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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. N. DOAK, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
CHARLES E. BALDWIN, Acting Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \ m .
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/
M
ilO #
W A G E S AND H O U R S OF L A B O R S E R I E S
WAGES AND HOURS OF
LABOR IN THE IRON
AND STEEL INDUSTRY
1931
DECEMBER, 1932
7
«JW#
BULLETIN OF THE
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY: 1931
Introduction and Summary
This report presents the results of a study of wages and hours of
labor of wage earners in 10 departments of the iron and steel industry
in the United States in 1931.1 Summary figures for preceding* years,
taken from previous bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, are
shown for each department.
As in other wage studies of the bureau, it was not practicable to
make a complete census of all plants in the country. However,
these statistics may be taken as representative of the industry, since
they are based on a sufficient number of representative plants and
wage earners to show conditions in each department of the industry
and in the various parts of the country.
The data presented in this report for employees in each depart
ment are as follows:
Blast furnaces, 1913-1931.2
Bessemer converters, 1913-1931.2
Open-hearth furnaces, 1913-1931.2
Blooming mills, 1913-1931.2
Plate mills, 1913-1931.2
Sheet mills, 1913-1931.2
Puddling mills, 1914-1931.8
Bar mills, 1913-1931.3
Tin-plate mills, 1913-1931.8
Standard rail mills, 1926-1931.4
There are three major steps or processes in the iron and steel
industry. The first is the manufacture of pig iron through the
reduction of iron ore, the smelting process taking place in the blast
furnace. The second step is the conversion of pig iron into steel or
1 Summary figures for 1931 appeared in the Labor Review for November and December, 1931, and Jan
uary, 1932. For data for years up to 1915, see Bulletin No. 218, for 1917, the March, 1918, Labor Review;
for 1919, Bulletin No. 265; for 1920, Bulletin No. 305; for 1922, Bulletin No. 353; for 1924, Bulletin No. 381;
for 1926, Bulletin No. 442; and for 1929, Bulletin No. 513.
2 No data available for 1916,1918,1921,1923,1925,1927,1928, or 1930.
« No data available for 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1923. 1925, 1927, 1928, or 1930.
4 The plants covered in the 1924, 1926, 1929, ana 1931 studies were in many cases different from those
covered in previous surveys and no comparison is made for the principal occupations between the 1931
figures and those for the years prior to 1926. However, the averages for all employees in the country as a
whole were not affected by the change of plants to the extent that were the averages for employees in the
specified occupations only, and in all comparative tables covering all employees data have been included
for all years available. No data available for 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1928, or 1930.
2
WAGES AND HOTJRS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
wrought iron. Pig iron is changed into steel in the Bessemer con
verter or the open-hearth furnace. Wrought iron is made by the
puddling process, which may be either hand or mechanical. Only
plants doing hand puddling have been included in this report. The
third step is the process of rolling. Six of the ten departments for
which data are shown are engaged in rolling. While all departments
of the industry as a whole have not been covered, a sufficient repre
sentation of the principal departments has been included to show
prevailing conditions.
The greater part of the data was obtained through personal visits
of agents of this bureau to the several plants, the remainder being
obtained from the plants through correspondence. Wherever pos
sible the 1931 data were obtained from the same establishments
that were covered in 1929, except when it was deemed advisable to
include some new plants in a department. This was especially true
of bar mills, which now include for the second time employees working
in continuous and semicontinuous mills. In some instances the
plants covered in 1929 were not in operation or had ceased to be rep
resentative of the industry. In such cases plants were substituted
which were in operation and representative of conditions in the
industry. Due to the unusual condition of the industry in 1931, it
was not possible in some few instances to obtain representative plants
as substitutes for those not in operation.
The 1931 data were obtained from 213 plants or departments of
plants and covered 66,865 wage earners in all occupations. Table 1
gives the distribution among the various departments.
T a b le
1.— Number of plants and of wage earners, 1931, by department
Number of—
Department
Plants
Wage earners
Blast furnaces...................................................
Bessemer converters.........................................
Open-hearth furnaces.......................................
Puddling mills..................................................
Blooming mills.................................................
Plate mills........................................................
Standard rail mills........................................ .
Bar mills......................................................... .
Sheet mills........................................................
Tin-plate mills..................................................
34
11
35
8
33
17
8
43
15
9
9,825
1,990
12,795
980
5,285
4,090
2,897
7,104
11,816
10,083
Total.......................................................
213
66,865
According to the Census of Manufactures for 1929, the latest figures
available, there was an average of 419,534 wage earners employed in
all departments of the iron and steel industry in the United States in
that year. They were divided as follows: 24,960 in blast furnaces,
and 394,574 in steel works and rolling mills. The 66,865 wage earners
covered by this study constitute approximately 16 per cent of all
wage earners in all departments (including those not covered by the
bureau). The present study covers 9,825 wage earners in blast fur
naces, which is more than 39 per cent of the 24,960 wage earners em
ployed in blast furnaces in 1929. Since the census figures do not show
the number of wage earners in steel works and rolling mills by depart
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
3
ments, it is not possible to determine the per cent of employees cov
ered by the bureau in these departments. Figures taken from the
reports of the Census of Manufactures, showing the importance of the
iron and steel industry, are given on page 19.
The figures for 1931 and previous years are based on actual pay-roll
data for one pay period, with the exception of companies having weekly
pay periods, in which case the data for two 1-week pay periods have
been combined. The data, therefore, do not show the month to month
changes nor yearly averages. Data for practically all establish
ments covered in the 1931 survey are for the last half of March and
cover a 16-day period, while those for 1929 are for the first half of
March and cover a 15-day period.
A summary of the changes in hours and earnings in the industry
as a whole and for each of the 10 departments is shown in Table 2.
In addition to the actual averages shown, index numbers based thereon
are also given in order that the changes that have taken place from
year to year may be set forth more clearly.
2,— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers thereof, for all wage
earners in all departments combined and in each department separately, 1913 to
1931, by year
T a b le
Department and year
All departments:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922...................................
1924.....................................
1926....................................
1929....................................
1931....................................
Blast furnaces:
1913....................................
1914....................................
1915....................................
1920....................................
1922....................................
1924....................................
1926....................................
1929....................................
1931.....................................
Bessemer converters:
1913....................................
1914....................................
1915............... ....................
1920....................................
1922....................................
1924....................................
1926....................................
1929....................................
1931....................................
Open-hearth furnaces:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922____________________
1924____________________
1926.....................................
1929____________________
1931.....................................
Average
full-time
hours per
week
Average
earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
weekly
earnings
Index numbers (1913=100)1
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
weekly
earnings
66.1
64.9
65.5
63.1
63.2
55.2
54.4
54.6
52.4
*$0,301
.301
.297
.745
.513
.644
.637
.674
.663
$18.89
18.60
18.65
45.65
31.67
35.22
34.41
36.48
34.58
100.0
98.2
99.1
95.5
95.6
83.5
82.3
82.6
79.3
100.0
100.0
98.7
247.5
170.4
214.0
211.6
223.9
220.3
100.0
98.5
98.7
241.7
167.7
186.4
182.2
193.1
183.1
76.9
74.8
74.9
72.1
72.3
59.7
59.8
60.7
57.2
>.205
.206
.207
.571
.398
.520
.517
.528
.551
15.76
15.41
15.50
41.17
28.78
31.04
30.92
32.05
31.52
100.0
97.3
97.4
93.8
94.0
77.6
77.8
78.9
74.4
100.0
100.5
101.0
278.5
194.1
253.7
252.2
257.6
268.8
100.0
97.8
98.4
261.2
182.6
197.0
196.2
203.4
200.0
70.0
68.4
68.7
70.3
68.7
52.3
52.6
53.7
53.3
a.284
.255
.264
.677
.470
.624
.641
.643
.664
19.88
17.44
18.14
47.59
32.29
32.64
33.72
34.53
35.39
100.0
97.7
98.1
100.4
98.1
74.7
75.1
76.7
76.1
100.0
89.8
93.0
238.4
165.5
219.7
225.7
226.4
233.8
100.0
87.7
91.2
239.4
162.4
164.2
169.6
173.7
178.0
76.7
*.237
74.5
.237
74.4
.246
68.7
.671
70.8
.480
58.0
.635
57.1
.677
57.7
.714
53.8
.703
* Except for puddling mills, for which 1914*100.
*As computed by method explained on p. 28,
18.18
17.66
18.30
46.10
33.98
36.83
38.66
41.20
37.82
100.0
97.1
97.0
89.6
92.3
75.6
74.4
75.2
70.1
100.0
100.0
103.8
283.1
202.5
267.9
285.7
301.3
296.6
100.0
97.1
100.7
253.6
186.9
202.6
212.7
226.6
208.0
4
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
2.—Average hours and earnings, with index numbers thereof, for all wage
earners in all departments combined and in each department separately, 1918 to
1981, by year— Continued
T a b le
Department and year
Paddling mills:
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
1931.....................................
Blooming mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
1931.....................................
Plate mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
1931.....................................
Standard rail mills:
1913....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
1931.....................................
Bar mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
1931.....................................
Sheet mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
1931.....................................
Tin-plate mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924___________ _________
1926____________________
1929____________________
1931.....................................
Average
full-time
hours per
week
Average
earnings
per hour
Index numbers (1913=100)
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
weekly
earnings
53.2
52.2
53.9
52.1
55.7
52.1
50.3
53.0
$0,328
.315
.885
.496
.721
.657
.686
.592
$17.45
16.44
47.70
25.84
40.16
34.23
34.51
31.38
100.0
98.1
101.3
97.9
104.7
97.9
94.5
99.6
100.0
96.0
269.8
151.2
219.8
200.3
209.1
180.5
100.0
94.2
273.4
148.1
230.1
196.2
197.8
179.8
73.0
70.5
71.0
67.5
68.0
54.6
54.2
55.0
52.6
>.265
.269
.268
.659
.472
.613
.627
.666
.664
19.35
18.96
19.03
44.48
32.10
33.47
33.98
36.63
34.93
100.0
96.6
97.3
92.5
93.2
74.8
74.2
75.3
72.1
100.0
101.5
101.1
248.7
178.1
231.3
236.6
251.3
250.6
100.0
98.0
98.3
229.9
165.9
173.0
175.6
189.3
180.5
69.9
69.0
69.8
68.8
66.2
57.2
55.8
58.0
56.7
>.255
.258
.270
.671
.476
.562
.606
.639
.627
17.82
17.80
18.58
46.16
31.51
32.15
33.81
37.06
35.55
100.0
98.7
99.9
98.4
94.7
81.8
79.8
83.0
81.1
100.0
101.2
105.9
263.1
186.7
220.4
237.6
250.6
245.9
100.0
99.9
104.3
259.0
176.8
180.4
189.7
208.0
199.5
70.9
70.1
70.9
61.2
61.5
57.4
55.5
56.0
54.9
>.254
.252
.246
.632
.470
.573
.595
.628
.613
18.01
17.67
17.44
38.68
28.91
32.89
33.02
35.17
33.65
100.0
98.9
100.0
86.3
86.7
81.0
78.3
79.0
77.4
100.0
99.2
96.9
248.8
185.0
225.6
234.3
247.2
241.3
100.0
98.1
96.8
214.8
160.5
182.6
183.3
195.3
186.8
61.5
61.7
61.4
61.8
61.2
55.6
54.7
55.6
55.0
>.288
.278
.266
.713
.486
.585
.691
.625
.588
17.71
17.15
16.33
44.06
29.74
32.53
32.33
34.75
32.34
100.0
100.3
99.8
100.5
99.5
90.4
88.9
90.4
89.4
100.0
96.5
92.4
247.6
168.8
203.1
205.2
217.0
204.2
100.0
96.8
92.2
248.8
167.9
183.7
182.6
196.2
182.6
52.3
52.3
52.5
50.3
51.1
50.2
48.9
48.9
47.8
>.483
.488
.450
1.039
.694
.809
.759
.793
.747
25.26
25.52
23.63
52.26
35.46
40.61
37.12
S8.78
35.71
100.0
100.0
100.4
96.2
97.7
96.0
93.5
93.5
91.4
100.0
101.0
93.2
215.1
143.7
167.5
157.1
164.2
154.7
100.0
101.0
93.5
206.9
140.4
160.8
147.0
153.5
141.4
46.1
46.0
50.4
50.6
49.9
48.8
48.1
47.4
47.0
>.417
.425
.428
.949
.650
.795
.704
.732
.714
19.22
19.55
21.57
48.02
32.44
38.80
33.86
34.70
33.56
100.0
99.8
109.3
109.8
108.2
105.9
104.3
102.8
102.0
100.0
101.9
102.6
227.6
155.9
190.6
168.8
175.5
171.2
100.0
101.7
112.2
249.8
168.8
201.9
176.2
180.5
174.6
* As computed by method explained on p. 28.
Average
full-time
weekly
earnings
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
5
In computing index numbers the 1913 average for all departments
and for each department separately, except puddling mills, was taken
as the base or 100 per cent. For puddling mills the 1914 average was
taken as the base, as data were not taken for that department prior
to that year. The index number for each year is the per cent that the
average for that year is of the average for 1913.
The figures for all departments show that average full-time hours
per week were much less for each of the years from 1924 to 1931 than
for each of the years from 1913 to 1922. The 8-hour day was gen
erally adopted in the industry in the latter part of 1923. The effect
of this change is clearly shown for the industry by the average of 55.2
for 1924, as compared with an average of 63.2 for 1922, and for each
of 9 of the 10 departments, by the average for each in 1924 being less
than the average for 1922. The average for puddling mills increased
from an average of 52.1 in 1922 to 55.7 in 1924. In 1913 full-time
hours per week for all employees in all departments in the industry as
a whole averaged 66.1, and in 1922 averaged 63.2, a decrease of only
4.4 per cent between these years as shown by index numbers. The
average dropped to 55.2 in 1924, which is 12.7 per cent less than the
average for 1922. The 1931 average of 52.4 is less than that for any
other year and 20.7 per cent less than for 1913.
Earnings per hour for all departments averaged 30.1 cents in 1913
and 1914 and 66.3 cents in 1931, the average for the latter year being
120.3 per cent more than the average for 1913 and 1914. Earnings
reached their peak in 1920 when the average was 74.5 cents per hour.
The average of 51.3 cents for 1922 shows a decrease of 23.2 cents per
hour or 31 per cent between 1920 and 1922. Late in 1922 a general
increase of approximately 10 per cent was made by the establishments
covered in that year, and subsequent increases m wage rates raised
the average to 64.4 cents in 1924. In 1929 the average was 67.4
cents and in 1931, 66.3 cents, a decrease of less than 2 per cent since
1929.
Average full-time weekly earnings, like average earnings per hour,
reached their peak in 1920, when the average was $45.65, or 145 per
cent more than in 1914, the year with the lowest average full-time
earnings per week. In 1922 such earnings dropped to $31.67 or 31
per cent less than in 1920. In 1924 full-time weekly earnings were
$35.22, which is 23 per cent less than in 1920, but 89 per cent more than
in 1914. The decrease in weekly earnings between 1920 and 1924 was
caused by the decrease in average earnings per hour from 74.5 cents
in 1920 to 64.4 cents in 1924 and to the decrease in average full-time
hours per week from 63.1 in 1920 to 55.2 in 1924. Earnings per week
averaged $34.58 in 1931, which is 5.2 per cent less than the average
for 1929, and 85.9 per cent more than in 1914.
When the 10 departments are considered separately, changes in
hours in 1931 as compared with 1914 range from a 2 per cent increase
for tin-plate mills to a 28 per cent decrease for open-hearth furnaces.
Comparing 1931 with 1929, an increase is found in one department and
decreases in nine. Full-time hours per week in puddling mills in
creased from 50.3 in 1929 to 53.0 in 1931. This increase is accounted
for in part by the loss in 1931 of three plants that were covered in 1929,
the loss being due to the closing of the plants and to no substitutes
for them in the same locality. The largest decrease is found in the
6
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
open-hearth department, where full-time hours dropped from 57.7
in 1929 to 53.8 in 1931.
When average earnings per hour for 1931 are considered, two of the
departments show increases over 1929, while eight show decreases.
The average for blast furnaces increased from 52.8 cents in 1929 to
55.1 cents in 1931, and for Bessemer converters increased from 64.3
cents in 1929 to 66.4 cents in 1931. The decrease for the eight
departments between 1929 and 1931 was less for blooming mills and
more for puddling mills than for any of the other departments.
The tonnage rates in puddle, sheet, and tin-plate mills are based on
the selling price of the product. It is thus possible for the rates paid
in these departments to fluctuate widely in a two or three year interval,
such as occurs between the bureau’s studies.
Full-time weekly earnings for all wage earners combined followed
closely the movement of average hourly earnings up to 1922, because
changes in full-time hours per week were comparatively small up to
that year. In 1924 and 1926 the reduction in customary working
time partially offset the increase in average earnings per hour, ana
full-time earnings per week increased less than average hourly earnings
in those years. In 1929 average weekly earnings increased in all 10
departments over 1926. In 1931 only one department—Bessemer
converters—showed an increase in full-time earnings per week over
1929, the average for 1931 being $35.39 as compared with $34.53 in
1929. The nine departments which showed decreases had full-time
weekly earnings ranging from $31.38 for puddling mills to $37.82 for
open-hearth furnaces. The smallest decrease was in blast furnaces,
where earnings in 1931 were $31.52 as compared with $32.05 in 1929.
This department showed a decline in full-time weekly earnings while
showing a rise in average earnings per hour. This condition was
brought about by a decrease in average full-time hours per week.
Open-hearth furnaces show the greatest drop in full-time earnings per
week when 1931 is compared with 1929, the averages for the two years
being $37.82 and $41.20, respectively.
The monthly trend of employment and earnings in the iron and
steel industry as published monthly in the Monthly Labor Review is
shown in this report on page 20.
Classified Earnings per Hour
Table 3 shows the number and per cent of laborers and of wage
earners in all occupations combined in the 10 departments covered m
the study in 1931 at each classified group of average earnings per hour.
The table shows that the 5,084 laborers covered in the study in 1931
earned an average of 41.9 cents per hour; that the earnings of 2, or less
than 1 per cent, were as low as 17 and under 18 cents per hour, and of
1,160, or 23 per cent, were as high as 50 and under 55 cents per hour.
The averages for others in this occupation were between these
extremes, and of 2,715, or 53 per cent, were 40 and under 45 cents
per hour.
The 66,865 wage earners in all occupations combined earned an
average of 66.3 cents per hour, and the spread by classified groups
extends from “ 13 and under 14 cents” to “ $3.75 and under $4” per
hour. The spread is extensive, but not more than could be expected in
an industry such as iron and steel with its 10 departments, various
7
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
wage rates, working conditions, and requirements. The largest num
ber in any one group is 10,967, or 16 per cent, with average earnings
that fell within “ 50, under 55 cents” per hour.
Table 3.— Number and per cent of laborers, and of all wage earners combined
earning each classified amount per hour, 1931
Laborers, male
Classified earn
ings
13, under 14cents.
14, under 15 cents.
15, under 16cents.
17, under 18cents.
18, under 19cents.
19, under 20cents.
20, under 21 cents.
21, under 22cents.
22, under *3 cents.
23, under 24cents.
24, under 25cents.
25, under 27H
cents...............
27H» under 30
cents...............
30, under 32M
cents...............
32J4 under 35
cents...............
35, under 37^
cents...............
37M> under 40
cents.............. .
40, under 42^
cents.............. .
42^, under 45
cents...............
45, under 47M
cents................
47M, under 50
50, under 55cents.
Num
ber
All wage
Num
ber
Per
cent
1
1
8
31
12
22
2
35
148
0
1
29
19
112
3
200
75
1
1
367
168
3
655
41
288
76
1
564
252
5
720
87
2
1,034
1,154
23
2,818
1,561
31
3,201
149
3
2,875
154
1,160
2,443
10,967
Per
cent
8
8
0
0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
Laborers, male
Classified earn
ings
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
7,209
6,219
5,083
4,273
3,301
2,754
2,158
1,566
1,226
2,110
1,385
803
525
386
357
284
218
153
129
216
72
37
15
13
2
1
55, under 60cents.
60,under65cents.
65, under 70cents.
70,under75cents.
75, under 80 cents.
80, under 85 cents.
85, under 90cents.
90, under 95 cents.
95 cents, under $1.
$1, under $1.10...
$1.10, under $1.20.
$1.20, under $1.30.
$1.30,under $1.40.
$1.40, under $1.50.
$1.50,under$1.60.
$1.60, under $1.70.
$1.70, under $1.80.
$1.80, under $1.90.
$1.90, under $2...
$2, under $2.25—.
$2.25, under $2.50.
$2.50, under $2.75.
$2.75, under $3__.
$3, under $3.25...
$3.50, under $3.75.
$3.75, under $4__
Total..
All wage
5,084
100.0
66,865
Per
cent
11
9
8
6
5
4
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
P)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0)
0
100.0
Average perhour.
i Less than 1 per cent.
Classified Full-time Hours per Week
Before the World War most of the departments of the iron and steel
industry were operated on a 2-shift basis. During the war period
there was a tendency toward the 3-shift system, but soon after the close
of the war many of the plants returned to the 2 shifts of 10 to 12
hours per day. In the latter part of 1923 there was a movement
started which resulted in many plants adopting the 8-hour day for
most employees. This reduction is reflected in the figures for 1924,
which show a larger per cent for that year in the column headed “ 48
and under” than for 1922 for each department except puddling mills
and standard rail mills.
Table 4 contains a percentage distribution of all wage earners in all
occupations combined, in each department, according to their
customary full-time hours per week for 1931 and preceding years
back to 1914.
The classified hours of the table are “ average” hours for the in
dividual and do not reflect the long hours one week which may
alternate with shorter hours the next. Thus, wage earners listed as
working 72 hours per week may work 60 hours one week and 84 the
8
W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
next, averaging 72. A more detailed outline of customary hours
from one week to another is shown in Table D, under each department.
T able 4.— Per cent of wage earners in all occupations working each classified
number of average full-time hours per week, 1914 to 1931, by department and
year.
Per cent of wage earners whose average full-time hours per
week were—
Department and year
Num
ber of
plants 48 and
under
Blast furnaces:
191 4
191 5
1920........................
1922........................
1924........................
1926........................
1929........................
1931........................
Bessemer converters:
191 4
191 5
1920........................
1922........................
1924........................
1926........................
1929........................
1931..................
Open-hearth furnaces:
191 4
191 5
1920........................
1922........................
1924........................
1926........................
1929........................
Puddling mills:
1914..................
1915...................
1920...................
1922...................
1924...................
1926...................
1929...................
1931...................
Blooming mills:
1914..................
1915...................
1920...................
1922...................
1924...................
1926...................
1929...................
1931...................
Plate mills:
191 4
191 5
1920...................
1922...................
1924...................
1926...................
1929...................
1931...................
Standard rail mills:
191 4
191 5
1920...................
1922...................
1924...................
1926...................
1929...................
1931...................
i Less than 1per cent.
Over
48,
under
Over
60,
under
72
Over
72,
under
84
72
Over
84
84
12
12
11
10
0)
0
(»)
0)
8
0)
15
15
15
4
11
8
14
10
5
9
0)
10
3
9
8
11
9
15
12
11
11
3
9
9
15
15
9
24
14
28
(0
2
2
1
32
30
38
20
3
2
1
(0
8
8
8,
1
0)I
0)
2
1
1
<*> -
<*)
9
12
18
18
1
1
47
13
13
11
12
13
17
17
17
7
7
4
4
7i
7
7
8
8 '
9
8
12
1
CO
2
0)
4
4
3
7
(0
0)
30
32
24
31
5
4
33
32
21
25
25
22
2
2
3
2
5
0)
4
5
74
77
37
26
0)
0)
0)
2
6
0)
0)
(9
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
9
Table 4.—Per cent of wage earners in all occupations working each classified
number of average full-time hours per week, 19H to 1931, by department and
year—Continued
Per cent of wage earners whose average full-time hours per
week were—
Department and year
Bar mills:
1914..................................
1915..................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926..................................
1929..................................
1931..................................
Sheet mills:
1914..................................
1915..................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926..................................
1929..................................
1931..................................
Tin-plate mills:
1914..................................
1915................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926..................................
1929..................................
1931..................................
Num
ber of
plants 48 and
under
Over
48,
under
60
60
Over
60,
under
72
72
57
57
25
25
31
35
39
43
4
8
9
6
25
32
21
27
31
30
28
39
36
35
46
39
12
10
8
4
26
26
19
28
44
42
40
35
10
5
11
5
7
8
12
14
2
1
2
1
15
15
13
14
14
14
15
15
62
61
64
60
66
67
68
77
2
2
6
8
12
16
13
9
8
10
8
10
11
12
13
12
10
12
9
10
4
3
3
1
13
11
9
7
5
2
2
1
11
11
9
9
9
8
8
9
59
60
58
61
66
68
71
72
17
18
18
18
19
20
20
20
9
9
6
5
13
9
6
4
12
11
10
9
2
3
1
3
2
1
7
5
(i)
(l)
(n
0)
Over
72,
under
84
84
2
1
3
1
(i)
(*)
0)
(l)
(l)
Over
84
1
1
1
1
1
«
2
2
2
2
1
0)
0)
2
2
1
3
1
0)
1
<*)
1
1
0)
0)
0)
C)
(*)
v)
0)
1
i
l
(1)
(1)
(ll
(v
O)
h
h
w
PI
<*?
0)
i Less than 1 per cent.
The changes in working time which have taken place in the various
departments are clearly reflected in the preceding table. In 1914,
41 per cent of the employees in blast furnaces had an average week
of 84 hours, as against only 5 per cent in 1924. In 1931 only 2 per cent
had an 84-hour week, while 89 per cent had a week of 60 hours or less.
There were no employees in Bessemer converters working as much
as 72 hours per week in 1931 as compared with 65 per cent working a
week of 72 hours or over in 1914. In open-hearth furnaces in 1914
only 13 per cent had a week of 60 hours or less as against 95 per cent
in 1931.
In 1931 there were 95 per cent of employees in puddling mills whose
full-time hours per week were 60 or less, as compared with 88 per cent
in 1914; and in blooming mills the percentage was 97 in 1931 as
against 16 in 1914. Plate, rail, and bar mills each show a large per
centage of employees with a week of 60 hours or less in 1931, being
79 for plate mills and 94 for rail and bar mills.
The working time of employees in sheet and tin-plate mills shows
but little change from 1914 to 1931. These departments have long
been on the 8-hour day except for laborers and a few other occupations
in the finishing department.
Table 5 shows the percentage distribution of wage earners in all
occupations combined for each department, according to the custo
mary number of turns per week. To give a complete picture of
changes, figures for preceding years are given in addition to those for
1931.
10
"WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T able 5*— Per cent of wage earners in all occupations working each specified
number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by department and year
Per cent of wage earners whose customary working turns per week were—
Department and
year
Blast furnaces:
1914.....................
1915......................
1920____________
1922......................
1924___ _________
1926____ *_______
1929......................
1931 Bessemer converters:
1914......................
1915......................
1920......................
1922......................
1924......................
1926....................
1929......................
1931......................
Open-hearthfurnaces:
1914......................
1915......................
1920____________
1922......................
1924____________
1926______ ______
1929......................
1931.......................
Puddling mills:
1914......................
1915____________
1920......................
1922.......................
1924.......................
1926____________
1929.......................
1931......................
Blooming mills:
1914.......................
1915.......................
1920.......................
1922.......................
1924.......................
1926.......................
1929.......................
1931.......................
Plate mills:
1914____________
1915.......................
1920.......................
1922......................
1924.......................
1926......................
1929......................
1931.......................
Standard rail mills:
1914......................
1915____________
1920____________
1922....________
1924____________
1926____________
1929____________
1931.......................
Bar mills:
1914.......................
1915.......................
1920____________
1922____________
1924_____ *______
1926____________
1929____ ________
1931.......................
Num
ber of
plants
Work 6,7,
5 and 6 and 6,6,
18
and days,
and
7
7
6 alter alter 7 in then 7 in
rota
rota
nately nately tion ofEl tion
day i
7
38
38
28
32
36
37
37
34
42
42
29
57
20
22
22
43
5
4
17
14
5
6
5
53
54
54
29
45
49
54
28
12
12
U
11
11
11
11
11
80
80
59
81
71
61
64
72
3
3
10
2
4
7
7
2
39
39
27
50
16
26
15
42
26
27
37
16
6
6
5
1
5 and
6
5 alter
nately
1
22
22 (J)
19
22 (*)
26
31
33
35
<*>
(2)
(3)
(2)
2
2
1
2
1
13
13 w
11
12 ~(2
Y
13 (a)
17
17 (*Y
17 (*)
7
7
4
4
7
7
7
8
57 6
57 6
25 3
1
25
8
31
35 13
39 10
43 9
1
"(*)"
63
50
60
47
62
67
39
41
<*)
'('*)'
W
5,6.
ana
7 in
rota
tion
8
0)
0
29 13
29 24
15 (*)
13 17
17 8
13 5
11 37
8 21
23
23
20
24
25
27
30
33
5,5. 5,6,
and and
6 in 6 in
rota rota
tion tion
(>)5
6
1
1
1
11
(*)
34
35
18
28
12
9
3
3
0)
(*
)
(2)
<*>
1
1
2
1
4
2
5
6
5
1
1
3
3
9
13
5
4
57
55
78
3
3
1
3
8
6
6
5
(i)
(J)
1
1
3
2
17
12
15
7
(*)
(i)
(*)
(1)
(1)
JJu former years Included in ‘*6, 7, and 7 in rotation” column.
13
14
26
10
8
12
9
7
21
O)
(*)
3
2
14
13
8
2
34
34
33
27
52
52
66
34
(*)
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
88
88
92
86
44
51
42
65
(*)
6
(*)
2
3
10
5
10
8
0)
(*)
4
12
2
5
(*)
(>)
(2)
7
9
14
17
4
7
3
1
38
43
46
47
48
54
50
70
28
1
1
74
73
67
56
38
46
46
71
66
49
51
69
3
3
3
4
7
7
8
6
30
22
18
(’) 1
m
21
15
7
5
47
48
33
35
25
8
11
6
(*)
(*)
(J)
1
1 (>)
15
13
26
19
26
24
23
36
8
11
13
15
2
(*)
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
3
2
3
19
8
8
7
6
(,)i
1
1
12
8
12
5
0)
0)
3
7
9
6
9
4
4
W7
7
(J)
0
8
8
3
6
8
8
6
6
3
9
11
6
10
4
29
31
18
10
4
5
4
11
10
6
20
5
1
1
1
(»)
(*)
1
(*)
(»)
11
11
15
18
21
20
31
9
2
2
(’)
» kess than 1 per cent.
1
1
1
1
2
2
8
1
11
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T able 5.— Per cent of wage earners in all occupations working each specified
number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by department and year—Continued
Per cent of wage earners whose customary working turns per week were—
Department and
year
Num
ber of
plants
5,5, 5,6, 5,6,
and ana and
6
in 6in 7 in
alter rota
rota rota
nately tion tion tion
5 and
6
Sheet mills:
191 4
191 5
1920............
1922............
1924............
1926............
1929............
1931............
Tin-plate mills:
191 4
191 5
1920............
1922............
1924............
1926............
1929............
1931............
5 and 6 and
7
7
alter alter
nately nately
Work
18
ana days,
U
7 in then 7 in
rota off 1 rota
tion
day tion
6,6,
(*)
(*)
8
(*)
8
> Less than 1 per cent.
Seven-Day Week
The 7-day week in the iron and steel industry is quite common in
some of the departments. Previous to 1931 it had been considered
necessary to keep the blast furnace in continuous operation 7 days
per week and 24 hours per day. However, during 1931 it was found
that blast-furnace stacks could be removed from production oyer
week ends or for short periods and restarted quickly without affecting
pig-iron quality. This was the first time this had been attempted,
and its success is considered by the industry one of the remarkable
accomplishments of the year in the industry’s efforts for economical
operation.
It might be expected that most of the 7-day workers would be
found in blast furnaces, but there is another department—the open
hearth—which in recent years has shown quite a large percentage
of 7-day workers. This was caused chiefly by an increase in demand
for steel in 1928 and 1929. However, in 1931, when the demand
for steel was low, the percentage of 7-day workers was only 34 as
compared with 66 in 1929.
Only 28 per cent of all blast-furnace employees covered worked
regularly a week of seven days in 1931, which percentage is the
lowest of any year for which data are shown. The percentage was
53 in 1914 and 54 in 1915, 1920, and 1929. In 1931, 28 per cent
worked under a relief system whereby they work 18 days and are
then relieved 1 day.
While the Bessemer-converter department is not essentially a 7-day
operation, repairs must be made which require a considerable number
of employees to be on duty when the converters are not operating.
This repair turn provides most of the 7-day work in this department,
which in 1931 comprised 7 per cent of the employees as compared
with 9 per cent in 1929.
12
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
When 1931 is compared with 1929, blooming, plate, rail, bar, and
sheet mills show a decided decrease in 7-day workers. In 1929, 31
per cent of the employees in blooming mills, as against only 9 per
cent in 1931, had a 7-day week. The 7-day workers in rail mills
decreased from 20 per cent in 1929 to 5 per cent in 1931. Plate, bar,
and sheet mills show decreases in per cent of 7-day workers when 1931
is compared with 1929. Seven-day work in these departments for
the most part consists of “ light-up” and repair turns which take
place on Saturday night or Sunday when mills are not on production.
Tin-plate mills show only 1 per cent of 7-day workers in both 1929
and 1931.
Relief Systems
Many plants have a system of relief whereby an employee in a
7-day occupation may have one calendar day off once each week,
once every two or three weeks, or at some other stated interval,
thus making a 6-day working week each week, or a 6-day week at
each two or three week interval. “ Relief” as used in this report
means a regular turn (calendar day) off during which another man
is put in the place of the worker relieved. Rest after a change in
turns is not considered relief, when the employee has to work a
double turn or extra shift in order to obtain the rest. Employees in
plants which simply permit men to take a calendar day off once each
week or at some other specified interval, provided they apply for it
(but seldom do apply for it), have been considered as 7-day men
without relief.
This provision for relief of employees in 7-day occupations started
in 1910 and had so far obtained in 1920 that only 54 per cent of all
employees in blast furnaces regularly worked a week of seven days.
In 1922 relief systems became more general and only 29 per cent of
the employees in blast furnaces and 27 per cent m open hearths
regularly worked a week of seven days.
In 1923 when the 8-hour day was generally adopted the tendency
was to return to the 7-day working week for employees in 7-day
occupations. In some plants this change was made at the request
of the wage earners while in others the demand for tonnage was so
great that some 6-day plants were changed to regular 7-day operation
with no relief system having been put into effect.
In order to give some idea of the various methods used to give
employees in 7-day occupations relief, the following diagrams are
presented. The first illustration shows a system used when employees
are relieved one calendar day each week; the second relates to em
ployees who are relieved one calendar day every two weeks; and
the third a system used by many plants when employees are relieved
one calendar day out of each 19.
Illustration No. 1
Turns per Sunday Mon
week
day
6
A
A
Tues Wednes Thurs
Satur
day
day
day Friday day
A
A
A
A
B
This is for employees who are relieved one calendar day in seven.
The illustration shows that employee A worked only six days out of
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
13
the possible seven days, a relief employee (B) working the seventh
turn. B can relieve six different men one day each week, and thus
get a full week’s work. In some plants employees are relieved on a
certain day each week while in others there is no set day upon which
the relief is granted, the only stipulation being that each employee
shall be off duty one calendar day out of each week.
Illustration No. 2
[A and B represent the regular workers and X the relief man]
Days worked by regulars and those worked by relief man
mm
1 2
3
5
4
6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 38 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
F ir s t - A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B X X
Second B B B B B B B B B B B B X X A A A A A A A A A A A A A B
The relief system as shown by illustration No. 2 is used in some
plants where employees are relieved one day in 14 and work 13 days
on either the first or second turn before alternating to the opposite
turn. The diagram covers a period of 28 days, but it will be observed
that the regular employees A and B work only on 26 of these days,
while the relief man X works one shift on the 13th, 14th, 27th, and
28th. Presuming the first turn begins at 12 o’clock midnight and runs
to 12 o’clock noon and the second turn begins at 12 o’clock noon and
ends at 12 o’clock midnight, regular worker B by having relief on the
13th would be off duty from 12 o’clock midnight of the 12th until
12 o’clock midnight of the 13th, which is 24 hours. A, by having
relief on the 14th, would be off duty from 12 o’clock noon on the 13th to
12 o’clock noon on the 15th, which would be 48 hours. It will be
noticed that A was off duty twice as long as B and yet each has only
had one relief turn. This is brought about by B alternating to the
first turn and A dropping down to the second turn; however, when
the shift is again made and B is relieved by X on the 27th it is B who
will be off duty 48 hours and A will be off only 24.
It might be of interest to see what would happen had no relief man
been provided and employees alternated under the same conditions.
If this were the case it would be necessary for A to work the full 24
hours on the 13th, while B would be off duty all day; but when the
shift in turns would again be made on the 26th it would be necessary
for B to work the full 24 hours on that day, while A would be off duty.
Illustration No. 3
[A, B, and C represent the regular workers and X the relief man]
Turn
First..................
Hours of turn
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
12 midnight to 8 A A A A A A X C C C C C C B B B B B B
a. m.
Second................. 8 a. m. to 4 p. m___ B B B B B B A A A A A A X C C 0
0
0
C
Third,................. 4 p. m. to midnight. C C C C C C B B B B B B A A A A A A X
133895°—33------2
14
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
The above diagram shows the relief system in use in manv plants
for employees working in a 7-day occupation on a 3-shiit basis.
This method gives each employee a calendar day off once in 19. It
may also be noticed that no employee works more than 6 consecutive
turns without having 24 hours of continuous rest. For example,
A would go to work at midnight of the first day and work until
8 a. m., B then takes up the work at 8 a. m. and works until 4 p. m.,
when C takes up the work and continues until midnight, when A
comes on duty for his second day. This system would be followed
until each employee—A, B, and C—had worked 6 consecutive turns
when each would change turns, A dropping from the first to the
second, B from the second to the third, and C would move up to the
first. This method of rotation would put A on duty again at 8 a. m.
on the 7th, and as he had finished his turn at 8 a. m. on the 6th he
would have had 24 hours rest; B, who had finished his turn at 4 p. m.,
on the 6th, would again resume work at 4 p. m. on the 7th, which
would have given him 24 hours rest. However, had C started work
on the 7th at midnight he would have had no rest as his turn on the
6th had just ended. In order that C may have 24 hours rest, a relief
man, X, works this turn and C is not obliged to return to work until
midnight of the 7th, which gives him 24 hours off duty.
The relief turn for A and B can be analyzed in the same manner
as described for C. In this relief system it is possible for 3 men to
have 24 hours continuous rest after 6 consecutive turns by giving
each man a relief turn off once in 19 days.
In order to give some light on modes of changing shifts in 7-day
occupations, working on a 3-shift basis of 8 hours each, where no
relief is given, the following outline is presented. This method of
changing shifts is found in many plants and on each change day two
workers are off 8 hours each while the third is off 32 hours.
Illustration No. 4
[No relief man]
Turn
Hours of turn
1 2
First.............. 11 p.m . to 7 a.m . C 0
3
4
5
6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0 A A A A A A A B B B B B B B 0
0
0
C
Second.......... 7 a. m. to 3 p. m. A A B B B B B B B C C C C C C C A A A A A
Third______
3 p.m . to 11 p .m . B B C C C C C 0
0 A A A A A A A B B B B B
As shown by the diagram, A, B, and C each work eight hours on
the 1st and 2d, but when the change-day of the 3d comes and C drops
from the first turn to the third turn it is necessary for him to work the
turn 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. and the turn 3 p. m. to 11 p. m. This gives
him two 8-hour shifts out of 24 hours, his rest period coming between
the first and third shifts. B works one shift 7 a. m. to 3 p. m. on the
3d, while A, who went off duty at 3 p. m. on the 2d, does not return to
work until 32 hours later, or at 11 p. m. on the 3d. On the second
change-day, which is the 10th,* A works 16 hours, C 8 hours, and B is
off 32 hours. On the third change-day, which completes the cycle,
B works 16 hours, A 8 hours, and C is off 32 hours. Thus, in 3 weeks
each employee has been off duty 32 hours in a continuous period, but
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
15
in order to do this it was necessary to work 16 hours on one day,
which would not have been necessary had a reliej man been used. It
will be noticed that each man worked 21 turns, or 168 hours, which is
full time for the period.
Common Laborers
There are in each of the 10 departments of the iron and steel
industry covered in this report various occupations which require
little skill, but for which the basic rate is largely determined by the
rate of wages paid common laborers. In 1931, due to a desire to
reduce operating costs to a minimum many plants were operated with
fewer laborers than in previous years, the work usually done by
laborers being done by other members of the crew. The rate per
hour for common laborers is practically the same in all departments in
each district, but varies considerably one district from another.
In this study “ common labor” has been confined as far as possible
to the wholly unskilled and more or less floating gang, who worked in
and about the mill proper, but upon whose work the mill was not pri
marily dependent for operation. While the various methods used in
the several plants in classifying common labor has led to difficulties in
tabulation, no employee was placed under that heading unless he
received the common-labor rate in the plant in which he worked.
Average earnings per hour of common laborers from 1913 to 1931
are shown in Table 6 by geographic district and year. Figures for
puddling mills are not shown by districts for the years 1926,1929, and
1931. In years previous to 1929 figures for tin-plate mills were shown
by districts, but for 1929 and 1931 data are shown only for all districts
combined. Figures for standard rail mills are not shown by districts,
but are shown for the years 1924 to 1931 for all districts combined.6
Although prior to 1924 no data are shown for standard rail mills, in
Table 6 averages for that department are in many instances contained
in the averages for all departments combined.
It will be observed that average hourly earnings of laborers for all
departments combined show little change since 1924. In both the
Eastern and the Great Lakes and Middle West districts there were
slight decreases, while the Pittsburgh and the Southern districts both
show small increases. The average for all districts combined in
creased from 41.4 cents in 1929 to 41.9 cents in 1931, the latter average
being 131 per cent greater than in 1914.
1 See footnote 4, p. X.
16
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Average earnings per hour of common laborers in specified departments
of the iron and steel industry, 1913 to 1931, by district and year
T a b l e 6 .—
[For number of plants reporting see sections relating to the specified departments, published elsewhere in
this report]
Average earnings per hour in—
District and year
|
Stand
Open- Pud Bloom
All de Blast Besse
mer hearth dling
Bar
Plate ard
part
fur
ing
fur mills mills mills rail mills
ments naces con
verters naces
mills
Eastern:
1913..................... i $0.157 $0,151
$0.162 $0,151
$0.168
1914.....................
.151
i .156 .153
.169 $0.163
.172
1915.....................
i .155
.151
. 157
.154
. 151
.171
1917.....................
.271
.278
.250
.250
.287
1919.....................
.423
.437
.398
.400
.363
.408
.451
1920.....................
.444
.451
.437
.485
.398
.322
1922.....................
.345
.323
.326
.300
.326
1924.....................
.386
.394
.389
.349
.410
.388
.374
.383
1926.....................
.335
.383
.382
.375
1929.....................
.386
.382
.379
.349
.351
1931.....................
.339
.355
.376
.368
Pittsburgh:
1913..................... 1.190 .191 $0 192 .190
. 192 . 191
1.190
1914.....................
.192
.193
.192
.190
.188
.188
i . 190 .189
1915.....................
.193
.192
.189
.193
. Ib9
.301
1917.....................
.292
299
.300
.300
.300
1.480
1919.....................
.484
.485
.489
.484
.471 ” .'447“
1920..................... 1.530
.525 * .532
.529
.537
.532
.537
1.360
1922.....................
.359
.359
.357
.356
.362
.365
.451
1924.....................
.451
.459
.466
.472
.423
.448
.452
.441
.463
.469
.447
1926.....................
.452
.453
1929.....................
.467
.460
.433
.458
.458
.459
1931.....................
.441
.452
.475
.492
.458
Great Lakes and
Middle West:
1913___________
1914.....................
1915.....................
1917.....................
1919-...................
1920.....................
1922. ...................
1924.....................
1926.....................
1929.....................
1931.....................
1.189
1.189
1.188
.313
1.469
1.541
i. 363
.443
.458
.456
.441
. 189
.190
.187
.296
.466
.549
.374
.456
.459
.462
.439
Southern:
1913___________
1914.....................
1915.....................
1917.....................
1919.....................
1920.....................
1922___________
1924.....................
1926.....................
1929.....................
1931.....................
.140
.146
.141
.222
.331
.396
.253
.282
.281
.279
.283
.136
.137
.134
.226
.334
.359
.257
.269
.265
.241
.253
All districts:
1913_ ...................
1914.....................
1915.....................
1917.....................
1919.....................
1920.....................
1922_...................
1924.....................
1926.....................
1929.....................
1931.....................
1.181
1.181
1.180
.298
1.461
i. 503
1.336
.417
.419
.414
.419
.173
.177
.171
.281
.457
.474
.315
.401
.389
.373
.384
.190
.191
.191
.297
.501
.545
.367
.436
.439
.446
.452
.190
.191
.191
.299
.485
.559
.366
.450
.448
.452
.446
.152
.169.158
.221
.370
.480
.296
.342
.337
.357
.349
.192
.193
.193
.298
.489
.537
.363
.448
.443
.452
.452
.185
.185
.186
.292
.468
.525
.354
.434
.429
.433
.436
. 182
.180
.464
.521
.361
.399
.144
.146
.299
.312
.219
.278
.173
.167
.436
.457
.305
.355
.357
.389
.386
.190
.190
.190
.295
.487
.528
.374
.502
.514
.519
.466
.195
. 190
.189
.289
.469
.514
.349
.437
.438
.439
.450
Tin
plate
mills
$0.156
.151
.150
.409
.479
.313
.374
.371
.363
.327
___
___
___
.183 $0.191 $0.192
.192
.183
.192
.184
.192
.194
.321
.482
.460 ""'.’ 477
.517
.530
.528
.363
.360
.358
.430
.451
.445
.431
.466
.436
.469
.430
.441
.472
.189
.190
.190
___
.450
.526
.362
.420
.455
.458
.421
.187
.180
.180
.335
.463
.547
.352
.414
.503
.427
.415
.186
.186
.186
.190
.188
.188
.331
.462
.536
.356
.420
.475
.429
.428
.189
.189
.190
.434
.535
.357
.432
.419
.142
.141
.142
.138
.148
.140
.217
.374
.404
.283
.334
.318
.327
.339
.185
.187
.187
.287
.469
.511
.350
.462
.451
.463
.460
Sheet
mills
.275
.381
.222
.262
.263
.264
.271
.175
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
.432 $0,385
.425
.421
.409
.400
.433
.406
.169
.173
.173
.443
.506
.316
.392
.411
.399
.394
.461
.533
.359
.436
.429
.422
.419
i Including earnings of common laborers in standard rail mills although average earnings for that depart
ment are not shown separately.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
17
Average Hourly Earnings in Departments, 1931, by District
Table 7 shows, by districts, for 1931 average hourly earnings for
all occupations combined.
Table 7.— Average hourly earnings in each department, all occupations combined,
1981, by district
District
Stand
Open- Pud B loom
Blast Besse
Bar
Plate
ard
mer hearth dling
ing
fur
mills
rail
mills
con
fur mills i mills
naces verters
naces
mills*
TCftStara
$0,495
Pittsburgh_______ ____ _
.600 $0,667
Great Lakes and Middle
.590
.661
SnnthftTO,.
....
.423
ATI districts^ ,1T.
.551
.664
Tin
Sheet plate
mills mills 1
$0,658
.746
$0,582
.677
$0,507
.687
.705
.571
.673
.617
.695
.623
.421
.727
.703 $0.592
.664
.627 $0,613
.588
,747
$0,504
.661 $0,758
...........
$0,714
* Not reported by districts to avoid identification of any plant.
Average hotirly earnings in the 10 departments ranged from 55.1
cents in blast furnaces to 74.7 cents in sheet mills. In blast furnaces
the low earnings are due chiefly to the large percentage of unskilled
or semiskilled labor, while in sheet mills the crews, consisting mostly
of skilled employees, work in three shifts at high speed and on a
tonnage basis which accounts for their high rate of earnings. The
same condition applies in tin-plate mills as in sheet mills, the average
of 71.4 cents in tin-plate mills being the second highest.
Average earnings in open-hearth furnaces were 70.3 cents, in
Bessemer converters and blooming mills 66.4 cents, and in other
departments ranged from 62.7 cents for plate mills to 58.8 cents for
bar mills.
Earnings of employees in the various departments were higher
in the Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle West districts
than in the eastern and the southern districts. This is due in part
to the lower rate paid to unskilled and semiskilled labor in the latter
districts. The percentage of labor carried by a plant is usually large
enough to have a considerable influence on average earnings of all
employees combined, thus lowering the average.
Scope of 1931 Data
In 1931 information was obtained from plants located in 16 States.
The plants covered have been grouped mto four districts. These
districts were established, not strictly on geographical lines, but
rather according to industrial conditions. The “ Eastern ” district
covers New Jersey and the eastern parts of New York, Pennsylvania,
and Maryland. The “ Pittsburgh” district includes not only the
plants in Pittsburgh proper but also others in western Pennsylvania,
those along the border line of Ohio from Youngstown south to Bellaire and those located in the “ panhandle” of West Virginia. The
“ Great Lakes and Middle West” district includes plants scattered
along the Great Lakes and also some in inland^ territory, including
Colorado. Although this last is a very large territory geographically,
it is essentially a unit industrially as far as the iron and steel industry
is concerned, the wage rates of the entire district being based largely
on those paid in the producing centers, Buffalo and Chicago. The
18
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
“ Southern” district includes plants in Virginia, Tennessee, Ken
tucky, Alabama, and Georgia.
The actual number of plants and of wage earners covered in each
department in each district in 1931 are shown in Table 8. Each
department of an establishment has been counted as a separate plant.
T a b l e 8 .—
Number of 'plants and of wage earners shown on pay rolls, by department and district
Eastern
district
Pittsburgh
district
Great Lakes
and Middle
West district
Southern
district
Total
Department
Wage Plants Wage Plants Wage Plants Wage Plants Wage
Plants earners
earners
earners
earners
earners
Blast furnaces....................
Bessemer converters_____
Open-hearth furnaces........
Puddling mills1_________
Blooming mills______ ___
Plate Trriils______________
Standard rail m ills1_____
Bar mills___________ ____
Sheet mills ____________
Tin-plate mills 1_________
5
1,136
6
1,481
12
6
11
2,998
984
5,212
11
5
13
4,155
1,006
5,116
5
6
499
1,189
11
5
2,674
1,297
13
6
8
1,025
13
10
2,424
7,907
Total_____ -_______
30
5,330
68
23,496
6
1,536
5
986
1,791
1,604
4
321
13
5
2,603
3,909
9
1,052
66
20,184
24
3,895
34
11
35
8
33
17
8
43
15
9
9,825
1,990
12,795
980
5,285
4,090
2,897
7,104
11,816
10,083
213
66,865
i Details not given by districts to avoid identification of any plant.
Importance of the Industry
The iron and steel industry is one of the largest and most important
manufacturing industries in the United States. In 1890, with a popu
lation of approximately 63,000,000 people, the output of pig iron,
including ferro-alloys, was 9,202,703 gross tons, or 327 pounds per
capita; in 1900, with the population figure approximately 76,000,000
the production was 13,789,242 gross tons, or 406 pounds per capita;
and in 1920, with a population of almost 106,000,000, the production
increased to 36,925,987 gross tons, or 777 pounds per capita. In
1929, with a population of approximately 121,500,000 people, the
production was 42,613,983 gross tons, or 786 pounds per capita, while
m 1931, with a population of about 124,000,000, the production had
fallen to 18,383,000 gross tons, or an average of 332 pounds per capita.
This shows a decrease in production of almost 58 per cent per capita
from 1929 to 1931.
Table 9, taken from the reports of the Census of Manufactures,
gives a good idea of the size and importance of the industry. In
1929 there was an average of 24,960 wage earners employed in blast
furnaces and 394,574 in steel works and rolling mills. The total
wages paid these employees during the year was $41,959,000 and
$689,016,000, respectively, or an average annual wage per wage
earner of $1,681 in blast furnaces and $1,746 in steel works and rolling
mills.
The cost of materials in blast furnaces was $610,294,000 and the
value of the product was $771,425,000, which is $161,131,000 more
than the cost of materials and represents the value added by manu
facture. In steel works and rolling mills the cost of materials was
$1,904,083,000, the value of the product $3,365,789,000, the differ
ence, or $1,461,706,000, representing the value added by manufacture.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
19
Wages paid in blast furnaces in 1929 represent 26 per cent of value
added by manufacture, which compares with 34 per cent in 1927 and
43 per cent in 1914. In steel works and rolling mills wages represent
47 per cent of the value added by manufacture in 1929, 55 per cent
in 1927, and 57 per cent in 1914. Average annual earnings in steel
works and rolling mills were greater in 1929 than in any other year
covered by the census, while in blast furnaces the 1929 average was
the highest of any year except 1919.
9.— Number of establishments, wage earners, cost of materials, value of
'products, and value added by manufacture in the iron ana steel industry, 191A
to 1929
T a b le
Number of
Average
establish
number of
ments
wage earners
Branch of industry and year
Blast furnaces:
1914.......................................
1919.......................................
1921.......................................
1923.......................................
1925.......................................
1927.......................................
1929.......................................
Steel works and rolling mills:
1914.......................................
1919.......................................
1921.......................................
1923.......................................
1925.......................................
1927.......................................
1929.......................................
Branch of industry and
year
Blast furnaces:
1914................................
1919................................
1921................................
1923................................
1925................................
1927................................
1929................................
Steel works and rolling
mills:
1914...............................
1919...............................
1921_________________
1923_________________
1925_________________
1927................................
1929................................
Cost of
materials
Wages
Value of
products
160
209
134
169
122
116
105
29,356
43,296
18,698
36,712
29,188
27,958
24,960
$22,781,000
76,446.000
29,370,000
58,936.000
45,312 000
44,258,000
41,959,000
$264,580,000
644,021,000
361,050.000
827,630 000
617,417,000
579,555,000
610,294,000
$317,654,000
824,383 000
419,771,000
1,007,613,000
765,286.000
708,904,000
771,425,000
427
500
494
489
473
486
486
248,716
375,088
235,515
388,201
370,726
361,312
394,574
188,142.000
637,637.000
324,987,000
637,825,000
614,985,000
601,275,000
689,016,000
590,826,000
1,680,576.000
1,005,125,000
2,044,398,000
1,811,961,000
1,689,655,000
1,904,083,000
918,665,000
2,828,902,000
1,481,659,000
3,154,325,000
2,946,068,000
2,779,840,000
3,365,789,000
Cost of
Average
annual
material
Value added
by manufacture wages per per wage
wage earner
earner
Value
Per cent
Value of
added by
products
wages are
manufac
per wage
of value
ture per
earner
wage earner added
$53,074,000
180,362,000
58,721,000
179,983,000
147,869,000
129,349,000
161,131,000
$776
1,766
1,571
1,605
1,552
1,583
1,681
$9,013
14,875
19,310
22,544
21,153
20,729
24,451
$10,821
19,041
22,450
27,446
26,219
25,356
30,906
$1,808
4,166
3,140
4,902
5,066
4,627
6,456
43
42
50
33
31
34
26
327,839,000
1,148,326,000
476,534,000
1,109,927,000
1,134,107,000
1,090,185,000
1,461,706,000
756
1,700
1,380
1,643
1,659
1,664
1,746
2,376
4,480
4,268
5,266
4,888
4,676
4,826
3,694
7,542
6,291
8,125
7,947
7,694
8,530
1,318
3,062
2,023
2,859
3,059
3,017
3,705
57
56
68
57
54
55
47
Trend of Employment
In addition to studies of wages and hours of labor of employees in
certain industries in the United States, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
collects each month data covering employment and earnings in all of
the more important ones, such figures being published monthly in the
Labor Review. Index numbers for employment in iron and steel
are repeated in this bulletin for the purpose of throwing additional
light on labor conditions in the iron and steel industry, but they should
not be confused with the index numbers developed by the wage study.
Since the employment figures are based on data collected monthly,
it is, of course, not possible to cover wage conditions in the same detail
20
W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
as in the biennial wage studies. Such figures necessarily indicate
the trend of conditions only in a general way and conclusions drawn
from them must be considered in that light; for example, the index
of employment shows principally the rise and fall of the number of
wage earners employed in the industry. This, of course, indicates
in a general way the regularity or continuity of employment but does
not indicate a change in regular or actual hours or days of labor.
The data collected cover only the number of employees appearing
on the pay rolls and no reference is made to hours or days of employ
ment. Likewise, the index of pay-roll totals is an index of total
earnings during one pay period and does not indicate an increase or
decrease in hourly or full-time weekly earnings. From it may be
computed the increase or decrease in per capita earnings which
might be due to changes in rates of pay, changes in production where
employees are paid on tonnage basis, or changes in the amount of
time actually put in.
In computing the index numbers for employment and earnings the
average for the year 1926 was taken as the base, or 100 per cent.
The index for each month is simply the per cent that the average for
that month is of the average for 1926. These indexes are presented
in Table 10 for each month beginning with January, 1923, and ending
with December, 1931.
T a b le
10.— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the iron and steel
industry, January, 1923, to December, 1931, by months and years
[Average for 1926=100]
Employment
ivlouui
1927
1928
1929
1923
1924
1925
1926
1930
1931
January..................................
February...............................
March....................................
April.............................. ........
M ay.......................................
June........................................
July........................................
August......... .................... .
September.............................
October..............................
November............................
December..............................
96.5
99.3
101.0
101.3
103.3
105.9
102.8
105.4
104.5
104.2
102.2
98.3
101.0
105.8
108.5
107.8
98.3
91.4
86.1
83.8
86.3
89.9
90.3
95.4
100.2
102.0
102.7
100.4
98.2
95.4
94.0
94.0
94.5
95.8
97.2
100.1
100.5
102.0
101.7
102.3
101.0
99.3
97.8
98.8
100.3
100.2
99.1
96.7
95.0
96.4
97.7
97.3
96.4
94.3
92.3
91.2
90.6
89.5
87.8
86.5
86.9
89.8
91.5
91.4
91.2
90.5
89.6
90.7
91.2
91.5
93.1
92.8
93.4
94.0
95.0
95.9
97.1
97.2
90.6
97.5
98.3
93.9
92.3
87.5
88.7
90.8
90.3
90.8
90.7
87.7
83.9
80.8
79.0
78.3
76.8
75.6
74.8
75.1
76.2
76.2
74.2
70.7
69.7
68.2
65.6
63.5
62.5
63.0
Year..............................
102.1
95.4
97.9
100.0
92.9
90.9
94.7
84.5
70.0
Pay rolls
avionui
January_______ ______ _____
February________ ____ ____
March __________________
April_____________________
M ay. _______________ —
June__________ - __ ________
July______________________
August______________
September________________
October___________________
November....... ......... .........
December..............................
Year._______________
1923
1924
1925
1925
1927
1928
1929
87.1
92.1
94.5
92.0
104.1
105.6
91.1
101.2
98.8
103.8
101.0
96.0
97.5
107.8
110.2
107.3
96.3
80.1
69.7
77.2
79.8
86.4
87.3
96.2
101.1
102.4
102.9
100.1
98.2
91.9
85.8
90.6
89.2
96.4
96.0
102.2
99.8
102.7
104.4
103.4
100.3
99.2
93.3
95.1
99.2
103.7
100.2
98.5
92.3
98.2
101.2
102.0
96.5
94.4
83.9
88.0
85.8
85.9
83.8
84.5
83.5
93.4
95.3
93.1
98.3
91.7
86.5
92.2
91.0
96.7
97.6
95.8
95.5
100.2
102.2
104.8
105.9
104.0
97.6
103.4
101.7
99.1
92.3
85.2
85.1
93.8
93.1
94.3
92.0
87.0
74.4
72.5
70.0
70.3
63.5
61.8
58.8
64.9
67.8
67.3
62.1
54.1
48.3
46.2
40.4
38.3
36.3
37.1
97.3
91.3
96.4
100.0
91.4
92.7
99.3
79.8
51.8
1930
1931
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
21
Explanation and Treatment of the Data
In the following pages of this report each of the 10 departments
covered in the 1931 study has been treated as a separate industry.
The treatment of the data is the same for each department, however,
the same forms of statistical tables having been used in each case.
From these tables, of which there are six, figures have been taken
to a large extent for the summary tables already presented. Thus,
a general explanation of the methods used in handling the data and
the figures shown in the tables will serve as a guide in the study of
the figures for each department and the summary of the figures
for all departments previously presented.
Adjustment of the data.—As previously stated, all data in this
report refer to one representative pay period only. Unfortunately
for statistical purposes there is no length of pay period universally
followed by all companies. While a large majority of the plants in
this industry pay their employees on a semimonthly basis, some
establishments pay weekly, some biweekly, and at least one estab
lishment pays three times a month. It would have been a prohibi
tive task to attempt to obtain data from an establishment for any
group of days other than a regular pay period.
The period selected for this survey was from March 16 to 31, but
that period was not always representative. A few of the establish
ments covered were closed down almost completely during the last
half of March. Thus, while the wage figures obtained are in a large
measure for the March 16 to 31 period, a few were taken for other
periods. In the case of weekly periods the bureau agents combined
the pay rolls for two consecutive weeks, making in effect a 2-week
pay period.
Therefore before combinations of actual time and actual earnings
could be made and averages computed therefrom it was necessary
to adjust the figures of a few establishments in order that all schedules
would refer to the same or an equivalent length pay period. The
adjustments were made for the principal occupations only, since no
tables are presented wherein it was necessary to adjust the hours and
earnings of the other employees.
In making the adjustment it was first assumed that all employees
in an occupation would work the same per cent of full time during
any period as they did during the period for which the wage figures were
taKen. The full time of all employees in an occupation was then
computed for the new period chosen as the basis for adjustment and
the full time for the new period was then multiplied by the per cent
of full time which the employees had worked during the period
actually covered. That result then became the equivalent actual
hours worked in that occupation as used in the preparation of the
tables.
The actual earnings of employees were adjusted by multiplying
the adjusted hours of employees in an occupation by the average
earnings per hour of that occupation. The average earnings per
hour were obtained before any adjustments were made and have
not been affected by any later computations.
Positions.—The term “ positions” or “ jobs” as used in this report
means the number of places to be filled by employees working the
regular full time required to operate a plant under normal working
22
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
conditions, with provision for two or three shifts or turns per day,
but •with no provision for relief of employees; for example, a blast
furnace must have a keeper on duty all of the time. If the furnace
employees are on a 12-hour shift then there are two positions for
keeper at the furnace; if on a 3-shift basis there are three keepers’
positions.
Employees.— In each year prior to 1919 the number of positions has
been used as the number of employees, but in 1919 and each later
year the actual number of individual employees is shown.
In all tables in this report employees appear but once. In cases
where they worked at two or more occupations during the period or
at more than one set of hours or turns per day or week they have
been tabulated under the occupation or number of hours or turns at
which they spent the most of their time. This has resulted in dis
regarding the hours and earnings of some employees in some secondary
occupations, but on the whole the figures eliminated were so small as
to be of no consequence in determining the averages.
Average earnings per hour.—The earnings per hour shown in the
tables include both the earnings of time workers and those of tonnage
or piece workers. All earnings per hour are for individuals, no con
tractors being included. The average was obtained by dividing the
total amount earned by the total number of hours actually worked
in an occupation before any adjustment was made in the data.
Average full-time hours per week.—The full-time hours of labor as
shown in the tables are the customary regular hours of work of indi
vidual employees under normal conditions in the establishments. The
working time is the time on duty, including intervals of waiting for
work—in other words, the time between the hour of reporting for
duty and the hour of going off duty. The working time of individuals
is not always the working time of their occupation as a whole. #Some
plants which operate 7 days per week make provision for laying off
each employee 1 day a week. In such a plant the full-time hours
per week of an employee working 8 hours per day is 48 hours, and
this figure would be used in the compilation of the averages presented
in the tables.
In computing the average for all employees in an occupation the
individual averages in the various plants were weighted by the number
of positions in those plants instead of the number of employees on
the pay roll. The number of positions in a plant is practically con
stant from year to year while considerable variation is shown in the
number of employees. Thus the use of the number of employees
as a weight would tend to change the average whether any change was
actually made in the working time of employees or not.
Average full-time weekly earnings.—Full-time weekly earnings are
the earnings per week of employees working their customary full time
or the earnings on broken time reduced to equivalent earnings for a
full week. The average has been obtained in each instance by multi
plying the average full-time hours per week by the average earnings
per hour.
Table A .—Average customary full-time hours per week, average
earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week, together
with the index numbers computed from these averages for the
country as a whole, are presented in this table for each of the prin
cipal occupations in each department. The table also shows a per
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
23
centage distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week. Figures for 1931 were compiled for this report and those
for earlier years were taken from previous reports published by this
bureau. (For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.) For the
purposes of comparison the class limits used in the distribution of
hours of employees were necessarily very wide. A much more com
prehensive distribution for employees in several of the occupations
in 1931 is contained in Table E. The index numbers have been in
cluded as an aid in making a comparison of the actual data over a
period of years. The index for each year is the per cent that the
average for that year is of the average for 1913.
Table B.—A classification showing numbers and percentages of
employees according to the number of turns per week customarily
worked is presented in Table B. Figures are shown for employees
in all occupations combined for 1931 and preceding years. The
plants are grouped according to the four geographical districts used
in this survey, and the number and per cent of employees in each
district are shown in the table, as well as the total for all districts
combined.
Most of the departments of the iron and steel industry are oper
ated day and night. Each day of 24 hours is divided into two or
three turns, usually of equal length, and each employee is expected
to work but one turn per calendar day, except when changing from
one turn to another employees frequently work two consecutive shifts.
It is customary for the men in these plants to alternate or rotate
from one turn to another at regular intervals, spending equal periods
of time on each turn. Thus the term “ turns” as used in this table
means a day’s work performed on day, night, or intermediate turn
and the column headings which include more than one turn indicate a
weekly shift from one turn to another. All employees do not change
turns each week, however, as it is the practice in many plants for
employees to work two weeks on a turn before a change is made.
This serves only to increase the time necessary to make a complete
rotation of turns. The number of turns worked in the long run is
not affected, and in order to combine the data for the various plants
all employees have been classified as though turns were all changed
weekly.
Various provisions for the relief6 of employees are in force in many
plants whereby employees are given a day of rest even though the
plant, and of course most of the occupations, may normally operate 7
days per week. Some 7-day plants have regular systems of relief
requiring the men to lay off 1 day in 7, 1 day m 14, 1 day in 19, or 1
day in 21. The system whereby an employee is relieved 1 day in 19
is used in plants having two or three shifts per day. An employee
works six days on each shift before changing to another shift. At the
end of 18 days he is relieved 1 calendar day, his regular turn being
taken by a relief man. This relief system is shown separately in
Tables B and D in 1931 for the first time, the employees being
included in former years in 6, 7, and 7 turns in rotation. Only
definite systems of relief where men are required to take advantage
of the day of rest, or at least exercise the privilege reasonably often,
have been considered. In the study of this table it must be kept in
24
W AGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
mind that the turns worked by individuals are shown and not the
working turns of the occupations in which they are employed.
All employees in 1931 were classified as nearly as possible by their
regular working time. Gas or repair turns have been disregarded
when employees customarily worked such turns at less frequent
intervals than once every three weeks, and relief systems have also
been omitted in a few instances where the periods elapsing between
reliefs were longer than that time.
Table Q.—This table presents the most important facts for 1931
relative to the customary working time, actual earnings, and actual
hours of employees in the principal occupations in each department.
The data for each occupation in seven departments are presented by
districts and for all districts combined. In the three remaining
departments—puddling, standard rail, and tin-plate mills—data are
presented only for the United States as a whole. In the arrangement
of the table the averages are presented in three groups or sections:
(1) Averages relating to the customary working time of employees;
(2) averages for the hours worked and earnings received by employees
while engaged in each specified principal occupation; and (3) averages
for the hours and earnings of those same employees while engaged in
those and any other occupations within the department at which
they may have worked during the pay period.
The first group of averages, including customary turns per week,
hours per turn, and hours per week, have been computed for the
number of positions necessary to be filled in the different occupations
instead of the actual number of employees who worked all or part of
the pay period. (For definition of a position see p. 12.) For this
reason the number of positions appears in the table in connection with
these averages. The number of positions represents the number of
men who would be employed at any one time in the occupation.
Several men might be necessary to keep a position filled during the
pay period, but only one man would be employed at a time. Thus
the customary working time of each man employed in a position would
be the same while he worked in that occupation, and the aggregate
full-time hours or turns in a plant would depend upon the number of
available positions and not upon the number of men employed to fill
them during the pay period. However, while the number of positions
have been used as a weight for computing the averages, the working
time of individual employees is shown in this table and not the hours
or turns of the positions; fcr example, in a blast furnace having 5
stacks in operation 3 turns per day, there would be 15 positions for
the occupation of keeper. The plant has a relief system in force
whereby each man works but 6 turns each week, although the furnaces,
and of course the positions may be in operation continuously, or 7
turns per week. In the computation of the averages shown in the
table the 8 hours per turn, 6 turns, and 48 hours per week customarily
worked by the men are used and each multiplied by 15, the number of
positions, in order to obtain aggregates for the plant. While the 15
positions would remain constant with 5 stacks in operation, it might
be necessary to employ 20 or even more different men during a pay
period to keep those positions filled. Were the number of employees
used as weights, the hours of labor in the different establishments
would not be properly weighted and would depend to a large extent
upon unusual plant conditions.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
25
The second group of averages shows the average hours worked and
earnings received for the pay period subject to the adjustment of hours
and earnings, as explained on page 21, average earnings per hour
and average full-time earnings per week of the men who were actu
ally employed during a majority of their time, at least, in the occu
pation specified. These averages are based on the hours and earnings
of each employee in his principal occupation only and do not in any
way refer to the number of positions. The actual hours which men
have put in and the earnings which they have received are of greater
significance than the hours and earnings of an impersonal particular
job. (For further definition of employees see p. 22.)
However, while the averages in the second group are based upon
employees they do not in any way constitute a measure of employ
ment or unemployment. They refer to the occupation under con
sideration only, and it must not be assumed that the employees in
that occupation had no further opportunity for work. A large per
centage of the employees did work at more than one occupation
during the period scheduled; hence few of the averages in this group
measure the total work or total earnings of the employees.
The average hours worked during the pay period as shown in the
table is the result of combining all the hours worked by all employees
in that occupation and then dividing by the number of employees.
The average earnings per pay period was obtained in the same way.
The average earnings per hour and full-time weekly earnings are
explained on page 22.
The averages in the third group show the total work done by the
same employees in any and all occupations at which they may
have been engaged in the department during the pay-roll period,
including the specified occupation. These averages have been deemed
necessary, as the averages for the specified occupation alone fail to
indicate the entire time and earnings of the individuals under consid
eration. The averages in the third group apply to an employee
within the particular department only. To trace the employee from
one department to another was practically impossible.
The averages were obtained by the same methods that were used
for the second group of averages.
Table D .—The customary turns and hours worked by all employees
in the several departments in 1931 are shown in detail in this table.
The number of turns per week, hours per turn, hours per week, and
average hours per week are presented for three groups of employees:
Those who work day turns only, those who work night turns only,
and those who alternate or rotate from day to night shift. Data are
shown for each district and for all districts combined. Further, like
figures are given for one representative key occupation in each
department.
The order of arrangement begins with the highest number of aver
age full-time hours per week. As the number of hours worked per
day seldom varies during the period Monday to Friday, hours per
turn are shown but once under that heading. The hours worked on
Saturday and Sunday, however, often differ from the number worked
during the first five days of the week, and hours are shown separately
for both Saturday and Sunday.
It is the purpose of this table to give a clear picture of the cus
tomary working time of all employees in each department in every
26
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
important detail. At the same time, however, the bureau has endeav
ored not to allow the numerous small changes, which occur at infre
quent intervals of time and affect the hours and turns of employees
in only a slight degree, to assume an importance not warranted by
conditions. Thus, the regular working time of employees has been
considered as nearly as possible, and gas or repair turns have been
disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less
frequent intervals than once every three weeks in the case of 3-shift
employees and once every four weeks for 2-shift employees. Relief
systems have also been omitted in a few instances where the periods
elapsing between reliefs were longer than that time.
The brackets appearing in the table have been used to indicate a
working cycle—that is, employees working on shifts which have been
bracketed customarily alternate or rotate from one shift to another
until they have spent one week on each shift included. The hours
and turns of employees who change regularly from one turn to
another have been tabulated as though the shift was made weekly in
all plants. As explained for Table B, this assumption is not entirely
correct, as it is the practice in many plants for employees to work
two weeks on a turn before a change is made. This, however, only
serves to increase the time necessary to make a complete rotation of
turns. The number of turns worked in the long rim is not affected,
and in order to combine the data for the various plants all employees
have been classified as though turns were all changed weekly. The
three 8-hour turns per day are shown as one day turn and two night
turns—this for the reason that only one of the three turns is an all
daylight turn, the other two either beginning or ending in the night.
In some instances in the table hours are reported for the seven days
of the week, yet the number of days worked are reported as six. This
is owing to the fact that the figures are for a 7-day occupation
wherein each employee was relieved one day in seven. Either relief
was not always on the same day each week or information as to which
day was not available; therefore, the hours for all days have been
shown and the relief indicated in the full-time hours per week.
The table shows the extent of regular relief systems and their work
ing, but it must not be assumed that there was no chance for rest
where such has not been shown. In some plants, while there is no
regular system of relief, the employees are not held strictly to the working-days of the plant and may often take a day off as they desire it,
the plant putting another man in the place of the one absent. As it
was impossible to determine when or how often a man might be excused,
such plants have been treated in this table as though no relief was
granted.
Workmen whose labor is continuous and who are subjected to high
temperatures usually have spell hands—that is, three men work on a
2-man position or two men work on a 1-man position, which arrange
ment allows each man in rotation intervals for rest. Such intervals
of rest are considered as time on duty.
While this table shows the working time of all employees in the
department as a whole, no effort has been made to show the hours and
turns worked by employees in the different occupations separately.
This was too formidable a task to be undertaken. However, in each
department one of the principal occupations has been selected and
shown as a sample of the hours and turns worked by members of the
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
27
producing crew. All members of the producing crew do not always
work the same hours, but usually there is very little difference, and
the occupation shown will give an excellent idea of conditions as
regards the productive gang proper. Common labor and certain
other unskilled or slightly skilled employees quite often work more
hours than the rest of the force.
The remaining two tables—E and F—are distribution tables and
show the 1931 hours and earnings of employees in considerable
detail for a few of the more important principal occupations in each
department. It would have been too great a task to attempt to
classify all of the principal occupations in the minute detail in which
these tables are presented, but the occupations for which data are
shown may be accepted as fairly representative of all of the occupa
tions. The occupations tabulated include unskilled, slightly skilled,
and skilled employees, and are some of the most important occupa
tions, both numerically and in the process. Common laborers, a very
important occupation in this industry, have been included in each
department.
In classifying employees in these tables a range of hours or earnings
has been used which is sufficiently wide to include all employees for
which data are shown, yet the class limits are small enough to show
fairly the spread or variation of employees in each occupation. Thus,
occupations in a department may be compared with one another or
with occupations in other departments. The data are shown for each
of the four geographical districts separately as well as for all districts
combined.
Table E .—Employees in six of the principal occupations in each
department, except standard rail and puddling mills, are classified
according to their full-time hours per week. In standard rail and
puddling mills employees in only five occupations are shown.
The classification of hours begins with employees who customarily
work 40 hours per week and ends with those who work 84 hours per
week and over. Employees who regularly work 48 hours, 56 hours,
60 hours, or 72 hours per week have been arranged in separate groups,
and the group of “ 84 and over” means 84 hours per week in practically
all instances.
The classified hours of the table are average hours for the individual
and do not reflect the long hours of one week that may alternate with
shorter hours the next. Thus a man who works 72 hours one week
and 60 hours the next has an average of 66 hours, which is tabulated
in the group “ 66, under 72.”
Table F.—This classification table begins with employees who
earned an average of less than 20 cents per hour and ends with those
who earned $3.75 and under $4 per hour. Employees are classified
by 5-cent groups from 20 cents to $1 per hour and by 10-cent groups
from $1 to $2 per hour. All who earned $2 or more per hour are
shown in 25-cent groups.
Exceptionally high or low earnings per hour in practically all
occupations indicate that the employees were working under unusual
conditions, such as performing work on Sunday at time and one-half
rate, or working on a turn which produced exceedingly high or low
tonnage.
Index numbers.—The wage studies of this industry prior to 1914
were limited to employees in certain of the principal occupation
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
only. These occupations included actual members of the producing
crews almost entirely, laborers being practically the only other occupa
tion covered. No data were collected for employees in the several
other less important occupations.
The occupations selected for the studies were assumed as fairly
representative of all occupations in the several departments, and the
studies thus limited were accomplished in much less time than would
have been required had alt occupations been covered.
In the published reports for those earlier years the average full-time
hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time
weekly earnings, and index numbers computed therefor were shown
for each of the principal occupations separately in each department,
and then the data for such occupations were further consolidated and
expressed in the form of index numbers for each department. In
subsequent wage investigations the practice of basing the index num
bers for the department upon the principal occupations only was
continued, although in the studies of 1914 and subsequent years all
employees in the various plants were covered. This was done so that
the data for the later years, though not complete, would be strictly
comparable with years prior to 1914.
However, the method of computing index numbers from specified
occupations alone was discontinued in 1926. All figures back to 1914
were recast to include all occupations; hence, except for the connecting
link between 1913 and 1914 the index numbers here presented for the
departments and for the industry reflect the changes in all occupations
as a composite whole.
The year 1913 has been used by the bureau as the base year for the
computation of index numbers in its many wage and price studies and
for that reason it has been deemed highly desirable to construct the
index for this industry upon that base. Unfortunately, as stated,
data were not collected for all occupations in 1913. However, there
was very little change in wage conditions as between 1913 and 1914
so far as shown by the averages for the principal occupations. Also,
the change in the averages for all occupations between 1914 and 1915
was practically the same as the change in the averages for the principal
occupations. Thus, since the change in the principal occupations
between 1913 and 1914 was very slight, it has been assumed that the
change in all occupations would also be very small and in the same
ratio as the change in the principal occupations. On this assumption
the average for 1913 was obtained from the proportion, “ the average
for the principal occupations in 1914 is to the average for all occupa
tions for that year as the average for the principal occupations in
1913 is to x.”
The bureau consolidated the data for the several departments into
a general index to represent the iron and steel industry as a whole at
least to the extent covered. This general index was constructed for
1926 and earlier years by weighting the data for the various depart
ments by the number of employees covered in each department in
1926. The weighting for 1929 and 1931 was the number of employees
covered in those years. The most desirable weighting, of course,
would have been the total number of wage earners employed in the
United States in each separate department. Such figures are not
available as there are no authoritative records from which to obtain
them. The Census of Manufactures does not show the wage earners
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
29
in the different departments of steel works and rolling mills separately.
However, the bureau in its studies has endeavored to cover a fair
representation of wage earners in each department, and it is believed
the relative weight given each department by the bureau's figures
would not be materially changed by using the number of wage earn
ers in the country generally, if such were available.
133895°— 33------ 3
Blast Furnaces
Data for 1931 are for 34 blast-furnace establishments located in
10 States, which during the pay-roll period covered employed 9,825
wage earners in all occupations. Of these, 4,520 are in the 16 prin
cipal occupations for which separate averages are shown. Com
parable data were first obtained for this department in 1907, and
from 1907 to 1914 employees in the selected occupations only were
covered. In 1914 and subsequent years all employees in all occupa
tions were included.1
Hours of labor for all employees in blast furnaces decreased 23.5
er cent between 1914 and 1931. Between 1914 and 1922 there was
ttle change in customary working time, the average hours being
74.8 in 1914 and 72.3 in 1922; but after the general adoption of the
8-hour day in 1923 weekly hours of labor declined rapidly, the average
dropping from 72.3 in 1922 to 59.7 in 1924. There were slight
increases in 1926 and 1929, to 59.8 and 60.7, respectively, while in
1931 the average was 57.2, the lowest for any year for which data is
shown. Table 2 (p. 4) shows average full-time hours per week,
earnings per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for all employees in
this department.
Comparison of 1931 averages in Table A with averages of former
years shows the general downward trend of average full-time hours
per week in the principal occupations.2 The average hours per week
for all occupations combined were 57.2 in 1931 as compared with 60.7
in 1929. A study of the hours per week of the principal occupations
shows not only the changes that have taken place in those occupations
but also serves as a general indicator of changes in other occupations for
which separate averages are not shown. Thus it will be seen that all
16 of the principal occupations not only show a decrease in 1931 as
compared with 1929 but show lower averages than for any former
year for which data are reported. This clearly shows the general
trend in the industry toward a shorter week. Iron handlers and
loaders show the greatest decrease, their average hours being 73.2 in
1929 and 59.5 in 1931. In 1922 all of the principal occupations
except two had a customary week of more than 70 hours, while in
1931 all 16 had a week of less than 60 hours. Average hours per
week in 1931 ranged from 48.0 for bottom fillers and top fillers to
59.5 for iron handlers and loaders and laborers. The occupations of
bottom fillers and top fillers are nearly obsolete due to change in
blast-furnace equipment.
"While average full-time hours per week have decreased materially
since 1922, the percentage of employees working 7 days per week
increased from 29 per cent in 1922 to 54 per cent in 1929. However,
in 1931 there was a large decrease in 7-day workers and the percentage
dropped to 28, or the lowest shown for any year. When tiie various
districts are considered separately, 17 per cent of the employees in the
E
.......
....... —
—..................
.........V
---
- ---- -
--------------- -----
i Bata were not obtained for the years. 1916,1918,1921,1923,1925,1927, 1928, and 1930.
* For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
30
---I.
BLAST FURNACES
31
eastern district, 10 per cent in the Pittsburgh, 47 per cent in the Great
Lakes and Middle West, and 21 per cent in the southern district regu
larly worked a week of 7 days in 1931. The adoption of the 8-hour
day brought into effect a new working time per week—6 days, 7 days,
and 7 days in rotation, also the system whereby an employee works
6 days on each of the three shifts or a total of 18 days and is then
relieved for 1 day. The latter system is reported separately in 1931
for the first time, having been included in former years in the 6, 7, and
7 turns in rotation. In 1931 there were 28 per cent of all employees
in blast furnaces working under the system whereby they are relieved
1 day out of 19. When considered by districts, it is found that 33
per cent in the eastern district, 44 per cent in the Pittsburgh district,
19 per cent in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, and 17 per
cent in the southern district worked under this relief system.
There was an increase in the per cent of 6-day workers in all of the
districts, the per cent for all districts combined being 43 in 1931 as
compared with 22 in 1929.
In order that the customary hours per day and per week in this
department may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. This
table shows that out of 9,825 employees covered, 2,589 worked day
turns only, 99 night turns only, and 7,137 alternate or rotate from
day to night shift. In a total of 647 employees, who regularly worked
an average of 12 hours per day, 196 customarily worked a week of
7 days. A total of 2,916 worked 10 hours per day and 5,932 a day
of 8 hours. This table includes all employees whether on producing
crew or not, but in order to give a better idea of working time of mem
bers of the producing crew separate figures are given for one key
occupation, that of keeper. Of 274 employees working as keeper, 257
worked 8 hours per day while 15 of the remaining 17 worked 12 hours
per day and 2 its equivalent—that is, 11 hours per day one week and
13 the next. Only 7 of the 17 working 12 hours per day regularly
worked 7 days per week.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations according to their average full-time hours per week. Out of
a total of 3,059 employees in these six occupations 238 had an average
full-time week of 48 hours, 1,816 had an average of over 48 and under
60, and 71 had an average of 84.
Average hourly earnings in 1931 for employees in the principal
occupations, as shown in Table A, range from 36.0 cents for iron hand
lers and loaders to 92.9 cents for blowers. For all employees in both
skilled and unskilled occupations average earnings per hour were 55.1
cents in 1931 as compared with 52.8 in 1929, an increase of 4.4 per cent.
Hourly earnings reached their peak in 1920, the average for all em
ployees combined in that year being 57.1 cents, or more than 2% times
as great as in 1914.
Stockers showed the largest increase in hourly earnings—from 45.1
cents per hour in 1929 to 48.5 cents in 1931, while bottom fillers
showed the largest decrease—from 62.9 cents in 1929 to 57.5 cents in
193L
Changes in average hourly earnings of keepers show in a general
way what has taken place in hourly earnings in the principal occupa
tions over the period 1913 to 1931. In 1913 keepers earned an average
of 23.5 cents per hour, which showed little change in 1914 (23.3 cents).
However, in 1917 earnings increased to 34.4 cents per hour, with fur
32
W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
ther increases in 1919 and in 1920 to 63.5 cents per hour. There was
quite a decrease in 1922, when the average was 42.0 cents per hour.
In 1924 the average had risen to 57.9 cents and has remained almost
stationary since that year, earnings in 1931 averaging 57.3 cents per
hour.
A distribution of employees by average hourly earnings in six of the
principal occupations in 1931 is given in Table F, which shows in a
general way the spread of earnings of employees in other occupations
of similar skill for which no distribution tables have been made.
Average full-time earnings per week for all employees were $15.41
in 1914 as compared with $31.52 in 1931, an increase of 104.5 per cent
over 1914 but a decrease of 1.7 per cent from 1929. In 1920 weekly
earnings were $41.17, or $9.65 more than in 1931. Weekly earnings
in the various principal occupations show similar or greater changes.
Keepers, for example, averaged $18.47 in 1914 as compared with $46.45
in 1920 and $31.63 in 1931. The 1931 average was 71 per cent more
than in 1914 but 32 per cent less than in 1920.
The 9,825 employees in all occupations worked an average of 97.6
hours in a 16-day pay period for which they received an average of
$53.76. The hours and earnings given above include all the hours
worked and earnings received by employees shown in Table C and all
other occupations covered in blast furnaces in 1931. Blowers worked
the greatest number of hours— 115.7—and also had the highest earn
ings—$106.66. Laborers worked the fewest hours—81.6—while iron
handlers and loaders had the lowest earnings—$31.18.
Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 19IS to 1981, by occupation—
Blast furnaces
T a b l e A .—
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1913—.......
1914
1915. . .
1917
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
1931-.........
Bottom fillers:
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
1924
1926
1929
1931
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
33
35
35
14
20
27
31
36
37
37
34
1,269
1,031
878
441
1,043
1,624
1,316
1,774
1,174
877
475
13
13
9
3
4
6
7
6
4
2
1
469
360
148
56
72
249
311
341
344
35
18
* Less than 1 peir cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
age
earn time Full
Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
per ings
per
hour
per hour
week week
per
week
78.0 $0.192 $15.00 100.0 100.0 100.0
.188 14.03 96.0 97.9 93.5
74.9
.188 13.99 95.6 97.9 93.3
74.6
77.4
.295 22.79 99.2 153.6 151.9
.465 36.32 100.1 242.2 242.1
78.1
.527 39.68 96.8 274.5 264.5
75.5
.352 26.06 95.4 183.3 173.7
74.4
.465 28.10 77.6 242.2 187.3
60.5
60.1
.465 27.95 77.1 242.2 186.3
62.6
.451 28.23 80.3 234.9 188.2
57.2
.485 27.74 73.3 252.6 184.9
82.1
82.0
82.4
84.0
82.2
67.1
72.8
54.2
53.5
54.3
48.0
.168
.167
.176
.270
.436
.568
.336
.480
.426
.629
.575
13.88
13.76
14.48
22.68
35.84
38.35
24.44
26.01
22.79
34.15
27.60
100.0
99.9
100.4
102.3
100.1
81.7
88.7
66.0
65.2
66.1
58.5
100.0
99.4
104.8
160.7
259.5
338.1
200.0
285.7
253.6
374.4
342.3
100.0
99.1
104.3
163.4
258.2
276.3
176.1
187.4
164.2
246.0
198.8
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
un
60
72
un 84
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
1
3
2
...-1
0)
13
3
4
5
13 (*)
10 1
1
3
58
7
56 11
52 5
51 25
18 12
27 21
27 22
3 47
6 6
5 16
10 40
17
20 'T
26 4
4 4
22
16
17
9
8
49
24
5
C1)
8
16
17
14
100
42
16
100
100
100
23
53
31
3 Inclu ding less than 1 per cent w]hose full-tiine hours ivere 91.
45
29
27
41
66
20
22
8
8
212
22
84
83
86
100
69
35
31
BLAST FURNACES
33
T able A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 19IS to 1981,
occupation—
Blast furnaces— Continued
Occupation
and year
Top fillers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Larry men:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Larry men's
helpers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919_.........
1920...........
1922..........
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Skip operators:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917______
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Blowers:
1913______
1914______
1915______
1917...........
1919...........
1920______
1922...........
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Blowing engi
neers:
1913...........
1914______
1915______
1917-.........
1919...........
1920...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Full
time
hours
per
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
72,
48,
60,
earn and un
un
72
un 84
60
ings un der
der
der
per der 60
84
72
week
14
13
8
3
4
6
7
7
4
2
1
98 80.3 $0,191 $15.19 100.0 100.0 100.0
80 80.1
.199 15.71 99.8 104.2 103.4
44 79.0
.213 16.44 98.4 111.5 108.2
22 84.0
.257 21.57 104.6 134.6 142.0
28 76.7
.468 35.90 95.5 245.0 236.3
74 71.2
.573 39.72 88.7 300.0 261.5
86 68.8
.388 26.02 85.7 203.1 171.3
111 56.8
.544 30.40 70.7 284.8 200.1
65 53.8
.500 26.90 67.0 261.8 177.1
17 54.4
.675 36.72 67.7 353.4 241.7
.624 29.95 59.8 326.7 197.2
7 48.0
23
27
27
14
18
24
27
32
34
36
33
238
192
212
183
286
369
340
502
422
412
326
23
27
27
12
18
19
24
26
26
24
25
352 82.6
250 78.6
275 78.3
161 79.6
310 79.3
517 73.9
383 74.9
627 57.1
389 56.9
278 57.5
212 54.9
.191
.187
.185
.292
.491
.531
.356
.485
.493
.495
.482
15.78 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.67 95.2 97.9 93.0
14.43 94.8 96.9 91.4
23.20 96.4 152.9 147.0
38.94 96.0 257.1 246.8 __
39.09 89.5 278.0 247.7
_
26.40 90.7 186.4 167.3
16
27.38 69.1 253.9 173.5
28.05 68.9 258.1 177.8
28.46 69.6 259.2 180.4
26.46 66.5 252.4 167.7 •14
22
28
28
13
19
22
25
30
32
31
25
158
139
152
118
169
217
220
320
267
243
157
82.9
79.5
79.4
77.3
80.4
73.4
75.8
57.5
58.4
58.5
56.2
.217
.214
.215
.343
.536
.594
.401
.543
.545
.547
.532
17.97 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.98 95.9 98.6 94.5
17.03 95.8 99.1 94.8
26.52 93.2 158.1 147.6
43.09 97.0 247.0 239.8
43.30 88.5 273.7 241.0
30.20 91.4 184.8 168.1
30.98 69.4 250.2 172.4
31.83 70.4 251.2 177.1
32.00 70.6 252.1 178.1
29.90 67.8 245.2 166.4
34
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
37
33
154 82.2
143 80.7
149 80.6
84 77.8
134 79.8
198 73.2
195 72.4
262 58.3
241 58.5
226 58.7
180 55.8
.332
.333
.336
.485
.755
.868
.678
.889
.902
.918
.929
27.21 100.0 100.0 100.0
26.74 98.2 100.3 98.3
26.93 98.1 101.2 99.0
37.50 94.6 146.1 137.8
60.25 97.1 227.4 221.4
62.87 89.1 261.4 231.1
49.00 88.1 204.2 180.1
51.73 70.9 267.8 190.1
52.77 71.2 271.7 193.9
53.89 71.4 276.5 198.1
51.84 67.9 279.8 190.5
35
38
38
18
24
28
156
147
153
122
143
164
.260
.262
.262
.391
.628
.720
21.28 100.0 100.0
20.64 96.7 100 8
20.64 96.5 100.8
29.61 92.8 150.4
50.24 97.6 241.5
52.50 89.9 276.9
* Less than 1 per cent
82.3
78.6
78.6
77.2
80.4
73.8
75.1
57.7
57.9
58.5
55.3
82.0
79.3
79 1
76.1
80.0
73.7
.217 17.77 100.0 100.0 100.0
.215 16.88 95.5 99.1 95.0
.211 16.51 95.5 97.2 92.9
.327 25.14 93.8 150.7 141.5
.542 43.58 97.7 249.8 245.2
.586 42.65 89.7 270.0 240.0
.402 29.96 91.3 185.3 168.6
.548 31.48 70.1 252.5 177.2
.551 31.90 70.4 253.9 179.5
.552 32.29 71.1 254.4 181.7
.563 31.13 67.2 259.4 175.2
100.0
97.0 .
97.0
139.1
236.1
246.7
6
8
14
100
7
10
10
13
16
15
9
21
27
27
90
100
100
1
6
17
4
82
90
86
84 —
14
43
43
55
9
21
58
2
3
4
-
0)
10
8
4
74
93
92
80
"16"
3
1
5
18
3
78
86
86
76
11
12
7
15
11
71
80 " T
83 ....
78
7
16
11
43
46
34
9
16
56
__
2
4
4
9
35
36
56
15
28
53
1
1
5
24
53
6
5
1
2
21
4
4
4
12
36
15
3
---3
3
5
13
55
14
3
78
78
77
100
57
49
20
9
86
53
53
41
73
27
22
7
9
10
2
89
54
51
60
68
10
23
6
5
4
1
3
3
6
91
60
59
44
74
28
29
7
10
11
4
15
25
26
49
10
22
62
2
5
8
3
85
5 >69
5 >69
7 44
14 68
34
24
12 15
4
7
8
8
2
2
17
37
39
64
12
29
83
6 * 57
6 >56
36
“ 16“ 71
25 30
6
5
~~~6~
26
15
4
* Including 1 per cent whose ful 1-time hours per week were 91.
34
■WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 19IS to 1981, by occupation—
Blast furnaces— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931..........
Blowing engi
neers’ assist
ants:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Stove tenders:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920______
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
keepers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1920...........
1929...........
1931...........
Keeper's help
ers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Iron handlers
and loaders:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
age
Full
earn time Full
ings earn time Earn time
ings hours ings earn
per
per
per ings
hour
per hour
week week
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
Over
Over
Over
48,
72,
60,
and un
un der 60 un 72 un 84
der
der
der 60
84
72
32
36
37
37
34
213
244
197
180
164
74.2 50.483 $35.49
.661 38.65
58.7
.658 39.15
59.5
59.7
.683 40.78
.706 39.32
55.7
18
21
21
17
22
24
26
29
25
20
94
99
96
130
189
213
307
231
189
140
83.2
79.0
78.3
79.1
71.7
73.5
56.2
56.6
56.2
54.2
.225
.223
.223
.565
.632
.424
.584
.579
.613
.626
18.67 100. 0 100.0 100.0
17.57 95. 0 99.1 94.1
17.41 94. 1 99.1 93.3
44.69 95. 1 251.1 239.4
45.24 86. 2 280.9 242.3
31.08 88. 3 188.4 166.5
32.74 67. 5 259.6 175.4
32.77 68. 0 257.3 175.5
34.45 67. 5 272.4 184.5
33.93 65. 1 278.2 181.7
94
52
46
61
25
35
38
38
24
28
32
36
37
36
31
220 81.9
183 79.7
186 79.4
204 80.3
207 73.7
279 75.2
473 57.5
362 57.5
347 57.7
235 55.0
.211
.209
.208
.528
.592
.403
.545
.548
.557
.560
17.30 100. 0 100.0 100.0
16.56 97. 3 99.1 95.7
16.46 96. 9 98.6 95.1
42.40 98. 0 250.2 245.1
43.38 90. 0 280.6 250.8
30.08 91. 8 191.0 173.9
31.36 70. 2 258.3 181.3
31. 51 70. 2 259.7 182.1
32.14 70. 5 264.0 185.8
30.80 67. 2 265.4 178.0
83
61
58
67
26
23
7
7
7
3
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
37
34
230 82.0
184 79.6
187 79.4
162 77.4
203 80.6
280 73.3
288 75.3
466 57.1
380 57.4
350 57.7
274 55.2
.235
.233
.232
.344
.562
.635
.420
.579
.577
.579
.573
19.28 100. 0 100.0 100.0
18.47 97. 1 99.1 95.8
18.33 96. 8 98.7 95.1
26.55 94. 4 146.4 137.7
45.30 98. 3 239.1 235.0
46.45 89. 4 270.2 240.9
31.47 91. 8 178.7 163.2
32. 79 69. 6 246.4 170.1
33.12 70. 0 245.5 171.8
33.41 70. 4 246.4 173.3
31.63 67. 3 243.8 164.1
60
58
41
70
25
25
7
7
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
37
34
950 82.2
734 80.6
727 80.1
392 77.6
650 80.2
1,168 74.5
1,178 75.3
1,654 58.6
1,516 59.1
1,142 59.5
812 56.2
.186
.185
.182
.292
,4.«0
.522
.349
.475
.471
.486
.492
15.31 100. 0 100.0 100.0
14.83 98. 1 99.5 96.9
14.48 97. 4 97.8 94.6
22.59 94. 4 157.0 147.6
38.50 97. 6 258.1 251.5
38.60 90. 6 280.6 252.1
26.16 91. 6 187.6 170.9
27.85 71. 3 255.4 181.9
27.84 71. 9 253.2 181.8
28.92 72. 4 261.3 188.9
27.65 68. 4 264.5 180.6
.220
.222
.204
.243
.361
.443
.307
.345
.349
.374
.360
16.07
16.09
15.22
17.44
26.32
32.00
21.67
22.67
24.15
27.38
21.42
19 446
16 333
16 323
4
106
4
94
8
260
8
386
7 283
181
7
55
5
5
46
* Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
72.5
71.5
74.0
71.4
72.9
72.2
70.4
65.7
69.2
73.2
59.5
90. 5
71. 6
72. 6
72.8
67. 9
100. 0
98. 6
102. 1
98. 5
100. 6
99. 6
97. 1
90. 6
95. 4
101. 0
82. 1
185.8
254.2
253.1
262.7
271.5
100.0
100.9
92.7
110.5
164.1
201.4
139.5
156.8
158.6
170.0
163.6
19
166.8
181.6
184.0
191.6
184.8
100.0
100.1
94.7
108.5
163.8
199.1
134.8
141.1
150.3
170.4
133.3
11
15
13
4
11
3
6
3
8
12
3
85
66
65
36
71
30
26
10
12
13
14
0)
10
11
•Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
29
34
39
9
16
21
2
5
19
31
BLAST FURNACES
35
T able A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1931, by occupation—
Blast furnaces— Continued
Occupation
and year
Pig - machine
men:
.
191 3
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917...........
191 9
.
.
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Cinder men:
191 3
191 4
191 5
.
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Laborers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of emplants ploy-
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
Index numbers
(1913*100)
Full
time
hours
per
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
48,
60,
72,
earn and un
un
72
60
un 84
ings un der
der
der
per der
72
84
60
week
81.9 $0,192 $15.72 100.0 100.0 100.0
259 79.2
.192 15.15 96.7 100.0 96.4
.190 15.07 97.2 99.0 95.9
245 79.6
154 77.9
.300 23.21 95.1 156.3 147.6
370 80.5
.477 38.40 98.3 248.4 244.3
.552 39.63 88.2 287.5 252.1
390 72.2
383 73.1
.380 27.73 89.3 197.9 176.4
534 57.5
.515 29.52 7a 2 268.2 187.8
.501 29.76 72.5 260.9 189.3
506 59.4
.494 30.48 75.3 257.3 193.9
377 61.7
57.1
.486 27.75 69.7 253.1 176.5
79.9
78.3
78.6
78.4
77.2
68.4
71.6
59.7
59.2
62.5
57.6
.179
.176
.174
.286
.473
.557
.390
.483
.484
.486
.483
14.27 100.0 100.0 100.0
13.78 98.0 98.3 96.6
13.64 98.4 97.2 95.6
22.31 98.1 159.8 156.3
36.52 96.6 264.2 255.9
37.85 85.6 311.2 265.2
27.76 89.6 217.9 194.5
28.71 74.7 269.8 201.2
28.65 74.1 270.4 200.8
30.38 78.2 271.5 212.9
27.82 72.1 269.8 195.0
1,273 72.5
1,096 70.8
885 71.3
698 75.3
2.184 77.9
1,770 72.3
1,500 67.7
2,059 62.4
1,600 62.4
1.184 63.8
34 992 59.5
.171
.177
.171
.281
.457
.474
.315
.401
.389
.373
.384
12.43 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.52 97.7 103.5 100.7
12.20 98.3 100.0 98.1
21.23 103.9 164.3 170.8
35.60 107.4 267.3 286.4
34.60 99.7 277.2 278.4
21.69 93.4 184.2 174.5
25.15 86.1 234.5 202.3
24.34 86.1 227.5 195.8
23.80 88.0 218.1 191.5
22.85 82.1 224.6 183.8
254
168
295
87
216
364
183
108
95
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time h ours per week were—
(0
0)
<*)
12
.....
4
.....
6
4
13
14
34
13
53
51
47
52
0)
0)2
0)
0)
CO1
i Less than 1 per cent.
s Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
* Including 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
9
25
12
78
84
66
76
1
(i)‘
1
2
1
2
17
36
32
50
4
23
58
___
83
8 >55
7 >60
3 48
7 80
25 27
23
6
2
7
14
18
5
12
1
........
3
9
-----
1
3
2
12
13
9
15
27
24
44
9
24
38
0)
‘l6‘
18
21
19
23
22
35
29
16
4 8
11 8
5 29
25 17
15 50
22 34
29 60
7
2
4
21
22
25
7
1
4
34 10
12 21
16 19
12 22
11
5
24 7
16 34
54
33
39
9
___
C)
7
11
13
14
2
64
57
62
56
60
25
20
1
2
8
1
4 *29
7 25
7 26
6 44
15 57
33
17
2 13
1
2
2
5
1
S AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
her and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified
\per week, 1914 to 1981, by district and year—Blast furnaces
Number of employees whose customary Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary turns per week were—
turns per week were—
Num
m- ber of
■of emQts ploy-
Work
18
6 and days, 6,7,
and 7 7 al then and 7
in ro ter
off in ro
tation nately duty tation
Work
18
6 and days, 6,7,
and 7 7 al then and 7
in ro ter
off in ro
tation nately duty tation
6,6,
6,6,
1
1
day i
6
6
3
4
5
6
6
5
10
10
8
9
11
11
12
12
11
11
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
8
9
10
10
9
6
38
38
28
32
36
37
37
34
1,078
794
642
885
1,512
1,588
1,351
1,136
354
256
137
171
150
125
108
529
3,909
2,998
1,466
1,470
1,550
1,947
519
522
543
1,352
3,172
2,761
3,871
3,383
5,760
5,128
4,486
4,155
1,883
1,643
•743
2,064
1,052
1,019
890
1,411
1,705
1,832
2,741
2,967
3,370
3,620
2,476
1,536
198
230
1,104
1,932
1,454
9,253
8,563
12,170
10,716
15,540
15,329
3,901
3,599
3,534
6,114
3,175
3,352
2,642
4,242
3,176
4,916
3,481
4 ," ‘
12,222
9,825
373
678
533
505
534
1,173
1,347
1,150
191
405
316
1,473
811
411
806
494
26 1,315
1,427
1,390
1,893
723
1,690
1,644
1,626
302
180
179
107
146
day i
10
648
473
132
783
1,686
1,101
950
264
2,278
2,021
1,100
3
1,454
575
656
846
948
456
454
324
2,121
149
2
1,500
795
923
607
2,735
4,588
3,553
2,217
14
in “ 6, 7, and 7 in rotation ” column.
33
44
47
40
28
(2)
(2)
(217
)
1,286
1,115
2,480
846
3,122
3,534
2,914
1,957
(2)
19
1,507
1,602
1,637
999
997
976
917
316
1
2
(2)
(2)
(*)
17
4,898
4,640
6,515
3,102
6,982
7,501
6,607
2,766
1
1
0)
14
2
5
4
17
14
5
(2)
6
5
1
30
28
22
18
(2)
T a b le
C . — Average
customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district—Blast furnaces
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Occupation and district
Number
of
plants
Average customary full time of
employees in the positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
week
turn
Hours
worked
Earnings
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
Earnings Full-time
earnings worked
per hour per
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
5
12
11
6
34
120
125
53
6.4
6.3
6.8
6.3
10.6
8.7
8.3
9.5
67.7
54.5
55.8
59.7
43
198
167
67
111.4
71.4
89.3
107.6
$46.68
37.02
47.53
39.32
$0.419
.519
.532
.365
$28.37
28.29
29.69
21.79
116.6
74.9
93.4
114.7
$48.39
38.86
49.62
41.60
$0,415
.519
.531
.363
Total_______________________
34
332
6.5
8.9
57.2
475
86.4
41.92
.485
27.74
90.8
43.89
.483
1
15
6.0
8.0
48.0
18
106.4
6L 15
.575
27.60
108.4
62.41
.576
1
6
6.0
8.0
48.0
7
111.0
69.24
.624
29.95
111.0
69.24
.624
5
12
11
5
23
65
91
33
6.7
6.5
6.9
6.5
8.6
8.1
8.0
9.1
57.3
52.8
55.3
58.9
37
108
137
44
100.6
75.7
81.2
94.9
55.86
44.88
49.20
37.80
.555
.593
.606
.398
31.80
31.31
33.51
23.44
105.2
78.4
85.6
101.0
57.87
46.28
51.61
40.03
.550
.590
.603
.397
Total_____ __________________
33
217
6.7
8.3
55.3
326
83.4
46.99
.563
31.13
87.5
48.99
.560
Larry men’s helpers:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern____ _________________
4
8
9
4
23
36
65
19
6.7
6.3
6.8
6.3
8.3
8.0
8.1
9.5
56.2
50.8
55.5
59.1
31
54
102
25
91.5
77.5
76.8
94.2
43.62
40.25
39.32
30.48
.477
.520
.512
.324
26.81
26.42
28.42
19.15
97.5
84.7
85.3
106.6
46.22
44.26
44.12
35.09
.474
.522
.517
.329
25
143
6.6
8.3
54.9
212
81.2
39.14
.482
26.46
89.5
43.40
.485
Skip operators:
Eastern----------------------------------Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
3
10
7
5
7
45
34
32
6.7
6.5
6.8
6.5
10.3
8.2
8.1
9.0
68.6
53.3
55.5
58.2
7
65
48
37
161.2
85.4
86.9
111.3
79.11
48.84
53.15
45.39
.491
.572
.611
.408
33.68
30.49
33.91
23.75
161.2
87.1
91.4
115.1
79.11
49.79
55.54
47.42
.491
.572
.608
.412
Total......................................... -
25
118
6.6
8.5
56.2
157
95.3
50.70
.532
29.90
98.3
52.30
.532
Total_______________________
FURNACES
Bottom fillers:
Southern______________________
Top fillers:
Southern______________________
Larry men:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern........................................
BLAST
Stockers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
T a b le
C . — Average
customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district—Blast furnaces— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Number
of
plants
Average customary full time of
employees in the positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Hours
worked
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
Earnings
Hours
Earnings Full-time
earnings worked
per hour per
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
8.6
8.2
8.0
9.5
58.0
53.5
54.7
61.3
25
56
73
26
121.2
109.3
105.4
117.2
$90.34
106.20
106.27
96.97
$0,745
.972
1.008
.827
$43.21
52.00
55.14
50.70
122.8
112.7
112.9
123.1
$91.17
108.90
112.49
100.36
$0,742
.966
.996
. 815
Total______________ _________
33
160
6.7
8.4
55.8
180
110.5
102.69
.929
5L84
115.7
106.66
.922
Stove tenders:
Eastern_________ — __ - __ - ___
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
4
12
10
5
23
56
69
27
6.6
6.5
6.8
6.4
8.7
8.1
8.1
8.9
57.4
52.8
55.3
56.5
29
86
89
31
104.4
79.7
92.2
113.8
51.68
46.73
53.44
58.82
.495
.586
.580
.517
28.41
30.94
32.07
29.21
107.0
86.8
97.5
119.8
52.62
50.80
56.15
62.13
.492
.585
.576
.518
_________
31
175
6.6
8.3
55.0
235
92.0
51.48
.560
30.80
97.7
54.55
.558
Blowing engineers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh................................—
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.............. ........................
5
12
11
6
19
47
51
17
6.8
6.5
6.8
6.4
8.8
8.2
8.2
9.2
59.9
53.3
55.4
58.8
23
58
62
21
113.7
99.1
104.2
105.0
70.08
72.23
79.87
60.68
.616
.729
.767
.578
36.90
38.86
42.49
33.99
118.2
103.1
107.8
112.0
72.97
74.71
82.78
63.94
.617
.724
.768
.571
Total_____________ __________
34
134
6.6
8.4
55.7
164
103.9
73.34
.706
39.32
108.2
76.14
.704
Blowing engineers’ assistants:
Eastern____ ___ ____ __________
Pittsburgh............. .......................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
1
9
7
3
3
42
42
9
6.6
6.6
6.9
6.3
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.3
53.1
52.6
55.0
58.7
5
66
59
10
68.8
77.6
83.6
96.2
43.00
47.52
57.28
37.70
.625
.613
.685
.392
33.19
32.24
37.68
23.01
68.8
81.9
90.5
116.8
43.00
50.34
61.94
43.61
.625
.615
.685
.373
Total..........................................
20
96
6.7
8.1
54.2
140
8L1
50.77
.626
33.93
87.5
54.49
.623
Total____________
STEEL
6.7
6.5
6.8
6.5
AND
25
49
64
22
OF LABOR— IRON
5
11
11
6
HOURS
Blowers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh___________ _________
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern..................... - ................
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Occupation and district
Cg
Eastern____ ___ _________ _
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern..............................
Total. .
See]
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern________________
Total______ ________________
Iron handlers and loaders:
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern_____ ___________
Cinder men:
Eastern_________________
Pittsburgh...........................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern...... .......................
Total..
Laborers:
Eastern_________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern................ .............
TotaL.
6.T
16
8.1
8.1
8.9
67.4
52.7
55.4
57.3
32
91
113
38
101.9
79.1
88.0
110.4
53.55
6.9
6.4
49.86
53.77
46.43
.525
.630
.611
.421
30.14
33.20
33.85
24.12
102.7
82.4
89.7
112.5
53.89
51.69
54.71
34
199
6.6
8.3
55.2
274
89.8
51.43
.573
31.63
92.0
52.57
.572
5
12
11
6.5
6.7
6.8
8.9
6
81
162
199
91
6.5
8.1
8.1
9.4
59.2
53.3
55.5
60.4
116
278
305
113
94.4
72.7
82.9
103.5
43.26
39.21
44.09
36.53
.458
.539
.532
.353
27.11
28.73
29.53
21.32
98.7
78.9
86.0
108.6
45.13
42.63
45.75
38.44
.457
.540
.532
.354
34
533
6.7
8.5
56.2
812
83.9
41.25
.492
27.65
88.5
43.58
.492
2
3
12
16
7.0
6.3
9.9
8.0
56.0
62.1
20
26
66.8
85.6
34.07
23.04
.510
.269
28.56
16.70
77.2
92.7
39.46
24.81
.511
.268
5
28
6.6
9.1
59.5
46
77.4
27.84
.360
21.42
86.0
31.18
.363
5
43
66
100
67
6.6
11
6.7
6.8
9.5
8.5
6.3
8.2
9.0
62.6
56.7
55.3
56.7
53
108
146
80
115.5
77.0
86.5
110.3
52.63
41.41
45.98
43.50
.456
.538
.532
.394
28.55
30.50
29.42
22.34
117.4
82.6
90.3
114.4
53.41
44.46
48.06
45.04
.455
.539
.532
.394
29
276
6.6
8.6
57.1
387
92.7
45.10
.486
27.75
96.8
47.17
.487
4
5
8
15
16
44
4
6.3
6.2
6.7
7.0
10.7
8.5
8.5
8.0
67.5
52.6
56.3
56.0
17
21
51
6
122.4
86.0
103.3
86.7
49.47
51.41
51.47
20.79
.404
.598
.498
.240
27.27
31.45
28.04
13.44
122.4
90.6
108.7
90.7
49.47
54.10
54.17
22.33
.404
.597
.498
.246
18
79
6.5
8.9
57.6
95
101.8
49.16
.483
27.82
106.0
51.30
.484
5
12
11
6
61
163
222
149
6.0
6.2
6.3
6.2
10.0
9.7
9.3
9.8
60.3
59.7
58.2
61.0
104
321
356
211
74.5
67.1
75.5
94.5
27.38
29.59
33.14
23.94
.368
.441
.439
.253
22.19
26.33
25.55
15.43
82.8
70.1
80.7
100.0
31.06
31.17
35.69
25.74
.375
.445
.443
.257
34
595
6.2
9.6
59.5
992
76.7
29.43
.384
22.85
81.6
31.62
.388
7
6
1
6.5
47.16
.525
.627
.610
.419
FURNACES
Total...
25
59
80
35
BLAST
Total..
Pig-machine men:
Eastern..
Pittsburgh............... ......
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.
s
12
11
6
CO
CD
40
T a b le
WAGES AND HOTJRS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931, by district—Blast furnaces
ALL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Turns Mon
Lakes
Turns Mon
per
day Sat Sun Per per East Pitts and South
day Sat Sun Per
per
week ern burgh Mid
ur
to
week to urday day week week
ern Total
Fri day day week
dle
Fri
West
day
day
G roup A.—Day turn on ly
13
12
13
12
13
12
91
10
10
10
10
10
60
60
60
56
56
48
48
4
3
4
11M 11^ UK §K
13
13
13
12 12 12 72
10
8 T
8 8
8 8
8 8
T ota l..
io”
8
8
8
8
60
56
\52
20
....
48
31
24
2
4
16
7
29
25
1
6
2
~35
9
1
12
41
BLAST FURNACES
Table D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931, by district—Blast furnaces— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Night' turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
hours East Pitts and South
per
per day
ern burgh Mid ern Total
Sat Sun Per per
week to
Sat Sun Per week day
ur day week week
dle
to
urday
week
day
Fri
Fri day
West
day
day
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
11
12
12
12
12
11
10
6—
6—
6—
6—
7...
6—
(906—
6—
6__
12
12
11
10
10
11H
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
66__
6__
0_.
70—
7—
7_.
10
10
10
12 12
13
13
12 12
12 12
12 12
12 12
11 11
iiH 11M
12 12
12 12
12
11
12
12
12
12
11
10
12
12
11
10
10
13
14
UH
10
11
10
10
5
10
4
10
10
(0
06
00
10
10
UK
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
10
HH
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
11
UH
12
W
14
10
io '
10
11
12
1H 11H 82X
12
12 1
72
10 10 io‘ 00
00
10 10
10 10 io '
11H
10
7__
0—
0(*)7 ...
6—
0—
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10 10
48
(*)
50
48
48
48
Total-
* 1 day off in 19, making average of 66*Ho hours per week.
* 1 day off in 19, making average of 63M« hours per week.
72
84
84
81
78
77
75^
72
72
72
72
70
120
02
2
01
140
2
108
10
03
14
20
20
80
1
30
7
(9
06
06
4
1
3
66
m
63
60
60
59}
68y2
67K
210
340
05
4
712
31
2
22
66
66
142
31
1,768
4
110
66
64
33
2,101
9
3
3
53H
(9
8
9
309
2
373
62
48
48
48
814
1,316
2
2
492
2
783
2,470
2,962
62
228 2,099
2
4
0
219
703
2
891
7,137
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
42
T a b le
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupar
tions, 19811 by district—Blast furnaces
Occupation and
district
Stockers:
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh______
Great Lakes and
Middle West —
Southern____ ___
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
Over 66,
Over
Over
estab em
Over
time 44,
lish ploy hours un
60,
72, 84
48,
56,
per der 48 un 56 un 60 un un
ments ees
72
un and
der
der
der der
der
over
week 48
72
66
84
56
60
5
12
43
198
67.7
54.5
73
8
23
63
9
8
4
46
11
6
167
67
55.8
59.7
17
58
2
91
10
13
20
2
5
12
34
475
57.2
63
133
109
119
19
21
5
12
37
108
57.3
52.8
25
27
76
6
4
2
11
5
137
44
55.3
58.9
7
42
19
93
7
2
8
3
33
326
55.3
32
164
no
12
8
5
11
25
56
58.0
53.5
15
18
33
3
6
11
6
73
26
54.7
61.3
3
3
23
7
47
4
2
3
5
33
180
55.8
21
81
60
2
3
5
Pittsburgh
5
12
32
91
57.4
52.7
24
25
61
3
3
2
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern__ ___ __
11
6
113
38
55.4
57.3
9
40
13
71
8
2
6
2
Total__________
34
274
55.2
33
139
85
10 i
7
5
12
116
278
59.2
53.3
83
181
9
24
7
64
11
6
305
113
55.5
60.4
20
105
39
191
13
9
29
34
812
56.2
84
408
237
45
5
12
104
321
60.3
59.7
4
66
U
58.2
61.0
5
1
6
356
211
6
54
34
992
59.5
5
5
126
Total.............
Larry men:
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh............
Great Lakes and
Middle West.__
Southern__. _____
Total..................
Blowers:
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh______
Great Lakes and
Middle West.__
8nnt.hp.rn „.
Total__________
Keepers:
Eastern__ __ ___
Keepers* helpers:
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh___ __
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern._______
Total______ ___
Laborers:
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh_______
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern
Total..................
2
5
4
2
9
2
3
4
2
2
4
4
2
3
28
98
188
100
36
208
101
100
64
595
5
12
9
5
33
12
6
25
10
56
6
81
10
T a b le
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981, by districts— Blast furnaces
Occupation and district
Stockers:
Eastern
__
_
___ ___
Southern_________________ ______
Total.......... ................... ...........
Larry men:
Eastern _ _ __ __ _ __ __
37
108
137
44
326
.555
.593
.606
.398
.563
25
56
73
26
180
.745
.972
1.008
.827
.929
32
91
113
38
274
.525
.630
.611
.421
.573
116
278
305
113
812
.458
.539
.532
.353
492
104
321
356
211
992
.368
.441
.439
.253
.384
3
1
15
29
32
4
15
20
1
3
19
7
7
4
4
11
23
11
2
47
171
171
6
15
5
1
20
1
21
27
54
59
6
21
50
12
25
1
2
21
140
77
37
1
2
2
14
14
1
7
10
17
29
36
2
54
66
7
14
38
90
46
37
83
19
19
1
39
2
19
23
20
22
6
4
11
19
2
36
2
1
12
12
6
115
94
13
228
2
2
2
2
3
14
14
2
33
8
269
197
3
90 477
2
1
6
2
2
3
5
4
11
2
2
2
13
2
13
17
12
3
39
3
62
43
25
29
13
54
108
54
45
6
1
28
151
200
52
379
9
104
95
4
212
11
31
41
82
42
123
17
17
3
3
120,
un
der
130
130,
un
der
140
2
2
1
5
1
10
2
13
5
140,
un
der
150
3
3
6
8
12
1
11
32
5
7
12
2
26
4
7
2
4
23
9
17
11
29
26
1
6
3
1
4
FURNACES
43 $0,419
198
.519
167
.532
67
.365
475
.485
110,
un
der
120
BLAST
Southern...........................................
Total
Blowers:
Eastern , _ . _r_________ ___
Pittsburgh.
__ _____________
Great Lakes and Middle West
Southern..........................................
Total................... ..........................
Keepers:
__ nr ________ _ ..
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West___
Southern__________________ _____
Total
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern.
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West____
Southern________________________
Total..............
Laborers:
Ea.st.Arn, _
^
Pittsburgh.
Great Lakes and Middle West
Southern..........................................
Total,. ....................
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
100,
80,
90,
95,
75,
85,
45,
50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
35,
40,
20,
25,
30,
em
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
ploy ings
der der der der der
per der der der der der der der der der der der der
ees
95
100 110
hour 25 30 35
80
85
90
50
70
75
40 45
55 60 65
Bessemer Converters
The study of this department covers establishments which make
steel ingots by the Bessemer process or which only partially reduce it
in the converter and finish it in an open-hearth or electric furnace.
This latter method is known as the duplex process and the finished
product is open-hearth steel. Most establishments do some duplex
ing in addition to the manufacture of regular Bessemer steel, while
some operate entirely on that basis. The duplex process is some
times used by companies to hold their crews together while awaiting
orders for Bessemer steel.
In 1931 data were collected from pay rolls of 11 establishments
located in 4 States and cover 1,990 employees in all occupations.
Of this number, 799 were in the principal occupations for which
separate averages are given. Data were first obtained for this depart
ment in 1907, but up until 1914 employees in the principal occupa
tions only were covered. In 1914 and subsequent years all employees
in all occupations were included.1
In 1907, when data for tins department were first secured, there
were 11,667,549 gross tons of Bessemer steel ingots produced, or
117,813 gross tons more than open-hearth steel ingots produced for
that year. In 1914 there were only 6,220,846 gross tons of Bessemer
ingots produced, or only 27 per cent of the total production for that
year. In 1930 Bessemer production had decreased to 5,035,459
gross tons as compared with 35,049,172 gross tons produced in openhearth furnaces, or 12 per cent of the total production for that year.
The Bessemer converter establishments covered by this and
former studies are located in only two districts—the Pittsburgh and
the Great Lakes and Middle West. No data are included from the
eastern and the southern districts, as the output of these districts is
of minor importance. Earnings in this industry are usually higher
in the Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle West districts
than in the eastern or the southern districts. This should be kept
in mind when comparing earnings of employees in the Bessemer
department with those of other departments where all four districts
are included.
From 1913 to 1922 the average full-time hours per week of em
ployees as a whole in this department showed little change from year
to year, the average for 1922 being 68.7 as compared with 68.4 in
1914. In 1924, due to the general adoption of the 8-hour day in 1923,
the average had decreased to 52.3 hours per week. There has been
little change in the average since 1924, the 1931 average being 53.3,
or an increase of 1 hour as compared with 1924, but a decrease of 0.4
hour since 1929. Comparable data, 1913 to 1931, on average full
time hours and earnings per week and average earnings per hour
are shown in Table 2 (p. 4).
Comparisons of full-time hours per week of employees in the various
principal occupations, which may be made from Table A, show
1 Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1928, and 1930.
44
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
45
similar reductions.2 In 1913 the average full-time hours per week
in 12 of the principal occupations were more than 60 hours, while
only 2 occupations had a week of less than 56 hours. In 1931 only
two occupations had a week of more than 56 hours, while 2 had a
week of less than 50 hours, the average for the principal occupations
combined being 52.6. While this department is usually in operation
only 6 days and nights per week, there is considerable repair work
necessary on vessels and other equipment which must be done while
the converters are “ down.” This repair necessarily leads to some
7-day work for some employees of the producing as well as mechanical
crews. However, there has been a considerable decrease in 7-day
work in this department since 1920, the percentage of 7-day workers
having dropped from 26 in 1920 to 7 in 1931. (Table B.)
In order that customary hours per day and per week in Bessemer
converters may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. Of 1,990
employees covered, 359 worked day turns only, 11 night turns only,
and 1,620 alternate or rotate from day to night shift. It will be seen
that only 3 employees had a week of as much as 70 hours and no
employee had a day of over 10 hours. There were 626 employees
who had a 10-hour day, of which 3 worked a week of 7 days. Of the
1,345 employees who worked 8 hours per day, 129 worked 7 days a
week every week, while others had a 7-day week once every second
or third week.
Data for all employees, whether on direct producing crews or not,
are included in Table D. In order that a clearer idea of actual work
ing time of members of the producing crews may be given, separate
figures are shown for one key occupation—that of vessel men. Of
the 30 employees there were 3 who worked 7 days each week; 3 who
worked 6 days per week every third week; 9 who worked 7 days
every third week; and 15 who worked 6 days each week. Only 2
worked 10 hours each day, 26 worked 8 hours each day, while 2
worked 8 hours each day except every second Sunday when they
worked 11 hours.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations by average full-time hours per week. Out of 508 employees
m these occupations 218 had a week of 48 hours, while only 15 had a
week of over 66 hours. No employee in these occupations had a
week of less than 48 hours.
Average hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occu
pations ranged in 1931 from 45.2 cents for laborers to $1,291 for
blowers. For all employees in both skilled and unskilled occupations
the average earnings per hour rose from 64.3 cents in 1929 to 66.4
cents in 1931, an increase of 2.1 cents. Comparison of hourly earnings
for all employees in 1931 with 1914 shows an increase of 160 per cent.
Earnings per hour were higher in 1920 than for any other year while
those in 1931 were second highest. Hourly earnings for employees
in the various principal occupations are shown in Table A.
The greatest increase in hourly earnings in the principal occupations
between 1929 and 1931 is found in the occupation of bottom makers—
from 71.3 cents in 1929 to 82.5 cents in 1931. Vessel men had the
largest decrease—from $1,212 in 1929 to $1,126 in 1931. A distribu
tion of employees by average hourly earnings in six of the principal
* For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
133895°— 33------ i
46
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
occupations in 1931 is given in Table F, which shows in a general
way the spread of earnings of employees in other occupations of
similar skill for which no distribution tables have been made.
Average full-time earnings per week for all employees were $35.39
in 1931, as compared with $17.44 in 1914, an increase of almost 103
per cent over 1914 and 2.5 per cent over 1929. Weekly earnings in
the various principal occupations show similar increases. In the
occupation of blowers, for instance, it was found that their average
was $37.33 in 1913 as compared with $65.20 in 1931. This is an
increase of 75 per cent over 1913 but is less than in 1929. In 1920
earnings were $74.66, or $9.46 more than in 1931.
The 1,990 employees in all occupations worked an average of 81.5
hours in a 16-day pay period, for which they received an average of
$54.07. The hours and earnings of employees as given above include
all hours worked and earnings received by employees as shown in
Table C and all other occupations in Bessemer converters. Blowers
worked the greatest number of hours— 106.8 and had the highest
earnings—$137.67. Steel pourers worked the least number of hours—
68.3— and laborers had the lowest earnings—$36.60.
T a b le A . — Average
customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1981, by occupation—
Bessemer converters
Occupation
and year
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver
age
Num age Aver
full
age
Num ber of full earn time
ber of em time
Over
Over
earn Full Earn Full
Over
time 48 48,
plants ploy hours ings
60,
per
ings time ings earn
72,
and un 60 unper hour
ees
hours
72
per
un 84
week
per ings un der
week per hour
derder
per der 60
week
84
72
week
Stockers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Blowers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
R e g u la to rs,
first:
1913...........
1914...........
1915..........
1917...........
1919-.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
1929______
1931...........
62.5 $0,331 $19.05 100.0 100.0 100.0
.351 18.59 88.8 106.0 97.6
55.5
.313 16.70 89.0 94.6 87.7
55.6
.599 31.45 88.5 181.0 165.1
55.3
.637 41.15 103.4 192.4 216.0
64.6
68.0
.699 47.33 108.8 211.2 248.5
.409 28.71 112.3 123.6 150.7
70.2
.613 29.59 77.3 185.2 155.3
48.3
48.3
.638 30.82 77.3 192.7 161.8
50.7
.628 31.84 81.1 189.7 167.1
.622 31.41 80.8 187.9 164.9
50.5
23
63
61
69
27
18
2
84
89
68
63
21
6
5
23
27
27
18
18
29
33
36
31
27
26
63.3
64.1
64.0
64.0
63.4
59.7
60.7
48.9
49.7
50.7
50.5
.598
.545
.561
.784
1.226
1.249
.951
1.274
1.351
1.301
1.291
37.33
34.43
35.61
48.77
77.73
74.66
57.94
62.25
67.14
65.96
65.20
100.0
92.2
95.4
130.6
208.2
200.0
155.2
166.8
179.9
176.7
174.7
26
22
22
33
33
52
39
75
74
74
62
13
11
11
24
24
26
17
25
36
32
41
28
25
23
67.6
63.8
64.7
66.8
69.2
61.5
64.3
50.1
51.8
53.5
61.5
.451
.328
.351
.630
.864
1.002
.650
.919
.949
.910
.966
30.28 100.0 100.0 100.0
20.71 94.4 72.7 68.4
22.91 95.7 77.8 75.7
42.28 98.8 139.7 139.6
59.79 102.4 191.6 197.5
61.63 91.0 222.2 203.5
42.50 95.1 144.1 140.4
46.05 74.1 203.8 152.1
49.16 76.6 210.4 162.4
48.69 79.1 201.8 160.8
49.75 76.2 214.2 164.3
25
38
35
29
16
22
25
56
43
20
48
10
6
6
3
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
337
167
157
144
196
351
230
437
317
156
117
10
12
12
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
11
U
8
10
11
11
11
10
10
10
100.0
101.3
101.1
101.1
100.2
94.3
95.9
77.3
78.5
80.1
79.8
100.0
91.1
93.8
131.1
205.0
208.9
159.0
213.0
225.9
217.6
215.9
1
1
4
2
3 'T
8 9
3 6
12 17
13 24
25
19
11 " Y
31 8
19
37 ~~7~
7
43
56 16
39 13
9 27
1 22
1 20
31
8 65
17 46
14 71
13
7
8
6
4
13
3
2
3
9 35
7 52
7 52
67
6 50
17 21
12 48
7
7
7
11
10
6
7
8 33
33
17 21
25
35
31
71
*12 52 "~20
8 14 36
6
13 56
7
8
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
47
T able A*— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1931, by occupation—
Bessemer converters— Continued
Occupation
and year
R e g u la to r s,
second:
1913_.........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Vessel men:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Vessel men’s
helpers:
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1917______
1919______
1920______
1922______
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Cinder-pit
men:
1913..........
1914...........
1915______
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Bottom mak
ers:
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931..........
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
ees
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
FuUOver
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
60,
72,
ings time ings earn and 48,
per
un- 72 un 84
per hours per ings un un
hour
der
week per hour per der
der
derweek
84
60
72
week
10
11
11
8
10
9
9
9
8
8
7
28
9,5
?6
19
35
31
30
43
31
*17
19
68.3 $0,394 $26.81 100.0 100.0 100.0
66.5
.289 18.90 97.4 73.4 70.5
.324 21.64 97.5 82.2 80.7
66.6
67.4
.516 34.62 98.7 131.0 129.1
.754 49.99 97.1 191.4 186.5
66.3
61.1
.966 58.84 89.5 245.2 219.5
66.8
.639 43.07 97.8 162.2 160.6
48.7
.926 45.39 71.3 235.0 169.3
.945 46.21 71.6 239.8 172.4
48.9
49.7
.946 47.02 72.8 240.1 175.4
.902 44.47 72.2 228.9 165.9
49.3
10
12
12
8
9
11
11
11
11
11
10
36
31
32
30
21
34
39
45
29
28
30
57.8
55.6
56.0
61.9
60.2
56.3
56.5
51.4
51.8
52.5
51.1
.744
.499
.554
.894
1.114
1.273
.897
1.166
1.271
1.212
1.126
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
53 56.4
57 54.3
56 55.5
45 56.5
71 62.4
75 58.7
82 57.9
86 1 50.6
59 50.9
57 51.0
49 51.0
.528
.342
.383
.654
.875
.984
.646
.889
.897
.900
.857
29.15
18.42
21.18
35.94
54.60
56.86
37.51
44.72
45.66
45.90
43.71
100.0
96.3
98.4
100.2
110.6
104.1
102.7
89.7
90.2
90.4
90.4
100.0
64.8
72.5
123.9
165.7
186.4
122.3
168.4
169.9
170.5
162.3
100.0
63.2
72.7
123.3
187.3
195.1
128.7
153.4
156.6
157.5
149.9
100.0
106.8
107.0
107.0
103.6
108.2
110.1
73.4
76.4
78.2
76.5
100.0
89.5
89.9
136.6
242.9
248.7
163.0
233.6
228.2
234.0
237.8
100.0
98.3
99.1
150.4
258.9
277.1
184.6
176.5
179.4
188.3
187.3
41.52 100.0 100.0 100.0
27.64 96.2 67.1 66.6
30.87 96.9 74.5 74.3
53.29 107.1 120.2 128.3
67.06 104.2 149.7 161.5
71.00 97.4 171.1 171.0
50.59 97.8 120.6 121.8
59.93 88.9 156.7 144.3
65.84 89.6 170.8 158.6
63.63 90.8 162.9 153.3
57.54 88.4 151.3 138.6
9
9
9
5
10
9
10
10
11
U
11
113
52
48
62
100
144
137
180
122
108
97
67.3
71.9
72.0
72.0
69.7
72.8
74.1
49.4
51.4
52.6
51.5
.238
.213
.214
.325
.578
.592
.388
.556
.543
.557
.566
15.56
15.30
15.42
23.40
40.29
43.11
28.73
27.46
27.91
29.30
29.15
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
20
22
22
16
21
25
24
38
27
23
21
73.8
73.0
73.0
72.0
67.1
64.8
66.8
52.3
51.3
53.5
52.8
.384
.293
.332
.510
.781
.911
.583
.777
.826
.713
.825
28.05 100.0 100.0 100.0
21.34 98.9 76.3 76.1
24.02 98.9 86.5 85.6
36.73 97.6 132.8 130.9
52.41 90.9 203.4 186.8
59.57 87.8 237.2 212.4
38.79 90.5 151.8 138.3
40.59 70.9 202.3 144.7
42.37 69.5 215.1 151.1
38.15 72.5 185.7 136.0
43.56 71.5 214.8 155.3
19
56
23
24
29
20
10
9
9
48
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.—Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per weekt and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1931, by occupation—
Bessemer converters— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Bottom mak
ers’ helpers:
1913_.........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919_.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929-.........
1931...........
Ladle liners:
1913...........
1914_.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920______
J922...........
1924. .
1926.
1929...........
1931-.........
Ladle liners'
helpers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924.......
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Stopper mark
ers:
1913... .
1914.,, ...
1915. . . . .
1917______
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
19241926. . ....
1929...........
1931...........
S t o p p e r set
ters:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917. . .. ,
1919. . „
19201922______
19241926...........
1929. . .
1931______
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
ings earn Full Earn time
per
ings time ings earn
per hours per ings
hour
week per hour
per
week
week
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
40 73.1 !
$18.59 100.0 100.0 100.0
39 72.4
16.29 99.0 88.2 87.6
38 72.6
17.30 99.3 93.7 93.1
30 72.0
.377 27.13 98.5 147.8 145.9
49 69.6
.602 41.90 95.2 236.1 225.4
60 66.2
.695 46.27 90.6 272.5 248.9
51 68.3
.455 31.26 93.4 178.4 168.2
71 53.4
.605 32.19 73.1 237.3 173.2
44 52.3
.647 33.84 71.5 253.7 182.0
37 55.0
.590 32.45 75.2 231.4 174.6
31 54.5
34.66 74.6 249.4 186.4
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
22
25
26
15
28
31
29
44
31
34
23
68.7
68.6
68.8
71.2
69.8
65.0
67.4
49.7
50.6
51.6
51.5
.418
.304
.344
.583
.779
.929
.617
.851
.893
.818
.901
9
11
11
8
11
10
10
11
10
11
10
38 70.9
34 69.1
34 69.5
34 71.3
76 71.7
43 69.9
62 71.8
86 52.0
54 51.2
37 51.8
31 50.7
.247
10
12
12
8
11
11
10
11
11
11
11
10
12
12
10
15
12
12
19
12
12
14
70.6
70.2
69.7
67.8
69.6
65.0
66.4
56.6
56.6
59.3
56.4
.302
.251
.263
.433
.660
.718
.459
.573
.594
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
43 51.6
44 50.7
42 51.5
40 49.6
46 53.7
50 51.0
43 52.3
53 48.8
40 49.5
33 50.4
31 50.5
.553
.376
.423
.815
1.092
1.225
.786
.977
1.014
1.036
.998
.222
.233
.365
.551
.680
.442
.604
.631
.633
.664
28.22 100.0 100.0 100.0
20.77 99.9 72.7 73.6
23.47 100.1 82.3 83.2
41.45 103.6 139.5 146.9
54.37 101.6 186.4 192.7
59.85 94.6 222.2 212.1
42.49 98.1 147.6 150.6
42.60 72.3 203.6 151.0
45.19 73.7 213.6 160.1
42.21 75.1 195.7 149.6
46.40 75.0 215.6 164.4
17.09
15.24
15.91
26.03
39.51
47.68
31.05
31.38
32.31
32.79
33.66
100.0
97.5
98.0
100.6
101.1
98.6
101.3
73.3
72.2
73.1
71.5
100.0
89.9
94.3
147.8
223.1
275.3
178.9
244.5
255.5
256.3
268.8
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
un- 72 un 84
un der 60 derder
der 60
84
72
10
25
16
55
50
38
35
14
7
29
17
70
61
59
61
100.0
8
89.2 ___
93.1 ___
152.3
231.2
3
279.0
5
181.7
183.6
70
189.1
70
191.9
65
197.0
71
100.0
4
31
14 34
8 49
10 32
12
12
11
14
10
15
26
9
9
3
3
3
6
6
13
14
10
"T
7
6
14
19
100.0 100.0
21.25
17.60 99.4 83.1 82.8
18.13 98.7 87.1 85.3
29.15 96.0 143.4 137.2
45.94 98.6 218.5 216.2
46.73 92.1 237.7 219.9
30.52 94.1 152.0 143.6
32.26 80.2 189.7 151.8
33.62 80.2 196.7 158.2
34.57 84.0 193.0 162.7
32.09 79.9 188.4 151.0
13
25
17
32
33
17
21
28.01
19.03
21.76
40.03
58.64
61.45
40.98
47.65
50.19
52.21
50.40
86
68
20
14
71
90 . . . . .
___
67
88
84
72 28
75
18
76
9 ” 9’
58 35 6
100.0
98.3
99.8
96.1
104.1
98.8
101.4
94.6
95.9
97.7
97.9
100.0
68.0
76.5
147.4
197.5
221.5
142.1
176.7
183.4
187.3
180.5
100.0
67.9
77.7
142.9
209.4
219.4
146.3
170.1
179.2
186.4
179.9
20
10
11
45
60
62
93
50
16 39
7 76
18
8
8 ___
18
5
4
16
4
15
7 . . . ..
16
29
21
13
5
30 45
31 54
16 68
100
12 65
37 38
27 57
14
2
5
23
10
8
17
20
7
8
25
68
58
8 58
14 64
5
5
5
8
25
16
6
21
41
59
94
66
26 49
15 85
17
11
8
37
41
24
10
33
8
30
7
8
8
80
58
75
50
53
50
42
32
6 ___
6 ___
18
14
13
7
8 ___
8 ___
8
17
Y
8
6
9
5
11
14
10 . . . . .
15
8
4
16
___ ____ ___
49
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per weekt earnings per hourf and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Bessemer converters— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy-
Steel pourers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
.
1917.......... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922.......... .
1924.......... .
1926.......... .
1929.......... .
1931............
Ingot strippers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917............
191 9
1920
1922............
1924............
1926............
1929............
1931............
Laborers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917............
191 9
192 0
1922______
1924............
1926............
1929______
1931............
1 Less than 1 per cent.
Index numbers
(1913=100)
AverAver
age
Full
earn time Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
per ings
per
hour
per week
per
week week
week
55.7 $0,640
.444
52.5
53.5
.525
52.7
.849
56.5 1.110
52.9 1.326
.905
52.9
48.8 1.073
48.0 1.210
49.0 1.162
50.1 1.135
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1926..........
1929..........
1931............
Mold cappers:
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
59 5
60.8
40 60.9
29 54.6
55 61.5
70 58.0
49 58.1
66 48.4
33 47.7
33 51.7
23 49.8
28
29
31
33
36
34
.334
.313
.332
.479
.726
.892
22.81 100.0
20.11 94.421.39 94.7
31.71 98.3
47.41 93.4
52.56 84.5
51.0
50.0
53.0
50.6
.804
.801
.844
40.88
40.05
44.73
40.94
75.1
74.0
74.3
73.4
70.8
74.9
70.7
58.0
59.4
57.6
57.9
.192
.193
.193
14.38 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.27 98.5 100.5 99.2
14.31 98.9 100.5 99.5
21.92 97.7 155.2 152.4
34.62 94.3 254.7 240.8
40.17 99.7 279.7 279.3
25.64 94.1 189.1 178.3
25.87 77.2
179.9
26.31 79.1
1.7 183.0
26.04 76.7 235.4 181.1
26.17 77.1 235.4 182.0
66.0
66.2
68.7
65.3
59.1
21
26
681
546
496
493
691
726
454
593
201
196
211
.537
.363
.447
.443
.452
.452
12
19
13
100.0 100.0 100.0
102.2 72.2 77.3
102.4
91.8
103.4
97.5
97.6
81.3
80.2
86.9
83.7
81.7
175.3
191.1
209.7
158.9
202.2
217.2
196.7
208.9
86.4
162.8
208.6
214.8
163.5
173.5
183.9
180.5
184.7
100.0 100.0
1.7
1.4
88.2
93.8
143.4 139.0
217.4 207.8
267.1 230.4
39 65.5 .613 39.90 93.7 183.5 174.9
47
26
Over
Over
60,
72,
un 72 un 84
der
der
84
72
100.0
.755
.572
.728
.782
.708
.752
.688
48 Over
48,
and un
un der
der
100.0
$34.39 100.0
23.42 94.3 69.4 68.1
27.95 96.1 82.0 81.3
43.62 94.6 132.7 126.8
62.72 101.4 173.4 182.4
69.30 95.0 207.2 201.5
47.31 95.0 141.4 137.6
52.16 87.6 167.7 151.7
58.08 86.2 189.1 168.9
56.94 88.0 181.6 165.6
56.86 89.9 177.3 165.3
20.28
15.67
17.53
33.01
42.31
43.56
33.16
35.19
37.30
36.60
37.45
69.9
.360
.260
.294
.631
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
73.0
71.5
75.8
72.4
240.7
239.8
252.7
242.2
179.2
175.6
196.1
179.5
72
24
12
50
7
~12
’i3
20
24
28
"'l
26
6
T a b le
Cn
B»— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by district
and year—Bessemer converters
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
5,6,
5, 6,
and 6 and 7
in ro in ro
tation tation
6
191 4
191 5
_________
1920.............................. .
1922.............................. .
1924.............................. .
1926.............................. .
1929.............................. .
1931.............................. .
1,500
1,463
1,900
1,394
1,894
1,737
1,224
984
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920.............................. .
1922.............................. .
1924.............................. .
1926.............................. .
1929.............................. .
1931.............................. .
767
755
1,259
1,057
1,563
Great Lakes and Middle
West:
Total:
6
4
1,211
225
1,027
1,006
2,267
2,218
3,159
2,451
3,457
2,948
2,251
1,990
28
6
4
3
234
3
75
65
138
61
39
33
37
757
740
714
899
943
480
591
582
60
69
104
67
47
30
91
186
122
33
1,818
1,784
1,850
1,977
2,458
1,795
1,451
1,432
67
61
102
92
244
206
169
123
79
67
330
61
130
219
159
33
25
4
2
192
1 In former years included in “ 6,7, and 7 in rotation” column.
6 291
6 287
584
5 227
24 176
60 181
30 141
12
90
52
70
336
87
192
151
6
13
241
19
89
166
72
120
115
6
6
52
75
360
147
222
151
297
300
825
246
265
347
213
132
5 and
5 6 alter
nately
2
(*)
5, 6,
5, 6,
and 6 and 7
in ro in ro
tation tation
1
(’ )
19
1
(*)
(*)
0
8
(2)
6
Work
6, 6,
and 7 18 days, and 7
and 7 6alter
then off in ro
in ro
tation nately 1duty
d a y 1 tation
71
71
60
77
80
76
70
86
4
4
2
2
7
8
10
9
99
98
57
85
60
40
58
58
5
7
7
6
5
3
80
80
59
81
71
61
64
72
3
3
3
4
7
7
8
6
5
4
7
4
2
2
3
(*)
(J)
<*>1
3
2
3
1
1 Less than 1 per cent.
0)15
6
15
12
3
3
3
10
2
4
7
7
2
9
4
7
21
7
19
15
(2)
6
3
10
5
10
8
7
19
19
31
16
9
10
12
1
1
2
19
2
6
14
7
12
13
14
26
10
8
12
9
7
STEEL
28
67
61
42
23
140
139
122
93
7
AND
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920.............................. .
1922.............................. .
1924.............................. .
1926_________________
1929.............................. .
1931.............................. .
9
1,061
1.044
1,136
1,078
1,515
1,315
860
850
6, 7,
and 7
in ro
tation
HOTJES OP LABOR— IRON
Pittsburgh:
Work
6,6,
and 18 days,
and 7 76alter
then
off
in ro
tation nately 1duty
day1
AND
5 and
5 6 alter
nately
WAGES
District and year
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy-
O
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1931, by occupation and district—Bessemer converters
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
5
5
53
37
6.0
6.3
8.2
a4
48.9
52.8
65
52
60.7
61.4
$36.80
39.45
$0,607
.642
$29.68
33.90
69.8
66.6
$41.73
41.97
$0,598
.630
10
90
6.1
8.3
50.5
117
61.0
37.98
.622
31.41
68.4
41.84
.612
6
5
14
12
6.1
6.3
8.0
8.3
48.6
52.7
14
12
104.3
108.2
123.75
152.26
1.187
1.408
57.69
74.20
105.6
108.2
125.17
152.26
1.185
1.408
Total___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___
11
26
6.2
8.2
50.5
26
106.1
136.91
1.291
65.20
106.8
137.67
1.289
Regulators, first:
Pittsburgh______________ _____
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
6
4
12
10
6.1
6.4
8.2
8.4
49.8
53.6
13
10
72.9
85.8
65.44
89.38
.897
1.042
44.67
55.85
87.1
90.1
77.62
91.77
.891
1.019
Total__ _____________________
10
22
6.2
8.3
51.5
23
78.5
75.85
.966
49.75
88.4
83.77
.948
Regulators, second:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
4
3
9
8
6.1
6.3
8.0
8.0
• 48.6
50.0
9
10
81.3
70.7
67.43
69.04
.829
.976
40.29
48.80
91.8
77.5
73.76
72.68
.804
.938
7
17
6.2
8.0
49.3
19
75.7
68.28
.902
44.47
84.3
73.19
.869
5
5
12
15
6.1
6.4
8.1
8.3
48.9
52.8
14
16
69.4
82.9
79.30
92.27
1.143
1.113
55.89
58.77
73.6
86.4
81.58
94.66
1.109
1.096
10
27
6.3
8.2
51.1
30
76.6
86.21
1.126
57.54
80.4
88.56
1.101
Total_______________________
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Total_______________________
CONVERTERS
Total_____ _______ __ ________
Blowers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
BESSEMER
Stockers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
T able
C .— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
Cg
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district—Bessemer converters— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Vessel men’s helpers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
HOURS
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
6
5
26
21
6.1
6.6
8.0
8.2
48.8
53.7
27
22
73.0
93.6
$64.87
77.47
$0,888
.828
$43.33
44.46
78.3
96.8
$67.83
79.59
$0,866
.822
6.3
8.1
51.0
49
82.3
70.53
.857
43.71
86.6
73.11
.844
6
5
47
34
6.0
6.4
8.4
8.2
50.9
52.4
53
44
64.8
74.6
34.81
44.50
.537
.597
27.33
31.28
69.7
83.8
37.34
49.54
.536
.591
42.34
58.38
.668
.596
81.2
50.62
.623
44.33
47.97
82.0
88.4
72.56
79.31
.884
.897
46.40
85.3
76.08
.891
Total_______________________
11
81
6.2
8.3
51.5
97
69.3
39.21
.566
29.15
76.1
42.87
.563
Bottom makers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
6
5
11
8
6.0
6.1
8.5
9.0
51.3
55.0
13
8
60.2
90.5
48.89
75.82
.812
.838
41.66
46.09
68.5
95.5
54.22
78.33
.791
.820
Total_______________________
11
19
6.1
8.7
52.8
21
-r
71.7
59.15
- --
.825
____
78.8
43.56
---- - —------- --—
Bottom makers’ helpers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
6
5
14
15
6.0
6.1
8.7
9.3
52.3
56.5
15
16
56.8
91.1
39.24
54.97
.691
.604
36.14
34.13
63.4
98.0
Total__ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . ___
11
29
6.0
9.0
54.5
31
74.5
47.36
.636
34.66
Ladle liners:
Pittsburgh_________ ___________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
5
5
10
12
6.0
6.2
8.2
8.7
49.2
53.3
11
12
78.9
87.6
71.10
78.83
.901
.900
10
22
6.1
8.5
51.5
23
83.4
75.14
.901
Total___________________
_
63.41
- -----—..
STEEL
.805
AND
47
OF LABOR— IRON
11
Cinder-pit men:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Total_______________________
WAGES
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Occupation and district
Ladle liners’ helpers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
5
6
17
11
6.0
6.2
8.1
8.7
48.7
53.8
20
11
72.3
79.9
48.93
51.30
.677
.642
32.97
34.54
80.2
88.2
53.10
55.91
.662
.634
Total___ __ ___ ______________
10
28
6.1
8.4
50.7
31
75.0
49.77
.664
33.66
83.1
54.10
.651
Stopper makers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
6
5
6
5
6.0
6.0
9.6
9.2
57.4
55.2
7
7
82.8
77.2
46.17
44.82
.558
.580
32.03
32.02
83.5
82.8
46.59
47.27
.558
.571
11
6.0
9.4
56.4
14
80.0
45.50
.569
32.09
83.1
46.93
.565
6
5
16
12
6.1
6.3
8.0
8.3
48.8
52.7
19
12
56.7
77.3
54.49
80.41
.962
1.040
46.95
54.81
65.6
79.0
60.30
81.50
.919
L032
Total_____ __________________
11
28
6.2
8.1
50.5
31
64.6
64.52
.998
50.40
70.8
68.51
.967
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
6
4
14
0
6.1
6.2
8.0
8.4
48.6
52.4
17
10
60.0
70.1
68.30
79.21
1.139
1.131
55.36
59.26
65.0
73.7
71.13
81.55
1.094
1.106
10
23
6.1
8.2
50.1
27
63.7
72.34
1.135
56.86
68.3
74.99
1.099
4
3
12
10
6.0
6.2
8.0
8.4
48.0
52.0
13
10
73.7
70.5
54.72
54.00
.742
.766
35.62
39.83
84.6
75.6
63.03
56.72
.745
.750
Total_______________________
M old cappers:
Pittsburgh................................. .
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
........... .............
7
22
6.1
8.2
49.8
23
72.3
54.41
.752
37.45
80.7
60.29
.747
Ingot strippers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Total____
..
5
3
13
11
6.1
6.2
8.0
8.5
48.8
52.7
15
11
83.2
69.0
69.55
52.84
.836
.765
40.80
40.32
83.2
80.0
69.55
59.08
.836
.739
Total------------------------------------
8
24
6.1
8.3
50.6
26
77.2
62.48
.809
40.94
81.8
65.12
.796
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.............................. ......
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
6
4
79
63
6.0
6.1
9.5
9.6
57.1
58.9
123
88
61.0
80.4
27.58
36.33
.452
.452
25.81
26.62
71.8
88.6
33.65
40.72
.469
.459
Total ---------------------------------
10
142
6.0
9.6
57.9
211
69.1
31.23
.452
26.17
78.8
36.60
.464
CONVERTERS
11
BESSEMER
Total....... ...................................
Stopper setters:
Pittsburgh............................ ........
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
54
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T abl e D .—
Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Bessemer converters
ALL EMPLOYEES
Number o* employees
who worked each
specified combination
of customary turns
and hours by districts
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
Hours
Great
hours
Turns
per
Pitts Lakes
per
Mon
Sat
and
Total
Sun Per week day to ur Sun Per week burgh
Middle
week
day week
West
Friday day day
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon Sat
day to ur
Friday day
Group A.—Day turn only
10
10
Total..
11
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
11 day off in 19f making average 53Ho per week.
Be s s e Me r
co
55
Nv ^ r ^e r S
T able ft*— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per iufn and per week,
1931, by district—Bessemer converters— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Number of employees
who worked each
specified combination
of
customary turns
Night turns
Day turns
and hours by districts
Aver
I
age
Hours
Hours
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns
Turns
per
Pitts
and
Total
per Mon Sat
per . Mon Sat
Per week day to ur Sun Per week burgh Middle
week day to ur Sun
West
Friday day day week
Friday day day week
Customary turns and hours worked
T a b le
E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1981, by district—Bessemer converters
Occupation and district
AverNum Num age
full
ber of ber of time
hours
emlishper
ments
week
Stockers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total..
10
117
66
74
Over
56,
under
under
60
10
10
72
28
16
48.9
52.8
10
51.1
Cinder-pit men:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-
11
50.9
52.4
Total.......
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh.
Great Lakes and Middle West.
56
52.7
50.5
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh. ................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total........................................
under
4 8 .6
Total-
Total.......... .............................
Laborers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-
50.5
Over
Over
48
48.9
62.8
Blowers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total-
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
97
10
10
51.5
47
48.6
62.4
14
27
50.1
20
123
57.1
58.9
211
57.9
23
10
10
17
15
50
30
116
T a b le
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981, by district— Bessemer converters
Stockers:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West
26
30
97
32
.566
11
1.139
1.131
27
1.135
123
.452
.452
55
211
.452
141
16
22
48
STEEL
Total_____________________
11
AND
Total_____________________
1.126
.537
.597
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West
Laborers:
Pittsburgh. ........................ ......
Great Lakes and Middle West.
1. 291
1.143
1.113
Cinder-pit men:
Pittsburgh. ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total_____________________
20
31
1.187
1.408
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh.................. ..............
Great Lakes and Middle West
Total.......................................
22
117
Blowers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West
Total.......................................
31
HOtTRS OF LABOR— IRON
Total.......................................
1.607
.642
WAGES AND
Occupation and district
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
Num Average
ber of earnings
90,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
65,
70,
95,
40,
45,
50,
55,
em
per
75, 80,
ployees hour under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under
95
140
80
90
100
110 120
130
150
160
170
65
75
70
45
50
55
60
Open-Hearth Furnaces
Data for this department with few exceptions cover open-hearth
furnaces that use the basic process. Acid furnaces have been included
in a few instances where an establishment operated a furnace or two
of this kind in connection with the basic type. The 1926 and subse
quent studies include data for both stationary and “ Talbot” furnaces,
although 1924 and all studies previous to that time cover only sta
tionary type furnaces.
Data for 1931 were collected from the pay rolls of 35 open-hearth
furnace establishments located in 10 States and employing 12,795
wage earners in all occupations, 7,430 of these being in the 16 principal
occupations. Pay-roll data for this department were first obtained
in 1910, and for that year and all years up to 1914 cover only the
principal occupations, but data for all employees in all occupations
were included in the figures for 1914 to 1931.1 Comparable figures
are presented in Table A for employees in the principal occupations
from 1913 to 1931,2while Table 2 (p. 4) gives comparable data for all
employees in this department.
The hours of labor of open-hearth furnace employees have de
creased materially in recent years. Average full-time hours per
week were 74.5 in 1914, and 68.7 in 1920, or 8 per cent less than in
1914. In 1922 there was a slight increase, but in 1924 after adoption
of the 8-hour day the average dropped to 58.0, or 22 per cent less than
in 1914. A further decrease in 1926 brought the average to 57.1,
but 1929 showed a small increase, raising the average to 57.7. How
ever, 1931 shows quite a decrease, 53.8 being the lowest average for
any year and 28 per cent less than in 1914.
Comparison of full-time hours per week of employees in 15 prin
cipal occupations, which may be made from Table A, shows that in
1931 all had a decrease in average full-time hours per week. One
occupation, however, is reported for 1931 only.
While hours per day and per week have shown a considerable
decrease since 1922, the 7-day week showed an increase up through
1929, when the percentage of 7-day workers was 66. However, there
was a sharp decline in the 7-day week between 1929 and 1931, the
percentage having dropped to 34 in 1931. This large decrease was
brought about chiefly by a decrease in demand for steel, causing some
plants to return to a 6-day week which they had abandoned when
the demand for steel was greater. Some of the decrease was due to
the general tendency to get away from the 7-day week and the
introduction of relief systems. Table B, which gives for specified years,
1914 to 1931, the number and percentage of employees working each
specified number of turns per week, shows that in 1914 and 1915
34 per cent of all employees had a 7-day week and 39 per cent had a
6-day week. In 1922 7-day work had decreased to 27 per cent while
6-day work had increased to 50 per cent. In 1924, after the adoption
i No data were obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925 1927, 1928, and 1930.
* For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
57
58
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
of the 8-hour day, 7-day work increased to 52 per cent and 6-day
work decreased to 16 per cent. No change in percentage of 7-day
workers occurred in 1926, but the 6-day workers increased to 26
per cent. In 1929 the 6-day workers decreased to 15 per cent, which
is lower than that of any other year shown, and the per cent of 7-day
workers increased to 66. In 1931 the 6-day workers increased to 42
per cent, which is higher than that of any other year shown, except
1922, while the per cent of 7-day workers decreased to 34. A system
of relief whereby an employee works 18 days and is then relieved 1 day
is shown for 1931. In former years this relief system was not shown
separately.
In order that the customary hours per day and per week for em
ployees may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. This table
shows that out of 12,795 wage earners covered 1,876 worked day
turns only, 106 worked night turns only, and 10,813 alternated or
rotated from day to night shift. Of the total employees, 200 had a
working-day which averaged 11 hours or over; 1,823 had a 10-hour
day, and 10,300 one of 8 hours or less. Of the 200 employees working
11 hours or more per day, 124 worked a 7-day week regularly, as did
3,843 of the 10,300 who had a working-day of 8 hours or less. Data
in Table D are for all employees in all occupations, but that there
may be a clearer idea of the customary working time of employees on
the producing crews separate figures for one key occupation—melters’
helpers, first—are given. Of the 1,004 employees shown in this oc
cupation, 8 worked regularly a day of 12 hours 7 days each week, 378
a day of 8 hours 7 days per week, and 320 a day of 8 hours 6 days
per week.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations by average full-time hours per week. Out of a total of
4,972 employees, only 1,034 worked more than 56 hours per week
and of these only 51 worked 72 hours or more per week, 1,530 worked
an average of 48 hours, and 1,333 worked 56 hours per week.
Although hours of labor and earnings of employees show decreases
when 1931 is compared with 1929, earnings are still considerably
higher than for any year previous to 1920. In 1914 earnings per hour
were 23.7 cents, increased slightly in 1915 to 24.6 cents, and in 1920,
due to the effects of the war, again increased to 67.1 cents per hour.
Earnings in 1922 dropped to 48.0 cents. After adoption of the 8hour day in 1923 earnings per hour rose each year to 71.4 cents in
1929, but decreased to 70.3 cents in 1931, which average is almost
three times as great as in 1914. Hourly earnings of employees in the
various principal occupations show similar changes. Melters’ helpers,
first, for example, had earnings of 44.0 cents per hour in 1913 which
increased to 58.6 cents in 1917 and in 1920 rose to $1,089, or 147.5
per cent more than in 1913. There was a further increase to $1,247
in 1929, or 183.4 per cent higher than in 1913. However, a slight
decrease in 1931 brought the average to $1,239, but 181.6 per cent
greater than in 1913. A distribution of employees by average hourly
earn ngs in six principal occupations in 1931 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were 114 per cent more in
1931 than in 1914. From an average of $17.66 in 1914 earnings in
creased slightly to $18.30 in 1915, then more than doubled in 1920
to an average of $46.10. In 1922 the average had decreased to $33.98,
but increased each year thereafter until in 1929 it was $41.20. In
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
59
1931 it dropped to $37.82, a decrease of 8.2 per cent from 1929,
caused chiefly by a decrease in full-time hours per week rather than
by a decrease in earnings per hour.
Weekly earnings for various principal occupations show about the
same changes as weekly earnings for the department as a whole. As
an example, melters’ helpers, first, earned an average of $31.60 in
1914 and $75.09 in 1920. In 1922 the increase in weekly hours par
tially offset the decrease in hourly earnings, the average for that year
being $55.34. In 1924 the increase in hourly earnings more than
offset the decrease in weekly hours and the weekly earnings rose to
$59.16. There were further increases to $64.70 in 1926 and to $69.71
in 1929, but in 1931 due to a decrease in both hourly earnings and
weekly hours the average dropped to $65.79, a decrease of 5.6 per
cent from 1929, but still 108 per cent greater than in 1914.
The 12,795 employees in all occupations worked an average of 87.1
hours during the 16-day pay period covered by this study, for which
they received an average of $61.22. These figures include all the hours
worked and the earnings received by employees in the occupations
in Table C and all other occupations covered in open hearth furnaces
in 1931. Hours worked in 1931 in the various principal occupations
ranged from 96.8 for mold cappers to 72.1 for engineers, locomotive,
while melters' helpers, first, received the highest earnings—$102.48—
and laborers the lowest—$33.77.
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 19IS to 1981, by occupation—
Open-hearth furnaces
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1913
1914 ___
1915...........
1917
1919 ___
1920 - —
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Stock crane
men:
1913 __
1914
1915
1917
1919 - 1920...........
1922 ____
1924
1926...........
1929...........
1931______
Per cent of employees whose av
Index numbers
erage full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver
Num age Aver age
full
age
full earn
Num ber
time
of time
ber of em
Over
earn Full Earn Full
Over
ings
time 48 Over
plants ploy hours per
48,
60,
ings time ings earn
72,
per
60 un 72 un 84
per hours per ings and
ees week hour
un un
der
week per hour per der der
der
week
60
72
84
week
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
26
30
32
34
417
409
366
243
476
573
647
781
687
659
544
77.8 $0.197 $15.30 100.0 100.0 100.0
.204 15.66 99.0 103.6 102.4
77.0
77.3
.199 15.41 99.4 101.0 100.7
77.4
.296 22.92 99.5 150.3 149.8
.506 38.30 97.3 256.9 250.3
75.7
.573 40.18 91.1 290.9 262.6
70.9
.379 28.07 95.0 192.4 183.5
73.9
58.2
.540 31.37 74.8 274.1 205.0
57.8
.535 30.92 74.3 271.6 202.1
57.9
.560 32.42 74.4 284.3 211.9
.527 28.72 70.1 267.5 187.7
54.5
15
20
20
11
15
17
20
25
28
30
33
84
98
94
64
115
150
178
228
220
254
225
79.1
78.4
77.4
77.4
75.2
67.8
73.3
57.3
57.5
57.0
54.2
.238
.237
.253
.338
.556
.686
.460
.647
.682
.706
.663
18.85 100.0 100.0 100.0
18.58 99.1 99.6 98.6
19.77 97.9 106.3 104.9
26.11 97.9 142.0 138.5
41.81 95.1 233.6 221.8
47.02 85.7 288.2 249.4
33.85 92.7 193.3 179.6
36.97 72.4 271.8 196.1
39.22 72.7 286.6 208.1
40.24 72.1 296.6 213.5
35.93 68.5 278.6 190.6
3
7
13
8
31
9
10
28
i Less than 1 per cent.
>Including less than 1 per coot whose full-time hours per week were 89.
22
21
21
38
22
17
19
4
4
1
0)
0)
2
8
8
8
10
26
4
78
71
74 ‘ T
61
1
9
29
2
2
3
5
10
35
13
86
77 7 1")’
81
64 " Y
5 10
4 12
4 23
38
22
12 11
10 25
2 3
2 4
2 2
2
1
40 81
48 * 23
38 30
33 29
18
50
10
39
18
27
4
5
7
3
7
2
2
45
49
47
34
55
35
38
7
4
2
1
40
35
26
28
13
7
14
1
4
4
2
60
WAGES AND HOTJRS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1981, by occupation—
Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Charging-ma
chine opera
tors:
1913...........
1914_.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922_.........
1924...........
1926..........
1929...........
1931...........
Door operators:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926-.........
1929...........
1931-.........
Charging-floor
cranemen:
1931...........
Melters’ help
ers, first:
1913______
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Melters’ help
ers, second:
1913...........
1914...........
1915______
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Melters’ help
ers, third:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
1929...........
1931...........
Per cent of employees whose av
Index numbers
erage full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
ings time ings earn and 48,
60,
per
72,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour
week per week per
der
der
der
der 60
week
84
72
week
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
26
31
33
35
76
86
86
64
98
137
133
203
221
256
262
78.0 $0.335 $26.12 100.0 100.0 100.0
77.4
.307 23.66 99.2 91.6 90.6
.330 25.55 99.6 98.5 97.8
77.7
77.1
.467 35.91 98.8 139.4 137.5
75.3
.753 56.70 96.5 224.8 217.1
67.2
.895 59.83 86.2 267.2 229.1
72.2
.625 45.09 92.6 186.6 172.6
56.3
.863 48.43 72.2 257.6 185.4
.951 52.97 71.4 283.9 202.8
55.7
56.2
.958 53.84 72.1 286.0 206.1
53.2
.879 46.76 68.2 262.4 179.0
15
19
19
15
15
16
16
17
15
14
160
170
176
165
264
288
346
222
219
213
76.9
77.0
76.5
73.8
66.1
70.1
55.0
54.9
55.2
53.3
.112
.109
.111
.321
.402
.279
.381
.374
.433
.436
8.68 100.0 100.0 100.0
8.35 100.1 97.3 96.2
8.43 99.5 99.1 97.1
23.69 96.0 286.6 272.9
26.27 86.0 358.9 302.6
19.76 91.2 249.1 227.6
21. 22 71.5 340.2 244.5
20.53 71.4 333.9 236.5
23.90 71.8 386.6 275.3
23.24 69.3 389.3 267.7
5
7
19
5
38
14
45
14 ___
89
76
93
61
22
138
53.0
.760
40.28
17
83
17 364
22 404
22 422
13 272
17 402
19 620
22 622
26 885
31
924
33 980
35 1.004
77.1
75.6
75.5
76.3
74.9
69.4
71.4
55.5
55.3
55.9
53.1
.440
.420
.437
.586
.966
1.089
.775
1.064
1.170
1.247
1.239
17 360 76.7
22 402 74.7
22 420 74.5
13 272 75.9
17 410 74.4
19 721 69.1
22 704 71.2
26 1,072 55.3
31 923 55.0
33 984 55.8
35 1,006 53.1
.292
.278
.291
.397
.693
.781
.557
.758
.827
.886
.877
22.36 100.0 100.0 100.0
20.70 97.4 95.2 92.6
21.57 97.1 99.7 96.5 ____
29.93 99.0 136.0 133.9
51.56 97.0 237.3 230.6
53.80 90.1 267.5 240.6
39.50 92.8 190.8 176.7
_2
41.98 72.1 259.6 187.7
45.49 71.7 283.2 203.4
11
49.44 72.8 303.4 221.1
7
46.57 69.2 300.3 208.3
33
16 458 77.9
21 442 77.4
21 454 77.7
11 268 77.5
17 602 76.6
19 970 67.8
22 980 70.9
26 1,329 55.5
31 1,161 55.2
33 1,026 55.6
33
955 52.9
.214
.207
.212
.328
.532
.645
.432
.601
.630
.687
.668
16.64 100.0 100.0 100.0
15.98 99.4 96.7 96.0
16.44 99.7 99.1 98.8
25.26 99.5 153.3 151.8
40.75 98.3 248.6 244.9
43.64 87.0 301.4 262.3
31.44 93.6 201.9 188.9
33.39 71.2 280.8 200.7
34.72 70.9 294.4 208.7
38.20 71.4 321.0 229.6
35.34 67.9 312.1 212.4
i Less than 1 per cent
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
33.89 100.0 100.0 100.0
31.60 98.1 95.5 93.2
32.80 97.9 99.3 96.8
44.36 99.0 133.2 130.9
72.35 97.1 219.5 213.5
75.09 90.0 247.5 221.6
55.34 92.6 176.1 163.3
59.16 72.0 241.8 174.6
64.70 71.7 265.9 190.9
69.71 72.5 283.4 205.7
65.79 68.9 281.6 194.1
4
10
2
29
10
38
16 ___
88
83
85
70
9
10
9
6
32
11
33
15
95
86
92
67
9
10
12
34
16 ___
94
84
91
66
13 16
5 33
5 30
44
24
4 14
31
12
3
3
1
32
33
33
28
48
42
23
2
2
3
1
39
30
33
28
17
2
19
2
2
2
1
20 19 28
14 24 32
38
14 25
41
24
10 13 28
8
20 38
3
3 .......
34
31
24
22
4
16
1
2
2
2
16
14
13
54
34
6
1 46
2
2
3
19
15
14
29
25
24
54
33
7
3
12 47
2
2 0)
1
0)
1
1
10
5
33
6
38
10 " 2
92 ___
83 ___
92
65
2
13
1
1
25
39
38
44
30
12
35
3
3
1
1
55
62
63
13
33
60
32
4
3
2
C1)
26
15
14
33
22
2
5
i
1
14
37
29
22
31
21
20
26
39
17
55
1
21
5
3
3 IIII
2
i
38
30
29
20
36
46
19
1
1
1
36
31
33
36
28
1
21
2
3
1
1
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
61
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Stopper setters:
1913...........
1914..........
1915-.........
1917-.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922..........
1924..........
1926-.........
1929...........
1931-.........
Steel pourers:
1913-.........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
1931-.........
Mold cappers:
1913-.........
1914...........
1915-.........
1917..........
1919...........
1920...........
1922_.........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
1931-.........
Ladle crane
men:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919-.........
1920..........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929_.........
1931...........
Ingot strippers:
1913-.........
1914_.........
1915..........
1917-.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose av
Index numbers
erage full-time hours per week
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
age
Aver full
age
time
earn earn
Full
Over
Over
ings
ings Full
time 48 Over
72,
per
time Earn
60,
48,
per
earn
ings
un
un
un 84
hour week hours per ings and
72
per hour per un
der
der
der
der
week
72
60
8*
week
9
10
10
8
10
12
17
21
25
27
29
30
32
32
36
45
71
83
123
119
121
158
77.3 $0,325 $25.10 100.0 100.0 100.0
.287 21.46 97.0 88.3 85.5
75.0
.296 21.96 96.5 91.1 87.5
74.6
.414 30.90 97.4 127.4 123.1
75.3
.684 50.48 95.5 210.5 201.1
73.8
68.4
.778 53.17 88.5 239.4 211.8
70.9
.561 39.73 91.7 172.6 158.3
55.1
.763 42.07 71.3 234.8 167.6
54.4
.860 46.78 70.4 264.6 186.4
56.2
.870 48.89 72.7 267.7 194.8
53.0
.798 42.29 68.6 245.5 168.5
16
21
21
12
17
18
21
25
31
33
35
56
70
70
48
69
112
101
147
148
159
177
77.0
76.4
75.7
76.0
73.2
68.0
70.4
56.5
55.6
56.3
53.5
.370
.339
.356
.466
.796
.929
.645
.837
.889
.927
.851
28.46 1100.0 100.0 100.0
25.94 99.2 91.6 91.1
26.99 98.3 96.2 94.8
35.60 98.7 125.9 125.1
58.27 95.1 215.1 204.7
62.31 88.3 251.1 218.9
45.48 91.4 174.3 159.8
47.38 73.4 226.2 166.5
49.43 72.2 240.3 173.7
52.19 73.1 250.5 183.4
45.53 69.5 230.0 160.0
68 78.6
70 77.7
72 76.1
38 76.7
97 74.3
73 70.0
92 65.5
86 55.0
70 50.9
49 55.3
40 53.5
.255
.232
.254
.364
.588
.635
.460
.609
.620
.673
.632
20.04 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.96 98.9 91.0 89.6
19.24 96.8 99.6 96.0
28.16 97.6 142.7 140.5
43.69 94.5 230.6 218.0
44.65 89.1 249.0 222.8
31.33 83.3 180.4 156.3
34.21 70.0 238.8 170.7
31.56 64.8 243.1 157.5
37.22 70.4 263.9 185.7
33.81 68.1 247.8 168.7
12
13
13
6
11
7
8
7
7
6
8
17
22
22
13
17
19
21
25
28
30
33
90
104
107
82
119
146
153
239
239
257
290
77.2
76.5
76.0
76.4
75.6
68.3
72.9
55.2
54.9
55.8
53.2
.341
.305
.327
.466
.733
.837
.588
.832
.900
.941
.846
26.34 100.0 100.0 100.0
23.34 99.1 89.4 88.6
24.92 98.4 95.9 94.6
35.64 99.0 136.7 135.3
55.41 97.9 215.0 210.4
56.63 88.5 245.5 215.0
42.83 94.4 172.4 162.6
46.06 71.5 244.0 174.9
49.41 71.1 263.9 187.6
52.51 72.3 276.0 199.4
45.01 68.9 248.1 170.9
15
18
18
13
15
16
18
20
26
28
26
61
47
48
39
48
71
65
98
126
116
118
74.5
75.8
76.3
70.9
69.9
69.3
72.8
57.8
56.0
57.3
54.5
.296
.292
.303
.449
.749
.790
.559
.726
.767
.831
.747
21.85 100.0 100.0 100.0
21.72 101.7 98.6 99.4
22.76 102.4 102.4 104.2
30.85 95.2 151.7 141.2
52.36 93.8 253.0 239.6
54.21 93.0 266.9 248.1
40.61 97.7 188.9 185.9
42.11 77.6 245.3 192.7
42.95 75.2 259.1 196.6
47.62 76.9 280.7 217.9
40.71 73.2 252.4 186.3
133895°—*33-
25
7
13
13
22
22
11
17
3
2
2
2
25
23
17
21
10
2
16
4
3
1
1
41
31
19
37
4
12
29
23
19
24
13
2
1
2
1
1
20
17
17
23
26
4
72
21
20
7
2
2
2
62
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Engineers, lo
comotive:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919..........
1920...........
1922..........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Switchmen:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931______
Laborers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917______
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Per cent of employees whose av
Index numbers
erage full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Num Aver
Aver age
age
full
age
Num ber full earn
time
of time
ber of em
Over
Over
earn Full Earn Full
time 48 Over
plants ploy hours ings
72,
48,
60,
per
ings time ings earn
per hour
72
un
un
un 84
60
per hours per ings and
ees week
der
der
week per week per un
der
der
week
72
84
60
week
16
21
21
17
18
20
23
28
30
31
119 76.6 $0 ?95 $22.55 100.0 100.0 100.0
?,81 21.51 96.0 95.3 95.4
137 73.5
.279 21.57 100.7 94.6 95.7
138 77.1
166 75.6
.666 50.35 98.7 225.8 223.3
.732 50.83 90.9 248.1 225.4
214 69.6
219 71.4
.527 37.62 93.2 178.6 166.8
325 55.4
.700 38.73 72.3 237.3 171.8
.772 42.23 71.4 261.7 187.3
363 54.7
389 56.1
.762 42.75 73.2 258.3 189.6
372 53.3
.843 44.93 69.6 285.8 199.2
16
21
21
17
18
20
23
28
30
30
127
149
150
194
297
275
406
413
435
388
17
22
22
13
17
18
21
25
30
33
33
76.3
76.5
77.0
76.2
69.3
72.0
56.0
54.8
54.9
53.4
.230
.226
.225
.555
.617
.439
.586
.616
.645
.606
17.55 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.29 100.3 98.3 98.5
17.33 100.9 97.8 98.7
42.29 99.9 241.3 241.0
42.84 90.8 268.3 244.1
31.61 94.4 190.9 180.1
32.80 73.4 254.8 186.9 ” 12’
22
33.76 71.8 267.8 192.4
35.41 72.0 280.4 201.8
6
31
32.36 70.0 263.5 184.4
1,109 76.2
805 69.5
723 70.8
653 74.4
1,266 76.2
1,393 68.5
992 67.9
2,037 59.0
1,537 59.2
1,548 60.5
1,540 57.5
.187
.185
.186
.292
.468
.525
.354
.434
.429
.433
.436
14.24
12.84
13.19
21.73
35.66
36.21
24.22
25.73
25.40
26.20
25.07
100.0
91.2
92.9
97.6
100.0
89.9
89.1
77.4
77.7
79.4
75.5
100.0
98.9
99.5
156.1
250.3
280.7
189.3
232.1
229.4
231.6
233.2
i Less than 1 per cent*
* Less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 98*
11
20
6
35
100.0
90.2
92.6
152.6
250.4
254.3
170.1
180.7
178.4
184.0
176.1
0)
“I
3
22
9
27
4
27
19 ___
82
73 0)
3
86
1
61
22
7
1
3
2
1
19
20
21
40
11
42
2
2
1
2
52
48
49
40
37
16
2
1
1
17
21
24
16
3
16
2
2
2
2
2
27
13
80
71 0)
87 3
66
23
23
25
40
19 11
11 39
2
1
1 2
0)
(!) ’ 1
49
44
45
39
41
19
1
1
1
16
22
25
16
2
18
3
3
3
1
25
4
6
20
7
3
18
___
___
___
31
34
30
38
56
43
17
3
6
0)
30
9
13
20
20
2
7
1
1
1
(»)
4
11
8
4
27
21
3 6
27 2
17 15
41 11
25 14
31 15
17 41
12
10
6
13
11
5
6
14
22
22
7
22
24
40
33
44
15
T a b l e B .—
Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by district and
year—Open-hearth furnaces
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
District and year
5 and
6 alter
nate
ly
5, 6,
and 6
in ro
tation
6
635
655
630
699
579
661
355
414
6
6
4
5
5
6
6
6
1,064
1,116
955
1,241
987
1,672
1,560
1,481
6
6
6
5
7
8
9
11
2,149
2,013
3,190
2,554
4,361
4,642
4,663
5,212
7
7
6
9
10
12
14
13
1,632
1,755
3,067
3, 678
4,943
5,660
5,614
5,116
751
846
214
1,848
772
959
979
1,238
3
3
3
3
4
570
539
958
825
1,320
269
226
655
484
258
2
1
....
2
12
2
2
113
468
404
670
1,104
269
1,519
339
3,489
5 and
7 alter
nate
ly
13
Work
6, 6, 6 and 18 days,
and 7 7 alter then
in ro nate
ofl
tation
duty
ly
1 day1
3
82
36
41
17
10
226
1,177
74
631
9
112
116
216
5
215
225
202
412
253
183
111
4
719
852
814
2,049
944
466
560
421
38
58
1
4
5
i In former years included in “ 6, 7, and 7 in rotation” column.
18
33
24
212
204
7
967
850
570
553
2,060
153 1,565
702 3,341
1,103 3,377
406 4,094
110 2,802
9
3
435
5 and
alter
5 6nate
ly
214
229 (2)
80
96
49
580
847
324 ‘ S '
819
795
227
244
16
264
413 2,036
2,376
61 3,211
747
311
356
793
12
5
130
116
6, 7,
and 7
in ro
tation
254
252
302
337
622
(2)
5,6, 1
5 and
and 6 I
7 alter
in r o -11 6 nate
tation
ly
60
59
66
56
59
40
23
28
1
(2)
(2)
2
Work
6, 6, 6 and 18 days,
and 7 7 alter then
ofl
in ro nate
duty
tation
ly
1 d ay 1
1
22
20
21
43
6
33
7
67
46
48
7
50
16
17
17
24
47
42
68
59
20
* Less than 1 per cent.
(2)
8
2
3
1
(2)
9
27
2
14
(2)
3
2
4
(2)
20
20
21
33
26
11
7
(2)
49
20
21
2 8
3 8
2 5
13 35
13 54
22
19
38
39
7 8
1 10
9 47
51
1 69
14
17
35
32
67
4 43
14 68
19 60
7 73
2 55
40
40
64
37
11
12
9
19
20
26
(2)
(2)
2
2
7
11
(2)
(2)
6, 7,
and 7
in ro 7
tation
2 45
1 47
32
41
33 47
FURNACES
5
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
OPEN-HEARTH
Eastern:
1914.............................
1915...........................
1920......... : ..................
1922.............................
1924................. ...........
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931.............................
Pittsburgh:
1914.............................
1915.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
1924.............................
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931.............................
Great Lakes and Middle
West:
1914.............................
1915.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
1924.............................
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931.............................
Southern:
1914.............................
1915.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
1924.............................
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
O
GO
T a b le
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by district and
year—Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
Work
6, 6, 6 and 18 days,
and 7 7 alter then
off
in ro nate
duty
tation
ly
1 day1
1
39
10
319
274
170
22
5,415
2
5,423
8,170
8,298 " T
11,611
13,424
13,171
12,795 23~
6
5 and
7 alter
nate
ly
2
12
2
2
113
2,123
2,131
2,169
4,135
1,878
3,458
1,947
5,311
13
10
3
338
1,375
326
677
26
211
.6,7,
and 7
in ro
tation
481
447
114
7
649
574
459
5 and
alter
5 6nate
ly
1 In former years included in “ 6, 7, and 7 in rotation” column.
5 and
7alter
6 nate
ly
Work
6, 6, 6 and 18 days,
and 7 7 alter then
off
in ro nate
duty
tation
ly
1 day 1
22
21
17
2
9 1,857
1,416
3 1,829 (2)
1,453
245 2,686
3,045
202 2,262 'CO"
1,360
1,574 6,048
736
1,796 6,982
749
1,118 8,726
701
224 4,332 "ft"
130 ''2,~747~
5, 6,
and 6
in ro
tation
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
39
39
27
50
16
1 26
15
42
(2)
(2)
aLess than 1 per cent.
0
(2)
4
12
2
5
(2)
3
1
26
27
37
16
6
6
5
1
21
6, 7,
and 7 7
in ro
tation
33 45
34 43
12 47
34
34
3 33
2 27
14 52
]3 52
8 66
2 34
(2)
(2)
21
OF LABOR— IRON
22
22
19
22
26
31
33
35
1,450
1,334
986
5, 6,
and 6
in ro
tation
HOURS
AND
STEEL
4
4
5
5
5 and
6alter
nate
ly
AND
Southern—C ontinued
1926
1929
1931
Total:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
1929
1931
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
WAGES
District and year
C&
T a ble C*
Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district— Open-hearth furnaces
Positions
Occupation and district
Number
of plants
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
56
150
150
51
407
6.5
6.2
6.9
6.7
6.6
8.8
8.0
8.1
9.2
8.3
56.9
49.9
55.9
61.5
54.5
82
220
186
56
544
80.7
81.3
94.5
116.8
89.4
$39.04
45.35
53.92
42.90
47.08
$0,484
.558
.570
.367.
.527
$27.54
27^84
31.86
22.57
28.72
82.6
82.9
95.4
121.1
___91.1
tin 11
XX
46.19
54.33
44.50
47.88
$0,486
.557
.570
. 368
.526
6
11
12
4
22
77
56
12
6.6
6.3
6.9
56.8
50.6
55.2
7.0
8.7
8.1
8.0
9.8
32
103
75
15
81.4
86 3
89! 7
96.6
48.02
58.71
62.67
50.69
.590
.680
.698
.525
33.51
34.41
38.53
35.86
85.7
89.1
92.5
102.5
50.02
60.55
64.32
53.49
.584
. 680
.*695
.522
Total ________ ___________
Charging-machine operators:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
33
167
6.6
8.3
87.4
57.97
.663
35.93
90.6
59.84
.660
6
11
13
5
32
78
65
19
6.6
6.3
6.9
6.9
8.2
8.0
8.0
8.4
54.2
50.2
54.8
58.0
44
99
97
22
73.9
90.9
82.2
104.2
51.46
82.51
78.67
78.21
.697
.908
.957
.750
37.78
45.58
52.44
43.50
74.8
92.2
84.2
107.2
52.08
83.56
80.27
80.53
A
•A
OD
tfO
.906
.953
.751
Total_______________________
Door operators:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
35
194
6.6
8.1
53.2
262
85.9
75.51
.879
46.76
87.6
76.80
.877
3
7.
4
51
75
23
6.0
6.9
6.8
8.0
8.0
8.7
48.0
55.0
59.4
71
105
37
73.3
87.5
72.9
33.96
40.05
22.45
.463
.458
.308
22.22
25.19
18.30
75.5
92.5
80.6
35.51
42.64
26.42
.470
.461
.328
Total..........................................
Charging-floor cranemen:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern ,
14
149
6.6
8.1
53.3
213
80.2
34.97
.436
23.24
84.7
37.45
.442
3
6
7
36
46
9
6.7
6.2
6.9
6.8
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
53.5
49.5
55.5
54.1
12
55
61
10
74.0
70.8
83.5
105.7
42.59
50.52
70.74
70.00
.576
.713
.848
. 662
30 82
35! 29
47.06
35.81
78.8
11
2
76.9
87.9
116.9
45.24
54.96
74.30
77.68
.574
.715
.845
.664
Total________________ _______
22
89
6.6
8.0
53.0
138
79.2
60.18
.760
40.28
84.8
64.31
.785
68.3
54.2
225
FURNACES
6
10
13
5
34
OPEN-HEARTH
Stockers:
Eastern_________ ______________
Pittsburgh................................. ...
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern_____ ________ ______
Total_______________________
Stock cranemen:
Eastern________ ___ _______
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern______ ____ _________
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district— Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Occupation and district
Number
of plants
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh__________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern_____________ _______ _
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings per hour
6
11
13
5
75
303
265
57
6.7
6.2
6.9
6.9
8.2
8.0
8.0
8.4
55.1
50.0
55.2
57.9
121
445
367
71
69.3
77.5
85.3
102.2
$78.35
102.55
104.68
103.85
$1,130
1.324
1.227
1.016
$62.27
66.20
67.73
58.83
$72.9
78.7
87.7
104.0
$81.56
104.05
106.95
105.25
$1.119
1.322
1.219
1.012
35
700
6.6
8.1
53.1
1,004
81.1
100.51
1.239
65.79
83.1
102.48
1.233
Melters* helpers, second:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh________ _____ ______
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
6
11
13
5
75
303
261
54
6.6
6.2
6.9
6.9
8.2
8.0
8.0
8.4
54.4
50.0
55.2
58.1
121
460
359
66
66.3
75.1
84.0
102.3
53.65
70.65
73.05
67.63
.809
.941
.870
.661
44.01
47.05
48.02
38.40
67.8
77.5
88.1
106.4
54.63
72.81
76.28
71.09
.806
.940
.866
.668
Total_______________________
Total...........................................
35
693
6.6
8.1
53.1
1,006
79.0
69.26
.877
46. 57
82.0
71.75
.875
Melters’ helpers, third:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh............. ................ ......
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern..______________ _____
4
11
13
5
55
291
238
56
6.5
6.2
6.9
6.8
8.3
8.0
8.0
8.6
53.9
49.8
55.1
58.5
93
430
355
77
65.2
76.3
79.9
94.8
40.03
55.43
53.89
40.39
.614
.727
.675
.426
33.09
36.20
37.19
24.92
70.4
80.8
84.1
105.8
42.99
58.47
56.82
45.51
.611
.723
.676
.430
Total...........................................
33
640
6.5
8.1
52.9
955
78.0
52.14
.668
35.34
83.0
55.30
.666
Stopper setters:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est-Southern______________________
3
11
11
4
11
54
39
11
6.3
6.2
6.8
6.9
8.7
8.0
8.0
8.7
55.1
49.8
54.7
60.4
17
67
56
18
64.3
81.2
74.2
77.9
44.05
66.93
60.61
56.42
.686
.824
.817
.724
37.80
41.04
44.69
43.73
72.9
94.0
85.9
90.5
49.87
76.80
69.01
62.45
.684
.817
.803
.690
Total...........................................
29
115
6.5
8.1
53.0
158
76.5
61.03
.798
42.29
88.5
69.51
.786
Steel pourers:
Eastern................ ........... ..........
Pittsburgh __.............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
6.6
6.3
6.8
6.9
8.3
8.0
8.0
8.5
54.6
50.5
54.7
58.4
32
71
56
18
75.9
79.5
94.7
112.8
55.36
71.14
82.93
90.93
.729
.895
.876
.806
39.80
45.20
47.92
47.07
89.6
85.5
98.8
114.3
65.22
75.43
86.14
92.56
.728
.882
.872
.809
Total.......................................
Mold cappers:
Pittsburgh. ..............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern............._............. ........
35
142
6.6
8.1
53.5
177
87.0
74.03
.851
45.53
93.4
78.71
.843
3
3
2
17
9
5
6.1
6.9
7.0
8.0
8.0
9.6
48.6
55.1
67.2
22
13
5
76.9
77.2
148.2
52.10
57.97
54.17
.678
.751
.365
32.95
41.38
24.53
91.8
84.6
150.6
64.01
62.85
54.87
.698
.743
.364
T otal......................................
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern________ _____________
Pittsburgh................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
8
31
6.5
8.3
53.5
40
85.9
54.26
.632
33.81
96.8
62.49
.646
6
10
12
5
35
93
67
23
6.6
6.3
6.9
6.9
8.2
8.0
8.0
8.5
54.1
50.2
55.1
58.6
45
124
96
25
78.0
83.9
85.5
115.7
56.05
72.65
78.67
82.87
.719
.866
.920
.716
38.90
43.47
50.69
41.96
84.8
85.8
88.8
115.7
61.74
74.04
80.86
82.87
.728
.863
.911
.716
Total.......................................
Ingot strippers:
Eastern.______ _____________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____________________
33
218
6.6
8.1
53.2
290
86.3
72.95
.846
45.01
89.2
75.15
.842
3
9
11
3
9
32
40
8
6.4
6.3
6.9
6.9
9.3
8.0
8.0
9.0
59.4
50.8
55.0
62.0
13
47
50
8
86.8
74.2
92.9
106.4
53.24
60.95
68.44
72.24
.614
.822
.737
.679
36.47
41.76
40.54
42.10
105.2
74.3
97.8
106.4
62.67
61.08
71.92
72.24
.596
.822
.735
.679
Total.......................................
Engineers, locomotive:
Eastern.....................................
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern__________________
26 ______ 89_
6.6
8.2
54.5
118
85.7
6
11
9
5
42
124
71
29
6.5
6.2
6.8
6.9
8.6
8.0
8.1
8.7
55.9
50.1
54.9
59.7
54
194
92
32
83.6
72.7
94.5
117.1
55.85
54.35
66.89
75.93
.668
.748
.708
.649
37.34
37.47
38.87
38.75
83.9
74.4
96.7
117.1
56.06
55.41
68.26
75.93
.668
.745
.706
.649
Total_____________________
Switchmen:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____________________
31
266
6.5
8.2
53.3
372
70.6
59.52
.843
44.93
72.1
60.45
.839
6
11
8
5
43
114
88
30
6.6
6.2
6.9
6.9
8.4
8.0
8.0
8.7
55.5
49.8
55.0
59.6
57
174
127
30
89.0
77.0
85.3
120.6
53.31
48.70
52.16
60.60
.599
.633
.612
.502
33.24
31.52
33.66
29.92
89.4
79.7
87.6
122.1
53.61
50.42
53.80
61.40
.600
.632
.614
.503
Total______________________
Laborers:
Eastern_______ _____________
Pittsburgh...... ..........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern.............. ...... ...............
30 ____ 275
6.6
8.1
53.4
388 ____ 84.8 ____ 51.43
•JML ____32.36
____87.0 ____ 52.85
.607
5
11
13
4
69
366
373
69
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.0
9.9
9.0
9.3
9.4
63.2
55.6
58.3
57.1
113
687
642
98
81.6
66.2
74.6
90.1
28.98
30.33
33.29
31.49
.355
.458
.446
.349
22.44
25.46
26.00
19.93
82.3
69.9
79.6
96.9
29.27
32.31
36.01
34.54
.356
.463
.453
.356
33
877
6.2
9.2
57.5
1,540
72.4
31.54
.436
25.07
76.5
33.77
.441
Total---------------------------------
64.04 ____.747 ____ 40.71 ____ 89.9 _____66.61 ____ . 741
FURNACES
26
54
45
17
OPEN-HEARTH
6
11
13
5
<1
68
T a b le
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.—Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931, by district— Open-hearth furnaces
ALL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon«
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per
Total
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern
Sat Sun Per
week day
dle
to
ur
ur
to
week
West
Fri day day week
Fri day day
day
day
1
Hours
Group A.—Day turn only
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
69
T a b l e D . — Customary
full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns M on
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh M id ern Total
Sat Sun Per
week day
dle
to
ur
ur day week
to
West
Fri day day week
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Group B.—Night turn only
70
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .—
Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Open-hearth furnaces— Continued
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Hours
Aver
Hours
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per M on
per
Sat Sun Per week day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
week day
to
ur
dle
ur
to
West
Fri day day week
Fri day day weds:
day
day
G roup C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
*Off 1 day in 19, making average 53H» hours per week.
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
T a b le
71
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupations,
1981, by district— Open-hearth furnaces
Occupation and
district
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern___ _____
Pittsburgh........... .
Great Lakes and
Middle West__
Southern.............. .
Total................. .
Num Num Averber
ber
of
of
time
estab em- hours
lish ployper
ments
week
11
35
Melters’ helpers, sec
ond:
Eastern............... .
Pittsburgh........... .
Great Lakes and
Middle West— .
Southern.............. .
11
Total................. .
35
121
445
55.1
50.0
367
71
55.2
57.9
1,004
53.1
121
460
54.4
50.0
359
55.2
58.1
1,006
53.1
430
53.9
49.8
355
77
55.1
58.5
66
Melters’ helpers, third:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh........... .
Great Lakes and
Middle West—
Southern...........
52.9
Total................. .
Steel pourers:
Eastern............. .
Pittsburgh........... .
Great Lakes and
Middle West—
Southern.............. .
Total__________
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern............... .
Pittsburgh........... .
Great Lakes and
Middle West—
Southern.............. .
Total................. .
Over Over
Over 84
60,
66,
72J and
under under 72 under
84 over
66 72
Over
Over
48,
56,
48 under
56 under
94
294
13
378
259
279
11
11
44
316
317
306
54.6
50.5
54.7
58.4
35
10
33
Laborers:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh........... .
Great Lakes and
Middle W est....
Southern..............
Total.................
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
33
53.5
45
124
54.1
50.2
25
55.1
58.6
290
53.2
113
687
63.2
55.6
642
58.3
57.1
1,540
57.5
15
55
56
25
108
12
415
41
97
111
99
123
31
183
10
633
224
T able
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981, by district—Open-hearth furnaces
50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100,
un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der
85
90
95 100 110
55 60 65
70 75 80
121 $1.130
445 1.324
1.227
1.016
2
1,004
1.239
2
Melters* helpers, sec
ond:
Eastern
_____
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern
121
460
.809
.941
359
66
.870
.661
3
3
Total......... .........
1,006
.877
3
3
Total
...
24
42
13
1
13
4
3
1
2
3
1
8
4
31
30
83
28
121
52
14
31
5
3
18
8
9
36
41
164
254
197
91
39
73
18
13
12
19
9
11
77
19
73
24
46
22
42
10
24
8
33
12
35
35
1
1
1
2
13
2
1
22
8
31
36
4
48
18
69
7
59
3
47
38
7
1
2
3
17
33
51
119
132
136
140
96
88
85
42
1
42
1
42
24
.675
.426
2
17
52
3
29
50
3
109
6
46
32
24
2
3
17
37
Total...................
955
.668
2
3
6
29
2
20
133
182
114
225
69
24
42
61
2
2
3
1
4
2
18
15
14
10
12
7
2
2
8
19
22
3
6
2
1
12
4
7
28
16
30
11
4
12
24
1
1
13
12
19
9
2
1
5
4
7
7
6
1
4
8
1
7
8
9
19
1
3
3
STEEL
39
355
77
1
AND
9
34
17
11
9
16
6
4
4
4
15
24
2
2
11
26
50
1
2
200,
un
der
225
27
116
20
96
.851
190,
un
der
200
23
80
97
177
180,
un
der
190
7
22
129
Total _________
170,
un
der
180
6
29
53
2
.876
.806
160,
un
der
170
1
3
3
56
18
150,
un
der
160
4
.614
.727
.729
.895
140,
un
der
150
1
93
430
32
71
130,
un
der
140
2
Melters’ helpers, third:
Eastern. __ ____
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern_________
Steel pourers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh_______
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern . . . . . _
120,
un
der
130
HOTJBS OP LABOR— IRON
367
71
110,
un
der
120
AND
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle W e s t....
Southern
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
WAGES
Occupation and
district
Num Aver
ber
age
earn 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,
of
em
ings un un un un un un
per
ploy
der der der der der
hour der
ees
25 30 35 40 45 50
fcO
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern...................
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle W est.—
Southern_________
Total__________
Laborers:
Eastern— ..............
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern_________
Total__________
Puddling Mills
The puddling mill produces wrought iron by oxidizing and remov
ing most of the silicon, carbon, manganese, and phosphorus contained
in pig iron. In the manufacture of wrought iron hand labor is used
to a greater extent than in the production of most forms of tonnage
steel. Due to the heavy labor involved and the intense heat to
which puddlers are subjected by the hand process, fewer workmen
are taking up the puddling trade. However, as the demand for
puddled iron has also decreased in recent years, the present labor
force is probably sufficient to meet all requirements.
The two greatest items of expense in hand puddling are fuel and
labor costs. Usually the old-type hand furnace required a ton of
soft coal to produce a ton of iron. However, this amount may vary
somewhat from plant to plant. Experiments have been conducted
for several years with mechanical puddling devices to offset the costs
of fuel and labor as much as possible and to produce greater tonnage.
The necessary equipment for mechanical puddling is quite expensive
and most plants have not shown any great change in working con
ditions in recent years. At least one plant has been erected to pro
duce wrought iron by the mechanical process. The present study,
however, includes only plants doing hand puddling.
Data were collected from the pay rolls of 8 plants located in 4
States and cover 980 employees in all occupations. Of this number,
730 were in the principal occupations for which separate averages are
given. This is practically a complete census of wage earners in pud
dling mills, as all plants doing hand puddling that were in operation
at the time this study was made were included. A comparison of the
total number of plants and employees in 1931 with similar figures
for 1914 shows the decline in importance of this department of the
industry. There was quite a decrease in number of plants (from 11
to 8) and employees (from 1,800 to 980) between 1929 and 1931.
Comparable figures for this department were first obtained in 1914
and data here given are for the period 1914 to 1931.1 The decline in
number of plants reporting after 1924 made it inadvisable to present
data for 1926 and subsequent^ years by geographical districts, as
operations have been curtailed in some parts of the country to such
an extent that district comparisons would be misleading. In 1929
and 1931 no establishments were found to be in operation in the Great
Lakes and Middle West district.
The hours of labor for puddling mill employees as a whole have not
fluctuated to any great extent since data were first obtained in this
department. A day’s work in the puddling operation usually con
sists of 5 heats per shift, which requires somewhere between 8 and 10
hours, and since it is still the custom of this department to produce
this number of heats the adoption of the 8-hour day in the industry
did not affect employees in this department to any great extent.
In 1914 the hours of labor per week were 53.2, changing little until
» Data were not obtained for the years 1916,1918,1921, 1923,1925,1927, 1928, and 1930.
74
PUDDLING MILLS
75
1924, when they were 55.7, or 4.7 per cent more than in 1914. Hours
decreased in 1926 to 52.1 and in 1929 to 50.3, but increased in 1931 to
53. This increase was due chiefly to the loss in 1931 of five mills
that were included in the 1929 study. They were not in operation
and substitutes could be obtained for only two of them, leaving a net
loss of three mills between 1929 and 1931. The mills not in operation
were some of those having the lower full-time weekly hours in 1929.
Average full-time hours and earnings per week and earnings per hour,
for the department as a whole for specified years 1914 to 1931 are
shown in Table 2 (p. 4).
While customary working time for the department as a whole
shows little change, comparison of working time of employees in
some of the principal occupations which may be made from Table A
shows considerable variation. Stockers, for example, in 1914 averaged
57.6 hours per week full time, which gradually increased to 61.3
hours in 1920, 7.4 hours more than the average for the department
as a whole for the same year. From 1922 to 1924 average hours for
stockers dropped from 58.9 to 57.4, which is practically the 1914
average. In 1926 and 1929 the average was 51.1, andin 1931 increased
slightly to 51.4, or 1.6 hours less than the average for the department
as a whole.
Puddling mills are usually in operation 6 days or 6 days and 5
nights per week, very few employees working 7 days. Table B shows
that the percentage of all employees working alternately 6 days one
week and 5 the next was 63 in 1914, dropping to 60 in 1920, then rising
to 67 in 1926, while in 1929 there were only 39 per cent. Although 13
per cent of the employees in 1914 worked regularly a 5-day week,
there were less than 1 per cent in 1920; in 1929, however, the per
centage had risen to 37 but in 1931 dropped to only 21. The per
centage working a regular 6-day week in 1920 was 26, dropping to 24
in 1926, then rising to 36 in 1931. In no year did over 2 per cent of
all employees work a 7-day week.
Table D gives the working time of all employees in this depart
ment in 1931. Of the 980 employees in this table, 361 worked days
only, 29 worked nights only, and 590 alternated or rotated from
day to night shifts. Thirty-six employees had a customary work
ing time of 12 hours or its equivalent each day they were on duty,
456 had a day of 10 hours, and 373 had a day of 9 hours or less.
Employees shown in Table D include all wage earners of the depart
ment, whether or not directly connected with the furnaces or muck
rolls. To give a better idea of the working time of employees directly
connected with the puddling furnaces, separate figures are given for
puddlers, level-handed. The work of these employees is the same as
that of a puddler and his helper, the only difference being that each
of the two puddlers, level-handed, operating a furnace assumes an
equal amount of responsibility, with the earnings divided equally,
while a puddler assumes full responsibility, usually paying his helper
30 to 40 per cent of the furnace earnings. Of the 218 employees who
worked as puddlers, level-handed, 38 worked days only, while 180
alternated from day to night duty. Five days each week was cus
tomarily worked by 111, or 50.9 per cent of the puddlers.
Table E shows the distribution
occupations by average full-time hoi A
76
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
that out of a total of 526 in the 5 occupations, the hours of 115 were
over 44 and under 48 per week and of 297 were over 48 and under 56,
while the hours of only 2 were as many as 60 hours per week.
Earnings per hour in this department rose from 32.8 cents in 1914
to 88.5 cents in 1920, the latter figure being the highest shown for
any year. In 1922 earnings in this department as in all others de
clined, the average for that year being 49.6 cents. In 1924 earnings
advanced to 72.1 cents, declined to 65.7 cents in 1926, but again rose
in 1929 to 68.6 cents. In 1931 there was a sharp decline to 59.2
cents, which is 80 per cent more than in 1914. Tonnage rates paid
in most plants in this department are based directly on the selling
price of the product; that is, at the close of regular intervals rates
are adjusted in accordance with the price of bar iron during that
period. Thus, rates paid in this department in most occupations are
subject to wide fluctuations in a two or three year interval between
studies made by the bureau.
Hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occupations
are shown in Table A. ruddlers, level-handed, may be taken as an
example to show the changes from year to year. In 1914 this occupa
tion earned an average of 41.6 cents per hour, which dropped in 1915
to 39.2 cents. In 1919 the average was $1,101 per hour and increased
further in 1920 to $1,227 per hour, or 195 per cent more than in 1914.
This was the highest point reached by earnings. There was a large
decrease in 1922 when the average was only 62.9 cents. Earnings
increased in 1924 to $1,051 and decreased to 88 cents in 1929, with a
further drop to 69.1 cents in 1931, which is 66 per cent greater than the
1914 average. A distribution of employees in five principal occupa
tions according to average earnings per hour is shown in Table F.
As average hours per week in this department did not show any
great change over the period 1914 to 1931, average full-time weekly
earnings naturally followed closely the trend of hourly earnings.
In 1914 weekly earnings were $17.45, while in 1920 they were $47.70,
or 173 per cent higher than in 1914. There was a decided decrease in
1922 to $25.84, followed by an increase in 1924 to $40.16. Earnings
then dropped to $34.51 in 1929 and to $31.38 in 1931. Weekly earn
ings in the various principal occupations show like changes over the
period 1914 to 1931. Puddlers, level-handed, for example, averaged
$20.37 in 1914 as compared with $62.25 in 1920, and $34 in 1931,
which is 66.9 per cent more than in 1914.
The 980 employees in all occupations worked an average of 63.2
hours during the 16-day pay period for which they received an average
of $37.39. This includes all the hours worked and earnings received
by employees in the occupations in Table C, and all other occupations
covered in puddling mills. Heaters, level-handed, had the longest
hours— 136— and bushelers, level-handed, the shortest hours—42.2.
Heaters received the most money—$91.69— and laborers the least—
$23.85.
77
PUDDLING MILLS
A..—Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1981,
occupations—
Puddling mills
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber
of
ber of em
time
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Stockers*
1914...........
28
300
1915_____
28
304
1919...........
141
11
1920...........
15 407
1922...........
214
13
1924...........
188
17
1926...........
134
13
1929._____
86
11
1931...........
47
8
Puddlers:
1914...........
458
13
1915...........
13 422
1919...........
176
7
187
1920...........
8
1922...........
203
9
1924...........
11 293
1923...........
8
185
169
1929...........
7
124
1931...........
0
Puddlers. lev
el handed:
1914...........
17 896
1915...........
17 924
1919._____
9 512
1920______
11 860
1922...........
12 936
1924______
16 1,275
1926______
11 922
1929._____
9 702
218
1931...........
7
Puddlers’ help
ers:
1914______
15 475
1915...........
15 456
1919______
9
190
209
1920...........
9
1922...........
153
9
1924...........
259
11
1926______
8
200
1929...........
8
191
1931...........
6
137
Bushel ers, levd-handed:
1
6
1931______
Heaters:
1914..........
9
25
9
27
1915...........
2
1919...........
1
4
1
1920...........
1922...........
2
8
11
4
1924..........
12
1926...........
4
5
1929...........
3
1931..........
4
10
Heaters, level
handed:
4
1
1931______
Heaters’ help
ers:
1914_ .........
8
48
52
8
1915...........
1
2
1919_.........
1
18
1920...........
25
2
1922...........
4
20
1924...........
4
14
1920...........
2
4
1929...........
2
5
1931...........
i Less than 1 ]?er cent
57.0 $0,205 $11.78 100.0 100.0 100.0
58.1
.204 11.85 100.9
.5 100.6
59.9
.486 29.11 1C4.0 237.1 247.1
.504 31.30 106.4 245.9 265.7
61.3
58.9
.396 23.64 L02.3 193.2 200.7
57.4
.480 27.50 99.7 234.1 233.4
.527
26.93 88.7 257.1 228.6
51.1
.524 26.78 88.7 255.6 227.3
51.1
51.4
.547 28.12 89.2
i. 8
.7
54.8
52.4
50.9
49.2
48.5
52.8
53.5
52.1
54.3
.416
.390
1.126
1,311
.687
.912
.767
.784
.793
22.76 100.0 100.0 100.0
20.45 95.6 93.7
1.9
57.31 92.9 270.7 251.8
64.69 89.8 315.1 284.2
33.49 88.5 165.1 147.1
48.10 96.4 219.2 211.3
41.03 97.6 184.4 180.3
40.85 95.1 188.5 179.5
43.06 99.1 190.6 189.2
49.3
48.0
48.8
50.8
74.0
45.7
49.3
46.3
49.2
.416
.392
1.101
1.227
.629
1.051
.877
.880
.091
20.37 100.0 100.0 100.0
18.60 97.4 94.2 91.3
53.73 99.0 264.7 563.8
62.25 103.0 295.0 305.6
29.22 150.1 151.2 143.4
48.39 92.7 252.6 237.6
43.24 00.0 210.8 212.3
40.74 93.9 211.5 200.0
34.00 99.8 166.1 160.9
55.2
52.8
50.6
49.4
48.7
53.2
53.4
51.7
54.3
.241
.224
.695
.859
.421
.590
.517
.519
.540
52.5
1,084
56.91 .
51.0
50.9
55.0
01.8
53.8
52.8
54.2
50.8
53.1
.709
.730
1.165
1.420
.915
1.349
1.230
1.374
.907
35.28
30.37
04.08
88.13
48.38
72.36
66.99
69.80
48.16
58.0
.054
37.93
52.3
52.3
55.0
57.0
54.7
54.3
54.3
52.9
52.9
.311
.308
.577
.540
.450
.583
.595
.011
.018
15.03
15.03
31.74
31.12
23.99
31.59
32.31
32.32
32.69
133895°—33-----6
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
Aver
(1914=100)
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn- Full 48 Over
Over
Over
time
per
ings time
00,
72,
48,
and un
hour
un
72
un 84
per hours per earn
00
un
week per hour ings
der
der
der
per der 60
84
72
week
13.25
11.78
35.17
42.37
20.59
31.28
27.61
26.83
29.32
95.7
91.7
89.5
88.2
96.4
96.7
93.7
98.4
100.0
92.9
588.4
356.4
174.7
244.8
214.5
215.4
224.1
100.0
:
100.0
103.0
164.3
201.1
:
:
:
:
:
i.l
190.3
174.3
193.8
104.1
127.9
:
11
12
15
29
7
13
13
15
23
1
30
34
1
2
61
55 3
53 0)
1
27
1
3
3 ....... — -
100.0
88.9
265.4
319.8
155.4
.1
208.4
202.5
221.3
100.0
103.1
181.0
249.8
137.1
205.1
189.9
197.8
130.5
__
8
8
100
100
]
]
]
1
]
]
1
]
]
100.0
99.0
185.5
175.0
144.7
187.5
191.3
190.5
198.7
100.0
100.0
203.1
199.1
153.5
202.1
200.7
200.8
209.1
....
7
13
12
8
8
78
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1981, by occupation—
Puddling mills— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Squeezer men:
1931______
Bloom boys:
1914...........
1915_.........
1919..........
1920..........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
1929..........
1931..........
Roll engineers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922_.........
1924...........
1926..........
1929...........
1931...........
Rollers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926..........
1929..........
1931______
Roughers:
1914..........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926_.........
1929...........
1931..........
Catchers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
1929...........
1931..........
Hook ups:
1914..........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931-.........
Roll h a n d s,
other:
1914...........
1915-.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
1931______
1
3
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
numbers
Aver Index
(1914=100)
Aver age
full
age
Full
earn time Full
ings earn time Earn time
ings hours ings earn
per
per ings
per
hour
per hour
week week
per
week
Per cent o
age full
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
60
un
72
un 84
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
100
53.0 $0.619 $32.81
25
25
11
13
10
14
9
10
6
77 54.3
68 53.9
26 52.9
38 53.2
32 51.0
36 51.7
20 51.2
21 51.3
10 50.7
.201
.199
.656
.656
.365
.525
.531
.479
.439
10.79 100.0 100.0 100.0
10.62 99.3 99.0 98.4
34.70 97.4 326.4 321.6
34.78 98.0 326.4 322.3
18.20 93.9 181.6 168.7
26.34 95.2 261.2 244.1
27.19 94.3 264.2 252.0
24.57 94.5 238.3 227.7
22.26 93.4 218.4 206.3
16
18
27
34
41
22
25
33
40
73
5
68 3
54
53 " T
28 16
67
8
70 5
62
5
60
6
12
19
5
16
3
23
23
12
12
13
14
10
9
8
47
45
25
24
28
31
20
16
11
66.9
66.9
65.2
72.5
65.4
64.7
62.3
62.1
65.6
.239
.242
.535
.674
.425
.531
.574
.540
.469
15.92 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.14 100.0 101.3 101.4
34.88 97.5 223.8 219.1
48.79 108.4 282.0 306.5
27.87 97.8 177.8 175.1
34.45 96.7 222.2 216.4
35.76 93.1 240.2 224.6
33.53 92.8 225.9 210.6
30.77 98.1 196.2 193.3
12
9
9
16
11
11
4
4
4
6
25
25
18
45
40
32
29
54
35
32
36
12
38
7
13
15
14
19
30
31
__
7
6
10
6
27
13
9
24
24
12
12
12
16
11
9
7
66 53.1
64 52.4
38 47.0
31 50.8
33 48.4
42 51.2
24 50.9
20 51.7
11 50.5
.573 29.38 100.0 100.0 100.0
.583 29.89 98.7 101.7 101.7
1.843 86.62 88.5 321.6 294.8
2.197 108.15 95.7 383.4 368.1
.899 42.95 91.1 156.9 146.2
1.252 63.66 96.4 218.5 216.7
1.200 61.08 95.9 209.4 207.9
1.235 63.85 97.4 215.5 217.3
.956 48.28 95.1 166.8 164.3
23
25
53
29
52
29
33
25
36
T
68
63
47
68
42
62
63
70
64
3
3
6
9
3
6
5
4
5
5
20
20
8
10
10
12
9
8
6
71
69
25
33
43
45
32
23
16
51.9
51.8
45.2
49.7
47.2
50.4
48.7
48.1
51.1
.436
.426
1.298
1.407
.587
.877
.748
.753
.615
22.17 100.0 100.0 100.0
21.69 99.8 97.7 97.8
58.67 87.1 297.7 264.6
68.75 95.8 322.7 310.1
27.69 90.9 134.6 124.9
43.35 97.1 201.1 195.5
36.43 93.8 171.6 164.3
36.22 92.7 172.7 163.4
31.43 98.5 141.1 141.8
39
41
64
39
47
24
41
48
25
44
45
36
48
47
64
53
43
75
3
3
14
12
12
7
4
6
9
7
27
27
12
13
13
16
11
11
7
91 53.4
88 52.8
34 48.2
42 50.7
55 47.9
69 50.9
41 50.9
30 50.4
14 51.4
.362
.363
1.269
1.291
.572
.856
.698
.806
.604
18.99 100.0 100.0 100.0
18.89 98.9 100.3 99.5
61.17 90.3 350.6 322.1
64.07 94.9 356 6 337.4
27.28 89.7 158.0 143.7
42.75 95.3 236.5 225.1
35.53 95.3 192.8 187.1
40.62 94.4 222.7 213.9
31.05 96.3 166.9 163.5
21
22
47
33
45
23
24
33
29
69
68
53
62
51
67
73
63
71
4
5
5
6
5
4
3
2
3
7
27
27
12
13
12
16
12
10
8
97 54.4
94 53.8
34 51.8
37 56.5
50 48.0
54 51.9
43 50.1
28 52.3
19 51.0
.251
.233
.862
.868
.457
.638
.539
.541
.484
13.58 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.40 98.9 92.8 91.3
44.65 95.2 343.4 328.8
49.64 103.9 345.8 365.5
21.57 88.2 182.1 158.8
33.02 95.4 254.2 243.2
27.00 92.1 214.7 198.8
28.29 96.1 215.5 208.3
24.68 93.8 192.8 181.7
19
19
32
8
78
19
30
14
32
60
61
50
59
18
72
67
79
68
4
4
8
8
3
6
5
5
4
3
1
17 51.9
14 53.6
11 50.7
15 51.5
15 51.6
15 53.9
6 51.9
5 55.3
1 56.0
.286
.295
.624
.946
.469
.559
.439
.479
.300
14.75
15.86
31.64
48.94
24.00
30.12
22.78
26.49
16.80
18
21
45
27
33
100.0
103.3
97.7
99.2
99.4
103.9
100.0
106.6
107.9
100.0
103.1
218.2
330.8
164.0
195.5
153.5
167.5
104.9
100.0
107.5
214.5
331.8
162.7
204.2
154.4
179.6
113.9
33
40
_
4
4
2
7
82
64 ----55
73
40 27
73 27
33 33
40 20
100
18
16
18
27
6
14
4
4
16 "’ “8
8
21
14
13 ‘ "‘ 6
10
10
13
13
36
PUDDLING MILLS
79
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1981, by occupation—
Puddling mills— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Num Aver*
age
full
Num ber
of time
ber of emhours
plants
ploy- per
week
Hotbed men:
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1926.........
1929,........
1931..........
Shearmen:
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1929.........
1931.........
Sh ea rm en ’ :
helpers:
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922.........
1924.........
1926.........
1929.........
1931.........
Laborers:
191 4
191 5
191 9
.
192 0
1922......
1924.........
1926_____
T able
20
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1914=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
Over
ings earn Full Earn- time 48 Over
Over
ings time
48,
60,
72,
per
earn
per hours per ings and
hour
un un 60 un 72 un 84
week per hour per der der
der
der
60
72
week
84
week
117
112
56
81
67
84
65
45
27
54.2
54.2
52.0
57.0
50.3
52.5
51.2
50.9
50.9
21
1.245 513.10 100.0 100.0 100.0
22
.243 12.98 100.0 1.2 99.1
27
.655 34.06 95.9 267.3 260.0
.666 38.21 105.2 271.8 291.7
.416 20.91 92.8 169.8 159.6 "~60"
19
.571 30.01 96.9 233.1 229.1
23
.539 27.60 94.5 220.0 210.7
24
.572 29.11 93.9 233.5 222.2
187.3 178.3
15
.459 23.36
43
39
*28
45
38
36
23
16
12
57.3
57.8
57.6
55.2
52.4
52.6
52.8
54.1
52.9
.239
.247
.528
.662
.455
.570
.638
.573
13.70 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.40 100.9 103.3 105.1
30.41 100.5 220.9 222.0
.1
36.73 96.3 277.0
23.75 91.4 190.4 173.4
29.80 91.8 238.5 217.5
33.69 92.1 266.9 245.9
31.00 94.4 239.7 226.3
31.90 92.3 252.3 232.8
110 58.0
109 58.1
57 57.6
70 60.9
84 55.1
96 50.5
54 50.6
28 54.0
19 51.0
.192
.196
.473
.527
.385
.513
.588
.464
.511
11.23 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.50 100.2 102.1 102.4
27.24
1.3 >.4 242.6
32.24 105.0 274.5 287.1
21.09 95.0 200.5 187.8
25.77 87.1 267.2 229.5
.2 264.9
29.75 87.2
25.06 93.1 241.7 223.2
26.06 87.9 266.1 232.1
59.5
57.5
64.1
65.3
59.2
59.5
57.1
54.5
54.3
.173
.167
.436
.457
.305
.355
.357
10.35
9.66
27.95
30.41
18.44
21.31
20.38
21.20
20.96
236
440
382
341
151
78
36
100.0 100.0 100.0
96.6 96.5 93.3
107.7 252.0 270.0
!.8
109.7 264.2
».5 176.3 178.2
100.0 205.2 205.9
96.0 206.4 196.9
91.6 224.9 204.8
91.3 223.1 202.5
1914.
1915.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
1931.
12
~24~
48
52
7
37
3
3
16
21
16
27
7
5
60
56
57
71
39
50
51
69
75
21
18
18
18
8
6
17
19
19
26
18
9
11
17
60
58
53
30
42
35
36
75
58
9
9
31
33
35
54
29
13
36
49
22
9
31
44
50
72
94
14”
6
4
13
14
42
35
14
33
35
30
44
26
6
1
4
5
1
21
16
56 6
22 35
34
26
1 2
3
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified
number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by year—Puddling mills
Number of employees whose customary
turns per week were—
Year
7
2
42
28
31
13
25
59 3
54 4
57
69 ' T
30 3
74 2
6
71
2
73
85
Num
Num ber of
ber of emplants ploy-
4,606
4,472
3,363
2,859
3,428
2,488
1,800
980
1 Less than 1 per cent.
5, 5,
and 5 and
6 in 6 alter
rota nately
tion
600
1,093
16
480
278
138
662
207
365
497
430
425
67
2,238
2,015
1,337
2,127
1,674
700
403
Per cent of employees whose custom
ary turns per week were—
5, 5,
and
and 6 5alter
in ro 6
nately
tation
6 and
7 alter
nately
681
595
865
552
884
608
412
355
13
24
(9
17
8
5
37
21
6 and
7 alter
nately
23
8
0)1
(0
T able
C*— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation—Puddling mills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Number
of
plants
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.6
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.6
5.5
5.6
6.0
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.5
6.0
5.4
5.7
5.9
5.6
9.1
9.7
9.2
9.7
8.8
9.3
9.7
9.5
9.7
9.1
11.0
9.2
9.1
9.3
9.2
9.3
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.1
51.4
54.3
49.2
54.3
52.5
53.1
58.0
52.9
53.0
50.7
65.6
50.5
51.1
51.4
51.0
56.0
50.9
52.9
54.3
51.0
47
124
218
137
6
10
4
5
3
10
11
11
16
14
19
1
27
12
36
19
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
60.4
85.6
53.4
81.0
31.6
101.1
136.0
87.8
84.0
54.7
117.9
76.9
77.0
76.5
79.0
113.7
67.3
82.0
60.0
62.8
$33.08
67.92
36.95
43.68
34.29
91.69
88.95
54.26
52.01
24.00
55.37
73.50
47. 33
46.19
38.26
34.11
30.90
49.46
23.12
32.08
$0,547
.793
.691
.540
1.084
.907
.654
.618
.619
.439
.469
.956
.615
.604
.484
.300
.459
.603
.386
.511
$28.12
43.06
34.00
29.32
56.91
48.16
37.93
32.69
32.81
22.26
30.77
48.28
31.43
31.05
24.68
16.80
23. 36
31.90
20.96
26.06
61.7
87.9
56.4
82.8
42.2
101.1
136.0
87.8
95.9
56.9
117.9
76.9
77.0
76.5
80.1
113.7
67.3
84.0
61.3
62.8
$33.54
69.37
39.00
44.84
41.86
91.69
88.95
54.26
58.68
27.02
55.37
73.50
47.33
46.19
39.73
34.11
30.90
50.10
23.85
32.10
Earnings
per hour
$0,544
.790
.692
.542
.992
.907
.654
.618
.612
.475
.469
.956
.615
.604
.496
.300
.459
.597
.389
.511
AND
36
110
200
113
6
10
4
5
2
9
11
11
15
14
19
1
27
12
27
17
Earnings
per hour
OF LABOR— IRON
STEEL
8
6
7
6
1
4
1
2
1
6
8
7
6
7
8
1
6
8
8
8
Earnings
HOURS
Stockers__________________________
Puddlers__________________________
Puddlers, levol-handed____________
Puddlers’ helpers ________________
Bushelers, level-handed____________
Heaters___________________________
Heaters, level-handed______________
Heaters’ helpers___________________
Squeezer men_____________________
Bloom boys_______________________
Roll engineers_____________________
Rollers___________________________
Roughers____ - ____________________
Catchers__________________________
Hook-ups_________________________
Rou hands, other__________________
Hotbed men______________________
Shearmen_________________________
Laborers__________________________
Shearmen’s helpers________________
Hours
worked
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Occupation
00
81
PUDDLING MILLS
T abl e
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981— Puddling mills
A LL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Turns
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
each speci
fied combi
nation of
customary
turns and
hours
Group A.—Day turn only
12
12
12
12
10K
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
12
6
12
6
10M
10
9
8
6
5
9
m
84
76
72
66
63
60
59
58
56
55
54
52H
50
50
48
45
45
44
33
84
76
72
66
63
60
59
58
56
55
54
52^
50
50
48
45
45
44
33
1
1
2
1
5
24
13
142
7
9
29
48
23
31
5
2
1
5
12
361
T ota l-
Group B.—Night turn only
12
10
T otal-
1
3
1
1
16
3
1
1
1
1
29
82
T able
WAGES AND HOTJES OF LABOE— IRON AND STEEL
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981—Puddling mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
employees
who
worked
each speci
fied combi
nation of
customary
turns and
hours
1
PUDDLERS, LEVEL-HANDED, ONLY
6 __........
6...........
6...........
6______
6...........
5...........
10
10
10
10
9
9
8
10
8
6
9
68
60
58
56
54
45
5
5
5
5
5
10
»10
10
9
9
50
48
50
45
45
TotaL
38
13
2
10
44
111
58
55
53
53
49K
45
218
18 hours on Wednesday.
T a b l e E . —Average
and classified full-time hours per week in five specified occupa
tions, 1981—Puddling mills
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Occupation
Puddlers_______ _____ ________
Puddlers, level-handed________
Puddlers’ helpers_____________
Rollers_______________________
Laborers_____________________
Num Num Average
ber of
of full-time
estab ber
Over
em hours per
lish
40,
week under
ments ployees
under
44
48
6
7
6
7
8
124
218
137
11
36
54.3
49.2
54.3
50.5
54.3
1
1
111
1
2
Over
48
1
under
56
98
69
108
6
16
56
5
Over
56,
under
60
25
38
28
1
13
60
2
T a b le
Occupation
Puddlers.......................
Puddlers, level-handed
Puddlers' helpers.........
Rollers..................... . . .
Laborers.......................
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in Jwe specified occupations, 1931— Puddling mills
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
Num Average
ber of earnings
em
30,
35,
45,
50,
55,
60,
65,
80,
85,
95,
90,
100, 120, 130, 140, 190,
ployees per hour under under under under under under under under undfer xSL under under under under under under under under under
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
95
85
90
100
no
130
140 150 200
124
218
137
11
36
$0,793
.691
540
956
6
12
20
4
43
13
5
19
28
25
4
21
30
21
29
13
86
38
39
19
7
2
3
1
21
1
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
Blooming Mills
Data for 1931 were collected from pay rolls of 33 blooming-mill
establishments located in nine States and cover 5,285 employees in all
occupations. Of this number 1,509 were in the principal occupations
for which separate figures are shown. While the 1931 study includes
three more establishments than were covered in 1929, the total number
of employees decreased 981, while the number in principal occupations
decreased 177. Comparable data for this department were first
obtained in 1910 and for that year and all years up to 1914 cover only
the principal occupations, while 1914 and all subsequent years
include all employees in all occupations.1
Hours of labor in this department have decreased materially in
recent years, the 1931 average being the lowest of any year shown.
Until the summer of 1923 this department, while showing a gradual
decrease from earlier years in working time of employees, was still
largely on a 12-hour basis, with some of the employees working seven
days per week. In the latter part of 1923 there was a general reduc
tion in the daily hours of labor, a large number of the plants adopting
the 8-hour day. In 1914 average full-time hours were 70.5, in 1920
decreased to 67.5, and in 1924 (after the adoption of the 8-hour day)
dropped to 54.6. The average remained practically the same in 1926
and 1929, but in 1931 again decreased to 52.6, or 25.4 per cent less
than in 1914. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time earnings per week for the department as a whole from
1913 to 1931 are shown in Table 2 (p. 4).
Comparison of full-time hours per week for employees in the various
principal occupations may be made from Table A.2 In 1914 the
average full-time hours per week for all occupations combined were
70.5, while in 1931 the average was 52.6. When comparison for
the various principal occupations is made it is found that all 12 show
decreases in 1931 from 1929. These decreases ranged from 3.6 hours
for table men to 0.9 hour for bottom maker’s helpers. The average
of 55.6 hours for laborers was the highest and that of 51.3 for bottom
makers was the lowest.
While hours per day and per week have been less in all years since
1922 than they were in that year and all earlier years, there was a
tendency toward an increase in 7-day week work up until 1931.
Most plants do not operate on a 7-day week basis, but “ light up” and
repair work furnishes a 7-day week for a part of the force. Table B
shows that in 1914 there were only 11 per cent of all employees working
a 7-day week, while 74 per cent worked 6 days per week. In 1929
these percentages had changed, 31 per cent working seven days per
week and 46 per cent a regular 6-day week. In 1931 the percentage
of 7-day workers had decreased to 9, while those having a regular
6-day week increased to 71 per cent.
i Data were not obtained in 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1928, and 1930.
* For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
84
BLOOMING MILLS
85
From Table D a good idea of the working time of employees may
be obtained. Out of 5,285 employees covered, 582 worked day turns
only, 40 worked night turns only, and 4,663 alternated or rotated from
day to night shift. Of the total employees, 3,984 had a day of eight
hours or less, of which only 406 worked seven days every week and
2,590 six days a week. Only 78 worked as much as 12 hours per day,
and only 9 of these worked 7 days each week. The figures presented
in Table D cover all employees whether directly connected with pro
duction or not, but in order to show conditions as they apply to the
producing crew separate figures are given for the occupation of rollers.
Of the 86 employees who worked as rollers during the pay period, 59
worked 8 hours or less per day, while only 1 worked as much as 12
hours per day; 42 had a week of less than 50 hours, 27 a week of over
50 and under 60 hours, and the remaining 17 a week of 60 hours or over.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations according to their average full-time hours per week. Of 984
employees reported in this table 286 had a week of 48 hours, 460
a week of over 48 and under 60 hours, 210 a week of 60 hours,
while only 28 had a week of more than 60 hours. While hours of
labor in blooming mills showed no great change since 1924, the trend
in hourly earnings has been upward. In 1914 the average hourly
earnings for all employees was 26.9 cents, which increased to 65.9
cents in 1920, but fell to 47.2 cents in 1922, and again increased to
66.6 cents in 1929. A very slight decrease in 1931 brought the figure
to 66.4 cents, the second highest figure shown for any year and 146.8
per cent above the 1914 average. Changes in hourly earnings for the
various principal occupations are shown in Table A. For example,
in 1913 rollers earned 70.1 cents per hour, which average rose to
$1,473 in 1920. In 1931 this average had dropped to $1,438, 105 per
cent higher than in 1913.
A distribution by average hourly earnings of employees in six of
the principal occupations in 1931 is shown in Table F. Hourly earn
ings for the other occupations of similar skill for which separate fig
ures are not shown would show the same general spread as the
distribution shown for these occupations.
Average full-time weekly earnings in 1931 show a considerable
increase over 1914 and 1915, but a decrease from 1929. In 1914 the
average full-time weekly earnings for all employees were $18.96 and
increased to $44.48 in 1920. In 1922 there was a sharp decline to
$32.10. This average increased to $36.63 in 1929, but decreased to
$34.93 in 1931. Weekly earnings for the various principal occupations
show like increases. Rollers, for example, earned $42.44 in 1914,
$84.73 in 1920, $71.31 in 1922, and $75.35 in 1931, or 77.5 per cent
more in 1931 than in 1914.
The 5,285 employees in all occupations worked an average of
84.0 hours during the 16-day period covered by the 1931 survey
and received an average of $55.77. This includes all the hours
worked and earnings received by these employees as shown in Table
C and all other occupations covered in blooming mills in 1931.
Heater's helpers worked the most time—91.1 hours—and shearmen's
helpers the least—70.1 hours. Rollers earned the most money—
$116.38—and laborers the least—$36.90,
86
WAGES AND HOtTRS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Table A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Bloom ing mills
Occupation
and year
Pit cranemen:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Heaters:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Heaters’ help
ers:
1913...........
191 4
191 5
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Bottom mak
ers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Bottom mak
ers’ helpers:
1913...........
1914.. _
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Roll engineers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
lullearn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
per
ings time ings earn
48,
60,
72,
60
per hours per ings and
hour
un
un
72
un 84
week per hour per un
der
der
der
der
week
72
60
84
week
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
25
27
30
32
115
124
119
71
138
138
156
189
201
217
211
69.3 $0.369 $25.39 100.0 100.0 100.0
66.6
.357 23.29 96.1 96.7 91.7 "’ ~5
5
.375 24.44 96.2 101.6 96.3
66.7
21
66.0
546 35.02 95.2 148.0 137.9
221.1
54.84
97.0
216.0
6
67.2
.816
12
.871 54.07 90.0 236.0 213.0
62.4
_
68.6
.611 42.00 99.0 165.6 165.4
22
54.8
.803 43.89 79.1 217.6 172.9
24
.855 46.43 77.1 231.7 182.9
53.4
13
55.4
919 50.91 79.9 249.1 200.5
29
.845 44.11 75.3 229.0 173.7
52.2
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
25
27
30
33
79
89
84
47
94
106
115
139
122
151
165
71.2
69.3
69.9
65.7
68.7
64.8
68.9
55.2
54.4
54.9
52.5
.594
.542
.584
.756
1.191
1.271
.904
1.192
1.244
1.358
1.234
10
10
10
3
13
14
17
17
18
18
19
52
43
39
15
62
77
90
108
81
79
61
64.6
64.0
62.1
59.2
64.1
60.3
65.6
55.2
54.9
56.4
54.7
.359
.337
.369
.611
.818
.828
.654
.827
.864
.853
.783
22.76 100.0 100.0 100.0 ___ 40
7 35
20.95 99.1 93.9 92.0
22.48 96.1 102.8 98.8
46
37.66 91.6 170.2 165.5
60
5 ” 37"
52.43 99.2 227.9 230.4
5
49.37 93.3 230.6 216.9
51
43.51 101.5 182.2 191.2 ____ 42
9
45.76 85.4 230.4 201.1
76
7
47.43 85.0 240.7 208.4
78
48.11 87.3 237.6 211.4
9
75
42.83 84.7 218.1 188.2
25
61
___
9
10
8
15
20
20
11
16
17
21
23
25
29
31
62
79
76
38
104
122
119
162
128
136
131
71.9
68.6
68.5
70.8
69.4
63.2
66.6
53.3
53.9
54.0
51.3
.367
.370
.389
.497
.833
.890
.602
.769
.791
.860
.855
26.32 100.0 100.0 100.0 _
24.68 95.4 100.8 93.8
4
25.77 95.3 106.0 97.9
4
34.59 98.5 135.4 131.4
57.81 96.5 227.0 219.6
56.50 87.9 242.5 214.7
16
40.22 92.6 164.0 152.8
7
40.99 74.1 209.5 155.7
28
42.63 75.0 215.5 162.0
26
46.44 75.1 234.3 176.4
18
43.86 71.3 233.0 166.6
31
10
19
20
16
10
25
24
55
54
65
65
___
___
-—
6
5
3
13
17
17
9
13
14
21
20
21
25
25
65 72.0
70 69.8
76 70.5
44 71.3
112 68.8
135 64.6
188 69.6
231 53.3
171 54.4
164 53.7
153 52.8
.263
.273
.269
.384
.659
.654
.463
.632
.634
.663
.625
18.72 100.0 100.0 100.0
18.45 96.9 103.8 98.6
18.46 97.9 102.3 98.6
26.74 99.0 146.0 142.8
45.34 95.6 250.6 242.2
43.05 89.7 248.7 230.0
32.33 96.7 176.0 172.7
33.69 74.0 240.3 180.0
34.49 75.6 241.1 184.2
35.60 74.6 252.1 190.2
33.00 73.3 237.6 176.3
9’
13
9
32
28
28
23
9
9
8
14
18
21
19 ~ Y
48 3
45
52 ’ 15"
5
69
51
44
38
59
43
9 28
4 21
14 ___
23
1 'T
3
31
9
4
34
39
5
18
9
17
13
29
40 ' " ’ 5
3
4 -----
19
23
23
12
19
52 68.5
60 65.6
59 65.4
37 63.8
60 64.1
.471
.447
.471
.678
.971
30.96 100.0 100.0 100.0
28.30 95.8 94.9 91.4
29.81 95.5 100.0 96.3
41.20 93.1 143.9 133.1
62.24 93.6 206.2 201.0
12
20
20
32
18
12 ___
10 3
10 3
8
23 -----
8 37
3 43
2 46
38
3 37
29
4
17
3
15
3
22
12 ~~~7
41.86 100.0 100.0 100.0 ____
37.03 97.3 91.2 88.5
40.06 98.2 98.3 95.7
19
49.85 92.3 127.3 119.1
11
81.82 96.5 200.5 195.5
7
81.92 91.0 214.0 195.7
_
152.2
62.18 96.8
148.5
7
65.66 77.5 200.7 156.9
209.4
161.7
11
76.4
67.67
13
74.55 77.1 228.6 178.1
21
64.79 73.7 207.7 154.8
9
8
16
17 3’
20 3
9
24
36 __
25 3
55 5
59 ___
70
64 T
12 52
11 44
5 44
56
1 46
6 33
10 18
12
1
12
13 T
1
1
16
4
16
3
22
1
14
17 """6
14
37 "’ "6
3
3
2
2
2
1
___
2
2
5 38
1 46
1 42
55
49
6 33
12 32
8
1
10
1
1
8
1 2
23
16
24
9
15
23
28
5
1
19
24
21
13
15
29
23
78
76
75
75
1
___
___
___
IIII
19
14
26
13
___
40
__
8 10
2
4 17
4
5 ___
2 - 7
9
"2"
2 7
’Y
3
___
1
4
2
16
11
10
15
10
1
15
11
10
4
11
2
5
1
1
2
31
2
33
2
15
3
27
6 ” ’6
26
29
~6
6 ___
5
"8
5
26
10
28
5
33
3
26
5
14
4
20
18
3
5 ___
1
’ 3
1 .......
48
39
38
53
63
25
29
___
1
87
BLOOMING MILLS
A.—Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1931, by occupation—
Blooming mills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
R oll engi
neers—Con.
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Rollers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920-.........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931 ...........
Manipulators:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922...........
1924..........
1926-.........
1929...........
1931______
Table men:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922_.........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931-.........
Shearmen:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Shearm en’ s
helpers:
1913 .......
1914______
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924-.........
1926______
1929
......
1931...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913*100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
per
ings time ings earn and 48,
60,
72,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
60
72
84
week
199.2
154.1
166.7
172.5
183.9
165.1
5
4
9
12
12
27
49 3
35 15
71 5
68 3
65
51 ~16~
3
12
12
16
17
6
.701
.684
.697
.912
1.389
1.473
1.175
1.400
1.498
1.542
1.438
44.98 100.0 100.0 100.0
42.44 96.1 97.6 94.4
43.26 95.9 99.4 96.2
55.64 94.3 130.1 123.7
86.95 94.6 198.1 193.3
84.73 87.5 210.1 188.4
71.31 92.0 167.6 158.5
72.99 78.7 199.7 162.3
77.90 78.5 213.7 173.2
82.34 80.7 220.0 183.1
75.35 79.2 205.1 167.5
13
17
17
35
29
38
7
26
32
34
43
•13
17 " I "
17 4
9
14
17 "IT
41
7
57 8
50 13
49 9
37 17
13
6
4
65.3
62.4
63.4
62.4
62.4
58.7
61.6
52.9
52.6
54.3
52.5
.431
.394
.420
.639
.935
.926
.692
.842
.901
1.010
1.028
26.86 100.0 100.0 100.0
23.95 95.6 91.4 89.2
25.81 97.1 97.4 96.1
37.75 95.6 148.3 140.5
58.34 95.6 216.9 217.2
53.80 89.9 214.8 200.3
42.58 94.3 160.6 158.5
44.57 81.0 195.4 165.9
47.39 80.6 209.0 176.4
54.84 83.2 234.3 204.2
53.97 80.4 238.5 200.9
10
19
15
35
26
32
7
23
29
33
43
12
14
14
4
9
14
15
14
14
15
12
31 68.0
36 63.6
34 63.1
13 63.1
33 62.3
53 59.1
57 61.1
58 51.6
45 52.6
48 55.0
33 51.4
.316
.314
.327
.414
.663
.687
.505
.659
.643
.656
.745
20.95 100.0 100.0 100.0
19.36 93.5 99.4 92.4 ~‘ l7"
18
19.94 92.8 103.5 95.2
25.51 92.8 131.0 121.8
41.30 91.6 209.8 197.1 ” 24~
34
40.31 86.9 217.4 192.4
7
31.56 89.9 159.8 150.6
24
34.31 75.9 208.5 163.8
33.82 77.4 203.5 161.4
33
36.08 80.9 207.6 172.2 25
38.29 75.6 235.8 182.8
48
19
17 ~~<T
18 6
46
21
13 6~
39 5
69
53
56
36 9
13
3
3
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
24
26
29
29
56
65
62
30
59
78
90
96
84
91
91
67.2
65.0
65.9
65.9
64.9
59.4
62.8
51.7
51.5
53.5
51.6
.370
.345
.362
.523
.816
.813
.599
.777
.812
.864
.820
24.23 100.0 100.0 100.0
21.84 96.7 93.2 90.1
23.09 98.1 97.8 95.3
33.41 98.1 141.4 137.9
52.96 96.6 220.5 218.6
48.27 88.4 219.7 199.2
37.89 93.5 161.9 156.4
40.23 76.9 210.0 166.0
41.82 76.6 219.5 172.6
46.22 79.6 233.5 190.8
42.31 76.8 221.6 174.6
16
14
10
20
24
31
13
36
36
35
53
5
14 " T
15 3
10
10
21 ” 3"
23 4
48 10
49 14
51
7
31 14
11
8
6
4
1
50
62
66
57
53
28
29
2
1
1
1
18
20
20
10
19
19
23
23
23
25
24
111
113
114
29
159
168
218
254
168
134
103
69.5
68.4
68.5
68.1
68.8
62.7
64.6
52.5
52.2
54.9
52.1
.267
.256
.256
.412
.610
.619
.459
.590
.601
.622
.594
18.17 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.23 98.4 95.9 94.8
17.35 98.6 96.6 95.5
27.60 98.0 154.3 151.9
41.97 99.0 228.5 231.0
38.95 90.2 231.8 214.4
29.76 92.9 171.9 163.8
30.57 75.5 221.0 168.2
31.37 75.1 225.1 172.6
34.15 79.0 233.0 187.9
30.95 75.0 222.5. 170.3
5
3
3
10
8
16
2
43
37
28
55
8
9
U ” 5"
2
11 5
2
10
—y
10
18 " 2
7
26 4
20
37 10
8
39 19
2
47 14
4
20 20
3
56
80
78
66
65
48
30
2
3
2
1
60.9 $1,077 $61.68
.751 47.72
63.3
55.2
.928 51.60
54.6
.978 53.40
56.6 1.006 56.94
.952 51.12
53.7
20
23
23
25
22
20
63
78
76
76
65
51
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
25
27
30
33
46 66.2
54 63.6
53 63.5
34 62.4
51 62.6
65 57.9
71 60.9
90 52.1
78 52 0
87 53.4
86 52.4
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
25
27
29
32
60
62
60
34
65
82
88
102
87
91
84
88.9
92.4
80.6
79.7
82.6
78.4
228.7
159.4
197.0
207.6
213.6
202.1
20
19
20
9
18
16
39
53
47
45
33
22
18
48
57
58
44
4 45
3 28
11 18
2
8
3
3
2
2
1 1
42
53
58
44
""’ 3 43
2 39
"(T
5
9 33
14
2
9
20
3 1
14
2
1 1
21
3
13
5
3
6
4
7
3
4
6
5
14
3
55
58
56
38
42
36
21
3
9
6
17
13 ” 4
3
1
3 ” 3
13
12
4 ” 4
9
15
2
15
12
6
5
8
5
13
15
—...
*6
21
13
18
13
7 ‘ ‘ "3
3
16
2
22
2
14
6 "“"5
8
18
4
88
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T able A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Bloom ing mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Laborers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922_ .........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
19
22
22
11
19
18
23
24
22
28
30
t Less than 1per cent.
352
267
290
388
440
439
682
742
429
423
340
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
per
ings time ings earn
48,
60,
72,
72
hour
per hours per ings and
un
un
un 84
60
der
week per hour per un
der
der
der 60
week
72
84
week
_ 1 3 16 54
73.4 $0.184 $13.53 100.0 100.0 100.0
.187 13.39 97.7 101.6 99.0 (I)
4
71.7
17 69
72.3
.187 13.49 98.5 101.6 99.7 (i)
2
16 66
.287 21.28 101.2 156.0 157.3
74.3
5
66
.469 32.83 95.4 254.9 242.6 - "i§’
70.0
1 ’ "i4~ 43
71.1
.511 36.43 96.9 277.7 269.3
12 0)
3
10 38
70.7
.350 24.84 96.3 190.2 183.6
5 35
1 10 14
.462 26.51 78.2 251.1 195.9
57.4
22 27
19 2
30
.451 25.39 76.7 245.1 187.7
39
16 27
14 4
56.3
.463 26.39 77.7 251.6 195.0
32 33 20 12
57.0
.460 25.58 75.7 250.0 189.1
29
17 51
1 2
55.6
12
.5
28
16
22
34
14
4
3
1
11
15
1
2
T a ble B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by district and
year—B loom ing mills
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
District and year
Eastern:
191 4
191 5
.
1920............................
1922.............................
1924............................
1926_______________
1929________________
1931........................ ..
Pittsburgh:
191 4
191 5
1920________________
1922________________
1924_______________
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931............... . . . .......
Great Lakes and Middle
West:
1914............................
1915........................... .
1920........................... .
1922________________
1924................. ..........
1926. ...........................
1929............................
1931........................... .
Southern:
191 4
191 5
1920________________
1922.............................
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy-
5
248 42
239 52
248 40
1
630
603
743
639
499
5, 5,
and 5 and
6 in 6 alter
rota nately
tion
50
38
8
41
48
36
35
36
5, 6,
and
6 in
rota
tion
128
118
155
346
289
351
288
395
8
879
966
1,154
883
1,133
1,375
1,772
2,429
69
69
21
78
643
265
148
191
129
193
397
287
28
133
17
744
792
1,266
1,610
1,959
2,056
2,128
1,791
652
672
811
870
630
838
644
775
6
12
27
70
419
200
361
187
28
34
81
254
37
41
45
19
268
264
388
455
184
174
333
354
1,216
1,364
1,750
1,716
2,650
2,788
3,024
2,674
1
3
3
2
2
6
7
2
9
184
309
660
1
1In former years included in “ 6, 7, and 7 in rotation” column
* Less than 1 per cent.
6
Work
6, 6,
days, and
and 6 and 18then
7 in 7 alter off
7 in
rota nately duty rota
tion
tion
1 day*
16
10
11
29
156
125
220
113
8
5
5
8
43
29
10
12
3
3
Per cent of employees wh
7
5
18 17
20 22
16 16
86 (2)
112
130
196
26 ....
40
9
61
64
294
4
136
133
168
272
476
288
793
7
226
7
18
19
56
467
319
266
187
51
56
328
360
406
658
812
397
79
85
31
58
(2)
(2)
(*)
20
16
3
7
8
5
5
7
.
1
1
2
(*)
1
11
12
24
(2)
(2)
Work
6, 6,
days,
and 6 and 18then
7 in 7 alter off
rota nately duty
tion
1 d ay1
5,6,
and
6 in
rota
tion
5, 5,
and 5 and
6 in 6 alter
rota nately
tion
(2)
78
6,7,
and
7 in
rota
tion
4
5
12
25
21
30
18
2
6
5
1
5
24
10
5
7
11
14
23
17
1
5
1
1
2
2
4
21
10
17
10
4
4
6
16
2
2
2
1
4
2
2
2
9
(’)
(?)
1
1
2
2
10
(*>
13
1
2
2
3
24
16
13
10
T able B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1931, by district and
year—Blooming mills— Continued
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
50
38
17
225
357
36
35
37
1,843
1,930
2.453
2.453
2,174
666 2,846
7 2,876
2 3,748
37
19
7
9
75
81
64
148
1,062
465
509
172
243
515
740
227
413
182
36
5, 5,
and 5 and
6 in 6 alter
rota nately
tion
28
108
109
172
75
170
191
124
51
304
10
21
19
65
665
492
732
278
284
294
543
776
1,164
1,267
1,925
481
5, 6,
and
6 in
rota
tion
2
1
(’)
(2)
(2)
0
6
Work 6,7.
6, 6,
days, and
and 6 and 18then
7 in 7 alter
7 in
ofl
rota nately duty
rota
tion
tion
1 day
28
47
36
46
3
8
3
1
3
74
73
67
56
38
46
46
71
3
3
2
3
19
8
8
7
7
9
14
17
4
7
3
1
25
18
36
23
39
32
26
16
11
1 11
1 15
1 18
12 21
8 20
12 31
5
9
(’)
OF LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEL
122
282
172
149
437
601
475
321
2,476
2,659
3,652
4, 411
5.649
6,188
6,266
5,285
Work
6, 6,
days, ami
and 6 and 18then
7 in 7 alter ofl
7 In
rota nately duty
rota
tion
tion
1 day
5, 6,
and
6 in
rota
tion
HOURS
*Less than 1per cent.
5, 5,
and 5 and
6 in 6 alter
rota nately
tion
AND
Southern—Continued.
1924........................
1926........................
1929........................
1931........................
Total:
191 4
191 5
..............
1920.......................
1922.......................
1924........................
1926........................
1929........................
1931........................
Num
Num ber of
ber of emplants ploy-
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
WAGES
District and year
<0
°
T able
C*
Average customary working time of wage earners, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per wage earner in pay period covered\ 1981 y by occupation and district—B loom ing mills
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full time of
employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
week
turn
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
5
11
12
4
27
66
58
18
6.1
6.1
6.6
6.4
9.0
8.0
8.1
8.7
55.4
48.7
53.7
55.6
33
76
81
21
77.7
83.7
75.7
88.3
$50.86
78.43
63.57
71.65
$0,654
.937
.840
.812
$36.23
45.63
45.11
45.15
77.7
85.2
77.2
89.8
$50.86
79.28
64.44
72.25
$0,654
.930
.834
.804
32
169
6.3
8.3
52.2
211
80.2
67.74
.845
44.11
81.4
68.44
.840
5
11
13
4
15
60
56
11
6.3
6.2
6.7
6.6
8.9
8.0
8.0
9.1
56.1
49.4
53.3
59.6
18
73
63
11
79.2
82.4
96.3
114.0
80.24
112.27
113.02
131.63
1.014
1.362
1.174
1.155
56.89
67.28
62.57
68.84
79.2
84.4
97.7
114.5
80.24
114.38
113.90
131.88
1.014
1.356
1.166
1.151
Total...........................................
33
142
6.4
8.2
52.5
165
89.5
110.35
1.234
64.79
90.9
111. 63
1.228
Heater’s helpers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern_____________ ________
4
3
8
4
12
7
19
15
6.1
6.0
6.5
6.7
9.7
8.0
8.1
8.5
59.5
48.0
52.3
57.0
17
9
20
15
70.5
70.6
83.0
106.9
41.45
42.81
69.19
101.01
.588
.607
.834
.945
34.99
29.14
43.62
53.87
73.6
88.4
92.8
110.2
43.10
54.98
77.63
103.64
.586
.622
.836
.941
Total________________ _______
19
53
6.4
8.6
54.7
61
*83.6
65.39
.783
42.83
91.1
71.06
.780
Bottom makers:
Eastern_____ _________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
3
11
13
4
10
56
34
8
6.0
6.2
6.5
6.6
8.4
8.0
8.2
8.8
50.6
49.4
53.3
57.6
13
68
40
10
58.7
76.5
78.0
73.5
34.77
73.53
60.44
52.83
.593
.961
.775
.719
30.01
47.47
41.31
41.41
59.9
82.4
84.7
90.7
35.40
78.23
64.99
62.30
.591
.949
.767
.687
Total------------------------------------
31
108
6.3
8.2
51.3
131
75.0
64.11
.855
43.86
81.5
68.72
.843
MILLS
Total ____________ _________
Heaters:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern______________________
BLOOMING
Pit cranemen:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh........... ........................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern______________________
CD
T able
C.— Average customary working time of wage earners, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per wage earner in pay period covered, 1931, by occupation and district—Bloom ing mills— Continued
Positions
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full time of
employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Number
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
2
7
12
4
14
33
46
18
6.0
6.1
6.6
6.6
8.4
8.0
8.1
9.3
50.3
48.9
53.4
60.6
27
47
59
20
58.1
67.5
80.1
86.8
$29.64
47.69
51.58
45.79
$0.510
.707
.644
.528
$25.65
34.57
34.39
32.00
64.2
76.4
85.3
95.0
$32.33
53.14
55.19
50.43
$0,504
.696
.647
.531
Total...........................................
25
111
6.4
8.3
52.8
153
73.2
45.76
.625
33.00
80.1
49.91
.623
Roll engineers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.------ ------- -------------Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
4
8
6
2
7
18
13
5
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.4
9.2
8.2
8.8
8.0
56.4
50.9
57.1
51.2
9
24
13
5
61.0
71.3
77.6
100.6
52.40
62.54
82.92
107.98
.859
.877
1.068
1.074
48.45
44.64
60.98
54.99
61.0
74.7
77.6
113.4
52.40
66.70
82.92
117.58
.859
.8193
1.068
1.037
20
43
6.3
8.5
53.7
51
74.0
70.40
.952
51.12
76.8
73.30
.954
5
11
13
4
9
28
30
8
6.0
6.0
6.4
6.3
9.4
8.1
8.3
9.0
56.2
49.2
53.3
56.0
11
35
32
8
61.2
71.8
87.0
113.0
79.49
113.33
120.90
146.99
1.299
1.578
1.390
1.300
73.00
77.64
74.09
72.80
70.1
71.8
89.1
113.0
85.71
113.33
122.61
146.99
1.223
1.578
1.376
1.300
33
75
6.2
8.5
52.4
86
80.0
114.95
1.438
75.35
81.9
116.38
1.421
5
11
12
4
10
25
25
8
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.3
9.5
8.2
8.4
9.0
56.6
49.3
52.9
56.0
14
34
28
8
57.7
63.6
71.5
96.3
47.06
74.27
70.25
93.45
.815
1.168
.983
.970
46.13
57.58
52.00
54.32
64.6
69.2
75.1
96.3
51.00
81.26
72.14
93.45
.789
1.175
.961
.970
Total............................. .............
32
68
6.2
8.5
52.5
84
68.3
70.22
1.028
53.97
73.0
74.34
1.019
STEEL
Total...........................................
Manipulators:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................... ............
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
AND
Total...........................................
Rollers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh............. .......................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
OF LABOR— IRON
Bottom makers’ helpers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh........... ....................... .
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
AND HOURS
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
week
turn
WAGES
Occupation and district
JO
^
133895°—33------- 7
Table men:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern........................................
2
4
5
1
4
9
11
3
6.3
6.0
6.1
6.7
9.3
8.0
8.4
8.0
57.7
48.2
51.2
53.3
4
13
13
3
61.0
66.4
51.7
102.5
31.31
59.28
36.10
63.45
.513
.892
.698
.619
29.60
42.99
35.74
32.99
62.9
78.7
52.3
125.8
32.42
70.53
36.40
70.03
.515
,89e
.696
.557
Total................... ......................
12
27
6.2
8.4
51.4
33
63.2
47.14
.745
38.29
70.7
52.72
.746
Shearmen:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern.— .................................
5
11
10
3
8
32
25
6
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.3
9.3
8.2
8.2
8.7
55.7
49.6
52.1
54.7
11
42
32
6
53.2
70.0
73.2
94.0
37.40
62.76
56.41
69.72
.703
.897
.771
.742
39.16
44.49
40.17
40.59
58.1
73.8
76.2
97.5
39.64
64.85
58.21
72.28
.682
.878
.763
.742
29
71
6.2
8.4
51.6
91
70.6
57.92
.820
42.31
74.3
59.96
.807
5
8
8
3
26
26
23
8
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.3
8.9
8.2
8.6
8.5
53.7
48.9
53.6
53.0
34
34
27
8
53.2
65.2
77.1
86.2
29.49
42.79
45.99
42.43
.554
.656
.596
.492
29.75
32.08
31.95
26.08
54.6
70.8
81.0
95.4
30.33
45.64
48.30
46.44
.555
.644
.596
.487
24
83
6.1
8.6
52.1
103
66.0
39.21
.594
30.95
70.1
41.34
.590
4
9
13
4
5
121
74
18
6.0
6.0
6.4
6.1
9.8
8.9
9.0
10.0
59.1
53.8
57.0
60.7
6
178
135
21
88.2
75.0
65.7
87.5
33.17
35.61
30.64
29.66
.376
.475
.466
.339
22.22
25.56
26.56
20.58
89.7
80.5
74.2
94.8
33.87
38.46
35.72
32.11
.378
.478
.481
.339
Total...........................................
30
218
6.1
9.1
55.6
340
72.3
33.23
.460
25.58
79.0
36.90
.467
MILLS
Total...........................................
Laborers:
Eastern........ ................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
BLOOMING
Total...........................................
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh................ ...................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern...... .................................
94
T abl e
WAGES AND HOTTRS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Blooming mills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
Pitts and South Total
per
day Sat Sun Per week East
per day Sat Sun Per
ern burgh Mid ern
to
ur
week to urday day week week
dle
Fri day day week
Fri
West
day
day
Group A—Day turn only
7-----
7-----6-----7-----6-----7____
(9 —
12
12
12H
10*6
12
10
10
10
12
12
12^
10^
12
10
10
10
12
12
m
io‘
10
84
84
75
73**
72
70
0)
60
{8
12
12
12H
10H
12
10
10
10
10
12
m
10H
12
10
10
10
10
i Off 1 day in 19, making average 66Mo per week.
12
12
ion
10
10
10
10
84
72
75
7ZH
72
70
T
s
84
78
75
7ZH
72
70
0)
65
5
4
1
2
34
2
21
13
2
5
4
1
2
34
23
13
2
BLOOMING MILLS
95
T a b l e D . — Customary
full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Blooming mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued.
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per day Sat Sun Per
week to
Fri urday day
day
Night turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
ern Total
week
to
ur
dle
Fri day day
West
day
Hours
s Off 1 day in 19, making average 53M» per week.
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
96
T able
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district— Bloom ing mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
customary turns and hours by
districts
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
per
ern Total
Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
week day
Sat Sun Per week day
ur
dle
to urday
to
week
week
day
day
West
Fri
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
» Off 1 day in 19, making average 53M» per week.
BLOOMING MILLS
T a b le
97
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1981, by district—Bloom ing mills
Occupation and district
Pit cranemen:
Eastern_______________
Pittsburgh......................
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West......................
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver
Num Num age
full
ber of ber of time
estab em
Over
Over
Over 66,
Over
lish ploy hours
48,
60, under 72 72,
per
56,
48 under
ments
ees
56 under
60 under
under
week
72
84
66
60
56
5
11
33
76
55.4
48.7 ’ 54"
12
4
81
21
53.7
55.6
6
2
Total............................
32
211
52.2
62
104
Heaters:
Eastern_______________
Pittsburgh.....................
Great Lakes and Mid-
5
11
18
73
56.1
49.4
3
32
10
41
13
4
63
11
53.3
59.6
33
165
52.5
Total_______________
4
20
22
50 23
12 3
26
48
3
15
5
35
102
20
6
1
2
2
4
8
1
1
2
1
13
68
50.6
49.4
5
29
6
39
13
4
40
10
53.3
57.6
6
20
5
11
2
2
Total_____ _________
31
131
51.3
40
70
13
2
4
8
9
24
56.4
50.9
16’
4
9
3
6
2
13
5
57.1
51.2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
20
51
53.7
14
18
6
2
8
1
5
U
11
35
56.2
49.2
4
6
6
2
1
27"
13
4
32
8
53.3
56.0
8
2
15
3
4
5
2
33
86
52.4
37
28
4
15
1
7
Total_______________
Total________ - ______
2
2
2
3
2
3
1
1
5
4
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
Laborers:
Eastern___ ___ __ ____
Pittsburgh____________
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West____________
Southern_____ ________
4
9
6
178
59.1
53.8
88*
13
4
135
21
57.0
60.7
5
5
19
25
3
4
81
5
1
1
7
Total_____ __________
30
340
55.6
98
27
28
4
174
2
7
2
3
3
U
Rollers:
Eastern_____ ___ __ ___
Pittsburgh......................
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West____________
Southern_____ __ _____
2
2
Bottom makers:
Eastern. _____________
Pittsburgh.....................
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West____________
Southern.... . .......... .
Roll engineers:
Eastern___ _______ ____
Pittsburgh____________
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West____________
Southern_________ - ___
2
5
83
2
T a b le
Total
___
Bottom makers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
G. L. and Ax. W__
Southern
Total
Total_________
4
7
2
2
11
8
1
2
7
1
16
2
4
16
8
3
1
8
10
7
3
8
6
9
20
1
2
8
17
1
1
1
2
1
7
5
11
22
26
31
26
17
30
10
18
2
3
7
1
1
1
6
3
2
7
2
4
12
12
3
2
32
1
1
10
4
3
1
11
2
3
3
8
7
1
2
1
5
1
2
2
7
1
1
11
9
31
35
18
17
18
4
6
2
2
7
1
1
1
55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, no, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225,
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
90
95 100 n o 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225 250
70 75 80 85
60 65
?
211
.845
18
73
63
11
1. 014
1. 362
1.174
1.155
1
165
1. 234
1
2
13
68
40
10
.593
.961
. 775
.719
2
5
7
2
4
4
4
12
6
5
2
4
16
3
5
1
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
3
4
11
131
.855
1
18
16
12
13
7
11
6
2
19
6
2
6
1
2
1
9
24
13
5
.859
.877
1. 008
1.074
1
3
2
1
7
2
1
3
4
1
3
1
5
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
51
.952
6
10
1
8
3
4
5
1
11
35
32
8
1. 299
1. 578
1. 390
1.300
1
8
1
1
2
3
7
2
1
4
2
2
1
2
1
1
5
3
3
3
4
4
3
1
1
86
1.438
3
11
11
14
9
4
6
3
4
1
1
8
=
8
2
9
4
3
1
1
1
1
4
5
2
1
4
11
STEEL
Total,
Rollers:
Eastern_______ _
Pittsburgh______
G. L. and M . W._
Southern-
2
33 $0.654
.937
76
.840
81
21
.812
50,
un
der
55
AND
Roll engineers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M. W__
Southern.. . . __
45,
un
der
50
OF LABOR— IRON
Heaters:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
O. l . and M . W__
Southern
40,
un
der
45
HOURS
G. L. and M . W „
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
AND
Pit cranemen:
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
em
20, 25, 35,
ings
un un
ploy
per un
ees
der der
hour der
25 30 40
WAGES
Occupation and
district
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981 y by district—Blooming mills
=
3
3
Laborers:
1?astern.
Pittsburgh. ____
G. L. and M . W „
Southern
Total
1
79
84 ~ld
9
.376
.475
.466
.339
8
2
2
340
.460
8
2
7 173
99
38
13 137
BLOOMING
MILLS
5
6
178
135
21
CO
CO
Plate Mills
Data for this department include both sheared and universal plate
mills and cover 17 establishments located in 5 States. During the
pay-roll period covered, these establishments employed 4,090 wage
earners in all occupations, 1,616 of whom were in the 16 principal
occupations for which separate figures are given. Data for this
department were first obtained in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914
employees in the principal occupations only were included, but all
employees in all occupations were included in the years 1914 to 1931.1
Comparable data are presented in Table A for employees in the prin
cipal occupations from 1913 to 1931,2 while Table 2 (p. 4) shows
average full-time hours and earnings per week and earnings per hour
for the department as a whole for the same years.
Although hours of labor in this department have decreased, they
have not shown so great a decrease as some other departments. In
1914 average full-time hours per week were 69, as compared with
68.8 in 1920 and 66.2 in 1922. Following the adoption of the 8-hour
day in 1923, average hours decreased to 57.2 in 1924 and to 55.8 in
1926. An increase in 1929 brought the average to 58, but 1931 showed
a decrease to 56.7, or almost 18 per cent below the 1914 average.
Comparison of 1931 averages in the principal occupations with
those for earlier years may be made from Table A. In 1913, 5 occu
pations had an average of over 70 hours per week and none had an
average of less than 68.2 hours per week. After the adoption of the
8-hour day by many plants, hours in 1924 had been reduced until the
average of 63.3 for roll engineers was the highest and 54.7 for screw
men, sheared-plate mills, was the lowest. In 1931 screw men, side
rolls, universal mills, had the highest average—63.2 hours— and
laborers had the lowest—55.5 hours.
This department has never shown any great amount of 7-day work.
Table B shows that in 1914 only 3 per cent of all employees had a
regular 7-day week. This percentage increased to 11 in 1924, the
highest of any year, but in 1931 had decreased to 4 per cent. Em
ployees with a regular 6-day week increased from 57 per cent in 1914
to 69 per cent in 1931, the latter figure being the highest of any year
except 1920 when the percentage was 78. In 1931 the Pittsburgh
district had 94 per cent of all employees, the eastern district 69 per
cent, and the Great Lakes and Middle West 49 per cent on regular
6-day work.
In order that the customary hours per day and per week in this
department may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. This
table shows that out of a total of 4,090 employees covered, 451 worked
days only, 24 worked nights only, and 3,615 alternated or rotated
from day to night shift. Of this number, 2,134 worked 8 hours
per day, 52 of these working 7 days per week. There were 292 who
worked an average of 12 hours per day, 72 of whom worked 7
days per week regularly, but only 20 employees who worked an aver
age of more than 12 hours per day. This table includes all employees
in all occupations, many of whom are not on direct producing crews.
To give a better idea of working time of members of the producing
1 Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1928, and 1930.
2 For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
100
PLATE MILLS
101
crews separate figures are shown for the occupation of screw men,
sheared-plate mills. Of 40 employees in this occupation, 13 regu
larly worked 8 hours per day and 9 worked 8 hours a day except one
day each third week when 3 worked 5K hours, 3 worked 9 hours, and
3 worked 11 hours. Only 6 employees had a working week of 72
hours or over.
Table E shows the distribution by average full-time hours per
week of employees in six principal occupations. Of the 1,225 em
ployees in these occupations, 332 had a week of 48 hours, 304 of 60
hours, 71 of 72 hours, and 29 a week of over 72 and under 84 hours.
Although there was a slight decrease in hourly earnings between
1929 and 1931, the general trend since 1914 has been upward. In
1914 average hourly earnings for employees in this department were
25.8 cents and in 1915 increased to 27 cents. War conditions brought
an increase in the average to 67.1 cents in 1920, which is 160 per cent
more than in 1914. The effect of the 1921 slump is reflected in the
1922 average— 47.6 cents. After the adoption of the 8-hour day in
1923 earnings increased to 56.2 cents in 1924, followed by further
increases in 1926 to 60.6 cents and in 1929 to 63.9 cents. However,
1931 showed a slight decrease when the average was 62.7 cents per
hour, or 143 per cent higher than in 1914.
The greatest change in hourly earnings in the principal occupations
as between 1929 and 1931 is found in the occupation of rollers, uni
versal mills, whose earnings were $1,323 in 1929 as compared with
$1,174 in 1931, and the smallest change in that for screw men, shearedplate mills, whose average was $1,023 in 1929 and $1,025 in 1931.
The occupation of hook men, sheared-plate mills, for example, show
the trend in hourly earnings of employees in the principal occupa
tions. In 1913 their average was 31.3 cents per hour increasing to 81.3
cents in 1920. There was a decline to 58.5 cents in 1922, followed by
increases in 1924, 1926, and 1929, the figure for the latter year being
77.6 cents. There was a slight decrease in 1931 when the average was
75.5 cents, or 141.2 per cent higher than in 1913.
A distribution according to hourly earnings of employees in six of
the principal occupations is given in Table F. This shows in a gen
eral way the spread of employees in other occupations of similar
skill for which no distribution tables are given.
Average full-time earnings per week were almost twice as much in
1931 as in 1914, having risen from $17.80 in 1914 to $35.55 in 1931.
The $46.16 average for 1920 is the highest figure shown for any year.
In 1922 there was a decided drop to an average of $31.51, but increases
are shown for each year since 1922 until 1931, in which year there was
a decrease from $37.06 in 1929 to $35.55. Changes in earnings for
the various principal occupations are represented fairly by those for
hook men, sheared-plate mills. They average $21.55 in 1913, $55.62
in 1920, and $42.58 in 1931, which is 97.6 per cent more than in 1913
and 110 per cent more than in 1914.
The 4,090 employees in all occupations worked an average of 79.4
hours in a 16-day period for which they received an average of $49.79.
The hours and earnings given above include all the hours worked and
earnings received by employees in the occupations in Table C and
all other occupations covered in plate mills in 1931. Boilers, shearedplate mills, worked the most hours—95.9— and had the highest earn
ings—$148.38—while laborers worked the fewest hours—61.3—and
earned the lowest amount—$26.82.
102
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A*—Average customary fulUtime hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Plate mills
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
per
ees
week
Charging-crane
and c h a r g
ing-machine
operators:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Heaters:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Heaters’ help
ers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Roll engineers:
1913...........
1914, .........
1915...........
1917...........
1919..........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Rollers, sheare d -p la te
mills:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Screw men,
sheared-plate
mills:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919___ . . .
Index numbers
Aver
(1913-100)
Aver age
full
age
Full
earn time Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
hour
per ings
per
per hour
week week
per
week
70.7 $0,339 $24.07 100.0 100.0 100.0
70.2
.306 21.69 99.3 90.3 90.1
70.3
.329 23.39 99.4 97.1 97.2
70.4
.480 33.85 99.6 141.6 140.6
.799 57.13 101.1 235.7 237.3
71.5
70.0 .798 56. 18 99.0 235.4 233.4
66.9 .563 37.88 94.6 166.1 157.4
.679 37.79 80.8 200.3 157.0
57.1
56.4
.711 40.10 79.8 209.7 166.6
59.6
.756 45.06 84.3 22a 0 187.2
56.9
.722 41.08 80.5 213.0 17a 7
10
12
12
7
11
10
12
13
16
17
17
46
52
54
30
71
63
72
87
88
91
96
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
17
17
17
54 71.7
64 70.5
61 70.6
30 70.4
66 70.7
84 68.5
75 67.6
90 56.5
85 55.5
72 57.9
75 55.8
.562
.529
.557
.771
1.202
1.189
.852
.961
1.103
1.220
1.140
40.59 100.0 100.0 100.0
37.63 9a 3 94.1 92.7
39.73 9a 5 99.1 97.9
54.35 9a 2 137.2 133.9
84.98 9a 6 213.9 209.4
81.55 95.5 211.6 200.9
57.03 94.3 151.6 140.5
52.52 7a8 171.0 129.4
61.22 77.4 196.3 150.8
7ft 64 80.8 217.1 174.0
63.61 77.8 202.8 156.7
10
12
12
6
10
10
11
12
15
14
14
107
112
109
36
129
140
132
126
118
92
81
68.7
67.7
67.6
67.4
71.1
6a 9
67.3
61.6
62.4
62.4
61.8
.252
.247
.264
.469
.601
.620
.503
.538
.580
.671
.629
17.50 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.68 9a 5 9ao 95.3
iao4 9a 4 104.8 103.1
31.67 9a i 186.1 181.0
42.73 103.5 23a 5 244.2
42.74 100.3 246.0 244.2
34.86 9a o 199.6 196.3
32.84 89.7 213.5 187.7
36.19 90.8 230.2 206.8
41.87 90.8 266.8 239.3
3a 87 90.0 249.6 222.1
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
12
14
11
11
36
38
39
20
43
39
46
46
35
31
28
72.8
70i2
69.7
70.9
72.7
71.6
69.6
63.3
63.0
62.2
62.5
.309
.307
.309
.444
.744
.774
.538
.614
.651
.675
.664
22.63 100.0 100.0 100.0
21.55 96.4 99.4 95.2
21.58 95.7 100.0 95.4
31.63 97.4 143.7 139.8
54.09 99.9 240.8 239.0
55.98 9a4 250.5 247.4
37.74 95.6 174.1 166.8
3a 99 87.0 19a 7 172.3
41.01 86.5 210.7 181.2
41.99 85.4 2ia 4 185.6
41.50 85.9 214.9 183.4
9
26
28
28
18
30
35
33
34
30
29
34
67.9
69.4
70.8
6a 1
66.5
56.5
57.0
61.0
57.4
.718 49.21 100.0 100.0 100.0
.703 47.94 99.3 97.9 97.4
.734 49.89 99.1 102.2 101.4
1.011 70.32 101.3 140.8 142.9
1.530 10a32 103.4 213.1 220.1
1.558 106.60 99.4 217.0 216.6
1.126 74.43 97.1 156.8 151.2
1.300 71.62 82.5 181.1 145.5
1.364 77.75 83.2 190.0 158.0
1.595 97.30 89.1 222.1 197.7
1.554 89.20 83.8 216.4 181.3
29
28
26
22
32
69.0
68.7
ea 3
69.9
71.3
.482
.434
.474
.702
1.117
11
11
7
9
10
10
10
13
12
13
9
10
10
7
9
6a 5
ea 0
33.36 100.0 100.0 100.0
30.08 99.6 90.0 90.2
32.61 99.0 9a 3 97.8
49.15 101.3 145.6 147.3
79.64 103. 3 231.7 23a 7
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
60,
72,
48,
and un
un
72
60
un 84
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
23
20
29
19
44
26
26
28
6
17
14
17
5
17
14
17
23
2
3
7
9
32
18
21
30
21
15
39
31
30
80
76
19
3
4
-----
26
27
30
6
37
29
23
14 ----35
22
23
66
54 " T
47
51 ” 5’
39 26
48 23
49 21
20 80
27 70
60 26
55 15
34
28
15 3
5 ....
12
15
16
1
7 6
37
25 "29’
38 10
35 20
64
76
76
56
23
73
52
46
26
24
9
26
37 13
17 23
10
11 32
33
45
51
30
19
31
26
41
37
32
18
6
6
21
10
7
6
50
57
57
33
23
51
39
35
50
31
24
-----
45
50
54
27
16
55
50
46
73
84
4
5
35
42
41
20
18
38
32
43
34
21
13
21
24
10
21
44
23
9
8
44
74
17
___
’ 2§'
16
31
34
28
60
67
33
13
6
7
3
11
25
18
16
3
9
30 "‘ 5
14
16 ___
5 ___
14 ----22
16
15
"13’
-----
23
17
9
14
13
14
50
43
43
67
77
34
15
9
18
14
5
5
10
14
13
17
7
21
12 -----
PLATE MILLS
103
Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, 6y occupation—
Plate mills— Continued
T a b l e A .—
Occupation
and year
Screw men,
sheared-plate
mills— Con.
1920...........
1922...........
1924_.........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Table opera
tors, shearedplate mills:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919__ _
1920_........
1922.........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931_.........
H o o k m en,
sheared-plate
mills:
1913____
1914.........
1915-.......
1917...........
1919____
1920-.......
1922...........
1924........
1926-.........
1929...........
1931...........
Koll hands,
other, sheared -p la te
mills:
1913...........
1914........
1915.........
1917-.........
1919........
1920,.......
1922...........
1924____
1926____
1929...........
1931...........
Rollers, uni
versal mills:
1913...........
1914...........
1915........
1919___
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926.........
1929...........
1931...........
Screw men,
main rolls,
un iversal
mills:
1913...........
1914-.........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924______
Num
Num ber o
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver Aver- Aver
age
age
full earn- time
Fulltime
Earn- time
earn Full
hours ings
time , ings - earn
per
ings
per
per houn
week hour week
per * per ings
per
week hour week
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Ovei
48 Ovei
48,
60,
72,
and un
un
un
60
un der
der 72 der 84
der 60
72
84
99.1
95.9
79.3
79.7
91.3
83.8
231.3
179.0
218.3
225.7
212.2
212.7
228.5
169.1
170.2
179.4
193.2
177.6
24.87
21.73
22.63
35.02
5a 25
5a 80
42.25
39.48
45.10
52.38
45.23
100.0
99.1
99.0
100.4
103.5
99.1
96.2
82.8
82 3
88.0
84.2
100.0
87.3
91.5
140.5
227.3
239.7
174.9
201.1
221.5
240.5
217.1
100.0
87.4
91.0
140.8
234.2
236.4
169.9
15a 7
181.3
210.6
181.9
68.4
68.2
6a 0
69.6
71.0
67.6
65.8
56.0
56.1
60.2
56.4
.313 21.55
.294 20.27
.314 21.57
.476 33.25
.780 55.38
.813 55.62
.585 3a 20
.644 35.05
.693 3a 88
.776 46.72
.755 42.58
100.0
99.7
99.4
101.8
103.8
9a 8
96.2
81.9
82.0
sao
82.5
100.0
93.9
100.3
152.1
249.2
259.7
186.9
205.8
221.4
247.9
241.2
100.0
94.1
100.1
154.3
257.0
258.1
177.3
162.6 "~30"
180.4
36
216.8
16
22
197.6
20
24
24
16
28
33
56
61
36
44
50
69.1
67.4
67.4
69.1
71.0
6a 3
65.5
58.4
55. 5
60.7
60.5
.265 ia28
.257 17.42
.268 ia 12
.401 27.74
.676 48.00
.668 45.76
.480 31.70
.555 31.08
.725 40.24
.821 49.83
.737 44.59
100.0
97.5
97.5
100.0
102. 7
98.8
94.8
84.5
80.3
87.8
87.6
100.0
97.0
101.1
151.3
255.1
252.1
181.1
209.4
273.6
309.8
27a 1
100.0
95.3
99.1
151.8
262.6
250.3
173.4
170.0
220.1
272.6
243.9
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
5
6
5
6
8
8
9
9
11
13
13
15
12
.672 47.81
69.8
6a 8 .590 41.08
6a 8 .676 47.10
70.7 1.371 96.93
70.0 1.372 9a 32
64.8 1.187 75.26
56.4 1.251 70,34
56.3 1.383 77.86
56.7 1.323 75.01
5a 8 1.174 69.03
100.0
9a 6
9a 6
101.3
100.3
92.8
80.8
80. 7
81.2
84.2
100.0
87.8
100.6
204.0
204.2
176.6
186.2
205.8
196.9
174.7
100.0
85.9
98.5
202.7
205.6
157.4
147.1 ” 15’
162.9
31
156.9
20
144.4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
7
9
9
11
9
11
15
7a i
69.2
69.2
70.9
69.4
64.0
56.0
L00.0
98.7
9a 7
io n
99.0
91.3
79.9
100.0
83.9
98.0
:220.7
:255.2
:176. 7
:L82.8
100.0
82.5
96.5
220.3
!255.2
:155.5
:L4a3
9
8
8
10
11
12
39
29
33
26
39
40
68.4 $1.115 $76.23
66.2
.863 56.42
54.7 1.052 56.78
55.0 1.088 59.84
63.0 1.023 64.45
57.8 1.025 59.25
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
10
12
12
13
31
31
32
20
45
42
36
40
32
38
48
ea 2
67.6
67.5
6a 5
70.6
67.6
65.6
56.5
56.1
60.0
57.4
.363
.317
.332
.510
.825
.870
.635
.730
.804
.873
.788
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
10
12
12
13
76
74
76
49
89
100
80
105
83
76
95
7
9
9
5
8
8
10
10
10
11
11
.460 32.66
.386 26.96
.451 31.51
1.015 71.96
1.174 83.35
.813 sa 80
.841 4a 45
33
46
15
18
28
38
16
21
15
33
20
4
13
5
28
15 'i s '
12
28
43
51
31
33
42
26
25
44
21
5
8
25
6
5
4
55
61
63
40
29
55
31
28
41
26
23
45
39
38
60
71
40
28
11
8
4
11
8
22
20
16
34
40
21
31
10
8
20 9
13 27
12 11
37 11
46
8
57 43
57 43
58 42
29 71
22 78
55 37
35 30
30
41
16
12
6
16 9
15 36
6 25
20 11
36 20
50
67
58
37
21
64
43
34
36
39
34
.18 18
23 31
23 15
40 13
50 17
33 67
50 50
50 50
22 78
56 22
36 27
31
31
13
17
18 27
20 40
29
44
44
in
22
36
27
6
21
12
50
33
42
63
79
30
32
9
6
71
56
56
82
78
18
22
13
17
104
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.—Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full*
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Plate mills— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
per
ees
week
Screw m en,
main rolls,
u n iversal
mills—Oon.
1926...........
1929...........
1931_.........
Screw men,
side rolls,
universal
mills:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1926..........
1929...........
1931...........
R oll hands,
other, uni
versal mills:
1913...........
i m ...........
1915...........
1 9 1 9 .......
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1D26...........
1929...........
1931
Shearmen:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Shearm en’ s
helpers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Laborers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
un
60
72
un 84
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
6
6
5
17 57.1 $0. 937 $53.50
17 55.4
.917 50.80
.834 49.04
14 58.8
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
6
5
4
8
10
10
10
13
12
17
18
15
14
68.6
68.1
6& 1
70.8
69.6
65.3
56.6
57.5
61.2
6a 2
.294 20.56
.271 18.69
.332 22.83
.713 50.48
.738 57.38
.606 39.04
.642 37.31
.709 40.77
.704 43.08
.639 40.38
3
5
5
5
4
5
6
5
4
4
8
10
9
19
10
17
19
20
12
8
70.3
69.5
69.2
71.4
69.5
65.5
56.7
58.2
58.9
60.2
.261
.266
.310
.605
.687
.502
.555
.601
.583
.531
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
17
17
17
69
73
73
42
97
92
106
108
101
123
140
68.8
68.4
68.2
69.7
70.8
68.0
64.1
55.8
56.3
58.0
57.2
.415
.406
.436
.638
.977
1.016
.666
.793
.836
.863
.822
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
17
17
17
425
408
406
248
630
623
678
767
674
568
524
68.7
68.2
68.4
69.0
71.1
68.2
64.9
55.5
55.1
57.3
58.3
.250
.243
.260
.400
.630
.665
.455
.529
.579
.630
.577
17.25 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.71 99.3 97.2 96.9
17.89 99.6 104.0 103.7
27.60 100.4 160.0 160.0
44.79 103.5 252.0 259.7
45.56 99.3 266.0 264.1
29.73 94.5 182.0 172.3
28.85 80.8 211.6 167.2
31.90 80.2 231.6 184.9
36.10 83.4 252.0 209.3
33.64 84.9 230.8 195.0
11
12
12
5
10
8
10
11
16
15
349
216
208
197
587
348
493
640
304
225
357
69.3
67.6
66.7
70.3
69.5
67.9
64.0
56.8
56.1
59.3
55.5
.181
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
.432
.425
.409
.433
12.62 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.85 97.5 96.1 93.9 ____
11.66 96.2 96.1 92.4 . . . . .
20.67 101.4 162.4 163.8
31.28 100.3 248.6 247.9 . . . . .
34.66 98.0 275.1 274.6
21.65 92.4 185.6 171.6
24.20 82.0 238.7 191.8 ’ ’ 35’
23.84 81.0 234.8 188.9
41
24.25 85.6 226.0 192.2
7
41
24.03 80.1 239.2 190.4
16
i Less than 1 per cent.
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
lullage
earn time Full
Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
hour
per
per ings
per hour
week week
per
week
81.5 203.7 163.8
18
79.0 199.3 155.5
35
83.9 181.3 150.2 ------
100.0
99.3
99.3
103. 2
101. 5
95.2
82.5
83.8
89.2
92.1
100.0
92.2
112.9
242.5
251.0
208.1
218.4
241.2
239.5
217.3
100.0
90.9
111.0
245.5
279.1
189.9
181.5
198.3
209.5
196.4
18.50 100.0 100.0 100.0
18.48 98.9 101.9 100.0
21.46 98.4 118.8 116.0
43.20 101.6 231.8 233.5
48.41 98.9 263.2 261.7
32.18 93.2 192.3 173.9
32.27 80.7 212.6 174.4
34.98 82.8 230.3 189.1
34.34 83.8 223.4 185.6
31.97 85.6 203.4 172.8
12
22
20
18 41
35 6
43 29
24
12
14 -----
12
14 -----
17 17
18 29
17 28
20 20
43 14
50 50
60 40
60 40
20 80
46 54
50 17
41
33
27
21 -----
13
21 -----
25 75
40 60
44 56
11 89
40 60
24 41
21
25
17
13 -----
17
25 -----
12
11
16
15
42 "'25‘
38
28.81 100.0 100.0 100.0
27.97 99.4 97.8 97.1
29.68 99.1 105.1 103.0
44.74 101.3 153.7 155.3
69.17 102.9 235.4 240.1
69.44 98.8 244.8 241.0
43.10 93.2 160.5 149.6
43.15 81.1 191.1 149.8 "~35~
29
47.07 81.8 201.4 163.4
20
50.05 84.3 208.0 173.7
47.02 83.1 198.1 163.2
31
24
53
60
‘ 25’
1
1
1
1
1
27
18
22
28
25
24
"~8~
10
30
40
24
21
0)
(i)
0) " T
20
34
32
21
19
39 59
45 53
44 52
10 67
21 78
45 47
29 33
18
10
15 14
13 11
42 57
48 52
46 50
10 70
20 80
44 52
25 45
15
7
* 16 7
14 10
0)
23
20
18
26
32
3
7
32
44
29
24
6
17
3
12
8
20
23
14
22 36
21
30
19 29
10 __
2 21
12
4
4
43
32
28
16
24
46
37
21
12
10
2
(9
0)
32
27
19
87
62
66
29
2
10 (l)1
3 Including 3 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
3
13
13
----27
3
3
’l " 3
10 . . . .
3
1
T a b le
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by district and
year— Plate mills
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
District and year
Eastern:
1914_
______
1915
_____
1920 . .
...........
1922
1924
1926
1929
1931
Pittsburgh:
1914
_____
1915
1920
1922
______
1924 ________
1926 __________
1929
- —
1931
Great Lakes and
Middle West:
1914__________
1915
____
1920 __________
1922 .............. ~
1924
1926
____
1929
____
1931
_____
Total:
1914
___
1915
1920 _________
1922 ................ .
1924___________
1926 __________
1929 _________
1931_________
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
3
3
3
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
5
4
5
6
6
5
4
4
3
4
4
5
5
6
707
699
937
1,218
1,130
1,094
1,230
1,189
5, 6, 5, 6,
5 and and
6 and 7
5 6 alter in
ro in ro
nately tation
tation
3
172
174
128
576
455
425
721
1,050 " T
1
986
1,263
1,251 " T
1,604
l
130
106
180
148
148
135
113
119
2
2,301
777
2,245 ’ T
796
3,230
586
12 3,766 " T 1,068
i
13 4,234
519
17 4,202
366
113
17 4,024 ~*4~
1
119
17 4,090
2
2
184
131
591
680
531
615
841
816
475
516
278
344
371
229
1,139
1,121
1,572
1,498
2,118
1,845
1,543
1,297
6
Work 18
6, 6, 6 and days, 6, 7,
5 and and
7 7 alter then off and 7
7 alter in
ro nately duty in ro
nately tation
1 d a y 1 tation
817
807
1,397
778
1,625
707
755
1,218
879
599
8
306
294
537
799
623
749
458
781
8
1,307
1,232
2,525
2,257
2,779
2,071
2,054
2,815
13
13
11
879
599
3
38
43
85
39
44
68
94
166
198
71
59
18
33
149
102
47
8
34
4
4
4
4
111
301
365
18
106
73
13
81
77
18
95
323
269
226
198
* In former years included in “ 6,7, and 7 in rotation*’ column.
97
6
17
3
3
10
18
68
213
288
18
9
39
231
305
345
5
5
51
136
237
340
345
7
18 6,7,
6, 6, 6 and Work
5, 6, 5, 6,
days, and
5 and and
and. and
7
6 and 7 6 75alter
7 7 alter then
off
5 6 alter in ro in
in ro
in ro 7
ro
nately tation tation
nately tation nately duty tation
1day1
46
47 "(T)’
68
150
160
156
202
129
67
74
30
28
33
21
79
81
29
111
247
106
40
6
15
16
8
38
(2)
6
4
4
84
69 (2)
7
141 ' S '
49 (2)
29
25
25
14
15
11
9
7
131
132
101
345
476
269
383
184
34
35
18
28
12
9
3
3
-$■
(2)
7«j‘
0)
26
19
63
56
47
56
68
69
(*)
0
(2)
72
72
89
52
77
38
49
94
48
39
(2)
67
69
74
76
63
59
37
49
(*)
57
55
78
60
66
49
51
69
21
15
3
2
6
3
4
6
9
13
17
7
5
1
2
7
6
3
1
1
7
7
3
2
7
5 12
6
(2)
1 3
(2)
2
4
(2)
(2)
(2)
CO
1 Less than 1 per cent.
5
17
18
3
7
9
2
11
6
1
3
3
1
3
8
6
6
5
7
7
7
12
14
14
16
11
1
1
1
4
18
24
22
(2)
(2)
3
6
1
8
8
1
1
1
8
7
1
11
3
3
9
6
9
11
6
10
4
T a ble C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district—Plate mills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
WAGES
Occupation and district
Number
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
turn
week
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
25
26
30
6.4
6.0
6.2
10.7
8.6
8.3
68.0
52.1
51.8
29
27
40
97.3
76.5
72.0
$59.72
03.33
54.14
$0,614
.828
.752
$41.75
43.14
38.95
99.3
78.2
74.8
$60.45
64.25
55.80
$0,609
.821
.746
Total...........................................
17
81
6.2
9.1
56.9
96
80.9
58.41
.722
41.08
83.1
59.58
.717
Heaters:
Eastern_____ ____ ____________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West*..
6
5
6
21
26
25
6.3
6.1
6.4
10.7
8.2
8.2
67.4
49.8
52.2
22
26
27
102.0
77.8
82.1
92.77
106.42
95.76
.910
1.367
1.166
61.33
68.08
60.87
102.3
77.8
84.5
93.01
106.42
97.31
.909
1.367
1.152
17
72
6.3
8.9
55.8
75
86.5
98.58
1.140
63.61
87.4
99.21
1.135
6
5
3
34
24
18
6.3
6.3
5.9
11.2
8.5
9.9
70.0
53.0
58.1
37
26
18
89.3
72.7
76.6
47.70
55.65
51.11
.534
.765
.668
37.38
40.55
38.81
93.1
73.3
77.1
49.10
56.07
51.53
.527
.765
.668
14
76
6.2
10.0
61.8
81
81.1
51.01
.629
38.87
83.2
51.87
.624
4
4
3
8
10
8
6.6
6.1
5.9
11.6
8.9
10.0
77.0
54.2
58.4
8
10
10
103.1
81.3
62.4
53.10
57.76
49.88
.515
.711
.800
39.66
38.54
46.72
115.9
88.5
62.4
56.81
62.36
49.88
.490
.705
.800
Total________________________
11
28
6.2
10.1
62.5
28
80.8
53.61
.664
41.50
87.0
56.32
.647
STEEL
Total...........................................
Boll engineers:
Eastern_____ _________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
AND
Total........................... ..............
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern.............................. ...........
Pittsburgh........ ...........................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
OF LABOR— IRON
6
5
6
HOUBS
Charging crane and charging ma
chine operators:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh........ ...........................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
^
Rollers, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern........... ........ .........
Pittsburgh............................ ........
Great Lakes and Middle West__
5
4
4
13
10
11
6.4
6.0
6.2
10.2
9.0
8.5
64.9
53.9
51.7
13
10
11
108.1
87.5
86.9
132.59
151.44
162.82
1.227
1.730
1.875
79.63
93.25
96.94
108.1
87.5
89.0
132.59
151.44
164.25
1.227
1.730
1.845
Total_______________________
13
34
6.2
9.3
57.4
34
95.2
147.92
1.554
89.20
95.9
148.38
1.548
Screw men, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern....................................... .
Pittsburgh......................... ......... .
Great Lakes and Middle W est-
4
4
4
15
10
12
6.4
6.0
6.1
10.3
9.0
8.4
65.9
53.9
50.9
15
10
15
99.3
87.5
64.9
70.67
112.68
82.33
.712
1.287
1.269
46.92
69.37
64.59
99.3
88.5
74.6
70.67
113.96
92.67
.712
1.287
1.242
Total______________ ________ _
12
37
6.2
9.3
57.8
40
83.4
85.55
1.025
59.25
87.3
89.74
1.027
Table operators, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern........................................
Pittsburgh........ ...........................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
5
4
4
17
10
16
6.4
6.0
6.0
10.3
9.0
8.6
65.2
53.9
51.4
17
11
20
102.8
75.2
59.9
65.16
73.30
52.92
.634
.975
.884
41.34
52.55
45.44
102.8
76.1
68.0
65.16
74.07
59.67
.634
.973
.878
13
43
6.1
9.4
57.4
48
78.6
61.93
.788
45.23
82.2
64.92
.790
5
4
4
28
20
37
6.4
6.0
6.1
10.2
8.9
8.4
65.2
53.4
51.3
28
21
46
100.1
81.3
69.8
56.59
65.47
62.31
.565
.805
.893
36.84
42.99
45.81
104.3
84.0
72.8
59.06
68.81
64.24
.566
.819
.883
13
85
6.2
9.1
56.4
95
81.3
61.32
.755
42.58
84.6
63.72
.754
4
4
3
24
10
7
6.4
6.0
6.1
10.3
8.9
8.7
65.7
53.5
53.0
25
15
10
85.7
56.5
58.3
57.64
40.03
59.24
.673
.709
1.017
44.22
37.93
53.90
90.7
59.9
72.1
60.81
43.84
73.00
.671
.731
1.013
Total.................................
11
41
6.2
9.7
60.5
50
71.4
52.68
.737
44.59
77.7
58.16
.748
Rollers, universal mills:
Eastern................................
Pittsburgh........................... .....
Great Lakes and Middle West__
2
1
2
4
3
5
6.5
6.0
6.2
11.0
8.2
8.8
71.7
49.0
54.4
4
3
5
112.1
50.3
106.6
82.05
93.05
144.37
.732
1.849
1.354
52.48
90.60
73.66
112.1
50.3
106.6
82.05
93.05
144.37
.732
1.849
1.354
Total......................................... .
5
12
6.3
9.4
58.8
12
94.4
110.77
1.174
69.03
94.4
110.77
1.174
Screw men, main rolls, universal
mills: *
Eastern..................... .................. .
Pittsburgh................................... .
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t-
2
1
2
4
3
7
6.5
6.0
6,1
11.0
8.1
9.1
71.7
48.3
56.0
4
3
7
105.6
49.7
100.9
57.03
61.85
93.10
.540
1.245
.922
38.71
60.13
51.63
105.6
52.3
100.9
57.03
65.12
93.10
.540
1.244
.922
Total_______________________
5
14
6.2
9.4
58.8
14
91.3
76.10
.834
49.04
91.8
76.80
.836
MILLS
Total......................................... .
Roll hands, other, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern........................................ .
Pittsburgh........ ...........................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
PLATE
Total................. ...............
Hook men, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern................................
Pittsburgh...........................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
O
<1
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district—Plate mills— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Occupation and district
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
turn
week
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Screw men, side rolls, universal mills:
Eastern_______________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
2
2
5
5
6.5
6.2
11.1
8.8
72.1
54.4
6
8
88.5
47.6
$44.00
39.80
$0,497
.836
$35.83
45.48
98.5
55.6
$50.23
46.07
$0,510
.828
Total...........................................
4
10
6.4
9.9
63.2
14
65.1
41.60
.639
40.38
74.0
47.85
.647
Roll hands, other, universal mills:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh_______ ____ ______
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
2
1
1
3
3
2
6.5
6.0
6.0
11.1
8.1
10.0
72.3
48.3
60.0
3
3
2
113.4
49.3
93.5
50.50
31.47
56.36
.445
.638
.603
32.17
30.82
36.18
113.4
54.7
93.5
50.50
35.00
56.36
.445
.640
.603
Total____ __ ______ __________
4
8
6.2
9.7
60.2
8
84.4
44.83
.531
31.97
86.4
46.15
.534
Shearmen:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
6
42
34
47
6.0
6.0
6.1
11.1
8.8
8.6
66.7
52.9
51.8
44
37
59
109.2
75.9
73.2
63.70
83.93
66.04
.583
1.106
.902
38.89
58.51
46.72
110.4
76.3
75.2
64.40
84.26
67.83
.583
1.104
.903
Total_______________________
17
123
6.0
9.5
57.2
140
85.2
70.03
.822
47.02
86.5
71.09
.821
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern___ ___________________
Pittsburgh____ __ ____ ________
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
6
5
6
153
142
139
6.0
6.0
6.2
11.0
9.0
8.8
66.3
53.9
53.9
169
152
203
94.3
75.5
60.1
45.60
51.90
35.82
.483
. 687
.597
32.02
37.03
32.18
98.2
76.7
61.5
47.12
52.54
36.71
.480
.685
.597
Total...........................................
17
434
6.1
9.6
58.3
524
75.6
43.64
.577
33.64
77.7
44.66
.575
Laborers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh____ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
6
4
6
55
91
72
6.1
6.0
6.1
10.3
8.2
9.4
63.2
49.3
57.4
73
152
132
81.6
48.2
55.8
27.69
23.69
25.12
.339
.492
.450
21.42
24.26
25.82
87.8
50.3
59.2
30.45
24.85
27.08
.347
.494
.457
Total...........................................
16
218
6.1
9.1
55.5
357
57.8
25.04
.433
24.03
61.3
26.82
.438
109
PLATE MILLS
T a b le
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Plate mills
ALL EM PLOYEES
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and hours by districts
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
day Sat
per
ur
week
to
Fri day
day
Turns Mon
per
day Sat
Sun Per week
ur
to
day week
Fri day
day
Sun
day
Aver
age
hours
per East
ern
Per week
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
Total
burgh Middle
West
Group A.—Day turn only
12
12
12
1
2
2
3
2
11
10
10
ux
60
57H
54
48
48
9
8
8
60
57X
54
48
48
1
1
10
2
24
Total.
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
12
12
12
UX
11
UX
12
12
12
UX
12
UX
12
11
12
UX
11
12
12
12
12
16X
16
15
12
12
12
UX
12
11
14
13X
12
ux ux
11
11
ux 148
12
ux
ux
12
11
12
ux
11
11
11
10
10
8X
88^
88
87
84
80X
77
77
86
83
86
82X
84
80X
83
77
82
79
74X
133895°—33—— S
12
12
12
12
12X
13
1
2M
12
12
12
12^
12
12^
12
13
12
12H
13
12
12
12
12
12H
13
12 X
16X
16
15
12
12 X
13
12X
16
16
12
12X
12
12X
12
13
12
12X
13
88X
88
87
84
87X
91
87X
76
76
72
75
72
75
72
78
72
75
78
88X
88
87
84
84
84
82^
81
79X
79
78 U
78
77U
77X
77X
77
77
76*4
2
1
1
28
2
10
4
1
1
2
12
2
15
2
13
5
3
2
2
1
1
28
2
10
4
1
1
2
12
2
15
2
13
5
3
2
110
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time
turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Plate mills— Continued
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and hours by districts
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Bay turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
day Sat
week
to
ur
Fri day
day
Aver
age
hours
per East
ern
Sun Per week
day week
Hours
Turns Mon
day Sat
per
Sun Per
to
ur
day week
Fri day
day
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Total
Middle
West
G rou p C.—Weekly changes fr o m on e sh ift to an oth er—Continued
12
11
12
1]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
12
1]
i:
iom
i:
l:
12
&
l
l
10
i
i]
10*
1
1
1
10M
i:
12
l:
l
l:
10}
10]
u
10
10
10
10
10
10
io H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
4
11
12
6H
l:
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
8*.
1
11H
1
1
"e'H
1
3
1
11
i:
13
12
i:
l:
io *
1
1
i:
10]
i:
l
i:
10
l:
i:
ioH
lr
l
l
l:
10]
l
l
l:
12
l:
l
nH
ioh
11
10
10
10
13
10
13
10M
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10H
6
11
T
10
r
10
13~
6
76
73K
79
im
66
77
$
78
72U
66
72
77
79
72
69
72
63
70
77
77
63
69
70H
70
70
2
73*
73
66
79
72
66
63
69
72
12
13
12
12
13
13
13
gM
12M
11
13
13
12H
11
11
12
12H
12
13M
11
11
11
13
11
12
11
11
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12M
13X
11
11
12
11
16
13
12
H12
13
13
13
12H
10
1
2H
13
m
10
64^
63
66
60
70
60
63
60
63
63
60
60
65
60
60
10
60
60
11
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
11H
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
76
78
72
75
78
78
78
75
70^
i15r 75
70
13
78
13
78
12H 75
15
70
11
66
12
72
75
12H
12
72
13H 81
15
70
15
70
66
11
78
13
11
66
12
72
70H
70
10
70
66
11
11
66
11
66
11
66
11
66
11
66
12
72
12M 75
67H
*u"
11
it*
62^
65
66
66
60
10
10
64
60
60
60
57y2
60
60
55
60
60
60
60
60
55
55
55
76
75U
75H
M
75Me
[ 74f4
74%
74J4
74H
n%
73%
\7ZH
7ZH
73H
72H
72
72
72
72
[71 n
71H
[71
70^
70>
70
70
4
4
9
4
4
4
4
3
15
2
4
12
2
2
47
132
1
24
1
1
1
5
1
2
4
11
16
2
2
14
2
1
67H
66
66
65%
65H
65H
64H
63
3
4
4
3
15
2
12
2
2
47
132
1
24
2
8
10
77
26
123
57H
2
4
2
5
7
8
4
62M
62
61H
60%
60K
60
60
60
60
60
60
1
1
1
5
1
2
6
11
16
2
2
14
2
1
8
3
10
78
2
4
26
123
2
4
54
2
49
15
4
54
1
80
8
91
197
383
8
91
2
49
15
4
196
10
293
111
PLATE MILLS
T able
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931, by district—-Plate mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and hours by districts
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Turns Mon
per
day Sat
week
to
ur
Fri day
day
Aver
age
hours
per East
Sun Per week
ern
day week
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
per
day Sat
Sun Per week
ur
to
day week
Fri day
day
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
Total
burgh Middle
West
Group C.—Weekly ehanges from one shift to another—Continued
45
56
56
56
53H
6
6
48
} S3H
339
339
0)
$
51
' 0)
56
50H
48
ton
48
50H
48
50H
5H
53H
49^
5
53
49%
52
49H
20
3
285
14
21
3
6
30
50
3
48
48H
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
35
35
1
153
263
3
1
153
269
21
21
32
724
763
1,003
1,233
SCREW MEN (SHEARED-PLATE MILLS) ONLY
1Off 1 day in 19, making average 53M» per week.
288
14
21
51
Total.
51
1,379
3,615
112
T able
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1981, by district—Plate mills
1
Occupation and district
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
48
Over Over
Over
Over|
Over
48, 56,
60,
72,
66,
un un 60 un 66 un 72 un
der der
der
der
der
56 60
66
84
72
Heaters:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
6
5
6
22
26
27
67.4
49.8
52.2
12
5
6
12
20
2
2
4
Total.......................................
17
75
55.8
17
38
Rollers, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
5
4
4
13
10
11
64.9
53.9
51.7
5
3
6
4
2
Total.......................................
13
34
57.4
5
13
2
Hook men, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
5
4
4
28
21
46
65.2
53.4
51.3
21
6
13
19
6
2
2
12
2
2
12
2
2
4
2
4
2
6
2
4
4
4
4
4
3
11
3
11
Total.......................................
13
95
56.4
21
38
6
8
g
Shearmen:
Eastern____ . . . . . . . ______ ___
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
6
5
6
44
37
59
66.7
52.9
51.8
22
21
6
3
15
8
11
15
3
9
27
Total.......................................
17
140
57.2
43
27
8
29
9
6
3
15
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e;t.
6
5
6
169
152
203
66.3
53.9
53.9
79
21
40
2
54
2
36
42
73
13
29
133
Total.......................................
17
524
58.3
100
133
36 128
29
40
2
54
2
Laborers:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
6
4
6
73
152
132
63.2
49.3
57.4
23
10
30
39
17
12 77
1
135
11
Total.......................................
16
357
55.5
146
30
12 133
23
1
10
2
2
T able
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981, by district— Plate mills
Num
ber
of
Occupation and district em
ploy
ees
Heaters:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh_________
G. L. and M. W ........
Aver
age
earn 25, 30, 35, 40,
ings un un un un
per der der der der
hour 30 35 40 45
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
55
22 $0,910
26 1.367
27 1.166
1
1
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
85
1 ----
3
1
4
3
1 ----
3
1
4
55,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
65
Total_____________
75
1.140
Rollers, sheared-plate:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M . W ........
13
10
11
1.227
1.730
1.875
1
Total_____________
34
1.554
1
Hook men:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh_________
G. L. and M . W ____
Total_
28
21
46
.565
.805
.893
6
95
.755
6
3
2
6
Shearmen:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh_________
G . L. and M. W ____
44
37
59
.583 ----1.106
.902
2
2
2
21
26
Total_____________
140
.822 -----
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M . W
169
152
203
.483
.687
.597
11
1
3
20
17
135
83 ‘ 26’ 23
Total_____________
357
.433
19
15
19 120 26 158
3
9
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
7
4
5
2
3
6
4
5
2
4
4
4
3
17
11
4
6
6
16
8
7
11
8
3
17
15
6
8 30
13 11
15 16
5
8
5
3
4
13
1
36
1
17
6
1
4
3
6
1
3
57
18
20
38
23
5
3
7
3
4
36
2
2
225,
un
der
250
3
1
2
1
1
6
3
1
2
5
3
1
10
1
275,
un
der
300
2
4
1
2
2
4
1
2
350,
un
der
375
1
1
1
1
,
1
16
6
40
19
12
10
18 10 20
10 22 15
11 87
15
4
6
5
19
4
12
12
.339
.492
.450
16
12
1
3
73
152
132
2
8
2
43 122 62
8
6
3
28
3 -----
6
6
27
2
7
6
21
2
4
6
3
11
1
8
2
4
4
.577
3
2
6
4
4
524
3
1
8
1
1
10
6
Total________ ___
2
2
7
3
Laborers:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M . W ____
2
3
1 1
1 ’ "l3" "■'2'
1
3
160, 170, 180, 200,
un un un un
der der der der
170 180 190 225
7
1
4
2
1
1
3
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,
un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der
100 n o 120 130 140 150 160
2
3
1
6
90,
un
der
95
1
2
3
1
4
1
3
85,
un
der
90
Standard Rail Mills
Data for this department were collected from pay rolls of eight
establishments located in seven States. This is practically a com
plete census of employees and plants engaged in the production of
heavy rails. During the pay-roll period covered by this survey, a total
of 2,897 wage earners were employed, 1,466 of these being in the
principal occupations for which separate figures are given. Data for
this department were first obtained in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914
cover the principal occupations only, while 1914 and all subsequent
years cover all employees in all occupations.1
Since most of the plants covered in the 1926, 1929, and 1931 studies
were not included in the surveys previous to 1924, comparable figures
for the principal occupations can not be given for all the earlier years,
therefore averages for 1926, 1929, and 1931 only are presented in
Table A. No attempt was made to group the plants by districts in
1926, 1929, and 1931, all figures shown for the department being for
the country as a whole.
Figures for all employees are comparable from year to year, as
explained in footnote 4, page 1, and are presented for all years covered,
from 1913 to 1931, in Table 2 (p. 4). Full-time hours in this depart
ment showed little change from 1913 through 1915, the average being
70.9 in both years. However, in 1920 the average had decreased to
61.2 hours, in 1922 showed a slight increase to 61.5 hours, dropped to
57.4 hours in 1924 and to 55.5 in 1926, rose to 56 in 1929, and decreased
to 54.9 in 1931, the lowest average shown for any year.
Comparison of full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week of employees in the principal occupations
in 1926, 1929, and 1931 may be made from Table A.
Considering principal occupations separately, it is found that full
time hours per week were more in 8 and less in 13 occupations in 1931
than in 1929. The largest increase was from 54.1 to 57.1 for coldsaw men, and the largest decrease from 56 to 53.1 for hot-saw helpers.
Laborers with an average of 58 had the longest hours and reheaters
with 50.5 had the shortest hours in 1931.
Table B shows customary turns per week for all employees from
1914 to 1931. In 1914, 88 per cent of the employees regularly worked
6 days per week and 7 per cent worked 5 days one week and 6 the
next, while 4 per cent worked 7 days each week. In 1920, the per
cent of 6-day workers was 92, while 4 per cent still worked 7 days
each week. The figures did not vary greatly in 1922, but in 1924,
after the adoption of the 8-hour day, only 44 per cent were working
6 days per week regularly, 10 per cent 7 days per week regularly, 29
per cent worked 7 days per week twice in three weeks, and 17 per
cent worked 7 days each second week. In 1931 the percentage of
6-day workers had increased to 65, while 5 per cent worked 7 days
regularly.
In order that customary hours per day and per week in standard
rail mills may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. It is seen
that of the 2,897 employees covered in the 1931 study 519 worked on
day turns only, 28 worked night turns only, and 2,350 alternated or
i Data were not obtained in 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927,1928, and 1930.
114
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
115
rotated from day to night turns. A grouping of employees by hours
worked per day shows that 1,612 worked regularly a day of 8 hours,
of which 119 had a regular 7-day week, and 650 a regular 6-day
week; 1,273 had a 10-hour day, of which 9 had a regular 7-day week
and 1,226 a regular 6-day week. Only 95 employees had a day of more
than 10 hours. This table includes all employees whether on pro
ducing crew or not. In order to give a better idea of working con
ditions existing in the producing crews separate figures are given for
the occupation of table levermen. Of 81 such employees, 65 had a
day of 8 hours, 12 a day of 10 hours, and 4 a day of 10 hours except
one day each 2 weeks when they worked 11% hours; 59 of the 81 em
ployees had a regular 6-day week while none had a regular 7-day week.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in five principal occu
pations according to their full-time hours per week. This table shows
that 154 employees in these occupations had a customary week of 48
hours, 200 had a week of over 48 and under 56, and 279 had a week of
60 hours. Only 10 employees had a week of over 60 hours.
Although earnings in 1931 show a decline from 1929, the general
trend during the period 1914 to 1931 has been upward. In 1914
average hourly earnings for all employees in this department were
25.2 cents, which in 1920 had risen to 63.2 cents, or more than 2%
times as much as in 1914. The effect of the 1921 slump is reflected
in the 1922 average of 47 cents. After the adoption of the 8-hour
day earnings increased to 57.3 in 1924 and to 62.8 in 1929. In 1931
the average declined to 61.3 cents, which is 143 per cent higher than
in 1914. Average hourly earning of employees in the various prin
cipal occupations are shown in Table A.
Earnings per hour for employees in the principal occupations in
1931 ranged from $1,596 for rollers to 40.6 cents for laborers. When
the principal occupations are compared separately 4 occupations show
increases, 16 decreases, and 1 no change in 1931 as compared with
1929. Roll engineers show the greatest increase in hourly earnings,
their average rising from 70.5 cents in 1929 to 92.2 cents in 1931, and
straighteners, gag press, the greatest decrease, from $1,229 in 1929 to
$1,131 in 1931. A distribution of employees according to average
hourly earnings in five principal occupations in 1931 is shown in
Table F.
Average full-time weekly earnings for all employees combined were
90 per cent higher in 1931 ($33.65) than in 1914 ($17.67). In 1920
the average had increased to $38.68, the highest figures shown for
any year. In 1922 the average dropped to $28.91, but rose in each
following year until 1929 when it was $35.17. In 1931, due to a
decrease in both average hours and earnings per hour, average full
time earnings had dropped $1.52 below the 1929 average. Rollers
had the highest average weekly earnings of any occupation in 1931,
$85.71, and laborers the lowest, $23.55.
The 2,897 employees in all occupations worked an average of 87.5
hours in a 16-day pay period, for which they received an average of
$53.63. The hours and earnings shown above include all the hours
worked and earnings received by employees in the occupations in
Table C and in other occupations covered in standard rail mills in
1931. Assistant rollers worked the most time— 126.7 hours—and
cold-saw helpers the least—65.2 hours. Cold-saw helpers also earned
the least money—$31.06—while rollers, a highly skilled occupation,
earned the most—$157.46.
116
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, 1926, 1929, and 1981, &?/ occupations— Standard rail
mills
T a b le
Occupation
Year
Charging-machine operators...
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
1926
1929
1931
Reheaters_________________
Reheaters* helpers...................
Roll engineers_______ _______
Rollers................................... .
Assistant rollers.......................
Table-lever men.......................
Table men....... ........................
Guide setters..................... .....
Hot-saw men..........................
Hot-saw helpers.......................
Hotbed lever men..................
Hotbed men...........................
Straighteners, gag press______
Straighteners’ helpers..............
Chippers................................. .
Drillers and punchers..............
Cold-saw men______________
Cold-saw helpers.....................
Inspectors.................................
Laborers...................................
* Less than 1 per cent.
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
2
3
4
3
4
5
3
4
5
5
2
4
.5
6
7
6
6
0
7
7
8
3
2
2
7
7
8
7
7
8
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
* 7
6
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
8
6
6
8
20
13
20
9
13
18
14
15
23
19
9
18
11
15
15
14
16
15
66
70
81
21
14
16
31
34
38
22
21
24
56
34
32
51
58
52
78
87
136
138
146
134
214
183
138
145
121
119
233
231
210
20
21
14
122
70
50
85
102
88
234
245
225
Per cent of employees
whose average full
Aver
time hours per week
Aver Aver age
fullwere—
agefull age
earn timetime
earn
hours
ings
ings
per
per
Over
per
48 Over
week
hour
48,
60,
week and under
60
under
under 60
72
54.8 $0.713 $39.07
39.13
.718
54.5
.637
34.78
54.6
54.91
1.034
53.1
1.073
55.04
51.3
56.41
50.5
1.117
33.61
.627
53.6
.651
35.74
54.9
.633
33.49
52.9
43.45
.757
57.4
35.11
.705
49.8
47.11
51.1
.922
1.888 102.33
54.2
89.67
1.676
53.5
85.71
53.7
1.596
1.015
56.13
55.3
54.22
54.6
.993
.954
53.04
55.6
53.5
.747
39.96
52.7
.770
40.58
52.2
.816
42.60
40.05
58.3
.687
60.1
40.27
.670
.577
33.35
57.8
56.9
.836
47.57
.835
45.93
55.0
55.5
.816
45.29
37.93.
54.5
.696
53.3
.681
36.30
.653
35.26
54.0
56.6
.509
28.81
.519
29.06
56.0
53.1
.496
26.34
54.1
.564
30.51
53.3
.601
32.03
.565
30.51
54.0
54.1
28.02
.518
.571
30.78
53.9
52.1
.525
27.35
1.233
65.35
53.0
54.1
1.229
66.49
1.131
59.60
52.7
.590
31.68
53.7
54.1
.625
33.81
33.44
53.5
.625
55.3
.695
38.43
41.64
56.2
.741
35.57
54.3
.655
.675
55.4
37.40
39.94
55.7
.717
55.1
.649
35.76
53.2
.540
28.73
54.1
.532
28.78
57.1
.489
27.92
24.41
54.6
.447
54.6
.481
26.26
.472
53.4
25.20
55.2
.591
32.62
34.55
56.0
.617
.587
55.7
32.70
.421
23.83
56.6
.400
59.8
23.92
23.55
58.0
.406
75
46
60
44
31
50
50
27
48
32
67
67
27
33
40
29
19
20
33
41
53
14
29
38
10
15
24
27
24
38
11
15
22
29
28
21
15
14
18
28
31
24
38
37
20
25
26
25
22
29
12
65
57
21
56
44
42
15
23
15
34
20
20
23
33
69
50
36
47
35
26
33
17
45
40
27
35
56
40
42
43
27
38
45
56
32
37
57
29
38
59
47
43
59
46
64
82
69
55
49
56
40
38
51
37
40
35
40
29
43
36
1
4
49
40
36
0)
20
15
25
31
25
22
7
13
17
7
13
42
9
13
20
21
13
27
15
10
15
26
12
29
27
10
25
30
13
16
3
19
14
10
17
8
20
13
5
29
25
8
39
25
12
45
25
19
43
32
46
54
26
18
43
55
44
60
17
18
13
13
14
13
13
9
6
5
48
71
63
19
18
16
9
10
8
22
26
19
12
10
13
6
5
3
13
9
19
14
25
13
30
10
24
11
10
....
20
6
10
36
T ab l e
B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by year—
Standard rail mills
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
Year
Num
ber of
plants
1,725
1,945
1,349
1,308
3,382
3,280
2,816
2,897
117
6, 6, and 6 and 7 Work 18 6, 7, and
7 in rota alter days,then
rota
duty 7 in
tion
nately off
tion
1 day1
1,519
1,714
1,247
1,120
1,496
1,682
1,172
1,884
168
267
14
22
35
30
569
390
424
208
123
981
1,001
493
5 and 6 5, 6, and
alter 6 in rota
tion
nately
102
60
149
334
207
559
132
18 6, 7, and
6, 6, and 6 and 7 Workthen
7 in rota alter days,
7 in rota
off
duty
tion
tion
nately 1 d ay »
4
5
4
(*)
11
10
6
20
5
RAIL MILLS
1 In former years included in “ 6, 7, and 7 in rotation” column,
sLess than 1per cent.
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
STANDARD
1914..
1915..
1920.
1922..
1924.
1926.
1929.
1931.
Num
ber of
em 5 and 6 5, 6, and
ployees alter 6 in rota
tion
nately
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1931, by occupation— Standard rail mills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
16
15
15
14
14
15
61
13
32
21
21
41
92
94
97
88
153
12
28
72
144
6.0
6.5
6.2
6.3
6.2
6.3
6.1
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.2
6.0
9.1
7.8
8.5
8.1
8.7
8.8
8.5
9.6
9.0
8.8
8.5
8.7
8.3
8.4
8.6
8.8
8.9
9.3
8.9
9.0
9.6
54.6
50.5
52.9
51.1
53.7
55.6
52.2
57.8
55.5
54.0
53.1
54.0
52.1
52.7
53.5
54.3
55.1
57.1
53.4
55.7
58.0
20
18
23
18
15
15
81
16
38
24
32
52
136
134
138
119
210
14
50
88
225
86.4
85.6
67.3
74.7
98.6
104.9
78.6
84.1
92.7
84.3
68.1
82.6
72.1
73.1
76.1
81.9
78.9
87.3
55.9
96.2
72.6
$55.04
95.62
42.64
68.87
157.46
100.04
64.13
48.54
75.69
55.03
33.77
46.68
37.82
82.71
47.55
53.69
51.20
42.70
26.41
56.47
29.49
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
$0,637
1.117
.633
.922
1.596
.954
.816
.577
.816
.653
.496
.565
.525
1.131
.625
.655
.649
.489
.472
.587
.406
$34.78
56.41
33.49
47.11
85.71
53.04
42.00
33. 35
45.29
35.26
26.34
30.51
27.35
59.60
33.44
35.57
35.76
27.92
25.20
32.70
23.55
90.0
86.1
72.5
77.5
98.6
126.7
82.4
89.1
97.2
86.5
79.4
89.0
76.9
74.9
80.6
88.0
82.6
100.6
65.2
101.1
81.6
Earnings
$56.42
95.83
46.75
70.88
157.46
118.51
66.66
51.15
78.81
56.38
38.95
49.96
40.32
84.03
50.40
57.22
53.26
48.63
31.06
58.74
33.95
Earnings
per hour
$0,627
1.113
.645
.915
1.596
.936
.809
.574
.811
.652
.491
.561
.524
1.122
.625
.650
.645
.484
.476
.581
.416
AND
STEEL
4
5
5
4
7
6
8
2
8
8
7
7
7
8
7
7
8
7
6
8
8
Earnings
per hour
OF LABOR— IRON
Charging-machine operators..............
Reheaters.................. ..........................
Reheaters’ helpers_________________
Roll engineers......... ............................
Rollers......... .......................................
Assistant rollers................ ..................
Table-lever men..................................
Table men..........................................
Guide setters.................................... .
Hot-saw men.......... ...........................
Hot-saw helpers..................................
Hotbed-le ver men............................. .
Hotbed men........................................
Straighteners, gag press......................
Straightened helpers.........................
Chippers..............................................
Drillers and punchers.........................
Oold-saw men.....................................
Cold-saw helpers...... ..........................
Inspectors............................................
Laborers..............................................
Earnings
AND HOURS
Hours
worked
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Occupation
qq
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
T a b l e D .—
119
Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931— Standard rail mills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon Satur
day to
Friday day
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
age
fied com
hours bination of
per
customary
week turns and
hours
Night turns
Day turns
Sun
day
Per
week
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
to
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Group A.—Day turn only
70
60
60
59
56
50
48
44
6.........
Total..
7
44
263
153
36
1
13
2
519
Group B,—Night turn only
6
6
6
10
10
8
10
8
10
10
8
60
60
48
60
60
48
Total
8
3
17
28
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
7—
(*>-
10
10
10%
9
10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
12H
9
10M
UH
11H
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
10
70
(»)
66
62
61^
61^
61H
60
60
60
60
60
59
56
56
0
0)
48
(2)
56
48
(*>7-
6........ .
10
8
8
55
48
8
48
<*>
(2)
Totali Off 1 day in 19, making average 66Mo per week.
* Ofl 1 day in 19, making average 53M9 per week.
10
10
10
10%
9
10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10%
9
10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10%
8
10K
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
70
}
(,)
65H
62
61^
m%
60u
60
60
60
60
60
59H
56
56
2
38
4
4
3
16
72
320
5
169
4
146
23
22
61
}
53H
283
} (2)
52
j
50^
85
208
264
8 . }
64^
62
61^
60
60
60
60
60
60
56
56
56
56
56
(2)
(2)
48
56
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
}
50H
48
}
48
}
48
3
1
7
610
2,350
120
WAGES AND HOtTRS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary
full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981— Standard rail mills— Continued
TABLE-LEVER MEN ONLY
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
11H
10
10
8
8
8
8
6.........
Hours
Sun
day
10
Per
week
Turns
per
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
fied com
age
hours bination of
customary
per
week turns and
hours
61H
60
60
48
56
48
60%
60
60
52
50%
4
6
6
12
5
5
48
48
43
53H
Total..
81
T able
E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in five specified occupa
tions, 1931— Standard rail mills
Occupation
Table-lever men............
Guide setters.................
Straighteners, gag-press___
Drillers and punchers. _
Laborers.......... ............
Num Num Average
ber of
of full-time
estab ber
em hours per
lish ployees
week
ments
81
38
134
210
225
52.2
55.5
52.7
55.1
58.0
Number of employes whose full-time hours per
week were—
48
44
Over
48,
under
56
22
12
75
81
10
Over
56,
under
60
56
2
2
7
34
60
12
11
27
94
135
Over
60,
under
66
4
6
T able
F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in five specified occupations, 1981— Standard rail mills
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
Occupation
$0,816
.816
1.131
.649
.406
40,
un
der
45
45,
un
der
50
50, 55,
un un
der der
55
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
85,
un
der
90
90,
un
der
95
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,
un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
190,
un
der
200
200,
un
der
225
225,
un
der
250
RAIL
81
38
134
210
225
un
der
35
STANDARD
Table-lever men.........
Guide setters..............
Straighteners..............
Drillers and punchers
Laborers....................
Num Averber of
age
emearn
ploy- ings per
hour
to
Bar Mills
The 1931 study of this department includes data for continuous,
semicontinuous, and hand-operated bar mills, ranging in size from 8
to 18 inches. In all studies prior to 1929 only hand-operated bar
mills were included. In recent years the continuous and semicon
tinuous types of bar mills have increased to such an extent that now
they are of sufficient importance to be included in any bar-mill
study.
Separate averages are not shown for continuous and semicontinuous
mills, as the work of stockers, heaters, heaters’ helpers, chargers and
helpers, roll engineers, rollers, finishers, hotbed men, shearmen, shear
men’s helpers, and laborers is essentially the same as in hand-operated
mills. The continuous and semicontinuous mills included in this
study are located in the Pittsburgh, the Great Lakes and Middle
West, and the Southern districts. No continuous or semicontinuous
mills are included in the data for the Eastern district. The addition
of plants operating the continuous type of mill does not influence,
except to a slight extent, the figures presented for the country as a
whole.
Data for 1931 were obtained from the pay rolls of 43 bar-mill estab
lishments located in 13 States, of which 32 were hand-operated mills
employing 4,841 employees in all occupations and 11 were continuous
and semicontinuous mills having a total of 2,263 employees in all
occupations. There were 7,104 employees in all mills, and 4,068
of these were in the principal occupations for which separate figures
are given. Comparable data were first obtained for this depart
ment in 1907, and from that year until 1914 employees in the
principal occupations only were included. From 1914 to 1931 all
employees in all occupations have been included.1 Comparable
figures are presented for all employees in the principal occupations
from 1913 to 1931 in Table A.2
Average full-time hours per week for employees in bar mills de
creased approximately 10 per cent since 1913. The average was 61.5
in 1913 and remained practically the same through 1922, the average
for the latter year bemg 61.2 hours. However, in 1924, after the
general adoption of the 8-hour day, the average decreased to 55.6
hours. The average dropped to 54.7 hours in 1926, the lowest figure
for any year. There was a slight increase to 55.6 in 1929, and a
decrease to 55.0 hours in 1931, the second lowest average shown for
any year. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time weekly earnings, 1913 to 1931, are shown in Table 2 (p. 4)
for the department as a whole.
When averages for the principal occupations are considered sep
arately it is found that in 1913 average full-time weeldy hours
ranged from 69.2 for roll engineers to 58.1 for catchers, while in 1931
the range was from 59.3 for roll engineers to 53.5 for shearmen.
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1928, and 1930.
* For yeans previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
122
BAR MILLS
123
The increase or decrease in average full-time hours per week of
employees in this department has been caused chiefly by the changes
in the daily hours of labor, as the average number of turns per week
have not shown any great change over the period. Table B shows
that in 1914 there were 94 per cent of all employees working on the
schedule of 5 to 6 days per week, while in 1931 the per cent was 89,
the same as in 1920. There was little change in the per cent of 7-day
workers between 1914 and 1926, but in 1929 there was an increase to
8 per cent as compared with 2 per cent in 1926. In 1931 this per
centage had dropped to 1. This decrease was brought about chiefly
by the decrease in the number of 7-day workers in the Pittsburgh
district where the percentage had decreased from 16 in 1929 to 2 in
1931.
A good idea of the customary hours per day and per week may be
gained from Table D. Of a total of 7,104 employees, it is seen that
2,705 worked days only, 136 nights only, and 4,263 alternated or
rotated from day to night turns; and that 521 worked 12 hours or its
equivalent each day they were on duty, and 2,561 worked an average
of 8 hours or less each day they were on duty. Figures for aD em
ployees whether on producing crews or not are included in Table D,
but in order better to illustrate conditions as they apply to the pro
ducing crews, separate figures are presented for one key occupation—
roughers—of the producing crews. Of the 175 employees who worked
as roughers, only 9 had a customary week of over 60 hours, 83 of 60
hours per week, and 28 had a day of 8 hours or less each day they
were on duty.
Table E snows a distribution of employees in six principal occupa
tions according to their average full-time hours per week. Of the
1,811 employees in these six occupations, 486 had a customary week of
48 hours or less, 675 had a week of over 48 and under 60 hours, 531
had a 60-hour week, and 119 had a week of over 60 hours. Only two
employees had a week of as much as 72 hours.
While average full-time hours per week decreased almost 11 per
cent between 1914 and 1931, average earnings per hour increased 111
per cent. In this department average earnings per hour for all em
ployees were 27.8 cents in 1914, showing little change until 1920, when
the average was 71.3 cents, the highest for any year and more than
two and one-half times the 1914 average. Earnings showed a large
decrease in 1922, when the average dropped to 48.6 cents, but increased
to 58.5 cents in 1924 and to 62.5 cents in 1929. There was a decrease
to 58.8 cents in 1931, or almost 6 per cent less than the 1929 average.
Average hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occu
pations are shown in Table A. Roughers, for example earned 43.6
cents per hour in both 1913 and 1914. In 1920 the average increased
to $1,034, which is the highest average of any year shown. The
average decreased to 70.9 cents in 1922 increased to 81.0 cents in
1924 and to 88.7 cents in 1929, but fell to 79.1 cents in 1931, or nearly
11 per cent less than in 1929. A distribution by average hourly
earnings of employees in six of the principal occupations in 1931 is
given in Table F.
Average full-time weekly earnings for all employees in this depart
ment followed closely the trend in average hourly earnings during
the period 1914 to 1924, due to the very slight change in average
weekly hours during that period. In 1914 average weekly earnings
124
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
were $17.15 as compared with $44.06 in 1920, $29.74 in 1922, $32.53
in 1924, and $34.75 in 1929. In 1931 the average had fallen to
$32.34, a decline of 6.9 per cent from 1929 but 88.6 per cent higher
than the 1914 average. In the various principal occupations weekly
earnings show similar increases. Roughers, for example, averaged
$25.41 in 1914, $59.46 in 1920, $40.41 in 1922, and $44.61 in 1924.
In 1929 the average was $49.49, but in 1931 it was $44.85, a decrease
of 9.4 per cent from the 1929 average.
The 7,104 employees in all occupations worked an average of
75.5 hours during the 16-day pay period for which they received
an average of $44.39. This includes all the hours worked and earn
ings received by employees in the occupations in Table C and all
other occupations covered in bar mills in 1931. Rollers worked the
most time—87.4 hours—and also earned the most money—$133.96.
Hook ups had the shortest hours—60.5—but laborers, working an
average of 69.0 hours, earned the least money—$27.53.
T a b l e A . — Average
customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Bar mills
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Heaters:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Heaters’ help
ers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922 .........
1924 .........
1926 . .
1929 .........
1931...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
Full
earn time Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
per ings
per
hour
per hour
per
week week
week
31
41
41
15
22
22
25
28
30
38
374
603
582
298
458
352
298
305
304
244
60.2 $0,216
60.4
.199
60.2
.198
. 524
63.7
61.5
.612
59.2
.420
.502
56.0
54.2
.519
53.5
.530
54.2
.455
44
57
57
23
24
23
28
33
37
43
295
409
392
209
213
169
181
181
174
175
59.7
59.9
60.1
61.7
60.1
59.9
55.3
54.4
56.1
57.4
.590
.548
.562
1.147
1.176
.759
.949
.957
1.064
.902
42
54
54
21
23
25
28
33
33
38
467 60.5
582 60.9
570 60.3
323 60.7
435 59.5
326 59.1
312 54.7
273 54.3
198 55.8
202 56.5
.269
.265
.272
.655
.744
.517
.630
.632
.675
.621
1Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
72 un 84
un der 60 un
der
der
der
72
60
84
$12.89
12.00
11.91
33.38
37.69
24.90
28.20
28.13
28.36
24.66
100.0
100.3
100.0
105.8
102.2
98.3
93.0
90.0
88.9
90.0
100 0
92.1
91.7
242.6
283.3
194.4
232.4
240.3
245.4
210.6
100.0
93.1
92.4
259.0
292.4
193.2
218.8
218.2
220.0
191.3
4
2
1
1
7
11
22
27
31
33
25 34
33 18
46 9
9 31
26 7
40 5
41 17
36 34
44 21
39 24
36
43
39
51
51
34
18
3
5
5
1
4
4
9
8
10
2
34.74
32.49
33.50
70.77
70.73
45.50
53.03
52.06
59.69
51.77
100.0
100.3
100.7
103.4
100.7
100.3
92.6
91.1
94.0
96.1
100.0
92.9
95.3
194.4
199.3
128.6
160.8
162.2
180.3
152.9
100.0
93.5
96.4
203.7
203.6
131.0
152.6
149.9
171.8
149.0
10
9
9
13
13
9
31
39
31
17
1
37
1
34
35 0)
1 17
2
27
34
25 " l 2
14 27
20 13
24 32
46
52
52
60
52
51
31
20
34
27
3
2
3
8
2
4
1
2
2 0)
1
1
2
0)
16.21 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.09 100.7 98.5 99.3
16.37 99.7 101.1 101.0
39.75 100.3 243.5 245.3
44.16 98.3 276.6 272.4
30.56 97.7 192.2 188.5
34.86 90.4 234.2 215.1
34.32 89.8 234.9 211.7
37.67 92.2 250.9 232.4
35.09 93.4 230.9 216.5
8
6
11
24
14
6
29
36
30
17
42
2
1
36
32 0)
1 17
30
5
52
38 ” 21
29 25
29 19
31 36
44
52
50
46
46
38
12
10
14
17
4
5
5
10
2
3
1
0)
0)
(»)
8
5
2
(,\
3
BAB MILLS
125
Table A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and fulltime earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Bar mills—Continued
Occupation
and year
Aver
age
Num berof full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
ees per
week
Chargers and
helpers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931_.........
Drag downs:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929........—
1931...........
Roll engineers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
1931— ____
Rollers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Roughers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929______
1931...........
Catchers:
1913...........
1914 . . . . . .
1915...........
1919.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924 .........
1926 .........
1929...........
1931______
31
41
41
14
19
21
26
28
32
33
262 62.5 $0/226 $14.00 100.0 100.0 100.0
346 61.9
.219 13.47 99.0 96.9 96.2
333 61.7
.222 13.56 98.7 98.2 96.9
189 62.4
.561 35.01 99.8 248.2 250.1
328 61.9
.636 39.45 99.0 281.4 281.8
293 61.2
.427 26.24 97.9 188.9 187.4
295 54.9
.540 29.58 87.8 238.9 211.3
234 53.5
.551 29.48 85.6 243.8 210.6
242 56.1
*554 31.08 89.8 245.1 222.0
181 54.5
.567 30.90 87.2 250.9 220.7
33
45
45
18
20
20
26
27
24
21
186
265
256
131
205
161
187
142
132
86
60.8
60.7
61.1
64.9
60.6
59.7
55.2
55.3
55.9
56.5
.282
.277
.280
.696
.725
.470
.560
.593
.554
.548
16.98
16.58
16.96
45.17
43.33
27.98
31.12
32.79
30 97
30.96
41
52
52
21
22
22
24
25
20
18
153
183
178
94
109
100
106
111
68
50
69.2
68.8
68.9
70.2
69.7
69.1
60.9
58.0
60.1
59.3
.247
.247
.246
.558
.657
.478
.569
.582
.563
.534
17.06 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.97 99.4 100.0 99.5
16.77 99.6 99.6 98.3
39.17 101.4 225.9 229.6
45.65 100.7 266.0 267.6
32.75 99.9 193.5 192.0
34.55 88.0 230.4 202.5
33.76 83.8 235.6 197.9
33.84 86.8 227.9 198.4
31.67 85.7 216.2 185.6
42
56
56
23
25
25
30
35
39
43
173
216
215
108
141
119
126
134
127
122
59.3
59.6
59.4
61.3
59.5
58.4
53.9
53.2
55.0
55.4
.985 58.85
.936 56.13
.944 56.75
1.821 111. 62
1.949 116,13
1.416 82.35
1.577 85.28
1.699 90,39
1.822 100.21
1.542 85.43
26
57
57
23
25
25
31
35
31
32
407
385
386
202
319
288
263
259
195
175
59.8
58.8
58.9
60.7
57.8
57.3
54.7
53.2
55.8
56.7
44
57
57
23
25
25
31
35
31
30
222
293
296
187
217
191
215
208
155
128
58.1
58.6
58.8
60.6
57.9
57.2
54.8
53.3
55.8
56.1
J Less than 1 per cent.
133895°—33----- 9
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
age
earn time Full
Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
per
hour
per ings
per hour
week week
per
week
100.0
99.8
100.5
106.7
99.7
98.2
90.8
91.0
91.9
92.9
100.0
98.2
99.3
246.8
257.1
166.7
198.6
210.3
196.5
194.3
100.0
97.6
99.9
266.0
255.2
164.8
183.3
193.1
182.4
182.3
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
60,
72,
48,
and un
72 un 84
un der 60 un
der
der
der 60
72
84
4
4
9
17
5
6
32
38
24
31
27 2
1
32
27 0
10
5
28 2
36 2
22 34
31 25
44 16
37 29
63
3
1
62
62 2
55 10
60 5
33? 18
12
5
12 5
2
1
1
1
3
9
6
5
3
17
7
32
30
36
19
1
38
38
36 ....
3
16 2
52
20 Ӥ6
25 42
14 27
28 47
44
49
51
62
59
32
13
4
19
7
2
1
1
7
6
7
21
6
8
1
5
2
3
2
13
31
13
14
2
10
31 "” 3
17 18
37 6
34 26
4
45 16 22
11 4
47 26
49 27
12 2
2 15
31 35
39 12 39 3
43 23
19 3
42 8
4
39
..... —31 ~” 9
16 10
100.0
95.4
96.4
189.7
197.3
139.9
144.9
153.6
170.3
145.2
22
11
5
30
40
26
25
56
49
51
4 ”21
26 16
3
61
42 21
36 21
42 19
38 31
1
43
51
49
42 8
37 11
25 5
7
3
12 2
6
.436
.436
.438
.933
1.034
.709
.810
.847
.887
.791
26.00 100.0 100.0 100.0
25.41 98.3 100.0 97.7
25.76 98.5 100.5 99.1
56.63 101.5 214.0 217.8
59.46 96.7 237.2 228.7
40.41 95.8 162.6 155.4
44.61 91.5 185.8 171.6
45.06 89.0 194.3 173.3
49.49 93.3 203.4 190.3
44.85 94.8 181.4 172.5
6
2
2
21
16
9
22
30
21
16
1
46
65
62
10 ” 16
1
44
58
46 ”~25
38 31
41 25
31 47
43
32
36
46
36
27
7
2
U
5
.445
.430
.432
.936
1.022
.725
.818
.865
.874
.781
25.73
25.03
25.35
56.72
58.68
41.33
45.12
46.10
48.77
43.81
100.0 100.0
96.6 97.3
97.1 98.5
210.3 220.4
229.7 228.1
162.9 160.6
183.8 175.4
194.4 179.2
196.4 189.5
175.5 .170.3
3
2
2
23
19
10
22
33
25
17
63
60
60
U "'"7
1
38
59
46 27
36 30
35 24
37 40
33
38
38
46
38
22.
6
1
12
6
100.0
100.5
100.2
103.4
100.3
98.5
90.9
89.7
92.7
93.4
100.0
100.9
101.2
104.3
99.7
98.5
94.3
91.7
96.0
96.6
100.0
95.0
95.8
184.9
197.9
143.8
160.1
172.5
185.0
156.5
7
6
6
6
5
4
15
3
1
2
4
13
3
6
3
'
1
13
4
9
4
-m
m
m
126
"WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T able A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Bar mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Aver
age
Num berof full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
per
ees
week
Stranders:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Finishers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Hook ups:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Roll h a n d s,
other:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919______
1920______
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Hotbed men:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
1931...........
Shearmen:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920______
1922...........
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
1931______
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
un der 60 un 72 un 84
der
der
der 60
72
84
26
14
9
34
44
28
19
64
57 ' ‘ il
77
13 8
1
46
65
42 "16
35 19
38 15
38 31
1
35
31 0
23 0
44
9
36 3
20 6
7
1
18 2
12
16
9
10
25
38
30
32
63
i
43
1
48
13 13
34
5
1
56
47 23
38 21
44 18
29 33
35
55
51
46
44
25
5
2
7
6
‘ 22
18
15
23
28
31
27
46
48
41
20 ’ ~13
1
35
46
41 ” 31
30 41
22 31
27 42
48
52
59
32
37
28
4
1
13
4
20.02 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.92 100.0 90.2 89.5
18.23 99.1 92.1 91.1
42.48 98.3 216.5 212.2
45.99 96.0 239.9 229.7
32.36 94.1 172.5 161.6
37.52 84.2 222.2 187.4
36.13 83.7 216.1 180.5
43.91 87.2 252.2 219.3
39.23 87.2 225.3 196.0
17
5
13
41
44
18
25
24
21
26
10 '" ‘ 2
41 0
46
27 "28
23 31
54 17
39 36
76
79
74
60 11
45 9
30 12
4
2
11 0
1
.217
.213
.216
.545
.618
.439
.538
.556
.601
.578
13.06 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.77 100.0 98.2 97.8
12.83 99.5 99.5 98.2
32.37 98.5 251.2 247.9
36.46 97.5 284.8 279.2
25.48 96.7 202.3 195.1
28.97 89.2 247.9 221.8
29.47 87.9 256.2 225.7
32.75 90.4 277.0 250.8
31.27 89.7 266.4 239.4
7
5
14
27
9
7
30
39
22
27
43
2
42
2
34
15
45 0
56
42 23
36 21
53 17
39 30
45
47
43
41
41
28
5
4
7
4
4
4
8
9
4
8
.281
.280
.293
.634
.752
.526
.631
.616
.735
.594
16.74
16.78
17.56
38.61
43.99
30.79
34.10
32.28
39.98
31.78
5
4
11
15
14
4
33
44
27
38
42 9
38 9
31
6
8
23
42 4
58
35 ~~25
32 22
42 21
34 25
41
46
47
46
37
25
7
2
9
4
2
3
5
8
3
10
42
56
56
23
25
25
29
33
30
32
491
635
615
381
525
474
427
389
307
230
58.3 $0,345 $20.15 100.0 100.0 100.0
58.4
.318 18.57 100.2 92.2 92.2
58.1
.326 18.99 99.7 94.5 94.2
.762 45.34 102.1 220.9 225.0
59.5
57.6
.849 48.79 98.8 246.1 242.1
.577 32.31 97.1 167.2 160.3
56.6
.700 36.92 90.9 202.9 183.2
53.0
.741 38.38 88.9 214.8 190.5
51.8
54.3
.820 44.53 93.1 237.7 221.0
.701 39.12 95.7 203.2 194.1
55.8
40
54
54
22
24
25
30
33
34
38
182
223
222
123
177
165
185
159
147
143
59.6
60.0
59.8
61.6
60.0
57.9
54.0
53.0
53.9
54.4
.350
.341
.352
.766
.866
.638
.749
.848
.952
.864
20.77
20.42
20.95
47.19
52.05
36.56
40.35
44.94
51.31
47.00
100.0
100.7
100.3
103.4
100.7
97.1
90.6
88.9
90.4
91.3
100.0
97.4
100.6
218.9
247.4
182.3
214.0
242.3
272.0
246.9
100.0
98.3
100.9
227.2
250.6
176.0
194.3
216.4
247.0
226.3
36
47
47
21
24
25
29
29
27
27
227
262
245
156
277
213
317
207
172
161
59.6
59.8
60.3
59.6
57.7
59.0
54.8
54.8
55.3
55.2
.291
.268
.270
.641
.771
.516
.601
.623
.650
.645
17.32
16.03
16.25
38.20
43.83
30.17
33.30
34.14
35.95
35.60
100.0
100.3
101.2
100.0
96.8
99.0
91.9
91.9
92.8
92.6
100.0
92.1
92.8
220.3
264.9
177.3
206.5
214.1
223.4
221.6
100.0
92.6
93.8
220.6 ”
253.1
174.2
192.3
197.1
207.6
205.5
24
37
37
18
20
20
24
25
28
31
199 63.2
240 63.2
235 62.6
174 62.1
352 60.7
353 59.5
304 53.2
230 52.9
320 55.1
284 55.1
.316
.285
.291
.684
.758
.545
.702
.683
.797
.712
43
56
56
23
24
25
30
33
36
42
600
714
721
497
727
755
679
532
545
472
60.3
60.3
60.0
59.4
58.8
58.3
53.8
53.0
54.5
54.1
41
54
54
22
25
24
28
32
35
40
218 60.2
263 60.5
264 60.5
145 60.9
216 58.2
178 59.2
181 53.4
176 52.4
163 54.4
193 53.5
i Less than 1per cent.
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
age
Full
earn time Full
ings earn time Earn time
per
ings hours ings earn
per
hour
per per ings
week week hour per
week
100.0
100.5
100.5
101.2
96.7
98.3
88.7
87.0
90.4
88.9
100.0
99.6
104.3
225.6
267.6
187.2
224.6
219.2
261.6
211.4
100.0
100.2
104.9
230.6
262.8
183.9
203.7
192.8
238.8
189.8
2
11
7
9
2
5
13
9
12
2
1
1
1
3
BAR MILLS
127
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1931, by occupation—•
Bar mills—Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
S hear m e n ’ s
helpers: •
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922........ .
1924........ .
1926______
1929.........
1931-........
Bundlers:
1913...........
1914........ .
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926-..........
1929...........
1931...........
Laborers:
1913______
1914........ .
1915........ —
1919........—
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931______
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
ees
per
week
418
487
471
399
507
610
500
601
534
438
12
13
13
6
10
10
11
14
19
22
178 61.4
178 63.9
210 64.4
115 68.8
151 60.9
161 57.8
184 45.9
99 49.7
131 53.3
147 54.3
i Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Full Earn
time
hours ings
per per
week hour
Per cent of employees whose av>r
age full-time hours per week wem~
I
I
Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
60,
72,
earn and 48, 60 un
72 un
ings un un
der
der
per der der
72
84
week
60
62.7 $0,209 $12.98 100.0 100.0 100.0
.201 12.57 100.0 96.2 96.8
62.7
62.3
.203 12.66 99.4 97.1 97.5
.513 31.96 99.4 245.5 246.2
62.3
60.8
.615 37.39 97.0 294.3 288.1
.415 25.27 97.0 198.6 194.7
60.8
.524 27.92 84.4 250.7 215.1
52.9
.522 27.30 83.4 249.8 210.3
52.3
.542 29.65 87.2 259.3 228.4
54.7
54.3
.529 28.72 86.6 253.1 221.3
35
48
48
19
22
23
27
31
34
35
42 891
54 1,039
54 1,029
21 1,058
816
20
23
806
30
936
34
854
38
607
39
637
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
62.5
63.3
62.9
66.1
65.1
64.5
57.5
55.0
56.0
54.2
.218
.203
.208
.529
.555
.382
.526
.552
.543
.513
13.38
12.97
13.38
36.40
33.80
22.29
24.16
27.43
28.94
27.86
100.0
104.1
104.9
112.1
99.2
94.1
74.8
80.9
86.8
88.4
100.0
93.1
95.4
242.7
254.6
175.2
241.3
253.2
249.1
235.3
100.0
96.9
100.0
272.0
252.6
166.6
180.6
205.0
216.3
208.2
.169
.173
.173
.443
.506
.316
.392
.411
.399
.394
10.66
11.00
10.91
29.28
33.12
21.54
23.06
22.61
22.34
21.35
100.0
101.3
100.6
105.8
104.2
103.2
92.0
88.0
89.6
86.7
100.0
102.4
102.4
262.1
299.4
187.0
232.0
243.2
236.1
233.1
100.0 0)
103.2
1
102.3
1
2
274.7
310.7
6
202.1
2
216.3
15
212.1
36
11
209.6
200.3
35
0)
10
0)
T a b le
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1931, by district and
year— Bar mills
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
2,694
2,484
2,079
2,218
2,135
2,576
2,522
2,603
77
76
13
6
205
190
179
8
1,007
1,006
787
907
1,039
1,072
1,181
1,052
215
229
21
50
207
288
136
193
257
199
232
120
70
200
112
14
1,461
1,549
958
1,057
506
65
286
143
374
837
110
102
1,128
1,562
1,458
949
1,313
1,480
1,280
2,046
349
12
460
477
21
16
223
43
64
56
153
75
76
54
137
12
1,284
1, 246
759
829
841
512
508
121
49
49
233
230
217
147
239
149
1,085
989
846
1,035
749
1,388
1,062
1,706
10
10
15
15
22
73
15
25
8
519
172
147
179
47
53
107
558
591
606
651
758
701
1,015
744
1
1
1
(l)
(a)
1
(2)
1
(2)
(2)
3
3
(2)
(2)
1
"376
12
(2)
38
16
6
30
105
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
10
12
(2)
(2)
(2)
11
(2)
15
18
1
1
8
2
2
2
5
3
3
2
5
(2)
1
25
147
52
13
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
15
20
(2)
(2)
10
(2)
1
1
(2)
1
4
(2)
1
1
1
3
1
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
1
1
(2)
1
1
1
1
16
2
2
1
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
1
6
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
STEEL
162
122
69
22
89
82
4
25
4
81
554
573
287
553
339
540
351
498
1,207
1,211
425
292
262
AND
3,250
3,366
3,167
2,624
2,686
2,804
2,838
2,424
100
112
97
111
95
Work
6, 6, 6 and 18 days, 6, 7,
5 and and
7 7 alter then off and 7
7 alter in
ro nately duty 1 in ro 7
nately tation
d a y 1 tation
OF LABOR— IRON
462
456
442
70
133
5, 5,
5, 6,
and and
and 6 5alter
6
in ro
in ro 6nately
tation
tation
HOURS
1.851
1,876
950
968
704
1,153
934
1,025
6, 7,
and 7
in ro
tation
AND
Eastern:
191 4
191 5
1920...............
1922...............
1924...............
1926...............
1929...............
1931...............
Pittsburgh:
191 4
191 5
1920.............. .
1922________
1924________
1926...............
1929.............. .
1931.............. .
G .L .a n d M .W .:
191 4
.
191 5
1920________
1922________
1924________
1926________
1929________
1931________
Southern:
191 4
191 5
1920________
1922________
1924_________
1926_________
1929______
1931______
Work
5 and
and 18 days,
7 76alter
7 alter and
then
in ro nately dutyofl
nately tation
1
day 1
5, 5,
5, 6,
and and
and 6 5alter
6
in ro 6nately
in ro
tation
tation
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
WAGES
Num
Num ber of
District and year ber of em
plants ploy
ees
to
00
Total:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920............
1922______
1924______
1926______
1929_________
1931______
8,802
523
8,732
497
6,983
236
6,717
87
6,564
507
7,605 1,022
7,475
775
7,104
668
162
112
300
112
354
422
341
4,171
4,178
2,289
2,357
1,656
630
798
452
52
53
233
230
591
984
349
251
3,325
3,715
3,197
3,188
3,159
4,109
3,708
4,994
10
10
11
17
24
11
13
359
22
460
477
22
16
602
566
90
83
182
157
93
89
149
40
12
21
t In former years included in “ 6,7, and 7 in rotation" column.
38
19
31
177
157
13
98
62
37
73
127
145
583
99
6
6
3
1
8
13
10
9
2
1
4
2
5
6
5
47
48
33
35
25
8
11
6
1 38
1 43
3 46
3 47
9 48
13 54
5 50
4 70 .
(l)
(’)
7
7
(2)
(2)
3,
8
<*)
-■
2
2
(l)
* Less than 1 per cent.
BAE
57
57
25
25
31
35
39
43
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1931, by occupation and district—Bar mills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
pei week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
7
11
11
9
33
74
64
42
5.3
5.9
5.9
5.9
11.0
8.6
9.3
9.6
57.7
50.7
55.2
56.1
41
83
68
52
57.1
65.6
88.8
74.4
$21.97
34.74
44.29
24.13
$0,385
.530
.499
.325
$22.21
26.87
27.54
18.23
62.1
69.6
89.9
74.9
$23.41
36.79
45.00
24.29
$0,377
.528
.500
.324
38
213
5.8
9.4
54.2
244
72.5
33.00
.455
24.66
75.2
34.17
.455
8
13
13
9
46
53
38
28
5.5
6.1
6.2
5.6
11.2
9.2
8.8
10.5
61.2
56.1
53.8
58.2
50
56
41
28
66.5
78.5
78.8
86.4
42.19
81.72
81.83
72.55
.634
1.041
1.038
.839
38.80
58.40
55.84
48.83
67.0
79.0
80.3
86.4
42.37
81.95
83.36
72.55
.632
1.037
1.038
.839
43
165
5.9
9.9
57.4
175
76.4
68.98
.902
51.77
77.1
69.47
.901
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh. ................. ................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern......... .............................
8
13
10
7
59
75
28
18
5.6
6.0
6.0
5.8
10.9
9.2
8.7
10.2
60.4
54.9
51.7
58.4
67
88
28
19
63.1
73.4
80.7
82.0
31.06
51.43
61.20
36.17
.492
.701
.759
.441
29.72
38.48
39.24
25.75
66.3
77.8
85.2
82.8
33.28
53.66
63.53
36.70
.502
.690
.746
.443
Total_________ _____________
OF LABOR— IRON
Total_______________________
Heaters:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh............... ..................
Great Lakes and Middle West. _
Southern________________ _____
Earnings
HOURS
Stockers:
Eastern............... .............. ...........
Pittsburgh. . .................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
Hours
worked
AND
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Occupation and district
^
Total..........................................
38
180
5.8
9.8
56.5
202
71.8
44.59
.621
35.09
75.5
46.67
.618
AND
Chargers and helpers:
Eastern......................... ...... .........
Pittsburgh. ................... ..............
Great Lakes and Middle West. .
Southern_____________ ________
4
11
11
7
11
56
70
25
5.5
6.0
5.9
5.8
10.5
9.1
8.9
9.9
57.4
54.5
52.9
57.5
11
61
82
27
60.7
68.3
74.8
75.2
27.42
43.40
45.45
25.60
.452
.635
.608
.340
25.94
34.61
32.16
19.55
61.7
71.3
77.5
77.3
27.81
44.94
46.70
26.36
.451
.630
.603
.341
STEEL
Total.................................. ........
33
162
5.9
9.3
54.5
181
71.8
40.70
.567
30.90
74.4
41.93
.564
Drag downs:
Eastern____________ _________
Pittsburgh. ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____________________
5
5
4
7
22
24
16
16
5.3
5.9
5.8
5.6
11.3
9.5
8.8
10.5
59.2
56.1
51.2
58.8
24
28
17
17
51.8
53.7
55.2
84.2
23.78
38.49
34.93
33.04
.459
.717
.633
.392
27.17
40.22
32.41
23.05
54.4
54.0
57.5
87.2
25.00
38.63
36.04
33.76
.460
.715
.627
.387
Total______________________
21
78
5.7
10.1
56.5
86
59.5
32.60
.548
30.96
61.4
33.35
.543
Roll engineers:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____ ________________
5
6
4
3
14
21
9
3
5.8
5.9
6.3
6.0
11.5
9.3
9.3
10.0
66.5
54.7
58.7
60.0
14
23
10
3
81.2
67.5
108.3
88.3
33.75
39.88
64.79
38.96
.416
.591
.598
.441
27.66
32.33
35.10
26.46
84.2
68.5
113.2
88.3
35.53
40.42
67.58
38.96
.422
.590
.597
.441
18
47
6.0
10.0
59.3
50
80.7
43.09
.534
31.67
83.0
44.39
.635
8
13
13
9
22
46 l
31
19
5.6
5.9
6.0
5.7
10.6
9.2
8.9
10.1
58.9
54.8
52.8
57.0
22
50
31
19
66.6
85.4
103.4
84.2
85.95
146.17
149.37
127.39
1.291
1.711
1.445
1.513
76.04
93.76
76.30
86.24
68.8
86.9
103.4
84.2
87.97
147.13
149.37
127.39
1.278
1.694
1.445
1.513
Total______________________
43
118
5.8
9.5
55.4
122
86.4
133.20
1.542
85.43
87.4
133.96
1.533
Roughers:
Eastern______________________
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern..................... ..............
8
7
9
8
40
44
38
38
5.6
5.9
5.9
5.6
10.6
9.5
9.1
10.3
58.7
56.5
53.7
57.8
43
48
41
43
62.0
79.5
84.6
73.4
40.91
71.17
76.12
48.20
.660
.895
.900
.657
38.74
50.57
48.33
37.97
64.3
83.0
87.1
73.9
42.16
73.29
78.30
48.46
.655
.882
.899
.656
32
160
5.8
9.9
56.7
175
74.9
59.25
.791
44.85
77.1
60.71
.787
8
7
7
8
33
41
23
22
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.6
10.4
9.5
8.8
10.2
58.6
56.2
51.3
57.2
35
44
25
24
63.2
74.1
74.3
71.5
41.59
65.61
65.69
45.08
.658
.886
.884
.631
38.56
49.79
45.35
36.09
65.2
76.5
77.9
73.2
42.57
67.16
67.99
45.88
.653
.878
.872
.627
Total.......................................
Catchers:
Eastern______________________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
30
119
5.8
9.8
56.1
128
70.7
55.21
.781
43.81
73.1
56.61
.775
Stranders:
Eastern______________________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern.................................
8
7
10
7
72
57
57
23
5.6
6.9
5.9
5.6
10.5
9.2
9.3
10.1
58.4
53.9
54.4
55.9
79
64
60
27
63.6
73.8
87.5
74.5
33.91
56.11
76.34
39.80
.533
.760
.872
.534
31.13
40.96
47.44
29.85
67.0
76.3
94.5
77.6
35.67
57.54
80.30
41.28
.532
.755
.849
.532
Total______________________
32
209
5.8
9.8
55.8
230
74.0
51.85
.701
39.12
78.0
54.06
.693
Total_________________ ____
BAR MILLS
Total______________________
Rollers:
Eastern______________________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____________________
CO
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district—Bar mills— Continued
Employees working in sdheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Occupation and district
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
turn
week
week
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings' Earnings
per hour
*
Finishers:
Eastern_________ . ____________
Pittsburgh________ ________ ___
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern______________________
8
11
11
8
24
41
43
22
6.7
6.9
6.8
5.7
10.5
9.1
8.7
10.2
58.7
53.7
50.7
68.1
25
48
44
26
64.4
66.2
82.8
72.0
$42.19
62.42
85.23
42.36
$0,655
.942
1.029
.588
$38.45
50.59
52.17
34.16
73.9
69.9
87.4
80.0
$47.64
65.11
87.87
45.46
$0,645
.932
1.006
.568
TotaL.........................................
38
130
5.8
9.4
64.4
143
72.1
62.26
.864
47.00
77..8
65.49
.842
Hook ups:
Eastern
^
___
P ittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern____ _________________
6
6
0
6
21
37
49
20
5.3
5.9
5.9
5.8
1L4
9.7
8.6
10.1
59.6
66.9
60.6
68.6
22
62
53
24
57.0
45.1
70.2
64.8
24.61
27.67
55.89
33.20
.432
.613
.796
.512
25.75
34.88
40.28
30.00
57.5
47.5
73.9
67.4
24.88
28.95
57.99
34.25
.432
.610
.784
.508
T ota l.........................................
27
127
5.8
9.6
55.2
161
57.9
37.37
.646
35.60
60.5
38.74
.640
Roll hands, other:
Eastern______ « . . . ____________
Pittsburgh........ ......... .................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern____________ _______ _
5
10
9
7
9
103
93
24
5.4
6.0
6.1
5.7
11.0
9.3
8.9
10.2
59.3
55.3
63.9
57.8
9
121
125
29
65.4
69.8
70.9
76.1
27.53
52.83
51.17
44.40
.421
.756
.721
.583
24.97
41.81
38.86
33.70
65.4
72.3
75.1
81.8
27.53
64.69
53.20
48.99
.421
.756
.709
.599
52.59
.708
.
Total________________________
31
229
6.0
9.3
55.1
284
70.8
50.44
.712
39.23
74.3
Hotbed men:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh ..................... ...............
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern______________________
8
12
13
9
59
127
144
52
5.6
6.0
5.9
5.7
10.4
9.1
8.6
10.1
58.3
54.2
51.0
57.3
68
151
191
62
56.6
65.5
61.9
73.8
25.98
37.07
43.15
29.23
.459
.566
.697
.396
26.76
30.68
35.55
22.69
62.1
70.2
65.6
79.5
28.45
39.65
45.11
30.93
.458
.565
.688
.389
42
382
5.9
9.3
64.1
472
63.9
36.90
.578
31.27
68.4
39.10
.572
Total________________
_____
Shearmen:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh__________________
Great Lakes and Middle West
Southern____ ..______________
7
12
12
9
32
57
55
27
5.5
5.9
5.9
5.4
10.7
8.9
8.6
9.9
58.4
53.1
50.9
53.7
34
64
67
28
65.0
69.2
70.8
89.3
29.60
48.64
49.45
29.25
.455
.703
.693
.328
26.57
37.33
35.53
17.61
66.2
73.3
76.1
100.7
30.11
50.55
51.90
32.38
.455
.690
.682
.321
Total______________________
40
171
5.8
9.3
53.5
193
71.9
42.75
.594
31.78
77.0
44.78
.582
Shearmen's helpers:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh ......................._______
Great Lakes and Middle west.
Southern____________________
6
12
10
7
27
150
109
41
5.6
5.9
5*9
S.7
10.4
9.1
8.8
10.2
57.8
54.2
52.2
57.9
36
198
157
47
43.5
55.8
60.8
84.8
19.31
29.37
38.83
26.14
.444
.527
.638
.308
25.66
28.56
33.30
17.83
48.7
59.6
66.6
88.6
2L28
31.38
41.56
27.11
.437
.527
.624
.306
Total---------------------------------
35
327
5.9
9.2
54.3
438
59.7
31.59
.529
28.72
64.3
33.74
.525
Bundlers:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____________________
4
8
6
4
11
49
35
18
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.6
10.0
8.8
9.4
9.6
58.1
51.8
56.5
54.1
15
67
46
19
47.1
56.9
84.4
95.1
28.12
29.83
48.96
29.44
.598
.525
.580
.309
34.74
27.20
32.77
16.72
49.3
62.9
90.7
96.3
29.12
32.91
51.55
29.78
.591
.523
.568
.309
113
5.9
9.2
54.3
147
69.4
35.59
.513
27.86
74.5
37.95
.509
7
12
11
9
48
186
109
96
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.9
10.4
8.6
9.4
9.6
56.5
51.1
56.2
56.9
66
272
184
115
56.2
57.4
60.6
90.9
18.37
27.10
25.51
24.62
.327
.472
.421
.271
18.48
24.12
23.66
15.42
62.9
61.1
66.6
95.2
21.41
29.30
28.21
25.79
.340
.480
.4.24
.271
Total______________________
39
439
5.9
9.2
54.2
637
64.2
25.29
.394
21.35
69.0
27.53
.399
MILLS
22
BAB
Total______________________
Laborers:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh__________________
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____________________
£
134
T able
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.—Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Bar mills
ALL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns
Turns
per East Pitts and South
per Mon Sat
per Mon
Total
week day to Sat Sun Per week day to ur Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern
dle
Fri urday day week
Fri day day week
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
Group A.—Day turn only
BAR MILLS
T able
135
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Bar mills—Continued
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Night turns
Aver
Great
age
hours
Lakes
Turns
Turns
per East Pitts and South
per Mon
per Mon Sat
ern Total
day to Sat Sun Per week day to ur Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
dle
Fri urday day week
Fri day day week
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
G roup C.—Weekly changes fro m on e shift to another
12
11
11
12
10
10
11
im
12
li'A
11
11
10
10
10
12
10]
11
11
10
9
10
6
10H
114
12
114
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
9*j
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
"9H
8
10
84
77
61
66
69
70
66 }
574
60
574
66
66
60
69
68
66
63
m/2
60
574
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
55
57
50
56
{
60
58H
7
7
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
5
7
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
7
?
5
5
12
11
13
12
10
13
124
12
124
11
13
10
10
10
12
104
114
12
12^2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
94
8
8
8
10
10
124
12
12
10M
10
10
m
8
8
8
84
77
78
72
66
65
75
72
744
66
65
70
60
60
84
77
mv2
69
67K
67
66H
654
65
64M
64
63
63
57M 604
60
60
624 60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59M
574
57
56
56
55
m
76
5
138
20
312
387
2
34
130
423
2
244
15
1
6
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
70
6
11
2
76
6
2
5
138
29
3
5
667
369
387
2
17
7
51
130
7
136
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D •—
Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Bar mills— Continued
AL L EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
customary turns and hours by
districts
Aver
age
hours
Turns
Turns
per
East Pitts
per Mon Sat
per Mon
week day to Sat Sun Per week day to ur Sun Per week ern burgh
Fri urday day week
Fri day day week
day
day
Hours
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South
Mid ern Total
dle
West
G roup C.—Weekly changes fro m on e shift to another—Continued
i Off 1 day in 19, making average 53M9 per week.
BAB MILLS
T a b le
137
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by district—Bar mills— Continued
ROU GHERS ONLY—Continued
T a b le
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1981, by district—Bar mills
Occupation and district
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
time
estab em
lish ploy hours
ments ees
per
week
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
40,
un
der
44
Over
Over
Over
Over
44,
56,
60,
48,
66,
un 48 un
un
56
60
un
un 72
66
der
der
der
der
der
48
56
72
60
66
Heaters:
Eastern_______________
Pittsburgh......................
Great Lakes and Middle
West_______________
Southern_____________
8
13
50
56
61.2
56.1
3
11
17
13
9
41
28
53.8
58.2
6
9
9
7
3
3
34
12
24
4
6
4
18
4
2
1
6
56
42
5
5
14
10
11
3
2
5
6 ~~2
4
6
11
1
1
2
23
38
6
1
16
26
11
5
3
6
15
31
1
22
83
9
Total............................
43
175
57.4
9
20
33
Boilers:
Eastern___ ...__ _______
Pittsburgh......................
Great Lakes and Middle
West............................
8
13
22
50
58.9
54.8
3
14
4
6
13
9
31
19
52.8
57.0
5
9
Total_______________
43
122
55.4
8
23
21
3
6
12
9
8
.... .......
Boughers:
Eastern_________ __ __
Pittsburgh......................
Great Lakes and Middle
West............................
Southern.,m
m
m
m
m
...... .
8
7
43
48
58.7
56.5
9
8
41
43
53.7
57.8
11
Total___ . . . . . . . . . ___
32
175
56.7
14
14
9
3
30
3
1
1
138
T a b le
WAGES AND HOTJRS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1981, by district—Bar mills— Continued
Occupation and district
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
estab em
time
lish ploy hours
ments ees
per
week
Stranders:
Eastern_______________
Pittsburgh......................
8
7
79
64
58.4
53.9
West_______________
Southern______________
10
7
60
27
Total_________ ______
32
Hotbed men:
Eastern_______________
Pittsburgh____________
Great Lakes and Middle
West________ _______
Southern______________
Total_______________
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
40,
un
der
44
Over
Over
Over
Over
44,
48,
56,
60,
66,
un
un
56
un
60
66
un 72
48
un
der
der
der
der
der
48
56
72
60
66
38
10
12
2
4
10
13
13
18
71
27
47
41
28
4
3
1
1
7
35
37
8
4
2
54
141
19
33
32
25
3
7
107
30 '25*
36
49
3
142
6
15
28
17
54.4
55.9
11
11
11
12
"2"
230
55.8
18
26
68
2
8
12
68
151
58.3
54.2
3
56
23
14
13
9
191
62
51.0
57.3
54
15
71
20
42
472
54.1
57
71
128
14
173
34
24
Laborers:
Eastern_______________
Pittsburgh......................
Great Lakes and Middle
West............................
Southern______ _______
7
12
66
272
56.5
51.1
11
9
184
115
56.2
56.9
1
Total_______________
39
637
54.2
1 21
1
13
7
7
31
204
95
25
140
1
2
1
2
T able
Occupation and
district
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1931, by district— Bar mills
Aver
age
berof earn
20, 25,
em ings Un un
un
ploy per der der der
20
ees
25 30
hour
30,
un
der
35
35,
un
der
40
50 $0.634
56 1.041
40, 45, 50,
un un un
der der der
45
50 55
4
41
28
175
1.038
.839
.902
22
50
1.291
1.711
31
19
122
1.445
1.513
1.542
43
48
.660
.895
41
43
175
.900
.657
.791
1 ....
79
64
.533
.760
2
60
27
230
.872
.534
.701
3
7
4
4
7
1
4
12
55,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
65
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
85
9
9
?,
1
5
5
3
4
3
8
1
4
14 11
3
4
»
12
4
5
6
1
9 22
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
1 ” 5"
3
7
8
3
7
3
-----
1
1
6
1
2
1
3
11
17
4
8
13
1 4
2 12
13 23
20
7
21
6
15
3
5
10
4
3
~2
6
3
2
3
32
1
28
1 .... 5
4
3
23 19 15
12
2
16
5
1
15
5
6
1 6
3
4
11 20
6
6
90,
un
der
95
2
2 "3
4
2
10
1
1
5
95,
un
der
100
1
1
2
3
7
2
7
13
10
1
20
3
2
5
1
3
3
3
1
8
4
3
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225
un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der and
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225 over
1
1
1
4
7
8
9
1
2
2
1
10
2
3
13
4
1
3
1
1
4
1
3
9
13
2
5
1
1
6
1
3
2
4
5
1
7
1
2
2
6
2
5
1
5
7
2
18
2
10
3
1
7
1
15
4
1
7
5
13
2
2
11
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
5
1
3
3
3
5
5
3
6
7
6
4
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
4
2
85,
un
der
90
1
3
4
4
4
pj
1
7
2
5
1
9
19
*3
3 12
2
6
4
1
1
2
3
3
6
1
12
4
1
7
9
9
3
6
1
2
15 earned $2.25 and under $2.50; 1 earned $2.50 and under $2.75; 1 earned $2.75 and under $3; 1 earned $3.50 and under $3.75; and 1 earned $3.75 and under $4.
* 2 earned $2.75 and under $3, and 1 earned $3 and under $3.25.
* See footnotes 1 and 2 above.
3
1
1
2
BAR MILLS
Heaters:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh___
Great Lakes
and Middle
West_______
Southern_____
Total_______
Rollers:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh___
Great Lakes
and Middle
West_______
Southern_____
Total_______
Roughers:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh___
Great Lakes
and Middle
West.............
Southern_____
Total—.........
Stranders:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh___
Great Lakes
and Middle
West_______
Southern_____
T otal...........
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
"
CO
SO
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981, by district—Bar mills— Continued
T able
...^------
Occupation and
district
_
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
85
85,
un
der
90
90,
un
der
95
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225
un un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der der over
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225
2
14
2
13
6
10
14
3
26
3
37
16
27
3
8
3
7
1
3
5
3
3
7
3
191
62
.697
.396
1
15
5
26
7
54
6
9
6
1
4
1
1
2
11
1
2
22
11
1
2
4
1
7
10
11
1
14
10
7
472
.578
1
7
16
23
40
44
62
100
53
20
17
8
6
5
5
19
5
22
12
2
4
1
66
272
.327
.472
30
1
28
7
82
176
14
184
115
.421
.271
6
65
150
23
7
20
24
4
637
.394
20
6
54
66
32
239
199
21
•
AND
STEEL
40, 45, 50, 55, 60,
un un un un un
der der der der der
45
59 55 60 65
OF LABOR— IRON
Total_______
35,
un
der
40
HOURS
T ota l.,
Laborers:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh___
Great Lakes
and Middle
West_______
Southern.____
68 $0,459
.566
151
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
AND
Etotbed men:
Eastern _____
Pittsburgh___
Great Lakes
and Middlo
West_______
Southern_____
Aver
age
earn Un 20, 25, 30,
ings der un un un
per
der der
hour 21 der
25 30 35
WAGES
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Sheet Mills
Data for this department cover 15 sheet-mill establishments located
in six States which during the pay-roll period covered employed 11,816
wage earners. Of this total, 6,639 were in the 20 principal occupa
tions for which separate figures are shown. A study of wages and
hours of labor for employees in this department was first made in
1910, and from 1910 to 1914 data were secured for employees in the
principal occupations only. From 1914 to 1931 employees in all
occupations were included.1 Comparable data for employees in the
principal occupations from 1913 to 1931 are given in Table A.2
Hours of labor in this department show little change during the
years 1913 to 1915, the full-time average hours per week being 52.3
and 52.5, respectively. In 1920 the average dropped to 50.3 hours
and showed little change in 1922 and 1924. The average continued
to fall to 48.9 in 1926 and 1929 and in 1931 to 47.8 hours, the lowest
average shown for any year and 8.6 per cent less than in 1913 and 1914.
This comparatively small decrease in full-time hours per week in this
department was due to the adoption of the 8-hour day for hot-mill
crews and certain other occupations before its general adoption in 1923
in other departments of the industry. Certain employees have not as
yet received the full benefit of the 8-hour day, there being five occupa
tions showing an average of more than 8 hours per day in 1931.
Laborers had the highest average, or 9.6 hours per day. Average
full-time hours and earnings per week for the department as a whole
from 1913 to 1931 are given in Table 2 (p. 4).
Comparisons of full-time hours per week in the various principal
occupations may be made from Table A. The average hours per week
of employees in the hot-mill occupations, which include the heating and
rolling crews, have varied but little over the period 1913 to 1931. This
is also true of the shear crew, but the hours of laborers and picklers
show considerable variation. In 1913 the average hours of picklers
were 68.1. No great change occurred until 1920 when the average was
51.5, or 24.4 per cent less than in 1913. The average rose to 65.9 in
1922 but has shown a decrease each year since, the average for 1931
being 50.6. For laborers the average of 64.9 hours per week in 1913
showed no great change until 1920 when weekly hours were 59.5. In
1922 the average increased to 65.2, decreased to 56.6 in 1926, but
increased to 60.7 hours in 1929. In 1931 there was a decrease of 3
hours, the average being 57.7, or 11.1 per cent less than in 1913.
There has been no great change in the per cent of employees working
the various combinations of turns per week since 1914. Table B
shows that 32 per cent of the employees covered in 1914 worked 6
days per week and 63 per cent alternated or rotated from 5 to 6
turns, while in 1931, 33 per cent had a schedule of 6 days, and 66 per
cent rotated from 5 to 6 days per week. There have been some
changes in some of the groups during the period 1914 to 1931; the
5, 6, and 6 turns in rotation group for instance, changed from 3
per cent in 1914 to 22 per cent in 1931. These changes, however,
have not affected the number of turns per week to any great extent.
The per cent of 7;day workers was 4 in 1914, 3 in 1920, 5 in 1929,
and dropped to 1 in 1931.
i Data not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1926, 1927,1928, and 1930.
* For all years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 613.
133895°—33----- 10
141
142
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
In order that a clearer idea may be given of the working time per
day and per week Table D is presented. Of the 11,816 employees
covered, 1,822 worked day turns only, 83 worked night turns only,
and 9,911 alternated or rotated from day to night turns. Of this
total 9,181 employees worked a day of 8 hours, 2,132 a day of 10
hours, 103 averaged 12 hours a day, and 6 worked a day of 13 hours.
Figures for all employees, whether on producing crews or engaged
at other work, are included in Table D, but to show conditions as
they apply to employees of the producing crews, separate figures are
given for one key occupation—rollers. While all of the 541 rollers
had a day of 8 hours, 351 worked 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in
rotation, and 190 worked 5 days, 6 days, and 6 days in rotation.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occupa
tions according to their average full-time hours per week. In these
occupations 1,679 employees had average full-time hours per week
of “ 40 and under 44,” 836 of “ 44 and under 48,” 209 of 60, and 8 who
had a week of over 60 hours.
While hours of labor have shown no great changes from year to
year, hourly and weekly earnings have shown considerable changes.
In 1914 the hourly average for the department was 48.8 cents which
dropped to 45.0 cents in 1915. In 1920 it was $1,039, the highest
average for any year, and almost 113 per cent more than in 1914.
Alternate decreases and increases in hourly earnings followed, and
in 1931 the average was 74.7 cents, or 53 per cent more than in 1914.
Average hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occupa
tions are shown in Table A. Earnings in 1931 ranged from $1,811
for rollers to 42.8 cents for laborers. Most of the tonnage rates paid
in sheet mills are based directly on the selling price of the product;
thus the rates in many of the occupations are subject to wide fluctua
tions between such studies as made by the bureau. Rollers, level
handed, show the greatest change in hourly earnings as between 1929
and 1931, their average being $1,381 in 1929 and 97.1 cents in 1931.
The only occupation showing an increase in earnings was feeders,
their average being 70.9 cents in 1929 and 75.0 cents in 1931. A dis
tribution of employees by average hourly earnings for six principal
occupations is shown in Table F.
Full-time weekly earnings in this department have followed closely
the changes in hourly earnings. In 1914 the average full-time weekly
earnings for all employees w^as $25.52, which increased to $52.26 in
1920* the highest figure for any year. In 1922 the average dropped
to $35.46, alternating increases and decreases bringing the average
to $35.71 in 1931, or 40 per cent more than in 1914. Weekly earnings
of the principal occupations show similar or even greater changes.
Rollers, for example, earned $61.20 in 1914 as against $129,10 in 1920.
In 1922 the average decreased to $82.01 but rose to $93.35 in 1924,
which was followed by decreases to $84.69 in 1926 and to $78.78 in
193L
The 11,816 employees in all occupations worked an average of
66.8 hours in the 16-day period for which they received an average
of $49.95. The hours and earnings given above include all hours
worked and earnings received by employees in the occupations in
Table C and all other occupations covered in sheet mills in 1931.
Feeders worked the most time—83.7 hours— and openers the least—
47.6 hours. Openers also had the lowest earnings—$31.30—while the
highly skilled occupation of rollers had the highest—$101.02.
SHEET MILLS
143
Table A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1981, by occupation—
Sheet mills
Occupation
and year
Aver*
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em- time
plants ploy- hours
per
week
Pair heaters:
191 3
191 4
.
1915........ .
1917......... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922......... .
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931..........
Rollers:
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917......... .
191 9
.
192 0
1922..........
1924........ .
1926........ .
1929......... .
1931..........
Rollers, level
handed:
1920..........
1922..........
1924..........
1926..........
1929..........
1931_____
Rollers* help
ers or finish
ers:
1913 .
.
1914 .
.
1915......... .
1919......... .
1920........ .
1922......... .
1924......... .
1926......... .
1929......... .
1931........ .
Roughers:
191 3
.
191 4
.
1915 .
.
1917......... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922......... .
1924...........
1926......... .
1929..........
1931...........
Catchers:
1913........ .
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917-....... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922...........
1924...........
1926......... .
1929......... .
1931...........
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
ings time ings earn
per
per hours per ings
hour
week per hour
per
week
week
336
399
354
276
382
521
576
536
478
580
532
42.8 $0,543 $23.23 100.0 100.0 100.0
42.8
.540 23.10 100.0 99.4 99.4
.518 22.17 100.0 95.4 95.4
42.8
43.7 1.038 45.48 102.1 191.2 195.8
43.4 1.046 45.40 101.4 192.6 195.4
43.4 1.
60.13 101.4 255.2 258.8
43.3
.880 37.84 101.2 162.1 162.9
43.4 1.027 44.50 101.4 189.1 191.6
43.3
.925 40.05 101.2 170.3 172.4
43.4
.953 41.36 101.4 175.5 178.0
43.5
.870 37.85 101.6 160.2 162.9
335
394
348
276
342
464
501
478
492
546
541
42.8
42.8
42.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.5
1.476 63.21 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.431 61.20 100.0 97.0 96.8
54.80 100.2 86.7 86.7
1.
2.591 113.47 102.1 175.5 179.5
2.536 110.32 101.6 171.8 174.5
2.976 129.10 101.4 201.6 204.2
1.
82.01 101.2 128.4 129.7
2.148 93.35 101.4 145.5 147.7
1.956 84.69 101.2 132.5 134.0
1.979 85.89 101.4 134.1 135.9
1.811 78.78 101.6 122.7 124.6
44
39
114
27
41
112
42.7
44.5
42.9
43.3
43.1
42.8
1.516
l.i
1.345
1.162
1.381
.971
64.73
42.57
57.
50.31
59.52
41.56
171
264
233
271
437
487
437
392
448
42.7
42.9
42.9
43.0
42.8
42.9
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.2
.503
.555
.461
21.48
23.77
19.77
43.43
46.80
30.90
37.78
33.84
35.68
1.010
1.092
.721
.865
.787
.826
.773
42.8
42.8
353 42.8
276 43.7
367 43.5
528 43.4
590 43.3
533 43.4
510 43.3
581 43.4
513 43.6
.642
.648
.619
1.
1.
1.584
.994
1.150
1.037
1.067
.952
27.49
27.73
26.51
56.27
56.07
68.69
42.83
49.94
44.90
46.31
41.51
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.6
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.3
43.3
43.5
.629
26.92
27.23
25.49
54.92
52.28
66.43
41.54
47.70
42.82
44.04
39.80
350
276
407
552
589
570
527
576
6191
1.256
1.199
1.532
.961
1.099
.989
1.017
.915
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
Over
48 48,
72,
60,
and un
un
72
un 84
60
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
•
_
_
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.5
100.5
100.7
100.2
100.5
100.7
100.7
101.2
101.2
110.3 110.7
91.7 92.0
202.2
217.1 217.9
143.3 143.9
172.0 175.9
156.5 157.5
164.2 166.1
153.7 155.4
200.8
__
__
_
__
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.
100.0 100
100.0
.
96.4
96.4
102.1 200.2 204.7
101.6 200. 204.0
101.4 246.7
101.2 154.8
101.4 179.1
101.2 161.5
101.4 166.2
101.9 148.3
249.9
155.8
181.7
163.3
168.5
151.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 101.1 101.2
100.0 94.6 94.7
102.1 199.7 204.0
101.9
101.4
101.2
101.4
101.2
101.2
101.6
190.6
243.6
152.
174.7
157.2
161.7
145.5
194.2
246.8
154.3
177.2
159.1
163.6
147.8
_
__
_
m
m
rnrn
144
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—•
Sheet mills — Continued
T a b l e A ,—
Occupation
and year
numbers
Aver- Index
(1913=100)
Aver- Aver
Num
age
Num ber of
Full
time Full
ber of em- time earn earn
time
time Earn
plants ploy- hours ings
earn
ings
per
ings
per
per hours
per ings
per hour
week hour week
per
week
week
Matchers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
193K.........
Doublers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
1931...........
Sheet heaters:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Sheet heaters,
level-handed:
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Sheet heaters'
helpers:
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1929___
1931___
Shearmen:
1913--.
1914....
1915___
1917___
1919___
1920....
1922—
1924—..
1926.—.
1929—..
1931—..
i Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
72 un 84
60
un
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
42.8 *0.448 $19.16 100.0 100.0 100.0
.484 20.70 100.0 108.0 108.0
42.8
354 42.8
.475 20.34 100.0 106.0 106.
.946 41.39 102.1 211.2 216.0
276 43.7
398 43.5
.981 42.67 101.6 219.0 222.7
642 43.4 1.225 53.12 101.4 273.4 277.2
743 43.3
.791 34.04 101.2 176.6 177.7
.932 40.42 101.4 208.0 211.0
639 43.4
400 43.5
.829 36.06 101.6 185.0 188.2
.894 38.98 101.9 199.6 203.4
495 43.6
.772 33.58 101.6 172.3 175.3
550 43.5
____
_
____
336
399
354
276
437
658
731
661
422
524
522
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.5
43.6
43.6
.429
.462
.453
.906
.921
1.206
.775
.909
.804
.870
.764
18.34
19.75
19.42
39.57
39.97
52.32
33.42
39.42
34.97
87.93
33.31
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 107.7 107.7
100.0 105.6 105.9
102.1 211.2 215.8
101.4 214.7 217.9
101.4 281.1 285.3
101.2 180.7 182.2
101.4 211.9 214.9
101.6 187.4 190.7
101.9 202.8 206.8
101.9 178.1 181.6
307
364
324
276
332
424
499
470
478
540
484
42.8
42.8
42.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.3
43.3
43.5
.993
.966
.868
1.879
1.849
2.151
1.381
1.
1.404
1.432
1.287
42.50
41.34
37.19
82.36
80.43
93.29
59.26
67.68
60.79
62.01
55.98
100.0 100.0
100.0 97.3
100.2 87.4
102.1 189.2
101.6 186.2
101.4 216.6
101.2 139.1
101.4 157.0
101.2 141.4
101.2 144.2
101.6 129.6
100.0
97.3
87.6
193.8
189.2
219.5
139.4
159.2
143.0
145.9
131.7
I
I
)
)
14
56
34
15
94
90
115
48
34
37
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
43.0
43.3
42.9
43.
43.6
43.5
.707
.762
.686
1.316
1.661
.995
1.008
.978
1.054
.822
80.17
32.65
29.27
56.19
71.45
41.33
46.29
42.25
45.95
35.76
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
101.4
100.5
101.2
102.1
101.9
100.0
107.8
97.0
186.1
234.9
140.7
142.6
138.3
149.1
116.3
100.0
108.2
97.0
186.2
236.8
137.0
153.4
140.0
152.3
118.5
)
I.
}_
>
)
)
)
)
)
)
230
309
275
216
286
367
454
408
422
525
415
42.9
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.1
42.7
42.8
42.9
42.9
43.1
43.1
.841
.758
20.70
20.73
19.60
37.21
39.91
48.68
31.13
38.51
34.45
36.25
32.67
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.7
100.5
99.5
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
100.5
100.0
100.4
94.8
177.8
191.7
236.0
150.5
185.1
166.3
174.1
156.9
100.0
100.1
94.7
179.8
192.8
235.2
150.4
186.0
166.4
175.1
157.8
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
114
136
115
149
221
122
190
159
198
287
321
42.9
42.9
43.0
43.5
43.3
43.5
43.3
43.7
43.6
43.5
43.5
.814
.860
.827
1.399
1.463
1.891
1.175
1.
1.222
1.227
1.052
34.90
36.84
35.48
60.90
63.35
82.22
50.90
66.26
53.28
53.37
46.76
100.0
100.0
100.2
101.4
100.9
101.4
100.9
101.9
101.6
101.4
101.4
100.0
105.7
101.6
171.9
179.7
232.3
144.3
158.4
150.1
150.7
129.2
100.0
105.6
101.7
174.5
181.5
235.6
145.8
161.2
152.7
152.9
131.1
)
)
)
)
).
)
)
)
)
1
)
) 0)
.485
.458
.859
.926
1.140
.727
___
___
.......
___
____
____
.......
____
.......
____
.......
____
-----
SHEET MILLS
145
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, 62/ occupation—
Sheet mills— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
S h e a r m e n ’s
helpers:
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Openers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
O^eners^level1920.J.......
1922...........
1924...........
1926 ____
1929...........
1931...........
Picklers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Feeders:
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Cold-roll roll
ers:
1931...........
Cold-roll catch
ers:
1931...........
Laborers:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
1931...........
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
per
ees
week
Per cent of employees whost
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
Aver
(1913-100)
week were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
60,
per
ings time ings earn and 48,
72,
hour
per hours per ings un un
un 72 un 84
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
72
84
60
week
7
9
9
6
11
7
12
8
12
14
14
111
128
146
120
196
155
265
203
207
281
321
42.9 $0,251 $10.77 100.0 100.0 100.0
42.9
.282 12.09 100.0 112.4 112.3
.242 10.59 102.1 96.4 98.3
43.8
43.2
.533 23.06 100.7 212.4 214.1
43.7
.682 29.80 101.9 271.7 276.7
43.7
.983 42.91 101.9 391.6 398.4
43.4
.642 27.69 101.2 255.8 257.1
.736 32.11 102.1 293.2 298.1
43.8
43.6
.683 29.78 101.6 272.1 276.5
43.5
.712 30.97 101.4 283.7 287.6
43.7
.627 27.40 101.9 249.8 254.4
100
100
95
100
98
100
100
100
100 0)
100
98
6
9
9
6
10
6
11
9
11
11
9
168
200
180
175
266
198
415
284
287
370
276
45.4
42.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
44.0
43.5
43.5
43.5
43.2
43.8
.279
.282
.273
.662
.656
1.188
.732
.806
.741
.754
.659
12.56 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.06 94.3 101.1 96.0
11.93 96.0 97.8 95.0
28.70 95.4 237.3 228.5
28.60 96.0 235.1 227.7
52.13 96.9 425.8 415.0
31.27 95.8 262.4 249.0
34.99 95.8 288.9 278.6
32.23 95.8 265.6 256.6
32.57 95.2 270.3 259.3
28.86 96.5 236.2 229.8
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
1
4
4
5
5
6
40
45
52
96
106
107
42.7
42.7
42.7
44.0
44.1
43.3
1.114
.607
.629
.651
.686
.544
47.57
25.30
26.86
28.64
30.25
23.56
100
100
100
100
100
100
8
9
9
7
7
11
12
11
14
13
71
121
126
67
65
106
150
127
125
116
68.1
69.6
69.8
68.3
51.5
65.9
63.6
56.9
52.0
50.6
.216
.211
.209
.600
.792
.508
.555
.631
.713
.712
14.49
14.55
14.44
40.98
41.13
33.51
35.48
35.90
37.08
36.03
5
8
8
8
10
9
41 56.8
119 61.4
101 53.1
93 45.3
90 46.6
73 46.4
.704
.500
.578
.647
.709
.750
39.39
30.64
30.72
29.31
83.04
34.80
15
142
53.3
.759
40.45
15
174
53.0
.663
35.14
13
15
15
8
9
11
13
13
14
15
15
351 64.9
378 65.9
394 65.0
656 61.8
270 64.5
866 59.5
808 65.2
757 64.6
493 56.6
448 60.7
396 57.7
.190
.188
.188
.331
.462
.536
.356
.420
.475
.429
.428
12.28
12.37
12.21
20.46
29.80
32.01
23.06
27.15
26.89
26.04
24.70
1 Less than 1 per cent.
100.0
102.2
102.5
100.3
75.6
96.8
93.4
83.6
76.4
74.3
100.0
97.7
96.8
277.8
366.7
235.2
256.9
292.1
330.1
329.6
100.0
100.4
99.7
282.8
283.9
231.3
244.9
247.8
255.9
248.7
11
7
31
23
100.0
101.5
100.2
95.2
99.4
91.7
100.5
99.5
87.2
93.5
88.9
100.0
98.9
98.9
174.2
243.2
282.1
187.4
221.1
250.0
225.8
225.3
100.0
100.7
99.4
166.6
242.7
260.7
187.8
221.1
219.0
212.1
201.1
24
T able B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1931, by district and
year— Sheet mills
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
District and year
1,144
994
1,342
1,670
1,798
2,063
2,903
1,564
51
143
90
45
76
6,304
5,736
8,738
9,661
9,690
10,753
12,598
11,816
15
32
52
153
65
107
18
18
3,665
3,173
3,825
4,344
4,511
4,995
5,880
4,822
119
150
244
240
343
297
408
357
234
237
110
264
178
165
240
13
216
252
519
552
575
918
736
937
705
625
1,252
1,261
1,242
1,205
2,041
1,236
11
8
152
166
171
346
376
137
216
252
1,366
1,429
1,437
1,708
1,843
2,541
1,987
1,833
2,921
2,993
2,939
3,063
3,704
3,910
28
38
41
245
245
262
430
349
511
616
150
0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
8:
0
STEEL
12
12
12
33
1
61
1
9
282
208
669
732
697
858
,663
2,674
AND
2,154
1,928
3,328
3,863
3,903
4,699
6,216
3,909
847
877
862
790
1,107
1,604
OF LABOR— IRON
110
144
193
97
253
252
332
349
HOTJKS
» Less than 1 per cent.
2,521
2,179
2,483
2,674
2,713
2,932
2,977
3,258
4,150
3,808
5,410
5,798
5,787
6,054
6,382
7,907
AND
Pittsburgh:
1914.............................
1915.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
1924.............................
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931................... .........
Great Lakes and Middle
West:
191 4
191 5
1920............................
1922.............................
1924.............................
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931.............................
Total:
191 4
191 5
1920.............................
1922.............................
1924.............................
1926.............................
1929.............................
1931.............................
6 and 7 3,6, and 6,7, and
alter 7 in ro 7 in ro
nately tation tation
5,5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in ro alter 6 in ro
tation nately tation
6 and 7 5,6, and 3,7, and
alter 7 in ro 7 in ro
nately tation tation
5,5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in ro alter 5 in ro
tation nately tation
WAGES
Number of employees wl.o;e customary turns per week were—
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
jr*
0*
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1981, by occupation and district— Sheet mills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Occupation and district
Number
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Pair heaters:
Pittsburgh................ ...............
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
of plants
Hours
worked
Earnings
Full
time
Hours
Earnings earn
per hour ings per worked
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
10
5
321
141
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.5
366
166
52.3
59.3
$46.34
49.81
$0,886
.839
$38.54
36.50
53.5
60.5
$47.27
50.44
$0,883
.833
15
462
5.4
8.0
43.5
532
54.5
47.42
.870
37.85
55.7
48.26
.866
Rollers:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
10
5
313
153
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.4
361
180
52.3
60.8
97.28
104.97
1.861
1.726
81.14
74.91
53.9
61.6
98.76
105.54
1.834
1.714
56.4
101.02
1.790
52.4
78.2
48.31
76.35
.922
.976
Total_____________________
Total.......................................
15
466
5.4
8.0
43.5
541
55.1
99.84
1.811
78.78
Rollers, level-handed:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
3
4
18
73
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.8
19
93
52.4
74.3
48.31
72.64
.922
.978
39.37
41.86
Total.......................................
7
91
5.3
8.0
42.8
112
70.5
68.51
.971
41.56
73.9
71.59
.969
Rollers, helpers and finishers:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
8
5
233
103
5.4
5.5
8.0
8.0
43.0
43.8
267
121
55.4
60.9
42.43
47.95
.765
.788
32.90
34.51
57.1
62.8
44.25
49.46
.774
.787
13
341
5.4
8.0
43.2
388
57.1
44.15
.773
33.39
58.9
45.88
.779
10
5
321
129
5.4
5.5
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.7
370
143
52.1
57.9
50.86
51.83
.976
.895
42.46
39.11
53.9
59.9
52.73
53.62
.977
.895
15
450
5.4
8.0
43.6
513
53.7
51.13
.952
41. 51
55.6
52.98
.953
Total_____________________
Roughers:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total— ____ ______________
i
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1931, by occupation and district— Sheet mills — Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Number
of plants
Number
Number
Hours
worked
Earnings
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Full
time
Hours
Earnings earn
per hour ings per worked
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
10
5
325
198
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.4
381
238
51.3
61.9
$48.16
54.78
$0,938
.884
$40.80
38.37
53.6
65.1
$49.85
57.01
$0,931
.876
15
523
5.4
8.0
43.5
619
55.4
50.70
.915
39.80
58.0
52.60
.907
10
5
320
150
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.5
374
176
49.5
58.4
39.55
42.18
.799
.722
34.76
31.41
51.5
61.5
41.07
44.42
.797
.722
Total___________________________
15
470
5.4
8.0
43.5
550
52.3
40.39
.772
33.58
54.7
42.14
.770
Doublers:
Pittsburgh..................... .....................
Great Lakes and Middle West—.......
9
5
302
131
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.5
371
151
50.5
55.7
38.46
42.93
.761
.770
33.18
33.50
53.6
59.8
40.77
45.82
.761
.767
433
5.4
8.0
43.6
522
52.0
39.75
.764
33.31
55.4
42.23
.763
10
5
304
131
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.4
343
141
54.4
60.5
71.80
73.57
1.320
1.216
57.55
52.77
55.6
60.8
72.72
73.83
1.308
1.214
Total.................................................
15
435
5.4
8.0
43.5
484
56.2
72.31
1.287
55.98
57.1
73.04
1.279
Sheet heaters, level-handed:
Pittsburgh................................. ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
6
2
19
14
5.4
5.5
8.0
8.0
43.0
44.2
22
15
28.5
89.6
30.61
63.09
1.076
.704
46.27
31.12
34.3
90.7
36.02
64.08
1.052
.707
8
33
5.4
8.0
43.5
37
53.2
43.78
.822
35.76
57.1
47.39
.830
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh...........................................
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
9
5
258
119
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
42.9
43.6
286
129
54.0
61.7
41.56
45.38
.770
.736
33.03
32.09
56.4
62.4
43.95
45.87
.779
.735
Total___________________________
14
377
5.4
8.0
43.1
415
56.4
42.75
.758
32.67
58.3
44.55
.765
STEEL
14
AND
Total.................................................
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh.........................................
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
OF LABOR— IRON
Total___________________________
Matchers:
Pittsburgh............................ ...............
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
HOURS
Catchers:
Pittsburgh................................. ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West..........
AND
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified occupations only
WAGES
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Occupation and district
£
00
8hearmen:
Pittsburgh________ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle West
Total-------------------- -----------------
10
5
202
72
5.4
5.5
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.4
240
81
57.0
68.9
61.98
66.42
1.087
.964
47.39
41.84
58.8
74.9
63.14
70.13
1.074
.936
15
274
5.4
8.0
43.5
321
60.0
63.10
1.052
45.76
62.9
64.90
1.032
Shearmen’s helpers:
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West._____
9
5
193
61
5.4
5.4
8.1
8.0
43.9
43.3
246
75
58.4
59.2
37.26
34.97
.638
.591
28.01
25.59
60.5
64.2
38.85
37.70
.642
.587
Total.................................................
14
254
5.4
8.0
43.7
321
58.6
36.73
.627
27.40
61.4
38.58
.629
Openers:
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
4
5
135
80
5.5
5.5
8.0
7.9
44.2
43.2
158
118
43.5
49.0
30.52
29.71
.702
.607
31.03
26.22
44.3
52.0
31.00
31.70
.700
.610
Total...................... ................... .
5.5
8.0
43.8
276
45.8
30.17
.659
28.86
47.6
31.30
.658
4
2
76
22
5.3
5.7
8.0
8.0
42.7
45.3
78
29
46.3
71.1
27.22
33.17
.588
.466
25.11
21.11
51.0
80.3
29.75
39.18
.584
.488
Total-----------------------------------------
6
98
5.4
8.0
43.3
107
53.0
28.83
.544
23.56
58.9
32.31
.548
Picklers:
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
9
4
85
15
5.8
5.5
S. 7
9.1
50.6
50.1
101
15
71.1
85.3
50.48
61.44
.710
.721
35.93
36.12
75.2
86.0
52.51
61.79
.698
.718
TotaL...............................................
13
100
5.8
8.7
50.6
116
72.9
51.90
.712
36.03
76.6
53.71
.701
Feeders:
Pittsburgh...... ................................
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
7
2
55
10
5.6
5.7
8.3
8.0
46.5
45.9
60
13
79.8
78.9
58.74
64.24
.736
.814
34.22
37.36
82.5
89.5
60.49
68.07
.734
.760
9
65
5.6
8.2
46.4
73
79.6
59.72
.750
34.80
83.7
61.84
.739
10
5
81
43
5.8
5.9
9.0
9.3
52.6
54.5
94
48
. 71.8
87.6
56.79
62.00
.791
.708
41.61
38.59
75.3
93.8
58.64
65.36
.779
.697
15
124
5.8
9.1
53.3
142
77.2
58.55
.759
40.45
81.5
60.91
.747
10
5
92
51
5.9
5.8
9.0
9.1
53.0
53.1
112
62
67.5
77.4
47.32
46.64
.701
.603
37.15
32.02
71.8
82.3
49.88
49.49
.695
.601
Total_________
_____ _____
Cold-roll rollers:
Pittsburgh........ ...................... ...........
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
Total___ __
Cold-roll catchers:
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
Total.................................................
Laborers:
P ittsburgh................. *.....................
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
Total______
________ _________
15
143
5.8
9.0
53.0
174
71.0
47.08
.663
35.14
75.5
49.74
.659
10
5
158
127
5.9
6.0
9.5
9.8
56.5
59.1
212
184
67.0
75.2
29.53
31.18
.441
.415
24.92
24.53
73.3
79.3
33.15
33.27
.453
.420
15
285
6.0
9.6
57.7
396
70.8
30.30
.428
24.70
76.1
33.21
.437
MILLS
215
SHEET
9
Openers, level-handed:
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
150
T able
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.—Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931, by districts— Sheet mills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who
combination of custom
ary turns and hours, by
districts
Night turns
Hours
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Hours
Turns
Turns
per
per
week Mon Sat Sun Per week Mon
Per
day to urday day week
day to1 Sat Sun week
Friday
Friday urday day
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pitts
burgh
Total
Group A. —Day turn only
6 ___
6_.......
6_.......
7.........
6 ____
6_........
6 .......
7 ___
6.........
6.........
6 .......
6 .......
6 . ..
6.........
6. .......
6.........
7.........
7_____
6.........
6.........
6 _ —
6 ____
6
6_.......
6
6
6_____
6_____
5
___
6 ___
6
6
6
6
5
___
13
13
12
12
12
12
10
10
11M n x
11
u
10^ 10 X
9
9
10 H 9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
8
10
6
8
8
9
9
10
5
10
9 '" m
9
9
9
9
6
m
9
m
9
8
9
6
SX
SX
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
5
9
8
m
4
78
72
72
10
70
69
66
63
9
63
61M
10 X 60H
60
10
60
60
10
59
58
56
8
56
IX 55^
55
5
55
54X
54
9
54
53X
53X
53
51
51
50
50
49
48
47H
44
40
2
2
27
9
3
13
78
72
72
70
69
66
63
63
01X
60X
60
60
60
59
58
56
56
55X
55
55
54X
54
54
53X
53X
53
51
51
50
50
49
48
47X
44
40
12
Total
1
2
1
440
1
319
3
3
3
1
5
1
1
18
3
1
7
3
631
5
1
1
1
93
11
41
23
16
1
1
1
44
1
997
3
2
31
27
3
13
7
3
1
2
1
1,071
1
319
3
3
3
1
4
18
1
11
111
3
11
41
23
16
1
1
1
20
64
...........45"
2
45
2
825
1,822
1
Group B.—Night turn only
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
Total
13
13
12
12
12
11
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
13
12
12
10
10
9
13
12
12
11
10
10
6
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
78
78
72
72
72
66
60
60
60
56
54
54
50
48
48
48
48
48
78
78
72
72
72
66
60
60
60
56
54
54
50
48
48
} 48
48
2
2
4
1
5
15
1
1
8
3
6
2
4
54
1
1
2
12
8
2
2
1
29
2
1
2
4
1
1
2
17
23
1
2
3
9
3
6
2
4
83
SHEET MILLS
151
T able D.—Customary futt-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981, by districts— Sheet mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued.
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who
combination of custom
ary turns and hours, by
districts
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
Turns
per
per
week Mon Sat Sun Per week Mon Sat Sun Per
day to
day to urday day week
Friday urday day week
Friday
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pitts
burgh
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
6.
6.
6.
6.
7.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
7.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
7.
7.
6.
7.
6.
5.
6.
6.
6.
5.
6.
5.
6.
6.
6.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
11
11
10
10
11
11
10
10
10
liH
li X
11X
11X
9
n
10
10
9
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
x
io
63
10H
10
10
10
10
9
10
X
10
10
60
59
59
58
63
63
55
56
60
50
59
54
54
50
54
50
54
533^
49
6.
48
6.
48
6.
6.
6.
48
48
48
6.
6.
6.
48
48
48
6.
48
6.
6.
6.
5.
48
48
40
48
12
6
6 , 12
12
6
6
133^
10
7
13
6
11
6
11
6
12
6
5
12
5
11Vi
6
10X
9
7
u y*
5
6
10
10
6
10
6
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
10
10
6
10
6
6
10
9
6
6
9
6
10
7
8
7
8
5
10
6
10
5
10
6
9
6
9
6
10
5
9
6
9
5
10
5
9
5
9
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
8
6
6
8
6
8
8
6
8
6
5
8
8
6
5
8
8
5
8
5
8
6
8
5
8
5
12
12
12
10
12
13X
10
13
11
11
12
9
Io
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
io x
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
9
10
8
8
10
9
9
6
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
72
72
72
81
70
78
66
66
72
60
57H
63
63
57X
60
60 }
60 J
60 )
60 J
60
60
60
60
59
60
54
54
60
56 }
56 J
50
60
50
54
54
56
45
}
54 J
50
45
45
48
48 }
48
48 }
48
}
48 J
48
48 [
48
48
48 }
48
I
48 J
48
48
48 }
48
40 }
48*
40 }
40
40
47
40
40 }
72
72
72
72
70
69
66
66
66
64H
63H
63
63
61%
60
60
2
44
60
60
60
60
59^
59
59
58H
5SX
57H
56
55
55
5±X
54
54
53
2
43
86
2
125
3
2
61
50
49^
49M
48H
48
48
48
48
15
2
2
1
5
1
3
13
10
2
10
28
2
33
11
8
109
10
8
65
13
5
2
10
3
3
25
57
2
33
13
21
51
195
2
125
3
2
13
5
2
81
146
27
50
4
3
10
3
6
3
25
10
2
138
27
50
2
44
15
2
2
1
5
10
81
8
4
1
6
9
9
3
4
128
14
12
48
45H
78
97
939
1
170
1,109
1,547
929
2,476
45H
44
44
43X
42H
54
8
11
66 ------------2
3,050
1,550
62
11
66
2
4,600
48
48
48
3
18
140
78
1 52
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b le
D,
Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
by districts— Sheet mills— Continued
1981, by
ALL EM PLOYEES-Continued
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of custom
ary turns and hours, by
districts
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
Turns
per
per Mon
Mon Sat Sun Per week
Per
week day
day to Sat Sun week
to urday day week
Friday urday day
Friday
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pitts
burgh
Total
G roup C.— Weekly changes fro m one shift to an oth er—Continued
6
7
8
6
___
8
3%
43%
40
40
•40
40
8
8
8
8
47
1!
}
}
208
42H
208
41H
6,856
Total
14
14
3,055
9,911
190
ROLLERS ONLY
6.........
8
6..........
8
8
48 8{f
48 {
I
}
6
5
5
5
o
8
8
8
8
8
48
40
40
40
) 4BH
J
} 42H
J
Total
T a b le
139
61
222
129
351
361
180
541
E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1981, by district— Sheet mills
Occupation and district
Rollers:
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West----Total.............................................
Roughers:
Pittsburgh___ ____ ___
______
Great Lakes and Middle West
Total.............................................
Matchers:
Pittsburgh____ _________________
Great Lakes and Middle West___
Total.............................................
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh................. ....................
Great Lakes and Middle West----Total.............................................
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh ................. ....................
Great Lakes and Middle West___
Total.............................................
Laborers:
Pittsburgh .......................................
Great Lakes and Middle West___
Total.............................................
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
time
estab em
lish
hours
ments ployees per
week
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
40, 44,
un un
der der
44
48
10
5
361
180
43.6
43.4
222
129
139
51
15
541
43.5
351
190
10
5
15
370
143
513
43.5
43.7
43.6
238
85
323
132
58
190
10
5
15
374
176
550
43.5
43.5
43.5
233
123
356
141
53
194
10
5
15
343
141
484
43.6
43.4
43.5
213
101
314
130
40
170
9
5
14
286
129
415
42.9
43.6
43.1
252
83
335
34
46
80
10
5
212
184
396
56.5
59.1
57.7
15
12
12
48
Over
48,
un
der
56
Over
56,
un 60
der
60
66
72
------ -----
------ -----
24
24
45
19
64
65
14
79
75
134
209
5
5
3
T able
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981 >by district— Sheet mills
Number of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
Occupation and district
Rollers:
Pittsburgh____________
G. L. and M . W ._______
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
25, 30, 35,
em
ings
per un un un
ployees hour
der der der
30 35 40
361
180
$1,861
1.726
40,
un
der
45
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
55
55,
un
der
60
2
60,
un
der
65
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
85
85,
un
der
90
90,
un
der
95
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
95, 100, no, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300,
un un un un un un un un Un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225 250 275 300 325
■~r
2
3
9
7
8
11
16
14
23
19
27
15
32
18
38
16
33 28
20 19
64 40
8 11
2
1
5
16
19
30
42
42
50
54
53
47
72
51
641
1.811
370
143
.976
.895
1
1
1
2
2
7 10
1
5
1
14
9
21
21
37
24
27
18
23
20
31
12
73
17
65
14
37
4
8
1
4
1
1
Total_______________
513
.952
1 -----
1
1
2
2
7 11
6
23
42
61
45
43
43
90
79
41
9
5
1
374
176
.799
.722
1
1
4
1
1
11
8
10 15
7 21
48
25
53
39
49
25
55 43
20 14
30
7
23
7
23
1
5
1
2
550
.772
1
1
4
2
19
17 36
73
92
74
75
57
37
30
24
6
2
343
141
1.320
1.216
1
1
2
1
3
1
5
4
2
1
11
2
12
10
35
29
44
33
41
22
37
15
43
6
39
1
38
4
17
5
g
2
1
5
4
1
484
1.287
1
1
2
1
4
5
4
3
13
22
64
77
63
52
49
40
42
22
g
g
4
1
286
129
.770
.736
1
4
5
8
1
14 21 23
3 15 28
32
19
29
13
26
13
24
9
35
8
27
3
23
8
11
6
2
3
1
Total_______________
415
.758
1
4
5
9
17
51
42
39
33
43
30
31
17
5
1
Laborers:
Pittsburgh____________
G .L .a n d M . W _______
212
184
.441
.415
1 174
27 154
11
1
26
2
396
.428
28 328
12
28
Total_______________
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh.............. ........
G. L .a n d M . W _______
Total_______________
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh____ ________
G. L. and M . W ._______
Total------------------------
MILLS
Matchers:
Pittsburgh.......................
G. L. and M . W _______
R
0
SHEET
Total_______________
Roughers:
Pittsburgh____________
G. L. and M . W _______
n
A
3
19 8
13 2
90
Oh 10
=
36 51
Tin-Plate Mills
Data for this department were collected from the pay rolls of 9
establishments located in 4 States and cover 10,083 employees in all
occupations. Of this number, 5,324 were found in the principal
occupations for which separate figures are given. Data were first
obtained for this department in 1910. From 1910 to 1914 employees
in the principal occupations only were covered, while in 1914 and all
subsequent years all employees in all occupations were included.1
Comparative figures for employees in the principal occupations from
1913 to 1931 are given in Table A.2
In all studies previous to 1929 averages for this department were
shown by geographical district, but in 1929 and 1931 averages are
given only for the country as a whole and district averages are omitted.
In recent years certain establishments of this department have
adopted mechanical equipment to take the place of certain handwork.
This has created some new occupations among which are mechanical
doublers, single boys, and machine tinners. These changes also
affected the duties of certain other occupations, such as pair heaters
and hand doublers. While all establishments covered have not
adopted all of the newer mechanical appliances there are now enough
employees in these recently created occupations to warrant adding
them to the list of principal occupations and to separate employees in
some of the other occupations into hand and mechanical divisions.
For example, doublers in the studies previous to 1929 had been placed
under one classification whether or not they worked as hand or machine
operators, but in the 1929 and 1931 studies there are two classifica
tions—doublers, hand, and doublers, mechanical—and separate
averages are given for each.
The change in the duties of employees formerly classified as dou
blers’ helpers resulted in the separation of pair heaters from the classi
fication of doublers’ helpers and they are presented in 1929 and 1931
as a separate occupation, which separation leaves only employees
assisting hand doublers in this classification. Therefore, the averages
for 1929 and 1931 cover doubler’s helpers, hand, only. Since all
establishments have not yet adopted these newer methods, and in
order not to reveal the identity of any plant, all averages are presented
for the country as a whole and not by district. This change in no way
affects the figures for the United States as a whole as they are com
parable from year to year over the period for which they are given.
(See Bulletin No. 442 for district figures for years previous to 1929.)
In the occupation of tinners, hand, all figures from 1913 to 1931 are
for hand tinners, as the employees in the occupation of tinners,
machine, were not included in the averages for any year and are first
presented as one of the principal occupations in 1929.
Hours of labor in this department show only slight variation from
year to year. As far back as 1910, w~hen data for this department were
1 Data were not obtained in 1916, 1918,1921, 1923,1925, 1927, 1928, and 1930.
* For years previous to 1913 see Bulletin No. 513.
154
TIN-PLATE HILLS
155
first obtained, the 8-hour day was in effect for employees working on
producing crews, because the shorter workday made possible the
speeding up of production. Certain employees, such as laborers,
branners, and other unskilled and semiskilled general workers work
longer hours. The average full-time hours per week for all employees
in 1914 were 46, which increased to 50.6 in 1920. Successive decreases
brought the average to 47 in 1931, or 2 per cent more than in 1914.
This is the only department where average full-time hours per week
are greater in 1931 than in 1914. Average full-time hours per week,
earnings per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for the department
as a whole are shown in Table 2 (p. 4).
Comparison of 1931 averages in the principal occupations with those
for earlier years may be made from Table A. While the adoption of
the 8-hour day in 1923 did not affect the daily hours of labor for
employees on the hot mill crews it did decrease the hours of em
ployees in certain other occupations, such as laborers and branners.
In 1913 branners had an average full-time week of 63.7 hours, which
increased to 65.1 in 1922, but in 1924, after the general decrease in
daily hours in 1923, dropped to 52.2 hours. This average showed a
decrease to 49.6 hours in 1929, and to 44.7 hours in 1931, or almost 30
per cent less than in 1913. Laborers had an average week of 61.6
hours in 1913, 59.4 hours in 1922, and 56.9 hours in 1924 after the
adoption of the shorter day. There was an increase in 1926 to 60.3
hours, but in 1931 the average had decreased to 55.4 hours.
There has been no great change in per cent of employees working
the several combinations of turns per week over the period 1914 to
1931. Table B shows that in 1914, 58 per cent of all employees worked
a week of 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in each 3-week cycle, and 37 per
cent regularly worked a week of 6 days. There was little change in
these percentages until 1924 when 51 per cent of all employees worked
a week of 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in rotation, and 44 per cent
regularly worked 6 days per week. In 1931 the percentages were 57
and 32, respectively, or almost the same as in 1914. There is little
7-day work in this department, there being 1 per cent of employees
on this work in 1914 and 1931. No year shows more than 2 per cent
of employees working regularly 7 days each week.
In order that a clearer idea may be given of the customary hours
per day and per week, Table D is presented. Of the 10,083 employees
covered by this table, 2,630 worked day turns only, 102 night turns
only, and 7,351 alternated or rotated from day to night turns. There
were 7,030 employees who worked a day of 8 hours or less, 509 worked
10 hours a day, while only 54 had a day of as much as 12 hours. All
employees in all occupations, whether on producing crews or not, are
included in Table D, but to give a better idea of conditions as they
apply to employees on the producing crews, separate figures are given
for one key occupation—rollers. All of the 391 employees who worked
as rollers during the pay period worked 8 hours per day and 42% hours
per week.
Table E shows the distribution by average full-time hours per week
of employees in six of the principal occupations. Three of these
occupations show all employees working “ 40 and under 44” hours per
week, and one occupation had only one employee working over 44
hours. In the occupation of laborers, 255 had a customary week of
56 hours or less, while only 6 had a week of over 6Q hours*
156
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
While hourly earnings in 1931 showed a decline from the 1929
average, the trend over the period 1914 to 1931 has been decidedly
upward. In 1914 the average hourly earnings for all employees were
42.5 cents. In 1920 the average had increased to 94.9 cents, the
highest earnings for any year and almost two and one-fourth times the
1914 average. In 1922, due to the business slump, the average
decreased to 65 cents. This increased to 79.5 in 1924 but decreased
to 71.4 cents in 1931, or 68 per cent above the 1914 average. Most of
the tonnage rates paid in tin-plate mills are based directly on the
selling price of the product; that is, at the close of a certain period
tonnage rates are adjusted in accordance with the price of tin-plate
sheets during that interval. For this reason the rates paid in this
department m a large number of occupations are subject to wide
fluctuations in a two or three year study such as the bureau makes.
Comparison of hourly earnings for employees in the principal occupa
tions may be made from Table A. Rollers, for example, in 1913
earned an average of $1,139, which decreased to $1,106 in 1915, but
rose to $2,542 in 1920. A large decrease in 1922 brought the average
to $1,701. An increase to $2,099 in 1924 followed and in 1931 the
average of $1,737 was 52.5 per cent more than in 1913 but over 30
per cent below the 1920 average. A distribution by average hourly
earnings of employees in six of the principal occupations in 1931 is
given in Table F.
In 1914 the average full-time weekly earnings of all employees
were $19.55, which increased to $21.57 in 1915 and to $48.02 in 1920,
the highest average for any year and 145.6 per cent above the 1914
average. Alternate decreases and increases have carried the average
since 1920 to $32.44 in 1922, $38.80 in 1924, $33.86 in 1926, $34.70 in
1929, and $33.56 in 1931, the latter being 71.7 per cent more than in
1914. Weekly earnings in the various principal occupations show
similar increases. Rollers, for example, averaged $48.59 in 1913,
which decreased in 1914 to $47.59, but rose m 1920 to $108.54,
or 128.1 per cent more than in 1914. Alternate decreases and
increases in earnings since 1920 finds them in 1931 with an average of
$74.17, 52.6 per cent more than in 1913, but 31.7 per cent less than in
192°.
The 10,083 employees in all occupations worked an average of
90.5 hours during a 16-day period for which they received $64.56.
This includes all of the hours worked and earnings received by
employees in the occupations in Table C and in all other occupations
covered in tin-plate mills in 1931. Openers, female, worked the most
time— 100 hours—and doublers, level-handed, hand, worked the least—
37.8 hours. Doublers, level-handed, hand, also received the least
money—$28.61—while rollers, a highly skilled occupation, received
the most—$140.87. Laborers worked 98.2 hours and received $41.71.
157
TIN-PLATE MILLS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1913 to 1931, by occupation—
Tin-plate mills
T a b le
Num Num Aver
age
ber
ber full
of
Occupation and esof time
em
year
tabhours
lish- ploy per
ments ees week
Heaters:
1913...........
1914-...........
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922............
1924............
1926-..........
1929_...........
1931.............
Heaters, level
handed:
1913.............
1914_..........
1915............
1919...........
1920.............
1922-...........
1924........... .
1926........... .
1929.............
1931.............
Heaters’ help
ers:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920........... .
1922.............
1924.............
1926.......... .
1929_......... .
1931
Pair heaters:
1929_______
1931-..........
Rollers:
1913............
1914............
1915.............
1919-..........
1920...........
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929.............
1931_______
Rollers, level
handed:
1919_...........
1920.........
1922...........
1924_......... .
1926_.........
1929-...........
1931.............
Roughers:
1913_______
1914_______
1915...........
1919.............
1920-..........
1922-..........
1924.............
1926—....... .
1929.............
1931--........
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Per
av
w<
Full
Full
Over
Over
Over
time Earn time 48 48,
72,
60,
hours ings earn and un
72
un
un 84
per per ings un der 60 der
der
week hour per der
84
72
week
42.7 $0.679 $28.99 100.0 100.0 100.0
42.7
.752 32.10 100.0 110.8 110.7
42.7
.725 30.95 100.0 106.8 106.8
42.7 1.458 62.26 100.0 214.7 214.8
42.7 1.722 73.51 100.0 253.6 253.6
42.7 1.170 49.84 100.0 172.3 171.9
42.7 1.449 61.80 100.0 213.4 213.2
42.7 1.046 44.66 100.0 154.1 154.1
42.7 1.159 49.49 100.0 170.7 170.7
42.7 1.102 47.06 100.0 162.3 162.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
6
9
9
9
8
8
8
6
8
8
312
142
211
288
182
149
152
113
121
113
6
6
6
7
9
9
9
8
8
9
414 42.7
430 42.7
294 42.7
272 42.7
756 42.7
656 42.7
720 42.7
588 42.7
604 42.7
580 42.7
.595
.622
.611
1.273
1.465
1.001
1.229
.917
.982
.942
25.38
26.53
26.08
54.36
62.57
42.70
52.46
39.16
41.93
40.22
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
102.7
213.9
246.2
168.2
206.6
154.1
165.0
158.3
100.0
104.5
102.8
214.2
246.5
168.2
206.7
154.3
165.2
158.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
147 42.7
127 42.7
202 42.7
241 42.7
230 42.7
135 42.7
252 42.7
196 42.7
180 42.7
164 42.7
.430
.476
.455
1.052
1.174
.847
.981
.772
.811
.798
18.36
20.32
19.43
44.92
50.14
36.02
41.88
32.96
34.63
34.07
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110.7
105.8
244.7
273.0
197.0
228.1
179.5
188.6
185.6
100.0
110.7
105.8
244.7
273.1
196.2
228.1
179.5
188.6
185.6
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
7
187 42.7
346 42.7
.795
.744
33.95
31.77
100
100
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
356
345
349
410
476
400
414
371
378
391
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
1.139 48.59 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.115 47.59 100.0 97.9 97.9
1.106 47.17 100.0 97.1 97.1
2.248 95.99 100.0 197.4 197.6
2.542 108.54 100.0 223.2 223.4
1.701 72.56 100.0 149.3 149.3
2.099 89.36 100.0 184.3 183.9
1.635 69.81 100.0 143.5 143.7
1.778 75.92 100.0 156.1 156.2
1.737 74.17 100.0 152.5 152.6
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
7
7
3
6
4
5
7
46
212
138
166
35
65
84
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
1.362
1.599
.924
1.080
.952
.949
.930
58.16
68.29
38.62
46.16
40.65
40.52
39.71
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
380 42.7
367 42.7
366 42.7
447 42.7
502 42.7
429 42.7
465 42.7
383 42.7
401 42.7
428 42.7
.533
.560
.562
1.193
1.363
.893
1.150
.902
1.014
.989
22.73
23.87
23.96
50.94
58.21
38.08
49.11
38.52
43.30
42.23
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
133895°—33------11
full-time hours per
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.1
105.4
223.8
255.7
167.5
215.8
169.2
190.2
185.6
100.0
105.0
105.4
224.1
256.1
167.5
216.1
169.5
190.5
185.8
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
158
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A . — Average
customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1981, by occupation—
Tin-plate mills— C o n t in u e d
Index numbers
Num Num Aver Aver Aver
(1913=100)
age
ber
age
ber
full
age
of
full earn time
Full
Occupation and es
of
time ings earn Full Earn time
year
em hours
time ings earn
tab ploy
ings
per
hours per ings
lishper
per
per
ments ees week hour week
per
week hour week
Catchers:
1913_______
1914.........
1915.............
1919.............
1920_______
1922.............
1924_______
1926.............
1929.............
1931.-.........
Screw boys:
1913_ ..........
1914.............
1915............
1919...........
1920............
1922_______
1924_ ..........
1926........... 1929_______
1931.............
Single boys:
1929...........
1931_______
Doublers, hand:
1929.............
1931.............
D oublers,
mechanical:
1929_______
1931_______
Doublers, level
handed, hand:
1929._.........
1931_______
Doublers’ help
ers, hand:
1929...........
1931............
Shearmen:
1913_______
1914_..........
191o_..........
1919.........
1920.............
1922............
1924......... .
1926-....... .
1929.-.........
1931........ ...
Shearmen’ s
helpers:
1913.......... .
1914_ ..........
1915............
1919.............
1920...........
1922............
1924.............
1926...........1931............
Openers, male:
1913......... .
1914.............
1915. ..........
1919.............
1920-......... .
1922.............
1924.........
1926............
1929......... .
1931......... .
Openers, fe
male:
1931.............
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
48 Over
60,
48,
72,
and un
72 un 84
un der 60 un
der
der
der 60
72
84
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
354
347
361
507
541
456
465
398
382
378
42.7 $0.463 $19.74 100.0 100.0 100.0
42.7
468 19.95 100.0 101.1 101.1
42.7
489 20.87 100.0 105.6 105.7
42.7 1 014 43.30 100.0 219.0 219.4
42.7 1 217 51.95 100.0 262.9 263.2
42.7
817 34.83 100.0 176.5 176.4
42.7 1 003 42.83 100.0 216.6 217.0
42.7
806 34.42 100.0 174.1 174.4
42.7
926 39.54 100.0 200.0 200.3
42.7
902 38.52 100.0 194.8 195.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
387
384
372
466
585
476
484
412
408
395
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
366
385
389
818
973
676
840
633
691
682
15.64
16.43
16.59
34.93
41.54
28.65
36.15
27.03
29.51
29.12
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
299
351
42.7
42.7
732
737
31.26
31.47
100
100
4
3
193
65
42.7
42.7
912
.883
38.94
37.70
100
100
5
7
229
380
42.7
42.7
.679
.749
28.99
31.98
100
100
3
2
45
38
42.7
42.7
.824
.760
35.18
32.45
100
100
3
1
156
32
42.7
42.7
.702
.622
29.98
26.56
100
100
9
9
8
6
6
8
8
7
7
8
126
116
112
140
103
118
123
111
110
135
56.5
56.9
57.3
48.3
44.1
44.6
43.4
43.1
42.9
43.6
.485
.486
.514
1.368
1.280
.915
1.137
1.024
1.076
.983
4
4
3
2
1
2
2
3
4
43
42
33
29
22
33
26
26
60
55.8
55.3
56.5
53.9
49.5
49.4
45.5
58.3
46.1
.165
.168
.150
.539
.731
.413
.469
.510
.551
9.13 100.0 100.0 100.0
19
9.18 99.1 101.8 100.5
17
8.51 101.3 90.9 93.2
29.05 96.6 326.7 318.2
31
36.18 88.7 443.0 396.3
20.40 88.5 250.3 223.4 ’ ’ 27
21.34 81.5 284.2 233.7 100
29.73 104.5 309.1 325.6
25.40 82.6 333.9 278.2 ’ "’ 82
51
52
67
69
100
73
14
14
15
88
3
12
15
210 56.9
201 56.8
227 57.2
235 52.3
204 56.2
186 49.0
224 55.3
239 51.8
253 48.3
355 47.5
.274
.266
.247
.800
.728
.631
.721
.795
.685
.748
15.58 100.0 100.0 100.0
15.14 99. b 97.1 97.2
14.13 100.5 90.1 90.7
41.84 91.9 292.0 268.5
40.55 98.8 265.7 260.3
29.08 86.1 230.3 186.6
39.87 97.2 263.1 255.9
41.18 91.0 290.1 264.3
33.09 84.9 250.0 212.4
35.53 83.5 273.0 228.0
100
100
93
77
100
64
80
69
41
32
.573
24.47
7
7
5
4
6
6
6
7
8
1
2
42.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.2
106.3
223.5
265.8
184.7
229.5
173.0
188.8
186.3
100.0
105.1
106.1
223.3
265.6
183.2
231.1
172.8
188.7
186.2
27.34 100.0 100.0 100.0
27.61 100.7 100.2 101.0
29.55 101.4 106.0 108.1
66.07 85.5 282.1 241.7
56.52 78.1 263.9 206.7
40.52 78.9 188.7 148.2
49.35 76.8 234.4 180.5
44.13 76.3 211.1 161.4
46.16 75.9 221.8 168.8
42.86 77.2 202.7 156.8
6
3
56
80
83
100
100
100
96
23
36
11
31
59
64
100
82
84
86
44
20
17
13
14
14
4
7
8
3
16
17
18
TIN-PLATE MILLS
159
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1918 to 1931, by occupation—
Tin-plate mills— Continued
T a b le
Num Num
ber
ber
of
of
Occupation and esem
year
tablish- ploy
ments ees
Tinners, hand:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929.............
1931.............
Tinners, ma
chine:
1929.............
1931.............
Redippers:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929.............
1931.............
Risers:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929.............
1931.............
Branners:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929........... i
1931.............
Assorters, male:
1931_______
Assorters, fe
male:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929.............
1931............
Laborers:
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1919.............
1920.............
1922.............
1924.............
1926.............
1929.............
1931.............
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time houri per
Aver Aver Aver
(1913=100)
age
week were—
age
full
age
full . earn
Full
time
Over
Over
time ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
60,
72,
hours per
time ings earn and 48,
un
72
un
60
un 84
hours
per hour ings
un der
ings
per
per
der
der
per hour per der
week
week week
72
60
84
week
5
5
3
3
0)
0)
C1)
54
52
37
45
4
4
5
46
32
50
2
2
8
8
8
8
9
6
6
5
6
5
484
486
487
683
702
410
361
225
164
125
43.6 $0,433 $18.84 100.0 100.0 100.0
.442 19.22 99.8 102.1 102.0
43.5
.442 19.13 99.3 102.1 101.5
43.3
43.0
.977 42.01 98.6 225.6 223.0
42.9 1.114 47.85 98.4 257.3 254.0
43.3
.795 34.20 99.3 183.6 181.5
43.4
.976 42.39 99.5 225.4 225.0
43.5
.840 36.54 99.8 194.0 193.9
42.7
.907 39.64 97.9 209.5 210.4
42.7
.899 38.39 97.9 207.6 203.8
4
6
84
119
43.4
42.7
.794
.834
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
26
23
19
29
27
33
38
25
20
12
53.0
53.0
51.4
46.9
43.1
43.1
43.0
42.9
42.9
42.7
.536
.538
.563
1.272
1.538
1.027
1.235
1.154
1.158
1.053
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
34
48
41
46
41
54
39
34
24
21
45.1
51.3
49.5
47.4
43.2
42.9
42.9
42.9
43.0
42.7
.279
.268
.288
.642
.791
.528
.703
.638
.639
.589
12.59
13.70
14.16
30.43
34.12
22.65
30.16
27.37
27.48
25.15
100.0
113.7
109.8
105.1
95.8
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.3
94.7
100.0
96.1
103.2
230.1
283.5
189.2
252.0
228.7
229.0
211.1
100.0
108.8
112.5
241.7
271.0
179.9
239.6
217.4
218.3
199.8
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
4
6
37 63.7
41 64.1
34 65.4
60 61.3
48 62.4
32 65.1
73 52.2
64 52.2
51 49.6
83 44.7
.190
.198
.203
.452
.624
.455
.536
.505
.600
.577
12.14
12.69
13.22
27.71
38.68
28.98
27.83
26.36
29.76
25.79
100.0
100.6
102.7
96.2
98.0
102.2
81.9
81.9
77.9
70.2
100.0
104.2
106.8
237.9
328.4
239.5
282.1
265.8
315.8
303.7
100.0
104.5
108.9
228.3
318.6
238.7
229.2
217.1
245.1
212.4
4
12
56.9
.541
30.78
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
4
5
a
171
172
208
279
295
230
291
250
254
305
53.7
53.3
55.4
48.5
46.9
43.3
43.6
43.4
46.1
45.5
.163
.153
.162
.417
.465
.365
.422
.384
.369
.380
8.75
8.26
8.98
20.22
21.83
15.84
18.40
16.67
17.01
17.29
100.0
99.3
103.2
90.3
87.3
80.6
81.2
80.8
85.8
84.7
100.0
93.9
99.4
255.8
285.3
223.9
258.9
235.6
226.4
233.1
100.0
94.4
102.6
231.1
249.5
181.0
210.3
190.5
194.4
197.6
30
18
9
9
9
6
8
9
9
8
8
9
575
469
444
418
271
231
197
188
251
350
61.6
62.4
61.6
64.3
60.5
59.4
56.9
60.3
57.1
55.4
.189
.189
.190
.461
.533
.359
.439
.426
.422
.419
11.64
11.78
11.72
29.64
32.19
21.28
24.99
25! 69
24! 10
23.21
100.0
101.3
100.0
104.4
98.2
96.4
92.4
97*9
92.7
89.9
100.0
100.0
100! 5
243.9
282.0
189.9
232! 3
22514
223 3
221.7
100.0
101.2
100.7
254.6
276.5
182.8
214! 7
220.7
207*0
199! 4
24 18
12 16
33 16
13 36
62 13
72 19
29 55
50 31
67 31
74 23
* Less than 1 per cent
34.46
35.61
28.03 100.0 100.0 100.0
28.55 100.0 100.4 101.9
28.81 97.0 105.0 102.8
59.66 88.5 237.3 212.8
66.26 81.3 286.9 236.4
44.26 81.3 191.6 157.9
53.11 81.1 230.4 189.5
49.51 80.9 215.3 176.6
49.68 80.9 216.0 177.2
44.96 80.6 196.5 160.4
43
39
24
10
6
3
3
16’
4
50
75
73
77
56
57
46 11
51 10
76
27 13
35 31
38
16 ~ "i
31
29
7
25
....
50
2
2
2
58
72
51
32
21
9
9
19
2
2
0)
12"
5
1
0)
2
0)
"""3
T a b le
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1981, by year—
Tin-plate mills
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
6,033
6,147
10,523
9,166
10,549
8,892
8,386
10,083
4
3
65
96
21
56
17
532
3,488
3,532
5,827
4,980
5,345
4,919
4,956
5,720
214
181
478
439
190
206
348
400
6
2,245
2,279
3,981
3,486
4,635
3,188
56 2,834
100 3,228
6, 6,
6, 7,
and 7 and
7
and 7 6alter
in ro nately in ro
tation
tation
122
40
44
16
20
50
108
198
160
15
1
52
7
5
66
132
122
57
160
189
120
68
0)
0)
1
1
0)
1
0)
5
5, 5,
and 6
and 6 5alter
in ro nately
tation
58
57
55
54
51
55
59
57
4
3
5
5
2
2
4
4
5, 6,
and 6
in ro
tation
1
1
6
37
37
38
38
44
36
34
32
6, 6,
and 7
and 7 6alter
in ro nately
tation
(*)
0)
0)
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
2
2
2
6, 7,
and 7
in ro
tation
1
7
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
OF LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEL
11
11
9
9
9
8
8
9
5, 6,
5, 5,
and 6 and
6
and 6 5alter
in ro nately in ro
tation
tation
HOURS
* Less than 1 per cent.
5
AND
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
1929
1931
Num
ber of
plants
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
WAGES
Year
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
T a b le
C.— Average customary working time of employees, per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1931, by occupation— Tin-plate mills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Occupation
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
106
534
156
321
365
74
396
346
348
322
50
351
37
28
124
55
327
2
115
109
30
19
72
11
297
295
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.6
6.0
5.7
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.5
8.0
9.3
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
43.6
46.1
47.5
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
44.7
56.9
45.5
55.4
113
580
164
346
391
84
428
378
395
351
65
380
38
32
135
60
355
2
125
119
12
21
83
12
305
350
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
Worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
73.9
81.0
74.8
78.6
78.6
64.4
74.0
72.2
70.9
77.1
53.6
79.3
37.4
88.9
73.4
78.5
82.3
100.0
77.5
72.9
46.9
43.8
81.6
80.1
87.0
91.9
$81.45
76.28
59.65
58.48
136.48
59.85
73.12
65.18
48.35
56.83
47.32
59.40
28.44
55.31
72.11
43.21
61.59
57.30
69.71
60.73
49.38
25.78
47.05
43.36
33.08
38.45
$1.102
.942
.798
.744
1.737
.930
.989
.902
.682
.737
.883
.749
.760
.622
.983
.551
.748
.573
.899
.834
1.053
.589
.577
.541
.380
.419
$47.06
40.22
34.07
31.77
74.17
39.71
42.23
38.52
29.12
31.47
37.70
31.98
32.45
26.56
42.86
25.40
35.53
24.47
38.39
35.61
44.96
25.15
25.79
30.78
17.29
23.21
82.4
83.7
80.5
84.8
83.4
81.9
83.8
81.9
78.0
87.6
55.4
87.4
37.8
92.1
75.1
81.6
85.6
100.0
78.4
76.1
50.3
49.0
85.4
92.1
87.1
98.2
$87.63
78.29
63.42
61.18
140.87
89.06
80.10
69.98
51.36
61.16
48.29
62.67
28.61
57.47
73.16
45.52
63.06
57.30
70.49
62.49
51.45
28.81
49.17
48.76
33.11
41.71
$1,064
.936
.788
.721
1.689
1.088
.956
.854
.659
.698
.871
.717
.756
.624
.974
.558
.737
.573
.899
.821
1.024
.588
.576
.529
.380
.425
MILLS
8
9
8
7
9
7
9
9
9
7
3
7
2
1
8
4
8
1
5
6
2
2
6
4
6
9
Hours
worked
TIN-PLATE
Heaters___________________________
Heaters, level-banded______________
Heaters’ helpers___________________
Pair heaters_______________________
Rollers___________________________
Rollers, level-handed______________
Roughers_________________________
Catchers__________________________
Screw boys__ _____________________
Single boys_______________________
Doublers, hand___________________
Doublers, mechanical______________
Doublers, level-handed, hand,______
Doublers* helpers, hand___________
Shearmen_________________________
Shearmen’s helpers________________
Openers, male_____________________
Openers, female—__________________
Tinners, hand_____________________
Tinners, machine__________________
Redippers________________________
Risers____________________________
Branners, m a le __________________
Assorters, m a le ___________________
Assorters, female__________________
Laborers____ _____________________
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Os
162
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekj
1981— Tin-plate mills
T a b l e D .—
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon Satur
day to
Friday day
Hours
Sun
day
Per
week
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
fied combi
age
hours nation of
customary
per
week turns and
hours
G roup A.—Day turn only
12
13
12
12
8
12
10
11H
11
ux
ii
11
10X
10
HX
12
84
10
7?
70
69
66
8
65X
13
11
9
11
9
11
im
u
im
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
iox
10
10
10
91
10
10
10
m
u
10
9
8
8
9
7X
8
10
10
9X
10
9
8
m
m
8
8
7
m
$X
6
m
8
"~5
10
10
9
9
9X
4
9
9
m
8
7
m
5X
8
10
9
9
8L
sx
8
8
8j _
8H
“5
4X
7
6
8
8
r
4X
6
5X
Y
4
84
73
72
70
69
66
10
MX
65X
65M
65
64
64
63
63
62J^
6‘?
61
60H
60
60
60
65
64
64
63
63
MX
62
61
MX
60
60
60
BOX
59
59
59
BOX
59
59
59
i
58X
58
58
58
57
57
56X
58
58
58
57
57
55X
55X
55
55
55
54X
55X
55X
55
55
55
54X
54
58X
56X
56
56
54
54
54
53
53
52
____ _____ ____ 1_______
51X
54 1
54
53
53
52
61X
51
51
51
51
50X
BOX
50
50
49X
;
49X
48X
48 ............i......... .
i
48
47X
47
50X
50X
50
50
49X
49X
48X
1
46
48
48
47^
47
46
45X
45X
45
45
44
45
45
44
1
2
1
1
4
:i
i
3
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
333
1
3
1
57
1
17
1
1
229
11
2
12
117
1
1
14
258
4
22
6
io
439
15
133
5
3
25
4
2
3
1
17
3
15
1
2
84
3
2
51
85
34
104
166
163
TIN-PLATE MILLS
T able
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1981— T in -p la te m ills— Continued
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Hours
Sun
day
Per
week
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
age
fied combi
nation of
hours
per
customary
week turns and
hours
G roup A.—Day turn only—Continued
424
40
40
84
8
7
424
40
40
T ota l-
145
129
25
2,630
G roup B.—Night turn only
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
5
5
12
12
114
11
10
10
84
10
8
9
9
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
12
10
84
8
9
10
8
12
12 !
114
11
10
84
64
8
9
8
8
8
84
72
69
66
60
60
594
564
56
54
54
50
50
48
48
48 1>
40
40
84
72
69
66
60
60
594
564
56
54
54
50
50
48
48
AM
44
40
Total
1
1
4
19
6
41
2
1
2
1
4
1
3
2
3
4
7
102
G roup C .--Weekly changes from one shift to another
6_.........
6______
7_.........
6__.......
6...........
6...........
6.........
6...........
6.......
6_ ......
6...........
6_.........
6 ._ .......
7_ ......
6...........
6...........
6 .........
6______
6____
6...........
6...........
6...........
6 .......
6...........
6_.........
6...........
12
12
10
114
104
11
114
li
114
11
U
10
n
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 1I
10 1
12
12
10
114
104
10
8
10
6
11
10
10
6
9
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
10
6
54
5
12
10
10
9
10
10
10
72
72
70
69
63
65
654
65
634
66
65
60
61
63 i
I
60
60
60
60
59
58
58
58
60
55
•
Rr>4
So
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
I7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
10
114
124
12
114
11 u
114
11
11
10
11
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
L0
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
10
114
124
12
11 Vo
li )/•>
114
11
11
10
11
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
64
10
10
10
72
72
70
09
75
72
69
69
69
66
66
70
66
63
63 }
60
60
60 }
60
60
60
60
60
60
564
60
60
60
72
72
70
69
P9
684
67M
67
66
654
(!5
634
63
60
60
60
60
594
59
59
59
58M
58
57H
574
13
35
5
32
2
2
3
43
2
9
144
1
50
5
6
10
4
8
6
5
21
6
27
3
4
164
T able
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.—Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1931— T in -p la te m ills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Hours
Turns
per
Sun
day
Per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
age fied combi
hours nation of
per
customary
week turns and
hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
9
8
10
10
10
9
9
6
9
5
54
56
60
59
58
54
54
54
54
56
55H
53
55
54
7
10
8
8
10
10
10
9
»
9
9
9
9
10
10
8
9
10
9
9
8
4J'2
9
8
8
8
SH
8
47
54
48
52
54
48
48
48
48
48
50H
48
48
m
8
8
8
48
45
48
46
48
42H
45
40
40
40
8
10M
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
m
8
9
8
8
8
57
58
55
54M
54
54
54
54
54
53
52^
sm
52M
51
50H
49M
4m
49
48^
48
48
48
48
48
48
47%
46
23
38
87
3
60
5
6
53
18
4
14
4
74
15
44
29
4
1
17
3
3
47
3
9
233
3
6
45V:i
6
45H
45
44
43
79
22
42
34
5,711
84
24
2
67
21
42J*
42>;
42^.
40
40
7,351
Total..
60
56
56 }
50
50
50
54 }
54
54
54
54
54 }
50
50
53
52 }
50
54
45 }
48
48 }
52V2
45
50
45
45
45 }
48
48
48 }
48
48 }
48
48
48 }
45
50 j
40
48 }
40
48
40 }
45
40
40
40 }
40
42X
40
45
40
40 |
40
ROLLERS ONLY
165
TIN-PLATE MILLS
T a b le
E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occu
pations, 1931—Tin-plate mills
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Occupation
Heaters, level-handed___
Rollers..............................
Doublers, hand................
Tinners, hand..................
Assorters, female..............
Laborers...........................
Num Num Average
ber of
of full-time
estab ber
em hours per
lish, ployees
week
ments
580
391
65
125
305
350
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
45.5
55.4
44,
un
der
48
48
Over
48,
un
der
56
55
247
56
Over
56,
un
der
60
Over
60,
un un
der der
72
T a b le
------
F.
—Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1981—Tin-plate
------- — - .........
...
=■
. ...........
... ...................— - - ................ =T-~ ............,=
m il's
££
......... = ... ............... — ._____O
Nurpber of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
$0. 942
1. 737
.883
.899
. 380
.419
5
2
52
137
5
109
289
56
60,
un
der
65
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
I
1
1
1
3
5
6
5
6
5
21
1
4
6
75,
un
der
80
80, 85, 90, 95,
un un un un
der der der der
85 90 95 100
31 06 111 98
2 ....
2
7 "’ o’
5
4 22
25 21
76
1
4
22
100,
un
der
110
110,
un
der
120
120,
un
der
130
130,
un
der
140
108
3
8
12
50
4
6
3
4
8
2
14
140, 150,
un un
der der
150 160
21
32
1
160,
un
der
170
170,
un
der
180
180,
un
der
190
190,
un
der
200
200,
un
der
225
2
78
84
54
41
45
250,
un
der
275
1
AND
STEEL
580
391
65
125
305
350
55,
un
der
60
HOURS OF LABOR— IRON
Heaters, level-handed
H ollers__ ____ ______________
Doublers, hand
Tinners, hand
Assorters, female
-- . . .
Laborers
ber of
em
ploy
ees
WAGES AND
Occupation
age
earn 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,
ings un un un un un un un
per
der der der der der der
hour der
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
@FedFRASER