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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEW ART, Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES\
XI
B U RE A U O F L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S /.....................I l O e
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
£ -| n
D lO
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF
LABOR IN THE IRON
AND STEEL INDUSTRY
1929
APRIL, 1930
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
W ASHINGTON : 1930
For sale by the Superintendent of Docum ents, Washington, D, C.
-
-
-
Price 30 <;enf;s
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction and summary__________________________________________
Classified full-time hours per week_______________________________
Seven-day week________________________________________________
Relief systems_________________________________________________
Common laborers______________________________________________
Average hourly earnings, 1929, by district________________________
Scope of 1929 data_____________________________________________
Importance of the industry_____________________________________
Trend of employment__________________________________________
Explanation and treatment of the data___________________________
Blast furnaces______________________________________________________
Bessemer converters________________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces_______________________________________________
Puddling mills_____________________________________________________
Blooming mills_____________________________________________________
Plate mills_________________________________________________________
Standard rail mills_________________________________________________
Bar mills__________________________________________________________
Sheet mills________________________ ________________________________
Tin-plate mills....................................................... ..... .................. ...............
1
6
9
10
13
16
16
17
19
20
30
49
68
87
99
117
136
145
170
187
GENERAL TABLES
T able A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________ ________________________
Puddling mills_______________________________________ - ________
Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills_____________________________________________________
Standard rail mills_____________________________________________
Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills________________________________________ ____________
Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
T able B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked
each specified number of turns per week:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces_______________________ .___________________
Puddling mills_________________________________________________
Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills_____________________________________________________
Standard rail mills__ ;__________________________________________
Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills____________________________________________________
Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
T able C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per
week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per em
ployee in pay period covered, 1929:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________________
Puddling mills--------------------------------------------------------------------------Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills____________________________________________________
Standard rail mills_____________________________________________
Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills_____________________________________________________
Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
hi
34
53
71
90
102
120
139
149
173
191
38
58
75
92
105
124
139
154
177
195
39
59
76
94
106
125
140
155
178
196
IV
CONTENTS
Page
T able D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and
per week, 1929:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________________
Puddling mills--------------------------------------------------------------------------Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills_____________________________________________________
Standard rail mills--------------------------------------------------------------------Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills____________________________________________________
Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
T able E.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in specified
occupations, 1929:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________________
Puddling mills--------------------------------------------------------------------------Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills________________________ !-----------------------------------------Standard rail mills--------------------------------------------------------------------Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills---------------- ------------------ ------- -----------------------------------Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
T able F.—Average and classified earnings per hour in specified occupations,
1929:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________________
Puddling mills--------------------------------------------------------------------------Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills_____________________________________________________
Standard rail mills_____________________________________________
Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills____________________________________________________
Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
T able G.— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in
specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929:
Blast furnaces_________________________________________________
Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________________
Puddling mills--------------------------------------------------------------------------Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills-------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------Standard rail mills--------------------------------------------------------------------Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills____________________________________________________
Tin-plate mills_________________________________________________
T able H.—Average and classified earnings actually received by employees
in specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929:
Blast furnaces--------------------------------------------------------------------------Bessemer converters____________________________________________
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________________
Puddling mills--------------------------------------------------------------------------Blooming mills_________________________________________________
Plate mills_____________________________________________________
Standard rail mills_____________________________________________
Bar mills______________________________________________________
Sheet mills_____________________________________________________
Tin-plate mills___________________ _______ _______________________
42
62
79
95
109
128
141
159
181
197
45
64
83
96
113
131
142
163
183
199
46
65
84
97
114
132
143
164
184
200
47
66
85
97
115
133
143
166
185
200
48
67
86
98
116
134
144
168
186
201
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
n o . s i3
WASHINGTON
a p r i l , 1930
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY: 1929
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This bulletin presents the results of a study made in 19291 of
wages and hours of labor of wage earners in 10 departments of the
iron and steel industry in the United States. Summary figures for
preceding years, taken from previous bulletins of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, are shown for each department. As in other wage
studies of the bureau, it was not practicable to make a complete
census of all plants in the country. However, these statistics may
be taken as representative of the industry, since they are based on a
sufficient number of representative plants in each district to show
conditions in the various parts of the country.
The data presented in this report for employees in each department
are as follows:
Blast furnaces, 1907-1929.2
Bessemer converters, 1907-1929.2
Open-hearth furnaces, 1910-1929.*
Puddling mills, 1914-1929.3
Blooming mills, 1910-1929.2
Plate mills, 1910-1929.2
Standard rail mills, 1926 and 1929.4
Bar mills, 1907-1929.3
Sheet mills, 1910-1929.2
Tin-plate mills, 1910-1929.3
There are three major steps or processes in the iron and steel
industry. The first is the manufacture of pig iron through the
reduction of iron ore, the smelting process taking place in the blast
furnace. The second step is the conversion of pig iron into steel or
wrought iron. The process of changing pig iron into steel takes
place in the Bessemer converter or the open-hearth furnace. Wrought
iron is made by the puddling process, which may be either hand or
mechanical. Only plants doing hand puddling, however, have been
1 Summary figures for 1929 appeared in the Labor Review for September, October, and November, 1929.
For data for years up to 1915, see Bulletin No. 218; for 1917, the March, 1918, Labor Review; for 1919, Bulle
tin No. 265; for 1920, Bulletin No. 305; for 1922, Bulletin No. 353; for 1924, Bulletin No. 381; and for 1926,
Bulletin No. 442.
2No data available for 1916, 1918,1921,1923, 1925, 1927, or 1928.
3No data available for 1916,1917,1918,1921, 1923,1925,1927, or 1928.
* The plants covered in the 1924,1926, and 1929 studies were in many cases different from those covered in
previous surveys and no comparison is made for the principal occupations between the 1929 figures and those
for the years prior to 1926. However, the averages for all employees in the country as a whole were not
affected by the change of plants to the extent that were the averages for employees in the specified occupa
tions only, and in all comparative tables covering all employees data have been included for all years avail
able. No data available for 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921,1923, 1925, 1927, or 1928.
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
included in this study. The third step is the process of rolling.
Several kinds of rolling mills are included in the data. While all
departments of the industry as a whole have not been covered, a
sufficient representation of the principal departments has been in
cluded to show prevailing conditions.
The greater part of the data was obtained through personal visits
of agents of this bureau to the several plants, the remainder being
obtained from the plants through correspondence. Whenever
possible, the 1929 data were obtained from the same establishments
that were covered in 1926, except when it was deemed advisable to
include some new plants in a department. This was especially
true of bar mills, which now include for the first time employees
working in continuous and semicontinuous mills. In a few instances
the plants covered in 1926 were not in operation or had ceased to be
representative of the industry. In such cases it was necessary to
substitute plants which were in regular operation and were represen
tative of conditions in the industry.
The 1929 data were obtained from 208 plants or departments of
plants and covered 71,009 employees in all occupations. These
wage earners were distributed between the various departments as
follows:
Number of—
Department
Plants
Blast furnaces___________________________________
Bessemer converters______________________________
Wage earners
Puddling mills......................................... ....................
Blooming mills________ __________________________
Plate mills______________________________________
Standard rail mills_______________________________
Bar mills________________________________________
Sheet mills_______________________ _______________
Tin-plate mills__________________ ________________
37
11
33
11
30
17
7
39
15
8
12,222
2,251
13,171
1,800
6,266
4,024
2,816
7,475
12,598
8,386
Total__ ____ ____ _____ __ __________________
208
71,009
Open-hearth furnaces________________ ______________
According to the Census of Manufactures for 1927, the latest
figures available, there was an average of 389,270 wage earners
employed in all departments of the iron and steel industry that year.
They were divided as follows: 27,958 in blast furnaces and 361,312
in steel works and rolling mills. The 71,009 employees covered by
this study constitute a little over 18 per cent of all employees in all
departments (including those not canvassed by the bureau). The
present study covers 12,222 wage earners in blast furnaces alone,
which is practically 44 per cent of the 27,958 wage earners employed
in blast furnaces in 1927. Since the census figures do not show the
number of wage earners in steel works and rolling mills by separate
departments, no data are available to determine the per cent of
employees covered by the bureau in these departments. Figures
taken from the reports of the Census of Manufactures, showing the
importance of the iron and steel industry, are given on page 18.
The figures for 1929 and previous years are based on actual pay
roll data for one sample pay period, with the exception of companies
having weekly pay periods, in which case the actual data for two
1-week pay periods have been combined. The data, therefore, do
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
3
not show the month to month changes or yearly averages. Data
for practically all establishments covered in the 1929 survey are for
the first half of March and cover a 15-day period, while those for 1926
are for a period in January which in most cases was the last half of
that month and cover a 16-day period.
A summary of the changes in hours and earnings in the industry as
a whole and for each of the 10 departments is shown in Table 1. In
addition to the actual averages shown, index numbers based thereon
are also given in order that the changes which have taken place over
the period 1913 to 1929 may be set forth more clearly.
For all departments, except puddling mills, the year 1913 has been
taken as the base, or 100 per cent. The index number for each year
is simply the per cent that the average for that year is of the average
for 1913. For puddling mills the year 1914 is taken as the base,
because data for this department were first obtained for that year.
T a b l e 1 .— Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week, together with index numbers computed therefrom, for all em
ployees in all occupations in each department separately and all departments
combined, 1913 to 1929, by department and year
Index numbers (1913=100)1
Averages
Department and year
All departments:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920....................................
1922....................................
1924_...................................
1926....................................
1929.....................................
Blast furnaces:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920....... i............................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Bessemer converters:
1913....... .............................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920 ....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Open-hearth furnaces:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922................. ...................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Puddling mills:
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
weekly
earnings
Full-time
hours per
week
66.1
64.9
65.5
63.1
63.2
55.2
54.4
54.6
$0,301
.301
.297
.745
.513
.644
.637
.674
$18.89
18.60
18.65
45.65
31.67
35.22
34.41
36.48
100
98
99
95
96
84
82
83
100
100
99
248
170
214
212
224
100
98
99
242
168
186
182
193
76.9.
74.8
74.9
72.1
72.3
59.7
59.8
60.7
.205
.206
.207
.571
.398
.520
.517
.528
15.76
15.41
15.50
41.17
28.78
31.04
30.92
32.05
100
97
97
94
94
78
78
79
100
100
101
279
194
254
252
258
100
98
98
261
183
197
196
203
70.0
68.4
68.7
70.3
68.7
52.3
52.6
53.7
.284
.255
.264
.677
.470
.624
.641
.643
19.88
17.44
18.14
47.59
32.29
32.64
33.72
34.53
100
98
98
100
98
75
75
77
100
90
93
238
165
220
226
226
100
88
91
239
162
164
170
174
76.7
74.5
74.4
68.7
70.8
58.0
57.1
57.7
. 237
.237
.246
.671
.480
.635
.677
.714
18.18
17.66
18.30
46.10
33.98
36.83
38.66
41.20
100
97
97
90
92
76
74
75
100
100
104
283
203
268
286
301
100
97
101
254
187
203
213
227
53.2
52.2
53.9
52.1
55.7
52.1
50.3
.328
.315
.885
.496
.721
.657
.686
17.45
16.44
47.70
25.84
40.16
34.23
34.51
100
98
101
98
105
98
W
100
96
270
151
220
200
209
100
94
273
148
230
196
198
1Except for puddling mills, for wbiph 19*4= 1QQ.
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
4
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e 1 .— Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week, together with index numbers computed therefrom, for all em
ployees in all occupations in each department separately and all departments
combined, 1913 to 1929, by department and year— C on tin u ed
Averages
Department and year
Blooming mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Plate mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Bar mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Standard rail mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Sheet mills:
1913____________________
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
1929.....................................
Tin-plate mills:
1913.....................................
1914____________________
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926— ................................
1929__________ __________
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
Index numbers (1913=100)
Full-time
weekly
earnings
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
73.0
70.5
71.0
67.5
68.0
54.6
54.2
55.0
$0,265
.269
.268
.659
.472
.613
.627
.666
$19.35
18.96
19.03
44.48
32.10
33.47
33.98
36.63
100
97
97
92
93
75
74
75
100
102
101
249
178
231
237
251
100
98
98
230
166
173
176
189
69.9
69.0
69.8
68.8
66.2
57.2
55.8
58.0
.255
.258
.270
.671
.476
.562
.606
.639
17.82
17.80
18.58
46.16
31.51
32.15
33.81
37.06
100
99
98
98
95
82
80
83
100
101
106
263
187
220
238
251
100
100
104
259
177
180
190
208
61.5
61.7
61.4
61.8
61.2
55.6
54.7
55.6
.288
.278
.266
.713
.486
.585
.591
.625
17.71
17.15
16.33
44.06
29.74
32.53
32.33
34.75
100
100
100
100
100
90
89
90
100
97
92
248
169
203
205
217
100
97
92
249
168
184
183
196
70.9
70.1
70.9
61.2
61.5
57.4
55.5
56.0
.254
.252
.246
.632
.470
.573
.595
.628
18.01
17.67
17.44
38.68
28.91
32.89
33.02
35.17
100
99
100
86
87
81
78
79
100
99
97
249
185
226
234
247
100
98
97
215
161
183
183
195
52.3
52.3
52.5
50.3
51.1
50.2
48.9
48.9
.483
.488
.450
1.039
.694
.809
.759
.793
25.26
25.52
23.63
52.26
35.46
40.61
37.12
38.78
100
100
100
96
98
96
93
93
100
101
93
215
144
167
157
164
100
101
93
207
140
161
147
154
46.1
46.0
50.4
50.6
49.9
48.8
48.1
47.4
.417
.425
.428
.949
.650
.795
.704
.732
19.22
19.55
21.57
48.02
32.44
38.80
33.86
34.70
100
100
109
110
108
106
104
103
100
102
103
228
156
191
169
176
100
102
112
250
169
202
176
181
When average full-time hours per week for the year 1929 are com
pared with those for the years prior to 1924, the working time of em
ployees in the industry shows considerable change. In the latter
part of 1923 the 8-hour day was generally adopted in the industry,
the effect of this change in customary working time for employees
being clearly defined in the 1924 average. In 1913 the average full
time hours per week for all employees in all occupations in the
industry as a whole were 66.1, in 1922 they were 63.2, which is a
decrease of 4 per cent as shown by the index numbers for those years.
In 1924 they were 55.2, as compared with 54.6 in 1929. While 1929
shows a slight increase over 1926, the customary working time of
employees is 16 per cent less than in 1914.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
5
There was an increase in average earnings per hour from 1914 to
1929, of over 120 per cent, the average for 1914 being 30.1 cents as
compared with 67.4 cents for 1929. The high point of earnings was
reached in 1920 when the average was 74.5 cents. Reductions in
rates paid emplovees during the period covered in 1922 are reflected
in the average 01 51.3 cents for that year. However, late in 1922 a
general increase was made which approximated 10 per cent, and
subsequent changes in rates of pay raised the average to 64.4 cents in
1924. In 1926, the average was 63.7 cents and in 1929, 67.4 cents,
an increase of approximately 6 per cent. The 1929 average is higher
than that of any other year since 1920, and, as shown by the index
numbers, 124 per cent greater than that of 1914.
. Average full-time weekly earnings, like average earnings per hour,
reached their peak in 1920, when they were $45.65, or 145 per cent
greater than in 1914. In 1924 earnings decreased to $35.22, which is
23 per cent less than in 1920, but 89 per cent greater than in 1914.
The decrease in earnings was caused in considerable part by the
reduction in full-time hours per week as between the two years, 1920
and 1924. Earnings per week were $36.48 in 1929, which is an in
crease of 6 per cent over 1926, and 96 per cent over 1914.
When the 10 departments are considered separately, changes in
hours in 1929 as compared with 1914 range from a 3 per cent increase
for tin-plate mills to a 23 per cent decrease for open-hearth furnaces.
Comparing 1929 with 1926, increases are found in seven departments
and decreases in two, while sheet mills show no change. The largest
increase is found in the plate-mill department, where full-time hours
in 1929 were 58, compared with 55.8 in 1926; there is, however, a
16 per cent decrease m hours compared with 1914. The increased
hours were in a large measure due to a regular increased operating
time of mills in the eastern part of the country. The largest decrease
is found in the puddling-mill department, where full-time hours
dropped from 52.1 in 1926 to 50.3 in 1929.
When average earnings per hour for 1929 are considered each of the
10 departments shows increases over 1926, 2 departments—openhearth furnaces and blooming mills—have the highest average hourly
earnings of any year shown for these departments. The 1929 average
for open-heartn furnaces was 71.4 cents as compared with the previous
high rate of 67.1 cents for 1920. The 1929 average for blooming mills
was 66.6 cents, which compares with 65.9 cents for 1920. The
greatest increase in earnings per hour between 1926 and 1929 is found
in blooming mills and the lowest in Bessemer converters.
The tonnage rates in puddle, sheet, and tin-plate mills are based on
the selling price of the product. Thus, it is possible for the rates
paid in these departments to fluctuate widely in a two or three year
interval, such as occurs between the bureau’s studies.
Since changes in full-time hours per week were comparatively small
up to 1922, the movement of full-time weekly earnings followed
closely the changes in average earnings per hour. In 1924 and 1926
the reduction in customary working time partially offset the increase
in average earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week increased
less than average hourly earnings in those years.
In 1929 average weekly earnings increased in all 10 departments
over similar figures for 1926, ranging from $32.05 in blast furnaces
to $41.20 in open-hearth furnaces. The smallest increase was in
puddling mills, where earnings in 1929 were $34.51 as compared with
6
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
$34.23 in 1926, and was due to a reduction in full-time hours per week
as average earnings per hour show a material increase. Openhearth furnaces show the greatest increase in full-time weekly earn
ings over 1914. The index number for 1929 being over two and onefourth times as high as in 1914, while sheet mills show the smallest
increase, the index for 1929 being one and one-half times as high as
in 1914.
The monthly trend of employment and earnings in the iron and
steel industry as published monthly in the Labor Review are repeated
in this report on page 19.
CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK
In earlier years most of the departments of the iron and steel
industry were operated on a 2-shift basis. During the war period
there was some tendency toward the 3-shift system, but soon there
after some of the plants returned to the two shifts of 10 and 12
hours. In the later part of 1923 there was a movement started which
resulted in many companies adopting the 8-hour day. In only one
department in 1929, that of plate mills, do as many as 50 per cent of
the employees have a customary working time of as much as 60 hours
per week.
Table 2 contains for 1929 and preceding years a percentage distri
bution of all employees in all occupations combined, in each depart
ment, according to their customary full-time hours per week. The
classified hours of this table are “ average” hours and as such do not
show the long hours of one week that may alternate with shorter
hours the next. Thus, employees listed as working 72 hours per
week may work 60 hours one week and 84 the next, averaging 72.
For a more detailed outline of customary hours from one week to
another for each department attention is directed to Table D.
T a b l e 2 •— Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number of
average full-time hours per week, 191% to 1929, by department and year
Per cent of employees whose average full-time hours per
week were—
Blast furnaces:
1914...... ...........................
1915..................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926..................................
1929..................................
Bessemer converters:
1914..................................
1915..................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924
. . . .
1926
1929
......... ....
Open-hearth furnaces:
1914..................................
1915..................................
1920___________________
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926..................................
1929..................................
1Less than 1 per cent.
38
38
28
32
36
37
37
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
22
22
19
22
26
31
33
Over
60,
under
72
60
72
l
2
1
1
5
6
18
7
59
59
60
13
12
7
13
15
16
12
12
12
11
10
15
15
15
22
23
16
39
3
2
3
12
12
14
11
50
52
43
9
7
7
6
28
24
28
4
5
2
6
17
15
20
11
8
14
10
5
9
10
7
7
32
15
69
64
72
6
5
2
4
5
5
6
9
11
9
15
12
11
11
33
Department and year
Num
ber
Over
of
48 and
48,
plants under under
60
0)
3
6
14
7
Over
72,
under
84
84
7
7
17
13
1
41
41
29
17
5
6
8
40
44
25
53
0)
13
11
17
5
12
13
21
9
23
24
14
28
2
2
1
32
30
38
20
3
2
1
24
23
6
16
2
2
2
0)
(0
Over
84
m
m
0)
0)
(i)
0)
........
if)
(1)
0)
6)
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
7
T a b l e 2 .— Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number of
average full-time hours per week, 1914 to 1929f by department and year— C o n td .
Per cent of employees whose average full-time hours per
week were—
Department and year
Puddling mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920......................
1922......................
1924......................
1926......................
1929......................
Blooming mills:
191 4
191 5
1920......................
1922......................
1924..................... .
1926..................... .
1929......................
Plate mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920..................... .
1922..................... .
1924..................... .
1926..................... .
1929.................
Standard rail mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920..................... .
1922..................... .
1924..................... .
1926..................... .
1929..................... .
Bar mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920..................... .
1922..................... .
1924.....................
1926..................... .
1929..................... .
Sheet mills:
.
191 4
191 5
1920.....................
1922.....................
1924.....................
1926..................... .
1929..................... .
Tin-plate mills:
191 4
.
191 5
1920.....................
1922.....................
1924.....................
1926.....................
1929.....................
Numoer
of
slants 48 and
under
Over
48,
under
60
Over
60,
under
72
60
Over
72,
under
84
72
29
29
15
13
17
13
11
27
31
24
41
27
29
30
55
53
41
33
53
56
61
6
6
12
10
9
9
6
23
23
20
24
25
27
30
3
2
12
4
27
38
30
8
7
12
21
48
36
47
5
4
2
7
12
12
11
8
7
12
12
10
12
9
59
58
35
27
1
1
1
13
13
11
12
13
17
17
(0
0)
30
32
24
3
5
5
22
23
21
26
4
5
4
16
24
29
22
44
41
41
22
20
15
14
39
38
42
28
0)
(0
7
6
7
4
4
1
1
4
7
7
4
4
7
7
7
5
4
33
32
21
25
25
1
4
12
37
35
38
3
2
2
3
20
26
16
13
9
20
19
13
13
21
74
77
37
26
1
2
2
2
7
4
5
2
6
57
57
25
25
31
35
39
4
8
9
6
25
32
21
31
30
28
39
36
35
46
12
10
8
4
26
26
19
44
42
40
35
10
5
11
7
8
12
14
2
1
2
15
15
13
14
14
14
15
62
61
64
60
66
67
68
2
2
6
8
12
16
13
8
10
8
10
11
12
13
10
12
9
10
4
3
3
13
11
9
7
5
2
2
11
11
9
9
9
8
8
59
60
58
61
66
68
71
17
18
18
18
19
20
20
9
9
6
5
13
9
6
12
11
10
9
2
3
2
1
7
5
0)
9
9
15
15
9
2
1
1
7
(0
0)
1
1
2
1
1
Over
84
84
0)
0)
(0
0)
1
1
1
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
9
9
8
12
1
0)
0)
0)
2
(0
4
4
3
7
2
2
3
0)
1
1
0)
1
9
12
18
18
1
1
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
2
1
3
1
1
0)
(*)
S
$
0)
2
2
2
2
1
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(0
1
2
1
3
1
0)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
1
(')
0)
0)
0)
1
1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
i Less than 1 per cent.
The changes that have taken place in the working time of em
ployees in the various departments are clearly reflected in the pre
ceding table. In 1914, 41 per cent of the employees in blast furnaces
had an average working week of 84 hours— 12 hours per day, 7 days a
week. In 1922, only 17 per cent of the employees worked 84 hours
per week, while in 1924, the effect of the 8-hour day is shown in that
only 5 per cent had an 84-hour week. In 1929, however, 73 per cent
of the employees had a week of 60 hours or less.
8
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
There were no employees in Bessemer converters working so many
as 72 hours per week in 1929, as against 65 per cent working a week
of 72 hours or over in 1914. In open-hearth furnaces in 1914 only 7
per cent of the employees had a week of less than 60 hours; in 1920
this percentage had increased to 33, and in 1929 to 79.
In 1929 there were 91 per cent of the employees in puddling mills
whose full-time hours were less than 60 per week, as compared with
82 per cent in 1914; and in blooming mills the percentage was 77 in
1929 as against 11 in 1914.
As previously stated, customary working time per week for em
ployees in plate mUls increased in 1929 as compared with 1926, but
when compared with any year prior to 1924 the percentage distri
bution of employees shows material reductions. In 1914 only 3 per
cent of all employees were working less than 60 hours per week, but
in 1922 this percentage had increased to 22, and in 1929 to 50.
The working time of employees in sheet and tin-plate mills shows
but little change over the period of years 1914 to 1929. These de
partments have long been on the 8-hour day except for a small per
cent of employees such as laborers and some occupations in the
finishing department.
When the 10 departments are combined it is found that in 1929, 14
per cent of all employees had a customary working time of over 60
hours per week as compared with 15 per cent in 1924, and 13 per
cent in 1926. In 1929, 22,252 employees, or 31 per cent of the 71,009
employees, had a week of 48 hours or less and only 5 per cent a week
of 72 hours or over.
In Table 3 employees in all occupations in each department are
classified by percentages, according to their customary number of
turns per week. To give a complete picture of the changes, figures
for preceding years are presented in addition to those for 1929.
T a b l e 3*— Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number
of days per week, 1914 to 1929, by department and year
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per week were—
Num
Department and year ber of
plants
5 and 6
alter
nately
5,5,
5,6,
5,6,
and 6 and 6 and 7
in ro in ro in ro
tation tation tation
5 and 7 6 and 7
alter alternately nately
6,7,
6,6,
and 7 and 7
in ro in ro
tation tation
Blast furnaces:
191 4
191 5
1920......................
1922......................
1924......................
1926......................
1929......................
8
30
22
18
Bessemer converters
191 4
191 5
1920......................
1922......................
1924......................
1926......................
1929......................
Open-hearth furnaces:
191 4
191 5
1920....................
1922...................
1924...................
1926...................
1929...................
0)
0) 2
0)
0)
0)
(0
3
10
5
10
0)
0)
2
14
13
8
53
54
54
29
45
49
54
13
14
26
10
8
12
9
34
34
33
27
52
52
66
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
9
T a b l e 3 *— Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number
of days per week, 1914 to 1929, by department and year— C on tin u ed
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per week were—
Num
Department and year ber of
plants
Puddling mills:
191 4 ............
191 5
1920__________
1922._________
1924__________
1926__________
1929...................
Blooming mills:
1914..................
1915.. .
1920...................
1922..................
1924.................. .
1926__________
1929__________
Plate mills:
191 4
191 5
1920._________
1922._________
1924._________
1926...................
1929...................
Standard rail mills:
1914._________
1915__________
1920..... .............
1922.___________
1924.. .
1926.... ................
1929....................
Bar mills:
191 4 .............. .
191 5
............
1920.___________
1922....... ............
1924___ ________
1926_____ ______
1929___________
Sheet mills:
191 4
191 5
1920___________
1922___________ _
1924__________
1926_________
1929__________
Tin-plate mills:
191 4
191 5
1920_______. . .
1922__________
1924____________
1926---------------
5 and 6
alter
nately
5,6,
5,6,
5,5,
and 6 and 6 and 7
in ro in ro in ro
tation tation tation
6
fcand7 6 and 7
alter alter
nately nately
1
1
15
13
26
19
26
24
23
<9
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(0
0)
1
7
9
14
17
4
7
3
57
55
78
60
66
49
51
3
3
1
3
8
6
6
(9
1
1
3
2
17
12
15
88
88
92
86
44
51
42
32
32
33
31
30
28
29
37
37
38
38
44
36
34
m
(i)
(l)
(i)
(l)
(i)
w
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
3
2
3
19
8
S
<9
11
11
15
18
21
20
31
(l)
0)
3
6
8
6
6
3
9
11
6
10
29
31
18
4
5
4
11
10
6
20
1
1
1
12
8
12
3
7
1
1
(9
6
4
(9
(9
<9
7
T
(9
I
(9
(9
8
2
2
1
1
1
1
(1)
<9
1
<9
(i)
<9
(9
1
o
1
1
1
1
2
2
8
4
4
3
4
4
5
6
1
(9
2
1
2
CO
7
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
(9
74
73
67
56
38
46
46
38
43
46
47
48
54
50
6,6,
6,7,
and 7. and 7
in ro in ro
tation tation
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
i Less than 1 per cent.
SEVEN-DAY WEEK
Of the 10 departments included in the study, it is necessary for
only one to be in continuous operation; i. e., the blast furnace, which
due to the nature of the process, must be operated 7 days per week
and 24 hours per day. It might be expected that most of the 7-day
workers would be found in this department. There is, however,
another department—the open hearth—which in recent years has
been changing from a 6-day to a 7-day operation, because of an
increased demand for steel. This demand, which was especially
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
strong during 1928, continued into 1929, and has resulted in more
open-hearth furnaces normally operating seven days per week in 1929
than during any previous study, as well as in the increase in the num
ber of 7-day workers from 52 per cent in 1926 to 66 per cent in 1929.
In this large increase were included chiefly employees who formerly
worked a week of 6 days and those who had a week of 6 days, 7 days,
and 7 days in rotation.
In 1929, 54 per cent of all blast-furnace employees covered regu
larly worked a week of seven days, which percentage is the same as
that shown for 1915 and 1920, but is an increase over 1926. The
number of employees who regularly worked a week of 6 days, 7 days,
and 7 days in rotation decreased from 22 per cent in 1926 to 18 per
cent in 1929.
While the Bessemer-converter department is not essentially a
7-day operation, certain repairs must be made which require a con
siderable number of employees to be on duty when the converters
are not operating. This “ fix-up” turn provides most of the 7-day
work in this department.
When 1929 is compared with 1926, blooming and rail mills show a
decided increase in 7-day workers. In 1929, 31 per cent of the
employees in blooming mills regularly worked a week of seven days,
while in 1926 only 20 per cent had a 7-day week. This change resulted
largely from the necessity for extending operations of blooming mills
in order to care for the increased output of the open-hearth furnaces.
It might also be noted that some new mills were added in 1929, which
were regularly operated on a 7-day week schedule.
In the rail-mill department one large plant had changed from a
customary week of 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days in rotation in 1926 to a
straight 7-day week in 1929. This change is reflected in the increase
in the percentage (20) in 1929, and in the per cent of employees working
6 days, 7 days, and 7 days per week in 1929. There was a decrease
of 9 per cent in the number of eniployees working 6 days per week in
1929 when compared with 1926.
Plate and bar mills show small increases in the per cent of employees
who regularly work seven days. Seven-day work in these depart
ments for the most part consists of “ light up” and repair turns which
take place on Saturday night or Sunday when mills are not on produc
ing time.
RELIEF SYSTEMS
Many plants have a system of relief whereby an employee in a
7-day occupation may have one calendar day off once each week,
once every two or three weeks, or at some other stated interval,
thus making a 6-day working week each week, or a 6-day week at
each two or three week interval. “ Relief” as used in this report
is meant a regular turn (calendar day) off during which another man
is put in the place of the worker relieved. Rest after a change in
turns is not considered relief, when the employee has to work a
double turn or extra shift in order to obtain the rest. Employees in
plants which simply permit men to take a calendar day off once each
week or at some other specified interval, provided they apply for it (but
seldom do apply for it), have been considered as 7-day men without
relief.
This provision for relief of employees in 7-day occupations started
in 1910 and had so far obtained in 1920 that only 54 per cent of all
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
11
employees in blast furnaces regularly worked a week of seven days.
In 1922 relief systems became more general and only 29 per cent of
the employees in blast furnaces and 27 per cent in open hearths regu
larly worked a week of seven days.
In 1923 when the 8-hour day was generally adopted^ the tendency
was to return to the 7-day working week for employees in 7-day occu
pations. In some plants this change was made at the request of the
wage earners while in others the demand for tonnage was so great
that some 6-day plants were changed to regular 7-day operation
with no relief system having been put into effect.
In order to give some idea of the various methods used to give
employees in 7-day occupations relief the following diagrams are
presented. The first illustration shows a system used when employees
who are relieved one calendar day each week; the second relates to
employees who are relieved one calendar day every two weeks; and
the third a system used by many plants when employees are relieved
1 calendar day out of each 19.
Illustration No. I
Turns per Sunday Mon
week
day
6
A
A
Tues Wednes Thurs Friday Satur
day
day
day
day
A
A
A
A
B
This is for employees who are relieved one calendar day in seven.
The illustration shows that employee A worked only six days out of
the possible seven days, a relief employee (B) working the seventh
turn. B can relieve six different men one day each week, and thus
get a full week's work. In some plants employees are relieved on a
certain day each week while in others there is no set day upon which
the relief is granted, the only stipulation being that each employee
shall be off duty one calendar day out of each week.
Illustration No. t
[A and B represent the regular workers and X the relief man]
Pays worked by regulars and those worked by relief man
xum
1 2 3
4
5 6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
First... A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B X X
Second. B B B B B B B B B B B B X X A A A A A A A A A A A A A B
The relief system as shown by illustration No. 2 is used in some plants
where employees are relieved one day in 14 and work 13 days on either
the first or second turn before alternating to the opposite turn. The
diagram covers a period of 28 days, but it will be observed that the
regular employees A and B work only on 26 of these days, while the
relief man X works one shift on the 13th, 14th, 27th, and 28th. Pre
suming the first turn begins at 12 o'clock midnight and runs to
12 o'clock noon and the second turn begins at 12 o'clock noon and
ends at 12 o'clock midnight, regular worker B by having relief on the
13th would be off duty from 12 o'clock midnight of the 12th until
12 o'clock midnight of the 13th, which is 24 hours. A, by having
12
WAGES AND HOURS OF L A B O R — IRON AND STEEL
relief on the 14th, would be off duty from 12 o’clock noon on the 13th to
12 o'clock noon on the 15th, winch would be 48 hours. It will be
noticed that A was off duty twice as long as B and yet each has only
had one relief turn. This is brought about by B alternating to the
first turn and A dropping down to the second turn; however, when
the shift is again made and B is relieved by X on the 27th it is B who
will be off duty 48 hours and A will be off only 24.
It might be of interest to see what would happen had no relief man
been provided and employees alternated under the same conditions.
If this were the case it would be necessary for A to work the full 24
hours on the 13th, while B would be off duty all day; but when the
shift in turns would again be made on the 26th it would be necessary
for B to work the full 24 hours on that day, while A would be off duty.
Illustration No. 3
[A, B, and O represent the regular workers and X the relief man]
Turn
Hours of turn
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
First.................... 12 midnight to 8 A A A A A A X 0
a. m.
Second______ —
0
c
C 0
C B B B B B B
8 a. m. to 4 p. m___ B B B B B B A A A A A A X C C C C C C
Third................... 4 p. m. to midnight. 0
0
0
C C C B B B B B B A A A A A A X
The above diagram shows the relief system in use in many plants
for employees working in a 7-day occupation on a 3-shift basis.
This method gives each employee a calendar day off once in 19. It
may also be noticed that no employee works more than 6 consecutive
turns without having 24 hours of continuous rest. For example,
A would go to work at midnight of the first day and work until
8 a. m., B then takes up the work at 8 a. m. and works until 4 p. m.,
when C takes up the work and continues until midnight, when A
comes on duty for his second day. This system would be followed
until each employee—A, B, and C—had worked 6 consecutive turns
when each would change turns, A dropping from the first to the
second, B from the second to the third, and C would move up to
the first. This method of rotation would put A on duty again at
8 a. m. on the 7th, and as he had finished his turn at 8 a. m. on the
6th he would have had 24 hours rest; B, who had finished his turn
at 4 p. m. on the 6th, would again resume work at 4 p. m. on the
7th, which would have given him 24 hours rest. However, had C
started work on the 7th at midnight he would have had no rest as
his turn on the 6th had just ended. In order that C may have 24
hours rest, a relief man, X, works this turn and C is not obliged to return
to work until midnight of the 7th, which gives him 24 hours off duty.
The relief turn for A and B can be analyzed in the same manner
as described for C. In this relief system it is possible for 3 men to
have 24 hours continuous rest after 6 consecutive turns by giving
each man a relief turn off once in 19 days.
In order to give some light on modes of changing shifts in 7-day
occupations, working on a 3-shift basis of 8 hours each, where no
relief is given, the following outline is presented. This method of
changing shifts is found in many plants and on each change day two
workers are off 8 hours each while the third is off 32 hours.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
13
Illustration No. 4
[No relief man]
Turn
Hours of turn
1
2 3
4
5
a
7 8
il
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
First________ 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. O O C A A A A A A A B B B B B B B C O C O
Second______ 7 a. m. to 3 p. m. A A B B B B B B B C C C O C C C A A A A A
Third_______ 3 p. m. to 11 p. m. B B C C O
c
C C C A A A A A A A B B B B B
As shown by the diagram, A, B, and C work each eight hours on
the first and second turns, but when the change-day of the 3d comes
and C drops from the first turn to the third turn it is necessary for
him to work the turn 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. and the turn 3 p. m. to 11
p. m. This gives him two 8-hour shifts out of 24 hours, his rest
period coming between the first and third shifts. B works one shift
7 a. m. to 3 p. m. on the 3d, while A, who went off duty at 3 p. m.
on the 2d, does not return to work until 32 hours later, or at 11 p. m.
on the 4th. On the second change-day, which is the 10th, A works
16 hours, C 8 hours, and B is off 32 hours. On the third change-day,
which completes the cycle, B works 16 hours, A 8 hours, and C is
off 32 hours. Thus, in 3 weeks each employee has been off duty
32 hours in a continuous period, but in order to do this it was neces
sary to work 16 hours on one day, which would not have been neces
sary had a relief man been used. It will be noticed that each man
worked 21 turns, or 168 hours, which is full time for the period.
COM M ON LABORERS
There are in every department of the iron and steel industry
various occupations which require little skill, but for which the basic
rate is largely determined by the rate of wages paid common laborers.
Thus, the rate paid the latter is of considerable importance not
alone to the great number of wage earners receiving it, but for the
relation it bears to other occupations.
The rate per hour is practically the same in all departments within
the same district, but may vary one district from another. In the
10 departments covered there was a total of 71,009 employees in all
occupations, of which 5,205 were common laborers. Of these, 1,548
were in open-hearth furnaces and 1,184 in blast furnaces, or 11.8
per cent of all employees in open-hearth furnaces and practically
10 per cent of all blast-furnace employees.
In this study “ common labor” has been confined to the wholly
unskilled and more or less floating gang, who worked in aad about
the mill proper, but upon whose work the mill was not primarily
dependent for operation. While the various methods of classifying
common labor used in the several plants have led to difficulties in
tabulation, no employee has been placed under that heading who
was not paid the common-labor rate in the plant in which he worked.
Average earnings per hour of common laborers in the departments
from 1907 to 1929, are presented in Table 4. Figures for standard
rail mills are not shown by districts, but are shown for the years
1924 to 1929 for all districts combined.6 The 1926 and 1929 figures
‘ Seefootnote 4, p. 1.
97114°—30------ 2
14
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
for puddling mills are not identified by districts. In all earlier years
figures for tin-plate mills were shown by districts, but in the present
study data are shown only for all districts combined. While no data
are shown for standard rail mills prior to 1924 the averages for all
departments combined contain the averages for that department in
many instances, all of which are noted in Table 4.
It will be observed that average hourly earnings of laborers for
all departments combined show little change when 1929 is compared
with 1926. In the Eastern and Pittsburgh districts there was a
slight increase, while in the Great Lakes and Middle West and
Southern districts there was a small decline. The average for all
districts combined decreased from 41.9 cents in 1926 to 41.4 cents
in 1929. However, the average in 1929 was 129 per cent greater
than in 1914.
T a b l e 4*— Average earnings per hour of common laborers in specified departments
of the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1929, by district and year
[For number of plants reporting see sections relating to the specified departments, published elsewhere in
this report]
Average earnings per hour in—
District and year
Eastern:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917___
191 9
192 0
1922____
1924___
1926___
1929____
Pittsburgh:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917___
1 9 1 9 ....
1 9 2 0 ....
OpenAll de Blast Besse
Pud Bloom Plate Stand
mer hearth dling
ard
Bar
part fur
ing
con
fur
rail mills
ments naces verters naces mills mills mills mills
$0,134 $0,135
.115
.120
.123
.119
.142
.142
.141
.140
.144
.144
i.157 .151
i.156 .153
1. 155 .151
.278
.271
.398
.423
.451
.444
.322
.345
.394
.386
.374
.383
.375
.386
.154
.156
.152
1.164
i. 166
K 167
i.190
i.190
».190
.301
1.480
1.530
1.360
.451
.452
.453
.152 $0,156
.154
.156
.152
.153
.164
.166
.165
.167
.163
.168
.191
.192
.192
.193
.189
.193
.292
.299
.484
.485
.532
.525
.359
.356
.459
.451
.441
.447
.433
.458
$0.145
.146
.152
.168
.169 $0.163
.171
.157
.287
.408
.400
.485
.451
.323
.326
.388
.410
.383
.382
.162
.164
.165
.190
.188
.193
.300
.471
.537
.365
.448
.452
.458
.190
.189
.447
.529
.362
.423
$0.132
. 131
. 131
.147
.145
.145
.156
.151
.150
$0,143 $0.131
.131
.139
.141
.133
.162
.151
.172
.151
.154
.151
.250
.250
.368
.437
.398
.437
.300
.326
.389
.349
.335
.382
.349
.379
.168
.170
.169
.192
.192
.192
.300
.489
.537
.359
.466
.463
.467
.167
.168
.172
.191
.188
.189
.300
.484
.532
.357
.472
.469
.460
Sheet Tin
mills plate
mills
.409
.479
.313
.374
.371
.363
___
___
......
.154
.157
.151
.161 $0,164 $0,165
.163
.164
.166
. 163 .168
.167
.183
.191
.192
.183
.192
.192
.184
.192
.194
.321
.482
.460 " “’ .‘ 477
.528
.517
.530
.358
.363
.360
.451
.445
.430
.466
.431
.436
.469
.430
1926.
1929.
i Including earnings of common laborers in rail mills although average earnings for that department
are not shown separately.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
15
T a b l e 4.— Average earnings per hour of common laborers in specified departments
of the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1929, by district and year— C on tin u ed
Average earnings per hour inDistrict and year
Open- Pud BloomStand
All de Blast mer hearth
Bar
Plate ard
part fur
ii
con
fur dling
mills rail mills
ments naces verters
mills
naces
mills
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West:
$0,158 $0,162 $0,154
190 7
.152
.153
.152
190 8
.151
190 9
.153
.146
1.163 .162
191 0
.161 $0.162
191 1
.164
1.166 .166
.166
191 2
.170
1.168
.166
191 3
1.189
.190
.190
191 4
1.189 .190
.191
.191 $0,182
191 5
1.188 .187
.191
.191
.180
1917...................
.313
.296
.299
.297
191 9
1.469 .466
.501
.485
.521
192 0
1.541
.549
.545
.559
1922......................... 1.363
.374
.367
.361
.366
1924...................
.443
.456
.399
.436
.450
.458
.459
1926...................
.439
.448
1929...................
.462
.452
.456
.446
7464
Southern:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...................
191 9
192 0
1922...................
1924...................
1926...................
1929...................
All districts:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...................
191 9
192 0
1922.........................
1924.........................
1926...................
1929...................
.130
.130
.112
.112
.111
.129
.131
.130
.140
.146
.141
$0,159
.158
.157
.167
.166
.170
.189 $0.187
.190
.180
.190
.180
.335
.450
.463
.526
.547
.362
.352
.420
.414
.455
.503
.458
.427
K186
.186
.186
’.*434
.535
.357
.432
.419
.111
.331
.396
.253
.282
.281
.279
.128
.131
.130
.136
.137
.134
.226
.334
.359
.257
.269
.265
.241
.151
.147
.145
1.158
1.161
1.162
1.181
1.181
1.180
.298
1.461
1.508
i. 336
.417
.419
.414
.146
.140
.138
.150
.151
.152
.173
.177
.171
.281
.457
.474
.315
.401
.389
.373
.222
$0,163 $0,164
.164
.166
.162
.167
.195
.190
.190
.190
.190
.295
.487
.514
.528
.349
.374
.437
.502
.514
.519
Tin
Sheet plate
mills mills
.130
.130
.132
.152
.169
.158
.221
.370
.480
.296
.342
.337
.357
.155
.155
.151
.163
.166
.167
.192
.193
.193
.298
.489
.537
.363
.448
.443
.452
.157
.161
.164
.185
.185
.186
.292
.468
,525
.354
.434
.429
.144
.146
.312
.219
.278
.173
.167
.457
.305
.355
.357
.131
.132
.131
.138
.148
.140
.217
.374
.404
.283
.334
.318
.327
.162
.163
.163
.185
.187
.187
.287
.469
.511
.350
.462
.451
.463
.142
.141
.142
.275
.381
.222
.262
263
.264
.159
.158
.161
.175
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
.432 $0,385
.421
.425
.400
.409
.153
.153
.150
.160
.159
.160
.169
.173
.173
.443
.506
.316
.392
.411
.399
.164
.166
.168
.190
.188
.188
.331
.462
.536
.356
.420
.475
.429
.165
.164
.167
.190
.461
.533
.429
.422
i Including earnings of common laborers is rail mills although average earnings for that department
are not shown separately.
16
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS, 1929, BY DISTRICT
Table 5 shows, by districts, for 1929 the average hourly earnings
for all occupations combined.
T a b l e 5*— Average hourly earnings in each department, all occupations combined,
1929, by district
District
Besse OpenPud Bloom Plate Stand
Blast mer hearth
ard
Bar
dling
fur
con
ing
rail mills
fur
naces vert naces mills1 mills mills mills
i
ers
Eastern__ _________________ $0,499
$0,676
Pittsburgh_________________ .579 $0,650 .746
Qreat Lakes and Middle
.635
.743
West ___________ - _____ .600
Southern___- __ ___________ .360
.556
All districts__ . . . . . . . . .
.528
.643
. 714 $0.686
$0.613 $0,540
.670
.707
Tin
Sheet plate
mills mills1
$0,545
.685 $0.806
.708
.554
.686
.683
.427
.778 »
.666
.639 $0,628
.625
.793
$0.732
* Not reported by districts to avoid identification of any plant.
Average hourly earnings in the 10 departments ranged from 52.8
cents in blast furnaces to 79.3 cents in sheet mills. The great per
centage of workers in unskilled or semiskilled positions accounts for
the low earnings in blast furnaces. In sheet mills most of the em
ployees work in three shifts at high speed, and as they work on a
tonnage basis their earnings are governed by the amount they pro
duce, which condition also prevails in tin-plate mills.
Due to the increased demand for steel, open-hearth furnaces were
pushed for large tonnages, which aided employees in this department
to earn an average of 71.4 cents per hour. Employees in the Bessemer-converter department earned an average of 64.3 cents per hour.
Puddling mills averaged 68.6 cents per hour, which is just 2 cents
higher than the average for blooming mills. Earnings per hour in
plate, standard rail, and bar mills were about the same in each depart
ment, ranging from 63.9 cents for plate mills to 62.5 cents for bar
mills.
Earnings of employees in the various departments were higher in
the Pittsburgh and Great Lakes districts than in the eastern or
southern districts. This is due in a large part to the lower rate
paid to unskilled and semiskilled workers in the latter districts. It
is also not unusual to find plants in these districts carrying a larger
percentage of unskilled workers than plants in the Pittsburgh and
Great Lakes districts,
SCOPE OF 1929 DATA
Information as of 1929 was obtained from plants located in 13
States. The plants covered have been grouped into four districts.
These districts were established, not strictly on geographical lines,
but rather according to similar industrial conditions. The “ eastern”
district covers the eastern parts of New York, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland. The “ Pittsburgh" district includes not only the plants
in Pittsburgh proper but also others in western Pennsylvania, those
along the border line of Ohio from Youngstown south to Bellaire,
and those located in the “ panhandle” of West Virginia. The “ Great
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
17
Lakes and Middle West” district includes plants scattered along the
Great Lakes and also some in inland territory, including Colorado.
Although this last is a very large territory geographically, it is essen
tially a unit industrially as far as the iron and steel industry is con
cerned, the wage rates of the entire district being based largely on
those paid in the large producing centers, Buffalo and Chicago. The
“ southern” district includes plants in Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama,
Kentucky, and the southern parts of Ohio and Indiana. The south
ern Ohio and Indiana plants are included in the southern district
because the conditions, both as to wages paid and the general class of
labor employed, resemble much more closely the conditions of the
Alabama and Kentucky plants than they do those of the other plants
of Ohio and Indiana.
The actual number of plants and of employees covered in each
district in each department in 1929 are shown in Table 6. Each
department of an establishment has been counted as a separate plant.
T a b l e 6 .— Number of plants and of employees shown on pay rolls, by department
and district
Eastern
district
Pittsburgh
district
Great Lakes
and Middle
West district
Southern
district
Total
Department
Em
Plants ploy
ees
Blast furnaces....... .... ........
Bessemer converters......
Open-hearth furnaces____
Puddling mills ________
Blooming mills__________
Platemms_____ _________
Standard rail mills 1______
Bar mills..—__ _______ . . .
Sheet mills-T__ . . . . . . . . . . .
Tin-plate mills1_________
Total_____________
Em
Plants ploy
ees
Em
Plants ploy
ees
6
1,351
6
1,560
12
6
9
3,909
1,224
4,663
10
5
14
4,486
1,027
5,614
5
6
639
1,230
10
6
3,024
1,543
11
5
6
934
11
9
2,838
6,382
29
5,714
63
23,583
Em
Em
Plants ploy Plants ploy
ees
ees
9
2,476
4
1,334
2,128
1,251
4
475
13
6
2,522
6,216
9
1,181
64
23,244
26
5,466
37
11
33
11
30
17
7
39
15
8
12,222
2,251
13,171
1,800
6,266
4,024
2,816
7,475
12,598
8,386
208
71,009
l Details not given by districts to avoid identification of any plant.
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY
The iron and steel industry is one of the largest and most important
manufacturing industries in the United States. In 1890, with a popu
lation of approximately 63,000,000 people, the output of pig iron,
including ferro-alloys, was 9,202,703 gross tons, or 327.5 pounds per
capita; in 1900, with the population figure at about 76,000,000, the
production was 13,789,242 gross tons, or around 400 pounds per capita;
and in 1920, with a population of nearly 106,000,000, the production
increased to 36,925,987 gross tons, or approximately 782 pounds per
capita. In 1928 the production was 38,155,714 gross tons, which,
with an estimated population of 120,000,000, equals approximately
712 pounds per capita.
According to the Commerce Yearbook, 1926, the United States in
1913 produced 39.6 per cent of the world’s production of pig iron. In
1923 it was 58.8 per cent; in 1924,46.8 per cent; in 1925,48.5 per cent;
in 1926, 51 per cent. During the same years the per cent of steel
ingots and castings produced in the United States in relation to the
world’s output was 42, 58.2, 49, 51.1, and 52.2, respectively.
18
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Table 7, taken from the reports of the Census of Manufactures,
gives a good idea of the size and importance of the industry. In 1927
there was an average of 27,958 wage earners employed in blast fur
naces and of 361,312 in steel works and rolling mills. The total
wages paid these employees during the year was $44,258,000 and $601,275,000, respectively. This is an annual wage of $1,583 for blast
furnace employees and $1,664 for employees in steel works and rolling
mills.
The cost of materials in blast furnaces was $579,555,000 and the
value of the product was $708,904,000. This is $129,349,000 more
than the cost of materials and represents the value added by manu
facture. In the steel works and rolling mills the cost of material was
$1,689,655,000, the value of the products $2,779,840,000, the differ
ence, or $1,090,185,000, representing the value added by manufacture.
Wages paid in blast furnaces in 1927 represent 34 per cent of the
value added by manufacture, which compares with 31 per cent in
1925 and 43 per cent in 1914. In steel works and rolling mills wages
represent 55 per cent of the value added by manufacture in 1927,
54 per cent in 1925, and 57 per cent in 1914.
7 .— Number of establishments, wage earners, cost of materials, value of
products, and value added by manufacture in the iron and steel industry, 1914 to
1927
T a b le
Branch of industry and
year
Blast furnaces:
1914,..............................
1919.................................
1921.................................
1923.................................
1925.................................
1927................... ............
Steel works and rolling mills:
1914................................
1919.................................
1921.................................
1923................................
1925................................
1927.................................
Branch of industry and
year
Blast furnaces:
1914__________________
1919_________________
1921_________________
1923................................
1925................................
1927................................
Steel works and rolling
mills:
1914................................
1919__________________
1921................................
1923................................
1925................................
1927................................
Number Average num
of estab ber of wage
lishments
earners
Wages
Cost of materials
Value of prod
ucts
160
209
134
169
122
11«
29,356
43,296
18,698
36,712
29,188
27,958
$22,781,000
76,446,000
29,370,000
58.936.000
45.312.000
44,258,000
$264,580,000
644,021,000
361,050,000
827,630,000
617.417.000
579.555.000
$317,654,000
824,383,000
419,771,000
1,007,613,000
765,286,000
708,904,000
427
500
494
489
473
486
248,716
375,088
235,515
388,201
370, 726
361,312
188,142,000
637,637,000
324,987,000
637,825,000
614,985,000
601,275,000
590,826,000
1.680.576.000
1.005.125.000
2,044,398,000
1.811.961.000
1.689.655.000
918,665,000
2,828,902,000
1,481,659,000
3,154,325,000
2,946,068,000
2,779,840,000
Average Cost of
Value added by annual
material
wages
manufacture
wage
per wage per
earner
earner
Value of
products
per wage
earner
Value
added
by manu
facture
per wage
earner
Percent
wages are
of value
added
$53,074,000
180,362,000
58,721,000
179,983,000
147,869,000
129,349,000
$776
1,766
1,571
1,605
1,552
1,583
$9,013
14,875
19,310
22,544
21,153
20,729
$10,821
19,041
22,450
27,446
26,219
25,356
$1,808
4,166
3,140
4,902
5,066
4,627
43
42
50
33
31
84
327,839,000
1,148,326,000
476,534,000
1,109,927,000
1.134.107.000
1.090.185.000
756
1,700
1,380
1,643
1,659
1,664
2,376
4,480
4,268
5,266
4,888
4,676
3,694
7,542
6,291
8,125
7,947
7,694
1,318
3,062
2,023
2,859
3,059
3,017
67
56
68
57
54
65
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
19
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
In addition to studies of wages and hours of labor of employees in
certain industries in the United States the Bureau of Labor Statistics
monthly collects data covering employment and earnings in all of the
more important ones. Such figures are published monthly in the
Labor Review. Index numbers for employment in iron and steel
are repeated in this bulletin for the purpose of throwing additional
light on labor conditions in the iron and steel industry but they should
not be confused with the index numbers developed by the wage study.
Since the employment figures are based on data collected monthly,
it is of course not possible to cover wage conditions in the same detail
as in the biennial wage studies. Such figures necessarily indicate
the trend of conditions only in a general way and conclusions drawn
from them must be considered in that light; for example, the index
of employment shows principally the rise and fall of the number of
wage earners employed in the industry. This, of course, indicates
in a general way the regularity or continuity of employment but does
not indicate a change in regular or actual hours or days of labor.
The data collected cover only the number of employees appearing
on the pay rolls and no reference is made to hours or days of employ
ment. Likewise, the index of pay-roll' totals is an index of total
earnings during one pay period and does not indicate an increase or
decrease in hourly or full-time weekly earnings. From it may be
computed the increase or decrease in per capita earnings which
might be due to changes in rates of pay, changes in production where
employees are paid on tonnage basis, or changes in the amount of
time actually put in.
In computing the index numbers for employment and earnings the
average for the year 1926 was taken as the base or 100 per cent.
The index for each month is simply the per cent that the average for
that month is of the average for 1926. These indexes are presented
in Table 8 for each month beginning with January, 1923, and ending
with December, 1929.
T a b l e 8 . — Index
numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the iron and st /tl
industry, January, 1928, to December, 1929, by months and years
lAverage for 1926=100]
Z .~ -------------:....................
"T
........... -I-.— 1,................ ....................................................................................................................
-
. =.>
JJS
Index numbers of—
Month
Pay rolls
Employment
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
W2B
im
96.5
99.3
101.0
101.3
103.3
105.9
102.8
105.4
104.5
104.2
102.2
98.3
101.0
105.8
108.5
107.8
98.3
91.4
86.1
83.8
86.3
89.9
90.3
95.4
100.2
102.0
102.7
100.4
98.2
95.4
94.0
94.0
94.5
95.8
97.2
100.1
100.5
102.0
101.7
102.3
101.0
99.3
97.8
98.8
100.3
100.2
99.1
96.7
95.0
96.4
97.7
97.3
96.4
94.3
92.3
91.2
90.6
89.5
87.8
86.5
86.9
89.8
91.5
91.4
91.2
90.5
89.6
90.7
91.2
91.5
93.1
92.8
93.4
94.0
95.0
95.9
97.1
97.2
96.6
97.5
96.3
93.9
92.3
87.5
87.1
92.1
94.5
92.0
104.1
105.6
91.1
101.2
98.8
103.8
101.0
96.0
97.5
107.8
110.2
107.3
96.3
80.1
69.7
77.2
79.8
86.4
87.3
96.2
101.1
102.4
102.9
100.1
98.2
91.9
85.8
90.6
89.2
96.4
96.0
102.2
99.8
102.7
104.4
103.4
100.3
99.2
93.3
95.1
99.2
103.7
100.2
98.5
92.3
98.2
101.2
102.0
96.5
94.4
83.9
88.0
85.8
85.9
83.8
84.5
83.5
93.4
95.3
63.1
9b. 3
91.7
86.5
92.2
91.0
96.7
97.6
95.8
95.5
100.2
102.2
104.8
105.9
104.0
97.6
103.4
101.7
99.1
92.3
85.2
Year___ 102.1
95.4
97.9 100.0
92.9
90.9
94.7
97.3
91.3
96.4 100.0
91.4
92.7
W9.3
January._____
February____
March_______
April_________
M a y ...______
June_________
July................
August______
September___
October...........
November___
December.......
20
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
The yearly average index numbers as given in Table 8 show a
decrease in employment from 1926 to 1927 and 1928, with an increase
between 1928 and 1929. The 1926 wage data collected were mainly
as of January, and 1929 data mainly as of March. While the 1926
wage study covered 200 separate establishment departments with
75,109 employees, the 1929 study included 208 such departments with
71,009 employees. Since each separate department of a company is
counted separately, there may be two or more departments taken in
a single plant. There were 180 departments that were common to
both wage studies, which had 69,639 employees in 1926 and 61,892
employees in 1929, a decrease of 11 per cent in the number of em
ployees in these identical departments.
Index numbers of employment in the iron and steel industry as
shown in Table 8 were 100.5 in January, 1926, and 95.0 in March, 1929,
a decrease of 5.5 per cent. The employment figures are based on
about four times as many employees as are the wage studies. The
establishments covered m the wage studies, it will be seen, had a
reduction in force considerably greater than the industry as a whole
shown in the employment index. During 1929 employment held up
and increased until late in the year when a considerable decrease
occurred. The total wages paid out according to the pay-roll index
dropped as between 1926 and 1927, increased slightly in 1928, and
rose in 1929 nearly to the level of 1926. But for the drop at the end
of 1929 the pay-roll index would have stood higher than in any year
given in Table 8. The December, 1929, pay-roll index fell to 85.2
and the employment index to 87.5. These index numbers reflect the
industrial change which occurred late in the year.
EXPLANATION AND TREATMENT OF THE DATA
In the following pages of this report each of the 10 departments
covered in the 1929 study has been treated as a separate industry.
The treatment of the data is the same for each department, however,
and the same forms of statistical tables have been used in each case.
From these tables, of which there are eight, figures have been taken
to a large extent for the summary tables already presented. Thus,
a general explanation of the methods used in handling the data and
the figures shown in the tables will serve as a guide in the study of
the figures for each department and the summary of the figures
for all departments previously presented.
Adjustment of the data.—As previously stated all data in this
report refer to one representative pay period only. Unfortunately
for statistical purposes there is no length of pay period universally
followed by all companies. While a large majority of the plants in
this industry pay their employees on a semimonthly basis, some
establishments pay weekly, some biweekly, and at least one estab
lishment pays three times a month. It would have been a prohibi
tive task to attempt to obtain data from an establishment for any
group of days other than a regular pay period.
The period selected for this survey was from March 1 to 15, but
that period was not always representative. A few of the establish
ments covered were closed down almost completely during the first
half of March. Thus, while the schedules obtained are in a large
measure for the March 1 to 15 period, a few were taken for other
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
21
periods. In the case of weekly periods the bureau agents combined
the pay rolls for two consecutive weeks, making in effect a two-week
pay period.
Therefore before combinations of actual time and actual earnings
could be made and averages computed therefrom it was necessary
to adjust the figures of a few establishments in order that all schedules
would refer to the same or an equivalent length pay period. The
adjustments were made for the principal occupations only, since no
tables are presented wherein it was necessary to adjust the hours and
earnings of the other employees.
In making the adjustment it was first assumed that all employees
in an occupation would work the same per cent of full time during
any period as they did during the period for which the schedule was
taken. The full time of all employees in an occupation was then
computed for the new period chosen as the basis for adjustment and
the full time for the new period was then multiplied by the per cent
of full time which the employees had worked during the period
actually covered. That result then became the equivalent actual
hours worked in that occupation as used in the preparation of the
tables.
The actual earnings of employees were adjusted by multiplying
the adjusted hours of employees in an occupation by the average
earnings per hour of that occupation. The average earnings per
hour were obtained before any adjustments were made and have
not been affected by any later computations.
Positions.—The term “ positions” or “ jobs” as used in this report
means the number of places to be filled by employees working the
regular full time required to operate a plant under normal working
conditions, with provision for two or three shifts or turns per day
but with no provision for relief of employees; for example, a blast
furnace must have a keeper on duty all 01 the time. If the furnace
employees are on a 12-hour shift then there are two positions for
keeper at the furnace; if on a 3-shift basis there are three keepers'
positions.
Employees.—In each year prior to 1919 the number of positions has
been used as the number of employees, but in 1919 and each later
year the actual number of individual employees is shown.
In all tables in this report employees appear but once. In cases
where they worked at two or more occupations during the period or
at more than one set of hours or turns per day or week they have
been tabulated under the occupation or number of hours or turns at
which they spent the most of their time. This has resulted in dis
regarding the hours and earnings of some employees in some secondary
occupations, but on the whole the figures eliminated were so small as
to be of no consequence in determining the averages.
Average earnings per hour.—The earnings per hour shown in the
tables include both the earnings of time workers and those of tonnage
or piece workers. All earnings per hour are for individuals, no con
tractors being included. The average was obtained by dividing the
total amount earned by the total number of hours actually worked
in an occupation before any adjustment was made in the data.
Average jull-iime hours per week.—The full-time hours of labor as
shown in the tables are the customary regular hours of work of indi
vidual employees under normal conditions in the establishments. The
22
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
working time is the time on duty, including intervals of waiting for
work—in other words, the time between the hour of reporting for
duty and the hour of going off duty. The working time of individuals
is not always the working time of their occupation as a whole. Some
plants which operate 7 days per week make provision for laying off
each employee 1 day a week. In such a plant the full-time hours
per week of an employee working 8 hours per day is 48 hours, and
this figure would be used in the compilation of the averages presented
in the tables.
In computing the average for all employees in an occupation the
individual averages in the various plants were weighted by the number
of positions in those plants instead of the number of employees on
the pay roll. The number of positions in a plant is practically con
stant from year to year while considerable variation is shown in the
number of employees. Thus the use of the number of employees
as a weight would tend to change the average whether any change was
actually made in the working time of employees or not.
Average full-time weekly earnings.—Full-time weekly earnings are
the earnings per week of employees working their customary full-time
or the earnings on broken time reduced to equivalent earnings for a
full week. The average has been obtained in each instance by multi
plying the average full-time hours per week by the average earnings
per hour.
Table A .—Average customary full-time hours per week, average
earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week, together
with the index numbers computed from these averages for the
country as a whole, are presented in this table for each of the prin
cipal occupations in each department. The table also shows a per
centage distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week. Figures for 1929 were compiled for this report and those
for earlier years were taken from previous reports published by this
bureau. For the purposes of comparison the class limits used in the
distribution of hours of employees were necessarily very wide. A
much more comprehensive distribution for employees in several of
the occupations in 1929 is contained in Table E. The index num
bers have been included as an aid in making a comparison of the
actual data over a period of years. The index for each year is the
per cent that the average for that year is of the average for 1913.
Table B.—A classification showing numbers and percentages of
employees according to the number of turns per week customarily
worked is presented in Table B. Figures are shown for employees
in all occupations combined for 1929 and preceding years. The
plants are grouped according to the four geographical districts used
in this survey, and the number and per cent of employees in each
district are shown in the table, as well as the total for all districts
combined.
Most of the departments of the iron and steel industry are oper
ated day and night. Each day of 24 hours is divided into two or
three turns, usually of equal length, and each employee is expected
to work but one turn per calendar day, except when changing from
one turn to another employees frequently work two consecutive shifts.
It is customary for the men in these plants to alternate or rotate
from one turn to another at regular intervals, spending equal periods
of time on each turn. Thus the term “ turns” as used in this table
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
23
means a day’s work performed on day, night, or intermediate turn
and the column headings which include more than one turn indicate a
weekly shift from one turn to another. All employees do not change
turns each week, however, as it is the practice in many plants for
employees to work two weeks on a turn before a change is made.
This serves only to increase the time necessary to make a complete
rotation of turns. The number of turns worked in the long rim is
not affected, and in order to combine the data for the various plants
all employees have been classified as though turns were all changed
weekly.
Various provisions for the relief 6of employees are in force in many
plants whereby employees are given a day of rest even though the
plant, and of course most of the occupations,, may normally operate 7
days per week. Some 7-day plants have regular systems of relief
requiring the men to lay off 1 day in 7, others 1 day in 14, etc. Only
definite systems of relief where men are required to take advantage
of the day of rest, or at least exercise the privilege reasonably often,
have been considered. In the study of this table it must be kept in
mind that the turns worked by individuals are shown and not the
working turns of the occupations in which they are employed.
All employees in 1929 were classified as nearly as possible by their
regular working time. Gas or repair turns have been disregarded
when employees customarily worked such turns at less frequent
intervals than once every three weeks, and relief systems have also
been omitted in a few instances where the periods elapsing between
reliefs were longer than that time.
Table C.—This table presents the most important facts for 1929
relative to the customary working time, actual earnings, and actual
hours of employees in the principal occupations in each department.
The data for each occupation in seven departments are presented by
districts and for all districts combined. In the three remaining
departments—puddling mills, rail mills, and tin-plate mills—data are
presented only for the United States as a whole. In the arrangement
of the table the averages are presented in three groups or sections:
(1) Averages relating to the customary working time of employees;
(2) averages for the hours worked and earnings received by employees
while engaged in each specified principal occupation; and (3) averages
for the hours and earnings of those same employees while engaged in
those and any other occupations within the department at which
they may have worked during the pay period.
The first group of averages, including customary turns per week,
hours per turn, and hours per week, have been computed for the
number of positions necessary to be filled in the different occupations
instead of the acutal number of employees hired during the pay period.
(For definition of a position see p. 21.) For this reason the number of
positions appears in the table in connection with these averages.
The number of positions represents the number of men who would be
employed at any one time in the occupation. Several men might be
necessary to keep a position filled during the pay period, but only one
man would be employed at a time. Thus the customary working
time of each man employed in a position would be the same while he
worked in that occupation, and the aggregate full-time hours or
turns in a plant would depend upon the number of available positions
24
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
and not upon the number of men employed to fill them during the
pay period. However, while the number of positions have been used
as a weight for computing the averages, the working time of indi
vidual employees is shown in this table and not the hours or turns of
the positions; for example, in a blast furnace having 5 stacks in
operation 3 turns per day, there would be 15 positions for the occupa
tion of keeper. The plan' 1
“ >rce whereby each
man works but 6 turns
furnaces, and of
course the positions, are necessarily in operation continuously, or 7
turns per week. In the computation of the averages shown in the
table the 8 hours per turn, 6 turns, and 48 hours per week customarily
worked by the men are used and each multiplied by 15, the number
of positions, in order to obtain aggregates for the plant. While the
15 positions would remain constant with 5 stacks in operation, it
might be necessary to employ 20 or even more different men during a
pay period to keep those positions filled. Were the number of em
ployees used as weights, the hours of labor in the different establish
ments would not be properly weighted and would depend to a large
extent upon unusual plant conditions.
The second group of averages shows the average hours worked and
earnings received for the pay period (subject to the adjustment of
hours and earnings, as explained on p. 21), average earnings per
hour, and average full-time earnings per week of the men who were
actually employed during a majority of their time, at least, in the
occupation specified. These averages are based on the hours and
earnings of each employee in his principal occupation only and do not
in any way refer to the number of positions. The actual hours which
men nave put in and the earnings which they have received are of
greater significance than the hours and earnings of an impersonal
particular job. (For further definition of employees see p. 21.)
However, while the averages in the second group are based upon
employees they do not in any way constitute a measure of employment
or unemployment. They refer to the occupation under consideration
only, and it must not be assumed that the employees in that occupa
tion had no further opportunity for work. A large percentage of
the employees did work at more than one occupation during the
period scheduled; hence none of the averages in this group measure
the total work or total earnings of the employees.
The average hours worked during the pay period as shown in the
table is the result of combining all the hours worked by all employees
in that occupation and then dividing by the number of employees.
The average earnings per pay period was obtained in the same way.
The average earnings per hour and full-time weekly earnings are
explained on pages 21 and 22.
The averages m the second group show the work done in a specified
occupation only. The averages in the third group show the total
work done by the same employees in any and all occupations at which
they may have been engaged in the department during the pay-roll
period, including the specified occupation. These averages have been
deemed necessary, as the averages for the specified occupation alone
fail to indicate the entire time and earnings of the individuals under
consideration. The averages in the third group apply to an employee
within the particular department only. To trace the employee from
one department to another was practically impossible.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
25
The averages were obtained by the same methods that were used
for the second group of averages.
Table D .—The customary turns and hours worked by all employees
in the several departments in 1929 are shown in detail in this table.
The number of turns per week, hours per turn, hours per week, and
average hours per week are presented for three groups of employees:
Those who work day turns only, those who work night turns only,
and those who alternate or rotate from day to night shift. Data
are shown for each district and for all districts combined. Further,
like figures are given for one representative key occupation in each
department.
The order of arrangement begins with the highest number of average
full-time hours per week. As the number of hours worked per day
seldom varies during the period Monday to Friday, hours per turn are
shown but once under that heading. The hours worked on Saturday
and Sunday, however, often differ from the number worked during
the first five days of the week, and hours are shown separately for
both Saturday and Sunday.
It is the purpose of this table to give a clear picture of the customary
working time of all employees in each department in every important
detail. At the same time, however, the bureau has endeavored not to
allow the numerous small changes, which occur at infrequent intervals
of time and affect the hours and turns of employees in only a slight
degree, to assume an importance not warranted by conditions. Thus,
the regular working time of employees has been considered as nearly
as possible, and gas or repair turns have been disregarded when
employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than
once every three weeks in the case of three-shift workers and once
every four weeks for two-shift employees. Relief systems have also
been omitted in a few instances where the periods elapsing between
reliefs were longer than that time.
The brackets appearing in the table have been used to indicate a
working cycle—that is, employees working on shifts which have been
bracketed customarily alternate or rotate from one shift to another
until they have spent one week on each shift included. The hours and
turns of employees who change regularly from one turn to another
have been tabulated as though the shift was made weekly in all plants.
As explained for Table B, this assumption is not entirely correct, as it
is the practice in many plants for employees to work two weeks on a
turn before a change is made. This, however, only serves to increase
the time necessary to make a complete rotation of turns. The number
of turns worked in the long run is not affected, and in order to com
bine the data for the various plants all employees have been classified
as though turns were all changed weekly. The three 8-hour turns per
day are shown as one day turn and two night turns—this for the reason
that only one of the three turns is an all-daylight turn, the other two
either beginning or ending in the night.
In some instances in the table hours are reported for the seven days
of the week, yet the number of days worked are reported as six. This
is owing to the fact that the figures are for a seven-day occupation
wherein each employee was relieved one day in seven. Either relief
was not always on the same day each week or information as to which
day was not available; therefore, the hours for all days have been
shown and the relief indicated in the full-time hours per week.
26
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
The table shows the extent of regular relief systems and their work
ing, but it must not be assumed that there was no chance for rest
where such has not been shown. In some plants, while there is no
regular system of relief, the employees are not held strictly to the work
ing days of the plant and may often take a day off as they desire it,
the plant putting another man in the place of the one absent. As it
was impossible to determine when or how often a man might be excused,
such plants have been treated in this table as though no relief was
granted.
Workmen whose labor is continuous and who are subjected to high
temperatures usually have spell hands— that is, three men work on a
two-man position or two men work on a one-man position, which
arrangement allows each man in rotation intervals for rest. Such
intervals of rest are considered as time on duty.
While this table shows the working time of all employees in the
department as a whole, no effort has been made to show the hours and
turns worked by employees in the different occupations separately.
This was too formidable a task to be undertaken. However, in each
department one of the principal occupations has been selected and
shown as a sample of the hours and turns worked by members of the
producing crew. All members of the producing crew do not always
work the same hours, but usually there is very little difference, and
the occupation shown will give an excellent idea of conditions as
regards the productive gang proper. Common labor and certain
other unskilled or slightly skilled employees quite often work more
hours than the rest of the force.
The remaining four tables—E, F, G, and H—are distribution tables
and show the 1929 hours and earnings of employees in considerable
detail for a few of the more important principal occupations in each
department. It would have been too great a task to attempt to
classify all of the principal occupations in the minute detail in which
these tables are presented, but the occupations for which data are
shown may be accepted as fairly representative of all of the occupa
tions. The occupations tabulated include unskilled, slightly skilled,
and skilled employees, and are some of the most important occupa
tions, both numerically and in the process. Common laborers, a very
important occupation in this industry, have been included in each
department.
In classifying employees in these tables a range of hours or earnings
has been used which is sufficiently wide to include all employees for
which data are shown, yet the class limits are small enough to show
fairly the spread or variation of employees in each occupation. Thus,
occupations in a department may be compared with one another or
with occupations in other departments. The data are shown for each
of the four geographical districts separately as well as for all districts
combined.
Table E.—Employees in six of the principal occupations in each
department, except standard rail and puddling mills, are classified
according to their full-time hours per week. In standard rail and
puddling mills employees in only five occupations are shown.
The classification of hours begins with employees who customarily
work 40 hours per week and ends with those who work 84 hours per
week and over. Employees who regularly work 48 hours, 56 hours,
60 hours, or 72 hours per week have been arranged in separate groups,
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
27
and the group of “ 84 and over ” means 84 hours per week in practically
all instances.
The classified hours of the table are average hours for the individual
and do not reflect the long hours of one week that may alternate with
shorter hours the next. Thus a man who works 72 hours one week
and 60 hours the next has an average of 66 hours, which is tabulated
in the group “ 66, under 72.”
Table F.—This classification table begins with employees who
earned an average of less than 20 cents per hour and ends with those
who earned $3 or more per hour. Employees are classified by 5-cent
groups from 20 cents to $1 per hour and by 10-cent groups from $1
to $2 per hour. All who earned $2 or more per hour are shown in
25-cent groups up to S3 and then by 50-cent groups.
Exceptionally high or low earnings per hour in practically all
occupations indicate that the employees were working under unusual
conditions, such as performing work on Sunday at time and one-half
rate, or working on a turn which produced exceedingly high or low
tonnage.
Table G.—The classification of hours actually worked begins with
those who worked less than 32 hours during the pay period and ends
with those who worked 192 hours and over.
In preparing this table no adjustment has been made in the data,
although, as previously stated, all of the schedules do not cover pay
periods of equal length. The hours actually worked by the employees,
as taken from the schedules, have been tabulated m all instances.
While some few of the schedules were taken for 14-day and 16-day
pay periods the large majority of the schedules cover a 15-day period.
One plant had three pay periods each month and the schedule for it
was taken for 20 days. This plant has been omitted from this table.
It was found from a thorough examination of the data that employees
as a whole worked about the same ratio of full time in one pay-roll
period as they did in another. Also, since the pay periods included
were so nearly the same in length the actual groupmg of the data was
approximately the same in each case. Thus, as it was desirable to
include all the employees possible in an occupation, all schedules
except the one mentioned above have been used.
In classifying the actual hours worked by an employee all of the
hours which he worked in any and all occupations in which he may
have been engaged during the pay period were included and tabulated
under the occupation at which he worked the longest time; for
example, if a man worked 40 hours as a larry man in a blast furnace,
35 hours as a keeper, and 20 hours as a keeper’s helper he would be
classified under the occupation of larry man, but the table would
show 95 hours of work.
It must not be assumed that employees worked all the time that
there was work for them. Employees may have been ill, on vacation,
may have quit, may have been discharged, etc. The data collected
by the bureau do not show the availability of employment nor the
various reasons for unemployment. The purpose of the table is to
show what the employees in this industry are actually doing, but no
attempt has been made to interpret the figures.
Table H .—In this table employees are classified according to their
actual earnings during the pay period for which they were scheduled.
The classification begins with those who earned under $5 during the
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
pay period and ends with those who earned $250 and over. The
classification is by $5 groups up to $100 and by $10 groups from $100
to $160. Earnings from $160 to the end of the table are divided into
four groups—two with a spread of $20 each, one with a spread of $50,
and the last group of “ $250 and over.”
The data in this table have been treated in the same way as those in
Table G, and the explanation of that table should be read in connection
with the explanation of this table.
In classifying the actual earnings received by an employee, all of the
earnings shown on the pay roll for him in payment for work in any
and all occupations in the department in which he may have been
engaged during the pay period were included and tabulated under the
occupation at which he worked the longest time; for example, if a
man received $20.80 as a larry man in a blast furnace, $18.90 as a
keeper, and $10 as a keeper’s helper, he would be classified under the
occupation of larry men but the table would show earnings of $49.70.
While the table shows the total earnings of employees in the various
occupations, it must not be assumed that employees have received all
the wages that it was possible for them to earn during the pay period,
as is indicated in explanation of Table G, relating to hours worked.
Index numbers.—The wage studies of this industry prior to 1914
were limited to employees in certain of the principal occupations
only. These occupations included actual members of the producing
crews almost entirely, laborers being practically the only other occupa
tion covered. No data were collected for employees in the several
other less important occupations.
The occupations selected for the studies were assumed as fairly
representative of all occupations, and the studies thus limited were
accomplished in much less time than would have been required had
all occupations been covered.
In the published reports for those earlier years the average full-time
hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time
weekly earnings, and index numbers computed therefor were shown
for each of the principal occupations separately, and the data were
further consolidated and expressed in the form of index numbers for
each department. In subsequent wage investigations the practice
of basing the index numbers for the department upon the principal
occupations only was continued, although in the studies of 1914,1915,
1920, 1922, 1924, 1926, and 1929, all employees in the various plants
were covered. This was done so that the data for the later years,
though not complete, would be strictly comparable with years prior
to 1914.
The method of computing index numbers from specified occupations
alone was discontinued in 1926, and except for the connecting link
between 1913 and 1914 the index numbers here presented for the de
partments and for the industry reflect the changes in all occupa
tions as a composite whole.
The year 1913 has been used by the bureau as the base year for the
computation of index numbers in its many wage and price studies and
for that reason it has been deemed highly desirable to construct the
index for this industry upon that base. Unfortunately, as stated,
data were not collected for all occupations in 1913. However, there
was very little change in wage conditions as between 1913 and 1914
so far as shown by the averages for the principal occupations. Also,
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
29
the change in the averages for all occupations between 1914 and 1915
was practically the same as the change in the averages for the principal
occupations. Thus, since the change in the principal occupations
between 1913 and 1914 was very slight, it has been assumed that the
change in all occupations would also be very small and in the same
ratio as the change in the principal occupations. The estimated
average for 1913 from which the index number was computed was
obtained from the proportion, “ the average for the principal occupa
tions in 1914 is to the average for all occupations for that year as the
average for the principal occupations in 1913 is to x.”
While the index numbers for the departments extend back only to
1913, the index numbers for the several occupations in Table A
extend back as far as data are available.
The bureau has consolidated the data for the several departments
into a general index to represent the iron and steel industry as a whole
at least to the extent covered. This general index was constructed7
by weighting the data for the various departments by the number of
employees covered in each department in 1926.8 The most desirable
weighting, of course, would have been the total number of wage earners
employed in the United States in each separate department. Such
figures are not available as there are no authoritative records from
which to obtain them. The Census of Manufactures does not show
the wage earners in the different departments of steel works and roll
ing mills separately. However, the bureau in its studies has en
deavored to cover a fair representation of wage earners in each depart
ment, and it is believed the relative weight given each department
by the bureau’s figures would not be materially changed by using
the number of wage earners in the country generally, if such were
available.
* For 1926 and earlier years.
•The weighting for 1929 was the number of employees covered in the year.
97114°—30------3
BLAST FURNACES
Data for 1929 are for 37 blast-furnace establishments located in
11 States, which during the pay-roll period covered operated 116
stacks and employed 12,222 wage earners in all occupations. Of
these, 6,020 are in the 16 principal occupations for which separate
averages are given. Comparable data for this department were
first obtained in 1907. From 1907 to 1914 employees in only the
principal occupations were included, while in 1914 and subsequent
years all employees in all occupations were included.1
Hours of labor for all employees in blast furnaces decreased 19 per
cent between 1914 and 1929. Between 1914, when average hours
per week were 74.8, and 1922 there was little change in customary
working time; but after the general adoption of the 8-hour day in
1923, weekly hours of labor declined, the 1924 average being 59.7 as
compared with 72.1 in 1920 and 72.3 in 1922. Average hours per
week increased slightly in 1926—to 59.8—and increased again to 60.7
in 1929. Table 1, page 3, shows average full-time hours per week,
earnings per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for all employees
in this department for specified years, 1913 to 1929.
Comparison of 1929 averages in Table A with similar averages
for earlier years shows the general downward trend of average full
time hours per week in the principal occupations. The average
hours per week for the principal occupations combined were 60.4
in 1929 as compared with 59.4 in 1926. This is an increase of 1 hour
per week, which is almost identical with the change in hours for all
employees stated above. Thus it can be seen that the hours per
week of the principal occupations represent not alone the changes
that have taken place in those occupations but also serve as a gen
eral indicator of changes in other occupations for which separate aver
ages are not shown. When the principal occupations are considered
separately it will be observed that in all of the 16 occupations save 1
there was an increase in full-time hours per week in 1929 as compared
with 1926, but when compared with any year previous to 1924 all
occupations save iron handlers and loaders show large decreases. In
1922 all of the principal occupations except 2 had a customary week
of more than 70 hours, while m 1929 only 1 had a week of more than
70 hours and 11 had a week of less than 60 hours. Average hours
per week in 1929 ranged from 73.2 for iron handlers and loaders
to 54.3 for bottom fillers. The increase in full-time weekly hours
for all the principal occupations combined in 1929 was influenced
somewhat by the increase in the percentage of employees working
84 hours per week. These increases are particularly noticeable
in stockers, iron handlers and loaders, pig-machine men, cindermen,
and laborers. However, it might be well to state that this increase
in per cent of employees working 84 hours per week was not brought
about by a change in working time of identical plants represented
in the 1926 and 1929 studies but rather by the inclusion of some
plants which did not report in 1926 and some of the preceding years.
i Data were not obtained for the years 1016, 1918, 1921,1923,1925,1927, and 1028.
30
BLAST FURNACES
31
While the number of hours per day and per week have decreased
materially since 1922, the percentage of employees working 7 days
per week has increased. In 1922, as shown by Table 2 (p. 6), 69
per cent of all employees in blast furnaces had a week of 72 hours
or over, while in 1929 only 11 per cent had a week of this length.
Because a blast furnace must be kept in continuous operation it
becomes necessary to have a producing crew on duty at all times,
therefore the relief provision for employees is reflected in the number
working 7 days per week. In 1922, as shown by Table B, the per
centage of 7-day workers was at the lowest point, the total for that
year being 29 per cent.
When the various districts are considered separately 60 per cent
of the employees in the eastern district, 21 in the Pittsburgh district,
25 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, and 34 per cent in
the Southern district regularly worked a week of 7 days.
In 1924 after the adoption of the 8-hour day, relief systems whereby
employees were relieved one day in 7 were partially abandoned,
and the per cent of 7-day workers increased to 45 while the per cent
of 6-day workers decreased to 20. However, the 8-hour day brought
into effect a new working time per week—6 days, 7 days, and 7 days
in rotation. This means that each employee is relieved one day
each 3-week cycle by having another worker take his regular turn
on the day he is off duty. In 1924 there were 30 per cent of all
employees in blast furnaces working a week of 6 days, 7 days, and
7 days in rotation. In 1926 the per cent of employees working 7
days per week increased to 49 and m 1929 to 54.
When comparison by district is made for the years 1929 and 1926
the per cent of employees working 7 days per week in the Eastern
district shows no change. In the Pittsburgh district there is a decided
increase in 7-day workers from 33 per cent in 1926 to 42 per cent in
1929, while the percentage of employees working 6 days, 7 days, and
7 days in rotation was 28 in 1929 as compared with 40 in 1926. In
the Great Lakes and Middle West district 65 per cent of all employees
worked a week of 7 days as compared with 69 per cent in 1926. The
decrease in 7-day workers was taken up by the increase in per cent
of employees working 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days in rotation. There
was no change in the per cent of 6-day workers. The Southern
district shows an increase in 7-day workers from 27 per cent in 1926
to 37 per cent in 1929.
There was a decrease in the per cent of employees working 6 days,
7 days, and 7 days in rotation as well as in the per cent of employees
working 6 days per week, the former being 26 per cent in 1926 as
compared with 18 per cent in 1929.
In order that the prevailing hours per day and per week in this
department may be more fully shown Table D is presented, which
shows that out of 12,222 employees covered 3,342 worked day turns
only, 160 night turns only, and 8,720 alternate or rotate from day
to night shift. A total of 1,377 employees regularly worked an aver
age of 12 hours per day, of which 1,011 customarily worked a week
of 7 days. A total of 3,132 worked 10 hours each day and 6,711 a
day of 8 hours. This table includes data for all employees whether
on direct producing crews or not; but in order to give a clearer idea
of the actual working time of members of the producing crew, sep
arate figures are given for one key occupation, that of keeper. Of
32
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
350 employees who worked as keeper, 29 had a customary working
time of 7 days per week, averaging 12 hours per day or 84 hours per
week; 11 had a week of 6 days, 12 hours per day or 72 hours per
week; 3 worked 8 hours per day, except 2 Saturdays out of 3 when
they worked 12 hours, making a weekly average of 56 hours. The
remaining 307 had an 8-hour day or hours that made an average
equivalent thereto, of whom 196 customarily worked 7 days each
week.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations according to their average full-time hours per week. There
were 3 employees in these occupations whose average full-time hours
per week were 48, and 410 whose hours were 84 or over. A total of
2,506 employees out of 4,191 had a week of over 48 and less than 60
hours.
Average hourly earnings in 1929 for employees in the various prin
cipal occupations, as shown in Table A, range from 91.8 cents for
blowers to 37.3 cents for laborers. For all employees in both skilled
and unskilled occupations average earnings per hour were 52.8 cents in
1929 as compared with 51.7 cents in 1926, an increase of approxi
mately 2 per cent, while in principal occupations combined hourly
earnings increased from 49.4 cents in 1926 to 50.8 cents in 1929, or
about 3 per cent. Hourly earnings were at their peak in 1920, the
average for that year being 57.1 cents, or over two and three-fourths
times as great as in 1914. While 1922 shows a considerable decrease
in earnings when compared with 1920, they were almost 100 per cent
higher than in 1914. In 1924 earnings per hour were 52.0 cents, and
the two subsequent studies in 1926 and 1929 show but little variation
from that figure, the average for 1929 being 52.8 cents, or two and
one-half times as great as in 1914.
The greatest change in hourly earnings in the principal occupations
as between 1926 and 1929 will be found in the occupation of bottom
fillers, whose earnings were 42.6 cents in 1926 as compared with 62.9
cents in 1929. This radical change was brought about by the exclu
sion of two southern plants which were not in operation during the
period of the 1929 study, and resulted in reducing the number of
bottom fillers from 344 to 35.
The occupation of top fillers also shows a decided change in hourly
earnings for the same reason as that given for bottom fillers. It may
be stated here that any average might be changed by a shift in the
relative number of persons employed at different rates even though
no individual had a change in his rate.
An analysis of the changes in average hourly earnings of keepers
will tend to show in a general way what has taken place in hourly
earnings in the principal occupations over the period 1907 to 1929.
In 1907, keepers earned an average of 21.8 cents per hour, this rate
remaining about stationary until 1912 when a slight increase is noted,
the earnings for that year being 22.3 cents. The years 1913, 1914,
and 1915 show practically no change from 1912; however, in 1917
there was a substantial increase and earnings rose to 34.4 cents per
hour, which is 46 per cent more than in 1913. Both 1919 and 1920
show increases, the earnings for the latter year being 63.5 cents,
the highest of any year for which data are available. In 1922
earnings decreased to 42 cents but in 1924 after the general adoption
of the 8-hour day earnings increased to 57.9 cents. The years 1926
BLAST FURNACES
33
and 1929 show practically no change from 1924 as the index number
of earnings for all three years was 246.
A distribution of hourly earnings of employees in six of the prin
cipal occupations in 1929 is given in Table F, which shows in a
general way the spread of earnings of employees in other occupations
of similar skill for which no distribution tables have been made.
Average full-time earnings per week for all employees were $15.41
in 1914 as compared with $32.05 in 1929, an increase of more than
100 per cent over 1914, but only of 4 per cent over 1926. In 1920
weekly earnings were $41.17, or $9.12 more than they were in 1929.
Weekly earnings in the various principal occupations show similar or
ever greater changes. Again using the occupation of keepers as an
example it is found that these employees earned an average of $19.28
per week in 1913 as compared with $33.41 in 1929, an increase of 73
per cent over 1913, but only a small gain over 1926. In 1920 weekly
earnings were $46.45, or $13.04 more than in 1929.
The 6,020 employees in the principal occupations worked an average
of 112.8 hours in a 15-day pay period for which they received an
average of $57.20. This compares with 115.4 hours and $60.96 for
all employees in all occupations. The hours and earnings of employ
ees as given above include all the hours worked and earnings received
by employees shown in Table C. Blowing engineers worked the
greatest number of hours, 123.6, and laborers the least, 105.1,
while the highly skilled occupation of blowers had the highest earnings,
$112.09, and laborers the lowest, $39.91.
A classification of employees in six principal occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1929 is made in Table G, which shows
that in the occupation of laborers 93 employees out of a total of 1,184
worked less than 32 hours per pay period, while only 3 worked 192
hours or more. The largest number, 186, is found under the heading
“ over 120 and under 132.”
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Due to the
variation of hours worked by employees as shown in Table G there
is considerable difference in earnings of employees, as 46 laborers
earned less than $5 for the half-month pay period while 28 earned
$70 or over. The largest group, 164, earned $55 and under $60.
Blowers show the widest spread in earnings, ranging from under $10
to $200 and under $250, the average for the occupation being $112.09.
A.GES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
vrnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu-
patic
last Furnaces
ccupi
and y
Num Aver
age
lm- ber full
of time
rof em
ants
hours
ploy per
ees week
ekers:
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1917.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
;tom i
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1917.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
E > fille
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1917.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
Tym
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1917.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
Index numbers
(1913=3100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
ings earn Full
per
ings time Earn time
hour per hours ings earn
week per per ings
per
week hour week
81.4 $0,170 $13.83
79.1
.157 12.43
80.9
.158 12.75
79.9
.164 13.17
79.7
.168 13.40
.171 13.46
78.8
.192 15.00
78.0
74.9
.188 14.03
.188 13.99
74.6
77.4
.295 22.79
.465 36.32
78.1
75.5
.527 39.68
74.4
.352 26.06
60.5
.465 28.10
.465 27.95
60.1
.451 28.23
62.6
104
101
104
102
102
101
100
96
96
99
100
97
95
78
77
80
89
82
82
85
88
89
100
98
98
154
242
274
183
242
242
235
92
83
85
88
89
90
100
93
93
152
242
265
174
187
186
188
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.2
82.1
82.0
82.4
84.0
82.2
67.1
72.8
54.2
53.5
54.3
.160
.150
.138
.152
.149
.152
.168
.167
.176
.270
.436
.568
.336
.480
.426
.629
13.40
12.59
11.61
12.77
12.50
12.53
13.88
13.76
14.48
22.68
35.84
38.35
24.44
26.01
22.79
34.15
102
102
102
102
102
100
100
100
100
102
100
82
89
66
65
66
95
89
82
90
89
90
100
99
105
161
260
338
200
286
254
374
97
91
84
92
90
90
100
99
104
163
258
276
176
187
165
246
66
44
50
142
92
96
98
80
44
22
28
74
86
111
65
17
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.8
82.2
80.0
80.3
80.1
79.0
84.0
76.7
71.2
68.8
56.8
53.8
54.4
.177
.168
.161
.169
.171
.175
.191
.199
.213
.257
.468
.573
.388
.544
.500
.675
14.86
14.15
13.56
13.85
13.84
13.81
15.19
15.71
16.44
21.57
35.90
39.72
26.02
30.40
26.90
36.72
105
105
105
103
102
100
100
100
98
105
96
89
86
71
67
68
93
88
84
88
90
92
100
104
112
135
245
300
203
285
262
353
98
93
89
91
91
91
100
103
108
142
236
261
171
200
177
242
132
86
135
231
203
241
238
192
212
183
286
369
340
502
422
412
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.9
78.2
82.3
78.6
78.6
77.2
80.4
73.8
75.1
57.7
57.9
58.5
.195
.184
.186
.196
.194
.199
.217
.215
.211
.327
.542
.586
.402
.548
.551
.552
16.41
15.48
15.64
16.47
15.99
15.46
17.77
16.88
16.51
25.14
43.58
42.65
29.96
31.48
31.90
32.29
102
102
102
102
101
95
100
96
96
94
98
90
91
70
70
71
90
85
86
90
89
92
100
99
97
151
250
270
185
253
254
254 I
92
87
88
93
90
87
100
95
93
141
245
240
169
177
180
182
18
18
18
32
32
34
33
35
35
14
20
27
31
36
37
37
824
473
737
1,445
904
1,069
1,269
1,031
878
441
1,043
1,624
1,316
1,774
1,174
877
7
7
7
14
15
15
13
13
9
3
4
6
7
6
4
2
293
194
282
672
417
468
469
360
148
56
72
249
311
341
344
35
8
8
8
13
14
14
14
13
8
3
4
6
7
7
4
2
11
11
11
21
21
23
23
27
27
14
18
24
27
32
34
36
an 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time houfrs per week
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
un
72
un 84
60
un der
der
der
der 60
84
72
77
58
60
63
62
50
45
29
27
41
66
20
22
8
8
>12
100
100
100
100
100
85
84
83
86
31
100
69
35
31
100
100
100
75
78
78
77
21
100
57
49
20
9
100
100
100
100
15
2Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours were 91.
91
71
86
53
53
41
73
27
22
7
9
10
BLAST FURNACES
35
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929%by occu
pation— Blast Furnaces— Continued
Occupation
and year
Num Average
Num ber
full
of time
ber of emplants ploy- hours
per
week
Larry men’s
helpers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
1919______
1920.__ . . .
1922______
1924.. .
1926...........
1929..........
Skip operators:
19081IIIIZI
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
Blowers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Blowing engi
neers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917--------191 9 ___
192 0 . . . .
1922.. . _
1924....
1926— .
1929....
1.159
.152
.149
.165
.168
.172
.191
.187
.185
.292
.491
.531
.356
.485
.493
.495
$13.35
12.80
12.53
13.88
13.89
13.64
15.78
14.67
14.43
23.20
38.94
39.09
26.40
27.38
28.05
28.46
102
102
102
102
100
96
100
95
95
96
96
89
91
69
69
70
83
80
78
86
88
90
100
98
97
153
257
278
186
254
258
259
85
81
79
88
88
87
100
93
91
147
247
248
167
174
178
180
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
83.8
79.3
82.9
79.5
79.4
77.3
80.4
73.4
75.8
57.5
58.4
68.5
.193
.184
.183
.197
.198
.206
.217
.214
.215
.343
.536
.594
.401
.543
.545
.547
16.19
15.49
15.40
16.56
16.60
16.19
17.97
16.98
17.03
43.09
43.30
30.20
30.98
31.83
32.00
101
101
101
101
101
96
100
96
96
93
97
89
91
69
70
71
89
85
84
91
91
95
100
99
99
158
247
274
185
250
251
252
90
87
86
92
92
90
100
94
95
148
240
241
168
172
177
178
78 84.0
84.0
84.0
131 83.5
123 82.9
139 80.3
154 82.2
143 80.7
149 80.6
84 77.8
134 79.8
198 73.2
195 72.4
262 58.3
241 58.5
226 58.7
.300
25.17
23.74
24.04
24.74
25.21
25.01
27.21
26.74
26.93
37.50
60.25
62.87
49.00
51.73
52.77
53.89
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
98
98
95
97
89
88
71
71
71
90
85
86
89
92
95
100
100
101
146
227
261
204
268
272
277
93
87
88
91
93
92
100
98
99
138
221
231
180
190
194
198
64
94
125
124
138
158
139
152
118
169
217
100
32
37
37
85
103
153
137
142
156
147
153
122
143
164
213
244
197
180
s than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
numbers
Aver Index
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
were—
age
full
time
FuUOver
Over
earn FuU- Earn time 48 Over
60,
72,
ings time ings earn and 48,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
der
der
per
der
week
per der 60
72
week hour week
84
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.6
79.6
82.6
78.6
78.3
79.6
79.3
73.9
74.9
57.1
66.9
57.5
115
79
135
278
294
359
352
250
275
161
310
517
383
627
389
278
18
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.9
80.6
82.0
79.3
79.1
76.1
80.0
73.7
74.2
58.7
59.5
59.7
.305
.315
.485
.755
.678
.902
.918
10
0)
16
10
8
4 or
74
93
92
10
3
1
12
14
11
43
46
34
9
16
56
”Y
4
100
100
100
100
88
3
3
5
13
55
14
3
10
23
6
5
4
100
100
100
2
9
9
35
36
56
15
28
53
13
10
5
18
3
78
86
86
3
3
100
6
5
26
15
4
98
78
91
44
74
28
29
7
10
11
100
100
2
6
5
11
7
15
11
71
80 ‘ T
83
100
9
16
15
1 25
1 26
49
10
22
62
6 2
5 5
1 8
98
91
78
85
5 *69
5 >69
7 44
14 68
34 24
12 15
4
7
8
8
93
95
102
90
93
102
19.77
91
88
102
19.35
93
102
20.39
96
94
9
95
101
20.15
4
94
18
98
96
19.93
17
100 100 100
21.28
97
37
97 101
20.64
6
39
97
20.64
6
96 101
64
93 150 139
29.61
7
98 242 236
50.24
12 ’ "io“
16
29 25
90 277 247
52.50
5
62
13
90 185 167
35.49
7 80
3
72 254 182
38.65
83
184
3
73 253
39.15
82
4
192
73 263
40.78
* Including l per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
.242
.235
.230
.243
.244
.249
.260
.262
.262
.391
.628
.720
.483
.661
.658
.683
76
89
54
51
100
100
100
100
91
77
83
>57
* 56
36
71
30
19
11
15
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
36
A.—Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation— B la st F u rn a ce s — C o n t in u e d
T able
Occupation
and year
Blowing engi
neers’ assist
ants:
1907...........
1908______
1909______
1910______
1911______
1912______
1913______
1914______
1915______
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929_.........
Stove tenders:
190 7
190 8
1909______
1910______
1911______
1912...........
1913______
191 4
191 5
1919______
1920______
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
1929...........
Keepers:
1907______
1908...........
1909...........
1910______
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Keepers* help
ers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911______
1912______
1913______
1914..........
1915. - .......
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Aver
]Num-Jage
Num ber
full
of time
ber of em
hours
plants ploy
per
ees week
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
21
21
17
22
24
26
29
25
67
51
74
94
91
108
94
99
96
130
189
213
307
231
189
84.0 $0,203 $17.02
84.0
.199 16.72
84.0
.191 16.08
84.0
.207 17.38
83.2
.205 17.06
80.4
.211 16.85
83.2
.225 18.67
.223 17.57
79.0
.223 17.41
78.3
79.1
.565 44.69
71.7
.632 45.24
.424 31.08
73.5
56.2
.584 32.74
56.6
.579 32.77
56.2
.613 34.45
101
101
101
101
100
97
100
95
94
95
86
88
68
68
68
90
88
85
92
91
94
100
99
99
251
281
188
260
257
272
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
24
28
32
36
37
36
140
96
140
200
180
214
220
183
186
204
297
279
473
362
347
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.7
79.5
81.9
79.7
79.4
80.3
73.7
75.2
57.5
57.5
57.7
.192 16.10
.185 15.52
.181 15.22
.193 16.21
.190 15.68
.195 15.38
.211 17.30
.209 16.56
.208 16.46
.528 42.40
.592 43.38
.403 30.08
.545 31.36
.548 31.51
.557 32.14
103
103
103
103
101
97
100
97
97
98
90
92
70
70
70
91
88
86
91
90
92
100
99
99
250
281
191
258
260
265
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
37
146
96
141
201
184
218
230
184
187
162
203
280
288
466
380
350
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.7
79.6
82.0
79.6
79.4
77.4
80.6
73.3
75.3
57.1
57.4
57.7
.218
.210
.205
.215
.217
.223
.235
.233
.232
.344
.562
.635
. 420
.579
.577
.579
18.34
17.68
17.26
18.09
17.95
17.59
19.28
18.47
18.33
26.55
45.30
46.45
31.47
32.79
33.12
33.41
102
102
102
102
101
97
100
97
97
94
98
90
92
70
70
70
93
89
87
91
92
95
100
99
99
146
239
270
179
246
246
246
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
37
616
409
596
877
742
870
950
734
727
392
650
1,168
1,178
1,654
1,516
1,142
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
83.1
80.2
82.2
80.6
80.1
77.6
80.2
74.5
75.3
58.6
59.1
59.5
.165 13.89
.160 13.41
.155 13.04
.168 14.13
.167 13.84
.173 13.75
.186 15.31
.185 14.83
.182 14.48
.292 22.59
.480 38.50
.522 38.60
.349 26.16
.475 27.85
.471 27.84
.486 28.92
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
98
97
94
98
91
92
71
72
72
89
86
93
90
90
93
100
99
98
157
258
281
188
255
253
261
1Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Index num
(1913=10
Aver
Aver- age
ACTA
full
ago
earn time
Full
ings earn Full
ings time Earn time
per
hour per hours ings earn
week per per ings
per
week hour week
i
<Over
i Over
48 'Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
un 72 un- I
un der 60 der
der
der 60
72
84
__
91
90
8
100
94
93
239
242
166
175
176
185
7
20
6
87
92
94
7
90
88
94
91
89
8
96
95
245
251
174
181
181
186
4
19
4
82
90
90
100
8
95
92
90
94
93
91
8
100
96
95
138
235
241
163
170
172
173
4
18
4
81
91
89
9
7
10
6
36
42
17
30
67
2
3
18
17
33
35
14
21
61
2
3
11
17
17
34
35
52
11
24
58
2
3
]
12
13
15
25
16
3
7
6
15
34
12
3
7
6
7
14
34
13
3
91
I
8
I
1
1
5
L
I
I
)
9
.
.
6
15
4
.
76
.
81 T )
83
8
14
15
28
7
5
30
55
9
13
10
3 22 30
2 56 11
4
2
1
2 "3
. 4 1 0)
92
78
85
66
65
36
71
30
26
10
12
13
BLAST FURNACES
37
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour9 and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation— Blast Furnaces— Continued
Occupation
and year
Iron handlers
and loaders:
1907..........
1908-_.......
1909..........
1910...........
1911..........
1912...........
1913______
1914______
1915-.........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924______
1926..........
1929..........
Pig-machine
men:
1907..........
1908...........
1909..........
1910______
1911______
1912...........
1913...........
1914.
1915...........
1917______
1919...........
1920______
1922..........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Cinder men:
1907..........
1908-.........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913-.........
1914...........
1915...........
1917______
1919______
1920...........
1922______
1924______
1926......
1929______
Laborers:
1907______
1908______
1909______
1910-.........
1911...........
1912______
1913...
1914______
1915______
1917______
1919______
19201922______
1924______
1926______
1929...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber
full
of time
ber of em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
numbers
Aver Index
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
ings earn Full Earn time
ings time ings earn
per
hours
hour per
per ings
week per hour per
week
week
9
9
9
18
19
19
19
16
16
4
4
8
8
7
7
5
203
163
242
305
308
406
446
333
323
106
94
260
386
283
181
55
73.2 $0.193 $14.20
73.0
.190 13.95
73.6
.177 13.05
74.2 .194 14.36
73.0 .195 14.17
73.1
.206 15.11
72.5
.220 16.07
71.5
.222 16.09
74.0 .204 15.22
71.4
.243 17.44
72.9 .361 26.32
72.2 .443 32.00
70.4
.307 21.67
65.7
.345 22.67
69.2
.349 24.15
73.2 .374 27.38
101
101
102
102
101
101
100
99
102
98
101
100
97
91
95
101
88
86
80
88
89
94
100
101
93
110
164
201
140
157
158
170
88
87
81
89
88
94
100
100
95
109
164
199
135
141
150
170
9
9
9
16
17
17
19
21
21
10
18
21
23
26
29
29
193
157
152
291
267
275
303
259
245
154
370
390
383
534
506
377
84.0
83.9
83.9
83.9
82.4
81.9
81.9
79.2
79.6
77.9
80.5
72.2
73.1
57.5
59.4
61.7
.167
.163
.162
.169
.169
.171
.192
.192
.190
.300
.477
.552
.380
.515
.501
.494
14.03
13.69
13.57
14.14
13.98
13.97
15.72
15.15
15.07
23.21
38.40
39.63
27.73
29.52
29.76
30.48
103
102
102
102
101
100
100
97
97
95
98
88
89
70
73
75
87
85
84
88
88
89
100
100
99
156
248
288
198
268
261
257
89
87
86
90
89
89
100
96
96
148
244
252
176
188
189
194
20
20
20
32
32
32
33
31
31
13
21
23
24
22
22
20
262
245
380
482
339
397
380
286
254
168
295
87
216
364
183
108
83.6
82.6
82.2
82.9
81.3
75.2
79.9
78.3
78.6
78.4
77.2
68.4
71.6
59.7
59.2
62.5
.173
.156
.150
.163
.158
.164
.179
.176
.174
.286
.473
.557
.390
.483
.484
.486
14.46
12.88
12.34
13.56
12.84
12.20
14.27
13.78
13.64
22.31
36.52
37.85
27.76
28.71
28.65
30.38
105
103
103
104
102
94
100
98
98
98
97
86
90
75
74
78
97
87
84
91
88
92
100
98
97
160
264
311
218
270
270
272
101
90
86
95
90
85
100
97
96
156
256
265
195
201
201
213
20
20
20
34
35
35
35
37
37
17
24
27
32
36
36
36
957
718
757
1,423
937
1,049
1,273
1,096
885
698
2,184
1,770
1,500
2,059
1,600
1,184
75.8
72.8
73.0
74.7
73.3
73.1
72.5
70.8
71.3
75.3
77.9
72.3
67.7
62.4
62.4
63.8
.146 11.13
.140 10.24
.138 10.17
.150 11.23
.151 11.14
.152 11.15
.171 12.43
.177 12.52
.171 12.20
.281 21.23
.457 35.60
.474 34.60
.315 21.69
.401 25.15
.389 24.34
.373 23.80
105
100
101
103
101
101
100
98
98
104
107
100
93
86
86
88
85
82
81
88
88
89
100
104
100
164
267
277
184
235
227
218
90
82
82
90
90
90
100
101
98
171
286
278
174
202
196
191
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
60,
48,
72,
and un
un
72
un 84
60
un der
der
der
der 60
72
84
11
13
100
98
98
99
87
0)
*55
860
48
80
27
23
7
14
18
12
1Less than 1 per cent.
*Including 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
8Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
38
34
32
36
35
31
32
29
34
39
9
16
21
2
5
19
31
82
78
89
78
56
64
57
62
56
60
25
20
17
1
2
8
I
0)
47
27
28
30
31
31
*29
25
26
44
57
17
13
2
2
5
38
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e B . — Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified
number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929, by district and year— Blast Furnaces
Number of employees whose cus
tomary turns per week were—
District and
year
Eastern:
1914..............
1915_______
1920_______
1922..............
1924..............
1926..............
1929..............
Pittsburgh:
1914..............
1915_______
1920..............
1922_______
1924_______
1926________
1929..............
Great Lakes and
Middle West:
1914..............
1915_______
1920_______
1922_______
1924_______
1926_______
1929_______
Southern:
1914_______
1915_______
1920_______
1922_______
1924_______
1926_______
1929— . ____
Total:
1914________
1915_______
1920_______
1922_______
1924_______
1926_______
1929_______
Num Number
ber of of em
plants ployees
, ,
6 and
6 6
and 7 7 al
in ro ter
tation nately
6, 7,
and 7
in ro
tation
6, 7,
and 7
in ro
tation
6
6
3
4
5
6
6
1,078
794
642
885
1,512
1,588
1,351
354
256
137
171
150
125
108
180
179
107
85
678
533
505
534
1,173
1,347
1,150
10
10
8
9
11
11
12
3,298
3,176
4,916
3,481
4,898
4,993
3,909
1,466
1,470
1,550
1,947
519
522
543
405
316
1,473
811
411
806
494
146
1,427
1,390
1,893
723
1,690
1,644
1,626
43
44
39
11
11
9
10
10
10
10
3,172
2,761
3,871
3,383
5,760
5,128
4,486
1,883
1,643
743
2,064
1,052
1,019
3
3
648
473
132
26
1,286
1,115
2,480
846
1,454 3,122
575 3,534
656 2,914
41
40
64
25
54
69
65
11
11
8
9
10
10
9
1,705
1,832
2,741
2,967
3,370
3,620
2,476
198
230
1,104
1,932
1,454
1,686
1,101
36
73
10
2
1,507
1,602
1,637
999
846
997
948
976
456
917
38
38
28
32
36
37
.37
9,253
8,563
12,170
10,716
15,540
15,329
12,222
3,901
3,599
3,534
6,114
3,175
3,352
2,642
454
324
2,121
1,500
795 4,588
923 3,553
149
607 2,217
Less than 1 per cent.
6'A7 67and
and
al
in ro ter
tation nately
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary turns per week were—
2,278
2,021
1,100
4,640
6,515
3,102
6,982
7,501
6,607
0)
0)
1
1
67
79
60
78
85
85
21
35
33
42
l
2
8
5
4
17
14
5
6
6
87
60
34
30
27
37
54
54
29
45
49
64
T a b le
C.— Average customary working time of employees,
per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— Blast Furnaces
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the position
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
6
12
10
T otal........................ . ..............
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
0
63
288
252
149
6.9
6.7
6.9
6.6
9.9
9.2
8.1
11.2
68.5
61.4
55.7
74.2
69
336
294
178
126.8
111.0
97.1
121.6
$58.92
53.13
52.99
33.00
$0,465
.479
.546
.271
$31.85
29.41
30.41
20.11
133.1
114.4
102.8
131.7
$61 65
54! 94
55.94
Sfi
OO. OS
VO
.544
.273
<pU. t Oo
•1QA
SoU
37
752
6.8
9.3
62.6
877
109.7
49.45
.451
28.23
115.5
R1 . y
QA
01
o
*40U
Bottom fillers:
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ _
1
1
21
12
6.7
6.7
8.0
8.4
53.3
56.0
23
12
96.5
112.0
61,30
69.29
.635
.619
33.85
34.66
105.8
117.1
66.84
7/ «0. 099
4
.632
•A0 1l7/
Total___ . . . . . . . . ___ ______ __
2
33
6.7
8.1
54.3
35
101.8
64.04
.629
34.15
109.7
fiO
UO. 79
(Z
£9*«
7
•C
Top fillers:
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Southern.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
9
6
6.7
6.7
8.0
8.4
53.3
56.0
10
7
103.7
98.3
70.24
65.96
.677
.671
36.08
37.58
111.4
103.2
Aft
uo. QO
Mu
75.36
.677
•aao
oov
2
15
6.7
8.2
54.4
..17
101:4
68.48
.675
36.72
108.0
72.73
.673
6
12
10
8
40
135
159
48
7.0
6.8
7.0
6.7
9.0
8.1
8.0
11.0
63.0
55.1
55.6
73.6
42
149
165
56
125.7
107.4
111.1
135.0
68.98
64.08
68.18
41.48
.549
.597
.614
.307
34.59
32.89
34.14
22.60
130.6
109.9
114.9
139.3
71.41
65.38
70.29
42.94
.547
.595
.612
36
382
6.9
8.5
58.5
412
114.5
63.15
.552
32.29
118.0
64.91
CCA
•OOU
5
8
7
4
25
87
104
25
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.4
9.6
8.0
8.0
10.1
67.2
55.3
55.5
64.0
25
98
127
28
131.9
100.8
95.3
103.2
63.58
52.11
49.92
32.58
.482
!517
.524
.316
32.39
28! 59
29.08
20.22
139.7
107.0
108.2
A7 O
KO
Q
VI.
Q
•4Q
4o0
24
241
6.9
8.4
57.5
278
101.3
50.18
.495
28.46
111.6
Total_______________________
Larry men’s helpers:
Eastern_________ ___ _. . . _____
Pittsburgh............................... .....
Gregt Lakes and Middle West...
S o u t h e r n ...........__
Total_______________________
1
17 4
Xii*
O
55.45
56.JW
0*7 Qi
A PA
AQ
•Q
uUo
61. «
.518
.526
.324
K
AtL
•KD
O. 40
. 497
FUKNACBS
Total....... .
Larry men:
Eastern___. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern___ ____ _____________
BLAST
Stockers:
Eastern____. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pittsburgh........r ^
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.....__ . . . . _____ . . . . . .
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
T a b i «e C . — Average customary working time of employees , per day and per week, and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1919 , by occupation and district— B la s t F u r n a c e s — C o n t in u e d
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the position
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupation only
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
25
100
66
34
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
9.3
8.2
8.0
10.4
65.0
55.3
55.5
69.3
26
111
69
37
127.4
110.1
110.3
132.8
$62.96
66.13
67.47
46.62
$0,494
.601
.612
.351
$32.11
33.24
33.97
24.32
131.4
111.8
114.8
135.3
$64.64
67.01
69.97
47.60
$0,492
.599
.609
.352
Total_______________________
31
225
6.8
8.6
58.5
243
115.5
63.20
.547
32.00
118.3
64.64
.546
Blowers:
Eastern__________ _____________
Pittsburgh___________________ _
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
12
10
9
25
68
90
34
6.9
6.7
6.9
6.5
9.3
8.3
8.0
10.8
63.8
55.5
55.4
70.4
25
71
94
36
133.9
116.3
110.5
141.5
108.78
115.98
113.95
89.21
.812
.997
1.031
.630
51.81
55.33
57.12
44.35
135.2
118.5
114.4
144.5
109.48
117.43
116.84
90.98
.810
.991
1.021
.630
217
6.8
8.7
58.7
226
119.8
110.08
.918
53.89
122.8
112.09
.913
5
12
10
9
34
106
144
39
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.6
8.7
8.2
8.0
10.5
60.9
55.1
55.5
69.6
35
116
155
41
119.4
107.5
106.7
139.2
65.84
62.10
63.90
55.24
.552
.577
.599
.397
33.62
31.79
33.24
27.63
123.5
110.4
111.2
144.4
67.81
63.72
66.45
57.70
.549
.577
.598
.400
Total_________________ ______
36
323
6.8
8.4
57.7
347
112.1
62.47
.557
32.14
116.1
64.64
.557
Blowing engineers:
Eastern......................... ................
Pittsburgh................... ................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern---------------- ----------------
6
12
10
9
22
63
66
22
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.6
9.8
8.3
8.0
11.0
68.7
56.6
55.4
72.7
22
64
69
25
145.8
119.0
111.5
137.4
87.86
84.93
88.24
61.05
.603
.714
.791
.444
41.43
40.41
43.82
32.28
146.4
119.0
114.7
140.0
88.15
84.93
90.61
62.15
.602
.714
.790
. 444
37
173
6.9
8.7
59.7
180
122.0
83.24
.683 |
40.78
123.6
84.33
.682
Total_______________________
STEEL
37
AND
Total_______________________
Stove tenders:
Eastern______ ________ ________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........... ...........................
OF LABOR— IRON
5
11
7
8
HOURS
Skip operators:
Eastern............... ................ .........
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern....... ...............................
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Occupation and district
c—5
Total..
Keepers:
Eastern__________________
Pittsburgh, ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est-Southern................... .........
Total-.
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.4
10.5
8.0
8.0
9.8
73.5
54.3
55.3
61.8
8
96
70
15
157.2
96.2
98.6
95.3
79.36
58.17
67.79
39.06
.505
.604
.688
.410
37.12
32.80
38.05
25.34
157.5
99.3
108.3
109.7
79.49
60.12
74.48
45.34
.505
.605
.688
.413
25
159
6.8
8.3
56.2
189
99.6
61.11
.613
34.45
105.9
65.09
.614
6
12
10
9
38
113
139
39
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.6
8.8
8.1
8.0
10.5
61.9
55.1
55.5
69.3
41
119
146
44
122.2
112.6
106.3
129.9
66.29
71.17
66.35
47.80
.543
.632
.624
.368
33.61
34.82
34.63
25.50
126.1
114.3
110.0
131.5
68.31
72.06
68.37
48.34
.542
.631
.621
.368
37
329
6.8
8.4
57.7
350
113.3
65.65
.579
33.41
116.0 j|
67.10
.578
6
12
10
9
133
322
350
160
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
9.2
8.1
8.0
11.0
64.3
54.9
55.5
73.7
159
387
399
197
111.6
98.4
101.7
125.8
53.42
53.22
56.26
37.62
.479
.541
.553
.299
30.80
29.70
30.69
22.04
117.8
102.9
108.0
130.3
56.18
55.52
59.64
38.91
.477
.539
.552
.299
965
6.9
8.7
59.5
1,142
106.1
51.62
.486
28.92
111.5
54.19
.486
1
4
6
35
7.0
6.5
8.0
11.8
56.0
76.1
7
48
101.8
100.2
56.99
34.68
.560
.346
31.36
26.33
113.8
105.8
63.79
36.47
.561
.345
5
41
6.5
11.2
73.2
55
100.4
37.52
.374
27.38
106.8
39.94
.374
6
9
10
4
55
94
128
47
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.6
11.5
8.5
8.3
9.5
80.4
58.2
56.1
62.2
55
125
145
52
164.2
86.3
102.6
117.9
75.29
44.41
56.18
44.78
.459
.514
.548
.380
36.90
29.91
30.74
23.64
168.0
91.2
109.1
120.9
76.99
47.08
59.68
45.71
.458
.516
.547
.378
Total..
Cinder men:
Eastern_________________
Pittsburgh......................... ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West_.
Southern...... ......................
29
324
6.8
9.1
61.7
377
108.3
53.49
.494
30.48
113.4
56.10
.495
2
6
8
4
13
17
57
8
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.8
10.5
9.2
9.1
10.0
73.2
62.5
59.3
67.5
13
22
58
15
153.4
101.3
121.8
63.2
75.29
49.35
60.84
23.73
.491
.487
.499
.376
35.94
30.44
29.59
25.38
153.4
104.2
124.2
64.8
75.29
50.98
62.12
24.28
.491
.489
.500
.375
Total..
Laborers:
Eastern__________________
Pittsburgh......................... ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West-_
Southern________________
20
95
6.7
9.3
62.5
108
113.3
55.08
.486
30.38
115.4
56.18
.487
5
12
10
9
108
223
293
281
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.4
10.1
9.6
9.3
10.3
68.3
63.3
60.7
65.9
148
304
389
343
99.6
98.0
85.7
107.9
38.43
42.42
39.59
25.95
.386
.433
.462
.241
26.36
27.41
28.04
15.88
114.5
105.8
93.4
113.7
45.13
46.51
43.59
27.65
.394
.439
.467
.243
36
905
6.5
9.8
63.8
1,184
97.0
36.22
.373
23.80
105.1
39.91
.380
Total..
I
Pig-machine men:
Eastern. _____ ________________
Pittsburgh..................... ............ .
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern...... ................ ..............
Total..
FURNACES
Total_________________ _
iron handlers and loaders:
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Southern________________
8
79
61
11
BLAST
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern._________________
Pittsburgh. ........................ ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern________________
3
10
9
3
eo
Blowing engineers’ assistants:
Eastern................................
Pittsburgh--.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______ __________
42
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— Blast Furnaces
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
districts
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
Eastand South
Pittsper
day Sat Sun* Per per
per day Sat Sun Per
burgh Mid ern Total
ur day week week
to
ur day week
week to
dle
Fri day
Fri day
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
Group A.—Day turn only
43
BLAST FURNACES
T able
D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— B last Furnaces— Continued
ALL EMPLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
districts
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
day
per day Sat Sun Per
week to
ur day week week to
Fri
Fri day
day
day
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
per East Pitts and South
Sat Sun
week ern burgh Mid
ern Total
ur
week
dle
day day
West
Group B.—Night turn only
12
11
10
10
10
10
12
12
10
10
12
11
10
10
10
5
12
12
10
10
11
11 11
9
9
10 10
10 1010
10 10
_
10
10 "io
10
10
9
9
9
10 10
10
9 " 10
5
9 ~~~9
m
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9H
m
10
10
10
10
9
12
11
10
12
10
10
12
__
10
10
84
77
70
72
70
65
72
72
70
70
66
65H
60
70
60
70
60
70
60
56M
65^
60
60
59
55
54
8
8
8
8
8
8
56
56
8
8
12
60
8
8
8
56
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
56
4856
8
8
8
56
Total-
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
12
13
14
13
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
11
m
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
m
9H
10
10
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
13
14
13
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
11
9
10
10
10
10
10
“ Io’
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
13
14
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
11
9
10
10
10
__
10
10
10
9
84
91
98
90
84
84
72
72
70
70
60
66
65X
70
60
70
60
70
60
70
65H
__ 66H
10
10
"9
9
8
8
8
_
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
60
60
60
60
63
54
56
56
56
48
60
48
56
56
48
48
48
48
48
84
84
84
81
77
74^
72
72
70
66H
66
esy2
70
174
46
4
2
2
220
85
508
2
2
2
305
43
1
333
87
65
2
2
133
65
176
46
4
2
133
3
65
65
61
60
182
2
64
75
57
56
56
2
132
28
64
208
28
1,254
2,476
4
5
35
4,155
1,100
656
‘ ‘4
57M
182
2
2
5
425
56
53M
85
85
284
2,040
7
52
m
m
141
953
3,093
141
3,392
1,282
8,720
44
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekt
1929, by district— Blast Furnaces — C on tin u ed
Customary turas and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
districts
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
Sat Sun Per week
ern Total
week day
to
ur day week
to
ur day week
dle
Fri day
West
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
KEEPERS ONLY
12
11
12
8
12
11
12
8
12
11
12
12
84
77
72
60
8
8
8
56
8
8
8
56
8
8
8
56
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
12
13
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
13
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
13
12
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
84
91
72
48
60
56
56
48
56
48
48
2
6
4
33
46
117
} 53M
48
29
} 50%
21
84
84
72
}
56
}
56
17
11
3
41
119
23
6
11
3
196
13
90
21
146
44
350
BLAST FURNACES
45
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupations,
1929, by district— Blast Furnaces
T a b le
Occupation and
district
Aver Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
estab em time
Over
Over
Over 66,
Over 84
lish ploy hours 48
56,
72, and
60,
72 under
under 56 under 60 under under
ments ees
per
72
week
60
56
66
84 over
Stockers:
Pittsburgh_______
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern_____ —_
Total___ ____ _
Larry men:
Eastern — __ __
Pittsburgh. ..........
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Total ____ ____
Blowers:
Eastern
___ _
Pittsburgh. ..........
Great Lakes and
Middle West— .
Southern _
Total __ . . . ___
Keepers:
Eastern
____ __
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern________
Total______ _
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern
_______
Pittsburgh-..........
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern. _ ___ _
T o t a l_. . . . ___
Laborers:
Eastern
______
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern
Total_________
6
12
69
336
68.5
61.4
10
9
294
178
55.7
74.2
37
877
62.6
6
12
42
149
10
8
19
52
5
12
63
214
12
17
9
155
297
43
63.0
55.1
84
32
61
165
56
55.6
73.6
25
14
140
36
412
58.5
123
233
6
12
25
71
63.8
55.5
7
36
10
26
10
9
94
36
55.4
70.4
22
7
72
2
37
226
58.7
72
110
6
12
41
119
61.9
55.1
69
33
46
10
9
146
44
55.5
69.3
29
13
117
3
11
17
37
350
57.7
111
199
11
29
6
12
159
387
64.3
54.9
239
117
137
10
9
399
197
55.5
73.7
80
46
319
6
42
103
37
1,142
59.5
365
579
42
3|| 153
5
12
148
304
68.3
63.3
36
9
4
18
1
11
49
10
9
389
343
60.7
65.9
19
3
109
58
117
225
36
1,184
63.8
58
122
77
402
97114°—30------ 4
27
30
92
1
1
2
2
133
133
41
35
98
35
8
10
16
8
107
81
10
4
i
14
28
14
42
8
4
5
5
3
13
11
3
17
19
8
4
3
5
142
147
39
11
13
92
70
86
66
2
47
314
2
60
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929, by district— B la st F u rn a c e s
Occupation and district
.812
.997
1.031
.630
.918
41
119
146
44
350
.543
.632
.624
.368
.579
159
387
399
197
1,142
.479
.541
.553
.299
.486
148
304
389
343
1,184
.386
.433
.462
.241
.373
1
1
28
28
18
18
14
14
6
6
20
20
96
96
19
19
19
32
17
17
11
11
22
22
5
41
33
38
14
55
106
42
267
263
5
577
1
43
43
243
243
5
5
47
47
107
2
3
14
1
3
19
11
2
19
19
12
5 1.......
97
46
13
101
15
28
12
6
6
7
4
20
6
14
25
26
143
114
55
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
14
1 .....
1
5 23
5
18
14
1
38
6
7
6
7
8
10
2
4
2
3
6
20
2
1
5
62
15
72
29
40
45
23
67
116
85
59
9
21
210
284
33
136
39
1
21
1
68
515
208
30
55
6
91
22
1
1
20
36
62
42
1
21
98
42
1
13
19
3
3
1
3
44
6
54
1
5 .....
10
13 22
2
30 27
3
4
22
3
9
11
3
4
3
29
23
7
3
9
3
12 ....... i........
3
3
3
3
3 ___ 3
AND
25
71
94
36
226
6
6
84
84
3
141
173
5
166 322
20
131
15
OP LABOR— IRON
.549
.597
.614
.307
.552
14
14
26
58
16
3
103
HOURS
Southern__ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total________ ___ . . .
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern...................................
Pittsburgh...............................
42
149
165
56
412
13
AND
Southern____
Total______
Keepers:
Eastern___ ______ ____ _____
Pittsburgh___________ _____
69 $0,465
.479
336
294
.546
.271
178
.451
877
90, 95, 100, no, 120, 130, 140, 150, 180,
un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der
95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 190
WAGES
Stockers:
Eastern.
Pittsburgh.............................
Great
Southern..
Total_______
Larry men:
Eastern_____ .,
Pittsburgh_________________
Great Lakes and MiddleWest.
Southern__________________
Total— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___
Blowers:
Eastern___ . . . . . . . . ________
ber of earn
20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
em
Un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
ploy ings
per
der
der
der der der der der der der der der der der der der
ees
hour 20 25 30
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
o>
i
~
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by
district— B la st F u rn a c e s
Occupation and
district
Stockers:
Eastern______ —___
Pittsburgh_________
G. L. and M . W ___
Southern..........^.
Total____________
Larry men:
Eastern___ . . . . . . __
Pittsburgh_________
G. L. and M . W __ S o u th ern ............
Total____________
Blowers:
Eastern_____ . . . ___
Pittsburgh_________
G. L» and M. W ..__
S ou th ern ............
Niimber Aver
of
age
32, 40, 48,
em hours un un un un
ploy worked der
der
der
32 40 der
ees
48 56
56,
un
der
64
64,
un
der
72
3
7
?
69
336
294
178
133.1
114.4
102.8
131.7
2
15
19
5
1
3
2
1
1
1
3
5
?
8
4
1
877
115.5
41
6
4
10
8
42
149
165
56
412
130.6
109.9
114.9
139.3
118.0
25~
71
94
36
T o t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Keepers:
Eastern----------------4T
Pittsburgh------------119
G. L. and M. W .__ 146
Southern__________
44
Total_____ ______ 350
\roaTMVrQ* holnAVtt*
Eastern.______ ____ 159
Pittsburgh_________ 387
G. L. and M . W ___ 399
Sou th ern.........__ 197
T o t a l ...... ....__ 1,142
Laborers:
Eastern--------. . . ___ 148
Pittsburgh_____ ___ 304
G. L. and M. W __ „ 389
Southern______ . . . . . 343
Total------------------ 1*184
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
135.2
118.5
114.4
144.5
122.8
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
72,
88,
80,
96,
104,
120,
132,
144,
156,
112,
168,
180, 192
un
un
un 96 un 104 un 112 un 120 un 132 un 144 un 156 un 168 un 180 un and
88
der 80 der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der over
80
88
104
96
112
120
132
144
156
168
180
192
1
2 8
12 5
2
12 16 14
2
2
1
3
3 3
1
1 2 2 1
1
2
1 2 ___ 2
2
1 2 6 4
4
5 6
:=== ====== ! = ----- = = =
1
1
1
i
i| _ _
126.1
114.3
110.0
131.5
116.0
2
1
3
117.8
102.9
108.0
130.3
111.5
8
15
10
8
41
114.5
105.8
93.4
113.7
106.1
10
23
40
20
93
2
1 1
3 3
4 1
6 —
1
8
5
2
1
15
23
3
16
12
14
5
34
39
3
2
10
23
4
11
53
58
Q
16
42
42
81
39
131
4
2
2
1 8
1 30
3
3
1
2
8
3
T
4
5 __
2 n
3
42
10
=
= =
------ -----
5
25
42
6
78
1
12
8
11
32
62
14
1
1
1
1
5
1
17 24
143
9
8 1
14
28 T
l
50 3
14
11 2
40 T
13
2
11 13" '" l 2’ 22*
1 3
2 1
67 15
36 24
3 21
10 19
4
4
1
3
2 ...
1
3
1
1
3
4
== =
8
11
1 1«
3 15
1
5
2
1
2
1
1
i
2
1
12
2
2
9
1
1
i
2
15
12
32
23
i
3
1 9
1
1 14
1
2
3
3
28
26
4
61
2
4
5
2
13
8
36
26
5
75
4
1
9
1
15
1
28
36
4
69
40
8
66
47
11
132
9
7
21
4
41
13
62
105
12
192
13
20
45
2
80
15
15
13
4
47
6
8
40
9
63
11
57
67
51
186
5
1
1
6
1
5 2
2 2
2 4 " s ' 10 9
2 1 4 9 6
2 ----- 4
1 3
7 10 11 24 21
1
11
4
2
18
3 3
1 11
3 5
2 1
9 20
x
3
3
6
13
1
27
22
1
51
8
10
11
3
32
3 7 2 2 4 3
5 7 7 11 4 9
7 17 12
13 19 8
6 6 10 12 13 7
27 39 27 32 38 31
1
8
8
10
27
6
6T
8 5
9 3
28 15
7
9
14
9
39
T
13
2
20
5”
9
15
15
18
21 --54, 27
12 25
11 95
17 79
8
16
48 215
= s
i~
11
3
18
18
11
1
48
22 I
21 105
■■■
10
12 27
9 40
3
2
10
10
20
1
1/*7
1
6
16
7
3
1 ....
2
3
2
1
8.
4
67 ' l
57
15 *g*
1 6
1
4 7
2
= =
1 T =
6
1
11
.....
i 2 .....
***** 2
* i 1
80
18 3
2 2
1
3
1 4
2
4 8
1
1
2
8 12*
4 9
3 3
4
5
9
3
4 .....
*****
2
*****
12 . . . . . MM-
5
4
1
1
...
...
12*
12
1 6
1 6
2 2
g 1
1
5 18*
13 21
~2~ 28 1
5
44 1
1 26 1
9
33 9
Il7 131 12
2 6
2 6
2
4
j ...
1
3 19’
7 23
T
17
5
46
76
1
1
1
7
10
5
4
A
4
3 3
3
1
.....
1A
1 ID
.....
4
4
1
1
7
13
11
...
16
27
10 9
9
2
8 8
29 17
r
2
16
==
6
3 6
7
2 ”2"
4 23
13 25
=
2
2
1
1
1
5
a
0
3
3 .....
9
3
6
1
1
3
4
2
8
8
4 10
12 10
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by dis-
trict— B la st F u rn a ce s
69
336
294
178
2
4
2
3
4
3
7
1
5
5
5
3
8
22
11
14
11
16
51.96
42
149
165
56
71.41
65.38
70.29
42.94
1
1
Total___ ______ _
Blowers:
Eastern _________
Pittsburgh_________
G. L. and M. W____
Southern.________ _
412
64.91
1
1
44
47
2
"T "T "Y
2
3
4
2
10
7
14
3
6
8
1
11
2
3
1
3
5
7
4
3
63 173 185
65
31
17
12
12
2
2
1
4 'T
1
2 4
2 6
4 21
1
4
1
10
4
8
2
6
8
31
7
6 4
44 24
44 39
10
17
50
7
4
11
1
2
1
1
7
8
32
16
20
46
94
77
22
4
1
1
3
3
4
1
2
4
2
5
7 8
4 8 28 45 20
8 23 20 37 31
1
17 ~36~ ~55~ 90 I T
6
10
14
2
32
74
4
67
226
Total____________
Keepers:
Eastern____________
41
Pittsburgh_____ __ 119
G. L. and M. W____ 146
44
Southern...................
...................... 350
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern..... ........... ..... 159
Pittsburgh........ ........ 387
399
G. L. and M. W
Southern................... 197
Total_____ . . . . ___ 1,142
Laborers:
148
Eastern___________
304
Pittsburgh_________
389
G. L. and M. W
Southern___________ 343
112.09 -----
1
1
68.31
72.06
68.37 . . . . 2
48.34
67.10
1 ~ Total
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
5
10
3
14
19
2
56.18
55.52
59.64
38.91
54.19
3
10
3
4
20
2
3
3
4
12
3
1
3
4
11
5
4
2
6
17
1 1 4
2 7 9
2 3 8
7 8 16
12 19 37
45.13
46.51
43.59
27.65
4
9
21
12
5
8
5
16
5
6
13
22
8
11
31
29
1 9 7 4 18
9 12 12 17 30
11 18 19 18 28
38 53 95 48 23
39.91
46
34
46
79
59
92 133
4
15
19
87
99
2
5
11
3
13
13
2
11
23
18
55
38
18
29
2
3
1
2
2
1
4
1
2
2
4
7
1
2
2
1
12
4
1
3
4
3
5 6 15 22 22 9 20 23 12
8 16 16 37 105 98 43 13 5
9 6 10 39 77 111 62 30 30
1 1 2
2
31 58 47 6
53 86 88 104 205 219 127 66 49
29
25
26
2
6
5
12
4
5
29
3 ....
17 17 10
48 55 31
49 89 40
2 3
82 116 164
81
2
20
16
9
7
4
3
4
38
20
7
1
1
3
3
2
3
3
8
3
1
13
20
14
8
2
3
1
1
7
8
2
1 .... 1
1
....
1
$200,
un
der
$250
1
=*== =
3
3
=
STEEL
1
1
1
$180,
un
der
$200
AND
109.48
117.43
116.84
90.98 . . . .
2
44
27
5 3
96 21
78 39
6 2
1
25
71
94
36
Total____________ 1,184
1
1
2 5 25
20 34 93
13 14 53
12 10 2
$160,
un
der
$180
LABOR— IRON
877
5
12
8
19
$150,
un
der
$160
OF
Total......................
Larry men:
Eastern _______ __
Pittsburgh_________
G. L. and M. W
Southern
____ _
1 2
3 3 11
5 9 10
19 31 51
$140,
un
der
$150
HOURS
$61.65
54.94 " T
55.94 12
3
35.98
$130,
un
der
$140
AND
Stockers:
Eastern_________ _
Pittsburgh_________
G .L.andM . W ____
Southern___________
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
age
berof earn
$45, $50, $55, $60, $65, $70, $75, $80, $85, $90, $95, $100, $110, $120,
$35,
$40,
$25,
$20,
$30,
$15,
$10,
$5,
Un
em
ings der un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
ploy per
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
pay
ees period $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $85 $90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130
WAGES
Occupation and dis
trict
00
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
The 1929 study in this department covers establishments which
make steel ingots by the Bessemer process or which only partially
reduce it in the converter and finish the product in an open-hearth or
electric furnace. The latter is known as the duplex process and the
finished product is open-hearth steel. Most establishments do some
duplexing in addition to the manufacturing of regular Bessemer
steel. It is not uncommon to find establishments duplexing all the
product from the Bessemer converters during certain pay-roll
periods; therefore, in order to get a period where at least 50 per cent
of the time was spent on producing Bessemer ingots it was necessary
to secure a 15-day period in February for one establishment and a
15-day period in January for two others.
Data for 1929 were collected from the pay rolls of 11 establishments
located in 4 States and cover 2,251 employees in all occupations.
Of this total 887 were in the principal occupations for which separate
averages are given. In 1907, when data for this department were
first secured, there were 11,667,549 gross tons of Bessemer steel ingots
produced, or 117,813 gross tons more than open-hearth steel ingots
produced for that year. In 1914 there were only 6,220,846 gross tons
of Bessemer ingots produced as compared with 17,174,684 gross tons
of open-hearth steel ingots. Figures for 1928 show 6,620,195 gross
tons of Bessemer as against 44,113,956 gross tons of open-hearth
steel ingots. In 1928 the amount of Bessemer steel ingots produced
was only 13.10 per cent of the total production of steel mgots as
compared with 14.68 per cent in 1926 and 27 per cent in 1914.
Although 11 Bessemer converter establishments covered in this
study are identical with those covered in 1926, the number of
employees, 2,251, in 1929 is approximately 24 per cent less than the
number, 2,948, covered in 1926. This reduction in number of
employees is mainly due to the fact that in 1926 there were five estab
lishments operating Bessemer cupolas, while in 1929 there were
only two. An increasing amount of hot metal is being charged
and the effect of this change is clearly seen in the occupation of
stockers, where the number of employees decreased from 317 in 1926
to 156 in 1929. Other occupations connected with the cupolas for
which separate figures are not presented were similarly affected.
From 1907 to 1914 only employees in the principal occupations
were covered, but in 1914 and subsequent years all employees in all
occupations were included.1 The Bessemer converter establishments
covered by this and former studies are located in only two districts,
the Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle West. No data
are included from the eastern and southern districts, as the output
of these districts is of minor importance. Earnings as a rule in this
industry are higher in the Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle
West districts than in the eastern or the southern district. This
should be considered when comparing earnings of employees in the
Bessemer department with those of other departments where all
four districts are included.
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916,1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1928.
49
50
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Average hours per week for Bessemer converter employees show
an irregular downward trend over the period 1914 to 1929. In
1914 average hours per week for employees in this department were
68.4. No material change from this figure is noted until 1924, when
the weekly hours were 52.3, this reduction having been brought
about principally through the general adoption of the 8-hour day
in 1923. Referring to Table 2, page 6, it can be seen that, while
in 1922 there were only 17 per cent of all employees who had a week
of less than 60 hours, in 1924 there were 78 per cent. Although 53
per cent of the employees in 1922 had a week of 72 hours, less than
1 per cent had a week of 72 hours in 1924. In 1929, 43 per cent of
all employees had a week of 48 hours or less and no employees had
a week of as many as 72 hours. Employees in 1926 had a customary
full-time week of 52.6 hours, which is practically no change from that
of 1924, while in 1929 the average was 53.7 hours—an increase of
1.1 hours over 1926, but as shown by the index numbers, 23 per cent
less than in 1913. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per
hour and full-time earnings per week, 1913 to 1929, for the depart
ment as a whole are shown in Table 1, page 3.
Comparisons of full-time hours per week of employees in the various
principal occupations, which may be made from Table A, show similar
reductions. The average weekly hours for the principal occupa
tions combined were 69.7 in 1907; although 801 laborers, or nearly
50 per cent of the total number of employees in the principal occu
pations, had a full-time week of 78 hours. In 1929 there was only
one occupation in which employees had a week of as many as 59
hours, while four had a week of less than 50 hours, the average for
the principal occupations combined being 52.8 hours.
While hours per week have been greatly reduced in this department
in recent years the change has not been altogether due to the shorter
workday, as there has also been a decrease in the per cent of employees
working 7 days per week. Although this department is usually in
operation day and night for 6 days per week, a shutdown being made
over Sunday for a period of 12 to 36 hours for the necessary repair
work on vessels and other equipment when the converters are down.
This repair necessarily leads to some 7-day work for some employees of
the producing as well as the mechanical crews. In 1914,13 per cent of
all employees regularly worked a week of 7 days, and in 1920, 26 per
cent; but in 1926 the percentage decreased to 12, and in 1929 to only 9.
As the number of 7-day workers decreased there was an increase in the
number of employees working 6 days, 6 days, and 7 days in rotation,
and also in the number working 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days in rotation,
the percentages for 1929 being 8 and 10, respectively, as compared
with 7 and 5 in 1926.
In order that prevailing hours per day and per week in Bessemer
converters may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. Out of
2,251 employees covered, 358 worked day turns only, 34 night turns
only, and 1,859 alternate or rotate from day to night shift. It will be
noted that in 1929 only 24 employees haa a week of as many as 70
hours and no employee had a day of over 11 hours. There were 631
employees who had a 10-hour-day, of which 24 worked a week of
7 days, and 1,444 employees who worked the 8-hour day or its equiva
lent. Of the latter number 173 worked 7 days a week each week,
while others had a 7-day week once every other week or once in 3
weeks.
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
51
Data for all employees, whether on direct producing crews or not,
are included in Table D, but in order that a clearer idea of actual
working time of members of the producing crews may be given, sepa
rate figures are shown for one key occupation—that of vessel men.
Of the 28 employees there were 7 who worked 7 days one week, and
6 the next; 3 who worked 6 days per week every third week; 12 who
worked 7 days every third week, and 6 who worked 6 days each week.
Only 2 worked 10 hours each day, while 3 worked 10 hours each day
except every other Saturday, when they worked 8 hours, and 18
worked 8 hours or less each daj .
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations by average full-time hours per week. According to this table
there were 9 employees in these occupations whose average full-time
hours were less than 44, and 7 whose hours were over 66 and under 72.
Out of 541 employees, 269 had a week of 48 hours.
Average hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occu
pations range, in 1929, from $1,301 for blowers to 45.2 centsfor labor
ers. For all employees in both skilled and unskilled occupations the
average earnings per hour were 64.3 cents in 1929 as compared with
64.1 cents in 1926; and in the principal occupations combined, hourly
earnings were 73.0 cents in 1926 and 71.1 cents in 1929. Thus it can
be seen that while earnings for the department as a whole increased,
earnings per hour for the principal occupations decreased. This is
due to the fact that the principal occupations constituted but 39 per
cent of all the employees in the department, and that the remaining
61 per cent as a combined group had an increase in hourly earnings
more than sufficient to outweigh the downward trend in the principal
occupations. When h o u r ly earnings for all employees in 1929 are
compared with 1914 there is an increase of 152 per cent. Earnings
per hour were at their peak in 1920, the average for that year being
67.7 cents or over two and one-fourth times as much as they were in
1914. While 1922 shows a considerable decrease when compared with
1920, earnings were 84 per cent higher than in 1914. Earnings per
hour were 62.4 cents in 1924 as compared with 64.1 cents in 1926.
There was little change in earnings as between 1926 and 1929, the
average for 1929 being 64.3 cents. Hourly earnings for employees in
the various principal occupations are shown in Table A.
The greatest change in hourly earnings in the principal occupations
as between 1926 and 1929 will be found in the occupation of bottom
makers, whose earnings were 82.6 cents in 1926 as compared with
71.3 cents in 1929, which decrease was brought about by a change in
earnings in 9 out of the 11 establishments reporting. Analysis of the
changes in average hourly earnings of vessel men will show in a general
way what has taken place in hourly earnings in the principal occupa
tions over the period 1907 to 1929. In 1907 vessel men earned an
average of 79.3 cents per hour. In 1908 there was a decided decrease
in earnings to $0,528 per hour; the next two years, however, show
increases and in 1910 earnings were 68.5 cents per hour. They again
receded in 1911, but 1913 earnings of $0,744 were the highest of any
year up to that time except 1907. Earnings for 1919 were $1,114,
which is a decided increase over either 1915 or 1917; however, it was
not until 1920 that earnings reached their highest level—$1,273. In
1922 earnings again dropped, being 89.7 cents per hour. In 1924
there was an increase, which was followed by another in 1926, when
52
WAGES AND HOTJRS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
earnings were $1,271, but decreased to $1,212 in 1929, which, how
ever, is 53 per cent higher than in 1913. A distribution of hourly
earnings of employees in six of the principal occupations in 1929 is
given in Table F, which shows in a general way the spread of earnings
of employees in other occupations of similar skill for which no dis
tribution tables have been made.
Average full-time earnings per week for all employees were $17.44
in 1914, as compared with $34.53 in 1929, an increase of 98 per cent
over 1914, but only 2 per cent over 1926. Weekly earnings in the
various principal occupations show similar or even greater increases.
In the occupation of vessel men, for example, it was found that
employees earned an average of $41.52 per week in 1913 as compared
with $63.63 in 1929. This is an increase of 53 per cent over 1913, but
is somewhat less than in 1926. In 1920, the peak year, weekly
earnings were $71, or $7.37 more than in 1929.
The 887 employees in the principal occupations worked an average
of 104.4 hours in a 15-day pay period, for which they received an
average of $72.61, which compares with 105.6 hours and $67.94 for
all employees in all occupations. The hours and earnings of em
ployees as given above include all hours worked and earnings received
by employees as shown in Table C. Regulators, first, worked the
greatest number of hours, 116, and cupola melters the least, 84.
Greatest earnings were in the occupation of blowers, $147.41; and the
least, $45.99, in that of laborers.
A classification of employees in six principal occupations, by hours
worked, in 1929, is made in Table G. This table shows that laborers
had the greatest number of employees working under 32 hours per
pay period, 10 out of a total of 196 working these hours, while the
occupation of cinder pitmen was the only one that had any employees
working over 168 hours. In the highly skilled occupations of blowers
and steel pourers no employee worked under 72 hours per pay period
and in the occupation of vessel men—also a skilled position—only 1
worked under 72 hours. The occupation of stockers had 19 employees
who worked under 72 hours, while that of cinder pitmen had 11 and
laborers 35.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Due to the
variation of hours worked by employees as shown in Table G for
these same occupations there is considerable difference in earnings of
employees within the same occupations. Laborers earned from less
than $5 for the period to between $75 and $80, while the lowest earn
ings of any blower were from $95 to $100 and the highest from $200
to $250. Only 1 vessel man earned less than $85 for the period and 2
earned $180 and under $200.
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
53
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per weekf earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation— B essem er C on v erters
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1907...........
1908______
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919______
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Cupola melters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913______
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929______
Cupola tap*
pers:
1907...........
1908______
1909______
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920______
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Blowers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915-...__
1917...........
1919...........
1920______
1922._____
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber
full
of time
ber of em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
per
hour
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
1Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
48,
60,
72,
earn and un
un 72 un 84
ings un der 60 der
der
per der 60
72
84
week
Full
time
hours
per
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
62.5 $0,246 $14.27
.275 14.93
58.3
.264 15.31
63.6
64.9
.266 16.03
.233 13.60
61.7
62.1
.306 17.38
.331 19.05
62.5
.351 18.59
55.5
.313 16.70
55.6
.599 31.45
55.3
.637 41.15
64.6
.699 47.33
68.0
70.2
.409 28.71
.613 29.59
48.3
.638 30.82
48.3
.628 31.84
50.7
100
93
102
104
99
99
100
89
89
88
103
109
112
77
77
81
74
83
80
80
70
92
100
106
95
181
192
211
124
185
193
190
75
78
80
84
71
91
100
98
88
165
216
248
151
155
162
167
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
6
6
3
6
10
10
10
10
10
371
?60
266
352
241
?80
337
167
157
144
196
351
230
437
317
156
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
6
6
3
4
6
4
5
4
1
15
15
15
16
17
18
19
15
15
7
9
22
15
19
10
4
65.2
64.7
64.7
60.6
65.2
61.6
62.4
59.5
59.3
61.7
62.2
61.7
65.3
49.3
49.2
40.0
.509
.350
.419
.447
.386
.409
.477
.390
.449
.760
.993
1.063
.674
.856
.888
.845
31.67
22.20
26.09
25.85
24.62
23.82
28.23
23.00
25.90
45.24
61.76
65.85
43.31
42.12
43.69
33.80
104
104
104
97
104
99
100
95
95
99
100
99
105
79
79
64
107
73
88
94
81
86
100
82
94
159
208
223
141
179
186
177
112
79
92
92
87
84
100
81
92
160
219
233
153
149
155
120
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
4
4
2
5
5
3
4
5
1
50
43
43
56
45
48
69
34
24
16
29
38
11
30
21
3
60.5
59.3
61.5
58.9
60.4
60.6
59.5
56.9
55.8
54.0
60.2
54.8
60.3
49.7
49.3
48.0
.379
.335
.340
.362
.314
.369
.393
.286
.332
.677
.781
.979
.547
.723
.762
.661
22.16
19.67
19.74
20.30
18.36
20.94
22.25
16.47
18.43
34.85
47.02
53.76
32.60
36.04
37.57
31.73
102
100
103
99
102
102
100
96
94
91
101
92
101
84
83
81
96
85
87
92
80
94
100
73
84
172
199
249
139
184
194
168
100
88
89
91
83
94
100
74
83
157
211
242
147
162
169
143
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
20
19
19
20
20
21
23
27
27
18
18
29
33
36
31
27
65.4
68.8
68.8
69.8
72.0
69.1
63.3
64.1
64.0
64.0
63.4
59.7
60.7
48.9
49.7
50.7
.619 39.55
.4 66 32.41
.486 33.29
.536 37.00
.493 35.48
.529 36.36
.598 37.33
.545 34.43
.561 35.61
.784 48.77
1.226 77.73
1.249 74.66
.951 57.94
1.274 62.25
1.351 67.14
1.301 65.96
103
109
109
110
114
109
100
101
101
101
100
94
96
77
79
80
104
78
81
90
82
88
100
91
94
131
205
209
159
213
226
218
106
87
89
99
95
97
100
92
95
131
208
200
155
167
180
177
t Including 7 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
12
12
15
26
12
16
6
13
17
113
13
13
13
12
11
11
14
13
10
54
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per weekf earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation— Bessemer Converters — C on tin u ed
T able
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Regulators,
first:
1907
1908 ___
1909
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914.
1915...........
1917...........
1919 ___
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Regulators,
second:
1907...........
1908 ___
1909
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Vessel men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........*
1926...........
1929.................
Vessel men's
helpers:
1907................
1908...........
1909................
1910................
1911.................
1912.................
1913.................
1914.................
1915................
1917.................
1919_________
1920
1922_________
1924...........
1926...........
1929
...
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn
ings
per
per
hour
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Full Earn
time
hours ings
per per
week hour
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
48,
60,
72,
earn and un
un 72 un 84
ings un der 60 der
der
per der 60
72
84
week
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
8
10
11
11
11
10
10
26
25
25
31
24
25
24
24
26
17
25
36
32
41
28
25
62.3 10 437 $27.28
64.7
266 17.78
64.8
344 22.97
62.1
408 25.45
66.8
, 377 24.79
64.7
,411 26.24
67.6
,451 30.28
63.8
328 20.71
64.7
.351 22.91
66.8
.630 42.28
69.2
864 59.79
61.5 1.002 61.63
64.3
.650 42.50
50.1
.919 46.05
51.8
.949 49.16
53.5
.910 48.69
92
96
96
92
99
96
100
94
96
99
102
91
95
74
77
79
97
59
76
90
84
91
100
73
78
140
192
222
144
204
210
202
90
59
76
84
82
87
100
68
76
140
197
204
140
152
162
161
46
36
36
19 29
25
36
25
38
35
29
16
22
19
25
....
56 "3 7 ”
43 43 7
20
56 16
6
6
6
8
8
9
10
11
11
8
10
9
9
9
8
8
18
14
14
22
21
24
28
25
26
19
35
31
30
43
31
27
65.3
73.5
73.8
67.5
65.0
67.0
68.3
66.5
66.6
67.4
66.3
61.1
66.8
48.7
48.9
49.7
427
?.69
.365
.378
.333
.381
.394
.289
.324
.516
.754
.966
.639
.926
.945
.946
27.81
19.64
26.80
25.52
21.41
25.63
26.81
18.90
21.64
34.62
49.99
58.84
43.07
45.39
46.21
47.02
96
108
108
99
95
98
100
97
98
99
97
89
98
71
72
73
108
68
93
96
85
97
100
73
82
131
191
245
162
235
240
240
104 33
73
100
95 27
80 29
96 25
100 21
70 24
81 23
129 42
9
186 14
10
219 42
161 20
169 77 ” 23"
19
172 81
175 52 48
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
9
11
11
11
11
11
23
22
22
26
25
26
26
31
32
30
21
34
39
45
29
28
58.5
61.1
61.2
57.8
59.1
58.3
57.8
55.6
56.0
61.9
60.2
56.3
56.5
51.4
51.8
52.5
.793
.528
.630
.685
.580
.688
.744
.499
.554
.894
1.114
1.273
.897
1.166
1.271
1.212
44.58
31.27
37 19
38.18
32.45
38.60
41.52
27 64
30.87
53.29
67.06
71.00
50.59
59.93
65.84
63.63
101
106
106
100
102
101
100
96
97
107
104
97
98
89
90
91
107
71
85
92
78
92
100
67
74
120
150
171
121
157
171
163
107
75
90
92
78
93
100
67
74
128
162
171
122
144
159
153
52
41
41
46
48
35
23
29
28
40
48
26
33
7
14
21
13
14
14
23
12
35
46
48
47
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
11
47
45
45
53
51
53
53
57
56
45
71
75
82
86
59
57
57.0
59.5
59.6
56.5
57.6
56.5
56.4
54.3
55.5
56.5
62.4
58.7
57.9
50.6
50.9
51.0
.566
.376
.484
.506
.421
.467
.528
.342
.383
.654
.875
.984
.646
.889
.897
.900
31.84
21.65
28.24
28.22
23.48
25.70
29.15
18.42
21.18
35.94
54.60
56.86
37.51
44.72
45.66
45.90
101
105
106
100
102
100
100
96
98
100
111
104
103
90
90
90
107
71
92
96
80
88
100
65
73
124
166
186
122
168
170
170
109
74
97
97
81
88
100
63
73
123
187
195
129
153
157
157
51
40
40
45
47
45
34
37
32
60
35
24
35
31
41
39
19
20
20
28
18
28
40
42
43
56
38
93
79
61 IIII
6
40 - - 32
69
56
54 * T
8 31
8
8
16 32
8
8
8 40
8
8
39
13
17 50
8
16 32
8
8
8 33 33
17 21 25 . . . .
35 31 . . . .
71
....
12 52 ” 26'
8 14 36 . . . .
13 56
6
7
8
11
29
14
9
19
17
14
16
8
33 22 . . . .
43 29 . . . .
57 29
45 . . . . . ” l8
52
33 ”“25*
29 36 ----28 32 ----....
46 23 . . . .
58
....
11 66
10 19 19
17 63
9
17
9
9
18 18
9
18 18
15 . . . . . 15
24
8
8
8
15
15 15 . . . .
6 ....
16
19
6 ....
60
....
5 38 " ’ Io’ . . . .
6
12
”23*
....
7
18
8
7
11
16
10
3
4
9
18
18
15
24
8
11
14
25
40
38
9
23
17
18
18
.....
15
8
10
11
4
4
4
11
4
4
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
55
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and zndes numbers therefor, I S 0 7 to
occw -
pation— B essem er C on v erters— Continued
Occupation
and year
Aver
age
Num Aver
age Aver
full
age
Num ber
full
of
earn
time
ber of em time ings earn
plants ploy*
hours per
ings
per
per
week hour week
C inder p it
men:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917--------191 9
192 0
1922______
1924______
1926______
1929______
Bottom mak
ers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922______
1924______
1926______
1929__ . . . .
Bottom mak
ers' helpers:
190 7
190_______ 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917______
191 9
192 0
1922______
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
Ladle liners:
1907...........
1908— ___
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917______
191 9
192 0
1922______
1924______
1926______
1929______
118
71
92
85
62
99
113
52
48
62
67.9 $0,206
.173
65.9
68.4
.178
.211
67.6
69.8 .199
68.1 .200
67.3
71.9
72.0
72.0
100 69.7
144 72.8
137 74.1
180 49.4
122 51.4
108 52.6
73.4
72.4
73.1
73.4
71.8
72.5
73.8
73.0
73.0
72.0
67.1
64.8
.238
.213
.214
.325
.578
.592
.388
.556
.543
.557
.283
.351
.346
.337
.345
.384
13.69
13.55
13.23
15.56
15.30
15.42
23.40
40.29
43.11
28.73
27.46
27.91
29.30
101
98
102
100
104
101
100
107
107
107
104
108
110
73
76
78
87
73
75
89
84
84
100
89
90
137
243
249
163
234
228
234
50
72
76
88
87
85
100
98
99
150
259
277
185
176
179
188
28.10
20.45
25.57
25.28
24.18
24.96
28.05
21.34
24.02
36.73
52.41
59.57
38.79
40.59
42.37
38.15
99
98
99
99
97
98
100
99
99
98
91
88
91
71
70
72
101
74
91
90
88
90
100
76
86
133
203
237
152
202
215
186
100
73
91
90
86
89
100
76
86
131
187
212
138
145
151
136
101
99
100
100
99
99
100
99
99
99
95
91
93
73
72
75
101
80
92
92
92
88
100
88
94
148
236
273
178
237
254
231
101
79
92
92
91
87
100
88
93 .
146
225
10
249 25
168
16
173 55
182 50
175 38
95
95
95
97
99
100
100
100
100
104
102
95
98
72
74
75
110
74
95
91
83
89
100
73
83
141
188
224
148
201
214
196
103 29
70 29
89 29
24
89
81
13
13
88
100 14
74
83 .
147
7
193
212 29
151
17
149 70
160 61
150 59
$13.32
11.27
11.88
73.5
72.2
73.1
72.8
72.2
72.4
40 73.1
72.4
72.6
72.0
69.6
.257
.204
.234
.235
.234
.224
.255
.225
.239
.377
68.3
53.4
52.3
55.0
.455
.605
.647
.590
18.82
14.75
17.08
17.10
16.88
16.19
18.59
16.29
17.30
27.13
41.90
46.27
31.26
3a 19
33.84
32.45
65.1
65.6
65.1
.454
.306
.392
.378
.342
.369
.418
.304
.344
.583
.779
.929
.617
.851
.893
.818
28.95
19.78
25.22
25.05
22.85
24.95
28.22
20.77
23.47
41.45
54.37
59.85
42.49
42.60
45.19
42.21
66.8
68.3
68.9
68.7
68.6
68.8
71.2
69.8
65.0
67.4
49.7
50.6
51.6
Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
73,
48,
60,
earn and un
un 84
60
un
72
ings un der
der
der
per der 60
72
84
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
66.8
66.2
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
Full
time
hours
per
week
.510
.781
.911
.583
.777
.826
.713
52.3
51.3
53.5
Index numbers
(1913-100)
3
7
32
39
14
33
11
9
9
54
12
55
10
46 30 " ‘ "2
42 32
2
58
8
79
8
100 ” . . .
3 80
5 28
27 ” 29
69
9
20
20
37
30
17
25
23
7 18
10
26
21 mmmmm. . . .
24 mmmmm. . . . . . . . .
35
13
3
8
9
"Y
2 _____ ____
74
18 8
59
17 11
14 14
61
13
11
14 10
8
20
17
63
26
70 .
26
43 17 35
12 65
24
24 65
12
13 69
19
11 "ii
79
21 79
20 70
10
20 50
20 ” 16
9
9
18 64
18 64
9
9
100
5
10 62
28 44
29 54
11
4 — - .....
4
------ - -
4
27 47 27
7
26 67
28 52 21
88
6
6
3
32 65
31 59 "*10*
30 45 20
5
5
31 54
10
11
5
16 68
100
12 65 ____
8
37 38
27 57
____ . . . .
14
2
5
14
8
31
34
49
12
12
10
10 48
5
19 38
"1 6
5
5
10 48 ” I6‘ __
____
8
8
4
56
4 " I F 67
___
4
17 58
8
5
18 45
18 . . . .
4
16 60
8 ....
4
15 62
8 ....
7
93
50 25
16 39
16
7 76
14
10
15
6
11
16
29
21
56
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week , and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation— B essem er C on v erters — C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
of
ber of emplants
ploy-
Ladle liners’
helpers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924.........
1929...........
Stopper mak
ers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Stopper setters:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Steel pourers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Average
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn
ings
per
hour
per
week
68.2
67.5
68.5
68.7
69.1
69.6
70.9
69.1
69.5
71.3
71.7
69.9
71.8
52.0
51.2
51.8
72.8
72.9
71.6
73.0
72.0
70.8
70.6
70.2
69.7
67.8
69.6
65.0
66.4
56.6
56.6
51.5
54.3
55.4
52.6
55.3
51.7
51.6
50.7
51.5
49.6
53.7
51.0
52.3
48.8
49.5
50.4
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Full Earn
time
hours ings
per per
week hour
Full
time
earn
ings
per
week
$16.65
13.79
15.26
15.73
15.75
15.43
17.09
15.24
15.91
26.03
39.51
47.68
31.05
31.38
32.31
32.79
96
95
97
97
97
98
100
97
98
101
101
99
101
73
72
73
103
85
93
96
94
92
100
90
94
148
223
275
179
245
255
256
97
81
89
92
92
90
100
89
93
152
231
279
182
170
189
192
23.01
16.10
19.22
19.14
19.53
18.91
21.25
17.60
18.13
29.15
45.94
46.73
30.52
32.26
33.62
34.57
103
103
101
103
102
100
100
99
99
96
99
92
94
80
80
84
105
74
89
86
90
90
100
83
87
143
219
238
152
190
197
193
31.79
.343 18.50
.552 29.36
.577 29.81
.498 26.08
.496 25.36
.553 28.01
.376 19.03
.423 21.76
.815 40.03
1.092 58.64
1.225 61.45
.786 40.98
.977 47.65
1.014 50.19
1.036 52.21
100
105
107
102
107
100
100
98
100
96
104
99
101
95
96
98
36.39
24.25
31.61
32.74
27.91
30.65
34.39
23.42
27.95
43.62
62.72
69.30
47.31
52.16
58.08
56.94
99
103
103
100
99
100
100
94
96
95
101
95
95
88
86
88
.230
.236
.233
.228
.247
.222
.233
.365
.551
.680
.442
.604
.631
.316
.223
.270
.260
.273
.272
.302
.251
.263
.433
.660
.718
.459
.573
.594
.583
55.4
57.4
.439
57.5
.576
.617
55.6
55.1
.535
55.7
.570
55.7 .640
.444
52.5
53.5
.525
52.7
.849
1
.110
56.5
52.9 1.326
52.9
.905
48.8 1.073
48.0 1.210
49.0 1.162
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
72,
48,
60,
and un
un 72 un 84
un der 60 der
der
der 60
72
84
51
39
46
67
47
41
21
41
59
94
66
49
85
70
70
65
3 26
3 32
3 26
3
3 41
3 41
3 37
9 3 41
3 24
9
6
8
5
"~7~ 26
15
_____ - - y
17
11
13 6
8
14 14
108
76
90
90
92
89
100
83
85
137
216
220
144
152
158
163
40
44
22
75
60
50
80
58
75
50
53
50
42
30
11
11
13
25
17
32
33
17
20
22
22
8
20
30
10
8
17
20
7
8
25
68
58
58
114
62
100
104
90
90
100
68
76
147
197
222
142
177
183
187
113
66
105
106
93
91
100
68
78
143
209
219
146
170
179
186
87
75
71
69
69
86
86
68
71
90
67
88
84
72
75
76
9
20
24
10
31
10
9
11
14
10
15
8
16
4
5
6
108
69
90
96
84
89
100
69
82
133
173
207
141
168
189
182
106
71
92
95
81
89
100
68
81
127
182
202
138
152
169
166
72
64
64
66
70
71
71
57
60
78
63
79
80
70
93
88
15
19
15
15
9
9
8
3
5
8
22
10
33
8
30
7
8
8
20
14
2
28
18
9 "~9*
24
17
3
12
5
6 ___
32 ___
6
6
18 ___
14
10
22
22
17
20
20
7 13
8 ___
8 ___
"* 5
5
5
7 ___
4
8
6
9
30
7
6
8
17
15
9
5
10
10
14
21
21
13
30
18
18
19
23
22
27
16
20
14
14
14
12
12
7
5
"is
57
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
\ge customary full-time hours per week, earnings
gs per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to
ner C on v erters— C o n t in u e d
and
scu-
Per cent of
average full-1
were—
hose
veek
Num
ber
of
em
ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn
ings
per
per
hour
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Full
time
hours
per
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
Full
time 48 Over
48,
earn and un
ings un der
per der
week
48
39
43
52
37
52
61
39
40
29
55
70
49
66
33
33
54.5 $0,347 $18.02
.196 10.57
53.7
.271 14.26
54.0
.314 16.96
57.0
.282 17.36
64.2
.301 17.23
61.5
.360 20.28
59.5
.260 15.67
60.8
.294 17.53
60.9
.631 33.01
54.6
.688 42.31
61.5
.755 43.56
58.0
58.1
.572 33.16
48.4
.728 35.19
47.7
.782 37.30
51.7
.708 36.60
92
90
91
96
108
103
100
102
102
92
103
97
98
81
80
87
96
54
75
87
78
84
100
72
82
175
191
210
159
202
217
197
89
52
70
84
86
85
100
77
86
163
209
215
164
174
184
180
29
28
28
31
27
28
28
29
31
33
36
34
39
47
26
21
67.4
68.4
70.2
68.1
70.4
68.8
69.9
66.0
66.2
68.7
65.3
59.1
65.5
51.0
50.0
53.0
.310
.238
.264
.303
.282
.320
.334
.313
.332
.479
.726
.892
.613
.804
.801
.844
19.60
16.34
18.17
19.69
19.26
20.90
22.81
20.11
21.39
31.71
47.41
52.56
39.90
40.88
40.05
44.73
96
98
100
97
101
98
100
94
95
98
93
85
94
73
72
76
93
71
79
91
84
96
100
94
99
143
217
267
184
241
240
253
86
72
80
86
84
92
100 .
88
94
139 .
208
230
175
179
176
196
801 78.0
425 76.2
564 76.9
786 77.8
593 74.6
626 75.7
681 75.1
546 74.0
496 74.3
493 73.4
691 70.8
726 74.9
454 70.7
593 58.0
201 59.4
196 57.6
.155
.155
.151
.163
.166
.167
.192
.193
.193
.298
.489
.537
.363
.448
.443
.452
12.12
11.80
11.62
12.69
12.39
12.64
14.38
14.27
14.31
21.92
34.62
40.17
25.64
25.87
26.31
26.04
104
101
102
104
99
101
100
99
99
98
94
100
94
77
79
77
81
81
79
85
86
87
100
101
101
155
255
280
189
233
231
235
84 .
82
81
88 .
86
88
100
99
100
152
241
279
178
180
183
181
cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
46
84
"~8
20
14
"'21
19
"~ 7
~"l2
“ 13
42
34
30
141
12
26
20
24
28
""’ I
26
6
* Less than 1 per cent.
T a b l e B*
Number
a n d p e r cen t o f e m p lo y e e s w ho cu s to m a r ily w orked ea ch s p ecified number o f tu rn s p e r w eek , 1 9 1 4 to
y e a r — Bessem er C onverters
District and year
Num
Num ber
of
ber of
em
plants ployees
5, 6,
and 6
in
rota
tion
5,6,
and 7
in
rota
tion
«
6,7,
and 7
in
rota
tion
67
61
42
23
140
139
122
75
65
138
61
39
33
37
6
6
7
5,6,
5,6,
5 and and
6 and 7
6
in
in
alter
rota
nately rota
tion
tion
6
6,7,
6, 6,
and 7
and 7 6 and
7
in
in
alter rota
rota nately
tion
tion
7
Pittsburgh:
191 4
191 5
'
1920_______________ _______
1922_______________________
1924..........................................
1926..........................................
1929..........................................
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1,500
1,463
1,900
1,394
1,894
1,737
1,224
191 4
191 5
.
1920......................................... .
1922.........................................
1924.........................................
1926..........................................
1929.........................................
2,267
2,218
3,159
2,451
3,457
2,948
2,251
Total:
225
1,027
28
234
60
69
104
67
47
91
186
122
52
70
336
87
192
1,818
1,784
1,850
1,977
2,458
1,795
1,451
67
61
102
92
244
206
169
79
67
330
61
130
219
159
6 297
6 300
52 825
75 246
360 265
147 347
222 |213
2192
4
2
2
7
8
10
0)
99
98
57
85
60
40
58
5
7
7
6
5
0)
80
80
59
81
71
61
64
0)
19
0)
3
3
3
4
7
7
8
5
4
7
4
2
2
3
1
(i)
15
‘6
15
12
3
3
10
2
4
7
7
0)
(0
0)
1
3
2
4
7
21
7
19
ft
0)
2
3
10
5
10
19
19
31
16
9
10
12
1
2
19
2
6
14
7
13
14
26
10
8
12
9
STEEL
i Less than 1 per cent.
1,211
6
13
241
19
89
166
72
4
757
740
714
899
943
480
591
4
71
71
60
77
80
76
70
AND
767
755
1,259
1,057
1,563
28
5
24
60
30
291
287
584
227
176
181
141
LABOR— IRON
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920..........................................
1922......................................... .
1924............................ .............
1926......................................... .
1929......................................... .
1,061
1,044
1,136
1,078
1,515
1,315
860
OF
6 and
7
alter
nately
HO UBS
6, 6,
and 7
in
rota
tion
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week
were—
AND
5 and
6 alter
nately
00
WAGES
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
1929, by district and
T a b le C .
Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— Bessemer Converters
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Average customary full-time of
employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
Hours
worked
79
60
5.9
6.2
&3
8.6
49.2
52.8
87
69
Total______________ . . . . . . . __
10
139
6.0
8.4
50.7
156
1
3
5.0
8.0
40.0
1
3
6.0
8.0
48.0
6
5
15
12
6.0
6.3
8.0
&7
4&0
54.2
iR
lO
12
Total_____ . . . ____ ___________
11
27
6.1
8.3
50.7
Regulators, first:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West..
6
4
14
10
6.2
6.4
8.3
8.8
99.4
90.2
tKQ
11
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per
week
(A CA*7
.670
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
105.9
9& 0
$62.58
64.39
$0,591
.657
•OZo
$29.37
35.38
31 vQnA
OX*
102.4
63.38
.619
.756
yU* Oa#
OR
VO. i%
60.43
KQ Oft
057. oO
4
62.0
52.39
Otu
AK
•O
Q
Q« o
QU
A
oo
84.0
63.54
3
85.3
56.40
.661
31.73
85.3
56.40
.661
113
HO*
ft
O
112.6
1
1 9h AK
Vx/
DO
153.36
1 4O0M9
1.
1.362
60.14
73.82
113.8
112.6
142.65
153.36
1.253
1.362
27
113.3
147.41
1.301
65.96
113.3
147.41
1.301
51.6
56.2
15
10
3
11ft9
UA O
Q
1 OO
W
VI*
QQQ
109.3
102.24
•o v o
.935
46.08
52.55
117.2
114.1
102.55
107.31
.875
.940
Total------------------------------------
10
24
6.3
8.5
53.5
25
105.1
95.69
.910
48.69
116.0
104.46
.901
Regulators, second:
Pittsburgh____ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle W est-
5
3
17
8
6.1
6.4
8.0
8.0
49.0
51.0
19
8
93.5
91.1
85.92
92.39
.919
1.014
45.03
5L71
101.8
101.6
91.71
100.98
.901
.994
Total------------------------------------
8
25
6.2
8.0
49.7
27
92.8
87.84
.946
47.02
101.8
94.46
.928
6
5
16
11
6.3
6.5
8.0
8.7
49.9
56.2
16
12
99.0
96.4
121.44
114.96
61.23
67.05
109.1
107.1
126.12
121:07
L156
1.130
11
27
6.3
8.3
52.5
28
07 Q
lift
llo. A
OA
O
1.227
1.193
1*212
63.63
108.2
123.95
1.145
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh................................. .
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Total ..................................
CONVERTERS
6
5
Earnings
BESSEMER
Stockers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Cupola melters:
Pittsburgh__________ _ . . . . . . . .
Cupola tappers:
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Blowers:
Pittsburgh..___ ____ __________
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— B e s se m e r C on v erters— C o n t in u e d
Occupation and district
Average customary full-time of
employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupation only
Vessel men's helpers:
Pittsburgh__ ____ _____________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
HOURS
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
49.2
54.1
36
21
93.2
102.1
$83.08
93.17
$0,892
.913
$43.89
49.39
103.4
112.7
$89.84
101.07
$0,869
.897
11
53
6.3
8.1
51.0
57
96.5
86.80
.900
45.90
106.8
93.98
.880
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh____ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
53
42
6.0
6.4
8.6
8.3
52.2
53.0
58
50
102.4
90.1
53.17
54.64
.519
.606
27.09
32.12
114.2
104.7
59.64
62.54
.522
.598
Total_________________ ______
11
95
6.2
8.5
52.6
108
96.7
53.85
.557
29.30
109.8
60.98
.555
Bottom makers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
6
5
14
8
6.0
6.2
8.7
9.0
52.3
55.6
14
9
103.8
83.5
72.02
62.64
.694
.750
36.30
41.70
107.4
92.9
74.07
68.51
.690
.738
Total...........- --------- --------------Bottom makers" helpers:
Pittsburgh____ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
11
22
6.1
8.8
53.5
23
95.9
68.35
.713
38.15
101.7
71.89
.707
6
5
17
18
6.0
6.1
8.6
9.6
51.5
58.3
18
19
103.0
105.6
64.88
58.37
.630
.553
32.45
32.24
109.4
118.8
68.78
66.64
.629
. 561
Total...........................................
Ladle liners:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
11
35
6.1
9.1
55.0
37
104.3
61.54
.590
32.45
114.2
67.68
.593
6
5
14
17
6.1
6.2
8.3
8.5
50.8
52.4
15
19
110.1
95.5
91.73
76.91
.833
.805
42.32
42.18
113.5
109.7
93.75
84.87
.826
.774
Total..........................................
Ladle liners’ helpers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
11
31
6.2
8.4
51.6
34
102.0
83.45
.818
42.21
111.4
88.79
.797
6
5
20
12
6.1
6.3
8.2
8.8
49.6
55.6
24
13
93.0
87.9
58.77
55.74
.632
.634
31.35
35.25
101.1
112.1
63.71
69.15
.630
.617
Total_______________________
11
32
6.1
8.4
51.8
37
91.2
57.70
.633
32.79
105.0
65.62
.625
STEEL
8.0
8.4
AND
6.2
6.5
LABOR— IRON
33
20
OF
6
5
Total_______________________
WAGES
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
g
Stopper makers:
Pittsburgh................................ .
Great Lakes and Middle West__
8
r
6
5
6
5
6.3
6.0
9.9
9.2
62.8
55.2
6
6
126.1
76.5
69.87
48.23
.554
.630
34.79
34.78
126.1
93.3
69.87
56.40
.554
.605
Total_______________________
11
11
6.2
9.6
59.3
12
101.3
59.05
.583
34.57
109.7
63.13
.576
Stopper setters:
Pittsburgh........ ...........................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
20
11
6.0
6.3
ao
8.7
48.0
54.7
21
12
93.2
97.6
96.17
101.51
1.032
1.042
49.54
57.00
96.5
108.3
97.73
106.56
1.013
.984
Total_______________________
11
31
6.1
8.3
50.4
33
94.7
98.11
1.036
52.21
100.8
100.94
1.002
6
3
16
9
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.4
48.0
50.7
16
10
98.6
86.7
117.42
96.19
1.191
1.109
57.17
56.23
111.1
103.0
123.85
108.84
1.114
1.057
9
26
6.0
8.2
49.0
26
94.0
109.25
1.162
56.94
108.0
118.08
1.093
5
3
19
10
6.1
6.2
8.3
8.6
50.9
53.2
23
10
82.2
90.2
57.35
65.82
.698
.729
35.53
38.78
89.1
103.3
61.74
71.67
.693
.694
8
29
6.1
8.4
51.7
33
84.6
59.92
.708
36.60
93.4
64.75
.693
5
2
13
3
6.6
6.0
8.0
9.3
52.3
56.0
17
4
87.2
87.5
74.32
70.76
.852
.809
44.56
45.30
87.2
123.6
74.32
89.33
.852
.723
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Total_______________________
Mold cappers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Total_______________________
Ingot strippers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Total_______________________
7
16
6.4
8.3
53.0
21
87.3
73.64
.844
44.73
94.2
77.18
.820
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
76
72
6.1
6.1
9.3
9.6
56.2
59.1
100
96
83.8
87.0
38.38
38.82
.458
.446
25.74
26.36
98.0
101.9
46.12
45.86
.471
.450
Total_______- ________ _______
11
147
6.1
9.4
57.6
196
85.3
38.59
.452
26.04
99.9
45.99
.460
a>
62
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— Bessem er Converters
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Number of employees
who worked each
specified combination
of custoniary turns
and hours, by district
Hours
Turns
per Mon Sat
Mon Sat Sun Per week
Per
day to ur Sun week
day to ur day week
Friday day
Friday day day
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
Total
burgh Middle
West
Group A.—Day turn only
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8K
70
69
67H
65
60
60
60
59
70
69
67H
60
70
10
59
48
48
56
48
47
12
9
1
69
1
6
50%
22
36
58
63
16
7
9
23
36
127
1
69
1
1
6
62
1
68
1
104
254
358
1
5
3
1
1
2
2
10
5
3
10
1
3
22
12
34
48
47
Total..
4
7
Group B.—Night turn only
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
11
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
8
10
11
10
10
8
8
70
66
60
60
60
48
48
70
66
60
60
60
48
48
2
10
____ _
Total..
9
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
8
8
6
6
9
8
9 .
8
10
10
10 .
10
10
10
9
8
12
70
70
70
60
70
60
70
70
60
68
70
60 }
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59 }
56
60
54
48
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
9
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
9
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
8
8
12
11
70
60
70
60
70
60
60
60
70
60
60
66
60
60
60
60
60
60
56
56
48
60
54
59
70
65
65
16
65
65
65
65
64
63%
63
60
103
3
56
56
"53H
2
1
112
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
63
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929 , by district— Bessemer
Converters— Continued
ALL EMPLOYEES-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Number of employees
who worked each
specified combination
of customary turns
and hours, by district
Hours
Mon Sat
Per
day to ur Sun week
Friday day day
Turns
per Mon Sat
week day
to ur Sun Per
Friday day day week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Great
Pitts Ijje s
burgh Middle
West
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
48
6
6
8
8
8
8
48
48
7
8
8
6
8
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
56
6
8
10
50
6
8
8
48
6
7
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
6
5
8
8
8
8
8
48
48
40
4
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
5
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
48
52
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
10
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
11
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
48
56
48
56
56
48
56
56
56
58
48
48
48
48
56
56
48
40
60
54
48
51
48
48
48
48
48
. 48
48
40
40
40
53M
57
9
53M
30
53M
52
51X
8
23
m
45
50H
50%
6
50
50
49K
49H
57
9
30
113
113
8
23
11
56
3
3
32
38
3
12
1
9
3
12
1
9
48
7
48
48
44
40
373
265
6
28
201
4
574
269
6
28
1,098
761
1,859
2
3
2
3
2
3
Total..
7
VESSEL MEN ONLY
6
7
6
6
10
10
8
8
10
10
8
8
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
7
8
8
6
8
8
48
6
6
8
8
8
8
48
48
Total..
8
4
60
68
48
48
52
•
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
8
8
8
10
8
6
10
11
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
70
60
59
56
56
58
48
56
48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
65
64
53'A
'
.f 63H
1
j\ 51M
1
jf m
1
J\ 50
1
j!• 49M
1• 48
j
48
48
2
3
3
8
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
2
1
12
28
16
64
WAGES AND HOttttS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b le E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occu
pations, 1929, by district— B essem er C on v erters
Occupation and district
Number of employees whose full-time hours
Averper week were—
Num Num
ber of ber of
time
estab em
Over
Over
Over
lish ploy* hours 40,
48,
56,
60,
per under 48 under
ments
56 under 60 under
week 44
56
Stockers:
Pittsburgh..............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total..
10
87
49.2
52.8
156
50.7
Blowers:
Pittsburgh..........................
Great Lakes and Middle WestTotal.
27 | 50.7
28 1 52.5
108
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh...................... .......
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total..
.!
52.2
53.0
15
52.6
15
48.0
50.7
26
49.0
Laborers:
Pittsburgh................ ..............
Great Lakes and Middle West.
100
96
56.2
59.1
Total................................... .
196
57.6
20
49.9
56.2
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh.............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total..
18
48.0
54.2
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh............................. .
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total..
100
23
15 I
5
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929, by district— B e s s e m e r C on v erters
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Occupation and district
Stockers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
age
ber of earn
em
ings
ploy
per
ees
hour
40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,
un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der
95
75 80 85
90
45 50 55
70
60 65
95,
un
der
100
100,
un
der
110
110,
un
der
120
120,
un
der
130
130,
un
der
140
140,
un
der
150.
150.
un
der
160
160,
un
der
170
180,
un
der
190
48
11
12
1
5
16
8
2
4
3
3
4
4
1
5
5
2
3
2
15
15
59
13
21
10
7
7
4
6
5
5
2
1
3
2
1
2
5
1
3
1
3
3
2
1
5
3
5
1
3
4
3
1.227
1.193
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
3
1
3
2
2
3
2
28
1.212
1
1
3
1
2
6
4
3
5
2
58
50
.519
.606
7
4
10
3
26
18
1
9
14
1
12
3
108
.557
11
13
44
10
15
12
3
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-
16
10
1.191
1.109
2
1
1
4
2
5
2
1
7
1
Total______________________
26
1.162
2
1
5
7
3
7
1
100
96
.458
.446
56
80
3
4
41
12
196
.452
136
7
53
Total.
Blowers:
Pittsburgh.................................. .
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Total.
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total.
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total.
Laborers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Total________ __ ____________________
87 $0.597
69
.670
2
156
.628
2
15
12
1.253
1.362
2
27
1.301
16
12
, by district—
T a b l e G . — Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered ,
B essem er C on v erters
Occupation and district
Total.
87
105.9
98.0
156
102.4
28
112,
un
der
120
Over Over Over
Over
120
120,
un
der
132
132
7 | 16
3 L
3 L
3
108.2
109.8
18 L
4 I
103.0
J—J 2
108.0
2 8
98.0
101.9
196
151
30 L.
3
10
156,
un
der
144
156
168
192
and
over
1
STEEL
111.1
Laborers:
Pittsburgh................... .............
Great Lakes and Middle West
un
der
AND
108
144,
un
der
19
J---1--- 1
113.3
132,
13
114.2
104.7
Total.
12
Over
112
109.1
107.1
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total.................................... .
3
112
112.6
27
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh...........................
Great Lakes and Middle WestTotal .
10
un
der
113.8
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh...................... .........
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total.
2
104
LABOR— IRON
Total-
2
un
der
104
OF
Blowers:
Pittsburgh................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
96
5
104,
96,
93
HOURS
Stockers:
Pittsburgh....... ........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
88,
un
der
Over
Over
Over
AND
32
Over
40, 48, 56, 64, 72,
80,
un un un un un 80 un
der der der der der
der
48 56 64 72 80
05
WAGES
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Num
ber of Average
emhours Un
ploy- worked der
CJ
18
45 |
T a b l e H . — Average and classified earnings actually received in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district— B essem er
C on v erters
Aver
Num age
ber earn
of
ings
$5, $10, $15,
Occupation and district em
per Un
un un
ploy pay der un
der der
der
$5 $10 $15 $20
ees
pe
riod
64.39
63.38
1
1
1
1
1
$25,
un
der
$30
|
$30, $35,
un un
der der
$35 $40
1
?,
1
?,
5
6
1
3
2
3
4
6
$40,
un
der
$45
$45,
un
der
$50
$50,
un
der
$55
$55,
un
der
$60
$60,
un
der
$65
$65,
un
der
$70
5
9
11
8
8
5
5
14
5
16
9
17
6
14
1
$85, $90,
un-!un
der der
$90 $95
$70,
un
der
$75
$75,
un
der
$80
17
7
2
5
2
1
1
18
4
11
1
3
6
11
7
9
7
8
$80,
un
der
$85
$95, $100,
un un
der der
$100 $110
$110,
un
der
$120
5
5
1
15 142.65
12 153.36
27 147.41
4 1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
5
$140,
un
der
$150
$150,
un
der
$160
1
1
2
1
1
2
$130,
un
der
$140
4
1
4
2
3
3
4
2
2
6
4
1
$120,
un
der
$130
$160,
un
der
$180
$180,
un
der
$200
$200,
un
der
$250
1
3
2
1
3
6
3
5
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
i
16 126.12
12 121.07
28 123. 95
58
59.64
50
108
62.54
60.98
.
I
1
1
I
1
1
2
1
2 | 1
1
1
1
1
3
3
10
5
4
3
6
4
2
5
6
5
1
4
1
4
4
14
8
13
4
8
6
9
1
7
5
9
2
4
2
7
4
10
5
5
1
l
2|
1 1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
5
3
6
2
5
2 I
1
2
1
1
1
l
100
46.12
2
96
196
45.86
45.99
5
7
1
3
3
1
3
4
2
I 3
I
2i
1
4
3
7
1
12
14
17
9
4
9
1
2
3 8
12 20
4
18
10 13 37
27 25 46
4
8
2
11
1
2
9
12
2
2
1
5
16 123.85
10 108.84
26 118.08
2
2
. . . 1___
1
2
-
I
1
CONVERTERS
1
1
87 $62.58
69
156
$20,
un
der
$25
BESSEMER
Stockers:
Pittsbureh_________
Great Lakes and
Middle West.
Total________
Blowers:
Pittsburgh____
Great Lakes and
Middle West
Total_____________
Vessel men:
Pittsbureh______
Great Lakes and
Middle West
Total........................
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh__________
Great Lakes and
Middle West
Total___________
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh__________
Great Lakes and
Middle West
Total.....................
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.................
Great Lakes and
Middle West
Total___________
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
Data for this department with few exceptions cover open-hearth
furnaces that use the basic process of manufacture. Information for
acid furnaces were included in a few instances where establishments
operated a furnace or two of this kind in connection with the basic
type. The 1926 and 1929 studies include data for both stationary
and “ Talbot ” furnaces,* although 1924 and all studies previous to
that time cover only furnaces of the stationary type.
The 1929 study includes pay-roll data from 33 open-hearth furnace
establishments located in 9 States and employing 13,171 wage earners
in all occupations, 7,452 of these being found in the 15 principal
occupations. Pay-roll data for this department were first obtained
in 1910, and for that year and all years up to 1914 cover only the
principal occupations; but data for all employees in all occupations
were included in the figures for 1914 to 1929.1 Comparable figures
are presented in Table A for employees in the principal occupations
from 1910 to 1929.
When full-time hours per wreek for employees in the department as
a whole in 1929 are compared with 1914 there is a decrease of 23 per
cent. Average full-time hours per week in 1914 were 74.5, and in
1920, 68.7, or 8 per cent less than in 1914. In 1922 there was a
slight increase, but in 1924 the effect of the 8-hour day was reflected
in a decrease of weekly hours to 58, or 23 per cent less than in 1914.
Since 1924 there has been little change in weekly hours, the averages
for 1926 and 1929 being 57.1 and 57.7, respectively.
Average full-time hours per week for all employees in the principal
occupations combined in 1913 were 77, but by 1926 had dropped to
56.1, a reduction of 27 per cent; and in 1929 full-time hours per week
had increased to 56.9, but were 26 per cent less than in 1914. Com
parison of full-time hours per week of employees in the 15 principal
occupations which may be made from Table A show that in 1929,
14 had an increase in customary working time per week over 1926,
and 1 occupation—stock cranemen—had a reduction of 0.5 hour per
week. Hours per week ranged from 60.5 for laborers to 54.9 for
switchmen. In only one occupation, that of laborers, was there more
than 18 per cent of the employees working 60 hours or more per week.
While hours per day and per week were considerably less in 1924,
1926, and 1929 as compared with 1922 and earlier years, the 7-day
week has increased among employees. This is especially true when
1929 is compared with any of the preceding years. The heavy de
mand for steel during the latter part of 1928 and which continued
into 1929 caused some plants to increase the regular operating time
of their furnaces from 6 to 7 days per week; no provision, however,
for relief of employees had been put into effect at the time of this
study. Another factor that helped to increase the percentage of
7-day workers in 1929 was the collection of data from 2 additional
establishments, both of which worked 7 days per week and had no
svstem of relief for employees in the 7-day occupations. Table B
shows that 34 per cent of all employees covered in this department in
1914 regularly worked a week of 7 days. There was practically no
i No data were obtained for the years 1916,1918,1921, 1923,1925,1927, and 1928.
68
OPEN-HEARTH FTJRNACES
69
change in this figure until 1922, when 7-day workers decreased to
27 per cent and 6-day workers increased to 50 per cent. In 1924,
after the 8-hour day had generally been adopted for the old 12-hour
day, the per cent of employees working 7 days per week increased to
52, while the per cent of 6-day workers decreased to 16. The number
of 7-day workers in 1926 was the same as in 1924, but the 6-day work
ers increased to 26 per cent. In 1929 the 6-day workers decreased to
15 per cent, which is lower than that of any other year shown; and
the per cent of employees who regularly work 7 days per week increased
to 66, an increase of almost 27 per cent over 1926.
In order that the prevailing hours per day and per week for em
ployees in open-hearth furnaces may be more fully shown Table D is
presented, which shows that out of 13,171 wage earners covered, 1,874
worked day turns only, 85 worked night turns only, and 11,212 alter
nated or rotated from day to night shift. Of the total employees, 553
had a working-day which averaged 11 hours or over, while 9,039 had
a working-day of 8 hours or less. Of the 553 employees, 305 worked
a 7-day week regularly, as did also 7,443 of the 9,039 employees.
Data in Table D are for all employees in all occupations, but that
there may be a clearer idea of the customary working time of em
ployees on the producing crews, separate figures for one key occu
pation—smelters’ helpers, first—are given. Of the 980 employees
shown in this occupation, 13 worked regularly a day of 12 hours 7
days each week, 10 a day of 12 hours with 1 day off duty in each 4
weeks, and 6 averaged 12 hours a day except every fourth Saturday,
when they had a night turn of 8 hours., A day of 8 hours was regu
larly worked 7 days each week by 738, and 6 days per week by 54
employees.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal occu
pations by average full-time hours per week. The table shows that
out of a total of 4,954 employees, only 1,146 worked over 56 hours per
week, and of these only 114 worked 72 hours or more per week.
While the hours of labor for employees in 1929 show large decreases
as compared with 1922 and earlier years, earnings show large increases
over all years. In 1914 earnings per hour were 23.7 cents, increasing
slightly in 1915 to 24.6 cents. In the 5-year period— 1915 to 1920—
great changes occurred in the industry and earnings per hour in the
latter year were 67.1 cents, an increase of 183 per cent over 1914.
Earnings per hour in 1922 were reduced to 48 cents, but after the
adoption of the 8-hour day in 1923 earnings per hour again increased
to 63.5 cents in 1924. In 1929 earnings were 71.4 cents which, when
compared with 67.7 cents in 1926, is an increase of a little over 5 per
cent, but three times what they were in 1914. Hourly earnings of
employees in the various principal occupations show the same changes.
Using the occupation of meltere’ helpers, first, as an example, it is
seen that earnings were 41.6 cents per hour in 1910 and increased to
44 cents in 1913. Little change occurred until 1917, when earnings
had advanced to 58.6 cents, or 33 per cent over 1913. In 1920 earn
ings per hour were more than a dollar for the first time, averaging
$1,089. This was the highest point until 1926, when earnings per
hour reached $1,170. In 1929, earnings of $1,247 showed an increase
of practically 7 per cent over 1926 and of 183 per cent over 1913.
Earnings per hour for the principal occupations combined were 76
cents in 1929 as compared with 72.1 cents in 1926, which is an increase
70
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
of 5 per cent, the same as that for all employees in all occupations.
A distribution of average hourly earnings of employees in six principal
occupations in 1929 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were two and one-fourth times
as much in 1929 as in 1914. From 1914, when weekly earnings were
$17.66, little change is noted until 1920, when they were $46.10,
or more than two and one-half times as high as in 1914. Earnings
dropped to $36.83 in 1924, but increased to $38.66 in 1926 and to
$41.20 in 1929, an increase of 7 per cent over 1926, but 11 per cent
less than in 1920. The decrease in full-time weekly earnings as
between 1920 and 1929 was caused by the decrease in weekly hours—
16 per cent—being greater than the increase in hourly earnings—
about 6 per cent.
Weekly earnings for various principal occupations show about the
same changes as weekly earnings for the department as a whole. For
example, melters, helpers, first, earned an average of $32.27 in 1910,
$33.89 in 1913, and $75.09 in 1920. The increase in weekly hours
partially offset the decrease in hourly earnings in 1922, the average
for that year being $55.34. However, in 1924 the increase in hourly
earnings more than offset the decrease in weekly hours and weekly
earnings rose to $59.16. In 1926 weekly earnings increased to $64.70
and in 1929 to $69.71, the latter being 7.7 per cent higher than in
1926 but 7.2 per cent less than in 1920.
The 7,452 employees in the 15 principal occupations worked an
average of 107.5 hours during the 15-day pay period covered by this
study, for which they received an average of $81.27. This includes
all the hours worked and earnings received by these employees as
shown in Table C. This compares with an average of 110.4 hours
worked and $78.84 received by all employees in all occupations during
the same period. Hours worked ranged from 121.6 for ingot strippers
to 97.9 for laborers. Laborers likewise received the lowest earnings,
$43.51, while melters, helpers, first, received the highest amount,
$137.35. Charging machine operators received the next largest
earnings, $108.84, and door operators the next lowest, $44.12.
A classification of employees in the six principal occupations by
hours actually worked in 1929 is made in Table G. This table shows
that of 1,478 laborers, 135 worked less than 32 hours during the pay
period, while in the skilled occupation of steel pourers only one
worked less than 32 hours. The largest number of laborers is found
under the group “ over 120, under 132,” while in all other occupations
the largest number is found under the group of 120 hours. Only
one occupation—ladle cranemen—had any employees working as
many as 192 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Considerable
variation is found in the earnings of employees in the same occupa
tion due to the number of hours worked by employees in these occu
pations. The earnings received by melters> helpers, first, show the
widest spread, one employee having earned $5 and under $10 and
two, $250 or more; while laborers show the least spread, 43 em
ployees having had earnings under $5, and one earned between
$95 and $100.
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
71
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929 , by occu
pation — O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ce s
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
191 0
.
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917...........
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Stock crane
men:
191 0
.
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917...........
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
1929...........
Charging-ma
chine opera
tors:
191 0
.
191 1
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917...........
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922...........
1924...........
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants ploy-
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
per
ings time ings earn
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
448 76.8 $0.177 $13.69
.172 12.73
419 77.4
413 77.0
.176 13.51
417 77.8
.197 15.30
.204 15.66
409 77.0
366 77.3
.199 15.41
243 77.4
.296 22.92
476 75.7
.506 38.30
573 70.9
.573 40.18
.379 28.07
647 73.9
781 58.2
.540 31.37
.535 30.92
687 57.8
57.9
.560 32.42
100
96
100
100
99
.460
.647
.682
.706
17.60
15.61
18.02
18.85
18.58
19.77
26.11
41.81
47.02
33.85
36.97
39.22
40.24
.294
.287
.312
.335
.307
.330
.467
.753
.895
.625
.863
.951
.958
22.52
21.37
23.67
26.12
23.66
25.55
35.91
56.70
59.83
45.09
48.43
52.97
53.84
98
96
97
100
99
100
99
97
.101
7.72
7.53
7.72
8.68
8.35
8.43
23.69
26.27
19.76
78.8
75.6
78.9
79.1
78.4
77.4
77.4
75.2
67.8
73.3
57.3
57.5
57.0
.223
.207
.228
.238
.237
.253
.338
.556
76.8
74.7
75.8
78.0
77.4
77.7
77.1
75.3
137 67.2
133 72.2
203 56.3
221 55.7
256 56.2
75
70
72
84
98
94
64
115
150
178
228
220
254
1929...........
Door operators:
191 0
165
191 1
160
191 2
157
191 3
160
191 4
170
191 5
176
191 9
165
264
192 0
1922...........
288
1924...........
346
222
1926...........
1929...........
219
l Less than 1 per cent.
75.9
75.5
76.0
76.9
77.0
76.5
73.8
66.1
70.1
55.0
54.9
55.2
99
96
99
100
.686
.100
.102
.112
.109
.111
.321
.402
.279
.381
.374
.433
21.22
20.53
23.90
90
87
89
100
104
101
150
257
291
192
274
271
284
89
83
88
100
102
101
150
250
263
183
205
202
212
94
87
96
93
83
96
100
99
105
139
222
249
180
196
209
213
100
100
106
142
234
272
287
297
86
93
72
71
72
98
99
100
100
99
96
86
91
72
71
72
93
100
92
99
139
225
267
187
258
284
286
90
89
91
100
97
99
287
359
249
340
334
387
86
82
91
100
91
98
137
217
229
173
185
203
206
89
87
89
100
96
97
273
303
228
244
237
275
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
72 un 84
un der 60 un
der
der
der 60
72
84
3
7
13
8
9
10
4
10
9
5
7
19
5
24
24
25
22
21
21
38
22
17
19
4
4
1
(i)
2
13
26
7
8
8
8
___
____
___
_
" 5"
9
29
2
2
3
1
1 ___
3
23
16
10
11
5 10
4 12
4 23
38
22
12 11
10 25
2 3
2 4
2
2
40
43
47
45
49
47
34
55
35
38
7
4
2
40
23
42
40
35
26
28
13
7
14
1
4
4
8
25
14
13
5
5
34
25
36
16
33
30
44
24
4 14
12 31
3
3
1
27
33
25
32
33
33
28
48
42
23
2
2
3
30
17
25
39
30
33
28
17
2
19
2
2
2
12
21
20
20
14
14
22
31
21
28
32
38
24
28
8
28
24
31
34
31
24
22
4
16
1
2
2
3
10
26
4
78
71
74
10
35
13 ___
86
77 " ( l)
81
10
38
16
88
83
85
14
45
14 ___
89
76
93
38
24
28
19
24
25
41
10 13
20 38
3
3
34 28
28 19
40 28
40 31
48 223
38 30
33
29
50 18
39 10
27
18
4
5
3
7
2
7
*Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 89.
72
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929 , 62/ occu
pation— O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ce s — C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Melters’ help
ers, first:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Melters' help
ers, second:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Melters’ help
ers, third:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Stopper set
ters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
age
Num Aver
Aver full
age
Num ber full age
time
of time earn earn
ber
Over
Over
em hours
ings ings Full Earn Full
of
time 48 Over
72,
60,
per
48,
plants ploy per
time ings earn
and un
per hours
72
un
un 84
ees week hour week
per ings un der
der
der
per hour
per
der
72
84
week
60
week
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
26
31
33
77.7 $0,416 $32.27
75.3
.400 30.12
76.5
.417 31.89
77.1
.440 33.89
75.6
.420 31.60
75.5
.437 32.80
76.3
.586 44.36
74.9
.966 72.35
69.4 1.089 75.09
71.4
.775 55.34
55.5 1.064 59.16
55.3 1.170 64.70
55.9 1.247 69.71
101
100
98
98
99
97
90
93
72
72
73
95
91
95
100
95
220
248
176
242
266
17 339 76.6
17 335 74.5
17 347 75.8
17 360 76.7
22 402 74.7
22 420 74.5
13
272 75.9
17 410 74.4
19 721 69.1
22 704 71.2
26 1,072 55.3
31
923 55.0
33 984 55.8
.272
.263
.274
.292
.278
.291
.397
.693
.781
.557
.758
.827
.886
20.87
19.62
20.77
22.36
20.70
21.57
29.93
51.56
53.80
39.50
41.98
45.49
49.44
100
97
99
100
97
97
99
97
90
93
72
72
73
93
90
94
100
95
100
136
237
267
191
260
284
303
17 393
17 394
17 414
16 458
21 442
21 454
11 268
17 602
19 970
22 980
26 1,329
31 1,161
33 1,026
76.5
73.9
75.4
77.9
77.4
77.7
77.5
76.6
67.8
72.9
55.5
55.2
55.6
.196
.185
.199
.214
.207
.212
.328
.532
.645
.432
.601
.630
.687
14.97
13.67
15.01
16.64
15.98
16.44
25.26
40.75
43.64
31.44
33.39
34.72
38.20
98
95
97
100
99
100
99
98
87
94
71
71
71
92
10
10
10
9
10
10
8
10
12
17
21
25
27
76.2
73.5
75.8
77.3
75.0
74.6
75.3
73.8
68.4
70.9
5f>. 1
54.4
56.2
.313 23.63
.313 23.11
.329 24.92
.325 25.10
.287 21.46
.296 21.96
.414 30.90
.684 50.48
.778 53.17
.561 39.73
.763 42.07
.860 46.78
.870 48.89
1Less than 1 per cent.
341
338
347
364
404
422
272
402
620
622
885
924
980
30
29
29
30
32
32
36
45
71
83
123
119
121
95
98
100
97
97
97
95
95
89
94
100
93
97
131
213
222
163
175
192
206
93
13
23
29
37
88
93
100
93
97
134
231
241
177
188
203
22
21
10
26
17
1
6
221
27
86 82
93
90
100 100
97
99
153
249
301
202
281
294
321
8
16
36
31
33
36
28
152
245
262
189
1
21
2
8
1
201
209
230
96
96
101
100 100
88
91
127
123
173
235
265
268
158
168
186
195
210 201
88 239 212
92
71
70
73
31
13
19
26
15
14
28
25
12
7
7
13
13
22
22
11
17
3
2
2
73
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-tim e hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation — O p e n -H e a r th F u rn a c e s — C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Steel pourers:
1910...........
1911......... _
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924— ____
1926.........
1929...___
Mold cappers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Ladle crane
men:
1910...........
1911______
1912...........
1913______
1914...........
1915...........
1917______
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Ingot strippers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929.,____
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913*100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
72,
60,
per
ings time ings earn and 48,
72
un 84
un
un
hours
60
per
hour
per ings un der
der
der
week per hour
per der 60
84
week
72
week
98
96
99
100
99
98
99
95
88
91
73
72
73
83
82
87
100
92
96
126
215
251
174
226
240
251
81
78
86
100
91
95
125
205
219
160
166
174
183
16.49
15.78
18.00
20.04
17.96
19.24
28.16
43.69
44.65
31.33
34.21
31.56
37.22
97
94
101
100
99
97
98
95
89
83
70
65
70
85
84
89
100
91
100
143
231
249
180
239
243
264
82
79
90
100
90
96
141
218
223
156
171
157
186
77.2
74.6
76.2
77.2
76.5
76.0
76.4
75.6
68.3
72.9
55.2
54.9
55.8
.294 22.76
.287 21.32
.317 24.22
.341 26.34
.305 23.34
.327 24.92
.466 35.64
.733 55.41
.837 56.63
.588 42.83
.832 46.06
.900 49.41
.941 52.51
100
97
99
100
99
98
99
98
88
94
72
71
72
86
84
93
100
89
96
137
215
245
172
244
264
276
86
81
92
100
89
95
135
210
215
163
175
188
199
73.7
71.9
72.9
74.5
75.8
76.3
70.9
69.9
69.3
72.8
57.8
56.0
57.3
.275
.256
.278
.296
.292
.303
.449
.749
.790
.559
.726
.767
.831
99
97
98
100
102
102
95
94
93
98
78
75
77
93
86
94
100
99
102
152
253
267
189
245
259
281
91
83
92
100
99
104
141
240
248
186
193
197
218
75.3 $0,308 $23.05
.304 22 32
73.7
.321 24.5776.5
.370 28.46
77.0
76.4
.339 25.94
.356 26.99
75.7
.466 35.60
76.0
.796 58.27
73.2
.929 62.31
68.0
70.4
.645 45.48
.837 47.38
56.5
55.6
.889 49.43
56.3
.927 52.19
14
14
15
16
21
21
12
17
18
21
25
31
33
47
44
50
56
70
70
48
69
112
101
147
148
159
8
8
9
12
13
13
6
11
7
8
7
7
6
40
38
52
68
70
72
38
97
73
92
86
70
49
76.5
74.0
79.3
78.6
77.7
76.1
76.7
74.3
70.0
65.5
55.0
50.9
55.3
.217
.215
.228
.255
.232
.254
.364
.588
.635
.460
.609
.620
.673
16
16
16
17
22
22
13
17
19
21
25
28
30
90
86
90
90
104
107
82
119
146
153
239
239
257
15
15
15
15
18
18
13
15
16
18
20
26
28
46
51
55
61
47
48
39
48
71
65
98
126
116
19.88
18.06
19.99
21.85
21.72
22.76
30.85
52.36
54.21
40.61
42.11
42.95
47.62
11
23
20
4
11
11
49
27
24
25
37
43
54
32
13
28
3
3
3
17
41
28
46
29
29
25
42
50
26
4
3
2
23
9
28
25
23
17
21
10
2
16
4
3
1
55
21 26
15 8
6 12
11 26
11 42
58
25
4
12 15
15
42
27
41
31
28
5
60
73
42
30
11
50
41
31
19
37
4
9
24
70
9
6
6
6
36
12 ----89
75
92
28
34
32
18
24
29
51
30
3 17
13 33
2
2
1
31
23
31
44
47
47
24
51
42
24
3
2
2
32
19
27
29
23
19
24
13
2
17
1
2
1
6
5
5
6
6
23
33
1 34
15 . . . .
8~ 76
8 85
3 89
22 30
8 63
69
46
30
29
36
17
11
6 26
2
2
2
17
20
18
30
47
42
16
46
32
32
7
3
6
24
4
7
20
17
23
26
4
21
20
7
2
2
4
13
16
6
14
44
59
8
5
21
5
7
16
36
18
76
75
88
11
23
16 . . . .
56
41
92
9
74
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation— O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ce s— C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants ploy
ees
Engineers, lo
comotive:
.
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1P19__
lf2 )____ I
1922_____
1924.........
1926_____
1929_____
Switchmen:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922_____
1924_____
1926_____
1929_____
Laborers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922_____
1924.........
1926_____
1929_____
*Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
age
Aver full
age
time
earn earn
Full
Over
Over
ings ings Full Earn time 48 Over
72,
time ings earn and 48,
60,
per
per hours
un 84
un
72
un
60
hour week
per ings un der
der
per hour
der
per der 60
84
week
72
week
107
114
117
119
137
138
166
214
219
325
77.3 $0,244 $18.92
.247 18.32
74.3
.262 19.86
75.8
76.6
.295 22.55
76.5
.281 21.51
77.1
.279 21.57
75.6
.666 50.35
.732 50.83
69.6
71.4
.527 37.62
55.4
.700 38.73
54.7
.772 42.23
56.1
.762 42.75
101
109
117
118
127
149
150
194
297
275
406
413
435
77.3
74.4
75.2
76.3
76.5
77.0
76.2
69.3
72.0
56.0
54.8
54.9
.185
.186
.199
.230
.226
.225
.555
.617
.439
.586
.616
.645
14.29
13.85
14.92
17.55
17.29
17.33
42.29
42.84
31.61
32.80
33.76
35.41
101
1,038
806
948
1,109
805
723
653
1,266
1,393
992
2,037
1,537
1,548
74.5
73.2
74.7
76.2
69.5
70.8
74.4
76.2
68.5
67.9
59.0
59.2
60.5
.157
.161
.164
.187
.185
.186
.292
.468
.525
.354
.434
.429
.433
11.69
11.78
12.21
14.24
12.84
13.19
21.73
35.66
36.21
24.22
25.73
25.40
26.20
97
99
100
100
101
99
91
93
72
71
73
83
84
89
100
95
95
226
248
179
237
262
258
98
99
80
81
87
100
91
94
73
72
72
241
268
191
255
268
280
100
100
101
100
98
96
98
100
91
93
98
100
90
89
77
78
79
84
84
81
26
8
88
9
17
100
95
96
223
225
167
172
187
190
81
79
85
100
99
99
241
244
180
187
192
202 I
82 '
83
100
100 ___
90 . (i)
156
250
281
189
232
229
232
153 ,
250 i,
254
170
181
178
184
21
24
16
3
16
2
2
2
28
9
10
16
22
25
*8
0)
18
3
3
14
20
30
9
13
20
20
2
7
1
1
1
T able
B .— Number and per cent of employees mho customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929 , by district
and year—Open-Hearth Furnaces
District and year
5, 6,
5 and 6 and 6
alter in ro
nately tation
5 and
6, 6,
and 6
6 al
in ro
ter
nately tation
5 and 7 6, 6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
alter 7 in ro alter 7 in ro
nately tation nately tation
1,064
1,116
955
1,241
987
1,672
1,560
635
655
579
661
355
215
225
202
412
253
183
111
2,149
2,013
3,190
2,554
4,361
4,642
4,663
468
404
670
1,104
269
113 1,519
339
852
814
2,049
944
466
560
421
819
795
227 244
16 264
413 2,036
2.376
61 3,211
1,632
1,755
3,067
3,678
4,943
5,660
5,614
751
846
214
,848
772
959
979
311
356
793
570
553
2,060
1,565
3,341
3.377
4,094
570
539
958
825
1,320
1,450
1,334
269
226
655
484
258
319
274
39
5,415
5,423
8,170
8,298
11,611
13,424
13,171
2,123
2,131
2,169
4,135
1,878
113 3,458
1,947
1,416
1,453
3,045
1,360
736
749
701
226
1,177
74
631
112
116
216
5
212
204
5
130
153
702
1,103
406
38
58
9
3
12
1
4
5
1
1,375
326
677
18
33
24
435
481
447
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
214
229
80
96
49
580
847
5 and
6, 6,
7 al
and 7
ter
in ro
nately tation
0)
1
8
2
3
20
20
21
33
26
11
7
9
27
2
14
40
40
64
37
11
12
9
(")
56
0)
0)
3
2
4
0)
19
20
26
0)
0)
2
7
11
0)
0)
0)
1
3
254
252
302
337
622
649
574
9 1,857
3 1,829
245 2,686
202 2,262
1,574 6,048
1,796 6,982
1,118 8,726
6 and
6, 7,
7 al
and 7
ter
in ro
nately tation
(l)
(i)
8
0)
0)
4
12
2
5
26
27
37
16
6
6
5
2
3
2
13
13
7
1
9
1
4
14
19
7
2
1
33
33
34
0)
0)
3
2
14
13
8
20
21
8
8
5
35
54
8
10
47
51
35
32
67
73
45
47
32
41
47
45
43
34
34
33
27
52
52 .
66
FURNACES
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
OPEN-HEARTH
Eastern:
191 4
191 5
________
1920.................................... .
1922____________________
1924..... ...............................
1926.................................... .
1929____________________
Pittsburgh:
191 4
.....................
191 5
.
1920____________________
1922____________________
1924____________________
1926.................................... .
1929.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920....................................
1922..... ............................. .
1924.................................... .
1926.................................... .
1929____________________
Southern:
191 4
..................... .
191 5
.......................... .
1920.................................... .
1922....................................
1924....................................
1926__________ _________ _
1929____________________
Total:
191 4
.
191 5
1920____________________
1922____________________
1924____________________
1926____________________
1929....................................
1Less than 1 per cent.
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period coveredf 1929 , by occupation and district— O p e n -H e a r t h F u rn a c e s
---------------------------------------—
--Positions
Employees working in scheduled pay. period (15 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Turns per Hours per Honrs per
turn
week
week
Full-time
Earnings earnings
Hours
per worked
per hour
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
9.2
8.1
8.5
10.0
60.9
53.9
58.0
69.2
107
237
262
53
117.9
106.6
112.1
125.7
$61.98
63.06
65.60
50.11
$0.526
.592
.585
.399
$32.03
31.91
33.93
27.61
120.2
108.0
113.9
130.3
$62.93
63.96
66.58
52.24
$0,523
.592
.584
.401
6.8
8.6
57.9
659
112.2
62.85
.560
32.42
114.1
63.89
.560
6
9
12
3
38
85
83
16
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
9.4
8.1
8.0
9.0
61.8
55.5
55.1
63.0
39
115
84
16
120.0
86.9
113.9
131.8
75.25
62.31
87.78
70.41
.627
.717
.771
.534
38.75
39.79
42.48
33.64
123.3
90.2
116.0
141.3
77.28
64.87
89.72
75.67
.627
.719
.773
.536
73.23
.706
40.24
107.0
75.68
.707
.789
1.000
1.031
.764
46.24
54.80
57.01
47.52
113.1
111.0
115.5
127.5
88.75
110. 49
118.55
94.84
.784
.995
1.026
.744
.958
53.84
114.5
108.84 |
Total_______________________
30
222
6.8
8.4
57.0
254
103.8
Charging-machine operators:
Eastern.............................. ...........
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern____ _________________
6
9
14
4
40
83
103
20
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9
8.8
8.0
8.0
9.0
58.6
54.8
55.3
62.2
44
87
105
20
108.6
109.2
112.9
116.5
33
246
6.8
8.2
56.2
256
111.2
Poor operators:
Pittsburgh-----------------------------Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
3
9
3
36
118
27
6.4
6.9
6.9
8.1
8.0
8.4
52.0
55.6
57.9
40
137
42
95.6
98.2
67.8
46.90
42.50
23.98
.491
.433
.354
25.53
24.07
20.50
97.3
104.0
85.3
47.86
46.26
33.58
.492
.445
.394
Total_____________ . . . . . _____
15
181
6.8
8.1
55.2
219
91.9
39.75
.433
23.90
99.2
4412
.445
.950
STEEL
Total_______________________
85.73
109.20
116.40
88.92 i
106.53 |
AND
6.7
6.7
6.9
6.9
LABOR— IRON
102
223
246
48
619
6
9
13
4 1
32 |
OP
Total_______________________
Stock cranemen:
Eastern_________ _____________
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern....................................—
Earnings
HOURS
Stockers:
Eastern................................. ........
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........... ...... -_____ _____
Hours
worked
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
WAGES
Occupation and district
M
97114°—
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern__________ _____________
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West._
Southern........... ............ ...... ........
Total_______________________
6
9
14
4
114
330
4C8
79
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
8.7
8.0
8.0
8.5
59.1
54.7
55.6
58.4
122
3^2
434
82
111.5
106.8
107.4
117.7
118.51
140.12
139.52
118.49
1.062
1.312
1.299
1.007
62.76
71.77
72.22
58.81
115.4
109.0
109.1
120.1
120.82
142.23
141.40
120.16
1.047
1.305
1.296
1.000
1.247 |
69.71
110.7
137.35
1.240
6.9
8.1
55.9
980
108.6
135.35
6
9
14
4
114
327
397
77
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9
8.7
8.0
8.0
8.5
58.1
54.7
55.6
58.5
121
345
430
88
107.6
102.7
102.6
101.7
85.41
96.55
93.0*
71.66
.794
.940
.907
.704
46.13
51.42
50.43
41.18
116.2
108.3
108.9
114.3
91.65
102.03
98.92
79.78
.789
.942
.908
.698
Total________________________
33
915
6.9
8.2
55.8
984
103.2
91.42
.886
49.44
110.1
97.47
.885
Melters’ helpers, third:
Eastern_____ __________ _______
Pittsburgh. ................... ..............
Great Lakes and Middle W est-.
Southern........................................
6
9
14
4
100
305
390
77
6.5
6.8
6.9
6.8
8.8
8.0
8.1
8.2
57.3
55.0
55.7
55.5
108
341
460
117
103.8
99.5
97.2
74.9
63.43
74.62
68.39
33.68
.611
.750
.704
.450
35.01
41.25
39.21
24.98
114.9
107.3
106.1
89.6
70.27
80.33
75.22
40.11
.612
.749
.709
.448
33
872
6.8
8.1
55.6
1,026
96.1
65.98
.687
38.20
105.5
72.39
.686
4
7
12
4
17
38
54
12
6.5
6.9
7.0
6.9
8.5
8.1
8.0
9.0
55.1
55.2
56.0
62.3
17
38
54
12
112.5
115.4
112.7
127.8
102.50
100.26
102.08
87.34
.911
.869
.906
.683
50.20
47.97
50.74
42.55
113.0
118.9
115.5
127.8
103.08
102.60
104.25
87.34
.913
.863
.902
.683
27
121
6.9
8.2
56.2
121
115.0
100.11
.870
48.89
117.4
101.89
.868
6
9
14
4
25
50
66
13
6.5
6.8
6.9
6.8
9.2
8.0
8.0
8.6
59.3
54.8
55.6
59.1
25
53
68
13
112.9
106.7
110.5
134.2
88.12
105.50
106.24
109.94
.781
.989
.962
.819
46.31
54.20
53.49
48.40
119.9
109.7
113.3
135.5
93.03
108.27
108.98
111.06
.776
.987
.962
.819
Total_______________________
Mold cappers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
33
154
6.8
8.3
56.3
159
111.5
103.45
.927
52.19
115.0
106.41
.926
3
3
19
29
7.0
6.9
8.0
8.0
56.0
54.9
19
30
115.7
107.8
89.70
65.08
.775
.604
43.40
33.16
116.9
111.8
90.73
67.43
.776
.603
Total_______________________
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern______ ________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
6
48
6.9
8.0
55.3
49
110.9
74.62
.673
37.22
113.8
76.47
.672
6
8
12
4
42
90
98
20
6.6
6.9
6.9
6.9
8.7
8.0
8.0
8.4
57.0
55.3
55.4
57.6
42
92
103
20
121.0
111.4
109.1
117.6
91.64
108.21
112.47
91.40
.757
.972
1.031
.777
43.15
53.75
57.12
44.76
122.2
114.0
113.8
119.6
92.34
109.71
116.37
93.10
.756
.962
1.023
.778
Total------ . . . -------------------------
30
250
6.8
8.2
55.8
257
112.5
105.90
.941
52.51
115.7
108.25
.936
Total_______________________
Stopper setters:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
Total_______________________
Steel pourers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh ....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern______________________
'
FURNACES
931
OPEN-HEARTH
33
Melters’ helpers, second:
Eastern........................... ...............
Pittsburgh ....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-Southern........... .................. ..........
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered , 1929 , by occupation and district— O p e n -H e a r t h F u r n a c e s — C o n t in u e d
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
Full-time
Hours
Earnings 1earnings
per worked
per hour
week
Earnings
per hour
138.0
115.0
117.2
139.9
110.80
105.82
96.01
92.28
.803
.920
.819
.660
47.62
121.6
100.73
.829
Earnings
.818
.921
.818
.660
53.09
51.21
45.48
40.13
.831
6.9
8.4
57.3
116
119.3
6
0
11
4
48
141
128
36
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.8
8.8
8.2
8.0
8.7
58.5
55.4
55.2
59.3
50
164
132
43
119.8
101.1
114.0
106.5
85.38
83.09
85.43
68.94
.713
.822
.749
.647
41.71
45.45
41.34
38.37
120.7
102.4
114.4
107.7
86.05
83.99
85.67
69.63
.713
.820
.749
.646
Total________________________
30
353
6.8
8.3
56.1
389
108.5
82.61
.762
42.75
109.4
83.24
.761
Switchmen:
Eastern____. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.. . . . . . . . . . . ____ . . . . . . .
6
9
11
4
54
148
146
35
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.8
8.6
8.1
8.0
9.3
57.2
55.1
51.8
63.4
55
177
163
40
119.3
97.0
105.1
111.6
76.44
64.85
68.22
61.26
.641
.669
.649
.549
36.67
36.86
33.62
34.81
122.3
98.1
106.9
117.5
78.19
65.59
69.41
64.38
.639
.669
.649
.548
Total_______________________
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
9.8
8.1
8.0
8.8
«4.9
55.6
55.6
60.8
17
34
55
10
128.9
113.8
116.0
139.5
383
6.8
8.2
54.9
435
104.2
67.25
.645
35.41
106.3
68.50
.645
6
9
14
4
119
428
421
154
6.5
6.8
6.5
6.2
10.0
9.1
9.1
9.2
65.2
61.8
59.1
57.2
142
700
528
178
106.6
73.9
99.3
109.5
40.70
33.83
44.94
39.08
.382
.458
.452
.357
24.91
28.30
26.71
20.42
116.3
81.2
109.4
114.7
45.71
38.14
50.82
41.23
.393
.470
.464
.360
Total_____ . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . .
33
1,122
6.6
9.2
60.5
1,548
89.7
38.85
.433
26.20
97.9
43.51
.445
Total__ _____________________
STEEL
30.
laborers:
Eastern____. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern______ _______________
AND
114
Engineers, locomotive:
Eastern_________________. _____
Pittsburgh................................. . .
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern__ . . . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . . . .
16
34
54
10
LABOR— IRON
28
165.40
104.89
94.95
22 13
99.16
4
7
13
4
OF
Earnings
Hours
worked
HOURS
Ingot strippers:
Eagtern_____ ___________. _____
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern__________. ____ . ____ -
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
WAGES
Occupation and district
M
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
79
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ces
ALL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
Sat Sun Per week
ur
to
dle
ur day week
Fri day day week
West
day
day
Hours
Group A,—Day turn only
80
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b le D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per
1929, by district— O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ce s— C o n t in u e d
ALL EMPLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
Sat Sun Per week
dle
ur
to
ur day week
West
Fri day day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Group B.—Night turn only
13
12
12
10
10
10
8
13
12
“io"
10
10
13
12
12
10
10
8 "T
8 10
8
"Y 8
8 8
8
8
8
91
84
72
70
60
60
56
58
48
48
56
56
48
56
48
48
91
84
72
70
60
60
56
1
3
2
15
2
2
4
47
46
52
4
52
1
52
48
3
1
Total..
11
56
10
85
23
148
10
9
221
10
13
31
41
87
4
4
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
12 12
11
11
10M 10M
10 10
12 12
12 12
12 12
10 10
11 11
10 10
11 11
11
11
11 11
11
12 ”1 2 ”
12
8
11 11
m . 8%
10 10
10 10
10 10
6
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10K
10
10
10
10
10H
9
7
6
6
9
10H
10H
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
12
11
10H
10
12
12
12
11
10
11
11
10
16
10
10
10 10
10 10
10 10
10 10
10 _
10 10’
10 . . . . .
8H — .
10
9H
10
9H
9
10
9
10
11H ____
9
9
9
9H
8H
9
84
77
73H
70
84
84
84
60
77
70
66
77
66
66 }
72
68
66
60
70
76
70
60
70
70
70
60
60
70
60
60
59H
69M
59
69
63H
63
63
615*
61X
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
12 12 12
13 13
13
ISM 13M 13H
14 14
14
12
12
12 " 12"" 12
12
12
14 "l3"" 13
13
13
14
14
13
13
13
13
8
13 13 13
12 12
12
16
13
13
11H 11M U H
10 10 10
10 10
10 10 "16""
10 10 10
12
12
10 ' 16"
10
" 10”
10 ‘ io”’ 10
10 10 10
10 10 10
10 10
10 10 " 10"
11M
11M
10 " 10“
9H
10 10
9H
10
9
10
10
9
10
10H . . . . . 10H
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10H
UH
10H
UK
84
84
91
84
94H 84
98
84
72
81
84
72
78
96
78
78
77H
84
77
78
76^
86
91
74H
72
72
72
76
72
78
80H 70^
70
70
60
68
60
70 } m
66
72
CO
65
60
f.5
60
65
70
70
65
60
70
65
69
69M
19
31
2
14
20
87
4
4
2
6
2
17
2
2
$
2
72
2
67
73
12
86
3
231
158
2
4
158
2
4
1
2
3
4
3
1
i
15
35
2
1
1
235
12
34
1
2
2
3
231
4
63^ 62H:j
63^ 8HI
9
34
64
6
2
2
72
1
59H
63
63
63
63
21
1
1
15
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
81
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929 , by district— O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ce s — C o n t in u e d
A LL EMPLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
ern ^ Total
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
ur day week
ur
dle
to
week
day
West
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shil
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
8
7
8
Y
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
12
9M 57H
9M 67M
__ _ 60
10
60
60
60
60
54
9
63
55%
60
‘ 8“
11
8
..... .....
59
"5 6
7
6
8
8
8
12
8
56
52
7
8
12
5
57
6
7
10
8
io n
12
8
60^
60
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
12
8
52
6
8
12
____
52
6
8
8
48
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
7
6
8
8
8
12
6
8
12
52
6
8
12
52
8
8
56
52
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
5
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
_
10
10
10
9H
m
10K
10
10
67M
57H
60H
60
60
60
60
~'9X 59H. 59h
9
63 } b s h
9
54
_
l6"
60
57H
12"
8
60 ►56
8
48
48
8 ’ 13” 61 \56
8
8
56
8
8
56
8
8
56
12
8
60
8
56
8
62
12 10
____ 8
48
50
8
8
56
48
8
'12’ ” 9H 61H
8
48
11
10
61
8
48
60H
HH 9
8
48
8
48
8
8
8
56
48
..... 8
8
56
12
8
60
8
48
’ 12" 8
60
8
48
8
"'8
56
8
56
8
UH 8
59M
8
48
59K
" S i 10
8
48
10
58M
8
48
"T" 10 58
8
48
"T" m 57H
8
48
'T y 2 m
57
48
..... 8
m
56H
_ _ 8
48
8K 8
56K
8
48
~T" UH 56H
—_ 8
48
8
— 48
8
8
56
8
48
"T" 8 56
8
48
5
56
11
48
8
3
3
1
1
52
1
1
23
12
1
121
1
40
144
106
106
11
5
11
5
142
628
8
377
2,616
3,576
79
519
305
7,125
87
1
1
3
12
3
2
12
9
9
2
0
6
21
21
37
223
62
260
62
12
12
9
3
9
29
190
222
7
7
10
10
4
4
19
19
25
25
3
3
6
6
18
18
35
35
1
1
31
31
114
114
58
58
82
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per
1929 , by district— O p e n -H e a r th F u rn a ce s — C o n t i n u e d
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
Great
age
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
Sat Sun Per week
ern Total
to
ur day week
ur day
dle
Fri day
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
12
48
52
11X
51X
12
52
12
52
12
52
12
52
8
56
8
56
8
8
8
8
56
12
12
8
48
48
48
52
52
48
48
48
48
Total-
8
7
■
7n
5Vi
'5
56
55
48
5
5H
48
52
51%
15
3
51%
54H
51X
48
54
51%
48
53H
51%
48
53
51
48
48 } 50%
48
48
48 ' 50%
48
50%
48
56
m%
48
56
50%
48
56
50%
48
48
50%
52
48
49M
48
48
48
48
48
48 } 48
48 }48
48
30
30
122
122
9
9
10
10
35
35
33
33
5
3
17
6
6
6
4
215
4
336
84
551
87
7
1,320
MELTERS’ HELPERS, FIRST, ONLY
4,096
4,803
11,212
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
T
able
83
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tionsi, 1929 , by district— Open-Hearth Furnaces
Occupation and
district
Melters* helpers, first:
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh. ...........
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern____ . . . . .
.......
Aver Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num Num age
full
ber
of
ber of
Over
Over
Over 66,
Over 84
estab em time
56,
48,
60,
72, and
lish ploy hours 48
72 under
per
under 56 under 60 under under
ments ees
72
60
56
84 over
week
66
6
9
342
14
4
434
82
33
980
55.6
33
58.4 " " "
55.9
54
199
59.1
54.7
21
24 79
57 264
26
401
46
10
107
790
16
M elters’ helpers,
second:
Eastern_____ '___
Pittsburgh_______
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern____ ____
6
9
121
345
58.1
54.7
18
22
14
4
430
88
55.6
58.5
24
Total . . . __ ____
33
984
55.8
64
88 803
6
9
108
341
57.3
55.0
13
12
52 22
57 272
460 55.7
117 55.5
26
Melters’ helpers, third:
Eastern__________
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern _______
Total
_______
14
4
6
3 82
59 264
26
6
12
6
23
8
13
406
51
92
434
17
13
13
11
..... !........
8
33
1,026
55.6
51
201
745
8
13
6
9
25
53
59.3
54.8
3
4
9
9
6
40
4
3
68 55.6
13 59.1
3
6
65
5
8
Steel pourers:
Eastern__ . . . . . _
Pittsburgh_______
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern _______
14
4
Total_____. . . . .
33
159
56.3
10
24
116
4
3
6
15
24
77
2
4
9
96
9
2
4
2
2
7
2
8
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern__ . . . ___
Pittsburgh_______
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern________
6
8
42
92
57.0
55.3
6
12
4
103
20
55.4
57.6
7
Total___ ______
30
257
55.8
13
142 65.2
700 61.8
7
100
138
2
6
116
Laborers;
Eastern_________
Pittsburgh.............
Great Lakes and
Middle West___
Southern________
14
4
528
178
59.1
57.2
77
60
Total__________
33
1,548
60.5
144
6
9
2
2
30 206
108 254
2
2
206
79
240
126
60
23
106
28
112 236
231
453
n
50
101
1
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929, by district— O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a ces
Occupation and district
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
40,
un
der
45
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
55
55,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
65
Melters' helpers, first:
1
1 ~2~
2 10
-----
3
31
7
7
1 49
1
1 49 ! i
1
4
66 8
10 123
3
3
1 2
1
44 36 50
1 2 338
3
3
12
86 266
26
64
30
76
5
47
2
18
20
14
11
14
8 14
"T
1
12 ~22~ 18
2
85
34
209
85
1
192
78
78
35
21
2
1
31
23
31
114
130
98
55
35
13
15"
21
58
4
29
2I
26
16
26 72 81 49
4 27 15
90 155 1177 128
68
78
16
101
96
42 - 12"
4
5
3
9
23
3
3
3
10
2
12
7 ~w.
6
8! 9
3
5
3
3
3 ~12 To~ii H
5
2
1
50 242 129 68 38
1
1 91 18 64
_T
"T
1 136 !106 694 228 334" "IT
10
25
2
3
12
1
1
1
1
3
4
23
13
9
20
12
3
38
36
1
36
2
3
3
_
1
6
4
15
7
15
30
16
24
29
1
3
9
1 !1 5
23 9
5
2
2
oy lI
-
3
6
5
6
3
.__
1
____1____ 1____
12
36 ~30~ “ 39
6
I
....... i........
3
1
26
I
7
10
i
6
9
9
27
1
27 i
1
STEEL
1
I
19
41
AND
2
3 ....I 1 8
2
2
12
17
1
78 I 55
3
1
3
!i
6
9
32 107 57 97 | 60 46 33
14
85 m 188" 176 illfi ~6tT 33
3
i
6
2
13 13 12 28
21 47 44 53
3 18 16
1 6
1 23
4 |32 47 56
24
15
3
3
1
1 ‘T
4 n
3
4 21
5 40
15 64
-----1i
2
4
3
6
90,
un
der
95
OP LABOR— IRON
8
8
5 16
1 12
85,
un
der
90
HOTTRS
8
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200,
un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225
80,
un
der
85
70,|i 75,
un un
der der
75 80
AND
122 $1,062
Pittsburgh. ............................ 342 1.312
Great Lakes and Middle
West.................................... 434 1.299
82 1.007
Southern__________________
Total.................................... 980 1.247
Melters’ helpers, second:
Eastern.
_
.794
121
Pittsburgh,........................... 345
.940
Great Lakes and Middle
.907
430
West
88
.704
Southern____ . . . ____ ______
984
Total
.
__________
.886
Melters’ helpers, third:
108
Eastern
.611
Pittsburgh. ................. ......... 341
.750
Great Lakes and Middle
.704
460
West
Southern__________________ 117
.450
.687
Total . . . . . . . . ________ 1,026
Steel pourers:
Eastern
25
. 781
Pittsburgh
53
.989
Great Lakes and Middle
68
.962
West
.819
Southern.................................
13
.927
159
Total
___ _____
Ladle cranemen•
.757
__ ________
42
Eastern
92
.972
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle
West
103 1.031
.777
20
Southern____________ _____
Total ____ ___ ___ ___
.941
257
Laborers:
142
.382
Eastern
Pittsburgh
700
.458
Great Lakes and Middle
.452
528
West
.357
Southern__________________ 178
Total.................................... 1,548
.433
65,
un
der
70
WAGES
Num Average
ber of •earn
20, 25, 30, 35,
em
un un un un
ploy ings
der der
der
per
ees hour 25 der
30 35 40
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
O p e n -H e a r th F u r n a c e s 1
122
342
434
60
958
115.4
109.0
109.1
122.2
110.7
4
3
7
1
5
2
2
4
6
3
1
2
___
10 6
8
4
2
1
1
8
1 ?,
1 7
7 9
1
9 19
2
1 11
2 16
2
3 31
1 13
12 21
7 39
1
20 74
1
13
5
19
2
17
20
4
43
14
39
59
11
123
2
14
12 63
9 114
2
14
25 205
4
32
52
19
107
1
3
6
1
11
9
15
20
3
47
= =
2
1
3
14
16
83
15
180
17
49
95
17
17a
2
8
19
5
34
3
4
5
1
13
7
5
7
9
22
12
38
1
41
14
1
57
10
24
28
6
68
1
9
26
36
25
98
119
13
255
10
31
53
2
96
1
1
1
2
3
5
3
1
2
2
3
5
3
9
10
5
24
16 101
16 98
9
1
38 232
12
31
46
1
2
3
3
4
1
89
1
3
1 3
1
5
1 7
1 8
14
34
56
1
1
1 6
2
5
20
9
34
10
18
10 109
23 95
1 14
44 236
3
4
3
1
11
4
20
22
1
47
6
11
3
5
25
6
24
31
2
63
25
16
45
7
93
5
52
50
11
118
1
3
1
1
1
1
1 2
3
104 1
---- = = — = =
5
5
10
1
21
= =
1
8 1
18
4 1
1
19
1
6 1
46 1
18 1
26
94
57 -II
195 1
and
over
1
0
00
192
§
Over 180,
under 192
3
Over 168,
under 180
Over 156,
under 168
§
Over 144,
under 156
Over 132,
under 144
Over 120,
under 132
1Over 112,
under 120
21
28
47
11
107
§
15
19
40
7
81 . . .
1
2
1
3
6
1
= = = — = = ===------ -----3
3
3
■■
=
=
1
3
1
1 1
73 . . .
3
11 1
12
1
27 1
14
31
28
2
2
= =
=
FURNACES
ond:
121
116.2
1
Eastern__________
1 1 1 6
1
1 13
2
9
Pittsburgh............
345
108.3
4 2 2
3 2 4 2
6 12
10 19
17
G. L. and M. W ..
430
108.9
7
3— 4 4 2 6 4
1 8
2 38
7
___
64
116.5
Southern...............
1 1
1 2
6
6
1
Total..................
960
110.1 12 2 5 7 10 5 12 13
7 27
13 76 34
Bfelters helpers,third:
Eastern............ .
108
114.9
1 1
1....
1 2
4 7
4
3 3
Pittsburgh............
341
107.3
9
3
2 2
4 13
14 14
12
5 9
G. L. and M . W__
460
106.1 12 “ 3 4
6 4 2 7 13
2 35
15
3 13
Southern__. . . ___
109
89.0 14 2 2 5
1 1 6 5
2 10
3
Total__________ 1,018
105.6 36
6 9 13 8 4 18 33 11 28
22 66
31
= =
=
= =
Steel pourers:
=====
Eastern__________
1 1
1 ..... 3
1
25
119.9
Pittsburgh............
53
109.7
2
1 1
1 1
2
2
G. L. and M. W ._
1
1
68
113.3
2 3
Southern................
11
127.5
Total..................
114.1 1
1 2
2
2
3
3 8
3
157
Ladle cranemen:
=
= =
==
42
122.2
Eastern..............
~~4
3
Pittsburgh............
92
1 1
114.0
2
2 2
5
G. L. and M. W ._
1
1
1
1 1
1
103
113.8
2 9
Southern...............
14
119.5
1
1
1
1
1 2
Total..................
251
115.6
3
2 4
3 15
9
Laborers:
Eastern.................
142
116.3
5
2 1 2 2 3 4 2
8
5 1 14
Pittsburgh...........
700
81.2 101 24 37 35 56 44 38 10 25 "l5
26 15 31
G. L. and M. W__
109.4 25
528
4 4 14 11 5 10 8
8 12 25 29 33
Southern............
108
4
1 3 5
115.6
1 ___
1 1
1
1
Total.................. 1,478
97.2 135 31 42 53 72 57 53 21 42 27 56 45
79
» The figures for 1 plant which cover a 20-day period have not been included in this table.
3
r-t
Over 104,
under 112
«o
0
5
Over 96,
under 104
08
Over 88,
under 96
1Over 80,
under 88
32, under
40
40, under
48
48, under
56
56, under
64
64, under
72
72, under
80
1
3
oo
OPEN-HEARTH
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern____ _____
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W__
Southern................
Total__________
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Under 32
Number Aver
Occupation and dis
of
age
em hours
trict
ploy worked
ees
1
1
g
3
3
11 “ 3
1
00
T a b l e H . — Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
__________________________________________________________O p e n -H e a rth F u rn a c e s 1______________________________________= = = = = — —
AND
HOURS
OF LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEL
WAGES
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
berof earn
em ings Un $5, $10, $15, $20, $25, $30, $35, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $65, $70, $75, $80, $85, $90, $95, $100, $110, $120, $130, $140, $150, $160, $180, $200,
$250
un un un and
ploy per der un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der over
ees
pay $5 der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der $130
$140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250
$10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $85 $90 $95 $100 $110 $120
period
'
Melters’ helpers,
first:
21
8
6
1
1
7
16
16
5
13
2
3 3 5 8
3 4
122 $120.82
2
21 28
46 43
33
38 48
17 24
1
1
1 1 1 ?
2
1
1 3 6 4 16
Pittsburgh____ _
342 142.23
4
34
1
?
1 "i
55 86
55 51
12 38 51
4 4
6 10
7
2 ~2 4
434 141.40
1
G. L. and M. W_
21
10
11
2
6
1 2
1
1 1 4
Southern______
60 117. 75
2
55 32
1
1
11 3 3 3
1 4~ i
48 99 106 130 120 106 125
4 4 8
6 11 16 19 19 30
Total________
958 137.59
Melters’ helpers, sec
====:====== ===== = = =
----ond:
1
J l
1
i
3
2
15
13
3 2
2
2 4 8 9 12 19 6 17
Eastern
121 91.65
1
4
1 1 5 1 6 14 18 17 17 22 29 34
3
25
15
8
12
11
57 43
Pittsburgh_____
345 102.03
1
1
3
1
1
5
5
4
1
2
2
7
11
2
66
90
61
39
33
49
2
28
1
1
1
1
15
430
Q. L. and M .W .
98.92
6 6
2
6
81 5 6
| 1
2 3 2 6 6 4
64 76.43
1
Southern______
5
2
3
10
11
13
28
1 8 7 13 14j 18 24 411
63 80 90 119 168 117 67
3 4ii 3i
Total...............
960 97.62
°1 2
*
Melters helpers*
third:
1
1
1 1 4 5 8 m1 «
1 3
8 19| 22 13
5
Eastern
108 70.27
4
4
1
1 1 5 5 9 14 36 37 43 48 42 33 18
11
2 2
4
9
12
341' 80.33
Pittsburgh
3
5
1 5 4
3
1
27
1 3 7 6 9 12 ifi an 30 66 60 61 67 23 20
G. L. and M .W .
460 75.22
11 1
4 9
3
8 23 11 4 9 u
5
5
2
Southern............
109 39.29
5 8
14
5
61 7i 15 17 34 30 29 44 61 77 123 12fii 122 110 59 43
9
39
Total
1,018 72.56
8 15 13 12
Steel pourers:
___
2
1
6
2
6
2
2
2
2
Eastern________
25 93.03
14
3
1
2
2
2
1
1i 3 2 "~2
1
2
1
4
9
1
2
Pittsburgh__ __
53 108.27
1
1
12
6
1
3
2
14
4
2 2 2 4 4 10
G. L. and M. W .
68 108.98
3
5
3
11 104.70
Southern....... . . .
4
4
2
1
15
3
5
2
6 10 17 28 31
2 ....
7 2
5 5!I 6
11
157 105.90
Total ...........
1 1
Ladle cranemen:
1
3
4 11 12 5 3
3
Eastern_______
42 92.34
1
1
1
1
8
7
2
2 2 6 8
16 30
5
1 1
Pittsburgh
92 109.71
1
1 2
1
25
13
3....
8
1 1 3
6
18 20
103 116.37
G. L. and M. W .
1 1
1 2
2
1
5
14 91.00
Southern....... .....
1
2
4
53
33
13 20
39
1---1 5
6 16 19 12 22
1
1 ----1
1
251 108.49 ___
Total________
Laborers:
3
1 4
1 1
1
2
2 10 6 14 18 50 11 13
*RpQt.Prn
1 4
142 45.71
1
1
P ttchnrffh
700 38.14 34 33 36 50 54 61 50 46 48 41 81 53 60 25 18 6 2
5 11
6 12 16 19 27 63 69 56 102 69 28 15 9
5
6
G. L. and M .W .
9
528 50.82
1
2
1
2
3
7
3 4 17 63 5
108 38.44
Southern______
1
1
Total............. 1,478 43.42 43 47 50 62 75 90 79 104 192 165 148 168 130 58 34 16 9 6
i The figures for 1 plant which cover a 20-day period have not been included in this table.
Occupation and
district
00
PUDDLING MILLS
Wrought iron, the product of puddling mills, is made from pig iron,
often mixed with scrap, by oxidizing and removing most of the silicon,
carbon, manganese, and phosphorus content. In the manufacture of
wrought iron, hand labor is used to a greater extent than in the pro
duction of most forms of tonnage steel. Wrought iron may be pro
duced by two processes, puddling or busheling, both of which are
hand-labor operations, one using mostly pig iron and the other prac
tically all scrap. Due to the heavy labor involved and the intense
heat to which puddlers are subjected by the hand process, fewer
workmen are taking up the puddling trade.
The two greatest items of expense in hand puddling are fuel and
labor costs. Usually the old-type hand furnace required a ton of soft
coal to produce a like amount of iron. However, this amount may
vary somewhat from plant to plant. To offset these items inasmuch
as possible and to produce larger tonnages, experiments have been
conducted for several years with mechanical puddling devices. The
necessary equipment for mechanical puddling is quite expensive and
most plants in this department have not shown any great change in
working conditions in recent years. However, one large establish
ment has recently perfected what is said to be a successful method 01
producing wrought iron by the mechanical process and is now erecting
a new plant to carry on production by this process. The present
study, however, includes only plants doing hand puddling.
Data were collected from the pay rolls of 11 plants located in 6
States and cover 1,800 employees in all occupations. Of this number
1,467 were in the principal occupations for which separate averages
are given. This is practically a complete census of wage earners in
puddling mills, as all plants that were operating at the time this study
was made were included. A comparison of the total number of plants
and employees in 1929 with similar figures for 1914 shows the decline
in importance of this department in the industry. Comparable
figures for this department were first obtained in 1914 and data here
given are for the period 1914 to 1929.1 The decline in number of
plants reporting after 1924, together with the decrease in number of
employees in these plants, made it inadvisable to present data for the
years 1926 and 1929 by geographical district, as operations have been
curtailed in some parts of the country to such an extent that district
comparisons would be misleading. In 1929 no establishments were
found to be in operation in the Great Lakes and Middle West district.
The hours of labor for puddling-mill employees as a whole have not
fluctuated to the same extent as for employees in some of the other
departments. A day's work in the puddling operation usually con
sists of 5 heats per shift, which requires somewhere between 8 and 10
hours, and since it is still the custom of this department to produce
this number of heats, the adoption of the 8-hour day in the industry
did not affect employees in this department to any great extent. In
1914 the hours of labor per week were 53.2. Not much change from
» Data were obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1928.
87
88
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
this figure is noted until 1924, when hours increased to 55.7, or 5 per
cent more than in 1914. Hours decreased in 1926 to 52.1 and again
in 1929 to 50.3.
While customary working time for the department as a whole shows
little change, comparison of working time of employees in some of the
principal occupations shows considerable variation. Stockers, for
example, customarily worked 57.6 hours per week in 1914, which hours
gradually increased to 61.3 in 1920, almost
hours more than the
average for the department as a whole for the same year. In 1922
average hours for stockers were 58.9 and in 1924 decreased further to
57.4, which is practically the 1914 average. In 1926 hours were 51.1,
which was also the average for 1929 and only 0.8 hour more than the
average for the department as a whole.
Puddling mills during former studies were usually operated 6 days
or 6 days and 5 nights per week. Operating conditions, however, had
materially changed between 1926 and 1929, so that the customary
operating time had reduced the working time of most employees either
to 6 days and 5 nights or to 5 days and 5 nights per week. Very few
employees are required to work 7 days per week, as most of the repair
work is done on Saturday, when the plants are not operating. Table
B shows that in 1914 there were 63 per cent of all employees working
6 days one week and 5 the next, with 13 per cent regularly working a
5-day week. In 1920 less than 1 per cent had a 5-day week regularly,
26 per cent had a straight 6-day week, 13 per cent a 6-day week once
in each 3 weeks, and 60 per cent had a 6-day and a 5-day week alter
nately. In 1926 no employee had a 6-day week once in each 3 weeks,
but 67 per cent had alternating weeks of 6 and of 5 days. In 1929 the
per cent of employees working 6 days and 5 days per week alternately
had been reduced to 39, and 37 per cent had a regular 5-day week.
In no year did over 2 per cent of all employees work a 7-day week.
The working time of all employees in 1929 is given in Table D.
Of the 1,800 employees in this table, 495 worked days only, 37 nights
only, and 1,268 alternated or rotated from day to night work. Thirtyeight employees had a customary working time of 12 hours or its
equivalent each day they were on duty, while 1,007 had a day of 9 hours
or less. Employees shown in Table D include all wage earners of the
department, whether or not directly connected with the furnaces or
muck-rolls. To give a better idea of the working time of employees
directly connected with the puddling furnaces, the table includes
separate figures for puddlers, level-handed. The work of puddlers,
level-handed, is the same as that of a puddler and his helper, the only
difference being that each of two puddlers, level-handed, operating
a furnace assumes an equal amount of responsibility with the earn
ings divided equally, while a puddler assumes full responsibility,
usually paying his helper 30 to 40 per cent of the furnace earn
ings. Of the 702 employees who worked as puddlers, level-handed,
87 worked days only, while the remainder alternated from day to
night duty. Of the total puddlers, level-handed, 406, or approxi
mately 58 per cent, customarily worked 5 days each week. This gives
an excellent idea of the operating conditions in this department.
Two employees had a customary week of 30 hours, which was due to
one plant operating its muck rolls on a 12-hour shift, but splitting the
furnace crews into 2 shifts of 6 hours each in order to provide labor
for as many employees as possible. Most of the puddlers in this plant
£t!b i)L IN G MILLS
89
work with a helper, and are not included in this occupation, but are
shown on page 96, in Table D.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in five principal
occupations by average full-time hours per week. The table shows
that out of a total of 1,160 in the 5 occupations, 397 worked between
40 and 44 hours, 661 between 48 and 56, while only 23 worked as many
as 60 hours per week.
Earnings per hour have more than doubled during the period 1914
to 1929, having risen from 32.8 cents in 1914 to the high point of 88.5
cents in 1920, or an increase of 170 per cent. In 1922 earnings in this
department as in all other departments declined, having dropped to
49.6 cents but in 1924 advanced to 72.1 cents. The year 1926 brought
another decline and earnings dropped to 65.7 cents, nearly 4J^ per
cent less than the hourly earnings of 68.6 cents for 1929. Tonnage
rates paid in most plants in this department are based directly on the
selling price of the product; that is, at the close of regular intervals
rates are adjusted in accordance with the price of bar iron during that
period. Thus, rates paid in this department in most occupations are
subject to wide fluctuations in a 2 or 3 year study such as this bureau
makes. However, it might be noted that the tonnage rates paid in
January, 1926, were practically the same as those paid in March, 1929.
Hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occupations
are shown in Table A; for example, puddlers, level-handed, earned an
average of 41.6 cents per hour in 1914, which dropped to 39.2 cents
in 1915. During the period of the 1919 study earnings were $1,101
per hour, or 165 per cent more than in 1914. This was further
increased to $1,227 in 1920, the peak for earnings of employees in this
occupation.
There was a slump in the industry in 1921, the effect of which was
still evident in 1922, the average being 62.9 cents for that year.
However, by 1924 earnings had regained most of the loss suffered in
1922, and puddlers, level-handed, earned $1,051 per hour. Earnings
in 1926 dropped to 87.7 cents, which is only slightly less than the
average of 88 cents for 1929. A distribution of employees according
to average earnings per hour in five principal occupations is shown in
Table F.
As average hours per week for the department did not show any
decided change over the period 1914 to 1929, average full-time
weekly earnings followed very closely the trend of hourly earnings.
In 1914 weekly earnings were $17.45, which increased until they
reached $47.70 in 1920, an increase of 173 per cent over 1914. There
was a decided reduction in weekly earnings in 1922, to $25.84, but an
increase to $40.16 in 1924. Earnings were $34.51 in 1929, which is a
slight increase over 1926, when the average was $34.23. Weekly
earnings in the various principal occupations show like changes over
the period 1914 to 1929. Puddlers, level-handed, for example,
earned $20.37 in 1914 as compared with $62.25 in 1920, and $29.22 in
1922, which is 43 per cent above the 1914 average. In 1924 earnings
increased to $48.39, which was $5.15 more than in 1926. Due to the
decrease in full-time weekly hours between 1926 and 1929, weekly
earnings decreased to $40.74 in the latter year, but were exactly twice
as high as in 1914.
The 1,467 employees in the principal occupations worked an
average of 83.5 hours during the 15-day pay period covered by this
%
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
study, for which they received an average of $60.68, which includes
all the hours worked and earnings received by these employees as
shown in Table C. This compares with an average of 81.9 hours and
$56.19 for all employees in all occupations during the same period.
Roll engineers worked the most time, 124.8 hours, and heaters’ help
ers the least, 68.7 hours. Laborers received the least money, $37.19,
while rollers—a highly skilled occupation—earned the largest amount,
$120.74. The next largest amount, $105.80, was earned by heaters.
A classification of employees in five principal occupations, by hours
actually worked in 1929, is made in Table G. This table shows that
puddlers, level-handed, had the largest number of employees, 64,
working under 32 hours per pay-roll period while rollers had the least.
The occupation of laborers shows the widest variation in hours, 9
having worked under 32 and 1 over 156 and under 168 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different occu
pations as well as for employees in the same occupation. Laborers
earned from less than $5 for the period to $60 and under $65. Pud
dlers, level-handed, earned from $5 and under $10 to $130 and under
$140, while two rollers earned between $200 and $250.
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1929 , by occu
pation— Puddling Mills
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1914...........
1915______
1919...........
1920 .........
1922..........
1924...........
1926______
1929...........
Puddlers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922..........
1924...........
1926______
1929______
Puddlers, level
handed:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1029..........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em
of
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week
were—
48
and
un
der
Over
Over
Over
72,
48,
60,
un 60 un 72 un 84
der
der
der
72
60
84
28
28
11
15
13
17
13
11
300
304
141
407
214
188
134
86
57.6 $0.205 $11.78
.204 11.85
58.1
59.9
.486 29.11
61.3
.504 31.30
58.9
.396 23.64
57.4
.480 27.50
51.1
.527 26.93
51.1
.524 26.78
100
101
104
106
102
100
89
89
100
100
237
246
193
234
257
256
100
101
247
266
201
233
229
227
12
10
11
1
8
1
28
19
45
42
11
12
32
59
55
63
13
13
7
8
9
11
8
7
458
422
176
187
203
293
185
169
54.8
52.4
50.9
49.2
48.5
52.8
53.5
52.1
.416
.390
1.126
1.311
.687
.912
.767
.784
22.76
20.45
57.31
64.69
33.49
48.10
41.03
40.85
100
96
93
90
89
96
98
95
100
94
271
315
165
219
184
188
100
90
252
284
147
211
180
179
2
2
31
37
44
3
2
7
98
98
69
63
56
97
97
93
17 896 49.3
17 924 48.0
9 512 48.8
11 860 50.8
12 936 74.0
16 1,275 45.7
11 922 49.3
9 702 46.3
.416
.392
1.101
1.227
.629
1.051
.877
.880
20.37
18.60
53.73
62.26
29.22
48.39
43.24
40.74
100
97
99
103
95
93
100
94 ,
100
94
265
295
151
253
211
212
100
91
264
306
143
238
212
200
49
65
26
23
59
45
52
£5
51
35
74
77
40
55
47
45
1 Less than 1per cent.
Index numbers
(1914=100)
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
per
ings time ings earn
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
11
12
15
29
7
13
13
15
30
34
61
55
53
27
3
1
1
2
3
0)
1
1
3
<«•
PUDDLING MILLS
91
istomary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
r week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1929 , by occupatii
Hills—
Dccup:
and j
Aver
age
fiUltime
hours
per
week
tiddl
aelpen
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
jaters:
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
jaters’
irs:
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
oom b
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
>11eng
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
)llers:
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
>ugher
1914.
1915.
1919.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
C o n t in u e d
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1914=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
72,
60,
per
ings time ings earn and 48,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour
der
week per hour per der der
der
72
week
60
84
week
55.2 $0,241 $13.25
.224 11.78
52.8
50.6
.695 35.17
49.4
.859 42.37
.421 20.59
48.7
53.2
.590 31.28
27.61
53.4
51.7
.519 26.83
100
96
92
89
88
96
97
94
100
93
288
356
175
245
215
215
100
89
265
320
155
236
208
202
2
2
33
30
37
4
2
12
98
98
67
70
63
96
99
88
51.0
50.9
55.0
61.8
53.8
52.8
54.2
50.8
.709
.730
1.165
1.426
.915
1.349
1.236
1.374
35.28
36.37
64.08
88.13
48.38
72.36
66.99
69.80
100
100
108
121
105
104
106
100
100
103
164
201
129
190
174
194
100
103
182
250
137
205
190
198
48
44
44
48
100
50
9
50
91
100
100
52.3
52.3
55.0
57.0
54.7
54.3
54.3
52.9
.311
.308
.577
.546
.450
.583
.595
.611
15.63
15.63
31.74
31.12
23.99
31.59
32.31
32.32
100
100
105
109
105
104
104
101
100
99
186
176
145
188
191
196
100
99
203
199
153
202
207
207
50
46
29
35
100
100
100
95
92
100
54.3
53.9
52.9
53.2
51.0
51.7
51.2
51.3
.201
.199
.656
.656
.365
.525
.531
.479
10.79
10.62
34.70
34.78
18.20
26.34
27.19
24.57
100
99
97
98
94
95
94
94
100
99
326
326
182
261
264
238
100
98
322
322
169
244
252
228
16
18
27
34
41
22
25
33
66.9
66.9
65.2
72.5
65.4
64.7
62.3
62.1
.239
.242
.535
.674
.425
.531
.574
.540
15.92
16.14
34.88
48.79
27.87
34.45
35.76
33.53
100
100
97
108
98
97
93
93
100
101
224
282
178
222
236
226
100
101
219
306
175
216
225
211
53.1
52.4
47.0
50.8
48.4
51.2
50.9
51.7
.573 29.38
.583 29.89
1.843 86.62
2.197 108.15
.899 42.95
1.252 63.66
1.200 61.08
1.235 63185
100
99
89
96
91
96
96
97
100
102
322
383
157
218
209
216
51.9
51.8
45.2
49.7
47.2
50.4
48.7
48.1
.436
.426
1.298
l; 407
.587
.877
.748
.753
100
100
87
96
91
97
92
93
100
98
298
323
135
201
172
173
22.17
21.69
58.67
68.75
27.69
43.35
36.43
36.22
5
5
8
8
100
13
12
7
73
5
68 3
54
53 ’ T
28 16
67 8
70 5
62 5
6
12
19
5
16
3
14
19
30
31
11
11
4
4
7 4
6 6
10 25
6 25
45
40
32
29
54
35
100
102
295
368
146
217
208
217
23
25
53
29
52
29
33
25
68
63
47
68
42
62
63
70
100
98
265
310
125
196
164
163
39
41
64
39
47
24
41
48
44
45
36
48
47
64
53
43
12
8
8
9
9
16
32
36
12
38
7
13
15
13 -----
3
3
6
9
3
6
5
4
5
5
3
3
14
12
12
7
4
6
9
7
4
4
16 ’ ” 8
8 21
14
13
6
10
10
13
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
92
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1929, by occu
pation— P u d d lin g M ills— C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Num-JAver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em
of
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Catchers:
Index numbers
(1914=100)
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Full
ings earn Full Earn time
per
ings time ings earn
hours
per
hour
per ings
week per hour
per
week
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week
were—
<Dver
(Dver
Dver
{ 48,
60,
72,
un 60 un 72 un 84
der
der
der
72
60
84
48
and
un
der
91
88
34
42
55
69
41
30
53.4 !$0.362 $18.99
52.8
.363 18.89
48.2 1.269 61.17
50.7 1.291 64.07
47.9
.572 27.28
50.9
.856 42.75
50.9
.698 35.53
50.4 1 .806 40.62
100
99
322
337
144
225
187
214
21
22
47
33
45
23
24
33
69
68
53
62
51
67
73
63
97
94
34
37
50
54
43
28
54.4
53.8
51.8
56.5
48.0
51.9
50.1
52.3
.251
.233
.862
.868
.457
.638
.539
.541
13.58
12.40
44.65
49.64
21.57
33.02
27.00
28.29
100
91
329
366
159
243
199
208
19
19
32
8
78
19
30
14
60 4
61 4
50
59 ' T
18 4
72 4
67 2
79 7
17
14
11
15
15
15
6
5
51.9
53.6
50.7
51.5
51.6
53.9
51.9
55.3
.286
.295
.624
.946
.469
.559
.439
.479
14.75
15.86
31.64
48.94
24.00
30.12
22.78
26.49
100
100
108
215
332
163
204
154
180
18
21
45
27
33
82
64
55
73
40
73
33
40
117
112
56
81
67
84
65
45
54.2
54.2
52.0
57.0
50.3
52.5
51.2
5.09
.245
.243
.655
.666
.416
.571
.539
.572
13.10
12.98
34.06
38.21
20.91
30.01
27.60
29.11
100
100
100
21
22
27
1914_ . . .
1915--..
191 9
192 0
1922___
1924...,
1926-—
1929-..........
43
39
28
45
38
36
23
16
57.3
57.8
57.6
55.2
52.4
52.6
52.8
54.1
.239
.247
.528
.662
.455
.570
.638
.573
13.70
14.40
30.41
36.73
23.75
29.80
33.69
31.00
100
101
101
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922_______
1924______
1926_______
1929----------
110
109
57
70
84
96
54
28
58.0
58.1
57.6
60.9
55.1
50.5
50.6
54.0
.192
.196
.473
.527
.385
.513
.588
.464
11.23
11.50
27.24
32.24
21.09
25.77
29.75
25.06
100
100
322 59.5
303 57.5
236 64.1
440 65.3
382 59.2
341 59.5
151 57.1
78 54.5
.173
.167
.436
.457
.305
.355
.357
.389
10.35
9.66
27.95
30.41
18.44
21.31
20.38
21.20
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922............
1924............
1926............
1929............
Hook-ups:
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922.......... .
1924.......... .
1926.......... .
1929 ...........
Roll hands,
other:
1914 ......... .
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924______
1926..........
1929_____
Hotbed men:
191 4
191 5 _
1919-...
1920....
1922-...
1924___
1926___
1929-----
Shearmen:
Shearm en's
helpers:
Laborers:
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922............
1924_______
1926_______
1929...........
i
!
!
i
103
98
99
99
104
100
107
96
105
93
97
94
94
100
103
218
331
164
195
154
167
100
99
267
272
170
233
220
99
260
292
160
229
211
222
100
103
221
277
190
238
267
240
100
105
222
268
173
218
246
100
102
246
274
201
267
306
242
100
102
99
105
95
87
87
93
100
97
108
110
99
100
96
92
100
97
252
264
176
205
206
225
100
96
91
92
92
94
33
40
5
6
5
4
3
2
3
7
18
16
18
27
6
14
27
27
33
20
60
19
23
24
59 3
54 4
57
69 " 4"
30 3
74 2
71
6
73 2
16
21
16
27
7
5
7
2
42
28
31
13
60 21
56 18
57 18
71 18
39 8
50 6
51 17
69 19
19
26
18
9
11
17
60 9
58 9
53
30 ’ l4’
42 6
35 4
36 13
75 14
31
33
35
54
29
13
243
12
287
188 ” 24*
229 48
265 52
223
7
93
270
294
178
206
196
205
4
5
3
3
36
49
22
9
31
44
50
72
42
35
14
33
35
30
44
26
1
4
1
21
16
56
6
22 35
34
26
1 2
3
PUDDLING MILLS
T able
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified
number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929 , by year— Puddling Mills
Number of employees whose customary
turns per week were—
Year
1914
1915
1920____
1922
1924
1926
1929
93
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
29
29
15
13
17
13
11
4,606
4,472
3,363
2,859
3,428
2,488
1,800
5
600
1,093
16
480
278
138
662
1Less than 1 per cent.
97114°—30------ 7
5, 5, 5 and
and 6 al
6 in ter
rota nately
tion
365
497
430
425
67
2,889
2,238
2,015
1,337
2,127
1,674
700
6
681
595
865
552
884
608
412
6 and
7 al
ter
nately
26
24
2
9
16
16
8
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary turns per week were—
7
5
45
25
35
56
56
52
18
13
24
0)
17
8
5
37
5, 5,
and 6 56and
al
in
ter
rota nately
tion
8
11
13
15
2
63
50
60
47
62
67
39
6
15
13
26
19
26
24
23
6 and
7 al 7
ter
nately
1
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
Jg
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation— P u d d lin g M ills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Occupation
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
week
turn
5.6
5.5
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.4
6.1
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.6
9.1
9.5
8.8
9.4
9.1
9.4
9.5
10.1
9.5
9.2
9.4
9.6
10.1
9.4
9.6
9.5
9.7
51.1
52.1
46.3
51.7
50.8
52.9
51.3
62.1
51.7
48.1
50.4
52.3
55.3
50.9
54.1
54.5
54.0
86
169
702
191
5
4
21
16
20
23
30
28
5
45
16
78
28
92.6
80.9
76.5
76.4
77.0
58.9
92.3
123.7
96.8
87.8
93.6
93.1
82.8
87.7
104.9
88.8
102.2
$48.55
63.39
67.34
39.68
105.80
35.95
44.23
66.80
119.54
66.09
75.47
50. 36
39.69
50.22
60.11
34.54
47.43
$0.524
.784
.880
.519
1.374
.611
.479
.540
1.235
.753
.808
.541
.479
.572
.573
.389
.464
$26.78
40.85
40.74
26.83
69.80
32.32
24. 57
33.53
63.85
36.22
40.62
28.29
26.49
29.11
31.00
21.20
25.06
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
95.9
84.4
77.6
77.6
77.0
68.7
97.6
124.8
98.9
89.3
95.4
94.9
84.8
90.2
107.1
93.5
103.1
$49.91
65.29
68.15
40.34
105.80
39.88
45.67
67.92
120.74
66.71
76. 55
51.17
41.32
51.28
61.17
37.19
47.75
$0.521
.774
.878
.520
1.374
.581
.468
.544
1.221
.747
.802
.540
.487
«569
.571
.398
.463
LABOR— IRON
10
83
148
593
156
5
4
19
16
19
22
30
27
4
40
16
66
28
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per week
OF
AND
STEEL
11
7
9
8
3
2
10
9
9
8
11
10
3
9
10
9
Earnings
HOURS
Stockers....... ........................................
Puddlers_________ ______ __________
Puddlers, level-handed____________
Puddlers’ helpers_______ __________
Heaters___________________________
Heaters’ helpers___________________
Bloom boys_______________________
Roll engineers _____ _
Hollers___________________________
Iloughers_________________________
Catchers__________________________
Hook-ups............... ................. ...........
Roll hands, other__________________
Hotbed men______________________
Shearmen _______________________
Laborers____ _____ ______________ _
Shearmen’s helpers______ _______ __
Hours
worked
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
WAGES
Positions
CUDDLING MILLS
T able
95
B ;— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week
1
P u ddlin g M ills
ALL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Hours
Mon
Per
day to Satur- Sunday week
Friday
Turns
per
Mon
Per
day to Satur Sunday week
Friday day
Number of
employees
who worked
Aver each speci
fied com
age
hours bination of
customary
turns and
hours
Group A.—Day turn only
12
12
10M
12
10K
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
12
12
io n
12
m
10
84
72
63
60
60
60
58
56
55
54
53
52H
50
50
48
45
44
33
84
72
63
60
58
56
55
54
53
52M
50
50
48
45
44
33
8
6
5
9
8
m
9
8
Total-
1
2
1
19
1
71
65
11
29
27
57
53
60
34
4
43
7
10
495
Group B.—Night turn only
7
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
12
13
12
12
12
10
10
9
12
12
12
8
12
10
84
73
72
72
60
60
50
45
84
73
72
72
60
60
50
45
3
1
2
14
3
5
2
7
37
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
10
12
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
10
10
10
9
m
8
10
8
6
8
"m
Total-
"55‘
60
58
56
50
54
48
"42M
40
36^
30
12
14
12
14
12
14
14
14
12
12
12
14
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
10
12
11
11
10
8
8
16
8
8
00 00
‘if
12
84
60
76
60
60
72
72
72
60
60
60
64
63H
50
56
OOOO
10
8
10
12
0000
11
11
10
12
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
m
8
m
84
96
72
82 1
82 \
84 J
72
60
72
60
60
55
55
66
56 }
56
55
50
50
50
50
45 ,
48
48 }
42H
40
39
30
84
78
74
4
2
6
73X
6
72
66
66
60
60
59^
59X
58
56
55
55
54
53
50
m
5
2
1
2
1
4
24
8
10
5
36
143
198
56
284
2
432
2
2
33
48
42H
40
37^
30
1,268
96
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
.f000— P u d d lin g M ills — Continued
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon Satur
Per
Sunday week
day to
Friday day
Turns
per
Mon Satur
Per
week day
to
Sunday week
Friday day
Number of
employees
who worked
each
Aver fied speci
com
age
of
hours bination
customary
per
turns
and
week
hours
PUDDLERS, LEVEL HANDED, ONLY
10
10
10
9
8H
8
7H
58
56
53
52H
50
54
42H
30
50
10
45
42X
30
8X
6
58
53
53
52X
50
49H
42X
30
26
21
20
24
17
205
387
2
Total-
T able
702
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in five specified occu
pations, 1929 — P uddling M ills
Occupation
Puddlers_____________ ________
Puddlers, level-handed...............
Puddlers' helpers................... .
Rollers_______________________
Laborers__ - _. . . . _. . . . _______
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Num Num Average
ber of ber of full-time
estab
em
hours
Over
lish
Un 40,
44, Over
48,
56,
ments ployees per week der under under under
60
72
under
44
40
48
56
60
7
9
8
9
9
169
702
191
20
78
52.1
46.3
51.7
51.7
54.5
11
2
16
387
6
4
1
150
287
161
10
53
8
26
8
4
3
1
20
2
T a b l e F . — Average and classified earnings per hour in five specified occupations, 1929— P u d d lin g M ills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Occupation
Puddlers _
Puddlers, level-handed.........
Puddlers’ helpers Rollers_____________ _____
Laborers _
169
702
191
20
78
$0,784
.880
.519
1.235
.389
1
2
3
4
9
11
6
2
21
48
1
2
1 “ 16"
136
13
1
1
45
7
1
29
38
30
3
4
100
55
2
3
5
47
3
168
9
148
8
107
1
1
38
1
13
120, 130, 170, 180,
un un un un
der der der der
130 140 180 190
4
200,
un
der
225
225,
un
der
250
1
4
1
3
1
1
1
G.— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in five specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929— Puddling
Mills
Puddlers.......................
Puddlers, level-handed
Puddlers, helpers.........
Boilers................. .........
Laborers_____ ________
169
702
191
20
78
84.4
77.6
77.6
98.9
93.5
2
35
5
1
1
4
25
8
16
37
14
5
3
28
44
19
2
2
7
29
16
2
9
44
6
1
3
14
8
11
8
85
6
2
3
6
5
11
6
204
14
5
1
8
2
6
25
100
21
2
11
3
4
5
23
16
18
6
11
MILLS
Occupation
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Num Aver
ber of
age
Over Over
Over Over
Over Over
Over
Over
Over
em
hours Un 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72,
104, 112, 120 120, 132, 144 144, 156,
96,
88,
80,
ploy- worked der un un un un un un 80
104 under
under under
under under
under
under 88 under 96 under
der der der der der der
144
104
112
132
156
168
120
96
40 48 56 64
72 80
88
PUDDLING
T able
Num Average
ber of earnings
25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110,
em
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
ployees per hour Un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
85 90 95 100 110 1-20
80
55
60
65 70 75
25 30 35 40 45 50
2
1
4
4
3
8
4
4
1
1
1
CD
-<r
T a b l e I I .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in five specified occupations in pay period covered 1929— P u d d l i n g
M ills
SO
00
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
$5
20
78
$65.29
68.15
40.34
120. 74
37.19
$45, $50, $55,
$70, $75, $80, $85,
$100, $110, $120, $130, $160, '$180, $200,
un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der
$15 $20
$30 $35 $40
$50 $55 $60
$75 $80 $85
$100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $180
un un un
der der der
un un un
der der der
un un un un
der der der der
•$200
$250
14
HOURS
OF LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEL
169
702
191
$25, $30, $35,
un un
der der
AND
Puddlers......................
Puddlers, level-handed
Puddlers’ helpers.........
Rollers______________
Laborers_____________
$10, $15,
WAGES
Occupation
Average
Number earnings
of em
pay Un
ployees per
period der
BLOOMING MILLS
Data for 1929 were collected from pay rolls of 30 blooming-mill
establishments located in 9 States and cover 6,266 employees in all
occupations. ^Of this number, 1,686 were in the principal occupa
tions, for which separate figures are shown. While the 1929 study
includes 3 more establishments than were covered in 1926, the total
number of employees in all occupations was increased by only 78
and in the principal occupations by only 16. Comparable data for
this department were first obtained in 1910, the 1910 to 1914 figures
obtained being for principal occupations only, while 1914 and all
subsequent years include all employees in all occupations.1 Com
parable data are presented in Table A for employees in the principal
occupations from 1910 to 1929.
While the hours of labor of blooming-mill employees have de
creased materially in recent years, there was a slight increase in 1929
over 1926 for the department as a whole. Average hours per week
were 54.2 in 1926, the lowest figure shown for any year, as compared
with 55 in 1929, which shows a considerable decrease in full-time
hours from 70.5 in 1914. Until the summer of 1923 this depart
ment, while showing a gradual decrease from earlier years in working
time of employees, was still largely on a 12-hour basis, with some of
the employees working 7 days per week. There was a general reduc
tion in the daily hours of labor in the latter part of 1923, a large
number of the plants having adopted the 8-hour day, which brought
full-time weekly hours down to 54.6 in 1924. Average full-time
hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week
for the department as a whole from 1913 to 1929 are shown in
Table 1, page 4.
A comparison of full-time hours per week for employees in the
various principal occupations may be made from Table A. In 1914
the average full-time hours per week for all employees in the prin
cipal occupations combined were 67.9 as compared with 70.5 for all
employees in all occupations. In 1929, when the average for all
employees in all occupations was 55 hours per week, the average for
all employees in the principal occupations combined was 55.2 hours.
When attention is turned to the various occupations, it will be ob
served that 11 out of the 12 principal occupations had an increase in
average full-time hours per week in 1929 over similar figures for
1926, these increases ranging from 0.1 hour for bottom makers to
2.7 hours for shearmen's helpers. The occupation of bottom makers'
helpers was the only one to show a decrease in average hours per
week, the average for 1926 being 54.4 as compared with 53.7 for 1929.
The average of 57 hours for laborers was. the highest, while that of
53.4 for rollers was the lowest.
While hours per day and per week were less in the years 1924, 1926,
and 1929 than in 1922 and earlier years, there has been a tendency
toward an increase in 7-day week work. Most plants do not operate
on a 7-day week basis, but “ light up” and repair work furnishes a
7-day week for a part of the force. Table B shows that in 1914 there
\Pata were not obtained in 1916,, 1918,1921^ 1923^ 1925^ 1927,, and 1928.
99
100
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
were only 11 per cent of all employees working on a 7-day week
basis, while 74 per cent worked 6 days per week regularly and 10 per
cent of the employees alternated or rotated from 6 to 7 days per week.
These percentages did not change to any great extent until 1920,
when 15 per cent of all employees regularly worked a week of 7 days
and the number of 6-day workers decreased to 67 per cent. In 1922
there was a further increase in 7-day workers to 18 per cent and a
decrease in 6-day workers to 56 per cent, while 21 per cent alternated
or rotated from 6 to 7 days. After the adoption of the 8-hour day in
1923 weekly turns had increased until 21 per cent in 1924 were work
ing 7 days a week regularly and 35 per cent alternated or rotated
from 6 to 7 days, while only 38 per cent wTorked a 6-day weekregularly. Seven-day work decreased somewhat in 1926. Comparing
1929 with 1926, the per cent of 6-day workers remained the same
for both years, 46, while the per cent of 7-day workers increased from
20 in 1926 to 31 in 1929 and the number who alternated or rotated
from 6 to 7 days remained unchanged. The increase in per cent of
7-day workers in 1929 is due in part to changes in working time in
some plants covered in both years and to the inclusion in the 1929
survey of plants not covered in earlier years, in which most employees
were on a 7-day week basis.
From Table D a good idea of the working time of employees may
be obtained. By grouping the employees according to the hours per
day, it may be seen that in 1929, of the 6,266 employees covered,
4,399 had working time of 8 hours or less per day, of which 1,887
regularly worked a 6-day week and 1,433 a 7-day week. Only 180
worked as many as 12 hours per day regularly or its equivalent—
that is, 11 hours one week and 13 the next—or i0% one week and 13%
the next, etc. The figures presented in Table D cover many mis
cellaneous employees who are not directly connected with production,
and in order to show conditions as they apply to the producing crew
separate figures are given for the occupation of rollers. Of the 87
employees who worked as rollers during the pay period, 69 worked 8
hours per day, while only 4 had a day of 12 hours; 33 employees had a
working week of less than 50 hours, 40 a week of over 50 and under 60
hours, and the remaining 14 one of 60 hours or over.
Table E shows the distributioji of employees in six principal occupa
tions according of their average full-time hours per week. From this
table it is seen that 249 of these employees had an average week of
48 hours and 25 an average of 84 and over, while 569 had an average
of between 48 and 60 hours. While hours of labor in blooming mills
showed little change from 1924 to 1929, the trend in hourly earnings
has been decidedly upward. In 1914 the average hourly earnings
for all employees was 26.9 cents, which increased to 65.9 cents in 1920
and then dropped to 47.2 cents in 1922, the lowest figure shown by any
survey since the war period. Average earnings then steadily increased
to 61.3 cents in 1924, to 62.7 cents in 1926, and to 66.6 cents in 1929,
which is the highest average shown for any year, being an increase of
148 per cent over 1914, or practically two and one-half times the
earnings in 1914. The hourly earnings for the various principal
occupations are shown in Table A.
The hourly earnings of rollers may be taken as example of the in
creases that have taken place since 1910, the first year for which
figures were obtained. In 1910 rollers earned an average of 60.5
BLOOMING MILLS
101
cents per hour as compared with 70.1 cents in 1913. In 1914 and
1915 hourly earnings decreased slightly, but increased to 91.2 cents
in 1917. In 1920, when hourly earnings for the industry as a whole
reached their highest point, rollers received an average of $1,473 per
hour. Earnings fell, however, to $1,175 in 1922, but increased again
to $1,400 in 1924, to $1,498 in 1926, and to $1,542 in 1929, which is
higher than the average for any other year.
A distribution by average hourly earnings of the employees in six
of the principal occupations in 1929 is shown in Table F. From this
table may be seen the number receiving the various rates per hour.
Hourly earnings for the other occupations of similar skill would show
the same general spread as the distribution shown for these occupa
tions.
Average full-time weekly earnings in 1929 show a large increase
over 1914 and 1915, and were higher than in any previous year, with
the exception of 1920, when they reached their highest point. In 1914
the average full-time weekly earnings for all employees were $18.96, in
1915 the figure stood at $19.03, and in 1920 the average had risen to
$44.48, but in 1922 had decreased to $32.10. Between 1922 and
1926 there was an increase from $32.10 to $33.98 and another in
crease in 1929 to $36.63. Weekly earnings for the various principal
occupations show like increases. Again using rollers as an example,
it will be seen that they earned $40 in 1910, $44.98 in 1913, $84.73 in
1920, and $71.31 in 1922. Between 1922 and 1924 there was a
material reduction in the full-time hours per week, but the increase
in hourly earnings during the same period more than compensated for
this decrease in hours and full-time weekly earnings in 1924 were
higher than in 1922, being $72.99 and $71.31, respectively. In 1926
the average was $77.90, or $4.44 less than the 1929 average of $82.34,
the highest point since 1920.
The 1,686 employees in the principal occupations worked an aver
age of 106.1 hours during the 15-day period covered by the 1929
survey and received an average of $87.92. During the same period
the 6,266 employees in all occupations worked an average of 107.4
hours and earned an average of $71.54. The hours and earnings of
employees in the principal occupations include all of the hours
worked and the earnings received by these employees, as shown in
Table C. Roll engineers worked the most time, 114.1 hours, and
laborers the least, 96.9 hours. Laborers also earned the least money,
$45.08, while rollers earned the most, $169.02.
A classification of employees in six principal occupations according
to hours worked is shown in Table G. This table shows the total
time worked by each employee during the pay-roll period scheduled.
Rollers worked from 40 and under 48 to 156 hours, while there were
67 laborers who worked less than 32 hours during the pay period and
1 who worked 192 hours and over.
In Table H a classification by earnings is made for the same six
occupations. A considerable variation in earnings in the different
occupations is shown. There were 40 laborers who earned less than
$5 and i who earned between $90 and $95 for the period, while the
earnings of rollers ranged from $70 and under $75 to $250 and over,
15 having earned $200 and under $250.
102
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occupa
tion— B loom in g M ills
Occupation
and year
Pit cranemen:
1910______
1911...........
1912.........
1913__.......
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919. .........
1920...........
1922__.......
1924„_.......
1926-.........
1929..........
Heaters:
1910-.........
1911...........
1912-.........
1913-.........
1914..........
1915_.........
1917_.........
1919______
1920...........
1922..........
1924_.........
1926______
1929______
Heaters’ help
ers:
1910...........
1911______
1912_.........
1913...........
1914..........
1915_.........
1917-.........
1919_.........
1920-.........
1922_.........
1924..........
1926-.........
1929______
Bottom mak
ers:
1910-.........
1911
1912..........
1913..........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919_.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929______
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
ees per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
Over
ings earn Full Earn time
Over
Over
60,
ings time ings earn 48, 48,
per
72,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour
week per
der
der
der
der
per
72
week hour week
60
84
18
18
18
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
25
27
30
99 69.6 $0.315 $21.41
95 68.8
.309 21.01
97 68.7
.328 22.33
115 69.3
369 25.39
124 66.6
357 23.29
119 66.7
375 24.44
71 66.0
.546 35.02
138 67.2
.816 54.84
138 62.4
871 54.07
156 68.6
611 42.00
189 54.8
.803 43.89
201 53.4
855 46.43
217 55.4
919 50.91
100
99
99
100
96
96
95
97
90
99
79
78
80
85
84
89
100
97
102
148
221
236
166
218
232
249
84
83
88
100
92
96
138
216
213
165
173
183
201
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
25
27
30
51
49
55
79
89
84
47
94
106
115
139
122
151
73.4
73.3
72.9
71.2
69.3
69.9
65.7
68.7
64.8
68.9
55.2
54.4
54.9
.521
.512
.552
.594
.542
.584
.756
1.191
1.271
.904
1.192
1.244
1.358
37.88
37.50
40.14
41.86
37.03
40.06
49.85
81.82
81.92
62.18
65.66
67.67
74.55
103
103
102
100
97
98
92
96
91
97
78
76
77
88
86
93
100
91
98
127
201
214
152
201
209
229
90
90
96
100
88
96
119
195
196
149
157
162
178
11
11
11
10
10
10
3
13
14
17
17
18
18
34
34
50
52
43
39
15
62
77
90
108
81
79
73.4
73.5
67.9
64.6
64.0
62.1
59.2
64.1
60.3
65.6
55.2
54.9
56.4
.344
.363
.352
.359
.337
.369
.611
.818
.828
.654
.827
.864
.853
24.62
26.71
23.63
22.76
20.95
22.48
37.66
52,43
49.37
43. 51
45.76
47.43
48.11
114
114
105
100
99
96
92
99
93
102
85
85
87
96
101
98
100
94
103
170
228
231
182
230
241
238
108
117
104
100
92
99
165
230
217
191
201
208
211
16
16
16
15
20
20
11
16
17
21
23
25
29
60
55
58
62
79
76
38
104
122
119
162
128
136
70.5
70.8
70.9
71.9
68.6
68.5
70.8
69.4
63.2
66.6
53.3
53.9
54.0
.335
.331
.347
.367
.370
.389
.497
.833
.890
.602
.769
.791
.860
23.26
23.24
24.44
26.32
24.68
25.77
34.59
57.81
56.50
40.22
40.99
42.63
46.44
98
98
99
100
95
95
98
97
88
93
74
75
75
91
90
95
100
101
106
135
227
243
164
210
216
234
88
88
93
100
94
98
131
220
215
153
156
162
176
5
5
21
6
12
22
24
13
19
11
7
.....
11
13
7
60
5
5
9
7
9
4
4
8
16
7
28
26
18
18
19
19
16
17 ‘ T
20 3
9
24
36
25 ”3*
5
55
59
70
11
15
19
12
11
5
6
6 " 2"
5 2
19
24 "" 2"
2
21
13
15
1
29
23
78
76
75
4
8
7
5
1
1
61
51
60
38
46
42
55
49
6 33
12 32
1
8
1
10
8
1
8
12
7
23
16
24
9
15
23
28
5
1
22
20
18
15
11
10
4
11
2
5
1
1
2
9
9
30
40
35
46
12
12
8
8
26
18
12
31
33
15
27
6
26
29
6
5
18
26
18
2
2
3
9’
10
37
51
42 ” 2’
76 4
78 2
75
10
11
10
10
19
20
16
10
25
24 ~ 2~
55
3
54
65 " T 1
1
6
10
12
12
13
51
49
46
52
44
44
56
46
33
18
1
r
35
35
32
19
14
26
13
5 40
8 10
4 17
5
7
9
3 80
5 67
5 69
6 48
5 39
3 38
53
2 63
16 25
11 29
10
15
10 Y
4
16
6
11
6
10
4
16
16
3
1
22
14
17 ~ 6
14
37 "~~6
3
3
2
2
2
6
6
8
7
9
7
7
9
10
26
5
28
3
33
5
26
4
14
20
18 922
3
5
ft
BLOOMING MILLS
103
A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occupa
tion— B loom in g M ills — Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Bottom mak
ers’ helpers:
1910..........
1911 . . .
1912
1913 —
1914 ___
1915...........
1917 . . .
1919
1920..........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Boll engineers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Rollers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913______
1914
1915
1917
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924
1926
1929...........
Manipulators:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914
1915
1917
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924
1926
1929
Table men:
1910...........
1911
1912...........
1913...........
1914
1915
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924
1926
X
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
ees per
week
70 3 $0,251 $17,23
70.3
.243 16,83
70.6
.257 17.95
.263 18.72
72.0
.273 18.45
69.8
70.5
.269 18.46
71.3
.384 26.74
68.8
.659 45.34
.654 43.05
64.6
.463 32.33
69.6
.632 33.69
53.3
.634 34.49
54.4
53.7
.663 35.60
98
98
98
100
97
98
99
96
90
97
74
76
75
95
92
98
100
104
102
146
251
249
176
240
241
252
92
13
90
13
96
12
100
9
99
9
9
99
8
8 ___
143
14
242 “ "9* 18
230 13 21
173
19 ”T
9
180 32 48 3
184 28 45 _
190 28 52 ’ i5*
70.9
70.9
68.4
68.5
65.6
65.4
63.8
64.1
60.9
63.3
55.2
54.6
56.6
.392
.385
.437
.471
.447
.471
.678
.971
1.077
.751
.928
.978
1.006
27.12
26.66
28.79
30.96
28.30
29.81
41.20
62.24
61.68
47.72
51.60
53.40
56.94
104
104
100
100
96
95
93
94
89
92
81
80
83
83
82
93
100
95
100
144
206
216
159
197
208
214
88
86
93
100
91
96
133
201
199
154
167
172
184
7
8
13
12
20
20
32
18
5
4
9
12
12
7
8
13
12
10
10
8
23
49
35
71
68
65
46
41
46
46
54
53
34
51
65
71
90
78
87
67.6
66.6
65.9
66.2
63.6
63.5
62.4
62.6
57.9
60.9
52.1
52,0
53.4
.605
.585
.632
.701
.684
.697
.912
1.389
1.473
1.175
1.400
1.498
1.542
40.00
38.49
40.53
44.98
42.44
43.26
55.64
86.95
84.73
71.31
72.99
77.90
82.34
102
101
100
100
96
96
94
95
87
92
79
79
81
86
83
90
100
98
99
130
198
210
168
200
214
220
89
86
90
100
94
96
124
193
188
159
162
173
183
52
48
49
60
62
60
34
65
82
88
102
87
91
68.4
67.9
66.8
65.3
62.4
63.4
62.4
62.4
58.7
61.6
52.9
52.6
54.3
.365
.350
.388
.431
.394
.420
.639
.935
.926
.692
.842
.901
1.010
24.21
23.26
24.92
26.86
23.95
25.81
37.75
58.34
53.80
42.58
44.57
47.39
54.84
105
104
102
100
96
97
96
96
90
94
81
81
83
85
81
90
100
91
97
148
217
215
161
195
209
234
90
87
93
100
89
96
141
217
200
159
166
176
204
12
12
13
13
17
17
9
13
14
21
20
21
25
47
46
50
65
70
76
44
112
135
188
231
171
164
18
18
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
23
23
25
22
42
40
46
52
60
59
37
60
63
78
76
76
65
18
18
19
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
25
27
30
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
25
27
29
13
13
13
12
14
14
4
9
14
15
14
14
15
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
Over
Over
time 48, Over
ings time ings earn
per
48,
60,
72,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour
week per hour per der der
der
der
60
72
week
84
week
36
35
35
31
36
34
13
33
53
57
58
45
48
69.3
68.7
68.7
68.0
63.6*
63.1
63.1
62.3
59.1
61.1
51.6
52.6
55.0
.271
.254
.285
.316
.314
.327
.414
.663
.687
.505
.659
.643
.656
18.03
17.05
19.00
20.95
19.36
19.94
25.51
41.30
40.31
31.56
34.31
33.82
36.08
102
101
101
100
94
93
93
92
87
90
76
77
81
86
80
90
100
99
103
131
210
217
160
209
203
208
86
81
91
100
92
95
122
197
192
151
164
161
172
79
65
60
51
44
38
59
43
28
21
___
_
’ 4"
9
11
4
4
24
9
31
4
34
39
5
9
18
17
13
29
40 " ’ "B
3
4
"3
15
5
3
___
10 45
13 38
9 24
8 37
3 43
2 46
38
" ’ T 37
3 22
12 18
12
16
17
17
14
20
15
33
9
29
4
17
3
15
3
22
12 " " ’ 7
17
13 “ *4
3
1
3 ” ’3
13
7
13
13
17
17
35
29
38
7
26
32
34
7
15 ___
13 ___
13
17 4
17 4
9
14
17 fi”
7
41
57 8
50 13
49 9
11 63
15 59
13 52
13 48
6 57
4 58
44
4 45
3 28
11 18
8
2
3
3
2 2
7
5
9 ___
13 ___
12
6
12
10
19
15
35
26
32
7
23
29
33
6
13
12
20
19
20
9
18
16
39
53
47
45
___
___
___
13 56
17 50
12 49
13 42
5 53
3 58
44
3 43
2 39
9 33
9
2
1
3
8
6
4
10
4
10
15 ___
11 56
17 49
17 49
13 55
3 58
3 56
38
6~ 42
4 36
7 21
3 3
9
4
6
11
6
6
11
6
11
13 -----
8
17
18
24
34
7
24
33
25
...»
___
___
"T
3
3
3
___
6
5
14
20
14
___
___
___
___
6
6
8
17
17
19
17
18
46
21 ___
13 6
5
39
69
53
56
7
1
9
4
14
23
1
12
4
4
9 ___
15 ___
2
12
3
6
5 ----8 ----5
15 ----6
8 ----21 ----13
104
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929 , by occupa
tion— Bloom ing Mills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Shearmen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926.........
1929.........
Shearm en’s
helpers:
1920...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915______
1917______
1919______
1920______
1922...........
1924______
192(3...........
1929...........
Laborers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Aver
Num age
Num ber of full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
ees per
week
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
60,
48, 48,
72,
un un 60 un 72 un 84
der
der der
der
60
72
84
$20.85
20.96
21.93
24.23
21.84
23.09
33.41
52.96
48.27
37.89
40.23
41.82
46.22
104
103
104
100
97
98
98
97
88
93
77
77
80
82
83
86
100
93
98
141
221
220
162
210
219
234
86
87
91
100
90
95
138
219
199
156
166
173
191
6
7
6
16
14
10
20
24
31
13
36
36
35
6 ___
7 ___
6
5
14 ” 3~
15 3
10
10
21 "T
23 4
48 10
49 14
51
7
8 58
13 61
12 65
11 50
8 62
6 66
57
3 53
5 28
14 29
3
2
1
1
4
13
9
8
18
15.15
14.90
15.93
18.17
17.23
17.35
27.60
41.97
38.95
29. 76
30.57
31.37
34.15
102
100
101
100
98
99
98
99
90
93
76
75
79
82
81
86
100
96
97
154
228
232
172
221
225
233
83
82
88
100
95
95
152
231
214
164
168
173
188
3
3
9 ___
9
9
8
11 "~5_
11
5
10
10
18 ~
~2
26 4
37 10
39 19
47 14
8 56
15 58
14 65
9 56
2 80
2 78
66
7 65
7 48
20 30
8
2
2 3
4
2
10
13
10
22
14
2
2
2
14
6
8
18
""'5
.162 11.97
.163 12.02
.164 12.13
.184 13.53
.187 13.39
. 187 13.49
.287 21.28
.469 32.83
.511 36.43
.350 24.84
.462 26.51
.451 25.39
.463 26.39
101
100
101
100
98
99
101
95
97
96
78
88
89
89
100
102
102
156
255
278
190
251
245
252
88
89
90
100
999
100
157
243
269
184
196
188
195
13
9
10
16
17
16
6
9
11
12
5
13
28
16
22
34
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
24
26
29
48
46
52
56
65
62
30
59
78
90
96
84
91
18
18
18
18
20
20
10
19
19
23
23
23
25
100
96
99
111
113
114
29
159
168
218
254
168
134
70.9
69.5
70.2
69.5
68.4
68.5
68.1
68.8
62.7
64.6
52.5
52.2
54.9
.218
.217
.230
.267
.256
.258
.412
.610
.619
.459
.590
.601
.622
19
19
19
19
22
22
11
19
18
23
24
22
28
449
363
396
352
267
290
388
440
439
682
742
429
423
74.1
73.7
73.8
73.4
71.7
72.3
74.3
70.0
71.1
70.7
57.4
56.3
57.0
1Less than 1 per cent.
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
ings time ings earn
per
per hours per ings
hour
week per hour per
week
week
70.0 $0.303
69.4
.306
69.8
.319
67.2
.370
65.0
345
65.9
362
65.9
523
64.9
.816
59.4
.813
62.8
.599
51.7
.777
51.5
.812
53.5
.864
78
5
3
3
10
8
16
2
43
37
28
(i)
0)
13
12
1
30
39
32
1
1
1
1
3
0)
10
22
16
33
2
4
3
3
4
2
5
1
3
14
27
27
20
54
59
57
54
69
66
66
14 43
10 38
5 35
19 2
14 4
12
13
7
3
16
8
4
4
"z
2
4
24
18
18
14
4
3
1
11
15
1
2
T a b l e B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929, by district and
year— B lo o m in g M ills
District and year
191 4
191 5
1920......................................
1922......................................
1924......................................
1926......................................
1929......................................
Pittsburgh:
191 4
191 5
1920......................................
1922......................................
1924......................................
1926......................................
1929......................................
{Jreat Lakes and Middle West
191 4
191 5
1920......................................
1922......................................
1924......................................
1926......................................
1929......................................
Southern:
191 4
191 5
1920......................................
1922......................................
1924......................................
1926......................................
1929...................................
Total:
191 4
191 5
1920......................................
1922......................................
1924......................................
1926......................................
» Less than 1 per cent.
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
5 and 6 5,6, and
alter 6 in ro
nately tation
248
239
248
630
603
743
1,216
1,364
1*750
1,716
2,650
2,788
3,024
128
118
155
346
289
351
288
5 and 6 5,6, and
alter 6 in ro
nately tation
10
11
29
156
125
220
113
18
20
16
86
112
130
196
136
133
168
272
476
288
793
879
966
1,154
883
1,133
1*375
1,772
21
78
643
265
148
129
193
397
287
28
133
17
9
61
64
294
744
792
1,266
1,610
1,959
2,056
2,128
652
672
811
870
630
838
644
6
12
27
70
419
200
361
28
34
81
254
37
41
45
7
18
19
56
467
319
266
406
658
812
264
388
455
437
601
475
184
174
333
354
122
282
172
5
5
8
43
37
19
7
108
109
172
79
85
31
58
170
191
124
172
243
515
740
227
413
182
10
21
19
65
665
492
732
284
294
543
776
1,164
1,267
1,925
2,476
2,659
3,652
4,411
5,649
6,188
9
184
50
38
17
225
357
36
35
666
7
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
1,843
1,930
2.453
2.453
2,174
2,846
2,876
16
75
81
64
148
1,062
465
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
17
22
16
(l)
14
19
17
31
11
10
10
16
18
10
26
0
0
24
0
51
56
7
7
26
22
21
32
38
29
12
39
32
26
2
2
1
0
(l)
0
0
11
0
1
1
1
12
8
12
11
11
15
18
21
20
31
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— B lo o m in g M ills
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the position
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupation only—
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Average
per hour
AND
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
WAGES
Occupations and district
Number
Hours
Turns
Hours
per week per turn per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
35
70
81
23
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.7
10.2
8.1
8.0
8.5
66.4
51.5
53.4
57.0
35
72
87
23
131.4
108.2
103.1
119.3
$103.69
101.39
104.00
94.62
$0.789
.937
1.009
.793
$52.39
48.26
53.88
45.20
134.3
109.8
104.3
119.3
$105.40
102.37
104.89
94.62
$0.785
.932
1.005
.793
6.5
8.5
55.4
217
111.1
102.09
.919
50.91
112.6
103.05
.915
5
10
11
4
16
58
59
11
6.4
6.5
6.7
6.7
10.4
8.0
8.0
8.7
66.8
51.8
54.0
58.2
17
63
60
11
124.0
96.5
111.5
118.5
156.94
139.49
150.49
135.32
1.266
1.446
1.349
1.142
84.57
74.90
72.85
66.46
128.1
97.2
113.5
118.5
158.69
140.20
152.31
135.32
1.239
1.442
1.342
1.142
Total...........................................
30
144
6.6
8.3
54.9
151
107.2
145. 52
1.358
74.55
108.7
146. 74
1.350
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern......................................
5
3
7
3
18
16
27
11
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.8
10.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
68.1
50.6
52.8
54.5
19
19
30
11
117.4
94.6
97.0
116.0
77.62
79.04
95.07
107.14
.661
.836
.981
.923
45.01
42.30
51.80
50.30
126.2
95.5
106.6
124.6
85.88
79.58
104. 71
116.44
.680
.834
.982
.935
18
72
6.5
8.6
56.4
79
104.0
88.70
.853
48.11
111.2
95.77
.862
4
10
11
4
18
50
44
13
6.7
6.4
6.5
6.7
9.7
8.0
8.0
8.6
64.3
51.4
51.8
57.2
20
57
46
13
109.2
91.2
104.2
114.9
65.08
93.14
91.57
72.21
.596
1.021
.879
.629
38.32
52.48
45.53
35.98
112.7
100.3
107.5
121.8
66.57
99.69
94.98
78.08
.591
.994
.884
.641
29
125
6.5
8.3
54.0
136
100.5
86.48
.860
46.44
106.6
91.16
.855
Total_____ . . . _______________
STEEL
209
AND
30
LABOR— IRON
Total________________ _______
Heaters:
Eastern........ ............. ....................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Southern...... .................................
OF
5
10
11
4
HOURS
Pit Cranemen:
Eastern.................- ........... - .........
Pittsburgh....................................
Great. Lakes and Middle West. _
Southern.......................................
Total......................................... .
Bottom makers:
Eastern........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Southern__________ __________ _
*
2
Bottom makers’ helpers:
Eastern......................... ................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern............. ......... ................
2
9
10
4
24
51
56
22
6.0
6.3
6.4
6.6
10.0
8.0
8.0
9.1
60.4
50.3
51.5
59.6
26
54
61
23
108.5
95.8
98.8
118.2
68.10
67.20
72.38
55.51
.628
.702
.732
.470
37.93
35.31
37.70
28.01
115.2
103.9
104.8
130.1
71.36
74.92
76.76
61.77
.619
.721
.732
.475
Total_______________________
25
153
6.3
8.5
53.7
164
102.1
67.63
.663
35.60
109.7
73.20
.667
Roll engineers:
Eastern..................... ....................
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
4
8
7
3
10
23
22
7
6.4
6.7
6.6
6.6
10.2
8.2
8.2
8.9
65.7
54.4
54.0
58.9
10
25
23
7
125.1
105.1
107,5
146.8
113.93
107.95
119.85
118.69
.911
1.027
1.115
.808
59.85
55.87
60.21
47.59
127.5
105.5
107.5
146.8
115.45
108.30
119.85
118.69
.905
1.026
1.115
.808
62
6.6
8.6
56.6
65
113.5
114.24
1.006
56.9,4
114.1
114.61
1.005
5
40
11
4
12
29
35
9
6.1
6.3
6.4
6.2
10.2
8.1
8.0
9.3
62.4
51.2
51.1
57.8
12
30
36
9
118.4
101.7
103.9
132.6
171.56
165.39
166.31
166.22
1.449
1.626
1.601
1.254
90.42
83.25
81.81
72.48
118.4
101.7
107.0
132.6
171.56
165.39
171.89
166.22
1.449
1.626
1.607
1.254
Total........................—...............
30
85
6.3
8.5
53.4
87
108.1
166.71
1.542
82.34
109.4
169.02
1.545
Manipulators:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Southern........................................
5
10
11
3
19
29
34
7
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.3
10.4
8.1
8.0
8.6
65.3
51.2
50.9
53.7
20
30
34
7
110.8
99.9
105.0
124.7
90.69
110.78
112.60
112.70
.819
1.109
1.073
.904
53.48
56.78
54.62
48.54
116.1
103.5
107.7
127.9
95.40
113.70
115.46
116.82
.822
1.099
1.072
.913
107.19 |
1.010
54.84 i
109.7
110.58
1.008
118.6
92.1
86.9
111.7
48.60
75.42
60.96
60.77
.409
.819
.702
.544
98.0
63.37
.647
Total.........................................
29
89
6.3
8.6
54.3
91
106.1
Table men:
Eastern_______ _______________
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern......................................
2
4
6
3
6
15
15
7
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.3
11.2
8.0
8.0
9.1
73.8
51.3
50.2
57.1
8
15
17
8
101.4
86.8
82.6
108.3
42.24
72.29
57.88
58.59
.417
.833
.701
.541
30.77
42.73
35.19
30.89
Total...........................................
15
43
6.3
8.6
55.0
48
91.3
59.89
.656
36.08 |
Shearmen:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Southern.......................................
5
10
11
3
12
34
38
6
6.1
6.4
6.4
6.3
10.2
8.2
8.0
8.7
62.4
52.7
51.2
54.7
12
35
38
6
119.1
102.2
106.6
108.2
92.54
91.62
95.96
71.08
.777
.897
.900
.657
48.48
47.27
46.08
35.94
122.7
103.8
111.9
115.2
96.18
93.06
99.07
74.35
.784
.897
.886
.646
Total________________________
29
90
6.3
8.4
53.5^
91
106.7
92.20
.864
46.22 I
110.4
94.75
.858
MILLS
22
BLOOMING
Total...........................................
Rollers:
Eastern............... ................. ........
Pittsburgh. ................................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Southern.......................................
o
-a
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— B l o o m in g M ills — C o n t in u e d
Average customary full-time
of employees in the position
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupation only—
Number
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Average
per hour
AND
Occupations and district
WAGES
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
38
42
32
10
6.1
6.3
6.3
6.3
10.0
8.3
8.0
8.8
60.9
52.6
50.6
55.5
40
47
34
13
108.9
95.1
104.0
79.0
$65.95
60.02
70.76
35.23
$0,606
.631
.680
.446
$36.91
33.19
34.41
24.75
111.3
100.0
111.9
91.1
$67.69
63.57
75.66
41.38
$0,608
636
.676
.454
25
122
6.2
8.8
54.9
134
99.9
62.11
.622
34.15
105.5
65.71
.623
5
10
9
4
25
175
107
33
6.1
6.3
6.6
6.3
10.2
8.9
8.6
9.5
62.5
56.0
56.5
59.7
27
236
121
39
104.3
85.5
99.5
96.6
39.57
39.95
51.69
31.62
.379
.467
.519
.327
23.69
26.15
29.32
19.52
107.2
89.1
106.7
106.8
41.06
41.92
55.55
34.48
.383
.470
.521
.323
Total......... .................................
28
340
6.4
8.9
57.0
423
91.7
42.52
.463
26.39
96.9
45.08
.465
LABOR— IRON
Total...........................................
Laborers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................... .............
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
OP
5
9
8
3
HOURS
Shearmens’ helpers:
Eastern.................... .....................
Pittsburgh ....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern........................................
AND
STEEL
g
OO
BLOOMING MILLS
109
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— B lo o m in g M ills
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
and South
East
Pitts
per
per
Total
week day Sat
Per week day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern
ur Sun
to
ur
to
dle
week
day
day
week
Fri day
Fri day
West
day
day
Group A.—Day turn only
7
7
7
7
7
11
12
ioy2
10
11
11
12
10M
10
11
12
12
io n
10
10
78
84
73X
70
76
97114°-- 30------ 8
7
7
7
7
7
13
12
13X
14
13
13
12
1&A
14
13
13
91
12
84
1SH 94^
14
98
13
91
m i
84
84
84
83X
2
66
4
2
1
8
2
67
8
4
2
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
n o
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— B lo o m in g M ills— C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
Great
age
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
and South
East
Pitts
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
week day
ur- Sun Per week
to
ur
to
dle
week
Fri day day week
Fri day day
West
day
day
G roup C.—W eekly chan ges fro m on e sh ift to an oth er—Continued
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
12
11
11
11
11
12
12
11
11
10
11
9h
11H
9H
11
m
10
10
10
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
5H
8
8
8
8
60
59
54
57
55H
56
56
7
8
8
4
52
6
7
7
10
8
6
8
8
48
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
54
54
56
48
48
48
48
7
8
8
io h
9
10
10
m
9
9H
10
m
10
10
10
10
10
9
m
10
m
8
12
11
11
11
10
12
12
11
11
10
11
9H
11 h
9H
11
m
io h
9
10
10
m
9
9H
6
12
11
9
12}/&
10
11
8
9
10
10
8
2H
10
10
10
9
9
9H
8H
8
10
13
9H
11H
9X
8
11
5}£ .....
9H
5H
10
12
12
13
13
12H "l 2 H
13
12 ~ 12~
12
13
" m
4
8
8
13
9H
70
70
70
60
70
60
60
63
63
70
60
67
62
59}
55}
65
55H
58
59H
52
56
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
13
12^
10
13
9H
11H
13
..
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
im
io n
9 1 9
10
6
13
13
12H
13
9H
13
m
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11H
10 H
9
78
78
78
B7H
78
72
72
78
75
70
78
57
69
70
78
57
60
70
66
60
60
60
70
60
70
69
63
63
10
!
10
9H:....... 9 H
8
9 sI 9
9 Hi1 6
9H
i m ....... 14
9H
9H
13H
10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9H
9H
10K!....... 6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
8
8
8
m
.......
sh
" m
8
8
12
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
11
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
8
8
12
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
57
62
63
66H
57
64^
60
60
60
57
57H
56
56
56
60
56
53^
51
60
52 }
56
59
54
54
56
56
78
77^
76H
76
72
72
72
70H
70
69^
69
67M
6 7H
78
3
14
1
4
2
2
1
50
4
65
8
97
15
1
2
4
66H
65
65
65
65
65
64H
63
63
62H
62
62
61}
61
61
1
7
75
2
4
2
4
34
3
34
3
7
79
3
5
10
2
4
4
4
3
1
1
4
7
2
9
2
2
2
129
4
25
258
4
24
2
20
40
6
20
56
523
17
630
2
3
14
1
4
65
2
10
1
163
4
1
2
93
50
2
4
9
2
2
2
25
4
407
24
2
40
6
17
1,266
50
2
2
54%
54
54
54
54
54
54
53H
7
6
4
2
20
19
4
2
6
7
6
6
20
19
4
2
6
13
BLOOMING MILLS
111
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— B lo o m in g M ills— C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South Total
per
per day Sat
Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern
Per week day
week to
to
ur
ur Sun
dle
day week
Fri day day
West
Fri day
day
day
G roup C.—W eekly chan ges from on e sh ift to an oth er—Continued
56
56
48
12
52
48
55M
56
46
Total.
8
8
8
8
10H
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
48
53H
56
48
53^
56
56
53H
56
60
53H
48
56
53M
56
51M 53H
55
53
48
52
48
52
56
52
56
48
58 } 51H
48
48 } 50H
48
48 ' 50H
48
50%
48
48
50%
48
56
50H
48
56
50H
48
56
50H
48
55
50H
48
55
50H
48
48
48
48
48
48 }* 8 H
48
48 ' 48
48
48
48 } 48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
40
}
44h
48
201
72
3
8
162
8
123
106
1
34
176
391
33
6
4
1
34
176
1
1
28
47
39
35
6
104
104
1
1
2
84
10
6
20
7
1
6
2
132
175
2
132
186
61
1,160
2
2
202
23
34
202
24
34
7
505
2,795
1,797
414
5,511
112
WAGES AND HOTJRS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week9
1929, by district— B lo o m in g M ills — C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Hours
Night turns
Hours
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
and South Total
Pitts
East
per
per- day Sat
Sat Sun Per week
ern
week day
Per week ern burgh Mid
ur Sun
to
ur day week
to
dle
Fri day
Fri day day week
West
day
day
ROLLERS ONLY
BLOOMING MILLS
T a b le
113
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per weele in six specified
occupations, 1929, by district— Bloom ing Mills
Occupation and district
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Pit cranemen:
Eastern______ _____________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern.................................
5
10
11
4
Total.....................................
30
Heaters:
Eastern______ _____________
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern __________________
5
10
11
4
30
Total____________________
Bottom makers:
Eastern____________________
Pittsburgh. .............................
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern__________________
Total____________________
Roll engineers:
Eastern_________________ _
Pittsburgh_________________
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern __________________
Total____________________
Rollers:
Eastern_________ ___ ______
Pittsburgh ........................ ......
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern ___________ ____
Total_______ ____________
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
Aver
week were—
age
full
Over
time
Over
Over 66,
Over
48,
hours
60,
56,
72, 84
per 48 un 56 un 60 un un 72 un and
week
der
der
der der
der
over
56
60
66 72
84
66.4
51.5
53.4
57.0
25
4
31
55
9
14
28
11
217 55.4
29
95
53
17
63
60
11
66.8
51.8
54.0
58.2
18
2
33
33
3
12
25
6
151
54.9
20
69 43
4
10
11
4
20 64.3
57 51.4
46 51.8
13 57.2
16
9
28
28
6
13
9
5
29
136 54.0
25
62
27
35
72
87
23
4
8
7
3
10
25
23
7
65.7
54.4 ~ T
3
54.0
2
58.9
22
65
56.6
5
10
11
4
12
30
36
9
62.4
51.2 ’ 19"
9
51.1
2
57.8
30
87 53.4
8
30
4 ___
23
4
2
4 —-
23
6
2 -----
8
4
2 L—
8
4
2
14
I! 2
14
3
3
4
3
2
2
3
4
2
I
2
1
9 10
7 9
2 | .~
3
....... 1
2 1— .
21 19
2
2
4
6
2
2
3
2
8
3 -----
6
2
6
24
3
3
35
6
2 I 8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Laborers:
Eastern_________________
Pittsburgh. .............................
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern__________________
5
10
9
4
27
236
121
39
62.5
56.0 133’
56.5
1
59.7 3
2
23
35 58
12 9
20
43
21
2
33
6
12
Total______ ___ __________
28
423
57.0 137
72 67
86
51
4
2
2
5
4
1
10
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929, by disirid
B lo o m in g M ills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Average 20, 30,
Number earnings
un un
of em
per
der der
ployees
hour
25 35
10
.937
1.009
.793
.919
190,
un
der
200
200,
un
der
225
225,
un
der
250
35
1.266
1.446
1.349
1.142
1.358
OF
2 .
4
_3________
16 |___■ 10
.879
.629
1
.911
1.027
2
1
THT
1.449
1.626
10
AND
1.115
.808
l.OOfi
24
LABOR— IRON
1.021
STEEL
1.601
1.254
1.542
.379
.467
.519
.327
.463 '
180,
un
der
190
HOURS
90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170,
un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
75,
un un
der der
80 85
AND
Pit cranemen:
Eastern................................
Pittsburgh.............................
Great Lakes and Middle
West....................................
Southern.................................
217
Total....................................
Heaters:
Eastern..................................
Pittsburgh.............................
Great Lakes and Middle
West................................ .
Southern................................
Total...................................
Bottom makers:
Eastern...................................
20
Pittsburgh____ ____________
57
Great Lakes and Middle
46
West....................................
13
Southern......... ......................
136
Total...................................
Roll engineers:
10
Eastern........... ......................
Pittsburgh________________
25
Great Lakes and Middle
23
W e s t..................... ...........
7
Southern...................... ..........
Total....................................
Rollers:
12
Eastern............................... .
30
Pittsburgh____ ____ _______
Great Lakes and Middle
36
West....................................
9
Southern.................................
Total.................................... ______ 87_
Laborers:
27
Eastern..................................
236
Pittsburgh.......................... —
Great Lakes and Middle
121
West....................................
39
Southern_________________ _
423
___ Total__________________ —
65, 70,
£0, 55,
un un un un un
der der der der der
65 70 75
55
40,
un
der
45
WAGES
Occupation and district
57
10
157
57
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929,
by district— B lo o m in g M i l l s 1
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Occupation and district
134.3
109.8
104.3
117.6
112.3
17
63
60
8
148 _
128.1
97.2
113.5
118.0
108.5
20
57
46
11
134
112.7
100.3
107.5
118.5
106.1
10
25
23
5
63
127.5
105.5
107.5
144.0
112.8
12
30
36
7
85
118.4
101.7
107.0
131.6
108.8
27
236
121
34
418
107.2
89.1
106.7
110.9
97.2
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1 ?
1
1 ___
1
2 2
1
1
1
2 ___
1
1
3
1
6
1
1
1
8 __
3
5
10 6~
11 11
3 1
29 18
1
5 5
2
2
2 3
1
1
5 _5 __7 10
5
12 2
9 5
1 2
2L
1 1
13 3
13 11
1
5 3
2 3
8
10 4~
10 8
3
31 12~
2
1 _5_
i
2
3
2
1
1
3 jT
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
3
1 ___
6 __
2
2
4
2
1
1
8 T
1
4
10
1
1
16
~l"
4
3
_8_
2
3 ~2~
1
2
4
1
1
6 ___
1
~T
1
2
3
l
4
2
7
1
2
1
1
3
----- -----
2
2
2
6
3
4
1
"T
10
6
2
5
2
J_
2
1
1
2
---- — -----3
1
2
1
9
3 4
2 3
1
2 T
5 4
1
2
5
Z_
S
_5_
5
9
6
1
21 . . .
3
2
8
1
5
1
18 _9_
4 2
2 3
1
7 Jf
1
3
1
12
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
T
2^ . . .
1
1
2
5 X
~ ~ T ___
4
2
4
4
3
1
__ 3_ . . .
13"
2 ...
10 T
5 T
1
2 T
6
2
2
11 11
4
16 12
8 5
3
28 20
2
15 12
17 9
1
32 24
4 2
11 12
8 16
4
23 34
6 l
16
17
7 III
46 l
'
4"
12
1
21 X
3
2
6
2
9
3
1
1
2 "i
3 2
2
8 ~T
2
8
11 ~8~
1
2
27 15~ ~~1S J _
2
12
4
5
3
4
1
I
3
1
5
1The figures for 1 plant, which cover a 20-day period, have not been included in this table.
1
6 ~7~
6 4
1
13 12
7
9 6~
8 13
4 3
28 22^
3 4
3 10
1
6 15
1
5
1
1
1
55
8
3
67
Over
Over
Over
Over 1 Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
72,
112,
120,
132,
156,
104,
144,
180, 192
80,
88,
96,
168,
un
112
un
un
132
un
144
un
168
un
un
104
un
120
un
156
un 180 un and
88
un
96
der 80 der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der over
der
der
der
80
132
112
144
120
156
168
192
88
104
180
96
1
5
"i
64,
un
der
72
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
1 1
15 4
8
1 I”
25 "5"
MILLS
35
72
87
18
212
56,
un
der
64
BLOOMING
Pit cranemen:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W
Southern............
Total________
Heaters:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh____ ;
' G. L. and M. W
Southern............
T otal.............
Bottom makers:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W
Southern............
Total................
Boll engineers:
Eastern.............. .
Pittsburgh......... .
G. L. and M. W
Southern............
Total................
Boilers:
Eastern.............. .
Pittsburgh_____
G. L. and M. W.
Southern............ .
Total .............. .
Laborers:
Eastern.............. .
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W.
Southern.............
Total_________
um
ber of Average
48,
em
hours Un 32, 40, un
ploy worked der un un
der
der
der
ees
32 40 48 56
1 1
1 _L
1
2
2
1
2
2
" ..
15 . . .
7
1 __
23 ~
3 ...
6
1
1
1
2
5
2
8 T
1
I
1
1
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
B lo o m in g M ills 1
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
Num- Averber
age
earn Un $5, $10, $15, $20, $25, $30, $35, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60,!$65, $70, $75, $80, $85, $90, $95, $100, $110, $120, $130,
of
em ings per der un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
ploy pay
$5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $85 $90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140
ees period
20
57
46
11
134
2 ___
3 -----
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
3
4
1
10
1
6
4
1
12
1
2 -----
2
2
2
1
158.69
140.20
152.31
133.25
146.86
66.57 ___
99.69
94.98
73.81
91.00 ___
1
1
2
T " ~~2
1
1
1
1
1
1 -----
1 3
1
2 ’T
2
1
"¥
6 5
1 2
2
1 "2
2
4 1 6
1
6
1
4
12
2
3
2
2
9
2 I 1
3
3
2
3
11
5
6
5
1
17
4
5
1
10
3
8
17
1
29
3
7
14
3
4
2
1
3
5
2
1
4
1
1
1
24
9
9
7
3
1
2
7
2
2
5
6
1
14
2
7
4
2
15
1
8
16
4
2
3
2
7
4
1
9
11
3
23
6
8
11
1
4
5
1
11
14
25
9
13
1
1
11
8
1
8
4
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
20
13
9
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
2
3
1
2
1 5
1
4 "3 "
4
4
1
8~ 10 ~ T
4
4
3
1
2
6
2
1
2
R
7
5
1
13
1
3
1
3
1
4
2
K
1
8
1
3
2
6
1
4
5
1
1
4
4
2
11
1
4
9
2
16
2
4
3
2
4
9
1
3
1
9
15
5
*
STEEL
2
1
3 1 3
AND
3
11
13
2
29
1
_
2 ___
Southern______
1 !___ 4
2
1 ___ 1
Total...
Roll engineers:
1
1
Eastern__ ____
10- 115.45
2
1 .... 1
1
1 2
Pittsburgh____
25 108.30
1 1
2
1
G. L. and M .W .
23 119.85
Southern_____
5 111.48
113 Q1
1
1 ----- 1_ 1 1 2
1 1 2
2
1
Total.'_____
=
= === =
=
= ,
Rollers:
1
Eastern_______
12 171.56
1
1 .... 1
Pittsburgh____
30 165.39
1
1
G. L. and M .W .
36 171.89
7 156. 78
Southern______
?,
1 3
85 168.31 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ----- ---- ----- ----- 1
Total..
Laborers:
5 7 1
1
1 4 4
2
27
41.06
1
1
Eastern_______
1
7
6 4 9 20 33 39 27 15 5
41.92 33 "l7‘ 5 " T
9
Pittsburgh....... 236
2
2
9
55.55
5
2
3
3 . . . . 2 4 6 6 14 20 23 14 8
G. L. and M .W . 121
5
3
5
7
1 3
3
34.91
Southern.
34
1 ‘T
3
9 ----- 1
418
45.24 40 19 12 8 16 4 12 17 26 36 57 60 i 50 1 29 13 9
Total...
l The figures for 1 plant which cover a 20-day period have not been includ ed in this table.
$200, $250
un and
der
$250 over
3
9
5
3
20
1
1
2
3
5
2
3
13
$180,
un
der
$200
OP LABOR— IRON
17
63
60
8
148
3
2
1
1
1
1
.4
1
2 ....
$160,
un
der
$180
HOTTRS
35 $105.40
72 102.37
87 104.89 ----88.88
18
212 102. 76 ___
$150,
un
der
$160
AND
Pit cranemen:
Eastern.......
Pittsburgh..
G. L. and M. W.
Southern___
Total........
Heaters:
Eastern____
Pittsburgh..
G. L. and M.,W.
Southern___
Total........
Bottom makers:
$140,
un
der
$150
WAGES
Occupation and
district
*-*
gj
PLATE MILLS
Data for this department include both sheared and universal plate
mills and cover 20 mills in 17 establishments located in 6 States.
Fourteen of these mills, which range in size from 72 to 152 inches, are
sheared plate mills, where the edges are not rolled but must be sheared
off, while the remaining 6 are universal mills, which range from
48 to 60 inches, where the edges are rolled, and only the ends need
be cut. During the pay-roll period covered these establishments
employed 4,024 wage earners in all occupations, and 1,487 of these
were in the 16 principal occupations, for which separate figures are
given. A study of wages and hours of labor for this department was
first made in 1910. From 1910 to 1914 employees in the principal
occupations only were included, but all employees in all occupations
were included in the years 1914 to 1929.1 Table A gives comparable
figures for employees in the principal occupations from 1910 to 1929.
Hours of labor changed very little in this department over the
period 1914 to 1920. In 1914 average full-time hours per week were
69, as compared with 68.8 in 1920, and in 1922 were 66.2, or 4 per
cent less than in 1914. Following the adoption of the 8-hour day
in 1923, hours per week had been so far reduced that they were 57.2
in 1924 and by 1926 had fallen to 55.8, the lowest for any year shown
and 19 per cent below the figure for 1914. The demand for plates
during the year of 1928, and which continued into 1929, caused many
plants in the eastern part of the country to change their regular work
ing time both as to length of day (turn) and number of turns per week.
For example, one plant which was working 6 days and 5 nights per
week in 1926 had changed over to a regular operation of 6 days and
6 nights per week. Another plant changed from 7 days and 6 nights
of 10 hours each to 7 days and 6 nights of 12 hours each, and still
another changed its regular working time from 10 hours to 11 hours
)er day. Small increases in working time also took place in other
ocalities. The effect of these changes is reflected in the full-time
hours per week for 1929 which are 58, or 4 per cent above 1926.
Table 1, page 4, shows average full-time hours per week, earnings
per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for the department as a whole
for the years 1914 to 1929.
Comparison of 1929 averages in the principal occupations with
those for earlier years may be made from Table A. In 1910 average
hours ranged from 71.6 for charging crane and charging machine
operators to 66.8 for laborers. In 1924, after the adoption of the
8-hour day by many plants, hours had been reduced until the average
of 63.3 for roll engineers was the highest and 54.7 for screw men,
sheared plate mills, was the lowest. In 1929 screw men, sheared
plate mills, whose average was 63 hours, had the longest week and
screw men, main rolls, universal mills, had the shortest— 55.4 hours.
Laborers had an average week of 59.3 hours in 1929, as compared
with 66.8 in 1910.
The increase in average hours per week for most of the occupations
is reflected to some extent in the per cent of employees working 6 days
per week regularly or alternating or rotating from 6 to 7 days per
week. Table B shows that 10 per cent of the workers in 1929 had a
1
i Data were not obtained for the years 19X6, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1928.
117
118
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
regular 7-day week, 8 per cent worked 7 days per week for two weeks
and 6 days the third week, 6 per cent worked 7 days every second
week, and 7 per cent worked 7 days every third week. A 6-day
week was worked regularly by 51 per cent of all employees in 1929 as
compared with 49 per cent in 1926. The eastern district, with 68 per
cent, had the greatest number of 6-day workers, followed by the
Pittsburgh district with 49 per cent and the Great Lakes and Middle
West district with 37 per cent. The eastern district also led in 7-day
workers, having 16 per cent as compared to 3 per cent for the Pitts
burgh and 11 per cent for the Great Lakes and Middle West districts.
The number of 7-day workers was lowest in 1914, when only 3 per
cent worked 7 days per week regularly.
In order that the prevailing hours per day and per week in this
department may be more fully shown, Table D is presented. This
table shows that out of a total of 4,024 employees covered, 537 worked
day turns only, 38 worked night turns only, and 3,449 alternated or
rotated from day to night shift; 1,710 worked regularly an average
of 8 hours per day, 162 of these working 7 days each week. There
were 396 who worked an average of 12 hours per day, 109 of whom
worked 7 days regularly; but only 4 employees who worked an average
of more than 12 hours per day. This table includes all employees
in all occupations, many of whom are not on direct producing crews.
That a better idea of working time of members of the producing
crews may be given, separate figures are shown for the occupation of
screw men, sheared plate mills. Of the 39 employees, 6 worked
regularly 8 hours per day and 6 worked 8 hours a day except every
third Saturday, when they worked 13 hours. Only 4 employees had
a working week of 76 hours or over.
Table E shows the distribution by average full-time hours per week
of employees in six principal occupations. Out of the total of 1,093
employees in these 6 occupations, 193 had a week of 48 hours or less,
309 a week of 60 hours, and 35 a week of over 72 and under 84 hours.
Although there was an increase in average hours per week in 1929
over similar figures for 1924 and 1926, the general trend of hours
had been downward over the period 1914 to 1929. The general trend
of hourly earnings, however, has been upward during this same
period. In 1914 average hourly earnings for employees in this de
partment were 25.8 cents and in 1915 increased to 27 cents. Between
1915 and 1920 conditions had so changed that earnings had advanced
to 67.1 cents in 1920, which is an increase of 160 per cent over 1914.
The effect of the 1921 depression in the industry is reflected in the
1922 average, which dropped to 47.6 cents per hour. After the adop
tion of the 8-hour day in 1923 earnings again increased, bringing
the average in 1924 to 56.2 cents per hour. Earnings continued to
increase, and in 1926 the average hourly rate was 60.6 cents. The
increased demand for plates in 1928 and 1929, previously mentioned,
coupled with new improvements recently installed by some of the
plants covered in the study, led to an average hourly earning of 63.9
cents in 1929, which is slightly over 3 cents more than the average
for this department in 1926.
The greatest change in hourly earnings in the principal occupations
as between 1926 to 1929 is found in the occupation of rollers, sheared
plate mills, whose earnings were $1,364 in 1926 as compared with
$1,595 in 1929, and the smallest change in that for screw men, side
rolls, universal mills4 whose rate was 70.9 cents in 1926 and 70.4
PLATE MILLS
119
cents in 1929. The occupation of shearmen may be taken as an ex
ample of the changes in hourly earnings of employees in the principal
occupations. Their average hourly earnings were 37.8 cents in 1910
and increased to 41.5 cents in 1913. There was a slight decrease in
earnings to 40.6 cents per hour in 1914, but in 1915 this loss had
more than been made up, earnings having increased to 43.6 cents.
The increased demand for plate-mill tonnage between 1915 and 1917
is reflected in the average for the latter year, when earnings were 97.7
cents, or 135 per cent more than in 1913. Earnings increased again
in 1920 to $1,016, which is the high point of earnings in this occupa
tion as well as for the department as a whole. There was a lessened
demand for plates soon after the close of the war, which adversely
affected hourly earnings of employees of this department, those of
shearmen dropping to 66.6 cents in 1922. However, after the
adoption of the 8-hour day in 1923 there was a partial recovery, and
in 1924 earnings increased to 79.3 cents, and each of the subsequent
studies shows increased earnings, the average for 1929 of 86.3 cents
being 3 per cent more than the 1926 average of 83.6 cents.
A distribution according to hourly earnings for employees in six of
the principal occupations is given in Table F. This shows in a general
way the spread of employees in other occupations of similar skill for
which no distribution tables are given.
Average full-time earnings per week were more than twice as much
in 1929 as in 1914, the 1914 average for all employees being $17.80
as compared with $37.06 in 1929. In 1920 weekly earnings were
$46.16, the highest figure for any year shown. There was a decided
drop in 1922, when the average fell to $31.51, but increases are shown
for each year since 1922. Changes in earnings for the various occu
pations are shown in the example of shearmen, who had average
earnings of $50.05 per full-time week in 1929 as compared with
$25.69 in 1910. Earnings of $27.97 in 1914 increased to $69.17 in
1919, and 1920 weekly earnings were $69.44, the highest of any year
shown and 141 per cent greater than in 1913. There was a decrease
in 1922 followed by a slight increase in 1924, when earnings were
$43.15; slight increases in 1926 and in 1929, earnings for the latter
year being 74 per cent greater than in 1913.
The 1,487 employees in the principal occupations worked an average
of 109.5 hours in a 15-day pay period for which they received an
average of $79.81, as against an average of 107.4 hours and $68.69
for all employees in all occupations. The hours and earnings given
above include all the hours worked and earnings received by employees
shown in Table C. Rollers, sheared plate mills, worked the most
hours, 126.9, and had the highest earnings, $200.29, while laborers
worked the least hours, 85, and earned the lowest amount, $35.31.
A classification of employees in six principal occupations according
to hours actually worked is shown in Table G. This table shows
that 40 of the 225 laborers worked less than 32 hours per pay period,
while only 1 worked as much as 180 hours. In the highly skilled
occupation of rollers only 1 employee worked less than 88 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in different occupa
tions in this table. Laborers earned from under $5 to $80 and under
$85; the largest group, 31, earned $40 and under $45. Rollers show
only 1 employee earning less than $100, while 1 earned $250 and
over; the largest group, 17, earned $200 and under $250.
120
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A*— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation— P la te M ills
Occupation
and year
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num age
full
age
Num ber of full earn
time
Full
ber of em time ings earn
Full
plants ploy hours per
’ ! Earn time
timeL
ings
earn
per hour ings
ees
per hours per
week
ings
week per hour
per
week
week
C h a rg in g crane and
chargingmachine op
erators:
1910..........
1911-.........
1912...........
1913..........
1914-.........
1915-.........
1917..........
1919-.........
1920-.........
1922-.........
1924_.........
1926-.........
1929_.........
Heaters:
1910______
1911_.........
1912..........
1913-.........
1914...........
1915-.........
1917______
1919.: .........
1920-.........
1922-.........
1924___
1926...........
1929-.........
Heaters’ help
ers:
1910-.........
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914_.........
1915-.........
1917_.........
1919..........
1920______
1922-.........
1924...........
1926-.........
1929-.........
Boll engineers:
1910-.........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915______
1917...........
1919______
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926— w..:
1929______
9
9
10
10
12
12
7
11
10
12
13
16
17
41
39
42
46
52
54
30
71
63
72
87
88
91
71.6 $0,303 $21.85
69.4
.283 19.70
.315 21.98
69.6
70.7
.339 24.07
70.2
.306 21.69
.329 23. 39
70.3
70.4
.480 33.85
.799 57.13
71.5
.798 56.18
70.0
66.9
.563 37.88
57.1
.679 37.79
.711 40.10
56.4
59.6
.756 45.06
101
98
98
100
99
99
100
101
99
95
81
80
84
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
17
17
56
55
55
54
64
61
30
66
84
75
90
85
72
71.0
69.1
69.9
71.7
70.5
70.6
70.4
70.7
68.5
67.6
56.5
55.5
57.9
.508
.468
.513
.562
.529
.557
.771
1.202
1.189
.852
.961
1.103
1.220
36.35
32.46
36.02
40.59
37.63
39.73
54.35
84.98
81.55
57.03
52.52
61.22
70.64
99
96
97
100
98
98
10
10
10
10
12
12
6
10
10
11
12
15
14
111
108
113
107
112
109
36
129
140
132
126
118
92
69.5
67.3
68.7
68.7
67.7
67.6
67.4
71.1
68.9
67.3
61.6
62.4
62.4
.243
.227
.243
.252
.247
.264
.469
.601
.620
.503
.538
. 580
.671
16.98
15. 31
16.74
17.50
16.68
18.04
31. 67
42.73
42.74
34.36
32.84
36.19
41.87
101
98
100
100
99
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
12
14
11
36
35
37
36
38
39
20
43
39
46
46
35
31
71.5
70.8
72.5
72.8
70.2
69.7
70.9
72.7
71. 6
69.6
63.3
63.0
62.2
.300
.290
.287
.309
.307
.309
.444
.744
.774
.538
.614
.651
.675
21.45
20.55
20.93
22.63
21.55
21.58
31.63
54.09
55.98
37.74
38.99
41.01
41.99
103
100
98
90
91
91
97
100
100
96
96
97
100
98
96
87
87
85
83
93
100
90
97
142
236
235
166
200
210
223
90
83
91
100
94
99
137
214
212
152
171
196
217
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
48
and
un
der
Over
48,
un
der
60
Over
Over
60,
72,
un 72 un 84
der
der
72
84
91
82
91
100
90
97
141
237
233
157
157
167
187
10
54 L.
55 !.......
80
89
100
134
209
201
141
129
151
174
90
96
100
98
105
186
238
246
200
213
230
97
87
96
100
95
103
181
244
244
196
188
207
239
97
94
93
100
99
100
144
241
250
174
199
211
218
95
91
92
100
95
95
140
239
247
167
172
181
186
66 I___
54 4
47 . ...
3 ! 18
61
37
27
31
34
28
60
67 !___
23
13
13
6
14
14
5
5
10
14
13
17
121
PLATE MILLS
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, &?/ occwpation— P la te Mills- — C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Boilers,
sh eared plate mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912..........
1913-.........
1914-.........
1915..........
1917-.........
1919...........
1920-.........
1922-.........
1924-.........
1926...........
1929-.........
Screw men,
sh eared plate mills:
1910...........
1911______
1912..........
1913_.........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919-.........
1920-.........
1922...........
1924______
1926...........
1929...........
Table opera
tors, shearedplate mills:
1910-.........
1911______
1912______
1913______
1914...........
1915...........
1917______
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924-.........
1926...........
1929...........
Hook men,
sh eared plate mills:
1910..........
1911...........
1912-.........
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920______
1922..........
1924...........
1926...........
1929______
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=*100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
60,
72,
per
ings time ings earn and 48,
un 72 un
per hours per ings un un
hour
der
der
week per hour per der der
week
60
72
84
week
9
9
9
9
11
11
7
9
10
10
10
13
12
?8
?8
?7
?6
?8
?8
18
30
35
33
34
30
29
68.4 $0.712 $48.18
.607 41.46
68.1
68.7
.711 48.93
68.5
.718 49.21
68.0 .703 47.94
67.9
.734 49.89
69.4 1.011 70.32
70.8 1.530 108.32
68.1 1.558 106.60
66.5 1.126 74.43
56.5 1.300 71.62
57.0 1.364 77.75
61.0 1.595 97.30
100
99
100
100
99
99
101
103
99
97
82
83
89
99
85
99
100
98
102
141
213
217
157
181
190
222
98
84
99
100
97
101
143
220
217
151
146
158
198
9
9
9
9
10
10
7
9
9
8
8
10*
11
28
28
29
29
28
26
22
32
39
29
33
26
39
68.6
68.6
69.0
69.0
68.7
68.3
69.9
71.3
68.4
66.2
54.7
55.0
63.0
28.75
26.95
30.00
33.36
30.08
32.61
49.15
79.64
76.23
56.42
56.78
59.84
64.45
99
99
100
100
100
99
101
103
99
96
79
80
91
87
82
90
100
90
98
146
232
231
179
218
226
212
86
81
90
100
90
98
147
239
229
169
170
179
193
9
9
9
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
10
12
12
26 68.4
28 68.1
30 68.3
31 68.2
31 67.6
32 67.5
20 68.5
45 70.6
42 67.6
36 65.6
40 56.5
32 56.1
38 60.0
.318 21.64
.300 20.44
.334 22.85
.363 24.87
.317 21.73
.332 22.63
.510 35.02
.825 58. 25
.870 58.80
.635 42.25
.730 39.48
.804 45.10
.873 52.38
100
100
100
100
99
99
100
104
99
96
83
82
88
88
83
92
100
87
91
140
227
240
175
201
221
240
87
82
92
100
87
91
141
234
236
170
159
181
211
16
11
.262
.246
.276
.313
.294
.314
.476
.780
.813
.585
.644
.693
.776
100
100
100
100
100
99
102
104
99
96
82
82
88
84
79
88
100
94
100
152
249
260
187
206
221
248
83
78
88
100
94
100
154
257
255
177
163
180
217
16
21
9
9
9
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
10
12
12
73
72
72
76
74
76
49
89
100
80
105
83
76
68.3
68.1
68.5
68.4
68.2
68.0
69.6
71.0
67.6
65.8
56.0
56.1
60.2
.421
.393
.435
.482
.434
.474
.702
1.117
1.115
.863
1.052
1.088
1.023
17.88
16.81
18.90
21.55
20.27
21.57
33.25
55.38
55.62
38.20
35.05
38.88
46.72
21
21
18
21
31
11
122
wages and
Hours Of
labor — iron and steel
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation—Plate Mills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Roll hands,
other, shearedplate mills:
1910..........
1911_.........
1912..........
1913..........
1914_.........
1915..........
1917...........
1919-.........
1920..........
1922-.........
1924______
1926-.........
1929______
Rollers, uni
versal milk:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914_.........
1915-.........
1919______
1920 .........
1922..........
1924-.........
1926..........
1929______
Screw men,
main rolls,
u n iv ersal
mills:
1910-.........
1911...........
1912______
1913..........
1914_.........
1915...........
1919-.........
1920-.........
1922..........
1924..........
1926...........
1929______
Screw men,
side rolls,
u n iv ersal
mills:
1910...........
1911..........
1912..........
1913...........
1914...........
1915..........
1919..........
1920-.........
1922______
1924-.........
1926...........
1929...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913*100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Full
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
Over
60,
per
ings time ings earn and 48,
72,
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 80
hour
der
week per hour per der der
der
60
week
72
84
week
6
6
6
7
9
9
5
8
8
10
10
10
11
14
14
16
20
24
24
16
28
33
56
61
36
44
68.0 $0,263 $17.71
68.9
242 16.64
69.3
269 18.54
69.1
265 18.28
67.4
257 17.42
67.4
?68 18.12
69.1
401 27.74
71.0
676 48.00
68.3
668 45.76
65.5
480 31.70
58.4
, 555 31.08
55.5
,725 40.24
821 49.83
60.7
98
100
100
100
98
98
100
103
99
95
85
80
88
99
91
102
100
97
101
151
255
252
181
209
274
310
97
91
101
100
95
99
152
263
250
173
170 ~~15
220 33
273 20
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
5
6
8
7
6
6
8
8
9
9
11
13
13
15
69.5
68.4
67.8
69.8
68.8
68.8
70.7
70.0
64.8
56.4
56.3
56.7
.636 44.22
.584 40.31
.581 39.78
.672 47.81
.590 41.08
.676 47.10
1.371 96.93
1.372 98.32
1.187 75.26
1.251 70.34
1.383 77.86
1.323 75.01
100
98
97
100
99
99
101
100
93
81
81
81
95
87
86
100
88
101
204
204
177
186
206
197
92
84
83
100
86
99
203
206
157
147 ’ "i5163 31
157 20
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
6
6
8
7
7
7
9
9
11
9
11
15
17
17
69.5
66.6
66.6
70.1
69.2
69.2
70.9
69.4
64.0
56.0
57.1
55.4
.470
.421
.407
.460
.386
.451
1.015
1.174
.813
.841
.937
.917
32.75
28.23
27.38
32.66
26.96
31.51
71.96
83.35
50.80
48.45
53.50
50.80
99
95
95
100
99
99
101
99
91
80
81
79
102
92
88
100
84
98
221
255
177
183
204
199
100
86
84
100
83
96
220
255
156
148
164
156
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
6
5
10
9
9
8
10
10
10
13
12
17
18
15
69.2
66.3
66.3
68.6
68.1
68.1
70.8
69.6
65.3
56.6
57.5
61.2
.314 21.77
.296 19.80
.271 18.21
.294 20.56
.271 18.69
.332 22.83
.713 50.48
.738 57.38
.606 39.04
.642 37.31
.709 40.77
.704 43.08
101
97
97
100
99
99
103
101
95
83
84
89
107
101
92
100
92
113
243
251
206
218
241
239
106
96
88
100
91
111
246
279
190
181
198
210
6
16 9
15 36
6 25
20 11
14
17
18 18
23 31
23 15
40 13
29
29
13
18
35
18 27
20 40
18 41
35 6
22
22
12
22
20
17
18
17
20
17
29
28
20
71
43
38
50
67
58
37
21
64
43
34
36
39
29
57
63
50
33
42
63
79
30
32
50
29
33
33
50
50
22
56
36
31
31
13
50
57
50
67
50
50
78
22
27
9
22
13
50 50
29 43
29 43
29 71
44 56
44 56
18 82
22 78
36 18
27
24
12
12
60
44
44
50
60
60
20
46
50
41
33
27
13
40
33
33
50
40
40
80
54
17
PLATE MILLS
123
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929,
occw pation— P la te M ills— C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
R o ll hands,
other, uni
versal mills:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
Shearmen:
1910..........
1911—____
1912...........
1913..........
1914...........
1915...........
1917..........
1919______
1920..........
1922...........
1924..........
1926..........
1929...........
S hearm en’s
helpers:
1910______
1911______
1912_____
1913______
1914...........
1915......... .
1917...........
1919...........
1920______
1922...........
1924..........
1926..........
1929...........
Laborers:
1910______
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
70.0 $0,299 $20.93
72.0
.299 21.55
69.6
.277 19.41
70.3
.261 18.50
69.5 .266 18.48
69.2
.310 21.46
71.4
.605 43.20
.687 48.41
69.5
65.5
.502 32.18
56.7
.555 32.27
58.2
.601 34.98
58.9
.583 34.34
100
102
99
100
99
98
102
99
93
81
83
84
115
115
106
100
102
119
232
263
192
213
230
223
113
116
105
100
100
116
234
262
174
174
189
186
.378
.356
.384
.415
.406
.436
.638
.977
1.016
.666
.793
.836
.863
25.69
24.45
26.48
28.81
27.97
29.68
44.74
69.17
69.44
43.10
43.15
47.07
50.05
98
99
99
100
99
99
101
103
99
93
81
82
84
91
86
93
100
98
105
154
235
245
160
191
201
208
89
85
92
100
97
103
155
240
241
150
150
163
174
68.4
68.4
68.6
68.7
68.2
68.4
69.0
71.1
68.2
64.9
55.5
55.1
57.3
.215
.206
.223
.250
.243
.260
.400
.630
.665
.455
.529
.579
.630
14.71
14.20
15.42
17.25
16. 71
17.89
27.60
44.79
45.56
29.73
28.85
31.90
36.10
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
103
99
94
81
80
83
86
82
89
100
97
104
160
252
266
182
212
232
252
85 .
82
89
100
97
104
160
260
264
172
167
185
209
66.8
66.2
68.9
69.3
67.6
66.7
70.3
69.5
67.9
64.0
56.8
56.1
59.3
.159
.158
.161
.181
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
.432
.425
.409
10.68
10.51
11.17
12.62
11.85
11.66
20.67
31.28
34.66
21.65
24.20
23.84
24.25
96
96
99
100
98
96
101
100
98
92
82
81
86
88
87
89
100
96
96
162
249
275
186
239
235
226
85
83
89
100
94
92
164
248
275
172 .
192
189
192
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
4
5
6
5
4
6
4
5
8
10
9
19
10
17
19
20
12
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
17
17
70
66
69
69
73
73
42
97
92
106
108
101
123
67.5
68.0
68.3
68.8
68.4
68.2
69.7
70.8
68.0
64.1
55.8
56.3
58.0
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
17
17
460
429
432
425
408
406
248
630
623
678
767
674
568
11
11
11
11
12
12
5
10
8
10
11
16
15
355
274
339
349
216
208
197
587
348
493
640
304
225
1Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time horn's per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 Over
per
60,
72,
48,
ings time ings earn
and un
60
un
per hours per
hour
un
72
un der
der
week per hour ings
der
per der 60
week
84
72
week
33
20
25
14
* Including 3 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
(0
8
1
*5
27
3
3
T a b le
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929 , by district
and year—Plate Mills
District and year
172
174
128
576
817
807
1,397
778
1,625
707
755
4
4
3
4
4
5
5
455
425
721
1,050
986
1,263
1,251
130
106
180
148
148
135
113
13
13
11
12
13
17
17
2,301
2,245
3,230
3,766
4,234
4,202
4,024
2
1
1
4
3
1
1
4
777
796
586
1,068
519
366
113
879
599
4
879
599
306
294
537
799
623
749
458
1,307
1,232
2,525
2,257
2,779
2,071
4 2,054
2
2
3
44
68
94
166
18
46
47
68
150
160
156
202
43
85
71
59
18
33
149
102
47
97
6
17
79
81
29
111
247
106
40
10
18
3
3
68
213
18
106
73
13
39
231
305
111
301
81
77
18
95
323
269
226
5
5
136
237
340
6
4
4
84
69
7
141
131
132
101
345
476
269
383
(9
5 and 6 5,6, and 5 and 7
alter 6 in ro alter
nately tation nately
67
74
30
28
33
21
26
19
63
56
47
56
68
15
16
8
38
72
72
89
52
77
38
49
0)
0)
0)
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
6
48
39
29
25
25
14
15
11
9
34
35
18
28
12
9
3
21
15
0)
67
69
74
76
63
59
37
0)
57
55
78
60
66
49
51
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
0)
0)
4
6
9
13
0)
2
6
7
5
1
2
7
6
3
1
5
0)
1
7
7
7
7
12
14
14
16
7
7
2
7
12
6
3
2
4
1
1
5
17
2
11
6
1
4
18
24
1
1
1
8
7
1
11
3
7
3
3
1
3
8
6
6
3
6
8
3
9
6
9
11
6
10
0)
0
STEEL
1,139
1,121
1,572
1,498
2,118
1,845
1,543
6
6
5
4
5
6
6
3
5
AND
184
131
591
680
531
615
841
707
699
937
1,218
1,130
1,094
1,230
7
LABOR— IRON
475
516
278
344
371
229
3
3
3
4
4
6
6
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
OF
6
HOURS
l Less than 1 per cent.
5 and 6 5,6, and 5 and 7
alter 6 in ro alter
nately tation nately
AND
Eastern:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
1929
Pittsburgh:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
................
1929
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
1929
...........................
Total:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
____________
1929.......................................
5
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
WAGES
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ployees
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— P la te M ills
97114°—30-------- 9
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
6
6
5
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
33
28
26
6.5
5.9
6.5
11.0
8.7
8.4
70.6
51.9
54.0
34
28
29
144.0
110.1
96.4
$9?. 55
99.80
76.03
$0,643
.906
.789
$45.40
47.02
42.61
145.2
112.0
99.1
$93.08
100.88
77.43
$0,641
.900
.781
17
87 j
6.3
9.5
59.6
91 •
118.4
89. 52
.756
45.06
120.3
90.49
.752
6
6
5
i
22 |
27.
23
6.3
6.1
6.4
11.2
8.3
8.4
70.6
50.6
54.2
22
27
23
134.3
106.2
98.6
139.41
153.16
116.18
1.038
1.442
1.178
73.28
72.97
63.85
135.1
106.2
99.5
139.87
153.16
116.92
1.035
1.442
1.175
Total_______________________
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern_____ _________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
17
72 |
!
6.3
9.2
57.9
72
112.4
137.14
1.220
70.64
112.9
137.52
1.218
5
6
3
33
26
21
6.2
6.3
6.5
11.5
8.7
9.1
71.3
54.7
58.0
37
29
26
125.1
97.5
85.3
70.74
78.70
61.23
.566
.807
.717
40.36
44.14
41.59
138.0
103.5
90.1
77.46
82. 33
63.62
.561
.795
.706
Total...........................................
Roll engineers:
Eastern____ _________ _________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
14
80
6.3
10.0
62.4
92
105.2
70. 56
.671
41.87
113.6
75.08
. 661
4
5
2
10
11
7
6.3
6.3
6.0
11.7
9.1
9.0
73.6
57.2
53.9
10
12
9
162.8
118.4
78.8
95.27
85.45
62.28
.585
.721
.790
43.06
41.24
42.58
168.2
118.4
78.8
97.28
85.45
62.28
.578
.721
.790
Total...........................................
Rollers, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern.................. ......................
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
11
28
6.2
10.0
62.2
31
121.2
81.89
.675
41.99
123.0
82.54
.671
5
5
2
12
11
5
6.3
5.9
6.2
11.1
9.0
9.0
70.4
53.5
55.0
13
11
5
134.9 »
116.5
115.4
182.79
214.47
205. 72
1.355
1.840
1.783
95.39
98.44
98.07
140.0
116.5
115.4
186.21
214.47
205. 72
1.330
1.840
1.783
Total.............. ............................
12
28
6.1
9.9
61.0
29
124.6
198.76
1.595
97.30
126.9
200.29
1.579
MILLS
Total...........................................
Heaters:
Eastern_____________________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
PLATE
Charging-crane and charging ma
chine operators:
Eastern............. _ ..........................
Pittsburgh................ ...................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— P l a t e M i l l s — C o n t in u e d
Occupation and district
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupation only
Turns per Hours per Hours per
turn
week
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
$53.36
71.69
75.45
146.1
109.6
108.0
$107.89
147.00
148.13
$0,738
1.341
1.372
11.4
9.0
8.6
72.6
53.5
54.4
18
12
9
144.8
106.5
105.6
$106.38
142.72
146.43
$0. 735
1.340
1.387
Total..........................................
Table operators, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh _ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle West--
11
37
6.2
10.1
63.0
39
124.0
126.80
1.023
64.45
126.1
129. 21
1.025
130.0
116. 5
108.7
88.89
121. 78
100.90
.684
1.045
.984
Total..........................................
Hook men, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh_____ ______________
Great Lakes and Middle West--
12
Total..........................................
Roll hands, other, sheared-plate
mills:
Eastern_____ _________________
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West._
14
11
11
6.2
5.9
6.2
11.1
9.0
8.9
69.1
53.5
54.8
15
11
12
125.0
115.9
103.7
86.55
120.74
100.71
.693
1.042
.971
47.89
55. 75
53.21
36 !
6.1
9.8
60.0
38
115. 6
100.92
.873
52.38
119.4
104.10
.872
5
5
2
26
23
21
6.3
5.8
6.3
11.1
9.1
8.8
70.8
53.2
54.7
28
25
23
131.1
107.9
110.2
81.40
93.15
99.95
.621
.863
.907
43.97
45.91
49. 61
140.3
109.6
112.6
86. 72
94. 63
101. 40
.618
.863
.901
12
70
6.2
9.8
60.2
76
117.1
90.88
.776
46. 72
121.8
93.76
.770
# 5
4
2
21
10
8
6.2
5.8
6.4
10.9
9.0
8.6
67.0
52.5
54.4
21
14
9
107.6
81.3
105.2
71. 47
63.00
131.62
.664
.775
1.251
44.49
40.69
68.05
120.4
85.9
106.3
77. 77
67. 27
132. 59
.646
.784
1.247
Total....... ................... ...............
Boilers, universal mills:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West--
11
39
6.1
9.9
60.7
44
98.7
81.08
.821
49.83
106.5
. 85.64
.804
2
1
3
4
3
8
6.4
6.0
6.1
11.3
8.2
8.5
71.9
49.0
52.0
4
3
8
153.6
100.7
96.1
154. 45
179.12
134. 34
1.005 l
1. 779 !
1.398 j
72. 26
87.17
72. 70
153. 6
100.7
99.9
154.45
179.12
138.31
1.005
1. 779
1. 385
Total..........................................
6
15
6.2
9.2
56.7
15
112.4
148. 66
1.323
75.01
114.4
150. 77
1.318
5
2
STEEL
6.4
5.9
6.4
AND
18
11
8
OF LABOR— IRON
4
5
2
HOURS
Screw mor,, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh ...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Hours
worked
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
^
Screw men, main rolls, universal
mills:
Eastern......... ................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
2
1
3
4
3
9
6.4
6.0
6.1
11.3
8.2
8.2
71.9
49.0
50.2
4
3
10
153.6
91.3
76.2
104.15
109.92
76.76
.678
1.203
1.007
48.75
58.95
50.55
153.6
94.0
79.2
104.15
111. 85
79.17
.678
1.190
1.000
Total................. ...... ..................
6
16
6.2
9.0
55.4
17
97.1
89.05
.917
50.80
99.3
90.82
.914
Screw men, side rolls, universal mills:
Eastern_______________________
Great Lakes and Middle West. .
2
3
6
7
6.4
6.1
11.1
8.6
71.2
52.6
6
9
151.9
76.1
93.16
62.76
.613
.825
43.65
43.40
153.8
88.3
95.45
72.87
.620
.825
Total...........................................
5
13
6.3
9.7
61.2
15
106.4
74.92
.704
43.08
114.5
81.90
.715
Roll hands, other, universal mills:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West_.
2
1
1
4
3
2
6.4
6.0
6.0
11.3
8.2
8.0
71.9
49.0
48.0
4
3
5
150.9
90.0
38.4
85.21
56.80
22.10
.565
.631
.575
40.62
30.92
27.60
150.9
103.3
40.0
85.21
69.07
23.40
.565
.668
.585
4
9
6.2
9.5
58.9
12
88.8
51.81
.583
34.34
92.8
55.42
.597
6
6
5
41
38
40
6.0
5.8
6.2
11.2
8.8
8.7
67.4
51.7
54.2
41
41
41
133.3
102.8
108.7
83.34
123.75
90.56
.625
1.203
.833
42.13
62.20
45.15
135.5
105.5
114.2
84.34
125.65
94.20
.622
1.191
.825
17
119
6.0
9.6
58.0
123
114.9
99. 21
.863
50.05
118.4
101.40
.856
6
6
5
147
199
155
6.0
5.8
6.1
11.0
8.9
9.2
66.2
52.0
55.6
162
218
188
124.6
99.0
94.1
63.69
73.74
58.97
.511
.745
.626
33.83
38.74
34.81
129.6
103.5
100.7
66.20
76.54
63.05
. 511
.739
.626
Total..........................................
17
501
6.0
9.6
57.3
568
104.7
65.99
.630
36.10
110.0
69.13
.628
Laborers:
Eastern............... ..........................
Pittsburgh ....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
4
62
60
40
6.2
6.2
6.0
10.2
8.9
10.0
63.3
54.8
59.8
75
96
54
97.1
61.8
83.8
33.89
28.45
36.83
.349
.460
.439
22.09
25.21
26.25
106.8
65.3
89.8
38.29
30. 51
39.72
.358
.468
.442
Total..........................................
15
162
6.2
9.6
59.3
225
78.8
32.27
.409
24.25
85.0
35.31
.415
MILLS
Total..........................................
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern. ........................................
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West...
PLATE
Total....... ........... .......................
Shearmen:
Eastern........ ........ ........................
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West._
128
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week•
1929, by district— P la te M ills
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
per East
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern
Sat Sun Per week
ur
ur
to
Fri day day week
day day week
day
Hours
Mon
day
to
Fri
day
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and houiB, by district
Hours
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
Total
burgh Middle
West
Group A.—Day turn only
13
13
13
12K 12H 12H
12
12
12
11
11
11
12
12
10
io' 10
....
11
11
11
12H10
91
87^
84
77
72
70
66
66
66
62H
62X -
10
10
10
11
im .
8
8
91
87H
84
77
72
70
"
16"
55
52X
48
48
66
1
2
1
2
10
‘Y
1
60
60
60
55 _
52H48
48
21
12
129
PLATE MILLS
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929y by district— P l a t e M i l l s — C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and hours, by district
Night turns
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
per East
Turns per Mon
per
week
day Sat Sun Per
day Sat Sun Per week ern
ur day week
to
to
ur day week
Fri day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
Total
burgh Middle
West
G roup C.—W eekly chan ges from on e sh ift to an oth er
12
12
im
UH 11H
n
n
11
11
u h 11H
12
12
11X 11H
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
13H
12
11H
11
ion
10
UH UH 10
11
11H 11H
11
u
11
8H
8
7H
UH UH
6H
n
5H
n
11
11
11
li
UH
11H
UH
li
li
UH
li
11K -1114 8
11H\ 3H
11 . . . .
11
5
im
2
12
12
11
11
10
....
liH 11M— .
io n 10KL-.
li H 11X -
10
n
n
10
11
li
10
11
11
10
7H
7
10H 10H
11
11
6
11
11
3%
11
n
11
10
10
10
30
10
10
10 10
10
10
10
10H 10H
10 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 13
10
10
13
10
li
li
li
10H 10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
11H
10.
12
84
80}
77
77
82}
84
80H
77
82H
82
79
74H
77
73H
75H
71H
66
77
69
77
72H
66
71
71
76
72
12
13
12
1‘2 H
12
12H
13
12
12
12X
13
12X
13
12
13
13
13
12H
12K
12H
13
13
12H
11
12
12
13X
12
70
73H
73
73
72
66
72
69%
66
66
65
70
60
60
70
63
70
60
60
60
64
63
60
63
63
60
61X
60
60
56
56
56
12
12
12X 12X 12J*
10
11
11
11
31
12
13
11
11H
11
11
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
UH
10
10
10
11
11
8
13
12
13
12
12H
12
12H
13
12
12
123
13
12H
13
12XH
13
13
13
12H
12H
12; '
13
13
12
11
12
12H
X
13X
12
10
11
11
11
11
12
84
87H
91
84
75
72
75
78
72
72
75
78
75
78
76
78
78
78
75
75
75
78
78
78
;
i
i
76
H73
72}
72
72
72
70}
70
%
11
6
44
i
12
2
4
17
17
6
6
2
14
4
18
4
4
2
14
4
18
4
13
5
4
2
8
52
200
18
2
14
12
19
4
12
2
4
4
107
11
11X
11
11
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
1
i
4
2
21
12
2
70
60
60
60
60
57H
60
60
60
55
55
48
60
56
56
56
48
56
19
158
8
8
13
6
8
4
60 H
60H
60
60
59H
58H
57H
56
56
56
m
13
5
4
2
8
52
200
18
2
14
12
19
4
12
2
4
4
4
109
12
21
2
19
158
62X
62
61H
11
6
44
1
12
3
4
17
17
6
8
2
218
155
300
3
13
11
100
2
373
300
3
11
100
18
18
33
1
123
9
1
156
9
130
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary fuM-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929 , by district— P la te M ills — C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and hours, by district
Night turns
Dagr turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
per East
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern
Sat Sun Per week
to
ur day week
ur day week
Fri day
day
day
Turns per Mon
week
day
to
Fri
day
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
Total
burgh Middle
West
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
Total .
SCREW MEN (SHEARED-PLATE MILLS ONLY)
12
12
mi
UH 8
li H ii H
u
11
7
1034
m
10
w
13
10
9
10
10
10
8
16
11V4
Total-
77
75%
73
63
64
63
59
60
48
53
12
12^1
12H
11
11
10
10
‘if
8
8
12
12\i
121'
11
11
10
10
77U
76
75H
6934
6434
62
6134
59
5734
52
47
2
2
8
2
4
2
2
2
3
6
6
18
12
9
2
2
8
2
4
2
2
2
S
6
6
39
PLATE MILLS
T a b le
131
E .— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified
occupations, 1929, by district— Plate Mills
Aver
Num Num
age
ber of ber of full
time
Occupation and district estab em
lish ploy hours
ments ees
per
week
Heaters:
6
6
22
27
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
Over Over
Over
44,
48,
56,
60,
un 48 un
un
60
un
der
der
der
der
48
56
60
66
70.6
50.6
12
Pittsburgh__ ______
Great Lakes and
Middle West...........
5
23
54.2
Total........................
17
72
57.9
Rollers, sheared-plate
mills:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh ________
Great Lakes and
Middle West..........
5
5
13
11
70.4
53.5
2
5
55.0
Total.......................
12
29
61.0
6
Hook men, sheared-plate
mills:
Eastern ___________
Pittsburgh..................
Great Lakes and
Middle West______
5
5
28
25
70.8
53.2
12
2
23
54.7
Total........................
12
76
60.2
12
6
6
41
41
67.4
51.7
18
Shearmen:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh.............. Great Lakes and
Middle W est___
Total........................
3
12
2
13
7
4
2
13
2
2
4
3.
6
3
2
3
3|
I 2
6
3
6
4
4
4
4
4
16
16
2
33
5
1
1
6
5
16
7
16
12
8
8
4
3
6
16
7
11
17
1
4
5
41
54.2
3
24
7
7
17
123
58.0
18
7
24
10
29
7
11
17
6
6
162
218
66.2
52. 0
30
80
58
42
15
20
32
103
55.6
4
80
47
57
19
80
67 167
32
58
42
30
21
38
14
2
1
3
52
2
1
3
Shearmen’s helpers:
______
Eastern
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and
Middle West..........
5
188
Total___ - _________
17
568
57.3
103
6
5
75
96
63.3
54.8
6
10
1
45
2
52
6
10
48
103
Laborers:
Eastern_____ _______
Pittsburgh. ...............
Great Lakes and
Middle West
Total......................
Over
72, 84,
72 un and
der over
84
4
1
18
12
66,
un
der
72
4
54
59.8
15
225
59.3
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929, by district— P la te
22
27
23
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
55
55,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
65
65,
un
der
70
$1.038
1.442
1.178
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
85
1
3
2
85,
un
der
90
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, ISO,
un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der
100 110 120 130 110 150 160 170 180 190
90,
un
der
95
2
3
4
7
2
14
1
1
3
2
1
13
11
5
1.355
1.84ft 1
1 783 !
1
Total______ ______________
Hook men:
Eastern
29
1. 595
1i
1
28
25
23
1
.863 ___
162
218
188
.511
.745
. 626
22
568
.630
22
15
75
90
54
225
.349
.460
.439
.409
45
12
3
3
3
3
3
15
14
3
11
'T
45
17
18
37
52
12 107
19
1
2
2
2
4
3
2
4
1
3
2
5
2
1
2 ;
8
7
5
9
7
5
5
5!
8
i
2 i 2
2
3 1
1
5 ! 4
3
4
4
7
3
10
1
2
3 ....
1
4
11
7
13
6
25 31 18
1 4 42
50 38 43
19
69
23
2
21
11
73 103 111
34
76
4
1
2
4
7
4
3
5
7
14
1
5
7 24
1 3
19
13
27
19
i
16 1
i 3
1
1
4
17
2
•4
2
3
1
8 i 16 ! 10
3
2
4
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1| 1
1
1
2
3
1
4
2
2i
3
4
1
2 |
! i
....... L ...J ....J ........
i
i
i
....... i— : :
....... i........i........ i........
1
i
i
1
12
.
3
3
.. ..1
4
9
3
13
3
i
i
i'
i
1
i
!
. ....... 1........
1....... ....... j........I........
!
1 .
1
— i....... 1
r
!
!
|
!
1
I
1
1
1
3
1
4
1 _
....... 1........
J
!
I
i
1
i
5
11 1 1 1 5
9
— i....... i— i
10
i i ! * 1. 5 i1 * ! i....... iL l
!
;------,
~ T ~ - i
i
i
i
1i
t
—T ~
1
3
6
6
1
59
2
61
2
J „ J .......
: : : . . ! ____ i........
I
i
j
— i
i
i
2
i
2 !...__
1
.
|
I
• 1
1
1
—
I1
STEEL
123
3
.625
1.203
.833
5
1
1
1
2
3
3
10
AND
Total......................................
Shearmen’s helpers:
Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laborers:
Tractam
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Total
3
10
76
Pittsburg
Great Lakes and Middle West-
3
10
Total......................................
Shearmen:
TTqofprri
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West
41
41
41
1
i
. 621
.863
.907 II
. 776 |
2
4
4
5
2
1
OF LABOR— IRON
72
Great Lakes and Middle West.
1.220 -----
1
Total
................... ........ . . .
Rollers, sheared plate:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West_
190, 200, 225,
un un un
der der der
200 225 250
HOURS
Pittsburgh...................... ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West.
40,
un
der
45
AND
Heaters:
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
WAGES
Occupation and district
Num Aver
age
ber
earn 30, 35,
of
em
ings un un
ploy per der der
hour 35 40
ees
M ills
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
P la te M ills
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified—
Occupation and district
Heaters:
Eastern_____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W _____
Num
ber of Average
em
hours
32, 40,
ploy worked Un un un
der der der
ees
32 40 48
22
27
23
48,
un
der
56
56,
un
der
64
64,
un
der
72
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
72,
80,
88,
104,
96,
112,
132,
120,
144,
156,
168,
un 80 un
88 un 96 un 104 un 112 un 120 un 132 un 144 un 156 un 168 un 180
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
80
88
104
96
112
120
132
144
156
168
180
1
3 -----
?
1
1 ” 2'
1 4
2
5
3
6
3
72
112.9
1
13~
11
5
140.0
116.5
115.4
1
Total... . . . . . . _____
uLaa
C
UUV
&rnan
illOlit•
Eastern_______ . . . ___
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W
29
126.9
1
28~
25
23
140.3
109.6
112.6
2
1
Total______________
Shearmen:
Eastern_____ ________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W _____
76
121.8
3
IT
41
41
135.5
105.5
114.2 . . . .
1
Total.........................
Shearmen's helpers:
Eastern........................
Pittsburgh...................
G. L. and M. W _____
123
118.4
1 ....
2
1
162~
218
188
129.6
103.5
100.7
1
5
13
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
19
2
3
3
1 ....
1
1 2
3
1 »
1 3
3 3 "T
1
3 1
Total______________
Laborers:
Eastern_____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W _____
568
110.0
19
6
7
23
8
7
5
11
75
96
54
106.8
65.3
89.8
4
31
5
3 .... ....
4
2 3 3
4
2
4
3 4
4 1 "T
1 .... 3
3
1
Total______________
225
85.0
40
9
8
4
3 ___
4
8
10
7
5
7
1
1
"T
2
2
9
5
4 "§!’
2 5
36
1
6 ” 2’
2
2
1
7
3
0
O
3
1
3 ----
1 -----
1
6
4 ....
2
3
9 ___
7
6
1
10
8
2
" 2"
7
6
6
20
2
12
5
0
0
os
Z
O
49
6 ___
17 ----1/
9
80
8
22 . . . .
9
5
9 ___
9
2
5
3
1
1
16
3
x
1
1
1
1
3
11
5 ” 4’
22 10
6
14
5
38
2
3
13 . . . .
5
3
5
5
21
”4"
6
10
6
14
4
14
1
=
e
O
4
5
5
(T
A
O
<
47 -----
x
0
«
12
23 ~~2
6 4
6
6
2
«
U
1
1
14
1
X
7
12
10
6
5
3
g
14
2
1
5
3
6
1
6
3
1
6
3
x
1
2
2 ....
6
1
41
1
1
6
3
4
2
1
2
x
2
1
x
4 ....
2
1
7
1 ....
6
4
2
0
0
O
5
"2
3
2
2 ....
4
12 51
A
D
3
2 ___
1
2
5
3
2
9
1 46~
2 5
"T
2
x
3 ~~6_
1
7
2
4
4
1
8
4
4
2
4
2
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
"e"
MILLS
Total.........................
Boilers, sheared plate:
Eastern........................
Pittsburgh...................
G. L. and M. W
1
8
14
6
19 9
24
67 ___
110
23
t
1
Q
O
2 ___
1
3
8 ___
3 ___
16
2
10 -----
16
3
1
5
PLATE
135.1
108.2
99.5
1
10
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
(7*
P la te M ills
. —- — , —=
$5,
un
der
$10
$10,
un
der
$,15
$15,
un
der
$20
$20,
un
der
$25
$25,
un
der
$30
$30,
un
der
$35
$45,
un
der
$50
$5Q,
un
der
$55
$55,
Tin
der
$60
$60,
un
der
$65
72
137.52
13
11
186.21
214.47
5
205.72
$70,1'$75,
un un
der der
$75 $80
$80,
un
der
$85
$85, $90, $95,
un-. un- un
der kier der
$90 $95 $100
1
1
1
$100,
un
der
$110-
$110,
un
der
$120'
1
6
1
2
4
4
3
i
3
4
5
9
$120,
un
der
$-130
$130,
un
der
$140
2*
6
8
$140,
un
der
$150
$150,
un
der
$160
;
I
$160, ,$180, $200, $250
un un- !i un- 1and
der der 1
I der
$180 $200::$250 1over
3
5
2
3
2
5
2
3
1
4
3
1
9
9
10
1
3
2
4
1
6
6
1i
1
3
2
6
7
1
1
28
25
86. 72
94.63
23
101.40
1
Total_______
76
93.76
2
Shearmen:
Eastern
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W ...................
41
41
84.34
125. 65
1
41
94.20
1
Total.............
123
101.40
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
7
2
2
8
8
5
10
8
16
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
3
1
4
2
6
8
5
3
5
1
2
4
2
7
3
3
4
2
4
4
10
6
13
17
8
1
3
3
7
3
8
4
1
2
1
4
2
4
7
10
9
7
2
5
2
4
2
6
1
2
6
1 «
1
17 !
1
8
2
5
1
1
1
1
8
5
1
3
2
3
7
j
1
7
,
STEEL
200.29
AND
29
Hook men:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M.
W
1
4
1
OF LABOR— IRON
Total___
Rollers, sheared
plate:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M.
W
$65,
un
der
$70
HOURS
116.92
$40,
un
der
$45
22 $139.87
27 153.16
23
Total.............
$35,
un
der
$40
AN©
Heaters:
Eastern
_ __
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
WAGES
Num Aver
of age
Occupation and dis ber
em earntrict
ploy ings‘per Un
pay der
ees period
$5
*"
Shearmen's helpers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh___
G. L. and M.
W _________
162
218
66.20
76.54
2
3 ___
2
1
2
3
5 2
2 ___
3
4
5
4
3
4
8
9
10 ! 13
18
28
17
10
6
14
2
9
7
6
29 | 29
i1
14
6
188
63.05 -----
4
7
3
6
8
12
Total........... .
568
69.13 . . . .
7
9
6
11
15
14
Laborers:
Eastern......... .
Pittsburgh___
G. L. and W.
W _________
75
96
1
20
2
6
4
5
1
5
4
6
5
2
10
2
9
5
54
39. 72
2
4
4
3
5
9
3
Total_______
225
35.31
23
8
13
10
13
12
12
23
31
15
13
14
5
22
8
13
15
7
16
25
19
19
14
17
37 142
58
7
1
1
13
13
14
12
29
20
67
!
i
n
51
6
11
26"
4
8
6
1
11
6
3
4
4
3
4
2
1
46 !|37
68
20
30
16
9
5
2 ....... l - ~
1
1
1
PLATE
MILLS
38.29
30.51
9
1
03
Ox
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
# Data for this department cover seven establishments located in
six States. This is practically a complete census of employees and
plants engaged in the production of heavy rails. During the pay
roll period covered by this survey a total of 2,816 wage earners were
employed, 1,518 of these being found in the 21 principal occupations
for which separate figures are shown. Data for this department were
first obtained in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914 figures are for employees
in the principal occupations only; figures for all employees in all
occupations cover the years 1914 to 1929.1
Since the majority of the plants covered in the 1926 and 1929
studies were not included in the surveys previous to 1924, comparable
figures for the principal occupations can not be given for all the
earlier years, therefore averages for 1926 and 1929 only are presented
in Table A. No attempt was made to group the plants by districts
in 1926 and 1929, all figures shown for the department being for the
country as a whole.
Figures for all employees are comparable from year to year as
explained in footnote 4, page 1, and are presented for all years
covered, from 1913 to 1929, in Table 1, page 4. Full-time weekly
hours of labor of employees in 1929 show a slight increase over 1926.
The 1929 average is, however, the lowest shown for any year with the
exception of 1926. There was practically no change in hours during
the years 1914 and 1915, being 70.1 in 1914 and 70.9 in 1915. Hours
decreased to 61.2 in 1920, and were practically the same in 1922, but
from 1922 to 1924 again decreased from 61.5 to 57.4. Since 1924
the change in average hours has not been great, dropping to 55.5 in
1926 and rising to 56 in 1929.
Comparison of full-time hours per week of employees in the
principal occupations in 1926 and 1929, which may be made from
Table A, shows the average for the principal occupations combined
to be 55.4 in 1929 as compared to 54.9 in 1926. This is an increase
of 0.5 hour, the same as shown for all employees in all occupations
combined. Thus it is seen that changes in hours of the principal
occupations may be taken as an indicator of changes in other occupa
tions, for which separate data are not shown.
When the principal occupations are considered separately, it is
seen that 11 had a decrease, 9 an increase, and 1 no change in full
time hours in 1929 as compared with 1926. The largest increase
was from 56.6 to 59.8 hours for laborers, and the largest decrease
from 57.4 to 49.8 hours for roll engineers. Tablemen with an average
of 60.1 had the longest hours, while roll engineers with 49.8 had the
shortest hours per week in 1929. Table 2, page 7, shows there was
little change in the per cent of employees working less than 60 hours
per week. In 1929 there were 16 per cent working 60 hours per
week as compared with 26 per cent in 1926. However, the per cent
who worked over 60 and under 72 had increased from 13 in 1926 to
21 in 1929. Less than 1 per cent worked over 72 and under 84 hours,
this being the longest time worked by any employee in 1929.
I Data were not obtained for the years 1916,1918,1921,1923,1926,1927, and 1928.
136
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
137
Table B shows customary turns per week for all employees from
1914 to 1929. In 1914, 88 per cent of the employees regularly worked
6 days per week and 7 per cent worked 5 days one week and 6 the
next, while only 4 per cent worked 7 days per week regularly. In
1920 the number working 6 days per week regularly had risen to 92
per cent, while 8 per cent worked 7 days per week either regularly or
as often as every 3 weeks. The figures did not vary greatly in 1922,
but in 1924, after the adoption of the 8-hour day, the turns per week
were increased until only 44 per cent were working 6 days per week
regularly and 56 per cent were working 7 days per week either all or
part of the time, of which 10 per cent worked 7 days each week, 29
per cent twice in 3 weeks, and 17 per cent once in 2 weeks. In 1926
the per cent of employees working 7 days each week decreased to 6
per cent, while the per cent of employees working 6 days each week
increased to 51 per cent. Due to a change in customary working
time in 1 large plant from a week of 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days in
rotation in 1926 to a straight 7-day week in 1929, the number of
7-day workers increased from 6 to 20 per cent, and 6-day workers
decreased from 51 to 42 per cent.
In order that a clearer idea of the working time of employees in this
department may be obtained, Table D is presented. This table shows
that out of the 2,816 employees covered in the 1929 study, 416 worked
day turns only, 88 worked night turns only, and 2,312 alternated or
rotated from day to night turns. A grouping by the number of hours
worked per day shows that 1,758 worked regularly a day of 8 hours,
of which 406 had a regular 7-day week and 706 a regular 6-day week;
1,038 had a 10-hour day, of which 115 had a regular 7-day week and
457 a regular 6-day week. Only 3 employees had a day of more than
10 hours. This table includes those employees engaged in miscel
laneous occupations as well as those of producing crews. In order
that a better idea may be obtained of working conditions existing in
the producing crews, separate figures are given for the occupation of
table levermen. Out of the 70 employees reported working as table
levermen, 59 had a day of 8 hours and 11 a day of 10 hours; 32 of
the 70 employees had a regular 6-day week and 9 a regular 7-day week.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in five principal occu
pations according to their full-time hours per week. This table shows
that 195 employees in these occupations had a customary week of 48
hours, which is the largest number found in any single group. There
were 31 laborers who had a week of 66 and under 72 hours, the only
occupation in which any employee had a week of as many as 66 hours.
The general trend of earnings has been upward during the period
1914 to 1929. In 1914 average hourly earnings for employees in this
department were 25.2 cents, but decreased to 24.6 cents in 1915. In
1920 the average had risen to 2}£ times as much as it was in 1914, or to
63.2 cents—the highest point in earnings of any year shown. The effect
of the 1921 depression is reflected in the 1922 average— 47.0 cents.
After the 8-hour day was generally adopted, earnings per hour in
creased to 57.3 cents in 1924, and in 1926 to 59.5 cents, which is 3
cents an hour less than the 1929 average of 62.8 cents. Average
hourly earnings of employees in the various principal occupations are
shown in Table A.
138
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Average hourly earnings for employees in the principal occupations
combined were 69.8 cents in 1929 as compared with 67.2 cents in 1926,
an increase of approximately 4 per cent as compared with about 5%
per cent for all employees in all occupations during the same period.
Earnings per hour for employees in the principal occupations in 1929
range from $1,676 for the skilled occupations of rollers to 40 cents for
laborers. When the principal occupations are compared separately,
12 occupations show increases and 9 decreases in 1929 as compared
with 1926. The greatest change as to increase in hourly earnings is
found in the occupation of hotbed men whose earnings were 51.8
cents in 1926 and 57.1 cents in 1929. Rollers show the greatest change
as to decrease, their average falling from $1,888 in 1926 to $1,676 in
1929. A distribution of employees according to average hourly earn
ings in five principal occupations in 1929 is shown in Table F.
Average full-time weekly earnings for all employees in all occupa
tions as shown by Table 1, page 3, were almost twice as great in
1929 as in 1914. In the latter year the average earnings for all em
ployees were $17.67, but in 1915 there was a slight decrease, bringing
the average to $17.44. In 1920 weekly earnings of $38.68 were more
than twice the amount shown for any preceding year. Weekly earn
ings dropped in 1922 to $28.91 but advanced to $33.02 in 1926.
Due to a small increase in average weekly hours and an increase in
average hourly earnings, average full-time weekly earnings in 1929
increased to $35.17, which is $2.15 more than the 1926 average.
Rollers had the highest average weekly earnings of any occupation,
$89.67. Laborers, with an average full-time earning of $23.92 in
1929, had the lowest occupational average.
The 1,518 employees in the principal occupations worked an aver
age of 99.2 hours in a 15-day pay period, for which they received an
average of $67.94. This compares with 104.8 hours and $65.84 for
all employees in all occupations. The hours and earnings shown
above include all the hours worked and earnings received by employees
as shown in Table C. Tablemen worked the most time, 137.4 hours,
and cold-saw helpers the least, 88.4 hours. Laborers earned the
least money, $37.07, while rollers—a highly skilled occupation—
earned the most, $193.81.
A classification of employees, by hours actually worked in 1929,
in five principal occupations is made in Table G. This table shows
that the occupation of laborers had 37 employees out of 245 who
worked less than 40 hours, but that the largest group, 36, came under
the heading “ Over 120 and under 132.” In the skilled occupation
of guide setters no employee worked less than 72 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Considerable
variation in earnings is shown in this table, due to the various hours
worked by the employees for the same occupations as shown in
Table G. Eight laborers earned less than $5 and one earned between
$90 and $95. However, 115, or almost half of the laborers, earned
less than $40 for the 15-day period.
139
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
T a b l e A,— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full
time earnings per week, 1926 and 1929, by occupation— S ta n d a rd R a il M ills
Aver
age
Num
Num ber
full
of
Year ber of employ time
hours
plants
ees
per
week
Occupation
Charging-machine operators___ 1926
1929
1926
1929
Reheaters’ helpers..................... 1926
1929
Roll engineers_______________ 1926
1929
Rollers___________ _____ _____ 1926
1929
Assistant rollers......................... 1926
1929
Table lever men......................... 1926
1929
Tablemen___________________ 1926
1929
Guide setters.............................. 1926
1929
Hot-saw men..................... ........ 1926
1929
Hot-saw helpers........................ 1926
1929
Hotbed lever men...................... 1926
•
1929
Hotbed men............................... 1926
1929
Straighteners, gag press............ 1926
1929
Straighteners’ helpers............... 1926
1929
Chippers....... ............................. 1926
1929
Drillers and punchers............... 1926
1929
Cold-saw men_______________ 1926
1929
Cold-saw helpers_____________ 1926
1929
Inspectors................................... 1926
1929
Laborers.... ................................ 1926
1929
Reheaters___________________
2
3
3
4
3
4
5
2
5
6
6
6
7
7
3
2
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
20
13
9
13
14
15
19
9
11
15
14
16
66
70
21
14
31
34
22
21
56
34
51
58
78
87
138
146
214
183
145
121
233
231
20
21
122
70
85
102
234
245
54.8
54.5
53.1
51.3
53.6
54.9
57.4
49.8
54.2
53.5
55.3
54.6
53.5
52.7
58.3
60.1
56.9
55.0
54.5
53.3
56.6
56.0
54.1
53.3
54.1
53.9
53.0
54.1
53.7
54.1
55.3
56.2
55.4
55.7
53.2
54.1
54.6
54.6
55.2
56.0
56.6
59.8
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Per cent of employees
whose average full
Aver
time hours per week
age
were—
full
time
earn
ings
Over
48 Over
per
48,
60,
and under
60 under
week under
60
72
$0,713
.718
1.034
1.073
.627
.651
.757
.705
1.888
1.676
1.015
.993
.747
.770
.687
.670
.836
.835
.696
.681
.509
.519
.564
.601
.518
.571
1.233
1.229
.590
.625
.695
.741
.675
.717
.540
.532
.447
.481
.591
.617
.421
.400
$39.07
39.13
54.91
55.04
33.61
35.74
43.45
35.11
102.33
89.67
56.13
54.22
39.96
40.58
40.05
40.27
47.57
45.93
37.93
36.30
28.81
29.06
30.51
32.03
28.02
30.78
65.35
66.49
31.68
33.81
38.43
41.64
37.40
39.94
28.73
28.78
24.41
26.26
32.62
34.55
23.83
23.92
75
46
44
31
50
27
32
67
27
33
29
19
33
41
14
29
10
15
27
24
11
15
29
28
15
14
28
31
38
37
25
26
22
29
65
57
56
44
15
23
34
20
25
31
22
23
33
69
36
47
26
33
45
40
35
56
42
43
38
7
13
7
13
42
9
13
21
13
15
10
18
13
14
1?
9
6
48
71
19
18
9
10
22
26
12
10
6
5
45
26
56
12
37
27
57
10
38
30
59
43 ” ’ 16'
59
3
64
14
82
55
17
49
8
40
13
38
5
37
25
40
8
25
40
12
29
25
19
1
32
46
49
26
40
18
55
0)
44
13
9
19
14
25
13
30
10
24
11
10
9
20
10
36
* Less than 1 per cent.
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each speci
fied number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929, by year— Standard R ail M ills
T a b le
Number of employees whose customary
turns per week were—
Year
Num
Num ber of
5
ber of em
and 5,6,
plants ploy- 6
al- and
6 in
ter- rota
nate- tion
6
6,6, and 6, 7,
and 7 al- and
7 in ter- 7 in
rota naterota
tion
tion
ly
1914.
1915.
1920.
1922.
1924.
1926.
1929.
1,725
1,945
1,349
1,308
3,382
3,280
2,816
i Less than l per cent.
117
iy
1,519
1,714
1,247
1,120
1,496
1,682
1,172
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary turns per week were—
5
and 5,6,
ana
6 al- 6 in
ternate- rota
tion
iy
6 6, 7,
6,6, and
and 7 al- and
7 in ter- 7 in
rota naterota
tion
tion
iy
4
6
4
981
1,001
493
11
10
6
20
T a b le
C.—
Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation— Standard Rail Mills
Occupations
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Hours
Turns
Hours
per week per turn per week
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.4
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.1
6.0
6.4
6.2
8.6
8.0
8.6
8.0
8.5
8.5
8.3
9.4
8.6
8.4
8.5
8.3
8.1
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.8
9.0
8.7
9.6
54.5
51.3
54.9
49.8
53.5
54.6
52.7
60.1
55.0
53.3
56.0
53.3
53.9
54.1
54.1
56.2
55.7
54.1
54.6
66.0
59.8
13
13
15
9
15
16
70
14
34
21
34
58
87
146
183
121
231
21
70
102
245
118.9
102.0
93.1
109.6
115.6
116.0
105.0
133.6
121.0
106.0
102.2
105.1
93.2
85.3
83.5
86.2
85.7
83.7
73.8
106.9
75.6
$85.32
109.49
60.62
77.28
193.81
115.25
80.82
89.53
101.04
72.23
53.06
63.19
53.25
104. 83
52.24
63.84
61.49
44. 51
35. S3
66.01
30.21
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per
week
$0.718
1.073
.651
.705
1.676
.993
.770
.670
.835
.681
.519
.601
.571
1.229
.625
.741
.717
.532
.481
.617
.400
$39.13
55.04
35.74
35.11
89.67
54.22
40.58
40.27
45.93
36.30
29.06
32.03
30.78
66.49
33.81
41.64
39.94
28.78
26.26
34.55
23.92
Hours
worked
118.9
102.0
95.5
109.6
115.6
116.0
107.7
137.4
121.8
107.1
109.9
108.4
102.9
93.1
94.6
99,3
96.8
104.7
88.4
112.5
88.8
Earnings
$85.32
109.49
62.30
77.28
193.81
115.25
82.73
92.42
101.81
72.81
57.45
65.00
58.31
109. 78
59.66
71.23
§7.21
55. 56
42.52
69.02
37.07
Earnings
per hour
$0.718
1.073
.652
.705
1.676
.993
.768
.673
.836
.680
.523
.600
.567
1.179
.630
.717
.695
.530
.481
.614
.417
AND
13
12
13
9
15
16
64
14
34
20
33
56
76
127
158
107
196
19
53
96
173
Earnings
OF LABOR— IRON
STEEL
3
4
4
2
6
6
7
2
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
Hours
worked
HOURS
Charging-machine operators________
Reheaters_________ _______________
Reheaters’ helpers.............. ................
Roll engineers......................................
Rollers.................................................
Assistant rollers..................................
Table lever men..................................
Tablemen.............................................
Guide setters........................ ..............
Hot-saw men................... ...................
Hot-saw helpers..................................
Hotbed lever men................ ..............
Hotbed men........................................
Straighteners, gag press......................
Straighteners’ helpers........................
Chippers............................. —.............
Drillers and punchers.........................
Cold-saw men......................................
Cold-saw helpers___________ ______
Inspectors............................................
Laborers....... ............................ ..........
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Number
of
plants Number
WAGES
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
Jrf
Jq
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
141
T a b le D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929— S ta n d a rd R a il M ills
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Fri
day
day
Sun
day
Hours
Per
week
Turns
Mon
per
week day to Satur
Fri
day
day
Sun
day
Per
week
Number of
employees
who worked
each speci
Aver fied
combi
age
nation of
hours customary
per
and
week turns
hours
G roup A.—Day tu rn on ly
70
10
10
10
10
8
m
8
56
52X
48
Total..
70
68
60
60
56
52X
48
48
1
14
263
57
1
32
416
G roup C.—W eekly chan ges from on e sh ift to an oth er
97114°— 30------ 10
142
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekf
1929— S ta n d a r d B a il M ills— C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Number of
employees
who worked
each
speci
Aver
fied com
age bination
of
hours
customary
per
turns
and
week
hours
Night turns
Day turns
Mon Satur
Per
day to
Sunday week
Friday day
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
Per
to
Sunday week
Friday day
TABLE LEVERMEN ONLY
65
60
56
10
4
7
9
53H
12
60%
48
48.
9
4
25
Total-
70
T a b le
E .— Average and classified full-time hours per week in five specified
occupations, 1929 — Standard Rail Mills
Occupation
Table lever men_________
Guide setters____________
Straighteners, jag press----Drillers and punchers____
Laborers____ - ________ __
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
7
7
7
7
6
Num
Average
ber of full-time
em
per
ploy hours
week
ees
70
34
146
231
245
62.7
55.0
64.1
55.7
. 59.8
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
48
29
5
45
66
50
Over
48,
under
56
21
15
43
41
56
9
4
28
27
60
7
4
11
27
107
Over
60,
under
66
4
6
19
70
57
66,
under
72
31
T a b l e F . — Average and classified earnings per hour in five specified occupations, 1929— S ta n d a r d B a il M ills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Occupation
Table lever men............
Guide setters.................
Straighteners, gag press.
Drillers and punchers...
Laborers______________
T a b le
Num Averber of
age
emearn
ploy- ings per
hour
70
34
146
231
245
95, 100, 110, 120 ,
un un un un
der der der der
100 110 120 130
$0.770
.835
1.229
.717
.400
130, 140, 150,
un un un
der der der
140 150 160
17
170, 180, 190,
un un un
der der der
180 190 200
200,
un
der
225
225,
un
der
250
275,
un
der
300
17
48
G. — Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in five specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929— Standard
B ail M ills
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified—
Occupation
Table lever men............
Guide setters.................
Straighteners, gag press.
Drillers and punchers..
Laborers......................
Num Average
ber of hours
Un
em
ployees worked der
32
70
34
146
231
245
72,
un
der
80
80
Over
80,
un
der
88
Over
88,
un
der
96
Over 132,
Over
Over
Over
112,
120, un
104,
96,
un 104 un 112 un 120 un der
der 144
der
der
der
132
120
112
104
107.7
121.8
93.1
96.8
26
10
20
144,
un
der
156
156, 168
un and
der over
T a b le
H.
Average and classified earnings actually received in five specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929—
$10, $15, $20, $25,'$30, $35,
un un un un- un- un
der der der
der
$15
$25
$40
$45, $50,
un-!un
der !der
$50 $55
$65,
un
der
$70
$70,
un
der
$75
$75, $80, $S5, $90, $95,
un un un un un
der der der der der
$80
$95 $100
$ 100, $110, $120, $130, $140, $150, $160, $180, $200,
un un un un
un
un $250
der der der der
un
der
un un
der der der
$82.73
101.81
146
109.78
231
245
67.21
37.07
10
OF LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEL
and
der
$110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250 over
HOURS
D r i l l e r s and
punchers______
Laborers________
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
AND
Table lever men__
Guide setters____
Straighteners, gag
Aver
age
earn
ings Un
per der
pay
period $5
WAGES
Occupation
Num
ber of
em
ploy-
Standard Bail Mills
BAR MILLS
The 1929 study of this department includes data for continuous, semicontinuous, and hand-operated bar mills, ranging in size from 8 to 18
inches. In all studies prior to 1929 only hand-operated bar mills
were included. The continuous and semicontinuous types of bar
mills have been gradually increasing in use and are now of sufficient
importance to be included in any bar-mill study. A continuous bar
mill consists of a number of stands of two high nonreversing rolls set
one behind the other, which are driven at progressively increasing
speeds. In mills of this type the piece which is being rolled is carried
by a mechanical conveyor from one roll stand to another; thus the
piece passes in a line through the entire mill without being handled.
Hand bar mills consist of a number of stands of rolls set end to end
in a straight line. These stands are of either the two or the three
high nonreversing type. In the strictly continuous mill, guides are
so placed in front of each roll stand, except the first, that the piece
being rolled is turned or twisted before it enters each pass. In some
so-called continuous mills guides have not been placed in front of the
roll stands and it is necessary to have men in front of the stands,
who catch the -piece with tongs, enter it in the right position, and if
necessary hold it to prevent the piece from turning. In a strictly
hand-operated mill the piece which is being rolled is passed back and
forth through the different stands of rolls until the piece has been
reduced in cross section and elongated. The roll train in handoperated bar mills consists of roughing, stranding, and finishing rolls.
A semicontinuous mill is one where the roughing and possibly the
stranding rolls are set in tandem and operated as a continuous mill,
the last or finishing stands being hand operated.
Separate averages are not shown for continuous and semicontinu
ous mills, as the work of stockers, heaters, heaters’ helpers, chargers
and helpers, roll engineers, rollers, finishers, hotbed men, shearmen,
shearmen’s helpers, and laborers is essentially the same as in handoperated mills. The continuous and semicontinuous mills included
in this study are located in the Pittsburgh, the Great Lakes and
Middle West, and the southern districts of the United States. No
continuous or semicontinuous mills are included in the data for the
eastern district. The addition of plants operating the continuous
type of mill does not influence, except to a slight extent, the figures
presented for the country as a whole.
Comparison of hourly earnings in hand-operated mills and in both
hand-operated and continuous mills, as given below, shows to what
extent the earnings in certain occupations were influenced by the
addition of the continuous type of mill. These averages for these
occupations are based on the hours and earnings of employees in the
three districts specified as having both hand and continuous mills.
145
146
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Earnings per hour
Occupation
Stockers_______________________
Heaters_______________________
Heaters’ helpers______ —_______
Chargers and helpers___________
Roll engineers________________ Rollers________________________
Finishers______________________
Hotbed men____________ ______
Shearmen______________ ___ ___
Shearmen’s helpers_____ . . . . . . . .
Laborers_________________ —__
Hand-operated
mills only
All mills, both
hand and con
tinuous
$0,524
1.046
.683
.532
.597
1.882
.974
.602
.747
.537
.389
$0.539
1.123
.701
.555
.597
1.892
.986
.614
.777
.543
.403
Data for 1929 were obtained from the pay rolls of 39 bar mill
establishments located in 11 States, of which 31 were hand-operated
mills employing 5,745 employees in all occupations and 8 were
continuous and semicontinuous mills having a total of 1,730 employees
in all occupations. There were 7,475 employees in all mills, and 4,521
of these were in the principal occupations for which separate figures
are given. Comparable data were first obtained for this department
in 1907, and from that year until 1914 employees in the principal
occupations only were covered, while all employees in all occupations
were included in the figures for the period 1914 to 1929.1 Comparable
figures are presented for all employees in the principal occupations
from 1907 to 1929.
Hours of labor in bar mills have decreased 10 per cent over the
period 1914 to 1929. There was practically no change in the average
full-time hours per week for all employees in this department of 61.7
in 1914 until 1924, when the average was 55.6 as compared with 61.2
in 1922. This change was brought about by the adoption of the
8-hour workday in many plants in 1923. In 1926 the average hours
for employees had decreased to 54.7, which is the lowest of any year
shown and 0.9 hour less than the 1929 average of 55.6 hours. Aver
age full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings
per week, 1913 to 1929 are shown in Table 1, page 4, for the depart
ment as a whole.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various principal occupations, which may be made from Table A,
show similar reductions in customary working time. In 1913 the
average full-time hours per week for all employees in the principal
occupations combined were 60.9 as compared with 55.1 in 1929—
a reduction of 10 per cent in working time, which is the same as that
for all employees in all occupations during the same period. Con
sidering the principal occupations separately it is found that in 1913
average full-time weekly hours ranged from 69.2 for roll engineers to
58.1 for catchers, while in 1929 average weekly hours ranged from
60.1 for roll engineers to 53.3 for bundlers.
While the increase or decrease in average full-time hours per week
of employees in tbis department from 1914 to 1926 had been caused
almost entirely by changes in daily hours of labor, the increase in
average full-time hours per week in 1929 over 1926 was caused by
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1928.
BAR MILLS
147
an increase in both the daily hours of labor and the number of turns
per week. Table B shows that in 1914 there were 94 per cent of all
employees working from 5 to 6 days per week, in 1920, 89 per cent,
while in 1929 this percentage had been reduced to 81. There was
little change in the per cent of 7-day workers between 1914 and 1926
but when 1929 is compared with 1926 there was an increase in per
cent of 7-day workers from 2 to 8. This change for the country as a
whole was brought about through the large increase in the number of
7-day workers in the Pittsburgh district where the percentage of
such workers had increased from 1 in 1926 to 16 in 1929.
A good idea of the extent of the spread of hours in this department
may be gained from Table D. This table shows that out of a total
of 7,475 employees, 2,517 worked days only, 158 nights only, and
4,800 alternated or rotated from day to night turns; and that 560
worked 12 hours or an equivalent thereto each day they were on duty,
and 2,589 worked a day which averaged 8 hours or less each day
they were on duty. Since Table D covers all employees in all
occupations whether employed on producing crews or not, separate
figures are presented for one key occupation—roughers—of the
producing crews. Of the 195 employees who worked as roughers,
onlv 27 had a customary working week of over 60 hours, while 120
haa less than 60 hours per week, and of these there were 35 whose
daily hours of labor were regularly 8 hours or less each day they were
on duty.
Table E shows a distribution of employees in six principal occupa
tions according to their average full-time hours per week. Of the
1,955 employees in these 6 occupations, 398 worked a customary
week of 48 hours or less, while 263 worked over 60 hours. There was
only 1 employee in these 6 occupations that had an 84-hour week.
While average full-time hours per week decreased 10 per cent
between 1914 and 1929, average earnings per hour increased 125 per
cent. Average earnings per hour for all employees in this depart
ment were 27.8 cents in 1914, and there was little change until 1920,
when hourly earnings were 71.3 cents, or more than two and one-half
times the average in 1914. Due to the depression in the industry .in
1921, earnings dropped to 48.6 cents in 1922. After the 8-hour day
was generally adopted in 1923, earnings increased and by 1924 had
advanced to 58.5 cents per hour, somewhat less than the 1926 average.
In 1929 earnings again advanced to 62.5 cents per hour, or an increase
of approximately 6 per cent over the 1926 average. Average hourly
earnings of employees in the various principal occupations are shown
in Table A. For example, roughers earned an average of 43.4 cents
in 1907. There was a slight increase to 43.6 cents in 1913, but little
change from this time until 1919 when the average was 93.3 cents.
This large increase was caused by conditions brought on by the
World War. In 1920 earnings per hour again advanced, and were
$1,034, which is the highest average of any year shown. By 1922
hourly earnings had dropped to 70.9 cents but again increased to
81.0 cents in 1924, and to 84.7 cents in 1926. The demand for mer
chant bars increased in 1928 when, according to the 1928 report of
the American Iron and Steel Institute, there was 6,277,835 gross tons
produced. This demand continued into 1929, and earnings increased
to 88.7 cents per hour, which is 103 per cent above the 1914 average.
148
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A distribution by average hourly earnings of employees in 6 prin
cipal occupations in 1929 is given in Table F, which shows that in
the unskilled occupation of laborers there were 58 out of a total of
607 who earned less than 25 cents per hour, while in the skilled
occupation of rollers no employee earned less than 90 cents per hour.
Average full-time weekly earnings for all employees in this depart
ment followed very closely the trend in average hourly earnings dur
ing the period 1914 to 1924. This was due to the very slight change
in average weekly hours during that period. In 1914 average weekly
earnings were $17.15 as compared to $44.06 in 1920, an increase of
157 per cent, which is almost identical with the increase in hourly
earmngs during the same period. Weekly earnings declined in 1922,
but advanced again in 1924 to $32.53, which is $2.22 less than the
1929 average of $34.75. In the various principal occupations weekly
earnings show like increases. Roughers, for example, earned $26.28
in 1907; weeldy earnings decreased somewhat during the years 1908
to 1912, but in 1913 advanced to $26, which was practically the aver
age for 1907. In 1919 average hourly earnings were more than twice
those of any year up to this time, and weekly earnings increased to
$56.63. A further mcrease in 1920 brought the average to $59.46,
which is the highest of any year shown. Earnings per week dropped
in 1922 to $40.41, but in 1924 and each subsequent year increased
until weekly earnings stood at $49.49 in 1929.
The 4,521 employees in the principal occupations worked an aver
age of 97.9 hours during the 15-day pay period covered by the 1929
study for which they received $67.28. All of the hours worked and
earmngs received by these employees, as shown in Table C, are
included. Roll engineers worked the most time, 112.2 hours, and
earned an average of $62.68, while shearmen's helpers, who worked
the least hours, 87.5, earned $47.17. Rollers earned the most money
during the pay period, $200.56, while laborers earned the least,
$37.63.
A classification, by hours actually worked, of employees in six
principal occupations is made in Table G. In the unskilled occupa
tion of laborers it is shown that 81 worked less than 32 hours during
the pay-roll period scheduled, while in the skilled occupation of rollers
only 2 of the 127 scheduled worked under 32 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Due to the
variation of hours worked by employees as shown in Table G, this
table shows a wide spread of earnings for employees in the same
occupations. For example, 49 laborers out of a total of 607 earned
less than $5 per pay period, while 1 earned between $100 and $110;
heaters, however, show the widest variation, 1 having earned less than
$5 and 2 who earned $250 and over.
BAH MILLS
149
A .— Average customary full-lime hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation—Bar Mills
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922_..........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Heaters:
1907...........
1908______
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913..........
1914______
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929______
Heaters’ help
ers:
1907...........
1908_.........
1909______
1910...........
1911...........
1912..........
1913______
1914...........
1915..........
1919...........
1920...........
1922_____
1924..........
1926...........
1929..........
Chargers and
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910______
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920 — .
1922...........
1924
1926______
1929...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
Aver- age
earnings
per
hour
Index numbers
(1913=100)
time
earn Full
ings time Earn
per hours ings
per
week per hour
week
Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
60,
72,
earn and 48,
60 un 72 un 84
ings un un
der
der
der
per der
72
60
84
week
8
8
8
13
15
15
31
41
41
15
22
22
25
28
30
93
90
88
170
211
217
374
603
582
298
458
352
298
305
304
64.4 $0.178 $11.43
64.1
.167 10.72
64.2
.168 10.79
59.0
.250 14.24
60.9
.217 12.94
60.9
.231 13.79
60.2
.216 12.89
60.4
.199 12.00
60.2
.198 11.91
.524 33.38
63.7
.612 37.69
61.5
59.2 .420 24.90
.502 28.20
56.0
.519 28.13
54.2
53.5
.530 28.36
107
106
107
98
101
101
100
100
100
106
102
98
93
90
89
82
77
78
116
100
107
100
92
92
243
283
194
232
240
245
89
83
84
110
100
107
100
93
92
259
292
193
219
218
220
15
15
15
25
26
26
44
57
57
23
24
23
28
33
37
121
112
112
217
184
199
295
409
392
209
213
169
181
181
174
63.9
63.9
64.0
62.9
62.7
62.4
59.7
59.9
60.1
61.7
60.1
59.9
55.3
M.4
56.1
.508
.467
.488
.507
.510
.482
.590
.548
.562
1.147
1.176
.759
.949
.957
1.064
32.35
29.66
31.06
31.73
31.87
29.84
34.74
32.49
33.50
70.77
70.73
45.50
53.03
52.06
59.69
107
107
107
105
105
105
100
100
101
103
101
100
93
91
94
86
79
83
86
86
82
100
93
95
194
199
129
161
164
180
14
14
14
24
25
25
42
54
54
21
23
25
28
33
33
167
153
151
295
293
319
467
582
570
323
435
326
312
273
198
65.3
65.1
65.0
62.6
62.7
62.2
60.5
60.9
60.3
60.7
59.5
59.1
54.7
54.3
55.8
.246
.227
.234
.273
.259
.260
.269
.265
.272
.655
.744
.517
.630
.632
.675
15.77
14.50
14.87
16.77
15.94
16.01
16.21
16.09
16.37
39.76
44.16
30.56
34.86
34.32
37.67
108
108
107
103
104
103
100
101
100
100
98
98
90
90
92
12
12
12
18
19
19
31
41
41
14
19
21
26
28
32
104 65.5
102 65.6
107 65.9
179 65.3
185 64.8
182 65.0
262 62.5
346 61.9
333 61.7
189 62.4
328 61.9
293 61.2
295 54.9
234 53.5
242 1 56.1 J
105
105
105
104
104
104
100
99
99
100
99
98
88
86
90 1
t Legs than 1 per cent.
.173 11.34
.161 10.56
.161 10.60
.192 12.40
.184 11.90
.192 12.45
.226 14.00
.219 13.47
.222 13.56
.561 35.01
.636 39.45
.427 26.24
.540 29.58
.551 29.48
.554 1 31.08
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week
were—
16
13
12
4
2
1
1
7
11
22
27
31
9 9
11 9
9
9
25 4
19 21
17 27
25 34
33 18
46 9
9 31
26 7
40 5
41 17
36 34
44 21
70
66
78
51
34
31
36
43
39
51
51
34
18
3
5
9
14
3
5
13
13
1
4
4
9
8
10
2
93
85
89
91
92
86
100
94
96
204
204
131
153
150
172
2
3
3
8
10
9
10
9
9
13
13
9
31
39
31
13
2
18 2
18 2
13 7
1
17
22 1
1
37
1
34
35 w
1 17
27 2
34
25 ~12~
14 27
20 13
70
61
70
58
60
57
46
52
52
60
52
51
31
20
34
10
15
4
10
9
9
3
2
3
8
2
4
91
84
87
101
96
97
100
99
101
243
277
192
234
235
251
97
89
92
103
98
99
100
99
101
245
272
189
215
212
232
2
2
2
16
16
14
8
6
11
24
14
6
29
36
30
12 2
16 3
16 3
11 8
13 2
23
2
42 2
1
36
32 0)
1 17
30
5
52
38 ’ 2l ’
29 25
29 19
65
56
74
52
55
50
44
52
50
46
46
38
12
10
14
16
21
1
11
10
9
4
5
5
10
2
3
1
77
71
71
85
81
85
100
97
98
248
281
189
239
244
245
81
75
76
89
85
89
100
96
97
250
282
187
211
211
222
7
6
5
4
4
9
17
5
6
32
38
34
10 5
10 5
9 4
8
7
14 3
13 3
27
2
1
32
27 0)
10 5
28 2
2
36
22 34
31 25
44 16
68
66
75
59
59
61
63
62
62
55
60
33
12
5
12
15
20
7
20
18
18
3
1
2
10
5
18
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
5
2
2
0)
4
3
4
1 ” ’I
3
1
7 1)’
0)
0) (l)
1
3
8
5
2
5
1
1
1 ....
3
150
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.—Average customary full-time hours' per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week , and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929 , by occu
pation — B ar M ills — C o n t in u e d
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Drag-downs:
1907______
1908..........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
Roll engineers:
1907______
1908______
1909..........
1910_.........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1919_.........
1920,.........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Rollers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910. .........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920......... .
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Roughers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn time
ings earn
per
hour ings
per
week
Full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
age full-time hours per week
were—
Full
Over
Over
Earn time 48 Over
48,
60,
72,
ings earn and un 60 un 72 un 84
per ings un
der
der
hour per der der
72
84
60
week
11
11
11
19
20
20
33
45
45
18
20
20
26
27
24
86
82
83
132
127
130
186
265
256
131
205
161
187
142
132
64.4 $0.271 $17.31
.246 15.58
63.9
.250 15.93
64.0
.269 | 17.44
65.1
.262 ! 16.78
64.7
.253 16.12
64.3
.282 16.98
60.8
.277 16.58
60.7
.280 16.96
61.1
64.9
.696 45.17
.725 43.33
60.6
59.7
.470 27.98
55.2
.560 31.12
.593 32.79
55.3
.554 30.97
55.9
106
105
105
107
106
106
100
100
100
107
100
98
91
91
92
96
87
89
95
93
90
100
98
99
247
257
167
199
210
196
13
13
13
22
22
22
41
52
52
21
22
22
24
25
20
58
56
56
99
95
97
153
183
178
94
109
100
106
111
68
72.3
71.4
71.5
72.0
70.4
70.0
69.2
68.8
68.9
70.2
69.7
69.1
60.9
58.0
60.1
.226
.221
.217
.229
.228
.229
.247
.247
.246
.558
.657
.478
.569
.582
.563
16.29
15.76
15.52
16.46
16.07
16.05
17.06
16.97
16.77
39.17
45.65
32.75
34.55
33.76
33.84
104
103
103
104
102
101
100
99
99
101
101
100
88
84
87
91
95
89
92
88
91
93
96
92
94
93
94
100 100
100
99
100 | 98
226
230
266 268
194
192
230 203
236
198
228
198
13
13
13
22
23
24
42
56
56
23
25
25
30
35
39
65
63
63
124
120
128
173
216
215
108
141
119
126
134
127
65.5
65.7
65.5
62.4
62.0
61.6
59.3
59.6
59.4
61.3
59.5
58.4
53.9
53.2
55.0
1.013
.878
.917
.928
.873
.863
.985
.936
.944
1.821
1.949
1.416
1.577
1.699
1.822
66.88
57.88
60.40
58.21
54.65
53.60
58.85
56.13
56.75
111. 62
116.13
82.35
85.28
90.39
100.21
110
111
no
105
105
104
100
101
100
103
100
98
91
90
93
103
89
93
94
89
89
100
95
96
185
198
144
160
172
185
114
98
103
99
12
93
13
91
12
100
95
96
190 " 22"
11
197
5
140
145 30
154 40
170 26
15
15
15
25
26
26
26
57
57
23
25
25
31
35
31
252
242
243
425
403
408
407
385
386
202
319
288
263
259
195
61.5
62.5
62.4
61.0
60.5
60.2
59.8
58.8
58.9
60.7
57.8
57.3
54.7
53.2
55.8
.434
.343
.368
4.02
.377
.389
.436
.436
.438
.933
1.034
.709
.810
.847
.887
26.28
21.35
22.72
24.51
22.68
23.36
26.00
25.41
25.76
56.63
59.46
40.41
44.61
45.06
49.49
103
105
104
102
101
101
100
98
98
102
97
96
91
89
93
100
79
84
92
86
89
100
100
100
214
237
163
186
194
203
101
82
87
94
87
90
100
98
99
218
229
155
172
173
190
102
92
94
103
99
95
100
98
100
266
255
165
183
193
182
9
6
5
3
17
7
32
30
36
2
3
2
13
31*
13
13
10
10
17
18
18
6
2
2
21
16
9
22
30
21
19
24
24
18
24
25
38
38
36
3
16
52
20
25
14
60
52
70
57
55
54
44
49
51
62
59
32
13
4
19
19
23
4
19
20
19
7
6
7
21
6
8
2
10
31 "'3
17 18
37 6
53
50
54
40
57
53
45
47
49
31
39
43
42
39
31
9
18
11
26
14
12
16
26
27
35
12
23
8
31
29
32
23
24
28
22
11
12
2
39
19
__
7
4
4
7
2
2
4
4
2
15
3
3
4
9
3
1
17
19
19
16
22
26
56
49
51
4
26
61
42
36
42
43
44
52
47
43
38
43
51
49
42
37
25
7
3
12
18
19
16
12
15
16
1
5
5
__
8
11
5
2
1
4
7
6
6
'Y
__
” 1’
_
'l l
2
’ 36"
42
27
3
3
1
6
5
4
15
3
17
13
13
13
8
9
’ 2l‘
16
3
21
21
19
20 5
23
5
5
23
20 8
24 3
25 3
46 1
65
62
10 "16"
44 1
58
46 ’ 25"
38 31
41 25
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
__
__
1
5
2
44 17
40 22
57 6
46 9
46 9
45 9
43
4
32
36
46 13
36 3
27 6
7
2
11 3
BAR MILLS
151
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation—Bar Mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Catchers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914.........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924 . ___
1926
1929...........
Stranders:
1907 ..........
1908...........
1909...........
1910..........
1911.........
1912..........
1913
1914 . _
1915
1919..........
1920 ..........
1922 ..........
1924 ___
1926 ........
1929 _____
Finishers:
1907 .........
1908 .........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913.........
1914 ___
1915 ____
1919...........
1920 .........
1922...........
1924 ..........
1926 .........
1929...........
Hook-ups’
1907...........
1908..........
1909...........
1910______
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914.........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
1929..........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver- age
full
earn- time
ings earn Full Earn Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
per
ings time ings earn
48,
60,
72,
hour
60
per hours per ings and
un
un
72
un 84
un der
week per
der
der
per
hour
der
week
tO
72
84
week
11
11
11
20
20
20
44
57
57
23
25
25
31
35
31
69
70
70
115
111
110
222
293
296
187
217
191
215
208
155
62.5 $0,442 $27.68
.381 23.57
62.0
.400 24.93
61.9
.419 25.45
60.2
.392 23.70
59.9
.399 23.92
59.7
.445 25.73
58.1
.430 25.03
58.6
.432 25.35
58.8
60.6
.936 56.72
57.9 1.022 58.68
.725 41.33
57.2
54.8
.818 45.12
.865 46.10
53.3
.874 48.77
55.8
108
107
107
104
103
103
100
101
101
104
100
98
94
92
96
99
86
90
94
88
90
100
97
97
210
230
163
184
194
196
108
92
97
99
92
93
100
97
99
220
228
161
175
179
190
13
13
13
21
22
22
42
56
56
23
25
25
29
33
30
175
174
174
272
262
266
491
635
615
381
525
474
427
389
307
59.5
59.7
59.7
.334
.277
.297
.301
.272
.283
.345
.318
.326
.762
.849
.577
.700
.741
.820
19.45
16.25
17.34
17.85
16.03
16.62
20.15
18.57
18.99
45.34
48.79
32.31
36.92
38.38
44.53
102
102
102
104
103
97
80
97
81
99
97
91
89
93
246
167
203
215
238
10
10
10
65
63
63
65.9
66.4
111
111
111
123
177
165
185
159
147
64.0
62.8
62.0
59.6
60.0
59.8
61.6
60.0
57.9
54.0
53.0
53.9
.638
.749
.848
.952
20.45
18.53
19.85
20.48
19.60
20.29
20.77
20.42
20.95
47.19
52.05
36.56
40.35
44.94
51.31
88
111
121
.309
.279
.300
.323
.313
.328
.350
.341
.352
.766
92
84
82
174
154
177
227
262
245
156
277
213
317
207
172
63.9
65.3
65.7
63.2
63.0
61.9
59.6
59.8
60.3
59.6
57.7
59.0
54.8
54.8
55.3
.268
.225
.241
.272
.250
.254
.291
.268
.270
.641
.771
.516
.601
.623
.650
17.30
14.70
15.82
17.13
15. 66
15. 74
17.32
16.03
16.25
38.20
43.83
30.17
33.30
34.14
35.95
107
17
19
21
40
54
54
22
24
25
30
33
34
12
12
12
20
21
22
36
47
47
21
24
25
29
29
27
i Less than 1 per cent.
137
182
223
222
60.6
59.8
59.6
58.3
58.4
58.1
59.5
57.6
56.6
53.0
51.8
54.3
66.2
.866
102
100
100
100
102
107
105
104
100
101
100
103
101
97
91
89
90
110
110
106
106
104
100
100
101
100
97
99
92
92
93
86
87
79
82
100
92
94
221
80
86
92
89
94
100
97
101
86
89
80
82
42
46
46
13 ! 35
14 39
14 39
3 63
2 60
2 60
23 11
19 38
10 59
22 46
33 36
25 35
22
22
22
18
18
18
100
92
94
225
242
160
183
190
221
98
89
96
99
94
98
100
26
14
9
34
44
28
14
12
11
98
101
219
247
182
214
242
272
227
251
176
194
216
247
25
38
30
92
77
83
93
100
10
16
9
10
87
85
91
99
90
91
100
100
220
221 ” 22’
86
92
93
265
177
207
214
223
4
4
16
14
12
92
94
253
174
192
197
208
18
15
23
28
31
17
17
1*7
16
27
28
64
57
77
13
46
65
42
35
38
12
13
13
20
1
" 5’
"T
1
’ 27”
30
24
11
11
11
14
8
8
’ II"
1
"16"
19
15
14
11
10
9
7
7
31
63 . . . .
43
48 1
13 13
34 5
1
56
47 23
38 21
44 18
6
20
35
46
41
30
22
20
20
7
7
7
1
13
4
9
6
1
12
4
34
32
42
40
34
33
35
31
23
44
36
20
7
15
17
7
13
13
13
18
2
1
1
(l )
C1)
9
3
48 26
49 i 27
68 1 10
55 15
45 17
38 13
35 2
55
51
46 11
44 7
25 9
5
2
i
6
1
.
1
i
I
I
!
1
1
7
2
!
52
42
57
11
43
6 44
8 36
48
52
59
’ l3" 32
1 37
28
"§I” 4
1
41
13
31
26
33
24
25
23
20
5
1
3 9
5 17
5 10
14
24
46
48
41
36
34
54
40
41
40
33
38
38
46
38
22
13
9
12
2
152
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation— B a r M i l l s — C o n t in u e d
T a b le
Occupation
and year
cent of employees whose aver,
Index numbers Per
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver
age
Num age Aver full
age
Num ber of foll- earn
time
Full
ber of em time
Over
Over
earn Full Earn time 48 Over
plants ploy- hours ings
72,
60,
ings time ings earn and 48,
per
ees per hour
60 un 72 un 84
un
hours
per
week
per ings un der
der
der
week per hour
per der 60
84
72
week
week
Roll hands,
other:
1907...........
1908..........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914______
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Hotbed men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920_.........
1922_.........
1924..........
1926...........
1929...........
Shearmen:
1907..........
1908-.........
1909_.........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929.........
a hearmen's
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
1929 .........
9
9
9
18
18
18
24
37
37
18
20
20
24
25
28
97
94
94
180
177
176
199
240
235
174
352
353
304
230
320
66.8 $0,278 $18.53
.255 16.97
67.0
66.8
.266 17.65
62.8
.295 18.35
62.5
.273 16.97
62.7
.287 17.97
63.2
.316 20.02
.285 17.92
63.2
.291 18.23
62.6
62.1
.684 42.48
.758 45.99
60.7
.545 32.36
59.5
.702 37.52
53.2
52.9
.683 36.13
55.1
.797 43.91
106
106
106
99
99
99
100
100
99
98
96
94
84
84
87
88
81
84
93
86
91
100
90
92
216
240
172
222
216
252
93
85
88
92
85
90
100 .
90
91
212
230
162
187
180
219
4
4
4
10
13
13
24
21
26
10
41
46
27
23
54
15
15
15
25
26
26
43
56
56
23
24
25
30
33
36
302
299
286
500
450
461
600
714
721
497
727
755
679
532
545
63.3
63.2
63.3
62.9
61.9
61.7
60.3
60.3
60.0
59.4
58.8
58.3
53.8
53.0
54.5
.189
.174
.180
.200
.188
.192
.217
.213
.216
.545
.618
.439
.538
.556
.601
11.98
10.93
11.00
12.46
11.61
11.80
13.06
12.77
12.83
32.37
36.46
25.48
28.97
29.47
32.75
105
105
105
104
103
102
100
100
100
99
98
97
89
88
90
87
80
83
92
87
88
100
98
100
251
285
202
248
256
277
92
84
84
95
89
90
100
98
98
248
279
195
222
226
251
21
21
22
16
24
26
43
42
34
15
45
56
42
36
53
15
15
15
25
25
24
41
54
54
22
25
24
28
32
35
94
92
93
156
151
156
218
263
264
145
216
178
181
176
163
64.8
65.1
65.3
63.3
62.5
62.4
60.2
60.5
60.5
60.9
58.2
59.2
53.4
52.4
54.4
.249
.216
.225
.264
.254
.251
.281
.280
.293
.634
.752
.526
.631
.616
.735
16.20
14.10
14.72
16.40
15.55
15.40
16.74
16.78
17.56
38.61
43.99
30.79
34.10
32.28
39.98
108
108
108
105
104
104
100
100
100
101
97
98
89
87
90
89
77
80
94
90
89
100
100
104
226
268
187
225
219
262
97
84
88
98
93
92
100
100
105
231
263
184
204
193
239
15
15
15
16
23
24
42
38
31
23
42
58
35
32
42
"25"
22
21
51 18
46 21
59 3
46 10
45 11
43 12
41 2
46 3
47 5
46 8
37 3
25 10
7
2
9 1
15
15
15
23
23
23
35
48
48
19
22
23
27
31
34
201
172
185
355
359
358
418
487
471
399
507
610
500
601
534
65.9
66.2
67.3
64.7
63.8
63.9
62.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
60.8
60.8
52.9
52.3
54.7
.174
.168
.169
.187
.178
.184
.209
.201
.203
.513
.615
.415
.524
.522
.542
11.46
11.07
11.32
12.02
11.28
11.74
12.98
12.57
12.66
31.96
37.39
25.27
27.92
27.30
29.65
105
106
107
103
102
102
100
100
99
99
97
97
84
83
87
83
80
81
89
85
88
100
96
97
245
294
199
251
250
259
88
85
87
93
87
90
100
97
98
246
288
195
215
210
228
6 10
7 13
6 14
3 12
8 10
9 10
24 6
24 6
20 4
9 6
40
3
47 _
32 30
21 34
40 26
62 20
59 17
59 4
45 22
50 18
46 18
61 3
63 5
60 7
55 12
1
48
35 10
5
2
8
2
1Less than 1 per cent.
4
4
4
4
2
2
m~2
0)
~28~
31
17
14
19
15
14
6
5
2
2
”~8~
0)
~2§’
21
17
16
18
18
14
12
10
9
9
6
8
4
40
40
70
44
42
44
76
79
74
60
45
30
4
2
11
45
45
15
20
20
20
11
9
12
0)
43 19
35 21
54 5
43 12
48 9
45 11
45 4
47 4
43 8
9
41
41 4
28 8
5
4
1
7
3
4
4
1
1
3
1
5
16
6
3
2
__
1 0)
1
3
153
BAR MILLS
A.—Average customary full-tim e hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1929, by occu
pation — B a r M ills — C o n t in u e d
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Bundlers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909______
1910.........
1911______
1912...........
1913______
1914. .........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
Laborers:
1907...........
1908..........
1909.........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922..........
1924-.........
1926______
1929...........
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
5
5
5
6
7
7
12
13
13
6
10
10
11
14
19
41
41
41
77
131
132
178
178
210
115
151
161
184
99
131
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose aver
Index numbers
age full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
per
ings time ings time
and un
72
60
un
un 84
hour
per hours per earn
un der
week per hour ings
der
der
per
der
84
week
72
60
week
66.9 $0,202 $13.53
66.9
.174 11.68
66.8
.186 12.42
.207 13.69
66.1
62.0
.197 12.20
.193 11.94
62.0
61.4
.218 13.38
63.9
.203 12.97
64.4
.208 13.38
68.8
.529 36.40
.555 33.80
60.9
.382 22.29
57.8
.526 24.16
45.9
.552 27.43
49.7
.543 28.94
53.3
109
109
109
108
101
101
100
104
105
112
99
94
75
81
87
93
80
85
95
90
89
100
93
95
243
255
175
241
253
249
101
87
93
102
91
89
100
97
100
272
253
167
181
205
216
10.44
9.93
10.17
10.86
10.40
10.38
10.66
11.00
10.91
29.28
33.12
21.54
23.06
22.61
22.34
109
104
108
108
105
104
100
101
101
106
104
103
92
88
90
91
91
89
95
94
95
100
102
102
262
299
187
232
243
236
98
93
95
102
98
97
100
103
102
275
311
202
216
212
210
10 296 68.3
10 227 64.8
10 324 67.8
15 511 67.8
17 390 65.5
21
536 65.0
42 891 62.5
54 1,039 63.3
54 1,029 62.9
21 1,058 66.1
20 816 65.1
23 806 64.5
30 936 57.5
34 854 55.0
38 607 56.0
.153
.153
.150
.160
.159
.160
.169
.173
.173
.443
.506
.316
.392
.411
89
61
40
76 24
76 24
100
100
34
66
65
35
71 ~~2~ 27
55
43 2
1 58 4
37
2 4 37 57
65 6 27
1 28 3
68
6 4
2
29 9
6
47 7
0)
1
1
2
6
2
15
36
11
0)
1
1
2
9
23
26
18
22
9
20
29
37
28
58
2
17
41
23
29
27
15
33
31
27
18
11
13
39
24
22
47 25
8
48 8 . . . . .
42 27
25 36
5
45 18
1
1
43 18
2
5
33
42 7
1
41
8
1
45 18
5
1
35 27
1
31 23
5 3
11
8 0)
2
2
2
(2)
1
1
0)
1
(')
2
0)"
1
i Less than 1 per cent.
»1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 84^ and less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per
week were 91.
T a b l e B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929 , by district and
year—Bar
3,250
3,366
3,167
2,624
2,686
2,804
2,838
162
122
69
22
89
82
4
19 2,694
19 2,484
7 2,079
7 2,218
10 2,135
11 2, 576
13 2,522
77
76
13
6
205
190
179
9
9
5
5
7
8
9
1,007
1,006
787
907
1,039
1,072
1,181
215
229
21
50
207
288
136
57
57
25
25
31
35
39
8,802
8, 732
6,983
6,717
6, 5C4
7,605
7,475
523
497
236
87
507
1,022
775
42
42
257
199
232
120
70
200
112
14
1,207
1,211
425
292
262
3
4
554
573
287
553
339
540
351
1,461
1,549
958
1,057
506
65
286
1,128
1,562
1,458
949
374 1,313
837 1,480
110 1,280
1,284
1,246
759
829
841
512
508
49
49
233
230
217
147
239
4
4,171
4,178
2,289
2,357
1,646
630
798
2
5
64
56
153
75
76
54
137
6
6
10
10
15
15
22
73
15
25
8
14
17
10
9
8
52
53
233
230
591
984
349
3,325
3,715
3,197
3,188
3,159
4,109
3,708
1
376
3
10
10
11
17
24
11
13
4
4
14
1
2
1
30 40
24 49
7
10
8
4
349
12
460
477
21
16
223
4
4
11
558
591
606
651
758
701
1,015
219
172
147
179
47
53
162
112
300
112
354
422
341
1,085
989
846
1,035
749
1,388
1,062
11
12
5
359
22
460
477
22
16
602
12 28
15
38
20
16 28
6 30
30 41
105 456
3
25
147
52
2
9
2
2
90
83
182
157
93
89
149
12
38
19
31
177
157
5
4
2
1
3
3
(9
48 3
23
3
1
6
25 0)
72 10
7
46
76 7
15
14
11
18
25
28
27
21
23
3
6
20
27
12
98
62
37
73
127
145
583
6
6
3
1
8
13
10
11
12
14
10
10
1
1
10
7
8
4
3
10
4
1
65
65
45
30
37
0)
<9
45
46
30
40
19
2
10
48
50
37
37
39
20
20
47
48
33
35
25
8
11
1
1
1
(9
0)
(9
40
40
41
47
35
54
42
<9
(9
2
2
11
10
10
6
9
1
2
2
5
3
3
2
5
15
18
1
1
8
1
1
1
3
1
1
(9
(9
l
(0
55
59
77
72
73
65
86
1
1
3
3
9
13
5
11
(9
(9
38
43
(9
46 i (9
47
(9
48
(9
54
(9
50
(9
(9
15
(9
(9
(9
1
1
(9
1
4
4
7
7
(9
l
6
2
(9
(9
8
1
(9
1
l
l
l
16
(9
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
l
l
l
3
2
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
(9
(9
(9
1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
<9
(9
1
(9
35
46
46
36
14 49
30 53
4 45
<9
22
17
19
20
5
5
2
1
4
2
5
6
5
30
31
30
57
48
47
38
7
(9
l
(9
(9
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
8
STEEL
14
14
7
7
9
10
11
100
112
97
111
95
5, 5,
6, 6, 6 and 6, 7,
5, 6,
5 and and
and and
and 7
6
and 6 65alter
alter in ro7 7 alter in ro
in ro
in ro 6 7
nately
nately
nately
tation
tation
tation
tation
AND
69
70
133
9
6
462
456
5
LABOR— IRON
1,851
1,876
950
968
704
1,153
934
7
OF
15
15
6
6
5
6
6
6
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
HOURS
5
6, 7,
5 and 6, 6,7 6 and and
7 alter in ro7
7 alter and
in
ro
nately tation nately tation
AND
Eastern:
1914.........................................
1915.........................................
1920...................
1922.....................
1924.........................................
1926.........................................
1929.........................................
Pittsburgh:
1914.........................................
1915.........................................
1920.........................................
1922
..................................
1924.........................................
1926 ....................................
1929______________________
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914
____
1915......................................
1920
..................................
1922 .......................................
1924 .......................................
1926....................................... .
1929.........................................
Southern:
1914 .................................. .
1915.......................................
1920 .....................................
1922 .......................................
1924
____
1926
.
____
1929
____
...
All districts:
1914.........................................
1915
1920.........................................
1922.........................................
1924.........................................
1926.........................................
1929........................................
* Less than 1 per cent.
Number of employees whose customary turns per week were—
5,5,
and 5, 6,
and 6 65alter
and 6
in ro nately in ro
tation
tation
Jr*
JjS
WAGES
District and year
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ployees
Mills
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— B a r M ills
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
4
8'
10
8
50
70
85
59
5.1
5.9
5.7
5.8
Total..........................................
30
264
5.7
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
$47.86
48.75
56.98
38.02
$0.488
.583
.615
.377
$26.84
28.80
33.15
21.38
104.0
86.6
96.6
102.7
$50.45
50.57
59.24
39.26
$0.485
.584
.613
.382
49.18
.530
28.36
96.5
51.17
.530
10.8
8.3
9.4
9.7
55.0
49.4
53.9
56.7
54
83
104
63
98.1
83.6
92.7
100.8
9.4
53.5
304
92.8
6
11
12
8
38
62
36
28
5.4
6.1
5.9
6.0
10.3
9.2
8.7
10.6
55.1
56.3
51.6
63.0
40
67
38
29
104.6
100.9
100.3
102.4
91.34
120.22
118.26
91.45
.873
1.192
1.179
.893
48.10
67.11
60.84
56.26
108.7
101.9
100.5
102.4
93.90
121.05
118.36
91.35
.864
1.187
1.178
.893
Total___________ _____ ______
37
164
5.9
9.6
56.1
174
101.9
108.36
1.064
59.69
103.3
109.29
1.058
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern.................................... .....
Pittsburgh................................. .
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.......................................
6
11
10
6
48
79
39
19
5.6
5.9
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.2
9.2
11.0
55.7
53.9
54.9
66.1
50
87
41
20
104.0
95.9
103.2
113.7
62.43
68.23
86.60
45.99
.600
.711
.839
.404
33.42
38.32
46.06
26.70
108.0
99.9
106.6
123.1
64.28
71.74
89.33
49.78
.595
.718
.838
.404
Total..........................................
33
185
5.9
9.6
55.8
198
101.3
68.32
.675
37.67
105.7
71.28
.675
Chargers and helpers:
Eastern............................ .............
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.......................................
3
10
12
7
6
69
95
39
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
9.2
9.2
9.2
10.7
55.4
55.6
53.4
63.6
6
85
108
43
121.4
90.8
98.5
97.7
63.57
54.29
59.76
33.94
.524
.598
.607
.347
29.03
33.25
32.41
22.07
121.8
94.8
103.4
98.3
63.84
57.03
62.07
34.10
.524
.601
.600
.347
32
209
5.9
9.5
56.1
242
96.2
53.35
.554
31.08
100.0
55.38
.554
Total_______________________
MILLS
1
1
Heaters:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
BAR
Stockers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.......................................
Hours
worked
Cn
Of
T a b l e C . — Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— B a r M ills — Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Occupation and district
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupation only
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
week
turn
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
25
32
31
26
5.2
5.7
5.7
5.9
10.6
9.0
9.6
10.8
55.0
51.9
54.2
63.8
28
40
34
30
94.3
75.6
98.3
90.2
$52.33
48.44
59.75
35.19
$0.555
.640
.608
.390
$30.53
33.22
32.95
24.88
101.7
82.0
102.1
97.7
$55.84
51.55
61.57
37.30
$0,549
.628
.603
.382
Total............ ........... .................
24
114
5.6
9.9
55.9
132
88.8
49.17
.554
30.97
94.9
51.80
.546
Roll engineers:
Eastern......... ...............................
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Southern.............. .........................
5
6
5
4
14
28
12
6
.5.7
6.1
5.9
6.0
11.7
9.4
9.7
11.2
66.6
56.9
56.9
66.8
14
36
12
6
133.7
94.5
125.1
129.2
61.60
58.03
86.62
43.62
.461
.614
.693
.338
30.70
34.94
39.43
22.58
133.7
94.8
125.1
129.2
61.60
58.28
86.62
43.62
.461
.615
.693
.338
Total_______________________
20
60
6.0
10.2
60.1
68
111.0
62.54
.563
33.84
112.2
62.68
.564
i
6
11
13
9
20
53
35
17
5.5
6.0
5.8
5.9
10.2
9.0
9.0
10.4
55.7
54.6
52.1
61.1
20
54
35
18
105.6
110.9
112.7
105.7
150.99
217.98
214.60
172. 77
1.430
1.966
1.905
1.635
79.65
107.34
99.25
99.90
105.6
112.7
112.7
105.7
150.99
219.09
214.60
172.77
1.430
1.945
1.905
1.635
39
125
5.9
9.4
55.0
127
109.8
200.09
1.822
100.21
110.6
200.56
1.814
6
7
10
8
36
60
52
31
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.9
9.9
9.3
9.6
10.5
54.5
55.4
53.5
61.8
36
69
53
37
108.5
93.2
105.6
90.9
85.19
90.15
107.12
58.26
.785
.967
1.015
.641
42.78
53.57
54.30
39.61
113.1
98.9
106.3
93.2
87.90
94.41
107.72
59.70
.777
.955
1.013
.640
Total..........................................
31
379
5.7
9.7
55.8
195
99.0
87.79
.887
49.49
102.5
90.24
.881
= = sa i
STEEL
Total__________________ _____
Roughers:
Eastern_________ _____________
Pittsburgh...... ..............................
Great Lakes and Middle West._
Southern.......................................
AND
Rollers:
Eastern______________ __ ______
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.......................................
OF LABOR— IRON
5
5
6
8
HOURS
Drag-downs:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West_.
Bouthern.......................................
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Positions
97114°— 30---------- 11
Catchers:
Eastern_____________ . ___
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West
Southern____________________
Total..
6
7
10
8
31
27
44
47
25
143
5.6
5.9
5.7
5.9
5.8
9.9
9.2
9.5
10.7
9.7
55.1
53.9
54.2
62.8
55.8
27
50
52
26
155
101.7
93.3
97.8
100.0
97.4
75.46
92.46
93.28
64.71
85.12
.742
.991
.953
.647
.874
40.88
53.41
51.65
40.63
48.77
111.1
98.3
103.9
102.7
103.2
81.05
96.49
97.59
66.01
89.06
.729
.981
.939
.643
.863
Stranders:
Eastern____ _______ ____ _
Pittsburgh_________ _____
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern_____ ____ ______
Total..
6
7
10
7
30
50
83
105
33
271
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.7
9.8
8.9
9.4
10.5
9.5
54.0
52.3
53.8
61.2
54.3
52
96
116
43
307
97.7
89.8
97.9
78.5
92.6
61.35
74.45
96.64
41.13
75.95
.628
.829
.988
.524
.820
33.91
43.36
53.15
32.07
44.53
105.0
96.7
100.0
82.8
97.4
64.88
79.24
98.53
43.35
79.07
.618
.819
.985
.523
.812
Finishers:
Eastern___ . . . __ ____________
Pittsburgh. ................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern_____________________
Total..
6
8
12
8
34
17
47
55
16
135
5.4
5.9
5.7
5.9
5.8
10.3
8.9
9.2
10.4
9.4
55.1
52.6
52.3
61.7
53.9
17
54
59
17
147
98.0
98.2
100.6
102.7
99.7
66.82
92.78
114.74
60.84
94.90
.682
.945
1.140
.592
.952
37.58
49.71
59.62
36.53
51.31
102.7
103.5
103.1
107.6
103.7
69.36
97.96
116.61
C4.31
98.24
.675
.946
1.132
.597
.947
Hook-ups:
Eastern______________________
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____ _____ ___________
Total..
6
6
9
6
27
25
41
55
29
150
5.3
6.1
5.7
6.0
5.8
10.4
9.1
9.0
10.6
9.6
54.8
55.3
51.2
63.3
55.3
26
52
63
31
172
98.1
77.5
92.0
104.2
90.7
55.18
52.43
69.30
52.40
59.02
.562
.676
.754
.503
.650
30.80
37.38
38.60
31.84
35.95
108.1
83.7
99.2
108.8
97.6
59.73
56.35
74.11
54.79
63.08
.553
.673
.747
.504
.646
Roll hands, other:
Eastern.................... ...................
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern......................................
Total..
3
8
10
7
28
3
144
90
31
268
5.7
6.3
5.8
5.9
6.1
10.1
9.0
8.7
10.1
9.1
56.3
56.9
50.4
60.3
55.1
3
161
114
42
320
85.2
106.0
80.9
78.6
93.3
45.93
90.37
62.66
46.68
74.35
.539
.852
.774
.594
.797
30.35
48.48
39.01
35.82
43.91
88.5
110.8
89.7
83.6
99.5
47.60
93.66
68.05
50.63
78.46
.538
.846
.759
.606
.789
Hotbed men:
Eastern____ _________________
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Southern.....................................
Total. .
5
9
13
9
36
44
157
185
56
442
5.6
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.9
10.2
9.1
9.0
10.1
9.3
56.8
54.8
52.4
58.6
54.5
45
210
224
66
545
102.3
79.8
88.3
95.5
87.1
48.78
48.59
60.45
38.82
52.30
.477
.609
.685
.406
.601
27.09
33.37
35.89
23.79
32.75
109.8
87.8
97.1
100.0
94.9
51.78
53.10
66.36
40.28
56.89
.472
.605
.683
.403
.599
Shearmen:
Eastern_____ _____ . . . _________
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern______________ _______
Total..
5
11
9
35
26
62
51
19
158
5.5
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
10.3
8.9
9.1
10.2
9.3
55.6
53.4
52.7
60.1
54.4
27
64
53
19
163
104.6
107.7
106.5
112.6
107.4
54.20
91.04
88.62
46.68
78.98
.518
.845
.832
.415
.735
28.80
45.12
43.85
24.94
39.98
109.4
109.3
108.0
115.4
109.6
56.72
92.00
89.41
47.71
80.15
.519
.841
.828
.414
.731
Or
T a b l e C*— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— B a r M ills — Continued
Occupation and district
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
turn
week
5.6
5.9
5.8
5.9
34 |
405
5.9
2
9
6
2
6
69
36
5
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.0
9.7
9.0
9.3
10.3
9.3 j|
10.1
8.8
8.9
9.9
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
53.6
53.3
54.0
61.6
26
274
175
59
91.7
72.1
89.8
104.5
$47.12
39.06
56.09
35.62
$0. 514
.542
. 625
.341
$27.55
28.89
33. 75
21.01
98.3
76. 9
95. 5
107.9
$49. 70
41.64
58. 99
36.70
$0.505
. 541
.618
.340
54.7
534
82.4
44. 65
.542
29.65
87.5
47.17
.539
56.9
52.3
53.8
59.2
6
82
38
5
108.8
91.1
107.7
127.8
46.43
52.77
56.29
46.64
.427
.579
.523
.365
24.30
30.28
28.14
21. 61
113.6
95.3
113.7
129.8
48.17
55.12
60.10
47.43
.424
.578
.529
.365
53.3
131
98.1
53.27
.543
28.94
102.8
55.95
.544
6.0
6
11
12
9
51
185
103
130
5.4
6.3
6.0
5.8
10.5
9.0
9.1
9.7
56.3
56.1
55.2
56.2
58
249
141
159
92.2
84.2
85.0
93.1
33. 51
39.47
38.88
24.57
.363
.469
.458
.264
20.44
26.31
25.28
14.84
102.1
89.9
91.2
97.5
37.61
42. 59
42.02
25.99
.368
.474
.461
.267
Total.........................................
38
469
6.0
9.4
56.0
607
87.5
34.86
.399
22.34
93.4
37.63
.403
STEEL
116
AND
19
Laborers:
Eastern__. . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . .
Pittsburgh.................. .................
Great Lakes and Middle West.. .
Southern.......................................
8.9 |
Full-time
Hours
earnings * worked
per week
LABOR— IRON
Bundlers:
Eastern... . . . . . . . . ___ —_______
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern.......................................
25
185
140
55
Earnings
per hour
OF
Total............ ..............................
5
10
10
9
Earnings
HOURS
(Shearmen's helpers:
Eastern
_ __ _____ ___ ___
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern........................................
Hours
worked
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupaticins
WAGES
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
^
qo
159
BAR MILLS
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— Bar M ills
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Night turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
day Sat Sun Per per East Pitts Lakes
per day Sat Sun Per
per
and South
week
week to
ur
to
ur
ern burgh Middle
week
ern Total
Fri day day Week
Fri day day week
j
West
day
day
Group A.—Day turn only
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
a
6
a
a
5
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
5
a
a
a
a
7
a
a
5
a
a
a
a
5
a
5
a
a
a
a
5
a
a
12
12
14
11
12
12
12
10
12
11H
12
u n
10
11H
UH
12
11
UH
13
11
10
9
11
10H
10
10
UH
10H
11
10H
10
UH
11
10H
10H
lOfio
12
11
10H
10
10
ioh
10
10
UH
10*6
m
10
m
8
10
10
11
10
9
12
12
8H
11
12
12
11
10
9
12
9
12
3
10
UH
8
ioH
10
10
9
a
li
8
10
10
8
9
5
10
8
a
5
8
10H
10
5
8
66H
5
12
10
a
3
6
8H
8
6Mo
5
7H
10
9
a
8H
8
9H
a
8H
5H
66
66
65 H
65
65
65
65
64
64
70 )
58
1.........
63H
63H
63
63
63
62H
61
61
60H
60Ho
60
60
60
60
59
58H
B8H
58
57H
57 H
5
8
84
81
78H
__
78
I
75
...........1
.........
72
!
71
70
69
69
68
68
68
67H
8
57
56
56
56
5H o
55 %
55H o
9
5
9
5
8
55
55
54
53%
53
H
9H
5
m
10
10
9
8
8
8
9
8
8
52H
5
8
8
5
4
52H
50
50
8 48
. . . . . 48
48
45
45
44
Total,
84
81
2
8
78H
78
75
72
71
70
69
69
68
68
68
67H
66H
66
66
65 H
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
63H
63H
63
63
63
62H
61
61
60H
60Mo
60
60
60
60
59
58H
3
2
52H
50
50
48
48
48
45
45
44
i
38
2
1
1
2
9
]
10
4
1
2
3
1
3
2
72
1
1
1
109
3
38
4
1
35
4
2
2
12
53
2
1
1
1
152
7
1
58 H
68
57H
57H
57
56
56
56
55%
55Mo
55
55
54
53H
53
52^
4
4
1
1
1
1
7
27
11
17
5
2
36~
13
27
115
58
14
1
20
83
1
2
7
78
8
23
2
5
1
16
43
12
3
40
21
76
261
36
8
234
196
1
8
27
20
4
1
37
29
4
26
11
22
1
53
1
82
71
2
18
633
368
787
729
14
1
1
1
1
52
2
4
1
109
3
1
2
3
2
27
79
1
10
1
2
4
1
2
35
16
2
2
55
1
1
16
45
1
1
164
10
7
195
29
23
2
329
19
17
234
201
2
9
36
13
27
183
50
58
14
1
20
113
34
1
135
1
71
2
18
2,517
160
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary fullrtime turns per week and hours per turn and per week9
1929, by district— B a r M i l l s — Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours by
districts
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh
Sat Sun Per
week day
to
ur
ur day week
to
Fri day day week
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South
Middle ern Total
West
Group B.—Night turn only
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
12
11
12
11
10
12
10
11
10
10
11
UH
10
11
10
12
11
11
10
10
10
li H
10
10
11
lOtt
10H
12
11
12
11
8
12
10
11
10
8
6
im
10
11
10
12
11
11
10
10
10
10*$
10
9
6
10^
10H
10
84
77
84
74
70
72
68
77
70
70
61
69
68
74
68
72
66
66
60
60
70
68
60
68
61
63
63
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
5
7
7
6
6
7
5
7
5
6
5
7
7
6
5
7
6
5
6
5
12
12
13
13
12 . . . . .
11
11
8
12
12
11
11
13
10 ” io"
10
8
13
UH
10
10
12H
10 ' “io"
12
11
13
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
13
10H
12
12
13
12
9
12
.....
10*"
12
13
im
9
.....
11
10
10
8
10
84
84
91
84
72
78
75
74H
12\i
75
72
72
75
71H
65
71
70
70
70
70
78
69^
69
69
69
62H 68K
68
68
60
66
66
66
65
65H
70
65
70 ) 65
60 J
60
64
68
64
60
64
65
63
63
63
60
61H
U
5
4
5
2
4
80
1
4
13
4
2
80
1
2
2
2
2
4
141
4
6
2
2
10
82
10
5
4
2
4
80
1
2
15
4
4
2
80
2
1
2
4
141
4
6
2
82
10
15
8
2
15
8
161
BAR MILLS
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929, by district— B a r M ills — Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per day Sat
per
ern burgh Middle ern Total
day Sat Sun Per
week to
ur Sun Per week
to
ur day week
West
day
week
Fri day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
G roup C.—Weekly changes fro m on e shift to another—Continued
12
UH
10
10
10
9H
10
10
11
10
10
11
m
8
8
10
10
10
m
9
SH
10H
8
10
57H
70
65
59
58H
65j4
58
60&
55
57
56
56
10H
"m
8
52
10
9
8
59
54
56
8
56
8
56
8
48
66
56
56
56
56
48
48
50
50
10
m
9
8
54^
54
48
8
48
8
48
8
8
9
9
3H
8
48
48
52H
49
48
54
48
48
48
12
12H
10
10
10
11
10
10
10^
12
11
12
11
8
8
8
8
8
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8H
8H
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
60
62H
50
60
60
55
60
60
52J-6
60
55
60
55
56
56
56
60
56
50
54
56
48
48
56
56
48
56
56
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
56
48
48
56
50
48
52
42H
42H
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
40
40
49
40
50
40
40
40
48
40
48
2
139
60
59^
59J4
59
59
57%
57^
56
56
56
56
54H
54
147
1
49
2
139
1
482
330
4
328
1
2
82
2
2
147
1
342
45
1
1
43
153
1
1
48
56
1
330
328
1
2
2
2
293
43
108
53H
188
294
4
82
53^
8
53%
14
53H
52
52
50H
83
3
1
50%
7
7
50%
1
1
50%
50
50
215
48H
48K
48
5
3
48
6
46
45H
1
1
227
125
442
125
3
5
3
12
3
9
3
29
23
255
3
4
6
73
10
255
83
3
4
6
3
3
30
30
45H
45%
1
148
148
50%
48
48
48
46K
46
14
3
239
101
239
101
162
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-tim e turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929 , by district— B a r M ills — C o n t in u e d
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Hours
Night turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Hours
Aver«
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
per
Sat Sun Per week day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Middle ern Total
week day
to
ur
to
ur day week
West
Fri day day week
Fri day
day
day
G roup C.—Weekly changes from on e shift to an oth er—Continued
BAR MILLS
163
T a b l e £•— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified
occupations, 1929, by district— B ar M ills
Occupation and district
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of
employ-
Heaters:
Eastern..................................
Pittsburgh...................... ........
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern................................
Total................................... .
37
39
31
Stranders:
Eastern......................... - .........
Pittsburgh......................... .
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern................................. .
56.1
127
55.0
36
37
64.5
55.4
53.5
61.8
195
55.8
52
54.0
52.3
116
43
54.3
Hot bed men:
Eastern...................... ..............
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern................................. .
45
210
224
56.8
54.8
52.4
58.6
30
Total.....................................
545
54.5
Laborers:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern..................................
249
141
159
56.3
56.1
55.2
56.2
Total____________________
607
56.0
Over
Over
48,
56,
under 56
56
60
Over
60,
under
26
15 13
11
12 10
22
72 84
34
23 24
20
48
13
29 47
42
10
12
61.2
307
Total.....................................
48
55.7
64.6
52.1
61.1
Roughers:
Eastern......... - ........................ .
Pittsburgh..................... .........
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern................................. .
Total.....................................
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
55.1
66.3
51.6
63.0
Boilers:
Eastern................................... .
Pittsburgh.............................. .
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern................................. .
Total....................................
Average
full
time
hours
per
55
65
•49
21
76 26
164 57
32
129
24
25 42
70 90
24
105 134
30
34
215 35
20
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929, by district— B ar M ills
40
67
38
29
$0,873
1.192
1.179
.893
174
1.064
i
20
54
35
18
1. 430
1. 966
1.905
1.635
— T1 —
j
j
Total...............
127
1.822
...J — -
Roughers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh....... .
G. L. and M. W_
Southern............
36
69
53
37
.785
.967
1.015
.641
Total...............
195
.887
1
4
4
?,
1
2
1
4
9
i
i
—
. . .T " ~
i
1
2
4
Total________
307
.820
4
Hotbed men:
TP.QctArn
Pittsburgh_____
45
210
.477
.609
2
85,
un
der
90
90,
un
der
95
1 1
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,
un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
7
2
1
2 ""4’
4
3
1
3
3
3
2
2
5
2
1
8
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
1
4
1
4
2
9
11
10
8
10
12
9
5
11
11
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
3
t
6
4
1
2
2
4
5
4
1
2
1
7
4
1
11
8
3
2
3
4
3 ” 3'
8
4 7
4 1
2 10
10
10 20
18
3
2 "T
6 4
3
9
2
2
2
1
2
1
15
24
11
4
3
1
1
3
1
2
4
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
9
3
2
1
3
4
5
2
3
4
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
11
2
1
7
7
1
^8
*3
7
8
16
13
10
7
6
14
15
11
3
1
7
5
4
7
5
7
3
7
3
1
6
5
7
2
4
5
12
3 ” 4" 3
1
3
7
4
10
10
2
5
3
4
10
17
11
20
10
14
5
7
2
3
6
3
7
6
19
2 4
9 19
7 4
1
3
7
5
6
5
6
9
2
9
1
1
8
12
5
18
1
|
1i
17
1 9
13
15
14
32
19 27
15
17
11
11
20
24
18 | 9
4
14
37
29
11
2
6
13
5
7
2
6
2
3
4
11
4
4
3
12
29
3
2
16
16
4
16
49 1 33
5
5
61 3
200, 225, 250
un un and
der der over
225 250
6
11
5
2
1
15
160, 170, 180, 190,
un un un un
der der der der
170 180 190 200
___ 1___
1
....... |1
........
....... 1........
STEEL
4
80,
un
der
85
AND
.628
.829
.988
.524
70, 75,
un un
der der
75 80
1
1
2 1 i
52
§6
116
43
65,
un
der
70
I
I
I
|_
—i
Stranders:
Eastern
Pittsburgh....... .
G. L. and M. W .
QnllfViArTI
40, 45, 50, 55, 60,
un un un un un
der der der der der
45 50 55 60 65
OF LABOR— IRON
Total...............
Rollers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W_
Southern______
35,
un
der
40
HOURS
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W .
Southern
30,
un
der
35
AND
Heaters:
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
WAGES
Occupation and
district
Num Aver
ber
age
of
earn 18, 20, 25,
em ings
per un un un
ploy hour
der der der
ees
20 25 30
O. L. and M. W .
Southern...........
66
.406 -----
4
17
3
Total..............
545
.601 -----
4
19
7 24
Laborers:
Eastern....... .....
Pittsburgh....... .
G. L. and M. W.
Southern.......... .
58
249
141
159
.363
.469
.458
.264
11
47
28
607
.399
11
47
Total_______
14
14
41
70
2
3
28 84
46
5
6
8
2
1
55 45
102
64
47
38
3
97 4
84 20
148
25
6
3
1
173
6
3
1
5
184
24
1
25
13
22
38
14
12
9
6 -----
>5 employees earned $2.50 and under $2.75; 1 employee earned $2.75 and under $3; 2 employees earned $3 and under $3.25.
2 employees earned $2.50 and under $2.75; 1 employee earned $3.25 and under $3.50.
1
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
Bar M ills
Occupation and
district
174
104
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
104,
112 ,
120,
132,
144,
156,
127
Over Over
168,
180,
192
un 112 un 120 un 132 un 144 un 156 un 168 un un and
der der over
der
der
der
der
der
der
ISO 192
156
144
132
120
112
21
20
103.3
105.6
112.7
112.7
105.7
22
110.6
113.1
9 8 .9
106.3
9 3 .2
Total___ _____
195
102.5
Stranders:
Eastern...............
Pittsburgh_____
G. L. and M. W .
Southern...........
52
96
116
43
100.0
Total................
307
9 7 .4
28
Hotbed men:
Eastern________
Pittsburgh..........
210
45
109 .8
8 7 .8
36
12
13
33
AND
Roughers:
Eastern...............
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W .
Southern.______
STEEL
un
der
88 un
der
104
108.7
101.9
100.5
102.4
Rollers:
Eastern........ ......
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W .
Southern...____
Total................
un
der
96,
OP LABOR— IRON
Total_________
56
80
Over
Over
HOURS
Heaters:
Eastern........ ......
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W .
Southern_______
40
80,
AND
32
Over
48,
un
der
WAGES
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Num
ber of Average
hours Un 32,
em
ploy- worked der un
der
^
o
105 .0
9 6 .7
8 2 .8
12
27
32
18
16
19
12
3
18
I
O. U and M .W .
Southern______
Total..
Laborers:
Eastern________
Pittsburgh..........
Q. L. and M. W
Southern______
224
66
97.1
100.0
15
6
1
1
4
5
8
3
6
1
3
7
3
ft
4
545
94.9
57
3
16
18
12
17
15
13
102.1
89.9 ’ 46’
91.2 24
97.5 17
1
4
3
5
2
8
2
2
2
7
5
9
2
5
5
12
2
5
5
7
1
6
3
3
1
2
2
1
13
!4
23
24
19
13
6
58
249
141
159
607
93.4
81
8
16
16
2
IS
18
8
4
18
11
7
2
30
36
25
36
32
37
30
32
19
6
5 ” 5’
3
4
8
10
4
9
18
1
8
8
1
3
19
7
23
18~
5
1
9
25
6
2
41
18
52
24
42
2 ?3
1
11
23
8
5
11 ~1$~
6 10
24
1
46
29
25
7 ....
9
4 -----
64
18
1
3
5
9
9
31
8
7 ....
1
2
14 . . . .
7
3
18
55 . . . .
26
2
2
4
1
1
2
1 ....
11
1 i.......
14
1
4 ----
2 !____
5
8
4 ----17 . . . .
4
4
2
10 . . . .
1
2 i
1 I
2
1
L
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period coveredt 1929, by district
Bar M ills
38
29
118. 36
91. 45
1
Total............
174
109.29
1
20
54
150. 99
219.09
Total . . . . .
127
200.56
$40,
un
der
$45
$45,
un
der
$50
?
?
1
1
4
2
2
2
1
5
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
—
2
1 ....
1
3
1 ___
1
195
90.24
3
1
7
3
4
2
2
2
52
96
64.88
79.24
2
3
2
6
5
6 10
1 1
8
2 ___
2
2
2
3
8
2
2
7
12
6
$75,
un
der
$80
$80,
un
der
$85
$85,
un
der
$90
3
8
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
10
6
3
4
1 ....
1
1
3
1
9
$90, $95, $100,
un un un
der der der
$95 $100 $110
2
3
4
2
2
12
7
1
1
1
1
3
1 "2
$130,
un
der
$140
3
5
4
4
8
1
3
6
1
4
5
1
1
4
2
1
2
4
1
3
2
1
1
"¥
2
1
8
10
20
23
9
14
7
9
11
4
4
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
6
5
1
8
3
14
15
2
1
2
1
2
2
5
1
8
2
5
5
11
2
4
7
4
5
17
19
27
28
2
2
7 ” 7"
13
11
4
6
7
7
1 "T
2
8
3 -----
12
2
4
3
14
10
1
2
1
4
1
2
=
4 ...4
2
3
4
6
2
3
5
4
5
6
12
6
13
10
20
9
38
1
1
2
2 *5"
5
7
2
12
8
5
3
9
3
7
1
13
1
5
2
8
2 ....
6
6
3
3
1
10
1
2
5
1 -----
3
2
3
5
1 -----
9
1
24
11
5
1
2
1
1
6
11
8
16
24
30
13
14
2
6
18
16
18
16
15
4
2
1
1 ___
19
$200, $250
un and
der
$250 over
1
6
4
1
1
3
$180,
un
der
$200
6
8
4
2
$160,
un
der
$180
5
8
1
2
$150,
un
der
$160
5
2
1
1
$140,
un
der
$150
2
4
——
2
1
$120,
un
der
$130
1
3
1
$110,
un
der
$120
2
8
4
6
4
4
1
6
4
4
1
2
2
4
STEEL
4 ___
79.07
4
2
==:
1
2 ___
307
1
1
1
=
107. 72
59.70
Total.............
2
$70,
un
der
$75
2
53
37
98.53
43.35
1
$65,
un
der
$70
1
1
116
43
$60,
un
der
$65
1
1
87.90
94. 41
G. L. and M.
W
Southern______
$55,
un
der
$60
1
36
69
Stranders:
Eastern............
$50,
un
der
$55
AND
Total
?
-
Roughers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M.
W
Southern...........
$35,
un
der
$40
OP LABOR— IRON
$93.90
121.05
214. 60
172.77
$30,
un
der
$35
HOURS
40
67
35
18
$25,
un
der
$30
*>
G. L. and M.
W
...........
Southern______
Rollers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M.
W
Southern..........
$20,
un
der
$25
AND
Heaters:
Number of employees whose earnings duiing the pay peiiod were—
WAGES
Num Aver
of age
Occupation and dis ber
$10, $15,
em earn
ings Un $5,
trict
un un un
ploy per
pay der der
der der
ees period
$5 $10 $15 $20
00
Hotbed men:
Eastern____ __
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern______
51.78
53.10
15
6
4
5
5
7
4
1?
4
5
4
210
3
16
1?
4
11
6
12
2
18
12
19’ 15 21
11
7
3
2
2
2
2
224
66
66.36
40.28
6
2
4
4
?
2
3
5
r>
9
1
4
?,
6
14
14
6
4
18
3
17
2
13
2
20
3
21
3
26
1
15
2
5
11
8
6
3
9
4
3
2
Total_______
545
56.89
20
23
10
14
19
14 20
35
30 35
34
33
43
43
54
38
16
18 ! 11
8
5
11
6
3
2
58
249
37.61
42.59
34
5
1
1
5
8
2
10
6
8
14
4
6
12
14 7
9 27
2
50
1
47
12
14
3
3
1
1
141
159
42.02
25.99
10
5
8
13
5
16
8
24
8
41
4
5
11
9 22
3 1
20
13
4
8
2
2
2
1
1
21
9
24
607
37.63
49
26
23
45
61
39
51
34
35 57
72
61
16
22
5
5
3
2
1
Laborers:
Eastern_______
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern______
Total__ ____
45
?,
SHEET MILLS
Data for this department cover 15 sheet-mill establishments
located in 6 States, which during the pay-roll period covered employed
12,598 wage earners. Of this total 6,597 were in the 18 principal
occupations for which separate figures are shown.
A study of wages and hours of labor for employees in this depart
ment was first made in 1910. From 1910 to 1914 data were secured
for employees in the principal occupations only, but from 1914 to
1929 employees in all occupations were included.1 Comparable data
for employees in the principal occupations from 1910 to 1929 are
given in Table A.
Hours of labor in this department show little change during the years
1914 and 1915, the full-time average hours per week being 52.3 and 52.5,
respectively. In 1920 hours dropped to 50.3, or 4 per cent less than
in 1914. Weekly hours in the years 1922 and 1924 were about the
same as in 1920, but in 1926 hours decreased to 48.9, this being the
1929 average also, and 7 per cent less than in 1914.
This small decrease in full-time weekly hours in this department
was due to the adoption of the 8-hour day for hot mill crews and
certain other occupations long before its general adoption in other
departments of the industry. Certain employees, chiefly laborers,
have not as yet received the full benefit of the 8-hour day, as the
average hours per day for employees in this occupation are 9.8. #
Comparisons of full-time hours per week in the various principal
occupations may be made from Table A. The average hours per
week of employees in the hot mill occupations which include the
heating and rolling crews have not varied much over the period
1910 to 1929. This is also true of the shear crew, but the hours of
picklers and laborers show considerable variation. The average
hours per week of picklers were 70.8 in 1910 as compared with 68.1
in 1913. There was little change until 1920 when the average was
reduced to 51.5, which is 24 per cent below the 1913 figure. In 1922
picklers worked an average of 65.9 hours, but this average dropped
to 56.9 in 1926 and to 52 in 1929. The average of 63.1 hours per
week for laborers in 1910 did not change to any extent until 1920,
when weekly hours were 59.5. However, in 1922 hours advanced
to 65.2, which is close to the 1919 average of 64.5. There was a
decrease in 1926 in average hours per week to 56.6, but an increase in
1929 to 60.7, a decrease of only 4 per cent compared with 1910.
The increases or decreases in full-time hours per week of employees
have been caused chiefly by changes in daily hours of labor as average
turns per week have remained practically the same from year to
year. Table B shows that 95 per cent of the employees scheduled in
1914 worked 6 days per week or alternated or rotated regularly
from 5 to 6 turns, and in 1929, 94 per cent of the employees worked
such turns. While there has been some slight changes in some of the4
groups during the period 1914 to 1929, the number of turns per week
1Data were not obtained for the years 1916,1918,1921,1923, 1925,1927, and 1928.
170
SHEET MILLS
171
changed very little. The per cent of 7-day workers was 4 in 1914,
dropped to 3 in 1920, increased to 4 again in 1922, and to 5 in 1926 and
1929*
In order that a clearer idea may be given of the prevailing hours
per day and per week, Table D is presented. This table shows that
of the 12,593 employees covered 2,211 worked day turns only,
67 worked night turns only, and 10,320 alternated or rotated from
day to night turn; 8,889 employees worked a day of 8 hours, 1,884
a day of 10 hours, 350 averaged 12 hours a day, and 4 averaged as many
as 13 hours. Figures for all employees, whether on producing crews
or engaged at other work, are included in Table D, but in order
better to illustrate conditions as they apply to the producing crew,
separate figures are given for one key occupation—rollers. While
all of the 546 rollers had a day of 8 hours, 407 worked 5 days, 5 days,
and 6 days per week in rotation, and 139 worked 5 days, 6 days, and
6 days in rotation. The table also shows the number of turns worked
and full-time hours per week for all employees.
Table E shows the distribution of employees in six principal
occupations according to their average full-time hours per week.
This table shows that 2,018 employees in these occupations had aver
age full-time hours per week of “ over 40 and less than 44,” 671 of
“ 44 and under 48,” 204 of 60, and 22 who had a week @f 84 hours.
While hours of labor have shown rather small variations from
year to year, hourly and weekly earnings have shown great changes.
In 1914 the hourly rate for the department was 48.8 cents, which
dropped to 45 cents in 1915, but by 1920 earnings reached the high
average of $1,039. Alternate decreases and increases in hourly
earnings followed—to 69.4 cents in 1922, to 80.9 cents in 1924, to
75.9 cents in 1926, and to 79.3 cents in 1929 when the average was
63 per cent higher than in 1914 and 24 per cent lower than in 1920.
The average hourly earnings of employees in the various principal
occupations are shown in Table A. Earnings in 1929 ranged from
$1,979 for rollers to 42.9 cents for laborers. In the principal occupa
tions combined hourly earnings increased from 98.6 cents in 1926 to
$1,008 in 1929, or an increase of about 2 per cent. Most of the
tonnage rates paid in sheet mills are based directly on the selling
price of the product, thus the rates in this department in a large
number of occupations are subject to wide fluctuations between
studies such as made by the bureau. The greatest change in hourly
earnings in the principal occupations as between 1926 and 1929 is
found in the occupation of rollers, level-handed, whose earningswere $1,162 in 1926 as compared with $1,381 in 1929. Shearmen
show the least change in hourly earnings, from $1,222 in 1926 to
$1,227 in 1929. A distribution of employees by average hourly
earnings for six principal occupations is shown in Table F.
Due to the small change in hours of labor per week full-time
weekly earnings for the department have followed closely the changes
in hourly earnings. In 1914 the average full-time weekly earnings
for all employees was $25.52, which dropped to $23.63 in 1915, and
then increased to $52.26 in 1920, the highest figure for any year. In
1922 the average was $35.46, but in 1924 had risen to $40.61, and was
followed by a decrease in 1926 to $37.12. In 1929 the average was
$38.78, which is 52 per cent greater than in 1914. Weekly earnings
of the principal occupations show similar or even greater changes.
172
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Rollers, for example, earned $63.21 in 1913 as against $129.10 in
1920. In 1922 earnings had decreased to $82.01, which was still
30 per cent above the 1913 average. By 1924 part of this loss had
been regained, the average for that year being $93.35; but earnings
dropped again in 1926 to $84.69. However, hourly rates increased
somewhat in 1929 and full-time weekly earnings rose to $85.89,
which is 36 per cent above the 1913 figure. Table 1, page 4, shows
average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour and full-time
weekly earnings for the department as a whole for each year 1913
to 1929.
The 6,597 employees in the principal occupations worked an
average of 80.5 hours in the 15-day period for which they received
an average of $80.20. This compares with 91.1 hours and $72.22
for all employees in all occupations. The hours and earnings given
for the principal occupations above include all hours and earnings
received by employees as shown in Table C. Laborers worked the
most time— 105.3 hours—and openers, level handed, the least— 71
hours. Rollers—a highly skilled occupation—earned the most
money, $159.33, and laborers the least, $45.82.
A classification of employees in six principal occupations according
to hours actually worked is given in Table G. Of a total of 448
laborers this table shows that 34 worked less than 32 hours during the
pay period, while only 1 worked 192 hours or more. The two headings
under which the largest number of laborers fall are “ over 112 and
under 120,” and “ over 120 and under 132,” each having 65. Match
ers is the only other occupation which had more employees than
laborers working under 32 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Due to the
variation of hours worked, as shown in Table G, there is considerable
difference in earnings of employees in the same occupation. Four
teen laborers earned less than $5 during the pay period, while only
one earned from $85 to $90, and the largest number, 92, earned $50
and under $55. Rollers earned from $15 and under $20 up to $250
and over, the average for the occupation being $159.33.
SHEET MILLS
T
173
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929 , by occupa
tion— Sheet Mills
able
Occupation
and year
Pair heaters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912._____
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917______
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
1929...........
Rollers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Boilers, level
handed:
1920___ —.
1922...........
1924...........
1926 _____
1929...........
Rollers’ help
ers or finish
ers:
1912______
1913______
1914______
1915______
1919...........
1920______
1922...........
1924______
1926______
1929______
Roughers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912______
1913______
1914._____
1915...___
1917______
1919______
1920— ___
1924______
1926.__ . . .
1929______
Num Aver
age
Num ber
of full
ber of em
time
plants
ploy hours
ees per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 Over
60,
72,
ings time ings earn and 48,
per
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour
der
der
week per hour per der der
week
60
72
84
week
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
13
15
210
2<55
249
336
399
354
276
382
521
576
536
478
580
42.7 $0,466 $19.89
42.7
.502 21.42
42.7
.517 22.06
42.8
.543 23.23
42.8
.540 23.10
42.8 .518 22.17
43.7 1.038 45.48
43.4 1.046 45.40
43.4 1.386 60.13
43.3
880 37.84
43.4 1.027 44.50
43.3
.925 40.05
43.4 .953 41.36
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
101
101
101
86
92
95
100
99
95
191
193
255
162
189
170
176
86
92
95
100
99
95
195
195
259
163
192
172
178
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
14
15
215
259
252
335
394
348
276
342
464
501
478
492
546
42.7 1.242
42.7 1.380
42.7 1.416
42.8 1.476
42.8 1.431
42.9 1.280
43.7 2.591
43.5 2.536
43.4 2.976
43.3 1.895
43.4 2.148
43.3 1.956
43.4 1.979
52.98
58.89
60.41
63.21
61.20
54.80
113.47
110.32
129.10
82.01
93.35
84.69
85.89
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
101
84
93
96
100
97
87
175
172
202
128
146
133
134
84
93
96
100
97
87
180
175
204
130
148
134
136
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
3
7
4
8
44
39
114
27
41
42.7
44.5
42.9
43.3
43.1
1.516
1.069
1.345
1.162
1.381
6
8
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
14
115
171
264
233
271
437
487
437
392
448
42.7
42.7
42.9
42.9
43.0
42.8
42.9
43.0
43.0
43.2
.474 20.21
.503 21.48
.555 23.77
.461 19.77
1.010 43.43
1.092 46.80
.721 30.90
.865 37.78
.787 33.84
.826 35.68
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
101
101
101
94
100
110
92
201
217
143
172
151
164
94
100
111
92
202
218
144
174
158
166
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
14
15
215
255
252
336
399
353
276
367
528
590
533
510
581
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.3
43.4
.558
.603
.616
.642
.648
.619
1.285
1.289
1.584
.994
1.150
1.037
1.067
23.82
25.71
26.29
27.49
27.73
26.51
56.27
56^07
68.69
42.83
49.94
44.90
46.31
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
101
87
94
96
100
101
96
200
201
247
155
179
162
166
87
94
96
100
101
96
205
204
250
156
182
163
168
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
97114°— 30—
12
100
100
100
100
100
64.73
42.57
57.69
50.31
59.52
mmmmm
mmmmmmmmm
174
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.—Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929. by occupa
tion— S h eet M ills— C o n t in u e d
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Num Aver Aver age
age
full
age
Num ber
full earn
of time
time
ber of em
Over
earn
Over
Over
ings
Full Earn Full
plants ploy- hours per
time 48 48,
60,
72,
time ings earn
and un 60 un
per hour ings
un 84
hours
per
72
per ings un der
week
week per hour
der
der
per der 60
84
week
72
week
Catchers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1926..........
1929..........
Matchers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1926_____
1929..........
Doublers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1926..........
1929_____
Sheet heaters:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924.........
1926..........
1929...........
Sheet heaters,
level handed:
191 3
.
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
215
258
252
336
399
350
276
407
552
589
570
527
576
42.7 $0. 544
587
42.7
603
42.7
629
42.8
636
42.8
595
42.8
43.7 1 256
43.6 1 199
43.4 1 532
961
43.3
43.4 1 099
989
43.3
43.3 1 017
210
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.5
43.6
252
246
336
399
354
276
437
658
731
661
422
524
210
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.5
43.6
$23.19
25.03
25.71
26.92
27.23
25.49
54.92
52.28
66.43
41.54
47.70
42.82
44.04
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
101
87
93
96
100
101
95
200
101
244
153
175
157
162
86 100
93 100
96 100
100 100
101 100
95 100
204 100
194 100
247 100
154 100
177 100
160 100
164 100
387
418
429
448
484
.475
.946
.981
1.225
.791
.932
.829
.894
16.53
17.83
18.30
19.16
20.70
20.34
41.39
42.67
53.12
34.04
40.42
36.06
38.98
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
102
102
86
93
96
100
108
106
211
219
273
177
208
185
200
86 100
93 100
96 100
100 100
108 100
106 100
216 100
223 100
277 100
178 100
211 100
188 100
203 100
.372
.401
.412
.429
.462
.453
.906
.921
1.206
.775
.909
.804
.870
15.86
17.10
17.58
18.34
19.75
19.42
39. 57
39.97
52.32
33.42
39.42
34.97
37.93
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
101
102
102
87
93
96
100
108
106
211
215
281
181
212
187
203
86 100
93 100
96 100
100 100
108 100
106 100
216 100
218 100
285 100
182 100
215 100
191 100
207 100
215
259
253
307
364
324
276
332
424
499
470
478
540
.883
42.7
42.7 ‘ .911
.949
42.7
.993
42.8
.966
42.8
.868
42.9
43.7 1.879
43.5 1.849
43.4 2.151
43.3 1.381
43.4 L 559
43.3 1.404
43.3 1.432
37.68
38.88
40.51
42.50
41.34
37.19
82.36
80.43
93.29
59.26
67.68
60.79
62.01
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
101
89
92
96
100
97
87
189
186
217
139
157
141
144
89 100
91 100
95 100
100 100
97 100
88 100
194 100
189 100
220 100
139 100
159 100
143 100
146 100
14
56
34
15
94
90
115
48
34
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
43.0
43.3
42.9
43.2
43.6
30.17
32.65
29.27
56.19
71.45
41.33
46.29
42.25
45.95
100
100
100
100
101
101
100
101
102
100
108
97
186
235
141
154
138
149
100 100
108 100
97 100
186 100
237 100
137 100
153 100
140 100
152 100
255
249
336
399
354
276
398
642
743
639
400
495
.707
.762
.686
1.316
1.661
.995
1.008
.978
1.054
i
)
,
I
i
175
SHEET MILLS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occupa
tion — S h eet M ills — Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Sheet heaters’
helpers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929........ .
Shearmen:
1910........ —
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922 _____
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Shearmen’ s
helpers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922___ . . .
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Openers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Openers, level
handed:
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Num Aver
Aver age
age
ber
age
full
Num of
full
time
ber of em time earn
Over
Over
earn Full Earn Full
time 4B Over
hours ings
plants ploy
72,
60,
48,
per
ings time ings earn
per
un 84
un
un
72
60
ees week hour
per hours per ings and
un
der
der
der
week per hour per der
84
week
60
72
week
8
8
8
10
13
13
6
11
12
13
13
13
14
174
215
208
230
309
275
216
286
367
454
408
422
525
42.7 $0.377 $16.07
42.7
.436 18.59
.439 18.71
42.7
42.9
.483 20.70
42.8
.485 20.73
42.9
.458 19.60
43.2
.859 37.21
43.1
.926 39.91
42.7 1.140 48.68
42.8
.727 31.13
42.9
.894 38. 51
42.9
.803 34.45
.841 36.25
43.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
100
100
100
100
78
90
91
100
100
95
177
192
236
151
185
166
174
78
90
90
100
100
95
180
193
235
150
186
166
175
7
7
7
8
10
10
7
11
8
12
10
12
14
85
104
105
114
136
115
149
221
122
190
159
198
287
46.0
44.9
44.9
42.9
42.9
43.0
43.5
43.3
43.5
43.3
43.7
43.6
43.5
.689
.722
.768
.814
.860
.827
1.399
1.463
1.891
1.175
1.289
1.222
1.227
30. 79
32.86
34.67
34.90
36.84
35.48
60.90
63.35
82.22
50.90
56.26
53.28
53.37
107
105
105
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
102
102
101
85
89
94
100
196
102
172
180
232
144
158
150
151
88 86
94 90
99 90
100 100
106 100
102 100
175 100
182 100
236 100
146 100
161 100
152 99
153 100
%
6
6
7
9
9
6
11
7
12
8
12
14
62
83
77
111
128
146
120
196
155
265
203
207
281
46.4
44.9
45.1
42.9
42.9
43.8
43.2
43.7
43.7
43.4
43.8
43.6
43.5
.261
.308
.290
.251
.282
.242
.533
.682
.983
.642
.736
.683
.712
11.90
13.59
12.88
10.77
12.09
10.59
23.06
29.80
42.91
27.69
32.11
29. 78
30.97
108
105
105
100
100
102
101
102
102
101
102
102
101
104
123
116
100
112
96
220
272
392
256
293
272
284
111
126
120
100
112
98
214
277
398
257
298
277
288
84
90
90
100
100
95
100
98
100
100
100
101
100
7
7
7
6
9
9
6
10
6
11
9
11
11
138
167
180
168
200
180
175
266
198
415
284
287
370
46.0
45.2
45.8
45.4
42.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
44.0
43.5
43.5
43.5
43.2
.274
.275
.289
.279
.282
.273
.662
.656
1.188
.732
.806
.741
.754
12.57
12.35
13.04
12.56
12.06
11.93
28.70
28.60
52.13
3L 27
34 99
32.23
32.57
101
100
101
100
94
96
95
96
97
96
96
96
95
98
99
104
100
101
98
237
235
426
262
289
266
270
100
98
104
100
96
95
229
228
415
249
279
257
259
86
89
87
88
100
96
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
40 42.7
45 42.7
52 42.7
‘ 96 44.0
106 44.1
1.114
.607
.629
.651
.686
47.57
25.30
26.86
28.64
30.25
1
4
4
5
5
i Less than 1 per cent.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
14
10
10
1
16
10
10
2
3
2
(9
14
11
13
12
2
2
1
176
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occupa
tion— S h eet M ills— C o n t in u e d
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Picklers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Feeders:
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Laborers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Num Aver Aver age
age
full
Num ber full age
of time earn time
ber of em
Over
earn Full Earn Full
Over
plants ploy
hours ings
time 48 Over
per
60,
ings time ings earn
72,
48,
per
un
60
un
un 84
ees week hour
per hours per ings and
72
week per hour per un
der
der
der
der
week
84
60
72
week
4
5
5
8
9
9
7
7
11
12
11
14
50
58
39
71
121
126
67
65
106
150
127
125
5
8
8
8
10
41 56.8
119 61.4
101 53.1
93 45.3
90 46.6
.704
.500
.578
.647
.709
39.39
30.64
30.72
29.31
33.04
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
9
11
13
13
14
15
347
361
354
351
378
394
656
270
866
808
757
493
448
. 164
.166
. 169
. 190
. 188
. 188
.331
.462
.536
.356
.420
.475
.429
10.35
10. 54
10. 72
12. 28
12.37
12. 21
20.46
29.80
32.01
23. 06
27.15
26.89
26.04
70.8 $0.181 $12.75
71.2
.177 12.54
71.7
.186 13.23
68.1
.216 14.49
69.6
.211 14.55
69.8
.209 14.44
68.3
.600 40.98
51.5
. 792 41.13
65.9
.508 33. 51
63.6
.555 35.48
56.9
.631 35. 90
52.0 .713 37.08
63.1
63.6
63.5
64.9
65.9
65.0
61.8
64.5
59.5
65.2
64.6
56.6
60.7
104
105
105
100
102
102
100
76
97
93
84
76
97
98
98
100
102
100
95
99
92
100
100
87
94
84
82
86
100
98
97
278
367
235
257
292
330
86
87
89
100
99
99
174
243
282
187
221
250
226
88
87
91
100
11
100
7
100
6
283
6
234 ~*77" . . . . .
231
8
245
7
13
248 20 24
11
256 59
10
9
13
7
4
3
24
5
7
31
34
19
90
16 69
15 56
8 73
8 81
6 84
70
17 2
42 5
21 25
17 4
6 4
41
32
59
95
86
20
10
2
39
30
3
64
53
54
37
26
32
73
51
20
31
34
22
46
13
25
26
13
32
30
26
13
11
8
13
13
6
84
86
87
100
101
99
167
243
261 ” 32’
188
221 " 3 "
219 31
212
2
7
9
10
4
5
4
17
10
10
8
10
29
20
27
33
7
15
31
3
9
27
5
4
12
16
16
15
28
26
18
2
28
22
32
30
5
5
1
3
2
1 ___
4 ” l
3
2
8
1
5 ___
2
3
5
T
able
B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 191A to 1929, by district and
year— S h eet M ills
District and year
5,5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in ro alter 6 in ro
tation nately tation
6 and 7 6,6, and 6,7, and
alter 7 in ro 7 in ro
nately tation tation
4,150
3,808
5,410
5,798
5,787
6,054
6,382
2,521
2,179
2,483
2,674
2,713
2,932
2,977
144
193
97
253
252
332
847
877
862
790
1,107
1,282
1,208
1,669
1,732
1,697
1,858
1,663
2,154
1,928
3,328
3,863
3,903
4,699
6,216
1,144
994
1,342
1,670
1,798
2,063
2,903
9
6
51
143
90
45
76
216
252
519
552
575
918
736
705
625
1,252
1,261
1,242
1,205
2,041
6,304
5,736
8,738
9,661
9,690
10,753
12,598
3,665
3,173
3,825
4,344
4,511
4,995
5,880
119
150
244
240
343
297
408
216
252
1,366
1,429
1,437
1,708
1,843
1,987
1,833
2,921
2,993
2,939
3,063
3,704
110
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per
week were—
5,5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in ro alter 6 in ro
tation nately tation
6 and 7 6,6, and 6,7, and
alter- 7 in ro- 7 in ronately tation tation
234
237
110
264
178
165
240
(0
152
166
171
346
376
28
41
245 (i)
245
1
262 I 1
430 , (i)
349 i 1
511 | 1
616 | (0
(0
(0
0)
0)
5
4
4
7
(0
0)
0)
(0
0)
MILLS
> Less than l per cent.
Number of employees whose customary working turns per
week were—
SHEET
Pittsburgh:
191 4
.
191 5
.........
1920.................................. .
1922_................................ .
1924.................................. .
1926.................................. .
1929. ................................ .
Great Lakes and Middle
West:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920.................................. .
1922.................................. .
1924.................................. .
1926.................................. .
1929.................................. .
Total:
191 4
.
191 5
1920...................................
1922...................................
1924...................................
1926...................................
1929_________ _________
Num- N um
ber of b®I°f
plants pioyees
T a b le C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period coveredy 1929, by occupation and district— S h eet M ills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Number
of
plants
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Averages for specified occupation only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WA©ES
Positions
Occupation and district
Earnings
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
HOUBS
Hours
worked
AND
Number
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Pair heaters:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
9
6
284
246
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.2
302
278
80.8
68.0
$77. 52
64.17
$0.959
.944
$41.72
40.78
87.2
71.0
$83.75
66.77
$0,961
.940
530
5.4
8.0
43.4
580
74.6
71.12
.953
41.36
79.4
85.61
.952
9
6
274
242
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.2
286
260
86.1
71.1
168.28
142.93
1.955
2.011
85.04
86.88
89.1
74.0
171. 22
146. 26
1.921
1.975
Total_____________ __________
15
516
5.4
8.0
43.4
546
78.9
156.21
1.979
85.89
81.9
159.33
1.944
Rollers, level handed:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
4
4
20
13
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
42.9
43.5
23
18
73.2
48.4
100.74
67.40
1.376
1.391
59.03
60.51
85.5
61.8
114.81
77.16
1.343
1.249
8
33
5.4
8.0
43.1
41
62.3
86.10
1.381
59. 52
75.1
98.28
1.309
8
6
214
184
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.1
43.3
242
206
74.2
66.7
62.44
53. 71
.842
.806
36.29
34.90
80.3
71.3
67.65
58.50
.842
.821
14
398
5.4
8.0
43.2
448
70.7
58.42
.826
35.68
76.2
63.44
833
Rollers, helpers or finishers:
Pittsburgh. _.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-Total_______________________
9
6
283
240 |
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.2
312
269
77.4
67.7
84.92
69.55
1.097
1.027
47.83
44.37
87.4
73.5
97.43
74.98
1.115
1.020
Total..........................................
15
523 |
5.4
8.0
43.4
581
72.9
77.81
1.067
46.31
81.0
87.04
1,075
STEEL
Roughers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West._
AND
15
OF LABOR— IRON
Total__ _____________________
Rollers:
Pittsburgh.— ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
Total_______________________
J-J
qo
Catchers:
Pittsburgh_________ _______ ___
Great Lakes and Middle West__
9
6
263
250
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.2
291
285
79.0
67.3
80.97
67.82
1.025
1.007
44.49
43.50
85.4
71.4
86.98
71.07
1.019
.995
Total___________ . . . ___ . . . __
15
513
5.4
8.0
43.3
576
73.2
74.46
1.017
44.04
78.5
79.11
1.008
Matchers:
Pittsburgh. _............ _..................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
6
192
232
5.5
5.4
8.0
8.0
44.0
43.3
227
268
77.3
62.4
70.97
54.14
.918
.868
40.39
37.58
88.3
66.2
79.13
57.03
.897
.861
424
5.4
8.0
43.6
495
69.2
61.86
.894
38.98
76.3
67.17
.880
6
5
203
224
5.5
5.4
8.0
8.0
44.0
43.2
242
282
78.5
58.3
70.63
48.79
.899
.836
39.56
36.12
87.4
63.5
78.00
52.68
.892
.830
Total____________ . . . ________
11
427
5.5
8.0
43.6
524
67.7
58.88
.870
37.93
74.5
64.37
.864
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
9
6
270
244
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43*1
282
258
86.0
71.6
123.59
102.01
1.437
1,424
62.51
61. 37
89.3
74.5
126.02
104.68
1.412
1.404
15
514
5.4
8.0
43.3
540
79.1
113.28
1,432
62.01
82.2
115.82
1.408
4
3
15
12
5.3
5.6
8.0
8.0
42.7
44.7
16
18
82.5
52.4
77.84
63.37
.944
1.208
40.31
54.00
85.9
76.9
81.09
82.12
.944
1.068
1.054
45.95
81.1
81.63
1.006
.848
.832
36.46
35.94
81.5
67.8
68.77
56.59
.844
.834
Total_______________________
Sheet heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Total_______________________
7
27
5.4
8.0
43.6
34
66.6
70.18
Sheet heaters' helpers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
8
6
235
229
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.0
43.2
260
265
76.9
63.3
65.24
52.69
i
Total________________________
14
464
5.4
8.0
43.1
525
70.1
58.91
.841
36.25
74.6
62.62
.839
Shearmen:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
8
6
139
126
5.5
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.7
43.2
146
141
86.8
68.4
109.12
81.21
1.258
1.188
54.97
51.32
90.0
74.1
111. 57
85.54
1.240
1.155
Total_________________ ______
14
265
5.4
8.0
43.5
287
77.7
95.41
1.227
53.37
82.2
98.78
1.202
Shearmen's helpers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
8
6
118
120
5.5
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.9
43.1
133
148
80.4
61.8
58.00
43.40
.721
.702
31.65
30.26
84.9
67.5
61.20
47.71
.721
.707
Total_________ . . . . . . ________
14
238
5.4
8.0
43.5
281
70.6
50.31
.712
30.97
75.7
54.09
.714
MILLS
12
SHEET
Total...........................................
Doublers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
-<r
CD
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation and district— S h eet M ills— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
Positions
Number
of
plants
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Averages for specified occupation only
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
177
148
5.5
5.3
8.0
8.0
43.7
42.7
194
176
79.8
58.5
$60.73
43.37
$0.761
.742
$33.26
31.68
85.9
62.4
$64. 74
46.82
$0. 753
.751
Total_______________________
11
325
5.4
8.0
43.2
370
69.6
52.47
.754
32.57
74.7
56.22
.752
2
3
10
70
5.3
5.5
8.0
8.0
42.7
44.3
17
89
47.5
68.8
19.33
49.74
.407
.723
17.38
32.03
64.9
72.2
28.74
52.43
.443
.726
5
80
5.5
8.0
44.1
106
65.4
44.86
.686
30.25
71.0
48.63
.685
Picklers:
Pittsburgh___ _______________
Great Lakes and Middle West-.
8
6
58
53
5.6
5.9
9.8
8.2
55.3
48.5
68
57
93.2
82.0
65.24
59.85
.700
.730
38.71
35.41
106.1
84.3
71.74
60.92
.676
.723
Total________ ___ ____ __ ___
14
111
5.8
9.0
52.0
125
88.1
62.78
.713
37.08
96.2
66.80
.695
Feeders:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West_.
6
4
45
40
5.5
5.7
8.6
8.0
47.7
45.3
48
42
91.8
93.9
69.31
61.67
.755
.657
36. 01
29.76
97.4
95.9
72.47
62.62
.744
.653
Total..........................................
10
85
5.6
8.3
46.6
90
92.8
65.74
.709
33.04
96.7
67.88
.702
Laborers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
9
6
193
159
6.3
6.0
9.9
9.7
62.6
58.4
244
204
99.0
96.1
42.58
41.02
.430
.427
26.92
24.94
108.2
101.8
47.46
43.86
.439
.431
Total..........................................
15
352
6.1
9.8
60.7
448
97.7
41.87
.429
26.04
105.3
45.82
.435
Total_________ _____________
AND
STEEL
LABOR— IRON
Openers, level handed:
Pittsburgh
___________ —
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
OF
6
5
HOURS
Openers, male:
Pittsburgh___ - - ______________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
AND
Number
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
WAGES
Occupation and district
j-j
Jg
181
SHEET MILLS
T a b le D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekt
1929, by districts— S h eet M ills
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of custom
ary turns and hours, by
district
Hours
Turns Mon
per
Sat Sun
day
ur day Per week
to
week
day
Fri
day
Sat Sun Per
ur
day day week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Total
Group A.—Day turn only
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
12
12
11
11
10^
12
12
10
10
im
11
10
m
10
9
10
.10
10
10
10X
9H
8
10
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
8X
9
8
8
8
13
12
12
11
11
10x
12
11
10
9
10
11
10
m
8
9
10
10
9
8
5
9V2
8
5
10
m
9
8H
8
8
8
6
8
5
8
8
7
13
12
10
11
9
10H
10
9
5
5
9
10
8
8
8
91
84
82
77
75
73J*
72
71
70
68
67H
66
65
63
63
63
60
60
59
58
91
84
82
77
75
73H
72
71
70
68
67K
66
65
63
63
63
58
57^
57
56
55
55
54M
54
53H
53
52
51
50X
50
48
48
47
57
56
55
55
54M
54
533^
53
56
48
51
50^
50
48
48
47
1
Total.
1
47
1
23
1
1
41
1
54
13
1
12
1
2
1
4
1
332
38
58
51
21
1
201
45
48
96
1
47
1
23
1
1
42
1
92
13
1
23
1
2
1
62
1
961
320
43
21
4
6
6
2
1
297
45
48
1
1
1
92
1,254
2,211
Group B.—Night turn only
13
13
12
12
13H 13M 12
12
12
10
'16*
11
9
12
10
10
10
.....
9
10
8
Total..
13
12
12
10
11
10
10
8
9
9
91
84
81
72
72
70
66
63
60
60
60
56
54
54
50
48
48
48
91
84
81
72
72
70
66
63
60
60
60
56
54
54
50
48
48
48
2
7
1
12
1
1
3
5
15
1
4
1
11
1
14
2
3
3
1
1
2
48
1
1
2
19
67
182
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week ,
1929 , by districts— S h eet M ills — C o n t in u e d
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of custom
ary turns and hours, by
district
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Sat
ur
day
Aver
age
hours
per
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per week day
to
day week
Fri
day
Sat
ur
day
Sun Per
day week
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
G roup C.—Weekly changes from one sh ift to an oth er
12
10
12
12
11
10
10
10
10
12
11
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
m
on:
8
10
9
9
sy2
70
60
72
66
60
60
60
63
60
60
60
60
59
58
58
63
56
57X
57
53
60
56
60
54
54
53^
56
48
8
m
8
53
5314
56
56
48
50
54
53
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
12
12
12
12
13
14
12
12
12
12
12
4
12
13
14
10
13
12
11
12
12
11
9
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
9
12
m
9lA
10
8
8
8
8
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
13
12
9
10
10
11
66
12
11
9
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
S
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9H
10
12
8
8
37
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
25
50H
50M
13
48
48
48
8
8
410
8
8
21
8
19
736
8
Total
SHEET MILLS
183
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn (tnd per week,
1929, by districts— Sh eet M ills— Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
week day
to
Fri
day
Sat
ur
day
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of custom
ary turns and hours, by
district
Hours
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per week day
to
day week
Fri
day
Sat Sun Per
ur
day day week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Great
*Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pitts
burgh
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
44
42%
}
Total-
11
2,977
2,903
11
5,880
5,080
5,240
10,320
ROLLERS ONLY
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
48
40 } 45}*
40
40 } 42K
Total
T a b le
91
48
189
195
212
407
286
260
546
E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified
occupations, 1929 , by district— Sheet Mills
Aver
Num Num
age
ber of ber of full
Occupation and dis estab em
time
trict
lish ploy hours
ments ees
per
week
Rollers:
Pittsburgh_____
Great Lakes and
Middle West__
Total__ __ _
Roughers:
Pittsburgh...........
Great Lakes and
Middle West__.
Total_______
Matchers:
Pittsburgh...........
Great Lakes and
Middle West__
Total.............
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh______
Great Lakes and
Middle W e s t Total.............
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh___ _
Great Lakes and
Middle W e s t Total____
Laborers:
Pittsburgh___ _
Great Lakes and
Middle W e s t Total__ ____
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
40, 44,
un un
der der
44 48
9
286
43.5
195
91
6
15
260
546
43.2
43.4
212
407
48
139
9
312
43.6
206
106
6
15
269
581
43.2
43.4
221
427
48
154
44.0
108
119
6
12
268
495
43.3
43.6
214
322
54
173
9
282
43.5
192
90
6
15
258
540
43.1
43.3
217
409
41
131
6
8
260
43.0
231
29
6
14
265
525
43.2
43.1
220
451
45
74
9
244
62.6
6
15
204
448
58.4
60.7
2
2
48
Over
48,
un
der
56
56,
un
der
60
60
4
61
Over
60,
un
der
66
Over
72,
un 84
der
84
66,
un
der
72
72
28
22
14
22
28
1
23
14
22
I
7
86
7
42
128
15 143
19 204
1
1
T a b le F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupationst 1929, by district— S h e e t M ills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Occupation and district
age
earn
ings
per
hour
35,
un
der
40
40,
un
der
45
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
55
55,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
65
65,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
75
75,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
85
85,
un
der
90
90,
un
der
95
95,
un
der
100
100,1110,
un un
der der
110 120
140,
un
der
150
150,
un
der
160
160,
un
der
170
170,
un
der
180
180,
wi
der
190
190,
un
der
200
200,
un
der
225
225,
un
der
250
250,
un
der
275
6
4
1
6
1
16
8
15
17
26
26
36
25
33
30
30
21
59
62
30
35
16
19
5
7
3
7
1! 6
5
7
24
32
52
61
63
51 121
65
35
12
10
286
260
$1.955
2.011
1
Total........ ............ .....................
546
1.979
1
Roughers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
312
269
1.097
1.027
2
1
4
5
3
4
3
14
14
12 24
12 27
12
30
25
30
78
60
44
34
47
25
25
18
12
7
6
1
1
1
2
5
8
7
28
24
51
42
55 138
78
72 j 43
19
6
1
1
1
Total_______ _________ ___
1
1.067
227
268
.918
.868
1
1
2
3
2
4
6
8
12 14
17 33
23
29
29
36
22
32
34
45
13
19
39
25
18
11
9i 2
3 1 1
2
I
i
Total____ ____ ______ ________
495
.894
1 -----
1
5
6
14
29 47
52
65
54
79 |32
64
29
12 j 3
2
i
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh...................... ...............
Great Lakes and Middle West—
282
258
1.437
1.424
2
2
4
1
3
1
24
7
21
18
1
32 j 45
39 |57
33
46
41
39
Total.........................................
540
1.432
4
5
4
1 SI
39
71 '109
79
80
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh..... .................. .............
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t -
260
265
.848
.832 —
1
29
35
25
43
21
26
24
22
28
18
34
15
13
10
525
.841
66 |64
68
47
46 ! 46
49
23
Laborers:
Pittsburgh....... ...........................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
244
204
2 !
1 il 2
3 | 2
1
1
I
Total............. ............. ................
448
Total_______________ _____
1
1
6
5
2
3
2
23 21 26
17 30 40
1
6
7
5
40
51
.430
.427
2 214
182
8
17
19 —
1
1
3
1
.429
2 396
25
20 -----
4
1
9
3
19
1
— J—
1
i
|
l
12
8
3
2
10
9Q 20
5
10
19 1 23
27 j 6
1
!
i
1
j
-----
— I—
1
"¥
2
1
1
STEEL
581
AND
._
Matchers:
Pittsburgh________ ____________
Great Lakes and Middle West—
OP LABOR— IRON
Boilers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
275, 300,
un un
der der
300 350
HOURS
130,
un
der
140
AND
120,
un
der
130
WAGES
ber of
em
ploy
ees
T a b le G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929, by district—
S h eet M ills
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified—
Occupation and district
Rollers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Num
ber Aver
of
age
32,
em hours Un un
ploy worked der der
ees
32 40
40,
un
der
48
48,
un
der
56
56,
un
der
64
1
9
64,
un
der
72
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over Over Over
72,
Over 192
104,
80,
88,
96,
120,
! 132,
144, 156, 168,
1112,
un 80 un
104
un
96
un
un
112
un
144
88
120
un
132
un
un un un 180 180,
der
un- and
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der der der
80
192 over
104
88
96
112
120
132
144
156 168 180
286
260
89.1
74.0
3
6
2
2
1
16
6
16
2 12 5-3
76 28 18
3
3
4 ! 10 1 17
22
78 | 40 71
90
43
1 47
12
2
5 88
3 133
1 |59
2 |2 |.......
3
4
92
35
2 36
3 14
1
7 127
5 50
1
59
29
81.9
9
312
269
87.4
73.5
1
11
3
3
2
9
5
23
1 8 30 59
24 52 31 16
2
2
Total. ............V M M .....
581
81.0
12
6
11
28
25
1 103
T o ta l....------------------------
60
61 75
227
2(58
88.3
66.2
9
27
1
6
5
2
16 ~2l' 25
495
76.3
36
7
18
21
30
282
258
89.3
74.5
1
3
3
4
1
11
540
82.2
4
7
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West-
260
265
81.5
67.8
7
23
4
8
Total--------------- --------------
525
74.6
30
Laborers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
244
204
108.2
101.8
17
17
8
3
2
4
3
5
10
4
5
9
5
3
448
105.3
34
11
6
8
14
14
8
Total..........„........................
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle WestTotal_______ ____________
Total____________________
1
2
1
2
2
3
1 1
i
....... i
i
1
1 1.......
i I.......
1
|
1
MILLS
Matchers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes andMiddle West-
65
38
2
1
1
5 8 24
55 27 15
2
5
53
23
4 65
1 34
5 29
1 10
4 8
1
60
35 39
7
76
5
99
6 39
5
3
13
1 8
22 71
15 42
28 15
2 58
2 33
5
99
40
6 35
16
12
16
23
43 57
4
91
5 ;139
6 51
9
15
5
21
7 6 19 59
32 50 20 18
6 35
1 28
6 72
2 28
1 22
1 15
1
3
1
7
63
8 100
2 37
4
1
2
1
7
8
1
7
9
6
10
8 ‘ l*
14
35
1
27 6
38 11
35
30
4
1
22 |3
10 j 1
21
4
17
2
4
4
3
15
1
16
6
18
1
49
1
65 17
65
5
32 j 4
25
19
4
4
12 24
26 39
79
56 39 77
1
1
1
1
8 | 1
2
1 . . . |------ L -
i
2 —
1
2 __
1
i
...
SHEET
546
Roughers:
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West-
1
2
,
i
I
....... 1........
.......
i
!
1
s
2! 1
2i 1
T a b le H .- -Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period coveredf 1929, by district-
00
S h eet M ills
Occupation and
district
$20,
un
der
$25
$25,
un
der
$30
$30,
un
der
$35
$Z\
un
der
$40
$40,
un
der
$45
$45,
un
der
$50
$50,
un
der
$55
3
1
2
1
1
?
2
4
?
1
1
?
2
2
22
546
159.33
312
269
97.43
74.98
6
1
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
9
3
7
14
581
87.04
6
4
2
1
2
3
227
268
1
79.13
57.03 ~~7~ 17
3
2
2
4
5
5
1 2
6 11
4 4
21 32
Total. ..............
493
67.17
5
2
9
5
7
25
36
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh______
G. L.andM. W _.
13
g 8
29 24
4
10
9
17
11
23
17
24
17
23 i 25
30 ; 13
26
53
39
50
22
39
25
J25
*3
7
8
14
26
34
41
49
92 | 72
64
28
21
10
25
16
18
15
29
21
40
20
26
13
32
4
9
13
1
!
2 1
15 ;I
1
3
2
5
2
3
4
17
29
18
20
21
13
24 37
32
46
38
34
31
41
33
50
60 ! 39
36
5
32
g
17
13
19
13
16
24
15
27
24
31
9
22
10
16
4
12
6
20
6
7
4
4
37
25
32
29
39
51
40
32
*>0 18
26
11
4
55
9
1
3
1
9 i 10
S
3 I
i1 1
1
!
i
3 1
L i .1
3
1
4
11
3
5
3
17
7
13
6
17
11
20
14
20
14
8
24
30
20
26
47
23
42
15
i
21 i 17
14 ! 10
19
9
13
2
9
1
*1
1
5
4
6
15
8
20
20
23
31
34
22
54 | 46
70
57 |
1 27
! 35
28
15 |
! 10
1
2
6
9 6 11
13 32 33
22
26
19
18
18
19
23
15
26
13
22
20
25
10
10
8
15
6
7
3
11
1
3
11
8
22
38
44
48
37
37
38
39
42
35
18
21
10
22 • 12
3
6
5
11
9
8
9
U
12
19 21
13 54
41
51
24 ! 31
14 ! 8
20
3
U
1
12
1
1
1
1
11
20
17
23
32
92 38
39
23
12
12
1
1
1
1
68.77
56.59 ” 5"
3
7
2
4
2
6
6
4
4
7
62.62
5
10
6
8
10
244
204
47.46
43.86
7
7
6
5
9
6
5
7
448
45.82
14
11
15
12
Total _______
Laborers:
Pittsburgh_____
G.L.and M. W „
525
3
3
75
1
120 employees earned $250 and under $300; 5 employees earned $300 and under $350.
» 2 employees earned $250 and under $300; 1 employee earned $300 and under $350.
14
8
1
1
1
1
r ■■
i
t
....... 1........1..............
I
.......
1. . . . .
-----!-------
* 1 employee earned $250 and under $300.
STEEL
2 ! 1
260
265
1
AND
2
4
2
115.82
1
1
3
...J
540
30
1
4
1
1
T otal..............
Sheet h eater s’
helpers:
Pittsburgh___ _
G. L. and M. W__
2
6
”3"
1
2
126.02
104. 68
... ...
18
2
$200,
un $250
der and
$250 over
$120,
un
der
$130
$85,
un
der
$90
j
282
258
Total
7
1
2
$180,
un
der
$200
$110,
un
der
$120
$80,
un
der
$85
LABOR— IRON
Total___ ____
Matchers:
Pittsburgh_____
G. L.andM. W__
1
1
2
"T
2
1
I
l|
$130,' $140, I$150, ^$160,
un- i un- j un un
der 1 der der der
$140 $150 $160 $180
$90, $95, $100,
un un un
der der der
$95 $100 $110
$75,
un
der
$80
OF
Total...............
Roughers:
Pittsburgh..........
G. L.andM. W -.
$70,
un
der
$75
$60,
un
der
$65
HOURS
286 $171.22
260 146.26
$65,
un
der
$70
$55,
un
der
$60
AND
Rollers:
Pittsburgh......... .
G. L. and M. W__
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
WAGES
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
$5, $10, $15,
em ings psr Un un
un
ploy
der der un
der
pay
$5 $10 der
ees period
$15 $20
TIN-PLATE MILLS
Data for this department were collected from the pay rolls of eight
establishments located in four States and cover 8,386 employees in all
occupations. Of this number 4,859 were found in the principal occu
pations for which separate figures are given. Data were first obtained
m 1910, and from 1910 to 1914 employees in the principal occupations
only were covered, while in 1914 and all subsequent years all employ
ees in all occupations were included. Figures for all employees cover
the period 1914 to 1929 but comparative figures for employees in
the principal occupations are given from 1910 to 1929.
In all previous studies averages for this department were shown by
geographical district, but in this study averages are given only for the
country as a whole and district averages are omitted. In recent years,
certain establishments of this department have adopted mechanical
equipment to take the place of certain hand work. This has created
some new occupations among which are mechanical doublers, single
boys, and machine tinners. These changes also affected the duties of
certain other occupations such as pair heaters and hand doublers.
While all establishments covered have not adopted all of the newer
mechanical appliances there are now enough employees in these
recently created occupations to warrant adding them to the list of
principal occupations and to separate employees in some of the other
occupations into two divisions, namely, hand and mechanical. For
example, doublers in the studies previous to 1929 had been placed
under one classification whether or not they worked as hand or
machine operators, but in the 1929 study there are two classifications—
doublers, hand, and doublers, mechanical—and separate averages are
given for each.
Another example is that of doublers’ helpers which in former years
included employees assisting either hand or mechanical doublers as
well as pair heaters whose duties, before the adoption of the mechani
cal doubler, was to assist in the doubling work. Since the mechanical
doubler has come into use, duties of pair heaters in some plants have
changed to such an extent that they now have full charge of the pair
furnace—fire the furnace, clean the grates, charge all pairs into the
furnace, and drag all or part of the pairs to the roughens stand—and
in no way do they assist the doubler. This has resulted in the separa
tion of pair heaters from the classification of doublers’ helpers and
they are now presented as a separate occupation, which separation
leaves only employees assisting hand doublers in this classification.
Therefore, the averages for 1929 cover doublers’ helpers, hand, only.
Since all establishments have not yet adopted these newer methods,
and in order not to reveal the identity of any plant, all averages are
presented for the country as a whole and not by district. This change
m no way affects the figures for the United States as a whole as they
are comparable from year to year over the period for which they are
given. (See Bulletin No. 442 for district figures for earlier years.)
However, when comparing the 1929 averages for earnings per hour
and per week {with averages for earlier years) those of doublers,
i pata were not obtained in 1916,1918,1921,1923,1925, 1927, and 1928.
187
188
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND
STEEL
hand; doublers, mechanical; doublers, level-handed, hand; doublers’
helpers, hand; are not altogether comparable due to the changes
above outlined. In the occupation of tinners, hand, all figures from
1910 to 1929 are for hand tinners, as the employees in the occupation
of tinners, machine, were not included in the averages for any year
and are first presented as one of the principal occupations in 1929.
The hours of labor of employees in tin-plate mills are subject to
only slight variation from year to year. As far back as 1910, which
is the first year for which data for this department were obtained, the
8-hour day had been found to be desirable for employees working on
the hot mills because the shorter workday made possible the speed
ing-up of production. However, there were some employees—such
as laborers, branners, and other unskilled and semiskilled general
workers—who worked longer hours. The average full-time hours
per week for all employees in 1914 were 46 which increased to 50.4
in 1915. Averages for 1920 and 1922 do not show much change, but
n 1924 hours dropped to 48.8. This decrease was continued to 48.1
in 1926 and to 47.4 in 1929. This is the only department where
average full-time weekly hours in 1929 are greater than they were in
1914. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour and full
time weekly earnings for the department are shown in Table 1, page
4. Comparisons of full-time hours per week in the various principal
occupations may be made from Table A.
While the adoption of the 8-hour day in 1923 did not affect the
daily hours of labor for employees in the hot mill crews it did decrease
the hours of employees in certain other occupations such as laborers
and branners. In 1910 branners worked an average of 67.8 hours
per week, which decreased to 63.7 hours in 1913; and in 1919 a full
time week of 61.3 hours, which were increased to 65.1 in 1922. How
ever, in 1924, following the general decrease in daily hours in 1923,
branners worked a customary week of 52.2 hours, which is 18 per cent
below the 1913 average. While the 1926 average is the same as that
of 1924 it is 2.6 hours greater than the average of 49.6 in 1929. La
borers had a customary week of 60.6 hours in 1910 which remained
at about this figure until 1919 when the average rose to 64.3 hours.
In 1924, following the general decrease in hours of labor, laborers had a
customary week of 56.9 hours which is only slightly less than the week
of 57 1 hours in 1929.
The decrease in average weekly hours over the period 1914 to 1929
was brought about by a decrease in daily hours rather than by any
change in the number of turns (days; worked per wreek. Table B shows
that in 1914, 58 per cent of all employees worked a week of 5 days,
5 days, and 6 days in each 3-week cycle, and 37 per cent regularly
worked a week of 6 days. There was practically no change in these
percentages until 1924 when 51 per cent of all employees worked a
week of 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in rotation, and 44 per cent regu
larly worked a week of 6 days. In 1929 the percentages were 59 and
34, respectively, being practically the same as those for 1914. Sevenday work is of little importance in this department as only 1 per cent
worked a week of this length in 1929 as compared with 2 per cent in
1926.
An idea of the prevailing hours per day and per week for employees
in this department in 1929 may be gained from Table D. Of the
8,386 employees covered by this table 1,816 worked day turns only,
TIN-PLATE MILLS
189
41 night turns only, and 6,529 alternated or rotated from day to night
work. Of the 1,816 employees who worked days only, 1,759 had a
customary week of 60 hours or less, while only 2 of the 57 who worked
over 60 hours per week had an 84-hour week. Of the 41 employees
who worked night turns only 6 had a customary week of over 60 hours,
while 6,429 of the 6,529 who alternated or rotated from day to night
turn had a customary week of 60 hours or less. It may also be seen
that 5,906, or 70 per cent of the employees covered in Table D, had a
work-day which averaged 8 hours or less each day they were on duty.
All employees in all occupations, whether or not connected with
producing crews, are included in Table D, but to illustrate conditions
as they apply to employees of the producing crews, separate figures
are given for one key occupation—roller. All of the 378 employees
who worked as roller during the pay period worked 8 hours per day,
and 42 hours per week.
Table E shows the distribution by average full-time hours per week
of employees in six principal occupations. Three of these occupations
showed no employees working as many as an average of 44 hours per
week. In the occupation of laborers only 6 had a customary week
of over 60 hours while 103 had a wreek of less than 56 hours.
While the trend of hours of labor has been downward in recent years,
hourly earnings have advanced greatly. In 1914 the average hourly
earnings for all employees were 42.5 cents. By 1920 earnings had
advanced to 94.9 cents, the peak of earnings for this department and
almost 2J4 times those of 1914. The depression of 1921 had not been
fully overcome in 1922 when the average was 65.0 cents which, how
ever, increased to 79.5 cents in 1924. A decrease in earnings per hour
in 1926 to 70.4 cents was followed by an increase in 1929 to 73.2
cents, 72 per cent above the 1914 average. Most of the tonnage
rates paid in tin-plate mills are based directly on the selling price of
the product; that is, at the close of a certain period tonnage rates are
adjusted in accordance with the price of tin-plate sheets during that
interval. Thus the rates paid in this department in a large number of
occupations are subject to wide fluctuations in a 2 or 3 year study
such as the bureau makes.
Comparison of hourly earnings for employees in the principal occu
pations may be made from Table A. For example, rollers in 1910
earned an average of $1,025 per hour which increased to $1,139 in
1913, then decreased to $1,106 in 1915, but rose to $2,248 in 1919.
In 1920 the high point of $2,542 per hour was recorded, but when the
1922 study wras made hourly earnings had decreased to $1,701, and
in 1924 increased to $2,099 but fell again in 1926 to $1,635. The
heavy production of tin-plate in 1928 continued into 1929, the effect
of which is seen in the 1929 average of $1,778 per hour. A distribu
tion by average hourly earnings of employees in six of the principal
occupations in 1929 is given in Table F.
In 1914 the average full-time weekly earnings of all employees
were $19.55 which increased in 1915 to $21.57. In 1920 weekly
earnings had advanced to $48.02 which is the high point and is almost
two and a half times the 1914 average. There was a decrease in
weekly earnings in 1922, but an increase to $38.80 in 1924. This
average dropped to $34.70 in 1929 which is more than one and threefourths times as much as earnings were in 1914. Weekly earnings in
97114°— 30------- 13
190
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
the various principal occupations show similar increases. Rollers,
for example, earned an average of $43.73 in 1910 which increased to
$47.33 in 1911. From 1912 to 1915 there was little change in weekly
earnings, increasing from $46.82 to $47.17. An advance in 1919
brought weekly earnings up to $95.99, which is $12.55 less than the
high mark of $108.54 for 1920. Due to the 1921 depression in the
industry weekly earnings dropped to $72.56 in 1922 but by 1924
much of this loss had been regained, weekly earnings having risen to
$89.36. Earnings again decreased in 1926 to $69.81 which is prac
tically 8 per cent less than the 1929 average of $75.92.
The 4,859 employees in the principal occupations worked an aver
age of 77 hours during the 15-day period covered by the 1929 study,
for which they received $65.91. This includes all of the hours worked
and earnings received by these employees as shown in Table C.
Laborers worked the most time— 103.3 hours—and rollers, level
handed, the least—48.3 hours. Assorters, female, one of the very
few female occupations in the industry, earned the least money—
$31.33— and rollers, a very highly skilled occupation, earned the
most, $129.43. Laborers who worked the most hours of any of the
principal occupations received $43.83.
A classification of employees in six principal occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1929 is made in Table G. The table
shows in the occupation of heaters, level handed, that 16 of the 604
employees worked less than 32 hours during the pay period scheduled,
while 1 worked over 120 and under 132 hours; however, the largest
number— 166—is found under the group heading “ 80 hours.” Labor
ers show the widest spread; 13 worked under 32 hours and 7 over 144
and under 156 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. There is con
siderable variation in the earnings of employees in the same occupa
tions due to the various hours worked as shown in Table G. Laborers
earned from under $5 to $65 and under $70, the largest number
having earned $45 and under $50. Assorters, female, ranged from
under $5 to $50 and under $55, the largest number having earnings
between $30 and $35. The occupation of rollers is the only one that
had any employees who earned as much as $200.
TIN-PLATE MILLS
191
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation—Tin-Plate Mills
Occupation
and year
Rollers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913______
1914..........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922..........
1924...........
1926. .........
1929.........
Rollers, level
handed:
1919._.......
1920 .........
1922 .........
1924
1926
1929
Roughers:
1910.........
1911
1912___
1913 _ _
1914.........
1915____
1919_____
1920..........
1922..........
1924...........
1926........
1929 _ _
Catchers:
1910..........
1911______
1912___
1913........
1914...........
1915..........
1919...........
1920 ........
1922..........
1924 .........
1926 .........
1929
Screw boys:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915______
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Doublers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
NumNum of
ber of em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index number
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
Over
Over
time 48 Over
per
ings time ings earn
48,
60,
72,
per hours per ings and
hour
un
60
un
72
un 84
week per hour per un
der
der
der
der
week
72
60
84
week
5
6
6
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
8
8
174
201
229
356
345
349
410
476
400
414
371
378
42.7 $1,025 $43.73
42.7 1.109 47.33
42.7 1.097 46.82
42.7 1.139 48.59
42.7 1 115 47.59
42.7 1.106 47.17
42.7 2.248 95.99
42.7 2. 542 108. 54
42.7 1.701 72.56
42.7 2.099 89.36
42.7 1.635 69.81
42.7 1.778 75.92
7
7
3
6
4
5
46
212
138
166
35
65
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
1.362
1.599
.924
1.080
.952
.949
58.16
68.29
38.62
46.16
40. 65
40.52
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
8
174
196
216
380
367
366
447
502
429
465
383
401
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.425
.507
.513
.533
.560
.562
1.193
1.363
.893
1.150
.902
1.014
18.14
21.63
21.89
22.73
23.87
23.96
50.94
58.21
38.08
49.11
38.52
43.30
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
256
168
216
169
190
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
256
168
216
170
190
100
100
100
100
i 100
, 100
1
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
8
174
198
239
354
347
361
507
541
456
465
398
382
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.427
.487
.403
.463
.468
.489
1.014
1.217
.817
1.003
.806
.926
18.23
20.79
17.20
19.74
19.95
20.87
43.30
51.95
34.83
42.83
34.42
39.54
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
92
92
105
105
87
87
100
100
101
101
106
106
219 219
263 263
176 . 176
217 217
174 176
200 200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
8
174
198
221
387
384
372
466
585
476
484
412
408
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.308
.345
.352
.366
.385
.389
.818
.973
.676
.840
.633
.691
13.15
14.72
15.03
15.64
16.43
16.59
34.93
41.54
28.65
36.15
27.03
29.51
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
84
94
96
100
105
106
223
266
185
230
173
189
84
94
96
100
105
106
223
266
183
231
173
189
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
10
10
10
8
9
9
8
8
174
205
247
341
324
322
352
330
322
345
332
.632
42.7
.706
42.7
.677
42.7
.740
42.7
.734
42.7
42.7
.718
42.7 1.408
42.7 1.655
42.7 1.046
42.7 1.243
42.7 1 .787
26.97
30.13
28.90
31.58
31.32
30.63
60.12
70.69
44.80
53.07
33.60
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
85
95
91
100
99
97
190
224
141
168
106
85
95
92
100
99
97
190
224
142
168
107
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
97
96
100
98
97
197
223
149
184
144
156
90
97
96
100
98
97
198
223
149
184
144
156
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
192
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND
STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week; earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation—Tin-Plate Mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Doublers,
hand:
1929...........
Doublers,
mechanical:
1929...........
Doublers, level
handed:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Doublers, lev
el handed,
hand:
1929______
Doublers’ help
ers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Doublers’ help
ers, hand:
1929...........
Pair heaters:
1929..........
Single boys:
1929..........
Heaters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Heaters, level
handed:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber
of time
ber of em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Index number
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
per
ings time ings earn
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
48 Over
48,
60,
72,
and un
72 un 84
un der 60 un
der
der
der
72
84
60
4
193
42.7 $0 912 $38.94
100
6
229
42.7
100
4
5
5
5
8
7
7
5
46
54
62
84
382
284
303
116
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
3
45
42.7
.824
35.18
6
174
6
191
6 > 193
10 344
10 330
10 324
9 406
9 384
8
345
9
337
324
8
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.324
.351
.370
.362
.387
.402
.888
1.014
.686
.855
.663
13.82
14.97
15.81
15.43
16.49
17.17
37.92
43.28
28.94
36.45
28.31
3
156 42.7
.702
29.98
100
6
187
42.7
.795
33.95
100
6
299
42.7
.732
31.26
5
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
8
6
8
174
215
314
312
142
211
288
182
149
152
113
121
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.648
.714
.675
.679
.752
.725
1.458
1.722
1.170
1.449
1.046
1.159
27.63
30.47
28.78
28.99
32.10
30.95
62.26
73.51
49.84
61.80
44.66
49.49
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
213
154
171
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
213
154
171
6
6
6
7
9
9
9
8
8
414
430
294
272
756
656
720
588
604
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.595
.622
.611
1.273
1.465
1.001
1.229
.917
.982
25.38
26.53
26.08
54.36
62.57
42.70
52.46
39.16
41.93
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
103
214
246
168
207
154
165
100 100
105 100
103 100
214 100
247 100
168 100
207 100
154 100
165 100
679
28.99
567 24.20
,559 23.84
561 23.92
1 114 47.57
1 ?90 55.09
866 36.81
1 133 48.38
800 34.16
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
196
228
153
200
141
100
99
99
197
228
152
200
141
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
97
102
100
107
111
245
280
190
236
183
90
97
102
100
107
111
246
280
188
236
183
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
TIN-PLATE MILLS
193
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by
pation— Tin-Plate Mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Heaters’ help
ers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Shearmen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Openers, male:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915_.........
1919...........
1920_.........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Tinners, hand:
1910...........
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Tinners, ma
chine:
1929...........
Redippers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924______
1926...........
1929..........
Num- Aver
age
Num of
full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Index number
(1913*100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
per
ings time ings earn
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
165
166
109
147
127
202
241
230
135
252
196
180
42.7 $0,348 $14.84
42.7
.436 18.60
42.7
.396 16.92
42.7
.430 18.36
42.7
.476 20.32
42.7
.455 19.43
42.7 1.052 44.92
42.7 1.174 50.14
42.7
.847 36.02
42.7
.981 41.88
42.7
.772 32.96
.811 34.63
42.7
5
6
6
9
9
8
6
6
8
8
7
7
58
65
72
126
116
112
140
103
118
123
111
110
52.7
52.8
51.8
56.5
56.9
57.3
48.3
44.1
44.6
43.4
43.1
42.9
.497
.555
.573
.485
.486
.514
1.368
1.280
.915
1.137
1.024
1.076
3
4
5
7
7
7
5
4
6
6
6
7
94
84
93
210
201
227
235
204
186
224
239
253
57.5
57.3
56.9
56.9
56.8
57.2
52.3
56.2
49.0
55.3
51.8
48.3
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
9
6
6
5
6
224
283
294
484
486
487
683
702
410
361
225
164
42.9
43.0
43.4
43.6
43.5
43.3
43.0
42.9
43.3
43.4
43.5
42.7
4
84 43.4
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
14
17
10
26
23
19
29
27
33
38
25
20
1 Less than 1 per cent.
46.2
47.2
55.0
53.0
53.0
51.4
46.9
43.1
43.1
43.0
42.9
42.9
occu
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
48
and
un
der
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
197
228
180
189
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
196
228
180
189
25.68
93
28.72
93
29.00 • 92
27.34
100
101
27.61
29.55
101
66.07
85
56.52
78
40.52
79
77
49.35
44.13
76
46.16
76
102
114
118
100
100
106
282
264
189
234
211
222
94
53
105 54
106 60
100
6
101
3
108
242 "56"
207 80
148 83
181 100
161 100
169 100
.221
.266
.296
.274
.266
.247
.800
.728
.631
.721
.795
.685
12.72
15.24
16.86
15.58
15.14
14.13
41.84
40.55
29.08
39.87
41.18
33.09
101
101
100
100
100
101
92
99
86
97
91
85
81
97
108
100
97
90
292
266
230
263
290
250
82
98
108
100
97
91
269
260
187
256
264
212
36
11
31
59
.402
.429
.444
.433
.442
.442
.977
1.114
.795
.976
.840
.907
17.27
18.48
19.28
18.84
19.22
19.13
42.01
47.85
34.20
42.39
36.54
39.64
98
99
100
100
100
99
99
98
99
100
100
100
93
99
103
100
102
102
226
257
184
225
194
209
92
98
102
100
102
102
223
254
182
225
200
210
98
98
94
95
95
97
97
100
100
100
100
100
.794
34.46
87
.570 26.56
.619 29.32
89
.592 32.58
104
.536 28.03
100
100
.538 28.55
.563 28.81
97
1.272 59.66
88
1.538 66.26
81
1.027 44.26
81
1.235 58.11
81
1.154 49.51
81
1.158 49.68 , 81
106
115
110
100
100
105
237
287
192
230
215
216
95
105
116
100
102
103
213
236
158
180
177
177
Over
Over
Over
48,
60,
72,
un 60 un 72 un 84
der
der
der
60
72
84
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4
23
12 34
11 35
10 31
82 13
84 14
86 14
44
20
17
100
100
96
100
100
93
77
100
64
80
69
41
7
8
2
2
6
5 0)
5 (0
3 0)
3
100
71
71
42
43
58
55
100
100
100
100
100
29
29
100
54
52
37
45
4
4
5
194
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per houry and
full-time earnings per weekf and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1929, by occu
pation— T in -P la t e M ills — C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
Risers:*
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919 .........
1920,........
1922 _____
1924..........
1926..........
1929...........
Branners:
1910...........
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914...........
1915-.........
1919-.........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926..........
1929______
Assorters, fe
male:
1910...........
1911_.........
1912_.........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919______
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929..........
Laborers:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915______
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
1929...........
Index number
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver
age
Num Aver
age
full
age
Num ber
full earn
time
of time
Full
ber of em
earn
Full
ings
time
plants ploy hours per
ings time Earn
per
ings
earn
per hours per ings
ees week hour
week per hour
per
week
week
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
34
42
30
34
48
41
46
41
54
39
34
24
44.1 $0,262 $11.51
44.8
.275 12.30
50.1
.239 11.98
45.1
.279 12.59
51.3
.268 13.70
49.5
.288 14.16
47.4
.642 30.43
43.2
.791 34.12
42.9
.528 22.65
42.9
.703 30.16
42.9
.638 27.37
43.0
.639 27.48
98
99
111
100
114
110
105
96
95
95
95
95
94
99
86
100
96
103
230
284
189
252
229
229
91
98
95
100
109
112
242
271
180
240
217
218
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
4
12
20
16
37
41
34
60
48
32
73
64
51
67.8
67.7
67.7
63.7
64.1
65.4
61.3
62,4
65.1
52.2
52.2
49.6
11.52
11.50
11.51
12.14
12.69
13.22
27.71
38.68
28.98
27.83
26. 36
29. 76
106
106
106
1100
101
103
96
98
102
82
82
78
89
89
89
100
104
107
238
328
239
282
266
316
95
95
95
100
105
109
228
319
239
229
217
245
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
4
5
101
120
127
171
172
208
279
295
230
291
250
254
49.7
. 128 i 6.41
50.7
7.03
.138
51.4
7.39
.145
53.7
.163
8.75
8.26
53.3
.153
55.4
. 162 8.98
48.5 i .417 20.22
46.9 1 .465 21.83
43.3
.365 15.84
43.6 ! .422 18.40
43.4
.384 16.67
46.1
.369 17.01
93
94
96
100
99
103
90
87
81
81
81
86
79
85
89
100
94
99
256
285
224
259
236
226
73
80
84
100
94
103
231
249
181
210
191
194
4
5
6
9
9
9
6
8
9
9
8
8
191
238
276
575
469
444
418
271
231
197
188
251
.165
9.97
60.6
.164 10.01
61.0
.167 10.32
61.6
61.6
.189 11.64
62.4
. 189 11. 78
61.6
. 190 11. 72
.461 29.64
64.3
60.5
.533 32.19
59.4
.359 21.28
56.9
.439 24.99
60.3 • .426 25.69
.422 24.10
57.1
98
99
100
100
101
100
104
98
96
92
98
93
87
87
88
100
100
101
244
282
190
232
225
223
86
86
89
100
101
101
255
277
183
215
221
207
i Less than 1 per cent.
j
j
i
!
j
!
j
. 170
.170
. 170
.190
. 198
.203
. 452
. 624
.455
. 536
. 505
.600
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tiihe hours per week
were—
48
and
un
der
Over
48,
un
der
60
88
12
Over
60,
un
der
72
Over
72,
un 84
der
84
88 ! 14
40 I 60
100 ;____
52 , 46
66 ! 32
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
70
0)
(l)
~eY
T a b le B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1929, bv year—
T in -P la te M ills
Number of employe>es whose customary turns per week were—
Year
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
1Less than 1 per cent.
6,033
6,147
10,523
9,166
10,549
8,892
8,386
4
3
65
96
21
56
17
3,488
3,532
5,827
4,980
5,345
4,919
4,956
214
181
478
439
190
206
348
6
2,245
2,279
3,981
3,486
4,635
3,188
56 2,834
6,6, and 6 and
6,7, and
7
7 in
7 in
rotation alter rotation
nately
122
40
16
20
50
108
198
160
15
52
7
5
66
132
122
57
160
189
120
0)
0)
1
1
0)
1
(*)
5,5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in
alter
6 in
rotation nately rotation
58
57
55
54
51
55
59
4
3
5
5
2
2
4
1
6
37
37
38
38
44
36
34
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in
7 in
alter
7
rotation nately rotation
0)
2
2
o
&
0)
(0
1
1
2
li
1
O
4
o
4*
1
X
M IL L S
11
11
9
9
9
8
8
5, 5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in
alter
6 in
rotation nately rotation
TIN -PLATE
1914..................................
1915..................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926..................................
1929..................................
5
Per cent of employees whose customary turns per week were—
CO
Oi
T a b le C.*— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1929, by occupation— T in -P la te M ills
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupation only
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.7
8.0
9.5
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.9
48.3
43.7
43.4
42.9
43.0
49.6 i
46.1 1
57.1
121
604
180
378
65
401
382
408
193
229
45
156
187
299
110
253
164
84
20
24
51
254
251
72.5
70.5
72.0
71.2
46.3
70.2
72.1
69.4
74.1
69.2
75.5
76.3
69.1
72.7
72.4
84.1
77.1
74.8
85.7
82.8
83.9
84.5
99.4
$84.02
69.25
58.38
126.61
43.93
71.17
66.70
47.91
67. 52
46.99
62.17
53.54
54.93
53.21
77.88
57.62
69.95
59.35
99.25
52.89
50.33
31.20
41.94
Earnings Full-time
earnings
per hour per
week
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
$1.159
.982
.811
1.778
.949
1.014
.926
.691
.912
.679
.824
.702
.795
.732
1.076
.685
.907
.794
1.158
.639
.600
.369
.422
$49.49
41.93
34.63
75.92
40.52
43.30
39.54
29.51
38.94
28.99
35.18
29.98
33.95
31.26
46.16
33.09
39.64
34.46
49.68
27.48
29.76
17.01
24.10
76.0
73.7
77.4
74.2
48.3
74.2
75.1
72.3
75.4
74.2
77.7
77.2
71.7
74.8
72.8
84.7
78.7
80.6
87.4
84.2
86.3
84.9
103.3
$87.11
71.47
61.61
129.43
46.62
74.22
68.25
49.37
68.47
49.19
63.98
54.35
56.08
54.14
78.13
58.00
70.91
62.35
100.12
53.61
51.47
31.33
43.83
$1.145
.970
.796
1.745
.965
1.000
.909
.683
.908
.663
.824
.704
.782
.724
1.073
.685
.901
.774
1.146
.637
.597
.369
.424
AND
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.9
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.7
5.7
6.0
Earnings
OF LABOR— IRON
115
556
170
357
41
376
357
370
186
214
40
151
180
282
102
237
153
78
19
22
49
251
217
Hours
worked
HOURS
STEEL
8
8
8
8
5
8
8
8
4
5
3
3
5
5
7
7
6
4
2
2
4
5
8
Hours
worked
Number
Turns per Hours per Hours per
week
week
turn
Heaters.................................................
Heaters, level handed.........................
Heaters5helpers............................. .
Rollers................ ................................
Rollers, level handed..........................
Roughers..............................................
Catchers..............................................
Screw boys.........................................
Doublers, hand..................................
Doublers, mechanical.........................
Doublers, level handed, hand______
Doublers’ helpers, hand.....................
Pair heaters.........................................
Single boys....................................... .
Shearmen_______ _________________
Openers, male_____________________
Tinners, hand.....................................
Tinners, machine................................
Redippers............................................
Risers...................................................
Branners......................................... .
Assorters, female............................... .
Laborers.................. ............................
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Employees working in scheduled pay period (15 days)
WAGES
Occupation
3?
TIN-PLATE MILLS
197
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929— T in -P la te M ills
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Hours
Mon
Per
day to Satur Sunday week
Friday day
im
12
11H
10
10
11
11
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
11H
10
9
10
10
10
10
9H
10
10
9H
10
10
8
10
9H
10
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
SH
8
8H
8
8
9
8
8
8H
7
8
8
8
7
9H
6H
6
8
51/2
8
5
9H
4
8H
8
7
6H
6
5H
5
7
8
5
6
5H
QA
80H
72
70
68
66
9
10
10
10
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
Per
to
Sunday week
Friday day
10
63
60
60
60
59H
59
59
58H
H 58H
58
58
57
57
56H
56
56
55H
55H
55
54M
54
54
54
54
53H
53
52
51H
51
50H
50
48H
48
47H
46
45H
45
45
44
42H
40
Total..
Number of
employees
who worked
each speci
Aver fied com
age bination of
hours customary
per
and
week turns
hours
84
80H
72
70
68
66
63
60
60
60
59H
59
59
58H
58X
58
58
57
57
56H
56
56
55H
55H
55
54H
54
54
54
54
53H
53
52
51H
51
50H
50
48M
48
47H
46
45H
45
45
44
42^
40
2
1
22
15
5
3
4
2
269
1
1
1
56
11
1
2
291
8
8
10
127
1
1
1
13
3
6
U
343
1
8
72
8
2
31
2
41
16
96
4
58
83
7
84
76
L
24
1,816
Group B .-N igh t turn only
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
198
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929— T in -P la te M ills — Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
Per
to
Sunday week
Friday day
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
Per
to
Sunday week
Friday day
Number of
employees
who worked
each
Aver fied speci
com
age
of
hours bination
customary
per
turns
and
week
hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
7
6
6
6
12
12
UH
11
7
10
6
6
6
l iM
ii
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
fi
6
6
6
ft
6
6
10
12
12
11 }^
11
10
11 ^
11
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
6
7
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
0
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
6
6
9
9
6
6
6
10
10
9
10
70
69
!
1
i
!
66
10
60
10
6C
8
60
60
59
58
58
60
56
55H
54
56
8
60
59
58
54
54
56
53
10
9
84
72
69
66
9
5y*
9
6
12
9
8
*
53^2
9
9
55
59
54
71
12
li X
A
li
5
5
l i Vi
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
5
5
5
6 I
6 1
:
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
5
5
10
56
6
6
7
8
56
6
6
8
54
45
48
7
8
8
6
9
5
9
9
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
48
8
8
8
8
5 y2
8
8
48
48
50%
48
48
6
6
6
6
9
48
6
8
8
6
0
8
8
8
11
48
51
6
8
9
49
o
6
8
8
6
8
46
48
6
7
7
42
1__
9
9
10
48
8
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
6
6
6
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6)4
10
8
8
10
10
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
8
8
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
9
9
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
i
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
12
ii> i
u
9
9
9
9
5
5
!
10
5
5
6
12
6 -!
6 !
6
6
8
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
84
72
69
84
72
15
65
63H
60y
15
3
49
66
60
57J4
55
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
56H
60
60
60
56
56
50
50
50
54
54
50
53
53
50
45
54
45
48
48
56
48
50
45
45
52
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
45
48
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
8
8
2
60
60
60
60
59
m
58
57^
57
119
126
4
32
25
7
28
3
47
56
77
55
103
MM
54
54
54
53
52%
52
51
102
6
16
1
13
50%
9
50%
81
m
49^
48^
15
13
48
50
48
48
48
48
47 H
46M
45M
44
43%
43
353
10
9
5
2
43
15
122
65
43
36
m
4 ,686
m
105
199
TIN-PLATE MILLS
T a b le D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1929— 'T in -P la te M ills— Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Hours
Turns
per
week
Number of
employees
who worked
each
Aver fied speci
com
age bination
of
hours customary
per
turns
and
week
hours
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Mon
Per
day to Satur Sunday week
Friday day
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
Per
to
Sunday week
Friday day
ROLLERS, ONLY
6
T
8
8
able
48
5
5
............ 1
............ |
8
8
40
40
}
378
42H
E .— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified
occupations, 1929 — Tin-Plate Mills
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Occupation
Rollers........................
Doublers, hand.........
Heaters, level handed
Tinners, hand............
Assorters (female)___
Laborers....................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num
ber of full-time
em- hours per 40,
un
week
der
44
378
193
604
164
254
251
42.7
42.7
42.7
43.7
46.1
57.1
44,
un
der
48
Over 56,
48,
un un
der der
60
56
Over
60
378
193
604
158
76
76
103
65
77
66,
un
der
72
200
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1929— T in -P la t e M ills
$0,982
1.778
.912
.907
.369
.422
200
159
15
48 176
25
58
47
47
18 .. . .
213 36
LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEIj
OP
G . — Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1929 — T in -p la te Mills
HOUBS
T a b le
604
378
193
164
254
251
110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 226, 250,
un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
225 260 275
AND
Heaters, level handed.
Rollers.........................
Doublers, hand___
Tinners, hand.......
Assorters, females___
Laborers...............
100,
WAGES
Occupation
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Num Averber
age
earn
of
emings
ployper
hour
T a b le H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 19t9—
T in -p la t e M ills
Occupation
Heaters, level handed.
Rollers...................
Doublers, hand___
Tinners, hand........__
Assorters, female........
Lnborers.................
Num Average
ber earn
of
ings Un $5, $10, $15, $20, $25, $30,
emun un un un un un
per
ploy- pay der der der der der der der
period $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35
604
378
193
164
254
251
$71.47
129.43
68.47
70.91
31.33
9
1
1
1
2
2
4
....
5
1
1
2
1
6
3
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
$35, $40,
un un
der der
$40 $45
$45, $50, $55, $60, $65, $70, $75, $80,
un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der
$50 $55 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $85
65
15
10
$85,
un
der
$90
$90,
un
der
$95
$95,
un
der
$100
$120, $130,
un un un un
der der der der
$110 $120 $130 $140
$100, $110,
10
2
2
57
1
52
2
$140,
un
der
$150
$150,
un
der
$160
$160,
un
der
$180
40
31
$180, $200,
un un
der der
$200 $250
1
17
LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau, only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins
published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are
out of print.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
•No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [19214
No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927.
No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]
Cooperation.
No. 313. Consumers' cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
No. 314. Cooperative credit societies in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agriculture).
Employment and Unemployment.
♦No. 109.
No. 172.
♦No. 183.
♦No. 195.
No. 196.
♦No. 202.
No. 206.
No. 227.
No. 235.
♦No. 241.
No. 247.
No. 310.
No. 409.
Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.1
Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
Regularity of employment in the women's ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., Janu
ary 19 and 20, 1916.
Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10,1916.
The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 8»
1917.
Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
Foreign Labor Laws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.J1
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. (In press.)
Housing.
♦No.
No.
No.
No.
158.
263.
295.
500.
Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1928.
a)
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
*No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene of the painters’ trade. [1913.]
♦No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting
of buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
*No. 207. Causes of death, by occupation. [1917.]
•No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
•No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers’
Committee. [1919.]
♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
No. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
No. 306. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in hatardous occupations. [1922.]
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 425. Record of industrial accidents in the United States to 1925.
No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.,
July 14-16,1926.
No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488. Death from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
No. 507. Causes of death, by occupation.
Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions.
No. 237.
No. 340.
No. 349.
No. 361.
No. 380.
No. 383.
No. 384.
No. 399.
No. 483.
Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1W5J
Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 211.
No. 229.
No. 285.
No. 321.
No. 322.
No. 343.
No. 370.
No. 408.
No. 444.
No. 467.
No. 486.
Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1931.]
Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.)
Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926.
Minimum wage legislation in various countries. [1928J
Labor legislation of 1928.
tn)
Proceedings o f Annual Conventions of the Association of Government Labor Officials of the United
States and Canada. Name changed in 1928 to Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the
United States and Canada.
♦No. 266.
No. 307.
No. 323.
No. 352.
♦No. 389.
•No. 411.
No. 429.
No. 455.
No. 480.
No. 508.
Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922.
Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925.
Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927.
Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 15-24, 1928.
Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7, 1929.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916.
No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918.
•No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26,1919.
No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24, 1920.
No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, El., September 19-23, 1921.
No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 9-13, 1922.
No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26,1923.
No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925.
No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926.
No. 456. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29, 1927.
No. 485. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14, 1928.
No. 511. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11, 1929.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of International Association of Public Employment Services.
No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20, 1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915.
No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13,1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925.
No. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 25-28,1927.
No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21,1928.
Productivity of Labor.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper boxboard industry.
[1926.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity on the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.]
No. 575. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.]
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
•No. 121.
•No. 130.
No. 164.
No. 170.
No. 357.
No. 369.
No. 495.
Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.] .
Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
Retail prices, 1890 to 1928.
Safety Codes.
•No. 331. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places.
No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
No. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor
vehicles.
No. 851. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
No. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants.
97114*—SO------14
OH)
Safety Codes—Continued.
No. 382.
No. 410.
No. 430.
No. 433.
No. 436.
No. 447.
No. 451.
No. 463.
No. 509.
No. 512.
Code of lighting school buildings.
Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.
Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheel..
Safety code for rubber mills and calendars.
Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
Textile safety code.
Code for identification of gas mask canisters.
Vocational and Workers* Education.
♦No. 159.
•No. 162.
No. 199.
No. 271.
No. 459.
Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.1
Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.}
Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.1
Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]
Wages and Hours o f Labor.
♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and waist
industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam-railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
♦No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1014.
No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper boxboard industry.
[1926.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 413. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1024.
No. 442. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1926.
No. 454. Hours and earnings in bituminous-coal mining, 1922,1924, and 1926.
No. 471. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1927.
No. 472. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1927.
No. 476. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, 1927. [Supplement to Bui. No. 457.]
No. 482. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1928.
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
No. 487. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
No. 492. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
No. 498. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928.
No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928.
No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 503. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1928.
No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 192S.
Welfare Work.
♦No.
No.
♦No.
No.
123.
222.
250.
458.
Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
*
Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States.
Health and recereation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.
[1919.]
Wholesale Prices.
No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.]
No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927.
No. 493. Wholesale prices, 1913 to 1928.
Women and Children in Industry.
No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women arid young persons. [1913,)
(IV)
Women and Children in Industry—Continued.
No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. (1913.)
♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and
garment factories. [1914.]
*No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
•No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
[1915.]
•No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
•No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
•No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. [1916.]
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
•No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ*
ment of women and children. [1918.]
No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.]
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
•No. 101. Care of tuberculosis wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
•No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911.
No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. [1912.]
No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.J
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto)—Continued.
*No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
No. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916.
•No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and 1918.
No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925.
No. 477. Public-service retirement systems. United States and Europe. [1928.]
No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January, 1929.
With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.
Miscellaneous Series.
•No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May
1,1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
No. 299. Personnel research agencies: A guide to organized research in employment management,
industrial relations, training, and working conditions. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[1923.]
No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 246. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 461. Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.]
No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.]
No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.]
No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
No. 489. Care of aged persons in the United States. [1929.]
No. 491. handbook of labor statistics: 1929 edition.
No. 505. Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [H929.|
No. 506. Handbook of American trade unions, 1929 edition.
(V)
@FedFRASER