45.8
48.8
52.0
42.0
46.0
98
92
94
19. 63
14. 56
15. 52
19.18
13. 36
14.64
178
6.0
5.7
49.0
46.2
94
15. 93
15.04
Other employees
One week:
New England____________
New York....... ....................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Total.............................. .
95102°— 25t
-5
8
62
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF DAY'S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS—Concluded
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
N um N um
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments
ees
Average number
of days worked
in pay period—
By
estab
lish
ments
Aver A ver
A ver A ver
age
age
age
Per
age
full earn
hours
fullcent
actu
time
ings
•time
of
ally
earn actu
hours
full
ings ally re
per worked time
B y em
in one worked per
ceived
pay
ployees
pay
pay in pay
period
period
period period
females —concluded
Otheremployees—Concluded
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia........................
Michigan and Ohio...............
Wisconsin and Minnesota . .
6
2
2
62
42
13.5
12.2
12.0
12
14.0
11.7
10.3
Total.....................................
10
116
13.0
11.8
122. 2
102.8
126.0
108.4
91.9
86.7
89 $30.43
89 40.30
69 42.21
115.6
100.2
87
35.14
30.45
$26.94
36.02
29.04
NEWSPRINT MILLS
M ALES
Beater engineers
One week:
N ew England........................
N ew Y ork __............. ...........
T otal.____ ______________
10
13
36
46
6 .0
6 .0
6 .0
6 .0
4 8 .0
4 9 .0
4 9 .0
5 2 .0
1 02
106
$ 3 7 .5 8
3 7 .1 9
$ 3 8 .3 5
3 9 .4 9
23
82
6 .0
6 .0
4 8 .6
5 0 .7
1 04
3 7 .3 7
3 8 .9 9
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio________
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Pacific coast...........................
2
8
5
5
24
27
1 3 .0
1 3 .4
1 4 .0
1 3 .0
1 3 .6
1 4 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 1 2 .7
1 1 7 .9
101
102
105
8 7 .1 5
7 1 .7 2
6 6 .6 4
87 . 66
73. 51
7 0 .1 6
Total.....................................
15
56
1 3 .7
1 3 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 1 4 .5
104
70. 55
7 3 .1 6
One week:
N ew England....... .................
N ew Y o r k . . ..........................
8
11
69
158
6 .1
6 .0
5 .8
5 .7
4 8 .0
4 8 .0
5 0 .7
4 9 .0
106
102
23. 57
2 1 .8 4
2 4 .8 9
2 2 .2 7
103
22. 46
23. 0 7
108 44. 82
99 49. 29
94 49. 95
48. 45
48.70
46.91
Beatermen
T otaL ................. .................
19
227
6 .0
5 .8
4 8 .0
4 9 .5
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and O h io .............
Wisconsin and M innesota..
Pacific coa st..........................
2
8
4
14
78
126
13.0
13.3
14.0
12.9
12.9
12.5
104.0
109.3
112.0
112.5
107.9
105.3
T otaL ...................................
14
218
13.7
12.7
110.5
106.7
One week:
N ew England........................
N ew Y ork ..............................
3
3
3
4
6.0
6.0
6.7
6.3
52.0
48.0
97
49.39
47. 65
56.7
49.1
109 32.08
102 20.83
34.97
21.31
Sizemakers
T otaL ................. .................
6
7
6.0
6.4
49.7
52.4
105
25.79
27.16
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
Pacific coast........ ..................
2
5
2
5
14.5
14.0
14.5
14.8
130.5
126.0
141.1
138.1
108
110
62.25
57.83
67.24
63.35
T otaL ...................................
7
7
14.1
14.7
127.3
139.0
109
59.07
64.46
10
14
125
142
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
48.0
48.0
50.5
49.8
105 46.61
104 45.84
49.03
47.51
267
6.0
=====
5.9
48.0
---
50.1
104
Machinetenders
One week:
N ew England.........................
N ew Y ork...............................
T otaL................................
24
■ — ---- —
•
----
—
—
■
46.22
48.22
=====
63
GENERAL TABLES
B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
T able
N E W S P R IN T M ILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
N um N um
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments
ees
Average number
of days worked
in pay period—
By
estab
lish
ments
A ver
Aver Aver
age
age
age
Per
hours
full
full
cent
actu
time
time
of
ally
earn
hours
full
worked time
ings
per
B y em
in one
per
worked
pay
ployees period
pay
pay
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
males —continued
Machinetenders—Concluded
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio__...........
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Pacific coa st................... .......
9
5
9
58
84
13.0
13.5
14.0
12.8
104.0
110.3
110.2
14.0
112.0
114.8
102 $124. 70 $127.46
100 104.12, 104.03
102
95. 54j 97. 91
Total.....................................
16
151
13.8
13.5
110.9
112.5
101
10
2
13.0
106.3
100. 59 102. 02
Bachtenders
One week:
New E n gla n d ........................
New Y ork............. ..................
14
127
137
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.8
48.0
48.0
50.1
51.0
104
106
37.10
36.82
38. 70
39.10
Total....................................
24
264
6.0
5.8
48.0
50.5
105
36.96
38.91
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and O h io .............
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Pacific coast............................
2
10
12.6
104.0
110.4
105.4
60
85
13.0
13.6
14.0
12.7
9
5
110.8
13.9
112.0
114.1
101
100
102
Total.....................................
16
155
13.8
13.3
110.9
112.2
101
81.62
82. 56
10
102
104. 94 106. 33
85.23 85. 57
76. 27 77.64
Thirdhands
One week:
New E n gla n d .......................
New Y ork...............................
14
125
134
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
48.0
48.0
48.9
51.0
107
31.44
31. 30
32. 02
33.49
48.0
50.2
105
31. 34
32. 78
Total.....................................
24
259
6.0
5.8
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio-----------Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Pacific coast............................
2
9
57
82
13.0
13.6
14.0
12.7
104.0
12.6
12.7
110.6
112.0
105.8
108.9
105.5
102
9
5
98
94
80.70
69.68
66.42
82.12
68.65
62.53
Total.....................................
16
148
13.8
12.6
111.0
106.8
96
68. 71
66.08
8
Fourthhands
One week:
N ew England........ ................
New Y ork...............................
13
103
117
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.8
48.0
48.0
49.5
49.9
103
104
25. 54
24.58
26. 32
25. 54
Total....................................
21
220
6.0
5.8
48.0
49.7
104
25. 01
25. 91
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio...............
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Pacific coa st...u .....................
2
13.0
13.5
14.0
12.9
12.5
12.7
104.0
110.3
6
9
56
50
112.0
104.4
107.1
103.6
100
9
97
93
67.60
55.15
52.19
67.93
53. 52
48.30
Total.....................................
16
115
13.7
12.6
110.5
105.4
95
54.92
52. 38
One week:
New England........................
New Y ork.................... ..........
4
9
23
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
48.0
48.5
47.3
49.4
99
6
102
22.42
22.84
23. 27
22. 751 22.91
Cuttermen
22.10
Total....................................
10
32
6.0
6.0
48.4
48.8
101
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
Pacific coast............................
4
4
8
13.5
14.0
10.8
12.6
126.0
126.0
101.6
13
116.4
81
92
60. 61
57. 83
48.89
53.48
Total....................................
8
21
13.8
11.9
126.0
110.8
88
58. 84
51. 73
64
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T a b l e B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1913, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
NEWSPRINT MILLS—Concluded
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
N um N um
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments
ees
Average number
of days worked
in pay period—
By
estab
lish
ments
Aver
Aver
age
Per
age
hours
fullcent
actu
of
time
ally
full
hours worked
per
time
in one worked
B y em pay
pay
ployees period
period
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
pay
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
97 $31.07
$20.38
males —concluded
Trimmers
One week:
N ew Y ork...............................
2
2
6.0
6.0
48.0
46.4
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Pacific coast...... .....................
2
5
14.0
11.6
126.0
109.8
87
58.09
50. 61
Packers
One week:
New E n gla n d .................... .
New Y o r k .................. ..........
10
126
14
122
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.7
48.0
48.7
48.2
48.7
100
100
123. 71
22.50
23.83
22.50
Total.....................................
24
248
6.0
5.8
48.4
48.4
100
23.14
23.14
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio________
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Pacific coast...........................
2
9
5
7
51
55
13.0
13.8
14.0
11.9
13.0
14.1
104.0
116.4
126.0
98.1.
111.5
124.6
94
96
99
45.03
52.15
55.94
42.48
49.91
55.27
Total.....................................
16
113
13.9
13.5
120.3
117.1
97
53,53
52.06
10
Laborers
One week:
N ew England........ ................
N ew Y ork....................... . . .
14
346
247
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.6
48.0
48.8
46.9
46.7
98
96
22.08
21. 62
21.56
20.69
Total....................................
24
593
6.0
5.7
48.3
46.8
97
21.88
21.19
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio......... .
Wisconsin and M innesota..
Pacific co a s t......................
2
9
5
17
92
309
13.0
13.7
14.0
9.9
12.7
11.0
104.0
117.7
126.0
83.2
109.4
98.2
80
93
78
46. 59
48. 61
51.91
37.27
45. 21
40.48
16
418
13.9
11.3
123.3
100.0
81
51. 05
41. 39
One week:
New England...... .................
New Y o r k .................. ..........
10
912
959
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.1
48.2
49.2
53.1
52.3
110
14
106
31. 04
30.55
34.16
32.82
Total.....................................
24
1,871
6.0
6.2
48.7
52.7
108
30.92
33.48
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio......... .
Wisconsin and Minnesota._
Pacific coast........ ................. .
T otal............................. .
2
9
5
71
179
685
935
13.4
13.7
14.1
13.9
13.5
13.4
13.1
13.2
107.9
120.3
124.1
122.2
117.5
119.1
118.1
118.3
109
99
95
97
68.19
58. 71
65. 77
64. 77
74.20
58.11
62. 64
62. 65
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.7
48.0
49.0
48.6
46.8
44.0
45. 2
97
90
93
17.04
17.00
17. 06
16. 62
15.24
15. 85
Total................................. .
Otheremployees
16
FEMALES
Cuttergirls
One week:
N ew E n gla n d .......................
New Y ork...............................
6
19
24
Total.....................................
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
Pacific coast............. ...........
11
43
6.0
4
125.1
125.0
100
11.0
112.0
88.0
79
36. 03
38. 75
Total.....................................
6
22
13.6
14.0
13.8
13.4
2
11
11
12.2
118.5
106.5
90
36. 97
36.03
30.47
33.25
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
3
17
8.7
8.6
124.4
75.5
61
36.08
21.89
Otheremployees
5
Ge n e r a l
tables
65
T able B .— A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H O F P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N -— Continued
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
N um N um
ber of ber of
estab em
lish
ploy
ees
ments
Average number
of days worked
in pay period—
By
estab
lish
ments
Aver Aver
Aver Aver
age
age
age
age
Per
hours
full earn
full
cent
actu
time
ings
of
time
ally
earn actu
hours worked full
ings ally re
time
per
B y em
in one worked per
ceived
pay
ployees
pay
pay in pay
period period
perioa period
males
Beater engineers
One week:
New England........................
New Y ork........................... .
Michigan and Ohio...............
2
14
5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2
50.4
51.4
57.6
50.5
53.5
58.7
102
31. 76
38. 65
$40. 85
33.13
39. 38
39
6.0
5.9
51.7
52.6
102
37.22
37.89
5
4
20
5.9
5.8
100 $40. 77
104
Total....................................
11
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia........................
Michigan and Ohio________
Wisconsin and M innesota..
4
3
9
15
13.3
13.5
13.0
141.9
116.3
109.7
103
103
21
13.3
13.6
13.7
145.7
119.6
6
110.8
101
80. 60
90.13
75. 80
82. 82
92. 71
76. 61
Total....................................
13
45
13.6
13.2
118.3
120.7
102
81. 51
83. 22
5
4
101
Beater men
One week:
New England.......................
New Y ork...............................
Michigan and Ohio...............
2
153
38
7
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.7
48.0
49.3
61.7
48.7
50.6
58.0
103
94
23. 23
21.99
32.21
23. 57
22. 55
30. 25
Total...................... .............
11
198
6.0
5.7
48.7
49.4
101
23. 28
23. 61
Tw o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....... ............ .
Michigan and Ohio...............
Wisconsin and M innesota..
4
3
51
64
97
13.4
12.6
11.1
102.0
13.7
13.6
145.9
109.0
109.9
139.7
12.8
6
114.4
96
94
104
60. 69
55.81
50.11
58.17
52. 23
52. 21
Total....................................
13
212
13.4
12.6
118.3
116.7
99
54. 42
53. 65
One week:
New England........................
5
7
6.0
6.1
53.1
57.1
108
28. 57
30.74
Tw o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia................ .......
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
3
5
5
6
13.8
13.7
14.2
13.5
130.4
125.3
129.6
124.4
99
99
63. 90
60. 39
63. 54
59. 91
Total....................................
8
11
13.7
13.8
127.6
126.8
99
62. 01
61. 56
One week:
New England........................
New Y o r k .......... ..................
Michigan and O h io.............
5
4
64
6.0
6.0
6.0
48.0
19
14
5.9
5.8
2
6.2
50.5
61.7
49.6
52.2
65.5
103
103
106
44.64
41.41
40.91
46.17
42.79
43. 46
Total....................................
11
97
6.0
5.9
50.5
52.4
104
43.48
45.12
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia........................
Michigan and Ohio...............
Wisconsin and M innesota..
4
3
34
29
74
13.6
13.4
13.6
13.6
13.2
13.5
133.0
119.2
109.2
101
6
112.6
106
103
97.49
92. 02
92. 93
98. 69
97.19
95. 80
13
137
13.6
13.5 1 117.2
120.9
103
93. 88
96.81
Size maTcers
Machine tenders
T otal................................ .
134.7
125.8
66
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T able B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average number
Aver
Aver
of days worked Aver
age
age
age
Per
N um in pay period—
hours
full
fullcent
actu
ber of
time
time
of
ally
em
earn
hours
full
ploy
By
worked
ings
per
time
ees
estab B y em
in one
per
pay
worked
ployees period
lish
pay
pay
ments
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
males —continued
Backtenders
One week:
N ew England.........................
N ew Y ork..............................
Michigan and Ohio...............
5
4
2
65
19
13
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2
48.0
50.5
60.9
49.0
55.2
64.5
109
106
32.42
32.40
$35. 23
35.47
34. 34
5.9
5.6
102 $34.46
T otal......... .........................
11
97
6.0
5.9
50.2
52.3
104
33. 73
35.16
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia........................
Michigan and Ohio...............
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
4
3
34
34
70
13.6
13.4
13.7
13.4
103
101
13.5
133.0
118.8
109.3
137.3
120.5
6
112.2
103
77.14
74.13
67.44
79. 67
75.15
69. 20
Total....................................
13
138
13.6
13.2
117.5
120.4
102
71.44
73. 25
63
100
12.6
Thirdhands
One week:
N ew England.......... .............
N ew York............. .................
Michigan and O h io ............
5
4
20
10
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.9
2
6.1
48.0
50.4
57.6
47.8
50.0
57.5
100
29.33
27.01
29.89
29.23
26. 79
29.85
Total.....................................
99
11
93
6.0
5.7
49.5
49.3
100
28.86
28. 77
T w o weeks or one-haji month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia______ ______
Michigan and O h io ............
Wisconsin and M innesota..
4
3
33
25
71
13.6
13.3
13.7
13.7
6
13.6
132.3
119.7
109.3
139.7
118.7
113.8
106
99
104
64.17
64.28
56.40
67.73
63.69
58. 69
Total.*..................................
13
129
13.6
13.4
117.2
121.3
104
59. 89
61.97
One week:
N ew England_____________
N ew Y ork...............................
5
4
60
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.5
48.0
50.4
48.0
49.6
100
20
98
24.29
22.98
24.29
22.65
Total.....................................
9
80
6.0
5.7
48.6
48.4
100
23.96
23.87
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia. .....................
Michigan and O h io ............
Wisconsin and M in n esota ..
3
3
14
80
13.8
13.5
13.8
13.5
21
6
13.1
140.3
128.0
110.4
144.1
124.3
108.2
103
97
98
58.22
66.69
49.02
59.81
64.82
48.00
12
115
13.7
13.0
117.3
115.5
99
53.37
52.51
2
5
14.0
13.6
117.6
119.1
101
72.21
73.12
4
3
17
6.0
6.0
6.0
6
5.8
50.1
57.0
51.7
54.8
103
96
25.70
30.50
26.56
29.33
12.2
Fourthhands
Total_______ ____________
12.0
Calendermen
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
Cutter m en
One week:
New England
N ew York____________ . . . . .
Total.....................................
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota. .
7
23
6.0
6.0
51.9
52.5
101
26.94
27.28
3
3
5
10
12
13.3
12.9
13.7
12.7
11.7
12.9
127.9
119.1
118.3
133.2
108.0
115.2
104
91
97
61.65
58.95
52.88
64.19
53.45
51.46
Total.....................................
11
31
13.3
12.5
121.6
118.9
98
57.40
56.14
9
67
GENERAL TABLES
T able B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued v
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS-Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Averagenumber
of days worked
Num in pay period—
ber of
em
ploy
By
ees estab By em
lish ployees
ments
Aver
age
fulltime
hours
per
period
Aver
Aver Aver
age
age age
Per full
hours cen
t time earn
actu
ings
of
ally
earn
actu
full
worked tim
gs ally re
e in
in one worked
per ceived
pay
pay inpay
period
period period
m a l e s — c o n c lu d e d
Trim m er m en
One week:
New York....................
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...............
Michigan and Ohio.........
Wisconsinand Minnesota..
Total.......................
3
6.0
2
10
13.0
13.5
13.5
13.4
82
35
5
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.8
122
6.0
5.7
13
35
70
126
13.4
13.7
13.8
13.7
5
217
68
6.0
6.0
285
6.0
90
79
180
349
13.7
13.1
13.8
13.6
470
192
32
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
2
5.7
6.3
48.5
54.5
60.0
11
694
6.0
5.9
50.7
156
206
424
786
13.2
13.2
13.8
13.5
13.0
12.1
13.4
13.0
137.5
124.9
121.3
125.5
2
2
2
3
7
4
4
6.0
54.0
13.0 123.0
10.3 129.5
13.8 121.5
12.2
125.0
62.0
124.0
100.1
128.3
116.2
115 $28.03 $32.17
101 56.83
77 66.95
106 57.96
93 60.88
57.24
51.72
61.18
56.61
Packers
One week:
New England................
New York....................
Michigan and Ohio........
Total.......................
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia..............
Michigan and Ohio........
Wisconsinand Minnesota..
Total.......................
4
4
2
10
4
3
6
21
50.2
56.6
54.0
52.2
48.6
56.4
54.2
12.9 127.5
11.1 127.4
13.6 124.5
13.0 125.8
127.0
106.0
51.1
122.8
121.2
97 23.34
24.56
29.48,
98 23.96
22.61
24.50
29.64
23.44
60.69
83 67.14
99 54.66
96 58.25
60.45
55.92
53.94
98 23.38
94 20.50
97 22.76
22.94
19.38
22.09
100
100
100
56.08
Laborers.
Oneweek:
New England.
New York__
Total.......
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia............
Michigan and Ohio......
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total..
4
9
4
5
6
15
5.7
5.4
5.6
48.6
53.1
49.7
47.6
50.1
48.2
12.4 126.6
11.6 131.9
12.3 120.4
12.2 124.6
108.8
114.9
97
91
90
92
50.01
55.93
49.73
51.21
48.36
50.97
44.99
51.2
53.1
64.8
52.4
106
97
108
103
3a 22
28.01
30.12
31.92
27.27
32.54
29.66
30.66
137.3
117.3
118.3
100
64.49
94 64.20
98 55.80
97 59.61
64.41
60.28
54.38
57.91
122.6
120.1
47.21
Other employee*
One week:
New England...............
New York....................
Michigan and Ohio.........
Total.......................
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...............
Michigan and Ohio.........
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total.
5
4
4
3
6
13
121.8
68
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
T able B .— AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WORKED BY ESTABLISH
MENTS AND EMPLOYEES, AND AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS,
1923. BY OCCUPATION, SEX, LENGTH OF PAY PERIOD, AND
REGION— Concluded
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS—Concluded
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
Num in pay period—
fullber of
time
em
hours
ploy
By
ees
estab B y em per
lish
ployees period
ments
Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
full
hours
cent
time
actu
of
ally
earn
full
worked time
ings
in one worked per
pay
pay
penod
penod
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
FEMALES
Cutter girls
One week:
New E ngland _
New Y o r k
_ _ _
Total „
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.......... ...........
M ich ig a n and O h io _________
Wisconsin and Minnesota__
Total
.
__
___
4
3
37
9
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
51.1
52.0
46.4
51.7
91 $16.25
99 11.39
7
46
6.0
5.6
51.3
47.5
93
15.24
14.08
3
3
6
16
18
39
13.6
13.1
13.6
13.0
12.3
13.5
122.1
113.3
122.1
115.3
108.3
120.5
94
96
99
34.80
35.58
38.58
32.89
34.01
38.10
12
73
13.5
13.1
119.9
116.3
97
37.05
35.95
3
2
13
15
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
54.0
51.1
52.5
48.7
97
95
15.34
14.15
14.90
13.50
5
28
6.0
5.9
52.4
50.5
96
14.67
14.15
3
3
23
14
13.9
13.3
12.0
13.2
122.1
115.6
102.8
114.4
84
99
38.10
36.53
32.03
36.13
6
37
13.6
12.4
119.6
107.2
90
37.43
33.58
3
3
16
7
12.4
14.0
11.3
12.9
113.0
114.9
103.6
106.4
92
93
31.19
39.76
28.57
36.82
6
23
12.9
11.7
113.6
104.5
92
33.74
31.08
$14.75
11.33
Counters
One week:
New York
___
M ich ig a n and O hio
__r
__
T o t a l____
Two weeks or one-half month:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total__________________
Other employees
Two weeks or one-half month:
Michigan and Ohio..............
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Total__________
69
g e n e r a l ta bles
T able B .— AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WORKED BY ESTABLISH
MENTS AND EMPLOYEES, AND AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS,
1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, LENGTH OF PAY PERIOD, AND
REGION— Continued
WRITING-PAPER MILLS-Continued
Occupation, box, pay period,
and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average number
Aver
Aver
of days worked Aver
age
age
age
Per
Num in pay period—
hours
full
full
cent
actu
ber of
time
time
of
ally
em
earn
hours worked
full
ploy
ings
By
per
time
estab By em pay in one worked per
ees
lish
ployees period
pay
ments
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
males—continued
Beater men
One week:
New 'England
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Michiganlind Ohio _
8
136
6.0
5.7
48.0
48.1
100 $24.62
2
7
103
116
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.8
62.4
48.0
63.7
47.0
102
98
31.39
23.90
32.05
23.39
___________
17
355
6.0
5.8
52.2
52.3
100
26.36
26.40
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
3
81
14.0
13.5
112.0
115.8
103
50.40
52.07
8
15
6.0
5.8
50.1
51.0
102
26.35
26.80
2
6
3
7
6.0
5.6
6.7
5.4
62.0
54.4
64.4
51.2
104 57.60
94 26.28
59.76
24.71
16
25
5.9
5.8
52.7
52.6
100 30.20
30.17
3
9
14.0
13.8
132.2
133.8
101
54.60
55.24
Tntal
_
$24.70
Size maker
One week:
New England _ _T_
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
M ich ig a n and O hio
T o t a l_____________ ______
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
Machine tenders
One week:
New England____________
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____________
M ich ig a n and O hio
T o t a l___________
____
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
8
67
6.0
5.8
48.0
51.7
108
43.73
47.11
2
7
30
40
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
56.0
48.0
59.5
51.8
106 61.10
108 39.74
64.89
42.93
17
137
6.0
5.9
49.8
53.4
107
46.36
49.78
3
31
14.0
14.2
112.0
120.7
108 81.76
88.17
Back tenders
One week:
Now E ngland
^
_. _
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and V irginia
Michigan and Ohio _
T o t a l__________
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
8
68
6.0
5.7
48.0
51.0
106 30.19
32.05
2
7
32
40
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.1
56.3
48.0
60.9
il.4
108 44.81
107 30.34
48.43
32.50
17
140
6.0
5.9
49.9
53.4
107
33.58
35.92
3
33
14.0
14.0
112.0
118.1
105
54.77
57.80
Third hands
One week:
New E ngland
_ __
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and V irginia
Michigan and Ohio. _
T ota l ______
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota..
8
50
6.0
5.4
48.0
47.2
98
25.01
24.62
2
30
40
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.1
56.0
48.0
58.6
51.8
105
108
30.91
25.63
32.35
27.64
7
17
120 |
6.0
5.7
50.0
51.6
103
26.70
27.56
3
32 1
14.0
J3.9
112.0
116.4
104
47.38
49.21
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PATER AND PULA' INDUSTRY
70
B .— AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WORKED BY ESTABLISH
MENTS AND EMPLOYEES, AND AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS,
1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, LENGTH OF PAY PERIOD, AND
REGION— Continued
T able
W RITING-PAPER MILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy.
ments ees
Average number
of days worked Aver
age
in pay period—
full
time
hours
By
per
estab By em pay
lish
ployees period
ments
Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
hours
full
cent
actu
time
of
ally
earn
fuU
worked time
ings
in one worked per
pay
pay
period
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
males—continued
Fourth hands
One week:
New England...................
Michigan and Ohio_______
3
3
13
18
6.0
6.0
6.8
6.7
48.0
48.0
52.4
50.4
109 $23.71
105 21.84
6
31
6.0
5.8
48.0
51.2
107
22.66
24.15
5
46
6.0
5.7
49.3
48.7
99
29.88
29. 53
5
30
6.0
5.7
48.3
49.9
103
28.98
29.93
2
6
21
23
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
49.7
52.7
50.2
53.3
101
101
28.88
30.04
29.16
30.38
Total................................ .
13
74
6.0
5.8
50.1
51.0
102
29.31
29.85
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota. _
3
16
14.0
14.2
126.0
131.6
104
62.50
65.19
Total............................. .
$25.86
22.92
Loftmen
One week:
New England................... .
Calender men
One week:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....... ..............
Michigan and Ohio............
Cutter men
One week:
New England.............. ........
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia— .................
Michigan and Ohio..............
6
36
6.0
5.9
49.3
49.4
100
24. 01
24.09
2
6
34
34
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
54.0
51.9
54.7
51.2
101
99
30.08
25.79
30.49
25.44
Total....... ..........................
14
104
6.0
5.9
51.7
51.7
100
26.63
26.63
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota __
3
17
14.0
13.6
125.2
123.6
99
52.83
52.13
One week:
New England......................
Michigan and Ohio.............
4
4
18
10
6.0
6.0
5.3
6.0
50.0
52.6
44.9
52.1
90
99
37.20
33.40
33.40
33.05
Total..................................
8
28
6.0
5.5
50.9
47.4
93
35.68
33.28
3
11
6.0
5.7
50.0
47.4
95
27.85
26.42
7
27
6.0
5.6
49.7
49.1
99
32.45
32.05
2
7
13
26
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
54.9
52.3
47.2
52.6
86
101
51.17
29.34
43.97
29.54
Total..................................
16
66
6.0
5.8
51.7
50.1
97
34.48
33.41
Two weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and Minnesota—
3
18
14.0
14.2
124.2
128.6
104
55.27
57.20
Plater men
Counters
One week:
New England......................
Trimmers
One week:
New England.......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......................
Michigan and Ohio..............
71
GENERAL TABLES
T
B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Continued
able
W R IT IN G -P A P E R M ILLS—Continued
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
N um N um
ber of ber of
estab em
lish
ploy
ments
ees
Average number
of days worked
in pay period—
By
estab
lish
ments
Aver Aver
age
age
Per
hours
full
cent
actu
time
of
ally
hours worked
full
per
time
B y em
in one
worked
pay
ployees
pay
period
period
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
pay
period
Aver
age
earn
ings
actu
ally re
ceived
in pay
period
97 $25.15
$24. 39
males —concluded
Packers
One week:
New England.................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.................. .
Michigan and Ohio________
8
58
6.0
5.7
50.4
48.9
2
7
59
64
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
54.0
52.4
49.2
54.5
91
104
33. 59
26. 57
30.62
27.61
Total............... .................. .
17
181
6.0
5.8
52.3
51.0
97
28.29
27. 56
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota...
3
21
14.0
13.8
123.8
124.7
101
50. 76
51.16
8
130
6.0
5.4
50.7
48.6
96
21. 80
20.92
2
7
85
105
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
54.9
51.6
54.5
51.4
99
100
26.02
21. 98
25.83
21. 90
Total....................................
17
320
6.0
5.7
52.1
51.1
98
22. 98
22.55
Tw o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
3
76
14.0
13. O’ 123. 5
117.4
95
49. 40
46.92
8
456
6.0
5.8
49. 6
50. 2
101
27. 68
28. 03
2
7
204
277
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
56.4
52.3
56.6
54.1
100
104
32. 88
27.09
33.00
28. 02
17
937
6.0
5.9
51.9
52.7
102
28. 65
29.10
212
14.0
13.3
117.4
117.9
100
52. 24
52.41
5
35
6.0
5.6
48.0
45.3
94
18. 96
17.90
2
4
53
37
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.8
52.8
50.0
48.5
47.7
92
95
16.05
15. 65
14. 78
14.92
11
125
6.0
5.7
50.6
47.4
94
16. 75
15. 70
3
39
14.0
13.6
124.0
120.3
97
35. 71
34. 65
4
4
117
101
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.9
48.0
52.5
42.5
46.7
89
89
20.26
21. 26
17.94
18. 92
8
218
6.0
5.6
50.1
44.4
89
20. 74
18.39
Laborers
One week:
New England.........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia______ ______
Michigan and Ohio...............
Otheremployees
One week:
New England............
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...... ................
Michigan and Ohio...............
Total.............................
Tw o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota...
3"
FEMALES
Cuttergirls
One week:
N ew England.......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia__________
Michigan and Ohio...............
T otal_____
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M inn esota..
Platergirls
One w eek:
New England.......... ............ .
Michiean and Ohio
Total.,...................
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
72
B . — A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF D A Y S W O R K E D B Y E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S A N D E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S ,
1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , L E N G T H OF P A Y P E R IO D , A N D
R E G IO N — Concluded
T able
W R IT IN G -P A P E R M ILLS—Concluded
Occupation, sex, pay period,
and region
N um N um
ber of
estab ber of
em
lish
ments ploy
ees
Average number
of days worked
in pay period—
By
estab
lish
ments
Aver Aver
Aver Aver
age
age
age
age
Per
hours
full
earn
fullcent
actu
time
ings
time
of
ally
earn actu
hours
full
worked
ings ally re
per
time
B y em
in one
ceived
worked per
pay
ployees period
pay
pay in pay
period
period period
females—concluded
Sorters
One week:
N ew England.........................
Michigan and Ohio...............
7
4
T ota l....................... —........
11
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
3
74
32
106 |
54
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.5
48.6
52.3
44.9
43.9
92 $20.12
84 26.67
6.0
5.5
49.7
44.6
90
21.97
19.73
14.0
12.9
124.9
114.3
92
35.22
32.28
$18.59
22.36
Counters
One week:
New England_____________
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia _____ ______
Michigan and Ohio...............
6
21
6.0
5.2
51.1
44.1
86
19.52
16.86
2
6
103
66
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
54.0
50.0
44.9
46.9
83
94
20.84
16.15
17.31
15.14
Total...................................
14
190
6.0
5.7
52.3
45.5
87
18. 98
16.51
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota. .
2
23
14.0
13.8
126.0
123.8
98
39.06
38. 42
One week:
New England_____________
Michigan and Ohio...............
7
4
66
50
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
48.0
53.7
45.0
46.2
94
86
20.78
24.43
19.48
21.00
T otal....................................
11
116
6.0
5.6
50.4
45.5
90
22.33
20.13
T w o weeks or one-half month:
Wisconsin and M innesota..
3
36
14.0
13.4
123.1
116.1
94
36.68
34.62
Otheremployees
T able C .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY OCCUPATION,
SEX, AND REGION
PULP MILLS
N um ber of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation, sex, and region
N um N um
ber of ber of Average
earnings
estab
em
lish ployees per hour
ments
25
20
35
30
55
70
65
45
50
12
49
11
9
2
27
129
31
126
159
116
136
4
9
48
87
33
83
472
313
130
28
4
6
6
11
5
9
8
3
2
7
3
3
2
3
1
2
9
8
4
2
3
6
18
19
35
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
40
60
75
90
80
100
125
150
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents
under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and
20
100
75
80
90
125
150
65
70
60
50
55
40
45
35
25
30
over
cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
U n
der
MALES
"Mew E n gland
N fiw Y o r k
M ich iga n and O hio
W isconsin and M in n eso ta
P a cific coast
__
Total
A cid makers:
N e w E n gland
N ew Y ork
7
278
360
51
150
215
$0.526
.495
.472
.469
.487
1
50
1, 054
.497
1
11
12
32
29
.671
.595
5
5
9
5
12
13
27
15
. 589
.631
.593
.597
1
47
128
.617
1
11
12
34
32
.743
.682
5
5
9
5
16
13
28
16
.757
.655
.697
.646
47
139
2
4
9
13
2
Pennsylvania, M aryland, and
V irgin ia
M inhigan and O hio
W iscon sin and M in n esota
P a cific coast
Total
___
Gooks, sulphite:
N ew E ngland
N ew Y ork
2
7
14
17
3
11
5
3
2
Pennsylvania, M aryland, and
V irgin ia
"Michigan and O hio
"Wisconsin and M in n esota
P a cific coast
T o t a l-- ......................................
.702
=,—
—
—
1
— •---)
3
------
,
5
25
3
1
1
2
1
4
GENERAL TABLES
Grinder men:
___ __
6
i
i
2
3
4
2
2
4
2
3
1
1
26
15
4
2
3
2
7
5
13
10
4
4
2
5
5
2
3
3
3
3
2
6
4
3
1
4
9
8
7
1
4
3
12
15
29
39
14
13
2
................
1
8
1
1
1
1
‘
Co
T a b l e C . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY OCCUPATION,
SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Num ber of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation, sex, and region
N um
ber of N um Average
estab ber of earnings
em
lish
per hour
ments ployees
125 | 150
35
60
65
70
80
90
100
50
75
40
25
30
45
55
20
Un and
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents
der under under
under under under under under under under under under under under under under; and
20 25 30 under
75
150 !
40
65
100
125
55
' 70
90
45
35
50
60
80
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents over
m a l e s — c o n c lu d e d
Cooks, sulphate:
New England..............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin and M innesota____
Louisiana.....................................
Total.........................................
Blow-pit men:
New England.............................
New Y ork....................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
V irginia......... ........... .............
Michigan and Ohio...................
Wisconsin and Minnesota........
Pacific coast.................................
Total.........................................
3
9
$0. 640
2
4
3
4
12
7
.443
.627
.473
12
32|
6
3
3
2
6
.574
3
8
9
2
11
12
49
38
.508
.452
8
5
4
9
5
18
14
35
21
.469
.490
.455
.462
6
46
175
.474
3
9
.599
2
6
.413
.532
.405
Diffuser men:
New England..............................
Pennsylvania, M aryland, and
V irginia....................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Louisiana.....................................
5
3
15
7
Total.........................................
13
37
Evaporator men:
New England..............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.....................................
3
9
.544
2
4
.432
1
35
94
19 I
15_l_
4
5
6
r2
10
5
3
1
W A G E S ANt> HOtfPvS I N T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y
PULP MILLS—Concluded
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Louisiana............................ ......
4
3
12
. 7
532
407
3
3
4
2
3 |
8
7
3
3
4
6
3
1
1
6
6
5
7 I
Total— .................................
12
32
.496
Caustic men:
New England.......................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Louisiana...............................
3
9
.611
2
4
3
6
10
9
.381
.546
.413
... . .. . . .
Total..................................... .
12
34
.499
4
22
20
1,199
1,151
.436
.427
41
131
672
709
305
261
143
36
7
.385
.466
.407
.427
174
3
.202
763
467
72
59
186
99
4
93
16
5
3
331
378
1, 513
579
42
81
5,193
.422
84
853 2,816
982
282
8
257
43
126
.352 ..........
.359 ..........
. 275
15
2
4
3
1
6
13 ......... .
5
1
4
86
59
19
19
158
7
5
15
426
.330
8
117
97
166
18
1
4
188
99
86
20
10
4
8
21
166
23
87
73
12
12
6
2
29
156
497
266
34
10
10
T o ta l................................... .
8
34
6
499
2
21
21
2
2
10
202
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
FEMALES
Rag sorters:
New England....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Total............... ..........
15
25
1 .................. .
G EN ERAL TABLES
Laborers:
New England.......................... .
New York.................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Michigan and Ohio__________
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Pacific coast............ .................
Louisiana................................. .
4
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
MALES
Beater men:
New England...........................
New York.................. ............ .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.............. ................. .
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Total.
8
6
298
136
$0. 505
.472
11
7
2
268
251
52
.479
.492
.455
17
34
1,005
.488
17
17
4
4
110
2
2
1
8
1
8
Cn
T a b l e C.-— AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY OCCUPATION,
SEX, AND REGION— Continued
N um ber of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation, sex, and region
N um N um
ber of
Average
estab ber of earnings
em
lish
per hour
ments ployees
100
65
75
90
125
60
70
80
35
50
55
30
40
45
25
20
150
U n and
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents
and
20
65
70
80
100
125
150 over
55
75
90
60
35
40
45
50
25
30
cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
males—concluded.
8
6
146
66
$0. 833
. 875
11
7
2
120
100
21
.820
. 798
.770
2
3
3
1
Total___________ __________
34
453
. 825
2
3
3
9
Back tenders:
New England.......................... .
New York..... .......................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
8
6
149
66
. 601
. 672
11
7
2
137
102
22
. 602
! 597
’. 582
Total..........................- .........
34
476
. 609
■■ = =
Third hands:
New England...........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia....... ..........................
Michigan and Ohio..... ............
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
7
6
118
66
. 531
i 583
10
7
2
105
100
20
. 477
. 495
.479
Total............... ... ...................
32
409
. 514
Calender men:
New England...........................
New York.................................
= =
5
4
135
55
. 648
.614
—
=
6
5
9
43
3
72
28
15
23
5
3
1
1
2
1
12
5
1
13
48
17
54
44
2
24
1
6
1
1
10
32
124
200
6
3
83
39
3
7
25
12
16
2
5
5
63 1
2
6
9
3
1
35
68
16
62
23
6
7
10
4
7
1
1
2
6
18
13
202
133
49
32
14
6
1
5
44
12
23
5
36
7
7
38
3
4
20
5
2
6
3
=
11
3
5
2
51
45
15
24
52
5
2
1
6
3
11
3
12
167
109
46
51
10
1
27
18
48
10
42
6
•'
1
1
T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y
Machine tenders:
New England...........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
14
"
W AG ES A N D H O U R S IN
BOOK PAPER MILLS—Concluded
05
—
=====
501S6
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
05
Total......................................
1
34
37
4
31
33
3
3
50
11
21
13
1
4
11
75
95
83
93
48
25
2
14
165
175
95
46
78
2
12
6
3
1
6
3
1
7
6
2
102
133
20
. 517
.5 4 2
.5 3 0
4
24
445
.5 7 7
9
Laborers:
New England...........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia......... ........................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
8
6
362
237
.4 7 0
.4 3 5
11
7
2
256
272
78
.4 0 0
. 411
.4 0 3
1
22
1
112
124
48
76
90
29
31
39
13
18
1
1
Total......................... ........... .
34
1 ,2 0 5
.4 3 1
1
23
300
535
211
112
13
6
2
303
3
.3 3 4
.3 5 3
1
28
1
205
36
2
23
8
5
4
88
169
.2 6 7
.2 7 9
53
13
155
7
12
7
2
4
4
17
563
.3 0 7
54
197
224
47
27
12
5
25
30
11
1
11
1
8
.. ......
3
____ ____ ...........
—
—
FEMALES
Total......................................
Counters:
New England......... ................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
5
4
42
43
.3 8 4
.3 6 0
6
6
2
64
131
33
.2 6 5
.3 1 6
.3 1 0
1
Total......................................
23
313
.3 2 0
1
13
20
2
24
20
19
96
33
13
22
44
166
68
2
2
GENERAL TABLES
Sorters:
New England............................
New York................................ .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
NEWSPRINT MILLS
MALES
Beater men:
New England....................
New York................... .....
Michigan and Ohio........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast...................... .
T o ta l.
8
11
2
8
4
69
158
14
78
126
$ 0 .4 9 1
.4 5 5
.4 3 1
.4 5 1
.4 4 6
33
445
.457
3
99
48
42
12
7
40
90
32
27
4
1
8
1
12
1
244
2
5
9
.............
1
1 ............
16
«<r
T able C .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY OCCUPATION
SEX, AND REGION— Continued
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average
ber of
of earnings
estab ber
em
lish
per
hour
ments ployees
55
65
100
125
6
35
45
50
60
75
80
90
25
30
70
20
40
150
Un and
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents
der under under
under under under under under under under under under under and
under
under
under
under
20
60
125
150 over
35
40
50
55
65
70
75
100
25
30
45
80
90
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
males—concluded
Machine tenders:
N e w E n gland
N ew Y ork
M ich ig a n and O hio
W iscon sin and M in n eso ta
Pacific coast...............................
T o ta l............. ......................
B&ck tenders:
New England
N ew Y ork _
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
,
Pacific coast...............................
Total.......................................
Third hands:
New England ___________
New York_____ _______ _____
Michigan and O hio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast...............................
Total....... ...............................
Laborers:
New England__ _____ _______
New York_____ ___ _________
M ich iga n and O hio
W isconsin and M in n esota
Pacific coast_______ .
T o ta l
____________
_____
10
14
2
9
5
40
125
142
9
58
84
418 I
$0.971
.955
1.199
.944
.853
.943
127
137
10
60
85
.773
.767
1.009
.772
.681
40 |
419
.758
10
14
2
9
5
125
134
9
57
82
.655
.652
.776
.630
.593
40 1
407
.641 1_____ 1______
10
14
2
9
5
346
247
17
92
309
.460
.443
.448
.413
.412
40
1, Oil
10
14
2
9
5
i
j
3
9
12
1
20
23
17
10
10
13
17
31
96
115
140
24
13
28
30
14
28
35
45
8
3
4
17
1
28
8
9
14
12
9
9
3
5
17
14
6
7
2
6
3
J ....... .
6
33
40
63
76
45
111
24
6
57
53
43
36
10
24
3
7
9
3
2
3
1 ______
.437 |_____I..............................|
1
!
1
3
11
5
9
14
3
8
5
28
11
11
11
13
10
12
14
5
14
44
28
134
101
56
132
35
8
15
15
30
30
1
1
4
2
9
14
1
23
1
166
169
8
51
289
27
683 ;
205
66
______1______ 1
3
37
19
i
!
i
...........1............
1
i
5
6
4
39
56
37
57
9
21
16
1
15 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ j
J
2
3
3
3
24 ____6_
1
1
!
1
2
13
1
6 !...........
.........|.........
M
1
l
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
NEWSPRINT MILLS—Concluded
- 'T
00
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
MALES
Beater men:
New England
___________
40
19
97
7
1
8
2
5
38
4
26
54
18
5
104
188
32
3
12
10
19
1
2
1
32
15
1
153
38
$0,484
.446
4
5
6
51
71
97
.416
.513
.456
34
24
410
.470 1...........
38
5
4
64
19
.930
.820
4
5
6
34
43
74
.733
.737
.851
7
4
4
4
3
24
234
.832
11
8
5
65
19
.718
.642
3
12
3
34
47
70
.580
.599
.617
1
6
24
235
.638
1
5
63
20
.611
.536
4
6
33
35
71
.485
.532
.516
24
222
.543
2
5
.614
5
4
217
68
.481
.386
4
6
90
79
180
.395
.424
.413
24
634
.432
4
Virginia
Michigan and Ohio____________
Wisconsin and M innesota.....
Total.......................................
Machine tenders:
New England
___________
New York___________________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
MiehTgan and O h io ___________
Wisconsin and Minnesota........
Total....... ..............................
Back tenders:
New England_______________
N ew York
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
V irginia._____________________
Michigan and Ohio__________
Wisconsin and M innesota..__
Total_____________ ________
Third hands:
New England_______________
N aw York
_____________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia
Michigan and Ohio
___
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Total......................................
Calender men:
Wisconsin and M innesota.....
Laborers:
New England
______________
New York _ _ _____________
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Total
4
4
5
4
5
5
_ _
3
3
19
8
27
5
1
6
23
3
14
6
13
15
32
3
6
4
2
1
6
30
29
87
41
19
2
1
6
5
5
6
19
2
8
14
1
3
3
2
.........1_____
5
4
2
24
2
1
10
16
19
9
16
22
5
1
8
31
20
56
58
27
10
10
6
6
7
1
4
29
2
14
1
1
2
5
6
13
13
9
14
14
12
28
1
2
3
22
40
49
37
46
20
1
2
1
5
6
8
2
6
2
1
1
3
4
2
3
9
39
54
26
17
3
129
7
14
1
47
2
70
8
55
78
12
15
31
7
6
1
1
15
167
221
78
143
8
1
1
1
1
14
4
15
General tables
5
4
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
T able
C.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1923, BY OCCUPATION,
SEX, AND REGION— Concluded
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation, sex, and region
Num Num
Average
ber of
of earnings
estab ber
em
lish ployees
per hour
ments
125
75
35
80
90
100
45
50
55
60
65
70
25
30
40
20
150
Un and
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents
and
20
80
90
100
125
150 over
35
40
55
60
65
70
75
25
30
45
50
cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
FEMALES
Counters:
New York............ ....................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
Total......................................
3
13
$0,284
1
9
3
.312
.277
.316
3
7
7
16
4
14
1
3
23
15
14
11
65
.299
4
23
34
4
2
3
WRITING-PAPER MILLS
MALES
Beater men:
New England...........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
Total......................................
Machine tenders:
New England...........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia..................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
Total.
25
8
136
$0. 513
2
7
3
103
116
81
.503
.498
.450
28
63
20
436
.495
116
8
67
.911
2
7
3
30
40
31
1.091
.828
.730
20
168
.890
42
40
11
62
25
12
31
38
3
2
25
3
141
112
41
8
8
1
i
—
—
1
,
1
7
7
1
1
2
4
4
6
4
20
16
14
17
20
4
5
4
27
4
27
28
29
43
38
1
6
2
23
6
—
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS—Concluded
oo
0
Back tenders:
New England...........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia................_................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
Total.......................................
Third hands:
New England............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia......... ........................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
Total...................... ...............
8
68
.629
2
7
3
32
40
33
.796
.632
.489
20
173
.634
—
—
—
2
7
3
30
40
32
.552
.534
.423
9
23
20
152
.510
9
36
5
30
.600
2
6
21
23
16
Total......................................
16
90
.569
8
130
.430
2
7
3
85
105
76
.474
.426
.400
20
396
.433
7
4
3
74
32
54
.414
.510
.282
14
160
.389
10
23
24
11
11
7
16
21
8
9
18
36
40
20
1
1
—
13
3
20
10
3
20
21
8
2
6
9
4
9
61
27
9
22
3
14
14
5
1
6
7
4
3
4
7
11
55
10
10
1
10
1
..........—
r.
1
5
2
5
2
21
79
15
9
3
11
51
7
64
25
62
25
16
4
1
1
83
175
102
29
4
22
10
1
15
4
12
11
1
6
3
3
3
3
1
6
1
1
53
55 j
33
19
12
12
9
5
6
7
1
1
4
10
5
3
1
6
2
1
1
10
7
3
1
6
2
1
2
1
= =
1
GENERAL TABLES
.521
3
23
20
11
—
50
.581
.570
.496
Total..................................... .
—
8
■Calender men:
New England............................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.............. ..................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
Laborers:
New England...........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota____
14
2
2
FEMALES
Sorters:
New England...........................
Michigan and Ohio................. .
Wisconsin and Minnesota...... .
Total..................................... .
Counters:
New England.......................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.................................
Michigan and Ohio..................
Wisconsin and Minnesota.......
T otal.
2
6
21
.382
14
4
2
6
2
103
23
15
33
46
23
14
23
.386
.323
.310
16
213
.358
38
116
18
66
2
1
2
5
9
00
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION
T able D . —
Cooks, sulphate:
New England.
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
PULP M IL LS
oo
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
T o ta l
2
3
4
7
7 2 .0
6 1 .7
4
5
7 6 .0
6 6 .0
8
20
5 8 .8
16
6 0 .9
11
12
49
38
4 9 .2
5 5 .3
39
33
5 6 .2
5 8 .2
|
1
I
[
1
1
6
1
11
13
!
1
|
I
|
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
1 |
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
"T
1
1
1
1
5
2
1 2
1
2
2
1
1
l 1
2
1
I
1
1
B lo w p it m e n :
2
1
3
3 |___-
1
1
6
3
1
9
1
2
6
" 4"
IE
23
87
3
0
2
3
6
7
8
22
3
2
3
8
3
D if f u s e r m e n :
1
3
24
72
5 7 .1
5 0 .7
6
5 1 .6
72 0
6 1 .7
6
5
7 9 .8
7 3 .8
6 0 .0
17
6 8 .1
9
5 0 .7
9
5 5 .9
4
7
7 2 .0
6 1 .7
4
6
7 7 .0
6 7 .5
20
5 8 .8
19
6 4 .0
3
9
5 0 .7
9
54. 7
4
5 1 .9
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
4
8
1
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
T o ta l
____
C a u s tic m e n :
N o w E n g la n d
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
a n d V irg in ia ,
L o u isia n a
______
__
T o ta l
L ab orers
N e w E n g l a n d .............................
N e w Y o r k . . ................................
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
___ __ ______
a n d V irg in ia .
L o u i s i a n a ____________________
T o ta l
_
_
2
3
6
9
7 2 .0
6 4 .0
6
9
7 7 .1
7 0 .7
8
24
6 1 .0
24
6 6 .3
22
20
1 ,1 9 9
1 ,1 5 1
5 1 .4
5 2 .0 .
885
813
5 5 .9
5 7 .0
3
3
142
42
6 5 .1
7 0 .6
99
28
6 6 .0
7 4 .1
48
2 ,5 3 4
5 2 .7
1 ,8 2 5
5 7 .2
'
1
3 1______
1
3
2
1 !
1
1
2
|
1
2
T o ta l
257
43
48. 0
4 8 .4
121
34
47. 2
4 8 .5
12
30 0
4 8 .1
155
4 7 .5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
3
2 !
i
1
1
2
1
1 |
i
l
1
1
4
1
12
4
63
37
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
3
134
158
29
31
1
5
2
16
101
18
20
45
38
99
52
47
61
26
28
50
44
3
2
1
2
1
3
41
85
152
110
55
1
18
28
61
97 i
46
4
4
33
9
80
4
42
83
1
j
4
.
22
i 22
.......1
[
.____ |______ _
1
j
!
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
*
1
4
98
59
86
86
7
11
38
34
11
16
10
16
1
4
14
11
9
6
1
19
6
29
7
1
1
8
10
4
5
1
6
120
164
191
24
108
29
44
9 1
31
42
1
.
2
64
47
1
29 2
I
1
i
3
2
1
1
i
|
8
4
1
1
FEMATES
R a g so rters:
N p,w E n g l a n d
M ic h ig a n an d O h io .
______L _ _
1
1
1
!
j
i
10
26
g en e r a l tables
E v a p o r a to r m e n :
N p.w E n g l a n d
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
a n d V irg in ia ,
___
L o u is ia n a
1
1
D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
T able
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
Employees working on all days of operation
Num
Aver
ber of
age
Occupation, sex, and region estab
full
lish
time Num
ments Num
ber hours ber
per
pay
period
Number who during pay period worked—
Aver
Over
age
hours Un 96
per der and 104
pay 96 un hrs,
der
period hrs.
104
hrs.
Over
104
and 108
un hrs.
der
108
hrs.
Over
108
and 112
un hrs.
der
112
hrs.
Over 116
112
and and
un 120
un der
der 120 hrs.
116
hrs. hrs.
s
Over 130 134 138 142 J146 1150 1154 1158 166
126 and and and and and and and and and
and un un un un un un un un un 174
un
der der der der der der der der and
der der
134 138 142 146 150 154 158 166 174 over
130 hrs.
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
Over 124
120
and and
un 126
un der
der 126 hrs.
124 hrs.
hrs.
MALES
Grinder men:
Michigan and Ohio..........
Wisconsin and MinnesotaPacific coast......................
3
11
5
51
150
215
118.9
125. 5
19
79
122.2
66
125. 5
132.3
132.1
Total.............................
19
416
123.0
164
131.4
Acid makers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio..........
Wisconsin and Minnesota .
Pacific coast......................
5
5
9
5
12
13
27
15
136.0
131.7
112. 9
115. 2
11
11
Total.............................
24
67
121.2
Cooks, sulphite:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio_____
8
— -1
1
25
8
1
9
5
2
5 '~2
2
2
17
6
10
7
1
1
1
2
2
i ! 4
2
2
1
1 — -
1 4
4
1
2
22
2
9
7
15
18
28
17
1
1
9
7
35 1 17
3
2
2
2 "T
2
1
4
4
1
7
1
1
2
5
1
2
1
1
146. 7
136.1
123. 4
12
121.8
59
129.8
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
” 2’
4
1
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2 — 1------
4
4 |
1 1
2
4
4
1
I
3
1
2
2
2
2
5
1
1
1
5 ! 4 | 8 —
3
3 —
1 ! 1
5
I
5
6
16
13
144.0
131.7
15
12
145.1
129.5
3
1
i
1
2
1
1 —- L
2 ....
1
1
2
2
1
2 '
1 ::::
1
1
2
1
^
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
PULP M IL LS— Concluded
Op
W isconsin and MinnesotaPacific coast......................
9
5
28
16
113.7
115.0
23
13
128.9
125. 3
1
Total.............................
24
73
123.8
63
132.1
1
Cooks, sulphate:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
4
12
112.0
9
125.4
Blow pit men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and MinnesotaPacific coast......................
5
4
9
5
18
14
35
21
136.6
111.4
111. 5
112.0
14
14
27
16
149.4
113.8
121. 4
128. 5
Total.............................
23
88
116.8
71
127.0
Diffuser men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
5
15
108. 8
12
141. 5
E vapor ator men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota-
4
12
108.0
11
122.1
Caustic men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
4
10
110.4
9
130.7
Laborers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio..........
Wisconsin and MinnesotaPacific coast....... ..............
4
189
8
378
16 1, 513
579
5
124.5
114.4
123.7
123.9
84
167
680
193
Total.............................
33 2,659
122.4 1,124
128. 5
63
122. 6
2 1 1 1
1
1
L I L.__-
1
3 i 3 i
i
4
2
1
4
2
1
1
i
2
i
1
1
5
1
2
3 L—
1 1
L—
2 1
2
5 1 2
7 U -
5
|
|
2 !I3
4
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
6
7
6
3
7 1 i
1
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
1
4
2 1 6
I 1
1
I--I
Ll jL
-
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
i
4
1
*
i
,|
4
1
f
1
1 1 11
L— .
l |
1
2
1
i
1
fr.
IJ L
2
2
2
2
|
139. 4
125.5
128.3 " T
126.9
3
4
2
6
9
1
9
4
14
4
2
1
1
1
1
3
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
7
7
4
7
1
17 " i e "
2
5
114
74
94
78
59
27
14
1
1
10
27
8
3
27 “T
36 40
15
6
4
8
53
27
34
10
3
9
87
33
8
14
85
7
134
22
45
46
81
51
92
56 132
4
17
1
6
i
i
I"""*
1
2
5
34
11
7
21
14
4 !
1
3
6
17
47
8
7
4
2
2
6
4
57
27
3
27
4
9
i
10
11
45
8
5
1
1
3
1
5
9
7
28
7
2
20
1
1
7
2
2
11
1 — 15
10
4
5
1
GEN ERAL TABLES
1
7
10
FEMALES
Rag sorters:
Wisconsin and Minnesota-
3
126
123.9
1
2
32
OO
Or
T
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Employees working on all days of operation
Num
ber
Averof
age
Aver
estab
full
age
lish Num time Num hours
ments ber hours ber
per
per
pay
period
pay
period
Number who during pay period worked—
Over 44
Over
Over
50
‘ 48
40 and
Un
and
and
der 40 un un 48 un 50 and
un
40 hrs. der der hrs. der hrs. der
hrs.
50
52
44 48
hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
Over
Over
52
56
54
and
and
un 54 un 56 and
un
der hrs. der hrs. der
54
58
56
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
Over
Over
Over
Over
58
60
72
66
78
and
and 72 and 78 and
un 60 and
66
un
un
un
un
der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der
60
66
72
78
84
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
84
hrs.
and
over
MALES
Beater men:
New England__
New York......... ................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
8
6
298
136
48.0
53.3
263
120
50.7
59.1
2
5
24
120
69.0
50.0
23
107
71.9
52.0
21
678
50.5
513
53.9
8
146
66
48.0
48.0
137
59
51.6
50.7
5
13
61
66. 5
50.0
12
59
65.5
51.9
Total...............................
21
286
49.3
267
52.1
Back tenders:
New England__________ _
New York..........................
8
6
149
66
48.0
48.0
144
60
52.0
52.3
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohio.
Total...............................
Machine tenders:
New England___ _______
New York. _ __________
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
_ ____
Michigan and Ohio. ____
6
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
7 1
4
2
32
9
3
2
6
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
8
4
8
4
7
18
5
3
4
4
4
2
2
2
74
1
283
42
5
1
62
13
9
18
9
7
2
3
40
3
10 118
30
9
9
20
5
8
65
14
17
18
2
1
10
9
1
2
3
1
3
7
1
2
22
19
4 i 8
3
*6
3
2
5
1
176
31
4
1
2
22
2
4
1
5
2
12
5 "12"
13
6
1
5
3
1
1
5
10
5
1
1
3
5
7
10 I
V
18
10
9
6
2
1
1
7
2
4
6
1
9
1
3
3
6
1
4
3
1
20
6
8
1
5
3
1
1
2
5
2
5
3 I__
8
1
5
13
1
1
1
1
3
I
oo
05
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PTJLP INDUSTRY
D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE T A Y PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
able
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____ ______
Michigan and Ohio........
2
5
13
63
66.5
49.7
12
61
67.9
51.6
Total_________________
21
201
49.2
277
52.7
7
6
118
66
48.0
48.0
95
59
2
5
11
60
65.5
50.0
Third hands:
New England............... .
New York..........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Total _
_ _ _
1
|
4
9 121
39
3
53.3
50.2
4
9
35
17
6
18
10
10
51
64.8
54.4
1
3
28
14
83
24
3
6
91
29
35
2
1
3
3
9 J155
6
3
6
59
12
8
2
10
6
2
3
19
4
39
5
8
93
14
55
1
6
31
13
3
2
20
255
49.2
215
53.2
Calender men:
New England....... ............
New Y o r k ........................
Michigan and Ohio...........
5
4
4
135
55
54
48.4
48.3
49.0
124
50
52
50.8
52.2
50.7
2
Total. ................... ..........
13
244
48.5
226
51.1
2
8
6
362
237
51.5
55.8
313
179
53.6
57.7
2
5
48
144
55.3
51.4
37
124
55.6
51.8
21
791
53.0
653
54.5
Laborers:
New England___________
New York..........................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____ ______
Michigan and Ohio...........
Total..........................
FEMALES
1
1
5
2
10
16
2
2
1
2 1 1
12 li 4
10
3
2
1
1
14
3
3
1
4
7
i 3
1
1
3
11
3
12
8
7
3
15
2
1
3
2
3
3
4
2
3
6
1
3
1
2
9
L_._
4
3
8
6 i 7
5
16
3
8
2
1
7
2
5
2
1
1
4
....
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
5
5
5
5
5
2
6
36
39
3
3
7
2
2
2
17
10
79
1
3
1
1
5
1
1
14
3
9 101
3 11
33
39
9
25
5
5
14
15
1 _54‘
1
1
2
1
15 128 126
36
13
21
6
2
2
303
3
9
52.6
54.0
50.0
266
3
9
52.1
54.3
50.0
1
Total...............................
10
315
52.5
278
52.0
1
6
Counters:
New England.....................
New York..........................
Michigan and Ohio...........
5
4
4
42
43
99
51.4
51.6
50.0
38
34
84
Total...............................
13
184
50.7
156
6
31
13
12
51.1
50.9
49.8
2
3
4
13
2
11
2
7
78
50.4
9
13
15
85
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
6
2
41
2
1
|
1.......
|
3 167
43
1
i
12
3
8
9
1
17
1
15
1
1
1
2
3 167
9
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
1
3
2 "II"
%
Sorters:
New England....................
New York..........................
Michigan and Ohio...........
1
5
11
3
2
1
1
2
GENERAL TABLES
3
39
1
1
1
l
oo
—t
D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
T able
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All em
ployees
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and region estab
lish
ments Num
ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Number who during pay period workedAverage
full
time Num
hours ber
per
pay
period
Aver
age
hours
per
pay
period
Un
der
96
hrs.
Over
96
and 104
un hrs.
der
104
hrs.
Over
104
and 108
un hrs.
der
108
hrs.
Over
108
and 112
un hrs.
der
112
hrs.
Over 116
112
and and
120
un un
hrs.
der der
120
116
hrs. hrs.
Over 124
120
and and
un 126
un der
der 126 hrs.
124
hrs. hrs.
Over 130 134 138 142
126
and and and
and and
un un un
un un
der
der der
der 134 der
138 142 146
130 hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
146 150 154 158 166
and and and and and
un un un un un
der der der der der
150 154 158 166 174
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
174
hrs.
and
over
MALES
Beater men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.......... ........
Michigan and Ohio______
Wisconsin and Minnesota
g
2
2
96.0
112.0
166
96
29
118. 5
101.5
108.5
51
6
4
9
17
2
17
2
427 106.5
291
111.9
57
13
28
119. 3
104.8 '*5*
112.3
6
9
3
....
18
1
17
8
1
9
244
131
52
1 1 1 .0
Total.............................
13
Machine tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia..................
Michigan and Ohio______
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
9
2
2
107
39
21
111. 0
96. 0
112.0
96
31
21
Total.............................
13
167
107.6
148
115.3
Back tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
9
124
110.1
101
119.1
3
5
6
1
1
3
1
19
2
4
11
5
4
2
3
35
9
25
2
6
27
1
5
4
2
1
45
33
33
8
11
1
1
7
1
1
12
3
2
1
1
1
2
7
1
1
12
3
2
1
1
4
5
6
8
3
2
1
4
8
3
2
1
4
4
4
6
1
1
1
6
12
8
11
....
"2"
6
5
9
13
2
4
2
1
5
6
10
20
19
2
12
4
5
6
2
4
2
12
18
4
17
3
2
5
1
1
1
5
1
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
B O O K -P A P E R M IL L S— Concluded
0°
00
Michigan and O hio............
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Total...............................
2
2
13
39
22
96.0
112.0
36
17
110.9
113.7
4
2
8
2
2
6
185
107.4
154
116.6
6
18
3
15
2
10
3
11
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
Third hands:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
8
2
2
94
40
20
112.6
96.0
112.0
65
32
16
123.8
104.1
114.8
7
3
1
1
8
2
16
27
4
19
4
2
2
2
2
3
1
5
14
1
5
3
1
9
3
1
1
3
6
9
20
4
9
4
1
11
1
13
5
2
1
2
5
1
2
154
108.2
113
116.9
7
16
2
4
7
2
2
102
79
20
114.2
96.0
112.0
79
54
18
119.7
107. 0
114.1
25
1
1
1
8
2
1
1
3
1
4
19
5
10
9
8
34
10
12
18
3
3
8
2
6
4
6
9
14
’T
15
3
5
13
16
23
23
1
1
19
1
1
19
3
6
11
201
106.8
151
114.5
25
2
9
4
9
2
2
208
128
78
125.4
107. 8
123.7
127
106
49
130. 4
115.1
124. 5
10
15
4
4
2
1
T otal...............................
13
414
119.6
282
123. 7
10
15
4
4
3
Sorters:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
5
2
88
160
123.9
100.3
59
125
121.0
99.4
18
106
106. 3
18
106
17
17
1
7
2
5
5
6
1
3
3
6
7
7
3
3
6
6
1
1
2
2
3
2
7
3
5
1
1
8 26
2
2 11"
11
7
11
17
7
12
2
1
1
4
47
29
24
15
5
1
1
1
12
FEMALES
Total...............................
7
248
108. 7
184
Counters:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
6
2
2
64
32
33
123. 5
101.0
125.8
45
30
15
115. 8
98.6 " T
123.2
2
27
3
Total...............................
10
129
118.5
90
111.3
29
3
3
11
11
1
1
3
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
....
3
3
1
4
4
1
4
1
3
4
4
4
1
4
5
30
8
1
30
8
2
12
4
1
5
2
3
5
7
14
7
6
1
1
1
TABLES
12
Total...............................
1
GENERAL
T otal...............................
Laborers:
Pennsylvania, M aryland,
and Virginia....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
W isconsin and Minnesota.
1
1
2
Calender men:
Pennsylvania, M aryland,
and Virginia....................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
2
2
1
00
CD
\
T a b l e D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCU
PATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
M IL L S
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Employees working on all days of operation
Num
ber
Averof
Aver
age
estab
full
age
lish Num time Num hours
ments ber hours ber
per
per
pay
period
pay
period
Number who during pay period worked—
Over
Over
Over 44
Over 52
Over 58
Over
Over
Over
Over
54
48
50 and
40 and
66
72
56 and
60
78
Un
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
der 40 un un 48 un 50 un un 54 un 56 un un 60 un 66 un 72 un 78 and
un
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
der
40 hrs. der der hrs. der
der der
der
der 60 hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der
hrs.
52 54
72
56
44 48
50
58
66
78
84
hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
84
hrs.
and
over
MALES
Beater men:
__
New England.
New York ____________
11
168
48.0
48.0
59
129
54.0
52.0
1
4
33
82
6
1
1
4
Total_________- _______
19
227
48.0
188
52.6
1
4 115
6
2
Machine tenders:
New England___________
New York _
_ _
10
125
142
48.0
48.0
115
131
51.9
1
14
50.7
6 57
7 65
7
3
3
9
13 122
10
51
48
14 99
11
8
69
Total __ ______________
24
267
48.0
246
51.3
1
Back tenders:
New England ______
New York______________
10
14
127
137
48.0
48.0
115
120
51. 5
52.6
1
Total...............................
24
264
48.0
235
52.1
1
10
4
2
1
1
3
9
5
2
2
6
17
8
6
7
2
12
23
15
5
2
6
4
8
16
6
24
~
-
3
2 "T
4
4
10
2
2
4
1
1
2
1
2
12
5
6
14
4
5
1
1
2
3
3
2
3
1
6
1
4
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
8
6
5
7
3
3
5
3
5
3
2
11
8
8
2
2
2
6
3
3
5
2
1
4
4
2
1
3
2
2
19
10
4
9
3
8
3
8
3
4
2
2
1
3
1
_____
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
N E W S P R IN T
co
o
Third hands:
New England................. .
New Y o rk ....................... .
10
14
125
134
48.0
48.0
107
116
50.6
53.5
4 63
1 45
4
7
3
5
5
13
8
7
2
4
4
1
10
6
2
1
3
4
5
1
3
Total...............................
24
259
48.0
223
52.1
5 108
11
8
18
15
6
4
11
3
8
4
9
Laborers:
New England................. .
New York........................
10
14
346
247
48.0
48.8
263
187
52.3
52.1
3
4
11 123
10 81
12
16
3
9
8
8
11
7
2
4
5
6
21
7
12
7
14
6
4
1
Total..............................
24
593
48.3
450
52.2
3 —-
4
21 204
28
12
16
18
6
11
28
19
20
5
3
1
4
1
1
1
2
3
5
1
1
12
14
2
4
8
6
1
2
___
4
1
1
26
6
14
1
2
....
4
2
GENEKAL TABLES
2
to
T a b l e D . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
Jg
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and region estab
lish
ments Num
ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Number who during pay period worked—
Aver
age
full
time Num
hours ber
per
pay
period
Aver
Over
age
hours Un 96
per der and 104
pay 96 un hrs.
period hrs.
der
104
hrs.
Over
104
and 108
un hrs.
der
108
hrs.
Over
108
and 112
un hrs.
der
112
hrs.
Over 116
112
and and
un 120
un der
der 120 hrs.
116
hrs. hrs.
Over 124
120
and and
un 126
un der
der 126 hrs.
124 hrs.
hrs.
Over 130 134 138 142 146 15Q 154 158 166
126
and and and and and and and and
and and
un un un un un un un un un
un der
der der der der der der der
der 134 der
138 142 146 150 154 158 166 174
130 hrs. hrs.
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
174
hrs.
and
over
MALES
Beater men:
4
14
78
126
104.0
109.3
112.0
12
63
95
T o ta l...........................
14
218
110.5
170
Machine tenders:
Michigan and Ohio_____
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pap.ifln nnast
_ __
2
9
5
9
68
84
104.0
110.3
112.0
Total.............................
16
151
Back tenders:
Michigan and Ohio..........
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast......................
2
9
5
Total.............................
16
M ich ig a n and O h io
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast......................
2
8
1
5
1
3
13
16
2
10
25
5
7
2
1
4
9
1
1
4
5
2
9
3
1
1
7 ” 6_
4
7
32
37
12
3
13
1
1
9
11
4
8
6
3
2 1
3 ....
3
2
5
7
8
8
5
16
7
14
1
8
2
5
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
115.3 . . . .
115.2
122.7
1
8
2
1
9
2
3
9
44
68
106.3
118.9 . . . .
117.3
1
4
1
110.9
121
117.0 —
1
10
60
85
104.0
110.4
112.0
8
43
68
108.8
120.9 . . . .
116.8
3
1
155
110.9
119
117.7 .....
4
119.4
'T
2
1
1
___
1
1
1
1 ' 1 —
1
1
1
8
2
14
16
21
21
9
7
2
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
1 ....
3
2
1
2
10
1
7
6
2
6
11
3
19 —7-
1
4
3 ....
2
2
2
2
3
2
1 ....
1
1
1
1 . . . . .2
5
4
13
14
19
22
5
5 ....
4
5
2
1 ....
2
1
1 ....
7
1
1
5
3
1
2
—
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
N E W S P R IN T M IL LS— Concluded
95102°— 25t-
Third hands:
Michigan and Ohio..........
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast—..................
9
57
82
104.0
8
9
5
110. 6
112.0
34
50
109.0
122. 8
119.7
Total__________ _____
16
148
111.0
92
119.9
Laborers:
Michigan and Ohio..........
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pacific coast......................
2
9
5
17
92
309
104.0
117.7
126. 0
7
64
148
120.8
Total.............................
16
418
123.3
219
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
5
2
1
1
2
4
~~87~
1
1
4
4
6
8
5
15
11
12
1
1
7
7
130.1
5
3
126.9
2
7
113.5
1
—
1
3
1
4
1
4
1
1
3
. . . .
1
3
1
2
2
8
3 "T
4
3
1
1
—
2
4
1
6
5
2
—
2
12
1
1
2
—
1
1
1
2
—
2
2
7
1
3
3
10
I
3
5
11
8
2
1
14
19
2
6
1
12
7
60
2
8
9
4
3
1
11
17
69
19
16
21
8
10
5
3 — -
1
Ge n e r a l tables
2
O
CO
T a b l e D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
N um
ber
of
estab
lish N um
ments ber
Employees working on all days of operation
N um ber who during pay period worked—
AverAver
age
age
full
time N um hours U n
per der 40
hours ber
per
pay
40 hrs.
period hrs.
Pay
period
Over
40
and
un
der
44
hrs.
44
and
un 48
der hrs.
48
hrs.
Over
48
and 50
un
der hrs.
50
hrs.
Over
50
and
un
der
52
hrs.
52
and
un 54
der hrs.
54
hrs.
Over
54
and 56
un hrs.
der
56
hrs.
Over
56
and
un
der
58
hrs.
58
and
un 60
der hrs.
60
hrs.
Over
60
a nd 66
un
der hrs.
66
hrs.
Over
Over
72
66
and 72 and 78
un hrs. un hrs.
der
der
72
78
hrs.
hrs.
Over
78
and
un
der
84
hrs.
84
hrs.
and
over
MALES
Beater men:
N ew England^_____
New York
Michigan and Ohio
T ota l.............................
Machine tenders:
New England
New York
Michigan and O hio_ _
T otal..................................
Back tenders:
New E n g la n d _____ _
New York __
_______
Michigan and O hio.
T otal..................................
48.0
49.3
61.7
128
28
5
51.2
55. 2
63.7
1
2
153
38
7
11
198
48.7
161
52.3
1
5
4
2
64
19
14
48.0
50.5
61.7
60
15
14
11
97
50.5
. 89
5
4
65
19
13
48.0
50. 5
60.9
60
16
12
49.9
60. 6
64.7
1
2
11
97
50.2
88
53.9
1
5
4
3
89
1
8
1
2
1
5
3
1
1
17 .
2
1
1
6
2
2
2
1
2
97
7
50. 5
56.9
65.5
44
3
3
2
1
54.0 .
46
7
44
4
2
1
1
.4
2
2 ....
2
2
46
6
1
1
6
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
,4
3
,1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
-
5
8
1
4 ....
1
3
2
1
1
6
....
1
4
2
19
1
1
2 ....
1
1
1
2
1
.1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
—
2
-----
1
1
1
—
1
3
2
1
1
1
5
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
—
<©
^
WAGES AND HOURS IN SHE P a PER AND PULP INDUSTRY
ON AS M AN Y DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS
Third hands:
New England.....................
New York______________
Michigan and Ohio______
5
4
2
20
10
48.0
50.4
57.6
47
18
9
50.6
52.8
59.5
Total...............................
11
93
49.5
74
52.2
Laborers:
New England...................
New York..........................
5
4
217
68
48.6
53.1
183
46
50.2
57.9
9
285
49. 7
229
51. 8
Counters:
New York..........................
Michigan and Ohio...........
3
13
15
54.0
51.1
13
2
11
52.5
50.4
2
1
Total................ ..............
5
00
52.4
24
51.5
3
Total..............................
63
1
____ ____
1
-~1H
1
2
23
4
1
4
5 ....
1
1
2
5
1
1
3
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
i
2
i
1
2
i
i
1
2
27
9
2
4
7
1
3
8
3
1
1
4
3 107
14
2
7
3
9
5
1
2
8
1
16
9
3
1
6
6
1
6
1
3
1
4
i
2
3 113
15
8
12
25
4
14
3
4
11
1
4
i
2
2
1
6
1
1
1
1
4
2
~~~~
1
1
1
\
FEMALES
<N
[
8
2
2
1
8
GEN ERAL TABLES
8
CD
Oi
T a b l e D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All em
ployees
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and region estab
lish
ments Num
ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Number who during pay period worked—
AverAver
age
full
age
Over
Over
104
time Num hours Un 96
per der and 104 and 108
hours ber
un
un
per
pay 96
period hrs.
der hrs. der hrs.
pay
108
104
period
hrs.
hrs.
Over 116
Over 124
112
108
120
and
and 112 and and
120 and un 126
un hrs. un un
un der hrs.
der
hrs.
der 120
der
der 126
112
116
124
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs. hrs.
Over
Over 130 134 138 142
126
and and and
and and
un un un
un un
der der der
der
der
146 150 154 158 166
and and and and and 174
un un un un un hrs.
der der der der der and
134 138 142 146 150 154 158 162 170 over
130
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
MALES
Beater men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia. _
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and MinnesotaTotal
and Virginia _
Michigan and Ohio
Total
......
Back tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia____
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Total......................... .
1
13
1
4
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
14
7
6
3
2
9
1
2
1
4
1
2
12
5
1
3
3
1
1
2
2
4
3
2
145.9
109.0
109.9
32
42
85
147.4
120. 6
116.8
7
1
7
2
2
3
3
8
22
27
2
7
Y
3
6
1
1
13
212
118.3
159
124.0
8
9
1 1 ^
5
33
27
9
8
9
1
4
4
4
3
6
34
29
74
133. 0
119. 2
109.2
28
26
66
137.1
128.2
115.6
4
4
1
1
2
7
22
2
5
1
11 " Y
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
9
2
1
4
13
137
117.2
120
123.4
5
8
1
2
12
31
14
6
6
4
2
4
4
1
4
3
6
34
34
70
133.0
118. 8
109.3
25
26
56
142.2
127. 5
114.9
2
1
3
13
138
117.5
107
124.3
Machine tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
Wisconsin and Minnesota
1
51
64
97
1
"Y
2 1
=
5
1
1
2
4
3
6
3
5
1
1
2
3
2
1
6
7
17
3
6
"Y
1
1
6
8
1
1
5
9
24
9
4
8
1
1
"T
3
I
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
6
4
.4
1
2
1
5
4
4
3
1
4
__
"T
1
. ■■
3
3
®
05
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
ON AS M ANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
WRAPPING-PAPER MILLS— Concluded
Third hands:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
3
6
33
25
71
132.3
119. 7
109.3
26
16
55
143.6
122. 6
118.1
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
Wisconsin and Minnesota
____
13
129
117.2
97
125.7
1
3
2
3
3
Total
..
4
2
5
117.6
4
117.4
Laborers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
_______
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota
4
5
6
90
79
180
126.6
131.9
120.4
47
54
117
134.4
132.1
126. 3
15
349
124.6
218
129.5
3
3
23
14
122.1
9
13
118. 0
115.6
1
115.6
6
37
119.6
22
116.6
1
.
1
2
9
8
18
12
2
... .
3
—
—
Calender men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Total
3
15
1
” 7'
1
2
1
1
3
1
9
2
6
1
= =
==== —
= =
3
....
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
=
3
1
2
3
1
1
5
1
5
3
2
1
2
.2
4
3
2
==== = = =
===:: =
=
3
2
===
3
1
1
3
3
9
3
5
4
3
1
10
1
2
9
5
2
1
30
1
3
2
1
6
14
14
34
6
7
17
16
7
6
12
3
... .
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
4
3
7
11
3
13
....
7
7
2
7
4
9
14
18
5
3
3
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
1 ” 3"
3
1
2
6
2
3
5
3
2
2
2
2
1
4
2
2
4
1
3
10
1
5
FEMALES
and Virginia
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Total
1
1
2
GENERAL TABLES
Counters:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
er>
—J
D . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
T able
M IL L S
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Employees working on all days of operation
Number who duriDg pay period worked—
Over 52
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over 58
Over
Over 44
72
54
48
50
56
66
60
78 84
40 and
Un
and 66 and 72 and 78 and hrs.
and 56 and and
and 50 and and
un
54
un
60
der 40 and
un
48
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
40 hrs. der der hrs. der hrs. der der hrs. der hrs. der der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der and
hrs.
72
78
52 54
56
50
58 60
66
44 48
84 over
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs. hrs.
MALES
Beater men:
New England__ _________
Pennsylvania, Maryland
and Virginia___________
Michigan and O h io ____
Total________
Machine tenders:
New England...................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
_______
Michigan and Ohio___ . . .
69
1
6
2
1
1
6
11 144
4
4
5
12
3
1
15
2
2
2
6
3
2
1
7
5
1
2
10
7
9
8
8
2
1
2
3
68.6
49.3
3
17
355
52.2
287
54.9
3
8
67
48.0
61
54.0
3
26
2
7
30
40
56.0
48.0
28
39
61.3
52.2
3
1
2
7
55.0
7 35
4
3
3
Back tenders:
New England___________
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia _ ______
Michigan and O h io...
Total...............................
17
5
1
2
50.9
74
96
49.8
128
8
68
48.0
58
54.4
2
7
32
40
56.3
48.0
30
35
62.1
52.9
140
49.9
123
55.9
4
2
2
117
62.4
48.0
137
1
1
2
1
1
48.0
103
116
17
2
1
2
136
2
7
Total...............................
8
75
8
9
2
16
9
1
2
4
27
4
6
2
3
1
2
1
2 ~5~
11
7
2
3
5
1
1
3
1
1
3
8
2
9
1
2
2
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
5
3
3
11
5
1
9
4
2
2
1
3
5
3
2
2
6
13
8
6
27
25
27
6
27
2
6
1
2
5
1
4
3
2
7
7
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
l
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
6
8
2
6
1
1
1
6
1
11
I
i
1
' 7 !
T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y
Num
ber
Averof
Aver
age
estab
full
age
lish Num time Num hours
ments ber hours ber
per
per
pay
period
pay
period
00
W AG ES AN D H O U R S IN
W R IT IN G -P A P E R
o
Third hands:
New England...................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.................
Michigan and Ohio-------T otal............................
17
Calender men:
New England...................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...............
Michigan and Ohio.........
Total.............................
Laborers:
New England..................
Pennsylvania, Maryland.
and Virginia____ _____
Michigan and Ohio_____
54.2
48.0
30
40
56.0
48.0
120
50.0
30
48.3
26
53.3
49.7
52.7
10
54.7
54.2
21
23
13
21
36
63.8
53.3
16
20
25
53.8
50.1
130
50.7
90
85
105
54.9
51.6
62
92
58.2
53.3
16
244
55.0
20
51
23
48.9
48.0
5
17
48.6
22
320
2
12
13
38
FEMALES
Sorters:
New England..................
Michigan and Ohio.........
74
32
48.6
52.3
Total-...........................
106
49.7
Counters:
New England...................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.............. —
Michigan and Ohio_____
Total-...........................
21
36
3
50.6
103
54.0
50.0
190
52.3
74
53
45.9
48.8
32
2
14
47.4
32
36
17
O
t=i
29
N E P A L TABLES
T ota l--.........................
38
60
34
18
CD
CD
D . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCU
PATION, SEX, AND REGION— Concluded
able
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All em
ployees
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and region estab
lish
ments Num
ber
Sorters:
Wisconsin and Mim
Counters:
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Laborers:
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Number who during pay period worked—
Aver
Aver
age
Over
Over
full
age
104
time Num hours Un 96
per der and 104 and 108
hours ber
per
pay 96 un hrs. un hrs.
der
pay
hrs. der
104
108
period
hrs.
hrs.
3
81
112,0
122,2
3
31
112.0
122.5
3
33
112.0
120.5
3
32
112.0
119.5
3
16
126.0
131.6
3
54
1219
124.3
2
23
126.0
125.7
3
76
123.5
127.6
.l
Over 116
Over
Over 124
112
120 and
108
and 112 and and
un
120 and
126
un hrs. un der hrs.
un un
hrs.
der
der der
der 120
126
112
124 hrs.
116 hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
1
1
1
24
8
4
3
5
2
8
6
2
3
1
4
2
6
1
1
3
1
5
5
3
8
8
1
4
8
1
2
1
4
2
1
Over 130 13J 138 142
126
and and and
and and
un un un
un un
der
der der
der 134 der
138 142 146
130 hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
2
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
9
13
1
2
16
1
2
4
26
9
1
3
2
174
hrs.
and
over
1
2
1
2
13
1
146 150 154 158 166
and and and and and
un un un un un
der der der der der
150 154 158 162 172
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
21
T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y
Beater men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Machine tenders:
Wisconsin and Mim
Back tender:
Wisconsin and Mini
Third hands:
Wisconsin and Minnesota
Calender men:
Employees working on all days of operation
W AGES AND H O U R S IN
W R IT IN G -P A P E R M IL L S— Concluded
100
T
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION
T able E . —
PULP
M IL L S
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
Employees working on all days of operation
All employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments Num
ber
Number who during pay period earned-
$10
$12
$14
$14
$16
$18
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
$50
$55
$60
$16
$18
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
$50
$55
$60
$65
5
3
59
89
47
75
68
67
17
21
16
15
7
6
1
8
148
122
135
38
31
13
1
7
6
4
7
7
5
4
4
5
3
2
2
13 ! 11
12
8
8
4
$65
$70
$75
$75
$80
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and $80
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over
$70
MALES
Grinder men:
New England...................
New York___ ___________
14
17
278
360
$26.62
25.05
220
276
Total___________ _____
31
638
25.70
496
Acid makers:
New England.__________
New York______________
11
12
32
29
33. 82
34.39
29
27
38.43
36.48
Total................ ......... .....
23
61
34.12
56
37.49
Cooks, sulphite:
New England___________
New York................. ........
11
12
34
32
37.74
37.92
29
32
41.70
38.52
1
7
10
7
9
7
9
1
3
3
1
1
2
23
66
37.81
61
40.03
1 I 17
16
16
4
4 !
l
2
1
1
1
1
2
Total_________
Cooks, sulphate:
New England....................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia___ _______
Louisiana_________ . . . .
Total......... ................ .
$30.35
29.29
29.76 ___ _
3
9
32.45
7
30. 95
2
3
4
7
31. 90
29.18
4
5
33. 64
31.24
8
20
30.99
16
31.71 |
2
—
1
1
1
— ,— I-------
2
2
9
____
•1
7
2
. ..
1
__
1 .
|
—
GENERAL TABLES
Average
Average
full-time Num earnings
$8 $10 $12
earnings ber
per pay and and and
per pay
un un un
period
period
der der der
M ILLS— Continued
PAY
P E R I O D — C o n c lu d e d
E m p l o y e e s w o r k in g o n a ll d a y s o f o p e r a tio n
A ll e m p lo y e e s
O c c u p a t io n , s e x , a n d re g io n
m ales—
Num
ber of
esta b
lis h
m e n ts
N u m b e r w h o d u r in g p a y p e r io d e a rn e d —
Num
ber
A verage
f u l l-t i m e
ea rn in g s
per p a y
p e r io d
Num
ber
A verage
e a rn in g s
per p a y
p e r io d
$8
$10
$12
and
un
der
and
un
der
$10
$12
an d
un
der
$14
$14
and
un
d er
$16
$16
and
un
d er
$18
$1 8
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35
and
un
der
$4 0
$40
and
un
d er
$45
3
$45
and
un
d er
$50
$5 0
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
d er
$6 0
$6 0
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$7 0
$7 0
and
un
der
$75
$75
and
un
d er
$80
$80
and
over
c o n c lu d e d
B l o w p it m e n :
N p.w E n g l find
N f»w Y n r lr
11
12
49
38
2 4 .9 9
2 5 .0 0
39
33
2 8 .5 8
2 6 .5 3
16
13
11
10
4
7
5
1
T n ta l
23
87
2 5 .0 0
72
2 7 .6 4
1
29
21
11
7
3
9
3 0 .3 7
6
3 0 .9 8
3
2
1
3 2 .9 8
29. 86
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
6
6
4
3
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
6
4
D if f u s e r m e n :
N o w E n g la n d
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
a n d V ir g in ia
L n n is in n a
T n tq l
E v a p o r a to r m e n :
TsTa w E n g la n d
P e n n s y l v a n ia , M a r y l a n d ,
a n d V ir g in ia
L n n is ia n a
T o t a l .........................
2
6
7
2 9 .7 4
2 4 .9 9
6
3
8
22
2 8 .2 6
17
5
3 1 .3 5 |
.......... j...........
_____________
1
______
3
9
27. 58
9
2
3 1 .1 0
2 5 .1 1
4
3
4
7
3 3 .2 7
2 7 .5 6
3
1
1
8
20
2 7 .4 6
19
3 0 .1 1
6
3
---------------------- ,------------------------
3
=====
3 0 .4 2
6
2
—
--------
=====
—
—
=
=
------ 1------- — -■■■
1
—
—
—
,—
______1______
i
------------ 1------------------------
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER ANI) PULP INDUSl'RY
PULP
O N E -W E E K
102
E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS M ANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
T able
Caustic men:
New England..................
Pennsylvania, Maryland)
and V irginia-............
Louisiana.........................
33.42
Total........................ .
Laborers:
New England..................
New York................... .
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.................
Louisiana.........................
27.43
26.43
29.37
29.19
28.37
30.82
1,199
1,151
22.41
142
42
24.74
14.26
2, 534
22.34
Rag sorters:
New England...................
Michigan and Ohio.........
257
43
16.90
17.38
Total........................
300
16.98
Total.............................
48
22.20
885
813
24.75
24.47
9
16
25.56
14. 69
14
5
1,825
129
140
277
379
381
772
245
162
79
75
16
27
423
181
26
21
10
14
60
FEMALES
34
16. 77
17. 87
17.01
11
6
16
4
56
11
34
67
36
2
GENERAL
121
E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
able
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Employees working on all days of operation
Number who during pay period earned—
$45 $50
and and
un un
der der
$50 $55
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60 $65 $70' $75
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
$65 $70 $75, $80
$80
and
un
der
$85
$85
and
un
der
$90
$90 $95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140
and and and and and and and and and and and $150
un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der over
$95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140 $150
MALES
Grinder men:
Michigan and Ohio. __ _
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast___________
3
11
5
51 $56.12
150 58. 86
215 59. 51
Total______ ___________
19
416
58.79
164
63.03
Acid makers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......... . ........
Michigan and Ohio..
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast_____________
5
5
9
5
12
13
27
15
80.10
83.10
66. 95
68.77
11
11
25
12
87.03
84.94
72. 80
71.37
3
....
Total_______- .... ..........
24
67
72.72
59
77.43
3
....
19 $57. 77
79 62. 78
66 64. 84
3
....
3
—
7
9
6
4
9
14
6
27
8
2
20
29
7
2
1
5
1
1
2
22
27
41
51
9 | 6
2
2
3
i
1
1
3
3
1
4
3
1
2 j i
6 1 4
1! i
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
4
11
10 1 6
6
7
L-
1
—
1
....
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
T H E P A P E R A N D P U L P IN D U S T R Y
Num
Aver
ber
age
Aver
of
full
age
estab
lish Num time Num earn
$30 $35 $40
ings Un and
ments ber earn ber
and
per der un and
ings
un un
pay $30 der der
per
der
period
pay
$35 $40 $45
period
W AG ES A N D H O U R S IN
PULP M ILLS— Concluded
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
104
T
Cooks, sulphite:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia..................
Michigan and Ohio.........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast....... ..............
5
5
9
5
16 109.01
13 86. 26
28 79. 25
16 74.29
15 111. 07
12 83. 86
23 91.46
13 81. 27
2
2
1
3
3 "T
1 3 "Y
5
24
73
86.04
63
92.58
2
4
12
70.22
9
79.89
Blow pit men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio......... .
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast............
5
4
9
5
18
14
35
21
64.07
54. 59
50.73
51. 74
14
14
27
16
70.33
55.73
55.34
59.19
3
1
6
6
4
6
3
Total.....................
23
88
54.31
71
59.24
4
12
13
Diffuser men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
5
15
57.88
12
75.69
Evaporator men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
4
12
57.46
11
64.89
Caustic men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
4
10
60.28
9
70.80
4
189
8
378
16 1, 513
6
579
48. 31
53. 31
50.35
52.91
84
167
680
193
55. 03
59. 58
52.64
54.42
33 2,659
51.04 1,124
54.16
63
34.28
Laborers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia__________
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast........ ..............
Total_____ ___________
2
1
15 20 14
14 12 28
71 161 217
6 40 72
5
7
1
1
3
1
2
"T
1
2
8 ‘T
i
2
9
2
1
2
2
....
1
2
6
3
9
11
3 .
....
1
6
5
3
3
1
1
1
3
___
3
1
2
3
___
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
___
2
15
38
99
36
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
1
4
4
—
......
1
1
1
1
1
1 .............
—
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
J
1
20
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
_____
|
13
1
19
30
10
2
8
11
3
4
6
2
2
3
7
2
1
2
1
1
1
5
7
33
68
23
____
....
—
5
14 106 233 331 188 131
60
24
14
12
5
—
1
GENERAL TABLES
Total.............................
Cooks, sulphate:
Wisconsin and Minnesota
1
4
2
4
FEMALES
Rag sorters:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
126
34.07
5
24
24
9
1
105
8
All employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish Num
ments
ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Number who during pay period earned-
Average
Average
full-time Num earnings
$8 $10 $12
earnings
ber
per pay and and and
per pay
un
un un
period
period
der der der
$10 $12 $14
$14
and
un
der
$16
$16
and
un
der
$18
$18
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
$45
and
un
der
$50
7
183
55
43
14
26
20
5
21
1
2
3
1
12
65
9
35
2
5
2
53
28
3
4
7
3
52
10
33
21
23
16
14
8
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55 $60 $65 $70
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
$60 $65 $70 $75
MALES
Beater men:
New England___________
New York __
____ ___
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohin _
Total.......................... .
Machine tenders:
New England
_ ___
New York
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohio
Total
_________ _
Back tenders:
New England
New York.......................—
8
6
298
136
$24.24
26.16
263
120
$25.63
27.86
2
5
24
120
24. 50
24. 65
23
107
25.57
25.64
2
2
7
315
101
21
678
24.49
513
26.15
8
6
146
66
39. 98
42. 00
137
59
43.00
44.40
2
5
13
61
36. 31
39. 60
12
59
36.02
41.13
1
4
3
5
31
2
10
7
21
286
40.28
267
42.58
1
17
98
66
46
8
6
149
66
28.85
32.26
144
60
31.28
34.36
69
2
46
15
15
21
10
8
'3
3
11
5
1
1
5
1
2
27
7
3
1
1
1
1
1
$75
and $80
un and
der over
$80
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
106
E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
BOOK-PAPER MILLS
T able
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
a n d V i r g i n i a . .........................
M i c h i g a n a n d O h i o ................
T o t a l-—
. .................................
2
5
13
63
28.63
29.62
12
61
29. 39
30.80
21
291
29.82
277
31.76
7
118
6
66
25.49
27.98
95
59
28.44
29.41
11
60
25.81
25.60
11
........ ........ .........
1
1
1
1
4
3
29
3
24
1
7
1
18
103
88
44
19
4
26
10
43
17
15
28
6
3
3
1
2
7
24
2
15
9
1
2
67
77
52
12
4
!
3 1
1
i
'T h r d h a n d s :
N e w E n g l a n d .............................
N e w Y o r k ....................... .............
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
a n d V i r g i n i a ............................
M i c h i g a n a n d O h i o ...............
5
T o t a l .............................................
20
255
26.17
215
28.43
■C alen d er m e n :
N e w E n g l a n d ..............................
N e w Y o r k . ___________________
M i c h i g a n a n d Ohio...........
5
4
4
135
55
54
31. 36
29. 66
27.98
124
50
52
32. 97
32.21
28. 99
2
22
23
42
69
9
8
23
10
2
5
6
1
1
1
l
l
T o t a l ..................... .......................
13
244
30.22
226
31.88
2
87
86
35
11
2
1
2
8
6
362
237
24.21
24.27
313
179
25.15
25.28
1
1
5
9
185
95
87
51
30
20
3
3
2
5
48
144
19.13
21.02
37
124
19.04
21.18
6
10
8
57
11
51
2
16
21
791
23. 37
653
24.08
8
10
79
342
156
50
6
2
Sorters:
New England.........
New York..............
Michigan and Ohio
I
303
3
9
17.57
19.06
15. 75
266
3
9
17.45
19.17
15. 75
6
58
1
7
130
30
37
2
5
Total....................
10
315
17. 54
278
17.41
6
66
130
32
39
5
Counters:
New England.........
New York..............
Michigan and Ohio.
5
4
4
42
43
99
19.74
18.58
15. 76
38
34
84
19. 61
18. 35
15. 86
5
7
7
11
64
18
11
4
12
7
1
9
13
184
17.34
156
17.31
9
12
82
33
19
1
T o t a l .............................................
FEMALES
Total.
25.40
27.87
1
L
2
1 !i
_
|
|
!
107
2
10
51
GENERAL TABLES
L a b o rers:
N e w E n g l a n d ..............................
N e w Y o r k ......................................
P e n n s y lv a n ia , M a r y la n d ,
a n d V i r g i n i a ........... ................
M i c h i g a n a n d O h i o ................
2
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Employees working on all days of operation
Num
Aver
ber
Average
of
full
age
estab
time
lish Num
$30 $35 $40
Num earn
ings Un and
ments ber earn ber
and
per der un and
ings
un un
per
pay $30 der der
der
period
pay
$35 $40 $45
period
Number who during pay period earned-
$45
and
un
der
$50
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55 $60
and 'and
un un
der der
$60 $65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75
and
un
der
$80
$80
and
un
der
$85
$85
and
un
der
$90
$90 $95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140
and and and and and and and and and and and $150
un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der over
$95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140 $150
MALES
Beater men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and V irginia
M inhigan and O hio
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Total
9
2
2
244 $54.50
131 47.14
52 50.96
166 $58.59
96 49.91
29 49.55
2
2
9
26 59
50 37
4 10
24
5
4
19
2
1
6
18
2
1
9
1
291
1
13
80 106
33
22
6
18
2
1
9
1
2
1
2
11
5
2
7
9
1
4
9
11
3
3
5
12
2
11
1
18
14
4
4
1
2
2
1
1
5
18
17
24
11
14
12
18
14
4
4
1
2
2
1
54.82
13
427
51.87
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
9
2
2
107
39
21
94.68
77.47
86.24
Total______ _______ ___
13
167
89.63
148
96.07
124 68.26
39 57.50
22 65.18
101
36
17
73.60
66.45
66.14
2
185
154
71.10
2
Machine tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia ________
M ich iga n and O hio
Back tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
g
2
2
Total_______________
13
and V irginia
M ich igan and O hio
65.62
96 101.89
31 84.60
21 86.41
|
1
7
1
5
15
3
20
6
3
35
3
6
10
1
1
11
1
2
2
5
1
1
1
2
1
3
8
9
23
29
44
12
12
4
6
1
1
2
1
5
== =
=
====== = =
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
B O O K -P A P E R M IL L S— Concluded
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
108
E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
T able
9 5 1 0 2 °— 25t00
8
2
2
94
40
20
54.84
45. 02
53.65
Total_________ _______-
12
154
52.15
Calender men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
7
2
2
102
79
20
59.04
50. 21
59.36
TotaL..............................
11
201
55.54
151
Laborers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia......... .........
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota-
9
2
2
208
128
78
51. 79
44.52
49.85
127 54.24
106 47. 62 - —
49 50.22
Total...............................
13
414
49.16
282
51.05
Sorters:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio...........
5
2
88
160
33.08
27. 78
59
125
32.51 34
27.59 121
12
3
2
29.17 155
15
65 60.91
32 48. 70
16 55.12
113
___ 3
56.64
3
6
1
1
14
1
19
9
17
2
8
3
1
1
6
7
16 | 32
27
5
14
5
7
8
5
___
3
3
79 61. 75
54 56. 99
18 60.60
1
1
6
9
1
8
15
3
25
16
1
16
6
10
5
1
1
13
3
2
4
2
1
1
59.91
2
16
26
42
32
7
18
6
2
17
31
1
24
32
28
34
13
17
33
11
3
8
6
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 n
1 n
49
84
64
47
14
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
—
FEMALES
i
Total..............................
7
248
29.68
184
Counters:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia..................
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota-
6
2
2
64
32
33
32.73
32.42
39.00
45
30
15
30.40
31.76
38.20
31
13
2
10
9
7
15
3
Total...............................
10
129
34.25
90
32.15
44
12 31
3
___
109
8
1
GENERAL TABLES
Third hands:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia...................
Michigan and Ohio______
Wisconsin and Minnesota-
ON AS M ANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
M IL L S
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
Employees working on all days of operation
All employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber of
Average
estab
Average
lish Num full-time Num earnings $8 $10 $12
earnings
ments
per pay and and and
ber
ber
per pay
period un un un
s period
der der der
$10 $12 $14
Number who during pay period earned$14
and
un
der
$16
$16
and
un
der
$18
$18
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
33
89
12
24
7
7
5
1
2
6
1
1
6
122
36
14
6
2
1
1
1
8
9
34
30
20
45
24
28
1
17
64
65
7
3
29
23
27
41
30
27
10
52
68
57
$45
and
un
der
$50
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
8
13
7
2
9
1
4
1
1
52
21
9
10
5
1
1
11
18
3
3
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
29
6
7
2
2
1
1
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
der
$60
$75
and $80
un and
der over
$80
MALES ,
Beater men:
N aw England
N aw York
8
11
69
158
$23.91
21.84
59
129
Total
19
227
22. 46
188
24.64 |
Machine tenders:
New "England
N aw York
10
14
125
142
46.61
45.84
115
131
50.73
48.48
$26. 56
23.76
Total...............................
24
267
46. 22
246
49.53
.Back tenders:
New England___________
New York___ . . . ________
10
14
127
137
37.10
36.82
115
120
40.17
40. 33
T otal-______________ .
24
264
36.96
235
40.25
1.
____ 1____
1
============
1
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
N E W S P R IN T
110
T able E . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
GENERAL TABLES
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber
of
estab
lish Num
ments ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Aver
age
Averfull
age
time Num earn
$30 $35 $40 $45 $50
ings Un and
earn ber
and and and
per der un and
ings
un un un un
per
pay $30 der der der der der
period
pay
$35 $40 $45 $50 $55
period
Number who during pay period earned—
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
6
15 20
36 22
7
15
7
12
57
22 |
1 19
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75
and
un
der
$80
2
4
7
2
1
13
2
1
$80
and
un
der
$85
$85
and
un
der
$90
$90 $95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140
and and and and and and and and and and and $150
un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der over
$95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140 $150
MALES
Beater men:
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific coast______ ______
4
Total_______ ____
14
Machine tenders:
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Pacific const __
Total _ . _ .
2
8
14 $44.82
78 49.29
126 49.95
218
49.39
12 $49.65
63 51.97
95 54.82
1
9
53.40
1
13
170
42
1
1
1
2
9
5
9 124.70
58 104.12
84 95.54
9 127.46
44 108.81
68 101.13
2
16
151 100.59
121 105.88
Back tenders:
Michigan and Ohio...........
Wisconsin and MinnesotaPacific coast____________
2
9
5
10 104.94
60 85. 23
85 76.27
8 110.00
43 91.15
68 80.05
Total____________ - ___
16
4
155
81.62
119
86.07 — |
1
1
1
12
6
11
1
1
1 1
i|12
17
1
1
4
3
5
1
10
2
6
6
8
6
6
3
3
6
8
5
2
8
11
8
12
14
12
6
5
6
4
9
2
9
4
4
4
7
3
1
3
11
13
11
4
8
10
4
4
1
3
1
1
3
5
3
11
4
8
9
5
4
1
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
10
6
5
3
1
1
4
1
2
2
~3~
1
3
7
4
3
2
1
1
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
ON AS M ANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
NEWSPRINT MILLS— Concluded
112
T able E . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
GENERAL TABLES
113
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
All employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Employees working on all days of operation
Num
ber of
Average
estab
Average
lish Num full-time Num earnings $8 $10 $12
earnings
ments
ber
ber
per pay and and and
per pay
period un un un
period
der der der
$10 $12 $14
Number who during pay period earned$14
and
un
der
$16
$16
and
un
der
$18
$18
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
1
3
86
14
27
9
6
2
4
6
1
1
4
100
36
12
7
1
$45
and
un
der
$50
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
M ALES
Beater men:
New England___________
New Y ork...... ................ ...
Michigan and Ohio...........
5
4
2
153
38
7
$23. 23
21.99
32.21
128
28
5
$24.83
24.71
33.23
1
1
Total. _...........................
11
198
23.28
161
25.07
Machine tenders:
New England_______
New York_____ _________
Michigan and Ohio__ .
5
4
2
64
19
14
44.64
41. 41
40. 91
60
15
14
47. 04
46.97
43. 46
12
5
1
19
3
10
9
1
2
13
1
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
18
32
12
15
6
2
2
10
4
2
15
3
2
26
1
7
6
1
3
1
3
1
16
20
34
7
4
4
1
T ota l..............................
11
97
43.48
89
46. 46
Back tenders:
New England
New York.... ....................
Michigan and O hio........ .
5
4
2
65
19
13
34.46
32.42
32.40
60
16
12
35. 82
38. 78
34.84
Total- - ...........................
11
97
33. 73
88
36.23
1
1
I
2
=
1
1
1
$75
and $80
un and
der over
$80
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
W R A P P IN G -P A P E R M IL L S
114
E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
T able
GENEBAL TABLES
Cr*
ON AS M ANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber
of
estab
lish Num
ments ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Aver
Average
full
age
time Num earn
$30 $35 $40
ings Un and
earn ber
and
per der un and
ings
un un
per
pay $30 der der der
period
pay
$35 $40 $45
period
Number who during pay period earned—
$45
and
un
der
$50
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75 $80
and and
un un
der der
$80 $85
$85
and
un
der
$90
$90 $95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140
and and and and and and and and and and and $150
un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der over
$95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140 $150
HALES
Beater men:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
TWir.hignn and Ohio
Wisconsin and MinnesotaTotal
Machine tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Total__
__________ _
4
3
6
51 $60.69
64 55.81
97 50.11
1
32 $65.89
42 62.00
85 53.32
2
3
10 5
18 49
5
4
9
12
9
2
5
1
3
7
1
2
1
6
1
1
2
58.14
5
28
54
18
23
9
7
3
8
1
2
1
13
212
54.42
159
4
3
6
34
29
74
97.49
92.02
92.93
28 101.02
26 99.11
66 101.62
1
5
5
8
8
7
1
11
9
3
6
1
4
1
1
9
5
1
8
7
3
1
1
3 "T
6
1 - -
1
....
2
13
137
93.-88
120 100.93
9
5
10
6
21
19
18
12
4
5
7
1
....
2
1
....
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
W R A P P IN G -P A P E R M IL L S — Concluded
116
T able E . ~ AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
Back tenders:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Tntal
Third hands:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
T'nt.nl
Calender men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
and Virginia
Minhigan and Ohio
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Total
34
34
70
77.14
74.13
67. 44
13
138
71.44
4
3
6
33
25
71
64.17
64.28
56. 40
13
129
2
5
4
4
6
and Virginia
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Total
1
4
4
3
5
9
3
8
9
9
17
7
3
13
8
6
9
23
23
5
3
107
75. 86
5
26
16
55
70.68
67. 26
60.82
59. 89 i1 97
64.52
72. 21
4
76. 91
90
79
180
50.01
55.93
49.73
47
54
117
53. 27
55. 88
52.52
"I"
14
349
51. 21
218 53. 51
1
3
3
23
14
38.10
36.53
9 37.03
13 36. 55
--
6
37
37.43
22 36. 75
___
...J — .
6
3
11
1
4
2
6
3
11
7
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
. . _L___
4
4
!
3
1
9
3
1
2
5
1
20 j 13
6
6
3 4
1
3 "i"
1
1
4
2
1
1
7
6
3
1
6
5
9
8
1
3
j
|
3
3
1
2
4
1
11
12
7
43
10
9
32
8
15
13
2
15
7
1
4
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
16
62
51
36
24
10
7
1
2
1
4
8
2
1
3
4
12
3
7
FEMALES
Counters:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
1
7
1
2
6
25 84. 02
26 79.91
56 70. 33
1
GENEEAL TABLES
Laborers:
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
!
4
3
a
ON AS MANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Continued
M IL LS
ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD
Employees working on all days of operation
All employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber of
estab
lish Num
ments
ber
Number who during pay period earned—
Average
Average
full-time Num earnings
$8 $10 $12
earnings
ber
per pay and and and
per pay
un un
un
period
period
der der der
$10 $12 $14
$14
and
un
der
$16
$16
and
un
der
$18
$18
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
56
40
42
41
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
12
7
2
28
2
34
$45
and
un
der
$50
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
2
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75
and $80
un and
der over
$80
MALES
Beater men:
N aw England
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
And Virginia
"Michigan ami Uhio
T o ta l
Machine tenders:
NJaw Rngland
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Mi^higflR and Ohio
T otal
Back tenders:
New England— _____
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia
Michigan and Ohio.
T otal
8
136
$24.62
117
$26.32
2
7
103
116
31.39
23.90
74
34.11
24 71
2
49
10
43
17
355
26. 36
287j
27.79
2
105
93
8
67
43. 73
61
49.37
2
7
30
40
61.10
39.74
28
39
17
137
46.36
128
96
1
1
2
1
1
14
6
14
9
11
4
67.26
43.20
5
9
3
2
6
2
9
2
19
61.41
23
27
28
14
17
6
8
68
30.19
58
34.54
2
7
32
40
44.81
30.34
30
35
49.79
33.28
17
140
33. 58
123
37.90
1
1
1
10
1
2
16
16
12
13
7
5
19
11
7
2
2
1
4
23
40
30
17
1
4
7
7
l=
10
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
W R IT IN G -P A P E R
118
T able E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
Third hands:
N ew England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.....................
M ichigan and Ohio............
Total..................................
8
50
25. 01
38
28. 52
12
12
10
2
7
30
40
30. 91
25. 63
21
36
35. 05
28.29
1
7
10
19
1
7
3
17
120
26. 70
95
29. 88
20
41
18
13
__ ___
,J
3
1
3
6
6
4
6
5
3
5
_______
5
30
28.98
26
32.13
2
6
21
23
28.88
30.04
10
20
33. 35
30. 84
1
4
11
2
4
1
2
1
3
1
T otal................................ .
13
74
29.31
56
31.89
1
28
11
6
9
1
8
130
21. 80
90
23.56
13
52
19
3
2
7
85
105
26. 02
21. 98
62
92
27.57
22.68
5
10
72
40
14
8
1
4
17
320
22.98
244
24. 25
18
134
73
12
4
Sorters:
N ew England.....................
Michigan and Ohio............
7
4
74
32
20.12
26. 67
51
23
20. 59
26. 99
6
10
3
12
2
13
1
8
9
2
7
1
T otal..................................
11
106
21. 97
74
22.58
6
13
14
14
17
9
1
6
21
19.52
13
18.47
4
8
1
74
53
18. 47
15. 69
2
14
22
5
25
29
9
1
8
4
8
140
17.42
16
27
58
18
12
9
Laborers:
N ew England......................
Pennsylvania, M aryland,
and Virginia................... .
M ichigan and Ohio.......... .
Total..................................
2
1
2
1
i
FEMALES
Counters:
N ew England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.....................
Michigan and Ohio.......... .
2
6
103
66
20.84
16.15
Total........................... ......
14
190
18.98
i
...
g e n e r a l tables
Calender men:
New England......................
Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.....................
M ichigan and Ohio............
M IL L S — Concluded
TWO-WEEK OR HALF-MONTH PAY PERIOD
All
employees
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber
of
estab
lish Num
ments ber
Employees working on all days of operation
Aver
Aver
age
full
age
time Num earn
$30 $35 $40
earn ber
ings Un and
and
ings
per der un and
un un
per
pay $30 der der
der
pay
period
$35 $40 $45
period
Number who during pay period earned—
$45 $50
and and
un un
der der
$50 $55
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
9
10
4
1
$75
and
un
der
$80
$80
and
un
der
$85
$85
and
un
der
$90
$90 $95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140
and and and and and and and and and and and $150
un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der over
$95 $100 $105 $110 $115 $120 $125 $130 $135 $140 $150
MALES.
Beater men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Machine tenders:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Back tenders:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Third hands:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Calender men:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Laborers:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
25
64 $55.17
3
81 $50.40
3
31
81.76
29
89.56
3
33
54.77
30
59.00
3
32
47.38
26
50.63
3
16
62.50
16
65.19
3
76
49.40
55
50.92
3
64
35.22
38
35.14
2
23
39. 06
20
38.97
1
12
2
FEMALES
Sorters:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Counters:
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
14
5
16
10
10
4
39
11
2
6
1
12
1
1
7
2
2
1
2
-
12
26
20
5
2
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
W R IT IN G -P A P E R
,
120
E .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WHO WORKED
ON AS M ANY DAYS AS THERE WAS WORK IN THE OCCUPATION DURING THE PAY PERIOD, 1923, BY OCCUPA
TION, SEX, AND REGION— Concluded
T able
D E S C R IP T IO N O F O P E R A T IO N S A N D E Q U IP M E N T
PULP MANUFACTURE
By far the largest part of the pulp used in the manufacture of
paper in the United States is made from the fiber of wood. To ob
tain this fiber or cellulose the wood must be disintegrated and the
fiber delivered to the paper-making department as pure and strong
as possible. When the disintegration of the wood is accomplished
by a mechanical process the result is a “ mechanical” or “ groundw ood” pulp. Chemical agents, however, make it possible not only
to disintegrate the wood with less injury to the fibers but also to
separate from the fibers which form the casing or walls in the struc
ture of the wood the various glutinous, resinous, and other inter
cellular matter. The pulp obtained from a given species of wood
varies considerably with the chemical solvent used, so that the chem
ical pulps are classified, on the basis of the process used, into groups,
the principal of which are the “ sulphite,” the “ sulphate,” and the
“ soda” pulps. The present study was confined to the ground-wood
pulp and to the chemical pulps produced by the sulphite and sul
phate processes. The reuse of fibers already manufactured in the
form of rags is very general in the production of fine grades of paper,
while waste paper is used in some grades of book paper, and the re
duction of these fibers to pulp has also been included in the bureau’s
survey.
While water transportation is without doubt the easiest and cheap
est method of conveying pulp wood, the location of the plants makes
rail shipment a necessity m most instances. In either case the wood
received is stacked for storage by mechanical means, very generally
by the use of a large boom, mounted on a truck running on rails,
and along which a traveling chain carries the wood which is fed to
it from the boat or car to the tip of the stacker over the storage pile
and drops it there. From this point various forms of chain convey
ors— usually a button type cable in a V-shaped trough— are used
to convey the desired supply to the wood room. In some places
the wood is floated along in sluiceways, at least from its entry into
the wood room as far as the barking drums.
If not already cut to a specified length when received, the logs
must be sawed into suitable lengths for the machinery of the
mill. This may be done before storage or as the logs come into the
wood room, by passing them over a table upon which circular saws
are mounted, spaced so that they will cut the wood into lengths suit
able for future handling in the chippers of the chemical plants or
the grinders of the ground-wood mill.
Very much of the wood used for paper manufacture is peeled of
its bark before it comes to the mill. This is especially true of the
grades used for the manufacture of the soda pulp used in book-paper
plants. For the grades used in the manufacture of ground-wood
and sulphite pulps, this is not so generally true, about half of the
spruce, balsam, fir, and hemlock consumed in the United States com
ing to the mills as rough wood. This supply of unpeeled wood must
be freed of its bark, which may be accomplished by passing it through
a large horizontal cylinder or drum fitted with longitudinal stay
pieces attached to the inner surface. The logs in the drum are
121
122
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
forced to rub against one another by means of a revolving motion
given to the drum and the retarding force of the stay pieces, while
streams of water are played continually upon the mass of logs. The
water-soaked bark is removed by friction, and the logs work
themselves out of the other end of the drum to continue their
way along a chain conveyor. A variant of this method of bark
ing is to use a tumbler without the stay pieces just described,
so that the wood is cleaned and the bark somewhat softened passing
through the drum, the bark then being removed by picking up the
logs individually and holding them against a rapidly revolving disk
in such a way that steel knives, projecting slightly from the surface
of the disk, shave off the bark in a cleaner, though in a somewhat
more wasteful fashion than in the previous method. In some mills
the logs are barked directly on the disks without previously passing
through the tumbler.
Logs which are too large in diameter or which contain large knots
are removed from the conveyor and placed under a splitting machine
which sinks a thick steel knife into them under the force of steam
pressure and splits them apart. Knots and other defective por
tions may be removed by hand axes and the wood, now completely
“ rossed,” is ready for reduction to pulp by one of the various proc
esses.
In about one-half of the pulp mills in the United States at least
two of the processes of manufacture will be found, the plants making
ground-wood and soda pulps also manufacturing the sulphite, which
is mixed in to strengthen the product. Up to this point, then, the
steps in manufacture may be regarded as common to all wood-pulp
mills. From this point on the mechanical and chemical processes
are essentially different until the pulp is ready for screening and press
ing into laps, when the different processes again converge.
MECHANICAL PULP
Wood intended for the ground-wood process comes from the
wood room in blocks usually 2 feet in length, although some of the
later types of grinding machines may take a larger block. These
blocks are carried to the grinder room on conveyors or trucks
and piled there, generally in racks so that their measure may be
taken. The grinding machine consists of a large round grindstone,
some 4 to 6 feet in diameter and as wide as is necessary to
accommodate the length of the wood to be ground, set up in a steel
casing with several projecting feed boxes so designed that the blocks
may be placed in an opening in the side of the feed box and forced
against the face of the stone by hydraulic pressure plungers. A
stream of water plays upon the stone during the operation to
prevent the heat generated by the friction from glazing the stone
or burning the stock lifeless and short. The stone itself is driven
by water power or, in some mills, electrically, several grinders being
operated by the same power unit. The grinders are lame consumers
of power, a three-pocket grinder in older installations being driven
by from 300 to 400 horsepower, while the tendency lately has been
to increase this power to from 450 to 600 horsepower. For this
reason plant operation in these mills depends directly upon the power
supply available, and the number of grinders in operation varies a
DESCRIPTION OR OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
128
great deal with the season and even differs with different parts of
the day. As a usual thing the process is carried on throughout the
24 hours and on seven days in the week, with as many units in
operation as the power supply permits.
The pulpy mass to which the wood is reduced by the friction of
the stone is allowed to fall into small troughs underneath the base
of the grinders and is then slushed along with water to the “ bull” or
“ sliver” screens. Here the pulp passes through inclined screens
which have a large area. The slivers are left on the surface and are
raked away by chain-operated scrapers; additional labor is some
times employed to keep these screen surfaces clean, but in other
plants only occasional attention is given to them.
CHEMICAL PULP
In the chemical process the intercellular substances in the wood
are cooked awav and the fibers obtained in a free state as the result
of the action of chemical solutions in which the wood is cooked at
high temperature and under pressure. Before leaving the wood
room the wood for chemical pulp is cut up into small chips by means
of a powerful machine called a chipper. This is a massive iron disk
rotating rapidly in a vertical position and carrying on its surface
steel knives similar to those used on the barker, except that the
knives themselves are stronger and are placed closer to the center
in order to minimize the strain on the machine. The logs
are fed endwise into a short iron tube, which forms part of the
casing about the machine and which is inclined at an angle of 45
degrees to the surface of the disk, so that the wood is brought into
contact with the knives at that angle and chipped into flakes by
much the same action as that of whittling a stick.
The flakes which are discharged from the chippers are passed
through chutes or other form of conveyor to the chip screens, where
the sawdust is screened out. In the sulphite process not only is
care taken to screen out the sawdust, but the screens, which may
be of cylindrical or of flat type with two sizes of mesh, are arranged
so that the chips pass over a fine screen through which all sawdust
and particles smaller than the standard chips may drop, while the
chips pass along to the larger mesh where they pass through
the screen, leaving behind slivers and chips which are too large
and must be returned to a rechipper or crusher. After passing
through this screen the chips are carried along on a belt conveyor
to large hoppers erected over the cooking boilers and designed to
discharge directly into them.
SULPHITE PROCESS
In the “ sulphite” process the liquor used for cooking is a bisulphite
of lime or bisulphites of lime and magnesia; that is, it is a combina
tion of sulphurous acid with a lime or a lime and magnesia base.
The acid-making plant is an integral part of all sulphite mills. Sul
phur, which is stored at the plant for the purpose, is fired by hand or
fed through a hopper to small furnaces, the operator regulating the
air supply by dampers to allow an adequate supply of air to maintain
combustion and at the same time to prevent too much air entering the
chamber, which would form sulphuric acid, an undesirable element in
124
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
the cooking liquor. The gas which is given off— sulphur dioxide—
leaves through a pipe in the back or top of the furnace, and is run
through a series of pipes laid horizontally and submerged in water or
stood vertically and sprayed with water dripping along its sides. By
this means the gas is cooled rapidly enough to prevent sulphuric acid
forming at this stage and is then passed along to the towers. These
towers usually rise above the rest of the mill and are constructed of
reinforced concrete lined with acid-resisting tile. The towers are filled
with lumps of limestone, and water is then admitted at the top of the
tower; the gas enters at the bottom and is absorbed by the water
and lime, producing the bisulphite liquor. In actual practice towers
are generally used m pairs and the process may be varied by the use
of other chemicals than those just described,‘ pyrites being often
burned instead of sulphur, and milk of lime systems are also in
use instead of the towers filled with limestone.
The cooking boiler, called a “ digester,” is a tall cylindrical vessel
of steel-plate construction, about 15 feet in diameter and some 50
feet high, with a dome-shaped top and a conical bottom. It rises
usually through two floors, one floor coming just where the cylindrical
portion begins at the base and the other just about flush with the
top of the digester. To prevent the acid eating into the shell the
digester is lined with vitrified brick laid in a special cement, and this
lining is frequently inspected for breaks which would allow the acid
to attack the shell and the gas to exert back pressure enough to tear
down the lining itself. Into this digester the chips are allowed to
fall from the chip bin above until the digester is filled as completely
as possible, when the liquor is then turned in. The top is then
bolted on, temperature and pressure applied, the gases drawn off at
times, and the “ cook” in general regulated according to the par
ticular method in vogue at the mill. As the moisture content and
other elements vary with every loading of chips even of the same
kind of wood, the cooking operation must be in charge of a capable
and experienced man. Cooking is carried on continuously through
at least six days of the week, so that the operations beginning with
the manufacture of tie acid are on a 24-hour basis. In the greater
number of plants acid makers and cooks work one shift on Sunday,
so that cooking may be carried on Sunday night and no delay be
caused to subsequent operations on Monday mornings.
When the tests, taken from time to time, indicate that the cook is
completed the pulp is blown from the digester through a blowpipe in
the bottom to tanks or pits, each usually large enough to accommodate
twice the capacity of the digester. These blow pits have a second or
false bottom so that water may be used to wash out the cooking
liquor and then be drained out through holes in this false bot
tom. After the acid has been washed out in this manner water
from a high-pressure hose line is used to loosen the pulp enough to
allow it to be pumped through a pipe in the bottom of the pit having
various screening devices to the presses or deckers. When the paper,
for which the sulphite pulp is made, must be of a clear and perma
nently white color, a bleaching system is an essential part of the pulp
manufacture. The pulp is passed through a press, from which it
is delivered in chunks to a belt conveyor and carried to large tanks,
where it is sub j ect ed to the bleaching action of chlorine. In many mills
the bleaching is done in machines resembling the beater engines of the
DESCRIPTION OP OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
125
paper mill, and it is not unusual to find this process taking place just
before the pulp is pumped to the beaters themselves. When suffi
ciently bleached the pulp is washed free of the chemicals again and
passed through presses or to the draining tanks of the paper mill,
according to the conditions surrounding production in the individual
establishment.
SULPHATE PROCESS
The “ sulphate” process, a variant of the older and more common
soda process, has come into use in this country because by it some of
the cheaper long fiber woods, notably tamarack and jack pine, may
be economically made into pliable strong wrapping paper termed
“ kraft.” The solution used in the cook by this process is sodium
sulphide obtained by reducing sodium sulphate, from which the proc
ess derives its name. In the actual operation new liquor is not pre
pared for each cook, the solution used in one cook being reclaimed,
restrengthened, and used in a subsequent cook. This is the chief
contrast, as far as production method goes, between the sulphate and
the sulphite plants. In the sulphite mill, with the exception of a
very few plants, the liquor is allowed to flow away without any attempt
at reclamation.
In the sulphate operation the digester, which needs no special
lining as does the sulphite digester, is filled with chips, the liquor
poured in, the cook carried on under pressure, and the pulp discharged
into blow pits in the same general way as in the sulphite process.
The washing which takes place in the sulphate mill, however, is a
much more involved process, being carried on usually in a series of
upright tanks known as diffusing tanks, although open tanks termed
“ wash pans” may also be used. The pulp is at first washed with
waste liquor and in each of the succeeding washes with more and more
dilute liquor, which in the diffuser system is pumped from each tank
in the series until the content of the last tank, pure water, is reached.
From this point the pulp is pumped along on its way through the
screens to the presses or deckers. The content of the first of the
washing tanks— the strongest concentration of liquor in the series—
is then drawn off and the liquor in the rest of the system moved up,
that from each tank being emptied into the one ahead of it and the
last tank filled with water, so that the washing system is again ready
to handle a discharge from the digester.
The strong liquor drawn from tne first tank is passed first through
an evaporating boiler, where the liquor is subjected to heat or to the
combined effect of heat and vacuum to eliminate part of its moisture
content and bring it to a concentration suitable for burning. From
the evaporators the liquid runs through a small pipe to a rotary fur
nace. This furnace is in two sections, one a stationary fire box and the
other a revolving cylinder, 8 to 9 feet in diameter and from 14 to 30
feet long, made of a steel-plate shell and lined with fire brick. The
pipe from the evaporator discharges the liquid into that end of the
rotating section which is farthest from the fire box, the liquid then
becomes ignited and, as the cylinder rotates, slowly works its way to
ward the fire box, being allowed to drop into a trough between the
revolving cylinder and the fire box itself.
95102°— 251------9
126
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
After the organic matters have been burned out of the liquor in
this way the latter appears in the form of a sludge of black ash.
This black ash, mixed with sulphate of soda and when necessary with
sawdust^ is fired by hand into a smelting furnace and the fused alkali
then passed to a dissolving tank where it is dissolved with the proper
quantity of water or of weak liquor. It is next pumped to causticizing tanks and freshly burned lime added to it. The lime used is
then removed and the liquor siphoned to tanks where it is brought to
the proper concentration and held ready for use in subsequent cooking
operations. Lime mud removed from the causticizing system is
washed in water, which is afterward used as the weak liquor in the
dissolving tanks already mentioned. In some mills the lime itself is
recovered by a special process. As in sulpb it e-mills cooking, liquor
recovery and succeeding operations are carried on on a 24-hour basis.
PULP SCREENING AND PRESSING
Pulp leaving the bull screens in the mechanical pulp mills, the blow
pits in the sulphite, or the diffusers of the sulphate mills passes
through a series of screens arranged to remove any coarse particles
that may remain in it. The first of these screens is very often a
cylinder mesh screen, with a wormed fin raised on its inner surface,
revolving in a horizontal position. As the pulp is flowed into this
cylinder its movement forward is retarded by the raised fin, and all
pulp which is fine enough passes through the mesh which makes up
the wall of the cylinder, while knots and coarser particles remain
within the cylinder, working their way gradually along the wormer
and out of the open end of the screen into a trough, in which they
are washed away to be ground and made into screenings for lower
grades of paper. The pulp is then slushed along and floated over
a shallow wooden sluice about 18 inches deep, in the bottom of which
plates about 8 inches high and about the same distance apart are
raised vertically. The flow over this sluiceway is kept very slow so
that heavy particles in the pulp may sink and be caught between the
baffle plates below.
The pulp which passes over this “ riffier” is piped to the press
room, where another series of screens is encountered, of which two
distinct types are in use. In one of these a screen composed of parallel
metal plates forms the first bottom of a shallow wooden box, the
second bottom of which is a diaphragm which may be rapidly vibrated
up and down. As the stock is flowed onto the screen the finer fibers
are sucked through by the action of the diaphragm beneath while the
coarser stock remains on the screening. In the centrifugal type of
machine the pulp is caught on a revolving plate and thrown by the
centrifugal force against a screen, through which the good stock
passes, while the rejected pulp is slushed away to’ the screenings chest.
Streams of water play upon the screen during this operation, washing
the stock and at the same time keeping the screen plates clean.
None of these screening operations demands constant attention, with
the exception of the flat diaphragm screens. These flat diaphragm
screens are usually cleaned by hand but for the rest of the devices
described nothing but casual care is required, the coarse cylinder
screen being entirely automatic under ordinary conditions, the riffler
being cleaned only at intervals and then on days when production is
DESCRIPTION OP OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
127
not in progress, and the centrifugal screens being manipulated by
controlling valves.
The stock, which has been slushed along through the screens with
a large quantity of water, must now be rid of this water content and
brought to a consistency suitable for handling in the beaters of the
paper mill or for shipment. In most mills solid laps are made only
when the stock is to be shipped to other localities or when it is found
desirable to manufacture a surplus, this latter situation occurring
very commonly in the ground-wood mills where an abundant water
supply is utilized when available and pulp stored against those periods
when water power is more scant. However, as the beaters of the
paper mill require the stock in a slush form, pulp for immediate use
is run through machines which merely thicken it and pass it along to
the stock tanks. In these machines, called “ deckers,” the pulp,
which is pumped into a vat, is sucked up against the meshed wire wall
of a horizontal cylinder revolving in the vat and picked off this wire
by a small felt or rubber covered couch roll. A doctor blade along
this couch roll scrapes the stock off and allows it to fall into the stock
chest below, where it is kept in constant agitation to maintain the
consistency throughout the mass which is most desirable for its use
in the paper mill.
When solid laps are wanted, the stock is pressed upon a felt which
winds around the couch roll and carries the pulp to the other end of
the machine, where the stock is gradually accumulated from the felt
onto a revolving press roll. When the layer of pulp on the press roll
becomes sufficiently thick, it is cut from end to end with a wooden pin,
let drop onto a receiving table and folded into convenient lap shape.
Some types of machine cut the stock into sheets automatically and
leave to the press tender only the duty of removing and piling these
laps. Practically all plants contain both deckers and presses, and
stock is slushed or pressed in varying proportions at different times.
As the deckers when operating require no individual attention, as do
the lap-forming presses, the number of men employed in this depart
ment varies with the demand for deckered and lapped stock, so that
at times a large number of pressmen may be required while at
other times the oversight of a head pressman is all that conditions
demand.
RAGS AND WASTE-PAPER CONVERSION
Rags and waste paper are worked over and used for paper making
in a number of plants, the rags going principally into writing-paper
and the waste paper into book-paper mills. Rags which are to be
made into paper are first sorted by hand according to material and
color, all buckles, pins, buttons, and other articles cut away, and the
rags passed through a revolving duster in which they are well thrashed
and the dust dropped through a screen bottom. The rags are then
passed through a cutting machine, into which they are fed by a
studded revolving drum, and cut between knives revolving on a
cylinder and another knife set in the bedplate. The drum feed is
movable and may be regulated by the operator to prevent the machine
clogging. ^ The rags are then put into a large horizontal boiler and
cooked with milk of lime under pressure.
After cooking, the stock is washed in a machine called a“ Hollander.”
This machine consists of a large oval tub about 24 feet long and 10
128
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
feet wide, through the middle of which a partition extends length
wise to within 3 feet of the ends, forming two sluiceways. In
the center of the machine, at right angles to the partition and over
one of the sluiceways, a large cylinder several feet in diameter
carrying on its surface a set of knives about 8 inches wide and
half an mch thick, revolves so as to pass very close to a concave bed
plate likewise equipped with knives set so that they are not exactly
parallel with those on the surface of the roll. Over the other sluice
way is set an octagonal drum covered with a wire cloth, so that as it
revolves and dips mto the stock the dirty water may flow into it and
be removed from the tub without allowing the fibers to escape. As
clear water is constantly poured into the washer and a circulation of
stock through the sluiceways maintained, the stock is at once washed
and the fibers drawn out by the knives on the beater roll and the
bedplate. During the washing, chemicals are usually added for
bleaching and the washing continued until these are thoroughly
removed. The stock is now ready for similar machines in the paper
mill, known as “ beaters,” which do not, however, have the washing
equipment.
Where waste paper is converted into pulp, it is first sorted accord
ing to grade, paper containing any proportion of ground wood
separated very generally from the pure chemical stock, and some
colored stock sorted out. It is then put through a defibering and
deinking process, which varies considerably from mill to mill, after
which the stock is washed in a machine somewhat similar to that
described for rags and is then pumped away to be mixed with other
stock in the beaters of the paper department.
Women are quite generally employed in sorting both rags and old
paper, this being the only department in a pulp mill in which they are
usually found. Opening, sorting, dusting, and cutting are on a oneshift basis in these departments, while cooking ana washing are
carried on 24 hours a day.
PAPER MAKING
In the large majority of plants in the United States both pulp and
paper are manufactured at the same location. This arrangement
obviates reshipment of stock from the pulp to the paper mill and
eliminates handling charges, especially where it is. found possible to
use a large part of the pulp directly in slush form. Some mills draw
a large part of their stock from storage or have it shipped to the
plants, and in this case the laps into which it has been made are run
through a shredder, water adaed, and the pulp reduced once more to
a slush state. Sulphite pulp bought to use as a strengthener with
ground-wood stock is usually received in laps soft enough to be
shredded by the action of the beater knives themselves, in which
case the laps are fed to the beaters by hand. The conditions which
surround the manufacture naturally aiffer with different plants, loca
tions, and products, and the method of handling stock, of course,
must be governed by these conditions.
The beaters of the paper plant are usually of the Hollander type,
the general features o f which we have already described in connection
with the process of washing rag stock. The beater proper, however,
is not equipped with the cylinder which is used on a washer to remove
DESCRIPTION' OP OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
129
the waste water. These beaters, in numbers sufficient to supply the
paper machines of the mill, some 10 or 12 in a medium-size estab
lishment, are grouped in a room spoken of as the “ beater room /7
which is usually under the direct supervision of a skilled employee
known as a “ beater engineer.” Under his direction the valves con
trolling the discharge pipes from the stock chests or shredding equip
ment are opened and the beaters loaded with the slush stock to be
used; what lap stock is required is unfolded and fed to the machine,
sheet by sheet, so that it may be shredded by the knives of the beater
and mixed with the other stock.
Where all the stock to be fed is in the solid state, the beater is at
first partially filled with water, the waste water from the paper ma
chine being reused to save the stock which is retained in it, and the
laps are then fed to the machine as described above. In some places,
where the speed of the knives is not high enough to enable them to
catch hold and drag the laps through, it is customary for two men to
work together on this operation, one throwing the unfolded lap into
the machine while the other catches it on a long paddle and throws it
under the beater knives. When the beating action is started the roll
is let down gently so that the knives may pull apart the bundles of
fibers and at the same time brush out the fibers themselves so that
they will felt more readily when they come to the paper machine.
The roll is then lowered and the knives allowed to cut the fibers to
length. The regulation of this beating action, which usually extends
over several hours, is watched carefully and the beater engineer feels
the stock occasionally to judge how the beating has progressed.
Stock which has not been brushed out sufficiently will be harsh and
will not work properly into the paper sheet, while the length of the
fibers must have careful attention so that the sheet may not be
weakened and at the same time not become too grainy, the exact
result most desirable depending on the particular grade of product
which is being made.
The beaters also constitute the mixing vessels of the plant. The
exact proportions which enter into any grade of paper are deter
mined beforehand by experience, experiment, or specification, and
the formula for the “ furnish,77 as it is called, is turned over to the
beater engineer. It is quite common to see a copy of this formula
hanging on the side of each beater during the period in which any
particular stock is being worked. Besides the pulp stock, of whicn
different kinds and proportions are used, the furnish contains other
materials, the most common of which are clay, size, alum, and color.
The first of these, a clay-called “ china clay,77 is used as a filler, work
ing its way between the fibers and improving the surface and finish
of the paper, though large quantities naturally weaken the sheet.
This clay, which is carSully prepared by the manufacturers to
remove all impurities, is mixed with water at the mill, screened
through a wire cloth, and generally piped to the beaters as required.
The better grades of book and writing paper are loaded with
special loading materials. Because of the fact that paper is actually
of a porous nature it is necessary to use a sizing material for most
kinds of paper. This fills in the pores and prevents the ink and mois
ture from spreading on the sheets. The substance most commonly
used to obtain this result is a resin size, which is made by dissolving
130
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE RARER AND RULE INDUSTRY
soda ash in heated water, stirring in finely powdered resin, and
boiling, the whole being finally diluted to a strength desirable for
actual use in the beaters. As a matter of practice, most of the mills
purchase their size ready made, and have only to dilute it to the
proper concentration at the mill. The amount of sizing which-must
be added to the beaters varies with almost every detail of paper
manufacture, so that this item must be watched and adjusted con
tinually. Newsprint requires no sizing to any extent, some plants
using none, while others use a very small portion. Along with the
size, aluminum sulphate—spoken of as “ alum” in the paper trade—
is used to set the size and stiffen the paper. Again it is necessary
to watch the proportions closely, as too much alum makes the paper
brittle and tends to bring on deterioration. Finally, coloring mate
rials are added to bring the paper to a specified degree of whiteness
or to dye it to another color, the use of dyes and matching of colors
being one of the most difficult tasks of the beater room.
When the stock is sufficiently worked in the beaters, valves in
the bottom of the machines are opened and it is allowed to run into
the storage chests below. From these storage chests it is pumped
through a refining engine, usually spoken of as a “ Jordan,” the most
prevalent type in American mills. This machine consists of two
conical shells, fitted into one another so that knives mounted on the
outer surface of the one and bars on the inner surface of the other
will pass each other with a very small clearance when the inner shell
is rotated. This clearance may be adjusted by a screw which pushes
the inner shell well up into the outer casing, and as the knives are
set a little off parallel, the stock which passes in through the smaller
end is subjected to a very fine shearing action before it is discharged
from the other end to the stock chests of the paper machine. At
the present time the tendency in large newsprint mills is to abandon
the process of beating for that grade of paper. It has been found
possible to make a satisfactory grade of newsprint by a mixing system,
in which the stock is held in the slush state in which it leaves the
deckers, is constantly agitated in the storage tanks, and is piped to
huge mixing tanks, in which the proper proportions of ground wood
and sulphite are mixed and the other ingredients added while the
stock is kept in constant circulation by paddles or by some other
arrangement. The agitation of the stock is continued m the storage
tank until the stock is ready to be put through the Jordan, which is
the only refining operation in this process. It is evident that this
method of manufacture allows large quantities of material to be pre
pared with a minimum of time and labor cost.
The stock coming from the beater room is ready to be made into
paper; that is, the fibers as they are floated along suspended in water
are to be woven together, the water gradually removed, and the
web which is formed dried into a sheet. All this is accomplished
on large machines, one of which is sufficient to maintain the output
of a small mill, and each of which constitutes an integral production
unit in larger establishments which may have as many as 10 or 12
of these machines in operation. The machines used to produce the
grades of paper covered in this study are known as “ Fourdriniers,”
of which there are several distinct types in use, and although every
machine is made to meet individual specifications, the general prin
ciples of all are alike.
DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
131
The stock coming to the paper machines is run through a set of
screens at the head of the machine, which may be of the flat diaphragm
kind used in the pulp mill, or of a special rotary type in which the
screen is of cylindrical form and is kept clean by a continuous spray
of water. From the screens the stock passes through a set of flow
boxes which distribute it evenly onto a shallow flexible tray called
an apron, which in turn spreads it over the surface of a woven wire
traveling away from the tray at the rate of several hundred feet a
minute, the speed of the wire, as well as the flow of the stock, being
regulated according to the quality of the paper to be made. This
“ wire” is actually a belt, approximately 100 inches wide, which runs
from the “ breast” roll, just back of the tray, forward for a distance
of about 20 feet, supported on its way by a set of tube rolls, to
the “ couch” roll, at which point it turns back. The flow of
stock from the tray onto the wire is controlled by a metal plate set
across the machine at this point and coming within about an inch of
the apron. The stock flowing down the apron is forced against this
dam and in this way a head is built up at this point. The nearer the
plate is brought to the tray the smaller is the discharge opening, the
greater is the pressure, and the greater the speed at which the stock
comes onto the wire, which is itself pitched at this point by the
elevation of the breast roll. On some of the latest types of paper
machines, however, the pitch or wire elevation has been discontinued.
By controlling the height of the dam and thus the pressure behind it,
it is possible for the machine “ help” to bring the stock onto the wire
at approximately its own rate of speed.
The stock as it is discharged onto the wire is more than 99 per cent
water, which immediately begins to drain off through the mesh.
This action is assisted by the insertion of suction boxes at various
oints underneath the wire. While the wire travels forward, a rapid
orizontal shaking motion is imparted to it so that the fibers are
woven together as they travel along. Deckel straps running along
the sides of the wire prevent the fibers from being tossed off and at
the same time jam them back so as to form a little thicker edge to
the paper, which assists materially in taking up the tension which is
necessary in running the sheet through the first rolls. At this stage
it is important that the stock be uniform, and the fibers in no way
frayed out so as to leave weak points in the web as it forms; that no
slime or dirt be allowed to carry from the screens and gather on the
wire and prevent paper from forming at these spots; that the rolls
carrying the wire be in perfect alignment, and the pull of the suction
boxes be uniform so that the wire may not sag; and the wire itself
must be given careful attention in order that the paper may be formed
evenly, especially as thin streaks make it almost impossible to lead
the fragile sheet through the drying cylinders. Before leaving the
wire a light rigid roll, known as a “ dandy roll,” presses on the top
of the web to smooth it out and at the same time to press into it any
desired watermark while the paper is still soft enough to take such
an impression.
The “ couch” roll to which the paper now comes is, in most of the
newer machines, a suction roll upon which the paper is pressed by a
small roll set on top and a little off center, so that the pressure against
the bottom roll is at first gentle and then increased at the point at
which the two rolls meet. The couch roll, as has already been said,
E
132
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE RADER AND RULP INDUSTRY
is the point at which the wire turns back and the sheet, somewhat
dried out by the suction, is caught on a traveling felt which passes
around a roil close under the couch roll, leaving only a small gap for
the sheet to jump unsupported. The paper is then carried by the
felt through a pair of large press rolls, one above the other, with
weights attached by lever arms to the top roll, so that the water is
squeezed out of the paper by the pressure between the rolls. The
sheet is then picked up by a new felt and passed through another
set of press rolls, there being usually three of these sets on the ma
chine. Considerable care is necessary to keep these rolls and the
felts clean so as to prevent stock gathering on them and destroying
the smoothness of the surfaces.
The paper, which is now about 60 per cent moisture, passes from
the press rolls to the steam dryers, where this moisture is entirely
eliminated. When it is considered that the distance between the
apron and the rolls is not more than 30 or 40 feet and that the sheet
of paper is traveling over this distance and between the rolls at a
speed which in some of our modern newsprint establishments runs as
high as a thousand feet per minute, it is not hard to realize the rapidity
of the operation and the accuracy with which adjustments must be
made at this end of the paper machine. Many paper machines—
practically all such machines running above 650 feet per minute or
with a trim capacity of over 160 inches— are equipped with com
pressed-air devices which carry the paper from the wire to the first
felt and then onto the driers, and also when it leaves the driers carry
it onto the calender stack and from the calender stack to the reel.
The steam-drying apparatus is a string of cast-iron rolls or drums
4 or 5 feet in diameter and arranged m two rows staggered one
above the other, over which runs a dry felt. These rolls are heated
from within by steam piped into them for this purpose, so that the
paper will be dried gradually as it passes over them. Practically all
fast-running machines are equipped with an endless rope running in
sheaves, generally termed a “ rope back tender,” extending the length
of the drier section of the machine, which automatically carries the
paper over the driers both when starting up and in case the paper
breaks for any cause.
The paper leaving the press rolls is threaded through these dryers
and held snugly against the polished surface of the rolls by the felt,
which also acts as an absorber of the moisture in the paper. The
maximum or efficiency speed of the paper machine is dependent upon
the rate at which the paper may be dried, and it is evident that this
drying can not be hastened beyond this constant maximum drying
rate it the paper is not to be injured. Considerable care is required
to keep the tension on the dryer felts approximately constant, as
they necessarily expand and contract with the varying degree of
moisture content which they absorb from the paper and in turn give
up under the effect of the heat. Some slippage between the sheet
and the dryer rolls, as well as through the press rolls, is of course
inevitable, and this, together with such variable elements as the
contraction and expansion of felts just mentioned, makes it impos
sible to operate a machine with a smgle speed control. In modern
electrically driven machines the power is furnished to the machine
through a large turbine generator located in the basement under the
machine, with the power controlled from the paper-machine room.
DESCRIPTION OP OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
133
The current from the generator is applied to the machine by motors
designed to furnish power at a rate suitable to drive that section of
the machine to which it is applied, the requirements of which vary
roughly from 30 to 100 horsepower. In this way there are as many
as nine speed controls to a single machine, and although the relation
of ail of these speeds in linear feet per minute is very intimate, this
system permits of adjustments to take up sag in the sheet and to
relieve tension where necessary throughout the operation.
From the drying cylinders the paper is led through a stack of
chilled iron rolls known as “ calenders,” the number of these rolls
depending upon the finish which the paper is to have. Steel blades
are used along the rolls to keep them free from dirt, scabs of paper,
etc., and at times the rolls themselves are scraped by the machine
“ help” to keep their surfaces smooth. On leaving the calenders the
paper is wound on a reel and the roll so formed usually rewound onto
another drum, during which winding small circular slitting knives
trim the edges off even and cut the wide roll into rolls of smaller
dimension. These rolls are then ready for the finishing process.
As it takes considerable time to put a Fourdrinier into operation
and get paper running over a machine that has been “ down,” paper
machines shut down usually only for week ends and a few holidays,
running day and night at other periods. From the Fourdrinier on,
however, the hours of operation are more or less optional with the
management.
In the manufacture of fine grades of writing paper the finishing
begins on the machine itself, with what is called an “ animal” sizing.
The size in this case is a solution of commercial glue and gelatin
which is carried in a press placed at the end of the drying rolls of the
paper machine. The paper, coming from the rolls dry, is run through
the sizing fluid, passing under a roll which is partially submerged in
the fluid and back over this roll, the excess fluid being squeezed
out by a second roll placed on top of the first. The paper then
passes over the table of a cutting machine where it is cut by a
revolving blade into sheets and automatically deposited on the
table of a truck, which is placed there to receive it and which, when
loaded, is removed and taken to the drying loft.
In the loft the sheets of paper are taken up in bundles of 15 to 20
sheets or more and hung over horizontal bars. The temperature in
the loft is maintained by artificial heating and the control of special
ventilating arrangements so that the sheets of paper are dried out
thoroughly but slowly. ^In this way the glue which has been applied
to the paper saturates it and is dried in without becoming brittle,
as no steam-heated roll comes in contact with the paper after the
sizing fluid has been applied. While the finish of the paper dried in
this fashion is distinctive, the tendency at present is to substitute
a machine process for the slower and more expensive hand operation
just described. Where this policy is adopted the paper is taken from
the paper machine in rolls and run in this form over a special drying
machine on which it passes slowly over a series of unheated rolls and
the drying is completed by the ary air of the loft. This product is
also referred to as “ loft-dned” paper.
Some grades of book and magazine paper also receive a special
treatment at this stage which is known as “ coating,” a process
134
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
which gives the paper a glossy finish and makes it more durable.
The coating material itself consists of a mixture of one or more
mineral compounds, with the addition of enough adhesive to bind it
to the texture of the paper. Where paper is to be coated on one side
only, it is carried through the coatmg machine on a rubber apron
and the coating material applied by a revolving brush. A copper
roller, turning at adjustable speed and set so as to be partially
immersed in a small trough full of the coating liquid, feeds the brush
much or little of the liquid according as the operator regulates the
speed of the roller. The paper then passes under a set of flat agitating
brushes which spread the coating evenly, the carrier apron serving
as a backing during this operation. The paper from the coating
machine is then caught on wooden bars which travel on a chain to a
position parallel with the under surface of the sheet and carry it up
an incline and along through a drying gallery, allowing the paper to
sag by its own wei^pit into loops or festoons. The air in this gallery
is heated, dried, and conducted into the room through metal ducts,
and its discharge over the surface of the paper is regulated so as to
dry the paper evenly and overcome its tendency to dry more rapidly
at the edges. In this way the temperature, humidity, and circulation
in the room are under control.
At one time it was customary to pass paper w hich,was to be
coated on both sides through a machine such as that just described,
partially dry the paper, and then bring it through the machine again
to coat the reverse side. In this way there was always one side of
the paper sufficiently dry to enable it to be carried by the sticks
without marring the surface. More modern devices permit the two
sides to be coated in a single operation, the carrier belt being dis
pensed with and the coating fluid run on the paper as it passes over
a trough. The coating is then spread by passing the paper through
a set of brushes which weave in and out, half of tne brushes over the
top and the other half on the bottom of the sheet, and arranged to
move in opposite directions with a balanced motion that holds the
paper properly stretched as it passes between them. As this paper,
wet on both sides, leaves the machine it is passed over a “ floater,”
which is a series of ducts and nozzles emitting jets of heated air which
exert sufficient pressure to support the paper in mid-air and at the
same time dry the under surface, so that it may be picked up and
carried along by the sticks to complete the drying, just as in the
single coating process. At the end of the drying gallery the paper
is wound on a reeling machine, where considerable care is taken to
keep the tension even at both ends of the roll, a precaution which
prevents tearing when running the paper through succeeding presses.
Paper which is to have a high finish is put through a stack of
rolls, every alternate one of which is of highly polished steel, while
the others are made of cotton, paper, or other material pressed on
an iron or steel core, turned, ground, and polished. There are about
nine rolls in the calender stacks, which are often referred to as super
calenders to distinguish them from the calenders at the end of the
Fourdrinier machine. The paper passes from the reel to the top
roll of the calender and is threaded through the stack, each steel roll
ironing it by pressure and frictional heat against the somewhat more
elastic surface of the composition roll in a way that gives the paper a
glossy surface, after which it is again reeled. Calenders are equipped
DESCRIPTION OP OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
135
with an odd number of rolls so that paper may be fed and removed
from the same side, and in some mills mirrors are placed on the wall
behind the stack so that the operator at the front of the stack may
time his movements with those of his helper at the other side as they
thread the paper back and forth through the calender when starting
a new roll of paper. This starting operation is performed with the
rolls at slow speed, and as soon as the paper is running smooth the
speed is increased to approximately 1,000 feet per minute. Paper
which has been loft dried in sheets must be calendered in what are
known as sheet calenders. The paper is fed to these machines sheet
by sheet and carried through the rolls by traveling belts, acquiring
theproper surface in the same way as on the other type of calenders.
Writing paper, a considerable part of the book and wrapping
paper, and what newsprint paper is sold for use on cylinder presses,
are cut into sheets at the mill. The rolls for this purpose are placed
on the reels of a cutting machine, from which the paper is unwound
and passes under a set of slitters which cut it to the proper width.
The paper is then passed through a set of rolls so that the paper ex
tends over an inclined table, the edge of which is a fixed knife blade.
Knives attached to a drum revolving just over this table come in
contact with the fixed blade at definite intervals, and cut the paper
into sheets the size of which depends upon the number and position
of the knives on the drum and the relation of the speed of the drum’s
revolution to the movement of the paper. These sheets are then
passed to a table at the end of the machine, at which girls are stationed
to “ lay” the sheets evenly. For some grades of paper these girls
are expected to pull out spoiled sheets, and count the number of
sheets by “ clips,” three cuts of the knives making a quire where
eight rolls are passing simultaneously through the Knives, two cuts
where there are 12 rolls, etc. In many places automatic “ lay boys”
are now installed, so that the sheets as they are received on the
table are constantly jogged into position by agitating slats making
up the sides of the table box and keeping the sheets together evenly
while a count is made automatically of the number of clips coming
off the machine.
Special grades of writing and book paper are finished in sheets by
a process which is called “ plating.” The paper is prepared for the
plating machine by being placed between sheets of cardboard or
linen, a sheet of paper and a sheet of the cardboard being arranged
alternately, with sheets of steel or zinc inserted at intervals, the
exact nature and number of the layers depending upon the finish
desired. These stacks are built up by girls and then fed automatic
ally, or by an operator termed a “ plater man,” back and forth
between the rolls of the plater machine, the finish being given to the
paper in this way.
For many fine grades of paper hand sorting is still resorted to,
in which case the sheets are removed from the cutting machine in
piles and taken to a sorting table, where they are examined one by
one and all bad or imperfect sheets removed. This hand sorting is
usually performed by females, as is also the counting whieh usually
follows. The counter girls catch the comer of the pile of sheets,
iog it quickly into a position in which the leaves are separated,
nolding the paper with one hand and counting with the other with
great rapidity. Before packing, these sheets are put onto the
136
WAGES AKI> HOURS IK THE PAPER AKD PULP IKUUSTRY
table of a trimming machine, on which the pile is evened up against
the wall of the table and a large knife passed with great force through
the stack so as to cut off the uneven edges. Similar cutting machines
are at times used to cut sheets into smaller sizes.
Packing, or “ finishing” as it is usually called in the paper mill,
may be said to be of two distinct types, one of which covers the pre
paration of paper for shipment in rolls and the other the bundling
or Gasing of paper which nas been cut into sheets. A roll of paper
for finishing is laid on a wrapper stretched along on the floor of the
finishing room, and the paper rolled up in it, care being taken to
make the wrapper wide enough properly to overlap the ends. A
header is put both inside and outside on each end and the roll then
labeled and stenciled. There is considerable difference, in the actual
work of handling the paper, between the preparation of large news
print rolls, for instance, and the rolls of wrapping paper which are
put up for counter use, the packing of which is usually referred to as
“ counter-roll finishing.” When paper is Gut into sheets, they are
often packed and tied in bundles, large sheets being folded before
wrapping, but the sheets may be packed in cases, protected by a
paper lining inside the case. Small sheets such as those produced
in the writing-paper mills, where an 83^ by 11 inch sheet is a stand
ard size, are usually wrapped and sealed in small bundles by girls.
A great deal of broken paper accumulates at different stages of
paper manufacture, especially in the finishing room and in the ma
chine room when paper is being started or has broken on the Fourdrinier. This “ broke” is picked up and fed to a pulper, where it is
beaten by the lugs of the machine under pressure to a pulpy mass
not too bulky to be stored, or it may be passed directly back to the
beaters, separate machines, referred to in the mill as “ broke beaters,”
usually being designated to handle this broke. In the modern mill,
the water which drains from the pulp when passing over the Fourdrinier wire is piped back for reuse as “ make-up” with the stock
coming to the machine from the Jordans, is used again in the beaters,
and any excess is run through some kind of a “ save all” device in
which the fibers are allowed to settle and so are recovered. In this
way practically all of the pulp, as well as all of the various loading
materials, put into the beaters eventually finds its way into the
finished sheet of paper.
G L O S S A R Y O F O C C U P A T IO N S
PULP MILL
Eiverman (pond m an).— When wood has been floated to mill or dumped into
water for storage, straightens out log jams, using a pike pole to work the logs
along into the yard.
(Tabulated under laborers.)
Rackman.— Clears away driftwood, etc., from racks which keep refuse from
entering the mill with the water supply.
(Tabulated under laborers). (This
term is also often used to designate a block handler in the grinder room of the
ground-wood plant.)
Scaler.— Measures wood and makes computations to determine quantity
received at yard. (Tabulated under laborers.)
XJnloader.— Unloads logs, usually with canthooks, from cars or boats onto
mechanical conveyors. (Tubulated under laborers.)
Head preparer {foreman , wood room ).— Has complete charge of the sawing,
barking, splitting, chipping, etc., in the wood room.
Saw yer. — Feeds the logs to the chain which carries them to a circular saw
mounted on an inclined table. This term is usually applied where a single saw
is in use which is in charge of the operator.
Slasher man.— Feeds logs to the chain which carries them to a group of circular
saws mounted on an inclined table known as a slasher table. The care of the
equipment is not under the supervision of the operator.
Saw filer.— Files and sets the teeth of the circular saws, being responsible for
their condition.
Conveyor man.— Stands along conveyors and by means of a short hook guides
the logs to prevent jamming, sorts the logs into the proper bins or onto other
conveyors, removes those logs that must go to the splitter, etc.
Barker man.— Picks up the logs, grasping them with a hand near each end, and
holds them against the surface of the barking disk, turning them constantly so
that the knives attached to the disk may shave off the bark completely. In
some mills the logs are fed mechanically. The condition of the equipment itself
is not under the supervision of the operator. (Men stationed on conveyors just
as logs enter and leave a drum barker are often called barker men. These men
would be classified as conveyor men in this study.)
Splitter m an.— Takes the larger logs which are removed from the conveyor,
catches them with a short hook and drags them to the splitting machine, placing
them so that the knife of the machine will strike and split them asunder properly.
K n ife grinder.— Removes the blunted knives from the chipping and barking
machines, sharpens and replaces them. Care is required to keep the knives
evenly balanced in weight, as knives which are not balanced properly on the
disk give the latter an uneven motion and on the hand-fed barker create a hazard
ous situation for the operator.
Screen man.— Cleans off the surfaces of the flat screens and regulates the flow
of stock so as to secure the best action as it passes through the screens.
Head pressman.— Has charge of both presses and deckers, concerning himself
principally with the flow of stock into the pressers and deckers. He also
performs the usual duties of a room foreman.
Pressman (lap cutter, roll skinner , or wet machine tender).— Inserts a wooden
pin underneath the layer of pulp formed on the press roll and cuts it from end to
end so that it will fall onto the receiving table in front of the machine. He then
folds the lap of pulp neatly and puts it into a pile or onto a belt conveyor running
along in front of the machine. There is usually one pressman for each machine,
though at times one man may tend two machines.
Decker man.— Oversees the action of the pulp thickeners known as “ deckers’ ’
controlling the height of stock in the vat to regulate the flow of stock so that
it will come to the right consistency on the wire. He also watches the height of
the stock coming into the vat from the screen room to prevent possible overflow.
Stock handler.— Trucks laps of pulp and piles them for storage, etc.
(Tabu
lated as laborers.)
137
138
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Pulp-m achine tender.— Has charge of machines of special type for pressing
pulp and forming it into sheets or drying it and making it into rolls.
Pulp-m achine back tender.— Assists pulp-machine tender, working principally
at the dry end of the machine.
Laborer.— Performs work of an unskilled nature which does not constitute a
specific step in the manufacturing process. This occupation includes such em
ployees as rivermen, rackmen, unloaders, conveyor men, stock handlers, and
general yard men.
MECHANICAL PULP
Head grinder man.— Has complete charge of the grinding room, controlling the
number of machines in operation in accordance with the power supply available
and performing the usual duties of a room foreman.
Grinder man.— Feeds the blocks of wood into the pockets of the grinding m a
chine and watches the pressure on the hydraulic plungers during the grinding
operation, so that the stock will not be burned or the stone glazed. Each man
usually works between two machines and tends from four to six pockets.
Block handler.— Trucks wood in grinder room and piles it up for the grinder men.
Linem an {stone sharpener).— Puts the proper face on the grindstone (dresses
it) to disintegrate thoroughly the wood, the character of the stock depending
directly upon the condition of the stone.
Screenman {bull screens).— Keeps the surface of the screens cleaned off to
prevent any of the coarser particles from working their way into the stock.
CHEMICAL PULP
Chipper man.— Feeds logs endwise to the spout of the chipper, guiding them
from the chain conveyor or picking them up and feeding them by hand. The
care of the equipment is not under the supervision of the operator.
C hip-bin man.— Stationed at the chip bins to guide the chips into whichever bin
is empty by placing a wooden bar diagonally across the belt .conveyor, or directing
the fall of the chips in some other way. Requires no skill and very little activity.
SULPHITE PROCESS
Sulphur burner.— Wheels the sulphur from its storage place and fires it, usually
by hand, into the sulphur-burning furnace. Manipulates the air supply to the
furnace under the direction of the acid maker.
A cid maker.— Oversees the proper combustion of the sulphur in the sulphur
burning furnace and the cooling of the gas in the cooling system; tests the gas
leaving furnace and regulates the amount of water in the acid towers so that the
gas will be properly absorbed and the acid produced at the proper strength. Tests
the acid and pumps it to the reclaiming tanks where it is mixed with blow-off
liquor from the previous cook before being used in the digester.
Towerman.— Trucks lumps of limestone and fills the acid towers under the
direction of the acid maker.
Cook {digester).— Has complete charge of the chemical cooking or “ digesting.”
Under his direction the digester is filled with chips and acid, steam pressure and
temperature are applied, the pressure relieved at times additional liquor is poured
in and the cooked i>ulp finally blown into the blow pits. The cook is required to
read tables and indicators to determine quantities, temperature, and pressure and
to take samples during the cook to regulate the process to suit the varying moisture
content and other variable elements in the wood. He is also responsible for the
condition of the digester and, whenever an opportunity is given him, inspects
the lining to detect any breaks which would allow the acid to attack the shell.
Cook's helper.— Runs in the amount of liquor determined by the cook, fills
digester with chips, operates valves, etc., under direction of cook.
B low -pit man.— Fills the blow pit with water to wash the pulp, and when the
washing is completed hoses the stock out through an opening at the bottom of
the pit. Requires little skill or effort but working conditions are disagreeable.
Bleach m an.— Regulates the supply of the bleaching liquor and the agitation of
the stock through the bleaching process, his specific duties depending upon the
kind of equipment in use.
GLOSSARY OF OCCUPATIONS
139
SULPHATE PBOCESS
Cook (digester).— Performs the same general functions as the sulphite cook
except that the cooking liquor does not attack the shell of the di gester in this
process and so there is no special lining to be inspected.
Diffuser man.— Controls the flow of weak liquor and water through the diffusing
system, and when stock is properly washed has it hosed o u t of the diffuser and
pumps the liquor to the recovery system.
Liquor runner.— When stock is washed in pans rather than in the cycle system of
diffusers, the stock is dumped into the pans, the flow of weak liquor and water
regulated, and the resulting liquor properly diverted to the strong and weak
liquor tanks by this employee.
Stock pum per.— Helps the diffuser man or liquor runner, hosing the washed
stock out of the pan or diffuser to the pipes leading to the screens.
Evaporator man (sometimes called after particular type of machine in use, as
Y ary an or Zaremba engineer, Swensonman, etc.).— Controls pump to bring liquor
from strong liquor tank in the washing room, tests this liquor, regulates the steam
pressure in the evaporators according to the amount and strength of the liquor
coming in, tests the strength of the evaporated liquor, and records its temperature.
Recovery man (rotary man, incinerator man, etc.).— Controls flow of liquor into
rotary furnace and firing of the rotary furnace, watches that the ash coming from
the furnace is at the proper consistency, and oversees the firing of this ash to the
smelter, together with fresh sulphate and when necessary some sawdust; controls
the draft to the smelter, keeps the passage for the fused ash to the dissolving
tanks clear, and pumps weak liquor to the dissolving tanks as necessary to keep
the liquor in these tanks at the right consistency.
Smelter man (black ash firem an).— Fires black ash from the rotary furnaces to
the smelter under the direction of the recovery man.
(Where the rotary furnaces
are so arranged that they discharge directly into the smelting furnaces this
occupation does not appear.)
Caustic man (liquor maker, alkali m an ).— Pumps the liquor from the dissolving
tanks to tanks in the caustic room, tests its strength and dilutes with weak liquor
or builds up with fresh chemicals as required, directs the addition of lime, boils
the liquor and controls the agitators, allows the lime to settle, siphons off the
strong liquor and washes the lime, directing the strong liquor to the tanks for use
in the succeeding cooks and the weak liquor to weak liquor tanks so that it may
be reused until it becomes in turn a strong liquor.
Rag sorter.— Sorts rags into various grades and colors, rips off pockets, etc.,
and cuts off buttons, rubber, or metal pieces.
Rag cutter.— Feeds rags to the rag-cutting machine.
Rag worker.— Performs general work in the rag room, opening bales, inspecting,
etc.
Rag cook.— Supervises the loading of the rags into the cooking boiler, and the
cooking and dumping of the rag stock back onto the floor of the cooking chamber.
Washerm an.— Oversees the loading of the rag stock from the cooking boilers
into the Hollander machines, supervises the washing process and the use of the
bleaching chemicals.
Sorter (waste paper) .— Sorts waste-paper stock, throwing out undesirable grades
and colors.
Deinker (waste paper).— Supervises loading and unloading of waste-paper
stock to the cooking boiler and supervises the deinking process.
PAPER MILL
Beater engineer (head beaterman) .— Has charge of the beater room or of a group
of machines in that room during the shift he works, directing the loading and
dumping of the beaters, the mixture and addition of clay and size, alum and
color, and the refining process in the Jordans. He is responsible directly to the
mill superintendent or, in some large mills, to a special supervisor known as a
beater foreman.
Beater man (beater helper, valve man, beater dumper, alum man, color man,
etc.).— Controls valves to load and dump heaters, hauls stock and loads it to the
beaters by hand, and adjusts the beater roll under the direction of the beater
engineer. These men usually work in pairs, two men tending two beating
engines or as a room crew performing any or all of the tasks mentioned. (This
occupation has been taken to include middlemen, first helpers, loaders, etc., as
well as general beater help, but not to include employees whose job is entirely
trucking and who do not assist directly in loading or operating beating machines.)
140
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
Size maker.— Weighs and dissolves soda ash in hot water, dumps resin from
barrels and shovels it into tank where it is cooked with soda ash; when cooked,
allows whole to emulsify in hot water and pumps it to stock tank.
Clay m an.— Screens clay and prepares it for beaters.
(Employees who actually
put clay or other loading materials into the beaters are classified as beater men.)
Beater furnisher {cellar m an). — Works in storage room getting proper amount
of materials ready for beater men according to the “ furnish” required in the
stock to be made.
Drainer.— Takes charge of the tanks in which the stock is stored before going
to the beaters; adds sufficient water to allow stock to be pumped from the
drainers to the beater room or shovels it out by hand.
Broke beater.— Loads and tends the special beating machines which are used
to shred paper which is returned as scrap from the machine and finishing rooms.
M ix er man.— An occupation found in newsprint mills where a mixer system
is in use to replace beating machines. The operator controls the valves which
regulate the flow of stock, observes that the proportions as registered by the
gauges are correct, takes a sample of each batch, and tests and records the con
sistency of the stock.
Shredder.— Feeds and controls machine which shreds out lap stock in prepara
tion for the beating process.
Pulper {kneader).— Stuffs scrap into a machine which saturates it with steam
and pounds it into a pulpy mass, preparing it for the beaters or for storage.
B oss machine tender.— A skilled machine tender employed in some mills to
supervise the machine room, directing and assisting the individual machine
tenders and performing the usual duties of a room foreman. In a few places his
supervision extends to the beater room as well. This job is usually found only
on the day shift, though the machine men on the other shifts come under the
direction of the boss machine tender.
M achine tender.— Has charge of the machine and crew on one paper machine
and directs the process from the time the stock leaves the Jordans until the paper
is reeled at the dry end of the machine. He works principally at the wet end of
the machine, watching the flow of stock, the condition of the wire and deckel
straps, the adjustment of the rolls, etc., and regulates the speed at the end of the
machine.
Back tender.— Is the machine tender’s principal helper, assists him in putting
on and adjusting wire, felts, etc., controls the speed and heating of the dryer
rolls and assumes charge of the dry end of the machine. When paper is started
over the machine he leads the web through the press rolls and the steam dryers
and passes it from the dryers to the first roll of the calenders and through the
stack to the reels.
Third hand.— Takes charge of the winding and rewinding of the paper on the
reels, assists in putting on machine clothing, washing up, etc., and works with
the back tender in leading the paper from the wet end through the press and dryer
rolls and the calender stack to the reels.
Fourth hand.— Large paper machines require a fourth hand, who assists in
puting on machine clothing, washing up, etc., helps the third hand at the reels and
assists the back tender and third hand in leading paper through the machine.
Fifth and sixth hands.— Some newsprint machines which are of wide trim and
run at high speed require as many as six hands to a crew. These extra men
wash screens and help to manipulate the wet felts when washing up, adjust
levers as directed, play the hose across the wire to cut off the web of paper when
desired, and give such other assistance as is required.
Spare hand {spare machine tender, spare back tender, spare third handy etc.).—
Works on the day shift in the machine room, assisting in putting on machine
clothing, minor repairs, cleaning up, etc., and when required takes the place of
any of the regular machine men who are absent from a particular shift.
Broke hustler.— Picks up broke (scraps of paper which accumulate when the
web of paper breaks, etc.) and trucks it back to the pulpers or broke beaters.
(Tabulated under laborers.)
Oiler.— Oils the parts of the paper machine, one man taking care of one or
possibly two machines. Such men are called “ machine oilers.” Oilers assigned
to the driving apparatus in the basement of the machine room are called “ base
ment oilers,” while the men working throughout the plant are called “ mill
oilers.”
Rewinder man.— Places rolls of paper coming from the paper machine onto a
winding machine to be rewound evenly and cut to smaller rolls by slitters. He
controls the machine and removes the rolls.
GLOSSARY OF OCCUPATION'S
141
Rewinder man's helper.— Assists the rewinder man in loading the rewinder and
removing rolls.
B oss calender man.— Assigns paper to the proper calender according to the
finish desired, oversees condition of rolls on calender stacks, and performs usual
duties of a room foreman.
Calender man.— Places roll of paper on reel in front of calender, starts rolls
slowly, threads web of paper through the stack and back to reeler, and then
increases speed of machine, watching that no dirt from the rolls gathers on the
paper, etc., as it passes through the stack.
Calender helper.— Assists calender man to load and unload reels, works at the
back of the stack, passing paper which the calender man puts through an upper
pair of rolls back through the next lower pair and so on down the stack, and per
forms such other duties as the calender man may direct.
Coating-machine runner.— Loads paper onto reels which feed the coating
machine, regulates the flow of the coating liquid, the action of the brushes ? and
the speed of the machine. (On small machines the coating liquid may be put
into the troughs by boys and roll boys employed to put rolls on the reels, any
further supervision of the machine coming directly under the room foreman. In
these plants the occupation of “ coating-machine runner” has been considered as
not existing.)
Reel man— coating department.— Assumes charge of paper after it leaves the
coating machine and while it is passing in loops through the drying gallery. He
controls the reeling machines which wind the paper again into rolls, maintaining
the proper tension to remove creases and wind paper evenly at both ends of the
roll.
Cutter man.— Loads rolls of paper onto cutting machine, observes condition of
knives and adjusts their spacing to cut desired size sheet, and removes cut sheets
from the machine. (In many plants the spacing of knives, their condition, etc.,
is cared for by the head cutter man and knife sharpener, and only cutter helpers
are employed to handle rolls and stacks of cut paper.)
Cutter girl.— Stationed at table of cutting machine to pull out wrinkled or
spoiled sheets and jog the sheets into an even pile ( “ laying” ). The girl at times
has to pass quickly from the front to the back of the machine to prevent the paper
jamming and usually has a control at hand to stop and start the machine when
necessary.
Loft man.— Hangs sheets of animal-sized paper in an air-drying loft, regulates the
temperature in the loft and the ventilators, and removes the sheets when dry,
jogging them into even piles as he stacks them up. (Where the machine method
is employed a crew will be found consisting of a machine tender, back tender, and
third hand. These men were not classified as loft men in this study.)
Plater man.— Takes the stack of paper and pressing material from the plater
girl, feeds it to the machine, starts and reverses the rolls, and returns the stack to
the girl to be taken down.
Plater girl.— Stacks up the layers of paper and the pressing materials used and
takes the stack down again. Two girls usually work together, one girl putting
the sheets of paper from the returned stack in one pile and the press layers in
another, while the other girl inserts the sheet of paper between the press layers as
they are put down. The girls alternate tasks with one another at definite inter
vals.
Sorter.— Examines the paper sheet by sheet and removes any imperfect sheets.
(Sorting as a distinct occupation exists only where this special sorting is done
after the paper is taken from the cutters.)
Counter.— Count sheets, grasping the edge of a pile of paper and jogging it
quickly to spread the sheets into a fan-like arrangement while they use the
fingers of the other hand to make the count. (In most mills girls are employed
for this work. In many establishments the count is made at the table of the
cutting machine by keeping track of the clips made by the machine. The sheet
packers very often do the counting themselves. In these cases counting is not an
occupation as distinct from cutter girls and packers, respectively.)
Packer (roll finisher, sheet finisher, counter-roll finisher, bundler, tier, roll
wrapper).— Puts wrapper on large or small rolls or wraps and ties sheets in bun
dles and seals, labels, and prepares the paper for shipment.
Sealer.— Wraps the small-size sheets of paper and seals thle package with gum
med tape. An occupation for female workers or for boys.
Trim mer man (press cutter.)— Evens up the pile of sheets by jogging them
against the walls of the trimmer table and releases the knife which cuts the edges
95102°— 25t------10
142
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
off squarely.
sizes.
Similar presses are at times used to cut large sheets into smaller
Trucker— Finishing room (loader).— Trucks finished paper from finishing room
to cars or trucks. Where large rolls are shipped this trucking is heavier work
than that found throughout the mill and a rate above the general labor rate is
usually paid.
(Tabulated under laborers.)
W eigher .— Manipulates the scales and records the weight of the paper that is
shipped.
Repair m an .— Maintains the mill equipment.
(This term will include such
occupations as those of millwright, blacksmith, machinist, carpenter, mason,
piper, electrician, painter, and their helpers.)
Laborer .— Performs work of a general and unskilled nature.
(This occupation
includes such work as that of broke hustler, truckers, and general yard help.)
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