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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ISADOR LUBIN, Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATESl
BUREAU OF L AB O R S T A T IS T IC S /
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
\T
ECO
• • • • fl|0e OOU
LABOR
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY, 1932
/ v \
Prepared by DIVISION OF WAGE STATISTICS
PAUL H. MONCURE in charge of this report
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1933
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C.
-
-
-
-
Price 10 cents
Contents
Average days, hours, and earnings, 1932:
By occupation____________________________________________________
By kind of leather, sex, and State_________________________________
By sex and State__________________________________________________
Classified earnings per hour, 1932, by department and occupation_______
Full-time hours per week, 1932________________________________________
Changes in full-time hours per week and per day since Jan. 1, 1930_____
Changes in wage rates since Jan. 1, 1930_______________________________
Pay for overtime and extra work on Sunday and holidays, 1932_________
Bonus and other incentive systems, 1932_______________________________
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1932___________
Importance of the industry________ ____________________________________
Scope and method_____________________________________________________
Occupations___________________________________________________________
General tables_________________________________________________________
T able A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and percent of full-time worked, 1932, by de
partment, occupation, sex, and State____________________________
T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified
occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State________________
T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10
specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State_______
T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in 1 week
in 10 specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State. __
T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in 1 week in 10
specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State_______
A ppendix .— Factory occupational terms, with definitions, and classifica
tion by Bureau of Labor Statistics___________________________________
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BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
n o . 589
WASHINGTON
S e p te m b e r 1933
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY,
1932
H E Bureau of Labor Statistics made a study of days and hours
worked and earnings of workers in the leather industry in the
United States in 1932. The study was limited to tanneries engaged
primarily in the manufacture of one or more of such leathers as
sole, belting, side upper, kid, patent, or upholstery leather, made
from cattle hides, and calf, sheep, and goat skins.
Agents of the Bureau obtained from the pay rolls and other records
of 114 representative tanneries in 15 States the number of days and
hours worked in a representative pay-roll period and the amount of
earnings made in such period by each of 21,399 wage earners. Except
for a few tanneries the wage figures were collected for a pay period in
March, April, or M ay, and, therefore, are representative of conditions
in those months. The number of wage earners covered in the study
was approximately 43 percent of the total number engaged in the
manufacture of all kinds of leather in the United States, as shown by
the 1929 Census of Manufactures.
T
Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1932, by Occupation
Table 1 shows average days, full-time and actual hours and earn
ings in 1 week, the percent of full time actually worked in the week,
and average earnings per hour in 1932 for the industry as a whole and
for the wage earners in each of the important occupations in the hide
house, beam house, tan house, finishing, sorting and shipping, and
maintenance departments in the leather industry; wage figures are
also shown for a group of “ other employees” in each department,
including the wage earners in a number of occupations each too few
in number to warrant occupational tabulation.
The 21,399 wage earners in all occupations combined worked an
average of 5.2 days in 1 week. In arriving at the average per day
for these wage earners, each full day or part of a day on which an em
ployee did any work in the week was counted as a day. Their full
time hours per week averaged 50.4 and they actually worked an
average of 42 hours in the week or 83.3 percent of full time, thus
showing that the hours worked were 16.7 percent less than full time.
They earned an average of 47.1 cents per hour and $19.74 in 1 week.
Had each wage earner worked full time and at the same average per
hour as was earned in the hours actually worked, the average full
time earnings per week would have been $23.74 or $4 more than was
actually earned in the week.
Average earnings per hour of males in the various occupations
ranged from 35.1 cents for the measuring-machine operator’s helpers
(1)
2
LEATHER INDUSTRY
in the sorting and shipping department to 66.9 cents for splittingmachine operators in the finishing departments, and those of females
ranged from 23.2 cents for machine setters-out in the finishing depart
ment to 39 cents for laborers and truckers in the sorting and shipping
department.
Average actual earnings in 1 week of males ranged from $14.98
for laborers and truckers in the maintenance department to $29.06 for
pumicers in the finishing department, and those of females ranged
from $7.75 for machine setters-out in the finishing department to
$16.13 for laborers and truckers in the tan house.
Average hours actually worked in 1 week by males ranged from
31.8 for buffing-wheel operators to 49.5 for color, fat liquor, and
seasoning mixers, and those worked by females ranged from 33.4 for
machine setters-out to 50 for hand boarders or grainers. Each of these
occupations is in the finishing department.
Hides are received at tanneries in various conditions, known in the
industry as “ market” , i.e., tanned without previous cure; “ green
salted” , preserved by piling down in salt; “ dry salted” , salted and
then allowed to dry; and “ flint hides” , dried without previous salting.
The hides are classified at the tanneries according to weight (as
heavy, medium, or light) and are graded by the sorters and counters
according to the number and size of scores and cuts made in skinning
or dressing animals, holes made by grubs, etc.
Wage earners in the finishing department represented about 65 per
cent of those covered by the study. They are divided into three
groups— those working on patent leather, those working on sole and
belting, and those working on other kinds of leather.
T able
1.— Average days, hours, and earnings, 1932, by department, occupation,
and sex
Department and
occupation
Sex
Aver
age
Num Num days
on
ber
ber
which
of
of
wage
estab wage earners
lish earn
ments ers worked
in i
week
Hours actu
Aver ally worked
in 1 week
age
full
time
hours Aver Per
per
age cent
week num of full
ber time
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
per
hour
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in i
week
$20.70
18.07
27.63
HIDE HOUSE
177
59
Sorters and counters_______ Male____
.......... — do____
Laborers and
29 truckers
119
38
58
Other employees................... — do____
5.3
5.3
5.6
50.0
50.1
50.2
43.8
44.1
46.3
87.6 $0.473 $23.65
88.0
.410 20.54
92.2
.597 29.97
BEAM HOUSE
Haulers__________________
Splitting-machine operators .
Unhairing-machine opera
tors.
Fleshing-machine operators.
Beamsters or scudders, hand.
Beamsters or scudders, ma
chine.
Trimmers...................... ........
Machine helpers...... .............
Laborers and truckers_____
Other employees__________
__ do____
— do____
— do-------
89
23
86
671
39
287
5.4
5.2
5.3
50.9
49.7
51.1
42.8
42.0
43.0
84.1
84.5
84.1
.461
.597
.490
23.46
29.67
25.04
19.72
25.09
21.07
— do____
— do____
— do-------
105
63
20
344
432
49
5.3
. 5.0
5.1
50.8
51.0
50.5
42.5
39.5
40.1
83.7
77.5
79.4
.492
.492
.534
24.99
25.09
26.97
20.90
19.46
21.40
— do........
...d o ........
—.do........
__ do........
70
21
64
91
405
76
356
m
5.1
5.0
5.1
5.5
50.6
49.6
50.8
50.2
42.1
41.3
42.4
47.2
83.2
83.3
83.5
94.0
.449
.431
.424
.564
22.72
21.38
21.54
28.31
18.90
17.81
17.98
26.59
5.4 50.7 45.9 90.5
5.2 50.8 40.7 80.1
4.8 51.4 39.5 76.8
5.6 52.5 49.5 94.3
5.3 50.6 44.5 87.9
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
1For less than 3 wage earners in this establishment, data included in total.
.462
.436
.382
.326
.577
0)
23.42
22.15
19.63
17.12
29.20
0)
21.24
17.76
15. li
16.13
25.68
TAN HOUSE
Liquor men........................... — do____
Haulers.................................. — do____
Laborers and truckers.......... ...d o ------Female _ _
Other employees__________ Male.......
Female__
89
97
46
1
84
1
150
753
184
8
324
0)
3
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T a b l e 1 .—
Average days, hours, and earnings, 1982, by department, occupation,
and sex— Continued
Department and
occupation
Sex
Aver
age
Num Num days
on
ber
ber which
of
of
wage
estab wage earners
lish earn
ments ers worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
Aver- ally worked Aver Aver
age Aver
in 1 week
age
full actual
age
earn time earn
time
earn
ings
hours Aver Per per
ings
ings
per age cent,
in 1
per
week num of full hour week
week
ber time
FINISHING DEPARTMENT,
SOLE AND BELTING
Bleachers____ _____
37
96
5.0
____ Male____
5.0
...d oExtractors,
____
37
237 and
temperers,
oilers.
Wringing and setting-out
machine operators.
Dry-loft men.........................
Spongers and stuffers...........
Rolling-machine operators . .
— do........
38
— do____
— do........
— do-------
37
33
37
Buffing-wheel operators....... Male____
Togglers and tackers............ — do........
Female__
Oil and dope mixers............. Male____
Daubers__________________ ...d o ........
Female—
Pumicers............................... Male.......
Female—
Trimmers________________ Male____
F em a le-
5
8
1
8
8
2
8
52.7
52.5
39.5
39.9
75.0 $0.398 $20.97
76.0
.419 22.00
$15.71
16.73
284
5.1
51.5
38.8
75.3
.432
22.25
16.73
333
232
534
5.2
5.2
5.3
52.0
51.3
51.3
39.2
39.2
40.8
75.4
76.4
79.5
.391
.390
.474
20.33
20.01
24.32
15.31
15.28
19.37
13
120
4.5
4.9
0)
5.2
5.2
5.7
5.5
6.0
5.6
49.8
49.1
0)
49.1
47.2
50.5
47.7
48.0
49.7
31.8 63.9
35.4 72.1
0)
0)
43.3 88.2
40.9 86.7
49.9 98.8
43.8 91.8
49.5 103.1
41.5 83.5
.638
.572
0)
.526
.653
.273
.663
.258
.490
31.77
28.09
0)
25.83
30.82
13.79
31.63
12.38
24.35
20.31
20.23
0)
22.78
26.74
13.60
29.06
12.78
20.32
FINISHING DEPARTMENTPATENT LEATHER
1
5
1
(9
13
88
7
93
3
14
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
FINISHING DEPARTMENT,
OTHER THAN SOLE OR
PATENT
Setters-out, machine_______ Male____
Female__
Setters-out, hand__________ Male____
Driers____________________ ...d o ........
F em a leSplitting-machine operators. Male____
Sorters, blue and crust......... — do........
Female__
Shaving-machine operators.. Male.......
Color, fat liquor, and season — do.____
ing mixers.
Colorers and fat liquors........ . —do........
Female__
Oiling-off machine operators. Male.......
* Female__
Dampeners or sawdusters— Male.......
Female—
Stakers, machine__________ Male____
Female__
Stakers, hand_____________ Male____
Tackers, togglers, an d past
. — d o______
ers.
Female__
Bolling-machine operators__ Male.......
Female__
Buffing-wheel operators....... Male.......
Female__
Brushing-machine operators. Male.......
Female—
Trimmers.............................. Male.......
Female__
Finishers or seasoners, ma M ale___
chine.
Female__
Finishers or seasoners, hand. Male.......
Female—
Glazing-machine operators.. Male.......
Female__
Boarders or grainers, h a n d .. Male____
Female—
Boarders or grainers, ma Male.......
chine.
701
61
152
324
84
59
163
11
558
89
5.1
4.3
5.1
5.3
5.3
5.0
5.5
6.9
5.1
5.7
50.2
50.6
50.4
50.4
49.4
51.0
50.2
49.7
50.0
50.2
41.3
33.4
38.5
44.1
43.2
39.6
45.7
48.3
38.9
49.5
82.3
66.0
76.4
87.5
87.4
77.6
91.0
97.2
77.8
98.6
.449
.232
.456
.378
.266
.669
.508
.248
.623
.495
22.54
11.74
22.98
19.05
13.14
34.12
25.50
12.33
31.15
24.85
18.55
7.75
17.56
16.67
11.47
26.51
23.23
11.96
24.26
24.47
63
370
4
14
23
43
42
9
43
119
3
8
72
854
6
13
14
127
60 1, 111
4
143
17
56
13.
44
63
603
4
29
34
83
7
13
38
114
40
238
38
224
30
200
39
413
42
875
752
59
17
270
31
173
1
5
42
13
5.1
4.5
5.1
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.1
4.8
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.7
5.1
5.0
4.8
5.3
5.4
5.1
5.2
5.0
5.1
5.4
5.2
5.1
4.9
5.2
6.0
5.0
49.7
49.6
50.4
49.8
50.6
49.3
49.8
48.5
49.1
49.9
48.1
49.2
49.0
50.4
50.7
50.3
49.1
49.5
50.1
49.8
49.4
50.3
50.2
49.7
50.6
50.7
50.0
48.3
43.2 86.9
38.7 78.0
41.0 81.3
36.3 72.9
45.4 89.7
44.4 90.1
41.4 83.1
36.4 75.1
36.3 73.9
38.2 76.6
34.1 70.9
37.6 76.4
41.4 84.5
41.3 81.9
42.7 84.2
44.2 87.9
41.9 85.3
39.8 80.4
40.1 80.0
43.9 88.2
40.8 82.6
43.0 85.5
42.8 85.3
40.4 81.3
38.1 75.3
39.5 77.9
50.0 100.0
42.0 87.0
.474
.327
.419
.288
.372
.257
.560
.305
.606
.551
.341
.442
.322
.543
.235
.381
.272
.443
.290
.421
.291
.500
.306
.603
.372
.517
.311
.530
23.56
16.22
21.12
14.34
18.82
12.67
27.89
14.79
29.75
27.49
16.40
21.75
15.78
27.37
11.91
19.16
13.36
21.93
14.53
20.97
14.38
25.15
15.36
29.97
18.82
26.21
15.54
25.60
20.48
12.65
17.16
10.44
16.88
11.40
23.14
11.09
22.01
21.05
11.62
16.61
13.34
22.43
10.04
16.84
11.39
17.61
11.61
18.46
11.89
21.51
13.09
24.39
14.16
20.41
15.54
22.27
70
4
23
61
20
31
52
5
71
47
1 For less than 3 wage earners in this establishment, data included in total.
4
LEATHER INDUSTRY
T a b l e 1 .—
Average days, hours, and earnings, 1982,
and sea;— Continued
Department and
occupation
Sex
Aver
age
Num Num
days
on
ber
ber
which
of
of
wage
estab wage
lish earn earners
worked
ments
ers
in 1
week
1
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
department, occupation,
Hours actu
Aver Aver
ally worked Aver
age
age
in 1 week
full actual
age
earn time earn
ings
Aver Per ings earn
ings
per
in 1
age cent
per
num of full hour week week
ber time
FINISHING DEPARTMENT,
OTHER THAN SOLE OR
patent—continued
Embossing or plating press Male.......
operators.
F e m a le Ironers, hand or machine___ Male____
F e m a le Machine helpers___________ Male __
F e m a le -
$21.63
11.05
18.81
12.12
17.35
10.65
63
7
26
27
41
7
280
33
133
170
188
37
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
4.8
50.2
49.4
49.3
49.8
50.9
50.0
43.6
40.2
40.5
42.3
41.2
40.9
86.9 $0,496 $24.90
81.4
.275 13.59
82.2
.465 22.92
84.9
.286 14.24
80.9
.421 21.43
81.8
.261 13.05
Male........
F em aleMale........
F e m ale -
78
7
108
25
562
25
1,234
117
5.4
5.7
5.4
4.8
50.6
50.9
50.6
50.4
43.9
45.5
43.8
39.2
86.8
89.4
86.6
77.8
.378
.279
.541
.287
19.13
14.20
27.37
14.46
16.63
12.69
23.68
11.25
Male____
Female. .
Male____
Female. Male____
Female. _
Male____
Female-Male........
Female.Male____
Female- _
45
19
22
23
84
8
96
10
36
1
65
12
91
51
40
46
364
22
384
37
111
6
156
26
5.5
5.0
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.2
5.0
5.6
5.2
50.0
49.6
48.7
49.8
49.9
49.9
50.4
49.7
50.3
50.0
50.2
49.4
44.5
41.9
44.3
44.1
44.6
45.4
44.8
44.3
42.0
36.2
47.0
41.8
89.0
84.5
91.0
88.6
89.4
91.0
88.9
89.1
83.5
72.4
93.6
84.6
.440
.301
.351
.274
.577
.305
.427
.284
.382
.390
.556
.323
22.00
14.93
17.09
13.65
28.79
15.22
21.52
14.11
19.21
19.50
27.91
15.96
19.58
12.63
15.53
12.10
25.73
13.84
19.12
12.60
16.03
14.11
26.15
13.51
Machine fixers_____________ Male____
Laborers and truckers........... — do.........
Female..
Other employees..................... Male____
36
56
1
103
94
329
0)
809
5.5
5.2
52.3
51.4
46.7
42.0
89.3
81.7
.576
.357
30.12
18.35
26.93
14.98
FINISHING DEPARTMENT,
ALL LEATHERS 2
Laborers and truckers...........
Other employees....................
SORTING AND SHIPPING
DEPARTMENT
Measuring-machine opera
tors.
Measuring-machine opera
tors’ helpers.
Sorters_____________________
Packers and shippers________
Laborers and truckers...........
Other employees....................
MAINTENANCE
DEPARTMENT
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
5.6
50.6
47.2
93.3
.525
26.57
24.78
5.2
5.1
5.2
50.4
50.0
50.4
42.1
40.9
42.0
83.5
81.8
83.3
.493
.303
.471
24.85
15.15
23.74
20.78
12.41
19.74
ALL DEPARTMENTS
All occupations____________ ...d o _____
Female. .
Male and
female.
114 18,755
57 2,644
114 21,399
i For less than 3 wage earners in this establishment, data included in total.
* These employees were not segregated by kind of leathers.
Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1932, by Kind of
Leather, Sex, and State
Table 2 shows for each of five kinds of leather (sole, kid, side upper,
calf, and sheepskin) average days, hours, and earnings for the wage
earners of each sex separately and for both sexes combined in each
State or group of States, and also for all States covered in each of the
five divisions of the industry. Both sexes were employed in the pro
duction of four kinds of leather and males only in the manufacture
of sole leather.
In sole-leather tanneries males in all States combined earned an
average of 42.1 cents per hour and $17.06 in 1 week. Earnings per
5
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
hour ranged, by States, from 30.9 cents to 55.5 cents, and earnings
in 1 week ranged from $8.97 to $22.77.
In kid-leather tanneries males in all States earned an average
of 50.2 cents per hour and $21.73 in 1 week; females earned an average
of 29.9 cents per hour and $12.38 in 1 week; and males and females
combined earned an average of 45.2 cents per hour and $19.32 in 1
week.
In side-upper tanneries males in all States earned an average of
48.8 cents per hour and $20.09 in 1 week; females earned an average
of 27.4 cents per hour and $10.52 in 1 week; and both sexes combined
earned an average of 46.2 cents per hour and $18.86 in 1 week.
In calfskin-leather tanneries males covered in all States earned
an average of 52.3 cents per hour and $22.54 in 1 week; females
earned an average of 32 cents per hour and $13.73 in 1 week; and
both sexes combined earned an average of 49.6 cents per hour and
$21.35 in 1 week.
In sheepskin-leather tanneries males covered in all States earned an
average of 56.2 cents per hour and $24.61 in 1 week; females earned
an average of 32.6 cents per hour and $12.93 in 1 week; and both
sexes combined earned an average of 51.7 cents per hour and $22.19
in 1 week.
T a b l e 2 . — Average
days, hours, and earnings, 1932, by kind of leather, sex, and
State
Kind of leather, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
1
Aver Aver
age Percent
age
of
full hours
full
time actu
ally
time
hours worked hours
per
in 1 worked
week week
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
Aver
age
ac
tual
earn
ings
in 1
week
SOLE
Male wage earners:
Kentucky and Tennessee..........
Michigan....................................
New York__________ _________
North Carolina......................... Ohio.......................................... .
Pennsylvania..............................
West Virginia.............................
Total........................................
199
408
623
608
5
2
275
13 1,840
4
465
35 4,418
5.5
5.8
4.9
4.1
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.2
49.6
54.0
50.4
54.1
50.3
51.5
50.9
51.7
41.4
44.7
41.0
29.0
43.3
44.6
33.1
40.5
83.5 $0.382 $18.95 $15.80
.351 18.95 15.68
82.8
81.3
.555 27.97 22.77
53.6
.309 16.72 8.97
86.1
.433 21.78 18.72
86.6
.430 22.15 19.20
65.0
.372 18.93 12.29
78.3
.421 21.77 17.06
Male wage earners:
Delaware.....................................
Massachusetts............................
New Jersey.................................
Pennsylvania..............................
Total......................... ............ .
4
6
3
6
19
1,201
653
592
1,251
3, 697
4.7
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.1
50.5
50.6
52.3
50.3
50.7
39.9
44.3
44.8
45.2
43.2
79.0
87.5
85.7
89.9
85.2
.467
.493
.512
.533
.502
23.58
24.95
26.78
26.81
25.45
18. 62
21.84
22.93
24.09
21.73
Female wage earners:
Delaware.....................................
Massachusetts......................... .
New Jersey......................... ........
Pennsylvania............................ Total........................................
4
6
3
5
18
676
191
191
223
1,281
4.9
5.7
5.2
4.9
5.1
51.1
48.0
52.1
49.7
50.5
39.9
45.1
44.8
39.7
41.4
78.1
94.0
86.0
79.9
82.0
.280
.265
.329
.361
.299
14.31
12.72
17.14
17.94
15.10
11.19
11.96
14.72
14.35
12.38
1,877
844
6
783
3
6 1,474
19 4,978
4.8
5.5
5.3
5.2
5.1
50.7
50.0
52.2
50.2
50.7
39.9
44.5
44.8
44.4
42.8
78.7
89.0
85.8
88.4
84.4
.400
.440
.467
.510
.452
20.28
22.00
24.38
25.60
22.92
15.95
19.60
20.93
22.61
19.32
3
4
4
KID
Male and female wage earners:
Delaware....... ...... .......................
Massachusetts............................
New Jersey.................................
Pennsylvania..............................
Total........................................
4
6
LEATHER INDUSTRY
T a b l e 2 .—
Average days, hours, and earningsy 1982, 6t/ H n d o / leather, sea;, an d
— C o n tin u e d
Kind of leather, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
Aver Aver
age Percent
age
of
full hours
actu
full
time
ally
time
hours worked
hours
per
in 1 worked
week week
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
Aver
age
ac
tual
earn
ings
in 1
week
SIDE UPPERS
Male wage earners:
Illinois.......................................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............. .......... ...............
Michigan and Wisconsin.-.......
New York...................................
Total........................................
1,462
5.0
50.1
40.0
79.8 $0,503 $25.20 $20.13
5
637
4
903
2
551
16 3,553
5.3
5.4
4.5
5.1
48.0
52.7
48.8
50.2
43.5
44.1
36.6
41.1
90.6
83.7
75.0
81.9
.543
.390
.563
.488
Female wage earners:
Elinois.......................................
Massachusetts and New Hamp-_
shire............ .......... ...............
Michigan and Wisconsin______
New York...................................
Total........................................
5
341
4.8
50.0
38.0
76.0
3
4
1
13
47
131
3
522
3.4
5.3
4.0
4.8
*48.0
52.3
48.0
50.4
27.1
43.6
33.9
38.4
56.5
83.4
70.6
76.2
5
1,803
4.9
50.1
39.6
79.0
.462
23.15
18.32
5
4
2
16
684
1,034
554
4,075
5.2
5.4
4.5
5.0
48.0
52.7
48.8
50.2
42.4
44.0
36.6
40.8
88.3
83.5
75.0
81.3
.535
.372
.563
.462
25.68
19. 60
27.47
23.19
22.65
16.37
20.61
18.86
4
3
841
168
156
762
985
2,912
5.3
5.1
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.4
48.0
52.3
50.0
50.0
52.2
50.3
39.9
44.8
47.6
50.8
38.8
43.1
83.1
85.7
95.2
101.6
74.3
85.7
.615
.550
.433
.533
.444
.523
29. 52
28.77
21.65
26.65
23.18
26.31
24.57
24.67
20.63
27.09
17.23
22.54
124
32
9
172
117
454
5.5
4.6
4.9
5.6
5.6
5.5
48.0
49.6
48.0
50.0
51.1
49.7
43.2
37.6
41.9
45.6
40.1
42.9
90.0
75.8
87.3
91.2
78.5
86.3
.343
.334
.370
.304
.313
.320
16.46
16.57
17. 76
15.20
15.99
15.90
14.84
12.58
15.48
13.85
12.57
13.73
965
200
165
934
4 1,102
15 3,366
5.3
5.0
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.4
48.0
51.8
49.9
50.0
52.1
50.2
40.4
43.7
47.3
49.9
38.9
43.1
84.2
84.4
94.8
99.8
74.7
85.9
.578
.520
.430
.494
.430
.496
27.74
26.94
21.46
24.70
22.40
24.90
23.32
22.74
20.35
24.65
16.73
21.35
Male and female wage earners:
Illinois........................................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.........................................
Michigan and Wisconsin______
New York...................................
Total........................................
5
26.06
20.55
27. 47
24.50
23.62
17.19
20.62
20.09
.277
13.85
10.53
.348
.246
.527
.274
16.70
12.87
25.30
13.81
9.43
10. 71
17.87
10.52
CALF
Male wage earners:
Massachusetts............................
New Jersey.................................
New York...................................
Ohio and Pennsylvania.............
Wisconsin...................................
Total........................................
Female wage earners:
Massachusetts............................
New Jersey.................................
New York...................................
Ohio and Pennsylvania.............
Wisconsin...................................
Total...........................................
Male and female wage earners:
Massachusetts............................
New Jersey.................................
New York...................................
Ohio and Pennsylvania.............
Wisconsin...................................
Total........................................
2
2
4
15
4
2
1
2
4
13
4
3
2
2
SHEEPSKIN
Male wage earners:
Massachusetts............................
Missouri, New York, and Penn
sylvania..............................
Total....... .......... ....................
Female wage earners:
Massachusetts................. ...........
Missouri, New York, and Penn
sylvania................................
Total........................................
8
979
5.4
48.2
44.4
92.1
.576
27.76
25.59
3
11
147
1,126
4.9
5.4
49.3
48.4
39.6
43.8
80.3
90.5
.458
.562
22.58
27.20
18.11
24. 61
6
221
5.3
48.0
40.5
84.4
.340
16.32
13.75
3
4.9
5.2
46.8
37.1
39.6
79.3
83 .0
.281
.326
13.15
15. 55
10.44
12.93
9
73
294
Male and female wage earners:
Massachusetts............................
Missouri, New York, and Penn
8
1,200
5 .4
4 8 .2
43 .7
90.7
.536
25.84
23.41
sy lv a n ia ...........................................
3
4 .9
48 .4
38 .8
Total........................................
11
220
1,420
5 .3
4 8 .2
42.9
80.2
89.0
.402
.517
19.46
24.92
15. 56
22.19
47 .7
7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1932, by Sex and State
Table 3 shows for the wage earners of each sex covered in each
State in 1932, or group of two States, and for both sexes combined in
each State or group of States, average days, hours, and earnings, and
the percent of full time actually worked in 1 week. In certain
cases combination was made of the figures for two States— as, Illinois
and Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee, and Massachusetts and New
Hampshire— in order to avoid presenting data for one tannery only,
and thus possibly reveal its identity.
The table shows that the 1,224 males of the five tanneries covered
in Delaware worked an average of 4.7 days in the week for which
figures are shown in this report; that their average full-time hours
per week were 50.4; that they actually worked an average of 39.7
hours in the week, or 78.8 percent of their average full-time hours per
week; that they earned an average of 46.7 cents per hour and $18.57
in the week; and that had they worked full time during the week at
same average per hour as was earned in the hours actually worked in
the week they would have earned an average of $23.54 or $4.97 more
than was actually earned in the week.
Average earnings per hour for males ranged, by States, from 30.9
cents to 55.9 cents; those for females ranged from 25 to 34.2 cents;
and those for both sexes combined ranged from 30.9 to 52.9 cents per
hour.
Males in all States combined earned an average of 49.3 cents per
hour and $20.78 in 1 week and their average full-time earnings per
week were $24.85. Females earned an average of 30.3 cents per hour
and $12.41 in 1 week and their average full-time earnings per week
were $15.15.
T a b l e 3 . — Average
1
Sex and State
days, hoursy and earnings, 1932, by sex and State
Aver
age
Aver
Num Num days
age
on
ber of ber of which
full
estab wage
time
wage
lish
earners hours
per
ments earners worked
week
in 1
week
Hours actually
worked in 1
week
Aver
age
num
ber
Aver
Aver
age
full
age
earn
time
Per ings per earn
cent of hour ings per
week
full
time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings in
1 week
MALES
Delaware_________________
_______
Kentucky and Tennessee___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire______________
Michigan_________________
New Jersey.......................... .
New York________________
North Carolina____________
Ohio............. ........... .............Pennsylvania_____________
West Virginia_____________
Wisconsin________________
Total___ ____________
1,224
5
4.7
1,960
9
5.1
Illinois
and Missouri
199
5.5
3
50.4
49.9
49.6
39.7
40.2
41.4
78.8
80.6
83.5
$0,467
.499
.382
$23.54
24.90
18.95
$18.57
20.07
15.80
26
5
10
11
5
5
23
4
8
4,192
814
1,208
2,063
608
929
3,565
465
1,528
5.4
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.1
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.2
48.6
54.0
50.5
49.8
54.1
50.8
51.0
50.9
52.1
43.0
45.1
44.5
42.5
29.0
45.0
44.9
33.1
39.9
88.5
83.5
88.1
85.3
53.6
88.6
88.0
65.0
76.6
.553
.369
.559
.533
.309
.501
.478
.372
.425
26.88
19.93
28.23
26.54
16.72
25.45
24.38
18.93
22.14
23.77
16.65
24.88
22.65
8.97
22.52
21.45
12.29
16.96
114
18,755
5.2
50.4
42.1
83.5
.493
24.85
20.78
8
LEATHER INDUSTRY
T a b l e 3 . — Average
days, hours, and earnings,
Sex and State
Num
ber of
estab
Num
ber of
wage
lish
earners
ments
Aver
age
Aver
days
age
on
full
which time
wage hours
earners
per
worked week
in 1
week
by sex and State— Continued
Hours actually
worked in 1
week
Aver
age
num
ber
Aver
Aver
age
full
age
earn
time
Per ings per earn
cent of hour ings per
full
week
time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings in
1 week
FEMALES
Delaware—.................
Illinois and Missouri..
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire..............
Michigan....................
New Jersey.................
New York..................
Ohio..........................
Pennsylvania........ .
Wisconsin...................
6
676
394
4.9
4.8
51.1
49.3
39.9
37.5
78.1
76.1
$0,280
.278
$14.31
13.71
$11.19
10.42
19
1
5
5
1
9
7
640
76
223
47
125
291
172
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.4
5.6
5.0
5.6
48.0
54.0
51.7
48.0
50.0
49.9
50.8
41.6
43.8
43.7
44.1
45.9
41.1
41.1
86.7
81.1
84.5
91.9
91.8
82.4
80.9
.319
.250
.330
.342
.305
.342
.289
15.31
13.50
17.06
16.42
15.25
17.07
14.68
13.28
10.92
14.41
15.08
14.01
14.06
11.88
Total.................
57
2,644
5.1
50.0
40.9
81.8
.303
15.15
12.41
5
9
3
1,900
2,354
199
4.8
5.0
5.5
50.7
49.8
49.6
39.8
39.7
41.4
78.5
79.7
83.5
.401
.464
.382
20.33
23.11
18.95
15.94
18.45
15.80
26
5
10
11
5
5
23
4,832
890
1,431
2,110
608
1,054
3,856
5.4
5.6
5.3
5.0
4.1
5.4
5.4
42.8
45.0
44.4
42.5
29.0
45.1
44.6
33.1
40.0
88.1
83.3
87.6
85.3
53.6
89.0
87.6
77.1
.523
.359
.524
.529
.309
.477
.468
.372
.411
25.42
19.39
26. 57
26.34
16.72
24.18
23.82
18.93
21.33
22.38
16.16
23.25
22.48
8.97
21.51
20.89
12.29
16.45
42.0
83.3
.471
23.74
19.74
4
MALES AND FEMALES
Delaware............~ ................
Illinois and Missouri..
Kentucky and Tennessee—
Massachusetts and N e w
Hampshire..............
Michigan...................
New Jersey.................
New York__________
North Carolina..........
Ohio_______________
Pennsylvania........
West V irgin ia_________
Wisconsin__________
Total.......... ......
4
465
5 .3
8
1,700
5.3
48.6
54.0
50.7
49.8
54.1
50.7
50.9
50.9
51.9
114
21,399
5.2
50.4
6 5 .0
Classified Earnings per Hour, 1932, by Department and
Occupation
Table 4 shows average earnings per hour for the wage earners in
10 representative occupations in the industry, 1 of them in the hide
house, 2 in the beam house, 1 in the tan house, 1 in the finishing
department, sole and belting, 4 in the finishing department, other
than sole or patent leather, and 1 in the sorting and shipping depart
ment. It also shows a percentage distribution, by average earnings
per hour, of the wage earners in each of these occupations. The
averages and distribution figures are fairly representative of the
average earnings per hour of the w^age earners in all the occupations
in the industry in that they show practically all of the variations that
would be shown had figures been published for all occupations. For
a like distribution, by number, of the wage earners in each of these
occupations in each State, see table B, page 43.
The table shows that the 177 sorters and counters found in the
hide house of 59 tanneries earned an average of 47.3 cents per hour;
that 1 percent of them earned an average of less than 21 cents per
hour; that 8 percent earned an average of 70 cents or more per hour];
and that 23 percent earned an average that was within the classified
group “ 40 and under 45 cents per hour. ”
T able
4.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department and sex
Department, occupation, and sex
Percent of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
wage ings
lishper
ments
hour
21,
23,
23
25
35,
un un
der der
40
cts.
cts. cts.
0.473
.492
.424
.436
(0
(0
0)
0)
(0
0)
.....
.....
534
.474
854
13
143
413
875
752
270
96
384
37
.427
.284
2
(0
(0
0)
(0
22
0)
0)
54
(0
LABOR, 1932
1,111
OP
60
4
39
42
59
17
.560
.305
.551
.341
.500
.306
.603
.372
90
HOURS
177
72
10
80,
344
356
753
37
6
70,
AND
i Less than 1 percent.
105
64
97
45
cts.
$1,
un un un cts., un
der der der un der
80
90 der
70
cts. cts. cts. $1 $1.20
WAGES
Hide house: Sorters and counters, male_____________________
Beam house:
Fleshing-machine operators, male_______________________
Laborers and truckers, male______ _____________________
Tan house: Haulers, male...........................— ........................... .
Finishing department, sole and belting: Rolling-machine
operators, male............................................................................
Finishing department, other than sole or patent:
Stakers, machine, male________________________________ _
Stakers, machine, female______________________________
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, male_____________________
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, female_____ ______________
Finishers or seasoners, hand, male______________________
Finishers or seasoners, hand, female_____________________
Glazing-machine operators, male_____ __________________
Glazing-machine operators, female______________________
Sorting and shipping department:
Packers and shippers, male____________________________
Packers and shippers, female___________________________
40,
un un
der der
CO
10
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Table 5 shows for laborers and also for the wage earners in all
occupations in the establishments included in the study of the industry
in 1932 the number and percent at each classified group of average
earnings per hour.
The 1,702 laborers included in this report earned an average of
38.5 cents per hour and each of 306 of them, or 18 percent of the total,
earned an average that fell within the classified group “ 35 and under
37K cents per hour.” The 21,399 w^age earners found in all occupa
tions in the establishments covered in this report earned an average
of 47 cents per hour and 2,128 of this number, or 10 percent, earned an
average that was within the classified group “ 50 and under 55 cents
per hour.”
T a b l e 5 . — Classified
earnings per hour of laborers and of wage earners in all
occupations combined, in 1982
Number
Classified earnings per hour
12 and under 13 cents
___ ___ ____ _____________ ________
13 and under 14 cents - __________________________________
14 and under 15 cents_- ___________________________________
15 and under 16 cents____________________________________ 16 and under 17 cents_____________________________________
17 and under 18 cents_________________________ - __________
18 and under 19 cents______________________________________
19 and under 20 cents - - __ ______________________ ______ __
20 and under 21 c e n t s ____________________________________
2i and under 22 cents______________________________________
22 and under 23 cents______________________________________
23 and under 24 cents______________________________________
24 and under 25 cents______________________________________
25 and under 27H c e n t s __________________________________
2 7 and under 30 cents___________________________________
30 and under 32^6 cents____________________________________
32}i and under 35 cents____________________________________
35 and under 3 7 c e n t s __________________________________
37H and under 40 cents____________________________________
40 and under 42H cents____________________________________
42^ and under 45 cents __________________________________
45 and under 47H cents____________________________________
47H and under 50 cents__ _______________________________
50 and under 55 cents______________________________________
55 and under 60 cents__ ___________________________________
60 and under 65 cents______________________________________
65 and under 70 cents_______________ ______________________
70 and under 75 cents______________________________________
75 and under 80 cents - _________________________________
80 and imdar 85 cents
___________ _______________ _______
85 and under 90 cents
- ________________________ _____
90 and nndAr 95 c e n t s ____________________________________
95 cents and nnrtar $1
_________________________________
$1 and under $110
_ ____ ___________________________
$110 and under $1 20
- ____________ - __ - _____
$1 20 and under $1.30 _____________________________________
$1 30 and under $140
_
_ ____ _____________ ___ __
SI 40 and under $150
__ __ ____________ ____
$1 50 and under $160
- ___ ___________________
$ 160 and under $1.70
_______________________________
$2 and under $2.25
_ _ ____ _____________ __________
Total
_____ _____________________________________
Average earnings per hour
i Less than 1 percent.
_____ _______________________
Percent of total
Wage
Wage
earners in
earners in
all
occu
all
occu
Laborers pations, Laborers
pations,
including
including
laborers
laborers
5
2
5
2
2
4
2
4
6
7
67
96
197
153
306
204
194
110
120
85
56
18
35
14
1
5
2
1
1
3
29
21
38
27
88
127
51
148
89
159
774
909
1,390
952
1,655
1,239
1,878
1,399
1,510
928
2,128
1,536
1,605
983
673
397
258
213
100
33
59
19
10
8
4
4
1
2
1,702
21,399
$0,385
$0,470
0)
0)
(i)
(i)
w
(l)
m
(l)
(i)
(l)
(l)
0)
0)
(i)
0
Oj
M
0)
0)
0)
<0
4
6
12
9
18
12
11
6
7
5
3
1
2
1
0)
m
M
M
m
M
0)
0)
1
1
1
4
4
6
4
8
6
9
7
7
4
10
7
8
5
8
2
1
1
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
11
Full-Time Hours per Week, 1932
The full-time hours per week and per day of a wage earner are the
hours established for him by a regular time of beginning and quitting
work each day less his regular time off duty for meals. Such hours
do not include any overtime or extra work on Sunday and holidays,
nor are they reduced by the exclusion of any regular time lost by
slack or short-time work, sickness, or other disability, or for any
other cause.
Table 6 shows average full-time hours per week for the wage earners
in each of 10 representative occupations in the industry in 1932. It
also shows a percentage distribution, by full-time hours per week, of
the wage earners in these occupations. In compiling this table, for
each occupation the full-time hours of each wage earner found in the
occupation was used, even though the wage earner actually worked
more or less than his regular full time. For a similar distribution,
by number, of the wage earners in each occupation and State, see
table C, page 48.
The full-time hours per week and per day, Monday to Friday, and
Saturday, in table 7 are the regular hours of operation under normal
conditions for daywork in each of the 114 establishments included in
the study of the industry and for nightwork in 7 of the 114 in which
there were both day and night shifts. There was a day and a night
shift in 1 of the 9 establishments covered in Illinois and Missouri;
in 2 of the 26 establishments covered in Massachusetts and New
Hampshire; and in 4 of the 11 covered in New York.
The full-time hours per week for daywork ranged by establishments
from 40 to 60, and for nightwork ranged from 48 to 69 per week.
Hours per day, Monday to Friday, ranged from 8 to 10 and for
nightwork from 8 to 11%. Hours on Saturday for daywork ranged
from 4)i to 10 and for nightwork from 4 % to 11K.
The 5-day week, with no work on Saturday, was in operation in 4
establishments in which there was daywork.
T a b le 6*
Average and classified full-time hours 'per week in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department and sex
Department, occupation, and sex
Percent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—
Over
40
59
177
50.0
344
356
753
534
50.8
50.8
50.8
51.3
854
13
(0
143
413
875
752
270
49.8
48.5
49.9
48.1
50.3
50.2
49.7
50.6
384
37
50.4
49.7
0)
6
60
4
39
42
59
17
96
10
1, 111
45
45,
under
Over
48
49^
48
105
64
97
37
72
44
50
51
51,
under
54
55
60
54
0)
0)
15
0)
1
0)
4
4
0)
0)
12
INDUSTRY
1 Less than 1 percent.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
wage time
earn- hours
per
week
LEATHER
Hide house: Sorters and counters, male........................................................
Beam house:
Fleshing-machine operators, male_________________________________
Laborers and truckers, male.....................................................................
Tan house: Haulers, male.......................................................................... .
Finishing department, sole and belting: Rolling-machine operators, male
Finishing department, other than sole or patent:
Stakers, machine, male................... ........................................................ .
Stakers, machine, female_____ ___________________________________
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, male—............................................. I_I „
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, female.....................................................
Finishers or seasoners, hand, male.............. ...........................................
Finishers or seasoners, hand, female........................................................ .
Glazing-machine operators, male...............................................................
Glazing-machine operators, female............................................................
Sorting and shipping department:
Packers and shippers, male............ .........................................................
Packers and shippers, female.....................................................................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T a b l e 7 . — Number
of establishments in each State with specified number of full
time hours per week and per day, 1932
DA Y W O R K
Full-time
hours per
day
Number of establishments
Full-time
hours per
week
d
03
©
§
§ 3
&
©
o
a
t5
M
40—
45—
46*447—
9*4
W
8Vio
m
m
m
48-.
32
Total.
49^_
50—
51—
51M 52—
1
1
1
1
30
m
m
52^.
{9H
Total.
53Total.
53H 5394.
54
5 5
Grand
total.
23
10
114
N IGH TW OEK
8
I8
4 8 .............. - { 8i Ho 4%
I i1)
l
2
Total
57^
69
........
.
UH
— 11H
1
UH
Grand
total.
1
2
19% hours Monday to Thursday, 9 hours Friday.
179222°—33----- 2
3
1
3
1
3
5
1
1
1
4
7
1
14
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Changes in Full-Time Hours Per Week and Per Day Since
January 1, 1930
Between January 1, 1930, and the period of the 1932 study (March
to M ay, inclusive), the full-time hours per week and per day of the
wage earners in 4 establishments were reduced, and in 110 of the 114
establishments included in this report were not changed.
Hours were reduced in 3 establishments in 1930 and in 1 in 1932.
In 1 the reduction was from 10 per day or 60 per week to 9 per day
or 54 per week; in 1 from 9 per day or 54 per week to 8 per day or
48 per week; in 1 from 8 per day or 48 per week to a 5-day week of
9 hours per day or 45 per week; and in 1 from 8 per day for 5 days and
4 on Saturday or 44 per week to a 5-day week of 8 hours per day or
40 per week.
Changes in Wage Rates Since January 1, 1930
Between January 1, 1930, and the period of the 1932 study, 109
of the 114 tanneries for which figures are included in this report re
duced wage rates of their wage earners, and 1 increased and then
reduced rates twice. There was no change in rates in four tanneries.
Rates in 3 tanneries were reduced four times; in 5, three times; in 38,
twice; and in 64 were reduced once only.
Table 8 shows the number of establishments in which rates were
changed, the wage earners affected, the percent of reduction or in
crease, and the number of changes in 1930, 1931, and 1932.
T a b l e 8 . — Changes
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
in wage rates in 110 tanneries between Jan. 1, 1980, and the
period of the 1932 study
Wage earners affected by change
1 All...........................................................................
1 ____ do________________ - _____________________
/Working foremen... . . . . . . . ____ _______________
1 \All others___________________________________
1 All...........................................................................
1 ____ do______________________________________
1
..d o ......................................................................
1
. d o ...................................................................1
d o __ ____ ______________ _______________
1
. d o _ ________________________________
1
.d o _
______ ______________________
1 ___do_______________________________________
1
do
.
______. . . __________________
1
__d o ______________________________________
1
. . d o _____________________________________
. . d o ....................................................................
_d o __ _____ ______________________________
1
d o __
_ ___ _ _____________________
d o ______ _____ _____ ___________________
16
1
do
__
___ ____________ ____________
1 ........do............................................................................
4
1
1
1
1
1
. d o __
do
do
do
.
do
„
Percent of reduction
10, 10, 10, and 10................
10, 5,10, and 10..................
18, and 9________________
10, 10. 10, and 17K.............
10, 10, and 10......................
10, 10, and 10......................
7, 8, and 10.........................
10, 5, and 5______________
5, 5, and 5_______________
10, and 22...........................
10, and 201.........................
15, and 11...........................
15, and 10...........................
12, and 10...........................
10, and 12_________ _____
10, and 10...........................
10, and 10...........................
10, and 10...........................
10, and 10...........................
7, and 10.............................
________ __________________________ Between 10 and 15, and 5 2.
______ ________________________ 10, and 10 or 5 3___________
.
__
__ ____________________
_____________________ _
_____________ ___ _____
Number of changes
made
1930
1931
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
16
2
1
1932
16
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
120 percent of the original rate.
^
* This reduction of 5 percent was made to obtain funds to pay cost of operating hospital and clinics
maintained for employees.
110 percent for those at rates of $20 or more per week, and 5 percent for those at rates under $20 per week.
15
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1932
T a b l e 8 . — Changes
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
in wage rates in 110 tanneries between Jan. 1, 1980, and the
period of the 1982 study— Continued
Wage earners affected by change
2
1
2
37
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
....... do......................................................................
____do______________________________________
____do______________________________________
____do______________________________________
....... do______________________________________
____do_________ _____________________________
____do______________________________________
____do______________________________________
____d o ___ ________________ __________________
____do______________________________________
f___do______________________________________
i All in maintenance department and all laborers—
jAll except glazers, stakers, and shavers
__
1 •{All except glazers________ ___________________
[All...........................................................................
1 All except working foremen_______ - ________- _
1 All except stakers, shippers, and measurers______
Percent of reduction
Number of changes
made
1930
15........................................
13........................................
12^ ........................
10........................................
10........................................
9..........................................
8 *........................................
7H .........................
6..........................................
5..........................................
10........................................
25........................................
(8) ..........................
5..........................................
10........................................
10........................................
10........................................
1931
2
1
2
37
1
1
1
1
1
1
1932
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
4 For all in service. Entrance rate reduced 12 percent.
« Increase of 10 percent for all except glazers, stakers, and shavers. Qlazers on first-way work increased
from 9 to 9H cents per dozen, and on second-way work from 12.6 to 13.3 cents per dozen, and on finish work
from 23% to 25*4 cents per dozen.
Pay for Overtime and Extra Work on Sunday and Holidays,
1932
Overtime is any time worked by an employee in excess of his regular
full-time hours per day and per week, regardless of the rate paid for
such work. Work on Sunday and holidays is extra time only when
performed by an employee whose regular working schedule does not
provide for work regularly on those days. Work on Saturday in an
establishment in which the 5-day week, Monday to Friday, is in effect
is overtime.
In reply to inquiries concerning overtime and extra work on Sunday
and holidays, 10 of the 114 establishments covered in the study
reported a higher rate for overtime and 11a higher rate for extra work
on Sunday and holidays than for regular working time.
The rate of pay for overtime in 9 of the 10 establishments was IK
times the rate for regular working time and in 1 was 1% times the
regular rate. The 1 % rate applied to all wage earners in 6 establish
ments; to all except knee stakers in 1; to wage earners in the mechan
ical department only in 1; and to timeworkers only in 1. The rate
of 1% applied to all wage earners in 1 establishment.
The rate of pay for extra work on Sunday and holidays in 10 of the
11 establishments was 1% times the rate for regular working time and
in 1 was 1}{ times the regular rate. The IK rate applied to all wage
earners in 7 establishments; to all except knee stakers in 1; to those
in the mechanical department only in 1; and to timeworkers only in
1, but in June, July, and August the rate to these timeworkers was
twice the regular rate. The rate of IK applied to all wage earners in
one establishment.
During the pay period covered by the study there was a limited
amount of overtime in 89 of the 114 establisnments, and of extra
work on Sunday and holidays in 67 of them.
16
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Bonus and Other Incentive Systems, 1932
In answering inquiries concerning bonus systems, 8 of the 114
tanneries for which wage figures are presented in this bulletin reported
such systems in operation at the time of the study, and 11 of them
reported incentive systems which are primarily for the purpose of
increasing production and incidentally increasing earnings of wage
earners. Neither bonus systems nor incentive plans were in operation
in 95 of the tanneries covered in the 1932 study of the industry.
A bonus is compensation in addition to earnings at basic rates of
pay. Example: A tannery had a bonus system based on attendance,
which provided for the payment of a bonus of 2 cents per hour for
each hour worked during each pay period to each wage earner who
was not absent any time during the period. A wage earner whose
basic rate was 50 cents per hour in a pay period of 1 week worked full
time or 48 hours and earned at such rate $24. His attendance bonus
at 2 cents per hour for 48 hours was 96 cents, which added to the $24
made his total earnings in the week $24.96.
An incentive, as shown in table 9, is a plan which provides for the
payment for all or a part of the production in excess of a set standard
at the same or a lower rate than for the standard, as in the following
examples:
Each of three tanneries in the table had an incentive system, based
on production, which provided for payment for the excess production
in number of units over the set standard at the same rate per unit as
for standard. The standard was 6 units per hour and the rate was
10 cents per unit. A wage earner did 7 units in an hour thus increasing
production per man-hour and accomplishing the primary purpose of
the system. The wage earner earned 10 cents more in the hour
because he produced 1 unit more than the standard. The plan is
almost identical with the piecework system, but the former has a
standard while the latter has none.
One tannery had an incentive system which provided for the pay
ment of two thirds of the excess production in number of units over
the set standard of 60 per hour at the same rate per unit as for stand
ard of 60 per hour at the same rate per unit as for standard. The
rate per unit was 1 cent. A wage earner produced 66 units in 1 hour.
He was paid 60 cents for 60 of them and 4 cents for 6, and earned a
total of 64 cents.
T able
9.— Bonus and other incentive systems in operation in 19 tanneries in 1982
BONUS SYSTEMS
Num
ber of
Bonus
tan based on—
neries
1
1
Wage earners who may
earn bonus
A t t e n d All__......................... .
ance.
Bonus earned when—
Amount of bonus
Not absent any time during
pay period.
2 cents per hour for each
hour worked during pay
period.
H hour per week at regular
rate.
_ do____ ....... do.............................. Not absent all day on any
day of week except Satur
day.
— do_____ All in tan house_______ There is no unexcused ab
sence in week.
2 cents per hour for each
hour worked in week.
17
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T a b le
9.— Bonus and other incentive systems in operation in 19 tanneries in
1982— C o n t in u e d
BONUS SYSTEM S—Continued
Num
ber of
Bonus
tan based onneries
Wage earners who may
earn bonus
Bonus earned when-
Amount of bonus
Produc
tion.
All except those in the Production in number of Varies with each operation
mechanical or mainte
units in specified period of
of class of work.
nance department and
time is more than set
miscellaneous outside
standard.
labor.
...do_____ Buffing-wheel operator.. Operator buffs more than 53 10 cents per dozen hides.
hides in 5 hours; 64 in 6
hours; 75 in 7 hours; 85 in
8 hours; 95 in 9 hours; 106 in
10 hours; 116 in 11 hours;
126 in 12 hours; 136 in 13
hours; or 146 in 14 hours.
— do_____ Plating-press operators, More than set standard of 9 3 cents per dozen to platmachine stakers, and
dozen hides is completed in
ing-press operators and
1 hour.
machine finishers or
1H cents per dozen to
seasoners.
stakers and finishers for
excess over standard.
Time sav Trimmers, female......... . Job or task is completed in All of time saved at basic
ing or
less than the time allotted.
rate.
produc
tion.
Efficiency. Tackers and setters out. Quality of work is more than 10 percent of earnings at
80 percent.
basic rates.
INCENTIVE SYSTEM S
Produc
tion.
All productive.
.—do____
AU productive except
hand stakers.
M a c h i n e setters-out,
fleshing-machine op
erators,
stampers,
and oiling-off ma
chine operators.
Sorters............................
...d o........
...d o ____
...d o ____
Produc
tion or
point
system,
—do.........
- d o ____
—do____
Tackers, machine fin
ishers or seasoners,
machine boarders or
grainers,
machine
stakers, and shavingmachine operators.
All................................. .
Beamsters or hand
scudders, finishers or
seasoners, trimmers,
and
measuring-machine operators.
Jack glazing machine
operators, rolling-ma
chine operators, em
bossing or plating ma
chine operators, measuring-machine opera
tors, and packers.
All productive............... .
Efficiency. All nonproductive..
Production in number of All units in excess of stand
units in specified period of
ard at basic rate per unit.
time is more than set
standard.
___ do......................................
Do.
.do..
.do..
Production in number of
square feet in a specified
period of time is more than
set standard.
Points made in 1 hour exceed
set standard of 60.
Do.
H of all units in excess of
standard at basic rate
per unit.
All square feet in excess of
standard at basic rate.
H of excess over standard
at basic rate per point.
.do..
Do.
.do..
Do.
Production in number of H of all units in excess of
standard at basic rate
units in specified period of
per unit.
time is more than set
standard.
___ do...................................... H of units in excess of set
standard (by productive
wage earners) at basic
rates per unit distrib
uted among wage earners
in proportion to effi
ciency of each depart
ment.
18
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Index Numbers of Employment and of Pay Rolls, 1923 to
1932
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the leather indus
try in the United States are presented in table 10 for each month,
January 1923 to December 1932, and for each of the years in this
period. These numbers were computed from the volume of employ
ment and the amount of pay rolls for each of the months and years,
with the 1926 average taken as the base or 100, and are as published
by the Bureau in monthly reports on the Trend of Employment.
During the years 1923 to 1932, monthly employment was highest
(with an index of 116.8) in February 1923, and lowest (with an index
of 63.1) in July 1932. Pay rolls were highest (with an index of
110.2) in M ay 1923, and lowest (with an index of 45.9) in July 1932.
Employment, by years, was highest in 1923 (with an index of 109.6)
and lowest in 1932 (with an index of 68.4), and pay rolls were highest
in 1923 and lowest in 1932.
T able
10.— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January 1928 to De
cember 1982, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100]
Employment
Month
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
February..................
March......................
April.........................
M ay.........................
June..........................
July..........................
August......................
September................
October....................
N ov em b er.............
December.................
115.1
116.8
115.7
113.9
109.5
108.9
108.2
106.8
105.7
105.4
106.2
103.5
103.8
104.3
103.4
99.2
94.4
91.6
88.9
89.9
94.7
95.9
97.3
99.1
100.3
101.6
101.5
98.9
96.4
96.1
94.8
96.5
98.8
99.6
100.2
100.0
101.5
102.3
102.4
99.9
97.9
95.1
96.8
99.5
101.2
101.0
101.1
101.3
102.0
103.8
101.9
97.4
95.8
95.9
96.7
97.1
97.8
97.4
97.5
97.4
99.1
99.9
99.1
95.8
95.8
94.5
95.1
95.5
95.3
94.0
90.9
89.4
90.8
91.3
90.0
89.4
89.2
90.0
93.0
94.2
95.3
96.2
94.2
92.4
90.5
89.9
89.1
88.3
86.8
85.0
84.4
84.6
84.1
83.2
80.1
76.4
77.6
77.6
78.4
77.6
77.3
77.3
79.2
80.1
77.5
74.6
71.6
69.9
70.3
71.7
70.7
70.3
67.3
63.4
63.1
64.4
67.0
69.9
71.7
70.7
Average..........
109.6
96.9
98.7
100.0
98.4
' 95.4
92.2
85.2
76.6
68.4
Janu ary----------------------
1928
1929
1930
1931*
1932
Pay rolls
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
January....................
February..........
March......................
April.........................
M ay..........................
June..........................
July.................. ........
August......................
September------ -----October..................
November........... .
December.................
104.2
108.0
109.7
108.6
110.2
108.9
105.6
103.7
104.7
107.6
106.5
105.8
104.8
106.3
104.3
98.8
92.6
90.9
83.7
87.6
90.5
94.7
94.5
99.3
99.4
103.4
103.2
95.3
95.9
93.4
89.7
94.8
94.1
99.6
100.3
100.9
100.1
103.0
103.5
100.3
98.0
95.2
94.9
99.8
100.5
102.7
99.8
101.7
102.0
104.0
100.9
96.1
94.5
95.3
93.9
96.7
95.0
95.2
94.9
97.8
97.6
99.6
99.7
93.2
93.9
91.8
92.5
92.8
92.8
93.2
87.8
89.0
87.6
92.0
88.6
89.4
90.3
92.2
93.6
97.6
97.6
100.6
94.9
81.4
90.3
90.3
87.3
86.2
85.5
83.9
82.2
83.5
81.5
79.3
74.6
71.7
69.9
72.0
73.8
73.3
73.8
73.1
74.2
75.7
70.6
65.6
60.1
57.9
55.4
58.8
57.7
54.8
49.5
46.6
45.9
48.2
51.5
55.4
54.1
53.1
Average..........
107.0
95.7
97.5
100.0
97.2
93.7
93.2
83.0
70.0
52.6
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
19
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
Importance of the Industry
Table 11 shows the importance of the leather industry in the
United States and in each State, according to the figures from the
reports of the United States Census of Manufactures, in number of
establishments, average number of wage earners, amount paid in
wages, cost of materials, value of products, and value added by
manufacture. The figures for the United States are for each of the
specified years from 1899 to 1929. Those for each State are for 1929
only.
The figures in the table for any of the years from 1899 to 1919
included establishments each with an annual product valued at $500
or more, while those for the years since 1919 are limited to establish
ments each with an annual product valued at $5,000 or more. The
increase of the minimum value from $500 in the earlier to $5,000 in
the later years accounts for the decrease in the number of establish
ments reported in 1921 and subsequent years.
Averages per wage earner of wages, cost of materials, value of
products, value added by manufacture, and percent of wages are of
value added by manufacture, have been computed and are shown
in the last five columns of the table.
Average annual earnings per wage earner ranged by years from
$434 in 1899 to $1,283 in 1927. Averages ranged, by States, in 1929
from $852 to $1,444. Wages formed 44 percent of the value added by
manufacture in 1929 and ranged, by years, from 31 percent (in 1919)
to 55 percent (in 1921), and in 1929 ranged, by States, from 27 to 57
percent.
11.— Number of establishments and wage earners, amount of wages, cost of
materials, value of products, value added by manufacture, and per capita earnings,
etc., 1899 to 1929
T able
From United States Census of Manufactures
State and year
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Average
number
of wage
earners
Amount
paid in
wages
Cost of
materials
Value of
products
United States:
1899............................................... 1,306 52,109 $22,591,091 $155,000,004 $204,038,127
1904............................................... 1,049 57,239 27,049,152 191,179,073 252,620,986
919 62,202 32,102,845 248,278,933 327,874,187
1909...............................................
741 55,936 31,914,497 284,245,420 367,201,705
1914...............................................
680 72,476 88,205,473 646,521,527 928,591,701
1919...............................................
608 48,955 57,740,510 277,724,919 383,365,048
1921...............................................
597 59,703 73,784,340 321,749,551 488,897,835
1923...............................................
531 52,263 65,834,112 296,953,488 452,186,000
1925...............................................
494 52,924 67,887,231 331,984,736 494,255,838
1927...............................................
471 49,932 63,413,707 337,597,868 481,340,299
1929......................... .....................
1929
Delaware................... ........................
Illinois................................................
Kentucky and Tennessee..................
Massachusetts____ '...........................
Michigan............................................
New Jersey........................................
New York........................................ .
North Carolina..................................
Ohio................................................ Pennsylvania....................................
West Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin...........................................
All other States............... —.............
11
26
11
113
13
51
67
9
18
62
9
18
63
2,686
3,661
899
10,707
2,070
4,159
5,354
1,329
1,529
8,876
1,107
3,791
3,764
3,169,646
4,946,169
864,244
14,206,501
2,584,427
6,003,625
7,021,302
1,132,077
2,197,862
11,323,960
1,131,695
4,648,457
4,183,742
14,910,454
24,379,714
5,201,068
60,240,934
13,685,107
26,298,817
38,029,471
13,781,166
9,852,760
70,329,178
11,613,401
19,762,163
29,513,635
20,613,037
37,478,835
6,725,174
88,348,403
19,250,379
39,564,554
53,794,167
18,017,395
15,975,285
95,958,590
14,354,329
30,015,331
41,244,820
Value added
by manu
facture
$49,038,123
61,441,913
79,595,254
82,956,285
282,070,174
105,640,129
167,148,284
155,232,512
162,271,102
143,742,431
5,702,583
13,099,121
1,524,106
28,107,469
5,565,272
13,265,737
15,764,696
4,236,229
6,122.525
25,629,412
2,740,928
10,253,168
11,731,185
20
LEATHER INDUSTRY
.
11 — Number of establishments and wage earnersf amount of wages, cost of
materials, value of products, value added by manufacture, and per capita earningsf
etc., 1899 to 1929— Continued
T a b le
Computed by United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
Average per wage earner of—
State and year
Annual
wages
United States:
1899...............................................
1904...............................................
3909...............................................
1914...............................................
1919...............................................
1921...............................................
1923...............................................
1925...............................................
1927...............................................
1929...............................................
1929
Delaware............ ................................
Illinois........... .......... .........................
Kentucky and Tennessee...................
Massachusetts....................................
Michigan.............................................
New Jersey.........................................
New Y o rk .........................................
North Carolina...................................
Pennsylvania................................. .
West Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin...........................................
All other States...................................
Cost of
materials
Value of
products
Value
added by
manufacture
Percent
wages
are of
value
added
$434
473
516
571
1,217
1,179
1,236
1,260
1,283
1,270
$2,975
3,340
3,991
5,082
8,920
5,673
5,389
5,682
6,273
6,761
$3,916
4,413
5,271
6,565
12,812
7,831
8,189
8,652
9,339
9,640
$941
1,073
1,280
1,483
3,892
2,158
2,800
2,970
3,066
2,879
46
44
40
38
31
55
44
42
42
44
1,180
1,351
961
1,327
1,249
1,444
1,311
852
1,437
1,276
1,022
1,226
1,112
5,551
6,659
5,785
5,626
6,611
6,323
7,103
10,370
6,444
7,924
10,491
5, 213
7,841
7,674
10,237
7,481
8,251
9,300
9,513
10,047
13,557
10,448
10,811
12,967
7,918
10,958
2,123
3,578
1,695
2,625
2,689
3,190
2,944
3,188
4,004
2,887
2,476
2,705
3,117
56
38
57
51
46
45
45
27
36
44
41
45
36
Scope and Method
This bulletin presents 1932 wage figures for 21,399 wage earners of
114 representative tanneries in 15 States. The tanneries were en
gaged mainly in the manufacture of one or more of the following kinds
of leather— sole, belting, side upper, kid, patent, or upholstery. The
States included in the study are those of material importance in
number of wage earners according to the 1929 United States Census
of Manufactures. Table 12 shows that 13 of the 15 States employed
46,168 wage earners or 92 percent of the total number in the industry
in all States. Based on the 1929 census the 21,399 wage earners
covered in this report is 43 percent of the total employed in all States
and 46 percent of the total employed in 13 of the 15 States.
Data for each of the establishments having a pay period of more
than 1 week were converted to a 1-week basis.
Average days worked in 1 week were computed by dividing the
total days on which all wage earners in an occupation worked in 1
week by the total number of wage earners in the occupation in the
week. In computing tbe average, each day or part of a day on which
a wage earner did any work wras counted as a day.
Average full-time hours per week of all wage earners in each occu
pation were computed by dividing the combined full-time hours per
week by the number of wage earners in the occupation in 1 week.
The full-time hours per week of each wage earner were used in arriv
ing at this average, even though some wage earners in the week
covered in the report worked more or less than full time on account
of overtime, sickness, disability, or other cause.
21
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
Average hours actually worked in 1 week were computed by divid
ing the aggregate hours actually worked in 1 week by all wage earners
in an occupation by the number of wage earners in the occupation in
the week.
Average earnings j>er hour of wage earners in each occupation as
presented in the various tables in this bulletin were computed by
dividing the combined earnings of all wage earners in the occupation
in 1 week by the combined hours worked by them in the week.
Average full-time earnings per week of wage earners in each occu
pation were computed, by multiplying the average earnings per hour
of all wage earners in the occupation by their average full-time hours
per week. This is on the assumption that the earnings for full time
would have been at the same average rate per hour as for the time
that was actually worked in 1 week.
Average actual earnings per week for an occupation were computed
by dividing the aggregate earnings of the wage earners of that occu
pation in 1 week by the number of wage earners in the occupation.
Table 12 shows the number of wage earners in the leather industry
in each State or group of States according to the reports of the United
States Census of Manufactures in 1929, the number of tanneries from
which the Bureau of Labor Statistics obtained data in 1932, and the
number of wage earners included in the study in that year.
T a b l e 1 2 . — Number
of wage earners in the leather industry in 1929 and number of
establishments and wage earners for which 1982 data are shown, by States
State
Num
ber of
wage
earners
report
ed by
U.S.
Census
of Man
ufac
tures,
1929
Delaware______________
2,686
Illinois...................... ........ 3,661
Kentucky and Tennessee.
899
Massachusetts__________ 10,707
Michigan______________ 2,070
New Jersey...................... 4,159
New York
5,354
North Carolina_________ 1,329
Ohio.................................. 1,529
>Included in other States.
Number of es
tablishments
and wage earn
ers for which
data for 1932 are
shown in this
report
State
Estab Wage
lish
ments earners
5
8
3
25
5
10
11
5
5
1,900
2,241
199
4,638
890
1,431
2,110
608
1,054
Pennsylvania_____
West Virginia__________
Wisconsin_____________
M i s s o u r i and N e w
Hampshire
Other States___________
Total_________
Num
ber of
wage
earners
report
ed by
U.S.
Census
of Man
ufac
tures,
1929
Number of es
tablishments
and wage earn
ers for which
data for 1932 are
shown in this
report
Estab Wage
lish
ments earners
8,876
1,107
3,791
23
4
8
3,856
465
1,700
(9
3,764
2
307
49,932
114
21,399
22
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Occupations
The occupations for which separate figures are shown in this
bulletin are arranged below under departments, as nearly as possible
in the order of manufacture. Each of these and of those in the group
“ Other employees” is defined in the appendix (pp. 63 to 102).
Hide house:
Sorters and counters
Laborers and truckers
Beam house:
Haulers
Splitting-machine operators
Unhairing-machine operators
Fleshing-machine operators
Beamsters or scudders, hand
Beamsters or scudders, machine
Trimmers
Machine helpers
Laborers and truckers
Tan house:
Liquor men
Haulers
Laborers and truckers
Finishing department, sole and belting:
Bleachers
Extractors, temperers, and oilers
Wringing and setting-out machine
operators
Dry-loft men
Spongers and stuffers
Rolling-machine operators
Finishing department, patent leather:
Buffing-wheel operators
Togglers and tackers
Oil and dope mixers
Daubers
Pumicers
Trimmers
Finishing department, other than sole
or patent:
Setters-out, machine
Setters-out, hand
Driers
Finishing department, other than sole
or patent— Continued
Splitting-machine operators
Sorters, blue and crust
Shaving-machine operators
Color, fat liquor, and seasoning
mixers
Colorers and fat liquorers
Oiling-off machine operators
Dampeners or sawdusters
Stakers, machine
Stakers, hand
Tackers, togglers, and pasters
Rolling-machine operators
Buffing-wheel operators
Brushing-machine operators
Trimmers
Finishers or seasoners, machine
Finishers or seasoners, hand
Glazing-machine operators
Boarders or grainers, machine
Embossing or plating-press opera
tors
Ironers, hand or machine
Machine helpers
Finishing department, all leathers:1
Laborers and truckers
Sorting and shipping department:
Measuring-machine operators
Measuring-machine o p e r a t o r
helpers
Sorters
Packers and shippers
Laborers and truckers
Maintenance department:
Machine fixers
Laborers and truckers
General Tables
In addition to the summary and other tables already shown in this
bulletin, five general tables are presented, as follows:
T a b l e A .— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and percent of full time worked, 1932, by depart
ment, occupation, sex, and State.
For the purpose of easy comparison “ Average full-time hours per
week” and “ Average hours actually worked in 1 week” are presented
in parallel columns, as are average full-time earnings and average
actual earnings per week.
The figures for sorters and counters the first occupation in the
table, show that the 177 wage earners reported therein worked an
average of 5.3 days in 1 week; that their full-time hours per week
averaged 50.0; that they actually worked an average of 43.8 hours in
the week or 87.6 percent of full time; that they earned an average of
* These employees were not segregated by kind of leathers.
23
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1932
47.3 cents per hour and $20.70 in 1 week; that had they worked
their full-time hours of 50 per week at the same average per hour as
was earned in the 43.8 hours they would have earned an average of
$23.65; and that average earnings per hour ranged, by States, from
28.3 cents to 53.0 cents.
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified
occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State.
T a b l e C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10
specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State.
T a b l e D . — Average and classified hours actually worked in 1
week in 10 specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State.
T a b l e E .— Average and classified actual earnings in 1 week in 10
specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State.
Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and State
T a b l e A .—
HIDE HOUSE
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week
Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
ings
Per
earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
per
age
of
hour
per
week num fuU
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
$14.71
22.09
13.16
Sorters and counters, male:
Delaware______________________
Illinois and Missouri___________
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Michigan___________ __________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania__________________
Wisconsin_____________________
5
7
1
18
21
3
5.3
5.1
6.0
50.7
49.3
50.0
42.8
41.7
46.5
84.4 $0.344 $17.44
.530 26.13
84.6
.283 14.15
93.0
18
1
6
4
2
7
8
64
3
11
5
8
16
28
5.8
6.0
5.0
5.6
5.6
5.4
4.4
48.7
54.0
52.0
50.0
50.0
50.4
51.9
46.9
53.3
45.8
47.1
46.8
45.9
34.1
96.3
98.7
88.1
94.2
93.6
91.1
65.7
.519
.377
.464
.519
.355
.501
.441
25.28
20.36
24.13
25.95
17.75
25.25
22.89
24.35
20.08
21.25
24.44
16. 59
23.01
15.05
Total___ ______ ____ __________
59
177
5.3
50.0
43.8
87.6
.473
23.65
20.70
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware__ ____ ____ __________
Illinois and Missouri___________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
Ohio __________ _____ _________
Pennsylvania__________________
West Virginia...... ........... ..............
Wisconsin_____________________
2
3
10
10
4.5
5.2
50.5
49.5
38.9
42.6
77.0
86.1
.356
.356
17.98
17.62
13.86
15.18
7
1
3
6
1
4
1
1
32
8
6
23
14
13
5.3
4.5
5.5
5.7
5.2
5.6
48.3
54.0
52.4
50.3
50.0
51.2
41.6
36.8
47.9
46.9
46.6
48.1
(9
(9
.469
.326
.416
.425
.378
.414
(9
(9
86.1
68.1
91.4
93.2
93.2
93.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
22.65
17.60
21.80
21.38
18.90
21.20
19.49
11.99
19.96
19.97
17.59
19.88
Total___________ ____________
29
5.3
50.1
44.1
88.0
.410
20.54
18.07
5.8
5.9
49.2
49.3
46.7
48.6
94.9
98.6
.665
.589
32.72
29.04
<9
<9
31.04
28.61
47.4 97.3
54.0 100.0
52.7 101.5
37.6 76.4
38.5 77.0
49.4 97.1
.649
.369
.707
.545
.589
.688
31.61
19.94
36.69
26.81
29.45
35.02
30.77
19.94
37.25
20.50
22.67
34.02
48.0
92.8
.589
30.45
28.27
46.3
92.2
.597
29.97
27.63
Other hide-house employees, male:
Delaware______________________
Illinois and Missouri___________
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire____________________ ____
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania__________________
West Virginia__________________
______ ____
_________
Wisconsin
Total_____
_______ _______
1 Data included in total.
3
5
1
6
1
4
4
2
5
1
6
38
(9
(l)
119
6
7
(9
9
3
5
10
3
6
(9
6
58
(9
(9
(9
5.8
6.0
6.0
4.5
4.7
5.8
5.8
48.7
•54.0
51.9
49.2
50.0
50.9
0)
51.7
5.6
50.2
<9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
0)
(9
(9
(9
24
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and
—
Continued
T a b l e A .—
BEAM HOUSE
Occupation, sex, and State
Haulers, male:
Delaware_________________ - ___
Tllirims and Missouri
TTp.t]frisky and Tp.nnfissftfl...
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire_________ - __ - __________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
North Carolina ....
Ohio...............................................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per
ings
earn
hours Aver
per
ings
per
age cent
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
4
7
1
23
69
7
5.3
5.1
6.0
48.4
50.0
50.0
41.7 86.2 $0,406 $19.65
.478 23.90
40.6 81.2
52.0 104.0 .363 18.15
Wisconsin_____________________
17
5
5
10
5
3
20
4
8
107
27
34
108
30
24
167
27
48
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.4
3.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.2
48.7
54.2
52.1
50.1
53.9
50.7
51.9
51.1
52.3
44.6
43.5
50.4
43.7
21.2
47.7
45.0
35.6
40.5
91.6
80.3
96.7
87.2
39.3
94.1
86.7
69.7
77.4
.480
.379
.449
.539
.280
.527
.451
.338
.424
23.38
20.54
23.39
27.00
15.09
26.72
23.41
17.27
22.18
21.42
16. 49
22.65
23. 57
5.94
25.15
20.31
12.02
17.15
Total...........................................
89
671
5.4
50.9
42.8
84.1
.461
23.46
19.72
3
5
5.4
50.0
44.5
89.0
.503
25.15
22.38
W isconsin____________ _____ _______
7
3
1
2
7
12
5
3
3
11
5.3
5.4
6.0
5.3
4.6
48.0
49.2
50.0
49.3
51.8
45.2 94.2
38.1 77.4
52.7 105.4
44.0 89.2
35.7 68.9
.737
.717
.645
.558
.393
35.38
35.28
32.25
27.51
20.36
33.33
27.32
33.97
24.53
14.03
Total________________________
23
39
5.2
49.7
42.0
84.5
.597
29.67
25.09
Unhairing-machine operators, male:
Delaware______________________
Illinois and Missouri___________
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
3
7
2
12
20
4
5.4
5.3
6.0
49.2
50.0
49.0
43.9
39.9
44.5
89.2
79.8
90.8
.409
.513
.324
20.12
25.65
15.88
17.97
20.46
14.38
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
North Carolina________________
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania__________________
West Virginia__________________
Wisconsin_____________________
12
5
8
8
5
4
20
4
8
34
14
28
41
10
10
89
12
13
4.8
6.0
6.3
5.1
4.0
5.2
5.6
5.2
4.2
49.5
54.4
52.6
49.3
54.3
51.6
51.6
50.5
51.6
39.9 80.6
50.3 92.5
55.4 105.3
40.4 81.9
27.4 50.5
41.0 79.5
45.7 88.6
33.5 66.3
32.8 63.6
.543
.404
.507
.592
.335
.488
.476
.387
.453
26.88
21.98
26.67
29.19
18.19
25.18
24.56
19.54
23.37
21.71
20.30
28.08
23.92
9.17
20.01
21.75
12.95
14.88
Total________________________
86
287
5.3
51.1
43.0
84.1
.490
25.04
21.07
Pp.rmsylvania......._
Splitting-machine operators, male:
Illinois and Missouri...... ..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
New York_____________________
Ohio ________________________
Pennsylvania___- ______________
Michigan__________________________
$16.95
19.39
18.91
Fleshing-machine operators, male:
Delaware______________________
Illinois and Missouri___________
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire_________________________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
North Carolina_________________
Ohio..................... ........... ..............
Pennsylvania__________________
West Virginia__________________
Wisconsin_____________________
5
8
2
31
31
5
4.8
5.2
6.0
49.8
49.5
49.6
40.3
39.3
46.0
80.9
79.4
92.7
.442
.501
.433
22.01
24.80
21.48
17.80
19.68
19.91
24
5
9
11
5
3
21
4
8
79
11
25
32
11
13
74
7
25
5.1
5.9
6.1
5.4
4.5
5.8
5.5
5.0
5.0
48.8
54.5
52.5
49.8
54.0
50.6
52.1
50.6
52.3
42.5
47.6
51.1
44.2
27.5
47.3
44.4
32.1
36.7
87.1
87.3
97.3
88.8
50.9
93.5
85.2
63.4
70.2
.554
.409
.509
.564
.328
.510
.463
.389
.419
27.04
22.29
26.72
28.09
17.71
25.81
24.12
19.68
21.91
23.54
19.46
26.01
24.96
8.99
24.09
20.58
12.50
15.37
Total......................... .................
105
344
5.3
50.8
42.5
83.7
.492
24.99
20.90
25
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T a b l e A . — Average
days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and Slate—
Continued
BEAM HOUSE-Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
Hours actu
age
Aver
ally worked
days Aver
in 1 week
Aver
age
age
Num
on
age
full
ber of which full
earn time
time
wage wage
earn
Aver Per ings
earners earners hours
per
ings
per
age cent
worked week
per
hour
of
num full
in 1
week
ber
week
time
Aver
ageactual
earn
ings
in 1
week
Beamsters or scudders, hand, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee.............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire—..........................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina...............................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin..................................... .
2
7
1
56
34
4
3.0
4.8
6.0
50.5
50.0
50.0
24.8
40.6
47.9
49.1 $0.549 $27.72
81.2
508 25.40
.381 19.05
95.8
$13.58
20.67
18.24
6
5
1
8
5
4
14
3
7
15
43
0)
68
24
24
114
14
34
5.7
5.6
0)
5.4
3.8
5.3
5.7
5.4
4.3
48.0
54.4
0)
50.0
53.8
50.7
50.8
49.7
51.8
45.5
43.3
(0
46.2
25.5
44.4
44.3
32.0
34.0
94.8
79.6
0)
92.4
47.4
87.6
87.2
64.4
65.6
.526
.392
0)
.540
.315
.558
.510
.399
.419
25. 25
21. 32
0)
27.00
16.95
28.29
25.91
19.83
21.70
23.90
17.00
0)
24. 94
8. 06
24. 79
22.60
12.78
14.27
Total............................................
63
432
5.0
51.0
39.5
77.5
.492
25.09
19. 46
Beamsters or scudders, machine,
male:
Illinois and Missouri. ...................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
New Jersey.....................................
New Y o rk .....................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania................................
Wisconsin.......................................
1
4
6.0
50.0
49.8
99.6
.392
19.60
19.53
5
3
2
3
1
2
3
17
10
3
5
0)
4
4
4.6
6.2
5.7
3.4
0)
5.5
4.5
48.4
52.5
48.7
53.4
0)
51.0
52.5
37.3 77.1
44.4 84.6
52.3 107.4
24.3 45.5
(l)
0)
47.0 92.2
29.1 55.4
.679
.482
.563
.355
0)
.431
.408
32.86
25.31
27. 42
18.96
0)
21.98
21.42
25.29
21. 41
29.45
8.63
0)
20.28
11.87
20
49
5.1
50.5
40.1
79.4
.534
26.97
21.40
Total...........................................
Trimmers, male:
Delaware----------- --------- -----------Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee......... .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire..... .......................................
Michigan_________________ ____
New Jersey....... ....... ................... .
New York............ ..........................
North Carolina.............................
Ohio............. - ...............................
Pennsylvania_______ ____ ______
West Virginia................ -•..............
Wisconsin_____________________
2
8
2
81
38
6
4.4
5.2
5.0
50.6
49.7
49.0
42.6
40.9
26.0
84.2
82.3
53.1
.401
.460
.341
20.29
22.86
16. 71
17.07
18. 81
8.87
15
2
7
7
5
2
9
3
8
96
7
27
29
19
10
44
14
34
5.5
6.0
5.5
5.2
3.3
5.5
5.5
5.0
4.9
49.0
54.0
51.7
50.3
54.0
50.0
51.5
51.4
52.2
45.1
50.6
45.8
42.6
23.6
49.6
44.0
35.1
40.2
92.0
93.7
88.6
84.7
43.7
99.2
85.4
68.3
77.0
.496
.388
.534
.464
.344
.509
.464
.369
.366
24.30
20.95
27. 61
23. 34
18.58
25.45
23.90
18.97
19.11
22. 38
19.60
24. 46
19. 77
8.12
25.24
20.43
12.94
14.70
Total...........................................
70
405
5.1
50.6
42.1
83.2
.449
22.72
18.90
Machine helpers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire..... .......................................
New Jersey.....................................
New Y ork .....................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin...................... ............ .
7
3
3
3
1
Total............................................
21
1Data included in total.
3
1
0)
4.6
49.3
0)
40.7
0)
82.6
(0
.322
(0
15.87
0)
13.08
22
13
6
12
3
5.2
5.8
5.3
4.8
4.0
48.0
52.4
50.7
49.4
50.0
43.5
48.0
43.7
33.3
30.8
90.6
91.6
86.2
67.4
61.6
.512
.417
.514
.400
.465
24.58
21.85
26.06
19.76
23.25
22.25
20.00
22.45
13. 32
14.34
76
5.0
49.6
41.3
83.3
.431
21.38
17.81
18
0)
(0
26
LEATHER INDUSTRY
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1 9 8 by department, occupation, sex, and $£a£e—
Continued
T able
BEAM HOUSE—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week
Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per
ings
earn
hours Aver
per
ings
per
age cent
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
80.8 $0,434 $21.44
.449 22.45
83.6
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
2
4
23
43
4.7
5.0
49.4
50.0
39.9
41.8
16
4
1
9
4
2
14
4
4
78
24
15
46
14
23
67
7
16
5.2
5.3
5.6
&.0
3.5
5.9
5.7
5.7
2.8
49.5
54.0
52.5
49.7
55.0
50.0
51.3
51.4
53.1
42.9 86.7
44.8 83.0
48.1 91.6
43.1 86.7
26.5 48.2
53.2 106.4
45.6 88.9
37.9 73.7
21.7 40.9
.429
.324
.431
.439
.300
.537
.406
.333
.375
21.24
17.50
22.63
21.82
16.50
26. 85
20.83
17.12
19.91
Total.............................. - ...........
Other beam-house employees, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.........................—................
Michigan.................- .....................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio...........................................—
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin.......................................
64
356
5.1
50.8
42.4
83.5
.424
21. 54
17.98
4
7
1
20
28
0)
4.9
5.4
0)
50.1
49.5
0)
42.2
46.6
(0
84.2
94.1
0)
.555
.521
(0
27.81
25.79
0)
23. 38
24.27
0)
21
4
7
10
5
4
18
3
7
146
16
13
42
10
9
51
9
18
5.6
5.9
5.8
5.5
3.7
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.1
48.8
54.0
52.1
49.2
54.3
50.9
52.5
50.7
51.7
49.2 100.8
50.9 94.3
49.7 95.4
45.7 92.9
26.6 49.0
49.0 96.3
49.5 94.3
39.3 77.5
43.1 83.4
.609
.371
.669
.540
.344
.686
.547
.418
.528
29.72
20.03
34.85
26.57
18. 68
34.92
28.72
21.19
27.30
29.94
18.87
33.22
24.69
9.15
33. 62
27.06
16.43
22.74
Total...........................................
91
363
5.5
50.2
47.2
.564
28.31
26.59
$16.00
23.95
17.81
94.0
$17.33
18.78
18.42
14.50
20.72
18.89
7.96
28.57
18.54
12.61
8.12
TAN HOUSE
luor men, male:
Delaware....... - ...............................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio—.............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin......................................
5
7
2
14
10
3
4.9
5.6
6.0
49.1
49.5
49.3
37.7 76.8 $0.425 $20.87
49.4 99.8
.485 24.01
54.0 109.5
.330 16.27
23
4
7
6
5
2
19
3
6
51
4
7
13
11
3
29
3
8
5.4
6.0
6.1
5.6
4.7
4.3
5.9
5.3
4'. 8
48.7
54.0
51.9
51.1
57.5
51.3
51.5
52.0
52.3
43.3
53.1
53.457.3
42.8
31.5
50.4
46.0
35.0
88.9
98.3
102.9
112.1
74.4
61.4
97.9
88.5
66.9
.493
.381
.521
.456
.321
.447
.492
.377
.459
24.01
20.57
27.04
23.30
18.46
22.93
25.34
19.60
24.01
21.33
20.24
27.81
26.14
13.75
14.09
24.80
17.35
16.04
Total...........................................
,ulers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri....................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin......................................
89
156
5.4
50.7
45.9
90.5
.462
23.42
21.24
4
9
3
13
52
14
5.5
5.1
6.0
47.8
49.5
49.6
43.7
37.1
43.4
91.4
74.9
87.5
.348
.476
.382
16.63
23.56
18.95
15.21
17.65
16.60
18
5
6
9
5
5
21
4
8
180
46
28
78
59
26
172
45
40
5.3
5.8
5.2
5.1
3.8
5.1
5.4
5.3
4.9
48.7
54.7
51.2
51.2
54.1
51.4
51.2
50.5
51.9
42.8
42.9
42.0
43.2
28.4
42.8
43.7
35.0
36.4
87.9
78.4
82.0
84.4
52.5
83.3
85.4
69.3
70.1
.470
.380
.443
.505
.297
.379
.444
.368
.415
22.89
20.79
22.68
25.86
16.07
19.48
22.73
18.58
21.54
20.09
16.33
18.59
21.84
8.42
16.25
19.38
12.86
15.13
Total...........................................
97
753
5.2
50.8
40.7
80.1
.436
22.15
17.76
■ai
1Data included in total.
27
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 weekt average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and
—
Continued
T able
TAN HOUSE—Continued
Num- Num
of
estab- ber
wage
lish- earners
ments
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per
ings
earn
hours Aver cent per
ings
per
age
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware______________________
Illinois and Missouri___________
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
North Carolina________________
Pennsylvania__________________
West Virginia__________________
Wisconsin_____________________
1
2
3
4
11
9
4.0
5.4
4.9
51.3
50.0
49.1
40.3
42.9
37.6
78.6 $0,400 $20.52
86.8
.470 23.60
.282 13.85
76.6
$16.10
20.15
10.61
11
1
3
5
4
13
2
1
37
3
11
14
24
68
11
0)
5.0
6.0
4.6
4.6
3.0
5.4
4.6
(0
48.2
54.0
51.1
52.3
53.9
52.6
52.4
0)
41.1
27.8
40.4
42.7
17.3
46.6
39.3
(0
85.3
51.5
79.1
81.6
32.1
88.6
75.0
0)
.438
.377
.378
.419
.240
.372
.310
0)
21.11
20.36
19.32
21.91
12.94
19.57
16.24
0)
17.99
10.60
15.27
17.90
4.17
17.34
12.19
(0
Total...........................................
46
184
4.8
51.4
39.5
76.8
.382
19.63
15.11
Laborers and truckers, female:
New Jersey____________________
1
8
5.6
52.5
49.5
94.3
.326
17.12
16.13
Other tan-house employees, male:
Delaware___________________ __
IUinois and Missouri___________
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
North Carolina________________
Ohio__________________________
Pennsylvania______ ___________
West Virginia__________________
Wisconsin_____________________
3
6
2
7
26
6
6.0
5.3
5.2
47.6
50.0
50.0
47.6 100.0
42.0 84.0
44.3 88.6
.557
.615
.480
26.50
30.75
24.00
26.50
25.85
21.24
19
5
6
10
4
4
19
4
3
92
14
19
51
18
5
71
9
7
5.0
6.1
5.8
5.4
3.6
5.6
5.7
5.2
5.6
48.3
54.4
51.7
49.3
55.9
51.5
52.7
50.0
51.4
39.0
52.4
50.8
48.0
30.6
50.3
50.0
38.9
47.0
80.7
96.3
98.3
97.4
64.7
97.7
94.9
77.8
91.4
.756
.380
.678
.566
.374
.687
.482
.448
.603
36.51
20.67
29.88
27.90
20.91
30.23
25.40
22.40
30.99
29.51
19.93
29.33
27.16
11.44
29.55
24.09
17.42
28.35
Total...........................................
84
324
5.3
50.6
44.5
87.9
.577
29.20
25.68
$11.87
FINISHING DEPARTM ENT
SOLE AND BELTING
Bleachers, male:
Kentucky and Tennessee............ .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire........................................... .
Michigan...................................... .
New York...........—........................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio.............................................. .
Pennsylvania—..............................
West Virginia................................
Total...........................................
37
06
Extractors, temperers, and oilers,
male:
Kentucky and Tennessee............ .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan...................................... .
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio.............................................. .
Pennsylvania................................
West Virginia................................
Total...........................................
i Data included in total.
37
237
4.3
49.6
36.3
73.2 $0,327 $16.22
5.0
5.2
4.5
4.8
6.0
5.4
5.3
60.0
55.2
53.2
53.4
51.8.
53.2
51.4
32.4
40.5
41.5
30.7
48.5
45.1
32.6
64.8
73.4
78.0
57.5
93.6
84.8
63.4
5.0
52.7
.464
.335
.462
.293
.375
.434
.355
19.5 75.0
5.0
49.8
41.6
83.5
4.9
5.5
4.8
3.6
5.2
5.6
4.7
50.0
54.5
53.1
54.6
50.3
52.4
52.3
34.8
39.8
43.1
31.4
48.6
46.4
26.0
69.6
73.0
81.2
67.5
96.6
88.5
49.7
.541
.323
.462
.284
.377
.452
.340
5.0
52.5
19.9
76.0
.419
23.20
18.49
24.58
15.65
19.43
23.09
18.26
15.01
13.56
19.15
9.00
18.18
19.54
11.56
20.97
15.71
19.37
16.17
27.05
17.60
24.53
15.51
18.96
18.85
12.86
17.78
19.90
8.93
18.32
20.99
8.85
22.00
16.73
28
LEATHER INDUSTRY
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 weekt average full
time and actual hours and earnings per weekt average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation sex, and Stale—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTM EN T—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
Per
ings
earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
age
per
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
sole and belting—continued
Wringing and setting-out machine
operators, male:
Delaware........................................
Kentucky and Tennessee............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............. ...............................
Michigan......................................
New York..................................
North Carolina......... ............... .
Ohio______________ ____ _______
Pennsylvania............... .................
West Virginia................................
1
3
0)
11
(0
5.0
0)
49.5
0)
37.4
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
8
32
58
26
7
113
28
5.0
5.5
4.4
4.3
5.3
5.3
5.5
50.0
54.2
49.8
54.1
51.5
51.6
51.0
33.7 67.4
39.0 72.0
40.9 82.1
30.2 55.8
52.4 101.7
41.4 80.2
29.8 58.4
.549
.324
.584
.274
.378
.420
.362
27.45
17. 56
29.08
14.82
19.47
21.67
18.46
18.51
12.63
23.88
8. 30
19. 79
17.38
10.81
Total...........................................
38
284
5.1
51.5
38.8
75.3
.432
22.25
16.73
0)
0)
0)
75.6 $0.412 $20.39
0)
$15.42
Dry-loft men, male:
Delaware.......................................
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire. ...................... ...................
Michigan........................................
New York.....................................
North Carolina......... ............ ......
Ohio____ ______ _______________
Pennsylvania__________________
West Virginia.................. ............
1
2
0)
10
(0
4.9
0)
50.0
0)
37.8
0)
75.6
0)
.313
0)
15.65
0)
11.80
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
26
34
36
32
6
150
38
4.9
5.9
4.8
4.3
4.7
5.4
5.5
50.0
54.4
50.6
54.5
51.2
51,9
51.6
33.8
44.1
41.1
30.1
44.8
42.7
29.5
67.6
81.1
81.2
55.2
87.5
82.3
57.2
.525
.296
.556
.267
.342
.395
.318
26.25
16.10
28.13
14.55
17.51
20.50
16.41
17.76
13.06
22.84
8.05
15.33
16.86
9. 38
Total...........................................
37
333
5.2
52.0
39.2
75.4
.391
20. 33
1.5.31
Spongers and staffers, male:
Delaware____________________ _
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire..... .......................................
Michigan_________ ____________
New Y ork ....................................
North Carolina............ .................
Ohio........ ........... ........... ...............
Pennsylvania_____ ____________
West Virginia................................
1
3
4
9
6.0
5.4
47.0
49.1
31.4
41.7
66.8
84.9
.433
.310
20.35
15.22
13.58
12.94
1
4
4
5
1
11
3
13
16
37
37
8
87
21
4.8
6.0
5.0
4.6
6.1
5.3
5.3
50.0
54.8
49.8
54.0
50.0
50.9
50.9
33.3
43.9
43.1
29.4
47.1
43.6
28.9
66.6
80.1
86.5
54.4
94.2
85.7
56.8
.520
.296
.519
.272
.422
.381
.349
26.00
16.22
25.85
14.69
21.10
19. 39
17.76
17.35
12.98
22.38
8.00
19.88
16.61
10.09
Total............................ ............ .
33
232
5.2
51.3
39.2
76.4
.390
20.01
15.28
Rolling-machine operators, male:
Kentucky and Tennessee----------Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New York............................ .........
North Carolina........................... .
Ohio........ ......................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
3
27
5.7
49.6
39.8
80.2
.490
24.30
19.52
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
9
40
99
53
27
221
58
5.0
6.0
4.8
4.2
5.7
5.6
5.3
50.0
54.2
50.5
54.4
50.4
51.0
50.5
31.3
45.6
41.3
33.0
43.5
44.7
29.9
62.6
84.1
81.8
60.7
86.3
87.6
59.2
.550
.373
.604
.329
.475
.472
.408
27.50
20.22
30.50
17.90
23.94
24.07
20.60
17.24
17.01
24.98
10.86
20.62
21.11
12.22
Total...........................................
37
534
5.3
51.3
40.8
79.5
.474
24. 32
19.37
3Data included in total.
(------- ---------------:
29
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per weekt average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and
—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTM ENT—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
Per ings earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
per
age
per
hour
of
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
59.6 $0.763 $36.62
$21.83
PATENT LEATHER
Buffing-wheel operators, male:
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............. ........................... .
New York— .................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
2
1
1
1
8
(9
(9
(9
4.4
(9
(9
(9
48.0
28.6
{9
(9
<9
(9
(0
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
<9
(9
(9
(9
(9
<9
(9
(9
Total...........................................
5
13
4.5
49.8
31.8
63.9
.638
31.77
20.31
Togglers and tackers, male:
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............. _•.............................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Pennsylvania...............................
Wisconsin......................................
4
1
1
1
1
68
8
3
37
4
5.3
5.0
6.0
4.2
3.3
48.0
40.0
51.0
52.5
54.0
42.2 87.9
40.0 100.0
51.0 100.0
21.3 40.6
28.6 53.0
.584
.625
.596
.538
.330
28.03
25.00
30.39
28.25
17.82
24.64
25.00
30.39
11.43
9.44
120
4.9
49.1
35.4
72.1
.572
28.09
20.23
5.6
48.0
46.0
95.8
.513
24.62
8
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
23.61
8
(9
(9
43.3
88.2
.526
25.83
Total...........................................
8
Oil and dope mixers, male*
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
4
1
1
1
1
8
(9
8
(9
(9
8
(9
5.2
(9
(9
(9
(0
8
(9
(9
8
(9
Total...........................................
8
Daubers, male:
Illinois and Missouri----------------Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
1
4
5.0
50.0
44.6
89.2
.377
18.85
16.83
4
1
1
1
48
20
11
5
5.6
5.0
5.0
2.0
48.0
40.0
52.5
54.0
45.7 95.2
40.0 100.0
30.9 58.9
18.0 33.3
.647
.875
.408
.300
31.06
35.00
21.42
16.20
29.57
35.00
12.62
5.40
13
49.1
22.78
Total...........................................
8
88
5.2
47.2
40.9
86.7
.653
30.82
26.74
Daubers, female:
New York......................................
Pennsylvania.................................
1
1
4
3
6.0
5.3
48.0
53.8
49.5 103.1
50.4 93.7
.290
.250
13.92
13.45
14.35
12.62
7
5.7
50.5
49.9
98.8
.273
13.79
13.60
Total...........................................
2
Pumicers, male:
Illinois and Missouri....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
1
5
5.0
50.0
44.0
88.0
.549
27.45
24.16
4
1
1
1
50
17
20
6.0
5.0
4.8
48.0
40.0
52.5
47.6 99.2
40.0 100.0
38.1 72.6
(9
.658
.875
.539
(9
31.33
35.00
20.52
(9
31.58
35.00
28.30
Total...........................................
8
93
5.5
47.7
43.8
91.8
.663
31.63
29.06
Pumicers, female:
New York............... - .....................
1
3
6.0
48.0
49.5 103.1.
.258
12.38
12.78
Trimmers, male:
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
3
1
1
9
4
5.4
6.0
48.0
52.5
40.0
44.8
83.3
85.3
.514
.490
<9
(9
24.67
25.73
20.58
21.93
Total...........................................
5
5.6
49.7
41.5
83.5
.490
24.35
20.32
1 Data included in total.
----- 3
179222°—83
(9
<9
<9
14
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
30
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, a n d $£a£e—
Continued
T a b l e A .—
FINISHING DEPARTM EN T—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
Per
earn
ings
hours Aver cent per
ings
per
age
hour
per
of
week num
week
full
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT
Setters-out, machine, male:
Delaware— ...................................
Illinois and Missouri-...................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire......................................... .
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York.............................. ........
Ohio........... ...................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
4
8
70
82
4.3
4.9
50.1
49.8
37.4
34.7
74.7 $0,362 $18.14
69.7
.506 25.20
23
1
8
7
4
8
7
198
21
39
76
42
105
68
5.3
5.6
5.6
4.8
5.2
5.4
5.1
48.9
54.0
51.3
48.6
50.4
51.7
52.4
41.5
48.2
49.0
39.9
42.9
47.2
37.8
84.9
89.3
95.5
82.1
85.1
91.3
72.1 .
.471
.385
.534
.544
.369
.412
.381
23.03
20.79
27.39
26.44
18.60
21.30
19.96
19.53
18.54
26.15
21.72
15.80
19.45
14.40
$13.54
17.59
Total...........................................
70
701
5.1
50.2
41.3
82.3
.449
22.54
18.55
Setters-out, machine, female:
Delaware........................................
New Jersey.....................................
2
2
52
9
4.2
5.0
50.3
52.3
31.8
42.5
63.2
81.3
.210
.327
10.56
17,10
6.69
13.92
Total...........................................
4
61
4.3
50.6
33.4
66.0
.232
11.74
7.75
3
37
5.1
50.0
35.6
71.2
.466
23.30
16.56
3
2
5
14
6
5
29
10
14
37
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
4.9
5.1
48.0
54.0
49.1
50.8
50.0
51.3
50.9
39.8 82.9
39.9 73.9
35.3 71.9
42.7 84.1
53.5 107.0
47.3 92.2
30.6 60.1
.537
.368
.605
.430
.472
.433
.433
25.78
19.87
29.71
21.84
23.60
22.21
22.04
21.40
14.67
21.34
18.37
25.21
20.48
13.26
23
152
5.1
50.4
38.5
76.4
.456
22.98
17.56
4
0
43
41
4.7
5.1
51.2
49.5
44.8
38.4
87.5
77.6
.312
.362
15.97
17.92
13.99
13.90
21
1
3
7
1
8
7
83
16
17
37
5
49
33
5.4
4.9
5.5
4.9
6.0
5.6
5.6
48.5
54.0
51.8
49.0
50.0
51.5
53.1
43.8 90.3
41.8 77.4
48.4 93.4
42.4 86.5
53.3 106.6
52.6 102.1
37.5 70.6
.448
.275
.343
.463
.347
.326
.383
21.73
14.85
17.77
22.69
17.35
16.79
20.34
19.65
11.50
16.61
19.65
18.48
17.13
14.35
61
324
5.3
50.4
44.1
87.5
.378
19.05
16.67
2
2
20
12
4.6
4.9
49.6
50.0
39.2
40.0
79.0
80.0
.217
.235
10.76
11.75
8.50
9.40
29
8
5.7
5.0
0)
5.7
45.4
43.2
0)
47.3
46.5
94.6
82.9
0)
94.6
93.0
.299
.292
0)
.272
.270
14.35
15.21
0)
13.60
13.50
13.56
12.61
0)
12.85
12.53
Setters-out, hand, male:
Illinois and Missouri......................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.................. ..........................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
Driers, male:
Delaware...................... ..................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
1
3
5
1
Driers, female:
Delaware.............................- .........
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Wisconsin......................................
9
2
1
1
3
6.0
48.0
52.1
0)
50.0
50.0
Total...........................................
20
84
5.3
49.4
43.2
87.4
.266
13.14
11.47
8
0)
7
7
Splitting-machine operators, male:
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Wisconsin.......................................
15
5.1
50.0
41.3
82.6
.654
32.70
26.98
2
4
4.8
1
5
4
3
8
6
5
9
8
12
6.0
4.2
4.9
5.0
5.0
48.0
54.0
51.9
48.9
51.5
52.4
38.0
44.9
33.7
38.2
39.1
39.5
79.2
83.1
64.9
78.1
75.9
75.4
.733
.484
1.182
.700
.670
.566
35.18
26.14
61.35
34.23
34.51
29.66
27.84
21.74
39.79
26.77
26.18
22.33
Total________________________
31
59
5.0
51.0
39.6
77.6
.669
34.12
26.51
TO&taincluded in total.
31
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1932
T a b l e A . — Average
days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average fulltime and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sea;, and $£a£e—
Continued
FINISHING DEPARTM EN T—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
full
age
time
earn earn
time
Per
hours Aver cent ings
ings
per
per
age
per
of
hour week
week num full
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT— COIl.
Sorters, blue and crust, male:
Delaware................................. ......
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire ........................... ..............
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
4
7
17
19
5.1
5.1
51.4
49.5
43.2
40.9
84.0 $0.396 $20.35
82.6
.508 25.15
$17.10
20.78
17
1
6
2
3
5
7
48
6
18
8
7
18
22
5.4
5.2
5.7
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.8
48.6
54.0
50.3
49.5
50.6
50.4
52.3
44.2
45.8
48.6
48.6
48.4
50.2
46.9
90.9
84.8
96.6
98.2
95.7
99.6
89.7
.562
.336
.614
.380
.579
.517
.452
27.31
18.14
30.88
18.81
29.30
26.06
23.64
24.86
15.40
29.86
18.47
28.02
25.99
21.20
50.2
45.7
91.0
.508
25.50
23.23
Total....... ...................................
52
163
5.5
Sorters, blue and crust, female:
Delaware............ . ..........................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan....... ................................
Wisconsin........................... ..........
1
3
6.0
51.0
48.5
95.1
.200
10.20
9.70
2
1
1
5
6.0
48.0
48.0 100.0
.262
12.59
12.59
0)
0)
0)
0)
Total...........................................
5
11
5.9
49.7
48.3
97.2
.248
12.33
11.96
9
4
77
60
4.9
4.9
51.1
49.9
33.6
35.4
65.8
70.9
.526
.537
26.88
26.80
17.66
19.00
22
163
5.1
5.6
4.9
5.0
5.9
48.4
54.0
50.0
49.4
5.4
50.2
50.2
51.9
80.2
97.6
74.8
84.4
91.6
95.0
70.7
.740
.497
.658
.584
.710
.640
.483
35.82
26.84
32.90
28.85
35.64
4.9
38.8
52.7
37.4
41.7
46.0
47.7
36.7
Shaving-machine operators, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York_____________________
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
Total...........................................
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
1
11
10
6
2
9
8
58
50
22
49
68
25.07
28.72
26.16
24.61
24.31
32.69
30.56
17.75
71
558
5.1
50.0
38.9
77.8
.623
31.15
24.26
32.13
Color, fat liquor, and seasoning mix
ers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri-..................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
3
7
8
18
5.5
5.4
48.6
49.7
50.4 103.7
47.3 95.2
.455
.617
29.99
22.61
81.11
21.52
17
1
6
2
2
2
7
27
3
9
3
4
3
14
5.8
48.7
54.0
50.2 103.1
54.0 100.0
52.6 102.3
41.8 83.6
55.1 110.2
.497
.286
24.20
24.95
.528
27.14
28.20
5.6
52.4
45.4
Total...........................................
47
89
5.7
50.2
49.5
4.4
5.2
48.9
6.0
6.1
5.3
6.0
6.0
Colorers and fat liquorers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.....................................
4
8
27
62
19
1
8
7
2
7
7
95
3
68
42
8
30
35
4.9
Total...........................................
63
370
5.1
^Data included in total.
51.4
50.0
50.0
54.6
86.6
23.55
32.81
23.95
35.95
98.6
.495
24.85
24.47
75.9
.390
.439
19.07
21.95
14.48
18.86
.479
23.23
18.20
85.8
50.0
42.9
5.7
48.5
6.0
54.0
49.2
49.4
51.5
51.5
51.5
46.9 96.7
54.7 101.3
42.8 87.0
41.9 84.8
49.9 96.9
40.4 78.4
40.3 78.3
49.7
43.2
.474
5.0
4.8
5.3
4.7
15.43
27.77
23.56
.564
.471
.601
.457
59.8 109.5
37.1
15.43
86.9
25.94
20.71
.337
.501
.541
.554
24.65
26.73
28.53
22.44
18.43
21.48
22.68
.464
23.90
27.62
18.76
.451
23.23
18.15
23.56
20.48
32
LEATHER INDUSTRY
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTMENT—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per ings earn
Aver
hours
per
ings
age cent
per
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
69.9 $0.326 $16.23
$11.33
OTHER THAN SOLE OB PATENT— COn.
Colorers and fat liquorers, female:
New Jersey....................................
New York._...................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Total...........................................
Oiling-off machine operators, male:
Delaware.......... ............................
Illinois and Missouri......... ..........
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
New Y ork ....................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
9
2
1
1
0)
4
4.1
49.8
34.8
5.0
49.5
45.0
90.9
.318
15.74
14.32
(0
0)
(9
0)
0)
0)
0)
4
14
4.5
49.6
38.7
78.0
.327
16.22
12.65
2
2
5
4
3.8
4.0
52.4
50.0
34.2
20.3
65.3
40.6
.332
.334
17.40
16.70
11.34
6.77
8
4
3
2
2
13
7
5
5
4
5.6
5.0
4.8
5.8
6.0
48.5
51.6
48.4
54.8
50.0
43.8
42.2
43.0
53.0
41.0
90.3
81.8
88.8
96.7
82.0
.400
.403
.607
.435
.371
19.40
20.79
29.38
23.84
18.55
17.55
17.03
26.09
23.08
15.21
41.0
81.3
.419
21.12
17.16
Total...........................................
23
43
5.1
50.4
Oiling-off machine operators, female:
Delaware....................... ................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
New Jersey....................................
Pennsylvania.................................
2
14
4.1
49.0
28.5
58.2
.223
10.93
6.36
3
1
3
10
3
15
4.8
3.3
5.1
48.0
52.0
51.3
38.8
28.2
43.5
80.8
54.2
84.8
.272
.348
.329
13.06
18.10
16.88
10.55
9.80
14.31
Total...........................................
9
42
4.6
49.8
36.3
72.9
.288
14.34
10.44
Dampeners or sawdusters, male:
Delaware....... ................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................ ...............
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin—...................................
2
6
3
17
5.3
4.7
54.3
50.0
51.0
31.6
93.9
63.2
.307
.487
16.67
24.35
15.66
15.40
16
1
3
3
1
3
8
49
6
5
7
7
6
19
5.9
5.5
5.6
5.3
5.9
5.8
5.8
48.9
54.0
52.4
50.6
50.0
53.8
52.2
49.0 100.2
46.1 85.4
48.8 93.1
44.1 87.2
51.4 102.8
52.5 97.6
42.4 81.2
.373
.322
.314
.380
.372
.361
.342
18.24
17.39
16.45
19.23
18.60
19.42
17.85
18.26
14.83
15.32
16.73
19.12
18.93
14.48
Total...........................................
43
119
5.6
50.6
45.4
89.7
.372
18.82
16.88
1
4
5.0
50.0
40.3
80.6
.235
11.75
9.46
48.0 100.0
.284
13.62
13.62
Dampeners or sawdusters, female:
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Wisconsin....... ..............................
Total...........................................
1
1
3
6.0
48.0
(9
0)
(0
8
5.5
49.3
44.4
90.1
.257
12.67
11.40
0)
0)
0)
0)
3
0)
Stakers, machine, male:
Delaware...................... .................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire........ ...................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................... ............
4
9
129
60
4.4
5.0
50.8
49.8
34.3
35.4
67.5
71.1
.538
.529
27.33
26.34
18.47
18.76
25
1
9
7
1
8
8
259
12
89
82
21
132
70
5.4
6.0
5.2
4.9
6.0
5.0
5.4
48.9
54.0
51.9
48.9
50.0
48.2
52.2
43.9 89.8
50.7 93.9
44.0 84.8
43.8 89.6
55.6 111.2
40.3 83.6
39.8 76.2
.599
.394
.546
.670
.588
.596
.419
29.29
21.28
28.34
27.87
29.40
28.73
21.87
26.27
19.97
24.00
24.98
32.72
24.04
16.64
Total...........................................
72
854
5.1
49.8
41.4
.560
27.8Q
23.14
» Data included in total.
83.1
33
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
A,— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and
—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTM ENT—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week
Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
Per ings earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
per
age
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
I
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT— COn.
Stakers, machine, female:
Illinois and Missouri............. ......
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Wisconsin_____________________
Total____________ ____ _______
Stakers, hand, male:
Delaware, . ... .......................
Illinois and Missouri__________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
New Jersey____________________
Pennsylvania ____ __
Total.— ..................................-
3
6
4.0
48.3
29.9
61.9 $0. 259 $12.51
$7.74
2
1
5
5.6
48.0
0)
42.8
0)
89.2
0)
.338
0)
16. 22
0)
14.46
0)
4.8
48.5
36.4
75.1
.305
14.79
11.09
4.7
48.7
0)
29.9
0)
61.4
(9
.564
0)
27.47
0)
16.88
0)
(9
0)
6
13
3
1
22
0)
5
1
4
26
3
75
5.3
5.3
4.5
48.2
52.5
49.4
41.6
46.5
35.8
86.3
88.6
72.5
.749
.437
.571
36.10
22.94
28. 21
31.18
20.32
20.43
14
127
4.7
49.1
36.3
73.9
.606
29.75
22.01
(0
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, male:
Illinois and Missouri___________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
Ohio__________________________
Pennsylvania__________________
Wisconsin_____________________
7
221
4.6
50.0
33.1
66.2
.535
26.75
17.71
21
1
8
7
4
4
8
381
53
46
139
85
45
141
5.2
5.8
4.7
4.9
4.5
5.3
5.0
48.2
54.0
51.4
48.6
51.3
50.3
52.2
38.5
44.8
39.2
41.2
37.6
44.5
38.0
79.9
83.0
76.3
84.8
73.3
88.5
72.8
.588
.422
.576
.579
.606
.594
.443
28.34
22.79
29.61
28.14
31.09
29.88
23.12
22.63
18.90
22.57
23.83
22.77
26.45
16.82
Total..........................................
60
1, 111
5.0
49.9
38.2
76.6
.551
27.49
21.05
2
64
5.0
48.3
33.8
70.0
.292
14.10
9.86
1
1
77
0)
5.0
C)
48.0
0)
34.6
0)
72.1
0)
.381
0)
18.29
0)
13.15
0)
4
143
5.0
48.1
34.1
70.9
.341
16.40
11.62
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, female:
Illinois and Missouri _ ________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
New York_____________________
Total..........................................Rolling-machine operators, male:
Illinois and Missouri
________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
Ohio...............................................
Wisconsin_____________________
3
5
5.0
50.0
39.8
79.6
.348
17.40
13.87
6
1
2
3
2
21
3
16
8
3
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.5
5.7
48.2
49.5
48.0
53.0
51.0
40.8
40.5
33.7
33.6
40.2
84.6
81.8
70.2
63.4
78.8
.432
.411
.557
.345
.394
20.82
20.34
26.74
18.29
20.09
17.65
16.63
18.76
11.57
15.82
17
56
4.7
49.2
37.6
76.4
.442
21.75
16.61
Rolling-machine operators, female:
4
Illinois and Missouri___________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
6
shire. . . ___________________
1
New Jersey____________________
1
Pennsylvania__________________
_____________________
Wisconsin 1
13
5.8
49.2
48.2
98.0
.261
12.84
12.57
18
7
0)
4
5.0
4.4
0)
5.5
48.0
49.5
0)
50.0
38.7
35.4
0)
44.0
80.6
71.5
0)
88.0
.403
.307
0)
.264
19.34
15.20
0)
13.20
15.58
10.84
0)
11.59
44
5.1
49.0
41.4
84.5
.322
15.78
13.34
Total...........................................
Total________________________
» Data included in total.
13
34
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and /State—
Continued
T a b l e A .—
FINISHING D E PARTM EN T-Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age Aver
age
age
full
age
full
earn time actual
earn
time
Per
earn
ings
hours Aver cent
ings
per
ings
age
in 1
per
per
hour
of
week
week num full
week
ber time
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT—COn.
Buffing-wheel operators, male:
Delaware.......................................
Illinois and Missouri....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio..............................................
Pennsylvania................................
Wisconsin......................................
3
9
60
126
4.3
5.0
51.3
50.8
44.1
40.8
86.0 $0,343 $17.60
.594 30.18
80.3
$15.12
24.24
22
1
5
6
3
7
7
166
20
21
84
11
33
82
5.0
6.0
5.3
4.9
5.9
4.7
5.5
48.3
54.0
51.9
49.7
51.5
50.6
52.7
40.9
52.8
45.8
38.0
43.2
42.9
39.4
84.7
97.8
88.2
76.5
83.9
84.8
74.8
.639
.443
.528
.614
.565
.457
.426
30.86
23.92
27.40
30.52
29.10
23.12
22.45
26.12
23.41
24.16
23.33
24.43
19.62
16.77
Total...........................................
63
603
5.0
50.4
41.3
81.9
.543
27.37
22.43
1
22
4.9
51.3
44.4
86.5
.220
11.29
9.77
1
1
1
3
48.0
0)
50.0
48.0 100.0
0)
0)
24.0 48.0
.215
0)
.414
10.33
0)
20.70
10.33
(0
9.94
Buffing-wheel operators, female:
Delaware...................................... Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire........ ...................................
New Jersey.................................. .
Pennsylvania.................................
Total...........................................
3
6.0
0)
3.0
4
29
4.8
50.7
42.7
84.2
.235
11.91
10.04
2
6
3
11
4.3
5.2
51.3
50.0
37.0
44.0
72.1
88.0
.294
.414
15.08
20.70
10.87
18.20
21
5
6
6
5
24
5.1
6.0
0)
4.7
6.0
5.6
5.5
48.2
54.0
0)
49.3
50.0
51.0
51.5
40.3 83.6
47.4 87.8
0)
0)
44.2 89.7
55.1 110.2
51.0 100.0
43.7 84.9
.422
.297
0)
.516
.329
.261
.369
20.34
16.04
0)
25.44
16.45
13.30
19.00
16.98
14.08
(0
22.84
18.13
13.30
16.11
83
5.3
50.3
44.2
.381
19.16
16.84
Brushing-machine operators, male:
Delaware.......... ............................
Illinois and Missouri___________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey....................................
New York_____________________
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania.......... ...... ...............
Wisconsin......................................
9
1
1
4
1
2
8
Total...........................................
34
Brushing-machine operators, female:
Illinois and Missouri----------------Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
Wisconsin......................................
4
1
1
1
0)
(0
0)
0)
8
0)
0)
5.8
(1}
0)
5.4
87.9
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
48.0
45.8
95.4
0)
0)
.262
12.58
0)
0)
(9
(9
0)
0)
49.1
41.9
85.3
.272
13.36
11.39
0)
0)
0)
12.01
0)
0)
Total...........................................
7
13
Trimmers, male:
Illinois and Missouri................... .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire................................. ..........
New Jersey....................................
New York.................................... .
Ohio........ .........--...........................
Pennsylvania............................... .
Wisconsin......................................
5
21
5.4
50.0
39.9
79.8
.448
22.40
17.88
14
4
5
4
3
3
25
13
13
21
13
8
4.8
5.0
4.8
5.3
5.5
5.0
48.1
46.9
48.9
52.1
48.8
52.5
38.0
42.7
39.5
36.8
46.8
36.9
79.0
91.0
80.8
70.6
95.9
70.3
.516
.532
.565
.350
.297
.357
24.82
24.95
27.63
18.24
14.49
18.74
19.61
22.71
22.32
12.87
13.91
13.21
Total...........................................
38
114
5.1
49.5
39.8
80.4
.443
21.93
17.61
*
1Data included in total.
35
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTMENT—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
Hours actu
age
ally worked
Aver
days Aver
in 1 week
Aver age Aver
age
age
Num
on
age
full
full
ber of which
earn time actual
time
earn
Per ings earn
wage wage
Aver
ings
earners earners hours
cent
per
ings
age
in 1
worked per
of
hour
per
num
week
week
in 1
full
week
ber
week
time
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT—COn.
Trimmers, female:
Illinois and Missouri.......................
Massachusetts and New HampNew Jersey___ __________________
Ohio..................................................
Total...............................................
4
6
27
45
4.5
4.5
51.1
49.8
37.3
33.5
73.0 $0,304 $15.53
67.3
.215 10.71
12
1
3
2
1
4
7
69
20
9
4
10
13
41
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.5
5.8
5.4
5.4
48.0
54.0
50.7
48.0
50.0
50.2
51.4
43.3
43.6
42.9
46.0
44.2
47.8
37.4
90.2
80.7
84.6
95.8
88.4
95.2
72.8
.322
.212
.365
.325
.338
.258
.309
15.46
11.45
18.51
15.60
16.90
12.95
15.88
13.93
9.26
15.65
14.94
14.93
12.35
11.56
40
238
5.2
50.1
40.1
80.0
.290
14.53
11.61
$11.34
7.22
Finishers or seasoners, machine, male:
Delaware _____________ __ _____
Illinois and Missouri.......................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire. ___ - _- _______________
Michigan___ __ _________________
New Jersey______________________
New York__ ____________________
Ohio..................................................
Pennsylvania____________________
Wisconsin_______________________
1
8
8
56
3.9
4.9
51.3
49.5
44.3
41.9
86.4
84.6
.259
.383
13.29
18.96
11.50
16.04
10
1
2
4
5
33
4
16
52
4
28
23
5.4
6.0
5.0
4.7
5.8
5.4
5.5
48.4
54.0
44.8
49.2
52.0
53.4
50.9
44.2 91.3
55.6 103.0
40.5 90.4
40.4 82.1
41.3 79.4
54.3 101.7
44.2 86.8
.445
.429
.542
.484
.376
.394
.366
21.54
23.17
24.28
23.81
19.55
21.04
18.63
19.66
23.88
21.97
19.55
15.53
21.39
16.17
T o ta l..............................................
38
224
5.0
49.8
43.9
88.2
.421
20.97
18.46
5
2
Finishers or seasoners, machine, fe
male:
Delaware___________ ___ . . . __ __
Illinois and Missouri.......................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire___________________________
New Jersey______________________
New York_______________________
Ohio........................... - .......................
Pennsylvania____________________
Wisconsin_______________________
3
3
31
14
5.0
4.9
51.0
50.0
40.2
40.9
78.8
81.8
.265
.268
13.52
13.40
10.64
10.97
10
77
25
15
10
26
5.1
4.5
5.2
5.8
5.2
48.0
51.9
48.0
50.0
49.4
40.7
38.1
42.6
46.9
41.2
84.8
73.4
88.8
93.8
83.4
.284
.319
.346
.298
.292
11.57
12.17
14.76
13.97
12.04
(0
Total...............................................
30
Finishers or seasoners, hand, male:
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire________________________
Michigan______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
Ohio__________________________
Pennsyl vania__________________
W isconsin...__________________
5
12
1
3
5
3
4
6
Total...........................................
39
413
i Data included in total.
5
4
1
3
1
0)
(0
(0
0)
13.63
16. 56
16.61
14.90
14.42
0)
5.1
49.4
40.8
82.6
.291
14.38
11.89
89
5.3
50.0
41.9
83.8
.593
29.65
24.88
88
0)
29
38
65
29
74
5.8
0)
5.3
5.2
4.7
5.7
5.5
48.4
0)
50.9
49.1
51.2
51.9
51.6
46.5 96.1
0)
0)
44.3 87.0
41.0 83.5
37.8 73.8
56.4 108.7
39.9 77.3
.561
0)
.586
.456
.484
.326
.394
27.15
0)
29.83
22.39
24.78
16.92
20.33
26.10
0)
25.95
18.69
18.27
18.39
15.74
5.4
50.3
43.0
.500
25.15
21.51
0)
200
0)
85.5
36
LEATHER INDUSTRY
A .— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTMENT—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per ings earn
hours Aver cent
ings
per
age
per
per
of
hour
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT—COn.
Finishers or seasoners, hand, female:
Delaware............... ........................
Illinois and Missouri_____ _____ _
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey....................................
New Y ork.....................................
Ohio................. ............................
Pennsylvania..............................—
Wisconsin......................................
Total...........................................
4
5
221
71
5.1
5.1
51.2
50.0
41.3
42.1
80.7 $0,287 $14.69
84.2
.304 15.20
$11.86
12.77
15
1
4
1
1
7
4
204
32
85
5
59
117
81
5.3
5.5
5.2
6.0
5.5
5.0
5.7
48.0
54.0
52.3
48.0
50.0
49.8
50.6
41.9 87.3
47.6 88.1
45.6 87.2
49.5 103.1
45.4 90.8
42.4 85.1
43.2 85.4
.322
.283
.306
.332
.315
.327
.287
15.46
15.28
16.00
15.94
15.75
16.28
14.52
13.48
13.46
13.97
16.41
14.30
13.88
12.42
42
875
5.2
50.2
42.8
85.3
.306
15.36
13.09
4.5
5.1
50.8
50.0
34.1
34.9
67.1
69.8
.508
.505
25.81
25.25
17.34
17.62
5.2
49.5
37.5
75.8
.594
29.40
22.29
28.03
27.35
34.22
22.78
22.57
28.44
29.49
20.50
Glazing-machine operators, male:
Delaware. ............ .........................
Illinois and Missouri___________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire...................................... ......
Michigan.................................... .
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio..................................... .........
Pennsylvania................................
Wisconsin.................................. .
3
7
107
28
22
1
5
6
1
8
6
0104
)
27
58
209
35
5.0
5.8
5.0
5.8
49.0
50.0
47.6
51.9
39.5 80.6
52.0 104.0
41.0 86.1
46.7 90.0
.572
.547
.719
.439
Total...........................................
59
752
5.1
49.7
40.4
81.3
.603
4
4
146
17
4.9
4.5
51.4
47.1
39.5
32.9
76.8
69.9
.327
.371
16.81
17.47
12.92
12.18
3
2
1
2
1
0)64
0)
4.3
5.7
48.0
52.4
31.8
49.0
66.3
93.5
.382
.426
18.34
22.32
12.16
20.86
270
4.9
50.6
38.1
75.3
.372
18.82
14.16
Glazing-machine operators, female:
Delaware.......... ............................
Illinois and Missouri____________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire_____ ___________________
New Jersey................................. .
New York........ ...... ................ ......
Pennsylvania........................... .
Wisconsin......................................
182
19
21
05.1
)
0) 44.1
0) 31.53
0) .604
0)
0) 84.5
0) 26.62
52.2
29.97
24.39
0)
04.8
)
0) 16.01
(0 69.0
0) 34.5
0) .464
0) 23.20
50.0
0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0)
Total...........................................
17
Boarders or grainers, hand, male:
Illinois and Missouri____________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio..... ..........................................
Wisconsin......................................
5
18
4.4
50.0
36.0
72.0
.534
26.70
19.23
7
1
3
4
4
7
36
18
37
11
19
34
5.3
5.6
4.9
4.5
5.7
5.3
48.0
54.0
50.4
51.8
51.3
51.7
40.6
49.5
40.5
37.8
37.4
35.5
84.6
91.7
80.4
73.0
72.9
68.7
.648
.423
.552
.434
.504
.412
31.10
22.84
27.82
22.48
25.86
21.30
26.29
20.94
22.35
16.39
18.82
14.60
Total...........................................
31
173
5.2
50.7
39.5
77.9
.517
26.21
20.41
Boarders or grainers, hand, female:
Ohio........ .............................. ........
1
5
6.0
50.0
50.0 100.0
.311
15.54
15.54
5.0
50.0
41.7
.546
27.30
22.75
Boarders or grainers, machine, male:
Illinois and Missouri.................... .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Pennsylvania.................... ............
Wisconsin......................................
Total...........................................
*Data included in total.
4
2
1
3
1
2
13
15
0) 6
12
4
3
42
83.4
05.0
)
0) .600
0) 24.00
0)
0) 40.0
0) 24.00
0) 100.0
40.0
4.3
6.0
6.0
48.7
50.0
53.0
38.1 78.2
50.0 100.0
47.2 89.1
.612
.270
.299
29.80
13.50
15.85
23.33
13.50
14.12
5.0
48.3
42.0
.530
25.60
22.27
87.0
37
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
T able
FINISHING DEPARTM EN T—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per
ings
earn
hours Aver cent per
ings
per
age
of
hour
per
week num
full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
$24.37
23.86
OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT— COn.
Embossing or plating-press operators,
male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri...... ..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey................................. .
New York......................................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania— .............................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
Embossing or plating-press operators,
female:
Illinois and Missouri. ...................
New Jersey....................................
Wisconsin.................................... .
Total...........................................
Ironers, hand or machine, male:
Delaware.......................................
Illinois and Missouri______ _____
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.,..........................................
New Jersey....................................
New Y o r k ___________________________
Pennsylvania.................. .......... .
Wisconsin......................................
Total...........................................
Ironers, hand or machine, female:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.......... .........
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.......................................... .
New Jersey__________ __________
New York_____________________
Ohio...... ........................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......... ............................
Total...........................................
Machine helpers, male:
Illinois and Missouri......... ...........
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Ohio........... ....................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
Total...........................................
Machine helpers, female:
Delaware.......................................
Illinois and Missouri....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire....................... .....................
Michigan........................................
Total...........................................
i Data included in total.
2
6
16
37
5.3
5.2
50.8
50.0
56.8 111.8 $0.429 $21.79
42.4 84.8
.563 28.15
18
1
5
7
3
4
7
53
55
11
27
54
16
14
50
280
5.4
5.5
4.9
4.8
5.6
5.4
5.7
5.3
48.4
54.0
48.6
49.1
50.8
51.2
52.9
50.2
44.8
47.3
41.0
43.1
44.1
47.8
38.9
43.6
92.6
87.6
84.4
87.8
86.8
93.4
73.5
86.9
5.0
49.3
40.8
82.8
.269
13.26
10.95
5.7
5.0
50.0.
49.4
36.3
40.2
72.6
81.4
.290
.275
14.50
13.59
10.54
11.05
4.4
50.2
30.9
61.6
.486
24.40
15.03
5
1
1
7
2
1
28
0)
3
33
30
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(0
.500
.377
.573
.556
.530
.467
.381
.496
0)
0)
24.20
20.36
27.85
27.30
26.92
23.91
20.15
24.90
0)
0)
22.38
17.82
23.53
23.97
23.36
22.31
14.83
21.63
0)
0)
7
1
2
7
6
26
12
10
3
68
9
133
5.0
4.4
5.3
5.4
4.4
5.0
48.0
52.0
48.7
48.6
50.8
49.3
41.9 87.3
40.6 78.1
52.3 107.4
44.5 91.6
35.3 69.5
40.5 82.2
.462
.389
.529
.475
.378
.465
22.18
20.23
25.76
23.09
19.20
22.92
19.34
15.78
27.68
21.15
13.35
18.81
4
1
64
3
4.8
5.0
51.1
50.0
39.0
44.0
76.3
88.0
.260
.221
13.29
11.05
10.14
9.74
5.6
4.0
48.0
52.1
45.4
36.5
94.6
70.1
.286
.387
13.73
20.16
12.98
14.13
5.6
5.5
4.8
5.1
50.0
48.5
50.0
49.8
45.8
47.0
35.6
42.3
91.6
96.9
71.2
84.9
.296
.318
.261
.286
14.80
15.42
13.05
14.24
13.54
14.93
9.29
12.12
10
2
1
1
4
4
27
44
7
0)
25
17
8
170
0)
(0
(9
(0
0)
0)
0)
8
42
5.2
50.0
41.0
82.0
.418
20.90
17.15
11
4
1
7
41
46
16
15
11
26
12
20
188
5.0
4.8
5.1
5.0
4.6
6.0
5.2
5.1
48.0
54.0
52.3
50.2
52.3
55.0
52.4
50.9
39.4 82.1
40.1 74.3
43.4 83.0
43.4 86.5
34.1 65.2
61.3 111.5
40.8 77.9
41.2 80.9
.478
.380
.483
.540
.392
.260
.393
.421
22.94
20.52
25.26
27.11
20.50
14.30
20.59
21.43
18.83
15.24
20.96
23.44
13.36
15.95
16.04
17.35
1
4
3
24
4.0
4.6
51.3
48.8
35.5
39.4
69.2
80.7
.220
.254
11.29
12.40
7.82
10.02
1
1
1
7
0)
8
37 I
0)
5.3
4.8
0)
54.0
50.0
0)
45.4
40.9
(9
84.1
81.8
0)
.278
.261
0)
15.01
13.05
0)
12.62
10.65
38
LEATHER INDUSTRY
T a b l e A . — Average
days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average fulltime and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
FINISHING DEPARTM EN T—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
ings earn
hours Aver Per
cent
ings
per
age
per
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
ALL LEATHER
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri. ...................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin.......................................
3
8
1
17
97
0)
4.9
5.1
0)
50.8
50.0
0)
44.5
42.4
14
5
6
7
3
2
19
3
7
99
47
22
72
11
6
121
15
54
5.6
5.8
5.2
5.0
3.6
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.3
48.7
54.5
51.5
49.4
54.0
50.0
51.1
48.8
51.7
45.1 92.6
42.5 78.0
44.9 87.2
44.0 89.1
25.3 46.9
50.8 101.6
48.4 94.7
31.0 63.5
41.7 80.7
.401
.328
.332
.463
.260
.347
.371
.364
.333
19.53
17.88
17.10
22.87
14.04
17.35
18.96
17.76
17.22
18.06
13.97
14.90
20.41
6.58
17.62
17.95
11.29
13.90
Total...........................................
78
562
5.4
50.6
43.9
86.8
.378
19.13
16.63
2
4
5.8
51.0
53.1 104.1
.221
11.27
11.73
2
2
1
6
12
3
6.0
5.9
4.0
48.0
52.5
50.0
48.0 100.0
45.5 86.7
30.3 60.6
.250
.315
.292
11.98
16.54
14.60
11.98
14.33
8.85
7
25
5.7
50.9
45.5
89.4
.279
14.20
12.69
Laborers and truckers, female:
Delaware........................................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
Wisconsin......... ............................
Total...........................................
(9
87.6 $0,331 $16.81
80.5
.381 19.05
(0
(0
0)
$14.76
16.14
(l)
Other finishing-department employ
ees, male:
Delaware......................... .... .........
Illinois and Missouri. ...................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina............ .................
Ohio.................................... —........
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin......................................
5
9
3
76
130
17
5.4
5.4
5.0
50.5
49.7
49.1
46.2
44.8
36.2
91.5
90.1
73.7
.555
.552
.434
28.03
27.43
21.31
25.61
24.74
15.71
24
5
8
10
5
5
23
4
7
192
61
67
127
80
115
237
34
98
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.7
4.2
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.4
48.9
51.9
48.5
49.4
53.4
50.9
51.7
50.6
52.3
45.0
47.1
46.9
40.6
26.4
47.9
47.1
33.1
44.3
92.0
90.8
96.7
82.2
49.4
94.1
91.1
65.4
84.7
.633
.362
.798
.539
.313
.502
.535
.382
.499
30.95
18.79
38.70
26.63
16.71
25.55
27.66
19.33
26.10
28.50
17.04
37.46
21.88
8.25
24.02
25.20
12.61
22.09
Total...........................................
108
1,234
5.4
50.6
43.8
86.6
.541
27.37
23.68
3
6
22
49
5.1
4.3
51.1
49.8
44.5
34.6
87.1
69.5
.275
.275
14.05
13.70
12.24
9.50
5
1
2
2
1
4
1
13
14
3
3
4
7
(0
5.8
4.1
6.0
5.7
6.0
4.6
(0
48.0
54.0
52.2
48.0
50.0
50.6
0)
46.3 96.5
33.0 61.1
52.2 100.0
46.2 96.3
49.0 98.0
36.6 72.3
(0
(0
.377
.183
.406
.339
.261
.326
0)
18.10
9.88
21.20
16.27
13.05
16.50
(9
17.47
6-05
21.20
15.66
12.78
11.91
0)
25
117
4.8
50.4
39.2
.287
14.46
11.25
Other finishing-department employ
ees, female:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri......................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
l Data included in total.
77.8
39
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T a b l e A , — Average
days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average fu ll
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
SORTING AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT
Occupation, sex, and State
Measuring-machine operators, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire........................................... .
Michigan...................................... .
New Jersey................................... .
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
1
4
Num
ber of
wage
earners
0)
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
Per ings earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
age
per
hour
per
of
week num full
week
ber
time
(9
(9
(9
(9
(0
97.8 $0,565 $28.25
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
(9
8
0)
6.0
50.0
48.9
20
1
1
4
2
4
8
38
5
6
6
6
8
13
5.6
5.4
6.0
5.3
3.8
5.9
5.6
48.4
54.0
52.5
50.0
52.7
47.4
51.9
45.1 93.2
41.7 77.2
47.5 90.5
46.5 93.0
30.5 57.9
47.4 100.0
42.9 82.7
.480
.236
.291
.505
.355
.430
.372
23.23
12.74
15.28
25.25
18.71
20.37
19.31
21.69
9.86
13.80
23.49
10.82
20.37
15.96
45
91
5.5
50.0
44.5
89.0
.440
22.00
19.58
$27.60
Measuring-machine operators, female:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri...................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New Jersey....................................
New York......................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
3
5
12
16
5.3
4.2
51.0
49.7
44.4
35.6
87.1
71.6
.268
.272
13.67
13.52
11.87
9.67
3
2
2
3
1
5
5
4
8
5.8
5.8
4.5
5.5
48.0
47.1
48.0
50.4
47.1
45.3
36.9
47.3
98.1
96.2
76.9
93.8
.319
.292
.470
.316
15.31
13.75
22.56
15.93
15.03
13.24
17.31
14.94
Total...........................................
19
5.0
49.6
41.9
84.5
.301
14.93
12.63
7
0)
6.0
50.0
48.4
96.8
.390
19.50
18.84
Measuring-machine operator’s help
ers, male:
<9
51
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
<9
(9
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
New York.............................. ........
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
11
2
2
2
21
3
5
3
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.3
48.5
48.7
46.2
50.0
42.5
45.4
42.9
45.0
87.6
93.2
92.9
90.0
.334
.474
.294
.353
16.20
23.08
13.58
17.65
14.17
21.51
12.60
15.87
Total...........................................
22
40
5.6
48.7
44.3
91.0
.351
17.09
15.53
2
5
9
9
5.2
4.7
51.0
49.4
46.1
38.8
90.4
78.5
.236
.320
12.04
15.81
10.90
12.43
13
4
48.0
50.0
46.3
43.8
96.5
87.6
.291
.255
13.97
12.75
13.48
11.18
9
5.8
5.8
0)
6.0
51.8
44.1
85.1
.257
13.31
11.34
Measuring-machine operators’ help
ers, female:
1
4
0)
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin......................................
10
1
1
4
Total...........................................
23
46
5.5
49.8
44.1
88.6
.274
13.65
12.10
4
8
2
50
27
3
5.7
5.1
6.0
50.8
49.6
48.7
47.5
42.5
36.7
93.5
85.7
75.4
.611
.522
.345
31.04
25.89
16.80
29.03
22.22
12.67
24
3
7
7
2
3
14
2
98
3
47
25
5.7
6.7
5.5
4.9
48.9
54.0
49.9
50.2
45.9 93.9
57.0 105.6
41.3 82.8
41.6 82.9
.592
.328
.631
.525
28.95
17.71
31.49
26.36
27.15
18.72
26.04
21.86
Sorters, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania...........................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin................................
Total.................................
*Data included in total.
(0
0)
8
11
70
5
23
84
364
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
6.0
5.5
5.8
5.8
50.6
49.3
52.8
52.3
51.0 100.8
45.1 91.5
29.1 55.1
44.7 85.5
(9
(9
.501
.611
.344
.494
25.35
30.12
18.16
25.84
25.56
27.58
10.02
22.11
6.5
49.9
44.6
89.4
.577
28.79
25.73
(9
(0
0)
(0
40
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per weekt average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1932, by department, occupation, sex, and State—
Continued
T a b l e A .—
SORTING AND SHIPPING DEPARTM ENT—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Sorters, female:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.................. .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire......................................... .
Michigan........................................
New York......................................
Ohio................................................
Total...........................................
Packers and shippers, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey................................... .
New Y ork..___________________
North Carolina..............................
Ohio............. .................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia............................... .
Wisconsin.......................................
Total..........................................
Packers and shippers, female:
Delaware______________________
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................... ............
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Total...........................................
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware.......... .............................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
Laborers and truckers, female:
Illinois and Missouri....................
Other sorting and shipping depart
ment employees, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee.............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York......................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total...........................................
i Data included in total.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week
Hours actu
worked
Aver
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
age
full
full
earn time
time
Per ings earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
age
per
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
2
1
7
(0
5.0
(0
52.3
(0
40.5
0)
77.4 $0.332 $17.36
(0
0)
0)
2
1
1
1
8
10
<0
0)
(0
22
5.9
47.6
0)
(0
0)
45.4
99.2
(0
0)
(0
91.0
.290
9}
(l)
0)
.305
13.92
<9
0)
0)
15.22
13.78
0)
5.5
48.0
0)
0)
0)
49.9
3
8
2
27
27
11
5.8
5.4
6.0
50.8
49.8
49.6
50.1
46.4
45.0
98.6
93.2
90.7
.475
.424
.333
24.13
21.12
16.52
23.80
19.69
15.01
20
4
9
10
5
4
20
4
7
96
86
21
21
51
20
16
69
7
28
384
5.7
5.0
5.5
5.0
4.8
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.5
48.3
54.0
51.2
50.8
53.6
50.5
49.7
50.6
52.1
50.4
45.7
41.7
45.5
43.8
33.4
47.6
46.1
37.2
43.6
44.8
94.6
77.2
88.9
86.2
62.3
94.3
92.8
73.5
83.7
88.9
.455
.308
.506
.504
.283
.387
.400
.402
.387
.427
21.98
16.63
25.91
25.60
15.17
19.54
19.88
20.34
20.16
21.52
20.83
12.85
23.02
22.06
9.45
18.41
18.44
14.96
16.86
19.12
2
15
5.5
51.2
44.2
86.3
.262
13.41
11.59
5
1
1
1
10
8
3
(0
10
37
5.5
6.0
0)
4.9
5.4
48.0
46.5
0)
50.0
49.7
44.9 93.5
46.5 100.0
0)
(0
43.2 86.4
44.3 89.1
.287
.341
0)
.297
.284
13.78
15.83
0)
14.85
14.11
12.89
15.83
0)
12.84
12.60
2
3
8
10
5.0
5.2
51.2
50.0
42.3
45.3
82.6
90.6
.368
.322
18.84
16.10
15.57
14.59
10
2
1
5
8
1
4
36
30
(0
5
15
30
4
7
111
5.4
0)
6.0
4.3
5.4
4.0
6.1
5.2
48.7
(0
52.5
49.3
51.7
48.0
51.4
50.3
42.6
0)
47.5
31.8
45.7
25.0
44.0
42.0
87.5
(9
90.5
64.5
88.4
52.1
85.6
83.5
.374
0)
.357
.539
.372
.391
.364
.382
18.21
0)
18.74
26.57
19.23
18.77
18.71
19.21
15.93
(9
16.94
17.16
17.02
9.78
16.02
16.03
1
6
5.0
50.0
36.2
72.4
.390
19.50
14.11
26
26
5.8
5.4
0)
49.1
46.2
0)
96.5
92.8
0)
.572
.511
0)
29.11
25.45
0)
28.07
23.59
0)
28
3
11
6
5
11
26
13
156
5.7
6.0
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.8
5.7
50.9
49.8
W
48.6
54.0
49.9
50.0
53.1
50.7
49.5
45.5
53.9
43.9
42.3
44.1
48.9
47.2
93.6
99.8
88.0
84.6
83.1
96.4
95.4
5.8
52.5
50.0
95.2
.582
.376
.627
.490
.473
.541
.656
.437
5.6
50.2
47.0
93.6
28.29
20.30
31.29
24.50
25.12
27.43
32.47
22.94
.556 27.91
26.47
20.28
27.52
20.70
20.85
26.45
31.02
21.87
26.15
4
8
1
15
2
4
5
3
3
15
5
65
0
$13.48
0)
tl)
0)
13.84
41
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
A.— Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per weekf average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sex, and /State—
Continued
T able
SORTING AND SHIPPING DEPARTM EN T-Continued
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Occupation, sex, and State
Other sorting and shipping depart
ment employees, female:
Delaware............... .......................
Illinois and Missouri_______ ____
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire— ................................. .
New Jersey—__________________
Wisconsin...........—........- ..............
Total...........................................
Aver
age
days
Num
on
ber of which
wage wage
earners earners
worked
in 1
week
3
4
2
1
2
12
4
9
9
0)
3
26
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
1 Per- ings earn
hours Aver cent
per
ings
per
age
per
hour
of
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
$18.35
10.04
5.5
4.3
50.8
49.4
46.8
36.9
92.1
74.7
5.6
48.0
45.0
52.7
(9
38.3
93.8
(0
72.7
.344
0)
.290
16.51
5.7
15.28
(9
15.51
0)
11.08
5.2
49.4
41.8
84.6
.323
15.96
13.51
85.9 $0. 583 $29. 67
93.3
.513 25.39
$25.47
23. 73
(9
(9
$.393 $19.96
.272 13.44
MAINTENANCE DEPARTM ENT
Machine fixers, male:
Delaware.......... ................... .........
Illinois and Missouri-...................
Kentucky and Tennessee.............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire____________________ ____
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York_____________________
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................ ...............................
Pennsylvania__________________
Wisconsin____________ ______
7
3
3
3
3
1
5
2
16
7
8
3
5
6
15
3
Total...........................................
36
4
4
1
50.9
49.5
43.7
46.2
(9
(9
5.8
6.0
5.6
6.3
4.6
6.0
5.3
5.3
54.8
54.0
52.6
48.7
54.0
50.0
53.5
53.7
94
5.5
19
11
(9
5.1
5.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
47.2 86.1
50.5 93.5
49.3 93.7
57.4 117.9
35.8 66.3
56.6 113.2
45.4 84.9
44.6 83.1
.648
.402
.674
.607
.379
.629
.595
.585
35.51
21.71
35.45
29. 56
20.47
31.45
31.83
31.41
30.59
20.27
33.18
34.86
13.57
35.57
27.01
26.08
(9
52.3
46.7
89.3
.576
30.12
26.93
Laborers and truckers, male:
Illinois and Missouri...... ..............
Kentucky and Tennessee..... ........
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey....................................
New York................................... .
North Carolina....... ......................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin.......................................
6
1
27
9
4.9
5.6
49.6
50.0
42.4
40.9
85.5
81.8
.369
.300
18.30
15.00
15.67
12.28
5
4
6
6
2
3
14
4
5
29
41
21
30
27
14
87
24
20
5.5
4.7
5.3
5.3
3.9
5.4
5.6
4.8
5.5
48.0
54.0
49.3
53.6
54.0
50.6
51.0
51.5
52.3
46.0
33.8
44. 6
46.9
32.6
41.8
45.6
36.0
46.3
95.8
62.6
90.5
87.5
60.4
82.6
89.4
69.9
88.5
.462
.296
.446
.361
.284
.360
.348
.312
.359
22.18
15.98
21.99
19.35
15.34
18.22
17.75
16.07
18.78
21.25
9.99
19.90
16. 91
9.24
15.04
15.89
11.23
16.65
Total...........................................
56
329
5.2
51.4
42.0
81.7
.357
18.35
14.98
5
8
3
32
84
17
5.8
5.4
5.6
49.8
50.2
50.9
46.6
45.5
46.8
93.6
90.6
91.9
.583
.524
.380
29.03
26.30
19.34
27.17
23.84
17.79
22
5
8
9
168
43
48
60
5.8
5.9
5.1
5.3
4.8
.570
.501
.465
.476
28.93
23.39
27.65
28.08
20.95
28.96
25.65
65
49.2 101.9
52.2 96.0
44.5 86.6
46.1 91.1
36.5 67.6
48.4 95.3
48.0 93.8
42.8 86.1
47.8 92.6
.599
.430
.538
.555
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.7
48.3
54.4
51.4
50.6
54.0
50.8
51.2
49.7
51.6
23.11
24.56
29.48
22.48
23. 95
25.60
14.19
27.57
24.05
19.88
22.76
809
5.6
50.6
47.2
93.3
.525
26.57
24.78
Other maintenance-department em
ployees, male:
Delaware—.....................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee_______
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................................
Michigan...................................... .
New Jersey.....................................
New York....................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin......................................
5
5
22
4
7
Total...........................................
103
* Data included in total.
30
50
184
28
.388
42
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Average days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, average full
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
percent of full time worked, 1982, by department, occupation, sea?, and State—
Continued
T a b l e A .—
ALL DEPARTMENTS
i
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earners
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in i
week
Hours actu
Aver
worked
Aver ally
in 1 week Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn time
time
Per
earn
hours Aver cent ings
per
ings
age
per
of
hour
per
week num full
week
ber time
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in i
week
All occupations, male:
Delaware........................................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York.............................. ........
North Carolina..............................
Ohio........... ...................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin......................................
1,224
1,960
199
4.7
5.1
5.5
50.4
49.9
49.6
39.7
40.2
41.4
78.8 $0.467 $23.54
.499 24.90
80.6
.382 18.95
83.5
$18.57
20.07
15.80
26 4,192
814
5
10 1,208
11 2,063
5
608
929
5
23 3,565
465
4
8 1,528
5.4
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.1
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.2
48.6
54.0
50.5
49.8
54.1
50.8
51.0
50.9
52.1
43.0
45.1
44.5
42.5
29.0
45.0
44.9
33.1
39.9
88.5
83.5
88.1
85.3
53.6
88.6
88.0
65.0
76.6
.553
.369
.559
.533
.309
.501
.478
.372
.425
26.88
19.93
28.23
26.54
16.72
25.45
24.38
18.93
22.14
23.77
16.65
24.88
22.65
8.97
22.52
21.45
12.29
16.96
Total...........................................
114 18,755
5.2
50.4
42.1
83.5
.493
24.85
20.78
5
9
3
All occupations, female:
Delaware.......... .............................
Illinois and M issouri-..................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.................. ..........................
Michigan........................................
New Jersey-----------------------------New York.......... ............................
Ohio...............................................
Pennsylvania-...............................
Wisconsin______ _____ _________
4
6
676
394
4.9
4.8
51.1
49.3
39.9
37.5
78.1
76.1
.280
.278
14.31
13.71
11.19
10.42
19
1
5
5
1
9
7
640
76
223
47
125
291
172
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.4
5.6
5.0
5.6
48.0
54.0
51.7
48.0
50.0
49.9
50.8
41.6
43.8
43.7
44.1
45.9
41.1
41.1
86.7
81.1
84.5
91.9
91.8
82.4
80.9
.319
.250
.330
.342
.305
.342
.289
15.31
13.50
17.06
16.42
15.25
17.07
14.68
13.28
10.92
14.41
15.08
14.01
14.06
11.88
Total..........................................-
57
2,644
5.1
50.0
40.9
81.8
.303
15.15
12.41
5
9
3
78.5
79.7
83.5
.401
.464
.382
20.33
23.11
18.95
15.94
18.45
15.80
All occupations, male and female:
Delaware____________ __________
Illinois and Missouri-...................
Kentucky and Tennessee..............
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............................... ..........
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey................................... .
New Y o rk ....................................
North Carolina..............................
Ohio................................................
Pennsylvania.................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin.......................................
1,900
2,354
199
4.8
5.0
5.5
50.7
49.8
49.6
39.8
39.7
41.4
26 4,832
890
5
10 1,431
11 2,110
608
5
5 1,054
23 3,856
465
4
8 1,700
5.4
5.6
5.3
5.0
4.1
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.3
48.6
54.0
50.7
49.8
54.1
50.7
50.9
50.9
51.9
42.8 88.1
45.0 83.3
44.4 87.6
42.5 85.3
29.0 53.6
45.1 89.0
44.6 87.6.
33.1 65.0
40.0 77.1
.523
.359
.524
.529
.309
.477
.468
.372
.411
25.42
19.39
26.57
26.34
16.72
24.18
23.82
18.93
21.33
22.38
16.16
23.25
22.48
8.97
21.51
20.89
12.29
16.45
Total...........................................
114 21,399
5.2
50.4
42.0
.471
23.74
19.74
83.3
T able
B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department, sex, and State
Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Department, occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earn
ers
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
21,
un cents, $1.00,
der un un
21 23 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 der $der
17
19
15
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1.00 1.20
13,
un
der
15,
un
der
17,
un
der
19,
un
der
un
der
23,
un
der
25,
un
der
30,
un
der
35,
un
der
40,
un
der
45,
un
der
50,
un
der
un
der
$0,344
177
.473
25
OF LABOR, 1932
59
HOURS
.519
.377
.464
.519
.355
.501
.441
BEAM HOUSE
Fleshing-machine operators, male:
Delaware............................................
Illinois and Missouri.......................
Kentucky and Tennessee..................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Michigan. ........................ .................
New Jersey...... ..................................
New Y ork......... .................................
North Carolina. ................................
Ohio......... - ........................................
Pennsylvania......................................
West Virginia—..................................
Wisconsin........................—..............
Total___________ ______ _________
90
AND
Total............................ ...................
80,
WAGES
HIDE HOUSE
Sorters and counters, male:
Delaware.............................................
Illinois and Missouri....................... .
Kentucky and Tennessee.................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Michigan.............. .............................
New Jersey.........................................
New York...........................................
Ohio......... ..........................................
Pennsylvania......................................
Wisconsin............................................
70,
un
der
.442
.501
.433
.554
.409
.509
.564
.328
.510
.463
.389
.419
105
344
21
24
43
90
76
40
CO
T able
B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Department, occupation, sex,
and
State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earn
ers
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
90 $1.00,
80,
70,
60,
45,
50,
40,
35,
23,
25,
30,
19,
21,
15,
17,
13,
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un cents, un
der der der un der
der
der der der
der der
der
der der der der der
der
90
80
70
60
50
45
40
35
30
23
25
19
21
17
15
$1.20
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1.00
b e a m h o u s e — continued
Laborers and truckers, male:
Total
2
14
4
4
23 $0.434
.449
43
.429
78
.324
24
.431
15
.439
46
.300
14
.537
23
.406
67
.333
7
.375
16
64
356
.424
4
9
3
18
5
6
9
5
5
21
4
8
13
52
14
180
46
28
78
59
26
172
45
40
.348
.476
.382
.470
.380
.443
.505
.297
.379
.444
.368
.415
97
753
.436
5
1
1
2
2
1
10
25
7
12
17
9
1
1
9
6
36
3
15
10
11
2
7
24
1
12
11
4
6
107
62
33
15
4
3
7
4
62
6
•8
22
5
1
2
17
1
32
5
2
6
8
6
1
3
1
4
1
7
4
3
14
4
5
19
3
1
13
30
89
1
2
1
2
8
14
4
10
18
2
23
18
12
12
3
15
24
3
6
15
3
22
2
1
10
4
4
60
3
1
16
7
86
2
27
I
37
21
4
25
146
175
151
129
4
2
2
8
TAN HOUSE
Haulers, male:
TllinniQ onH M i^ n n r i
Kentucky &nd Tennessee
MoccQ^hiicottc onH N a w TTflTnnQhirp
lVhiVfln
N p w JpfQAV
New York
XTnrth Oami in 5*.
Ohio
P^nnQvl vftTiia
W a c f Virffitiift
WicpAiiQi'n
Total............................................................
3
2
10
10
1
1
2
5
2
40
4
15
17
86
3
INDUSTRY
Penncvlvanift
TVest Virginia
W isconsin
2
4
16
4
1
9
4
LEATHER
Illinois and Missouri
Massachusetts and New Hampshire
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, SOLE AND BELTING
27
9
40
99
53
27
221
58
.490
.550
.373
.604
.329
.475
.472
.408
1
Total ________ __________________ ____ _
37
534
.474
1
2
2
6
6
1
5
1
4
3
22
2
9
5
3
18
5
14
21
16
12
3
93
4
13
10
7
23
30
35
61
128
87
135
49
16
1
2
18
25
99
2
60
25
9
113
8
30
9
53
14
7
85
2
19
51
11
42
13
45
15
1
1
129
60
259
12
89
82
21
132
70
.538
.529
.599
.394
.546
.570
.588
.596
.419
1
3
2
1
72
854
.560
3
2
1
6
5
.259
.338
0)
2
T ota l.........................................................
6
13
.305
2
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, male:
Illinois and Missouri.............................. ....
Massachusetts and New Hampshire_____
Michigan...... ..................... .........................
New Jersey.......................... ........................
New York................................ ...................
Ohio..............................................................
Pennsylvania______ _______ ____________
Wisconsin.....................................................
7
21
1
8
7
4
4
8
221
381
53
46
139
85
45
141
.535
.588
.422
.576
.579
.606
.594
.443
60 1, 111
.551
0)
3
20
12
6
1
7
1
6
12
1
30
7
5
3
4
19
5
11
31
80
83
322
270
38
13
1
2
6
3
2
8
9
18
16
17
20
7
5
4
2
23
23
46
3
6
84
17
32
87
3
114
2
74
29
13
20
15
39
34
1
32
14
83
41
28
1
2
6
3
17
3
7
1
1
51
72
121
164
240
284
87
45
4
2
1
4
1
(9
1
3
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
2
2
19
22
60
4
3
3
7
OF LABOR, 1932
Total..........................................................
Stakers, machine, female:
Illinois and Missouri............................ ......
Massachusetts and New Hampshire_____
Wisconsin________ ____ ________________
2
2
6
6
3
2
HOURS
4
9
25
1
9
7
1
8
8
13
12
89
AND
Stakers, machine, male:
Delaware. ___________ _________________
Illinois and Missouri...................................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire_____
Michigan__________________ ___________
New Jersey____________________ _____
New York......... ..........................................
O h io .......................................................... .
Pennsylvania............................................. .
Wisconsin__________ _______ ___________
t Data included in total.
1
i1
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, OTHER THAN SOLE
OR PATENT
T otal.___ ___________________________
2
X
WAGES
3
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
CO 00
Rolling-machine operators, male:
Kentucky and Tennessee. . .............. .........
\
Massachusetts and New Hampshire_____
}
Michigan------------ --------------------------------I
New York-------------------------------------------*
North Carolina------------------------------------,
Ohio..............................................................
*
Pennsylvania__________________________
West Virginia--------------------------- ------------
T able
B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Department, occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
wage
earn
ers
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
80,
90
60,
70,
50,
35,
40,
45,
25,
30,
23,
13,
19,
21,
15,
17,
un cents, $1.00,
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un un un un
un
der
un
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
90
70
80
der
60
45
50
35
40
25
30
21
23
19
17
15
$1.20
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1.00
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, OTHER THAN SOLE
or patent—continued
Massachusetts and New Hampshire
New York__________
Total
2
1
1
64 $0,292
.381
77
0)
0)
2
2
143
.341
5
12
1
3
5
3
4
6
89
88
0)
29
38
65
29
74
.593
.561
0)
.586
.456
.484
.326
.394
Total____________________________________
39
413
.500
Finishers or seasoners, hand, female:
Delaware
___________ ___
Illinois and Missouri______________________
Massachusetts and New Hampshire._ _
Michigan__________________________________
New Jersey.___________ _____ ____
New York___ ___________________
Ohio
-.
...........................................
Pennsylvania
________________________
W isconsin___
_____ __________________
4
5
15
1
4
1
1
7
4
221
71
204
32
85
5
59
117
81
.287
.304
.322
.283
.306
.332
.315
.327
.287
42
875
.306
Total
............................ - .............................
28
14
32
9
18
36
0)
2
1
1
3
5
5
42
43
18
36
1
1
1
1
7
5
3
2
1
6
3
2
2
10
9
18
4
6
21
16
13
0)
1
3
23
1
28
2
7
8
25
61
2
4
7
9
12
136
36
93
32
1
54
5
29
11
34
1
2
2
5
3
13
9
8
15
16
10
13
27
32
337
84
5
35
84
22
318
12
6
63
10
18
16
35
24
8
4
12
25
9
15
2
1
2
3
3
12
86
37
66
78
34
4
1
23
2
1
5
5
3
4
6
3
10
37
17
8
7
5
1
1
2
1
1
6
17
3
8
1
INDUSTRY
4
Finishers or seasoners, hand, male:
Illinois and Missouri_________________ ___
T V / f 11sfttts and New Hampshire
Michigan__________________________________
New JerseyNew York_____________________ ___
O h io ....................................................................
Pennsylvania
___________
W isconsin__ __ ______________________
2
LEATHER
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, female:
Glazing-machine operators, male:
Delaware............................ .....................
Illinois and Missouri...............................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire—
Michigan.......................—.......................
New Jersey.......................... ...................
New York...............................................
Ohio..........................................................
Pennsylvania...........................................
Wisconsin.......... ................... .................
1
5
6
1
8
107
28
182
.608
.605
.694
0)
(l)
104
27
68
209
1
2
0)
.604
.672
.647
.719
13
9
11
....
6
28
‘ 40~
1
1
8
64
16
8
’2 l "
752
146
17
19
55
21
.327
.371
.382
.426
64
.464
0)
(9
1
10
1
42
7
21
0)
"(f)"
0)
"o f
.372
11
18
3
4
49
31
Total....................................................
Packers and shippers, female:
Delaware..................................................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire___
New Jersey______ ________ ___________
New York........... ............................ .......
Pennsylvania....................................... .
Total___________________ ________
1Data included in total.
16
69
7
28
.475
.424
.333
.455
.308
.506
.504
.283
.387
.400
.402
.387
384
.427
15
8
3
.262
.287
.341
11
86
21
21
3
5
1
51
20
0)
10
0)
10
.297
37
. 284
2
2
18
2
"T
14
1
11
24
"I§"
28
1
9
”2!"
..."
12
1
6
1
16
"2
11
11
1
9
2
3
17
2
5
0)
20
10
19
1
5
23
11
1
33
7
5
1
"48"
5
"2(j"
8
‘ 4§‘ "lol"
199
163
54
74
LABOR, 1932
20
4
9
10
5
4
20
4
7
27
27
2
OF
2
"47" '"II"
14
191
SORTING AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT
Packers and shippers, male:
Delaware..................................................
Illinois and Missouri...............................
Kentucky and Tennessee............ ..........
Massachusetts and New Hampshire___
Michigan..................................................
New Jersey..............................................
New York................................................
North Carolina........................................
Ohio......................................................Pennsylvania................ ...... ........ ...........
West Virginia..........................................
Wisconsin.................................................
1
55
2
20
68
6
44
HOURS
Total.....................................................
11
35
6
64
AND
59
Glaring-machine operators, female:
Delaware................................................
Illinois and Missouri...............................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire—
New Jersey..............................................
New York................................................
Pennsylvania...........................................
Wisconsin..... ...........................................
21
4
40
WAGES
Total............................................. ........
7
22
48
LEATHER INDUSTRY
T a b l e C .—
Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1982, by department, sex, and State
Num
ber of
Department, occupation, sex, estab
and State
lish
ments
Number of
Aver
Num age
ber of full
wage- time
earn- hours
per 40 44 45
ers
week
wage earners whose full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
45,
un
der
48
50
51,
un
der
54
48
HIDE HOUSE
Sorters and counters, male:
Delaware......................
Illinois and Missouri----Kentucky and Tennessee.
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire...................
Michigan.........................
New Jersey......................
New York.......................
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania..................
Wisconsin........................
Total............................
50.7
49.3
50.0
48.7
54.0
52.0
50.0
50.0
50.4
51.9
59
177
52
50.0
70
20
BEAM HOUSE
Fleshing-machine operators,
male:
Delaware.........................
Illinois and Missouri----Kentucky and Tennessee.
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire............ ......
M ichigan.......................
New Jersey......................
New Y ork .................—
North Carolina------------Ohio__________________
Pennsylvania..................
West Virginia.................
Wisconsin------- -----------Total............................
10
49.8
49.5
49.6
48.8
54.5
52.5
49.8
54.0
50.6
52.1
50.6
52.3
105
50.8
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware______________
Illinois and Missouri----Massachusetts and New
Hampshire---------------Michigan.........................
New Jersey......................
New York....... ...............
North Carolina...............
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania..................
West Virginia...........——
Wisconsin........................
50
107
10
49.4
50.0
49.5
54.0
52.5
49.7
55.0
50.0
51.3
51.4
53.1
Total............................
356
50.8
13
52
14
47.8
49.5
49.6
180
46
28
78
59
26
172
45
40
48.7
54.7
51.2
51.2
54.1
51.4
51.2
50.5
51.9
753
50.8
110
107
TAN HOUSE
Haulers, male:
Delaware........................
Illinois and Missouri___
Kentucky and Tennessee.
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire.................
Michigan.........................
New Jersey......................
New York.......................
North Carolina—............
Ohio.......................... ......
Pennsylvania..................
West Virginia.................
Wisconsin........................
Total............................
97
25
31
18
10 158
64 213
49
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T a b le
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1932, by department, sex, and $£a£e— Continued
Num
ber of
Department, occupation, sex, estab
and State
lish
ments
Number of
Aver
Num age
ber of full
wage time
earn hours
ers
per
40 44 45
week
wage earners whose full-time hours per
week were—
Over
45,
un 48 49M 50
der
48
Over
51,
51 un 54
der
54
55
60
FINISHING DEPARTMENT,
SOLE AND BELTING
Rolling-machine operators,
male:
Kentucky and Tennessee.
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire...................
Michigan.........................
New York.......................
North Carolina...............
O h io .............................
Pennsylvania..................
West Virginia.................
Total..
6
3
?7
49.6
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
9
40
99
53
77
m
58
50.0
54.2
50.5
54.4
50.4
51.0
50.5
101
34
37
534
51.3
204
4
9
129
60
50.8
49.8
25
1
9
7
1
g
8
259
12
89
82
21
132
70
48.9
54.0
51.9
48.9
50.0
48.2
52.2
72
854
49.8
3
6
48.3
2
1
5
48.0
0)
6
13
48.5
7
21
9
63
10
3
24
21
75
39
30
37
1
6
6
95~
24
4
13 225
FINISHING D E P A R T M E N T ,
OTHER THAN SOLE OR
PATENT
Stakers, machine, male:
Delaware....... ................ .
Illinois and Missouri___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire................. .
Michigan..... ......... .........
New Jersey.....................
New York.......................
Ohio................................
Pennsylvania........ ........
Wisconsin......... ..............
Total..
Stakers, machine, female:
Illinois and Missouri___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire...................
Wisconsin...........—.........
Total..
Tackers, toggles, and pasters,
male:
Illinois and Missouri___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire...................
Michigan....... .................
New Jersey..-.................
New York......................
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania..................
Wisconsin.......................
Total..
Tackers, togglers, and past
ers, female:
Illinois and Missouri___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire...................
New York.......................
Total..
1Data included in total.
(0
221
50.0
21
381
1
53
8
46
7
139
4
85
4 • 45
141
8
48.2
54.0
51.4
48.6
51.3
50.3
52.2
60 1,111
49.9
2
64
48.3
1
1
77
0)
48.0
0)
4
143
48.1
24
25
2
58
169
3
1
56
3
20
34
24
22
34 274
71
71
19
2
20
21
36
25
83
9
12
6
4
24
21
24
201
48
34
4
2
34 ~ T
58
1 30
52
22
53
9
9
42
47
5 431
77 136
14
15 233
2
4
5
(9
2
5
6
221
343
2
8
7
89
5
2
13 439
22
4
42
77
0)
= 1 =
22
79
42
8
27
17
50
LEATHER
T a b le
IN D U S T R Y
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1982, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Num
ber of
Department, occupation, sex, estab
and State
lish
ments
Number of
Aver
Num age
ber of full
wage time
earn hours
per
ers
40 44 45
week
wage earners whose full-time hours per
week were—
Over
45,
un 48 49M 50
der
48
Over
51,
51 un 54
der
54
55
60
FINISHING D E P A R T M E N T ,
OTHER THAN SOLE OR
p a t e n t — continued
Finishers or seasoners, hand,
male:
Illinois and Missouri___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire__________
New York_____________
5
89
50.0
12
1
3
5
3
4
6
88
(0
29
38
65
29
74
48.4
0)
50.9
49.1
51.2
51.9
51.6
39
413
50.3
Finishers or seasoners, hand,
female:
Delaware______________
Illinois and Missouri----Massachusetts and New
Hampshire__________
M ichigan_____________
New Jersey____________
New York_____________
Ohio
.........................
Pennsylvania__________
Wisconsin_____________
4
5
221
71
51.2
50.0
15
1
4
1
1
7
4
204
32
85
5
59
117
81
48.0
54.0
52.3
48.0
50.0
49.8
50.6
Total________________
42
875
50.2
89
6
6
6
26
13 211 ----
23
46
22
71
101
17
1
1 95
81
1
50.8
50.0
22
1
5
6
1
8
6
182
0)
104
27
58
209
35
49.5
0)
52.2
49.0
50.0
47.6 . . . . 43
51.9
Total________________
59
752
49.7 —
4
4
146
17
51.4
47.1
3
2
1
2
1
19
21
0)
64
0)
48.0
52.4
0)
50.0
0)
17
270
50.6
11
5
107
28
» Data included in total.
6
13 . . . .
14
46
4
42 . . . .
43
3
2
11
3
2 220
6
84
59
89 . . . .
68
16
27
3
42
27
3 153
81
191
27
28
49
31
6
36
20
13
62
40
98
(0
1
1
18
3
49
188
6
18
7
24
88
16
1
0)
10
10
58
57
14 ___
32
42 241
10
19
6
7 309
95 ----- 47 -----
0)
19
204
3
7
Total,
3 -----
5
8
16
Glazing-machine operators,
male:
Delaware______________
Illinois and Missouri----Massachusetts and New
Hampshire__________
M ichigan__ - _________
New Jersey____________
New York_____________
Ohio ..............................
Pennsylvania_________
Wisconsin_____________
Glazing-machine operators,
female:
Delaware______________
Illinois and Missouri___
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire_________
New Jersey____________
New York_____________
Pennsylvania „ ........
Wisconsin__ — ________
79 -----
20
64
0)
1
91
24
108
16
18 . . .
18 —
51
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1932
T able
C. — Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1982, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Num
ber of
Department, occupation, sex, estab
and State
lish
ments
Number of
Aver
Num age
ber of full
wage time
earn hours
per
ers
40 44 45
week
wage earners whose full-time hours per
week were—
Over
45,
un 48 49X 50
der
48
Over
51,
51 un 54
der
54
55
60
....
3
1
....
2
---
6
SORTING AND SHIPPING
DEPARTMENT
Packers and shippers, male:
Delaware______________
Illinois and Missouri----Kentucky and Tennes
see__________________
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire__________
Michigan . .., .
New Jersey......................
New York. __________
________
Ohio__________________
Pennsylvania..................
West Virginia
______
W isconsin_____________
3
8
27
27
50.8
49.8
2
11
49.6
8
26
1
2 —-
20
86 48.3 ----4
21
54.0
9
21
51.2
1
10
51
50.8
53.6
5
20
North
Carolina
4
16 50.5
20
69 49.7
4
7 50.6
7
28 52.1
28
4
....
14
7
2
2
11
....
8
21
1
17
10
2
15
3
9
13 131
3
95
10
44
78
5
10
5
10
12
Total.............................
96
384
Packers and shippers, fe
male:
Delaware______________
Massachusetts and New
Hampshire__________
New Jersey____ __ ____
New York. __________
Pennsylvania.________
2
15
51.2
5
1
1
1
8
3
3
0)
10
48.0
46.5
(0
50.0
Total________________
10
37
49.7
3
1Data included in total.
50.4
1
2
1
14
1
3
"28’
....
....
9
3
1
1
11
16
69
1
8
9
8
(l)
9
10
....
10
T a b le D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in 1 week in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department, sex, and State
Department, occupation, sex, and
State
Number of wage earners whose hours actually worked in 1 week wereAver
Num Num
age
ber
hours
ber of of
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
actually
estab wage
16,
32,
55,
48,
44,
24,
54,
45,
50,
40,
un 24 un
lish earn worked Un
32 un 40 un 44 un 45 un 48 un 50 un 54 un 55 un 60 Over
der
der
in 1
60
ments ers
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
16
24
week
54
60
50
44
45
55
40
32
48
HIDE HOUSE
1
42.8
41.7
46.5
177
Total............................................ .
43.8
5
40.3
39.3
46.0
1
42.5
47.6
51.1
44.2
27.5
47.3
44.4
32.1
36.7
1
2
42.5
6
1
1
1
3
6
2
3
6
1
1
5
1
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
7
6
5 ----
10
2
2
1
1
4
6
1
2
1
1
3
2
8
1
2
8
3
2
3
20
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
6
10
24
17
18
16
3
1
3
5
2
1
1
1
4
1
7
1
4
2
8
4
6
2
3
14
1
3
3
9
13
3
21
3
14
2
2
3
3
10
1
3
6
4
1
2
1
2
4
3
7
22
4
1
3
3
3
7
3
BEAM HOUSE
Fleshing-machine operators, male:
Delaware......... —_____ __________
Illinois and Missouri.......... ..........
Kentucky and Tennessee.............. .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire............ ................... ............ .
Michigan...................... ................. .
New Jersey..................................... .
New York.......................................
North Carolina................................
Ohio................................. ...............
Pennsylvania...................................
West Virginia..................................
Wisconsin....................................... .
Total—..........................................
105
344
7
2
1
2
9
5
1
1
2
2
13
3
3
8
1
3
4
2
11
1
1
1
37
2
7
2
1
1
5
4
1
2
1
14
8
58
13
2
2
5
2
29
5
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
3
1
10
7
4
20
13
16
37
4
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
7
1
6
6
1
4
12
21
2
8
12
7
8
INDUSTRY
46.9
53.3
1
45.8
47.1
46.8
45.9
34.1 ” 4"
?,
LEATHER
Sorters and counters, male:
Delaware............ ........................... .
Illinois and Missouri____________
Kentucky and Tennessee............. .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire_________________________
Michigan........................................ .
New Jersey..................................... .
New York______________________
Ohio................................................ .
Pennsylvania................................. .
Wisconsin. _______ ______________
2
16
4
1
9
4
2
14
64
Total..
41.8
4
78
24
15
46
14
23
67
7
16
42.9
44.8
48.1
43.1
26.5
53.2
45.6
37.9
21.7
356
42.4
13
52
14
43.7
37.1
43.4
6
10
13
10
2
1
3
1
13
5
16
4
11
11
2
5
• -in '
10
27
47
24
15
10
14
26
TAN HOUSE
5
180
46
25
3
1
6
21
4
29
26
172
45
40
753
8
19
19
2
29
6
1
34
7
40.7
18
132
123
2
5
24
19
3
16
31
5
11
11
18
20
45
2
2
’ ~5~
2
1
....
15
4
3
1
2
85
11
2
"T
8
....
27
27
4
37
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, SOLE AND
BELTING
Rolling-machine operators, male:
Kentucky and Tennessee____ ____
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire..............................................
Michigan............. ..........................
New York______________________
North Carolina...............................
Ohio.
Pennsylvania.
sylvama—
West Virginia.
Total..
27
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
37
9
40
99
53
27
58
31.3
45.6
41.3
33.0
43.5
44.7
29.9
534
40.8
221
9
14
20
11
10
63
10
13
10
42
81
22
2
2
2
2
1
40
24
LABOR, 1932
97
8
1
2
2
OP
9
5
5
27
9
4
25
17
1
14
1
2
HOURS
Total-.
18
5
4
12
AND
Haulers, male:
Delaware______________________
Illinois and Missouri........... .........
Kentucky and Tennessee......... —
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire....... .....................................
Michigan.........................................
New Jersey............... .........—........
New York_____________________
North Carolina.............. — ..........
Ohio___________________________
Pennsylvania..................................
West Virginia................................
Wisconsin.......................................
WAGES
Laborers and truckers, male.
Delaware—.......................................
Illinois and Missouri. ....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire...............................................
Michigan........................ —..............
New Jersey....... ..............................
New York---------- - -------- ------------North Carolina_________________
Ohio..................................................
Pennsylvania...................... — .......
West Virginia..................................
Wisconsin.........................................
1
17
4
14
20
13
32
51
19
Cl
CO
T a b le
D. — Average and classified hours actually worked in 1 week in 10 specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Department, occupation, sex, and
State
Number of wage earners whose hours actually worked in 1 week were—
Aver
Num Num
age
ber
hours
ber of of
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
actually
estab wage
16,
54,
55,
44,
48,
50,
32,
45,
40,
24,
un 24 un
lish earn worked Un
32 un 40 un 44 un 45 un 48 un 50 un 54 un 55 un 60
der der
ments ers
in 1
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
16
24
week
54
55
60
45
44
48
50
32
40
Over
60
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, OTHER THAN
SOLE OR PATENT
4
9
129
60
34.3
35.4
2
2
3 ....
1
38
16
28
Illinois and Missouri.......... : ..........
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire___
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Pennsy 1vania
W isconsin
35
13
25
1
9
7
1
8
8
259
12
89
82
21
132
70
43.9
50.7
44.0
43.8
55.6
40.3
39.8
9
3
10
1
Total............................................ .
72
854
41.4
29
Stakers, machine lemale:
Illinois and Missouri.......................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire
W isconsin
3
6
29.9
2
2
1
5
42.8
0)
Total
Tackers, togglers and pasters, male:
Illinois and Missouri.................. .
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire
_______________ _
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
Total..............................................
0)
4
1 ....
1
4
2
38
1
21
19
6
6
4
5 ___
22
6
14
17
98
18
1 ....
29
158
2
16
1
2
35
2
3
8
1
3
10
11
5
79
4
1
7
5
11
1
1
22
9
1
9
20
30
3
3
1
25
1
1
27
1
31
1
44
4
3
118
48
41
2
5
41
2
44
1
1
1
12
1
5
17
2
5
10
60
111
6
4
8
2
11
1
7
13
2
22
1
3
1
1
25
2
5
9
57
1 =
30
39
3
3
1
6
2
3
2
1
9
1
17
2
10
2
1
4
1
0)
6
13
36.4
2
2 -----
7
221
33.1
19
25
47
21
1
8
7
4
4
8
381
53
46
139
85
45
141
38.5
44.8
39.2
41.2
37.6
44.5
38.0
18 40 4
1 1
1 ----5
2 1
1 4
1
16 4 4
30
60 1, 111
1 = =
38.2
63
76
8
4
2
2
2
58
3
18
31
1
6
11
1
68
6
7
5
8
3
15
4
9
1
14
1
5
13
2
37
38
2
7
3
61
3
11
61
39
2
18
2
3
5
5
32
170
20
213
43
26
14
132
1
3
16
23
6
18
1
143
4
56
1
=
8
7
7
2
14
29
4
31
*
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Stakers, machine, male:
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, female:
Illinois and Missouri........ ........... —
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire...............................................
New York........................................
Total..
Finishers or seasoners, hand, male:
Illinois and Missouri......................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.............................................
Michigan.......................................
New Jersey........................... - ........
New York......................................
Ohio.................................................
Pennsylvania-................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Total..
Finishers or seasoners, hand, female:
Delaware________ - .......................
Illinois and Missouri.....................
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire.........................................
Michigan.........................................
New Jersey.....................................
New York_____________________
Ohio............. ...................................
Pennsylvania-................. ..............
Wisconsin....... ............. ..................
Total..
Glazing-machine operators, male:
Delaware__________ _____ ______
Illinois and M issouri........... .........
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire....................................... .....
Michigan..........................................
New Jersey..................................... .
New York.................................. .....
Ohio........ ............................... .........
Pennsylvania................................. .
Wisconsin....................................... .
Total..
2
64
33.8
1
1
77
0)
34.6
0)
4
10
12
0)
4
143
34.1
4
10
25
?
9
1
11
1
5
48
1
50
5
49
50
2
6
5
89
41.9
12
1
3
5
3
4
6
88
0)
29
38
65
29
74
46.5
0)
44.3
41.0
37.8
56.4
39.9
39
413
43.0
12
31
2
14
4
5
221
71
41.3
42.1 " T
5
1
_«_
31
2
15
1
4
1
1
7
4
204
32
85
5
59
117
81
4 12
41.9
1
47.6
45.6 " 7" 2
49.5
1
2
45.4
42.4
2 7
43.2
2 2
2
12
3
2
42
875
42.8
20
31
2
3
7
107
28
34.1
34.9
19
1
1
2
22
1
5
6
1
s
182
C)
104
27
58
209
35
37.5
0)
44.1
39.5
52.0
41.0
46.7
9
9
1
1
5
1
2
4
6
44
1
1
27
14
1
22
5
752
40.4
92
6
148
59
3
10
1
4
10
1
4
1
2
33
17
3
6
9
1
2
15
4
2
37
1
3
3
4
6
3
3
72
2
31
7
1
9
43
1
22
18
33
12
1
7
56
11
1
40
8
21
2
1
47
2
7
1
1
4
5
1
2
2
17
12
1
2
4
16
8
1
60
6
95
3
129
10
25
11
29
4
1
43
26
0)
21
2
1
4
5
1
2
1
1
94
3
38
2
4
1
4
53
2
10
1
4
1
2
2
31
1
1
2
6
2
5
6
1
1
6
2
2
57
2
68
5
2
13
9
6
13
5
1
55
99
21
2
22
4
6
1
1
4
52
16
2
1
3
3
27
71
105
64
114
1
27
2
1
3
4
31
1
13
41
42
25
1
6
3
1
1
1
39
50
12
52
36
4
114
1
5
4
4
36
2
12
16
1
(0
1
32
1
1
5
1
8
22
12
2
2
16
9
3
1
65
8
1
1
4
1
3
2
2
5
9
1
4
5
1
8
11
1
24
1
1
57
17
1
5
1
2
2
1
39
5
1
5
9
7
13
1
48
3
> Data included in total.
Crc
Oi
T a b le
D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in 1 week in 10 specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Department, occupation, sex, and
State
Cg
Number of wage earners whose hours actually worked in 1 week were—
Aver
age
Num Num
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
hours
ber of ber
of actually
16,
54,
55,
50,
45,
48,
44,
32,
40,
24,
estab wage
Over
un 24 un
un 44 un 45 un 48 un 50 un 54 un 55 un 60 60
32
un
40
lish earn worked Un
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
in 1
ments ers
24
16
60
54
55
50
48
44
45
40
32
week
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, OTHER THAN
s o l e o r p a t e n t —continued
Glazing-machine operators, female:
Illinois and Missouri_____ _______
Massachusetts and New Hamp-
3
2
1
2
1
17
146
17
19
21
39.5
32.9
1
1
3
31.8
49.0
5
3
1
1
0)
034.5
)
0)
270
38.1
8
7
3
8
2
27
27
11
50.1
46.4
45.0
20
4
9
10
5
4
20
4
7
96
86
21
21
51
20
16
69
7
28
384
2
15
44.2
5
1
1
1
10
8
3
44.9
46.5
0)
43.2
44.3
0)
64
17
5
--....
....
1
1
77
1
26
9
2
2
1
6
0)
1
21
6
1
1
8
2
3
1
12
1
22
12
1
3
7
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin.........................................
Total......... ....................................
4
4
4
57
0)
25
7
84
1
95
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
8
5
1
1
SORTING AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT
Packers and shippers, male:
Delaware
Illinois and Missouri
Kentucky and Tennessee
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsyl vania
West Virginia
Wisconsin_______________________
Total_________________________
Packers and shippers, female:
Delaware
Massachusetts and New Hamp
shire
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania............ .......................
Total
1 Data included in total.
0)
10
37
* 2
2
2
45.7
2
41.7
45.5 ‘ T
43.8
33.4
47.6
46.1
37.2
43.6
44.8
3
11
4
4
1
2
18
....
1
....
1
....
5
2
3
....
....
1
1
....
1
7
1
1
2
1
4
4
2
33
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
6
13
1
1
9
18
1
2
4
12
1
43
2
1
3
..... ....
6
1
14
1
5
1
7
1
2
1
*5
8
2
1
2
14
1
3
36
44
7
1
3
12
58
2
4
4
1
3
3
8
3
6
1
1
0)
6
7
1
21
3
4
15
4
1
2
1
2
7
2
4
1
2
3
3
4
17
6
48
1
6
6
3
1
3
1
9
2
2
11
1
1
26
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
7
3
2
1
3
T a b le E .— Average and classified actual earnings in 1 week in 10 specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State
Department, occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Number of wage earners whose earnings in 1 week were—
$8, $10, $12, $14,
un un un un
der der der der
$10 $12 $14 $16
$16,
un
der
$18
$18, $20,
un un
der der
$20 $22
$30, $32, $34,
22
un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der
$24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36
$ , $24, $26,
HIDE HOUSE
Total_______________ ____________
$14.71
22.09
13.16
24.35
20.08
21.25
24.44
16.59
23.01
15.05
20.70
14
25
10
OP LABOR, 1932
18
21
3
64
3
11
5
8
16
28
18
BEAM HOUSE
Fleshing-machine operators, male:
Delaware................................. ..........
Blinois and Missouri.........................
Kentucky and Tennessee__________
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Michigan............ ................................
New Jersey................................... ......
New York-................................ .........
North Carolina................................
Ohio.......... ..........................................
Pennsylvania..... .................................
West Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin............................................
5
8
2
24
5
9
11
5
3
21
4
8
31
31
5
79
11
25
32
11
13
74
7
25
17.80
19.68
19.91
23.54
19.46
26.01
24.96
8.99
24.09
20.58
12.50
15.37
Total.............. ..................................
105
344
20.90
$45,
un $50
der and
$50 over
HOTJKS
5
7
1
18
1
6
4
2
7
8
$40,
un
der
$45
AND
Sorters and counters, male:
Delaware....... ....................... .............
Illinois and Missouri. ......................
Kentucky and Tennessee__________
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Michigan_________ _______________
New Jersey..........................................
New York___.......................................
Ohio.....................................................
Pennsylvania..................................... .
Wisconsin____ _____________ ____
$38,
un
der
$40
WAGES
Aver
age
Num earn
ber of ings
wage actu Un
earn ally re der
ers ceived $4
in i
week
10
12
22
31
31
34
40
33
29
16
19
12
Or
<1
T a b le
E.— Average and classified actual earnings in 1 week in 10 specified occupations, 1932, by department, sex, and State— Continued
Department, occupation, sex, and State
b e am h ouse—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Number of wage earners whose earnings in 1 week were—
Aver
age
Num earn
ber of ings
wage actu Un
earn- ally re der
ceived
in 1 $4
week
$8, $10, $12, $14, $16, $18, $20, $22, $24, $26, $28, $30, $32,
un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der
$30 $32 $34
$10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24 $26
$34,
un
der
$36
$40, $45,
$36,
un un un un $50
der der der der and
$38 $40 $45 $50 over
continued
2
4
16
4
1
9
4
2
14
4
4
Total............................. .....................
64
356
Haulers, male:
Delaware....... ......................................
Illinois and Missouri________ _______
Kentucky and Tennessee.....................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire..
Michigan..............................................
New Jersey............................................
New York........................... .................
North Carolina.....................................
Ohio.......................................................
Pennsylvania........................................
West Virginia........................................
Wisconsin..............................................
4
9
3
18
5
6
9
5
5
21
4
8
13 15.21
52 17.65
14 16.60
180 20.09
46 16.33
28 18.59
78 21.84
59 8.42
26 16.25
172 19.38
45 12.86
40 15.13
Total................................... ...............
97
753
17.98
LEATHER
23 $17.33
43 18.78
78 18.42
24 14.50
15 20.72
46 18.89
14 7.96
23 28.57
67 18.54
7 12.61
16 8.12
10
18
10
INDUSTRY
Laborers and truckers, male:
Delaware............................. ..................
Illinois and Missouri-..........................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire..
Michigan...............................................
New Jersey............................................
New York.............................................
North Carolina.....................................
Ohio.......................................................
Pennsylvania........................................
West Virginia........................................
Wisconsin..............................................
25
12
TAN HOUSE
Or
17.76
13
13 14
43
65
67
96
76
71
56
35
21
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, SOLE AND BELTING
!1
19.52
17.24
17.01
24.98
10.86
20.62
21.11
12.22
Total.............................................................................
37
534
Stakers, machine, male:
Delaware..................... ................................................ .
Illinois and Missouri.....................................................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire...........................
Michigan....... .................................................................
New Jersey......................... .............................. ............
New York......... ......... .................................. .................
Ohio.................................................................................
Pennsylvania............. ................. .................................
Wisconsin........................................................................
4
9
25
1
9
7
1
8
8
1
2 ‘Y
1
5
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
13
6
’ io‘ 24
8
8
5
2
6
1
12
12
7
4
8
1
4
33
4
5
2
19
1
11
3
2
1
12
2
13
4
3
4
27
35
1
2
3
32
9
37
8
28
2
22
2
14
19
3
63
52
32
29
49
20
5
2
1
1
3
28
7
2
18
4
14
6" 6
1
2
31
1
25
8
21
24
5
22
2
28
4
36
1
20
7
23
14 " Y
2
1
38
11
24
27
1
12
1
5
31
91
67
....
1
4
19.37
3
7
10
20
48
42
40
61
50
129
60
259
12
89
82
21
132
70
18.47
18.76
26.27
19.97
24.00
24.98
32.72
24.04
16.64
....
1
1
....
3
3
4
1
10
10
2
1
3
16
6
1
3
1
’Y
Y
3
29
11
9
1
2
59
4
11
2
1
2
1
....
6
3
3
2
4
4 ‘Y
2
14
20
10
854
23.14
6
17
5
4
30
49
82
86
6
5
7.74
14.46
0)
1
---------
2
1
3
1
(0
1
....
2
3
3
....
3
1
---------
2
3
11
16
10
1
18
15
42
35
2
2
1
1
1
1 ’ !§ '
3
2
1
7
22
12
3
3
14
13
32
21
3
1
4
8
13
30
23
5
1
7
---------
2
1
— —
---------
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT
72
3
2
1
Total.............................................................................
6
13
11.09
1
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, male:
Illinois and Missouri....................... ..............................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire............................
Michigan........................................................................
New Jersey......................................... ..........................
New York................. ................. ..................................
Ohio........ ........................................................................
Pennsylvania................................ ........ .............. ..........
Wisconsin. .......................................... ............... ...........
7
21
1
8
7
4
4
8
221
381
53
46
139
85
45
141
17.71
22.63
18.90
22.57
23.83
22.77
26.45
16.82
9
10
1
5
1
60 1, 111
21.05
Total—............................... ............ ............................
1 Data included in total.
(0
---------
9
4
....
3
30
1
2
7
14
....
18
15
38
30
49
92
83
1
5
74 124
2 19
17 28
18
2
8
13
2 ‘Y
3
’ i f ~12~ " Y ~zY 33
84
81
85
91
17
88
29
2
2
38 ~26~ 19
2
13
1
2
6
80
35
58 147
2
---------
2
10
1
1
1
4
---------
---------
"Y
40
23
10
10
5
1
2
29 ~46_ 23
6
5
21
1
2
1
2
1
3
9
5
7
1
1
1
6
1
2
20
1
43
39
69
28
---------
2
11
24
6
4
---------
OF LABOR, 1932
Total.............................................................................
Stakers, machine, female:
Illinois and Missouri____ _________________________
Massachusetts and New Hampshire............................
Wisconsin............................... ........................................
1 ’Y
HOURS
27
9
40
99
53
27
221
58
AND
3
1
4
5
5
2
13
4
WAGES
Rolling-machine operators, male:
Kentucky and Tennessee__________ _______________
Massachusetts and New Hampshire......... ..................
Michigan________________________ ________________
New York......................................................................
North Carolina. ............................................ ................
Ohio.................................................................................
Pennsylvania..................................................................
West Virginia..................................................................
T a b le
E.— Average and classified actual earnings in 1 week in 10 specified occupations, 1982, by department, sex, and /SttaJe— Continued
Department, occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
Num earn
ber of ings
wage actu Un
earn ally re der
ers ceived $4
in 1
week
Number of wage earners whose earnings in 1 week were—
$4,
un
der
$6
$6,
un
der
$8
$8,
un
der
$10
$10,
un
der
$12
$12,
un
der
$14
$14,
un
der
$16
$16,
un
der
$18
$18,
un
der
$20
$20,
un
der
$22
$22,
un
der
$24
$24,
un
der
$26
$26,
un
der
$28
$28,
un
der
$30
$30,
un
der
$32
$32,
un
der
$34
$34,
un
der
$36
$36,
un
der
$38
$38,
un
der
$40
2
11
6
4
2
12
4
10
6
7
11
15
7
4
8
3
1
2
14
1
5
5
1
4
2
4
4 ....
1
10
2
3
1
40
12
28
18
20
30
2 ----1
7
1
5
3
2
1
1 ....
6
11 ___
7
8 ___
2
1
$40,
un
der
$45
$45,
un $50
der and
$50 over
FINISHING DEPARTMENT, OTHER THAN SOLE OR PATENT—
continued
Total.
Finishers or seasoners, hand, male:
Illinois and Missouri. _______ ______
Massachusetts and New Hampshire..
Michigan..............................................
New Jersey---------- --------------- ------ —
New York........................ ....................
Ohio......................................................
Pennsylvania-------------------- -----------Wisconsin---------- --------------- ----------Total..
Finishers or seasoners, hand, female:
Delaware....... ......................................
Illinois and Missouri. ........................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Michigan................... —................ .......
New Jersey..........................................
New York............................................
Ohio......................................................
Pennsylvania.......................................
Wisconsin---------------- --------------------Total—
2
64 $9.86
77 13.15
(0
0)
3
3
1 33
8 10
(0
30
2
1
15
35
3
3
9
45
32
1
15
35
1
4
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
7
3
11
5
3
4
2
2
9
2
6
3
6
15
8
12
0)
3
2
3
9
2
27
40
40
12 ___
5
69 25
20
52 13
5
8 28 11
30 39 14
7 34 3
4
143
11.62
oe
12
1
3
5
oo
4
6
89
88
0)
29
38
65
29
74
24.88
26.10
0)
25.95
18.69
18.27
18.39
15.74
14
6
4
4
2
4
16
4
2
2
8
22
25
42
2
3
39
413
3
4
13
20
16
4
5
15
1
4
1
1
7
4
221 11.86
71 12.77 " T
3
204 13.48
32 13.46
85 13.97 ' T
5 16.41
59 14.30
117 13.88 '~2
81 12.42 2
2
1
4
1
3
10
4
8
1
1
32
14
14
4
2
69 90
19 16
31 33
1 5
1 7
3
1
1
1
2
6
3
5
7
10
2
11
21
2
42
875
21.51
13.09
15
14 35
88 155 196 259
71
7
1
13
12
2 —7
1
17
5
1
1
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Tackers, togglers, and pasters, female:
Illinois and Missouri........................................ —
Massachusetts and New Hampshire___________
New York________________________ __________
Glazing-machine operators, male:
Delaware_________ _________ ___ _________ _
Illinois and Missouri. .....................................
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.............
Michigan________________________________
New Jersey...................................................... .
New York...................................................... .
Ohio........ .........................................................
Pennsylvania......................... ........................
Wisconsin....................................................... .
Total.............. ................- ..............._........... .
(»>
17. 34
17, 62
22.29
19
1
2
(0
8
6
104
27
58
209
35
26,62
22. 57
?,8 44
29.49
20 50
59
752
24.39
23
4
4
3
2
146
17
19
21
12, 92
12.18
12.16
20 86
1
1
64
16 01
1
1
(0
2
1
(9
1
4
....
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
8
2
20
4
9
10
5
4
20
4
7
27
27
11
86
21
21
51
20
16
69
7
28
23.80
19.69
15. 01
20.83
12.85
23.02
22.06
9.45
18. 41
18.44
14. 96
16.86
Total............................................................. .
96
384
19.12
2
5
15
8
* 3
11.59
12.89
15.83
7
1
1
3 ” 4’
26
2
59
2
14
39
4
1
82
20
33
92
23
44
7
4
3
2
2
8
1
1
10
3
4
3
13
22
26
34
50
....
3
4
5
30
3
2
37
5
2
24
17
23
3
4
1
9
1
2
0)
19
1
3
4
2
12
5
5
1
2
1
1
3
1
8
3
6
1
5
12
2
40
13
2
2
11
6
2
14
1
27
1
2
38
4
81 112
84
7
3
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
12
2
40
8
8
27
60
36
26
4
13
6
1
3
3
1
3 ~5~ 1
1
8
2 ” 7" 13
2
1 "2
1
1
1
3
3
"(T 1
1
5
6
7
19
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
4
2
1
1
6
3
2
13
17
4
0 )'
2
1
13
36
46
SORTING AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT
Packers and shippers, female:
Delaware______________________ _________
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.............
New Jersey............................. ........................ .
New York........................ ............................... .
Pennsylvania................. ................................. .
Total__________________________________
1 Data included in total.
1
1
1
10
0)
2
2
5
1
4
1
1
2
2
12.84
37
12.60
1
4
1
1
6
8
4
11
13
21
23
35
58
1
8
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
0)
6
2
2
12
11
9
1
....
1
....
1
2
(0
10
2
2
....
1
3 ” 5"
1
1
5
3 ~~2~
1
3 ” 5’
37
33
7
9
1
3 'T
2 21
2
7
....
1
6
3
1
3
1
3
2
....
3
1
2
4
2
2
3
2
1
33
45
24
14
6
8
7
1
1
1 ----
1
1
1
1
---
OF LABOR, 1932
Packers and shippers, male:
Delaware............................................ ............ .
Illinois and Missouri. ................. ...................
Kentucky and Tennessee________ ________ _
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.............
Michigan............ ............ ...............................
New Jersey..................................................... .
New Y o rk ..................................... ............
North Carolina...............................................
Ohio.................................................................
Pennsylvania................................... ...............
West Virginia..................................................
Wisconsin.......................... ..............................
2
1
3
9
2
19
HOURS
14.16
0)
1
2
9
13
8 32
2
3
17 "40" 32
3
0)
270
8 11
7
3 'I r
5
0)
17
2
3 "~2
AND
Total............................................................. .
1
5
6
107
28
182
•WAGES
Glazing-machine operators, female:
Delaware_______________________________ _
Illinois and Missouri__________________ ___
Massachusetts and New Hampshire_______
New Jersey................................ ...... ................
New York.................................. ...... ...............
Pennsylvania................................................. .
Wisconsin.......................................................
3
7
22
A p p e n d i x .— Factory
Occupational Terms, Definitions, and Classification
by Bureau of Labor Statistics
[Key letter to kinds of leather produced: Patent, P; Sole and belting, S & B; and All others, O. Key
number to tannery department: Hide house, 1; Beam house, 2; Tan house, 3; Finishing departmentsole and belting, 4; Finishing department—patent leather, 5; Finishing department—other than sole or
patent, 6; Finishing department—miscellaneous workers, all leathers, 7; Sorting and shipping depart
ment, 8; and General maintenance department, 9]
Air plunger, lime vats. (See Lime-solution man.) Classified as: Other employees (2).
Alcohol-washing-wheel operator, beam house. (See Washing-wheel operator, hide
house.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Amalac buffer, leather (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (0 ).) Classified as:
Buffing-wheel operators (6).
Amalac sprayer, leather (0). (See Sprayer, seasoning (0 ).) Classified as: Fin
ishers or seasoners, machine (6) .
Assistant belt-knife splitter assists splitting-machine operator, working as an under
study. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Assistant foreman, hide house, assists foreman in supervisory work, maintains
records of stocks received and distributed, and also does some productive
work. Classified as: Other employees (1).
Aulson finishing-machine operator (0) operates a seasoning machine known as an
“ Aulson.” See also Seasoner, leather, machine (O). Classified as: Finishers
or seasoners, machine (6).
Aulson graining-machine operator (0) runs leather-graining machine named after
its inventor, “ Aulson.” See also Grainer, leather, machine (O). Classified
as: Boarders or grainers, machine (6).
Automatic shaver, leather (0). (See Traudt automatic shaver, leather (0).)
Classified as: Shaving-machine operators (6).
Averager, shipments, uses adding machine to record number of feet of leather in
each lot or order made up for shipment, as number of feet in each piece u
announced by caller off. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Back roller (S & B). (See Bend roller (S & B).) Classified as: Rolling-machine
operators (4).
Backer, fleshing machine. (See Fleshing-machine operator’s helper, hides or skins.)
Classified as: Machine helpers (2).
Backer, leather-splitting machine (O). (See Splitting-machine puller, leather (O).)
Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Backer, oiling-off machine (0) , works at back of oiling-off machine taking leather
away from it and may either pile leather on table or hang it up on conveyor
of tunnel drier. Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Bagcutter uses knife by hand to cut up bags in which tanning materials were
received. These pieces of bag are used on contact rolls of fleshing machine
in beam house to keep hides from slipping. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Baker, doped leather (P), places in baking or drying oven frames on which pieces
of dope-covered leather are toggled and removes them from oven when dope
is dry. Classified as: Daubers (5).
Baker setting-out machine operator (0), operates a setting-out machine known as
a “ Baker.” See also Setting-out machine operator (O). Classified as:
Setters-out, machine (6).
Baker staking-machine operator (0), operates a staking machine known as a
“ Baker.” See also Clamp staker (0 ). Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
Baler, bellies or shoulders. (See Belly baler.) Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Baler, hair. (See Hair baler.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Baler, scrap leather. (See Scrap-leather baler.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (8).
Bark grinder feeds tanning bark or wood into “ h og” or grinding machine which
grinds it into a fine pulp. This pulp is later used in making tanning solutions.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Bark hauler, for grinding, uses truck or team for hauling bark or wood to grinding
machine where it is made into pulp used for leaching tanning liquor. Clas
sified as: Other employees (3).
64
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Bark stripper removes peeling from bark before it is ground into pulp for making
tanning liquor. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Bate-pool tender. (See Bate-vat tender.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Bate-vat tender places hides or skins in bating vats and pulls them out when process
is completed. These vats contain solution which neutralizes lime left in
hides or skins after liming and reduces them to normal thickness. This
operation may be the final one in beam house or first one in tan house,
depending on arrangement of plant. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Bater, hides or skins. (See Bate-vat tender.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Bating-solution maker mixes correct proportions of various chemicals with water
as shown by prescribed formula. This solution is used in vats in beam house
to neutralize lime left in hides or skins after liming and to reduce them to
normal thickness. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Bating-vat foreman, working, supervises work of bating in beam house and also
doe3 some productive work. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Beam-house foreman, working, supervises various beam-house operations; sees
that work is done properly and also performs some productive work when
necessary. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Beam-house helper. (See Floorman, general, beam house.) Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (2).
Beam-house inspector. (See Unhairing inspector; Inspector, beaming or scudding;
also Wet-wheeling inspector.) Classified as: Other employees (2).
Beaming inspector. (See Inspector, beaming or scudding.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Beaming-knife inspector inspects cutting edge of beaming knives and may sharpen
them when necessary. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Beamster, hand, uses dull edge of beaming knife to scrape fine hair and dirt from
grain side of hides or skin3, and sharp edge to trim off ragged edges left by
fleshing machine. See also Scudder, hand. Classified as: Beamsters or
scudders, hand (2).
Beamster, machine, works in beam house operating machine used to remove from
hides or skins fine hair and dirt left by unhairing machine. See also Scudder,
machine. Classified as: Beamsters or scudders, machine (2).
Belly baler places bellies or shoulders in baling machine, presses them down tightly
and fastens them together securely for shipment. Classified as: Packers and
shippers (8).
Belly-finishing foreman, working, supervises work in belly-leather finishing depart
ment where sour dipping, sponging, rolling, and washing of belly leather i3
done. Also inspects this work and performs some productive duties. Clas
sified as: Other employees (7).
Belly roller (S & B). (See Rolling-machine operator (S & B).) Classified as:
Rolling-machine operators (4).
Belly soaker places bellies in vats of clear water in beam house for soaking and
removes them at proper time. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Belly sponger (S & B). (See Sponger, leather (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers
and stuffers (4).
Belly staker (0) places leather over table and holds it in place with his body.
Grip jaws of staking arms engage part of leather and stretch it as they pull
away from operator. This operation is repeated until entire piece of leather
is stretched and softened. Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
Belly wringer (S & B). (See Wringing-machine operator, leather (S & B).)
Classified as: Wringing and setting-out machine operators (4).
Belt fixer. (See Belt man.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Belt-knife splitter, hides. (See Splitting-machine operator, hides.) Classified as:
Splitting-machine operators (2).
Belt-knife splitter, leather (0). (See Splitting-machine operator, leather (O).)
Classified as: Splitting-machine operators (6).
Belt lacer. (See Beltman.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Beltman installs or repairs power-transmission belts throughout plant. Classi
fied as: Other employees (9).
Bend roller (S & B) rolls bends, that is, the part left of a side of leather after belly
and shoulder have been removed. See also Rolling-machine operator (S &
B). Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (4).
Binder, hides. (See Toggler, hides.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Black-finishing foreman, working, supervises work of seasoning or finishing of
black leather^ inspects completed work and may also do some productive
work. Classified as: Other employees (7).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
65
Black-leather buffer (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (O).) Classified as: Buff
ing-wheel operators (6).
Black-leather trimmer, hand (0), uses hand knife to trim edges of heavy black
leather on a wooden block. See also Trimmer, leather, hand (O). Classified
as: Trimmers (6).
Blacking-machine operator, leather (0). (See Seasoner, leather, machine (0 ).)
Classified as: Finishers or seasoners, machine (6).
Blacking-wheel man, leather (O). (See Colorer, leather (O).) Classified as:
Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
Blacksmith works at forge and uses hammer and anvil to make or repair parts for
machinery and equipment. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Blacksmith’s helper assists blackmsith by building and keeping up fires, handling
materials, and using sledge hammer under his supervision. Classified as:
Othei’ employees (9).
Bleach doper, leather (S & B). (See Bleacher (S & B ).) Classified as: Bleachers (4).
Bleacher (S & B) operates machine consisting of rectangular rack at top of which
is horizontal conveyor. Sides of leather are hung to crossbars of conveyor
and as they advance slowly over a series of bleaching vats located just below
rack, they are mechanically dipped into bleaching solution. Operator sees
that sides are properly hung on conveyor, that they are correctly bleached,
and adds new liquor when necessary to maintain proper strength of bleaching
solution. Is usually assisted by two laborers— one who hangs sides on con
veyor, and another who removes them after bleaching. Classified as: Bleach
ers (4).
Bleaching foreman, working (S & B). (See Scrub-house foreman, working (S &
B).) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Bleaching-machine laborer (S & B). (See Bleaching-machine operator’s helper,
(S & B).) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Bleaching-machine operator (S & B). (See Bleacher (S & B).) Classified as:
Bleachers (4).
Bleaching-machine operator’s helper (S & B) hangs sides of leather on conveyor
of bleaching machine and takes them off after bleaching. Also trucks leather
to and from this machine. Two helpers are usually necessary at bleaching
machine. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Bleaching wringer, leather (S & B). (See Wringing-machine operator, leather
(S & B ).) Classified as: Wringing and setting-out machine operators (4).
Blocking-machine operator (0) operates specially devised machine which both
stakes and buffs leather. An emery block and a leather-covered backing
block replace blade and stationary roll of staking machine. Leather is placed
between two blocks and thus stretched out and softened, and at the same
time emery block buffs flesh side of leather giving it a soft, smooth finish.
Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
Blue-coat seasoner, hand (0), applies a blue-black coat of seasoning to leather by
hand. See also Finisher, leather, hand (O). Classified as: Finishers or
seasoners, hand (6).
Blue-leather setter (0) operates machine for setting out leather before it is colored.
See also Setting-out machine operator (0 ). Classified as: Setters out,
machine (6).
Blue sorter, hides or skins (0). (See Sorter, blue leather (O).) Classified as:
Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Blue sorter’s helper delivers blue leather to sorters and after this operation trucks
it away. Also does some sorting under supervision of sorter, to whom he
acts as an understudy. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Board setter, leather (0). (See Paster, leather stretching (O).) Classified as:
Tackers, togglers, and palters (6).
Board washer, after leather pasting. (See Pasting-board washer.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Boarder, leather, graining machine (0), operates machine used for softening leather
and bringing out its grain. (See also Grainer, leather, machine (O).) Clas
sified as: Boarders or grainers, machine (6).
Boarder, leather, hand (0), uses rubber or cork-faced board attached to forearm
to soften up leather and bring out its grain. (See also Grainer, leather, hand
(0 ).) Classified as: Boarders or grainers. hand (6).
Boiler, dope (P ). (See Oil and dope mixer (P).) Classified as: Oil and dope
mixers (5).
Boilermaker does any needed repair work on steam boilers. Classified as:
Other employees (9).
Boiler repairman. (See Boilermaker.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
66
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Bottom-room leather sorter (0). (See Sorter, crust leather (0 ).) Classified as:
Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Bower glazing-machine operator (0) runs glazing machine known as a “ Bower.”
(See also Glazing-machine operator (0).) Classified as: Glazing-machine
operators (6).
Breaker-wheel operator, degreased skins. (See Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam
house.) Classified as: Other employees (2).
Breaker-wheel operator, leather. (See Dry-milling-wheel operator, finishing.)
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Brine-tank man loads pickled sheepskins into brine tank of beam house and after
they are soaked sufficiently removes them. They are then ready for de
greasing press. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Brusher, hand, hides, places hides on specially devised table and uses beaming
knife to clean them. (See also Scudder, hand.) Classified as: Beamsters or
scudders, hand (2).
Brusher, hand, suede leather, uses brush by hand to brush surface of suede finished
leather. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Brushing-machine operator (0) retains hold of end of each piece of leather as he
feeds it into machine between revolving brushes, permitting it to pass into
machine until his hands almost touch brushes and then pulls it back out of
machine, thus removing dust and other particles from its surface, as it is
being pulled out. Classified as: Brushing-machine operators (6).
Brushing-machine operator (S
B) feeds dried leather after “ washing” or “ pour
ing” into machine which is equipped with three large cylinder-shaped brushes
which rotate at high speed, thus polishing surface of leather and bringing
out grain as it passes through machine. Classified as: Other employees (4).
Brushing-machine operator’s helper delivers rough stock conveniently near ma
chine for operator and takes it away after stock is brushed. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Bucket carrier, for seasoning mixer, assists seasoning mixer in preparation
and distribution of seasoning compounds. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (7).
Buffer, leather, hand (S & B), uses a hand knife similar to a drawing knife
to shave or reflesh parts of leather omitted by “ whitening” machine on
pieces which are to be used for soles and belting. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Buffer, leather, machine (S & B). (See Buffing-wheel operator (S & B ).) Classi
fied as: Other employees (7).
Buffing foreman, working, supervises work in leather buffing department; checks
up on accuracy of work and may also operate leather-buffing wheel. Classi
fied as: Other employees (7).
Buffing inspector examines leather after buffing to determine if work has been
properly done. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Buffing-machine operator (S & B). (See Buffing-wheel operator (S & B).)
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Buffing-wheel operator (0) places leather over idle sandpaper-covered backing roll
of machine and carefully regulates pressure which forces it up against abra
sive of buffing roll. Operator slowly pulls out leather as it is being buffed
to smooth and remove scratches and defects. Classified as: Buffingoperators (6).
Buffing-wheel operator (P) operates buffing machine to smooth surface of either
side of pieces of leather which are to be finished as patent. (See also Buffingwheel operator (0 ).) Classified as: Buffing-wheel operators (5).
Buffing-wheel operator (S & B) runs machine equipped with large buffing wheel
covered with sandpaper used to smooth off flesh side of sole or belting leather
as it is fed into it. Machine is very similar to that used to buff light leather.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Bundler, shipments, ties up small lots of light or heavy weight leather into bundles
for shipment. Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Bundler, skins, counts sorted skins in hide house and puts them up into small
bundles of specified number for storage or into packs for beam house. Classi
fied as: Sorters and counters (1).
Burnisher, leather (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (0 ).) Classified as: Buffingwheel operators (6).
Buzzle buffer, leather (0), operates special machine which buffs both sides of
leather at same time. (See also Buffing-wheel operator (O). Classified as:
Buffing-wheel operators (6).
APPENDIX.—OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
67
Caller ojf, shipments, calls off to averager or checker number of feet marked on
back of each piece of leather as each lot or order is being made ready for
shipment. Classified as: Others employees (8).
Car weigher maintains records of weight of railroad cars. Classified as: Other
employees (9).
Carpenter does general carpentry work about plant making repairs and changes in
wooden structure. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Carpenter foreman, working, supervises work of carpenters in and about plant, and
also works with them. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Carpenter’s helper assists carpenter in handling supplies, and may also do some
repair work under his supervision. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Carrier, skins, to stakers. (See Floorman, general, finishing.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Cart pusher, beam house. (See Trucker, beam house.) Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (2).
Case maker builds wooden boxes in which leather is packed for shipment. Classi
fied as: Other employees (8).
Catchers, hides or skins, fleshing machine. (See Fleshing-machine operator’s
helper, hides or skins.) Classified as: Machine helpers (2).
Catcher, leather, seasoning machine (0), works at back of seasoning machine taking
leather off after seasoning has been applied, and “ swabs” or spreads it out
by hand. Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Cellar hand, piling and trucking. (See Laborer, hide house.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (1).
Cementer, leather repairing. (See Patcher, leather cementing.) Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Chalker, white leather (0), applies powdered chalk to grain side of some lots of
white finished leather and may also subject it to mild rolling. This process
improves its color and smoothness. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Changer, tanning liquor. (See Liquor runner, tanning). Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Checker, beaming or scudding. (See Inspector, beaming or scudding.) Classified
as: Other employees (2).
Checker, color shades, makes shade tests of mixed colors used in finishing leather
to determine if colors have been properly mixed. Tries them out on samples
and checks samples against finished leather. Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Checker, packs, counts, and checks number and grade of all hides or skins in each
pack or lot in beam house and keeps record of same. Classified as:. Other
employees (2).
Checker, shipments, checks amounts and grades of leather shipped out and main
tains record of same. Uses adding machine to check number of feet of
leather in each lot or order made up for shipment as number of feet in each
piece is announced by caller-off. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Cheeking-machine operator operates machine in beam house which reduces neck
or fore part of hide or skin to same thickness as remaining parts. Fore
part of hide or skin is placed flesh side down over stationary cutting edge of
knife of machine, an idle roll or bar is clamped down over hide or skin forcing
it up against knife, and finally other end of hide or skin is attached to large
live roll or cylinder at front of machine around which it winds pulling fore part
over knife, thus trimming a layer from flesh side. Classified as: Splittingmachine operators (2).
Choreman, trucking. (See Floorman, general, beam house.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (2).
Choreman, vats. (See Soaking-vat man; also Lime-vat hauler.) Classified as:
Haulers (2).
Chrome-tanning liquor mixer. (See Mixer, chrome-tanning liquor.) Classified
as: Liquormen (3).
Chrome-tanning wheelman. (See Chrome-wheel operator.) Classified as: Haul
ers (3).
Chrome-wheel operator operates tanning wheel in which chrome-tanning liquor is
used. See also Tanning-wheel man. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Clamp staker (0) operates clamp-staking machine, which differs from regular
belly-staking machine in that it has a clamp which holds leather in place as
it is being staked, while operator of belly-staking machine has to hold
leather in place by leaning against machine. See also Staker, machine (O).
Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
68
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Cleaner, floors, beam house, uses brush or broom to gather up hair, fleshings, trim
mings, etc., from floor of beam house for salvage purposes and uses a hose to
wash floor clean. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Cleaner, floors, general. (See Sweeper; also Scrubber, floors.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (9).
Cleaner, tanning vat or wheel. (See Washer, tanning mill.) Classified as: Labor
ers and truckers (3).
Cold-water pool soaker. (See Plain-water pool soaker; also Soaking-vat man.)
Classified as: Haulers (2).
Coleman staking-machine operator (0) operates staking machine known as a
“ Coleman
See also Belly staker (O). Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
Color-drum many leather (0). (See Colorer, leather (0 ).) Classified as: Colorers
and fat liquorers (6).
Color-finishing foreman, working, supervises work around black and colored
leather drums or wheels used in finishing leather. Inspects leather after
coloring and also helps in work at coloring wheels. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Color mixer (0) prepares dyes and colors used in dyeing and coloring leather in
finishing process. Classified as: Color, fat-liquor, and seasoning mixers (6).
Color mixer’s helper assists color mixer weigh out and mix colors used in leatherfinishing process. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Color-mixing foreman, working, supervises work of mixing coloring and fat liquors
used in finishing leather, and also helps in this work. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Color-table man (0 ). (See Finisher, leather, hand (O).) Classified as: Finishers
or seasoners, hand (6).
Colored-leather setter (0) operates machine for setting out leather after it has been
colored. See also Setting-out machine operator (0 ). Classified as: Settersout, machine (6).
Colorer, leather (0), operates coloring wheel or drum. Places leather and coloring
liquor into it and after coloring drains out coloring fluid and removes leather,
placing it on “ horses” or stools. Classified as: Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
Compound mixer (S & B). (See Dope mixer (S & B ); also Oiling-compound
mixer (S & B).) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Conditioner, leather (S & B). (See Stuffer, leather (S & B).) Classified as:
Spongers and stuffers (4).
Conditioner’s helper (S & B) uses truck to deliver sole leather to conditioners and
takes it away after conditioning. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Cooker, dope (p). (See Oil and dope mixer (P).) Classified as: Oil and dope
mixers (5).
Counter, hides or skins, counts out desired number of sorted hides or skins and
makes up packs or lots in hide house. Number in pack varies with kind of
hides or skins and also depends on amount of finished leather desired. In
some establishments, counters may also be required to trim special lots.
Generally, however, trimming is done in beam house. Classified as: Sorters
and counters (1).
Counter, leather, for staker (0). (See Sorter, leather, for staker (0 ).) Classified
as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Counter, sorted leather, shipping lotst counts out tanned skins into lots of 1 dozen
each, picking them from sorted piles of same grade and size to make up each
lot. Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Cover stripper (0) removes cloth cover from pasted skin. This cloth cover is used
for protection only on white skins. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Crane hooker. (See Crane operator’s helper.) Classified as: Laborers and truck
ers (7).
Crane operator operates power crane to transfer packs of hides from general hide
cellar to hide house, or lowers them into and hoists them out of various
tanning or finishing vats; or may move heavy stock, machinery, etc., from one
place to another about plant. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Crane operator’s helper attaches hooks or slings of crane to load, signals crane
operator as to its movement and releases slings, etc. Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (7).
Crop dipper, leather (S & B ). (See Dipper, leather, before rolling (S & B ); also
Dampener, leather, for rolling (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and
stuffers (4).
Crop hanger, drying (S & B ). (See Dry-loft man (S & B).) Classified as:
Dry-loft men (4).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
69
Crop roller (8 & B) rolls crops, that is, sides of leather after bellies have been
cut off. See also Rolling-machine operator (S & B). Classified as: Rollingmachine operators (4).
Crop setting-out machine operator (S & B). (See Setting-out machine operator
(S & B).) Classified as: Wringing and setting-out machine operators (4).
Crop sponger (S & B). (See Sponger, leather (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers
and stuffers (4).
Cropper, bellies, bends, etc., places hide on special table, assisted by helper, and
feels leather to determine breaking point between crop and belly and then
uses knife to cut off belly along that breaking line; also cuts off shoulder on
some sides, when “ bends” are desired. Cropping generally takes place
between first (rocker) tanning and second (lay-away) tanning. Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Cropper leader supervises work of cropping bellies, bends, etc., in tan house, and
also works with croppers. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Cropper, necks and shanks, uses hand knife to trim ragged edges from necks and
shanks of hides or skins in beam house. Classified as: Trimmers (2).
Cropper’s helper, bellies, bends, etc., assists cropper to place side or hide on special
table or cropping “ horse” in tan house and holds it while belly and shoulders
are cut off; also piles up crops, bends, bellies, and shoulders. Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Crust-leather drier (0). (See Tunnel drier, leather (O).) Classified as: Driers (6).
Crust-leather sorting foreman, working, supervises work of crust-leather sorting
and also does some productive work. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Crust-loft foreman, working, supervises work in crust loft or room where dried
leather is stored and performs some productive work. May also have
charge of crust-leather sorting. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Crust-leather sorter (0). (See Sorter, crust leather (0 ).) Classified as: Sorters,
blue and crust (6).
Currier. (See Stuffing-wheel operator.) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Cutter, sole stock, uses power shear knife to cut sides of leather into strips intended
for sale as sole leather. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Cutter, tanned hides, hand. 0See Cropper, bellies, bends, etc.) Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Cutter, tanned hides, machine, operates machine used to cut tanned hides into
specified parts. This machine insures perfectly straight lines for cut parts.
See also Cropper, bellies, bends, etc. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Cutter, toggles, uses a knife to cut short pieces of rope (toggles) from hides when
they are pulled or reeled out of soaking or liming vats of beam house. Classi
fied as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Cutter’s helper, tanned hides. (See Cropper’s helper, bellies, bends, etc.) Classi
fied as: Other employees (3).
Cylinder repairer. (See Machine fixer, general.) Classified as: Machine
fixers (9).
Dampener, leather, for rolling (S & B), places sole or belt leather in a water bath
and then in a steaming room for mellowing, in preparation for rolling.
See also Sponger, leather (S & B). Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4|.
Dampener, leather, for sawduster (0), dips dried leather in water and may put it
away in damp sawdust to soften it for stakers. See also Sawduster, leather
(O). Classified as: Dampeners and sawdusters (6).
Dampening-solution mixer (S & B) mixes together the chemicals used to prepare
solution with which sole and belting leather is dampened or moistened before
rolling. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Dauler, leather (P), uses brush by hand to spread carefully patent-finish dope on
grain side of leather stretched out on a frame; after spreading dope and
removing excess dope; may also place these frames in baking or drying
oven and remove them when dope is dry. Classified as: Daubers (5).
Degreasing-press foreman, working, has charge of hydraulic degreasing presses in
beam house and also assists in degreasing work. Classified as: Other employ
ees (2).
Degreasing-press operator piles sheepskins into packs after they have had alcohol
or brine bath and places packs on bed of press in beam house. Pressure is
then applied, thus causing grease to be “ pressed” out, after which pack
now reduced to a compact cake is removed. Helpers assist in placing packs
on press and removing them after pressing. See also Degreasing-wheel
operator. Classified as: Other employees (2).
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
Degreasing-solution mixer uses prescribed formula to prepare kerosene-oil degreas
ing solution for degreasing sheepskins. May also feed it into degreasing
wheels or drums in beam house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Degreasing-solution reclaimer operates machine similar to a cream separator
which is used to reclaim kerosene oil from degreasing solution used in beam
house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Degreasing-wheel operator tends a degreasing wheel into which sheepskins are
loaded and milled in a kerosene-oil preparation in beam house to remove
excess grease. They are generally given two baths, being fleshed between
first and second baths. This method of degreasing is a substitute for
press method. See also Degreasing-press operator. Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Dehairing-machine operator. (See Unhairing-machine operator.) Classified as:
Unhairing-machine operators (2).
Delimer, hides or skins. (See Bate-vat tender.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Diamond “ A ” dipper, leather (S & B), dips by hand sides or other pieces of leather
after wet rolling, into a compound solution called “ Diamond A ” , which
bleaches it and gives it a better finish. It is then again hung to dry. See
also Leather pourer (S & B). Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Dipper, bellies (S & B). (See Dipper, leather, before rolling (S & B ); also
Dampener, leather, for rolling (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and
stuffers (4).
Dipper, dry leather (S & B). (See Dry-dip operator (S & B).) Classified as:
Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Dipper, leather, after rolling (S & B), dips sides or other pieces of leather, after
rolling, into a solution of oil and water which gives them a special finish.
Leather is then hung up to dry and next day it is taken down and brushed.
See also Leather pourer (S & B). Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Dipper, leather, before rolling (S & B), dips dry leather in bath of oil-fat solution,
in lieu of sponging. See also Sponger, leather (S & B). Classified as:
Spongers and stuffers (4).
Dipper, leather, for sawduster (0). (See Dampener, leather, for sawduster (O).)
Classified as: Dampehers or sawdusters (6).
Dipper, leather, wash compound (S & B). (See Dipper, leather, after rolling
(S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Dipper, skins, for pasting, dips tanned skins into weak pasting solution for pasters,
who stick them to boards for stretching and drying in finishing department.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Dipper, skins, hypo, dips skins by hand into a neutralizing solution after each
chrome-tanning process. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Dipper, sour process (S & B). (See Sour-process dipper (S & B ).) Classified as:
Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Dipping foreman, working (S & B), supervises work of dipping sole or belting
leather before rolling; inspects completed work and performs some pro
ductive duties. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Disinfecting man uses chemicals and methods prescribed by United States Depart
ment of Agriculture to disinfect railroad cars, floors, hide racks, water, etc..
that come in contact with uncertified hides. Classified as: Other employ
ees (2).
Dope and oil mixer (P ). (See Oil and dope mixer (P).) Classified as: Oil and
dope mixers (5).
Dope cooker (P ). (See Oil and dope mixer (P).) Classified as; Oil and dope
mixers (5).
Dope mixer (S & B) mixes together necessary chemicals in accordance with pre
scribed formula to make various solutions used in sponging, filling, or
stuffing, and in pouring or washing sole and belt leather. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Dope-mixing foreman, working (P ), supervises work of mixing priming and japan
ning elopes for patent leather. Also performs some productive work.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Doper, leather (P ), uses hand brush or spray gun to apply first two priming coats
of patent finish dope (nitrocellulose) to grain side of toggled leather. Each
coat is allowed to dry fully before applying the next. See also Dauber,
leather (P). Classified as daubers (5).
Dragger, hides, drags hides by hand from lime vat to unhairing machine after they
have been pulled from last lime vat of beam house. Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (2).
Drencher, hides. (See Bate-vat tender.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Drier, hair. (See Hair-drier tender.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS
71
Drier, leather (0), hangs leather up in dry loft or in tunnel drier and later, when
dry, removes it. See also Drier, leather (S & B). Classified as: Driers (6).
Drier, leather (S & B), loads pieces of leather at various stages of finishing on
conveyor of drier and another worker removes it from other end when dry,
or hangs it in loft or other drying place and takes it down when dry. See
also Tunnel drier, leather (S & B ); and Dry-loft man (S & B). Classified as:
Dry-loft men (4).
Drier loader, leather (0). (See Tunnel drier, leather (O).) Classified as: Driers (6).
Drier unloader, leather (0). (See Tunnel drier, leather (O).) Classified as:
Driers (6).
Drummauy tanning. (See Tanning-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Drum repairer. (See Paddle-wheel repairer.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Dry-back roller, leather (S & B). (See Dry roller, leather (S & B ); also Bend
roller (S & B).) Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (4).
Dry-dip operator (S & B) hangs sides of sole or belt leather after bleaching and
drying on rack of machine which dips them down into vat of tanning extract
and removes them from machine after dipping. Also sees that strength of
extract is properly maintained. Purpose of dipping is to soften dried
leather and improve color. Classified as: Extractors, temperers, and
oilers (4).
Dry-loft foreman, working (S & B), supervises work in dry loft or room in which
sole or belting leather is dried at different stages of finishing. May also
help hang up leather and take it down when dry. Classified as: "Other
employees (7).
Dry-loft man (0) hangs up wet leather in a heated room or loft and takes it down
when dry. See also Dry-loft man (S & B). Classified as: Driers (6).
Dry-loft man (S & B) hangs pieces of wet leather in loft or other place for drying
at various stages of finishing; first, after oiling when it is allowed to stand
for several days; again, after some of the sponging and filling operations,
and after washing, setting-out, etc. Also takes down leather after it has
dried. Classified as: Dry-lot men (4).
Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam house, loads into hollow wooden wheel or drum
compact “ cakes” of degreased sheepskins and sets wheel in motion. As
wheel revolves, cakes tumble inside wheel, striking against stationary wooden
boards or prongs, thus opening up cakes, separating skins, and softening
them. Operator removes skins from drum after milling. Classified as:
Other employees (2).
Dry-milling-wheel operator, finishing, loads leather into and operates hollow
wooden wheel or drum similar to that used by dry-milling-wheel operator,
beam house. This process softens leather. Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Dry-milling-wheel operator, tan house. This work may be performed in either tan
house or beam house. See also Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam house.
Classified as: Other employees (3).
Dry roller, leather (S & B), operates rolling machine to roll sides or other pieces
of leather second time which is generally a “ dry” rolling. Also rolls
leather third time after brushing. This also is known as “ dry” rolling.
See also Rolling-machine operator (S & B). Classified as: Rolling-machine
operators (4).
Dry setter-out (S & B). (See Resetter-out (S & B).) Classified as: Wringing
and setting-out machine operators (4).
Dry-wheel operator, tan house, may perform work in either tan house or beam
house. See also Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam house. Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Drying-mangle foreman, working, supervises work at drying mangles; inspects
completed work and may operate machines. Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Drying-mangle ironer (0). (See Ironer, leather, machine (0 ).) Classified as:
Ironers, hand or machine (6).
Drying-rack tender. (See Drying-reed tender.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (7).
Drying-reed tender looks after storage of seasoning-room reeds or temporary
drying racks on which leather is hung after seasoning has been applied.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Dyehouse-wheel man, leather (0). (See Colorer, leather (0 ).) Classified as:
Colorers and fat liquorers (6j.
Dye mixer (p). (See Color mixer (O).) Classified as: Color, fat-liquor, and
seasoning mixers (6).
72
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Dye weigher weighs out proper quantity of chemicals used in preparation of
dyes and colors in accordance with formulas. Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Electric-truck operator operates an electric truck to haul materials or product
about yard or plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Electric-truck repairman does any needed repair work on electric trucks and
keeps them in proper running order. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Electrician repairs and maintains electrical wiring and attends to and keeps in
repair dynamos, motors, and other electrical equipment about plant. Classi
fied as: Other employees (9).
Elevator operator operates an elevator for hoisting or lowering hides, leather,
supplies, or workers from one floor to another in plant. Classified as: Other
employees (9).
Embossing-press foreman, working, supervises work at presses used for plating and
embossing leather; inspects completed work and also operates these presses
when necessary. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Embossing-press operator, leather (0), spreads leather out evenly on bed of press,
then operates levers which force it up against heated embossed plate of
press, leaving it against this plate for a few seconds, thus reproducing arti
ficial grain of any desired leather. Operator may work at back or front of
machine. Also changes embossing plates when necessary. Classified as:
Embossing or plating-press operators (6).
Enameler, leather (P), uses hand brush to apply enamel solution to grain side of
leather for patent finish. Classified as: Daubers (5).
Evaporator, tanning liquor, reclaims tanning liquor by boiling off excess water.
The salvaged extract is again used in tanning. Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Export packer, leather, packs leather intended for foreign market in accordance
with special shipping regulations. Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Extract doper (S & B). {See Extract-wheel man (S & B).) Classified as: Ex
tractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Extract mixer, tanning. (See Liquor mixer, tanning.) Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Extract-wheel man (S & B) loads sole or belt leather into large wheel containing
strong solution of tannic acid. Closes trap and operates wheel for specified
time, then opens trap, dumps leather out, opens it up and places it on “ horses”
for setting out machine. May be assisted by laborers who handle hides.
Classified as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Extract-wheel man’s helper (S & B) helps extract-wheel man load sides into
wheel or drum and, after extracting, helps remove sides from wheel and
“ horse” them up for wringing or setting-out machines. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Extract-wheel man’s loborer (S & B). (See Extract-wheel man's helper (S & B).)
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Extract wringer, leather (S & B). (See Wringing-machine operator, leather
(S & B).) Classified as: Wringing and setting-out machine operators (4).
Extracting foreman, working (S & B). (See Scrub-house foreman, working
(S & B).) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Extractor, tanning liquor, boils in vacuum tanks tanning liquor obtained in leach
house, or weakened liquor coming from tan yard, for purpose of building up
this liquor from a low tannic-acid content to required strength. Classified
as: Liquormen (3).
Extractor tender, hair. (See Hair wliizzer.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers
( ).
2
Fat-liquor mixer (0) prepares fat liquors in which leather is milled in leatherfinishing processes. Classified as: Color, fat-liquor, and seasoning mixers (6).
Fat liquorer, leather (0), loads leather into drums or wheels, starts and stops
them, puts fat liquor in and drains it out after operation, and removes
leather from machine. This operation restores oil which was removed in
other processes. Classified as: Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
Feeder, hair, drier. (See Hair whizzer; also Hair-drier tender.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (2).
Feeder, leather, plating machine (0). (See Plating-machine feeder, leather (O).)
Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Feeder, leather, splitting machine. (See Splitting-machine feeder, leather (O).)
Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Feeder, tanning mill. (See Tumbling-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Filler, leach vats. (See Leach-pulp pitcher.) Classified as: Other employees (3),
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
73
Filler, mixing tanks. (See Liquor mixer, tanning.) Classified as: Liquor men (3).
Filler, rolls, for putter-out (0). (See Filler, rolls, for setter-out (O).) Classified
as: Machine helpers (6).
Filler, rolls, for setter-out (0), changes rolls on setting-out machine and assists
setter-out in placing light leather over rolls of machine, in removing it after
setting out and in “ horsing” it up. Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Filler, rolls, for strikers-out (0). (See Filler, rolls, for setter-out (O).) Classified
as: Machine helpers (6).
Fillery tanning wheel. {See Tumbling-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers, (3).
Filling mixer (S & B). (See Dope mixer (S & B).) Classified as: Other em
ployees (7).
Filling-wheel operator (S & B) loads sole or belt leather into large revolving wheel
containing mixture of molasses, saxon oil, sugar, and epsom salts for leather
filling. See also Oiler, leather wheeling (S & B). Classified as: Extractors,
temperers, and oilers (4).
Final-coat sprayer (P ) uses a spray gun to apply final finishing or sealing coat
of patent finish to leather. After drying it is ready for sorting and shipping.
Classified as: Daubers (5).
Final washer, hides or skins, gives hides or skins final washing before sending them
out of beam house. This may be done in a mill or paddle wheel. See also
Washing-wheel operator, hide house. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Fine grainer, hides, hand, uses graining knife by hand to remove from hides fine
hairs left by unhairing machine. Also cleans off any dirt so that hides will
tan evenly. See also Scudder, hand. Classified as: Beamsters or scudders,
hand (2).
Fine hairer, hand sanding, uses small sanding brush by hand to remove from full
grain leather (that is, leather which will not be buffed on grain side) all fine
hair left by unhairing machine. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Fine-hairing assistant foreman, working, assists foreman in supervisory duties.
Also inspects grain side of leather for fine hair. Classified as: Other em
ployees (7).
Fine-hairing beamster, hand, uses small hand scraper to remove from grain side of
hide or skin fine hair left by unhairing machine. This work differs from hand
beaming only in kind of tool used. Classified as: Beamsters or scudders,
hand (2).
Fine wheeler, leather, buffing (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (O).) Classified
as: Buffingswheel operators (6).
Finisher, leather, hand (0), dips a small plush-covered board into pan containing
seasoning compound and applies it to grain side of leather. A second board
is then used to go over leather and dry up any surplus seasoning. Three or
more coats are applied in like manner, leather being hung up and dried
between coats. Classified as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Finisher, leather, machine (0 ), operates machine which applies seasoning compound
to grain side of leather. See also Seasoner, leather, machine (O). Classi
fied as: Finishers or seasoners, machine (6).
Finishing-compound mixer (0). (See Seasoning mixer (O).) Classified as: Color,
fat-liquor, and seasoning mixers (6).
Finishing-compound mixer (S & B). (See Dope mixer (S & B ); also Oilingcompound mixer (S & B).) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Finishing foreman, working (S & B), supervises work of finishing sole or belting
leather in various operations; inspects completed work and performs some
productive duties. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Finishing inspector examines grain side of leather to determine if it has been
properly finished. See also Seasoning inspector. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Finishing-wheel operator (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (0 ); also Plusher,
leather buffing (0 ).) Classified as: Buffing-wheel operators (6).
First-fleshing machine operator. (See Green-fleshing machine operator.) Classi
fied as: Fleshing-machine operators (2).
First soaker, hides, when hides are to be given a preliminary or green fleshing,
places them in soaking tank of water in beam house, overnight or for about
12 hours, for purpose of softening up hides. They are then reeled out and
delivered to fleshing machine. Classified as: Haulers (2).
First wet roller (S & B) operates rolling machine to roll leather after it has been
sponged, dipped, or sprayed with an oil solution. This is first wet-rolling
operation. See also Rolling-machine operator (S & B). Classified as:
Rolling-machine operators (4).
74
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Flesher, kid skins, operates machine in beam house to flesh kid skins. See also
Fleshing-machine operator, hides or skins. Classified as: Fleshing-machine
operators (2).
Fleshing-machine backer. (See Fleshing-machine operator’s helper, hides or
skins.) Classified as: Machine helpers (2).
Fleshing-machine operator, hides or skins, places hide or skin, flesh side up, over
backing rolls of fleshing machine,.and by means of foot lever forces both
leather and rolls up against fleshing blades of revolving cylinder. The blades
remove excess flesh, reducing hide or skin to uniform thickness. Generally
only one half of a hide or skin is fleshed at a time, operator having to turn it
around on backer rolls before the other half can be fleshed. Classified as:
Fleshing-machine operators (2).
Fleshing-machine operator, leather (S & B). (See Splitting-machine operator,
leather (S & B).) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Fleshing-machine operator's helper, hides or skins, works at back of some makes of
fleshing machines in beam house taking away hides or skins as they come out
of machine and piling them on trucks. Classified as: Machine helpers (2).
Floorboy, leather pasting, handles tanned skins and pasting boards as directed by
foreman. May also wash pasting boards. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (7).
Floorboy, shaving machine, works about floor, handling stock, delivering it to and
taking it away from shaving machines. See also Floorman, general, finishing.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Floorboy, staking, takes leather from sammy bins, delivers it to wet stakers, takes
staked leather to driers, and returns dry leather to dry stakers or perchers.
See also Floorman, general, finishing. Classified as: Laborers and truckers
(7).
Floorman, general, beam house, does general work around beam house floor such as
washing hides or skins, toggling packs before soaking, liming and untoggling
them after they have been pulled or reeled out of vats, trucking hides or
skins to and from vats and machines, piling them for machine operators, etc.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Floorman, general, finishing, handles materials or leather about floor of finishing
department, delivering it to and taking it away from various finishers. May
use truck for this work. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Floorman, general, tan house, uses truck to convey hides or skins where needed
about tanning floor; transfers them from trucks to tables next to tanning
wheels or drums, and takes them away after tanning. Classified as: Labor
ers and truckers (3).
Floorman, wheel tanning, performs various kinds of work in tan house; loads mills
and vats with hides or skins, starts and stops them, picks up skins after
tanning, and opens them up for setting-out machines. May also do coloring
and fat liquoring. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Formula manf tanning liquors, is a chemist who prepares tanning formula and tells
liquormen how to mix tanning liquor. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Frame repairer does any needed repair work on toggling frames. Classified as:
Other employees (9).
French grainer, leather, hand (0), uses small hand board for French graining, where
leather is gone over very lightly. See also Grainer, leather, hand (0 ).
Classified as: Boarders or grainers, hand (6).
General maintenance man does general maintenance repair work except on ma
chines. Classified as: Other employees (9).
General mechanic performs general repair work in and about plant, other than
that on machines. Classified as: Other employees (9).
General utility man, beam house. (See Floorman, general, beam house.) Classi
fied as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Glazing inspector examines glazed leather to determine whether it has been prop
erly glazed. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Glazing-machine operator (0) places seasoned leather, grain side up, on table of
machine, and holds it in position or moves it over table where mechanical
rubbing arm of machine moves rapidly over it. This repeated rubbing
gives leather a polish or gloss. Classified as: Glazing-machine operators (6).
Glazing-machine repairer keeps glazing machines in proper running order and does
any needed repair work on them. Classified as: Machine fixers (9).
Glazing passer. (See Glazing inspector.) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Glazing-room foremant working, supervises work in leather-glazing department;
inspects work when completed and may also do some productive work.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
75
Gold-spot machine operator (S & D) runs sole-leather stock through machine Which
brands company trade mark on it. Only better grades of leather are trade
marked. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Grade sorter, black and colored leather, sorts black and colored leather according
to specific grade. Classified as: Sorters (8).
Grader, hides. (See Sorter, hides or skins, hide house.) Classified as: Sorters
and counters (1).
Grain-pool hauler. (See Warm-water pool hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Grain-split inspector (0) inspects grain side of split leather to determine finish it
will best take. Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Grainer, hides, hand. (See Fine grainer, hides, hand.) Classified as: Beamsters
or scudders, hand (2).
Grainer, hides, machine. (See Scudder, machine.) Classified as: Beamsters or
' scudders, machine (2).
Grainer, leather, hand (0) uses rubber or cork-faced board attached to left forearm
for graining leather. Grainer folds leather over, then rubs folded edge with
board. This back and forth rubbing of folded edge brings out grain. Entire
piece of leather is gone over in this manner. To bring out certain grains, such
as beaded grain, leather has to be gone over from all four sides of piece.
Graining is now largely a softening operation which follows embossing, which
leaves the leather rather stiff. Classified as: Boarders or grainers, hand (6).
Grainer, leather, machine (0 ), stands at front of machine, folds leather and brings
its folded edge in contact with rubber-coated section of machine cylinder.
As revolving cylinder is pulled back over large horizontal table of machine,
leather is slowly unfolded, folded edge being constantly subjected to pressure
of cylinder. This unfolding of leather under pressure softens it and brings
out grain. Classified as: Boarders or grainers, machine (6).
Graining-machine operator. (See Scudder, machine.) Classified as: Beamsters
or scudders, machine (2).
Green-fleshing machine operator puts hides or skins through fleshing machine for a
first or preliminary fleshing in beam house. This follows soaking but pre
cedes liming process. See also Fleshing-machine operator, hides or skins.
Classified as: Fleshing-machine operators (2).
Green-pool soaker, hides. (See First soaker, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Green-stock handler uses truck to convey packs of hides or skins to wash wheels
and from wash wheels after washing to soaking vats of beam house. Classi
fied as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Gun sprayer, leather (0). (See Sprayer, seasoning (0 ).) Classified as: Finishers
or seasoners, machine (6).
Hair baler piles hair received from drying machine into baling machine which
presses it into a compact bundle. Wires are then fastened around bale to
hold it together for shipment. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hair collector. (See Hair handler.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hair-drier tender works at delivery end of tunnel drier in beam house taking off
dried hair as it comes from machine. May also bale it for shipment. Hair is
fed into this drier by conveyor from hair whizzer (extractor). Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (2).
Hair handler gathers up hair from beam-house floor and trucks it to hair washer or
to storage bin. May also truck baled hair to storeroom. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (2).
Hair-mill tender. (See Hair whizzer.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hair-room foreman, working, has charge of work in hair room of beam house, such
as washing, drying, and baling of hair; also performs some productive work.
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Hair sorter sorts out hair according to specific colors desired. This is a handpicking operation in beam house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Hair-washer tender feeds hair which was taken from hides or skins into special
washing machine in beam house, which removes dirt and other foreign sub
stances from it. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hair whizzer takes wet hair away from back of washing machine in beam house
and shovels it into centrifugal water-extracting machine which rotates very
rapidly causing most of water to be expelled from it; then feeds hair onto
conveyor of tunnel drier which removes remaining moisture. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (2).
Hand buffer (S & B). (See Buffer, leather, hand (S & B).) Classified as: Other
employees (7).
76
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Hand finisher, leather (S & B). (See Sponger, leather (S & B ); also Stuffer,
leather (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Hand ironer, leather (0). (See Ironer, leather, hand (O).) Classified as: Ironers,
hand or machine (6).
Hand seasoner, brush (0 ), uses hand brush to apply seasoning to surface of leather.
See also Finisher, leather, hand (O). Classified as: Finishers or seasoners,
hand (6).
Hand setter-out (0). (See Setter-out, hand (O).) Classified as: Setters-out,
hand (6).
Hand shanker, setting-out (0). (See Shanker, hand, setting-out (0 ).) Classified
as: Setters-out, hand (6).
Handler, green stock. (See Green-stock handler.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Handler, hides or skins. (See Floorman, general, beam house; also Green-stock
handler.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Handler, leather, for sorters, delivers leather to sorters and takes it away after
sorting. See also Floorman, general, finishing. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (7).
Handler, leather, for stakers. (See Floorman, general, finishing.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Handler, leather, shaving machine. (See Floorman, general, finishing.) Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Handler, leather, tunnel drying (0). (See Tunnel drier, leather (O).) Classified
as: Driers (6).
Handler, limes. (See Lime-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Hanger-in, rocker vats, hangs hides, skins, or splits on rocker-vat frames for first
or rocker tanning. May also take them off these frames after tanning.
See also Rocker-yard vat man. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Hanger, skins, drying (0). (See Dry-loft man (O); also Tunnel drier, leather
(O).) Classified as: Driers (6).
Hanger-up, leather, drying (S. & B). (See Dry-loft man (S. & B).) Classified
as: Dry-loft men (4).
Hauler, beam house, places hides or skins into various vats or pits for purpose
of soaking, pickling, liming, etc. Uses pole having hook on one end to pull
skins out of vats, while hides, which are tied together in rope form, are
transferred from one vat to another by use of a mechanical reel. May also
look after preparation of various solutions and maintain proper strength
of these solutions in vats. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Hauler, fleshings, gathers up fleshings from beam-house floor and trucks them to
bin where they are limed and cured. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hauler, pickle vats. (See Pickle-vat puller.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Hauler, supplies, uses hand (or power) truck to convey supplies wherever needed
about department. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Hauler, tan house, places hides or skins into various tanning wheels or vats, con
taining washing and tanning solutions and removes them at proper time.
See also Tanning wheelman; Lay-away yard vat man; Rocker-yard vat man;
also Rinsing-pool man. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Head baler supervises baling of bellies, shoulders, scrap leather, etc., for shipment,
and also works with balers. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Head bark grinder supervises work of bark grinding in tan house and also works
with bark grinders. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Head beamster has charge of all hand beaming, also works as a hand beamster;
may inspect knives of beamsters and sharpen them when necessary. Classi
fied as: Other employees (2).
Head electrician, working, supervises all electrical repair work, and also does some
actual repair work with electricians. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Head floorman, shaving department, supervises work of floor boys in leather-shaving
room, and also does some floor work. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Head glazer. (See Glazing-room foreman, working.) Classified as: Other em
ployees (7).
Head pipe fitter, working, supervises all work done by pipe fitters and also works
with them. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Head selector, hides or skins, is responsible for proper selecting in hide house of
all hides or skins for each order and generally works with selectors and
sorters. Classified as: Other employees (1).
Head shipper supervises work of preparing orders of leather for shipment, and also
helps with sorting, packing, and shipping of same. Classified as: Other
employees (8).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS
77
Hefter, sorting, sorts leather according to weight and thickness, using bare hands
on light leather and small hand gage on heavy leather to measure thickness
and determine in just what group it will be placed. Classified as: Sorters (8).
Helper, beU-knife leather splitting (0), assists operator on belt-knife splitting
machine, either feeding leather into rolls at front of machine or else taking
various splits off at back of machine. Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Helper, splitting room, performs general work about splitting room, delivering
stock to splitters and taking it away after it has been split. See also Floorman, general, finishing. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Hide dragger. (See Dragger, hides.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hide examiner takes one or more sample groups of hides from each shipment
received and examines each of them to determine if they measure up to
specifications. After this inspection, another sample group is examined for
number of holes, grubs, etc. Classified as: Other employees (1).
Hide hauler. (See Laborer, hide house.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Hide-house laborer. (See Laborer, hide house.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (1).
Hide-house man does both sorting and counting of hides or skins in hide house.
See also Sorter, hides or skins, hide house; also Counter, hides or skins.
Classified as: Sorters and counters (1).
Hide opener unties and opens up hides and packs of skins which are received at
hide house folded and tied, and spreads them out for trimmers. Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Hide puller, beam house. (See Puller, hides or skins, beam house.) Classified as:
Haulers (2).
Hide reeler. (See Heeler, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Hide soaker. (See Soaking-vat man.) Classified as; Haulers (2).
Hide splitter, into sides. (See Splitter, hides into sides.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Hide splitter, thickness. (See Splitting-machine operator, hides.) Classified as:
Splitting-machine operator (2).
Hide splitter’s helper helps splitter pick up hides and place them over splitting
*‘horse” or stool in beam house. After splitting, places these sides in piles.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Hide trimmer. (See Trimmer, hides or skins.) Classified as: Trimmers (2).
Hide weigher weighs incoming hides and keeps a record of weights, which are later
checked against vendor’s weights. Classified as: Other employees (I).
Hog feeder. (See Bark grinder.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Hoister, pack, hides. (See Pack hoister, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Hoister, pack, leather (S & B), operates crane or other device for lowering packs
of sole or belt leather into tempering vats and hoisting them out after temper
ing. See also Temperer, vats (S & B). Classified as: Extractors, temperers,
and oilers (4).
Hooker. (See Crane operator’s helper.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers
(7).
Horser-up, hides or skins, opens up hides or skins and places them over *‘ horses”
or stools. This is done after removal from each tanning, coloring, or washing
operation, and is known as “ horsing-up” . Classified as: Laborers ana
truckers (3).
Horser-upf leather, picks up leather from floor after it has been dumped from
process wheels or drums, opens it up and places it on “ horse” or rack.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Hot-box drier (S & B). (See Tunnel drier, leather (S & B).) Classified as: Dryloft men (4).
Hot-room man, drying (0). (See Dry-loft man (O).) Classified as: Driers (6).
Hydraulic-press operator, degreasing. (See Degreasing-press operator.) Classi
fied as: Other employees (2).
Hydraulic-press operator (S & B), operates large hydraulic press used to force out
excess liquor from heavy leather. May help place leather on bed of press
and remove it after pressing. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Hydraulic-press operator, tan house, places hides, skins, sides, etc., on bed of
hydraulic press which expels excess tanning liquor or brine, grease, etc.,
from them and removes them after pressing. Is assisted by laborers. Press
ing is resorted to only on heavy leather. Classified as: Other employees (3).
179222°—33------6
78
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Inspector, beaming knives. (See Beaming-knife inspector.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Inspector, beaming or scudding, examines work of beamsters or scudders to make
sure that work has been properly done. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Inspector, bellies, examines bellies after cropping and sorts them into grades,
depending on use for which they are best adapted. Classified as: Other
employees (3).
Inspector, hides. (See Hide examiner.) Classified as: Other employees (1).
Inspector, leather, examines grain side of leather after various finishing operations
for scratches and defects of any character. May also mark spots to be buffed
or touched up. See also Glazing inspector; Finishing inspector; Seasoning
inspector; Buffing inspector; and Shaving inspector. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Inspector, leather, shades, grades finished leather for proper shades. Classified as:
Sorters (8).
Inspector, sides, for patent finish (0). (See Sorter, leather, for patent finish.)
Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Inspector, unhairing. (See Unhairing inspector.) Classified as: Other employ
ees, (2).
Inspector, wet-wheeling. (See Wet-wheeling inspector.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Ironer, leather, hand (0), uses regular electric hand iron to iron and smooth out
grain side of leather. Classified as: Ironers, hand or machine (6).
Ironer, leather, machine (0), sits or stands in front of machine and feeds leather
between heated mangle rolls similar to those used in a laundry, to smooth
out its surface. Classified as: Ironers, hand or machine (6).
Jack-roller operator, leather (0), operates special machine for rolling of light or
upper leather to remove wrinkles, mat leather, and also close pores to prevent
leather from absorbing too much seasoning. See also Stone-jack operator,
leather rolling (0 ). Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (6).
Jack-roller operator, leather (S & B), operates specially designed rolling machine
used to iron and roll out wrinkles from shoulder and fore part of side of
leather, which is to be finished for soles or belting. See also Stone-jack
operator, leather rolling (O). Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (4).
Janitor sweeps, scrubs, and cleans up floors of plant. See also Sweeper; and
Scrubber, floors. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Japanner, leather (P). (See Dauber, leather (P).) Classified as: Daubers (5).
Japanning foreman, working (P), supervises work in japan room where patent
leather is finished. May also help in the work of japanning leather or mixing
colors. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Jitney operator runs electric-storage-battery truck to convey loads of hides or
leather in and about various departments of plant. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Kerosene reclaimer. (See Still operator, kerosene reclaiming; also Degreasing
solution reclaimer.) Classified as: Other employees (2).
Knee staker (0). (See Staker, hand (0).) Classified as: Stakers, hand (6).
Knife grinder uses emery wheel or other grinding device to sharpen knives of barkgrinding machines used in tan house. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Laborer, beam house, handles hides or skins in beam house, trucking them to and
from vats and machines. Also cleans up around machines. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (2).
Laborer, finishing, all leather, performs general work about finishing department
loading leather onto trucks and pushing them to and from various machines,
piling stock conveniently near for operators, and moving it after operation,
moving and storing leather drying and stretching frames, etc. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Laborer, hide house, does general work about coolers, cellars, and hide house.
Unloads hides and skins from cars, stores them away in coolers or cellars
and later uses truck to transfer them as needed to hide house. May resalt
and lay away some lots of hides and skins which are received too green to
put through beam house. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Laborer, maintenance, sweeps, scrubs, and cleans floors of plant; and also cleans
up and does odd jobs about yard. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Laborer, sorting and shipping, works in sorting and shipping room, handling and
piling loose leather stock for sorters and packers. Also trucks packed
leather to shipping dock. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
79
Laborer, tan house, performs general roustabout work about tannery, uses truck
to convey hides and skins to and from various workers, piles them near
tanning wheels and cleans tanning wheels, vats, and floors. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (3).
Lay-away-vat foreman, working, has charge of lay-away or second tanning vats.
Supervises laying away and hoisting of packs and determines when leather
is properly tanned. Also performs some productive work. Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Lay-away yard vat man works about lay-away vats. Places sides, crops, bellies,
bends, etc., on racks which are later lowered into tanning vats and allowed
to stand for a few days. Racks are then hoisted; sides, crops, bellies* etc.,
are turned over, liquor changed, and racks again lowered into fresh tanning
fluid. This is repeated until tanning is completed. Reels or cranes are used
to hoist and lower racks. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Leach-house laborer handles tanning bark and does general work about leach
house. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Leach-pulp caster removes refuse tan pulp from leaching vat after leaching. This
refuse is used for fuel in power plant or for road ballast. Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Leach-pulp pitcher operates machine which spreads ground bark in leaching vats.
This work is done by hand in some plants. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Leach runner. (See Leach-vat operator.) Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Leach-vat operator supervises placing of ground bark or wood in vat where boiling
water is repeatedly pumped from bottom of vat and poured over it, the
operation being similar to that of a percolator. When all tannic acid is
leached out, pulp is removed and replaced with fresh pulp and leaching
resumed. Operator supervises leaching, runs pumps, and directs work of
pitching (loading) and casting (unloading) of vats. Classified as: Liquor
men (3).
reaching foreman, working, supervises leaching operations and assists in work
when necessary. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Leather conditioner (S & B). (See Stuffer, leather (S & B).) Classified as:
spongers and stuffers (4).
Leather dipper (S & B ). (See Dipper, leather, before rolling (S & B ); also Dipper,
leather, after rolling (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Leather hanger, drying (S & B). (See Dry-loft man (S & B).) Classified as:
Dry-loft men (4).
Leather inspector. (See Inspector, leather.) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Leather inspector’s helper handles leather for inspectors, delivering it to them and
taking it away after inspection. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Leather puer, stock room, piles leather in racks of storeroom in accordance with
grade, finish, etc. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
Leather pourer (S & B) applies to grain side of pieces of leather, after rolling, a
specially prepared compound which gives leather a uniform color and when
brushed, a special finish or luster. Pouring or washing of leather may be
done either by spraying this compound, pouring it on with a hose, applying
it with a sponge by hand, or by dipping leather in a bath of same. After
pouring or washing, leather is hung up to dry. Clarified as: Spongers and
stuffers (4).
Leather pourer’s helper (S & B). (See Leather washer's helper (S & B).) Clas
sified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Leather soaker, finishing (0). (See Dampener, leather, for sawduster (0).)
Classified as: Dampeners or sawdusters (6).
Leather sprayer (S & B). (See Sprayer, leather, before rolling (S & B ); also
Sprayer, leather, after rolling (S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and
stuffers (4).
Leather washer, after rolling (S & B), uses sponge by hand to apply a specially
prepared compound, after rolling, to grain side of leather which gives it a
uniform color, and when brushed a special finish or luster. (See also Leather
pourer (S & B ). Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Leather washer, before rolling (S & 23), hangs bends or sides or sole leather on
specially constructed frames directly over troughs containing washing solu
tion and uses a mop dipped in this solution to wash grain side only of leather
before it is rolled. See also Dampener, leather, for rolling (S & B ). Classified
as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Leather washer, scrubbing. (See Scrubbing-machine operator (0 ); also Washer,
skins, hand.) Classified as: Other employees (7).
80
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Leather washer's helper (S & B) assists washer or pourer to spread out crops,
bends, etc., so that pourer can use a hose or spray gun on grain side, and
hangs leather up to dry after pouring. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Leveler, leather splitting (0), feeds leather into belt-knife splitting machine to
skive off flesh side to a uniform thickness. This work is preparatory to
splitting operation. Classified as: Splitting-machine operators (6).
Lime fleshing-machine operator. (See Refleshing-machine operator.) Classified
as: Fleshing-machine operators (2).
Lime handler, hides or skins. (See Lime-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Lime reeler, hides. (See Reeler, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Lime slacker slacks lime used in the preparation of liming solution used in beam
house. May also prepare liming solution. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Lime-solution man prepares liming solution; regulates temperature of this solu
tion in vats in beam house and at stated intervals inserts an air hose in vats
to stir up lime which settles at bottom of vat. This latter operation is
called *4plunging.11 Classified as: Other employees (2).
Lime trimmer, hides or skins, uses hand knife to trim or cut off pieces of flesh
left along edges of hides or skins by lime fleshing machine in beam house.
Classified as: Trimmers (2).
Lime-vat floorman. (See Lime-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Lime-vat foreman, working, supervises work at lime vats in beam house; also
assists lime-vat hauler. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Lime-vat hauler puts hides or skins through series of vats or pits in beam house
containing lime solutions to loosen hair and facilitate its removal. Liming
solution is made stronger in each successive vat, hides or skins requiring from
6 or 8 days to pass through all vats. Hauler uses a pole having a hook on one
end to pull skins out of vats, while hides, which are tied together in rope
form, are transferred from one vat to another by use of an overhead mechani
cal reel. May also look after preparation of liming solutions and keeps
them up to proper strength in vats. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Lime-vat tender. (See Lime-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Lime-wheel man tends series of lime vats in beam house which are equipped with
revolving paddle wheels, the operation of which causes skins to circulate in
lime solution. Operator starts and stops paddle wheel as required and uses
pole with hook on one end to pull skins from one vat to next. See also Limevat hauler. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Limerf fleshings, spreads out raw fleshings in bin in beam house and places lime
over each layer to cure and prepare them for shipment as glue stock. Classi
fied as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Liming-solution maker mixes slack lime, water, etc., in exact proportions accord
ing to prescribed formula. This solution is used in vats in beam house to
soften hides or skins and open pores so that hair may be easily removed.
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Liquor maker, tanning. (See Liquorman.) Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Liquorman prepares tanning liquor (chrome or vegetable), pumps it into tanning
vats, and tests it frequently to keep it up to the proper strength, adding fresh
liquor when necessary. After tanning, pumps weakened liquor to leach
house for reclaimyig. Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Liquorman*s helper works under direction of liquorman. Classified as: Other
employees (3).
Liquor mixer, tanning, mixes tanning liquor obtained from leach house with other
imported tanning liquors to obtain any desired tanning liquor. Also builds
up weakened liquor by adding new or fresh tanning liquor or extracts.
Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Liquor runner, scrub house, operates pumps to force bleaching and dry-dip liquor
into vats, and pumps it out after operation is completed. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Liquor runner, tanning, operates pumps which carry tanning liquor into rocker
and lay-away vats, adds fresh liquor as needed, and finally pumps out
weakened liquor, after tanning, returning it to leach-house vats where it is
reclaimed. Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Load mixer (S & B). (See Dope mixer (S & B).) Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Loader, fleshings. (See Loader, glue stock.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Loader, glue stock, loads into cars for shipment the treated or limed beam-house
fleshings. These are used in the manufacture of glue, and therefore known
as “ glue stock.” Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
81
Loader, leather, smokehouse, hangs up leather in smokehouse where it is discolored
by absorbing smoke, thus attaining a special coloring; also removes leather
from smokehouse after this process. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Locomotive brakeman operates brakes on dinkey locomotive operated in yard of
plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Locomotive engineer operates dinkey locomotive to pull loaded cars about yard of
plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Loft drier (S & B). (See Dry-loft man (S & B).) Classified as: Dry-loft men (4).
Lot sorter, leather, sorts out leather into groups according to lot number after
tanning. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Lugger, patent leather. (See Lumper, patent leather.) Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (7).
Lumper, beam house. (See Laborer, beam house.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Lumper, for toggler, handles leather for togglers. See also Floorman, general,
finishing. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Lumper foreman, working, supervises work of lumpers in finishing department
and works with them. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Lumper, hide house. (See Laborer, hide house.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (1).
Lumper, patent leather, puts toggled sides of treated and baked patent leather on
roof-top racks where they are exposed to sunshine for glazing. Ultraviolet
rays act as a glazer or glistener on patent leather. Lumper later trucks
leather back to warehouse. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Lumpery shipping, acts as a general utility man, helps wrap, pack, box, and truck
leather in shipping department. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
Lumper, tan house. (See Laborer, tan house.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (3).
Machine fixer, general, keeps machinery of plant in proper running condition and
does any needed repair work thereon. Classified as: Machine fixers (9).
Machine fixer’s helper assists machine fixer by handling machine parts, tools,
supplies, etc., and may also do some repair work under fixer’ s supervision.
Classified as: Other employees (9).
Machine helper, beam house, works at back of fleshing or other machines in beam
house, piling hides or skins on trucks as they come out. Classified as:
Machine helpers (2).
Machine helper (0) works at back of various machines in finishing department
to pile leather as it comes out, and feeds some machines, under supervision
of their operators. Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Machine repairer, general. (See Machine fixer, general.) Classified as: Machine
fixers (9).
Machine toggler (0) toggles leather on screens by hand in usual manner and then
stretches screen and leather by means of mechanical device. See also Toggler,
leather (O). Classified as: Tackers, togglers, and pasters (6).
Machinist operates various machine tools to make or repair broken parts of pro
ductive machinery; also works at bench repairing these parts. Classified as:
Other employees (9).
Mangle ironer f leather (0). (See Ironer, leather, machine (O).) Classified as:
Ironers, hand or machine (6).
Marker, leather measurement. (See Measuring-machine operator’s helper,
leather.) Classified as: Measuring-machine operators’ helpers (8).
Mason uses stone, brick, and mortar or cement to form or repair floors, founda
tions, walls, walks, etc., about plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Mason’s helper assists mason by mixing and carrying mortar, cement, brick,
stone, and other materials. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Master mechanic, working, supervises all machine maintenance and repair work,
and also does some repair work. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Mat ironerf leather (0). (See Ironer, leather, machine (0 ).) Classified as:
Ironers, hand or machine (6).
Mat-kid ironer (0) uses regular electric iron by hand to smooth out and iron
“ mat kid,” that is, kid which is not to be glazed. Classified as: Ironers,
hand or machine (6).
Measurer, leather, for color, runs regular measuring machine to arrive at total
footage of leather required for each order. Color-wheel formula is then pre
pared for that particular amount of leather. See also Measuring-machine
operator, leather. Classified as: Measuring-machine operators (8).
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
Measuring-machine operator, leather, lays leather out on table in front of machine
and feeds it under a series or row of parallel measuring wheels, each of which
rotates independently of the others and is raised and becomes engaged with
measuring mechanism only while in contact with leather. Aggregate
revolutions of all wheels are translated automatically into square feet,
which appear on a dial at top of machine. Operator reads dial and calls off
number of square feet in each piece to marker who enters this footage on
the back of the piece of leather. Classified as: Measuring-machine opera
tors (8).
Measuring-machine operator’s helper, leather, works at back of measuring machine
taking off measured leather, marking number of square feet on back of each
iece and piling it on truck. Classified as: Measuring-machine operators'
elpers (8).
Mechanic, general. (See General mechanic.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Mill hand, tanning. (See Tumbling-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Mill tender, tanning. (See Tanning-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Milling-out man, tan house, performs work which may be done in either tan house
or beam house. See also Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam house. Classi
fied as: Other employees (3).
Milling-wheel operator, hides or skins. (See Wet-milling-wheel operator; also
Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam house.) Classified as: Other employees (2).
Milling-wheel operator, leather. (See Dry-milling-wheel operator, finishing).
Classified as: Other employees (7).
MillmaUy leather finishing (0). (See Colorer, leather (0 ); also Fat liquorer, leather
(0 ).) Classified as: Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
Millwright installs or moves machines in plant, puts up and maintains shafting,
pulleys, etc., in correct working condition. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Millwright foreman, working, supervises work of millwrights and also works with
them. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Millwright’s helper assists millwright by handling machine parts, materials, tools,
etc., working under his supervision. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Mixer, chrome-tanning liquor, prepares chrome tan and fat liquors; feeds it to
tanning drums, wheels, or coloring mills; and tests it frequently to keep it to
proper strength, adding fresh liquor when necessary. Also supervises all
tanning and fat-liquoring mills, telling floormen when to start and stop mills.
Classified as: Liquormen (3).
Mixer, dope (P). (See Oil and dope mixer (P).) Classified as: Oil and dope
mixers (5).
Mixer, finish dope (S & B). (See Dope mixer (S & B).) Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Mixer, scrub-house dope (S & B), prepares various solutions used for washing sole
and belting leather in scrub house. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Monorail operator runs monorail crane used for transferring heavy loads of mate
rials or leather from place to place about plant. Classified as: Other em
ployees (9).
Mordant-wheel man places skins into a hollow wooden wheel containing a mordant
solution and mills them around after they have been tanned and sanded.
This chemical solution neutralizes activity of and sets chrome tan in fibers
of skin. Removes skins after operation. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Mosser, split leather (0), uses brush or other hand implement to apply a gelatin
substance to surface of splits which are intended for inner soles. This
material causes leather to “ sponge up.” Classified as: Finishers or season
ers, hand (6).
Motor oiler. (See Oiler, maintenance.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Moveman, leather finishing. (See Floorman, general, finishing.) Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
E
Nailery hidest rocker sticksy uses hammer and tacks to fasten hides to rocker
sticks and places these sticks on rocker frames in bark-tanning pits. Also
pulls them out of these pits, after tanning, and removes them from sticks.
Classified as: Haulers (3).
Nowak brushing-machine operator (0 ) operates leather-brushing machine known as
a “ Nowak” . See also Brushing-machine operator (0 ). Classified as:
Brushing-machine operators (6).
Nubuck leather sorter (0) separates crust leather into groups according to grade
and quality and picks out sides which are best suited to be made into imita
tion white buckskin leather, known as “ nubuck.” Classified as: Sorters,
blue and crust (6).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
83
Offal baler. (See Scrap-leather baler.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
Oil and dope mixer (P ) mixes necessary chemicals, oil, etc., to make various
patent-leather dope solutions in accordance with prescribed formulas, and
cooks them to proper consistency to be used in making patent leather.
Classified as: Oil and dope mixers (5).
Oil-drum operator (S & B). (See Oiler, leather wheeling (S & B).) Classified as:
Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Oil-mixing-machine operator runs colloidal machine which blends oil and other
materials so that it may properly be taken up by leather. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Oil sprayer, leather (S & B). (See Sprayer, leather, before rolling (S & B).)
Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Oil-wheel doper (S & B). (See Oiler, leather wheeling (S & B).) Classified as:
Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Oil-wheel laborer. (See Oil-wheel operators1helper.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (7).
Oil-wheel operator (S & B). (See Oiler, leather wheeling (S & B).) Classified
as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Oil-wheel operator’s helper (S & B) assists oil-wheel operator in loading sides of
leather into oil wheel and after oiling “ horses” them up. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Oiled-leather hanger, drying (S & B). (See Dry-loft man (S & B). Classified
as: Dry-loft men (4).
Oiler, leather wheeling (S & B), loads sole or belt leather into large revolving wheel
containing specially prepared oil for purpose of restoring some of oil which
was lost in beam and tan house. Closes trap and operates wheel for speci
fied length of time, then opens trap and dumps leather out, opens leather up
and places it on “ horse” for setting-out machine. Oiling operation is some
times repeated for second time. Oilers may be assisted by laborers. Classi
fied as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Oiler, maintenance, keeps oil and grease cups on motors, machines, pulleys, shaft
ing, etc., throughout plant filled with lubricants. Classified as: Other em
ployees (9).
Oiler-off, hand, uses sponge to apply coating of oil to grain side of leather to pre
vent leather from cracking when it is put through drier. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Oiler-off, machine. (See Oiling-off machine operator (0 ).) Classified as:
Oiling-off machine operators (6).
Oiling-compound mixer (S & B) mixes necessary chemicals, oils, etc., to make
various oiling compounds used for leather. Uses prescribed formulas for
this purpose. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Oiling-drum operator, leather (0). (See Fat liquorer, leather (0 ).) Classified as:
Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
Oiling-off machine operator (0) feeds leather into oiling machine where roller or
brush applies oil to its grain side to prevent cracking when put through drier.
Is assisted by backer who takes leather off at rear of machine. Classified
as: Oiling-off machine operators (6).
Oiling-off machine operator’s helper (0). (See Backer, oiling-off machine (O).)
Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Oiling-wheel foreman, working, supervises work about oil drums or wheel used in
finishing leather. Also helps prepare oiling solution. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Opener-up, hides. (See Hide opener.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Outside foreman, working, supervises work done about plant by roustabout gang
and also works with them. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Pack changer, hides. (See Pack hoister, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Pack hoister, hides, works about lay-away or other tanning vats operating reels
or cranes to lower packs of hides, sides, bellies, bends, etc., into vats; hoists
them out, helps turn them, and finally lowers packs again into vats. Classi
fied as: Haulers (3).
Pack hoister, leather (S & B). (See Hoister, pack, leather (S & B).) Classified
as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Pack hoister’s helper, hides, assists pack hoister to raise packs of hides, sides, etc.,
from tanning vats. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Pack lifter, hides. (See Pack hoister, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Pack puller, hides. (See Pack hoister, hides.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
84
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Pack weigher, hides, weighs in hide house packs of hides after they have been
counted and trimmed. These weights are later used by mixers as guides in
preparing exact quantities of tanning solutions. Classified as: Other
employees (1).
Packer, leather, ties up crops and bends, packs light leather in cases or bundles,
and bales bellies and shoulders, in accordance with orders and loads them for
shipment. Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Paddle loader. (See Lime-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Paddle-wheel repairer makes repairs on wooden paddles and drums used in beam
house and tan house. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Paddle-wheel man. (See Lime-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Painter uses hand brush or spray gun to paint building or equipment. Classified
as: Other employees (9).
Parery leather scars (0), uses knife by hand to pare off any scars or rough spots
from finished leather. Classified as: Trimmers (6).
Passer, leather, sorting, sorts leather for quality in final inspection before shipment.
Classified as: Sorters (8).
Pastemaker mixes together necessary chemicals, etc., to prepare paste used for
pasting skins to stretching boards. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Paster, flexible splits (0). (See Paster, leather stretching (0 ).) Classified as:
Tackers, togglers, and pasters (6).
Paster, leather stretching (0), dips leather in a weak paste and spreads it out on a
pasting board, gram side to board. Paster uses dull blade or scraper similar
to that of a hand setter-out, to spread out smoothly and stretch leather to
proper size on board where it dries in this stretched condition. This method
of stretching is generally used only on light-weight leather. Classified as:
Tackers, togglers, and pasters (6).
Pasting-board repairer does necessary repair work on pasting boards or plates,
usually taping edges and relacquering surfaces. Classified as: Other employ
ees (9).
Pasting-board sander. (See Sander, pasting boards.) Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Pasting-board washer uses brush or rag with water to remove paste from pasting
boards after finished skins have been stripped from them. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Pasting foreman, working, supervises pasting of leather to stretching boards; in
spects work of pasters and also does some productive work. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Pasting-plate repairer. (See Pasting-board repairer.) Classified as: Other
employees (9).
Patcher, leather cementing, cements or sews on patches to mend holes in leather
before seasoning or finishing is applied. See also Stitcher, leather repairing.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Patent-leather dope mixer. (See Oil and dope mixer (P ).) Classified as: Oil and
dope mixers (5).
Percher, machine (0). (See Staker, machine (0 ).) Classified as: Stakers,
machine (6).
Picker-up, leather, oil wheel. (See Horser-up, leather.) Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (7).
Pickle-house foreman, working, supervises work in pickle house where pickled
skins are examined, counted, and made up into packs. May also have
charge of degreasing of skins and general preparation of pickled skins for tan
house. Also performs some productive work. Classified as: Other employ
ees (1).
Pickle-house lumper is a roustabout in pickle house or department where pickled
skins are received at plant, sorted, made up into packs, and degreased. See
also Laborer, hide house. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Pickle-miU man. (See Pickle-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Pickle-solution maker mixes correct proportions of various chemicals with water as
shown by prescribed formula. This solution is used in vats in beam house or
tan house to preserve hides or skins for short periods of time. Classified as:
Other employees (2).
Pickle sorter, skins, sorts skins after they have been taken from pickle vats, and
grades them as to their suitability for chrome or vegetable tanning. Classi
fiedas: Other employees (2).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
85
Pickle-vat man places hides or skins in pickle vats and pulls them out at required
time. These vats are used to prepare them for tanning as well as to preserve
them for several weeks should there be a delay in starting tanning. This
operation may be final one in beam house or first one in tan house, depending
on arrangement of plant. See also Pickle-wheel man. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Pickle-vat puller uses long pole with hook on one end to pull hides or skins from
pickle vats in beam house or tan house and piles them on truck to drain.
Classified as: Haulers (2).
Pickle-wheel man tends pickle vat in beam house or tan house, which is equipped
with revolving paddle wheel, the operation of which causes skins to circulate
in solution. Operator starts and stops paddle wheel as required and uses
pole with hook on one end to pull skins out of vat. See also Pickle-vat man.
Classified as: Haulers (2).
Piecer, hides or skins. (See Trimmer, hides or skins.) Classified as: Trimmers (2).
Pigment grinder operates machine which grinds pigments used in making season
ing for leather-finishing processes. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Pigment grinder’s helper assists pigment grinder in work of grinding materials
used in finishing leather. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Pigment-leather finisher, hand (0). (See Finisher, leather, hand (0 ).) Classified
as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Pigment mixer (0 ). (See Seasoning mixer (0 ); also Color mixer (0 ).) Classified
as: Color, fat-liquor, and seasoning mixers (6).
Piler, fleshings, lime curing. (See Limer, fleshings.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Piler, for machine operator, piles hides or skins near machine where fleshing,
splitting, unhairing, or other similar work is done in beam house, so that
operator or feeder can easily reach them. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Pinner, hides, uses short pieces of rope or metal clamps to tie hides end to end
in rope form in hide house, to facilitate their transfer from one soaking vat
to another when they reach beam-house processes. See also Toggler, hides.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Pipe fitter cuts and fits new pipe where needed. Repairs and maintains steaming,
drying, and draining systems. Also may look after sanitary plumbing about
plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Pit tanner. (See Lay-away yard vat man; also Rocker-yard vat man.) Classified
as: Haulers (3).
Placer, leather, spraying booth (0), assists sprayer by placing light leather on verti
cal screen in spray booth and taking it off after spraying. Leather is held
in place on screen by suction device while it is being sprayed. Classified as:
Machine helpers (6).
Plain-water pool soaker places skins, after removal from soaking wheel vats, in
vats of plain water in beam house, where they are permitted to soak for 48
hours. This is done to soften and plump them for fleshing. Classified as:
Haulers (2).
Plate repairer. (See Pasting-board repairer.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Plating-machine feeder, leather (0), stands at front of machine and places leather
between ironing plates of machine, taking care to lay leather out flat.
Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Plating-press operator, leather (0), spreads leather out evenly on bed of press,
then operates levers which force it up against heated plate or press and
leaves it against plate for a few seconds, thus pressing its surface smooth.
This is just another form of ironing or finishing surface of leather. Classified
as: Embossing or plating-press operators (6).
Plumber cuts and fits pipe where needed in maintenance of sanitary plumbing
of plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Plunger, air, lime vats. (See Lime-solution man.) Classified as: Other em
ployees (2).
Plusher, leather buffing (0), operates buffing device with a plush-covered wheel
which gives a fine nap to leather for a suede finish. Classified as: Buffingwheel operators (6).
Polishing-wheel operator runs polishing wheel about 2 feet wide covered with
sheepskin. Holds glazed leather against this revolving wheel, thus giving its
surface a polish. This operation is used only on special lots. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Pourer, leather (S & B). (See Leather pourer (S & B).) Classified as:
Spongers and stuffers (4).
86
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Powderer, white leather (0). (See Chalker, white leather (0 ).) Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Preparer, lime paddles. (See Lime wheelman.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Presser, finished leather (S & B), places finished leather in hydraulic press to give
leather a hard finish. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Pressman, degreasing. (See Degreasing-press operator.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Pressman, sheepskins. (See Degreasing-press operator.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Pressman, tan house, operates one of several types of power presses used to expel
excess tanning liquor from hides or skins. See also Hydraulic-press opera
tor, tan house; Roll-press operator, tan house; also Screw-press operator,
tan house. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Puering-house worker. (See Puering-vat tender.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Puering-vat foreman, working, has charge of work about puering vats in beam
house; also assists haulers in productive work. Classified as: Other em
ployees (2).
Puering-vat tender loads skins into puering vats in beam house and pulls them out
after this process. Also prepares puering solution, which opens pores of
skins and loosens fine hair left by unhairing machines and prepares skins for
slating or scudding machines. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Puller, bleach sticks, removes by hand bleaching sticks from between hides after
bleaching and before they are sent to next process. Classified as: Other
employees (3).
Puller, hides or skins, beam house, pulls hides or skins out of last liming vat in
beam house, cuts off or removes toggles, and delivers them to unhairing
machine. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Puller, hides or skins, tan house, pulls hides or skins from tanning vats or wheels
after tanning process and places them on a “ horse. ” Classified as: Haulers (3).
Puller, lime vat. (See Puller, hides or skins, beam house.) Classified as:
Haulers (2).
Puller, puering vat, uses pole with hook on end to pull skins from puering vats
in beam house after puering. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Puller, splits, hauls or pulls “ splits” from one pit or vat and places them in another
n tan house. See also Rocker-yard man; and Lay-away yard vat man.
Classified as: Haulers (3).
Puller-off, leather, toggle frames (0 ). (See Stripper, leather (O).) Classified as:
Tackers, togglers, and pasters (6).
Puller-up, skins, uses pole with hook on one end to remove loose skins from various
beam-house pools or vats. As skins are not usually tied together in rope
form, they have to be removed singly from vats. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Pumicer, leather (P ), uses pumice stone to rub down and smooth surface of patent
leather after baking of first coat of dope; after pumice rub, dauber may
apply another coat of dope and again place leather in ovens to bake.
Classified as: Pumicers (5).
Pump repairer makes any necessary repairs on pumping machinery and keeps it
in good operating condition. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Pumper, lime solution, operates pump which forces liming solution into liming
vats of beam house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Pumpman, pressure, operates pump which supplies pressure to hydraulic degreas
ing press in beam house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Punching-machine operator (S & B) places butt end of each crop under punching
device of machine which punches three small holes, one at either outside
edge and another in center of butt end of pieces of leather which are to be
used for soles and belting. These holes are for purpose of hanging leather
for drying at various stages in finishing processes. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Putter-out, hand (0). (See Setter-out, hand (0).) Classified as: Setters-out,
hand (6).
Putter-out, machine (0). (See Setter-out, machine (0 ).) Classified as: Settersout, machine (6).
Puiter-upy shipments. (See Packer, leather.) Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Putting-out machine repairer keeps putting-out or setting-out machines in proper
running order and does any repair work on them. Classified as: Machine
fixers (9).
Quira-press operator feeds wet leather between rolls of wringing or drying mangle
which force excess tanning liquid out of it. Classified as: Other employees (7).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
87
Rawhide trimmer. (See Trimmer, hides or skins.) Classified as: Trimmers (2).
Receiving clerk weighs all incoming hides, skins, or supplies and checks them
against invoices. Classified as: Other employees (1).
Reclaimer, tanning liquor. (See Evaporator, tanning liquor.) Classified as:
Liquormen (3).
Reed tender, seasoning room. (See Drying-reed tender.) Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (7).
Reeler, hides, operates mechanical reel used in transferring hides from one vat to
another in beam house. Reel travels back and forth over vats. One end
of hide pack, which has previously been tied in rope form, is pulled over
cylinder of reel, which is then set in motion and pack thus reeled out of one
vat into next one. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Refine-hairing beamster, hand. (See Fine-hairing beamster, hand.) Classified
as: Beamsters or scudders, hand (2).
Refieshing-machine operator puts hides or skins through fleshing machine for
second and final fleshing. This follows liming process in beam house.
See also Fleshing-machine operator, hides or skins. Classified as: Fleshingmachine operators (2).
Reglazer, leather (0), puts second glazing or finish on leather. See also Glazingmachine operator (O). Classified as: Glazing-machine operators (6).
Repair foreman, working, supervises machine and general repair work, and also
works with repairmen. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Repairer, leather. (See Stitcher, leather repairing; also Patcher, leather cement
ing.) Classified as: Other employees (7).
Repairer, machines, general. (See Machine fixer, general.) Classified as:
Machine fixers (9).
Repairer, paddle wheels. (See Paddle wheel repairer.) Classified as: Other
employees (9).
Resetter-out (S & B). Not all plants reset leather, nor do they reset it at the
same stage of finishing or for the same purpose. Some plants reset leather
after a first or wet rolling, others after a second filling or stuffing, others
after drying to give it a hard finish, etc. See also Setting-out machine operator
(S & B). Classified as: Wringing and setting-out machine operators (4).
Re-sorter, leather, after buffing (0), re-sorts leather according to grade after buffing.
Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Retanning millman. (See Retanning-wheelman.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Retanning-vat man hangs split hides or skins on poles or rods extending across
top of tanning vat, starts pumps which carry tanning solution into vats,
where hides remain until fully tanned. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Retanning-wheel man places split hides or skins, which have been partially tanned
before splitting, into a vat having a large revolving wheel at the top. This
wheel causing them to circulate in vat. Retanning requires from 12 to 72
hours, depending on thickness of split or process used. Tanning is speeded
up considerably by splitting and then retanning. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Rinsing-pool man removes hides or skins from tempering vats and puts them into
vats of plain water where they are rocked for a few hours to rinse. May also
lay away or dip them in vats of plain water after bark tanning to remove
sediment. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Ripper, hides. (See Splitter, hides into sides.) Classified as: Other employees (2).
Rocker, leather. (See Horser-up, leather.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Rocker man, tanning. (See Rocker-yard vat man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Rocker-vat foreman, working, has charge of rocker or first tanning vats. Deter
mines when leather has been sufficiently tanned to be transferred to lay-away
vats. Also performs some productive work. Classified as: Other employ
ees (3).
Rocker-vat worker. (See Rocker-yard vat man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Rocker-yard vat man works about the first set of tanning vats known as “ rocker
vats.” Places on racks hides or sides as they come from beam house.
These racks are placed on rockers in vats. They rock back and forth in
vats and are thus distinguished from “ lay-away vats.” When properly
tanned, hides are pulled out of vats and placed in press which forces out
tanning liquor. A crane is used to lower racks into vat and to pull them out.
Classified as: Haulers (3).
Roll-press operator, tan house, feeds hides or skins between rolls or mangle of a
special press to expel excess tanning liquor. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Roller, leather, for tropical shipping (0), rolls in special manner, leather intended
for tropics, then packs it between layers o f cotton which prevent it from
sticking together. Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (6).
88
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Roller, retanned leather (0), rolls leather after retanning. See also Stone-jack
operator, leather rolling (O). Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (6).
Rolling foreman, working (S & B), supervises work of rolling of crops, bends,
bellies, and shoulders used for soles or belting; inspects completed work and
performs some productive duties. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Rolling-machine operator (0) operates machine which smooths out and removes
wrinkles from pieces of leather. See also Rolling-machine operator (S & B ).
Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (6).
Rolling-machine operator (S & B) places side or other piece of leather over narrow
horizontal table of machine and as traveling arm with idle roll attached starts
on its return movement over the table, operator presses foot pedal thus raising
table and forcing leather up against idler roll, causing it to be ironed out or
rolled under pressure. The entire piece is gone over and rolled in this man
ner. Purpose of rolling is to iron out wrinkles and make leather more com
pact. It is both wet rolled and dry rolled. Classified as: Rolling-machine
operators (4).
Rope sorter. (See Salvager, waste rope.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Roustabout does miscellaneous common labor about yard of plant. See also Yard
man. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Russet-leather sorter (0). (See Sorter, leather, for russet finish (0 ).) Classified
as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Russet-sorting foreman, working, supervises work in russet-leather sorting room;
also works with sorters to determine what finish leather will best take.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Salvager, waste rope, sorts out usable pieces of rope salvaged from receiving depart
ment and warehouse, puts it in bundles and sends it to shipping department
for use there. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Sammy man, leather finishing (0). (See Sawduster, leather (O).) Classified as:
Dampeners or sawdusters (6).
Sander, fine hair. (See Fine hairer, hand sanding.) Classified as: Other em
ployees (7).
Sander, leather (0), holds by hand flesh side of leather, after it has been embossed,
up against large sanding or buffing cylinder. Sanding serves same purpose
as buffing. On embossed leather, it also helps soften it. Classified as:
Buffing-wheel operators (6).
Sander, pasting boards, uses sandpaper by hand on surface of pasting boards to
remove rough spots and give them a smooth and even surface. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Sanding-wheel man places skins into a hollow wooden-sanding wheel containing
pumice stone or sand and mills them around to remove grease and oil from
them in preparation for tanning. Skins are sanded before and after pressing.
Classified as: Other employees (3).
Sawduster, leather (0), dips oiled leather, after it has been dried, in water, then
lays it in bins and covers it with sawdust. This process serves to soften
leather and prepares it for first process of wet staking. Classified as: Damp
eners or sawdusters (6).
Scaleman, beam house, weighs packs or lots of hides or skins and maintains a
record of these weights in beam house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Scaleman, hide house. (See Hide weigher; also Pack weigher, hides.) Classified
as: Other employees (1).
Scar shaver uses special knife by hand to shave scars from leather. Classified
as: Other employees (7).
Scourer, leather (S & B ). (See Scrubbing-machine operator (S & B ).) Classified
as: Bleachers (4).
Scrap-leather baler piles scrap leather collected about plant into baling machine,
presses it into compact bundle and fastens wires around it to hold it to
gether for shipment. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
Screen toggler (0). (See Toggler, leather (O).) Classified as: Tackers, togglers,
and pasters (6).
Screw-press operator, tan house, operates power press, screw type, used to force
out or expel excess tanning liquor from hides or skins after tanning. Used
only on heavy leather. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Scrub-house foreman, working (S & B), supervises various operations in scrub
house where sole or belting leather scrubbing, bleaching, wringing, settingout, extracting, tempering, and oiling is done. Also inspects leather at
different stages and performs some productive duties. Classified as:
Other employees (7).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
89
Scrubber, floors, washes floors in plant either by hand, using a brush, mop, and
water, or a machine with a rotating device which causes brushes to move in a
circular motion, thus cleaning floor. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Scrubbing-machine operator (0) feeds light-weight leather which has been removed
from pasting boards into washing machine equipped with two sets of stiff
cylinder-shaped brushes which rub against sides of leather as they pass
through machine where water is constantly flowing on it, thus washing off
paste. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Scrubbing-machine operator (S & B) feeds newly tanned leather, suitable for soles
and belts, into machine equipped with series of revolving bristle brushes which
scrub and remove sediment from surface of leather as it passes through.
Water is automatically sprayed ahead of brushes, thus wetting leather and
assisting in removing loosened sediment. See also Scrubbing-wringer
operator (S & B ). Classified as: Bleachers (4).
Scrubbing-wringer operator (S & B) feeds newly tanned leather, suitable for soles
and belts, into wringing machine, after it has been dipped in clear water to
clean and remove sediment from it. Some machines have a spray attach
ment which washes leather as it is being “ wrung.” Operator may also use a
hand brush to scrub leather as it is being fed into wringing machine. (See
also Scrubbing-machine operator (S & B ). Classified as: Bleachers (4).
Scudder, hand, works in beam house at a rounded or oval-shaped table which
slopes downward away from him. Hide or skin is placed over table and held
in position by scudder who leans his body against upper end of table. Scud
der uses dull edge of long double-edged beaming knife to scrape fine hair and
dirt from grain side, and with sharp edge of knife trims off flesh left by flesh
ing machine. In some plants trims whole hide or skin. Classified as:
Beamsters or scudders, hand (2).
Scudder, machine, throws each hide or skin over concave bed of machine, presses
foot lever causing this bed to rise and to force hide or skin up against surface
of a revolving cylinder unevenly set with thick dull blades which remove all
fine hair and dirt from it. This is a beam-house operation. Classified as:
Beamsters or scudders, machine (2).
Scudding inspector. {See Inspector, beaming or scudding.) Classified as:
Other employees (2).
Scudding-machine operator. (See Scudder, machine.) Classified as: Beamsters
or scudders, machine (2).
Seasoned-leather drier (0). (See Tunnel drier, leather (O).) Classified as:
Driers (6).
Seasoner, leathery hand (0 ), dips brush or other device into seasoning solution and
applies it to grain side of leather. After drying, application is repeated as
many times as necessary. See also Finisher, leather, hand (O). Classified
as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Seasoner, leather, machine (0), operates machine which applies by means of
mechanical brushes seasoning compounds to grain side of leather as it is
carried in between feed rolls. Operator may work at front of machine, feed
ing in leather; is responsible for proper adjustment of feeder rolls and sea
soning brushes and keeps tray filled with seasoning compounds. Classified
as: Finishers or seasoners, machine (6).
Seasoning helper performs general work around seasoning room. (See also Bucket
carrier, for seasoning mixer. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Seasoning inspector examines seasoned or finished leather to make sure that it has
been properly finished. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Seasoning-machine operator (0 ). (See Seasoner, leather, machine (0 ).) Classified
as: Finishers or seasoners, machine (6).
Seasoning mixer (0) prepares liquors used in seasoning or finishing of leather,
other than sole and belting or patent. Classified as: Color, fat-liquor, and
seasoning mixers (6).
Seasoning mixer (S & B) mixes various chemicals to prepare seasoning or stuffing
solutions used in finishing processes on sole and belting leather. (See also
Dope mixer (S & B). Classified as: Other employees (7).
Second-class carpenter does rough carpentry repair work in and about plant.
Classified as: Other employees (9).
Second filling-wheel operator (S & B). (See Filling-wheel operator (S & B).)
Classified as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Second soaker, hides, places hides, after they have been given a first or green
fleshing, in vats of water in beam house where they remain for 24 hours for
purpose of softening them. Classified as: Haulers (2).
90
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Second wet roller (S & B) operates rolling machine to roll leather second time
after resetting, which follows first wet rolling. See also Rolling-machine
operator (S & B). Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (4).
Selector, hides or skins, does both sorting and counting of hides or skins in hide
house. See also Sorter, hides or skins; and Counter, hides or skins. Clas
sified as: Sorters and counters (1).
Semifinal leather sorter (0) sorts leather after tanning and before coloring accord
ing to grade and quality, and determines finish it will take best. Classified
as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Setter-out, hand (0), uses a dull-bladed slicker tool by hand to press against and
stretch skin which is placed on a sloping worktable. Every part of skin is
gone over in this manner, thus setting it out and stretching i£. Only light
weight skins are set out by hand. Classified as: Setters-out, hand (6).
Setter-out, machine (0), operates any one of several types of setting-out machines.
See also Setting-out machine operator (O); Setting-out machine operator,
serial table (0 ); and Shanking-machine operator, setting-out (0 ). Classi
fied as: Setters-out, machine (6).
Setting-out-machine operator (0) places leather in machine, starts and stops it,
and removes leather after setting. Machine is equipped with revolving
cylinder covered with dull spiral blades which stretch leather, and small
mangle or backer rolls which press leather up against blades of setting-out
roll. Machine used for setting heavy leather differs greatly from that used
for light-weight skins. Classified as: Setters-out, machine (6).
Setting-out-machine operator (S & B). (See Setting-out machine operator (O).)
Classified as: Wringing and setting-out machine operators (4).
Setting-out-machine operator, serial table (0), operates a setting-out machine
known as “ serial table” , which consists of a series of flat boards or tables
which pass between setting rolls. Operator throws leather in position over
top of table where it is set out as table passes between setting-out rolls.
See also Setting-out machine operator (0 ). Classified as: Setters-out,
machine (6).
Shader, skins (0). (See Sorter, blue leather (0).) Classified as: Sorters, blue
and crust (6).
Shanker, hand, setting-out (0), uses bare hands to stretch shanks to proper length
after skins are removed from setting-out machine. Classified as: Settersout, hand (6).
Shanking-machine operator, fleshing, operates small fleshing machine in beam
house on which shanks of skins are fleshed before skin proper is fleshed.
See also Fleshing-machine operator, hides or skins. Classified as: Fleshingmachine operators (2).
Shanking-machine operator, setting-out (0), operates a small setting-out machine
which is used to reset shanks after skins go through setting-out machine.
Operator feeds shanks into machine where setting-out rolls stretch and set
them out. Classified as: Setters-out, machine (6).
Shaver, hand (S & B). (See Buffer, leather, hand (S & B).) Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Shaving inspector examines leather after shaving to determine if work has been
properly done. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Shaving-machine operator (0) operates machine consisting of a live cylinder cov
ered with sharp spiral knives; carefully regulates pressure on backing rolls
which hold flesh side of leather up against knives of this revolving cylinder,
thus shaving off surplus leather and reducing it to uniform thickness. Clas
sified as: Shaving-machine operators (6).
Shavings baler. (See Scrap-leather baler.) Classified as: Laborers and truck
ers (8).
Sheridan-press operator, leather (0), runs plating press named after its inventor.
See also Plating-press operator, leather (0 ). Classified as: Embossing or
plating-press operators (6).
Shipper supervises making up of orders of leather, getting out packed stock,
marking and loading it for shipment, and maintains records of same. Clas
sified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Shipper’s assistant assists shipper, putting up leather orders and trucking them
to loading platforms for shipment. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
Shipping checker. (See Checker, shipments.) Classified as: Packers and ship
pers (8).
Shipping clerk supervises work of preparing orders of leather for shipments.
Sees that orders are properly filled and shipped and assists in this work.
Classified as: Other employees (8).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS
91
Shop machinist. (See Machinist.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Shoulder baler. (See Belly baler.) Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Side dyer, leather (0). (See Colorer, leather (0 ).) Classified as: Colorers and
fat liquorers (6).
Side-glazing-machine operator (O) runs a glazing machine which has a horizontal
table instead of the more common type of sloping table. Operator also
stands or sits at side of machine instead of at front. See also Glazingmachine operator (O). Classified as: Glazing-machine operators (6).
Skin washer. (See Scrubbing-machine operator (O ); also Washer, skins, hand.)
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Slating-machine operator operates machine in beam house similar to a scudding
machine, except that it is of smaller size and slats are used in lieu of blades
as a means of removing fine hair from hides or skins. See also Scudder,
machine. Classified as: Beamsters or scudders, machine (2).
Slicker, leather (P). (See Dauber, leather (P). Classified as: Daubers (5).
Slicker, leather (S & B). (See Sponger, leather and stuffers (4).
Slicker, leather (S & B). (See Sponger, leather (S & B ); also Stuffer, leather
(S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Slicker, seasoning, after machine (0). (See Streaker-off, hand (O).) Classified as:
Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Slickering beamster uses dull slickering knife to scrape dirt, etc., from hides or
skins in beam house. See also Scudder, hand. Classified as: Beamsters or
scudders, hand (2).
Slickering buffer (S & B). (See Buffer, leather, hand (S & B).) Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Smooth plater, leather (0). (See Plating-press operator, leather (0 ).) Classified
as: Embossing or plating-press operators (6).
Smutter, leather (P ), uses a hand brush to sprinkle a thin dark smutting fluid over
grain side of leather, after it has been japanned and embossed; then spreads
this liquid with a rag, and allows it to dry. This is the first step in Spanishing
of leather, a 2-tone effect. Classified as: Daubers (5).
Smutting-room foreman, working (P ), supervises work in room where smut is
applied to patent leather; prepares necessary solutions and also helps in
leather smutting. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Snipper, leather edges, hand (0). (See Trimmer, leather, hand (O).) Classified
as: Trimmers (6).
Snuffer, leather (O), operates buffing wheel to remove very thin layer from grain
side of leather to get a smoother surface and permit a better finish. Also
may use buffing device on flesh side to smooth it. Classified as: Buffingwheel operators (6).
Snuffer, leather ( P) } operates a felted buffing wheel to buff flesh side of leather.
This wheel brushes off small particles of flesh and lays all fibers in same
direction; may use buffing wheel on grain side of leather to smooth and give
it a better finish before patent solution is applied. Classified as: Buffingwheel operators (5).
Soaked-fleshing machine operator. (See Green-fleshing machine operator.)
Classified as: Fleshing-machine operators (2).
Soaking boss, bating, has charge of bating in beam house; also helps load and
unload bating vats. May also prepare bating solution. Classified as:
Other employees (2).
Soaking-vat hauler. (See Soaking-vat man.) Classified as: Haulers (2\.
Soaking-vat man places in soaking vats in beam house packs of hides which have
already been tied together in rope form. Hides are left in these vats for one
or two days to clean and soften them and to prepare them for liming and
unhairing processes. After soaking, hides are either reeled out on floor and
delivered to fleshing machines for a “ green” fleshing, or reeled into adjoining
liming vats. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Soaking-wheel man loads skins into beam house vats equipped with revolving
wheel or paddle which when in motion causes skins to circulate in water.
They are usually soaked one or two days to soften them. After soaking
skins are pulled out and later placed in lime vats. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Softener, hides or skins. (See Wet-milling-wheel operator.) Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Softener, leather. (See Staker, machine (0 ).) Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
Softener, sheepskins. (See Dry-milling-wheel operator, beam house.) Classified
as: Other employees (3).
92
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Sorter, blue leather (0), sorts hides or skins in blue or wet state after tanning to
determine which colors they will take best in leather finishing and also
separates them into light, medium, and heavy grades. Classified as: Sorters,
blue and crust (6).
Sorter, crust leather (0), selects dry or crust leather according to quality and de
termines finish it will take best. Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Sorter, finished leather, sorts finished leather in accordance with finish^ grade,
snade and weight, using small hand gage for thickness test. Classified as:
Sorters (8).
Sorter, hides or skins, beam house, separates hides or skins in beam house into
groups depending on weight or thickness and possible finish; for example,
light, medium, and heavy, and whether they are suitable for upper leather,
patent leather, soles, etc. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Sorter, hides or skins, hide house, sorts and grades hides or skins in hide house in
accordance with size, weight, and thickness. Quality can be determined only
at a later stage when hair has been removed and they have been partly
finished. In some establishments sorter also counts hides or skins and makes
up packs for beam house. Classified as: Sorters and counters (1).
Sorter, leather (S & B), sorts and grades sides of leather to determine which shall
be finished into sole and which into belt leather. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Sorter, leather, before buffing (0), sorts leather in buffing room according to grade,
before it is buffed. Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Sorter, leather, for patent finish, selects crust leather according to grade and
quality and picks out sides which are best suited for patent-leather finish.
Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Sorter, leather, for russet finish (0), selects dry or crust leather, according to its
quality and fitness for russet finish. Classified as: Sorters, blue and
crust (6).
Sorter, leather, for staker (0), sorts dry or crust leather for stakers, to determine
degree of softness. Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Sorter, leather, quality, separates various kinds of leather into grades depending
on quality. Classified as: Sorters (8).
Sorter, leather, thickness, separates various kinds of leather according to thick
ness, using small hand gage to sort it. Classified as: Sorters (8).
Sorter, leather, weight. (See Hefter, sorting.) Classified as: Sorters (8).
Sorter, rawhides. (See Sorter, hides or skins, hide house.) Classified as: Sorters
and counters (1).
Sorter, rough leather (0). (See Sorter, crust leather (O).) Classified as: Sorters,
blue and crust (6).
Sorter, sides, separates sides in beam house into grades of light, medium, and
heavy, to determine whether they are suitable for patent leather, uppers,
soles, etc. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Sorter, splits, crust leather (0). (See Split sorter, crust leather (O).) Classified
as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Sorter, splits, finished leather. (See Split sorter, finished leather.) Classified as:
Sorters (8).
Sorter, upper leather. (See Upper-leather sorter.) Classified as: Sorters (8).
Sorter’s helper, leather, handles leather for various sorters, delivering it to them
and taking it away after sorting. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (8).
Sorting foreman, hides or skins, working, supervises work of sorting hides or
skins in beam house, and also performs some productive work. Classified
as: Other employees (2).
Sorting foreman, leather, working, supervises work of blue-leather sorting. Also
helps in this sorting which determines what color leather will best take.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Sour-process dipper (S & B) takes sides of sole and belt leather after they have
been oiled and dried, and dips them into vat containing a heated solution
of sugar and salt (sou? dip), then piles them away where they are allowed
to stand for a short time before next process. Sour dipping softens leather
and restores its color. Classified as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Sour-process dipper’s helper (S & B) assists sour dipper place sides of leather in
sour-dip vat and remove them after this process. Also trucks leather to
and from vat. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Spanish-finish foreman, working (P), supervises work of Spanish finishing of
patent leather; prepares solvents and also performs some productive work.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
93
Spanish finisher (P) applies solvent with brush by hand to surface of smutted
embossed leather after smutting fluid has dried. Then with a rag rubs
off smut from high spots of embossed leather, thus giving it a 2-tone effect,
high spots being lighter colored than lower spots. Classified as: Daubers (5).
Spencer graining-machine operator, leather (0), runs leather-graining machine
known as the “ Spencer” , after its inventor. See also Grainer, leather,
machine (O). Classified as: Boarders or grainers, machine (6).
Split inspector examines split leather to determine finish it will take best. Classi
fied as: Other employees (7).
Split seasoner, hand (0), hand seasons splits. See also Finisher, leather, hand (O );
also Mosser, split leather (O). Classified as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Split sorter, crust leather (0), separates crust-leather splits into grades according
to size and weight. Classified as: Sorters, blue and crust (6).
Split sorter, finished leather, sorts finished split leather according to grade and
weight. Classified as: Sorters (8).
Split trimmer, blue (0), trims splits in blue or wet state. See also Trimmer,
leather, hand (0 ). Classified as: Trimmers (6).
Splitter, hides into sides, throws hide over special “ horse” or frame and lines
up back or spine of hide with rail at top of this horse. A groove along
length of rail serves as guide for splitter's knife, which is used by hand in
cutting hide into two sides. Splitting of hides may be done in hide house,
beam house, or finally in tan house. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Splitter, hides, out of lime. (See Splitting-machine operator, hides.) Classified
as: Splitting-machine operators (2).
Splitter, hides, thickness. (See Splitting-machine operator, hides.) Classified as:
Splitting-machine operators (2).
Splitter, leather, thickness. (See Splitting-machine operator, leather (0 ); also
Splitter, leather, Union machine (O).) Classified as: Splitting-machine
operators (6).
Splitter, leather, Union machine (0), operates old-type leather-splitting machine
known as “ Union” , which can be adjusted to make very thin splits. Opera
tor places skin, flesh side over knife, and clamps it in place with block
device. That part of skin ahead of the knife is then rolled around revolving
shaft. As forepart of skin winds around this shaft, it pulls remainder of
skin over knife which splits to desired thickness that portion of skin back
of the knife. The entire skin is gone over in this manner. It is a slow and
costly method and generally used only on high-grade leather. Classified
as: Splitting-machine operators (6).
Splitting foreman, hides, working, supervises work of splitting hides or skins in
beam house, when they are split “ out of lime.” May help adjust and
operate machine and checks up on thickness of splits. Classified as: Other
employees (2).
Splitting foreman, leather, working, supervises work in leather-splitting room and
also examines splits and may help on machines. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Splitting-machine adjuster adjusts knives of splitting machines for operation by
others. Also repairs these machines. Classified as: Machine fixers (9).
Splitting-machine feeder, hides, spreads hides or skins out evenly in beam house
and feeds them into splitting machine where rollers arranged similar to
laundry wringer carry them to long band splitting knife operating near
these rollers. Classified as: Machine helpers (2).
Splitting-machine feeder, leather (0), stands at front of machine, lays leather out
evenly on table and makes sure that it is feeding into rolls properly. Classi
fied as: Machine helpers (6).
Splitting-machine operator, hides, works at back of machine which splits hides
into two thicknesses, grain side and flesh side; receives these split parts of
hide as they come out and piles them on trucks, or helper may do this
work. Splitter examines thickness of hides and is responsible for proper
adjustment of machine at all times. In beam house this work is known
as splitting “ out of lime.” Machine consists of rollers which carry hides
through in a similar manner to a laundry wringer, with a belt-like knife
rotating parallel to and just ahead of these rollers. Classified as: Splittingmachine operators (2).
Splitting-machine operator, leather (0), works at back of machine, adjusting it
and checking up on thickness of leather splits, using a micrometer to gage
thickness of various splits. First layer is usually extremely thin and is
called a “ buff” , second, third and fourth layers are called “ splits” (number
179222°—33------7
94
LEATHER INDUSTRY
varies with thickness of splits and thickness of hides); and final layer is
called a “ slab.” Leather is fed by helper into front of machine, where a
long belt knife revolving horizontally splits it to desired thickness. Opera
tion is repeated until desired number of layers have been split or cut. Is
assisted by helpers who feed leather into machine and take away splits.
Classified as: Splitting-machine operators (6).
Splitting-machine operator, leather (S & B), runs belt-knife splitting machine to
shave off a thin layer from flesh side of sole and belting leather to reduce
it to uniform thickness. See also Splitting-machine operator, leather (O).
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Splitting-machine operator’s helper, leather (0). (See Splitting-machine feeder
leather (0 ); also Splitting-machine puller, leather (O).) Classified as:
Machine helpers (6).
Splitting-machine puller, leather (0), stands at rear of splitting machine, catches
leather as it comes out after being split and piles “ grain cuts” (hair sides)
and “ splits” (flesh sides) in separate piles. Classified as: Machine
helpers (6).
Splitting straw boss, leather, working, works under supervision of leather-splitting
foreman, adjusts splitting machines, and may also operate machine if
necessary. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Sponger, leather (S & B), uses sponge by hand to apply an oil-fat solution to grain
side of pieces of sole or belt leather to prevent it from cracking when it dries
or in rolling or setting-out operations. Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Sponger’s helper, leather (S & £ ), uses truck to deliver crops, bends, bellies,
shoulders, etc., to spongers and takes them away after sponging. Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Spotter, white hair. (See White-hair recoverer.) Classified as: Beamsters or
scudders, hand (2).
Spray-gun leather oiler (S & B). (See Sprayer, leather, before rolling (S & B).)
Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Sprayer, dope (P). (See Doper, leather (P).) Classified as: Daubers (5).
Sprayer, final coat, (P ). (See Final-coat sprayer, (P ).) Classified as: Daubers (5).
Sprayer, leather, after rolling (S & B), uses spray gun to apply a specially prepared
compound to sides or other pieces of leather after rolling, which gives them
a uniform color and when brushed a special finish or luster. Classified as:
Spongers and stuffers (4).
Sprayer, leather, before rolling (S & B), uses spray gun to apply an oil-fat prepara
tion to grain side of sole or belt leather to prevent it from cracking in drier
or in rolling operation. See also Sponger, leather (S & B). Classified as:
Spongers and stuffers (4).
Sprayer, seasoning (0), uses spray gun to spray seasoning or finishing compounds
to grain side of leather. Is assisted by helper who hangs up leather and takes
it down after spraying. Classified as: Finishers or seasoners, machine (6).
Spraying foreman, working, supervises work in leather-spraying room, inspects
finished work and may also do some productive work. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Spreader, hides. (See Toggler, hides.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Staker, hand (0), pulls leather under pressure over dull knife or blade of a short
knee-high staking post to stretch and soften it. Both hands and one knee
are used in this method, which is known as “ knee-staking.” It is an oldfashioned method of staking light leather. Classified as: Stakers, hand (6).
Staker, machine (0), operates staking machine used to stretch and soften fibers
of leather in one of finishing processes. Leather is generally staked wet,
after it has been dipped and covered with sawdust, then dried, and finally
dry-staked. Drv-staking is sometimes known as “ perching.” See also Belly
staker (0 ); and Clamp staker (O). Classified as: Stakers, machine (6).
Staking foreman, working, supervises work of stakers, inspects their work for
accuracy, and also performs some productive duties. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Staking-machine repairer keeps staking machines in proper running order and does
any needed repair work on them. Classified as: Machine fixers (9).
Stamper, hides or skins, beam house. (See Stamper, hides or skins, hide house.)
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Stamper, hides or skins, hide house, uses punching or stamping device to make
impressions of lot number on each hide or skin. These numbers serve to
identify them in all processes throughout plant. This stamping may be
done in hide house, beam house, or tan house, depending on arrangement of
plant. Classified as: Other employees (1).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
95
Stamper, hides or skins, tan house. (See Stamper, hides or skins, hide house.)
Classified as: Other employees (3).
Stamper. leather finishing, uses small stamping machine in finishing department
similar to that used on hides to make impressions of new lot number on special
groups or grades of leather. These numbers serve to identify them in future
finishing processes. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Steam-room drier (0). (See Dry-loft man (0).) Classified as: Drier® (6).
Stenciler, shipments, uses ink pot, brush, and stencil cut-out forms to print on
each case or bundle of leather for shipment the name and address of shipper
as well as to whom consigned. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Still-lime-vat hauler, after preliminary liming and washing in beam house, places
sides in still-vat containing a sulphide solution which dissolves hair, thus
making use of an unhairing machine unnecessary. The term “ still-vat”
means that there are no wheels or paddles to agitate solution. Classified as:
Haulers (2).
Still operator, kerosene reclaiming, regulates temperature and supply valves of
still in beam house used for reclaiming kerosene from degreasing fluid, and
by means of other valves diverts product of distillation to proper containers.
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Still-water soaker places hides or skins into still-water vats of beam house, so
named because there are no paddles or revolving wheels to agitate water
which softens them. Classified as: Haulers (2).
Stitcher, leather repairing, operates sewing machine to stitch patches over small
holes in light-weight leather before patent finish is applied to it. Also sews
small pieces of leather together to make larger piece. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Stock clerk, leather, supervises work of piling leather in various racks according
to grade, finish, etc., maintains record of quantity on hand and that drawn
from stock to fill orders. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Stock setting-out machine operator (S & B). (See Setting-out-machine operator
(S & B).) Classified as: Wringing and setting-out-machine operators (4).
Stocker, rocker vats. (See Eocker-yard vat man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Stone-jack operator, leather rolling (0), places leather on sloping table of machine,
grain side up, holds it in place while it is being rolled and shifts it over table
while arm of stone jack is traveling forward. On backward movement of
arm, cylinder at end of traveling arm is brought to bear on leather, ironing
out wrinkles. Entire piece of leather is ironed in this manner. Generally
only shoulders are ironed first on jack, then entire piece of leather is rolled
on a large flat-bed rolling machine. Classified as: Rolling-machine opera
tors (6).
Stoner, leather (P ). (See Pumicer, leather (P).) Classified as: Pumicers (5).
Storekeeper, supplies, checks incoming stocks of supplies, stores them and later
issues them on orders from various departments; also maintains records of
their distribution. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Straw boss, working, supervises work of common laborers and works with them as
a leader. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Streaker-off, hand (0), uses flat or swab to spread out seasoning compound which
was applied unevenly to grain side of leather by roll or brush of seasoning
or finishing machine. Classified as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Stretcher, belting leather (S & B )f clamps wet sides of leather down onto adjustable
metallic frame, using large wrenches to draw clamps up tightly. When sides
are securely clamped down, frame is lengthened mechanically thus stretching
out sides to proper length. After leather is dried on frames, stretcher
releases clamps and removes it. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Stretcher, leather (0). (See Toggler, leather (0 ); Tacker, leather, boards (0 );
also Paster, leather stretching (0).) Classified as: Tackers, togglers, and
pasters (6).
Stretching-frame pusher pushes stretcher frames to drying room and after stretched
leather has dried on frames, pushes them back to stretching room. Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Striker-out, hand (0). (See Setter-out, hand (0 ).) Classified as: Setters-out,
hand (6).
Striker-out, machine (0). (See Setter-out, machine (0 ).) Classified as: Settersout, machine (6).
Stringer, hides. (See Toggler, hides.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Stripper, bark. (See Bark stripper.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
Stripper, leather (0), removes dried stretched leather from stretching or tacking
boards and toggling frames or from pasting boards, removing toggle clamps
and pulling tacks when necessary. Classified as: Tackers, togglers, and
pasters (6).
Stripper, leather (P ), removes tacks and toggle strings from finished patent leather
and strips it from toggling frames. Classified as: Togglers and tackers (5).
Stuffer, leather (0). (See Fat liquorer, leather (O).) Classified as: Colorers and
fat liquorers (6).
Stuffer, leather (S & B), uses hand brush or sponge to apply a stuffing or filling
solution to grain side of sole leather for building up a hard finish. Classified
as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Stuffing mixer (S & B). (See Dope mixer (S & B).) Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Stuffing-wheel operator loads leather into rotating wheel containing oil solution
used to “ stuff” or oil it, starts and stops machine, and unloads it after pro
cess. This extra oiling of finished leather is done only on some special lots
of side upper leather. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Sueding-wheel operator, leather buffing (0). (See Plusher, leather buffing (O).)
Classified as: Buffing-wheel operators (6).
Sulphide-solution maker uses formula to arrive at correct proportions of various
chemicals in preparation of sulphide solution used in vats in beam house to
loosen hair on hides or skins and may place it into proper wheels or vats.
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Sulphide-tanks foreman, working, supervises work about sulphide tanks in beam
house and is responsible for specific gravity of liquor in tanks. Also performs
some productive work. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Sumac-tanning wheelman operates tanning wheel in which a “ sumac” tanning
solution is used. See also Tanning-wheel man. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Swabber, seasoning, after machine (0). (See Streaker-off, hand (O).) Classified
as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Sweeper uses brush or broom to gather up waste and dirt from floors of plant, and
places it in receptacle for removal. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Table hand, backing, oiling-off machine (O). (See Backer, oiling-off machine
(O).) Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Tack cleaner, after stripping. (See Tack sweeper, after stripping.) Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Tack picker, after stripping, picks up tacks after leather stripping. See also Tack
sweeper, after stripping. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Tack sweeper, after stripping, uses broom or brush to sweep up tacks from floor
of room in which stretched leather skins were stripped from tacking or
stretching boards. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Tacker, leather, boards (0), places wet leather on large stretching or tacking
board, using special pliers to stretch it out to proper size and tacks edges
down to hold it in place. These boards are set aside for leather to dry in
this stretched condition. Classified as: Tackers, togglers, and pasters (6).
Tacker, leather, toggle frames (P ), uses hammer and tacks to fasten light leather
to toggle frames. See also Toggler, leather (P). Classified as: Togglers
and. tackers (5).
Tacking foreman, leather, working, supervises tacking of leather to stretching
frames, inspects work of tackers and may also do some productive work.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Tacking-frame repairer repairs broken or defective tacking frames and may build
new ones as needed. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Taker, leather from buffers, uses truck to convey leather away from buffing wheels,
after this operation. See also Floorman, general, finishing. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (7).
Taker, leather, from oil wheels. (See Floorman, general, finishing.) Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Taker-down, leather drying (S & £ ). (See Dry-loft man (S & V).) Classified
as: Dry-loft men (4).
Taker-off, leather, spraying booth (0). (See Placer, leather* spraying booth (0 ).)
Classified as: Machine helpers (6).
Taker-out, rocker vats, removes hides, skins, or splits from rocker-vat frames after
first tanning. May also hang others on these frames for tanning. See also
Rocker-yard-vat man. Classified as: Haulers (3).
APPENDIX.----OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
97
Tan-fleshing-machine operator puts hides or skins through fleshing machine in
beam house for final fleshing after chrome tanning. See also Fleshingmachine operator, hides or skins. Classified as: Fleshing-machine operors (2).
Tan-yard man. (See Yard man.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Tanning-drum tender. (See Tanning-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Tanning foreman, working, supervises all tanning operations and preparation of
tanning liquors. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Tanning-paddle-wheel tender. (See Tanning-wheel man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Tanning-vat hauler. (See Tumbling-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Tanning-wheel man loads light weight hides or skins into vats having an over
head paddle wheel or into large revolving wheels or drums; sets paddle
wheel or drum in motion and, after hides or skins have been sufficiently
tanned, stops machine and removes them. Hides or skins are then opened
up and placed on “ horses” or stools. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Teamster drives team of horses or mules to haul materials or product about
yard of plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Teamster’s helper assists teamster in loading and unloading materials or prod
uct in yard of plant. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Temperer, vats (S & B), lays away heavy sole or belt leather into vats containing
tannic acid solution and leaves it there for 10 or 12 days. This is final
tanning operation intended to set tan in leather. After tempering, pulls it
out and piles it on trucks for setting-out machines. May use crane or other
device to lower packs into vats and to hoist them out after tempering.
Classified as: Extractors, temperers, and oilers (4).
Thrower down, packs. (See Lay-away yard vat man.) Classified as: Haulers (3).
Tier, heavy stock, for shipment. (See Bundler, shipments.) Classified as: Packers
and shippers (8).
Tier, light stock, for shipment. (See Bundler, shipments.) Classified as: Packers
and shippers (8).
Tier-down, toggles, hides. (See Toggler, hides.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Tier-in, toggles, hides. (See Toggler, hides.) Classified as: Laborers and truck
ers (2).
Toggle cutter. (See Cutter, toggles.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Toggler, hides, punches small holes in corners of hides in beam house and uses
small pieces of rope or metal clamps to fasten them together end to end in
rope form to facilitate their transfer from one soaking vat to another. See
also Pinner, hides. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Toggler, leather (O), spreads out wet leather on large metal frame or screen
covered with heavy wire, using special clamps for securing edges of leather
to screen after it has been stretched. These frames are set aside for leather
to dry in this stretched condition. Classified as: Tackers, togglers, and
pasters (6).
Toggler, leather (P ), ties strings or toggles to edges of leather skins which are to
be finished into patent leather and uses hammer and tacks to fasten strings
to top and bottom of special wooden frame, while side edges are tied or
otherwise secured to sides of frame. In this stretched condition leather is
doped, baked, and finished into patent leather. Classified as: Togglers and
tackers (5).
Topper, leather (0 ), dips rag in a finishing fluid, then passes it over grain side of
embossed leather, just touching high spots, thus giving leather a, two-tone
effect, lower spots being of a different color than higher spots, which have
been “ topped” . Classified as: Finishers or seasoners, hand (6).
Tractor operator operates tractor used in hauling leather about shipping depart
ment. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Traudt automatic shaver, leather (0 ), operates shaving machine known as a “ Traudt”
which automatically regulates pressure of backing rolls so as to shave sides
or other pieces of leather to uniform thickness. See also Shaving-machine
operator (0 ). Classified as: Shaving-machine operators (6).
Tray colorman, leather (0), dips leather by hand into coloring solution and hangs
it on “ horses” or stool. Classified as: Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
Trimmer, hides or skins, uses hand knife to trim ragged edges from hides or skins
and to remove ears, tail, etc. In some plants also splits hide into sides.
Trimming may be done either in hide house or in beam house. Classified
as: Trimmers (2).
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
Trimmer, hides, sides, places hide sides on worktable in beam house after they have
been through fleshing machine and uses hand knife to trim ragged edges and
pieces of loose flesh from them. Classified as: Trimmers (2).
Trimmer, kid skins. (See Trimmer, hides or skins.) Clissified as: Trimmers (2).
Trimmer, leather, hand (0), uses hand knife or scissors to trim ragged edges from
finished leather after it has been stripped from toggle or tacking boards.
This work may also be done by machine. Classified as: Trimmers {&).
Trimmer, leather, hand (P ), uses hand knife or scissors to trim off narrow strip
from edges of patent leather which were marked by toggle clamps and tacks,
after it has been removed from frames. Classified as: Trimmers (5).
Trimmer, leather, machine (0), holds edge of leather up against a small blade of
machine which has a rapid up-and-down movement, thus cutting off ragged
edges. Machine trimming does much neater work than hand trimming with
scissors. Classified as: Trimmers (6).
Truck driver operates power truck to haul materials or product about yard of
plant. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Trucker, beam house, uses hand or power truck to convey hides or skins to and
from vats or machines in beam house or to some other department of plant.
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Trucker, finishing, all leather, uses hand or power truck to convey all kinds of
leather to and from various workers in finishing department and after finish
ing may truck it to sorting and shipping department. Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (7).
Trucker, hide house, uses hand or power truck to carry hides or skins from one part
of hide house to another or to some other department of plant. Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Truckers, maintenance, uses hand or power truck to convey repair materials,
machine parts, etc., wherever needed about plant. Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (9).
Trucker, sorting and skipping, uses hand or power truck to convey leather from
stock or sorting room to shipping department. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (8).
Trucker, tan house, uses hand or power truck to convey hides or skins to and from
various vats or machines in tan house, or to some other department of
plant. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Tumbling-vat hauler loads hides or skins into tanning mill or wheel vats; removes
them after tanning; opens them up and places them on a “ horse” or stool.
Clajsified as: Haulers (3).
Tumbling-vat haulers’ helper assists tumbling-vat hauler load and unload tanning
vats. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Tunnel drier, hair. (See Hair-drier tender.) # Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Tunnel drier, leather (0), loads pieces of leather at various stages of finishing on
conveyor of drier and removes them when dry. See also Tunnel drier, leather
(S & B). Classified as: Driers (6).
Tunnel drier, leather (S & B), hangs pieces of leather at various stages of finishing
on hooks of conveyor or across its bars, where it is carried through long drying
tunnel. It is loaded at one end and when it is dry it is removed from other end
of drier by another worker. Classified as: Dry-loft men (4).
Turner leather-embossing machine operator (0) operates a leather-embossing ma
chine named “ Turner ” after its inventor. See also Embossing-press operator
leather (0 ). Classified as: Embossing or plating-press operators (6).
Turner setting-out machine operator (0) operates a setting-out machine known as
a “ Turner” . See also Setting-out machine operator (0 ). Classified as:
Setters-out, machine (6).
Unhairing inspector examines hides or skins in beam house after unhairing to
determine whether all hair has been removed. Those not fully unhaired are
turned over to hand beamsters who use a scraper to remove these remaining
hairs. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Unhairing-machine operator feeds hide or skin into machine where rubber
covered rolls carry it through and uses a foot pedal to force hair or grain side
of hide or skin against spiral knives or blades, thus removing hair which
had been loosened in a previous beam-house liming process. Only one half
of a hide or skin is unhaired at one time. Operator turns it around on
backer rolls before other half can be unhaired. Classified as: Unhairingmachine operators (2).
Union machine splitter, leather (0). (See Splitter, leather, Union machine (0 ).)
Classified as: Splitting-machine operators (6).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
99
Unloader, hides or skins, unloads hides or skins from cars, weighs them, and
stores them in cellars or coolers of hide house. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (1).
XJnloader, leather, smokehouse. (See Loader, leather, smokehouse.) Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Unloading foreman, working. (See Working foreman, hide house.) Classified as:
Other employees (1).
Upper-leather sorter sorts upper leather for grade, weight, and kind of finish.
Classified as: Sorters (8).
Utility man, beam house, is a general all-round worker who fills in for absent
workmen wherever needed on machines or about the floor of beam house.
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Utility man, coloring, serves as handy man in coloring department, assisting
foreman, helping around coloring vats, and filling in for absent workers.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Utility man, finishing, does general work about finishing department, assisting
foreman and filling in for absent workers. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Utility man, maintenance, does general maintenance or repair work about plant
and may fill in on various jobs when workers are absent. Classified as:
Other employees (9).
Utility man, shipping, does general work about shipping department. Is capable
of sorting, packing, and performing any of shipping-department operations.
Classified as: Packers and shippers (8).
Utility man, tan house, is a general all-round worker who fills in for absent work
men wherever needed on machines or about the floor of tan house. Classi
fied as: Other employees (3)
Varnisher (P) uses hand brush to apply varnish to grain side of finished leather
to give it a hard finish. Classified as: Daubers (5).
Vat cleaner. (See Washer, tanning mill.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Vat tender, limes. (See Lime-vat hauler.) Classified as: Haulers (2).
Vaughn setting-out-machine operator (0) operates a setting-out machine known as
a “ Vaughn.” See also Setting-out-machine operator (O). Classified as:
Setters-out machine (6).
Warm-water-pool hauler places hides in vats of warm water in beam house after
liming to remove lime and removes them when process is completed.
Classified as: Haulers (2).
Wash-box leader (S & B) supervises work of washing or pouring of sole or belting
leather after rolling. Also works with pourers. Classified as: Other em
ployees (7).
Wash-box man, leather (S & B). (See Dipper, leather, after rolling (S & B).)
Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Washer, hides, beam house. (See Washing-wheel operator, hide house.) Classi
fied as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Washer, hides, hide house. (See Washing-wheel operator, hide house.) Classified
as: Laborers and truckers (1).
Washer, hides, for bating, operates washing wheel in beam house in which hides
or skins are placed after liming, fleshing, and unhairing to remove lime and
other impurities and to prepare them for bating pools. See also Washingwheel operator, hide house. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Washer, hides, overhead wheel, beam house. (See Washing-wheel operator, hide
house.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Washer, leather (S & B). (See Leather washer, before rolling (S & B ); also
Leather washer, after rolling (S & B ).) Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Washer, pasting boards. (See Pasting-board washer.) Classified as: Laborers
and truckers (7).
Washer, skins, hand, uses brush by hand to wash tanned skins with water and
thus remove paste from them after they have been stripped from pasting
boards. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Washer, skins, machine. (See Scrubbing-machine operator (0 ).) Classified as:
Other employees (7).
Washer, spray-booth screens, uses brush or rag with water to remove seasoning or
finishing compounds from spray-booth screens on which tanned skins were
placed while being sprayed. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Washer, tanning mill, uses brush and hose to wash and clean tanning wheels,
drums, or vats, after tanning operations. Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (3).
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
Washer tender, hair. (See Hair-washer tender.) Classified as: Laborers and
truckers (2).
Washing-mill operator, beam house. (See Washing-wheel operator, hide house.)
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Washing-wheel foreman, working, has charge of washing wheels in beam house
in which green hides are washed before soaking. Helps load and unload
wheels and handle packs on floor. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Washing-wheel operator, beam house. (See Washing-wheel operator, hide house.)
Classified as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Washing-wheel operator, hide house, operates large revolving wash wheel or drum
in which water is used to remove dirt and other impurities from hides or
skins in hide or beam house. Operator loads hides or skins into wheel,
starts and stops it, and after washing dumps load on floor, picks hides or
skins up and places them on trucks. Similar machines are also used after
liming, unhairing, and fleshing. Alcohol is used instead of water in some
wash wheels to soften grease and facilitate degreasing. Classified as:
Laborers and truckers (1).
Waste-disposal foreman, working, supervises work of laborers who dispose of waste
in and about plant. Also works with them. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Waste-rope sorter. (See Salvager, waste rope.) Classified as: Other employ
ees (9).
Water softener puts water through a machine which mixes it with special chemicals
to soften and make it suitable for tanning. Classified as: Other employees (3).
Waterprooferf leather (0), uses sponge to apply waterproofing solution to grain
side of leather. See also Stuffing-wheel operator. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Waterprooferf leather (S & B), applies with a brush by hand a waterproofing
solution to grain side of sole leather. Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Weigher, blue sorted leather, weighs blue sorted leather into quantities known as
“ wheels.” Up to this stage hides and skins have been handled in quantities
known as “ packs” . Wheel-like packs vary in number of pieces, depending
on amount of finished leather desired. Wheels remain intact till they reach
bottoming or russet room, where they are sorted and started on through
finishing department. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Weigher, hides or skins, beam house. (See Scale man, beam house.) Classified as:
Other employees (2).
Weigher, hides or skins, hide house. (See Hide weigher; also Pack weigher, hides.)
Classified as: Other employees (1).
Weigher, hides or skins, tan housef weighs packs or lots of hides or skins before
tanning and maintains a record of each lot weight. Classified as: Other
employees (3).
Weigher, shaved leather (S & B). (See Weigher, sides, for coloring (S & B).
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Weigher, sides, for coloring (S & B), weighs shaved sides of leather to determine
amount of coloring liquor necessary to color them. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Weight sorter, black and colored leather. (See Hefter, sorting.) Classified as:
Sorters (8).
Welder uses acetylene torch or electric arc to weld parts together or to mend
broken parts of machines. Classified as: Other employees (9).
Wet-milling-wheel operator loads wet hides or skins into large revolving wheel or
drum of beam house and operates it for short period of time, thus softening
and drying them. After milling, removes hides or skins and piles them on
trucks. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Wet roller, leather (S & B). (See First wet roller (S & B ); also Second wet roller
(S & B).) Classified as: Rolling-machine operators (4).
Wet trimmer, hides or skins. (See Lime trimmer, hides or skins.) Classified as:
Trimmers (2).
Wet wheeler, emery grinding, beam house, uses rough emery wheel to grind hides
or skins while wet to remove unevenness from flesh side. This work, which
is performed in either beam house or tan house, is a preliminary step in
preparing suede leather. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Wet wheeler, emery grinding, tan housey may perform work in either beam house
or tan house. See also Wet wheeler, emery grinding, beam house. Classified
as: Other employees (3).
Wet wheeler, leather, buffing (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (0 ); also Plusher,
leather buffing (0 ).) Classified as: Buffing-wheel operators (6).
APPENDIX.— OCCUPATIONAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
101
Wet-wheeling foreman, working, supervises work of emery-wheel grinding of
uneven parts from flesh side of wet hides or skins in beam house; also does
some productive work. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Wet-wheeling inspector examines hides or skins after wet wheeling in beam house
to determine whether work of grinding uneven parts from flesh side of them
has been properly done. Classified as: Other employees (2).
Wetter-down, leather, for rolling (S & B). (See Dampener, leather, for rolling
(S & B).) Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Wetter-down, leather, for sawduster (0). (See Dampener, leather, for sawduster
(O).) Classified as: Dampeners or sawdusters (6).
Wheel-finishing inspector examines leather after it has been finished on buffing
wheels to determine if buffing has been properly done. Classified as: Other
employees (7).
Wheel repairer. (See Paddle-wheel repairer.) Classified as: Other employees (9).
Wheeler, fleshings. (See Hauler, fleshings.) Classified as: Laborers and truck
ers (2).
Wheeler, hides. (See Green-stock handler; also Trucker, beam house.) Classi
fied as: Laborers and truckers (2).
Wheeler, leather buffing (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (O).) Classified as:
Buffing-wheel operators (6).
Wheeler, wet hides or skins. (See Wet wheeler, emery grinding, beam house.)
Classified as: Other employees (2).
Wheel man, leather. (See Colorer, leather (O); also Fat liquorer, leather (0).)
Classified as: Colorers and fat liquorers (6).
White-hair recoverer places hide or skin over beaming table, hair or grain side up,
and uses small hand scraper to remove and salvage patches of white hair
before hides or skins are sent to unhairing machine. White hair is removed
separately because of higher selling price than mixed or colored hair. Classi
fied as: Beamsters or scudders, hand (2).
White-kid buffer (0). (See Buffing-wheel operator (O).) Classified as: Buffingwheel operator (6).
White-seasoning mixer (0) prepares liquors used in seasoning or finishing white
kid leather. Classified as: Color, fat-liquor, and seasoning mixers (6).
White-skin-seasoning operator (0) takes skins which are to be finished in white
and applies seasoning preparation and then completely finishes them. See
also Finisher, leather, machine (0 ). Classified as: Finishers or seasoners,
machine (6).
White-tanning-wheel man operates tanning wheel in which an elm-tanning solution
is used to tan hides or skins which are to be finished in the “ white” . See
also Tanning wheel man. Classified as: Haulers (3).
Whitener, hand (0), uses hand knife to shave off thin portion from grain side of
spotty-finished light-weight leather. Classified as: Other employees (7).
Whitener, hand (S & B), uses small shaving knife to trim off minor imperfections
from grain side of sole and belting leather. Classified as: Other employ
ees (7).
Whitening-machine operator (S & B) operates belt-splitting machine to split a
thin layer from flesh side of- sole and belting leather. See also Splittingmachine operator, leather (S & B). Classified as: Other employees (7).
Wiper, leather (S & B ), uses a rag by hand to wipe off side of leather after washing
compound has dried. Classified as: Spongers and stuffers (4).
Wiper, patent leather, uses cloth to remove dust from surface of patent leather
after sun drying. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Wizard drying-machine operator runs centrifugal drying machine in which leather
is placed to expel water and excess coloring liquor. See also Hair whizzer.
Classified as: Other employees (7).
Woburn setting-out machine operator (0) operates a setting-out machine known as
a “ Woburn” . See also Setting-out machine operator (0 ). Classified as:
Setters-out, machine (6).
Wood grinder. (See Bark grinder.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (3).
Wood hauler, for grinding. (See Bark hauler, for grinding.) Classified as:
Other employees (3).
Working foreman, hide house, supervises work of unloading, weighing, and storing
of incoming hides or skins. Sees that specified number of packs of desired
grade of hides or skins is gotten out of storage, trimmed, sorted and counted,
and finally delivered to beam house. May also have charge of washing of
hides or skins, and performs some productive work. Classified as: Other
employees (1).
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
Working foreman, sorting and shipping, supervises work of sorting and shipping,
and also helps in this work. Classified as: Other employees (8).
Working-out scudder, hand, uses beaming knife to remove particles of hair, flesh,
dirt, etc., which do not come off readily from hides or skins which were
thrown out by regular workers. Classified as: Beamsters or scudders, hand (2).
Wringing-machine operator, leather (S & B), feeds sides of sole and belt leather
between mangle rolls of machine which expels excess liquid from them after
extracting, bleaching, or other similar processes. Classified as: Wringing
and setting-out machine operators (4).
Wringing-machine operator’s helper, leather (S & B )f helps wringer operator handle
leather, also uses truck to deliver leather near machine and take it away
after this operation. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (7).
Yard laborer. (See Yard man.) Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
Yard man performs manual work around yard of plant such as loading and un
loading cars, cleaning up yard, etc. Classified as: Laborers and truckers (9).
@FedFRASER