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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commlnlonn BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES\ BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IS T IC S / WAGES AND HOURS OF \T * * LABOR ' PAO i l 0 . D U £ SERIES WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY: 1928 DECEMBER, 1929 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1»30 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cento CONTENTS Page Introduction and summary____________________________________________ Average hours and earnings, by State__________________________________ Regular or customary hours of operation___________ _________ __________ Changes in hours since September 30, 1925_____________________________ Changes in wage rates since September 30, 1925________ _______________ Overtime and work on Sunday and holidays_________________ ___________ Bonus systems___ ___________________________ _____ ____________________ Number of days worked in one week___________________________________ Index numbers of employment, pay rolls, and production, 1923-1928____ Growth of the motor-vehicle industry, 1904 to 1927-----------------------------Scope and method_____________________________________________________ Occupations in the industry____________________________________________ General tables_________________________________________________________ Table A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occu pation, sex, and State_____ ____ ___________ ________ ____________ Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State_____________________________ Table C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State___________________ Table D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State_______________ Table E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State_____________________ in 1 5 10 14 15 15 16 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 42 50 58 66 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS n o . 502 WASHINGTON D e c e m b e r, 1929 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE M0T0RVEHICLE INDUSTRY, 1928 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY This bulletin presents the results of a study of hours of labor and of earnings of employees in the motor-vehicle industry in the United States in 1928. The results were compiled from wage data of employees in establishments engaged in the manufacture of passenger cars, trucks, busses, or of bodies or other parts of motor vehicles. The figures were compiled from data collected by agents of the bureau from pay rolls and other records of 94 establishments in 8 States. According to the 1925 Census of Manufactures, 91 per cent of the wage earners in the industry were employed in these States. The 1928 wage figures are for a total of 153,962 wage earners (including 4,134 females) or 36.1 per cent of the whole number in the motor-vehicle industry in 1925. A summary of the 1928 average full-time hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week for each occupation and for all occupations combined is shown in Table 1 in comparison with like figures for 1922 and 1925. Detailed 1922 and 1925 figures are given in Bulletins Nos. 348 and 438. Average full-time hours per week of males in all occupations com bined, as shown at the end of Table 1, increased from 50.1 in 1922 to 50.3 in 1925 and then decreased to 49.4 in 1928. Those for females decreased from 50.3 in 1922 to 50.1 in 1925 and then increased to 50.3 in 1928. Those for both sexes combined, or for the industry, increased from 50.1 in 1922 to 50.3 in 1925, and decreased to 49.4 in 1928. Average earnings per hour of males in all occupations combined increased from 66.2 cents in 1922 to 72.9 cents in 1925 and to 75.6 cents in 1928; of females increased from 43.8 cents in 1922 to 46.7 cents in 1925 and to 48.7 cents in 1928; and of all males and females in all occupations combined increased from 65.7 cents in 1922 to 72.3 cents in 1925 and 75 cents in 1928. Between 1925 and 1928 average earnings per hour of males increased 3.7 per cent, of females increased 4.3 per cent, and of both sexes combined increased 3.7 per cent. Average full-time earnings per week of males in all occupations combined increased from $33.19 in 1922 to $36.67 in 1925 and $37.35 in 1928; of females increased from $22.05 in 1922 to $23.40 in 1925 and to $24.50 in 1928; and of all males and females combined, or the industry, increased from $32.92 in 1922 to $36.37 in 1925 and to $37.05 in 1928. 1 2 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY In 1922 the occupational average earnings per hour for males ranged from 38.5 cents for “ apprentices” to 93.1 for “ letterers, stripers, and varnishers” ; in 1925 from 51.2 cents for “ apprentices ” to $1,037 for “ ding men” ; and in 1928 from 57.2 cents for “ appren tices” to $1,128 for “ ding men.” Average earnings per hour for females in 1922 ranged from 35.2 cents for “ inspectors” to 68 cents for “ other skilled occupations” ; in 1925 from 36.1 cents for “ inspec tors” to 57.3 cents for “ drill-press operators” ; and in 1928 from 39 cents for “ inspectors” to 63.6 cents for “ lacquer rubbers.” T able 1.— Average hours and earnings, 1922, 1925, and 1928, by occupation and sex Sex Year Apprentices..........................- .................. M. M. M. Assemblers, axle............ ......................... M. M. M. F. F. Assemblers, body-frame1___________ . . M. M. F. Assemblers, chassis....... - ........................ M. M. M. F. F. Assemblers, final____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. M. M. F. F. F. Assemblers, frame___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ____ M. M. M. Assemblers, motor_______ . . . . . . . . ____ M. M. M. F. F. F. Automatic operators, lathe and screw M. M. machine. M. Bench hands, machine shop......... ......... M. M. M. F. F. F. Blacksmiths............................................. M. M. M. Boring-mill operators.............................. M. M. M. Bumpers K____ ___________ __________ M. M. Crane operators 1..................................... M. M. Cutters, cloth and leather4.................... M. M. F. F. Die setters, sheet metal 3_____________ M. M. Ding men 2............................................. M. M. Door hangers1........................................ M. M. Drill-press operators................... . . . . . . . M. M. M. See footnotes at end of table. 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 3928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 Occupation Num Average Average ber of Number full-time Average full-time estab of wage earnings earnings hours lish earners per per hour per week ments week 19 45 49 30 45 48 2 3 49 47 5 41 54 53 3 7 46 74 66 7 18 22 29 47 45 41 61 59 2 6 9 34 65 54 35 70 67 4 8 7 34 80 79 30 53 56 35 43 29 37 44 39 5 4 19 22 32 36 32 41 42 84 78 300 544 1,167 763 1,922 2,703 24 13 3,091 3,256 12 1,357 2,902 4,593 34 109 3,108 7,400 8,198 170 318 575 364 1,115 1,125 2,147 4,851 4,859 2 48 81 1,673 2,622 1,842 2,176 2,439 2,178 14 35 42 388 1,040 850 392 828 1,129 323 358 145 217 219 205 18 12 274 224 209 235 659 672 3,443 8,688 8,488 52.5 50.0 48.6 49.8 50.3 50.2 50.0 50.3 50.8 50.4 49.8 50.2 49.9 49.0 50.0 49.8 50.3 50.1 50.1 49.1 49.8 49.3 49.0 50.0 49.5 50.0 49.8 50.1 52.5 50.0 50.4 50.2 49.7 49.0 50.0 50.2 50.3 49.6 49.3 49.3 50.0 49.6 48.9 50.2 50.6 47.3 49.8 49.6 49.7 49.3 50.5 49.1 51.8 52.8 49.9 47.4 50.6 51.0 51.2 50.9 49.6 50.3 49.6 $0,385 .512 .572 .675 .729 .755 .496 .451 .739 .799 .419 .647 .694 .758 .520 .529 .672 .731 .774 .621 .507 .507 .673 .753 .770 .661 .747 .762 .485 .489 .460 .688 .764 .806 .670 .716 .724 .546 .568 .538 .810 .957 .973 .701 .765 .808 .945 1.042 .726 .707 .803 .831 .517 .461 .797 .849 1.037 1.128 .827 .861 .644 .712 .734 $20.21 25.60 27.80 33.62 36.67 37.90 24.80 22.69 37.54 40.27 20.87 32.48 34.63 37.14 26.00 26.34 33.82 36.62 38.78 30.52 25.25 25.00 33.01 37.65 38.12 33.03 37.20 38.18 25.47 24.45 23.18 34.56 37.97 39.49 33.47 35.94 36.42 27.10 28.00 26.52 40.54 47.47 47.58 35.22 38.71 3a 22 47.06 51.68 36.08 34.86 40.55 40.80 26.78 24.34 39.77 40.24 52.47 57.53 42.34 43.82 31.96 35.81 36.41 3 INTRODUCTION AND STFMMARY T able 1.— Average hours and earnings, 1922, 1925, and 1928, by occupation and sex— Continued Occupation Sex Year Drill-press operators (Continued)_____ F. F. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. P. 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 Forge-shop helpers_____________ . ____ Gear-cutters operators....... .... . . . ___ . . . Grinding-machine operators.................. Hardeners............ ................................... Helpers.................................................... Inspectors. .............................................. Laborers________ . . . . . . . ------ . . . . . . . . . . Lacquer rubbers *...... ............................ Lathe operators________ ______ _______ Letterers, stripers, and varnishers......... Machinists_____ __________. . . ________ Metal finishers ............ .............. Metal panelers»................................ ...... Milling-machine operators____________ Molders, belt and drip *................... . Painters, general..... ................................ Paint sprayers____. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ Planer and shaper operators_____ _____ Platers».................................................... Polishers and buffers.............................. Punch-press operators___ ___ . . . . . . . . . . footnotes at end of table. Num Average Average ber of Number full-time Average full-time estab of wage hours earnings earnings lish per earners per per hour week ments week 6 17 15 34 55 58 30 48 50 38 69 70 2 3 4 29 54 56 43 81 74 2 4 44 93 90 7 24 29 47 97 92 5 13 21 38 43 3 41 72 69 37 56 59 6 41 73 81 36 55 32 34 39 74 70 19 30 47 77 77 5 3 34 69 71 5 21 32 38 27 33 28 35 56 27 61 61 6 t 44 99 164 656 1,661 1,833 497 1,331 1,121 2,574 5,422 5,419 3 9 8 667 945 720 1,042 3,019 4,085 25 17 2,808 7,676 7,579 197 437 503 5,982 16,592 15,535 46 105 119 709 1,465 36 2,950 6,260 5,553 762 990 650 26 1,291 3,604 3,465 8,397 4,606 1,655 1,947 1,591 3,549 3,231 266 672 2,114 1,934 2,155 16 8 177 993 1,581 19 165 308 401 181 358 564 1,095 2,030 1,096 4,416 4,268 103 100 51.4 49.8 50.5 49.6 51.0 50.7 50.2 50.6 49.5 50.0 50.1 48.8 52.9 49.9 50.3 51.7 53.7 54.5 50.8 50.9 48.1 50.0 52.0 50.1 50.1 49.4 51.2 49.6 50.7 50.2 50.4 49.4 50.5 50.2 49.5 50.2 50.3 52.4 49.5 50.0 49.0 50.8 50.1 50.0 49.8 50.0 50.0 47.9 50.6 5a 5 5L5 49.8 50.0 50.4 49.5 51.0 50.6 50.7 50.6 50.7 47.8 50.3 50.6 50.0 50.4 48.9 49.3 49.7 49.1 50.1 49.5 50.4 50.4 49.2 49.4 49.6 47.9 50.0 61.9 $0,447 .573 .466 .698 .753 .735 .678 .746 .760 .710 .765 .792 .572 .471 .457 .676 .725 .749 .531 .603 .621 .491 .463 .608 .682 .723 .352 .361 .390 .495 .570 .589 .385 .403 .465 .871 .841 .636 .689 .762 .789 .931 .996 1.115 .588 .715 .806 .844 .851 .893 .770 .830 .659 .737 .764 .823 .914 .733 .776 .770 .519 .415 .723 .850 .824 .565 .738 .786 .791 .734 .756 .756 .908 .936 .715 .718 .746 .457 .491 $22.99 28.54 23.53 34.62 38.40 37.26 34.07 37.75 37.62 35.47 38.33 38.65 30.28 23.50 22.99 34.97 38.93 40.82 26.95 30.69 29.87 24.55 24.08 30.45 34.17 35.72 18.03 17.91 19.77 24.86 28.73 29.10 19.46 20.23 23.02 43.72 42.30 33.33 34.13 38.10 38.66 47.26 49.90 55.75 29.28 35.78 40.30 40.43 43.06 45.10 39.66 41.33 32.94 37.14 37.82 41.97 46.25 37.17 39.27 39.04 24.81 20.87 36.56 42.50 41.53 27.63 36.40 39.06 38.84 36.77 37.42 38.08 45.76 46.05 35.31 35.61 35.73 22.85 25.19 4 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY T able 1.— Average hours and earnings, 1922, 1925, and 1928, by occupation and sex— Continued Num Average Average ber of Number full-time Average full-time hours earnings earnings estab of wage lish earners per per hour per week week ments Occupation Sex Year Sand blasters, etc..................................... M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. M. F. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. M. M. !M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. F. M. M. M. F. F. F. 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 32 51 44 44 54 4 11 14 13 27 48 43 35 60 54 3 7 42 45 41 45 48 38 48 41 40 80 77 36 64 56 5 14 11 19 35 25 18 26 29 25 34 26 68 66 33 41 42 47 37 91 93 3 3 4 47 97 93 11 26 30 480 954 1.026 1,937 2,716 18 101 378 228 505 1,113 861 1,304 3,111 2,441 39 56 628 531 666 741 538 489 1,433 749 1,097 3,689 3,523 1,410 4,415 4,090 18 155 287 182 473 385 202 474 669 501 553 357 783 1,197 677 825 1,942 1,815 1,659 3,771 5,615 15 8 8 3,611 10,171 12,819 137 305 391 50.6 50.8 48.7 50.5 49.7 51.4 49.0 48.4 42.4 50.5 50.7 51.0 50.2 50.3 50.5 49.5 49.6 50.9 49.8 50.5 50.8 49.9 51.2 50.5 M. M. M. F. F. F. 1922 1925 1928 1922 1925 1928 49 99 94 29 59 62 1922 1925 1928 49 99 94 Sanders and rough-stuff rubbers ....... Sewing-machine operators....................... Sheet-metal workers.............................— Straighteners *......................................... Testers, final and road............ - ________ Testers, motor............... .......................... Tool and die makers_____. ___________ Top builders. ....................................... Trim bench hands___________________ Varnish rubbers______________ . ______ Welders and brazers8_________ - ______ Welders, spot and butt *_____ _________ Woodworking-machine operators1_____ Other skilled occupations____ . . . . . . ___ Other employees__________ __________ All occupations__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ______ All occupations, male and female______ 50.0 50.2 48.8 50.8 50.6 49.6 51.8 ol.4 49.6 49.4 49.2 49.4 50.6 49.7 60.8 50.9 50.3 49.4 50.3 47.6 50.2 49.5 51.2 50.5 49.5 50 0 48.9 49.0 50.0 51.0 49.9 49.9 48.8 49.0 49.6 49.2 $0,618 .680 .727 .843 .807 .540 .748 .718 .833 .442 .472 .513 .656 .783 .807 .490 .489 .753 .780 .610 .639 .699 .633 .712 .726 .769 .875 .919 .778 .808 .840 .168 .481 .536 .595 .754 .770 .438 .479 .483 .870 .901 .836 .810 .852 .792 .789 .674 .729 .710 .774 .773 .680 .536 .509 .644 .692 .702 .461 .450 .506 $31.29 34.64 35.40 42.57 40.11 27.76 36.65 34.75 35.32 22.32 23.93 26.16 32.92 39.38 40.75 24.26 24.25 38.33 38.84 30.80 32.46 34.88 32.43 35.96 37.32 38.47 43.93 44.85 39.55 40.88 41.66 24.26 24.72 26.53 29.40 37.10 38.04 22.14 23.81 24.54 44.27 45.32 41.30 40.74 40.56 39.76 39.06 34.51 36.81 35.15 38.70 37.80 33.34 26.80 25.96 32.13 34.53 34.26 22.59 22.32 24.90 54,930 140,930 149,828 1,379 3,432 4,134 60.1 50.3 49.4 50.3 60.1 50.3 .662 .729 .756 .438 .467 .487 33.19 36.67 37.35 22.05 23.40 24.50 56,309 144,362 153,962 50.1 50.3 49.4 .657 .723 .750 32.92 36.37 37.05 » Included in “ body builders” in 1922. •Included in “ sheet-metal workers, skilled,” 1922. •Included in “ other skilled occupations*' or in “ other employees” in 1922. « Included in “ trim bench hands” in 1922. •Not found in 1922; process developed since. •Included in4‘ painters, general” in 1922. 51.4 5 AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, BY STATE Table 2 shows for the males, for the females, and also for all the males and females combined that were included in the study of the industry in each State in 1925 and 1928, average full-time hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week. The purpose t)f this table is to give State averages for each sex and for both sexes combined, or the industry, and thus make easy the comparison of the averages of males, of females, and of both sexes, one State with another, and also a comparison of the averages of males with those of females. T a b le £•— Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and earnings, 1925 and 1928, by sex and State State and sex Number of es tablishments 1925 1928 Number of wage earners 1925 1928 Average full time hours per week 1925 1928 Average earn ings per hour Average full time weekly earnings 1925 1928 1925 $0,682 .6 9 0 .75 6 .7 2 0 .68 5 .73 6 .59 3 .6 7 4 $0,704 .6 6 2 .7 9 0 .7 2 o .73 4 .73 1 .64 4 .7 1 7 $3o. 06 34.91 3 7.88 36.1 4 3 5.0 0 35.7 0 3 0 .9 0 3 5 .9 9 $34.64 33.1 9 38.5 5 32.84 3 7.36 3 6.41 34.0 0 3 8.2 2 1928 MALES Illinois................... Indiana____ _____ Michigan________ New Jersey______ New York__ . . . . . Ohio...................... Pennsylvania........ Wisconsin............ 9 12 29 6 14 15 8 6 8 9 33 6 13 12 6 7 3,5 9 6 10,028 82,2 68 5 ,4 1 2 10,878 16,929 6 ,6 7 6 5 ,141 3,361 10,258 92,784 5 ,6 2 9 10,142 14,624 8 ,1 2 7 4,903 5 3.4 4 9 .2 5 0 .9 4 8 .8 4 d .3 5 0 .9 4 9 .6 5 2 .8 5 3 .3 Total........... 99 94 140,930 149,828 5 0 .3 4 9 .4 .7 2 9 .7 6 6 3 6.6 7 3 7.35 Illinois_____. ____ Indiana Michigan___ . . . . . New Jersey_____ _ New York ______ Ohio__________ _ Pennsylvania____ Wisconsin_______ 4 9 18 3 10 9 3 3 3 6 25 3 8 10 4 5 20 277 2,354 137 110 416 50 68 60 342 2 ,8 4 0 51 226 412 95 108 5 0 .9 4 9 .9 5 0 .5 4 9 .7 5 0.8 4 8 .3 5 0.1 4 8 .2 5 4 .4 5 0 .4 5 0 .5 5 0 .0 4 9.8 4 8 .4 5 1.8 4 9 .2 .3 9 4 .47 4 .4 6 4 .4 7 9 .4 7 7 .47 7 .4 2 0 .4 6 7 .4 4 1 .4 5 7 .48 7 .5 0 5 .50 7 .5 1 6 .4 6 0 .511 2 0.0 5 2 3.65 2 3.43 23.81 2 4.2 3 23.04 21.04 22.51 23.99 2 3.03 2 4 .5 9 2 5.25 25.25 2 4.97 2 3.83 25.14 Total........... 59 64 3 ,4 3 2 4 ,1 3 4 5 0.1 5 0 .3 .4 6 7 .4 8 7 23.4 0 2 4.5 0 Illinois___ . . . ____ I n d ia n a ........... Michigan________ New Jersey______ New Y o r k .. ...... Ohio...................... Pennsylvania____ Wisconsin............ 9 12 29 8 9 33 6 13 12 3,421 10,600 95,62* 5 ,680 10,368 15,036 8 ,2 2 2 7 3 ,6 1 6 10,305 8 4,6 22 5 ,5 4 9 10,988 17,345 6,7 2 5 5 ,2 1 2 5,011 5 1.4 5 0 .5 5 0.1 5 0 .2 5 1.1 4 8 .5 5 2 .0 5 3.4 4 9 .3 5 0 .9 4 8 .9 4 5 .3 5 0 .9 4 9 .6 5 2 .8 5 3 .2 .6 8 0 .68 4 .7 4 8 .714 .6 8 3 .7 3 0 .5 9 2 .6 6 9 .6 9 9 .6 4 7 .7 8 2 .72 3 .7 2 9 .7 2 8 .64 3 .71 4 3 4.9 5 34.5 4 37.4 7 35.84 3 4 .9 0 35.41 30.7 8 35 72 34.46 32.93 38.24 32.75 37.11 36.11 33.95 3 7.98 Total______ 99 94 144,362 153,962 5 0 .3 49.4 .7 2 3 .7 5 0 36.3 7 37.05 5 1 .4 5 0 .6 5 0 .1 5 0 .2 01.1 4 8 .5 u2.1 FEMALES MALES AND FEMALES 6 14 15 8 6 6 Average full-time hours per week of males in 1925 ranged by States from 48.5 to 53.4; of females from 48.2 to 50.9; and of both sexes combined from 48.5 to 53.4 In 1928 the averages of males ranged from 45.3 to 53.3; of females from 48.4 to 54.4; and of both sexes combined ranged from 45.3 to 53.2. Average full-time hours per week of males in all States were 50.3 in 1925 and 49.4 in 1928; of females were 50.1 in 1925 and 50.3 in 1928; and of both sexes were 50.3 in 1925 and 49.4 in 1928. 6 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY Average earnings per hour of males in 1925 ranged by States from 59.3 to 75.6 cents, of females from 39.4 to 47.9 cents, and of males and females combined ranged from 59.2 to 74.8 cents. In 1928 the aver ages for males ranged by States from 64.4 to 79 cents, for females from 44.1 to 51.6 cents, and for both sexes combined ranged from 64.3 to 78.2 cents. Averages for males in all States were 72.9 cents in 1925 and 75.6 cents in 1928; for females were 46.7 cents in 1925 and 48.7 cents in 1928; and for both sexes were 72.3 cents in 1925 and 75 cents in 1928. Average full-time earnings per week for males in 1925 ranged by States from $30.90 to $37.88, for females from $20.05 to $24.23, and for males and females combined ranged from $30.78 to $37.47. Aver ages for males in all States were $36.67 in 1925 and $37.35 in 1928; for females were $23.40 in 1925 and $24.50 in 1928; and for all males and females were $36.37 in 1925 and $37.05 in 1928. Table 3 shows for each of 18 specified occupations the number of establishments and wage earners, average earnings per hour, and the per cent of wage earners earning each classified amount per hour in 1928, as compared with like figures for 1922 and 1925. Data are shown for males in all of the 18 occupations and for females in 12. Females were reported in 15 of the 18 occupations, but were too few in number in 3 of the 15 to be representative and are omitted from this table. They are included in other tables in the group designated as “ other employees.” The males in the 18 occu pations represent 55.5 per cent of the total number of males covered in each of the years 1922 and 1925 and 51.1 per cent of the number in 1928. The females represent 73.4 per cent of the total number of females included in the report in 1922, 69.4 per cent of the number in 1925, and 69 per cent of the number included in the 1928. study. The males and females combined in this table represent 56 per cent of the total in 1922, 55.8 per cent in 1925, and 51.5 per cent of the total number in 1928. These occupations were selected as represen tative of all the occupations in the industry with reference to the range or spread of average and percentage distribution of wage earners in all occupations in the industry. The classification of the wage earners in the other occupations was omitted from this table and Tables 4, 9, B, C, D, and E to save time and space. Axle assemblers, male, or the employees in the first occupation in the table, earned an average of 67.5 cents per hour in 1922, 72.9 cents in 1925, and an average of 75.5 cents per hour in 1928, an increase of 8 per cent between 1922 and 1925 and of 3.6 per cent between 1925 and 1928. The per cent of the employees in this occupation that earned an average of less than 70 cents per hour decreased from approximately 54 in 1922 to 38 in 1925 and to 32 per cent in 1928. The per cent of those that earned an average of 90 cents or more per hour increased from approximately 1 in 1922 to 6 in 1925 and to 12 per cent in 1928. T able 3.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1922, 1925, and 1988, by sex Occupation and sex (*) 763 $0,675 .729 1,922 .755 2,703 13 .451 3,091 3,256 .739 .799 5 12 .419 41 54 53 1,357 2,902 4,593 .647 .694 .758 1 1 6 2 2 18 11 6 8 8 62 1 1 3 4 18 6 17 17 50 2 11 4 3 20 19 10 0) 23 0) 8 0) C1) 0) 8 0) 0) 0) 0) 29 24 24 31 34 30 14 23 26 1 5 10 0)l 2 18 18 26 17 20 23 9 18 3 9 33 28 19 17 28 31 15 15 19 2 5 16 0)1 109 .629 4 34 60 1 1 1 364 1,115 1,125 .673 .753 .770 1 1 7 5 2 22 11 13 31 17 11 23 29 36 12 21 22 4 14 9 41 61 59 2,147 4,851 4,859 .661 .747 .762 0)1 1 11 2 2 15 11 8 34 18 11 25 29 32 14 31 37 1 6 8 0) 9 81 .460 11 41 35 1 34 65 54 1,673 2,622 1,842 .688 .764 .806 1 4 3 1 17 10 8 33 18 12 26 24 25 13 28 31 5 13 15 0) 13 7 4 22 14 11 21 24 19 23 26 27 15 20 29 2 5 7 0) 42 3,443 .644 .712 84 8,688 .734 78 8,488 i Less than 1 per cent. (l) 0) (0 12 0) (0 (T) (0 0) (■> (0 4 1 0) 2 0) 3 2 1 1 3 (i) 1 1 (1 ) 0) 0) 14 0) 0)2 0) 0) « (v 2 7 0) 0) 1 1 0) 0) (i) 0? 0) 3 Included in “ body builders” in 1922. 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (4 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) EARNINGS 7 (*) 0) 0) 29 47 45 0) 0) 0) AND 3 49 47 0) 0) HOURS 30 45 48 Per cent of wage earners whose average earnings per hour were— Num Aver age ber of earn 60 80 90 50 70 40 30 20 25 $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.75 $2 wage ings Un and and and and and and and and cents and and and and and and and earn per der 20 under under under under under under under under and under under under under under under under and ers 90 under $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.75 $2 over 80 50 60 70 30 40 hour cents 25 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 AVERAGE Assemblers, axle, male: 1922 1925 1928 Assemblers, aide, female: 1928 Assemblers, body-frame, m ale:1 1925 _______ 1928 - — Assemblers, body-frame, female: 1928 Assemblers, chassis, male: 1922 1925 1928 ___ Assemblers, chassis, female: 1928 Assemblers, frame, male: 1922 __ 1925 1928 Assemblers, motor, male: 1922 __ _ __ 1925 _ _ _____ _____ _ 1928 Assemblers, motor, female: 1928 Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine, male: 1922 1925 1928 —Drill-press operators, male: 1922 1925 — _____________ . . . 1928_____________________________ Num ber of estab lish ments 00 T able 3.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1922, 1925, and 1928, by sex— Continued Occupation and sex 2 4 4 44 $0,447 .573 99 164 .466 2,574 5,422 5,419 .710 .765 .792 8 .457 % 808 7,676 7,579 .682 .723 197 437 .352 .361 .390 5,982 16,592 15,535 .495 .570 .589 46 105 119 .385 .403 .465 2,950 6,260 5,553 .689 .762 762 990 650 .931 .996 1.115 26 .588 (*) 0) 0) 0) 0) (i) 0) 0) 57 28 53 16 21 17 17 9 2 8 3 10 1 2 1 m (l) 4 3 2 18 10 6 24 19 15 28 26 23 19 25 29 5 11 17 1 4 6 0) 33 36 31 12 21 25 4 12 14 2 5 9 1 2 4 0) 0) 1 0) 0) 0) (9 (l) (l (l) 75 25 14 5 3 32 18 12 4 2 1 71 73 59 25 24 36 1 2 1 1 11 3 2 48 30 25 22 30 32 *7 15 15 50 43 14 48 48 47 2 8 33 5 1 1 (») 6 2 2 18 8 6 1 0) 0) 1 23 8 15 1 1 0) (1) (») 0) 1 1 1 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 0) (0 b) 0) 0) $1.50 $1.75 $2 and and and under under over $1.75 $2 (‘) 0) 0) 0) INDUSTRY Per cent of wage earners whose average earnings per hour were— Num Average ber of earn 80 90 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 $1.40 wage ings Un and and and and and and and and cents and and and and and earnand under under under under under under under per der 20 under under under under under 90 under $1.10 $1.20 under 80 60 70 50 40 30 hour cents 25 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 MOTOR-VEHICLE Drill-press operators, female: 1922................................................. 1925................................................ 1928................................................ Grinding-machine operators, male: 1922................................................ 1925................................................ 1928................................................ Grinding-machine operators, female: 1928................................................ Inspectors, male: 1922................................................ 1925................................................ 1928................................................ Inspectors, female: 1922................................................ 1925................................................ 1928................................................ Laborers, male: 1922................................................ 1925................................................ 1928............................................... Laborers, female: 1922............................................... 1925............................................... 1928............................................... Lathe operators, male: 1922................................................ 1925-.............................................. 1928................................................ Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: 1922..................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928.................................................... Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, fe male: 1928..................................................... Num ber of estab lish ments 1 5 10 11 4 10 8 1 1 5 28 19 15 26 31 25 16 27 32 4 10 14 1 2 4 (I)i 4 2 4 10 7 2 16 15 12 18 12 12 13 12 17 13 19 10 23 54 12 8 0) 0) 4 0) 0) 1 12 12 9 0) 0) _________ i _________ 0) 0) h) 8 7 9 (0 4 6 6 1 3 1 (,)4 4 0) 1 4 0) 8 .715 .806 .844 (9 11 4 3 31 14 11 29 29 ’ 23 13 28 23 8 14 18 3 8 14 (9 1 39 74 70 1,591 3,549 3,231 .659 .737 .764 10 6 3 22 11 8 25 21 16 25 28 28 11 23 30 2 7 9 2 3 3 (9 11 14 13 101 378 228 .748 .718 .833 (0 4 1 9 5 6 17 38 6 15 22 17 49 33 32 4 1 32 27 48 43 505 1,113 861 .442 .472 .513 38 31 27 22 26 36 11 17 6 1 2 2 40 1,097 80 3,689 77 3,523 .769 .875 .919 4 1 1 23 8 5 39 19 16 20 29 24 7 24 24 3 11 16 36 64 56 1,410 4,415 4,090 .778 .808 .840 4 3 2 8 5 8 15 13 15 28 24 20 23 24 21 15 18 20 5 8 13 5 14 11 18 155 287 .468 .481 .536 28 52 36 39 22 38 6 7 15 5 6 1 1 19 35 25 182 473 385 .595 .754 .770 12 4 5 25 10 9 29 22 22 8 17 18 10 31 15 18 26 29 202 474 669 .438 .479 .483 36 34 27 26 27 30 3 11 13 2 1 3 ;i) i)V (i) 0) (9 0) (9 (9 (9 (9 3 4 7 (9 1 2 3 (9 (9 1 2 2 l (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 1 (9 5 (l) 1 (i) (9 (9 l 4 l 2 l 1 0) 4 9 17 (9 (9 1 5 10 (9 l (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 EARNINGS (9 (9 (9 2 6 AND 1,291 3,604 3,465 HOURS * Less than 1 per cent. 41 73 81 AVERAGE Machinists, male: 1922..................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928..................................................... Milling-machine operators, male: 1922...................................... .............. 1925................................................... 1928................................................... Sewing-machine operators, male: 1922..................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928..................................................... Sewing-machine operators, female: 1922..................................................... 1925.................................................... 1928..................................................... Tool and die makers, male: 1922.................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928..................................................... Top builders, male: 1922.................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928.................................................... Top builders, female: 1922..................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928..................................................... Trim-bench hands, male: 1922..................................................... 1925.................................................... 1928............................ ........................ Trim-bench hands, female: 1922..................................................... 1925..................................................... 1928..................................................... CD 10 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY REGULAR OR CUSTOMARY HOURS OP OPERATION The regular or customary full-time hours of operation per day and per week in a motor-vehicle establishment are those established by a regular time of beginning and of ending work on each day per week less the regular time off duty for the midday dinner or lunch. Changes by a plant in the customary hours per week from a 6 to a 5 day week or from a full to a short day on Saturday for a period of 3 months or less in summer in any year were not considered in arriving at the full-time hours per week of the plant for the year. The regular full-time hours per week of each wage earner were used in computing average full-time hours for all employees in an occupation in a State, or for the industry, even though the individual in the week covered by the study actually worked more or less than his regular full-time hours per week. An employee may in a week work more than full time by working the regular full-time hours on each day of the week and by working overtime on one or more days in the week. An employee may work less than full time in a week by being sick, disabled, laid off part time, absent of own accord, or in service part time, on one or more days in the week. Table 4 shows for each of the 18 specified occupations for 1922, 1925, and 1928, the number of establishments and of wage earners, average full-time hours per week, and the per cent of wage earners in each classified group of full-time hours per week. Inspecting the figures for axle assemblers, male, the first occupa tion in the table, it is seen that average full-time hours per week increased from 49.8 in 1922 to 50.3 in 1925 and then decreased to 50.2 in 1928; that the full-time hours of 59 per cent in 1922, of 64 per cent in 1925, and of 57 per cent in 1928 were 50 per week; that in 1922 the hours of 25 per cent, in 1925 the hours of 21 per cent, and in 1928 the hours of approximately 17 per cent were 48 or less per week; also that in 1922 the hours of 6 per cent were 55 per week, in 1925 the hours of 5 per cent were 55 and of 9 per cent were 57 ^ per week, and in 1928 the hours of 3 per cent were 55, of 12 per cent were 57%, and of 1 per cent were 60 per week. T able 4.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1922, 1925, and 1928, by sex Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— 763 1,922 2,703 49.8 50.3 50.2 13 50.3 3,091 3,256 50.8 50.4 5 12 49.8 41 54 53 1,357 2,902 4,593 50.2 49.9 49.0 9 3 1 0) (l) 8 47 48 Over 48 under 49M 49H 16 18 8 0) 1 1 1 2 1 5 2 50 Over 50 under 54 59 64 57 1 5 0 19 17 0) 8 10 23 2 3 5 5 2 2 7 109 49.8 29 47 45 364 1,115 1,125 49.0 50.0 49.5 41 61 59 2,147 4,851 4,859 50.0 49.8 50.1 9 81 50.4 34 65 54 1,673 2,622 1,842 50.2 49.7 49.0 17 9 2 3 42 84 78 3,443 8,688 8,488 49.6 50.3 49.6 14 9 3 2 16 20 10 2 0) 0) 4 0) 0 27 24 8 1 (0 0) 0) 1 0) 19 39 8 1 <*) <*) 26 23 8 60 9 12 1 Over 60 0 0 8 47 48 2 10 14 1 11 15 3 8 3 1 12 6 6 1 .1 5 6 8 49 60 56 16 33 28 67 53 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 15 8 10 2 2 6 3 5 45 60 58 1 2 8 8 2 1 9 5 5 77 20 1 0) 1 0) 2 0) 6 5 3 57H 57H under 60 1 1 0 92 31 27 19 11 55M 0) <») 1 2 1 1 1 47 45 53 1 4 2 2 47 55 51 5 1 ► 2 0) 0) 17 0 0 2 1 0) 0 1 2 0) 0 0) 1 3 2 6 1 1 18 4 5 (,)2 7 3 1 1 11 6 8 0 3 OPERATION 7 1 1 55 OP 13 8 4 92 1 Over 54 HOURS 3 49 47 45 CUSTOMARY 30 45 48 44H OR Assemblers, axle, male: 1922 , 1925-.................................- ________ 1928-...................................... ........ Assemblers, axle, female: 1928-..................................................— Assemblers, body-frame,2 male: 1925.......................................... ........... 1928—................................................... Assemblers, body-frame, female: 1928 - __________ Assemblers, chassis, male: 1922...................................................... 1925.................................... .................. 1928 ______ __ Assemblers, chassis, female: ________ 1928 Assemblers, frame, male: 1922 __________ . . 1925_ _ _____________________ 1928-_ ..................... ............. ...... Assemblers, motor, male: 1922 ___ ___________ 1925_____________ ________________ 1928.................................................. ..... Assemblers, motor, female: 1928 Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine, male: 1922 1925. ............................. . ..................... 1928........................................... ........... Drill-press operators, male: 1922 1925_____ _________________ _______ 1928....................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 40 0) 1 3 5 0 0 5 3 (i) 1 1 2 REGULAR Occupation and sex Average Number Number full-time of estab of wage hours per lishments earners week 1 1 T a b le 4*— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1922,1925, and 1928, by sex— Continued Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— 51.4 49.8 50.5 2,574 6,422 5,419 50.0 50.1 48.8 45 47 48 Over 48 under 49H 49^ 50.1 60.1 49.4 197 437 51.2 49.6 50.7 57 23 0) 19 0) 60 under 0) 2 2 50.2 50.4 49.4 0) 46 106 119 50.5 50.2 49.5 *11 87 2,950 6,260 5,553 49.5 50.0 49.0 18 762 990 650 50.8 50.1 50.0 26 49.8 0) 17 2 2 1 1 15 5 7 3 7 38 3 11 0) 0) <*> 17 1 <*> 2 7 17 10 0) 5 4 2 (*) 2 5 1 3 <*> 60 57H 1 4 2 0) 1 3 2 « 0) 1 2 2 1 0) (» » W3 Over 60 1 2 1 1 25 0 5,982 16,592 15,535 Over 57Hs under 60 55^ 7 2 7 5 0) 0) 55 8 4 13 14 54 54 ...... 50.3 2,808 7,676 7,579 Over 50 1 1 6 ®» 1 62 15 5 2 4 1 8 1 14 4 1 4 2 1 14 47 12 •1 7 2 2 7 4 3 2 1 2 12 5 9 13 16 4 8 2 8 1 4 1 (9 0) 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 (9 1 INDUSTRY 44 99 164 44H MOTOK-VEHICLE Drill-press operators, female: 1922....................................................... 1926--................................................... 1928-..................................................... Grinding-machine operators, male: 1922— ................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928...................................................... Grinding-machine operators, female: 1928--................................................... Inspectors, male: 1922....................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928....................................................... Inspectors, female: 1922....................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928...................................................... Laborers, male: 1922....................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928....................................................... Laborers, female: 1922....................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928—................................................... Lathe operators, male: 1922....................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928....................................................... Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: 1922....................................................... 1926....................................................... 1928....................................................... Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, female: 40 33 Occupation and sex Average Number Number full-time of estab of wage per lishments earners hours week Machinists, male: 1922________________________________ 192 5 ...... . . . . 1928............................................................ Milling-machine operators, male: Sewing-machine operators, male: 1 92 2. .....................................1 ................ 1926........................................................... 1 9 2 8 ......................................................... Sewing-machine operators, female: Tool and die makers, male: Top builders, male: 1 9 2 2 -........................................................ 1 9 2 5 -......................................................... 1928............................................................ Top builders, female: 1922............................................................ 1 9 2 5 -......................................................... 1 9 2 8 -..................................... ................... 1922............................................................ 1925............................ .............................. 1928........................................................... Trim-bench hands, female: 50.0 50.4 49.5 11 14 13 101 378 228 49.0 48.4 42.4 27 48 43 505 1,113 861 50.6 50.7 51.0 40 80 77 1,097 3,689 3,523 50.0 50.2 48.8 28 27 9 0 36 64 56 1,410 4,415 4,090 50.8 50.6 49.6 18 17 12 (l) 6 14 11 18 155 287 51.8 51.4 49.5 1 27 19 35 25 182 473 386 49.4 49.2 49.4 54 52 16 18 26 29 202 474 669 50.6 49.7 50.8 14 1018 13 0 24 21 8 (0 2 1 1 46 43 42 (1) 1 1 5 2 2 47 *5 50 0) 4 6 3 1 1 15 4 6 1 3 1 0) » 2 2 2 5 4 2 3 10 5 8 1 5 2 0 1 2 11 1 7 3 12 6 1 3 14 11 4 39 42 54 10 0) 2 4 25 11 12 5 17 1 1 6 3 3 52 54 43 0 2 7 6 1 1 8 6 8 1 2 1 0 0 2 4 2 13 7 3 39 53 40 1 1 9 11 7 2 17 13 17 17 64 72 22 39 35 1 18 39 56 2 1 5 15 1 2 5 10 5 9 2 49 62 60 25 1 1 2 4 10 4 1 14 76 92 1 1 8 18 •11 10 1 2 0 0 22 0 1 2 7 0 0 0 1 1 1 0) 0) 1 0 0 1 1 0 OPERATION 1 Less than 1 per cent. 2Included in “ body builders” in 1922 * Less than 1 per cent and tabulated in 1925 as “ under 44H hours." 4 Including 10 employees, less than 1 per cent, at 56 hours. * Less than 1 per cent and including 1 employee at 49% hours. •Includes 1 employee, less than 1 per cent, at 56 hours. 7Tabulated in 1925 as “ under 44H hours.” 8Full-time hours are 42 per week. •Including 3 employees, less than 1 per cent, at 47H hours. 10Including 1 employee, less than 1 per cent, at 47H hours. 0) 2 2 OF 1 9 2 2 -........................................................ 1925............................................................ 1928________________________________ 1,591 3,549 3,231 0 HOURS Trlm-bench hands, male: 39 74 70 29 37 8 CUSTOMARY 1922........................................................... 1 9 2 5 -......................................................... 1928........................................................... 50.0 50.0 47.9 OR 1 9 2 2 ......................................................... 1925........................................................... 1 9 2 8 .......................................................... 1,291 3,604 3,465 REGULAR 1922........................................................... 192 6 1 928. ........................................................ 41 73 81 CO 14 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY The hours per day of employees in different establishments may vary on account of the difference in the time of beginning or quitting work, of amount of time off duty for dinner or lunch, or of a short day on Saturday. The hours per day of some establishments vary and yet are the same per week. In Table 5 it is seen that there are five different groups of hours per day, each making a total of 48 hours per week. The purpose of Table 5 is to show the variations in the regular or customary hours per week and per day of the establishments in the different States. The full-time hours of the 94 plants included in the 1928 study of the industry ranged from 40 to 58 per week, and the hours per day Monday to Friday ranged from 8 to 10, and on Saturday ranged from 4}'i to 9. The five-day week of 8 hours Monday to Friday, or 40 hours, was in operation in 1 establishment in Illinois, 2 in Michigan, and 1 in New Jersey; of 9% hours Monday to Friday, or 48 per week, was in operation in 1 establishment in New York. The hours per day and per week of 44 establishments were 9 Monday to Friday and 5 Saturday, or 50 per week; of 12 were 10 per day Monday to Friday and 5 Saturday, or 55 per week; of 1 were 10 Monday to Friday and 8 Saturday, or 58 per week. Table 5.— Number of establishments in each State working specified full-time hours per week and per day, 1928 Number of establishments working specified hours per day and per week i n - Full-time hours Per day Per week Monday to Fri day 40 8 8 m 8H SH sn o m 9% 8M0 ____ 44H 47 48 48 ____ 48 - 48 48 48H 49j4 9 9 5 0 . .............. 50 % 52 52^ 531^ 53% ___ ___ 54 54 ____ 55 .............. 55 ^ 58 ___ Satur day 0 4H 4H 5H 5 4H 4H 9H 5 9U 9% 4H 9 9 5 5 9H Illinois 1 Michi New gan Jersey 2 New York 5 Ohio Penn sylva nia Wis con sin 4 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 5 4H 4H 0 47yio 4n m m 10 10 10 Total. Total Indi ana 4 3 2 1 5 1 19 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 5H 8 1 1 3 6 7 1 8 9 33 6 13 12 8 44 4 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 94 CHANGES IN HOURS SINCE SEPTEMBER 30, 1925 Nine of the 94 establishments for which data are shown in this bulletin reported changes in full-time hours per week between Sep tember 30, 1925, and the period of the 1928 study of the industry. In 4 establishments the hours were reduced from a 6-day week of 8 hours each, or 48 hours per week, to a 5-day week of 8 hours each, 15 OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS or 40 hours per week; in 1 reduced from 48 to 47, in 1 increased from 45 to 50, in 1 increased from 50 to 55, and in 1 increased from 55 to 58 per week. In 1 establishment the hours of one portion of the employees were increased from 49 % to 52 and of the other portion were increased from 50 to 52 per week. CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE SEPTEMBER 30, 1925 Eleven establishments reported general wage changes between September 30, 1925, and the period of the 1928 study. The rates of all employees in 7 establishments were increased 5 per cent, in 2 were increased 10 per cent, in 1 were reduced approximately 2 per cent, and in 1 the piece rates of the employees in the clutch depart ment were reduced 5 per cent. OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAY AND HOLIDAYS Any time worked by an employee in excess of the regular or custo mary full-time hours per day or per week of an establishment or any time worked on Sunday or holidays is generally considered overtime and paid for at a higher rate than is paid for regular working time. T a b l e 6 . — Pay Num ber of estab lish ments for overtime and for work on Sunday and holidays, employees entitled, and rate, 1928 Times regular rate for— Employees entitled Over time All.................................. Time workers................ All............ .................... . ___ do............................ . Nonproductive............. . Productive..............- ___ Time workers............ . ___ do............................ . All................................. . ----- do............................ . All except apprentices... All except watchmen and sweepers............... All................................. . All except watchmen and drive-away men.. /Pattern shop................. . \Others........................... . Pattern, tool, and die makers....................... . All except sweepers____ Day workers............. . An ___________________ Work on Sunday and holi days IX m IX 1 Oi ix 1X IX IX IX IX 1H H 1 * IX IX IX IX »1H IX IX IH 'I* IX IX UH IX IX 2 IX IN *1X 0)) lH IX n x Num ber of estab lish ments Times regular rate for— Employees entitled All except janitors.......... All except glass, sweep ing, fire-prevention. elevator, mill, ana lumberyard depart ments.......................... T o o l m a k e r s , black smiths, welders, and maintenance t im e workers....................... Stockmen, receiving, shipping, and tool, crib time workers....... Time workers in certain departments.............. . Day workers_________ Night workers______ . . . AH except piece work ers, inspectors, heat treaters, and night workers...................... . Piece workers, inspec tors, heat treaters, and , night workers............ . Work on Over Sundays time and holi days IX IX IX IH 1H m IX m IX lH 0) i IH i 1 IN 1Not reported. * Night workers with regular hours of 12 are paid this rate for any time after 9 hours. 3Night workers with regular hours of 60 per week are paid this rate after 54 hours. * Night workers with regular hours of 9, Monday to Friday, and 5 Saturday, are paid this rate after 11 hours. Of the 94 establishments included in the 1928 study of the motorvehicle industry, 55 reported a higher rate for overtime to all or a specified part of their employees and 48 reported a higher rate for work on ounday and holidays than for regular working time. The 16 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY others, except 11 for which the rate for work on Sunday and holidays was not given, reported the same rate for regular working time, overtime, and for work on Sunday and holidays. The rate paid for overtime to part or all of the employees of each establishment, as shown in Table 6, was 1% or 1% times the regular rate, and 1%, 1y2, and 2 times the regular rate for work on Sunday and holidays, In 1 establishment in which the regular hours were 12 per night the regular rate was paid for 9 hours and 1% times the regular rate was paid for any time thereafter. In 1 establishment in which the regular hours were 9 per night, Monday to Friday, and 5 on Saturday, the regular rate was paid for all work up to and including 11 hours per night, Monday to Saturday, and V/2 the regular rate was paid for any time after 11 hours per night. BONUS SYSTEMS A bonus to a wage earner is pay in addition to his usual earnings at stipulated time or piece rates. The additional pay in the estab lishments in which bonuses were in operation at the time of the 1928 study was earned by production in excess of a set standard in number of units, pieces, or parts; by 'production in excess of a specified per cent of the set standard; by years of service; or by full-time attendance. The production bonus in some establishments was based on the work of each individual and in others on the work of a group of wage earners. The bonus earned by a group was divided among those in the group in proportion to individual earnings. The set standard of production for the various units, pieces, parts, or kinds of work was established by a thorough time study of the work in each establishment or part of the establishment in which the bonus system was in operation. The time study was made by the efficiency engineer or the department of each establishment. Forty-two (24 in Michigan, 6 in New York, 4 in Indiana, 3 in Ohio, 2 each in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and 1 in Illinois) of the 94 establishments included in the report had bonus systems in operation in 1928. Table 8 shows for each of the 42 establishments the basis of each bonus, the wage earners entitled to receive the bonus, the require ments necessary to get the bonus, and the amount of or per cent of earnings paid as a bonus. A production bonus was in operation in each of the establishments Nos. 1 to 36 in the table; a production and also a years-of-service bonus were in operation in No. 37; a production bonus and also an attendance bonus were in operation in No. 38; and a years-of-service bonus was in operation in Nos. 39 to 42. The bonus systems found in this study are described in the table. Establishments Nos. 1 to 10 had identical systems, and this common system is here discussed in text in order to make the table clear. The basis of the bonus for each of the establishments Nos. 1 to 10 in the table is production. The bonus is limited to groups of pro ductive employees. There are, owing to the great variation in the work, many groups of productive employees in an establishment. Groups vary much in number of wage earners, from a very few to as many as 50 or more. To earn a bonus it is necessary for the wage earners in a group to make a production of 75 per cent or more of the set standard for that group. For a production of 75 per cent of 17 BONUS SYSTEMS the set standard each employee in the group is paid his earnings at his basic time rate and also a bonus of 1 per cent of such earnings. For a production of less than 75 per cent of the standard there is no bonus, but each employee in the group is paid his earnings at his basic time rate regardless of the quantity or percentage produced. For each per cent of production over 75 up to and including 90 of the set standard, earnings at basic time rates are increased 0.6 per cent. The bonus for a production of 76 per cent of the standard is therefore 1 per cent for 75 plus 0.6 per cent for the 1 per cent increase from 75 to 76, or 1.6 per cent of earnings at basic time rates. The bonus increases 0.6 per cent for each per cent of production from 76 to a total of 10 per cent of earnings at time rates for a production of 90 per cent of the standard. An additional bonus of 1 per cent of earnings is paid for each per cent of increase of the standard from 91 to 100 or from a bonus of 11 per cent for 91 to a bonus of 20 per cent for a production of 100 per cent of the standard. For each additional increase in production over 100 up to and including 200 a bonus of 1.2 per cent of earnings at basic time rates is paid, the bonus increasing from 21.2 per cent of earnings at basic time rates for a production of 101 to 140 per cent for a production of 200 per cent of the set standard. Illustrating the system by example, the employees in a group with a set standard of 80 units for the group produced 68 units or 85 per cent of the standard. An employee in the group earned at his basic tim.e $49.50. His bonus was 1 per cent of ms earnings for 75 and also 0.6 per cent for each per cent of production from 76 to 85, inclusive, of the standard, or 7 per cent. His total earnings, including a bonus of $3.47, were $52.97. T able 7.— Per cent of earnings at basic time rates paid as a bonus by establishments Nos. 1 to 10 for each per cent of production over 74 of the set standard Per cent of— Per cent of— Earn Pro ings duc paid tion as bonus 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.6 8.2 8.8 9.4 10.0 11.0 12.0 Per cent of— Per cent of— Per cent of— Pro duc tion Earn ings paid as bonus Pro duc tion Earn ings paid as bonus Pro duc tion Earn ings paid as bonus Pro duc tion Earn ings paid as bonus 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.2 22.4 23.6 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8 32.0 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 33.2 34.4 35.6 36.8 38.0 39.2 40.4 41.6 42.8 44.0 45.2 46.4 47.6 48.8 50.0 51.2 52.4 53.6 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 54.8 56.0 57.2 58.4 59.6 60.8 62.0 63.2 64.4 65.6 66.8 68.0 69.2 70.4 71.6 72.8 74.0 75.2 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 76.4 77.6 78.8 80.0 81.2 82.4 83.6 84.8 86.0 87.2 88.4 89.6 90.8 92.0 93.2 94.4 95.6 96.8 Per cent of— Pro duc tion Earn ings paid as bonus 165 98.0 166 99.2 167 100.4 168 101.6 169 102.8 170 104.0 171 105.2 172 106.4 173 107.6 174 108.8 175 110.0 176 111.2 177 112.4 178 113.6 179 114.8 , 180 116.0 181 117.2 182 118.4 Per cent of— Pro duc tion Earn ings paid as bonus 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 119.6 120.8 122.0 123.2 124.4 125.6 126.8 128.0 129.2 130.4 131.6 132.8 134.0 135.2 136.4 137.6 138.8 140.0 As further explanation of Table 8, establishment No. 37 in the table had a bonus system in operation based on production and also another system based on years of service. Productive employees were entitled to both bonuses. Nonproductive employees were 18 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY entitled to the years-of-service bonus only. Establishment No. 38 had one system based on production and another based on attendance. Groups of employees were entitled to the production bonus and night workers only were entitled to the attendance bonus. Establishments Nos. 39 to 42 had bonus systems in operation based on years of service only. These establishments paid a bonus of 5 per cent of earnings at time rates to each employee in service 1 to under 5 years, and 10 per cent to each one in service 5 or more years. An employee in service 3 years earned in 1 week at his regular time rate, say, $38. His bonus was 5 per cent of $38 or $1.90. Thus, in the week, his earnings, including bonus, were $39.90. Establishment No. 38 paid a bonus of 10 per cent of earnings at regular rates to each employee on the night force who was on duty full time in a pay period. Assuming one of the night force on duty full time for a week and earnings at his regular rate $40, his bonus at 10 per cent would be $4, and in the week his earnings, including bonus, would be $44. T able 8.— Bonus systems of 42 motor-vehicle establishments in 1928 Estab lishment No. Bonus based on— Employees entitled to bonus 1-10 P rod uc tion. Groups of productive employees only. Necessary to get bonus Amount of or per cent of earnings paid as bonus Production of 75 per 1 per cent of earnings at guaranteed cent or more of the hourly rates for production of 75 per set standard of quan cent of the set standard; also 0.6 per tity or number of cent for each per cent over 75 to and units. including 90 per cent; 1 per cent for each per cent over 90 to and includ ing 100 per cent; and also 1.2 per cent for each per cent over 100 up to and including 200 per cent of the set standard of production. For a production of 100 per cent a bonus of 20 per cent and for 200 per cent a bonus of 140 per cent of earnings would be paid. Production in excess A percentage increase of earnings at of the set standard. time or piece rates equal to the per centage increase over the set standard of production. Example: The standard was 40 pieces in a day of 9 hours. An employee at an hourly rate of 60 cents produced 50 pieces in 9 hours. He earned $5.40 and a bonus of $1.35 or $6.75 in the day. ....... do.______________ In the pay period taken, the bonus ranged by groups from 10 to 15 per cent of earnings at time or piece rates. 11,12 ...d o ........ Apprentices, assem blers, bench hands, forge helpers, heat treaters, inspectors, machinists, machine hands, paint spray ers, sand blasters, straighteners, test ers, tool and die makers and welders. 13,14 ...d o ........ Groups of productive employees in con necting rod, glass fitting, transmission, body fitting, truck equipment, chassis assembly, engine as sembly, and final asse m b ly d ep a rt ments. 16 ...d o ........ Axle, b o d y -fr a m e , To assemble 1 or Banged according to work performed more of the specified chassis, final frame, from 8 to 10 cents per truck. parts of truck. and motor assem blers of s p e c ia l model truck. 16 ...d o ........ Machine-shop work Production in excess of Bate and one-half for production in a set number of ers, frame riveters, excess of the set number of pieces pieces per hour or final testers, wirers per hour or day of 9 hours. day of 9 hours. on trucks. 17 ...d o ........ Productive................... Production in excess Per cent of earnings at time or piece of set standard. rates that production is in excess of the set standard. 18 — d o ...._ Freight-car unloaders. Unload enough cars at Division among unloaders according rate per car allowed to individual earnings of difference for such work to ex between amount allowed by com ceed earnings in pepany at rates per car and amount riod at time rates. of earnings at time rates. 19 BONUS SYSTEMS T a b l e 8 .— Estab lish ment No. Bonus systems of 4® motor-vehicle establishments in 1928— Continued Bonus based on— Employees entitled to bonus Necessary to get bonus Amount of or per cent of earnings paid as bonus Produc tion. Groups: The groups include all occupa tions except bump ers, blacksmiths, boring-mill opera tors, fo rg e -sh o p workers, hardeners, helpers, metal fin ishers, sheet-metal workers, and tool and die makers. All except apprentices and final testers. Production in excess of the set standard. Per cent of earnings at time or picee rates that production exceeds the set standard. Production of 60 per cent or more of the set standard in a day of 8 hours. A percentage of earnings at time or piece rates, beginning with a pro duction of 60 per cent of the set standard. Ten classes of employ ees are entitled to participate. The amount of the bonus by classes range from 25 cents to $2.50 per day of 8 hours for a production of 100 per cent of the standard. All of the time saved at time rates for completion of number of pieces in less than the set standard. 20 ...d o ------ 21 — do........ Die sinkers.. 22 . . . d o .... . All, divided groups. into 23 . . . d o .... Press or metal stamp ing departments and lumber han dlers. 24 ...d o ------- All productive work ers, includmg their helpers and laborers, maintenance work ers, and employees in receiving and shipping depart ments. 25 _do._ Die-sinking depart ment. . . .d o .. Groups of all produc tive except those in cab departments. 27 — do........ Groups in all depart ments except power house, stores, receiv ing and handling, inspection, cafeteria, tool room, steelbody mounting, and chassis test. ...d o ........ Die sinkers______ ___ __ do___ _ Chassis assemblers, fi nal assem blers, frame assemblers, boring-mill opera tors, arill-press oper ators, forge-shop helpers, grindingmachine operators, milling-machine op erators, final and road testers, tool makers and foremen of these employees. Production of num ber of pieces in less than the set stand ard of time for the work. Production in quan tity or number of units sufficient at piece rates to exceed earnings of employ ees of group at time rates. Production or comple tion of task in less than the set time for the task. Production in excess of the set standard. _do. The number of pieces times the (piece) rate less the earnings at time rates divided among the em ployees in the group, according to earnings of each person in the group, at time rates. Per cent of earnings at time rates that the time saved is of the set standard of time for the task. Per cent of earnings at time or piece rates that production exceeds the set standard. Do. Production of 81 per cent or more of the set standard. Production or efficien cy of more than 100 per cent of the set standard. 1 per cent of earnings at time rates for each per cent of production over 80 of the set standard. 1 per cent of earnings at time or piece rates for each per cent of produc tion or efficiency over 100 per cent of set standard. Completion of job or work within set time limit. The time consumed in the comple tion of work within the set time limit is paid for at rate of $1.50 per hour. If not completed within the limit, the timeis paid for at regular time rate of approximately $1 per hour. Paid for all of the time saved at time rate or average earnings per hour. Production of unit or quantity of work in less than the set standard of time. 20 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY T a b l e 8 . — Bonus Estab lish ment No. 30 Bonus based on— P roduc tion. 31 ...d o ------ systems of motor-vehicle establishments in 1988— Continued Employees entitled to bonus Pieceworkers.. Groups of productive employees only. Maintenance___. . . __ 86 ...d o ........ Groups in machine shop, motor assem bly, receiving, traf fic, car assembly, final test, enameling, stores, and paint de partments. Tool room_________ _ ..d o __ 37 Production of more than the set stand ard of units within a set standard of time. The excess over the set standard of units times the piece rates is divid ed or prorated among the piece workers according to individual earnings. A set rate is paid to each group of employees for each piece or unit completed in the time limit. From the total amount for such units a deduction is made for the number of imperfect units at the same rate. From the remainder the earnings of the employees in the group at their basic time rates are deducted when less than the remainder; thus show ing the amount of the bonus earned by the group. The total earnings of the group at time rates, less the earnings of nonsharing members in the group, equal the base. This percentage increase of earnings at time rates of sharing members. Production in excess of Per cent of earnings at time or piece rates that production exceeds the the set standard in a set standard. specified time limit. Production in han dling more than the set standard in spec ified period of time. Per cent of earnings at time rates that production or number of units handled is in excess of the set standard. Production in the load ing of 75 per cent or more of the set standard. Production in excess of the set standard. 1 per cent of earnings at time rates for production of 75 per cent of the set standard and 1 per cent for each per cent over 75. Per cent of earnings at time or piece rates that production is in excess of the set standard. All time saved at time rates. Production or comple tion of work in less than the set stand ard of time for the work. Production in excess of the set standard. Production or comple tion of work in less than the set stand ard of time for the work. Productive hand work* Production of 75 per cent or more of the set standard. Productive workers. .Years of All... service. Amount of or per cent of earnings paid as bonus Groups of: Appren Production in number tices, motor assem of perfect pieces or blers, boring-mill op units in a set stand erators, drill-press ard of time. operators, gear-cutter operators, grind ing machine oper a t o r s , h e lp e r s , lathe operators, a few machinists, mill ing-machine opera tors, paint sprayers, and straighteners. 32 ...d o ........ All except wood mill, ding men, servicerepair department, nonproductive, and in service only a part of the pay period. The bonus applied in the week taken to 75 per cent of the force. 83 ...d o ........ Packers, box makers, tractor drivers, ship ping and cutters of stock in small part shipping depart ments, stock men, stock laborers, stock chasers, truckers, and truck drivers in stock repair depart ment. Body loaders in ship 34 . . _do— ping department. 35 ._-do_- Necessary to get bonus machine Per cent of earnings at time or piece rates that production is in excess of set standard. All time saved at time or piece rates. Per cent of earnings at hourly rates that the average daily production in pay period is in excess of 75 per cent of the set standard. Production of 80 pel Per cent of earnings at hourly rates that the average daily production cent or more of the is in excess of 80 per cent of the set set standard. standard. Service of 1 to 10 years. $10 for each year of service. Service of 11 to 24 years $100 annually. Service of 25 years and $250 annually. over. 21 NUMBER OF DATS WORKED IN ONE WEEK T able 8 .— Bonus systems of motor-vehicle establishments in 1928— Continued Estab lish ment No. Bonus based on— Years of service. 38 39-42 A ttend ance. Years of service. Employees entitled to bonus Necessary to get bonus Amount of or per cent of earnings paid as bonus Groups, exclusive of Production of units The amount or number of units pro blacksmiths’ helpers, sufficient in number duced by each group at rate per inspectors, laborers, at piece rates to unit less the earnings of the group machinists, polish amount to more at basic time rates in given period ers, tool and die than earnings of em is divided among the members of makers, carpenters, ployees in group at the group according to individual millwrights, receiv earnings. basic time rates. ing and shipping clerks, tool and m aterial chasers, utility and clerical. Night workers......... . Full-time attendance.. 10 per cent of earnings at time and piece rates. All in service 1 year or Service of 1 to 4 years.. 5 per cent of earnings at time rates. more. Service of 5 years or 10 per cent of earnings at time rates. more. NUMBER OF DAYS WORKED IN ONE WEEK Table 9 shows for the employees in each of 18 representative occupations the average number of calendar days on which employees worked in one week in 1928 and the per cent who worked on each specified number of days in the week. “ Days” as used in this table mean the number of calendar days on which the employees did any work in the week. Any part of a day was counted as a day. T able 9*— Average number of days in one week on which employees worked in 18 specified occupations and per cent of employees who worked on each specified number of days in one week, 1928, by sex Occupation Sex Assemblers, axle........................... ...... M. F. M. F. M. F. M. M. F. Assemblers, body frame..................... Assemblers, chassis________________ Assemblers, fram e...___ . . . . . . . ____ Assemblers, motor.............................. Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine................................. Drill-press operators.................... ...... M. M. F. Grinding-machine operators.............. M. F. Inspectors_______. . . . ...... .................. M. F. Laborers.............................................. M . F. Lathe operators................................... M. Letterers, stripers, and varnishers__ M. F. Machinists......................................... M. Milling-machine operators................. M. Sewing-machine operators.............. . _ M. F. Tool and die makers............ ...... ........ M. Top builders................ ........... .......... M. F. Trim bench h a n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. F. * Less than 1 per cent. Num ber of estab lish ments Aver Per cent of employees who worked on each specified number of days Num age in 1 week. ber of number wage of days earn worked ers in 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 week 48 2,703 13 3 47 3,256 5 12 63 4,593 7 109 46 1,125 59 4,859 9 81 5.2 1 1 5.3 5.0 2 2 4.8 . . . . . 5.2 ” 2 4.7 3 3 1 1 5.2 5.3 1 1 5.0 4 5 8 4 28 3 3 2 54 78 15 70 4 90 29 92 21 69 59 6 81 70 13 43 77 56 11 25 29 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.5 5.3 4.8 4.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.4 4.7 1,842 8,488 164 5,419 8 7,579 503 15,535 119 5,553 650 26 3,465 3,231 228 861 3,523 4,090 287 385 669 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 4 0 6 1 2 2 5 5 4 10 8 11 33 8 8 22 39 54 46 25 41 15 39 36 36 45 1 38 34 0 33 45 0 47 46 50 1 36 ____ 3 7 3 8 5 6 3 7 13 . . . . . 2 1 6 3 9 3 7 2 7 3 8 15 4 2 5 3 7 4 10 7 31 2 5 4 19 2 10 14 17 5 24 40 38 27 42 50 36 34 36 35 38 31 54 41 39 82 28 34 39 65 43 34 45 46 60 43 38 49 56 45 50 49 54 23 44 46 3 25 47 34 20 18 29 6' 10 2 3 ..... ..... ..... ..... 1 8 3 0 0 0 11 22 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY Inspecting the figures for axle assemblers, male, the first occupa tion in the table, it is seen that the 2,703 employees worked an average of 5.2 days in the week; that'l per cent of them worked on only 1 day in the week, 1 per cent worked on 2 days, 4 per cent worked on 3 days, 10 per cent worked on 4 days, 39 per cent worked 5 days, 45 per cent worked 6 days, and that 1 per cent worked on 7 days in the week. INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT, PAY ROLLS, AND PRODUCTION, 1923 TO 1928 Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls of employees in the mo tor-vehicle industry in the United States in Table 10 are as published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in “ Trend of employment ” in the United States. The index numbers of pro duction are, like those for employment and pay rolls, for each of the months and years from January, 1923^ to December, 1928, and #as computed by the bureau from data in the United States Census reports, with the 1926 production the base, or 100 per cent. During the years 1923 to 1928 monthly employment was lowest in July, 1924, with an index of 76.6, and highest in September, 1928, with an index of 124.3. Pay rolls^ were lowest in January, 1927, with an index of 63.5, and highest in October, 1928, with an index of 130.5. Production was lowest in December, 1927, with an index of 37.3, and highest in August, 1928, with an index of 128.7. Indexes of employment by years were 93 in 1923, 87 in 1924, 99 in 1925, 100 in 1926, 91.2 in 1927, and 111.3 in 1928; of pay rolls by years were 92 in 1923, 83.8 in 1924, 102.4 in 1925, 100 in 1926, 90.3 in 1927, and 114.4 in 1928; and of production by years were 93.8 in 1923, 83.3 in 1924, 99.1 in 1925, 100 in 1926, 79.1 in 1927, and 101.3 in 1928, 23 GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY T able 10.— Index numbers of employment, of pay rolls, and of production, January, 1928, to December, 1928 [1926 average=100.0] Year and month Employ Pay rolls ment Produc tion 68.8 1923 January......... February......... March............ . A p ril-............ . M ay................ June________ _ July_________ August............. September-----October............ November__ _ December....... . 80.5 87.8 91.7 95.7 97.0 96.6 93.5 92.7 93.8 95.3 95.7 95.2 69.5 84.0 91.7 96.5 98.3 93.2 90.8 93.3 90.6 100.9 100.8 94.4 77.5 100.3 106.0 110.0 105.9 92.3 97.1 91.9 102.4 Average- 93.0 92.0 93.8 Year and month Employ Pay rolls Produc ment tion 1926 1924 January____... February........ . March....... . April_________ M a y ............... J u n e ............... July................ . August............ September___ October....... . November____ December....... . 99.6 101.8 103.7 99.3 90.0 80.4 76.6 77.7 78.3 79.4 77.6 79.9 84.6 105.8 104.2 Average- 87.0 83.8 January___ February... March....... . April.......... . May............ June............ July........... . August....... September.. October___ November.. December—. 104.8 107.2 109.9 106.4 102.4 91.9 112.3 115.4 83.7 102.1 88.7 75.3 86.4 101.7 121.3 123.2 117.6 108.3 100.3 119.1 110.5 93.4 71.5 46.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.1 74.5 79.1 82.0 81.4 64.2 57.2 January......... February....... March............ April............... M ay............... June............... July................ August........... September___ October.......... November___ December....... 83.9 94.5 98.6 99.3 99.6 94.4 92.1 89.4 88.5 81.0 84.6 88.6 63.5 94.7 103.6 106.5 107.2 88.7 84.5 92.1 86.9 90.2 79.4 86.3 66.7 85.0 110.1 113.4 113.2 90.3 75.2 86.5 72.6 61.3 37.5 37.3 83.3 Average. 91.2 90.3 79.1 91.8 85.8 108.0 114.1 116.0 110.0 124.8 125.5 130.5 111.4 109.3 64.7 90.3 115.3 114.4 118.8 110.7 109.4 128.7 115.9 110.8 71.7 65.0 111.3 114.4 101.3 88.1 85.8 vei 100.8 98.2 100.7 100.4 96.6 88.8 111.8 108.3 99.8 92.4 103.1 100.6 1927 100.8 89.5 73.9 67.5 72.7 75.5 78.9 75.3 77.4 1925 January______ February......... March_______ April________ M ay............... . June................. July................ . August............. September___ October____... November___ December....... . 83.6 84.7 90.7 98.0 103.5 99.0 98.4 100.0 104.3 110.9 109.8 104.5 67.5 89.2 96.6 105.5 110.7 102.2 101.4 98.7 105.0 120.2 120.9 110.5 Average- 99.0 102.4 89.2 103.4 107.2 104.9 86.8 66.1 1928 116.8 110.7 110.8 71.9 91.7 124.9 104.4 88.7 January......... February....... March............ April............... May............... June............... July................ August........... September___ October.......... November___ December....... 99.1 Average. 78.6 103.7 120.8 100.6 104.9 107.6 113.8 113.8 113.7 120.8 124.3 122.6 111.5 120.8 114.4 112.1 GROWTH OF THE MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY, 1904 to 1927 The basic figures in Table 11 are as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures and show the amazing growth, from one census year to another and over the entire period from 1904 to 1927. of the motor-vehicle industry in the United States, in number oi manufacturing establishments and average number of wage earners, in amount paid in wages to wage earners, in cost of materials used in the manufacture of motor vehicles, in value of products, and in value added by manufacture. Averages per wage earner of yearly earnings of wage earners, cost of materials, value of products, and of value added by manufacture, and the per cent that wages are of the value added by manufacture as computed by the bureau from the basic figures are also presented in the table. The reason that no data are shown for the motor-vehicle industry for any year prior to 1904 is that it was of so little importance that all data for it for the years before 1904 were included with the data 24 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY used by the Census in compiling reports for the “ carriage and wagon industry.” In 1925 the motor-vehicle industry in value of products was $3,198,123,000, and exceeded that of any other industry. Average yearly earnings of wage earners increased steadily from $594 in 1904 to $1,675 in 1925 and then decreased to $1,660 in 1927. The per cent that wages were of the value added by manufacture ranged by years from 37 in 1914 to 45 per cent in 1923. 11.— Number of establishments, wage earners, wages, cost of materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in the motor-vehicle industry, 1904 to 1927 T able Num ber of Year estab lish ments 1904._ 1909__ 1914._ 1919._ ! 1921_ _ 1923.. 1926._ 1927-_ Average number of wage earners 178 12,049 75,721 743 1,271 127,092 2,830 343,115 2,359 212,777 2,471 404,886 1.655 426,110 1,475 369,324 Amount Cost Of paid in materials wages thou (in thou (in sands) sands) $7,159 48,694 101,927 491,121 318, 753 659,887 713,931 612,916 $11,658 107,731 292, 597 1, 578,651 1,107,062 2,147,463 2,109,325 1,888,039 Value Aver age by Value of added manufac yearly products earn ture (in (in thou thou ings of sands) sands) wage earners $26,645 193,823 503.230 2,387,903 1,671,386 3,163.327 3,198,123 2,846,213 $16,882 117,556 276,624 1,139,395 758,377 1,464,870 1,750,489 1,468,294 $594 643 802 1,431 1,498 1,630 1,675 1,660 Cost Of mate rials per wage earner Value Value added Per of by prod manu cent wages ucts fac are of ture value per per added wage earner wage earner $968 $2,211 $1,401 1,423 2,560 1,552 2,302 3,960 2,177 4,601 6,959 3,321 5,203 7,855 3,564 6,304 7,813 3,618 4,950 7,505 4,108 5,112 7,707 3,976 42 41 37 43 42 45 41 42 Table 12 shows the production in number of passenger cars, busi ness cars, and the total number of cars of all models in the United States in each of the census years 1904 and 1909, and in each year from 1913 to 1928. The figures as to production are as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures. The production of passenger cars increased from 20,261 in 1904 to 121,868 in 1909 and from year to year to 1,745,792 in 1917. In 1918, the last year of the World War, production decreased to 943,436, or 46 per cent, as compared with 1917. Production increased in 1919 and 1920, decreased in 1921, increased in 1922 and 1923, decreased in 1924, increased in 1925 and 1926, decreased to 2,946,601 in 1927, and increased to the enormous number of 3,826,613 in 1928. The decrease between 1926 and 1927 was 23 per cent, and the increase in 1928 over 1927 was 30 per cent. Proauction of business cars decreased 6 per cent between 1926 and 1927, and cars of all models decreased 21 per cent. The production of business cars increased 17 per cent between 1927 and 1928 and of cars of all models combined increased 28 per cent. 25 SCOPE AND METHOD T a b u s 18 .— Number of cars built in each specified year, 1904 to 1928 Year 1904................................ 1909................................ 1913................................ 1914................................ 1915................................ 1916................................ 1917................................ 1918................................ 1919................................ 1920................................ 1921................................ 1922................................ 1923................................ 1924................................ 1925................................ 1926................................ 1927................................ 1928............................... Passenger cars Business cars Total, aU models 20,261 121,868 461,500 543,679 895,930 1,525,578 1,745,792 943,436 1,657,652 1,905,560 1,452,902 2,302,923 3,651,132 3,210,006 3,768,998 3,819,162 2,946,601 3,826,613 1,431 4,725 23,500 25,375 74,000 192,130 128,157 227,250 275,943 321,789 140,934 241,253 382,884 392,538 496,836 481,770 454,725 530,771 21,692 126,593 485,000 569,054 969,930 1,617,708 1,873,949 1,170,686 1,933,595 2,227,349 1,593,836 2,544,176 4,034,016 3,602,544 4,265,832 4,300,932 3,401,326 4,357,384 SCOPE AND METHOD This bulletin was compiled from data obtained from the pay rolls and other records of plants engaged in manufacturing or assembling motor vehicles, building bodies, motors, radiators, in making forgings, transmission gears and axles, or sheet-metal stampings for motor vehicles. The study includes employees in all of the occupations in the industry, beginning with those who unload the raw materials on arrival by railway freight cars, auto trucks, and other vehicles used in the transportation of supplies to establishments, including all of those who perform all of the operations through the various processes of manufacture, and ending with those who load the finished product for shipment. Data were not collected for executives, office clerks, employees working on electric starters, generators, and magnetos, employees engaged in the maintenance or construction of buildings, or for those in the power house, in the engineering, drafting, or experi mental departments. Data are shown in Tables 1 and A for employees in 53 of the most important occupations in the industry, for a group of “ other skilled occupations,” and also for a group designated as “ other employees.” Those designated in “ other skilled occupations” and “ other em ployees” include wage earners in all other occupations, each too few in number of employees to warrant separate classification. Data were collected from the records of practically all of the estab lishments for a representative pay period in September, October, or November, 1928. The figures in the report are, therefore, represen tative of conditions in those months. Individual data as taken from the pay rolls included the occupation, sex, the number of days and hours worked, and the amount earned in the pay period. The length of the pay period in the 94 establishments included in the 1928 study was one week in 47, two weeks in 9, half month in 36, and third of month in 2. In collecting data from establishments with pay period of more than one week, hours actually worked and earnings by individual employees were taken as shown on the records for the pay period, and in addition hours actually worked and the actual number of days on which each individual did any work in one week 26 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY of the pay period were also obtained. With the data so taken the bureau was able to present data for all establishments and employees for one week. Table 13 shows by States the number of wage earners in the industry in 1925 as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures and number of establishments and wage earners for which 1928 data are presented in this bulletin. T able 13.— Number of wage earners in the industry and number of establishments and wage earners for which 1928 data are shown State Establishments and wage earners for which data Number of are shown for 1928 in this wage earners study reported by the United States Census Number of in 1925 Number of establish wage earners ments Illinois_________________________ Indiana______________ ____ _____ Michigan______ ________________ New Jersey_____________________ New York______________________ Ohio___________________________ Pennsylvania___________________ Wisconsin_________ ____________ Other States_________ __ ________ 10,563 28,026 234,492 10,222 26.012 43, 791 18,929 16, 339 37,736 8 9 33 6 13 12 6 7 3,421 10,600 95,624 5,680 10,368 15,036 8,222 Total...................................... 426.110 94 153,962 o, Oil A few large establishments are represented in the study by only a art of the employees because the inclusion of all employees would ave tended to give them undue weight in the published averages, especially for the States in which such large plants are located. In selecting establishments from which to obtain data the bureau undertook to obtain representation from all States in which the indus try is of material importance, measured by the number of wage earners employed in the States as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures. Average earnings per hour for wage earners in each occupation were computed by dividing the total earnings in one week of all employees in the occupation by the total hours worked in one week by such wage earners. Average full-time hours per week were computed by dividing the total full-time hours per week of all employees in the occupation by the number of employees in the occupation. Average full-time earnings per week for employees in each occupa tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of all employees in the occupation by the average full-time hours per week. This assumes that the earnings for full time would have been at the same average rate per hour as was made in one week. E OCCUPATIONS IN THE INDUSTRY The occupations for which data are shown in this bulletin are arranged alphabetically in Table A (p. 28) and defined in bulletin No. 438. MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY 27 GENERAL TABLES In addition to the preceding text tables, data as to days, hours, and earnings of wage earners by occupations and States are presented in five general tables, as follows: T a b l e A.—Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupa tion, sex, and State (p. 28). The purpose of this table is to show all of the 1928 averages that have been computed for the employees in each occupation in the indus try in each State and for the employees in all occupations combined, of the industry, in each State; to present in parallel columns “ average full-time hours per week,” “ average hours actually worked in one week,” and the “ per cent that the hours actually worked in one week is of the average full-time hours per week” ; and to make easy the comparison of the figures, one State with another. “ Average full-time earnings in one week” and “ average actual earnings in one week” are presented in the last two columns of the table. One column shows the average amount that each employee would have earned in one week had all employees in an occupation, a State, or the industry worked full time at the same average earnings per hour as was earned in the hours actually worked in the one week covered by the study. The other column shows the amount actually earned in one week. Axle assemblers, male, the second occupation in the table: The 10 employees of the 2 establishments in Illinois worked an average of 5.3 days in one week, their full-time hours averaged 49.9 per week, and they actually worked 42.8 hours in one week, or 86 per cent of full time. They earned an average of 60 cents per hour and $25.66 in one week. Had they worked the full time of 49.9 hours in the week at 60 cents per hour, the same as was earned in the 42.8 hours actually worked in the week, they would have earned an average of $29.94 in the week. The 2,703 employees in* this occupation in the 48 establishments in all 8 States worked an average of 5.2 days in one week, their full-time hours were 50.2 per week, they actually worked 46.9 hours in one week, or 93 per cent of full time, earned an average of 75.5 cents per hour, and $35.42 in one week, and had they worked full time at the same average per hour would have earned an average of $37.90 in one week. The figures for Illinois and for all States in this occupation may be compared with those for any other State, as may those at the end of this table, where data are shown for 3,421 males and females in all occupations in 8 establishments in Illinois, and for 153,962 males and females in all occupations in the industry in 94 establishments in 8 States. T a b l e B . —Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State (p. 42). T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State (p. 50). T a b l e D . — Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State (p. 58). T a b l e E.—Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State (p. 66). Tables B, C, D, and E were limited to 18 representative occupa tions, for reasons already assigned in text in explanation of Table 3, 28 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State T able Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age Per age age age full full hours cent time actual time actually of full earn earn ings earn ings hours worked time per ings per in worked hour in i per week 1 week week week Apprentices, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... 4 3 20 3 7 6 6 26 47 855 26 29 47 137 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.8 4.8 51.3 50.0 47.9 50.0 49.9 46.7 52.7 49.3 47.1 44.9 49.1 52.2 47.3 44.1 96 $0.391 $20.06 94 .404 20.20 94 .631 30.22 98 .387 19.35 .441 22.01 105 .387 18.07 101 84 .439 23.14 $19.26 19.03 28.36 19.00 23.01 18.31 19.38 Total..................................... 49 1,167 5.3 48.6 45.4 93 .572 27.80 25.98 Assemblers, axle, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.........................*......... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio............................. ........... Pennsylvania............. ............ Wisconsin................................ 2 6 17 1 8 8 3 3 10 138 1,883 0) 279 290 48 50 5.3 5.2 5.3 0 5.1 5.0 5.8 4.3 49.9 50.8 50.3 0 49.7 49.7 49.9 52.4 42.8 47.5 48.2 0 44.0 43.3 47.6 36.3 86 94 96 89 87 95 69 .600 .652 .768 0 .728 .745 .746 .753 29.94 33.12 38.63 0) 36.18 37.03 37.23 39.46 25.66 30.95 37.01 0 32.04 32.26 35.51 27.32 2,703 5.2 50.2. 46.9 93 .755 37.90 35.42 9 0 5.2 0) 50.4 0 45.2 90 0 .526 0) 26.51 0 23.76 Total..................................... 48 Assemblers, axle, female: Indiana............................ ........ Michigan.........- ................... 1 2 0 0 0 Total..................................... 3 13 5.3 50.3 45.9 91 .451 22.69 20.70 Assemblers, body-frame, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan________ _____ ____ New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 4 5 16 2 8 7 1 4 124 572 1,428 64 279 422 0 356 4.5 5.0 5.1 4.7 5.0 4.7 0 5.0 42.3 50.4 50.7 50.0 50.3 50.0 0 52.2 34.0 43.3 42.0 37.2 41.4 42.1 0) 41.0 80 86 83 74 82 84 79 .835 .682 .857 .734 .824 .757 0 .795 35.32 34.37 43.45 36.70 41.45 37.85 0 41.50 28.44 29.51 36.03 27.31 34.10 31.84 0 32.59 Total..................................... 47 3,256 5.0 50.4 41.7 83 .799 40.27 33.35 Assemblers, body-frame, female: Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New York................................ 2 2 1 6 2 5.0 4.0 0 50.0 49.0 0 44.1 30.9 0 88 63 .321 .564 0 16.05 27.64 0 14.15 17.44 0 Total..................................... 5 12 4.8 49.8 42.2 85 .419 20.87 17.66 Assemblers, chassis, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio........................................ Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 4 5 17 4 6 10 3 4 251 214 2,534 403 249 578 163 201 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.6 49 41.0 51.9 50.0 42.3 50.5 49.4 49.8 52.0 39.6 44.5 45.8 41.3 43.2 42.1 50.7 43.5 97 86 92 98 86 85 102 84 .834 .612 .782 .740 .773 .738 .673 .671 34.19 31.76 39.10 31.30 39.04 36.46 33.52 34.89 33.04 27.23 35.81 30.56 33.38 31.06 34.12 29.17 91 .758 37.14 33.72 80 0 .529 0 26.34 0 21.00 80 .529 26.34 20.97 0 Total..................................... 53 4,593 5.2 49.0 44.5 Assemblers, chassis, female: Indiana............................... . Michigan................................. 1 6 0) 108 0) 4.7 0 49.8 0 39.7 Total..................................... 7 109 4.7 49.8 39.7 *Data included in total. 0 0 0 29 GENERAL TABLES T a b le A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish ments earners Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Per age age full age' cent full hours time time actually of full earn ings earn hours worked time per ings in worked hour per per week 1 week week Assemblers, final, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan.............._.................. New Jersey.............................. New York.................... . ......... Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania....................... — Wisconsin............................... 5 6 23 3 9 11 3 6 169 557 4,520 236 915 1,208 291 302 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.1 4.8 5.6 4.9 45.5 51.1 50.5 45.1 50.1 49.7 50.1 52.6 41.5 44.4 44.0 39.3 41.9 41.8 46.2 40.6 91 $0,730 $33.22 87 .689 35.21 87 .799 40.35 87 .718 32.38 84 .787 39.43 84 .760 37.77 92 .689 34.52 77 .725 38.14 86 Total..................................... 66 8,198 5.1 50.1 43.2 Assemblers, final, female: Indiana............................ ........ Michigan................................. New Jersey-......... ................... New York................................ O hio........................................ Wisconsin............................... 1 14 1 3 1 2 0 368 0 31 0 10 0 5.2 0 5.4 0 4.2 0 49.8 0 49.8 0) 50.0 0) 42.9 (1 )e 45.5 0 33.6 Total..................................... 22 575 5.0 49.3 41.9 Assemblers, frame, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 3 5 13 2 7 8 4 3 35 117 599 28 86 154 77 29 5.8 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.4 4.9 49.9 50.8 48.8 46.8 50. 49.2 52.1 53.4 Aver age actual earn ings in 1 week $30.28 30.58 35.12 28.24 32.98 31.77 31.80 29.46 .774 38.78 33.46 67 0 .508 0) .465 0 .534 0 25.30 0 23.16 0 26.70 0 21.81 0 21.18 0) 17.91 85 .507 25.00 21.21 49.0 42.6 44.6 44.1 46.3 44.7 49.9 45.1 98 84 91 94 92 91 96 84 .597 .733 .784 .751 .760 .822 .738 .730 29.79 37.24 38.26 35.15 38.15 40.44 38.45 38.98 29.28 31.17 35.02 33.13 35.20 36.79 36.82 32.92 0 0 0 86 91 Total..................................... 45 1,125 5.2 49.5 45.1 91 .770 38.12 34.72 Assemblers, motor, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ O hio....................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin______ __________ 7 6 19 2 6 11 3 5 275 283 3,050 84 201 661 169 136 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5 4.5 5.1 5.1 4.6 53.2 50.7 49.4 50.0 50.5 50.1 54.7 52.4 55.1 50.9 47.2 47.2 38.6 45.3 47.1 42.1 104 100 96 94 76 90 86 80 .699 .652 .792 .782 .732 .714 .754 .740 37.19 33.06 39.12 39.10 36.97 35.77 41.24 38.78 38.54 33.23 37.39 36.87 28.25 32.36 35.55 31.19 4,859 5.3 50.1 47.1 94 .762 38.18 35.90 63 0 0 5.1 0 0 50.4 0) 42.7 0) 85 0 0 .498 0) 0) 25.10 0 0 21.24 Total..................................... 59 Assemblers, motor, female: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. 1 1 7 0 0 Total..................................... 9 81 5.0 50.4 41.3 82 .460 23.18 18.99 Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 4 4 21 2 8 8 4 3 29 195 1,088 24 295 152 36 23 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.9 5.2 4.9 5.7 5.5 55.0 50.3 48.1 50.0 50.6 48.1 51.8 55.4 67.5 50.6 47.7 55.5 47.7 41. ft 54.5 52.8 105 101 99 111 94 86 105 95 .695 .676 .850 .945 .744 .811 .735 .756 38.23 34.00 40.89 47.25 37.65 39.01 38.07 41.88 39.91 34.25 40.51 52.39 35.50 33.73 40.04 39.91 Total..................................... 54 1,842 5.3 49.0 47.9 98 .806 39.49 38.61 1Data included in total. 7X751°— 30------ 3 30 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A,— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T a b le Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of ber of estab wage lish ments earners Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age Per age age full age cent full hours time actual earn time actually of full earn ings earn ings hours worked time ings per in worked hour in 1 per per week 1 week week week Bench hands, machine shop, male: Illinois____________________ Tndifvna __ . . . ____ - ______ Michigan__________________ New Jersey________________ New York______ __________ Ohio ................................... Pennsylvania_______________ Wisconsin_________________ 8 26 3 10 7 6 2 58 132 1,156 52 132 82 536 30 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.4 6.0 5.4 54.4 50.4 48.6 50.0 51.5 47.5 53.6 53.9 53.4 46.0 48.2 51.7 48.9 43.9 58.5 50.4 98 $0,650 $35.36 91 .621 31.30 .764 37.13 99 103 .639 31.95 95 .706 36.36 92 .719 34.15 109 .690 36.98 94 .729 39.29 $34.70 28.56 36.80 33.03 34.53 31.62 40.40 36.70 Total..................................... 67 2,178 5.6 50.3 50.7 101 .724 36.42 36.71 fi i Bench hands, machine shop, female: Michigan__________________ New York_________________ P Annsyl vania .... _ _ ,_T, 4 2 1 Total..................................... 7 Blacksmiths, male: Illinois____ ________________ Indiana____________________ Michigan__________________ New Jersey________________ New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania______________ Wisconsin_________________ 4.8 5.8 49.2 49.4 40.5 48.6 42 5.2 49.3 43.8 7 9 28 5 9 9 6 6 17 71 601 16 44 61 28 12 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.9 5.5 4.6 5.5 5.2 52.1 50.8 48.0 49.4 51.2 51.3 51.1 56.4 51.2 51.9 47.2 51.4 49.6 42.1 50.5 46.3 25 16 (9 (9 (9 (9 82 98 .540 .546 26.57 26.97 (9 (9 21.87 26.54 89 .538 26.52 23.56 98 .819 102 .728 98 1.033 104 .752 97 !i .894 82 1.052 .732 99 .653 82 42.67 36.98 49.58 37.15 45.77 53.97 37.41 36.83 41.91 37.80 48.79 38.63 44.39 44.27 36.99 30.23 (9 (9 Total..................................... 79 850 5.3 48.9 47.6 97 .973 47.58 46.34 Boring-mill operators, male: Illinois____ ________________ Indiana____________________ Michigan .................. ........... New Jersey________________ New York______________ Ohio._ ___________________ Pennsylvania______________ Wisconsin__ '_____________ _ 5 20 3 5 9 4 4 33 48 729 40 48 126 69 36 5.6 5.8 5.1 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.5 5.3 52.7 50.7 45.0 51.3 50.7 49.8 54.0 55.1 51.5 53.4 43.7 52.9 £0.2 45.6 54.2 50.7 98 105 97 103 99 92 100 92 .719 .559 .857 .747 .750 .801 .740 .684 37.89 28.34 38.57 38.32 38.03 39.89 39.96 37.69 37.07 29.85 37.45 39.55 37.66 36.53 40.14 34.67 Total..................................... 56 1,129 5.2 47.3 46.0 97 .808 38.22 37.17 Bumpers, male: Illinois __________ ______ _ 2 6 Indiana___ _______ _________ 3 13 Michigan__________________ 19 198 New Jersey________________ 2 7 New York_________________ 41 5 6 Ohio_______________________ 58 1 Pennsylvania______________ (9 ____________ _____ Wisconsin 5 34 4.5 5.2 5.2 4.4 4.5 4.8 44.8 50.0 48.9 50.0 51.2 49.6 39.0 43.3 44.5 38.3 38.7 41.9 ! 1.439 .848 1.123 1.126 .866 .898 64.47 42.40 54.91 56.30 44.34 44.54 56.10 36.71 49.92 43.09 33.55 37.65 3.9 53.1 (9 (9 87 87 91 77 76 84 33.1 62 .978 51.93 32.38 4.9 49.6 42.0 85 1.042 51.68 43.81 Total..................................... Crane operators, male: 6 43 1 Illinois ____________ ___ ___ Indiana______ _____________ Michigan__________________ New Jersey________________ New York_________________ Ohio...... .................................. Pennsylvania_______________ Wisconsin_________________ 1 23 2 3 2 3 2 Total____________________ 37 1Pata included in total. 358 (9 (9 140 9 8 7 40 2 217 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.4 6.1 6.5 48.0 41.1 52.8 48.7 54.5 52.5 49.7 47.0 55.6 45.2 63.4 56.3 5.6 49.3 52.2 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 104 114 105 93 116 107 .765 .864 .604 .670 .536 .769 36.72 35.51 31.89 32.63 29.21 40.37 38.04 40.58 33.58 30.26 33.99 43.25 106 .707 34.86 36.90 ---- d 31 GENERAL TABLES A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T able Occupation, sex, and State Cutters, cloth and leather, male: Illinois....................................Indiana........ ........................... Michigan....... .......................... New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........... .............. Wisconsin............................... Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments 2 4 15 2 5 6 1 4 Total..................................... 39 Cutters, cloth and leather, female: Indiana.................................... Michigan................................ Wisconsin................................ 1 2 1 Total..................................... 4 Die setters, sheet-metal, male: Indiana..................... .............. Michigan................................ New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... 2 15 1 1 1 2 Total..................................... 22 Ding men, male: Illinois.................................... Indiana................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.................. ........... New York................................ Ohio......................................... Wisconsin................................ 2 3 17 3 3 5 4 16 120 24 17 14 0) 9 205 0) 0) 7 Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age age Per age age full full hours cent time actual time lactually of full earn earn ings earn hours worked time ings per ings per in worked hour in 1 per week 1 week week week 4 .3 4 .8 4 .6 4 .6 5 .5 5 .6 4 4 .8 5 1.2 4 9 .6 4 2 .5 5 1.2 4 9 .6 4 .0 5 3.3 4 .7 4 9 .1 0) 0) 5 .4 0) 0) 0) 3 4 .4 4 1 .0 3 9.3 37.1 4 8 .8 4 7 .4 <9 3 1 .7 C1) 51.8 0) 12 5 .7 5 2.8 50.4 6 158 5 .8 5 .3 (*) ) 6 .0 5 0.0 4 5 .3 ) ) ) 5 2 .8 55.8 4 6 .5 ) ) ) 5 8 .8 224 5 .4 4 7 .4 2 6 182 6 15 13 5 .5 5 .7 5 .2 5 .2 5 .6 5 .3 4 4 .8 5 0.0 5 1.3 4 3 .3 5 1 .4 5 0 .0 0) 0) 0) 34 0 (l) (9 .6 9 8 3 7 .2 0 2 2.13 82 .83 1 4 0.8 0 3 3.35 <*) 96 .561 0) (9 0) (9 1 (9 3 0.29 | 29.04 (9 1 0) 95 .461 24.34 i 2 3.26 112 103 .57 7 .9 1 6 28.85 4 1 .4 9 32.17 4 2 .5 7 0) 0) 0) (9 0) <9 0) (9 ( v (9 111 .6 9 0 (l) 3 6 .4 3 4 9 .1 104 .8 4 9 4 0 .2 4 I 4 1 .6 6 4 6 .0 5 1.7 4 6 .9 4 1 .1 4 7 .9 5 0.5 103 103 91 05 93 101 .8 1 8 .7 8 3 1 .166 .8 7 6 1.1 3 0 1 .134 3 6 .6 5 | 3 7 .6 3 3 9.15 4 0.4 9 5 9.8 2 54.64 3 6 .0 2 3 7 .9 3 5 8.0 8 1 54.13 5 1.0 4 7 .5 5 0 .4 4 9 .6 52.1 5 3 .3 4 3 .2 3 8 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .4 5 6 .5 4 1 .4 57 81 85 80 84 85 108 78 .847 39.89 .768 3 8.55 .921 .8 3 3 .9 1 5 .8 1 5 .6 9 8 .7 2 1 4 6.97 3 9 .5 7 ; 4 6 .1 2 4 0 .4 2 , 3 6 .3 7 : 38.4 3 31.38 3 9.80 3 1 .7 9 38.5 8 34.53 39.4 3 2 9 .8 4 Total..................................... 41 672 5 .1 5 0 .9 4 2 .6 84 .861 4 3 .8 2 36.71 9 28 3 10 6 564 5,698 111 390 274 5 .7 50.7 48.6 50.3 54.1 100 100 98 .645 .593 .771 .677 34.89 ! 35.00 30.07 ! 29.98 37.47 i 36.52 34.05 35.38 5.1 5.6 5.1 50.4 49.7 53.1 55.1 50.5 47.4 52.2 699 486 266 5.4 5.3 5.7 5.0 78 8,488 5.3 49.6 * Data included in total. 27.0 40.8 5 4 .2 44.4 44.3 52.7 104 .855 4 5 .3 2 1 .128 >57. 53 57.32 38.28 53.01 5 .1 4 .7 5 .1 4 .8 5 .8 5 .3 50.2 85 92 56.70 355 16 52 89 16 83 4 7.1 44.8 47.0 4 0.5 5 14 3 5 7 2 4 Total..................................... 4.9 4.8 (9 59 Total..........................._........ 10 6 6 8 53 53.0 51.0 $28.03 27.98 34.74 27.95 3 5.10 42.43 Door hangers, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................. Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York_________________ Ohio......... .............................. Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin............................... Drill-press operators, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ 5.3 5.3 0 0 0 0) $36.51 3 4.9 2 4 3.8 0 3 2.05 36.81 4 4.39 3 36 2 4 11 235 0 0 0 0) 4 0 .2 <9 5 4 .0 77 $0,815 .6 8 2 80 79 .88 3 .75 4 87 .71 9 95 .8 95 96 22.90 4 9 .2 88 89 99 89 .686 .700 .661 .688 34.57 34.79 35.10 37.91 30.48 30.97 34.81 33.83 47.8 96 .734 36.41 j 35.10 32 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T able Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish ments earners Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age age Per age age full actual full hours cent time actually of full earn time earn ings earn hours worked time ings per ings per in worked hour in i per week 1 week week week Drill-press operators, female: Illinois..................................... Indiana........_.......................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Pennsylvania.......................... 2 2 5 2 2 2 32 20 68 4 36 4 5.5 4.9 5.5 3.8 5.3 6.0 54.8 50.0 49.8 50.0 48.2 50.3 49.9 41.9 46.7 34.3 42.3 54.8 91 $0,464 $25.43 84 .359 17.95 94 .486 24.20 69 .612 30.60 88 .478 23.04 109 .418 21.03 $23.15 14.76 22.66 20.9/ 20.21 22.92 Total..................................... 15 164 5.4 50.5 45.6 90 .466 23.53 21.22 Forge-shop helpers, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana........- .......................... Michigan....................... ......... New Jersey.............................. New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ 5 6 19 4 8 9 5 2 15 135 1,322 42 70 191 51 7 5.4 5.8 5.3 6.1 5.6 4.5 5.4 4.3 51.7 63.9 49.0 51.2 52.2 52.1 52.7 54.6 48.3 59.9 48.7 61.4 51.9 43.5 50.4 45.2 93 94 99 120 99 83 96 83 .633 .573 .768 .636 .648 .761 .632 .572 32.73 36.61 37.63 32.56 33.83 39.65 33.31 31.23 30.55 34.33 37.38 39.04 33.63 33.07 31.87 25.84 Total.......... .......................... 58 1,833 5.3 50.7 49.4 97 .735 37.26 36.35 Gear-cutter operators, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey________________ New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.................. ........ Wisconsin...................... ........ 5 4 19 3 5 9 3 2 35 221 543 14 219 50 19 20 5.7 5.5 5.2 6.7 5.2 5.5 5.9 5.7 55.0 50.5 48.6 50.0 49.9 46.7 51.4 54.1 54.0 51.5 48.7 47.9 51.3 46.4 61.5 53.8 98 102 100 96 103 99 120 99 .655 .608 .834 .818 .750 .793 .684 .799 36.03 30.70 40.53 40.90 37.43 37.03 35.16 43.23 35.38 31.30 40.62 39.18 38.49 36.81 42.06 42.96 Total..................................... 50 1,121 5.3 49.5 50.1 101 .760 37.62 38.08 Grinding-machine o p e r a to r s , male: Illinois........ ............................. Indiana................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin............................... 6 6 27 3 8 10 5 5 139 316 3,657 109 466 448 166 118 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.0 53.1 50.7 47.9 50.2 49.9 48.9 53.7 54.8 53.1 50.7 47.5 51.8 48.5 45.0 54.1 49.1 100 100 99 103 97 92 101 90 .690 .638 .828 .791 .716 .794 .679 .762 36.66 32.37 39.66 39. 71 35.73 38.83 36.46 41.76 36.66 32.37 39.31 40.98 34.72 35.76 36.73 37.42 5.3 48.8 48.0 98 .792 38.65 38.06 5.3 0) 0) 51.3 0) 0) 48.7 0) 0) 95 0) .440 0) 0) 22.57 (l) 0) 21.40 0) Total..................................... 70 5,419 Grinding-machine operators, fe male: Indiana................................... Michigan................................. Pennsylvania.......................... 1 0) 1 3 0) 0) Total..................................... 4 8 5.1 50.3 46.1 92 .457 22.99 21.06 Hardeners, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana........ _................... ...... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin............................... 4 4 23 2 8 6 5 4 49 39 447 7 111 15 25 27 5.9 6.1 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.5 4.9 55.8 53.8 53.8 50.0 56.9 47.1 57.5 57.9 60.0 61.6 54.8 60.0 60.4 48.7 59.0 51.1 108 114 102 120 106 103 103 88 .604 .676 .782 .759 .733 .739 .788 .650 33.70 36.37 42.07 37.95 41.71 34.81 45.31 37.64 36.22 41.67 42.86 45.55 44.29 36.01 46.44 33. 22 Total..................................... 56 720 5.6 54.5 56.3 103 .749 40.82 42.21 *Data included in total. 33 GENERAL TABLES Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T a b l e A .— Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of ber of estab wage lish ments earners Helpers, male: Illinois_______ Indiana........ Michigan____ New Jersey___ New York....... Ohio................ Pennsylvania. Wisconsin____ Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age age Per age age full cent full hours time time actually of full earn ings earn hours worked time per ings per in worked hour per week 1 week week 3 8 29 5 10 8 6 . 5 18 188 2,435 54 151 278 915 46 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.5 4.4 5.1 4.1 53.1 50.7 45.2 50.0 51.4 49.3 54.1 52.6 47.7 47.3 43.4 46.1 49.4 37.7 49.6 34.8 90 $0.571 $30.32 93 .508 25.76 96 .659 29.79 92 .571 28. 55 .548 28. 22 96 76 .630 31.06 92 .565 30.57 66 .715 37.61 Aver age actual earn ings in 1 week $27.23 24.01 28.60 26.31 27.10 23.74 28.00 24.89 Total.., 74 4,085 5.1 48.1 44.8 93 .621 29.87 27.79 Helpers, female: Michigan........ New York....... Pennsylvania. 2 1 1 4 0) 0) 5.0 0 0) 53.0 0 0 42.6 0 0 80 0) (0 .488 0 0 25.86 0 0 20.78 0) 0 Total.. 4 17 5.3 52.0 44.5 86 .463 24.08 20.63 Inspectors, male: Illinois_______ Indiana........ _. Michigan........ New Jersey__ New York....... Ohio................ Pennsylvania. Wisconsin____ 5 8 33 6 13 12 6 7 148 438 4,966 169 498 772 431 157 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.8 5.5 52.1 50.6 48.7 48.3 50.5 49.5 53.0 53.0 54.6 49.8 47.9 48.0 50.3 46.1 57.0 50.9 105 98 98 S9 100 93 108 96 .658 .600 .755 .737 .672 .711 .643 .623 34.28 30.36 36.77 35. 60 33.94 35.19 34.08 33.02 35.74 29.14 36.97 35.88 33.11 32.71 36.64 31.78 Total.. 90 7,579 5.4 49.4 48.7 ! 99 .723 35.72 35.22 Inspectors, female: Illinois_______ Indiana______ Michigan......... New Jersey___ New York....... O h io .............. Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin....... 1 2 19 1 1 1 3 1 23 419 0 0 0 27 0) 0 5.2 5.4 0) 50.0 50.6 W 0 0 52.5 0 0 44.9 46.3 0) . 333 .396 0 0 0) .388 0 0 16.65 20.04 0 0 0 20.37 0 0) 14.94 18.36 0 0 0 17.05 0 29 503 .390 19. 77 IS. 04 Total.. | 0 0 0) 5.3 0) 5.4 | 50.7 0 0 43.9 0 0 90 92 0 0 84 0) 46.2 ! 91 i Laborers, male: Illinois______ Indiana......... Michigan____ New Jersey___ New York___ Ohio...... ......... Pennsylvania. Wisconsin____ 6 9 33 6 13 12 6 7 435 1,056 9,489 1,131 1,021 1,488 571 344 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.6 5.2 46.6 50.8 49.4 43.9 51.1 49.8 53.0 53.3 47.1 48.3 48.0 43.7 49.6 45.2 55.5 48.2 101 95 97 100 97 91 105 90 .661 .501 .605 .661 .564 .546 .486 .548 30.80 25.45 29.89 29.02 28.82 27.19 25.76 29.21 31.11 24.22 29.03 28.87 27.95 24.69 26.95 26.39 15,535 5.3 49.4 47.8 97 .589 29.10 28.13 0 2 0 5.2 0 5.3 5.5 0 5.5 0 50.1 0) 49.9 44.5 0) 47.5 0 44.4 0 42.3 40.6 0 41.5 87 0 .466 0 .395 .509 0 .350 0 23.35 0 19.71 22.65 0 16.63 0 20.71 0 16.72 20.66 0) 14.53 119 5.2 49.5 B==33t 43.7 88 .465 23.02 20.32 Total.. 92 Laborers, female: Illinois............ Michigan____ New Jersey___ New York....... Ohio................ Pennsylvania. Wisconsin____ 1 11 1 2 3 1 2 Total.. 21 *Data included intotaL 0 0 97 4 13 0 0 0 89 85 91 34 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T able Occupation, sex, and State Num ber of Num estab ber of wage lish ments earners Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age Per age age age full full hours cent time actual time actually of full earn eanings earn hours worked time ings per ings per worked hour in in 1 per week 1 week week week Lacquer rubbers, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana............................... Michigan........ ........................ New Jersey.............................. New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin............................... 2 4 18 4 4 6 1 4 11 98 815 137 77 187. 0 133 3.6 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.7 0 4.6 46.9 51.6 50.8 44.5 51.4 49.8 0 52.8 27.4 43.9 43.4 41.8 42.9 42.1 0 39.5 1,465 5.0 50.3 42.5 29 0 4.0 0 53.0 0 33.4 Total..................................... 43 Lacquer rubbers, female: Indiana................................... Michigan................................. 1 2 0 58 $0.802 $37.61 85 .698 36.02 85 .887 45.06 94 .714 31.77 83 .887 45.59 85 .820 40.84 0 0 0 75 .801 42.29 0 $21.97 30.65 38.49 29.83 38.02 34.54 0 31.62 84 .841 42.30 35.77 63 0 .648 0 34.34 0 21.62 Total......................... .......... 3 36 4.1 52.4 34.8 66 .636 33.33 22.12 Lathe operators, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana........... ........................ Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York.................... .......... Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin............................... 6 8 24 3 9 10 5 4 227 311 3,495 219 303 531 282 185 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.2 52.9 50.8 47.9 50.1 50.7 48.1 52.4 55.0 51.4 50.4 47.3 53.0 43.9 44.8 53.5 50.0 97 99 99 106 87 93 102 91 .689 .629 .832 .755 .728 .780 .708 .706 36.45 31.95 39.85 37.83 36.91 37.52 37.10 38.83 35.42 31.69 39.34 40.00 31.97 34.94 37.87 35.26 Total..................................... 69 5,553 5.3 49.0 47.8 ! 98 .789 38.66 37.74 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania_______________ Wisconsin................................ 2 6 23 4 8 10 1 5 8 72 369 22 50 82 0) 35 4.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.3 0 4.8 44.8 50.9 50.0 45.5 50.6 49.9 0 52.4 35.6 44.9 48.2 43.4 47.4 47.8 0 41.2 79 88 96 95 94 96 79 .871 .786 1.247 .968 .933 1.068 0 .928 39.02 40.01 62.35 44.04 47.21 53.29 0) 48.63 30.98 35.28 60.19 42.04 44.27 51.00 0 33.23 Total..................................... 59 650 5.3 50.0 47.0 94 1.115 55.75 52.45 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, female* Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... 1 3 1 1 0 4.6 0) 50.0 0 0 0 38.2 0 0 0) 0 0 .560 0) 0 0 28.00 0) 0 0 21.40 0 0 Total..................................... 6 26 4.8 49.8 39.6 80 .588 29.28 23.30 Machinists, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana................ ................... Michigan.................................. New Jersey.............................. New York............................... Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania............ .............. Wisconsin_________ ________ 7 7 31 • 5 12 10 5 4 80 148 2,380 116 250 202 226 63 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.9 5.3 52.1 50.8 46.6 49.7 49.6 49.2 53.2 52.2 55.6 52.8 48.0 51.9 50.8 48.2 59.7 48.4 107 104 103 104 102 98 112 93 .725 .699 .893 .811 .758 .801 .729 .602 37.77 35.51 41.61 40.31 37.60 39.41 38.78 31.42 40.28 36.93 42.84 42.13 38.52 38.60 43.51 29.11 Total..................................... 81 3,465 5.5 47.9 49.5 | 103 .844 40.43 41.74 i Data included in total. 0 14 0) 0 0 0 76 35 GENERAL TABLES T able A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sea;, and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age age Per age age full full hours cent time actual time actually of full earn earn ings earn hours worked time ings per ings per in worked week in 1 per week 1 week week week Metal finishers, male: Illinois____ ______ _________ Indiana........... ...... ................. Michigan__________________ New Jersey.............................. New Y ork .............................. Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin__________________ 1 3 23 4 7 9 3 5 0) 346 2,820 91 181 433 530 172 0 4.7 5.3 4.4 5.3 4.7 5.6 5.0 0 50.0 49.9 48.5 52.7 49.8 53.1 53.1 0 38.9 45.9 37.5 48.4 41.5 56.9 41.0 Total..................................... 55 4,606 5.2 50.5 45.9 Metal panelers, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan__________________ New Jersey____________ ____ New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania__________ ____ Wisconsin................................ 1 3 12 3 4 5 2 4 0 214 989 282 77 196 19 162 0 4.8 5.1 5.0 5.1 4.7 5.8 5.3 0) 50.0 51.5 41.1 51.2 49.8 50.0 53.3 0) 40.9 42.7 39.2 42.7 42.0 49.2 45.1 0 0 0 78 $0,955 $47.75 92 .953 47.55 77 .858 41.61 92 .935 ! 49.27 83 .812 40.44 107 .677 ; 35.95 77 .785 ! 41.68 0 0 $37.16 43.76 32.16 45.27 33.70 38.55 32.17 91 .893 1 45.10 41.00 82 83 95 83 84 98 85 0 .789 .864 .754 .917 .825 .710 .779 0 39.45 44.50 30.99 46.95 41.09 35.50 41.52 (1) 32.32 36.91 29.54 39.15 34.67 34.87 35.11 Total..................................... 34 1,947 5.0 49.8 42.1 85 .830 41.33 34.98 Milling-machine operators, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York_________________ Ohio........................................ Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin_____ ____________ 6 8 25 3 9 9 6 4 82 146 2,136 70 194 296 213 94 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.8 5.1 5.2 5.7 5.0 52.9 50.8 48.5 50.0 51.3 49.2 52,9 55.3 54.6 51.4 47.2 53.4 46.8 45.5 54.6 48.5 103 101 97 107 91 92 103 88 .656 .621 .798 .716 .716 .735 .700 .718 34.70 31.55 38.70 35.80 36.73 36.16 37.03 39.71 35.84 31.91 37.71 38.18 33.52 33.42 38.21 34.87 3,231 5.3 49.5 48.1 97 .764 37.82 36.72 72 315 7 83 57 12 125 0 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.1 4.6 5.3 5.1 0) 50.0 49.8 50.0 51.0 50.2 50.3 52.9 0 42.5 43.9 44.8 41.8 37.8 46.7 40.9 85 88 90 82 75 93 77 0 .857 .986 .710 .921 .811 .675 .831 0) 42.85 49.10 35.50 46.97 40.71 33.95 43.96 0 36.44 43.26 31.84 38.53 30.63 31.48 33.97 Total..................................... 70 Molders, belt and drip, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ 1 2 10 2 4 6 2 3 0 0 Total..................................... 30 672 5.0 50.6 42.4 84 .914 46.25 38.80 Painters, general, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana............. ...................... Michigan................................. New Jersey_________ _______ New York................................ Ohio........... ............................. Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin____ _____________ 5 6 30 4 12 12 2 6 63 337 1,070 41 174 268 27 175 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.6 5.1 4.9 5.2 45.3 51.0 50.8 47.3 51.7 49.8 50.6 52.8 39.7 43.0 46.6 43.4 50.9 45.1 38.9 43.6 88 84 92 92 98 91 77 83 .794 .727 .807 .762 .707 .753 .653 .720 35.97 37.08 41.00 36.04 36.55 37.50 33.04 38.02 31.54 31.28 37.63 33.05 35.98 33.95 25.39 31.38 Total............... ................... 77 2,155 5.1 50.7 45.6 90 .770 39.04 35.12 Painters, general, female: Indiana............................... . Michigan....... .... .................... 1 2 5 0 4.2 0) 50.4 0 36.7 73 0 .503 0 25.35 0 18.47 Total..................................... 3 8 4.8 50.3 40.7 81 .415 |20.87 16.87 1Data included in total. 0 0 36 T MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued able Occupation, sex, and State Paint sprayers, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York._............................. Ohio......... .............................. Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ Total..................................... Paint sprayers, female: Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments 4 6 26 5 9 11 4 ; 6 I Total................................. __ 5 ! Platers, male: Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey_______ _________ New York.__........................... Ohio....................................... Pennsylvania............«.............. Wisconsin................................ Total.................................. 37.1 48.3 44.5 42.0 44.1 43.8 46.7 44.3 50.4 ; 1 | ! 1 ! 44.6 j 85 $0,804 $35.22 $29.82 94 .671 34.42 ! 32.39 88 .859 43.29 i 38.24 90 .729 34.04 30.66 88 .901 45.41 39.73 88 .835 41. 42 36.59 92 .788 40.19 36.76 .781 41.24 34.62 84 88 .824 |41.53 j 36.76 5.0 3.3 50.0 48.3 43.8 28.3 88 59 .570 .560 28.50 27.05 24.94 15.86 3.9 48.9 34.0 70 .565 1 27.63 19.21 27 222 8 14 50 73 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.9 5.4 5.6 6.0 51.8 50.2 45.9 50.0 51.3 51.2 56.2 S3.3 51.8 45.9 47.7 54.5 53.7 50.9 59.3 53.3 100 91 104 109 105 99 106 100 .738 38.17 .666 33.43 .875 40.16 .790 39.50 .706 36.22 .706 ! 36.15 .686 38.55 .773 |41.22 38.17 30.54 41.76 43.06 37.90 35.96 40.70 41.22 401 i| 5.4 49.1 50.5 103 .791 138.84 39.94 13 296 0 25 12 6.0 5.2 0 4.9 4.9 0) 0 ) 6.0 51.2 49.1 0 51.6 49.8 0 52.9 57.4 51.1 0) 44.9 43.9 0 54.0 112 104 0 87 88 0 102 .643 i 32.92 .746 1 36.63 0 0 .848 43.76 .804 40.04 0 0 .835 44.17 36.91 38.15 0 38.06 35.31 0 45.09 5.2 49.5 50.8 103 .756 ! 37.42 38.41 31 183 841 66 158 148 24 !| 130 Ii 71 1 1,581 2 ! 3 1 Total..................................... Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age age Per age full age full hours cent time actual time aotuallyj of full earn earn ings earn hours worked \ time ings per ings per in worked week in 1 per week 1 week week week ! ! Michigan__________________ Planer and shaper operators, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey............ ................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ Aver age num ber of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week 3 4 15 3 5 4 2 2 i | i i ! 1 ! 33 4 3 1 38 i 4 17 1 5 3 1 2 7 '! 1 2 !j 19! j i j ! j 7 358 4.6 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.2 43.8 51.3 50.4 46.7 50.4 49.6 51.0 52.8 5.2 Polishers and buffers, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan_________ ____ ____ New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 2 5 23 2 8 8 2 6 2 95 1,458 6 257 117 24 71 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.3 4.8 5.7 5.0 62.5 51.3 48.6 50.0 51.1 49.1 50.0 52.7 64.8 50.2 49.2 56.2 48.7 40.0 49.1 40.4 123 98 101 112 95 81 98 77 .547 .715 .972 .865 .884 .960 .754 . 704 |47.24 ! 43.25 i 45.17 ! 47.14 ! 37.70 |37.10 35.45 35.92 47.85 48.56 43.02 38.42 37.05 28.41 Total................................... . 56 i 128.72 j 36.68 2,030 5.3 49.2 48.4 98 .936 46.05 45.32 Punch-press operators, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan.................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin........................ ........ 10 3 309 8 28 3,316 49 3 92 7 4 ; 155 5 1 299 38 3 ; 4.9 5.3 5.1 4.2 5.4 4.6 5.4 3.3 51.0 50.2 46.9 50.0 52.4 50.8 53.5 53.6 42.2 46.9 44.7 38.2 51.7 42.3 52.8 26.8 83 93 95 76 99 83 99 50 .734 37.43 .640 32.13 .777 36.44 .752 37.60 .690 36.16 .732 I 37.19 .577 I 30.87 .700 |37.52 30.92 29.98 34.74 28.73 35.67 30.94 30.45 18.75 Total..................................... 61 j 4,268 5.1 47.9 45.2 94 .746 |35.73 33.75 *Data included in total. 37 GENERAL TABLES T A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued able Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Occupation, sex, and State Punch-press operators, female: Michigan.. _____ _________ New York_______________ Pennsylvania............... ...... 72 3 3 2 1 TotalSand blasters, etc., male: Illinois................... . Indiana....................... Michigan.................... New Jersey................. New York................... Ohio........... ................ Pennsylvania............. Wisconsin................... Total. Sanders and rough-stuff rubbers, male: Illinois........ ............................. Indiana____________________ Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York.............................. . Ohio....................................... . Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ Total.. 0 Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Per age age full age full hours cent time time actually of full earn ings earn hours worked time per ings in worked week per per week 1 week week 5.2 5.7 0 51.1 49.0 0 45.5 47.3 0) 0 Aver age actual earn ing^ m1 week 89 $0.498 $25.45 ! $22.63 .543 26.61 1 25.65 97 0 0 I (0 6 100 5.0 51.3 43.4 85 .491 25.19 21.31 2 2 22 3 5 5 4 1 19 39 766 67 17 69 47 0 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.9 4.8 5.7 0 55.5 50.0 47.6 50.0 54.5 52.7 51.7 0) 58.1 50.9 47.7 47.4 59.7 45.4 £3.2 (0 105 102 100 95 110 86 103 0 . 564 .641 .753 .637 .794 .707 . 593 0 31.30 32.05 35.84 31.85 43.27 37. 26 30.66 0) 32.73 32.60 35.91 30.20 47.40 32.08 31.54 0 44 1,026 5.3 48.7 48.3 99 .727 |35. 40 35.09 2 6 22 4 7 7 1 5 31 203 1,440 293 241 295 0 212 4.4 4.7 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.6 0) 4.9 41.2 51.3 50.5 41.9 50.7 50.2 0 52.9 34.1 40.5 42.6 40.4 42.0 41.0 0 40.4 83 79 84 96 83 82 76 .823 .685 .831 .715 .894 .832 0 .752 33.91 35.14 41. 97 29. 96 45. 33 41. 77 0 39.78 28.06 27.71 35.38 28.89 37.55 34.07 0 30.36 54 2,716 5.0 49.7 41.7 84 .807 40.11 33.68 1 3 0 17 0 3.8 0 51.5 0 32.2 63 0 .537 0 27.66 0 17.29 4 18 3.9 51.4 32.8 64 iI .540 27. 76 17.72 1 1 7 1 2 1 0 0 132 0) 4.9 0 5.0 0 0 41.4 0 49.0 0 0 .839 0) 0 0) 39.2 0 43.1 0 0 0) 32.92 0 35.88 0) 4.8 42.4 38.7 0 Sanders and rough-stuff rubbers, female: Indiana_____________________ Michigan............................... Total- Sewing-machine operators, male: Illinois................................ . Indiana.................................. Michigan............................... New Jersey............................ New York.............................. Wisconsin.............................. Total.. Sewing-machine operators, female: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New Y ork.......................... Ohio........................................I Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin............................... Total. Sheet-metal workers, male: Illinois........................... Indiana_______ _______ Michigan*....... .............. New Jersey.................... New York...................... Ohio...... ........................ Pennsylvania................. Wisconsin....... .............. Total........................... >Data included intotal. 1 1 | 0) 22 0 <9 13 228 1 5 16 2 6 9 1 3 43 0 133 568 22 43 57 0 28 861 4.9 4.4 3.5 5.4 5.1 0 3.4 4.5 0 50.6 51.6 50.0 51.1 49.3 0 46.8 51.0 0) 41.4 36.4 30.7 43.1 42.6 0) 26.4 37.5 2 6 22 3 6 6 15 176 1,338 37 339 252 214 70 2,441 4.9 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.5 4.9 5.7 3.6 5.3 49.5 50.6 49.6 45.9 54.1 48.8 51.6 53.7 50.5 38.1 46.8 46.9 41.8 56.1 43.0 52.8 28.6 47.5 4 5 64 i 0) 0 0 0 0 88 .833 0 0) 0) 34.73 0 40.82 0 91 .833 35.32 32.21 0) .493 .508 .513 .561 .570 (0 .483 .513 0 24.95 26.16 25.65 28.67 28.10 0 20.43 18.51 15.74 24.21 24.26 0 12.78 19.25 .714 .713 . 806 .816 .746 . 792 .679 .712 35.34 38.08 42.95 | d..45 I 40.36 i 38.66 ! 35.04 |38.23 j 40.75 , 95 0 0 0 82 71 61 84 86 56 74 77 92 95 91 J02 88 102 53 84 0) j . 807 22.00 26.16 27.19 33.38 40.63 34.13 41.09 34.06 35.87 20.37 38.31 38 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A*— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T a b le Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Sheet-metal workers, female: Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio__..................................... Pennsylvania............... .......... 3 1 1 1 1 Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age age Per age full age full hours cent time actual time actually of full earn earn ings earn hours worked time ings per ings in per worked week in 1 per week 1 week week week 8 5.9 0) (l) 0) 0) 50.3 0) (1) 0) 0 50.2 0 0 0) 0 0) 0) (l) 0) 100 $0,512 $25.75 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 0 $25.69 0 0 0 0 Total.......... ......................... 7 56 5.2 49.6 43.9 89 .489 24.25 21.46 Straighteners, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana__________ _______ _ Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ 2 3 19 2 5 6 5 3 24 8 369 14 33 41 25 17 6.1 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.7 5.6 55.8 50.6 49.1 52.1 49.3 48.9 53.6 53.4 64.1 54.0 48.3 52.8 47.6 44.6 54.1 52.1 115 107 98 101 97 91 101 98 .641 .676 .820 .723 .683 .773 .663 .684 35.77 34.21 40.26 37.67 33.67 37.80 35.54 36.53 41.11 36.48 39.62 38.19 32.46 34.44 35.87 35.60 Total..................................... 45 531 5.4 49.8 49.3 99 .780 38.84 38.45 Testers, final and road, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.................... ......... New York................................ Ohio................ ........................ Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 4 4 13 2 8 10 3 4 11 23 159 43 125 127 11 39 6.2 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.7 4.7 52.4 51.0 50.6 41.2 50.5 50.2 49.2 52.9 56.8 49.4 48.0 44.8 51.5 50.1 49.0 42.4 108 97 95 109 102 100 100 80 .635 .641 .725 .789 .696 .696 .717 .559 33.27 32.69 36.69 32.51 35.15 34.94 35.28 29.57 36.09 31.69 34.82 35.32 35.81 34.82 35.16 23.73 Total..................................... 48 538 5.3 49.9 48.9 98 .699 34.88 34.19 Testers, motor, male: Illinois-................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio........................................ Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin............................... 4 2 13 2 5 9 2 4 48 37 442 21 27 85 36 53 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.0 5.0 52.8 50.0 50.6 50.0 50.4 52.6 55.2 54.4 60.5 52.2 47.1 47.6 45.6 52.8 41.7 47.0 115 104 93 95 90 100 76 86 .722 .666 .772 .596 .680 .621 .713 .665 38.12 33.30 39.06 29.80 34.27 32.66 39.36 36.18 43.71 34.77 36.37 28.39 31.04 32.81 29.73 31.25 Total.................................... 4i 749 5.4 51.4 48.6 95 .726 37.32 35.26 Tool and die makers, male: Illinois-................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 6 8 29 4 10 10 5 5 40 274 2,391 77 208 336 126 71 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.8 4.8 50.7 51.1 47.5 50.0 51.0 51.3 53.6 53.8 52.8 49.4 50.1 55.8 55.6 53.9 57.3 41.8 104 97 105 112 109 105 107 78 .750 .795 .973 .853 .827 .855 .728 .730 38.03 40.62 46.22 42.65 42.18 43.86 39.02 39.27 39.64 39.27 48.78 47.64 45.98 46.06 41.71 30.48 Total..................................... 77 3,523 5.5 48.8 51.0 105 .919 44.85 46.86 Top builders, male: Illinois ..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio........................................ Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ 3 6 20 4 7 10 2 4 68 291 2,204 500 293 354 15 365 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 43.6 50.8 50.8 41.9 50.5 49.5 50.0 53.0 33.1 41.5 40.9 38.6 42.9 43.1 45.7 42.0 76 82 81 92 85 87 91 79 .858 .750 .867 .740 .900 .875 .877 .788 37.41 38.10 44.04 31.01 45.45 43.31 43.85 41.76 28.42 31.13 35.50 28.53 38.59 37.73 40.07 33.14 Total..................................... 56 4,090 5.0 49.6 41.0 83 .840 41.66 34.44 *Data included in total. 39 GENERAL TABLES T a b le A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Top builders, female: Indiana ______ Michigan__________________ New York_________________ Ohio_________ _____________ Pennsylvania______________ _________________ Wisconsin 2 3 1 2 1 2 15 149 0 78 0 23 Total..................................... 11 287 Trim-bench hands, male: Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age age age Per age full full hours cent time actually of full earn time ings earn hours worked time per ings in per worked week per week 1 week week 50.0 50.0 0 48.0 0 50.2 42.1 44.5 (i) 38.7 0 38.2 5.0 49.5 41.6 0) 51.5 50.1 0 48.2 49.9 0 0 41.9 34.3 0 27.3 45.8 0 4.9 5.1 <2.8 (l o 84 $0,567 $28.35 89 .536 26.80 0 0 0) .515 24.72 81 0 (0 0 .576 28.92 76 84 26.53 22.34 0 .595 .825 0) .752 .725 0 0 30.64 41.33 0 36.25 36.18 0 (l) 24.92 28.29 0) 20.54 33.21 0 74 .770 38.04 28.12 79 75 83 81 73 .445 .477 0 .518 .536 .506 22.78 24.28 0 26.88 26.75 25.30 17.91 18.12 0 22.23 21.74 18.53 76 .483 24.54 18.58 0 42.93 42.21 (0 42.62 44.21 0 0 37.74 40.17 0 44.40 46.68 0 1 5 10 1 2 5 1 (\ 49 0 0 4.9 4.2 (l) 3.6 5.2 0 Total..................................... 25 385 4.4 49.4 36.5 Trim-bench hands, female: Indiana.................................... Michigan................................ New Jersey.............................. New York_________ ________ Ohio......................................... Wisconsin_____________ ____ 4 12 1 3 6 3 50 501 0 23 55 36 4.9 4.6 0 5.4 4.9 4.8 51.2 50.9 0 51.9 49.9 50.0 40.2 38.0 0 43.0 40.6 36.6 669 4.7 50.8 38.5 0 5.3 5.5 0 44.4 48.4 (0 50.0 53.5 0 0 104 106 0 0 .850 .831 0) .888 .872 0 (0 37 258 0 0 81 68 ‘57 92 0 0 $23.86 23.87 0 19.93 0 21.97 .536 Michigan__________________ New Jersey________________ New York_________________ Ohio........................................ Wisconsin_________________ Illinois _ , ....... ................ Indiana, .................................. , Aver age actual earn ings in 1 week Total.................................... 29 Varnish rubbers, male: Illinois............................... ...... Indiana____________________ Michigan________ __________ New Jersey________________ New York............... ................ Ohio........................................ Wisconsin___________ „_____ 1 3 13 1 2 5 1 38 222 0 13 37 0 5.7 0 0 50.5 50.8 0 48.0 50.7 0 Total..................................... 26 357 5.5 49.4 47.3 96 .836 41.30 39.56 Welders and braziers, male: Illinois...................... .............. Indiana.................................... Michigan__________ ____ ___ New Jersey_________ _______ New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... Wisconsin................................ 6 2 28 5 8 8 4 5 26 59 835 21 32 47 129 48 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.7 3.8 51.7 50.2 45.8 50.0 52.0 49.9 52.3 54.3 42.5 43.3 44.7 49.7 49.3 43.2 55.6 33.9 82 86 98 99 95 87 106 62 .738 .889 .892 .724 .816 .799 .706 .789 38.15 44.63 40.85 36.20 42.43 39.87 36.92 42.84 31.36 38.48 39.88 35.96 40.20 34.56 39.31 26.72 66 1,197 5.2 47.6 45.5 96 .852 40.56 38.77 84 99 76 0 .779 .862 0 .790 .780 .668 .835 0 39.42 41.20 0 42.11 38.53 35.00 44.09 0 33.51 36.69 0 40.93 32.55 34.65 33.62 92 .789 39.06 35.74 Total................................... 0 Welders, spot and butt, males: Illinois. _................................ Indiana____________________ Michigan............... ................. New Jersey________________ New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin.................... .......... 1 3 20 1 6 3 2 5 39 468 0 19 42 231 14 (,i 9 5.0 (i) 5.4 4.6 5.5 5.0 0 50.6 47.8 0 53.3 49.4 52.4 52.8 0 43.0 42.6 0) 51.8 41.7 51.8 40.3 Total..................................... 41 825 5.1 49.5 45.3 *Data included in total. 0 0 88 95 W85 89 \ 40 MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and — Continued T a b le . Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Woodworking-machine operators, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio...... .................................. Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin. ........................... 1 5 19 2 6 7 3 4 (*) 372 1,091 10 72 132 26 97 Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age age age Per age full full hours cent time time actually of full earn ings earn hours worked time per ings in per worked week per week 1 week week Aver age actual earn ings in 1 week 0) <l) 89 $0,643 $32.34 .758 38.20 92 .643 32.15 93 90 .737 37.66 .763 38.38 79 94 .627 31.41 .708 37.88 63 C1) $28.82 35.32 30.00 33.87 30.34 29.62 23.84 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.3 4.4 5.9 4.5 50.3 50.4 50.0 51.1 50.3 50.1 53.5 0) (l) 44.8 46.6 46.7 46.0 39.7 47.2 33.7 0) 0) Total.................................... 47 1,815 5.2 50.5 44.9 89 .729 36.81 32.73 Other skilled occupations, male: Illinois............................. ........ Indiana...... ............................. Michigan................................. New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio........... ............................. Pennsylvania______________ Wisconsin___ ____ __________ 7 9 33 6 13 12 6 7 74 300 3,863 194 301 432 364 84 5.7 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.2 48.2 50.4 48.2 48.8 51.1 49.1 52.0 53.3 49.4 49.8 53.2 51.2 50.9 61.6 58.6 47.7 102 99 no 105 100 105 113 89 .795 .667 .800 .795 .721 .716 .688 .667 38.32 33.62 38.56 38.80 36.84 35.16 36.78 35.55 39.28 33.18 42.53 40.73 36.70 36.85 40.23 31.77 5,615 5.6 48.9 52.9 108 .773 37.80 40.86 5 4.4 0) 51.6 (0 34.6 0) 67 .640 0) 27.86 0) 18.59 0) 4.6 51.0 36.1 71 .509 25.96 18.37 5.4 5.5 5.5 6.6 5.6 5.7 5.0 47.6 60.9 48.2 43.7 51.0 49.2 52.3 52.6 47.2 60.3 49.2 48.1 52.1 49.1 56.6 47.4 99 99 102 no 102 100 108 90 .706 .604 .727 .706 .666 .690 .609 .596 33.64 30.74 35.04 30.85 33.97 33.95 31.85 31.35 33.33 30.38 35.79 33.93 34.68 33.90 34.46 28.24 Total..................................... 93 Other skilled occupations, female: Michigan....................... _........ Wisconsin.................... .......... 3 1 0) 0) Total..................................... 4 8 Other employees, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................ New Jersey.............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 8 9 33 6 13 12 6 6 205 549 8,131 473 829 1,676 829 127 Total..................................... 93 12,819 5.5 48.8 49.8 102 .702 34.26 34.97 Other employees, female: Illinois..................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey .............................. New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ 2 4 16 2 3 2 1 1 9 37 287 9 10 25 5.2 4.7 5.2 4.8 4.8 5.5 64.0 50.1 48.8 50.0 48.5 48.4 46.9 39.6 43.6 44.0 39.6 45.8 87 79 89 88 82 95 .563 .484 .511 .469 .445 .452 30.40 24.25 24.94 23.45 21.58 21.88 26.41 19.09 22.20 20.61 17.62 20.69 of b) Total..................................... f) 0) 5.4 0) b) b) 30 391 5.1 49.2 42.9 87 8 9 33 6 13 12 6 7 3,361 10,258 92,784 5,629 10,142 14,624 8,127 4,903 5.4 5.3 6.3 5.2 6.3 5.1 5.6 5.0 49.2 60.9 48.8 45.3 50.9 49.6 52.8 53.3 48.0 47.3 47.0 44.6 47.6 44.9 53.9 43.6 98 93 96 98 94 91 102 82 94 149,828 6.3 49.4 47.0 95 91 b) 91 b) .606 24.90 21.71 .704 34.64 .652 ! 33.19 .790 138.55 .725 32.84 .734 37.36 .734 36.41 .644 34.00 .717 38.22 33.81 30.82 37.12 32.32 34.95 32.95 34.71 31.22 37.35 35.66 b) 1 Data included in total. All occupations, male: Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan................................. New Jersey....... ...................... New York................................ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................ Total.................................... i Data included in total. .756 GENERAL TABLES 41 A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T able Occupation, sex, and State Num Num ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments Aver age number of days on which em ployees worked in 1 week Aver Aver Aver Aver age Aver age Per age age age full full hours cent time actual time actually of full earn earn ings earn hours worked time ings per per in worked hour ings in 1 per week 1 week week week All occupations, female: Illinois____________________ Indiana____________________ Michigan..________________ New Jersey._______________ New York_________________ Ohio______________________ Pennsylvania______________ Wisconsin_________________ 3 6 25 3 8 10 4 5 60 342 2,840 51 226 412 95 108 5.5 4.9 4.9 4.0 5.3 4.9 5.1 4.4 54.4 50.4 50.5 50.0 49.8 48.4 51.8 49.2 48.8 41.2 41.2 35.4 43.0 40.4 42.3 34.5 90 $0,441 $23.99 82 .457 23.03 82 .487 24.59 71 .505 25.25 86 .507 25.25 83 .516 24.97 82 .460 23.83 70 .511 25.14 Total____________________ 64 4,134 4.9 50.3 41.1 82 .487 24.50 20.04 All occupations, male and female: Illinois____________________ Indiana____________________ Michigan__________________ New Jersey________________ New York_________________ Ohio......................................... Pennsylvania______________ Wisconsin_________________ 8 9 33 6 13 12 6 7 3,421 10,600 95,624 5,680 10,368 15,036 8,222 5,011 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.6 5.0 49.3 50.9 48.9 45.3 50.9 49.6 52.8 53.2 48.1 47.1 46.8 44.5 47.5 44.8 53.7 43.3 98 93 96 98 93 90 102 81 .699 .647 .782 ♦723 .729 .728 .643 .714 34.46 32.93 38.24 32.75 37.11 36.11 33.95 37.98 33.59 30.43 36.62 32.19 34.67 32.62 34.54 30.93 94 153,962 5.3 49.4 46.9 95 .750 37.05 35.14 Total____________________ $21.55 18.82 20.06 17.86 21.81 20.81 19.48 17.61 T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State Sii'-Si;, iii -*-■■■ .—........... .................... Occupation, sex, and State __ _ _ _ New York_____________________ Pennsylvania Wisconsin Total................................................ Total ..................... Assemblers, body-frame, male: _______ . . . . . . . Illinois __ Indiana Michigan New Jersey . .... . New York Ohio . Pennsylvania Wisconsin Total............................................... Assemblers, body-frame, female: Indiana Michigan New York Total 2 6 17 1 8 8 3 3 10 $0. 600 .652 138 .768 1,883 0 0 .728 279 .745 Ohio 290 .746 48 .753 50 48 2,703 .755 1 2 0) 9 0 .526 3 13 .451 4 5 16 2 8 7 1 4 124 572 1,428 64 279 422 0 356 .835 .682 .857 .734 .757 0) .795 47 3,256 .799 2 2 2 1 6 2 .321 .564 0 1 0 .419 1 5 12 15 7 4 31 58 2 7 11 1 3 41 32 6 3 44 172 1 _ 1 _ 1 0 0 3 44 21 14 7 3 641 817 709 259 54 48 76 284 2 36 37 0 75 . 91 14 17 223 8 8 2 10 2 2 99 17 1 2 20 8 131 281 15 35 75 0 49 28 67 190 19 72 78 0) 109 13 83 341 21 55 166 598 567 754 1 2 3 18 144 210 2 2 2 0 1 2 221 1 2 1 15 505 0 37 105 29 15 1 1 .824 1 35 578 0 84 88 6 24 1 7 82 34 5 25 43 0 13 2 5 40 466 0 79 37 6 7 2 2 6 3 1 576 29 1 3 4 45 1 16 1 1 5 5 1 1 3 6 13 297 66 12 6 4 1 INDUSTRY Assemblers, axle, female Indiana _ ____________ Michigan «... . . . . . . . . . . Number of wage earners whose average earnings per hour were— Num Aver age ber of earn 60 80 90 25 30 40 50 20 70 $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.75 $2 wage ings Un and and and and and and j and and cents and and and and and and and and der under under earn under under under under and under under under under per under under under under 20 ers 80 90 under $1.10 $1.20 under 40 50 60 70 30 hour cents 25 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.75 $2 over cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 MOTOR-VEHICLE Assemblers, axle, male: Illinois___ __ Indiana ____ _ Num ber of estab lish ments Assemblers, chassis, male: Illinois____ ______ ____ Indiana.......... ...... ......... Michigan_____________ New Jersey___________ New York____________ O hio............... .............. Pennsylvania_________ Wisconsin...................... Total........................... 251 214 2,534 403 249 578 163 201 .834 .612 .782 .740 .773 .738 .673 .671 4,593 .758 Assemblers, chassis, female: Indiana_______________ Michigan__________ _ 0) 108 0) .529 Total......... ................. 109 53 Assemblers, frame, male: Illinois............................ Indiana........ .................. Michigan........................ New Jersey___________ New York...................... Ohio................................ Pennsylvania................. Wisconsin............ ......... Total......... ............ . Assemblers, motor, male: Illinois............................ Indiana........ - ........... . Michigan........................ New Jersey.................... New York...................... Ohio................................ Pennsylvania_________ Wisconsin____ ________ 35 117 154 77 45 .770 275 283 1,050 84 201 661 169 136 .652 .792 .782 .732 .714 .754 .740 *Data included in total. 8 81 135 447 37 0) 64 37 65 21 18 77 .... 4 14 .762 Assemblers, motor, female: Illinois_____ __________ Indiana........................... Michigan....................... Total........................... 16 .597 .733 .784 .751 .760 .822 .738 .730 1,125 Total........................... 23 23 .460 15 78 186 17 13 84 22 32 0) 0) 10 11 31 575 97 24 72 34 75 21 772 195 77 161 54 68 28 33 386 70 106 214 23 18 4 576 20 11 21 1,423 878 726 1 39 118 10 7 54 50 7 25 34 5 23 12 19 1 24 273 13 30 43 10 10 "T 62 11 10 31 21 17 3 12 3 1 "T 32 25 147 126 405 243 103 23 57 83 139 20 10 84 4 10 78 54 235 16 57 62 35 14 41 37 61 966 1,378 17 96 234 166 59 16 7 297 5 2 34 2 4 2 2 15 20 11 32 15 2 4 42 25 113 407 551 1,546 1,781 367 44 33 28 33 28 16 19 T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupationsy 1928, by sex and State— Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Occupation, sex, and State 29 $0,695 .676 195 .850 1,088 .945 24 .744 295 152 .811 .735 36 23 .756 Total............................................... 54 1,842 .806 Drill-press operators, male: Illinois................................................ Indiana ___ ... ... ..... .... _ . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . M ich ig a n __ New Jersey . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . ____ Ohio __ . . . . . . . . . . ... Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wisconsin. . . . _________________ 6 9 28 3 10 10 6 6 274 564 5,698 111 390 699 486 266 .645 .593 .771 .677 .686 .700 .661 .688 ... ... . . 78 8,488 .734 Drill-press operators, female: Illinois . . Indiana - ... . Michigan . . . . . . __ New Jersey . . . . __ . . New York . _____ . . . . . . . Pennsylvania _____ . . . . __ 2 2 5 2 2 2 32 20 68 4 36 4 .464 .359 .486 .612 .478 .418 15 164 .466 6 139 316 .690 .638 New Jersey __ New York __ Ohio _ Pennsylvania Wisconsin __ Total Total . _ _ ____________ Grinding-machine operators, male: Illinois . ............. Indiana.................... ..............—___ - 6 10 47 76 1 48 21 9 1 4 59 214 4 137 26 11 5 2 24 410 5 68 47 3 7 4 6 224 3 8 26 4 1 106 4 3 10 2 3 20 4 3 5 57 20 1 28 18 7 3 15 139 213 460 566 276 129 51 235 304 28 66 135 100 47 52 16 117 29 130 56 881 1,726 2,132 17 34 25 52 111 109 134 158 186 62 143 106 68 47 56 3 6 463 1 19 38 12 19 1 3 87 1 2 6 966 1,630 2,328 2,489 561 102 9 .5 i 3 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 32 99 87 4 24 39 61 24 1 1 22 370 6 7 7 19 5 48 2 2 13 9 1 12 3 6 24 i 1 2 5 1 1 7 3 3 1 3 11 4 4 3 87 28 14 5 9 15 22 83 46 142 31 52 1 6 2 2 27 7 8 2 13 i 3 1 13 4 1 3 2 1 22 16 7 INDUSTRY . __ _______ __ __ __ __ ____ _ ... . . . . ___ _ ........................... 4 4 21 2 8 8 4 3 ■ Michigan $1.50 $1.75 $2 and and and under under over $1.75 $2 MOTOR-VEHICLE Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine, male: Tllinnis ... ^ Number of wage earners whose average earnings per hour were— Num Aver age ber of earn 80 90 70 60 40 50 25 30 20 Un and $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 $1.40 wage and and and and and and and cents and and and and and der under under earn ings under under and under under under under per under under under under 20 ers 80 70 90 under under 60 30 40 50 25 hour cents $1.20 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.10 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 ■08— ol U U Michigan.................................... New Jersey__________________ New York........................ ........... Ohio_________________________ Pennsylvania___- ....................... Wisconsin_____ ______________ Total......................................... 70 Grinding-machine operators, female: Indiana........................................ Michigan..................................... Pennsylvania_______ _________ 3,657 109 466 448 166 118 .828 .791 .716 .794 .679 .762 13 5,419 .792 82 0) 0) .440 0 3 0 Total......................................... 281 9 10 791 1,586 919 336 47 4 1 4 .658 .600 .755 .737 .672 .711 .643 .623 20 42 106 6 12 9 20 14 28 26 181 127 50 305 1,426 1,331 15 54 37 107 175 129 42 354 203 135 169 73 50 45 27 8 21 760 36 53 137 27 14 15 10 637 18 13 21 2 1 11 6 259 2 7 5 34 7,579 .723 229 873 2,359 1,895 1,056 717 294 35 0) 23 419 0 0 0 27 0 0 .333 .396 0 0 0 .388 0 0 13 244 44 50 26 83 931 1,025 102 366 104 34 122 67 2 11 40 13 122 2 584 50 9 11 1 2 17 1 79 1 2 9 362 3,856 4,990 2,376 1,707 1,313 781 503 .390 295 .661 .501 .605 .661 .564 .546 .486 .548 1 175 85 1 24 61 3 12 T ota l..____ ______________. . . 92 15,535 13 i TABLES 0 0 17 0 1 L. GENERAL 90 148 438 4,966 169 498 772 431 157 435 1,056 9,489 1,131 1,021 1,488 571 344 739 13 51 79 2 21 0 Total................... ..................... Laborers, male: Illinois.......................................... Indiana......................................... Michigan...................................... New Jersey................. ................ New York................... ............ . O hio............................................ Pennsylvania....... ........ ........... Wisconsin............................... ..... »Data included in total. 874 1,221 30 27 116 125 114 111 35 41 20 20 .457 Inspectors, male: Illinois.................... ........ ............. Indiana........................................ Michigan......... ................. ......... New Jersey........................ ......... New York.............. ................. Ohio........................... ................. Pennsylvania- ............................. Wisconsin.................................... Total.......................................... Inspectors, female: Illinois.......................................... Indiana........................................ M ichigan............ ....................... New Jersey___ _____ __________ New York............ .................. . Ohio.............................................. Pennsylvania............................ Wisconsin. .................................. 344 378 14 97 57 38 19 159 0 0 0 8 10 2 12 24 T able B . — Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Occupation, sex, and State Total____ __ __ ........ ......... __ 0) 0) 97 $0.466 C1) 0) 4 .395 13 .509 C1) 0) 2 .350 21 119 1 1 0) .465 ! __ ! . . . . 227 311 3,495 219 303 531 282 185 .689 .629 .832 .755 .728 .780 .708 .706 69 5, 553 .789 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: Illinois _____ __________________ Indiana _____ ____ ___ ____ ____ M ichigan____ ________________ _ New Jersey____ ________ ___ ___ New York _ _______ _ Ohio ............................. Pennsvlvania Wisconsin _ _____________________ 2 6 23 4 8 10 1 5 8 72 369 22 50 82 C1) 35 1.247 !......... .968 !......... .933 I ....... 1 ftfiR ____ (») .928 Total__ _________ - _____________ 59 650 1.115 1 I------- 1 C1) 42 (») 3 9 3 38 ! i 1 1 3 2 17 56 39 6 3 1 1 2 9 24 8 4 10 6 11 13 36 99 54 22 33 37 31 23 71 122 272 60 71 82 97 42 7 85 335 1 6 2 1 17 2 2 3 1 ! I :::::::::::: ! i ! 6 8 24 3 9 10 5 4 Total........................................... 13 .871 1 1 1 1 1 9 26 64 37 46 13 825 1,396 57 40 112 57 156 160 78 56 58 32 817 |1,396 1,791 1 7 1 1 0) 15 1 10 30 5 11 8 0) 7 1 14 32 5 10 9 0) 8 75 81 5 2 4 2 660 181 27 8 17 3 75 | 13 7 9 5 804 63 21 4 21 jf 4 1 1 1 1 214 | 77 4 1 1 12 3 59 ! 34 2 3 4 10 16 9 0) 7 , io 113 1 72 1 1 50 1 3 6 61 INDUSTRY Lathe operators, male: Illinois ___ _ __ ___ _ Indiana_________________ ___ _ _ Michigan_____ ___________________ New Jersey____ ___ New Y o r k ______________________ Ohio Pennsylvania ____ Wisconsin. ___ ______ 1 11 1 2 3 1 2 $1.50 $1.75 $2 and and and under under over $1.75 $2 MOTOR-VEHICLE Laborers, female: Illinois Michigan _ «, New Jersey . .... .. New York _____ Ohio..... ................... . Pennsylvania Wisconsin . _ . Number of wage earners whose average earnings per hour were— Num Aver age 1 ber of earn 70 80 90 60 40 50 30 20 25 wage ings Un and and and and and and and and cents $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 1$1.40 and and j and and and der earn per under under under under under under under and under under 1under under 20 under ers 70 80 60 90 under $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 under hour cents 25 40 50 30 $1.40 $1.50 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 i ! 1 1 1 28 1 6 21 6 25 5 16 1 2 4 1 6 1 1 58 38 6 23 24 2 55 26 55 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, female: Indiana........................... ................... Michigan............................................ New York......... . ....................... ........ Ohio.................................................... (9 14 (9 (9 Total. Machinists, male: Illinois-............ Indiana.......... Michigan......... New Jersey___ New York....... O h io............... Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin........ (9 (9 (9 5 4 226 63 81 3,4 6 5 .84 4 25 3 9 9 4 82 146 2,136 70 194 296 213 94 .6 5 6 .621 .79 8 .71 6 .71 6 .73 5 .7 0 0 .71 8 Total...................................... 70 3,231 8ewing-machine operators, male: ~ Illinois...................................... Indiana.................................... Michigan......................... ........ New Jersey............... . ......... New York....... ...................... . Wisconsin___ _______________ 7 8132 .8 3 9 Milling-machine operators, male: Illinois..................................... Indiana________ ____ _______ Michigan................................. New Jersey________ ______ New York_________________ Ohio_______ __________ _____ Pennsylvania.................... ...... Wisconsin___________ ______ Total.. 1Data included in total. <9 (9 (9 .5 8 8 .7 2 5 .6 9 9 .893 .811 .75 8 .801 . 729 .6 0 2 Total....... ........................... . (9 .5 6 0 7 7 31 5 12 10 6 1 1 80 148 2,380 116 250 202 15 27 60 104 21 9 1 15 17 19 23 99 6 24 31 25 37 87 1 11 54 24 87 12 33 16 26 37 256 18 42 65 73 13 .7 6 4 268 530 8 (9 (9 (9 1 2 1 (9 22 (9 .83 3 13 228 .8 3 3 14 10 4 6 19 53 428 42 109 69 64 2 2 201 ..... 10 4 6 2 66 12 38 3 11 1 796 784 G12 468 6 11 4 4 235 4 9 86 1 14 30 588 22 66 101 64 32 783 13 36 57 34 20 21 5 4 960 (9 (9 24 (9 (9 (9 34 (9 74 ..... 95 (9 (9 (9 13 439 7 4 533 17 13 25 5 (9 19 7 568 26 57 74 (9 20 .. .. T able B. — Average and classified earnings per hour in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Number of wage earners whose average earnings per hour were— Occupation, sex, and State XT£kTXT 1AfCATT XToir V nr1/ P atinQT7lunnio Wisconsin.............. ...... ..................... Total T o t a l......__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . top builders, male: Illinois TnrimnA MiphiVan Maot lAr^AV New York Ohio P Annqvl TTdTiift Wisconsin________________________ Total---------------------------------------- 2 6 9 1 3 43 <*) * (1> 133 $0,493 568 .508 22 .513 43 .561 .570 57 0) 0) 28 .483 861 .513 1 10 5 3 (i) 16 96 i 3 3 0) 8 12 2 16 (i) 5 u 130 235 310 144 2 1 1 11 $1.30 and under $1.40 $1.40 $1.50 $1.75 $2 and and and and under under under over $1.50 $1.75 $2 (i) 11 183 2 2 11 13 66 188 16 18 20 21 4 91 6 6 2 2 1 2 1 14 3 1 1 1 I 5 5 40 274 2,391 77 208 336 126 71 .750 .795 .973 .853 .827 .855 .728 .730 77 3,523 .919 68 4 291 2,204 500 293 354 15 365 .858 .750 .867 .740 .900 .875 .877 .788 56 4,090 .840 6 8 29 4 10 10 3 6 20 4 7 10 2 1 3 3 1 6 9 1 5 28 37 5 12 3 14 47 2 21 2 ZZZZ — 7 .. — — ..... l 12 9 l 21 12 67 84 52 34 5 70 495 35 79 130 20 13 567 847 24 169 . — -------- _ _ _ _ - 1 1 23 33 38 125 5 8 6 22 17 42 304 248 31 10 16 19 48 83 65 424 81 72 89 7 126 78 198 597 798 874 2 5 5 25 118 175 317 152 22 30 68 2 32 658 18 41 74 4 1 1 10 4 240 152 8 1 1 1 2 515 5 29 2 57 23 10 4 13 1 830 25 84 453 16 99 87 247 567 "__ - - - 156 57 ----- 1— 25 13 10 ■..—— ...... — 1 5 4 447 1 1 68 18 4 49 24 7 1 1 1 42 26 6 3 1 2 68 5 834 535 4 ■■'■> 1 1 1 118 1 ------ _ INDtJSTRT tool and die makers male: Illinois Indiana Michigan . . . . . . . ......• • Wow TorQOxr ^Jaxxr Vnrlr Ohio < pAntiOTrlTTQuio Wisconsin.............. ........................ . 1 5 16 Num age ber of earn 90 70 80 50 60 40 30 25 20 $1.10 $1.20 $1 Un and wage and and and and and and and cents and and and der under under earn ings under under under under under under and under under under per 20 ers 90 under $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 80 50 60 70 40 30 hour cents 25 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 MOTOR-VEHICLE awing-machme operators, female: Num ber of estab lish ments Top builders, female: Indiana........ ............................... ...... _____ ___ Michigan____________ New York.......................................... Ohio-........ ................................... ...... Pennsylvania.................... . . ............. Wisconsin_______. ________ _______ 2 3 1 2 1 2 15 149 (*) 78 0) 23 .567 .536 0) .515 0) .576 Total.............................. ................ 11 287 .536 Trim-bench hands, male: Illinois................................................ Indiana__________________________ Michigan............................................ New Jersey....................................... New York_______________________ Ohio.................................................... Wisconsin........................................... 1 5 10 1 2 5 1 1Data included in total. 18 1 16 102 108 42 9 1 25 ! 385 ]i 4 50 12 501 1 0) 3 23 6 55 3 36 .770 .........j......... 29 .483 669 -------- 5 1 1 3 3 1 8 7 2! 24 4 29 <9 4 0) 57 0) 1 4 («) 11 0) 10 20 34 5 151 4 152 1 1 1 10 1 15 8 168 6 9 7 178 198 1 1 0) 1 13 6 30 0) 1 4 18 121 (*) 10 21 25 13 3 11 35 1 1 62 5 17 1 11 2 85 70 58 65 11 59 8 0) 5 12 1 2 89 10 2 2 1 39 — -------- -— — - - ■ " ■- 2 1 2 1 ==3 1 40 TABLES Total.............. ....................... . . . . . . -------- 1 0) .595 .825 0) .752 .725 (*) .445 .477 0) .518 .536 .506 10 24 0) 46 GENERAL Total................................................ Trim-bench hands, female: Indiana............................................... Michigan........................................... New Jersey______________________ New York.......................................... Ohio____________ ________________ Wisconsin___ _______________. . . __ 0) 37 258 0) 9 49 0) 10 1 75 0) 18 0) 3 6 0) T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State Ol o Number of wage earners whose fnll-time hours per week were— Occupation, sex, and State Number Number Average of estab of wage full-time lish hours earners per week ments 40 44H 45 47 Over 48 48 and u nder 49^ 50 49H 2 6 17 1 8 8 3 3 10 138 1,883 « 279 290 48 50 49.9 50.8 50.3 0) 49.7 49.7 49.9 52.4 48 2,703 50.2 1 2 <*) Michigan 0 0) 50.4 Total................................................. 3 13 50.3 Assemblers, body-frame, male: Illinois__ _____________________ ___ Indiana . . . . _. . . _____ . . . . . . . _ Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ ____ _ New Jersey __________________ ___ New York ... ................ Ohio. _ ____________ . . . . . ________ Pennsylvania . . . - - - - - __ _______ Wisconsin _ _________ __ . . . . . . . . 4 5 16 2 8 7 1 4 124 572 1,428 64 279 422 0) 356 42.3 50.4 50.7 50.0 50.3 50.0 Total................................................. 47 3,256 50.4 Assemblers, body-frame, female: _ _ . ... .. . ........... 2 2 1 Total......... ........... . . . ______ ______ 5 In d ia n a . Michigan New York ..... . 6 2 (») 35 229 35 2 2 2 2 51 97 206 30 94 63 27 12 23 194 17 157 550 49.8 17 - 1 331 30 121 | 18 83 8 1 1 72 1,551 339 331 !........... 2 42 11 1. 16 10 42 485 2 1 1 25 82 6 1 SO i 42 433 5 Over 60 60 j 6 0) 1 Over 57H and under 60 57H 10 12 1 55H 18 35 1......... 252 17 16 21 56 70 3 518 576 64 180 105 (») 94 333 52.2 50.0 49.0 67 1,548 0) 0) 12 SO 3 7 2 115 52 1, 080 ;! C1) 7 173 3 113 46 9 55 41 INDUSTRY Total................................................. Assemblers, axle, female: Indiana___________________________ ________ ________________ 58 229 54 MOTOR-VEHICLE Assemblers, axle, male: Illinois____ _______ _______________ Indiana____________________ ______ Michigan_______. . . _______________ New Jersey_______________________ New York_________ ______________ Ohio_____________________________ Pennsylvania_____________________ Wisconsin_____________________ ___ Over 50 and under 54 Assemblers, chassis, male: Illinois............................................. ..... Indiana____________ _____ _________ Michigan....... ..................... ........ ........ New Jersey......... ................................. New York___________ ____ . . . _____ Ohio...... ........ ...................................... Pennsylvania....... ........ ....................... Wisconsin_________________________ 4 5 17 4 6 10 3 4 251 214 2,534 403 249 578 163 201 41.0 51.9 50.0 42.3 50.5 49.4 49.8 52.0 4,593 49.0 Total.................................................. 53 Assemblers, chassis, female: Indiana........................................... . Michigan__________ _____ _____ ___ 1 6 Total.................................................. 38 311 208 39 575 39 1 1 13 13 8 1 249 16 i 463 | 16 19 6 122 10 234 1,762 92 50 127 198 50 150 96 363 2,553 82 123 171 5 48 36 46 222 59 48 108 0) 49.8 4 34 17 0) 35 18 7 109 49.8 4 34 !........... 17 36 18 Assemblers, frame, male: Illinois............................... . ................ Indiana............... ........................... . Michigan............ ........................... . New Jersey......................................... . New York_________ ____ __________ Ohio...... .................... ..................... . Pennsylvania______________ ______ _ Wisconsin......... ........ ........... .............. 3 5 13 2 7 8 4 3 35 117 599 28 86 154 77 29 49.9 50.8 48.8 46.8 50.2 49.2 52.1 53.4 1 ___ I .......... .........1 70 ! 10 2 12 25 96 324 19 44 44 43 1 20 Total.................................................. 45 1,125 49.5 596 34 Assemblers, motor, male: Illinois................................................ Indiana........................................ ........ Michigan................... .......................... New Jersey.......................................... New York________________________ O h io ................................................... Pennsylvania....................................... Wisconsin_________________________ 7 6 19 2 6 11 3 5 275 283 3,050 84 201 661 169 136 53.2 50.7 49. 4 50.0 50.5 50.1 54.7 52.4 Total.................................................. 59 4,859 50.1 Assemblers, motor, female: Illinois.................................................. Indiana........................................ ........ Michigan....... ............................... 1 1 7 Total____ ________ ________ ______ 9 38 107 4 38 4 3 50 123 12 12 2 233 168 103 235 103 4 4 j 1 12 223 1 1 | 403 74 74 14 1 39 28 27 1 249 166 2,181 84 21 25 172 25 23 41 36 1 10 4 24 13 37 151 399 63 0) 0) 50.4 2 0) 45 16 81 50.4 2 62 16 113 21 i 65 27 110 1 1 1 2 i 38 69 1 6 8 69 57 244 2, 799 17 4 26 7 182 9 i'9 61 240 145 145 j 8 73 49 73 56 3 0) 1 -------- !-------- --------- -------- TABLES 0) 0) 98 9 ! 264 GENERAL *Dataincluded intotal. 0) 226 Cn T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued to Number of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— Occupation, sex, and State Number Number Average of estab of wage full-time hours lish earners per week ments 40 29 195 1,088 24 295 152 36 23 55.0 50.3 48.1 50.0 50.6 48.1 51.8 55.4 Total____ ______ ______ ________ _ 54 1,842 49.0 Drill-press operators, male: Illinois................................. ................ Indiana............. ................................... Michigan_________________________ New Jersey_______________________ New York.................... ....................... Ohio.____ __________ _____________ Pennsylvania.._______ ____________ Wisconsin________________________ 6 9 28 3 10 10 6 6 274 564 5,698 111 390 699 486 266 54.1 50.7 48. 6 1,151 50.3 50.4 49.7 53.1 55.1 49.6 1,151 Total....... ........... ..................... ........ 78 8,488 Drill-press operators, female: Illinois___________________________ Indiana___________________________ Michigan_________________________ New Jersey_______________________ New York__________ ______________ Pennsylvania_____________________ 2 2 5 2 2 2 32 20 68 4 36 4 54.8 50.0 49.8 50.0 48.2 50.3 Total___________________________ 15 164 50.5 Grinding-machine operators, male: Illinois___________________________ Indiana___ - __ . . . __ ________ _____ Michigan____________________ ____ 6 6 27 139 316 3.657 47 48 Over 48 and 49H under 49H 2 308 48 50 308 53.1 50.7 47.9 1.036 50 11 11 54 42 37 1 144 37 356 200 200 9 1 12 7 6 19 6 98 210 664 35 35 11 62 168 2 2 190 558 24 160 26 26 984 22 35 2 506 78 3,198 108 175 36 86 205 138 4,313 30 32 50 4 4 20 26 4 Over 50 and under 54 54 55 10 13 16 70 55H 57^ 3 5 38 17 90 10 121 34 358 75 284 3 48 142 552 4 7 56 66 4 60 86 17 12 Over 57H and under 60 7 7 86 10 119 659 119 1 2 2 4 4 220 49 87 27 10 Over 60 "74" 220 74 45 5 22 16 3 16 78 41 9 16 27 11 37 181 91 7 27 18 28 12 2 50 6 15 29 280 21 1, 873 154 50 12 28 41 29 245 117 4 INDtTSTRY 4 4 21 2 8 8 4 3 45 MOTOR-VEHICLE Automatic operators, lathe and screwmachine, male: Illinois................................................. Indiana................................................. Michigan_________________________ New Jersey.......................................... New York________________________ Ohio..................................................... Pennsylvania...................... ................ Wisconsin________________________ 44^ New Jersey___ New York....... Ohio................ Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin....... 109 466 448 166 118 Total.. 70 5,419 Grinding-machine operators, female: Indiana.._____________________ Michigan...................................... Pennsylvania............ ................... 0 Total.. 48.8 1,036 134 163 101 29 107 202 37 18 2 15 57 17 429 101 291 54 362 117 72 40 427 124 18 0 50.3 Total. 90 7,579 8 0 23 419 27 0 Total.. 603 29 Laborers, male: Illinois-........... Indiana........... Michigan........ New Jersey___ New York....... Ohio................. Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin....... Total___________________ ____ 92 49.4 1,036 15,535 49.4 2,601 70 731 70 201 3,781 523 23 257 0 38 32 28 '216 50 -22 156 101 626 146 50 165 126 0 0 50.7 46.6 233 50.8 49.4 1,673 43.9 51.1 49.8 53.0 53.3 * Full time is 49% hours. 118 0 50.0 50.6 0 0 0 52.5 0 435 1,056 9,489 1,131 1,021 1,488 571 344 80 344 12 8 392 130 2,726 141 202 153 126 29 307 TABLES 0 52.1 50.6 48.7 48.3 50.5 49.5 53.0 53.0 GENERAL 148 438 1,966 169 498 772 431 157 Inspectors, female: Illinois-........... Indiana............ Michigan......... New Jersey___ New York....... Ohio................. Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin....... 134 0 51.3 0 0 Inspectors, male: Illinois........... Indiana______ Michigan......... New Jersey___ New Y ork___ Ohio.... ........... Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin....... 1 Bata included in total. 50.2 49.9 48.9 53.7 54.8 48 803 131 2 131 3 Full time is 56 hours. 595 7 1,467 71 >1 17 19 241 95 138 510 6,897 29 "422 68 258 240 1,017 « Includes 1 whose full-time hours are 49%. 20 122 170 44 1,383 ’ l77 10 *1 115 108 90 221 1,863 «91 115 36 4 121 64 I 37 355 « Includes 1 whose full-time hours are 56. 152 Cm CO Oi T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State—Continued Number of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— Occupation, sex, and State Number Number Average of estab of wage full-time lish hours earners per week ments Total___________________________ 21 119 49.5 Lathe operators, male: Illinois.................................................. Indiana___________________________ Michigan_________________________ New Jersey_______________________ New York________________________ Ohio..................................................... Pennsylvania_____________________ Wisconsin__________ ____ ____ ____ 6 8 24 3 9 10 5 4 227 311 3,495 219 303 531 282 185 52.9 50.8 47.9 50.1 50.7 48.1 52.4 55.0 Total___________________________ 69 5,553 49.0 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: Illinois___________________________ Indiana___________________________ ___________ . ______ _ New Jersey _ ______________ __ New York__________ ____ _________ Ohio...................................................... Pennsylvania . ___ __ _. . . _ Wisconsin. ______ _______ 2 6 23 4 8 10 1 5 8 72 369 22 50 82 Total_____________ _________ ____ 59 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, female: Indiana................................................. 1 (‘) 97 ® « 13 0) 35 650 0) (0 50.1 (0 A 49.9 44.5 (*) 47.5 (*) 48 Over 48 and 49^ under 49H 8 ®8 4 «8 1 12 50 1 82 C) 3 1 1 88 0) 1 973 195 231 23 7 231 30 20 3 63 113 76 371 76 94 32 261 19 1,777 216 61 33 61 164 115 2,572 4 1 28 67 9 18 Over 50 and under 54 Over 54 55 55H 57H 57H and under 60 00 Over 60 5 1 1 63 973 44.8 4 50.9 50.0 Michigan 6 45.5 10 50.6 49.9 3 0) 52.4 50.0 47 45 8 8 5 17 55 5 292 58 224 12 12 33 0) 7 24 358 37 <*> 55 50 308 62 117 3 20 90 3 85 85 7 2 72 59 494 59 13 37 6 79 25 79 25 2 13 10 3 11 40 24 17 90 1 16 4 7 4 16 54 1 4 2 6 23 61 INDUSTRY 1 11 1 2 3 1 2 44H MOTOR-VEHICLE Laborers, female: Illinois___________________________ Michigan............................................. New Jersey_______________________ New York________________________ Ohio..................................................... Pennsylvania_____________________ Wisconsin___________________ . ____ 40 Michigan................................... New York__________________ Ohio........................................... 50.0 0) _C)___ Total....................................... 49.8 Machinists, male: Illinois....................................... Indiana...................................... Michigan................................... New Jersey................................ New York__________________ Ohio........ .................................. Pennsylvania............................ Wisconsin..................... ............ Total....................................... 81 70 48 3,465 47.1 82 146 2,136 70 194 296 213 94 52.9 50.8 48.5 50.0 51.3 49.2 52.9 55.3 3,231 49.5 458 0) (0 41.4 0) 49.0 0) 0) 8 132 0) 0) ' Total....................................... 156 48 105 11 38 1,459 197 21 123 1,203 70 51 35 16 104 20 85 11 22 92 17 247 12 22 35 14 1 1 29 25 211 35 73 14 1 20 36 22 5 8 13 23 23 28 23 163 71 60 6 39 44 82 259 44 81 16 126 60 13 48 19 0) 16 133 568 22 43 57 (9I 28 0) 50.6 51.5 50.0 51.1 49.3 0) 46.8 20 Total....................................... 861 51.0 20 1 Data included in total. 19 122 1,607 22 42.4 (0 23 0) 116 0) Sewing-machine operators, female: Illinois______________________ Indiana___ _________________ Michigan................................... New Jersey................................ New York__________________ Ohio............................................ Pennsylvania..... ....................... Wisconsin.................................. 13 126 23 1,019 110 90 85 L 22 49 30 TABLES Total....................................... 929 5 GENERAL Milling-machine operators, male: Illinois....................................... Indiana...................................... Michigan................................... New Jersey_________________ New York__________________ O hio.......................................... Pennsylvania..... ....................... Wisconsin__________________ Sewing-machine operators, male: Illinois........................................ Indiana_____________________ Michigan................................... New Jersey................................ New York.................................. Wisconsin—.............. ................ 52.1 50.8 46.6 49.7 49.6 49.2 53.2 52.2 80 148 2,380 116 250 202 0) (l) 0) 2 15 84 31 115 278 22 15 21 0) 463 10 16 18 « Full time is 42 hours. 97 144 Or Ol Oi T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued C* Number of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— Occupation, sex, and State Tool and die makers, male: Total................................................. Total................................................. Top builders, female: Indiana Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania Tjyisconsin Total____ ____ ______ ______ _____ 40 274 2,391 77 208 336 126 71 50.7 51.1 47.5 50.0 51.0 51.3 53.6 53.8 77 3, 523 48.8 3 6 20 4 7 10 2 4 68 291 2,204 500 293 354 15 365 43.6 50.8 50.8 41.9 50.5 49.5 50.0 53.0 56 4,090 49.6 2 3 1 2 1 2 15 149 50.0 50.0 0) 48.0 0) 50.2 11 0) 0) 78 23 287 44H 47 45 Over 48 and 49H under 49J4 49 ! 96 1,522 ! 304 l 26 7 237 30 1,112 96 72 13 100 37 15 24 328 113 1,656 384 19 4 49 42 46 161 539 49.5 |......... 5 511 1 I .1 j I i ' 69 69 1 77 (1) 77 1 1 1......... 54 159 4 42 168 35 33 1 19 49 232 45 55H 25 284 25 93 57H Over 57^ and under 60 10 40 60 10 8 40 15 22 47 645 18 38 55 10 4 305 4 5 Over 50 and under 54 ! ...........iI ! 19 35 162 93 404 50 16 16 222 69 1,062 77 50 48 11 47 108 753 753 48 10 124 2 13 705 15 149 0 1 22 1 208 1 14 6 ------81 1 19 13 93 Over 60 15 15 INDUSTRY Top builders, male: Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin 6 8 29 4 10 10 5 5 40 MOTOR-VEHICLE New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania isconsin Number Number Average of estab of wage full-time hours lish earners per week ments Tiim-bench hands, male: Illinois.................................................. Indiana___________________________ Michigan_________________________ New Jersey........................... .............. New York............................................ Ohio.................... ...... .......................... Wisconsin............................................ 1 5 10 1 2 5 1 W «F 258 (9 9 49 (*) 0) 51.5 50.1 0) 48.2 49.9 0) <*> 34 25 385 49.4 4 12 1 3 6 3 50 501 P) 23 55 36 51.2 50.9 0) 51.9 49.9 50.0 2 Total................................................. 29 669 50.8 2 8 61 8 2 11 17 0) 4 217 21 79 3 8 8 87 11 38 285 (0 12 31 32 402 57 8 8 11 27 2 38 2 12 77 11 2 68 91 TABLES 1 19 24 182 GENERAL Total................................................. Trim-bench hands, female: Indiana................................................. Michigan.............................................. New Jersey.......................................... New York............................................ Ohio...................................................... Wisconsin....... .................................... i Data included in total. 2 41 6 0) T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State Number of wage earners who during one week worked— Aver age Num Num hours ber of of actu 4 and 8 and 12 and 16 and 24 and 32 and 40 and 48 and 56 and 64 and 72 and 80 and 88 and 96 and estab ber wage ally Under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under lish 4 104 96 64 72 80 88 40 48 56 24 32 12 16 8 ments earners worked in 1 hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours horns hours hours week Occupation, sex, and State Assemblers, axle, male: - - T o ta l................................................ Total................ ................................ Assemblers, body-frame, male: Illinois Indiana __ Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio "Pfmncvl vania "Wisconsin ________ Total-................................................ Assemblers, body-frame, female: Indiana Michigan New York Total.................................................. 123 1 254 6 35 794 42.8 47.5 48.2 0) 44.0 43.3 47.6 36.3 48 2,703 46.9 1 2 0) 9 0) 45.2 1 3 13 45.9 1 6 6 4 5 16 2 8 7 1 4 124 572 1,428 64 279 422 0) 356 | 34.0 43.3 ; 42.0 37.2 , 41.4 ; 42.1 ; 0) | 41.0 27 194 345 15 111 129 7 155 431 12 58 95 47 3,256 41.7 954 5 2 1 15 2 7 3 29 2 1 5 1 10 6 19 15 49 33 11 2 12 1 7; 2 5 1 9 4 4 7 2 18 19 3 10 1 3 20 1 1 6 5 11 26 52 32 6 10 46 1 9 32 7 34 102 5 25 35 8 11 74 99 366 25 66 44 0) 143 112 219 818 ! i ' 5 I 34 373 2 40 2 7 75 63 13 4 25 19 2 1 4 3 1 728 990 j 451 49 13 1 0) 0) 4 133 4 1 i 37 44 76 1 6 42 0) 18 804 188 0 ) 8 9 3 13 4 5 I ! 44.1 sn q c) I 42.2 6 9 (■) 12 1 3 1 i 1 1 31 7 1 1 4 3 (*) - 4 3 1 i ! 21 9 1 11 5 .......... 1........... INBTTSTRT Assemblers, axle, female: Indiana Michigan 40 449 0) 86 118 27 7 10 138 1,883 (9 279 290 48 50 ! 1 1 1 1 MOTOR-VEHICLE New York 0 bio PpnnQvlvanin W KPATiQin 2 14 106 (9 31 69 2 26 2 5 58 2 6 17 1 8 8 3 3 ........... Assemblers, chassis, male: Illinois............................... Indiana....... ..................... Michigan.......................... New Jersey....................... New York........................ Ohio......... ........................ Pennsylvania................... Wisconsin......................... T o ta l--.......................... 53 251 214 2,534 403 249 578 163 201 39.6 44.5 45.8 41.3 43.2 42.1 50.7 43.5 4,5 44.5 0) 108 T otal-............................ 109 39.7 Assemblers, frame, male: Illinois............................... Indiana............................. Michigan.......................... New Jersey....................... New York......... ............ Ohio............ ..................... Pennsylvania................... Wisconsin______________ 35 117 599 28 86 154 77 29 49.0 42.5 44.6 44.1 46.3 44.7 49.9 45.1 70 1,125 45.1 275 283 3,050 84 201 661 169 136 55.1 50.9 47.2 47.2 38.6 45.3 47.1 42.1 Total.............................. 4,859 47.1 0) 0) 63 (*) 0) 42.7 81 41.3 210 75 571 127 138 207 34 11 47 1,431 99 42 79 75 53 177 713 •1,458 1,837 32 0) 25 101 9 3 52 22 1 14 2 56 32 3 50 224 15 34 85 7 13 5 | 22 116 110 2 10 17 4 4 12 33 159 (9 15 15 (*) 29 29 264 3 40 41 32 5 431 7 10 1 'l2" 22 3 TABLES Total.............................. Total------------------------- 35 0) Assemblers, motor, male: Illinois............................... Indiana............................. Michigan........................ New Jersey....................... New York......................... Ohio.................................. Pennsylvania................... Wisconsin......................... Assemblers, motor, female: Illinois............................... Indiana............................. Michigan.......................... 37 25 53 207 135 44 195 10 44 GENERAL Assemblers, chassis, female: Indiana............................. Michigan.................. ........ 3 5 122 10 11 16 3 7 55 29 115 917 11 53 342 69 80 46 1,649 52 38 124 37 92 52 181 6 2 50 28 46 38 25 1,605 2,035 420 143 24 5 5 28 C1) 0) 18 26 25 i Data included in total. Ol CO T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Number of wage earners who during one week workedAver age Num Num hours ber of of actu Under 4 and 8 and 12 and 16 and 24 and 32 and 40 and 48 and 56 and 64 and 72 and 80 and 88 and 96 and estab ber wage ally under under under under under under under i under under under under under under under lish 4 worked hours earners 8 40 24 32 16 12 48 56 64 72 80 96 104 ments hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours in 1 week T o ta l--............................................ . 54 Total................................................. 57.5 50.6 47.7 55.5 47.7 41.6 54.5 52.8 1,842 47.9 274 564 486 266 54.2 50.5 47.4 52.2 44.4 44.3 52.7 49.2 8,488 47.8 111 390 78 Drill-press operators, female: Illinois....................................... .......... Indiana................................................. Michigan.................................. .......... New Jersey................................ ......... New York................... ...................... . Pennsylvania...................................... 17 62 391 8 123 20 21 7 167 9 47 14 3 5 29 13 148 542 649 292 77 17 110 14 57 45 166 7 27 167 2 18 21 10 17 8 32 352 7 86 83 23 28 22 95 1,645 7 115 323 53 37 119 177 2,375 57 116 150 233 114 81 117 823 27 31 77 107 27 30 52 139 10 5 8 35 20 619 2,297 3,341 1,290 299 13 49 87 12 59 1,271 72 131 1,216 39 55 523 5 25 150 49.9 41.9 46.7 34.3 42.3 54.8 Total.................................................. 15 164 45.6 Grinding-machine operators, male: Illinois................................................. . Indiana_______________ ___________ Michigan_____ _______ _______ ____ _ 27 139 316 3,657 53.1 50.7 47.5 35 352 1 62 84 4 4 12 15 75 INDtJSTRT Drill-r)ress operators, male: Illinois.............................................. . Indiana....................................... ......... Michigan.............................................. New Jersey........... ............................. . New York________________________ Ohio...................................................... Pennsylvania_____________________ Wisconsin................................... ......... 29 195 .,088 24 295 152 36 23 MOTOR-VEHICLE Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine, male: Illinois................................................. . Indiana.................................... ............ Michigan............................................ New Jersey......................... ............... New York________________________ O iiio-.____________________________ Pennsylvania....................................... Wisconsin............................................. 3 -------------- 0 8 — o I S Z I Z New Jersey................ ................. New York......... .......................... O h io.,.......................... ............... Pennsylvania............................. . Wisconsin................................... . 3 8 10 5 5 109 466 448 166 118 51.8 48.5 45.0 54.1 49.1 T otal........................................ 70 5,419 48.0 Grinding-machine operators, female: Indiana........................................ Michigan.................................... . Pennsylvania............................. . 0 0 Total.................................... 90 1 2 19 1 1 1 3 1 TotqJ........................................ . 29 12 109 245 22 18 142 405 1,748 0 48.7 0) 54 149 104 56 29 24 69 41 40 23 11 36 4 23 12 814 66 (’) 0 148 438 4,966 169 498 772 431 157 54.6 49.8 47.9 48.0 50.3 46.1 57.0 50.9 1 35 1 1 5 1 7,579 48.7 44 17 1 2 7 4 66 3 3 9 3 1 0 23 419 0 0 0 27 0 1 7 161 5 17 18 5 1 4 50 340 13 57 76 15 14 1 14 3 21 0) 2,154 2,851 % 0 130 'o r 'W 0 27 60 678 19 78 28 124 1,414 45 107 368 36 32 ‘i£’ 31 26 32 212 10 35 15 77 5 1,033 412 131 29 13 221 1 64 3 6 2 12 7 51 1 3 11 16 39 TABLES Total......................................... Inspectors, female: Illinois___ „_______ ____ _______ Indiana....................................... . Michigan................... ................. New Jersey................................. . New York.................................... Ohio............................................ . Pennsylvania............................. . Wisconsin................................... . *Data included in total. 4 32 10 20 GENERAL 5 8 33 6 13 12 Total......................................... 5 15 5 3 7 46.1 Inspectors, male: Illinois......................................... . Indiana....................................... . Michigan.................................... . New Jersey.................................. New York.................................... Ohio............................................ . Pennsylvania............................. . Wisconsin................................... . Laborers, male: Illinois........................................ . Indiana....................................... . Michigan................................... . New Jersey.................................. New York.................................... Ohio............................................ . Pennsylvania............................. . Wisconsin.................................. . 3 12 3 6 244 0 (,\ 0) 46.2 13 12 6 7 435 1,056 9,489 1,131 1,021 1,488 571 344 47.1 48.3 48.0 43.7 49.6 45.2 55.5 48.2 2 35 12 4 14 4 1 92 15,535 47.8 72 2 6 63 13 14 35 6 17 10 16 20 139 140 5 19 208 18 11 50 11 3 18 25 161 284 8 27 19 104 850 109 101 134 25 24 224 322 2,771 456 171 551 50 103 343 2,953 370 438 355 143 113 46 136 1,364 48 112 201 130 46 30 78 568 34 74 54 98 16 4,648 4,804 2,083 952 41 8 26 510 18 64 7 373 94 10 05 T able D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Number of wage earners who during one week worked Aver age Num Num hours ber of of actu 4 and 8 and 12 and 16 and 24 and 32 and 40 and 48 and 56 and 64 and 72 and 80 and 88 and 96 and estab ber ally Under under wage under under under under under under under under under under under under under lish earners worked 24 64 96 104 16 32 40 48 56 72 88 12 80 8 ments hours hours in i hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours week Occupation, sex, and State Laborers, female: New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Total __ T otal-................................................ Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: Illinois Indiana IVfichigstn \TAtcr Tptsjav New York Ohio ........................ pAntlQul\7Qnio Total.................................................. <\ 2 42.3 40.6 0) 41.5 21 119 43.7 6 8 24 3 9 10 5 4 227 311 3,495 219 303 531 282 185 51.4 50.4 47.3 53.0 43.9 44.8 53.5 50.0 69 5,553 47.8 2 6 23 1 5 8 72 369 22 50 82 0) 35 35.6 44.9 48.2 43.4 47.4 47.8 0) 41.2 59 650 47.0 4 8 10 13 0) 1 2 3 6 7 20 (0 58 2 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 0) 1 3 7 11 33 61 6 3 108 2 17 12 5 10 17 14 242 6 73 42 12 17 21 69 1,153 19 81 280 29 27 112 132 1,342 105 98 114 141 68 44 54 435 45 15 57 58 27 17 16 121 34 6 6 23 23 3 6 23 1 3 7 2 6 4 2 2 4 9 37 6 5 9 2 6 28 21 78 163 423 1,679 2,112 735 246 45 12 1 3 2 9 4 29 80 9 8 20 0) 23 27 171 7 24 34 6 60 1 2 9 2 1 2 4 22 4 11 10 7 1 2 2 3 10 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 78 11 4 1 2 1 1 4 13 1 10 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 2 9 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 0) 4 l 3 4 3 1 (,)i (,)8 13 21 62 177 0) 2 271 INDUSTRY Lathe operators, male: Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin 0) 44.4 (\ MOTOR-VEHICLE 1 11 1 2 3 1 2 Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, female: Indiana............................................ . . . Michigan.......................... .................... New York............................................. Ohio...................................................... 1 3 1 1 (») 14 0) 0) 0) 38 2 0) 0) 6 26 39.6 7 7 31 5 12 10 5 4 80 148 2,380 116 250 202 226 63 55.6 52.8 48.0 51.9 50.8 48.2 59.7 48.4 1 1 3 9 1 81 3,465 49.5 6 8 25 3 9 9 6 4 82 146 2,136 70 194 296 213 94 54.6 51.4 47.2 53.4 46.8 45.5 54.6 4a 5 Total.................................................. 70 3,231 48.1 Sewing-machine operators, male: Illinois................................................... Indiana........................ ......................... Michigan.............................................. New Jersey........................................... New York......................................... Wisconsin.............................................. 1 1 7 1 2 1 (0 0) 132 0) 22 0) 0) 39.2 0) 43.1 0) Total.................................................. 13 228 38.7 i Data included in toted. 4 2 15 4 2 8 183 6 16 9 6 2 9 40 934 17 34 75 10 39 21 37 656 60 109 67 53 7 26 27 311 20 45 33 66 11 13 19 143 11 19 8 50 1 7 1 26 1 2 1,158 1,010 539 264 103 26 5 27 631 7 40 132 28 15 38 58 885 38 56 71 98 36 21 36 291 15 17 40 38 14 8 5 48 7 22 5 25 9 4 5 7 1 885 1,280 472 129 2 1 5 1 2 3 2 43 2 10 6 7 7 37 73 1 13 8 1 5 38 2 1 67 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 4 5 1 4 15 8 4 2 3 6 146 3 35 30 10 12 3 20 13 58 99 245 (0 5 4 1 3 25 i 1 2 0) 1 3 8 2 0) 0) 0) 232 5 8 55 3 216 1 5 7 23 1 2 2 1 1 1 0) 8 2 % 1 8 98 0) 13 3 1 165 4 1 1 (0 3 -----— 9 4 42 = = = (= = ■ TABLES Total................................. ................ 1 <») GENERAL Total.......... .......... ............................ Machinists, male: Illinois................................................... Indiana. ,_ . ____________ _ _ Michigan.................... .........................New Jersey........................................... New York............................................ Ohio............................... ...................... Pennsylvania....................................... Wisconsin............................................. Milling-machine operators, male: Illinois................................................... Indiana................................................. Michigan............................ ........... ...... New Jersey................ .......................... New York............................................ Ohio....................................................... Pennsylvania........................................ Wisconsin.......... .................................. 4 1 T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State New Jersey New York Ohio ___ Pennsylvania Wisconsin 1 5 16 2 6 9 1 3 (9 <9 28 (9 <9 Indiana 133 41.4 36.4 568 30.7 22 43.1 43 57 42.6 3 <9 13 3 51 106 11 15 25 (9 7 29 125 2 18 15 1 (9 217 192 5 4 1 10 49 ....... 2 5 10 1 6 15 1 20 170 1 6 19 3 7 6 94 756 4 21 27 3 17 22 60 616 20 99 121 36 19 6 56 397 32 46 78 61 5 4 18 218 16 26 53 20 2 681 6 11 17 43 87 227 928 993 4 9 5 94 10 9 12 4 23 327 26 34 31 6 67 401 103 89 48 1 4 13 85 40 132 571 265 34 147 1 224 2 44 564 67 95 91 11 38 58 143 458 799 1,414 912 51.0 3 3 6 20 4 7 10 33.1 41.5 40.9 38.6 42.9 43.1 45. 7 42.0 1 4 68 291 2,204 500 293 354 15 365 56 4,090 41.0 16 11 1 1 2 32 2 1 28 11 1 2 45 4<r 6 1 6 122 3 16 3 4 4 2 3 1 1 11 357 138 23 15 12 116 7 37 3 1 27 18 1 2 2 2 174 48 5 1 INDUSTRY 224 1 3,523 2 110 4 25 2 77 2 3 2 9 1 2 16 1 8 1 52.8 49.4 50.1 55.8 55.6 53.9 57.3 41.8 (9 2 40 274 2,391 77 208 336 126 71 1 34 171 1 7 11 48 6 8 29 4 10 10 5 5 T o t a l___ ______ ____ ____ __ __ 10 90 1 1 3 10 37.5 Tool Mid die makers, male: Illin ois___ _ _ In d ian a________ __________ _____ Michigan ____ __ __ _ _ _ New Jersey ____ ____ __ ___ Now York. _____________ _____ _ Ohio ................................................... Pennsylvania Wisconsin ___ __ __ 2 <9 33 861 1 4 22 3 1 2 15 43 Total............................................. 10 2 26.4 Total.......................................... Top builders, male: Illinois Indiana __ __ ___________ Michigan __ _________ ________ New Jersey New York __ Ohio __ _ Penns vlvania __ _ Wisconsin 1 24 6 1 MOTOR-VEHICLE Sewing-machine operators, female: Illin ois___ ___ ....... ......................... Number of wage earners who during one week worked— Aver age Num Num hours ber of of actu 4 and 8 and 12 and 16 and 24 and 32 and 40 and 48 and 56 and 64 and 72 and 80 and 88 and 96 and estab ber wage ally Under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under lish earners 4 worked 06 104 64 72 80 88 56 24 32 40 48 12 16 ments 8 in 1 hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours week T o p builders, female: Indiana............... .......... Michigan........................ New York...................... Ohio................................ Pennsylvania................. Wisconsin............... ....... 15 149 (*) 78 (*) 23 42.1 44.5 0) 38.7 (>) 38.2 287 41.6 1 5 10 1 2 5 1 (*) 37 9 49 <*) 0) 41.9 34.3 0) 27.3 45.8 0) Total............................ 25 385 36.5 4 12 1 50 501 (0 23 55 40.2 38. ( <*) 43.0 40.6 36.6 Trim-bench hands, female: Indiana........................... Michigan........................ New Jersey.................... New York...................... Ohio................................ Wisconsin....... ................ Total............................ >Data included in total. 29 <*) 38.5 <*) '" 2 1 “ 16 19 ...... 5 84 92 77 91 9 57 16 66 6 20 0) 3 22 "‘ ‘ 12 (,)2 'W 12 14 16 0) 19 10 24 74 77 125 15 1 15 6 74 17 91 13 116 4 26 13 157 0) 1 14 4 149 192 166 15 24 20 11 26 TABLES 11 3 38 0) 34 GENERAL Total.......................... . Trim-bench hands, male: Illinois............................. Indiana....... - ................. Michigan........................ New Jersey..................... New York...................... Ohio................................ Wisconsin....................... 0) 13 0) 34 T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 18 specified occupation«, 1928, by sex and State Occupation, sex, and State 2 Num ber of wage earners Aver age actual $4 $8 earn Un and ings der un and un in 1 der week $4 der $8 $12 Number of wage earners who during 1 week earned— $12 $16 $20 $25 $40 $30 $35 and and and and and and and un under under under under under under der $20 $25 $30 $45 $35 $40 $16 2 48 2,703 35.42 0 ) 9 0) 23.76 0) 0) 0) 3 13 20.70 1 2 2 4 28.44 29. 51 36! 03 27! 31 34*10 31.84 5 5 4 3 31 36 W ls o n n s in 16 2 8 7 i 4 124 572 1,428 64 279 422 0) 356 Total 47 3,256 New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Total Assemblers, axle, female: TnHiftnft Michigan Total....................................... Assemblers, body-frame, male: Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Assemblers, body-frame, female: 1 2 5 2 2 1 Total.............................................................................- 5 2 2 20 5 1 2 11 5 2 1 3 29 20 4 5 16 34 7 6 1 34 27 6 2 21 88 (l) 2 28 22 2 12 76 176 1 3 3 26 143 29 347 0 ) 0) g 2 0) 12 0 ) $55 and un der $60 $60 and un der $65 $65 and un der $70 3 5 11 2 6* 21 23 2 3 21 28 1 2 11 17 26 2 1 18 6 a 14 18 1 51 16 4 8 45 51 24 34 23 1 12 10 1 3 3 2 4 2 3 3 1 18 46 105 13 13 308 559 625 557 215 60 20 6 11 3 1 ===== = = 17 134 1 13 16 3 146 4 57 1 19 2 9 6 10 4 8 2 1 73 22 12 52 61 4 3 3 30 96 166 10 16 40 22 114 219 14 48 37 31 112 146 12 54 69 21 112 211 7 32 194 78 100 40 64 0 ) 0 ) 0) 0 ) 0) 0) 511 546 615 398 187 166 32.59 4 14 12 33.35 26 74 56 74 122 370 14.15 17.44 0) 1 1 2 1 1 17.66 1 56 121 9 81 5 52 5 1 1 0) 1 3 1 6 .....I.. ... $90 and un der $100 $100 and $110 un and der over $110 ____ 4 5 3 $80 and un der $90 189 5 2 $75 and un der $80 14 485 ............ 1 $70 and un der $75 31 470 — New York.................................. T h H Ia t ia 1 $50 and un der $55 ------- ....... 2 1 ! i i i 1 1 . __ 2 1 1 INDUSTRY 17 1 8 8 3 3 10 $25.66 138 30.95 1,883 37.01 0) % 32.04 290 32.26 48 35.51 50 27.32 Q $45 and un der $50 MOTOR-VEHICLE Assemblers, axle, male: Illinois Num ber of estab lish ments Assemblers, chassis, male: Illinois............................. Indian q._______________ Michigan......................... New Jersey..................... New York....................... Ohio................................. Pennsylvania.................. Wisconsin........................ Total............................ 251 214 2,534 403 249 578 163 201 33.04 27.23 35.81 30.56 33.38 31.06 34.12 29.17 33.72 53 1 2 24 12 1 10 15 1 20 4 1 5 1 1 2 52 33 3 11 32 Total............................ 109 20.97 32 Assemblers, frame, male: Illinois............................. Indiana............................ Michigan......................... New Jersey..................... New Y ork....................... Ohio................................. Pennsylvania.................. Wisconsin........................ 117 599 28 86 154 77 29 29.28 31.17 35.02 33.13 35.20 36.79 36.82 32.92 1,125 34.72 38.54 33.23 37.39 36.87 201 28.25 661 32.36 169 35.65 136 31.19 275 283 3,050 84 Total............................ 4,859 35.90 Assemblers, motor, female: Illinois............................. Indiana______ ________ Michigan........................ 63 21.24 Total............................ 81 18.99 i Data included in total 8 1 7 17 1 27 9 2 1 22 1 2 2 10 38 0) 784 1,155 84 32 483 52 81 9 267 33 33 36 24 3 528 8 2 3 8 25 3 434 578 45 6 1 1 1 13 1 3 1 2 55 10 24 7 24 4 4 26 143 3 34 32 12 4 150 276 258 24 48 208 19 39 129 20 22 42 33 435 16 37 254 55 509 12 "T 3 1 1 38 1 9 7 5 7 15 79 5 13 10 10 6 31 94 12 45 78 5 23 34 1 18 8 1 6 20 213 28 (,)3 383 39 2 10 29 549 108 51 248 18 54 118 39 113 18 77 0) 5 16 10 15 811 27 10 19 27 10 '7 24 155 16 13 46 2 19 91 1 20 15 1 7 7 3 168 41 42 79 47 64 980 1,023 13 3 41 10 63 111 43 24 14 28 11 162 5 1 26 940 1,328 1,235 11 31 2 “T i 3 28 42 19 10 12 4 26 5 11 44 8 1 4 5 249 91 50 5 TABLES 2L00 Assemblers, motor, male: Illinois............................. Indiana_______________ Michigan............. ........... New Jersey..................... New Y ork....................... Ohio................................. Pennsylvania.................. Wisconsin........................ 18 12 77 142 45 20 36 20 31 GENERAL 0) 108 45 11 75 Assemblers, chassis, female: Indiana............................ Michigan...... .................. Total............................ 7 15 43 9 T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wispnnsin Total Miohiffftn XTaw TflfCAV XTaw V nrtr Ohio PAnnwlvania WispnTisin 4 g g 4 3 29 $39.91 195 34.25 1,088 40.51 24 52.39 295 35.50 152 33.73 36 40.04 23 39.91 38.61 3 g 9 28 3 274 564 5,698 35.00 29.98 36.52 35.38 30.48 ; 30.97 34.81 33.83 1 2 8 111 8,488 35.10 T1MTkniQ TnHlQTlA 2 2 32 23.15 14.76 XfAtn Vnrlr 2 2 2 4 36 20.21 15 164 21.22 Total $25 and under $30 2 6 1 1 1 2 9 35 243 4 70 32 4 4 13 10 24 34 63 138 356 401 h 3 17 53 4 25 75 5 17 104 24 69 178 42 2 1 2 1 9 2 3 4 7 7 6 1 1 8 12 6 6 3 $35 $30 and and under under $35 $40 2 10 20 28 58 15 34 18 3 1 5 39 195 77~ 29 9 $40 and under $45 $45 and un der $50 2 45 233 2 46 27 $50 and un der $55 $55 $60 $65 and and and un un un der der der $60 $65 $70 2 11 2 11 2 1 156 4 19 67 3 45 23 5 8 2 1 1 29 13 1 1 1 89 8 20 12 1 1 1 $70 and un der $75 $75 and un der $80 $80 and un der $90 5 5 2 $100 and $110 un and der over $100 $110 2 2 2 8 3 4 6 1 2 367 215 106 53 56 59 46 129 105 46 1,391 1,352 1,262 21 15 28 62 31 85 174 49 166 127 94 61 53 50 41 23 9 21 2 497 14 13 17 42 25 194 6 2 1 1 6 3 988 2,043 1,909 1,551 652 251 61 43 11 3 4 $90 and un der 9 1 3 5 ■"1f 78 Pennsylvania............................. $12 $16 $20 and and and un under under der $20 $25 $16 1 1,842 6 Total 1 54 390 699 486 266 Drill-press hands, female: 2 Number of wage earners who during 1 week earned— 10 10 g 5 20 68 1 2 3 17 " 32 1 5 15 5 4 1 6 11 8 1 76 100 5 3 2 22.66 1 2 20.97 4 22.92 5" 14 9 9 2 .... . 11 112 456 13 87 174 61 43 25 17 16 14 57 57 26 17 145 200 438 1 10 1 1 5 3 9 12 2 1 39 10 1 4 1 5 11 12 2 4 64 28 1 2 10 19 28 9 2 1 2 6 7 3 24 4 47 1 2 1 1 2 i ! ------ — 1------ — — I . j | 1 ....... i........ 1 9 INDUSTRY Drill-press operators, male: Illinois Indiana 4 21 2 Num ber of wage earners Aver age actual $4 $8 earn Un and ings der un and un in 1 der week $4 der $8 $12 1 | ,= = = = = ====== 8= . . . j i....... ===== = MOTOR-VEHICLE Automatic operators, lathe and screw machine, male: Jlli^nis Num ber of estab lish ments = Grinding-machine operators, male: Illinois......................................... Indiana....................................... Michigan.................................... New Jersey................................. New York.................................. Ohio............................................ Pennsylvania............................. Wisconsin................................... M L 0) 3 0) ____8 90 148 438 4,966 169 498 772 431 167 7,679 1 4 17 1 7 17 “T 7 2 1 ~Y 1 1 1 38.06 37 31 0) 21.40 (0 21.06 29 27 (0 603 12 " 3 4 3 5 9 3 6 3 18 93 4 23 28 14 9 84 192 10 35 4 12 0) <9 14 71 207 8 68 43 20 12 26 87 793 9 83 81 30 16 46 56 868 23 112 140 27 20 24 740 21 64 86 26 20 433 1,125 1,282 1,002 11 21 384 18 28 29 21 12 8 10 230 16 27 10 16 10 524 122 6 20 6 3 1 "T 1 160 84 70 1 11 39 12 1 2 1 43 17 (*) T f "T 6 5 <*) 23 419 ’ (‘) 1 1 36 35.22 1 8 28 10 50 2 28 4 4 9 1 1 49 5 13 1 6 52 1 4 (0 11 72 5 13 89 2 12 15 6 5 0) 5 200 26 36 85 134 97 272 507 1,249 9 33 28 49 117 108 57 187 228 17 70 106 32 38 31 530 1,141 1,854 1,725 1 103 0) 29 26 681 19 63 66 64 23 971 6 7 368 12 23 31 46 6 498 4 8 174 9 12 11 31 1 250 1 .... 1 34 1 3 6 4 16 9 8 1 131 " I T 42 22 1 5 14 1 4 28 19 1 2 1 1 12 0) 11 .... TABLES * Data included in total. 70 32.37 39.31 4ft 98 84.72 36.76 36.73 37.42 GENERAL Total. Grinding-machine operators, female: Indiana.. .................................... Michigan.................................... Pennsylvania............................. Total. Inspectors, male: Illinois.............. Indiana............ Michigan......... New Jersey___ New York........ Ohio................. Pennsylvania. . Wisconsin........ Total............. Inspectors, female: Illinois.............. Indiana............ Michigan.......... New Jersey___ New York........ Ohio....... .......... Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin......... Total............. Laborers, male: Illinois.............. Indiana—......... Michigan......... New Jersey___ New York........ Ohio................. Pennsylvania-. Wisconsin......... Total- 139 316 3,667 109 466 448 166 118 ¥ ¥ I312 4 18.04 435 31.11 1, 056 24.22 9,489 29.03 1,131 28.87 1,021 27.95 1,488 24.69 571 26.95 344 26.39 92 15,535 28.13 21 0) 95 0) 238 110 17 1 6 4 71 57 118 128 18 7 215 344 19 45 135 72 44 125 177 267 678 1,645 2,210 2,165 1,167 232 16 22 48 19 21 227 218 192 5 25 13 246 288 136 98 30 48 349 49 395 82 187 27 7 10 8 120 175 125 37 1 7 77 82 67 30 112 258 296 1,292 3,Q!84 3,627 3,151 1,806 24 17 559 91 76 74 24 8 873 2 1 272 29 17 10 5 1 101 12 4 3 11 5 347 41 CO T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Laborers, female: Num ber of estab lish, ments Num ber of wage earners Number of wage earners who during 1 week earned— Aver age actual $50 $55 $60 $65 $4 $8 $12 $16 $35 $40 $45 and $30 earn Un and $20 $25 and and and and and and and and and and and ings der un and un un un un un un under under under under under under der der un in 1 der der der der der $4 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 der week $60 $65 $70 $8 $12 $16 $20 $25 $30 0) 0) 97 $20.71 0) 0) 4 16.72 13 20.66 0) ( ,)2 14.53 Total........... ......................... 21 119 6 8 24 3 9 10 5 4 69 ^ „ mjl„ Lathe operators, male: Illinois_______ _________ Indiana__________ ___________ Michigan_______ _____________ New Jersey______ __________ New York_____ Ohio. _______ ________ Pennsylvania________________ Wisconsin Total___ _ . ______ Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, male: Illinois...... ............................ ..... Indiana.. _ . ... M ichigan______________________ New Jersey New York_____ __ ___ _ Ohio............................................ Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin___ Total........................................ 2 6 23 4 8 10 1 5 59 2 ? 0) 4 9 2 17 0) 53 7 l 2 4 7 2 ! i 0) 2 2 3 4 14 23 61 9 3 227 311 3,495 219 303 531 282 185 2 35.42 31.69 . . . . . 39.34 40.00 2 31.97 1 34.94 1 37.87 35.26 1 4 12 3 5 1 2 1 6 13 4 6 7 1 1 8 4 26 1 2 8 2 5 5 8 38 4 11 11 6 10 8 29 70 6 30 16 13 15 24 72 170 16 72 42 19 18 53 85 650 37 64 140 57 33 5,553 37.74 9 28 39 56 93 187 1 1 2 1 5 2 1 2 20.32 8 30.98 72 35.28 369 60.19 22 42.04 50 44.27 82 51.00 0) 1 33.23 650 52.45 2 (1)2 1 8 21 1 0) 35 12 4 1 1 2 2 3 5 4 i I 3 4 219 15 8 8 15 8 3 2 76 9 4 1 3 1 433 1,119 1,387 1,165 564 280 99 6 41 1 8 12 4 47 3 44 1 14 4 6 4 6 32 47 0 56 72 863 45 67 180 68 36 2 9 21 4 8 11 0) 5 63 1 14 33 5 9 11 0) 11 86 ..... 71 0) i i l 16 6 433 24 9 28 30 18 3 8 14 6 7 3 $100 and $110 un and der over $110 ! 45 18 852 44 25 84 60 37 1 11 7 1 4 $90 and un der $100 ! 1 1 3 ! $80 and un der $90 2 1 70 58 1 1 j 7 1 3 1 6 7 4 1 11 1 27 39 6 14 1 2 3 1 1 1 22 20 12 28 41 48 9 10* 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 60 16 ’ 23" 2 3 9 1 14 .. .. . INDUSTRY 1 11 1 2 3 1 2 Illinois. r $75 and un der $80 MOTOR-VEHICLE Michigan...... .......................... . New Jersey__________________ New York............................. . . . Ohio........................... Pennsylvania________________ Wisconsin.......... ..................... $70 and un der $75 O 1 17 ii !1 2 1 ii 1 i 37 18 2 1 3 1 1 0 14 (!) Total.................................... 6 26 23.30 7 80 7 148 31 2,380 5 116 12 250 202 10 226 5 4 63 40.28 36.93 42.84 42.13 38.52 38.60 43.51 29.11 1 1 2 Machinists, male: Illinois....................................... . Indiana.................................... . Michigan.................................... New Jersey............................... New York...... .......................... Ohio........................................... Pennsylvania............................. Wisconsin.................................. 0 21.40 0) 0 3,465 41.74 6 8 25 3 9 9 6 4 82 146 2,136 70 194 296 213 94 35.84 31.91 37.71 38.18 33.52 33.42 38.21 34.87 Total...................................... . 70 3,231 36.72 Total...................................... Sewing-machine operators, male: Illinois....................................... . Michigan.................................. . New Jersey............................... . New York_______ ___________ Wisconsin.......... ....................... 1 1 7 1 2 1 Total.____ _________ _______ 13 TmHftTin........ ............................... >Data included in total. 0) 0 0) 0 132 32.92 0) 0 22 35.88 0 0 228 32.21 4 0) 2 0) 1 0 0 1 5 3 7 7 4 3 12 2 11 4 1 9 1 2 1 3 1 3 6 3 3 4 2 7 34 4 13 2 6 20 6 28 67 7 17 11 15 11 6 18 20 30 88 2 2 13 1 2 18 1 3 22 3 4 27 2 1 2 3 1 1 4 3 1 2 4 4 1 5 22 31 35 1 0 0) 0 1 1 2 11 22 221 23 43 72 24 9 16 37 582 21 71 36 41 10 13 17 646 17 36 31 37 3 15 11 338 15 23 27 30 2 4 9 173 16 14 13 28 2 5 7 107 8 8 2 19 3 4 73 2 8 1 12 62 1 2 2 2 22 1 2 1 2 162 425 814 800 461 259 156 103 70 25 9 12 10 2 3 5 5 21 74 3 38 17 9 6 16 27 143 9 16 59 19 13 16 37 402 15 48 80 45 14 15 25 502 18 24 7ft 50 21 12 5 12 8 581 227 3 15 13 8 11 30 40 18 19 5 1 3 4 78 ’ "§6’ 3 2 9 12 1 5 6 15 6 1 1 12 1 5 54 173 302 657 731 722 0 0 52 4 0) 0 45 0 4 (9 16 (,)# 20 88 80 (0 2 0) 8 1 0) 3 2 1 5 0) 0 8 4 10 285 123 1 1 2 10 1 2 52 4 1 25 1 8 7 4 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 9 4 5 1 1 TABLES 81 Milling-machine operators, male: Illinois....... ................................ Indiana....................................... Michigan.................................... New Jersey............................... . New York...... .......................... . Ohio............................................ Pennsylvania............................. Wisconsin................................... 1 GENERAL Letterers, stripers, and varnishers, female: Indiana....................................... Michigan.................................... New York................................. . Ohio.......................................... 1 8 a n a samm T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 18 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and Stale— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Num ber of estab lish ments Total..................................... 0) 0) 133 $20.43 18.51 15.74 43 24.21 57 24.26 0) (9 12.78 43 Total...................................... 77 Top builders, male: Illinois________________ _____ Indiana..................................... Michigan.................................. New Jersey............................... New York................................. Ohio.......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................. T o t a l ................................. 56 861 19.25 40 274 2,391 77 208 336 126 71 39.64 39.27 48.78 47.64 45.98 46.06 41.71 30.48 3,523 46.86 291 2,204 500 293 354 15 365 28.42 31.13 35.50 28.53 38.59 37.73 40.07 33.14 4,090 34.44 $12 $30 $16 $20 $25 and and and and and un under under under under der $20 $25 $30 $35 $16 $35 and under $40 $40 and under $45 $45 and un der $50 $50 and un der $55 $55 and un der $60 $60 and un der $65 and un der $70 $70 and un der $75 $75 and un der $80 and un der $00 $100 and and $110 un un and der der over $100 $110 0) 0) 123 3 12 9 13 (I>4 180 28 5 10 ) 0 50 4 49 118 7 14 18 45 530 INDUSTRY Tool and die makers, male. Illinois________________ _____ Indiana.................................... . M ichigan... .......................... New Jersey............................... New York................................ Ohio.......................................... Pennsylvania........................... Wisconsin................................. Number of wage earners who during 1 week earned— MOTOR-VEHICLE Sewing-machine operators, female: Illinois_____________________ Indiana.—............................... . Michigan......... ........................ New Jersey............................. New York............................... . Ohio.......................................... Pennsylvania.......................... . Wisconsin................................ . Num ber of wage earners Aver age actual $4 earn Un and ings der un and un in 1 der week $4 der $8 $12 fcO 27 20 24 15 10 17 56 106 251 447 764 5 19 182 18 7 9 1 35 247 44 16 24 1 43 135 131 36 32 22 217 159 43 74 18 91 268 73 53 49 10 27 35 137 117 5 14 325 31 39 48 4 24 250 394 413 723 671 490 31 152 66 2 635 421 247 64 482 234 168 64 | 31 71 5 Top builders, female: Indiana........................... Michigan...... .................. New York....................... Ohio................................ Pennsylvania................. Wisconsin....................... Total............................ Trim-bench hands, male: Illinois............................. Indiana........................... Michigan........................ New Jersey..................... New York...................... Ohio................................ Wisconsin....................... 15 149 0) 78 0) 23.86 23.87 0) 19.93 0) 21.97 11 287 22.34 1 5 10 1 % 5 1 258 0) 9 49 0) 0) 24.92 28.29 0) 20.54 33.21 0) 2 385 28.12 4 12 1 3 6 3 50 501 17.91 18.12 0) 22.23 21.74 18.53 Total............................ 29 * Data included in total. % m 18.58 '16" 3 52 0) 34 0) 18 76 117 32 31 24 6 10 .... 0) 10 21 4 22 2 18 11 ’ "I" .... 6 20 13 6 3 37 3 23 48 33 41 .... ”T 17 1 31 0) ..... 37 11 (If 12 34 43 49 53 10 9 75 8 70 15 120 7 89 0) 8 13 "16' 118 27 79 ’T 4 6 1 22 ®i Of 91 97 P)8 13 22 180 70 17 16 TABLES 25 0) 32 0) 26 GENERAL Total............................ Trim-bench hands, female: Indiana........................... Michigan...... ................. New Jersey..................... New York...................... Ohio................................ Wisconsin_______ _____ 4 CO LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The following is a list of bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed, A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are out of print. Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts). *No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. T1913.] ♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial agreements. [1913.] No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.] No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.] No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City. [1914.] •No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.] ♦No. 398. Collective agreements in t/he men’s clothing industry. [1916.] No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.] No. 225. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.] No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919. No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.J No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.] No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.] No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.] No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927. No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and Job printing industry. [1928.] Cooperation. No. 313. Consumers' cooperative societies in the United States in 1920. No. 314. Cooperative credit societies in America and in foreign countries. [1922.] No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural). Employment and Unemployment. ♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.] No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y . [1915.] ♦No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.] ♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.] No. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers* Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan uary 19 and 20,1916. ♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers* Association of Boston, Mass., held May 10,1916. No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.] No. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3, 1917. No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.] ♦No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.] No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers* Conference, Rochester, N. Y ., M ay 9-11,1918. No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.] No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925. Foreign Labor Laws. ♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.] No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. Housing. ♦No. 158. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.] No. 263. Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.] No. 295. Building operations in representative cities in 1920. No. 500. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1928. Industrial Accidents and Hygiene. ♦No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories. [1912.] No. 120. Hygiene of the painters’ trade. [1913.] ♦No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.] ♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.] ♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.] ♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.J ♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.] No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of buildings. [1916.] ra Industrial Accidents and Hygiene—Continued. *No. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.] ♦No. 207. Causes of death, b y occupation. [1917.] *No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.] •No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.] No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.] No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.] ♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.] ♦No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917. No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.] No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers* Committee. [1919.] ♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton manufacturing industry. [1919.] No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.] No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.] No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.] No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.] No. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.] No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.] No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919. No. 306. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations. [1922.] No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927. No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.] No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus* [1926.] No. 425. Record of industrial accidents in the United States to 1925. No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925 to 1927. No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925. No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D . O* July 14-16, 1926. No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.] No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.] Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions. No. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.] No. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.] No. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.] No. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.] No. 380. Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.] No. 383. Works council movements in Germany. [1925.] No. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924. No. 399. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.] No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass, 1928. Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor). No. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.] No. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.] No. 285. Minimum wage laws of the United States Construction and operation. [1921.] No. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.] No. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.] No. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. £1923.] No. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.] No. 408. Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.] No. 444. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926. No. 467. Minimum-wage legislation in various countries. [1928.] No. 486. Labor legislation of 1928. Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the United States and Canada. (Name changed in 1928 to Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the United States and Canada.) ♦No. 266. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920. No. 307. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921. No. 323. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922. No. 352. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923. ♦No. 389. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924. ♦No. 411. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925. No. 429. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926. No. 455. Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3,1927. No. 480. Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 15-24, 1928. [II] Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1926. No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1927. No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27,1918. ♦No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919. No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September, 20-24, 1920. No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23, 1921. No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 9-13, 1922. No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24r-26, 1923. No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924. No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924. No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925. No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926. No. 456. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29, 1927. No. 485. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14, 1928. Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Public Employment Services. No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914;. third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915. No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y ., July 20 and 21,1916. No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y ., September 7-9,1921. No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922. No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, lfl|23. No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, HI., May 19-23, 1924. No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y ., September 15-17, 1925. No. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 25-28,1927. No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928. Productivity of Labor. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.] No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923. No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry. [1926.] No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.] No. 474. Productivity of labor in the merchant blast furnaces. [1928.] No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1928.] Retail Prices and Cost of laving. ♦No. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.] ♦No. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.] No. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.] No. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.] No. 337. Cost of living in the United States. [1924.] No. 369. The use ot cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.] No. 495. Retail prices, 1890 to 1928. Safety Codes. ♦No. 331. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places. No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries. No. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor vehicles. No. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders. No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations. No. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants. No. 382. Code for lighting school buildings. No. 410. Safety code for paper and pulp mills. No. 430. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses. No. 433. Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions. No. 436. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels. No. 447. Safety code for rubber mills and calenders. No. 451. Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping. No. 463. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus .-—First revision. Vocational Workers* Education. ♦No. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.] ♦No. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.] No. 199. Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.] No. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [19204 No. 459. Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.] 71751°—30----- 6 [in] Wages and Hours of Labor. ♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and waist industry of New York. [1914.] ♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.] No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913. ♦No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914. No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.] No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915. No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919. No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.] No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923. No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923. No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923. No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924. No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry. [1926.] No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924. No. 435. Wages and hours of labor in the men's clothing industry, 1911 to 1926. No. 438. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1925. No. 442. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1925. No. 452. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1926. No. 454. Hours and earnings in bituminous-coal mining, 1922, 1924, and 1926. No. 471. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1927. No. 472. Wages and hours of labor in slaughtering and meat packing, 1927. No. 476. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, 1927-1928. Supplement to Bui. No. 457. No. 482. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1928. No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street labor, 1928. No. 487. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928. No. 492. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1927. No. 497. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1928. No. 498. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928. No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928. Welfare Work. *No. 123. Employer’s welfare work. [1913.] No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.] ♦No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.] No. 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926. Wholesale Prices. No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.] No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1913 to July, 1927. No. 493. Wholesale prices, 1913 to 1928. Women and Children In Industry. No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries in the District of Columbia. [1913.] •No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.] No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.] No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.] ♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.] No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and garment factories. [1914.] ♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.] ♦No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of woman and child wage earners in the United States. [1915.] ♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.] ♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.] •No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. fl916.l No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.] No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.] ♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ ment of women and children. [1918.] No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.] No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.] (n n Workmen’ s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto). ♦No. 101. Care of tuberculosis wage earners in Germany. [1912.] ♦No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911. No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. [1912.] No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.] ♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.] No. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916. ♦No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and 1918. No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.] No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921. No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925. No. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States and Europe. [1928.] No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January 1, 1929, with text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928. Miscellaneous Series. ♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1,1915. No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.] No. 242. Food situation in Central Europe, 1917. No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.] No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1919.] No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.] No. 299. Personal research agencies: A guide to organized research in employment management, industrial relations, training, and working conditions. [1921.] No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.] No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. [1923.] No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.] No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.] No. 372. Convict labor in 1923. No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.] No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.] No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.] No. 420. Handbook of American trade-unions. [1926.] No. 491. Handbook of labor statistics, 1929 edition. No. 461. Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.] No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.] No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.] No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.| No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. [V
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