The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Coramlssionw
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES\
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/
*
WAGES
LABOR
AND
HOURS
OF
II.
iiO
WO*
SERIES
W AG ES AN D HOURS OF LABO R
IN T H E IR O N A N D S T E E L
IN D U S T R Y : 1907 TO 1926
JUNE, 1927
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON
1927
ADDITION AL COPIES
OF THIS PUBUCAIION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERIN1ENDEN1 OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
80 CENTS PER COPY
CONTENTS
Page
1-26
Introduction and summary_______________________________________________
Classified full-time hours per week___________________________________
6 -9
Seven-day week--------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------9, 10
Common laborers------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- 11-13
Average hourly earnings in departments, 1926, by district___________ 13, 14
Scope of 1926 data___________________________________________________ 14, 15
Importance of the industry__________________________________________ 15, 16
Trend of employment________________________________________________ 16, 17
Explanation and treatment of the data______________________________ 18-26
Blast furnaces____________________________________________________________ 27-44
Bessemer converters______________________________________________________ 45-62
Open-hearth furnaces_____________________________________________________ 63-81
Puddling mills____________________________________________________________ 82-93
Blooming mills__________________________________________________________ 94-111
Plate mills_______________________________________ ______________________ 112-130
Standard rail mills______________________________________________________ 131-138
Bar mills------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139-158
Sheet mills__________________________________________. __________________ 159-175
Tin-plate mills__________________________________________________________ 176-192
GENERAL TABLES
T able A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per
hour, and full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________ 30-33
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________48-52
Open-hearth furnaces________________________________________________ 67-69
Puddling mills------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85-87
Blooming mills________________ ______________________________________ 97-99
Plate mills_________________ _______________________________________ 115-118
133
Standard rail mills___________________________________________________
Bar mills___________________________________________________________ 141-145
Sheet mills_________________________________________________________ 161-164
Tin-plate mills____________________________________________________ _ 178-181
T able B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked
each specified number of turns per week:
Blast furnaces__________________________________________________ _____
34
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________
53
Open-hearth furnaces___________________________________ ____________
70
Puddling mills------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
Blooming mills_______________________________________________________
100
Plate mills___________________________________________________________
119
Standard rail mills___________________________________________________
134
Bar mills____________________________________________________________ _
146
Sheet mills____________________________________________________ ______
165
Tin-plate mills_______________________________________________________
182
T able C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and
per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________ 35-37
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________54-56
Open-hearth furnaces________________________________________________ 71-73
Puddling mills________________________________________________________
88
Blooming mills_____________________________________________________ 101-103
Plate mills_________________________________________________________ 120-122
Standard rail mills_________________________________________________
135
Bar mills___________________________________________________________ 147-150
Sheet mills_________________________________________________________ 166-168
Tin-plate mills_____________________________________________________ 183-185
in
IV
CONTENTS
Page
T able D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and
per week, 1926:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________ 38-40
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________57, 58
Open-hearth furnaces________________________________________________ 74-77
Puddling mills________________________________________________________ 89, 90
Blooming mills_____________________________________________________ 104-107
Plate mills_________________________________________________________ 123-126
Standard rail mills_________________________________________________ 136, 137
Bar mills________________________________________________ .__________ 151-154
Sheet mills_________________________________________________________ 169-171
Tin-plate mills_____________________________________________________ 186-188
T able E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in specified
occupations, 1926:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________
41
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________
59
Open-hearth furnaces_________________________________________________
78
Puddling mills________________________________________________________
91
Blooming mills_______________________________________________________
108
Plate mills_________________ __________________________________________
127
Standard rail mills___________________________________________________
137
Bar mills_____________________________________________________________
155
Sheet mills___________________________________________________________
172
Tin-plate mills_______________________________________________________
189
T able F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in specified occupa
tions, 1926:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________
42
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________
60
Open-hearth furnaces_________________________________________________
79
Puddling mills________________________________________________________
92
Blooming mills_______________________________________________________
109
Plate mills____________________________________________________________
128
Standard rail mills___________________________________________________
138
Bar mills_____________________________________________________________
156
Sheet mills___________________________________________________________
173
Tin-plate mills_______________________________________________________
190
T able G.— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees
in specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________
43
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________
61
Open-hearth furnaces_________________________________________________
80
Puddling mills________________________________________________________
92
Blooming mills_______________________________________________________
110
Plate mills____________________________________________________________
129
Standard rail mills___________________________________________________
138
Bar mills_____________________________________________________________
157
Sheet mills___________________________________________________________
174
Tin-plate mills________________________________________________________
191
T able H.— Average and classified earnings actually received by em
ployees in specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926:
Blast furnaces________________________________________________________
44
Bessemer converters__________________________________________________
62
Open-hearth furnaces_________________________________________________
81
Puddling mills____________________________________________ ___________
93
Blooming mills___________________________________________ ___________
111
Plate mills____________________________________________________________
130
Standard rail mills___________________________________________________
138
Bar mills_____________________________________________________________
158
Sheet mills___________________________________________________________
175
Tin-plate mills......... ............................................................................................
192
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
no.
WASHINGTON
442
ju n e , i » 7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY: 1907 TO 1926
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY1
The figures presented in this report are based on a study of wages
and hours of labor of wage earners in 10 departments of the iron and
steel industry in the United States. The study was made in the
early part of 1926 and is similar to former wage studies of the bureau
presenting information back to 1907. Only 3 departments were
covered in the data collected for 1907, and it was not until the study
of 1914 that all 10 departments were included. For the purposes of
comparison summary figures for years prior to 1926, taken from
previous reports of the bureau,2 are repeated in this report.
The departments covered together with the period for which
information is available for each department are as follows:
Blast furnaces, 1907-1926.3
Bessemer converters, 1907-1926.3
Open-hearth furnaces, 1910-1926.*
Puddling mills, 1914-1926.4
Blooming mills, 1910-1926.3
Plate mills, 1910-1926.3
Standard rail mills, 1924 and 1926.*
Bar mills, 1907-1926.4
Sheet mills, 1910-1926.3
Tin-plate mills, 1910-1926.4
The basic iron and steel industry consists of three distinct steps or
processes— the reduction of the iron ore into pig iron, the conversion
of the pig iron into steel or wrought iron, and the rolling of the iron
or steel into such shapes or sizes as will be suitable for further manu
facture or in some instances for immediate consumption. The 10
departments covered in this study do not include all of the depart
ments in the industry, but each of the three different processes is
represented. The iron ore is reduced to pig iron in the blast furnace.
1 Summary figures for 1926 appeared in the Monthly Labor Review for September and October, 1926,
and April, 1927.
2 See for years up to 1915, Bui. No. 218; for 1917, Monthly Labor Review for March, 1918; for 1919, Bui.
No. 265; for 1920, Bui. No. 305; for 1922, Bui. No. 353; and for 1924, Bui. No. 381.
» No data available for 1916,1918, 1921, 1923, or 1925.
« No data available for 1916,1917, 1918,1921, 1923, or 1925.
• In the 1924 survey the plants covered in the standard rail mill department were in many cases different
from those covered in previous studies and no comparison was made between the figures for that year
and those for former years. In this report in the tables dealing with the selected occupations only, no
comparison is made between the 1926 figures and those for years prior to 1924. However, the averages
for all employees in the country as a whole were not affected by the change in plants to the extent that
were the averages for employees in the selected occupations only, and in all comparative tables covering
all employees data have been included for all years available. No data available for 1916,1917,1918,1921f
1923, or 1925.
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
The pig iron is converted into steel in the Bessemer converter or in
the open-hearth furnace, or into wrought iron in the puddling mill.
The remaining 6 departments are rolling mills and in quantity of
production include a large percentage of all rolled products. Thus,
while all departments have not been covered, a sufficient representa
tion of the principal departments has been included to show the
conditions in the industry.
As in other wage studies of the bureau, it was not practical to make
a complete census of all plants, but data were obtained from a suffi
cient number in each district in which the departments covered were
of material importance to represent fairly the conditions in that
district and in the country as a whole. The bureau endeavored to
cover from 30 to 40 per cent of the capacity or equipment of each
department in the United States. While there are no complete
records available, computations from the most authoritative index
of companies and equipment in the United States indicate that this
has been pretty generally accomplished. Wherever possible the
1926 data were obtained from the same establishments as were
covered in 1924. In a few instances the plants covered in 1924 were
not in operation in 1926 or had ceased to be representative of the
industry. In such cases it was necessary to substitute plants which
were regularly operated under representative conditions.
The 1926 data were obtained from 199 plants or departments of
plants and covered 75,109 wage earners. These were distributed
between the various departments as follows:
DepartmenJ
Number of
plants
Wage
earners
Blast furnaces_______ ___________
Bessemer converters_____________
Open-hearth furnaces____________
Puddling mills.................................
Blooming mills__________________
Plate mills_____________ _______
Standard rail mills...........................
Bar mills..........................................
Sheet mills........................................
Tin-plate mills__________________
37
11
31
13
26
17
7
35
14
8
15,329
2,948
13,424
2,488
6,188
4,202
3,280
7,605
10,753
8,892
Total________________ _____
199
75,109
According to the Census of Manufactures for 1925, the latest figures
available, there was an average of 399,914 wage earners employed in
all departments of the industry during that year. They were di
vided— 29,188 in blast furnaces and 370,726 in steel works and rolling
mills. These figures indicate that the bureau covered approximately
19 per cent of all employees in all departments (including those not
covered by the bureau) and more than 50 per cent of the em
ployees in blast furnaces alone. Unfortunately employees in steel
works and rolling mills are not subdivided under the various depart
ments in the census figures. Thus, no data are available from which
to determine the per cent of employees covered by the bureau in the
other departments. Figures taken from the reports of the Census of
Manufactures, showing the importance of the iron and steel industry,
are given on page 15.
An figures in this report are based on actual pay-roll data for one
pay period, and do not therefore show month to month changes or
3
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
yearly averages. Data for practically all establishments covered in
the 1926 survey are for a period in January, which in most cases was
the last half of the month. The figures for the years 1907 to 1915 are
for the second half of M ay, those for 1917 are for a pay period in
-September, and those for 1919 are nearly all for a half-month pay
period somewhere in the first three months of that year. The 1920
survey covered the last half of October, and in most instances the
figures for 1922 relate to the first half of October. The last half of
January was the period selected for 1924 and a large majority of the
schedules cover that period.
A summary of the changes in hours and earnings in the industry as
a whole and in each of the 10 departments is shown in the following
table of averages and of index numbers based thereon. Available
figures for earlier years are brought into comparison with those for
1926.
In the computation of the index numbers the year 1913 is taken as
the base or 100, and the index for each year is simply the per cent
that the average for that year is of the average for 1913.
For puddling mills 1914 is taken as the base, as data for that
department were first obtained for that year.
T a b l e 1.— Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week, together with index numbers computed therefrom, for all em
ployees in all occupations in each department separately and all departments
combined, 1913 to 1926, by department and year
Averages
Department and year
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
All departments:
1913.....................................
66.1
$0.301
64.9
.301
1914.....................................
.297
65.5
1915.....................................
.745
63.1
1920.....................................
63.2
.513
1922.....................................
55.2
.644
1924.....................................
.637
54.4
1926....... ......... ...................
Blast furnaces:
.205
76.9
1913.....................................
74.8
.206
1914 ................................
74.9
.207
1915.....................................
.571
72.1
1920.....................................
72.3
.398
1922.....................................
59.7
.520
1924.....................................
59.8
.517
1926............. ......................
Bessemer converters:
.284
70.0
1913.....................................
68.4
.255
1914.................... ................
.264
68.7
1915.....................................
.677
70.3
1920.....................................
.470
1922.....................................
68. 7
.624
52.3
1924.....................................
.641
52.6
1926
...........
Open-hearth furnaces:
.237
76.7
1913....................................
74.5
.237
1914.....................................
74.4
.246
1915.....................................
.671
68.7
1920....................................
70.8
.480
1922....................................
.635
58.0
1924......................... - .........
.677
57.1
1926.....................................
* Except for puddling mills, for which 1914=100.
Index numbers (1913=100)1
Full-time
weekly
earnings
Full-time
hours per
week
$18.89
18.60
18.65
45.65
31.67
35.22
34.41
100
98
99
95
96
84
82
100
1Q0
99
248
170
214
212
100
98
99
242
168
186
182
15.76
15.41
15.50
41.17
2& 78
31.04
30.92
100
97
97
94
94
78
78
100
100
101
279
194
254
252
100
98
98
261
183
197
196
19.88
17.44
18.14
47.59
32.29
32.64
33.72
100
98
98
100
98
75
75
100
90
93
238
165
220
226
100
88
91
239
162
164
170
18.18
17.66
18.30
46.10
33.98
36.83
38.66
100
97
97
90
92
76
74
100
100
104
283
203
268
286
100
97
101
254
187
203
213
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
4
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e 1 . — Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week, together with index numbers computed therefrom, for all em
ployees in all occupations in each department separately and all departments
combined, 1913 to 1926, by department and year— Continued
Averages
Department and year
Puddling mills:
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920....................................
1922.....................................
1924....................................
1926....................... .............
Blooming mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915.....................................
1920....................................
1922....................................
1924....................................
1926....................................
Plate mills:
1913............................ .......
1914....................................
1915....................................
19i0....................................
1922............................ .......
1924....................................
1926.....................................
Bar mills:
1913....................................
1914....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922....................................
1924....................................
1926............... .....................
Standard rail mills:
1913.................. .................
1914....................................
1915....................................
1920....................................
1922....................................
1924.....................................
1926...................................
Sheet mills:
1913.....................................
1914.....................................
1915....................................
1920....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926....................................
Tin-plate mills:
1913....................................
1914....................................
1915.....................................
1920.....................................
1922....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
Index numbers (1913=100)
Full-time
weekly
earnings
Full-time
hours per
week
t0. 328
.315
.885
.496
.721
.657
$17.45
16.44
47.70
25.84
40.16
34.23
100
98
101
98
105
98
100
96
270
151
220
200
100
94
273
148
230
196
.265
.269
.268
.659
.472
.613
.627
19.35
18.96
19.03
44.48
32.10
33.47
33.98
100
97
97
92
93
75
74
100
102
101
249
178
231
237
100
98
98
230
166
173
176
.255
.258
.270
.671
.476
.562
.606
17.82
17.80
18. 58
46.16
31.51
32.15
33.81
100
99
98
98
95
82
80
100
101
106
263
187
220
238
100
100
104
259
177
180
190
.288
.278
.266
.713
.486
.585
.591
17.71
17.15
16.33
44.06
29.74
32. 53
32. 33
100
100
100
100
100
90
89
100
97
92
248
169
203
205
100
97
92
249
168
184
183
.254
.252
.246
.6
. 470
.573
.595
18.01
17.67
17.44
38.68
28.91
32.89
33.02
100
99
100
86
87
81
78
100
99
97
249
185
226
234
100
98
97
215
161
183
183
52.3
52.3
52.5
50.3
51.1
50.2
48.9
.483
.488
.450
1.039
.694
.809
.759
25.26
25.52
23.63
52.26
35.46
40.61
37.12
100
100
100
96
98
96
93
100
101
93
215
144
167
157
100
101
93
207
140
161
147
46.1
46.0
50.4
50.6
49.9
48.8
48.1
.417
.425
.428
.949
.650
.795
.704
19.22
19.55
21.57
48.02
32.44
38.80
33.86
100
100
109
no
108
106
104
100
102
103
228
156
191
169
100
102
112
250
169
202
176
Full-time
hours per
week
Earnings
per hour
53.2
52.2
53.9
52.1
55.7
52.1
73.0
70.5
71.0
67.5
68.0
54.6
51.2
69.9
69.0
69.8
68.8
66.2
57.2
55.8
61.5
61.7
61.4
61.8
61.2
55.6
54.7
70.9
70.1
70.9
61.2
61.5
57.4
55.5
i
!
'
;
i
!
1
!
|
i
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
When the year 1926 is compared with 1913 the working time of
employees in the iron and steel industry as a whole shows much
improvement. The long working hours in force in most of the de
partments in 1913 have been materially shortened and earnings, both
per hour and per week, have increased greatly. In the 10 depart
ments covered by the bureau, combined, the average full-time hours
per week decreased 18 per cent during the 14-year period; average
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
5
full-time weekly earnings increased 82 per cent, and average earn
ings per hour were 23^ times as much as in 1913.
The more favorable hours and higher earnings have not been the
result of gradual development over the entire period, however.
From 1913 to 1922, owing largely to the increasing practice of giving
employees a day of rest in seveu-day plants, average full-time hours
per week decreased about 4 per cent, but employees still worked the
long 12-hour turn in many departments. It was not until the latter
part of 1923 that a general decrease in working time took place in
the industry and the 8-hour day was adopted as the standard for
all employees in a large number of plants. In 1913 employees as a
whole had an average full-time week of 66.1 hours, which decreased
to 64.9 hours in 1914. In 1915 the average increased to 65.5 hours
per week and decreased again in 1920 to 63.1 hours. There was
scarcely any change in working time in 1922 as compared with 1920,
but in 1924, following the general 1923 decrease in hours, employees
worked but 55.2 hours per week regularly. The decrease continued
in 1926 to 54.4 hours.
When the 10 departments are considered separately, however,
changes in hours in 1926 as compared with 1913 range from a 4 per
cent increase in tin-plate mills to a 26 per cent decrease in openhearth furnaces and blooming mills. Average full-time hours per
week decreased 22 per cent in blast furnaces, 25 per cent in Bessemer
converters, 20 per cent in plate mills, 22 per cent in standard rail
mills, and 11 per cent in bar mills. In puddling mills, sheet mills,
and tin-plate mills the shorter workday has been in force for many
years and hours have been subject to only slight changes in recent
years.
Employees in all departments combined earned an average of 30.1
cents per hour in 1913, which decreased to 29.7 cents in 1915. Earn
ings increased rapidly from 1915 to 1920, owing to war conditions,
and employees earned on an average 74.5 cents per hour in the latter
year. In 1922 the industry had not yet recovered from the 1921
industrial depression and employees earned but 51.3 cents per hour
in that year. Earnings recovered to a large extent in 1924 when
average earnings per hour increased to 64.4 cents. In 1926 the
average was 63.7 cents per hour. Large increases are shown in
1926 over 1913 in all of the various departments. Only 1 depart
ment, however, open-hearth furnaces, shows higher earnings in 1926
than 1920. That department also shows a larger increase in earn
ings in 1920 and all later years as compared with 1913 than that
recorded in any of the other 9 departments. In 1913 employees in
open-hearth furnaces earned an average of 23.7 cents per hour,
which increased to 67.1 cents in 1920, an increase of 183 per cent—
that is, earnings were more than 2 % times as high in 1920 as in 1913.
In 1926 earnings in open-hearth furnaces were 67.7 cents per hour
on the average, or 186 per cent greater than in 1913. The high
earnings of 1926 are due largely to increases in production, as ton
nage rates in 1924 and 1926 were practically the same. Employees
in 1924, however, earned only 63.5 cents per hour.
The tonnage rates in puddling mills, sheet mills, and tin-plate mills
are based directly on the selling price of the product. A t the close
of each two-month period tonnage rates are adjusted in accordance
with the price of the product during that interval. Thus the rates
6
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
paid in those departments are subject to wide fluctuations in a twoyear-interval study such as the bureau makes.
Full-time weekly earnings for all employees combined followed
the movement of hourly earnings quite closely up to 1922, as changes
in full-time weekly hours were comparatively small. In 1924 and
1926, however, the reduction in hours was sufficient to offset partly
the increase in hourly earnings, and earnings per week increased
much less than hourly earnings in those years.
The monthly trend of employment and earnings in the iron and
steel industry as published monthly in the Labor Review are re
peated in this report on page 17.
CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK
Before the war the major branches of the steel industry were
largely operated on a two-shift basis. During the war there was
some tendency toward the three-shift system but following the
armistice many of the plants which had adopted the three 8-hour
shifts for emergency reasons returned to the two 12-hour shifts. In
the latter part of 1923, as before stated, there was a general reduction
in the customary hours of labor of employees in the iron and steel
industry and many companies adopted the three 8-hour shifts for all
employees. This reduction is reflected in the bureau’s figures for
1924. Since 1924 hours have decreased a little in the industry and
the 1926 study shows a slight reduction in most departments covered.
Table 2 contains a percentage distribution of all employees collec
tively in each department according to their customary full-time
hours per week. The 1926 percentages are compared with those for
preceding years.
The classified hours of tjie table are average hours for the indi
vidual and do not reflect tne long hours of one week that may alter
nate-with shorter hours the next. Thus a man who works 72 hours
one week and 60 hours the next has an average of 66 hours, which is
tabulated in the group “ Over 60 and under 72.”
T a b l e 2 .— Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number of
average full-time hours per week, 1914 to 1926,. by department and year
Per cent of employees whose average full-time hours per
week were—
Department and year
Blast furnaces:
1914. ................................
1915..................................
1920-................................
1922..................................
1924.................................
1926.................................
Bessemer converters:
1914..................................
1915.................................
1920..................................
1922.................................
1924-................................
1926..................................
iLess than 1 per cent.
Num
ber
of
plants
38
38
28
32
36
37
12
12
11
11
11
11
Over
48 and 48 and
under under
60
0)
0)
Over
60 and
under
72
60
72
Over
72 and
under
84
84
1
1
2
1
5
6
18
7
59
59
13
12
7
13
15
16
12
12
11
10
15
15
22
23
16
39
3
2
7
7
17
13
1
0)
41
41
29
17
5
6
12
12
14
11
50
52
9
7
7
6
28
24
4
5
2
6
17
15
U
8
14
10
5
9
40
44
25
53
0)
13
U
17
5
12
13
21
9
Over
84
0
C1)
<*)
0)
(l)
(i)
7
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b l e 2 .— Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number oj
average full-time hours per week, 1914 to 1926, by department and year— Con.
Per cent of employees whose average full-time hours per
week were—
Department and year
Open-hearth furnaces:
1914__..............................
1915.................................
1920.................................
1922--..............................
1924...... ............................
1926..................................
Puddling mills:
1914.................................
1915.................................
1920-................................
1922..................................
1924...... ............................
1926...... ............................
Blooming mills:
1914...... ............................
1915-................................
1920.................................
1922.-..............................
1924.................................
1926-................................
Plate mills:
1914_................................
1915..................................
1920-................................
1922-................................
1924.................................
1926___________________
Standard rail mills:
1914.............. ...................
1915.................................
1920-................................
1922..................................
1924.................................
1926.................................
Bar mills:
1914..................................
1915-................................
1920..................................
1922..................................
1924..................................
1926-...............................
Sheet mills:
1914_................................
1915..................................
1920................................
1922..................................
1924.................................
1926..................................
Tin-plate mills:
1914..................................
1915. ...................... .........
1920..................................
1922-............... ...............
1924_............ ............... —
1926-................................
Num
ber
Over
of
plants 48 and 48 and
under under
60
Over
60 and
under
72
60
Over
72 and
under
84
72
1
3
6
14
7
7
32
15
69
64
6
5
2
4
5
5
9
11
9
15
12
11
23
24
14
28
2
2
29
29
15
13
17
13
27
31
24
41
27
29
55
53
41
33
53
56
6
6
12
10
9
9
g
9
15
15
9
2
1
1
7
(1)
0
1
2
0
23
23
20
24
25
27
3
2
12
4
27
38
8
7
12
21
48
36
5
4
2
7
12
12
8
7
12
12
10
12
13
• 13
11
12
13
17
m
0)
30
32
3
5
5
22
23
21
4
5
4
16
24
29
44
41
41
22
20
15
7
7
4
4
7
7
5
4
33
32
21
25
1
4
12
37
35
3
2
2
3
20
26
13
9
20
19
13
13
57
57
25
25
31
35
4
8
9
6
25
32
31
30
28
39
36
35
12
10
8
4
26
26
44
42
40
35
10
5
7
8
12
14
2
1
15
15
13
14
14
14
62
61
64
60
66
67
2
2
6
8
12
16
8
10
8
10
11
12
10
12
9
10
4
3
13
11
9
7
5
2
11
11
9
9
9
8
59
60
58
61
66
68
17
18
18
18
19
20
9
9
6
5
13
9
12
11
10
9
2
3
2
1
7
5
22
22
19
22
26
31
0
0
(1)
24
23
6
16
2
2
32
30
38
20
3
2
1
Over
84
84
V)
V.J
0
0
0
(l)
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0)
0)
59
58
35
27
1
1
9
12
18
18
1
1
9
9
8
12
1
0
0
0
0
39
38
42
28
6
7
4
4
1
1
4
4
3
7
2
2
1
2
2
2
7
4
5
2
6
0
0
(i)
74
77
37
26
0
0
(l)
2
1
3
1
0
0
(i)
(l)
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0)
0
(1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 Less than 1 per cent.
The changes in working time which have taken place in this in
dustry are clearly reflected in the above table. In 1914, 93 per cent
of all employees in plate mills, 92 per cent in standard rail mills, 88
per cent in open-hearth furnaces, 85 per cent in blooming mills, 82
per cent in blast furnaces, 76 per cent in Bessemer converters, and 54
per cent in bar mills, had a working week of more than 60 hours.
Employees in sheet and tin-plate mills have long been on an 8-hour
day, 5 or 6 days per week basis, and except for a small per cent of the
8
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
employees, mostly laborers, none of them have worked as many as
60 hours per week for many years. In the puddling mill department
the hours per day are governed by heats, 5 heats usually constitut
ing a day’s work. The time necessary to produce 5 heats is usually
between 8 and 9 hours, depending on conditions. Thus, since the
mills in practically all instances are operated on a 5 }/% or 6 day week,
the majority of the employees in that department have not worked
as many as 60 hours per week regularly in any of the bureau’s studies.
In 1922, 79 per cent of the employees in blast furnaces, 77 per cent
in Bessemer converters, 79 per cent in open-hearth furnaces, 69 per
cent in blooming mills, 61 per cent in plate mills, 53 per cent in stand
ard rail mills, and 51 per cent in bar mills still were on a basis of
more than 60 hours per week.
Following the reductions in 1923, however, only 24 per cent of the
employees in blast furnaces, 5 per cent in Bessemer converters, 19
per cent in open-hearth furnaces, 13 per cent in blooming mills, 23
per cent in plate mills, 21 per cent in standard rail mills, and 13 per
cent in bar mills were on that basis. In puddling, sheet, and tin-plate
mills the percentages were 12, 11 and 2, respectively.
When 1926 is compared with 1924, decreases in the per cent of
employees working over 60 hours per week regularly are noted in all
but three departments. In Bessemer converters the percentage
increased from 5 to 9, in blooming mills from 13 to 14, and in tin
plate mills from 2 to 3. The decreases ranged from 2 per cent in
the open-hearth furnace department to 8 per cent in the standard
rail mill department. All departments have not been combined
except for 1924 and 1926. Combining all departments, only 15 per
cent of all employees in 1924 had a full-time week of more than 60
hours, and only 13 per cent of all employees in all departments
combined had a full-time week of more than 60 hours in 1926.
In Table 3 employees in all occupations combined are classified by
percentages according to their customary number of turns per week.
As in Table 2, figures for preceding years are given in addition to
those for 1926, for each department.
T a b l e 3 . — Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number
of days per weeky 1914 to 1926, by department and year
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per week were—
Department and year
Blast furnaces:
1914..........................
1915..........................
1920..........................
1922..........................
1924 ........................
1926..........................
Bessemer converters:
1914..........................
1915..........................
1920..........................
1922..........................
1924..........................
1926..........................
* Less than 1 per cent.
Num
ber of
plants
38
38
28
32
36
37
12
12
11
11
11
11
5
5, 6,
5, 5,
and 6 and 6
in ro in ro
tation tation
5 and
6
alter
nately
!
i
8
6
5 and 6 and
7
7
alter alter
nately nately
42
42
29
57
20
22
5
4
17
14
5
6
80
80
59
81
71
61
3
3
10
2
4
7
6, 6,
6, 7,
and 7 and 7
in ro in ro
tation tation
0)
0)
30
22
3
3
*3
4
7
7
0)
0)
2
3
10
5
7
53
54
54
29
45
49
13
14
26
10
g
12
9
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b l e 3 . — Per cent of employees in all occupations working each specified number
of days per week, 1914 to 1926, by department and year— Continued
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per week were—
Department and year
Open-hearth furnaces:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920..................... .
1922.. .
.
1924..................... .
1926..................... .
Pudding mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920..................... .
1922..................... .
1924..................... .
1926..................... .
Blooming mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920...... ...............
1922........... ..........
1924..................... .
1926......................
Plate mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920......................
1922......................
1924..................... .
1926.................... .
Standard rail mills:
191 4
.
191 5
1920......................
1922.. .
.
1924..................... .
1926......................
Bar mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.........
1920......................
1922......................
1924......................
1926.................... .
Sheet mills:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920......................
1922... .
.
1924......................
1926......................
Tin-plate mills:
1914......................
1915.....................
1920......................
1922......................
1924......................
1926...*............... .
Num
ber of
plants
5,5,
5,6,
6 and 6 and 6
alter- in ro- in ro
nately tation tation
5 and
0)
0)
0)
"(I)"
5 and 6 and 6,6,
6, 7,
7
7
and 7 and 7
alter alter in ro in ro
nately nately tation tation
0)
13
24
0)
0)
0)
0)
17
8
5
- 2
2
1
0
0)
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
l
l
l
12
2
2
2
11
11
15
18
21
20
3
3
6
3
1
8
13
0)
34
34
33
27
52
52
14
17
4
7
21
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
27
37
16
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
1
3
8
6
1
1
3
2
17
12
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
9
11
6
1
1
(l)
(*)
(!)
0)
4
5
4
29
31
0)
7
7
0)
0)
11
10
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
3
4
4
5
1
2
1
1
2
2
1Less than 1 per cent.
SEVEN-DAY WEEK
Seven-day week work in the iron and steel industry is quite
common in many of the departments. From the nature of the
process, the blast-furnace department is in continuous operation
7 days per week and 24 hours per day. Also, the open-hearth furnace
department is operated 7 days per week to a considerable extent,
although the Sunday force is usually not so large as on the other
days of the week. In the Bessemer-converter department the
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Sunday “ fix-up” turn provides 7-day work for a number of em
ployees, although the plants as a rule are not in continuous operation.
In the blooming, plate, and standard rail mill departments there is
also considerable Sunday repair work. In addition, it is the common
practice in many of these mills to start the week’s operation on the
Sunday night turn and to close either on the intermediate or night
turn on Saturday. Thus the plants are not closed down a full 24-hour
period in any week and one or more of the turns runs 7 days. Sevenday work in the remaining four departments covered by the bureau
is negligible.
In the blast-furnace department in 1914, 53 per cent of all em
ployees covered worked 7 days per week regularly, while an additional 5
per cent alternated weekly from 6 to 7 days. In 1915 there was prac
tically no change in working conditions as compared with 1914, but the
turns per week of 13 per cent of the force were increased from 6 days
regularly in 1915 to alternate weeks of 6 and 7 days in 1920. In 1922
the practice of relieving employees became general and only 29 per
cent of the employees had a working week of 7 days all the time and
14 per cent worked 6 days one week and 7 days the next. In 1924,
however, following the reduction in hours per turn, the number of
turns per week were increased for a large per cent of the force. In
that year a total of 80 per cent of all employees covered worked a
week of 7 days— 45 per cent regularly, 30 per cent two weeks out of
three, and 5 per cent in alternate weeks. Very little change took
place from 1924 to 1926, and in the latter year«49 per cent worked
7 days each week, 22 per cent worked 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days in
rotation, and 6 per cent alternated weekly from 6 to 7 days.
In the open-hearth furnace department in 1914 a total of 60 per
cent of all employees had a working week of 7 days, 34 per cent
having it each week and 26 per cent one week out of every two.
The number of 7-day workers decreased to 49 per cent in 1922 and
only 27 per cent worked 7 days each and every week. In 1924, 52
per cent of the employees worked 7 days per week regularly while an
additional 32 per cent alternated or rotated regularly from 6 to 7
days, this being the largest percentage of 7-day work reported for any
department for any year shown. In 1926 the percentage of all em
ployees in this department who worked 7 days each week remained
the same as in 1924, but the percentage of those who worked 7 days
only part of the time decreased from 32 to 21.
There was more 7-day work shown in blooming mills, standard
rail mills, and plate mills in 1924 than in any previous year for
which figures are reported. All 3 departments show decreases since
1924, although the decrease in plate mills is comparatively slight.
Turns per week in Bessemer converters were at the highest point
in 1920, but turns per week were greater in 1926 than for any other
year except 1920. In the latter year 12 per cent worked 7 days per
week regularly and 19 per cent alternated or rotated from 6 to 7 days.
Seven-day work in the other 4 departments is almost negligible, as it
is usually confined to only a few employees for “ light-up” or repair.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
11
COM M ON LABORERS
There is a great amount of unskilled or slightly skilled work in the
iron and steel industry and thus common labor becomes a very impor
tant occupation both numerically and with respect to rates of pay.
In some departments a large per cent of the occupations require little
skill, and in 5 of the 10 departments covered by the bureau the num
ber of laborers for whom data are shown exceeds the number for any
other occupation. The rate paid to common labor is highly important,
not only as a measure of pay received by a large number of men, but
also as a basis for determining the rates to be paid to the large force
of other remaining unskilled or slightly skilled workers. The slightly
skilled workers are to a large extent employed in occupations for which
the requirements are very little above those for common labor, and
in most instances they receive only a few cents per hour more than
the basic common-labor rate. The other unskilled employees usually
receive the common-labor rate, though not treated as common labor
in this report.
In this survey “ common labor” has been confined as far as possible
to laborers, wholly unskilled and more or less a floating gang, who
worked in and about the mill proper but upon whose work the mill
was not primarily dependent for operation. While the various
methods used in the several plants in classifying common labor has
led to numerous difficulties in the tabulation, no employee has been
placed under that heading who was not paid the common-labor rate
in the plant in which he worked.
Average earnings per hour of common laborers from 1907 to 1926,
so far as available, are shown in Table 4. Figures for standard
rail mills are shown for 1924 and 1926 for all districts combined only.6
No attempt has been made to group the data according to geographi
cal districts. The 1926 figures for puddling mills are also not identi
fied by districts. While no data are shown for standard rail mills
prior to 1924, the averages for all departments combined contain the
averages for that department in many instances, all of which are
noted in Table 4. It was not practical to remove the standard
rail mill averages from the averages for all departments, although
it was deemed inadvisable to show separate figures for that depart
ment for years prior to 1924.
• See note 5, p. I.
12
WAGES AND HOURS OS' LAfiOfi— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e 4. — Average earnings per hour of common laborers in specified departments
of the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1926, by district and year
[For number of plants reporting see sections relating to the specified departments, published elsewhere
in this reportj
Average earnings per hour in—
District and year
All de Blast
part
fur
ments naces
Besse Openmer
Pud Bloom Plate Stand
Bar
ard
con hearth
ing
mills
rail
fur dling
vert naces
mills mills mills mills
ers
Sheet
mills
Tin
plate
mills
Eastern:
$0,132
1907..................... $0.134 $0.135
.115
.131
1908.....................
.120
.119
.123
.131
1909.....................
.147
.142
.142
$0.143 $0,131
1910.....................
$0.145
1911.....................
.131
.141
.139
. 146
. 145
.140
.141
.144
.144
.133
.145
.152
1912.....................
.151
.168
.162
.156
1913..................... i. 157 .151
.151
1914..................... i. 156 .153
.169 $5,163
.151
.172
.154
.151
. 171 .157
.150
1915..................... 1.155 .151
.278
.271
.287
.250
.250
1917..................
.368
.398
.423
.408
.437
.409
1919.....................
.400
.398
.451
.444
.485
.451
.437
.479
1920.....................
.326
.300
.313
.345
.326
1922.....................
.322
.323
.389
.374
1924.....................
.386
.394
.388
.349
.410
.335
.374
.383
1926.....................
.382
.371
.383
Pittsburgh:
. 154
.154
.152 $0,156
1907.....................
.154
.157
.156
1908.....................
156
.151
1909.....................
.152
.152
.153
.167
. 161 $0.164 $0,165
.164
.168
1910..................... i. 164 .166
.162
.168
. 163 .166
..................... 1. 166 .165
.170
1911 . 167 .164
. 164
.169
. 172
.168
.165
.163
. 168
1912..................... i. 167 .163
. 167
.191
.192
.183
. 191
1913..................... 1. 190 .191
.192
.190
. 192
.188
.188
.192
191 4
i. 190 .192
.193
.183
.192
.190
.192
.189 .......... .184
.189
.192
191 5
.193
.193
.192
i .190 .189
.194
.300
1917.....................
.292
.299
.301
.300
.300
.321
.484
.489
.471
447~
.460 ""‘ .'477
191 9
K480 .484
.485
.482
.528
.532
.517
.525
.537
.529
.537
192 0
».530
.532
.530
.357
.358
.359
.365
.362
.359
.363
1922..................... 1.360 .35o
.360
1924.....................
.451
.451
.448
.466
.451
.459
.472
.423
.445
.430
.469
1926.....................
.441
.463
.466
.431
.452
.447
.452
.436
Great Lakes and
Middle West:
.159
1907.....................
.158
.154
.162
.158 1
1908.....................
.153
.152
.152
f ......... . 157
1909.....................
.151
.153
. 146
.164 !
.167
.161
.163
.162
1910...... .............. 1. 163 .162
i ......... .166
.164 1
1911..................... i. 166 .166
.166
.164
.166
. 162 i_____
i. 168 .166
1912...................
. 166 .170
.167
. 170
.195
. 189 . 187
1913..................... 1.189 . 189 . 190 . 190
.190
. 186
1[ .190
191 4
.191
.191
.190
i . 189 .190
. 182
.190
.186
.180
.191
.191
.189 ______i .190
191 5
I .187
i. 188 1
.180
.190
.186
.180
.289
.295
1917...................
.299
.313 ! .296
.297
.335
191 9
.464
.469
l. 469 .466
.485
.487
.450
.501
.463 ” ".’ 434
.514 -- ---- - .526
.528
».541
.559
.521
.549
.545
192 0
.535
.547
.374
.374
.361
.366
.349
1922..................... 1.363
.367
.362
.357
.352
.437
1924.....................
.456
.399
.443
.436
.502
.420
.414
.450
.432
1926.....................
.514
.438
.458
.439
.448
.459
.455
.419
.503
Southern:
1907.....................
.130
.130
1
i
1
1908...................
.111
.111
1
i
1
1909.............
. 112 . 112
i
L.
!
. 128
.131
.129
.130
1910.....................
i
!
1911...................
.131 ! . 131
.130
.132 ______1______
!
|
1
.132
. 131
1912___
. 130 ! . 130
.138 .........!........... .142 1
.152
.140 ! .136
1913...................
!
.144
.148
.141 i...........|
.146
. 137
.169
1914..............
. 134
.158
!
. 141
.146
.140
L
.142 j
1915___
i
.217
.226
1917...................
.222
.221
.374 .......... !........
.334
.299
.275 1
1919.....................
.331
.370
!
i
.404
.381 I
.359
.396
.480
.312
1920........
1
.219
.283
.257
.296
.222 !
1922 . .
.253
J
.334
.269
.278
.262 1
1924...................
.342
.282
.337 1
.318 ...........1........... .263 i
.281
.265
1926.....................
1Including earnings of common laborers in rail mills although average earnings for that department are
not shown separately.
13
1NTE0DUCTI0N AND SUMMARY
T a b l e 4 . — Average earnings per hour of common laborers in specified departments
of the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1923, by district and year— Continued
Average earnings per hour in—
District and year
All de Blast
fur
part
ments naces
Besse Openmer
1 Pud Bloom Plate Stand
Bar
ard
con hearth
ing
fur dling
mills
rail
vert naces mills mills mills mills
ers
Sheet
mills
Tin
plate
mills
All districts:
1907..................... $0.151 $0.146 $0,155
tO. 153
.155
1908.....................
.147
.140
1 .153
.138
.151 ..........
1909.....................
.145
. lfO
.163 $0.157
1910..................... K158 .150
'$0,162 $0,159
. 160 $0.164" $0.165
*.164
.166
.161
. 159
1911.....................
». 161 .151
. 158
.166
. 163
.167
.164
1912.....................
.161
. 167
1. 162 .152
.163
. 160 .168
K181
.169
1913.....................
.173
. 192 . 185
. 185
.175
.189
.190
1914..................... K 181
.177
.193
.185 $0.173
.188
.189
.174
.187
.173
1915..................... 1.180 .151
.193
.186
.174
.167
.187
.188
.173
.190
1917.....................
.298
.281
.298
.294
.292
.287
.331
1919..................... ». 461
.489
.468 “ .'436'
.457
.469
.461
.450
.443
.462
.537
.457
.498
1920..................... *. 508 .474
.525
.511
.506
.536
.533
.354
.305
.315
.356
1922..................... K336
.363
.336
.316
.359
.350
1924.....................
.448
.434
.417
. 3o5
.462
.432 $0,385
.392
.401
.436
.420
.389
.443
.429
.357
.451
.425
.421
.411
.475
.429
1926.....................
.419
* Including earnings of common laborers in rail mills although average earnings for that department
are not shown separately.
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN DEPARTMENTS, 1926, BY DISTRICT
Table 5 shows by districts the average hourly earnings in 1926 in
each department as a whole, all occupations combined. The average
was obtained by dividing the total earnings by the total hours worked.
T a b l e 5 . — Average hourly earnings in each department, all occupations combined,
1926, by district
District
Bes Open- Pud Bloom
Stand
Blast semer
hearth dling
Bar
Plate ard
fur
ing
con
fur
rail
mills
mills
naces verters naces mills1 mills
mills1
$0.627
$0.589 $0,448
Eastern__________________ $0.475
Pittsburgh.............................. .567 $0,654
.690
.640
.683
Great Lakes and Middle
.592
.624
.725
.666
.668
West....................................
.374
.542 ..........
.521
Southern_________________
All districts__________
.517
.641
.677 $0,657
.627
. 606 j$0.595
Sheet
mills
Tin
plate
mills
$0.536
.638 $0.768
$0.718
.636
.424
.748
.674
.591
.759
.704
* Not reported by districts to avoid identification of any plant.
Average hourly earnings in the 10 departments ranged from 51.7
cents in blast furnaces to 75.9 cents in sheet mills. In blast furnaces
the low earnings are due mainly to the preponderance of unskilled or
slightly skilled labor, while in sheet mills the crews, consisting mostly
of skilled employees, work in three shifts at high speed and make much
higher hourly earnings. In tin-plate mills the crews are also skilled
and work at high speed which is reflected in the average of 70.4
cents per hour. The large production of the furnaces in the openhearth department aided employees considerably in attaining an
43154°— 27-------2
14
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
average of 67.7 cents per hour, although the average of 64.1 cents in
the other steel-making department, Bessemer converters, was not
far behind. In puddling mills the employees earned an average of
65.7 cents per hour. In the 4 remaining departments— blooming,
plate, standard rail, and bar mills— the average hourly earnings all
fell within a range of less than 4 cents, the average for blooming
mills (62.7 cents) being the highest.
The Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle W est districts
show considerably higher average hourly earnings than the eastern
and the southern districts in all departments. This condition was due
to the lower rates paid to common labor in the eastern and the
southern districts. In nearly every department the proportion of
common labor and of occupations requiring little skill was sufficient
to affect materially the average for all occupations even though there
was in many cases much less variation between the rates of highly
skilled occupations in the several districts.
SCOPE OF 1926 DATA
In 1926 information was obtained from plants located in 13 States.
The plants covered have been grouped into four districts. These
districts were established, not strictly on geographical lines, but
rather according to similar industrial conditions. The “ eastern”
district covers the eastern parts of New York, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland. The “ Pittsburgh” district includes not only the plants
in Pittsburgh proper but also others in western Pennsylvania, those
along the border line of Ohio from Youngstown south to Bellaire,
and those located in the “ panhandle” of W est Virginia. The “ Great
Lakes and Middle W est” district includes plants scattered along the
Great Lakes and also some in inland territory, including Colorado.
Although this last is a very large territory geographically, it is essen
tially a unit industrially as far as the iron and steel industry is con
cerned, the wage rates of the entire district being based largely on
those paid in the large producing centers, Buffalo and Chicago. The
“ southern” district includes plants in Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama,
Kentucky, and the southern parts of Ohio and Indiana. The south
ern Ohio and Indiana plants are included in the southern district
because the conditions, both as to wages paid and the general class of
labor employed, resemble much more closely the conditions of the
Alabama and Kentucky plants than they do those of the other plants
of Ohio and Indiana.
The actual number of plants and of employees covered in each
district in each department in 1926 are shown in Table 6. Each
department of an establishment has been counted as a separate plant.
15
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b l e 6 .— Number of plants and of employees shown on pay rolls, 1926, by depart
ment and district
Eastern dis
trict
Department
Blast furnaces....................
Bessemer converters_____
Open-hearth furnaces____
Puddling mills 1_________
Blooming m ills _____________
Plate mills ____ ________
Standard rail m ills1_____
Bar m ills ____________________
Sheet m ills __________________
Tin-plate mills__________
Total........................
Em
Plants ploy
ees
Pittsburgh dis O. L. and M.
trict
W. district
Em
Plants ploy
ees
Em
Plants ploy
ees
Southern dis
trict
Total
Em
Plants ploy
ees
Em
Plants ploy
ees
6
1,588
6
1,672
11
6
8
4,993
1,737
4,642
10
5
13
5
6
743
1,094
9
6
2,788
1,845
9
5
2,056
1,263
4
601
6
1,153
10
9
6
2,804
6,054
6,242
11
5
2,576
4,699
2,650
8
1,072
2
65
31,105
60
25,244
26
6,742
29
6,250
5,129
10 3,619
1,211
5,660 ....... 4’ ” i,450"
37
11
31
13
27
17
7
35
14
8
15,329
2.948
13,424
2,488
6,18S
4,202
3,280
7,605
10,753
8,892
200
75,109
i Details not given by districts to avoid identification of any plant.
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY
The iron and steel industry is one of the largest and most important
manufacturing industries in the United States. All other manufac
turing industries depend on iron and steel products either for their
raw materials or the machinery necessary to operate their plants.
Without iron and steel the industrial progress made by the United
States could never have been accomplished. According to the figures
of the Census of Manufactures for 1923, the latest data available for
comparison, steel works and rolling mills ranked fifth in number of
wage earners employed, third in cost of materials, second in value
of products, and third in value added by manufacture. Blast furnaces
were not of sufficient importance to be ranked by the census. It was
not practical to combine the cost of materials and the value of prod
ucts for blast furnaces with those for steel works and rolling mills; thus
a total for the industry is not shown. The combined wage earners
for blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills, however, did not
change the rank from that shown for steel works and rolling mills
alone.
The following table, taken from the reports of the Census of Manu
factures, shows the size of the industry and also furnishes a good idea
of its importance. In 1925 an average of 29,188 wage earners were
employed in blast furnaces and 370,726 in steel works and rolling
mills. These employees were paid $45,312,000 and $614,985,000,
respectively, or an average annual wage per employee of $1,552 in
blast furnaces and $1,659 in steel works and rolling mills. The cost
of materials in blast furnaces was $617,417,000 and the value of prod
ucts $765,286,000 which leaves $147,869,000 for the value added by
manufacture. In steel works and rolling mills the cost of materials
was $1,811,961,000, the value of products $2,946,068,000, and the
value added by manufacture $1,134,107,000. The wages paid in
blast furnaces represented 31 per cent of the value added by manu
facture, and in steel works and rolling mills wages represented 54 per
cent.
In blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills combined,
there were more wage earners employed in 1923 than in any other
16
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
year covered by the census, but the average annual earnings were at
the highest point in 1919. In that year the average annual earnings
per employee were $1,707 as compared with $1,640 in 1923.
7.— Number of establishments, wage earners, cost of materials, value of
products, and value added by manufacture in the iron and steel industry, 1914 to
1925
T a b le
Branch of industry and
year
Blast furnaces:
1914................................
1919................................
1921................................
1923................................
1925................................
Steel works and rolling mills:
1914................................
1919................................
1921...............................
192a................................
1925................................
Branch of industry and
year
Blast furnaces:
1914................................
1919................................
1921................................
1923................................
1925._____ __________
Steel works and rolling
mills:
1914...............................
1919................................
1921...............................
1923................................
1925................................
Number Average num
of estab ber of wage
lishments
earners
Wages
Cost of materials
Value of
products
160
195
134
169
122
29,356
41,660
18,698
36,712
29,188
$22,781,000
73,769,000
29,370,000
58,936,000
45,312,000
$264,580,000
621,286,000
361,050,000
827,630,000
617,417,000
$317,654,000
794,467,000
419,771,000
1,007,613,000
765,286,000
427
500
494
489
473
248,716
375,088
235,515
388,201
370,726
188,142,000
637,637,000
324,987,000
637,825,000
614,985,000
590,826,000
1,680,576,000
1,005,125,000
2,044,398,000
1,811,961,000
918,665,000
2,828,902,000
1.481.659.000
3.154.325.000
2,946,068,000
Value
added
Per cent
by manu wages are
facture
of value
per wage
added
earner
Value added by
manufacture
Average
annual
wages
per wage
earner
$53,074,000
173,181,000
58,721,000
179,983,000
147,869,000
$776
1,771
1,571
1,605
1,552
$9,013
14,913
19,310
22,544
21,153
$10,821
19,070
22,450
27,446
26,219
$1,808
4,157
3,140
4,902
5,066
43
43
50
33
31
327,839,000
1,148,326,000
476,534,000
1,109,927,000
1,134,107,000
756
1,700
1,380
1,643
1,659
2,376
4,480
4,268
5,266
4,888
3,694
7,542
6,291
8,125
7,947
1,318
3,062
2,023
2,859
3,059
57
56
68
67
54
Cost of
material
per wage
earner
Value of
products
per wage
earner
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
In addition to studies of wages and hours of labor of employees in
certain industries in the United States the Bureau of Labor Statistics
monthly collects data covering employment and earnings in all of the
more important ones. Such figures are published monthly in the
Labor Review in the form of index numbers or percentages of increase
or decrease in the number of employees appearing on the pay rolls
from month to month, together with the increase or decrease in the
amounts paid such employees in wages. Such index numbers for
iron and steel are repeated in this bulletin for the purpose of throwing
additional light on labor conditions in the iron and steel industry
but they should not be confused with the index numbers developed
by the wage study.
Since the employment figures are based on data collected monthly,
it is of course not possible to cover wage conditions in the same detail
as in the biennial wage studies. Such figures necessarily indicate
the trend of conditions only in a general way and conclusions drawn
from them must be considered in that light; for example, the index
of employment shows principally the rise and fall of the number of
17
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
wage earners employed in the industry. This, of course, indicates
in a general way the regularity or continuity of employment but does
not indicate a change in regular or actual hours or days of labor.
The data collected cover only the number of employees appearing
on the pay rolls and no reference is made to hours or days of employ
ment. Likewise, the index of pay roll totals is an index of total
earnings during one pay period and does not indicate an increase or
decrease in hourly or full-time weekly earnings. It does show an
increase or decrease in per capita earnings which might be due to
changes in rates of pay, changes in production where employees are
paid on tonnage basis, or changes in the amount of time actually
put in.
In computing the index numbers for employment and earnings the
average for the year 1923 was taken as the base or 100 per cent.
The index for each month is simply the per cent that the average for
that month is of the average for 1923. These indexes are presented
in the following table for each month beginning with July, 1922,
and ending with December, 1926. The index for the full years 1923,
1924, 1925, and 1926 are also shown.
A study of the table shows that the number of employees reported
for January, 1926, the period covered by the present wage study of
the industry, was 1.6 per cent less than the monthly average for
1923 and 0.6 per cent less than in January, 1924, the period covered
by the 1924 study. Wages or pay-roll totals were 2.6 per cent
greater in January, 1926, as compared with the monthly average
for 1923, and 2.4 per cent greater than in January, 1924. Thus,
while the wage study shows a decrease in average earnings per hour
in 1926 as compared with 1924, the above figures indicate more
regular employment and greater per capita earnings.
The averages of both employment and pay-roll totals for the full
year 1926 show improvement over 1924 and 1925. Pay-roll totals
were 2.8 per cent greater in 1926 than in 1923, but employment in
1926 was 2.1 per cent less than in 1923.
T a b l e 8 .— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the iron and steel
industry, July, 1928, to December, 1926, by months and years
IAverage for 1923=100]
Index numbers of
January______________
February____________
March__
_________
A p ril.
________
M a y ___
_ ____
June._____ __________
July...............................
August..........................
September....................
October.........................
November.....................
December......................
Year...................
Pay rolls
Employment
Month
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
87.4
86.4
84.8
88.7
90.8
93.2
94.6
97.3
99.0
99.3
101.2
103.8
100.7
103.3
102.4
102.1
100.2
96.3
99.0
103.7
106.3
105.6
96.3
89.6
84.4
82.1
84.6
88.1
88.5
93.5
98.2
100.0
100.6
98.4
96.2
93.5
92.1
92.1
92.6
93.9
95.3
98.1
98.4
99.9
99.6
100.2
98.9
97.2
95.7
96.7
98.2
98.1
97.0
94.7
100.0
93.5
95.9
97.9
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
60.4
68.8
74.0
81.2
87.7
90.3
89.5
94.7
97.1
94.6
107.0
108.6
93.7
104.0
101.6
106.7
103.8
98.7
100.2
110.8
113.3
110.3
99.0
82.3
71.7
79.4
82.0
88.8
89.7
98.9
103.9
105.3
105.8
102.9
100.9
94.5
88.2
93.1
91.7
99.1
98.7
105.1
102.6
105. 6
107.3
106.3
103.1
102.0
95.9
97.8
102.0
106.6
103.0
101.3
100.0
93.9
99.1
102.8
1
|...........
1
18
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL
EXPLANATION AND TREATMENT OF THE DATA
In the following pages of this report each of the 10 departments
covered in the 1926 study has been treated as a separate industry.
The treatment of the data is the same for each department, however,
and the same forms of statistical tables have been used in each case.
From these tables, of which there are eight, figures have been taken
to a large extent for the summary tables already presented. Thus,
a general explanation of the methods used in handling the data and
the figures shown in the tables will serve as a guide in the study of
the figures for each department and the summary of the figures
for all departments previously presented.
Adjustment of the data.— As previously stated all data in this
report refer to one representative pay period only. Unfortunately
for statistical purposes there is no length of pay period universally
followed by all companies. While a large majority of the plants in
this industry pay their employees on a semimonthly basis, some
establishments pay weekly, some biweekly, and at least one estab
lishment pays three times a month. It would have been a prohibi
tive task to attempt to obtain data from an establishment for any
group of days other than a regular pay period.
The period selected for this survey was from January 16 to 31,
but that period was not always representative. Some of the estab
lishments covered were closed down almost completely during the
last half of January. Thus, while the schedules obtained are in a
large measure for the January 16 to 31 period, some of them were
taken for other periods. In the case of weekly periods the bureau
agents combined the pay rolls for two consecutive weeks, making in
effect a two-week pay period.
Therefore before combinations of actual time and actual earnings
could be made and averages computed therefrom it was necessary
to adjust the figures of a few establishments in order that all schedules
would refer to the same or an equivalent length pay period. The
period covered by a majority of the schedules in any department
was accepted as the base and all others adjusted to cover the same
length of time. The adjustments were made for the selected occu
pations only as no tables are presented wherein it was necessary to
adjust the hours and earnings of the other employees.
In making the adjustment it was first assumed that all employees
in an occupation would work the same per cent of full time during
any period as they did during the period for which the schedule was
taken. The full time of all employees in an occupation was then
computed for the new period chosen as the basis for adjustment and
the full time for the new period was then multiplied by the per cent
of full time which the employees had worked during the period
actually covered. That result then became the equivalent actual
hours worked in that occupation as used in the preparation of the
tables.
The actual earnings of employees were adjusted by multiplying
the adjusted hours of employees in an occupation by the average
earnings per hour of that occupation. The average earnings per
hour were obtained before any adjustments were made and have
not been affected by any later computations.
Positions.— The term “ positions” or “ jobs” as used in this report
means the number of places to be filled by employees working the
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
19
regular full time required to operate a plant under normal working
conditions, with provision for two or three shifts or turns per day
but with no provision for relief of employees; for example, a blast
furnace must have a keeper on duty all of the time. If the furnace
employees are on a 12-hour shift then there are two positions for
keeper at the furnace; if on a three-shift basis there are three keepers’
positions.
Employees.— In all years prior to 1919 the number of positions have
been used as the number of employees, but in 1919 and all later
years the actual number of individual employees are shown.
In all tables in this report employees appear but once. In cases
where they worked at two or more occupations during the period or
at more than one set of hours or turns per day or week they have
been tabulated under the occupation or number of hours or turns at
which they spent the most of their time. This has resulted in dis
regarding the hours and earnings of some employees in some second
ary occupations, but on the whole the figures eliminated were so small
as to be of no consequence in determining the averages.
Average earnings per hour.— The earnings per hour shown in the
tables include both the earnings of time workers and those of tonnage
or piece workers. All earnings per hour are for individuals, no con
tractors being included. The average was obtained by dividing the
total amount earned by the total number of hours actually worked
in an occupation before any adjustment was made in the data.
Average full-time hours per week.— The full-time hours of labor as
shown in the tables are the customary regular hours of work of indi
vidual employees under normal conditions in the establishment. The
working time is the time on duty, including intervals of waiting for
work— in other words, the time between the hour of reporting for
duty and the hour of going off duty. The working time of individuals
is not always the working time of their occupation as a whole. Some
plants which operate 7 days per week make provision for laying off
each employee 1 day a week. In such a plant the full-time hours
per week of an employee working 8 hours per day is 48 hours, and
this figure would be used in the compilation of the averages presented
in the tables.
In computing the average for all employees in an occupation the
individual averages in the various plants were weighted by the num
ber of positions in those plants instead of the number of employees
on the pay roll. The number of positions in a plant are practically
constant from year to year while considerable variation is shown in
the number of employees. Thus the use of the number of employees
as weights would tend to change the average whether any change was
actually made in the working time of employees or not.
Average full-time weekly earnings.— Full-time weekly earnings are
the earnings per week of employees working their customary full
time or the earnings on broken time reduced to equivalent earnings
for a full week. The average has been obtained in each instance by
multiplying the average full-time hours per week by the average
earnings per hour.
Table A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, average
earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week, together
with the index numbers computed from these averages for the
country as a whole, are presented in this table for each of the
20
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
selected occupations in each department. The table also shows a
percentage distribution of employees according to their full-time
hours per week. Figures for 1926 were compiled for this report and
those for earlier years were taken from previous reports published by
this bureau. For the purposes of comparison the class limits used in
the distribution of hours of employees were necessarily very wide.
A much more comprehensive distribution for employees in several of
the occupations in 1926 is contained in Table E. The index num
bers have been included as an aid in making a comparison of the
actual data over a period of years. The index for each year is the
per cent that the average for that year is of the average for 1913.
Table B .— A classification showing numbers and percentages of
employees according to the number of turns per week customarily
worked is presented in Table B. Figures are shown for employees
in all occupations combined for 1926 and preceding years. The
plants are grouped according to the four geographical districts used
in this survey, and the number and per cent of employees in each
district are shown in the table as well as the total for all districts
combined.
M ost of the departments of the iron and steel industry are oper
ated day and night. Each day of 24 hours is divided into two or
three turns, usually of equal length, and each employee is expected
to work but one turn per calendar day, except when changing from
one turn to another employees often work two consecutive shifts.
It is customary for the men in these plants to alternate or rotate
from one turn to another at regular intervals, spending equal periods
of time on each turn. Thus the term “ turns ” as used in this table
means a day’s work performed on day, night, or intermediate turn
and the column headings which include more than one turn indicate
a weekly shift from one turn to another. All employees do not
change turns each week, however, as it is the practice in many plants
for employees to work two weeks on a turn before a change is made.
This serves only to increase the time necessary to make a complete
rotation of turns. The number of turns worked in the long run is
not affected, and in order to combine the data for the various plants
all employees have been classified as though turns were all changed
weekly.
Various provisions for the relief of employees are in force in many
plants whereby employees are given a day of rest even though the
plant, and of course most of the occupations, may normally operate 7
days per week. Some 7-day plants have regular systems of relief
requiring the men to lay off 1 day in 7, others 1 day in 14, etc. Only
definite systems of relief where men are required to take advantage
of the day of rest, or at least exercise the privilege reasonably often,
have been considered. In the study of this table it must be kept in
mind that the turns worked by individuals are shown and not the
working turns of the occupations in which they are employed.
All employees in 1926 were classified as nearly as possible by their
regular working time. Gas or repair turns have been disregarded
when employees customarily worked such turns at less frequent
intervals than once every three weeks, and relief systems have also
been omitted in a few instances where the periods elapsing between
reliefs were longer than that time.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
21
Table C.— This table presents the most important facts for 1926
relative to the customary working time, actual earnings, and actual
hours of employees, in the selected occupations in each department.
The data for each occupation are presented by districts and for all
districts combined. In the arrangement of the table the averages
are presented in three groups or sections. (1) Averages relating to
the customary working time of employees; (2) averages for the hours
worked and earnings received by employees while engaged in each
specified selected occupation; and (3) averages for the hours and
earnings of those same employees while engaged in those and any
other occupations within the department at which they may have
worked during the pay period.
The first group of averages, including customary turns per week,
hours per turn, and hours per week, have been computed for the
number of positions necessary to be filled in the different occupations
instead of the^actual number of employees hired during the pay period.
(For definition of a position see p. 18.) For this reason the number of
positions appears in the table in connection with these averages.
The number of positions represents the number of men who would be
employed at any one time in the occupation. Several men might be
necessary to keep a position filled during the pay period but only one
man would be employed at a time. Thus the customary working
time of each man employed in a position would be the same while he
worked in that occupation, and the aggregate full-time hours or
turns in a plant would depend upon the number of available positions
and not upon the number of men employed to fill them during the
pay period. However, while the number of positions have been used
as a weight for computing the averages, the working time of indi
vidual employees is shown in this table and not the hours or turns of
the positions; for example, in a blast furnace having 5 stacks in
operation 3 turns per day, there would be 15 positions for the occupa
tion of keeper; The plant has a relief system in force whereby each
man works but 6 turns each week although the furnaces, and of
course the positions, are necessarily in operation continuously, or 7
turns per week. In the computation of the averages shown in the
table the 8 hours per turn, 6 turns, and 48 hours per week customarily
worked by the men are used and each multiplied by 15, the number
of positions, in order to obtain aggregates for the plant. While the
15 positions would remain constant with 5 stacks in operation, it
might be necessary to employ 20 or even more different men during a
pay period to keep those positions filled. Were the number of em
ployees used as weights, the hours of labor in the different establish
ments would not be properly weighted and would depend to a large
extent upon unusual plant conditions.
The second group of averages shows the average hours worked and
earnings received for the pay period (subject to the adjustment of
hours and earnings, as explained on p. 18), average earnings per
hour, and average full-time earnings per week of the men who were
actually employed during a majority of their time, at least, in the
occupation specified. These averages are based on the hours and
earnings of each employee in his principal occupation only and do not
in any way refer to the number of positions. The actual hours which
men have put in and the earnings which they have received are of
22
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL
greater significance than the hours and earnings of an impersonal
particular job. (For further definition of employees see p. 19.)
However, while the averages in the second group are based upon
employees they do not in any way constitute a measure of employment
or unemployment. They refer to the occupation under consideration
only, and it must not be assumed that the employees in that occupa
tion had no further opportunity for work. A large percentage of
the employees did work at more than one occupation during the
period scheduled; hence none of the averages in this group measure
the total work or total earnings of the employees.
The average hours worked during the pay period as shown in the
table is the result of combining all the hours worked by all employees
in that occupation and then dividing by the number of employees.
The average earnings per pay period was obtained in the same way.
The average earnings per hour and full-time weekly e&rnings are
explained on page 19.
The averages in the second group show the work done in a specified
occupation only. The averages in the third group show the total
work done by the same employees in any and all occupations at which
they may have been engaged in the department during the pay
roll period, including the specified occupation. These averages
have been deemed necessary, as the averages for the specified occu
pation alone fail to indicate the entire time and earnings of the
individuals under consideration. The averages in the third group
apply to an employee within the particular department only. To
trace the employee from one department to another was practically
impossible.
The averages were obtained by the same methods that were used
for the second group of averages.
Table D .— The customary turns and hours worked by all employees
in the several departments in 1926 are shown in detail in this table.
The number of turns per week, hours per turn, hours per week, and
average hours per week are presented for three groups of employees:
Those who work day turns only, those who work night turns only,
and those who alternate or rotate from day to night shift. Data
are shown for each district and for all districts combined. Further,
like figures are given for one representative key occupation in each
department.
The order of arrangement begins with the highest number of
average full-time hours per week. As the number of hours worked
per day seldom varies during the period Monday to Friday, hours
per turn are shown but once under that heading. The hours worked
on Saturday and Sunday, however, often differ from the number
worked during the first five days of the week, and hours are shown
separately for both Saturday and Sunday.
It is tihe purpose of this table to give a clear picture of the custom
ary working time of all employees in each department in every
important detail. At the same time, however, the bureau has
endeavored not to allow the numerous small changes, which occur at
infrequent intervals of time and affect the hours and turns of employees
in only a slight degree, to assume an importance not warranted
by conditions. Thus, the regular working time of employees has
been considered as nearly as possible, and gas or repair turns have
been disregarded, when employees customarily work such turns at
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
23
less frequent intervals than once every three weeks in the case of
three-shift workers and once every four weeks for two-shift employees.
Relief systems have also been omitted in a few instances where the
periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than that time.
The brackets appearing in the table have been used to indicate a
working cycle— that is, employees working on shifts which have been
bracketed customarily alternate or rotate from one shift to another
until they have spent one week on each shift included. The hours
and turns of employees who change regularly from one turn to another
have been tabulated as though the shift was made weekly in all plants.
As explained for Table B, this assumption is not entirely correct as
it is the practice in many plants for employees to work two weeks on
a turn before a change is made. This, however, only serves to in
crease the time necessary to make a complete rotation of turns.
The number of turns worked in the long run is not affected, and in
order to combine the data for the various plants all employees have
been classified as though turns were all changed weekly. The
three 8-hour turns per day are shown as one day turn and two night
turns— this for the reason that only one of the three turns is an all
daylight turn, the other two either beginning or ending in the night.
In some instances in the table hours are reported for the seven
days of the week, yet the number of days worked are reported as six.
This is owing to the fact that the figures are for a seven-day occupa
tion wherein each employee was relieved one day in seven. Either
relief was not always on the same day each week or information as
to which day was not available; therefore, the hours for all days
have been shown and the relief indicated in the full-time hours per
week.
The table shows the extent of regular relief systems and their
working, but it must not be assumed that there was no chance for
rest where such has not been shown. In some plants, while there
is no regular system of relief, the employees are not held strictly to
the working days of the plant and may often take a day off as they
desire it, the plant putting another man in the place of the one
absent. As it was impossible to determine when or how often a
man might be excused, such plants have been treated in this table
as though no relief was granted.
Workmen whose labor is continuous and who are subjected to
high temperatures usually have spell hands— that is, three men work
on a two-man position or two men work on a one-man position,
which arrangement allows each man in rotation intervals for rest.
Such intervals of rest are considered as time on duty.
While this table shows the working time of all employees in the
department as a whole, no effort has been made to show the hours and
turns worked by employees in the different occupations separately.
This was too formidable a task to be undertaken. However, in each
department one of the principal occupations has been selected and
shown as a sample of the hours and turns worked by members of the
producing crew. All members of the producing crew do not always
work the same hours, but usually there is very little difference, and
the occupation shown will give an excellent idea of conditions as
regards the productive gang proper. Common labor and certain
other unskilled or slightly skilled employees quite often work more
hours than the rest of the force.
24
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
The remaining four tables— E, F, G, and H — are distribution tables
and show the 1926 hours and earnings of employees in considerable
detail for a few of the more important principal occupations in each
department. It would have been too great a task to attempt to
classify all of the principal occupations in the minute detail in which
these tables are presented, but the occupations for which data are
shown may be accepted as fairly representative of all of the occupa
tions. The occupations tabulated include unskilled, slightly skilled,
and skilled employees, and are some of the most important occupa
tions, both numerically and in the process. Common laborers, a very
important occupation in this industry, have been included in each
department.
In classifying employees in these tables a range of hours or earn
ings has been used which is sufficiently wide to include all employees
for which data are shown, yet the class limits are small enough to
show fairly the spread or variation of employees in each occupation.
Thus occupations in a department may be compared with one
another or with occupations in other departments. The data are
shown for each of the four geographical districts separately as well as
for all districts combined.
Table E .— Employees in six of the principal occupations in each
department, except standard rail mills, are classified according to
their full-time hours per week. In standard rail mills employees in
only five occupations are shown.
The classification of hours begins with employees who customarily
work 40 hours per week and ends with those who work 84 hours per
week and over. Employees who regularly work 48 hours, 56 hours,
60 hours, or 72 hours per week have been arranged in separate groups,
and the group of “ 84 and over” means 84 hours per week in practically
all instances.
The classified hours of the table are average hours for the individual
and do not reflect the long hours of one week that may alternate with
shorter hours the next. Thus a man who works 72 hours one week
and 60 hours the next has an average of 66 hours, which is tabulated
in the group “ 66 and under 72. ”
Table F .— This classification table begins with employees who
earned an average of 18 cents per hour and ends with those who earned
$3 or more per hour. Employees are classified by 5-cent groups from
20 cents to $1 per hour and by 10-cent groups from $1 to $2 per hour.
All who earned $2 or more per hour are shown in 25-cent groups.
Exceptionally high or low earnings per hour in practically all
occupations indicate that the employees were working under unusual
conditions, such as pe forming work on Sunday at time and one-half
rate, or working on a turn which produced exceedingly high or low
tonnage.
Table G.— The classification of hours actually worked begins with
those who worked less than 32 hours during the pay period and ends
with those who worked 192 hours and over.
In preparing this table no adjustment has been made in the data,
although, as previously stated, all of the schedules do not cover pay
periods of equal length. The hours actually worked by the em
ployees, as taken from the schedules, have been tabulated in all
instances. While some few of the schedules were taken for 14-day
and 15-day pay periods the large majority of the schedules cover a
16-day period. One plant had three pay periods each month and the
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
25
schedule for it was taken for 21 days. This plant has been omitted
from this table. It was found from a thorough examination of
the data that employees as a whole worked about the same ratio of
full time in one pay-roll period as they did in another. Also, since the
pay periods included were so nearly the- same in length the actual
grouping of the data was approximately the same in each case.
Thus, as it was desirable to include all the employees possible in an
occupation, all schedules except the one mentioned above have been
used.
In classifying the actual hours worked by an employee all of the
hours which he worked in any and all occupations in which he may
have been engaged during the pay period were included and tabulated
under the occupation at which he worked the longest time; for
example, if a man worked 40 hours as a larry man in a blast furnace,
35 hours as a keeper, and 20 hours as a keeper’s helper he would be
classified under the occupation of larry man but the table would
show 95 hours of work.
It must not be assumed that employees worked all the time that
there was work for them. Employees may have been ill, on vacation,
may have quit, may have been discharged, etc. The data collected
by the bureau do not show the availability of employment nor the
various reasons for unemployment. The purpose of the table is to
show what the employees in this industry are actually doing, but no
attempt has been made to interpret the figures.
Table H .— In this table employees are classified according to their
actual earnings during the pay period for which they were scheduled.
The classification begins with those who earned under $5 during the
pay period and ends with those who earned $250 and over. The
classification is by $5 groups up to $100 and by $10 groups from $100
to $160. Earnings from $160 to the end of the table are divided into
four groups— two with a spread of $20 each, one with a spread of $50,
and the last group of “ $250 and over.”
The data in this table have been treated in the same way as those in
Table G, and the explanation of that table should be read in connec
tion with the explanation of this table.
In classifying the actual earnings received by an employee, all of the
earnings shown on the pay roll for him in payment for work in any
and all occupations in the department in which he may have been
engaged during the pay period were included and tabulated under the
occupation at which he worked the longest time; for example, if a
man received $20.80 as a larry man in a blast furnace, $18.90 as a
keeper, and $10 as a keeper’s helper, he would be classified under the
occupation of larry men but the table would show earnings of $49.70.
While the table shows the total earnings of employees in the various
occupations, it must not be assumed that employees have received all
the wages that it was possible for them to earn during the pay period,
as explained for hours actually worked in Table G.
Index numbers.— The wage studies of this industry prior to 1914 were
limited to employees in certain of the principal occupations only.
These occupations included actual members of the producing crews
almost entirely, laborers being practically the only other occupation
covered. No data were collected for employees in the several other
less important occupations.
The occupations selected for the studies were assumed as fairly
representative of all occupations, and the studies thus limited were
26
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
accomplished in much less time than would have been required had
all occupations been covered.
In the published reports for those earlier years the average full-time
hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time
weekly earnings, and index numbers computed therefor were shown
for each of the principal occupations separately, and the data were
further consolidated and expressed in the form of index numbers for
each department. In subsequent wage investigations the practice
of basing the index numbers for the department upon the principal
occupations only was continued, although in the studies of 1914,1915,
1920, 1922, 1924, and 1926 all employees in the various plants were
covered. This was done so that the data for the later years, though
not complete, would be strictly comparable with years prior to 1914.
The method of computing index numbers from specified occupations
only has been discontinued in this bulletin, and except for the
connecting link between 1913 and 1914 the index numbers here pre
sented for the departments and for the industry reflect the changes in
all occupations as a composite whole.
The year 1913 has been used by the bureau as the base year for the
computation of index numbers in its many wage and price studies and
for that reason it has been deemed highly desirable to construct the
index for this industry upon that base. Unfortunately, as stated,
data were not collected for all occupations in 1913. However, there
was very little change in wage conditions as between 1913 and 1914
so far as shown by the averages for the principal occupations. Also,
the change in the averages for all occupations between 1914 and 1915
was practically the same as the change in the averages for the principal
occupations. Thus, since the change in the principal occupations
between 1913 and 1914 was very slight, it has been assumed that the
change in all occupations would also be very small and in the same
ratio as the change in the principal occupations. The estimated
average for 1913 from which the index number was computed was
obtained from the proportion, “ the average for the principal occupa
tions in 1914 is to the average for all occupations for that year as the
average for the principal occupations in 1913 is to x.”
While the index numbers for the departments extend back only to
1913, the index numbers for the several occupations in Table A
extend back as far as data are available.
In this bulletin the bureau for the first time has consolidated the
data for the several departments into a general index to represent
the iron and steel industry as a whole at least to the extent covered.
This general index was constructed by weighting the data for the
various departments by the number of employees covered in each
department in 1926. The most desirable weighting, of course, would
have been the total number of wage earners employed in the United
States in each separate department. Such figures are not avail
able because as elsewhere stated, the Census of Manufactures does
not show the wage earners in the different departments of steel
works and rolling mills separately and there are no other authori
tative records from which to obtain them. However, the bureau
in its studies has endeavored to cover a fair representation of
wage earners in each department, and it is believed the rela
tive weight given each department by the bureau's figures would
not be materially changed by using the number of wage earners in
the country generally, if such were available.
BLAST FURNACES
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 37 blast-furnace
establishments and cover 15,329 employees in all occupations. Of
the 15,329 employees reported, 8,058 are found in the selected occu
pations for which separate figures are given. Comparable data were
first obtained for this department for 1907, and from 1907 to 1914
employees in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914
and all subsequent years all employees in all occupations were in
cluded, and the tables showing figures for all employees cover the
period 1914 to 1926.1 Comparative figures are presented in Table
A for employees in the selected occupations from 1907 to 1926.
The hours of labor of blast-furnace employees have decreased
materially in recent years. Up until the summer of 1923 this depart
ment, while showing a small gradual decrease from former years in
the working time of employees as a whole, was still largely on a 12hour basis and some employees also worked 7 days per week. A
general reduction in the regular daily hours of employees, however,
took place in the latter part of 1923, and a large number of the
plants adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. In 1914 em
ployees as a whole had a full-time week of 74.8 hours or more than
6 days per week of 12 hours each. By 1922, as the practice of reliev
ing 7-day employees became more general, the average had de
creased to 72.3 hours. Following the 1923 decrease, however, full
time hours per week were reduced to such an extent that employees
were asked to work but 59.7 hours per week regularly in 1924 and
59.8 hours in 1926. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per
hour, and full-time earnings per week for the department as a whole,
and for each of the specified years from 1914 to 1926 are shown in
Table 1, page 3.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various selected occupations, which may be made from Table A,
show like reductions. In 1907 the average full-time hours per week
in all of the selected occupations combined was 81.1, and all em
ployees in 12 of the 16 occupations had a full-time week of 84 hours.
In 1926 working time had been so far reduced that the average of
69.2 hours per week for iron handlers and loaders was the highest of
any of the occupations, and the average for all 16 occupations com
bined was only 59.4 hours per week. The average for bottom fillers,
53.5 hours, was the lowest working week of any occupation shown.
While hours per day and per week were considerably less in 1924
and 1926, as compared with former years, the 7-day week increased
among employees. From the nature of the blast-furnace process
furnaces are necessarily kept in operation 7 days per week and 24
hours per day, and it is necessary to have a producing crew, at least,
on duty at all times. Laborers and other unskilled general em
ployees are seldom employed regularly 7 days per week. Many
* Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918,1921,1923, and 1925.
27
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
establishments have also adopted the practice of hiring extra men
to relieve the regular 7-day workers 1 day each week, 1 day each
2 weeks, or some such interval. Thus, while the furnaces are oper
ated 7 days per week, 7-day work among a majority of the employees
varies with the amount of relief provided.
Table B shows that, in 1914, 53 per cent of all employees covered
in that year worked 7 days per week regularly while an additional 5
per cent worked 7 days in alternate weeks. In 1915 there was practi
cally no change, and in 1920, owing to war conditions, there was a con
siderable increase in 7-day work. In 1922, as the practice of relieving
employees became more general, only 29 per cent worked 7 days per
week regularly and 14 per cent alternated from 6 to 7 days. However,
in 1924, as the hours per day were greatly decreased, the weekly turns
were increased to such an extent that 45 per cent worked 7 days each
week, 30 per cent two weeks out of every three, and 5 per cent in alter
nate weeks. In 1926 there was a slight decrease in 7-day work. The 4
per cent increase in the number who worked 7 days per week regularly
in 1926 as compared with 1924 and the 1 per cent increase in the num
ber who worked 7 days in alternate weeks were more than offset by the
8 per cent decrease in the number who worked 7 days 2 weeks in
three.
A good idea of the extent of the prevailing hours in this department
may be gained from Table D . The grouping of the employees in that
table by hours per day show that in 1926, of the 15,329 employees cov
ered, 8,953 had a working-day of 8 hours and only 1,321 worked as many
as 12 hours per day. A total of 4 ,8 8 4 worked 10 hours per day. The
employees covered in blast furnaces, of course, include many miscella
neous employees not directly connected with production, and in order to
present conditions as they apply to members of a producing crew
separate figures are shown for the occupation of keeper. Of the
344 employees who worked as keeper during the pay period, 311
worked 8 hours per day while the remaining 33 worked 12 hours
regularly or its equivalent— that is, 11 hours one week and 13 hours
the next. Of the total employees in the occupation 311 had a work
ing week of 56 hours or less, 6 worked 72 hours, and 27 had a full-time
week of 8 4 hours. The table also shows the number of turns worked
and the full-time hours per week for all employees.
While the hours of labor of employees in 1926 show large decreases
as compared with former years, hourly earnings show even larger
increases. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all employees covered
were 20.6 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an
average of 51.7 cents per hour, an increase of 151 per cent. In
other words, the 1926 hourly earnings were two and one-half times
the earnings in 1914. The earnings were highest in 1920— 57.1
cents on the average— and in 1924 they were approximately the
same as in 1926. The hourly earnings of employees in the various
selected occupations are shown in Table A. For example, keepers
in 1907 earned an average of 21.8 cents per hour, which increased
to 23.5 cents in 1913. During 1914 and 1915 little change is noted,
but in 1917 keepers received an average of 34.4 cents per hour.
This increased to 56.2 cents in 1919 and to the high mark of 63.5
cents in 1920. In 1922 the hourly earnings of keepers decreased
to 42 cents, but rose again to 57.9 cents in 1924 &nd 57.7 cents in
BLAST FURNACES
29
1926. A distribution by hourly earnings of the employees in 6 spec
ified occupations in 1926 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were more than twice as
great in 1926 as they were in 1914. In 1914 earnings per full-time
week for all employees were $15.41 on the average, while in 1926
they had increased to $30.92. In 1920 they were $41.17, the highest
of any year shown, and in 1924 they were approximately the same
as in 1926. Weekly earnings in the various selected occupations
show like increases. Keepers, for example, earned an average of
$18.34 per full-time week in 1907, $19.28 in 1913, and $46.45 in
1920. In the following years there was a decrease in hourly earn
ings as well as in hours of labor, and in 1924 keepers earned only
$32.79 per week and $33.12 in 1926.
The 8,058 employees in the selected occupations worked an aver
age of 115.4 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the
1926 study, for which they received an average of $56.89. This
includes all of the hours worked and earnings received by these
employees, as shown in Table C. Blowing engineers worked the
most time, 131.3 hours, and bottom fillers the least, or 95 hours.
Bottom fillers also earned the least money, $40.52, while blowers, a
highly skilled occupation, earned the largest amount, $115.15.
Blowing engineers received the second highest earnings, or $86.14.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations ac
cording to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G.
This table shows that in the occupation of laborers 120 of the 1,600
employees worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while
13, mostly all in the southern district, worked 192 or more hours.
The largest group, 258, worked between 120 and 132 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different
occupations. Laborers earned from less than $5 for the period to
between $90 and $95, while blowers earned from between $5 and
$10 to over $160 and less than $180. The largest group of laborers,
187, earned between $60 and $65.
43154°— 27-------3
30
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOB— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hourf and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Blast Furnaces
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants ploy
ees
Stockers:
.
190 7
1908 .........
1909_ . . . . . .
1910........ .
191 1
.
191 2
191 3
1914 ........ .
191 5
.
1917_....... .
1919_____
1920-....... .
1922......... .
1924_____
1926_____
Bottom fillers:
.
190 7
190 8
190 9
.
191 0
.
191 1
_
191 2
1913........
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917.........
191 9
.
192 0
1922........ .
1924_____
1926_____
Top fillers:
190 7
1908
190 9
.
191 0
191 1
1912 191 3
191 4
191 5
.
1917.........
191 9
192 0
1922.........
1924.........
1926.........
Larry men:
190 7
190 8
190 9
1910........
191 1
191 2
1913 191 4
191 5
1917.........
191 9
192 0
1922........
1924_....... .
1926.........
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
72
60
ings time ings earn
per
and 60 and 72 and 84
per hours per ings and
hour
un
un
un
un
week per hour per der
der
der
der
week
week
84
72
60
81.4 $0.170 $13.83
.157 12.43
79.1
.158 12.75
80.9
.164 13.17
79.9
.168 13.40
79.7
.171 13.46
78.8
.192 15.00
78.0
.188 14.03
74.9
.188 13.99
74.6
77.4
.295 22.79
78.1
.465 36.32
.527 39.68
75.5
74.4
.352 26.06
.465 28.10
60.5
60.1
.465 27.95
104
293
194
282
672
417
468
469
360
148
56
72
249
311
341
344
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.2
82.1
82.0
82.4
84.0
82.2
67.1
72.8
54.2
53.5
.160
.150
.138
.152
.149
.152
.168
.167
.176
.270
.436
.568
.336
.480
.426
13.40
12.59
11.61
12.77
12.50
12.53
13.88
13.76
14.48
22.68
35.84
38.35
24.44
26.01
22.79
102
102
102
8
8
8
13
14
14
14
13
8
3
4
6
7
7
4
66
44
50
142
62
96
98
80
44
22
28
74
86
111
65
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.8
82.2
80.0
80.3
80.1
79.0
84.0
76.7
71.2
68.8
56.8
53.8
.177
.168
.161
.169
.171
.175
.191
.199
.213
.257
.468
.573
.388
.544
.500
11
11
11
21
21
23
23
27
27
14
18
24
27
32
34
132
86
135
231
203
241
238
192
212
183
286
369
340
502
422
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.9
78.2
82.3
78.6
78.6
77.2
80.4
73.8
75.1
57.7
57.9
.195
.184
.186
.196
.194
.199
.217
.215
.211
.327
.542
.586
.402
.548
.551
18
18
18
32
32
34
33
35
35
14
20
27
31
36
37
824
473
737
1,445
904
1,069
1,269
1,031
878
441
1,043
1,624
1,316
1,774
1,174
7
7
7
14
15
15
13
13
9
3
4
6
7
6
4
1 Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
2
1
89
101
104
102
85
102
101
100
96
100
97
95
78
77
102
102
100
100
100
100
102
100
82
89
66
100
93
93
152
242
265
174
187
186
95
89
82
90
89
90
97
91
84
92
90
90
99
105
161
260
338
200
65
286
254
14.86
14.15
13.56
13.85
13.84
13.81
15.19
15.71
16.44
21.57
35.90
39.72
26.02
30.40
26.90
105
105
105
103
84
16.41
15.48
15.64
16.47
15.99
15.46
17.77
16.88
16.51
25.14
43.58
42.65
29.90
31.48
31.90
102
102
102
102
101
95
100
102
88
90
92
100
100
100
104
71
67
135
245
300
203
285
262
98
105
100
98
98
154
242
274
183
242
242
100
100
112
42
16
100
100
93
89
91
91
91
103
108
142
236
261
171
21
27
27
90
100
200
177
93
90
87
7
13
12
21
22
47
6
16
40
_
3
23
53
4
7
6
6
8
14
100
90
89
92
99
97
151
250
270
185
253
254
13 0)
10 1
1
3
58 7
56 l i
....
13
15
30
15
16
23
22
16
17
9
8
49
24
5
(0
15
16
17
14
99
104
163
258
276
176
187
165
92
87
100
5
1
1
3
2
3
4
5
100
90
85
86
0)
1
1
1
3
2
90
9
26
10
18
12
10
18
27
27
3
6
5
10
17
20
31
19
16
15
9
1
24
53
21
88
15
100
95
93
141
245
240
169
177
190
7
6
17
4
82
90
9
14
14
43
43
55
9
21
58
2
4
4
4
12
36
15
3
77
58
60
63
62
50
45
29
27
41
66
20
22
8
8
100
100
100
100
100
85
84
83
86
100
69
35
31
100
100
100
96
93
75
78
78
77
100
57
49
20
9
100
100
100
100
91
71
86
53
53
41
73
27
22
7
9
31
BLAST FURNACES
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Blast Furnaces— C o n t in u e d
T able
Occupation
and year
Larry m en's
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910-.........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922--.......
1924...........
1926-.........
Skip operators:
1907..........
1908-.........
1909-.........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926-.........
Blowers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914_.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926..........
Blowing engi
neers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913-.........
1914..........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
Num Aver
age
full
age
Num ber full
ber
of time earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
em hours
of
time
ings time ings earn
per
plants ploy per
per hours per ings
ees week hour
week per hour
per
week
week
10
10
10
19
19
23
23
27
27
12
18
19
24
26
26
115
79
135
278
294
359
352
250
275
161
310
517
383
627
389
84.0 $0.159 $13.35
.152 12.80
84.0
.149 12.53
84.0
.165 13.88
84.0
.168 13.89
82.6
.172 13.64
79.6
.191 15.78
82.6
.187 14.67
78.6
78.3
.185 14.43
.292 23.20
79.6
79.3
.491 38.94
73.9
.531 39.09
74.9
.856 26.40
.485 27.38
57.1
56.9
.493 28.05
102
102
102
102
100
96
100
95
95
06
96
89
91
69
69
83
80
78
86
88
90
100
98
97
153
257
278
186
254
258
85
81
79
88
88
87
100
93
91
147
247
248
167
174
178
11
11
11
19
19
20
22
28
28
13
19
22
25
30
32
86
64
94
125
124
138
158
139
152
118
169
217
220
320
267
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
83.8
79.3
82.9
79.5
79.4
77.3
80.4
73.4
75.8
57.5
58.4
.193
.184
.183
.197
.198
.206
.217
.214
.215
.343
.536
.594
.401
.543
.545
16.19
15.49
15.40
16.56
16.60
16.19
17.97
16.98
17.03
26.52
43.09
43.30
30.20
30.98
31.83
101
101
101
101
101
96
100
96
96
93
97
89
91
69
70
89
85
84
91
91
95
100
99
99
158
247
274
185
250
251
eo
87
86
92
92
90
100
94
95
148
240
241
168
172
177
18
18
18
32
33
34
34
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
78
68
86
131
123
139
154
143
149
84
134
198
195
262
241
84.0
84.0
84.0
83.5
82.9
80.3
82.2
80.7
80.6
77.8
79.8
73.2
72.4
58.3
58.5
.300
.283
.286
.296
.305
.315
.332
.333
.336
.485
.755
.868
.678
.889
.902
25.17
23.74
24.04
24.74
25.21
25.01
27.21
26.74
26.93
37.50
60.25
62.87
49.00
51.73
52.77
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
98
98
95
97
89
88
71
71
90
85
86
89
92
95
100
100
101
146
227
261
204
268
272
93
87
•88
91
93
92
100
98
99
138
221
231
180
190
194
20
20
20
34
35
35
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
100
85
103
153
137
142
156
147
153
122
143
164
213
244
197
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.9
80.6
82.0
79.3
79.1
76.1
80.0
73.7
74.2
58.7
59.5
.242
.235
.230
.243
.244
.249
.260
.262
.262
.391
.628
.720
.483
.661
.658
20.30
19.77
19.35
20.39
20.15
19.93
21.28
20.64
20.64
29.61
50.24
52.50
35.49
38.65
39.15
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
97
96
93
98
90
90
72
73
93
90
88
93
94
96
100
101
101
150
242
277
185
254
253
95
93
91
96
95
94
100
97
97
139
236
247
167
182
184
* Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
72
48
60
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un un
un
un
der der
der
der
72
84
60
100
100
100
100
88
10
76
89
54
51
0)
0)
10
100
100
100
100
13
10
1Including 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
98
78
91
60
59
44
74
28
29
7
10
100
100
100
98
91
78
44
68
24
15
7
8
100
100
100
100
91
77
*57
856
36
71
30
19
11
15
32
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Blast Furnaces— Continued
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of
time
em hours
of
plants ploy per
ees week
Blowing engi
neers’ assist
ants:
1907..........
1908______
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915_ .........
1919_.........
1920...........
1922______
1924______
1926______
Stove tenders:
1907...........
1908..........
1909..........
1910..........
1911...........
1912.........
1913______
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913*100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
72
time 48 48
60
ings time ings earn
per
and 60 and 72 and 84
per hours per ings and
hour
un
un
un
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
72
84
60
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
21
21
17
22
24
26
29
67
51
74
94
91
108
94
99
96
130
189
213
307
231
84.0 $0,203 $17.02
84.0
.199 16.72
84.0
.191 16.08
.207 17.38
84.0
83.2
.205 17.06
80.4
.211 16.85
83.2
.225 18.67
79.0
.223 17.57
78.3
.223 17.41
79.1
.565 44.69
.632 45.24
71.7
73.5
.424 31.08
56.2
.584 32.74
56.6
.579 32.77
101
101
101
101
100
97
100
95
94
95
86
88
68
68
60
88
85
92
91
94
100
99
99
251
281
188
260
257
91
90
86
93
91
90
100
94
93
239
242
166
175
176
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
140
96
140
200
180
214
220
1914________
38
183
1915.........
1919...........
1920..........
1922..........
1924...........
1926..........
Keepers:
1907______
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924..........
1926...........
Keepers’ help
ers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
•1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
38
24
28
32
36
37
186
204
297
279
473
362
84.0
84.0
84.0
84,0
82.7
79.5
81.9
79.7
79.4
80.3
73.7
75.2
57.5
57.5
.192
.185
.181
.193
.190
.195
.211
.209
.208
.528
.592
.403
.545
.548
16.10
15.52
15.22
16.21
15.68
15.38
17.30
16.56
16.46
42.40
43.38
30.08
31.36
31.51
103
103
103
103
101
97
100
97
97
98
90
92
70
70
91
88
86
91
90
92
100
99
99
250
281
191
258
260
93
90
88
94
91
89
100
96
§5
245
251
174
181
181
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
146
96
141
201
184
218
230
184
187
162
203
280
288
466
380
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.7
79.6
82.0
79.6
79.4
77.4
80.6
73.3
75.3
57.1
57.4
.218
.210
.205
.215
.217
.223
.235
.233
.232
.344
.562
.635
.420
.579
.577
18.34
17.68
17.26
18.09
17.95
17.59
19.28
18.47
18.33
26.55
45.30
46.45
31.47
32.79
33.12
102
102
102
102
101
97
100
97
97
94
98
90
92
70
70
93
89
87
91
92
95
100
99
99
146
239
270
179
246
246
95
92
90
94
93
91
100
96
95
138
235
241
163
170
172
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
36
37
616
409
596
877
742
870
950
734
727
392
650
1,168
1,178
1,654
1,516
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
83.1
80.2
82.2
80.6
80.1
77.6
80.2
74.5
75.3
58.6
59.1
.165
.160
.155
.168
.167
.173
.186
.185
.182
.292
.480
.522
.349
.475
.471
13.89
13.41
13.04
14.13
13.84
13.75
15.31
14.83
14.48
22.59
38.50
38.60
26.16
27.85
27.84
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
98
97
94
98
91
92
71
72
89
86
93
90
90
93
100
99
98
157
258
281
188
255
253
91
88
85
92
90
90
100
97
95
148
251
252
171
182
182
1 Less than 1 per cent.
8
7
7
20
6
87
82
8
8
4
19
4
82
SO
8
9
4
18
4
81
91
8
9
6
15
4
76
81 0)'
7
10
6
36
42
17
30
67
2
18
17
33
35
14
21
61
2
11
17
17
34
35
52
11
24
58
2
8
14
15
28
30
55
13
3 22
2 56
2
2 31
12
13
15
25
16
3
7
6
15
34
12
3
7
6
7
14
34
13
3
7
5
9
10
30
11
4
1
100
100
100
100
93
81
94
52
46
61
25
11
3
6
100
100
100
100
89
74
83
61
58
67
26
23
7
7
100
100
100
100
89
74
83
60
58
41
70
25
25
7
7
100
100
100
100
92
78
85
66
65
36
71
30
26
10
12
BLAST FURNACES
;e customary full-time hours per week, earnings per ho
's per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, I
rurnaces— Continued
Aver
age
ber full
of
em- time
hours
per
week
34
35
35
35
37
37
17
24
27
32
36
36
Per cent of employe
Index numbers
average full-time hours
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full 48 Over
48
60
time
per
ings time ings earn
and 60 and 72
hour
per hours per ings and
un
un
un
week per hour per der der
der
Week
72
week
60
203
163
242
305
308
406
446
333
323
106
94
260
386
283
181
73.2 $0,193 $14.20
73.0
.190 13.95
73.6
.177 13.05
.194 14.36
74.2
.195 14.17
73.0
73.1
.206 15.11
.220 16.07
72.5
.222 16.09
71.5
.204 15.22
74.0
71.4
.243 17.44
72.9
.361 26.32
72.2
.443 3£. 00
70.4
.307 21.67
.345 22.67
65.7
69.2
.349 24.15
101
101
102
102
101
101
100
99
102
98
101
100
97
91
95
88
86
80
88
89
94
100
101
93
110
164
201
140
157.
158
88
87
81
89
88
94
100
100
95
109
164
199
135
141
150 ,
193
157
152
291
267
275
303
259
245
154
370
390
383
534
506
84.0
83.9
83.9
83.9
82.4
81.9
81.9
79.2
79.6
77.9
80.5
72.2
73.1
57.5
59.4
.167
.163
.162
.169
.169
.171
.192
.192
.190
.300
.477
.552
.380
.515
.501
14.03
13.69
13.57
14.14
13.98
13.97
15.72
15.15
15.07
23.21
38.40
39.63
27.73
29.52
29.76
103
102
102
102
101
100
100
97
97
95
98
88
89
70
73
87
85
84
88
88
89
100
100
99
156
248
288
198
268
261
89
37 .
86
90
89
89
100
96
96
J48 .
244
252
176
188
189
262
245
380
482
339
397
380
286
254
168
295
87
216
364
183
83.6
82.6
82.2
82.9
81.3
75.2
79.9
78.3
78.6
78.4
77.2
68.4
71.6
59.7
59.2
.173
.156
.150
.163
.158
.164
.179
.176
.174
.286
.473
.557
.390
.483
.484
14.46
12.88
12.34
13.56
12.84
12.20
14.27
13.78
13.64
22.31
36.52
37.85
27.76
28.71
28.65
105
103
103
104
102
94
100
98
98
98
97
86
90
75
74
97
87
84
91
88
92
100
98
97
160
264
311
218
270
270
101
90
86
95
90
85
100
97
96
156
256
265
195 .
201
201
957
718
757
1,423
| 937
1,049
1,273
1,096
| 885
! 698
2,184
1,770
1,500
2,059
1,600
75.8
72.8
73.0
74.7
73.3
73.1
72.5
70 8.
71.3
75.3
77.9
72.3
67.7
62.4
62.4
.146
.140
.138
.150
.151
.152
.171
.177
.171
.281
.457
.474
.315
.401
.389
11.13
10.24
10.17
11.23
11.14
11.15
12.43
12.52
12.20
21.23
35.60
34.60
21.69
25.15
24.34
105
100
101
103
101
101
100
98
98
104
107
100
93
86
86
85
82
81
88
88
89
100
104
100
164
267
277
184
235
227
90
82
82
90
90
90
100
101
98
171
286
278
174
202
196
.
.
.
_
whose full-time hours per week were 91.
per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
)U-
ose
jek
84
34
32
36
35
31
32
29
34
39
9
16
21
2
5
19
36
100
0)
(l)
98
98
99
87
83
83
55
60
48
80
27
23
7
14
88
17
82
78
89
78
56
64
57
62
56
60
25
20
1
2
47
27
28
30
31
31
29
25
26
44
57
17
13
2
2
34
WAGES AND HOURS 6F LABOR— tBOtf AND STEEL
T a b l e B. — Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each sped-
fied number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district and year— Blast Fur
naces
District and year
Eastern:
191 4
191 5
1920.....................................
1922....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
Pittsburgh:
1914.....................................
1915...................................
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926....................... ............
Great Lakes and Middle West:
191 4
191 5
1920............... .....................
1922....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
Southern:
191 4
..........
191 5
1920....................................
1922....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
Total:
191 4
191 5
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
* Less than 1 per cent.
Num
Num ber of
ber of emplants pJoy-
Number
of
employees
whose customary turns
per week were—
6 and
7
alter
nately
1,078
794
642
885
1,512
1,588
354
256
137
171
150
125
3,298
3,176
4,916
3,481
4,898
4,993
Per cent of employees
whose customary turns
per week were—
6 and
7
alter
nately
6,7,
and 7
in ro
tation
6,7,
and 7
in ro
tation
180
179
107
678
533
505
534
1.173
1,347
63
67
79
60
78
85
1,466
1,470
1,550
1,947
519
522
405
316
1,473
811
411
806
43
44
39
2,021
1,427
1,390
1,893
723
1,690
1,644
3,172
2,761
3; 871
3,383
5,760
1,883
1,643
743
2,064
1,052
1,019
648
473
1,454
575
1,286
1,115
2,480
846
3,122
3,534
41
40
64
25
54
1,705
1,832
2,741
2,967
3,370
3,620
198
230
1,104
1,932
1,454
846
1,507
1,602
1,637
999
997
9,253
8,563
12,170
10,716
15,540
15,329
3,901
3,599
3,534
6,114
3,175
3,352
5,138
1,686
36
73
10
2,278
948
976
1,500
795 4,588
923 3,553
4,898
4,640
6,515
3,102
6,982
7,501
454
324
2,121
21
35
87
60
34
30
1
2
(»)
27
5
4
17
14
5
53
54
54
29!
22
4549/
T a b le
C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Blast Furnaces
Positions
Occupation and district
Number
of plants
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
6
11
10
10
83
424
294
176
6.9
6.6
6.9
6.5
10.1
8.9
8.1
10.6
70.2
57.8
55.4
68.8
93
495
356
230
137.3
114.7
101.5
112.9
$63.77
55.48
55.19
35.46
$0,465
.484
.544
.314
$32.64
27.89
30.14
21.60
142.9
116.7
106.2
125.5
$66.04
56.56
57.71
39.78
$0,462
.484
.543
.317
Total..........................................
37
977
6.7
9.1
60.1
1,174
112.1
52.13
.465
27.95
117.3
54.36
.463
Bottom fillers:
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern.............. ........................
1
3
21
225
6.7
6.7
8.0
8.0
53.0
53.6
25
319
101.6
89.2
59.35
36.75
.584
.412
30.95
22.08
118.2
93.2
68.89
38.30
.583
.411
Total..........................................
4
246
6.7
8.0
53.5
344
90.1
38.39
.426
22.79
95.0
40.52
.427
Top fillers:
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.............. ........................
1
3
9
46
6.7
6.7
8.0
8.0
53.0
54.0
11
54
91.1
102.3
58.55
48.53
.643
.474
34.08
25.60
96.9
105.4
62.15
49.74
.641
.472
Total..........................................
4
55
6.7
8.0
53.8
65
100.4
50.22
.500
26.90
104.0
51.84
.499
Larry men:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
11
10
7
44
154
163
38
7.0
6.8
7.0
6.7
9.3
8.1
8.0
10.4
64.9
55.3
55.6
70.0
44
160
176
42
143.9
118.7
113.1
141.2
71.34
68.74
68.41
47.95
.496
.579
.605
.340
32.19
32.02
33.64
23.80
144.4
122.0
117.4
150.1
71.63
70.50
70.82
50.85
.496
.578
.603
.339
34
399
6.9
8.4
57.^9
422
121.2
66.81
.551
31.90
125.2
Total_________ _____________
,=
=
68.80
= =
.550
=
Larry men’s helpers:
Eastern.............................. ...........
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.............. ..................... .
6
9
8
3
34
146
129
22
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.5
9.6
8.0
8.0
9.8
67.5
54.7
55.6
64.0
38
176
146
29
130.0
96.6
104.4
102.6
57.89
49.46
54.35
32.30
.445
.512
.521
.315
30.04
28.01
28.97
20.16
139.3
105.2
112.3
123.6
62.44
53.99
58.48
39.92
.448
.513
.521
.323
Total..........................................
26
331
6.9
8.3
56.9
389
103.2
50.84
.493
28.05
112.6
55.45
.493
BLAST FURNACES
Stockers:
Eastern...... ...................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Blast
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Skip operators:
Eastern............. ...........................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
10
9
7
37
106
78
32
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
9.1
8.2
8.0
10.3
63.6
55.8
55.4
68.3
39
112
79
37
133.6
119.2
122.0
126.8
$67.61
69.54
73.79
45.15
$0,506
.583
.605
.356
$32.18
32.53
33.52
24.31
137.8
122.6
122.5
135.5
$69.87
71.44
74.09
48.50
$0,507
.583
.605
.358
68.82
.544
Total..........................................
32
253
6.9
8.5
58.4
267
123.2
67.13
.545
31.83
126.6
Blowers.
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
11
10
10
24
77
83
44
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.6
9.3
8.4
8.0
9.8
64.2
56.5
55.3
65.0
25
83
87
46
139.1
117.5
118.6
140.8
114.11
112.88
121.16
93.601
.820
.961
1.022
.665
52.64
54.30
56.52
43.23
140.8
123.5
121.8 •
145.0
115.03
116.87
123.75
95.84
.817
.946
1.016
.661
Total..........................................
37
228
6.8
8.6
58.5
241
124.6
112.31
.902
52.77
128.8
115.15
.894
Stove tenders;
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
11
10
10
37
115
128
54
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
9.1
8.1
8.0
9.3
63.6
55.6
55.4
62.5
37
123
140
62
140.6
113.1
113.1
123.2
70.62
65.33
67.66
52.24
.502
.577
.598
.424
31.93
32.08
33.13
26.50
141.3
118.2
118.4
134.8
70.93
68.29
70.92
57.66
.502
.578
.599
.428
37
334
6.9
8.4
57.5
362
117.7
64.53
.548
31.51
123.5
67.75
.549
Blowing engineers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
11
10
10
24
64
68
33
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
10.0
8.3
8.0
9.9
70.0
56.2
55.4
67.0
25
67
71
34
152.7
124.3
118.9
148.3
83.81
87.86
94.13
64.35
.549
.707
.792
.434
38.43
39.73
43.88
29.08
156.1
125.4
119.1
150.3
85.15
88.55
94.27
65.11
.546
.706
.792
.433
Total..........................................
37
189
6.9
8.7
59.5
197
130.1
85.55
.658
39.15
131.3
86.14
.656
Blowing engineers’ assistants:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh--.................................
4
9
11
88
7.0
6.8
10.9
8.0
76.4
53.9
11
101
165.8
108.3
74.12
64.53
.447
.596
34.15
32.12
165.8
110.9
74.12
66.04
.447
.596
Total...........................
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---------------------------------------------------------------------
Number
of plants
Cg
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Occupation and district
Furnaces— Continued
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern______________________
10
6
87
23
6.9
6.7
8.0
9.4
55.4
62.3
92
27
115.7
120.4
74.95
44.63
.648
.371
35.90
23.11
120.5
132.9
78.36
49.22
.651
.370
TotaL.........................................
29
209
6.8
8.3
56.6
231
115.4
66.81
.579
32.77
119.9
69.37
.579
Keepers:
Eastern..... ....................................
Pittsburgh ....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern........................................
6
11
10
10
40
121
135
54
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
9.0
8.1
8.0
9.3
63.0
55.5
55.4
62.5
41
133
144
62
136.1
113.8
112.6
123.6
70.58
71.97
70.01
50.93
.519
.632
.622
.412
32.70
35.08
34.46
25.75
138.5
115.6
116.1
134.2
71.96
73.01
71.95
51.12
.520
.632
.620
.411
TotaL.........................................
37
350
6.9
8.4
57.4
380
117.3
67.64
.577
33.12
119.7
68.93
.576
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern..... ....................................
Pittsburgh. ........................... ......
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
11
10
10
166
430
363
283
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
9.4
8.1
8.0
9.8
66.0
55.1
55.4
65.9
185
554
403
374
130.6
94.6
108.1
113.7
59.14
50.72
59.67
36.06
.453
.536
.552
.317
29.90
29. £3
30.58
20.89
134.8
100.7
113.5
118.5
61.05
53.89
62.56
37.80
.453
.535
.551
.319
37
1,242
6.8
8.6
59.1
1,516
107.3
50.51
.471
27.84
112.6
53.10
.471
1
6
9
125
7.0
6.6
10.0
10.4
70.0
69.2
16
165
75.0
117.3
42.00
39.43
.560
.336
39.20
23.25
75.5
122.8
42.33
41.08
.560
.335
Total...........................................
7
134
6.6
10.4
69.2
181
113.6
39.65
.349
24.15
118.6
41.19 |
.347
Pig-machine men:
Eastern..... ..................... ..............
Pittsburgh................................. __
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
10
10
3
72
146
179
31
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.8
10.8
8.4
8.0
9.0
75.8
56.5
54.9
61.7
. 74
178
220
34
161.4
104.2
100.8
129.3
71.58
53.80
54.77
50.01
.443
.516
.543
.387
33.58
29.15
29.81
23.91
163.0
108.8
108.9
131.3
72.30
56.21
59.18
50.91
.444
.517
.544
.388
Total......................................... .
29
428
6.8
8.7
59.4
506
112.8
56.56
.501
29.76
118.3
59.50
.503
Cinder men:
Eastern..... ....................................
Pittsburgh ....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern......................................
2
7
9
4
13
47
75
10
7.0
6.7
6.5
6.0
10.5
8.5
9.0
10.0
73.2
56.3
58.5
60.0
15
71
85
12
144.6
84.4
113.6
128.2
84.35
41.95
54.93
37.21
.583
.497
.484
.290
42.68
27.98
28.31
17.40
144.6
86.7
114.7
131.6
84.35
43.21
55.57
38.33
.583
.498
.484
.291
TotaL.........................................
22
145
6.6
9.0
59.2
183
105. 7
51.15
.484
28.65
107.4
52.00
.484
Laborers:
Eastern..... ....................................
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
5
11
10
10
105
409
343
345
7.0
6.5
6.4
6.1
10.4
9.7
9.4
10.1
72.3
62.8
60.4
60.9
138
528
467
467
114.7
103.3
95.0
101.8
43.88
45.58
43.61
26.94
.383
.441
.459
.265
27.69
27.69
27.72
16.14
124.2
111.2
102.9
110.0
48.43
49.56
48.24
29.74
.390
.446
.469
.270
Total...........................................
36
1,202
6.4
9.8
62.4
1,600
101.4
39.42
.389
24.34
109.8
43.29
.394
BLAST FUBNACE8
Total...........................................
Iron handlers and loaders:
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern................... ...................
CO
<1,
38
WA&ES AND HOtfRS OF LAB6R— IR6N AND
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and pier week^
1926y by district— Blast Furnaces
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns
Turns Mon
per
East
Pitts
and South Total
per
per
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
ern
week day
ur day week
to
ur day week
to
dle
Fri day
Fri day
West
day
day
Hours
Mon
Group A.—Day turn only
12
12
12
12
11
10
12
12
12
12*
11
11
12
12
11
10
12
’ 12'
84
77
75
72
72
72
72
I
m "m 71^10H
10 10 70
10
11
11
10
10
10
10 16"
9h W2
9
9
8
10
11 11
10 10
10 10
10
10 10
9
10
5
9 .....
10
9
10
9
9
9
10K 9k
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
’16"’
10
"16"
' 16”
9H‘io"
10
9
9
m m.
8
8
9
9
8
9
7
9
9
6
6
6
9
9
10
8
8
8
7
Total.
7
9
4
8
8
4
7
65
75
66
66
65
60
70
64
59
68
63
62
60
60
60
60
59
59 I.
59
54
63
57
56
54
54
50
49H -
44
42
"I..... f
84
77
75
72
72
72
71M
70
70
14
17
1
2
1
2
200
” 28’
28
21
4
18
964
15
1
5
1
198
76
2
57
56
54
54
50
12
” 8 l"
622
15
792
.....
31
132
2
2
31
166
4
184
167
2
26
30
1
1
1
107
1
4
16
847
1,274
1,598
4,155
27
436
,602
50
1
27
1
1
1
31
155
49^-
49
49
49
48
48
44
42
2
237
1
75
20
1
397
54
24"
1
2
16
1
1
1
19
'319”
1
1
63H
59
59
100
15
2
30
59H
199
70
1
.....
65
65
64
63
62
60
60
60
16
1
2
1
39
BLAST FURNACES
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekf
’ »i/ district— Blast Furnaces— Continued
ALL EMPLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
Great
Lakes
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
and South
per
East
Pitts
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
ern Total
Sat Sun Per week
week day
ur day week
to
to
ur day week
dle
Fri day
Fri day
West
day
day
Group B.—Night turn only
14
13
12K
12
13
12
10
8
10
10
8
1
1
38
1
91
91
90K 90M
84
84
78 . 78
72
72
70
70
56
70
60
60
56
3
15
17
13
11
Total.
78
51
43
5
178
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
12
11
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
12
11
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
9
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
7
8
8
6
8
8
6
7
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
8
8
10
10
Total.
12
13
14
13
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
13
14
13
12
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
13
14
13
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
___
10
8
8
8
8
8
... _
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
84 84
84
110
91
84
188
98 84
52
91 SO1
4
/
72 72
'237'
70 70
70 65
60 65
31
70
134
70 65
70 63H
63 63
18
63
60 60
116
60 60
60 60
60 59H
20
56
56
497 1,299
56
56
56
48
A
56 } & 1
48
56 }53M
56
56 } 63H
56
325
56 }53M
48 52
56
52
56
25
48
50^
48
48
48 48
48 48
1,136
4,135
400
2
49
594
190
52
4
274
291
6
420
134
6
59
18
360
9
41
2
185
7
2,927
123
568
137
4,860
123
948
2,647
32
20
7
325
8
25
1
6
3
10
3,777
10,996
40
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOK— IKON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Blast Furnaces— Continued
KEEPERS, ONLY
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
T per
™ns MonSat- Sun Per
week day
to
urFri day day week
day
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
Total.
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
MonI
I
per East- Pitts and Southday Sat-lg
' Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
to
urweek
dle
Fri- day aay
West
day
Hours
ee
84
84
72
56
56
53H
52
22
5
6
32
60
110
13
54
118
123
209
13
86
3
344
41
BLAST FURNACES
T able
E.— .
Occupation and
district
and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Blast Furnaces
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
AverNum Num age
ber of ber of full
Over
Over
Over
Over
40
72 84
estab em56
48
60
time
lish ploy- hours and
and 56 and 60 and and
and and
72
un
un
un
un
un
ments
per
un
week der
der
der over
der
der der
44
72
60
84
56
Stockers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh.......
G. L.andM .W .
Southem.........
495
356
230
70.2
57.8
55.4
68.8
Total........... .
37 | 1,174
60.1
Larry men:
Eastern.......... .
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M .W .
Soufchern..........
44
160
176
42
64.9
55.3
55.6
70.0
34
422
57.9
Blowers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M .W .
Southern..........
6
11
10
10
25
83
87
46
64.2
56.5
55.3
65.0
Total.............
37
Total............
10
219
95
3
10
317
169
49
25
344
127
169
41
133
144
62
63.0
55.5
55.4
62.5
34
74 I 34 !
95
14
4
18
8I
125 253
36
5
~JL[
12 !.
94
Keepers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M .W .
Southern..........
18
13
31
59
12
20
10
4
110
7
13
Total.............
380
57.4
139 207
27
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh____
G L. andM .W .
Southern_____
185
554
403
374
66.0
55.1
55.4
65.9
117
354 185
89 311
169
56
15
Total.............
1,516
59.1
622
Laborers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh____
G L. and M .W .
Southern..........
138
528
467
467
72.3
62.8
60.4
60.9
114
109
249
441
1,600
62.4
131
799
Total............
5
12
105
32
48
7
246
104
66
1
83
8
8
264
261
30
10
T a b le
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Blast Furnaces
Stockers:
Eastern
of emiployees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
90 95 100 110 120 130
70 75 80 85
60 65
and and and and and and and and and and and and
un un un- un un un un un un un un un
der der dei der der der der der der der der der
65
70 75
80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140
44 17
14
9
2
5
93 $0,465
58 146 272 19
.484
495
14 48 m
.544
356
90 10
G .L . a n a M .W ..
1
.314
4
7
Southern..............
64
62
57
10
10
15
230
4
19 117 218 448 138 15
Total................ 1,174
.465
64
62
57
Larry men:
4 23
44 .496
Eastern____. __
2
15
1
2 35 90 27
Pittsburgh___
160 .579
4 73 90
G .L .and M .W ..
176 .605
1
16
42
Soutbern_______
1
.340
4
10
10
1 : 5 41 41 178 117
422
.551
1
4
10
10
Total................
Blowers:
!
2
3
Eastern________
1
25 .820
2
Pittsburgh....... .
.961
83
87 1.022
G .L .a n d M .W ..
2 __ 6_
2
46
9
Southern.......... .
.665
__ 2___ 6_
4
241
11
3
Total................
.902 __ ____ ....
1
Keepers:
41
10
16 15
E astern_____
.519
Pittsburgh
.632
133
6 92
144
.622
58 35
G .L . a n d M .W ..
12
15 20
62
.412
2
6
Southem..............
12
15 30
16 79 127
.577
2
6
Total................
380
Keepers helpers:
.453
15 66 72 32
Eastern
__ __
185
11 358 163 22
554
.536
Pittsburgh___ _
.552
1 3
1 245 79 72
403
G .L .a n d M .W ..
9
.317
139 ! 31
374
10
69 116
Southern..............
154 1 100 84- 635 242 103
.471
69 116
Total................ 1,516
10
Laborers:
118 I 20
138 .383
Eastern
.441
528
1 |425
Pittsburgh
7 95
2
G .L .a n d M .W ..
467 .459
....... 1 328
68 66
3
467
.265 " ’ l2" "245’ ” 32’ 172'
5
1
Southern..............
2
.389
12 245
Total_________ 1,600
32 172 124 |774 75 161
3
1
1
10
9
4
6
1
10
10
5
6
1
4
3
1
5
1
7
6
1
1
1
2
1
11
__
4
12
35
48
1
84
3
6
9
__
.717.
!
i
140 150 160 170
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
150 160 170 180
__ __ __ __ I___ __ __ .... ....
1
16
9
22
47
19
13
1
33
6
6
11
23
2
9
21
2
34
2
6
13
2
6
6
21
14
1
3
4
2
10
2
5
7
3
3
3
3
.......
180
and
un
der
li>0
=
....... !____
3
..... !
1
3
3
i
......ii...... 1i......
__ L
3
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Number
Num Aver
55
18
30 35 40 45 50
20
25
age
of earn
and and and and and and
Occupation and dis ber
and
and
and
em
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
trict
ploy ings
der der der der der der der der der
per
ees
40 45 50 55 60
hour
30 35
20
25
T a b le
G. — Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Blast Furnaces
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Occupation and
district
Num Aver
32 40
ber of
age Un and
em hours
and
der un un
ploy worked
32 der der
ees
40 48
142.9
116.7
106.2
125.5
117.3
144.4
122.0
117.4
150.1
125.2
140.8
123.5
121.8
145.0
128.8_
138.5
115.6
116.1
124.2
119.7
3
39
24
15
81
1 T
1 4 6
7 6 6
4 ---- 4
13 11 16
1
1
1
2 "~2
1
3
3
2
__
1
2
56
and
un
der
64
64
and
un
der
72
2
9
2
5
18
5
4
5
14
?
3
7
5
17
1
7
2
1
11
1
2
2
2
__
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
l_J_ ----
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
2 ~T
...J1
1
2
1
3
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
72
80
104
88
96
112
144
132
156
120
168
180
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and 192
un 80 un 88 un 96 un 104 un 112 un 120
un 132 un 144 un 156 un 168 un 180 un and
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der over
88
80
112
104
96
144
120
132
168
156
192
180
1
?
? "T
5 8
1
1
10
__
7
2
1
1
8 1 2
134.8
100.7 65
113.5 13
118.5 25
112.6 103
8
2
3
13
1 4
5 8
3 6
1 10
10 [28
124.2
9
111.2 29
102.9 40
110.0 42
109.8 120
1 3
1 1 5
1 3
5
12 16 14 15 11
9 8 8
5 9 15 14 15 9 12 6
4 6 17 17 19 5 13 14
22 34 47 47 50 28 34 31
1
....
3
1
__
2 ~~4~
5 4 4 3
6
8 12 11 6 13
5
1 5 2 2
8
7
8
6 12 6 2
14 24 JO 23 "TT I T
2
5
3
3
13
1
10 22
3 20
3
9
22 46
1
3
1
1 2
6
1 5
1
1
2
6
2
5
13
2
12
6
20
40
1
20
39
1
61
5
5
4
1 14
14
4 28
1 ____ 3
24
5 50
1
1
1
1
11
2
13
2
2
1
1
6
11
5 1 2
3
1
3
9
5
8
18
2
33
6
2 11
1 20
1 2
4 |39
2 !
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
5
1
1
5
2
....
1
5
7
4 10
3 5
13 22 |
9
18
18
12
57
1
5
13 10
28 17
1
13
59 29
1 22
6 35
4 41
7 14
18 112
8
15
11
14
48
1
15
16
__
~w
2
5
14
16
8 72 102 I" 41
12 73 104 1
13
9 18
16 6 22
31 1168 J238 _8_ 90
11
51
35
5
8 102
3
5
8 1
66
58 T
4
136 Y
2
1
2
6
2
1
5
1
11 __ 9_
22
15 46
12 47
12 24
39 139 J
3
10
27
6
31 14
27 3
95 26
2
6
40
11
54
5
7
16 _8_
62 g
14 13
4 j>_
79 23J1 14 5
5 2
9
2 T
16 3
8
13
37
14 48
7 T
13
48 ! 92 _L
1 5
12 1
4 43
35
58
3 27
2 17
8 T
10 92 113 J2_ _
9
3 24
10 124
13 81
4 66
L 295
23
117 "I"
127
18 T
285 _7_
4 1
18 2
14 1
9 16
45 20_
9
8
18 20
27 42
18 36
71 107
19
90
84
65
258
5"
T9
4
7
11
5
1
1
2
1
4
5
__
2
2
1
7J1 2
2
6
3
2
1 2
2_ _1 _2_
24 3
67 6
26
50
167 11
T
3
3
7
10 14
16 21_
2
71
13
28
114
9
1
Y
6
4
11
1
g __ 21
1
2
1
2
3
9
12
7
2
2
_9_
5
_7_
4
4
2
2
3
2
U_ __ J_
9
1
1 __ 11
3
2 2
4 _5_
4 20
2 x
16 18
22 j39_
1 5
31 1
, 19 1
34 1
7 85 8
2
2
1
7
6
4
1
2
1 1
1 JL_
3
2
4
2
5 ___9
I 1
4
9
3
4
2
1
11 5" " 'io ‘ "'"13
15 TcT * 17 __26
4
4
2 8
3 3
10 11
2
X11I
11
11
13
BLAST I’TTBNACES
Stockers:
93
Eastern__________
Pittsburgh.............. 495
356
G. L. and M . W —
Southern....... ......... 230
Total___________ 1,174
Larry men:
Eastern...................
44
Pittsburgh.............. 160
G. L. and M . W ... 176
42
Southern.................
Total.................... 422
Blowers:
Eastern...................
25
Pittsburgh..............
83
G. L. and M . W ...
87
Southern.................
46
Total.................... 241
Keepers:
41
Eastern...................
Pittsburgh .............. 133
G. L. and M . W . . . 144
62
Southern.................
Total.................... 380
Keepers’ helpers:
Eastern............ ...... 185
Pittsburgh......... ..... 554
G. L. and M . W_._ 403
374
Southern_________
Total............. ...... 1,516
Laborers:
Eastern................... 138
Pittsburgh.............. 528
G. L. and M . W___ 467
Southern................. 467
Total___________ 1,600
48
and
un
der
56
T able H .- - Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by
district— Blast
Num Aver
age
$5 $10
ber of earn
Occupation and district em ings per Un and and
der un un
ploy
$5 der der
ees
period
$10 $15
93
495
Q. L. a n dM . W. __
356
Southern..................
230
Total..................... 1,174
Larry men:
Eastern
44
Pittsburgh
160
G. L. and M . W. __
176
42
Southern..................
422
Total___________
Blowers:
25
Eastern
Pittsburgh
83
87
G. L. an dM. W. __
46
Southern................ .
241
Total.....................
Keepers:
41
Eastern
133
Pittsburgh
144
G. L. and M . W___
62
Southern. ................
380
Total....................
Keepers’ helpers:
185
Eastern
554
Pittsburgh
403
G. L. and M. W . _ .
374
Southern................ .
Total..................... 1,516
Laborers:
138
Pit+ohn rcrh
528
467
G. L. and M. W —
467
Southern.............—
1,600
Totdl
$66.04
56.56
57.71
39.78
54.36
1
27
5
7
40
71.63
70.50
70.82 ’ T
50.85
68.80
1
115.03
116.87
123.75 . . . .
95.84
115.15
71.96
73.01
71.95 . . . .
51.12
68.93
61.05
53.89
62.56
37.80
53.10
48.43
49.56
48.24
29.74
43.29
26
6
13
45
2
5
8
26
41
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
$15
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
2
1 3
2
10 ” 2" 1 ■ y 10 10
6
7 12
10
9
4 12
9
8 "13’ 29
31 13 27 24 24 48
1
1
1
1 ....
1
1
1
1
2
2 ....
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
4
*40
and
un
der
$45
1 2
4 14
8 4
31 41
44 61
$45
and
un
der
$50
3
19
13
29
64
1
5
1
3
3 .....
4
'T
3 _±__ 16
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
6 lIIII
10 | 2
2
3
24
3
15
42
14
3
10
27
1
8
2
10
21.1
5
12
13
28
58
2
21
14
31
68
4
14
17
22
57
2
$35
and
un
der
$40
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
7 5
3
9 8 8
5 5 3
17 22 24
34 42 40
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
6
8
17
32 46 143
19 31 107
8
14
12
73 J0<L 264
12
85
79
5
181
2
23
15
5
45
8
55
23
3
89
$50
and
un
der
$55
3
2
10
15
8
31
70
1
110
3
2
6
6
5
8
4
5
6
10
25
5
11
8
2
26
4
8
18
1
31
13
14
25
2
54
22
46
50
3
121
11
107
90
4
212
27
138
140
3
308
24
40
27
2
93
3
121
63
5
36
41
1
83
13
16
4
77
81 110
26
25
9
83
143
24
40
15
24
113
20 24
45 3 65
40 73
1
19
124 163
13
84
68
3
168
187
$80
and
un
der
$85
$85
and
un
der
$90
4
7
17
7
15
7
4
1
43 _19_
2
4
4
$75
and
un
der
$80
20
57
14
3
94 1
2
5
7
8
3 8 10 10 23
23 11 17 21 27
16 4 18 34 29
43 47 69 98 79
85 80 114 163 158
1
2
$70
and
un
der
$75
1
1
2
4
6
6
13
5
57
6
3
2
5
16
2
6
2
1
22
31
1
1
2
4
$55
and
un
der
$60
8
24
46
78
3
3
2
3
11
$90
and
un
der
$95
3
10 1__ 3_
$95
and
un
der
$100
$100
and
un
der
$110
1
1
1
1
11
1
10
7
17
7
1
1
2
2
2
11
6
12
31
5
12
12
5
34
9
12
19
1
41 1
2
6
3
1
1
1
11
1
2
1
3
44 "’ s i’
55
19
1
102
61
1
1
1
1
11
15
2
29
$130
and
un
der
$140
$120
and
un
der
$130
1
2
1
4
2
6
10
$110
and
un
der
$120
1
4
5
6
5
4
1
1
5
1
1
55
11
10
6
1
1
6
22
7
10
1
1
1
35
13
2
I
1|
1.......
$160
and
un
der
$180
1
r *____ ____ 1____
1
11
18
1
1
7
5
30
9
5
....... !........
5
15
35
$150
and
un
der
$160
1
___ i1___
I
4
2
4
$140
and
un
der
$150
!
1
!
•
i
::::::::::
....... 1........
"r
,
3
2
5
6
1
2
7
2
§
U1
AND HOURS OF LABOR----------------------------------------------------------------------
Stockers:
Furnaces
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
The study of this department covers establishments which make
steel entirely by the Bessemer process or which only partially reduce
the pig iron in the converters and finish the steel in open-hearth or
electric furnaces. This latter method is known as the duplex process
and the finished product is of course open-hearth steel. M ost of the
establishments do some duplexing in addition to the manufacture of
the regular Bessemer product while some operate entirely on that basis.
The duplex process is often used by companies to hold their crews
together while awaiting orders for Bessemer steel.
The 1926 data were collected from the pay rolls of 11 Bessemer
converting plants and cover 2,948 employees in all occupations. Of
these 2,948 employees 1,143 were found in the selected occupations
for which separate figures are given. Comparable data were first
obtained for this department in 1907, and from 1907 to 1914 employees
in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914 and all subse
quent years all employees in all occupations were included, and figures
for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1 Comparative figures
are presented in Table A for employees in the specified occupations
from 1907 to 1926.
In studying the figures for this department it must be kept in mind
that the plants covered are located in the Pittsburgh and the Great
Lakes and Middle West districts entirely. No data are included from
the eastern and the southern districts, as Bessemer steel is not manu
factured in sufficient quantities in those districts to warrant inclusion
in the report. Thus, care should be used in comparing the wages or
hours of employees in this department with those of other departments
whicji include all four districts.
The hours of labor of Bessemer-converter employees have decreased
considerably in recent years. Up until the summer of 1923 the work
ing time of employees as a whole in this department showed very
little change as compared with former years. Except for members
of the cupola, vessel, and pouring crews, a majority of the employees
still worked the 12-hour day and in many instances the 7-day week.
A general reduction in the regular daily hours of employees, however,
took place in the latter part of 1923, and a large number of the plants
adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. In 1914 employees as a
whole had an average full-time week of 68.4 hours which remained
practically the same in 1915. War conditions were still in effect in
1920 and full-time hours per week advanced to an average of 70.3 or
6 days per week of almost 12 hours each. By 1922, however, the
average had decreased to 68.7 hours and, following the 1923 decrease,
was still further reduced to 52.3 hours in 1924. There was practically
no change in hours per week in 1926 as compared with 1924. Average
full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings
per week, 1910 to 1926, for the department as a whole, are shown in
Table 1, page 3.
*Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
43154°— 27------- 1
45
46
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various selected occupations, which may be made from Table A, show
like reductions. In 1907 the average full-time hours per week in all
of the selected occupations combined were 69.7, and laborers, who
constituted almost 50 per cent of the employees covered, had a work
ing week of 78 hours. In 1926 working time had been so far reduced
that the average was less than 60 hours per week for every occupation
and the averages for 8 of the 19 occupations were less than 50 hour*.
Laborers worked the highest number of hours per week, 59.4, and m^ld
cappers the lowest, 47.7.
While hours per day and per week were considerably less in 1924
and 1926 as compared with former years, the 7-day week increa^d
to some extent when 1924 and 1926 are compared with 1922 and
other years except 1920. While this department is scarcely
operated on Saturday night or Sunday day turn, considerable “ fix-up”
or repair of equipment is necessary, which is usually done while -h#
converters are “ down.” Members of the crew who understand cIh
equipment must be selected to a large extent for this repair,
7-day work is thus provided for quite a number of the force.
1914 and 1915, 20 per cent of all employees covered worked a w<*vk
of 7 days— either 13 or 14 per cent regularly and the remainder at
two or three week intervals. In 1920, owing to war conditions,
7-day work increased and 26 per cent worked 7 days each week, while
an additional 15 per cent alternated or rotated regularly from 6 to 7
days. There was a decrease in continuous employment in 1922, and
only 10 per cent worked a week of 7 days all the time and 9 per cent
had a working week of 7 days once in two or three weeks. However,
in 1924, as the hours per day were greatly decreased, the weekly turns
were increased and 29 per cent of all employees worked 7 days per
week— 8 per cent regularly and 21 per cent at two or three week
intervals. When all employees are considered as a whole, there was
practically no change in 7-day work in 1926 as compared with 1924.
A good idea of the extent of the spread of hours in this department
may be gained from Table D . The grouping of the employees in
that table by hours per day shows that in 1926, of the 2,948 employees
covered, 2,230 had a working-day of 8 hours and only 9 employees
worked as many as 11 hours per day; a total of 704 employees worked
10 hours per day, 4 worked 9 hours, and 1 worked 8 3^ hours from M on
day to Friday with 5 hours on Saturday. The employees covered in
Bessemer converters, of course, include many miscellaneous employees
not directly connected with production, and in order to present condi
tions as they apply to members of a producing crew separate figures
are shown for the occupation of vessel man. Of the 29 employees who
worked as vessel men during the period, 27 worked 8 hours per day
and 2 worked 10 hours. The 27 employees who worked 8 hours per
day had a working week of 53 x
/ i hours or less, and the 10-hour em
ployees worked an average of 65 hours per week. Four of the 8-hour
employees worked 6 days per week regularly, giving them a 48-hour
week. The table also shows the number of turns worked and the
full-time hours per week for all employees.
While the hours of labor of employees in 1926 show large decreases
as compared with former j^ears, hourly earnings show even larger
increases. In 1914 the average earnings per hour of all employees
covered were 25.5 cents, while in 1926 employees earned an average
all
ever
In
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
47
of 64.1 cents per hour, an increase of 151 per cent. In other words
the 1926 hourly earnings were 2 ^ times the earnings in 1914. The
earnings were highest in 1920, 67.7 cents on the average, and in 1924
they were 3 per cent less than in 1926. The hourly earnings of
employees in the various selected occupations are shown in Table A.
For example, vessel men in 1907 earned an average of 79.3 cents per
hour, which decreased to 74.4 cents in 1913. In 1914 vessel men’s
earnings were lower than in any other year recorded and stood at
49.9 cents per hour. They advanced somewhat in 1915 and in 1917
the new high level of 89.4 cents per hour was reached. Earnings
continued to increase in 1919 and 1920, and the hourly earnings of
vessel men were $1,114 and $1,273, respectively, in those years. In
1922 hourly earnings in the occupation decreased to 89.7 cents but
rose again to $1,166 in 1924 and $1,271 in 1926. A distribution by
hourly earnings of the employees in 6 specified occupations in 1926
is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were almost twice as great in
1926 as they were in 1914. In 1914 earnings per full-time week for
all employees were $17.44 on the average, while in 1926 they had
increased to $33.72. In 1920 they were $47.59, the highest of any
year shown, and in 1924 they were $32.64— a little over $1 per week
less on the average than in 1926. Weekly earnings in the various
selected occupations show like increases. Vessel men, for example,
earned an average of $44.58 per full-time week in 1907, $41.52 in
1913, and $71 in 1920. In 1922 and 1924 there was a decrease in
hourly earnings as well as in hours of labor and vessel men earned
an average of $50.59 per full-time week in 1922 and $59.93 in 1924.
In 1926 the increase in earnings per hour was sufficient to raise the
weekly earnings of vessel men to $65.84, which, however, still left the
weekly earnings practically 7 per cent less than the high earnings of
1920.
The 1,143 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 95.5 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the 1926
study, for which they received an average of $68.62. This includes
all of the hours worked and the earnings received by these employees,
as shown in Table C. Stopper makers worked the most time, 116
hours, and laborers the least, or 81.7 hours. Laborers also earned
the least money, $36.67, while blowers, a highly skilled occupation,
earned the largest amount, $143.63. Vessel men received the second
highest earnings or $137.66.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupation of stockers 24 of the 317 employees
reporte4 worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 1
employee worked between 156 and 168 hours. The largest group,
45, worked “ over 104 and under 112” hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different
occupations. Laborers earned from less than $5 for the period to
between $80 and $85, while vessel men earned from between $80 and
$85 to “ $250 and over.” The largest group of laborers, 45, earned
between $55 and $60*
48
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bessemer Converters
T able
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926..........
Cupola melters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915..........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926........Cupola tap
pers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Blowers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909.— —
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
60
72
48
time 48
per
ings time ings earn
and
and
60 un 72 and
per hours per ings
84
hour
un
un
week per hour per
der
der
der
week
72
84
week
60
371
260
266
352
241
280
337
167
157
144
196
351
230
437
317
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
6
6
3
4
6
4
5
4
15
15
15
16
17
18
19
15
15
7
9
22
15
19
10
65.2
64.7
64.7
60.6
65.2
61.6
62.4
59.5
59.3
61.7
62.2
61.7
65.3
49.3
49.2
.509
.350
.419
.447
.386
.409
.477
.390
.449
.760
.993
1.063
.674
.856
.888
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
4
4
2
5
5
3
4
5
50
43
43
56
45
48
69
34
24
16
29
38
11
30
21
60.5
59.3
61.5
58.9
60.4
60.6
59.5
56.9
55.8
54.0
60.2
54.8
60.3
49.7
49.3
.379
.335
.340
.362
.314
.369
.393
.286
.332
.677
.781
.979
.547
.723
.762
20 65.4
19 68.8
19 68.8
20 69.8
20 72.0
21 69.1
23 63.3
27 64.1
27 64.0
18 64.0
18 63.4
29 59.7
33 60.7
36 48.9
31 1 49.7
.619
.466
.486
.536
.493
.529
.598
.545
.561
.784
1.226
1.249
.951
1.274
1.351
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
8
8
11
11
11
11
100
93
102
104
99
99
100
89
89
88
103
109
112
77
77
74
83
80
80
70
92
100
106
95
181
192
211
124
185
193
75
78
80
84
71
91
100
98
88
165
216
248
151
155
167
31.67
104
22.20
104
26.09
104
25.85
97
24.62
104
23.82
99
28.23
100
23.00
95
25.90
95
45.24
99
100
61.76
65.85
99
43.31 1 105
42.12
79
43.69
79
107
78
88
94
81
86
100
82
94
159
208
223
141
179
186
112
79
92
92
87
84
100
81
92
160
219
233
153
149
155
22.16
19.67
19.74
20.30
18.36
20.94
22.25
16.47
18.43
34.85
47.02
53.76
32.60
36.04
37.57
102
100
103
99
102
102
100
96
94
91
101
92
101
84
83
96
85
87
92
80
94
100
73
84
172
199
249
139
184
194
100
88
89
91
83
94
100
74
83
157
211
242
147
162
169
39.55
32.41
33.29
37.00
35.48
36.36
37.33
34.43
35.61
48.77
77.73
74.66
57.94
62.25
67.14
103
109
109
110
114
109
100
101
101
101
100
94
96
77
79 1
104
78
81
90
82
88
100
91
94
131
205
209
159
213
226 1
106
87
89
99
95
97
100
92
95
131
208
200
155
167
180
62.5 $0,246 $14.27
58.3
.275 14.93
63.6
.264 15.31
64.9
.266 16.03
61.7
.233 13.60
62.1
.306 17.38
.331 19.05
02.5
55.5
.351 18.59
.313 16.70
55.6
55.3
.599 31.45
.637 41.15
64.6
.699 47.38
68.0
70.2
.409 28.71
48.3
.613 29.59
48.3
.638 31.82
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
6
6
3
6
10
10
10
10
* Including 7 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
5
11
6
9 “T
i
6
9
i
i
21
i
6
5 4
2
3 ”~6~
8 9
3 6
7
10
12
19
24
6 8
9 27
1 22
1 20
31
8 65
17 46
14 71
8
2
19
45
40
47
60
12
11
11
13
14
20
20
20
19
29
17
21
13
27
57
67
32
33
68
55
63
71
50
63
63
60
90
67
35
52
52
67
50
21
48
10
11
11
15
10
10
9
7
7
6
17
12
25
19
23
13
12
5
19
14
4
21
14
10
11
11
13 ___
11 ___
11 ___
13
3
13 »13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
11
11
11
11
13 ___
13
18
30
12
13
33
4 10
6 23
29
25
25
17 41
18
27 18
8
5
26
71
75
4
2
13
13
13
16
40
40
22
12
10
12
23
15
6
26
11
12
15
16
13
6
7 ___
8 ___
8
5
14
9
9
8
13
10
10
7
7 ___
7
11
10
49
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bessemer Converters— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
R eg u la to rs,
first:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915___
1917.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
R e g u la to r s,
second:
1907_.........
1908...........
1909 .
1910...........
1911
.
1912_.........
1913..........
1914..........
1915__ ____
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
Vessel men:
1907..........
1908__.......
1909...........
1910..........
1911...........
1912__.......
1913...........
1914_.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922-.........
1924-.........
1926..........
Vessel men’s
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911__ ___
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917..........
1919...........
1920____ _
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of
ber
time
of
em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
per
ings time ings earn
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
48
60
72
an<J and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un
un un
der
der
der der
72
84
60
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
8
10
11
11
11
10
26
25
25
31
24
25
24
24
26
17
25
36
32
41
28
62.3 $0.437 $27.28
64.7
.266 17.78
.344 22.97
64.8
.408 25.45
62.1
.377 24.79
66.8
64.7
.411 26.24
.451 30.28
67.6
63.8 -.328 20.71
64.7
.351 22.91
.630 42.28
66.8
.864 59.79
69.2
61.5 1.002 61.63
.650 42.50
64.3
.919 46.05
50.1
.949 49.16
51.8
92
96
96
92
99
96
100
94
96
99
102
91
95
74
77
97
59
76
90
84
91
100
73
78
140
192
222
144
204
210
6
6
8
8
9
10
11
11
8
10
9
9
9
8
6
18
14
14
22
21
24
28
25
26
19
35
31
30
43
31
65.3
73.5
73.8
67.5
65.0
67.0
68.3
66.5
66.6
67.4
66.3
61.1
66.8
48.7
48.9
.427
.269
.365
.378
.333
.381
.394
.289
.324
.516
.754
.966
.639
.926
.945
27.81
19.64
26.80
25.52
21.41
25.63
26.81
18.90
21.64
34.62
49.99
58.84
43.07
45.39
46.21
96
108
108
99
95
98
100
97
98
99
97
108 104
68
73
93
100
96
95
85
80
97
96
100
100
73
70
82
81
131
129
191
186
245 • 219
162 161
235
169
240 172
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
9
11
11
11
11
23
22
22
26
25
26
26
31
32
30
21
34
39
45
29
58.5
61.1
61.2
57.8
59.1
58.3
57.8
55.6
56.0
61.9
60.2
56.3
56.5
51.4
51.8
.793
.528
.630
.685
.580
.688
.744
.499
.554
.894
1.114
1.273
.897
1.166
1.271
44.58
31.27
37.19
38.18
32.45
38.60
41.52
27.64
30.87
53.29
67.06
71.00
50.59
59.93
65.84
101
106
106
100
102
101
100
96
97
107
104
97
98
89
90
107
71
85
92
78
92
100
67
74
120
150
171
121
157
171
107
75
90
92
78
93
100
67
74
128
162
171
122
144
159
52
41
41
46
48
35
23
29
28
40
48
26
33
7
14
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
47
45
45
53
51
53
53
57
56
45
71
75
82
86
101
105
106
100
102
100
100
96
98
100
111
104
103
90
90
107
71
92
96
80
88
100
65
73
124
166
186
122
168
170
109
74
97
97
81
88
100
63
73
123
187
195
129
153
157
51
40
40
45
47
45
34
37
32
60
35
24
35
31
41
IX
57.0
59.5
59.6
56.5
57.6
56.5
56.4
54.3
55.5
56.5
62.4
58.7
57.9
50.6
8)1 50.9
.566 31.84
.376 21.65
.484 28.24
.506 28.22
.421 23.48
.467 25.70
.528 29.15
.342 18.42
.383 21.18
.654 35.94
.875 54.60
.984 56.86
.646 37.51
.889 44.72
.897 45.66 '
W
98
71
72
90
59
76
84
82
87
100
68
76
140
197
204
140
U2
162
46
36
36
19 29
25
36
25
38
35
29
16
22
19
25
56 "§7" ’ T
43
7
43
33
27
29
25
21
24
23
42
14
42
20
77
81
9
10
8
16
8
31
32
40
39
17 50
16 32
8 33
17 21
35
71
12 52
8 14
13 56
8
8
8
8
33
25
31
8
8
8
13
8
8
20
36
6
7
11 33
29 43
14 57
9 45
19 52
17 33
14 29
16 28
8 46
58
11 66
10 19
17 63
22
29
29
’ "l8
25
36
32
23
19
23
19
13
14
14
23
12
35
46
48
47
56
38
93
79
19
20
20
28
18
28
40
42
43
6
40
32
69
m
9
18
18
15
24
8
15
16
19
60
38
17
18
18
9
18
18
15
24
8
8 11
7 14
25
40
11 38
16. 9
10 23
17
18
18
5
6
5 ~23"
15
15
6
6
9
9
9
15
8
8
10
12
7
3
.....
15
8
10
11
4
4
4
11
4
4
50
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IKON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bessemer Converters— C o n t in u e d
T able
Occupation
and year
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber full age
earn time
of
ber
Over
Over
Over
em time ings earn Full Earn Full
of
time 48
48
130
72
ings time ings earn
per
plants ploy hours
per
and
and
and
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
ees week hour
un 84
week per hour
per der der
der
der
week
week
72
60
84
Cinder p i t men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909.........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915..........
1917..........
1919__.......
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
Bottom mak
ers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913..........
1914..........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Bottom mak
ers’ helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Ladle liners:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911______
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
10
9
10
10
11
118 67.9
71 65.9
92 68.4
85 67.6
62 69.8
99 68.1
113 67.3
52 71.9
48 72.0
62 72.0
100 69.7
144 72.8
137 74.1
180 49.4
122 51.4
$.206 $13.32
.173 11.27
.178 11.88
.211 13.69
.199 13.55
.200 13.23
.238 15.56
.213 15.30
.214 15.42
.325 23.40
.578 40.29
.592 43.11
.388 28.73
.556 27.46
.543 27.91
101
98
102
100
104
101
100
107
107
107
104
108
110
73
76
87
73
75
89
84
84
100
89
90
137
243
249
163
234
228
86
72
76
88
87
85
100
98
99
150
259
277
185
176
179
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
17
17
16
19!
19
20
20
22
22
16
21
25
24
38
27
73.4
72.4
73.1
73.4
71.8
72.5
73.8
73.0
73.0
72.0
67.1
64.8
66.8
52.3
51.3
.386
.283
.351
.346
.337
.345
.384
.293
.332
.510
.781
.911
.583
.777
.826
28.10
20.45
25.57
25.28
24.18
24.96
28.05
21.34
24.02
36.73
52.41
59.57
38.79
40.59
42.37
99
98
99
99
97
98
100
99
99
98
91
88
91
71
70
101
74
91
90
88
90
100
76
86
133
203
237
152
202
215
100
73
91
90
86
89
100
76
86
131
187
212
138
145
151
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
30 73.5
27 72.2
29 73.1
34 72.8
31 72.2
39 72.4
40 73.1
39 72.4
38 72.6
30 72.0
49 69.6
60 66.2
51 68.3
71 53.4
44 52.3
.257
.204
.234
.235
.234
.224
.255
.225
.239
.377
.602
.695
.455
.605
.647
18.82
14.75
17.08
17.10
16.88
16.19
18.59
16.29
17.30
27.13
41.90
46.27
31.26
32.19
33.84
101
99
100
100
99
99
100
99
99
99
95
91
93
73
72
101
80
92
92
92
88
100
88
94
148
236
273
178
237
254
101
79
92
92
91
87
100
88
93
146
225
249
168
173
182
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
21 65.1
21 65.6
21 65.1
25 66.8
24 68.3
24 68.9
22 68.7
25 68.6
26 68.8
15 71.2
28 69.8
31 65.0
29 67.4
44 49.7
31 50.6
.454 28.95
95
no
74
.306 19.78
95
.392 25.22
95
-95
.378 25.05
97;
91
.342 22.85 , 99 ; 83
.369 24.95
89
100
.418 28.22
100 100
.304 20.77
100
73
.344 23.47
83
100
104
141
.583 41.45
.779 54.37
102
188
.929 59.85
95 224
.617 42.49
98
148
72 201
.851 42.60
74 214
.893 45.19
•103
70
89
89
.81
88
100
74
- 83
147
193
212
151
149
160
20
30
23
7
10
21
24
8
9
2
74
59
32
39
33
54
55
46
42
58
79
100
80
28
69
3
7
14
11 """9
12
'9
10
30 ""’ 2
32
2
8
8
65
65
69
79
79
70
50
64
64
100
62
44
54
24
12
19
11
if
10
20
9
9
10
9
9
47
67
52
88
65
59
45
54
68
100
65
38
57
27
7
21
6
48
38
48
56
17 67
17 58
18 45
16 60
15 62
..... 93
50
16 39
7 76
10
37
17
25
18
26
35
13
3
18
17
"Y
3
5
8
11
13
12
24
13
21
20
20
18
18
14
20
17
63
70
10
8
26
26
10
28
29
11
4
27
26
28
32
31
30
31
16
10
25
16
55
50
29
29
29
24
13
13
14
. 729
•17
70
SI
4
14
12
12
31
34
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
4
4
7
11
16
29
14
10
12
37
27
14
2
10
19
10
6
27 ’ "29
9
20
5
10
20
10
U
6
3
” 5
5
5
8
"io
10
8 '" 8
8
1S8 __
8
25
16
51
BESSEMfiE CONVERTERS
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings p&r hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bessemer Converters— Continued
Occupation
and year
Ladle liners’
helpers:
1907 .........
1908...___
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Stopper mak
ers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...___
1917...........
1919.. ___ _
1920...........
1922.........
1924...........
1926______
Stopper setters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910.........
1 9 1 1 .......
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920 .........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Steel pourers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911.........
1912...........
1 9 1 3 ____
1914______
1915______
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver
age
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber full age
earn time
ber
of
Full
time ings earn
Full
em hours
of
time
ings time Earn
plants ploy per
per
ings
earn
per hours per ings
ees week hour
week per hour per
week
week
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
11
11
8
11
10
10
11
10
39 68.2 $0,255 $16.65
.209 13.79
31 67.5
.230 15.26
39 68.5
39 68.7
.236 15.73
34 69.1
.233 15.75
.228 15.43
34 69.6
.247 17.09
38 70.9
.222 15.24
34 69.1
.233 15.91
34 69.5
34 71.3
.365 26.03
.551 39.51
76 71.7
.680 47.68
43 69.9
.442 31.05
62 71.8
.604 31.38
86 52.0
54 51.2
.631 32.31
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
10
11
11
10
9
9
12
10
10
10
12
12
10
15
12
12
19
12
72.8
72.9
71.6
73.0
72.0
70.8
70.6
70.2
69.7
67.8
69.6
65.0
66.4
56.6
56.6
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
11
45
40
34
39
39
42
43
44
42
40
46
50
43
53
40
51.5
54.3
55.4
52.6
55.3
51.7
51.6
50.7
51.5
49.6
53.7
51.0
52.3
48.8
49.5
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
10
11
10
11
9
29 55.4
28 57.4
28 57.5
32 55.6
30 55.1
34 55.7
34 55.7
37 52.5
35 53.5
27 52.7
30 56.5
38 52.9
35 52.9
46 48.8
27 48.0
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
72
48
60
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un
un un
der
der der
der
72
84
60
96
95
97
97
97
98
100
97
98
101
101
99
101
73
72
103
85
93
96
94
92
100
90
94
148
223
275
179
245
255
97
15
81
19
89
15
92
15
92
9
9
90
100
8
89
93
152
231
3
279
5
182
170 ” 70'
189
70
23.01
16.10
19.22
19.14
19.53
18.91
21.25
17.60
18.13
29.15
45.94
46.73
30.52
32.26
33.62
103
103
101
103
102
100
100
99
99
96
99
92
94
80
80
105
74
89
86
90
90
100
83
87
143
219
238
152
190
197
108
76
90
90
92
89
100
83
85
137
216
220
144
152
158
13
25
17
32
33
.630 31. 79
.343 18.50
.552 29.36
.577 29.81
.498 26.08
.496 25.36
.553 28.01
.376 19.03
.423 21.76
.815 40.03
1.092 58.64
1. 225 61.45
.786 40.98
.977 47.65
1.014 50.19
100
105
107
102
107
100
100
98
100
96
104
99
101
95
96
114
62
100
104
90
90
100
68
76
147
197
222
142
177
183
113
66
105
106
93
91
100
68
78
143
209
219
146
170
179
87
75
71
69
69
86
86
68
71
90
67
88
84
72
75
.693
.439
.576
.617
.535
.570
.640
.444
.525
.849
1. no
1.326
.905
1.073
1.210
99
103
103
1U0
99
100
100
94
96
95
101
95
95
88
86
108
69
90
96
84
89
100
69
82
133
173
207
141
168
189
106
1l
92
95
81
89
100
68
81
127
182
202
138
152
169
72
64
64
66
70
71
71
57
60
78
63
79
80
70
93
.316
.223
.270
.260
.273
.272
.302
.251
.263
.433
.660
.718
.459
.573
.594
36.39
24.25
31.61
32.74
27.91
30.65
34.39
23.42
27.96
43.62
62.72
69.30
47.31
52.16
58.08
9
9
5
.....
13
26
3
32
3
3
26
3
3 ” 41"
3 41
3 67
41
3
24
3
6
8
-y
26
15
” 7" 17
11
6
20
22
22
8
20
30
10
8
17
20
8
25
68
58
40
44
22
75
60
50
10 80
33 58
8 75
30 50
7 53
8 50
8 42
22
5
6
10
10
5
6
32
6
6
18
14 : : : :
30
U
11
10
22
22
17
20
20
7
8
8
13
8
15
20
14
9
2
28
18
8
9
24
17
3
30
7
51
39
46
67
47
41
21
41
59
94
66
49
85
9
20
24
10
31
10
9
11
14
10
15
8
16
4
5
6
14
21
21
13
30
18
18
19
23
22
27
16
20
14
14
14
5
5
5
7
4
’ ’ l3
12
12
7
5
52
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOB— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bessemer Converters— Continued
Table
Occupation
and year
Num
Num ber
of
ber
of
em
plants ploy
ees
Mold cappers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911....... ..
1912......... ..
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926....... ..
Ingot strip
pers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Laborers:
1907...........
1908...........
1809...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924......... ..
1926...___
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Aver
Aver age
fullage
earn time
ings earn
per
ings
per
hour
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
■
Full
time
hours
per
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
90
91
96
108
103
100
102
102
92
103
97
98
81
96
54
75
87
78
84
100
72
82
175
191
210
159
202
217
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
5
9
9
10
9
7
48
39
43
52
37
52
61
39
40
29
55
70
49
66
33
54.5 $0,347 $18.02
53.7
. 196 10.57
54.0
.271 14.26
.314 16.96
57.0
64.2
.282 17.36
.301 17.23
61.5
59.5
.360 20.28
60.8
.260 15.67
.294 17.53
60.9
54.6
.631 33.01
61.5
.688 42.31
58.0
.755 43.56
58.1
.572 33.16
48.4
.728 35.19
47.7
.782 37.30
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
10
11
11
U
8
29
28
28
31
27
28
28
29
31
33
36
34
39
47
26
e7.4
68.4
70.2
68.1
70.4
68.8
69.9
66.0
66.2
68.7
65.3
59.1
65.5
51.0
50.0
.310
.238
.264
.303
.282
.320
.334
.313
.332
.479
.726
.892
.613
.804
.801
19.60
16.34
18.17
19.69
19.26
20.90
22.81
20.11
21.39
31.71
47.41
52.56
39.90
40.88
40.05
96
98
100
97
101
98
100
94
95
801 78.0
425 76.2
564 76.9
786 77.8
593 ^74.6
626 75.7
681 75.1
546 74.0
496 74.3
493 73.4
691 70.8
726 74.9
454 70.7
593 58.0
201 59.4
1
.155
.155
.151
.163
.166
.167
.192
.193
.193
.298
.489
.537
.363
.448
.443
12.12
11.80
11.62
12.69
12.39
12.64
14.38
14.27
14.31
21.92
34.62
40.17
25.64
25.87
26.31
104
101
102
104
99
101
100
99
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
U
10
U
11
11
85
94
73
72
94
100
94
77
79
Full
Over
Over
Over
time 48 48
60
72
earn and and 60 and 72 and 84
ings un un
un
un
per der der
der
der
week
84
60
72
52
70
84
86
8 ....
5 >....
71
79
91
84
96
84
92
99
143
217
267
184
241
240
94
139
208
230
175
179
176
81
81
79
85
84
82
20
15 L ...
7
21 I 14
36 . . . .
21 I 21
19
19
72
80
86
22 L-_
100 100
94
88
86
87
100
101
101
155
255
280
189
233
231
81
88
86
88
100
99
100
152
241
279
178
180
| 8
!___
....
L ...
10
86
163
209
215
164
174
184
9
4
5
15
13
46
85
100
77
* Including 7 per cent whose full time hours per week were 91.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
10
36
50
28
32
7
6
29
L~.
L ...
| 7
L._.
j 12
'. . . .
...
13
33
42
34
30
20 . i 41
36 1 12
28 26
33
20
13
10 28
29
31 i 1
24
26
22
2!
1Less than l per cent.
53
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
T a b l e B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each speci
fied number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district and year— Bessemer
Converters
Number of employees whose cus
tomary working turns per week
were—
Num
Num ber of
District and year ber of em 5, 6,
plants ploy- and
6 in
rota
tion
Pittsburgh:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920............ .
1922............ .
1924............ .
1926.................
Great Lakes and
Middle West:
1914 .
1915 .
.
1920..............
1922..............
1924..............
1926..............
Total:
1914..............
1915_............
1920_............
1922..............
1924..............
1926..............
* Less than 1 per cent.
6, 6,
6 and
and 7 al7 in terrota matetion
ly
1,500
1,463
1,900
1,394
1,894
1,737
1,061
1,044
1,136
1,078
1,515
1,315
767
755
1,259
1,057
1,563
1,211
225
757
740
714
899
943
480
104
67
'*9i'
186
234
1,818
1,784
1,850
1,977
2,458
1,795
67
61
102
92
244
206
79
67
330
61
130
219
2,267
2,218
3,159
2,451
3,457
2,948
67
61
42
23
140
139
291
287
584
227
176
181
33
52
70
336
87
6
6
52
75
360
147
13
241
19
89
166
297
300
825
246
265
347
6,7,
and’ ■ £ and
7 in
rota
tion njy6 tion
19
19
31
16
9
10
6
4
2
5, 6,
and
6 in
rota
tion
ancf
7 in
rota
tion
75
65
138
61
192
Per cent of employees whose
customary working turns
per week were—
1
2
2
6
19
19
14
13
14
26
10
8
12
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received
C/t
per employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Bessemer Converters
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Hours
Turns
Hours
per week per turn per week
Stockers:
Pittsburgh................ ...................
Great*Lakes and Middle W est..
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
5
5
150
93
5.9
5.9
8.2
8.1
4& 1
48.8
208
109
77.9
94.8
$50.52
59.64
$0,649
.629
$31.22
30.70
88.7
107.3
$56.27
65.81
$0,634
.613
10
243
5.9
8.1
48.3
317
83.7
53.43
.638
31.82
95.1
59.33
.624
Cupola melters:
Pittsburgh_______ ____ ________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
2
2
4
6
6.1
6.0
8.1
8.1
49.4
49.0
4
6
86.9
107.0
76.07
95.70
.876
.894
43.27
43.81
86.9
108.7
76.07
96.53
.876
.888
Total..........................................
4
10
6.0
8.1
49.2
10
99.0
87.85
.888
43.69
100.0
88.35
.884
Cupola toppers:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
3
2
12
9
6.1
6.0
8.1
8.2
49.3
49.3
12
9
85.8
106.7
66.42
79.83
.774
.748
38.16
36.88
109.4
111.6
81.51
82.37
.745
.738
Total____ . . . ______ ___ ______
5
21
6.0
8.1
49.3
21
94.8
72.17
.762
37.57
110.3
81.88
.742
Total_______________________
1
;Blowers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est--
6
5
19
12
6.1
6.2
8.0
8.4
48.4
51.8
19
12
99.6
113. 5
138.49
147.11
1.391
1.296
67.32
67.13
103.2
113.5
141.43
147.11
1.370
1,296
Total...........................................
11
31
6.1
8.2
49.7
31
105.0
141.83
1.351
67.14
107.2
143.63
1.340
^Regulators, first:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-_
6
4
17
11
6.1
6.3
8.3
8.4
51.0
52.9
17
11
95.1
103.4
88.11
101.48
.926
.981
47.23
51.89
104.1
104.2
97.03.
101.86
.932
.978
T otal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
28
6.2
8.3
51.8
28
98.4
93.37
.949
49.16
104.1
98.93
.950
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation and district
Regulators, second.
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West. _
Total.....................................
5
3
18
8
6.0
6.4
8.0
8.0
48.0
51.0
23
8
74.9
110.3
70.22
105.88
.937
.960
44.98
48.96
82.9
113.4
75.13
107.76
.906
.951
8
26
6.1
8.0
48.9
31
84.1
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh....... ..............................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
17
12
6.3
6.3
8.0
8.4
50.8
53.2
79.42
.945
46.21
90.8
83.55
.920
17
12
j
99.9 1
116.0 1
137.09
132.93
1.373
1.146
69.75
60.97
105.2
118.9
139.54
135.00
1.326
1.135
135.37
1.271 |
65.84
110.9
137.66
1.241
Total................... .........- ...........
11
29
6.3
8.2
51.8
29
106.5 |
Vessel men’s helpers:
Pittsburgh..... ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
34
21
6.2
6.4
8.0
8.2
49.9
52.5
38
21
93.2
114.5
85.96
98.47
.922
.860
46.01
45.15
100.1
115.7
93.23
99.26
.931
.858
11
55
6.3
8.1
50.9
59
100.8
90.41
.897
45.66
105.7
95.38
.903
6
5
61
34
6.0
6.4
8.4
8.3
50.4
53.2
85
37
76.4
107.5
39.58
62.72
.518
.583 «
26.11
31.02
92.1
113.4
47.75
66.20
.518
.584
Total____ ___________________
11
95
6.2
8.3
51.4
122
85.8
46.60
.543
27.91
98.6
53.34
.541
Bottom makers:
Pittsburgh....... ..............................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
16
10
6.0
6.0
8.5
8.7
51.0
51.7
17
10
97.7
112.6
80.50
93.44
.824
.830
42.02
42.91
101.8
113.7
82.67
94.07
.812
.827
Total...........................................
11
26
6.0
8.6
51.3
27
103.2
85.29
.826
42.37
106.2
86.89
.818
1
Bottom makers’ helpers:
Pittsburgh..... ............................ .
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
21
19
6.0
6.1
8.4
9.0
50.3
54.6
25
19
77.8
116.0
53.22
71.32
.684
.615
34.41
33.58
86.0
120.7
57.82
74. 33
.672
.616
61.04
.647
33.84
101.0
64.95
.643
82.13
100.12
.884
.902
44.20
46.36
99.5
113.5
85.30
101.54
.857
.895
Total..........................................
11
40
6.0
8.7
52.3
44
94.3
Ladle liners:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
18
13
6.0
6.3
8.3
8.1
50.0
51.4
18
13
92.9
110.9
Total...........................................
11
31
6.1
8.3
50.6
31
100.4
89.67
.893
45.19
105.4
92.11
.874
Ladle liners’ helpers:
Pittsburgh..... ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Total......... —.............................
6
4
10
28
16
44
6.0
6.3
6.1
8.2
8.6
8.4
49.3
54.5
51.2
34
20
54
74.0
92.9
80.5
49.86
51.30
50.85
.674
.573
.631
33.23
31.23
32.31
86.7
108.8
94.1
57.48
61.27
58.50
. 663
.563
.621
6
5
6
6
12
6.2
6.0
6.1
10.0
8.7
9.3
61.3
52.0
56.6
6
6
12
122.1
107.1
112.6
67.85
68.36
68.10
.556
.638
.594
34.08
33.18
33.62
122.1
110.0
116.0
67.85
70.43
69.14
.556
.640
.596
Stopper makers:
Pittsburgh..... ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Total......... —..............................
11
‘
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
Total...........................................
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh..... ...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week^ and average hours actually worked and earnings received
per employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Bessemer Converters— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Stopper setters:
Pittsburgh ......... .....................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
23
12
6.0
6.2
8.0
8.4
48.3
51.8
27
13
11 i
35
6.1
8.1 1
49.5
40 |
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
3
17
10
6.0
5.9
8.0
8.1
48.3
47.6
17
10
Total..........................................
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
p«r hour
83.5
103.7
$85.49
103.43
$1,023
.998
$49.41
51.70
93.6
106.9
$92.14
105.75
$0,984
.990
90.7
91.32
1.014
50.19
97.9
96.57
.986
95.4
101,8
116.35
121.77
1.219
1.196
58.88
56.93
100. .5
103.7
118.63
12£. 80
1.180
1.184
118.36
1.210
58.08
101.7
2a 18
1.181
89.7
108.9
65. 57
87.03-
.781
.799
97.8 |
Total......................................... .
9
27
6.0
8.0 '
48.0
27
M old cappers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
5
2
17
12
6.0
5.8
8.0 !
8.1 |
48.0
47.3
21
12 !
77.4
102.2
58.58
83.48
.756
.817
36.29 j
38.64 1
|
86.4
67.64
.782
37.30
96.7
73.37
.759
Total..........................................
7
29 |
5.9
8.0 |
47.7
33 !|
Ingot strippers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
5
3
14
10
6.3
6.1
8.0
8.1
50.3
49.6
16
10
98.8
105.2
85.03
74.84
.860
.711
43.26
35.27
101.3
106.9
86.36
75.64
.852
.708
Total..........................................
8
24
6.2
8.1
50.0
26
101.3
81.11
.801
40.05
103.5
82.24
.795
Laborers:
Pittsburgh,.
.
.
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
5
54
68
6.1
6.1
9.6
9.9
58.5
60.1
114
87
54.1
97.6
24.17
42.90
.447
.439
26.15
26.38
63.6
105.5
29.02
46.68
.456
.443
Total_______- ____ - ______ ___
11
122
6.1
9.8
59.4
201
72.9
32.28
.443
26.31
81.7
36.67
.449
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation and district
Cg
57
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
T able D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bessemer Converters
ALL EMPLOYEES
Number of employees
who
worked
each
specified combination
of customary turns and
hours, by district
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day
to
Fri
day'
Sat
ur
day
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per week day
to
day week
Fri
day
Sat Sun
ur
day day
Per
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Total
Group A.—Day turn only
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
m
m
10
10
m
70
70
68H
67^
65
60
60
56
50
48
42M
68^
67>2
70
60
60
60
56
50
48
42K
24
2
9
33
25
25
127
11
1
47
1
57
2
9
25
25
223
11
1
62
1
270
416
3
9
1
23
2
3
1
3
9
1
26
3
38
4
42
70
65
5
10
23
28
10
65
65
65
8
11
96
15
146
Total-
Group B.—Night turn only
7
6
6
6
6
6
10
11
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
11
10
8
8
70
66
60
60
48
48
}
70
66
60
60
48
i
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
70
70
60
70
60
70
60
60
70
70
60
10
65
51
62^
60
60
60
59
63
54
56
2
2
104
2
6
43
1
4
138
60
56
2
53M
53M
2
8
43
104
2
1
4
99
237
20
20
(
6
6
8
13
13
48
8
11
65
51
3
3
29
29
58
T a b le
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bessemer Converters— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES-Continued
Number of employees
who
worked
each
specified combination
of customary turns and
hours, by district
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
Mon
day
to
Fri
day
Sat
ur
day
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per
week day
to
week
day
Fri
day
Sat Sun
ur
day day
Per
Aver
age
hours
per
Pitts
week burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
10
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
6
5
6
5
7
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
11
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 '" T
8
8
8
6
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
48
56
56
59
48
58
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
56
48
56
54
48
40
50
40
60
50
40
50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
40
50
40
40
40
40
53H
52
45
51%
19
51X
12
50%
23
96
68
96
19
6
18
3
3
14
41
50%
4
4
50%
7
7
33
54
50%
50%
50
27
21
9
50
50
50
49X
9
9
9
15
4
19
15
4
19
48
4
4
48
9
9
48
8
4
12
48
1,009
217
1,226
182
182
46%
■2%
40
Total.
9
9
29
29
1,553
937
2,490
VESSEL M EN, ONLY
10
}
65
53%
}
53^
}
51%
3
3
}
51%
3
3
}
50%
2
5
3
3
| 50
10
10
}
}
Total.
3
3
m
48
48
3
3
1
17
12
29
59
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
T a b l e E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Bessemer Converters
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Occupation and district
Num
Average
ber of
of full-time
estab ber
44
hours
per 40
em
lish
and and
ments ployees week under
under
44
48
Stockers:
Pittsburgh. ......... ......
G. L. and M. W ........
5
5
208
109
48.1
48.8
19
Total,.____ ——___
10
317
48.3
19
Blowers:
Pittsburgh ......... ......
G. L. and M. W
6
5
19
12
T o ta l_______ ____
11
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh____ _____
G. L. and M. W ........
48
Over
48
and
under
56
56
Over
56
and
under
60
60
Over
60
and
under
66
45
172
47
9
17
2
6
45
219
9
19
6
48.4
51.8
3
16
4
3
3
2
31
49.7
3
20
6
2
6
5
17
12
50.8
53.2
3
1
14
9
2
Total........................
11
29
51.8
4
23
2
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W
6
5
85
37
50.4
53.2
11
60
1
9
12
12
Total........................
11
122
51.4
11
61
9
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W
6
3
17
10
48.3
47.6
3
15
7
2
3
22
2
13
12
4
13
16
T o ta l......................
9
27
48.0
Laborers:
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W ........
6
5
114
87
58.5
60.1
33
3
1
54
60
27
23
Total........................
11
201
59.4
36
1
114
50
T a b l e F*— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Bessemer Converters
Occupation and district
208
109
$0 649
.629
3
3
3
101
42
25
18
14
1p8
4
3
16
12
5
10
4
1
6
Q. L. and M. W ..........
6
4
10
4
1
4
Total....... .................
317
.638
6
3
143
43
32
7
28
5
10
5
6
10
14
5
Blowers:
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M. W __ ___
19
12
1.391
1.296
2
2
1
2
7
2
1
1
3
Total..........................
31
1.351
2
2
3
9
1
4 1
Vessel men:
Pittshn rffh
G. L. and M. W ..........
17
12
1.373
1.146
Total..........................
29
1.271
Cinder pitmen:
Pi'ftcKiircrh
G. L. and M. W ..........
85
37
.518
.583
12
13
2
45
14
32
8
3
4
9
Total.............. .........
122
.543
12
15
59
20
7
9
Steel pourers:
Pi ttshn rffh
G. L. and M. W ..........
17
10
1.219
1.196
1
1
1
3
2
4
4
2
3
3
3
Total....... .................
27
1. 210
2
1
3
6
6
6
3
Laborers:
Pi ftchn rtyh
G. L. and M. W ..........
114
87
447
! 439
76
84
5
2
33
1
201
.443
160
7
34
.
Total
j
j
I
.....J....... 1
......... .........
.....J......
i
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
5
___ 1.......
1
5 1
10 !
I
2
3
3
5
3
3
3
*
3
1
3
1
3
i
AND HOUES OF LABOR--------------------------------------------------------------------
Stockers:
Nbmber of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Num Aver
ber of
age
170 180
160
140
150
130
110
120
100
90
85
95
70
75
80
65
60
55
40
45
50
em
earn
ploy ings per and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and | and and 1 and
hour under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under
ees
180 190
170
150
160
140
120
130
110
95
100
85
75
80
90
65
70
45
60
55
50
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Bessemer Converters
43154°—27-
Occupation and district
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Num
Aver
ber of
age
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over Over Over Over
em
32
48
40
64
72
56
80
hours Un and
88
96
112
112
120 132 144
156
ploy worked
and and and and and
and 88 and
der under under
80
and
96
104
and
and
112
and and and and
120
ees
under under under under
under
32
under
under
under
under
under under under under
48
40
56
64
72
80
88
104
96
112
120
132 144 156 168
208
109
88.7
107.3
23
1
2
5
5
1
6
11
1
13
1
3
10
5
3
2
13
4
7
1
24
12
13
13
13
32
18
1
9
12
11
5
11
15
4
3
3
1
24
2
5
6
6
12
14
3
15
5
17
8
36
26
45
19
21
16
26
7
3
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
9
8
2
1
2
3.
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
5
1
1
1
3
1
1
6
1
4
1
1
8
1
5
11
14
2
1
2
9
5
25
3
2
Total_______ ______
317
95.1
Blowers:
Pittsburgh...................
Q. L. and M. W
19
12
103.2
113.5
1
Total........................
31
107.2
1
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh...................
G. L. and M. W
17
12
105.2
118.9
1
Total.........................
29
110.9
1
85
37'
92.1
113.4
9
Total.........................
122
98.6
9
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh...................
G. L. and M . W
17
10
Total.........................
Total.........................
1
1I
1
1
4
2
6
6
2
1
10
3
5
2
7
6
l
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh...................
G. L. and M . W
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.............. .
G. L. and M. W
1
1
2
2
1
4
11
100.5
103.7
1
1
27
101.7
1
1 1.........
114
87
63.6
105.5
44
7
4
1
2
2
4
6
4
2
4
3
5
1
1
201
81.7
51
5
4
10
6
.7
6
1
1
5
1
6
6
6
3
3
1
2
1
3
1
6
3
13
7
13
1
1
2
1
2
4
2
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
6
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
11
3
1
1
8
4
1
3
2
1
2
12
30
2
21
1
1
1
6
14
2
12
1
5
3
42
23
2
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
Stockers:
Pittsburgh..............
Q. L. and M. W .........
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
O*
Bessemer Converters
M
Stockers:
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W.
109
Total................
317
Blowers:
Pittsburgh....... .
G. L. and M. W.
Total................
31
29
$30 $35
and and
un un
der der
$35 $40
$40
and
un
der
$45
$45
and
un
der
$50
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
der
$60
and
un
der
$65
34
46
50
122
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70 $75
and and
un un
der der
$75 $80
$80 $85
and and
un un
der der
$85
$56. 27
65.81
10
6
3
143. 63
137. 66
47.75
66.20
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W.
4
1
2 2
53.34
16
19
118. 63
122.80
Total................
27
120.18
Laborers:
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W.
114
87
29.02
46.68
Total................
201
36.67
$25
and
un
der
139. 54
135.00
Cinder pitmen:
Pittsburgh....... .
G. L. and M. W.
Total................
$151$20
and-and
un-j un
der der
$20 $25
141.43
147.11
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W.
Total................
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
14
33
14
23
45
13
14
17
14
$95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200
and and and and and and and and and and and $250
un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der der over
$95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation and district
Num Average
ber
earn
$5 $10
of
ings Un and
emand
per
un
der
un
ploypay
der
der
$5
period
$10 $15
O P E N -H E A R T H F U R N A C E S
The study of this department covers the basic open-hearth process
almost exclusively. In only a few instances have acid furnaces been
included, and usually these have been taken in connection with others
of the basic type. The 1926 figures include data covering the
tilting or “ T albot” furnace, although in all previous studies only
the stationary furnace was covered. The tilting type of furnace has
been gradually increasing in use and is now of sufficient importance
to warrant inclusion in the report. Figures are not shown sepa
rately for these furnaces, however, as the occupations are essentially
the same as for stationary furnaces. Also, while the addition of
plants operating the tilting type of furnace may influence the figures
in certain localities to a slight extent, they have but little weight when
the United States as a whole is considered. Melters ’ first helpers in
all plants covered by the study, stationary and tilting furnaces com
bined, earned an average of $1.17 per hour. In plants having only
stationary furnaces the average was $1,176. Melters’ second helpers
earned an average of 82.7 cents per hour in all plants combined and
83.6 cents in stationary-fumace plants alone, while averages for
melters ’ third helpers were 63.0 cents and 65.7 cents per hour,
respectively.
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 31 open-hearth
furnace establishments and cover 13,424 employees in all occupations.
Of the 13,424 employees reported, 7,373 are found in the selected
occupations for which separate figures are given. Comparable data
were first obtained for this department in 1910, and from 1910 to
1914 employees in the selected occupations only were covered. In
1914 and all subsequent years all employees in all occupations were
included, and figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1
Comparative figures are presented in Table A for employees in the
selected occupations from 1910 to 1926.
The hours of labor of open-hearth furnace employees have de
creased materially in recent years. Up until the summer of 1923
this department, while showing a decrease from former years in the
working time of employees as a whole, was still largely on a 12-hour
basis and some employees also worked 7 days per week. A general
reduction in the regular daily hours of employees, however, took
place in the latter part of 1923, and a large number of the plants
adopted the 8 -hour day for all employees. In 1914 employees as a
whole had an average full-time week of 74.5 hours or more than 6 days
per week of 12 hours each. By 1922, as the practice of relieving 7-day
employees became more general, the average had decreased to 70.8'
hours. Following the 1923 decrease, however, full-time hours per
week were reduced to such an extent that employees were asked to
work but 58 hours per week regularly in 1924 and 57.1 hours in 1926.
Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
63
64
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
earnings per week, 1910 to 1926, for the department as a whole, are
shown in Table 1 , page 3.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various selected occupations, which may be made from Table A,
show like reductions. In 1910 the average full-time hours per week
ranged from 73.7 for ingot strippers to 78.8 for stock cranemen, with
an average of 76.1 hours for all occupations combined. In 1926
working time had been so far reduced that the average for each of
the selected occupations was less than 60 hours per week full-time
and all occupations combined averaged only 56.1 hours. The aver
age of 59.2 hours for the occupation of laborers, which includes
1,537 employees, or the largest number reported in any occupation,
was the highest weekly hours recorded and the 50.9 hours for mold
cappers the lowest.
While hours per day and per week were considerably less in 1924
and 1926 as compared with former years, the 7-day week increased
among employees. The open-hearth process for making steel is not
necessarily a continuous operation, but practically all plants operate,
to some extent at least, on Saturday night and Sunday day turns.
Usually “ soakers” (cold metal) are charged into the furnaces on
Saturday afternoon and the gas turned down as low as possible.
No attempt is made to force the “ heat.” Thus the Saturday night
and the Sunday day crews ordinarily consist of a skeleton force who
watch the steel and tap and recharge such furnaces as are necessary.
However, the men must be selected from the regular producing force,
and while fewer employees are needed in the various occupations
than during the week one or more employees must be present for
practically every occupation. This, of course, provides 7-day per
week work for a considerable part of the force. Table B shows that,
in 1914, 34 per cent of all employees covered in that year worked 7
days per week regularly, while an additional 27 per cent alternated
or rotated from 6 to 7 days. In 1915 there was practically no change,
but in 1920, owing to war conditions, there was of course a consider
able increase in 7-day work. As the war rush subsided and as the
practice of relieving employees also became more general, 7-day work
decreased, and only 27 per cent of the employees covered worked 7
days each week in 1922, while 22 per cent worked 7 days at two or
three week intervals. However, in 1924, as the hours per day were
greatly decreased, the weekly turns were increased to such an extent
that 52 per cent worked 7 days per week regularly, 14 per cent worked
7 days two weeks in three, 12 per cent one week in three, and 6 per
cent every other week. In 1926 there was a slight decrease in 7-day
work, and practically all employees who had worked 6 days, 6 days,
and 7 days per week in rotation were placed on a straight 6-day per
week basis.
The extent of the spread of hours in this department may be
seen in Table D . A grouping of the employees in that table
shows that in 1926, of the 13,424 employees covered, 10,057 had a
working-day of 8 hours and only 725 worked as many as 12 hours
per day or its equivalent— that is, 10 hours one week and 14 hours
the next, 11 hours one week and 13 hours the next, etc. A total of
2,116 worked 10 hours per day. The employees covered in openhearth furnaces, of course, include many miscellaneous employees
not directly connected with production, and in order to present
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
65
conditions as they apply to members of the producing crew separate
figures are shown for the occupation of melters’ first helper. Of the
876 employees who worked as melter's first helper during the pay
period, 829 worked 8 hours per day, while the remaining 47 worked
12 hours regularly or its equivalent. Of the 829 8-hour employees
565 had a working week of 56 hours, 87 had a week of 53 ^ hours,
98 worked 50%* hours per week, 19 worked 48 hours, and 60 worked
4:7% hours. The 47 12-hour employees varied from a week of 72
•hours to one of 81 hours. The table also shows the number of turns
worked and the full-time hours per week for all employees.
While the hours of labor of employees in 1926 show large decreases
as compared with former years, hourly earnings show even larger
increases. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all employees covered
were 23.7 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an
average of 67.7 cents per hour, an increase of 186 per cent. In other
words, the 1926 hourly earnings, the highest ever recorded in this
department, were nearly 2 % times the earnings in 1914. The earnings
were high in 1920, 67.1 cents per hour on the average, and in 1924
they were 63.5 cents per hour. The increase in earnings in 1926 as
compared with 1924 was largely due to increased production, the
tonnage rates being practically the same in both years. The hourly
earnings of employees in the various selected occupations are shown
in Table A. For example, melters ’ first helpers in 1910 earned an
average of 41.6 cents per hour, which increased to 44 cents in 1913.
Earnings decreased slightly in 1914 and 1915 but began to rise again
in 1917, and by 1920 they earned $1,089 per hour, or almost 2^£
times the hourly earnings of 1913. In 1922 the hourly earnings de
creased to 77.5 cents but advanced to $1,064 in 1924. The year
1926 marked the high point of earnings in this occupation as well as
in the department as a whole, and melters9first helpers received $1.17
per hour. A distribution by average hourly earnings of the employees
in 6 specified occupations in 1916 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were more than twice as great
in 1926 as they were in 1914. In 1914 earnings per full-time week
for all employees were $17.66 on the average, while in 1926 they
had increased to $38.66. In 1920 they were $46.10, the highest of
any year shown, and in 1924 they were $36.83. The decrease in
earnings in 1924 and 1926 as compared with 1920 was caused to a
large extent by the reduction of full-time weekly hours, as the differ
ence in hourly earnings was comparatively small. Weekly earnings
in the various selected occupations show like increases. Melters ’
first helpers, for example, earned an average of $32.27 in 1910, $33.89
in 1913, and $75.09 in 1920. In 1922 there was a decrease in hourly
earnings and an increase in hours of labor and in 1924 earnings
increased and hours decreased and melters, first helpers earned only
$55.34 and $59.16 per week, respectively, in those years. The in
crease in hourly earnings in 1926 was not sufficient to offset the
decrease in full-time hours, and the weekly earnings of $64.70 in
that year were still 14 per cent less than the earnings in 1920.
The 7,373 employees in the selected occupations worked an
average of 105.7 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the
1926 study, for which they received an average of $75.78. This
includes all of the hours worked and the earnings received by these
employees, as shown in Table C. Charging-machine operators
66
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
worked the most time, 120.1 hours, and laborers the least, or 92.8
hours. Laborers also received the least money, $40.81, while meltere*
first helpers, a highly skilled occupation, earned the largest amount,
$130.02. Charging-machine operators received the second highest
earnings of $115.29.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupation of laborers 187 of the 1,484 employees
worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 6 worked
192 or more hours. The hours worked by the remaining laborers
were widely scattered between those limits, the only group which
contained as many as 100 employees being those who worked “ Over
120 and under 132” hours, and in that group there were only 133.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different
occupations in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 for the
period to between $85 and $90, while melters7 first helpers earned
between $5 and $10 to between $200 and $250. The largest group
of laborers, 201, earned between $50 and $55.
67
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Open-Hearth Furnaces
T able
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em
of
plants ploy- hours
per
week
Stockers:
191 0
.
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917..........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924______
1926...........
Stock crane
men:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Charging - ma
chine opera
tors:
191 0
191 1
191 2
1913__........
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
Door operators:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922___
1924...........
1926...........
Melters’ help
ers, first:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
31
> Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
Aver
01913=100)
were—
Aver age
IUIlage
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
72
60
ings time ings earn
per
and
and
and
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
hour
84
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
84
72
60
448 76.8
419 77.4
413 77.0
417 77.8
409 77.0
77.3
77.4
476 75.7
573 70.9
647 73.9
781 58.2
687 57.8
). 177
.172
.176
.197
.204
.199
.296
.506
.573
.379
.540
.535
$13.69
12.73
13.51
15.30
15.66
15.41
22.92
38.30
40.18
28.07
31.37
30.92
99
96
99
100
99
99
99
97
91
95
75
74
90
87
89
100
104
101
150
257
291
192
274
271
89
83
88
100
102
101
150
250
263
183
205
202
75
70
72
84
98
94
64
115
150
178
228
220
78.8
75.6
78.9
79.1
78.4
77.4
77.4
75.2
67.8
73.3
57.3
57.5
.223
.207
.228
.238
.237
.253
.338
.556
.686
.460
.647
17.60
15.61
18.02
18.85
18.58
19.77
26.11
41.81
47.02
33.85
36.97
39.22
100
96
100
100
99
98
98
95
86
93
72
73
94
87
96
100
100
106
142
234
288
193
272
287
93
83
96
100
99
105
139
222
249
180
196
209
64
98
137
133
203
221
76.8
74.7
75.8
78.0
77.4
77.7
77.1
75.3
67.2
72.2
56.3
55.7
.294
.287
.312
.335
.307
.330
.467
.753
.895
.625
.863
.951
22.52
21.37
23.67
26.12
23.66
25.55
35.91
56.70
59.83
45.09
48.43
52.97
98
96
97
100
99
100
99
97
86
93
72
71
88
86
93
100
92
99
139
225
267
187
258
284
86
82
91
100
91
98
137
217
229
173
185
203
165 75.9
160 75.5
157 76.0
160 76.9
170 77.0
176 76.5
165 73.8
264 66.1
288 70.1
346 55.0
222 54.9
.101
.100
.102
.112
.109
.321
.402
.279
.381
.374
7.72
7.53
7.72
8.68
8.35
8.43
23.69
26.27
19.76
21.22
20.53
99
98
99
100
100
99
96
86
91
72
71
90
89
91
100
97
99
287
359
249
340
334
89
87
89
100
96
97
273
303
228
244
237
341 77.7
338 75.3
347 76.5
364 77.1
404 75.6
422 75.5
272 76.3
402 74.9
620 69.4
622 71.4
885 55.5
924 55.3
.416
.400
.417
.440
.420
.437
.586
.966
1.089
.775
1.064
1.170
32.27
30.12
31.89
33.89
31.60
32.80
44.36
72.35
75.09
55.34
59.16
64.70
101
98
99
100
98
98
99
97
90
93
72
72
95
91
95
100
95
99
133
220
248
176
242
266
95
89
94
100
93
97
131
213
222
163
175
192
.111
24
24
25
22
21
21
38
22
17
19
4
4
34 28
28 19
40 28
40 31
48 2 23
38 30
33 29
50 18
39 10
27 18
5
4
3
7
10
35
13
86
77 "co'
12
10
2
2
16
10
11
10
12
23
38
22
11
25
3
4
40
43
47
45
49
47
34
55
35
38
7
4
40
23
42
40
35
26
28
13
7
14
1
4
10
38
16
88
83
8 34
25 25
14 36
13 16
5 33
5 30
44
24
4 14
12 31
3
3
27
33
25
32
33
33
28
48
42
23
2
2
30
17
25
39
30
33
28
17
2
19
2
2
38
24
28
19
24
25
41
13
38
22
31
21
28
32
38
24
28
8
28
24
31
34
31
24
22
4
16
1
2
40
49
55
55
62
63
13
33
60
32
4
3
31
13
19
26
15
14
33
22
2
5
0)
2
13
26
7
8
8
8
10
26
4
78
71 . . . .
9
29
2
2
3
3
7
13
1
1
3
23
5
4
4
9
4
10
5
7
19
14
45
14
89
76
9
10
9
11
33
15
95
86
12
21
20
20
14
14
10
20
3
7
17
2
3
1
3
22
21
24
16
14
13
54
34
6
46
2
2
* Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 89.
68
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Open-Hearth Furnaces— Continued
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em hours
of
plants ploy
per
ees week
Melters’ help
ers, second:
1910...........
1911 ........
1912 ........
1913 ........
1914 ........
1915 ........
1917.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924 .........
1916...........
Melters’ help
ers, third:
1910..........
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914_ .........
1915______
1917...........
1919..........
1920...........
1922_.........
1924...........
1926..........
Stopper set
ters:
1910...........
1911..........
1912...........
1913...........
1914_.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919_.........
1920..........
1922..........
1924..........
1926..........
Steel pourers:
1910-.........
1911...........
1912..........
1913-.........
1914-.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920-.........
1922-.........
1924..........
1926-.........
Mold cappers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912--.......
1913...........
1914-.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
17 339
17
335
17
347
17 360
22 402
22 420
13
272
17
410
19 721
22 704
26 1,072
31
923
76.6 $0,272 $20.87
?63 19.62
74.5
?74 20.77
75.8
?92 22.36
76.7
278 20.70
74.7
291 21.57
74.5
397 29.93
75.9
74.4
693 51.56
69.1
781 53.80
557 39.50
71.2
758 41.98
55.3
55.0
.827 45.49
100
97
99
100
97
97
99
97
90
93
72
72
93
90
94
100
95
100
136
237
267
191
260
284
93
88
93
100
93
97
134
231
241
177
188
203
17 393 76.5
17 394 73.9
17 414 75.4
16 458 77.9
21
442 77.4
21
454 77.7
11
268 77.5
17 602 76.6
19 970 67.8
22 980 72.9
26 1,329 55.5
31 1,161 55.2
1%
185
199
.214
.207
.212
.328
.532
.645
.432
.601
.630
14.97
13.67
15.01
16.64
15.98
16.44
25.26
40.75
43.64
31.44
33.39
34.72
98
95
97
100
99
100
99
98
87
94
71
71
92
86
93
100
97
99
153
249
301
202
281
294
89
82
90
100
96
99
152
245
262
189
201
209
10
10
10
9
10
10
8
10
12
17
21
25
30 76.2
29 73.5
29 75.8
30 77.3
32 75.0
32 74.6
36 75.3
45 73.8
71 68.4
83 70.9
123 55.1
119 54.4
.313
.313
.329
.325
.287
.296
.414
.684
.778
.561
.763
.860
23.63
23.11
24.92
25.10
21.46
21.96
30.90
50.48
53.17
39.73
42.07
46.78
99
95
98
100
97
97
97
95
88
92
71
70
96
96
101
100
88
91
127
210
239
173
235
265
94
92
99
100
86
88
123
201
212
158
168
186
14
14
15
16
21
21
12
17
18
21
25
31
47
44
50
56
70
70
48
69
112
101
147
148
75.3
73.7
76.5
77.0
76.4
75.7
76.0
73.2
68.0
70.4
56.5
55.6
.308
.304
.321
.370
.339
.356
.466
.796
.929
.645
.837
.889
23.05
22.32
24.57
28.46
25.94
26.99
35.60
58.27
62.31
45.48
47.38
49.43
98
96
99
100
99
98
99
95
88
91
73
72
83
82
87
100
92
96
126
215
251
174
226
240
81
78
86
100
91
95
125
205
219
160
166
174
40 76.5
38 74.0
52 79.3
68 78.6
70 77.7
72 76.1
38 76.7
97 74.3
73 70.0
92 65.5
86 55.0
70 50.9
.217
.215
.228
.255
.232
.254
.364
.588
.635
.460
.609
.620
16.49
15.78
18.00
20.04
17.96
19.24
28.16
43.69
44.65
31.33
34.21
31.56
97
94
101
100
99
97
98
95
89
83
70
65
85
84
89
100
91
100
143
231
249
180
239
243
82
79
90
100
90
96
141
218
223
156
171
157
8
8
9
12
13
13
6
U
7
8
7
7
1Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time Ilours per week
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
72
time 48 48
60
per
ings time ings earn
and
and
and
84
hour
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
84
72
60
12
34
16
94
84
8 38
35 21
20 37
19 29
15 25
14 24
54
33
3 7
12 47
2
2 (>)
22
21
14
14
29
31
20
39
55
21
3
3
13
23
29
37
22
21
26
17
1
5
6
38
10 " 2"
92
83
8 36
20 37
7 30
1 25
39
38
44
30
2 12
13 35
1 3
1 3
30
36
46
38
30
29
20
36
46
19
1
1
27
8
16
36
31
33
36
28
1
21
2
3
37
21
21
13
63
25 38
67
36
13
12 33
3
2
57
7
52
72 ""*7
7
80
25
13
25
13
11
22
27 22
11
42
18
17
3
2
11
23
20
4
11
11
49
27
24
25
37
43
54
32
13
9 28
3
3
17
41
28
46
29
29
25
42
50
26
4
3
23
9
28
25
23
17
21
10
2
16
4
3
55
21 26
8
15
6 12
26
11
11 42
58
25
4
12 15
15
42
27
41
31
28
5
60
73
42
30
11
50
41
31
19
37
4
9
10
2
11
1
10
28
7
5
18
4
13
16
14
44
59
16
34
13
89
79
16
36
18
76
75
U
23
16
56
41
69
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Open-Hearth Furnaces— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Ladle crane
men:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915...........
1917...........
1919..........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Ingot strippers:
1910...........
1911..........
1912...........
1913..........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926-.........
Engineers, lo
comotive:
1910...........
i p i l . .........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915---——
1919...........
1920..........
1922...........
1924-.........
1926-.........
Switchmen:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922..........
1924...........
1926..........
Laborers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920__ ;___
1922-.........
1924..........
1926.^
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em hours
of
plants ploy per
ees week
Per cent of emp
Index numbers
average full-time I
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full 48 Over
48
time
60
72
ings time ings earn
per
and 60 and 72 and 84
per hours per ings and
hour
un
un
un
un
week per
per der der
der
der
week hour week
72
84
60
16
16
16
17
22
22
13
17
19
21
25
28
90 77.2 $0,294 $22.76
86 74.6
.287 21.32
90 76.2
.317 24.22
90 77.2
.341 26.34
104 76.5
.305 23.34
107 76.0
.327 24.92
82 76.4
.466 35.64
119 75.6
.733 55.41
146 68.3
.837 56.63
153 72.9
.588 42.83
239 55.2
.832 46.06
239 54.9
.900 49.41
100
97
99
100
99
98
99
98
88
94
72
71
86
84
93
100
89
96
137
215
245
172
244
264
86
81
92
100
89
95
135
210
215
163
175
188
15
15
15
15
18
18
13
15
16
18
20
26
46
51
55
61
47
48
39
48
71
65
98
126
73.7
71.9
72.9
74.5
75.8
76.3
70.9
69.9
69.3
72.8
57.8
56.0
.275
.256
.278
.296
.292
.303
.449
.749
.790
.559
.726
.767
19.88
18.06
19.99
21.85
21.72
22.76
30.85
52.36
54.21
40.61
42.11
42.95
99
97
98
100
102
102
95
94
93
98
78
75
93
86
94
100
99
102
152
253
267
189
245
259
91
83
92
100
99
104
141
240
248
186
193
197
14
15
15
16
21
21
17
18
20
23
28
107
114
117
119
137
138
166
214
219
325
363
77.3
74.3
75.8
76.6
76.5
77.1
75.6
69.6
71.4
55.4
54.7
.244
.247
.262
.295
.281
.279
.666
.732
.527
.700
.772
18.92
18.32
19.86
22.55
21.51
21.57
50.35
50.83
37.62
38.73
42.23
101
97
99
100
100
101
99
91
93
72
71
83
84
89
100
95
95
226
248
179
237
262
84
81
88
100
95
99
223
225
167
172
187
14
15
15
16
21
21
17
18
20
23
28
109
117
118
127
149
150
194
297
275
406
413
77.3
74.4
75.2
76.3
76.5
77.0
76.2
69.3
72.0
56.0
54.8
.185
.186
.199
.230
.226
.225
.555
.617
.439
.586
.616
14.29
13.85
14.92
17.55
17.29
17.33
42.29
42.84
31.61
32.80
33.76
101
98
99
100
100
101
100
91
94
73
72
80
81
87
100
98
98
241
268
191
255
268
81
79
85
100
99
99
241
244
180
187
192
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
18
21
25
30
1,038
806
948
1,109
805
723
653
1,266
1,393
992
2,037
1,537
74.5
73.2
74.7
76.2
69.5
70.8
74.4
76.2
68.5
67.9
59.0
59.2
.157
.161
.164
.187
.185
.186
.292
.468
.525
.354
.434
.429
11.69
11.78
12.21
14.24
12.84
13.19
21.73
35.66
36.21
24.22
25.73
25.40
98
96
98
100
91
93
98
100
90
89
77
78
84
86
88
100
99
99
156
250
281
189
232
229
82
83
86
100
90
93
153
250
254
170
181
178
i Less than 1 per cent.
9
24 34
70
9
6
6
5
21
7
1
8
8
11
20
12
22
0)
1
3
22
6
36
12
89
75
3
13
1
2
22
8
6
5
5
6
6
23
33
34
15
76
85
30
6
6
38
14
12
10
6
4
27
19
82
73
22
7
1
3
2
27
13
80
71 '(")'
4 6
4
7
6
5
4
4
11 27
8 21
3
27
17
41
25
32
19
27
29
23
19
24
13
2
17
6
2
15
11
14
6
38
15
13
11
5
19
U
2
1
20
24
13
6
14
22
22
7
22
24
40
33
24
4
7
20
17
23
26
4
21
20
7
2
9
17
21
24
16
3
16
2
2
28
9
10
16
22
25
19
2
18
3
3
22
14
20
13
20
20
2
7
1
1
T a b l e B . — Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district
and year— Open-Hearth Furnaces
°
Number of employees whose customary working turns per week were—
Eastern:
191 4
191 5
1920........................ ............
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
Pittsburgh:
191 4
5 and 6
alter
nately
5, 6,
and 6
in ro
tation
1,064
1,116
955
1,241
635
655
215
225
202
412
253
183
13
579
661
iK
18
49
580
227
16
413
819
795
244
264
2,036
2.376
191 5
1920....................................
1922.....................................
1924....................................
1926. .
. .............
751
846
214
1,848
772
959
1915 .
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926.....................................
570
539
958
825
1,320
1,450
226
655
484
258
319
58
1
435
481
1915....................................
1920....................................
1922.....................................
1924.....................................
1926. .
5,415
5,423
8,170
8,298
11,611
13,424
2,123
2,131
2,169
4,135
1,878
3,458
1,416
1,453
3,045
1,360
736
749
245
202
1,574
1,796
1 Less than 1 per cent.
113
113
468
404
670
1,104
269
1, 519
10
226
1,177
74
112
116
216
852
814
2,049
944
466
560
311
356
793
153
702
1,103
9
1
4
5
338
1,375
326
214
229
24
212
1,632
1,755
3,067
3,678
4,943
5,660
Total:
1914.....................................
ly
5 and 6, 6,
7 al- and 7
ter- in ro
nate- tation
ly
6 and 6, 7,
7 al- and 7
ter- in ro
nate- tation
ly
!
2,149
2,013
3,190
2,554
4,361
4,642
Southern:
1914 .
5 and;
5 ,„
6 al li and
6
ter
a
inro—
nate- .tation
5 and 7 6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
alter 7 in ro alter 7 in ro
nately tation nately tation
191 5
1920.....................................
1922.....................................
1924......................... ..........
1926................................. .
Great191Lakes
and Middle..........
West:
4
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns
per week were—
0)
5
35
0)
570
553
2,060
1,565
3,341
3.377
39
8
10
47
51
35
32
67
43
68
60
0)
(0
254
252
7
11
0)
(9
0)
0)
622
1,857
1,829
2,686
2,262
6,048
6,982
20
21
(l)
0)
26
27
37
16
6
33
45
47
32
41
47
45
34
34
33
27
52
52
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
District and year
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received pet
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— O pen-Hearth Furnaces
Positions
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full time
of employees in the posi
tions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
105
208
227
58
6.5
6.7
6.8
6.9
9.7
8.2
8.0
10.3
62.6
55.0
54.6
71.7
119
251
251
66
117.9
98.8
107.6
131.5
$56.22
54.42
63.99
52.06
$0,477
.551
.595
.396
$29.86
30.31
32.49
28.39
120.3
100.2
110.0
138. 2
$57.38
55.21
65.43
54.74
$0,477
.551
.595
.396
Total...........................................
30
598
6.7
8.6
57.8
687
108.5
58.00
.535
30.92
110.9
59.28
.534
Stock cranemen:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
8
11
3
39
77
75
7
6.5
6.7
6.8
7.0
10.0
8.3
8.0
10.3
64.5
55.4
54.5
72.0
43
89
81
7
124.5
107.1
110.1
149.7
69.18
74.93
82.97
83.15
.556
.699
.753
.556
35.86
38.72
41.04
40.03
130.5
110.8
112.0
159.9
73.28
77.18
84:48
85.88
.562
.696
.754
.537
Total..........................................
28
198
6.7
8.6
57.5
220
113.0
77.03
.682
39.22
116.7
79.38
.680
Charging-machine operators:
Eastern........ ................................
Pittsburgh______ ______________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern........................................
6
8
13
4
37
66
97
17
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
9.1
8.0
8.0
8.9
59.9
53.6
54.6
61.6
37
68
99
17
132.8
113.7
113.1
129.9
105.50
112.30
116.03
102.50
.794
.988
1.026
.789
47.56
52.96
56.02
48.60
132.8
114.9
116.1
137.0
105.50
113.14
122.01
106.12
.794
.985
1.051
.775
Total...........................................
31
217
6.7
8.3
55.7
221
117.9
112.08
.951
52.97
120.1
115.29
.960
Door operators:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh............. ............ .........
Great Lakes and Middle West._
Southern.......................................
1
3
10
3
6
24
127
28
6.0
6.8
6.7
6.9
12.0
8.0
8.0
8.6
72.0
54.0
53.4
58.9
7
25
150
40
140.2
110.8
94.8
84.1
36.77
35. 55
37.72
29.49
.262
.321
.398
.351
18.86
17.33
21.25
20.67
140.2
110.8
99.7
105.9
36.77
35.55
40.73
39.34
.262
.321
.409
.372
Total..........................................
17
185
6.7
8.2
54.9
222
96.1
35.96
.374
20.53
103.3
39.77
.385
FURNACES
6
8
12
4
OPEN-HEARTH
Stockers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West
Southern.......................................
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Open-Hearth Furnaces— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full time
of employees in the posi
tions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
FtiH-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
118
297
370
76
6.6
6.6
6.8
6.8
9.1
8.0
8.0
8.5
60.4
53.1
54.8
58.3
125
313
405
81
121.2
103.7
108.1
120.2
$120.13
125.68
134.89
115.34
$0,991
1.212
1.248
.959
$59.86
64.36
68.39
55.91
123.1
105.4
110.5
122.9
$121.60
127.18
137.41
117.06
$0,988
1.206
1.243
.953
1.170
64.70
111.6
130.02
1.165
31
861
6.7
8.2
55.3
924
109.4
128.06
6
8
13
4
118
297
369
78
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.9
9.1
8.0
8.0
8.5
59.5
52.8
54.8
58.0
124
316
400
83
114.8
99.3
102.7
113.1
83.50
84.29
90.84
74.56
.727
.849
.884'
.659
43.26
44.83
48.44
38.22
120.9
105.9
109.6
124.1
88.27
90.33
96.60
81.41
.730
.853
.882
.656
31
862
6.7
8.2
55.0
923
104.1
86.15
.827
45.49
111.2
91.97
.827
6
8
13
4
112
285
397
149
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.8
9.1
8.0
8.1
8.7
58.3
52.9
54.659.0
137
371
478
175
99.9
82.6
94.4
104.5
57.13
57.89
64.75
42.69
.572
.701
.689
.409
33.35
37.08
37.46
24.13
111.5
90.1
103.6
113.6
63.87
63.33
71.17
47.10
.573
.703
.687
.415
31
943
6.7
8.3
55.2
1,161
92.8
58.33
.630
34.72
101.7
64.17
.631
4
6
11
4
17
33
52
14
6.5
6.5
6.8
6.9
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.6
55.5
51.8
54.5
58.9
17
34
54
14
120.8
105.7
112.1
132.2
110.48
91.72
99.03
93.79
.914
.868
.883
.710
50.73
44.96
48.12
41.82
121.3
107.8
116.2
133.4
111.00
94.06
102.30
94.45
.915
.873
.880
.708
Total...........................................
25
116
6.7
8.2
54.4
119
113.9
97.96
.860
46.78
116.5
100.27
.860
Steel pourers:
Eastern..........................................
6
23
6.5
9.4
60.9
23
131.9
95.82
.727
44.27
133.3
97.20
.729
STEEL
Total..........................................
Stopper setters:
Eastern______________ _____ ___
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern...... ................................
AND
Total..........................................
Melters’ helpers, third:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh................ ....................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern______________________
LABOB— IEON
Total...........................................
Melters’ helpers, second:
Eastern....................... ..................
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern-.__________________ __
OF
6
8
13
4
HOUES
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern._____ ________________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern_________________ ____
AND
Number
Number
WAGES
Occupation and district
Pittsburgh..................... .............
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern......... ................. ...........
8
IB
4
48
60
13
6.5
6.8
6.8
8.0
8.0
9.2
52.2
54.6
63.4
48
64
13
111.9
112.9
140.6
104.49
105.70
118.51
.934
.936
.843
48.75
51.11
53.45
112.2
116.2
141.2
104.68
108.37
119.06
.933
.933
.843
Total_______________________
31
144
6.6
8.4
55.6
148
118.0
104.90
.889
49.43
119.8
106.37
.888
M old cappers:
Pittsburgh...... .............................
Great Lakes and Middle W e st..
3
4
21
44
6.2
6.4
8.0
8.0
50.1
51.3
23
47
96.1
99.7
66.71
58.38
.694
.585
34.77
30.01
106.2
106.8
74.81
62.93
.704
.589
7
65
6.4
8.0
50.9
70
98.5
61.11
.620
31.56
106.6
66.84
.627
6
7
11
4
35
78
88
22
6.4
6.6
6.8
6.8
8.9
8.0
8.0
8.7
57.8
52.6
54.5
59.6
36
80
101
22
121.4
113.4
106.5
130.8
93.78
100.19
105.71
104.21
.772
.883
.993
.797
44.62
46.45
54.12
47.50
127.8
114.0
112.5
133.1
98.49
100.77
110.78
106.06
.771
.884
.985
.797
Total..........................................
28
223
6.7
8.2
54.9
239
113.3
101.93
.900
49.41
117.2
105.14
.897
Ingot strippers:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W estSouthern..................................... .
4
6
12
4
15
36
49
11
6.7
6.6
6.8
6.9
9.7
8.0
8.0
8.7
64.0
53.0
54.7
60.4’
15
38
62
11
144.0
111.6
98.3
137.5
105.08
96.26
72.67
91.00
.730
.863
.739
.662
46.72
45.74
40.42
39.98
144.0
112.0
101.8
137. »
105.08
96.53
75.08
91.00
.730
.862
.738
.662
26
111
6.7
8.3
56.0
126
111.1
85.24
.767
42.95
113.0
86.51
.766
6
8
10
4
41
133
112
36
6.6
6.4
6.8
6.8
9.1
8.1
8.0
8.7
59.7
51.8
54.7
59.5
44
157
124
38
125.0
97.9
108.6
127.4
116.61
75.27
81.40
86.59
.933
.769
.744
.680
55.70
39.83
40.70
40.46
125.0
98.5
109.5
127.4
116.61
75.64
81.42
86.59
.933
.768
.743
.680
Total.........................................
28
322
6.6
8.3
54.7
363
107.9
83.33
.772
42.23
108.5
83.73
.772
Switchmen:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W estSouthern.......................................
5
8
11
4
29
135
131
39
6.3
6.4
6.8
6.8
9.6
8.0
8.0
9.2
60.3
51.6
54.4
62.9
30
177
161
45
126.7
86.4
96.9
115.3
69.42
54.80
61.47
64.69
.548
.634
.634
.561
33.04,
32.71
34.4935.29
128.8
88.3
99.3
121.7
70.61
55.87
63.13
67.71
.548
.633
.636
.556
Total___________ _____ ______
28
334
6.6
8.3
54.8
413
96.6
59.54
.616
33.76
99.2
61.06
.616
Laborers:
Eastern......................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West-,
Southern.....................................
5
8
13
4
125
416
363
126
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.1
9.8
9.1
9.2
9.6
61.8
57.4
60.4
59.0
179
682*
5&
145
91.8
72.9
88.2
95.7
3& 15
32.95
39.52
32.29
.383
.452
.448
.337
23.67
25.94
27.06
19.88
103.3
83.8
97.1
106.8
41.02
38.65
44.60
36.82
.397
.461
.459
.345
30
1,030
6.4
9.3
59.2
82.6
35.41
.429
25.40
92.8
40.81
.440
Total___________ ___________
1,537
FURNACES
Total..........................................
Engineers, locomotive:
Eastern........................................ .
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern.......................................
OPEN-HEARTH
Total..........................................
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern............... ..........................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W estSouthern.......................................
CO
74
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Open-Hearth
Furnaces
A LL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh
Sat Sun Per week
week day
ur day week
ur day week
to
to
Fri day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South
Mid ern Total
dle
West
Group A.—Day turn only
12
11
11
12
11
12
11
9H 10
10K 8y 12
12
12
10V* 8 io " ‘
10
10 10
10
9
10
10
8h 10
9*
m
W
8
10
9H
9K
m
11 i i
10
10
10
10
10 10
10 10
10 10
9
9
10H 10H
10K 9H
10
10 10
10H 8h
10 10
9
10
9
9 _
8H .
10
10
9
9
9
m
8
10
9
9
8
9
m .
8
5M .
9
8
8
8
8
UH.
8
8H SH8 ll
8
8
8
8
8
5M4
Total.
84
77
74X72
72
70
H
70
68^
67X
66H
66
60
70
70
60
60
63
63
62
60
60
60
59
63
*vl
58M
68
63
54
54
57
56
55H
54
53
56
48
51M
51
51
48
48
45M.
44
84
77
74X
72
72
70
70
69 _
68^
13
5
1
1
1
2
1
18
24
68X-
2
2
179
2
67^-
52
6 6M -
.....
160
14
1
28
60
59
58H
58h
58
1
52
14
3
30
1
63H63
63
62
2
2
..
66
65
61
18
424
7
9
.....
"49'
3j0
68
19
3
4
67
49
357
73
1
3
"50"
16
30
4
"i7b
127
1
23
2
100
15
1
40
107
79
101
102
6
191
3
1
3
57
57
56
55X
54
53
52
79
51H 51
51
1
.....
48
48
45y2 .
44
, 6
81
3
3
.....
84
26
437
653
371
302
6
75
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
Table D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— O pen-H earth Furnaces— Continued
ALL EMPLOYEES-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts
per
per day Sat
Sat Sun Per week ern burgh
Per week day
week to
ur Sun
ur day week
to
week
day
Fri day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South
Mid ern Total
dle
West
Group B.—Night turn only
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
10
11*
9
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 '
8
12
12
12
10 10
11* _
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8"
8
8
___
8
8
84
84
72
72
70
70
69
69
63
63
60
60
63
54
57
54
56
56
56
56
52
48
48
48
48
48 } 48
48 }4 8
48
5
4
18
3
2
5
20
2
25
1
Total.
27
100
169
15
183
32
2
21
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
12
11
11
io*
10
12
12
11
11
10
12
12
12
12
10
10
10*
10
12
12
11
11
10
12
12
12
12
10
io *
11 n
10
10
10
10
11 11
io * m
10 10
10K 8L
n* n*
9*
m
*
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9*
9
10
10
10
9*
9
12
11
10*
10
12
12
11
11
10
12
8
12
12
11*
11
10
10
10
10
'9 *
9
10
10
10
10
16'
9
10* 10*
84
77
73*
70
84
84
77
77
70
84
80
84
84
60
74*
77
70
70
66
63
70
70
69
66*
63
70
60
70
60
70
60
70
60
57
63
63
12
12
13
13
13* 13*
14 14
12
12
12
12
13
13*
14
12
12
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
13
13*
13
14
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
14
13
13*
13
14
11* U *
13
SP
13*
13M
10 10
10
HJ
11
HI
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
*
llH
10
10
10
10
9
9
10*
10
10
10
10
9
9
10*
84
91
94*
98
84
72
78
91
91
84
72
84
72
72
96
81
78
84
80*
78
81
70
84
84
84
84
81
11
80^
80j
80
4
78
78
77H
IVA
77
75*
72
72
70
69*
69
68*
2
9
3
17
12
22
52
208
41
2
7
137
4
8
4
97
127
4
31
4
3
97
52
208
249
2
7
11
60
11
1
66*
367
65
65
65
65
65
63*
63
63
8
4
8
127
4
31
4
3
11
1
367
23
23
133
4
133
4
2
1
9
9
2
3
9
22
1
6
76
WAGES ANB HOURS OF LABOB— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary Jull-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekf
1926, by district— Open-Hearth
Furnaces—Continued
ALL EM PLO YE ES-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh
Sat Sun Per week
week day
ur day week
to
ur day week
to
Fri day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South
Mid ern Total
dle
West
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
10
10
10H
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
9X
~9X
9X
10
11M
5X
8
67X
57X
60X
69X
59X
60
60
60
59X
55%
56
59
54
48
56
8
9
8
8
56
8
48
8
8
8
48
56
56
8
48
10
50
11X
51**
9
49
11
51
11
51
11
51
9X
9
m
9X
50x
ioH
50X
9
49X
X
9
10
50
8X
48X
8
48
9M-
49X
m .
48X
49
47
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
10
iox
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
67^
57X 62X
63^ 62X
10
9y2 5934 62
10
9X 5®X
10
10
60
60
10
60
60
60
" io " 60
59X 59>
nx 8
59X
ux 8
. . . . . 10
60
57X
8
56
56
8
8
56
48
8 *
8
13”
61
9
54
54
10
54
60
8
8
56
8
48 } 53X
8
8
8
56
_
8
48 \ ® X
8
8
56
8
8
56
8
8
56
53X
8
8
56
8
48
52
8
48
50;
8
48
8
48
BOX
8
8
56
10
50
*9X
8
48
8
48
49X
8
48
iox 50X 49X
8
48
8
48
49
8
48
8
8
48
49
8
48
8
48
49
8
48
9X 49H | 49
____ 8
48
____ 8
48
8
48 } 48«/«
8
48
8
48 } 48*/.
9
49
8
48 * 4» / $
9X 49^ 4»/%
8
48
8
48
m
8
48
9X 49X m
8
48
____ 10
50
8
48 } * m
8
48
8
48 \ & x
9
49
8
48 }4 8 K
8
48
8
48 | m
10
50
8
48 | 48X
9X
9X
ux
18
4
3
11
443
1,952
5
168
14
2,970
251
578
448
130
5
18
3
19
168
13
3
11
5,616
6
4
421
421
79
1
78
43
190
492
535
190
2
110
74
135
135
11
6
19
18
52
6
9
57
2
3
10
17
6
29
3
18
3
77
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
T a b l e D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— O pen-H earth Furnaces— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts
per
per
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh
week day
ur day week
ur day week
to
to
Fri day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South
Mid ern Total
dle
West
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
8
8
9%
8
8
8
48%
7
47
8
48
8
48
48
6
48
6
48
6
48
6
48
6
48
6
47
6
47
6
47
6
48
6
48
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
49
48
48%
48
48
48
40
49
40
48
48%
2
48% %
18
48
291
200
48
7
48
47
25
48
2
48
2
48
6
6
239
1,070
48
112
719
6
48
3
48
2
2
47V®
2
2
47%
94
94
45%
21
21
45%
92
92
1,365
Total.
4,197
4,947
1,052
11,561
11
11
39
4
14
18
514
MELTERS* HELPERS, FIRST, ONLY
6
12
12
11
11
12
10%
8
12
12
11
11
12
10%
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
]2
13
13
13
12
13%
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
13
13
12
13%
8
8
13
‘T
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
84
72
78
91
72
81
56
56
61
48
56
48
56
48
56
56
56
56
48
48
48
48
48
48
81
80^
78
72
56
56
53%
1
53%j!
53%1
4
14
18
50
•
43154°— 27-------6
I
42
51
40
40
6
31
53%.
50%
246
6
74
98
19
19
48
47%.
60
60
313
31
10
10
24
125
Total.
179
9
<J57
81
876
78
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e E. — Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Open-Hearth Furnaces
Occupation and
district
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber
ber
Over
full 44
Over 66
Over
Over
of
of
48
56
time and
60 and
72 84
estab em hours
and
and
and
lish ploy per un 48 un 56 un 60 un un 72 and
'afid
un
ments ees
der
week der
der
der ovi-,r
der der
48
72
84
56
66
60
Melters' helpers,
first:
Eastern.........
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern........
6
8
125
313
60.4
53.1
13
4
405
81
54.8
58.3
Total ............
31
924
55.3
Mel tors’ helpers,
second:
Eastern..,____
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M.
W ........... .
Southern....__
6
8
124
316
13
4
Total_______
Melters’ helpers,
third:
Eastern_______
Pittsburgh__
G. L. and M.
W ............. .
Southern_____
Total__ ____
31
30
74
59
179
19
96
31
290
39
19
231
567
59.5
52.8
24
61
6
73
59
182
400
83
54.8
58.0
21
94
31
285
43
31
923
55.0
106
204
569
6
8
137
371
58.3
52.9
18
79
54
64
19
228
13
4
478
175
54.6
59.0
17
55.2
114
1,161
60
60
18
18
18
29 1
11
....... 1 ..
17
4
14
17
4
23
29
17
29
17
4
4
9
113 348
126
9
1
8
357
604
l
8
31
8
23
48
60.9
52.2
3
3
9
9
3
27
13
4
64
13
54. §
63.4
9
6
6
493
T otal,...........
31
148
55.6
15
30
82
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
9
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W .................
Southern..........
6
7
36
80
57.8
52.6
9
33
6
13
47
U
4
101
22
54.5
59.6
7
20
12
74
Total.............
28
239
54.9
49
38
140
13
7
4
5
8
179
682
61.8
57.4
273’
13
4
531
145
60.4
59.0
67
51
46
98
Total.............
30
1,537
59.2
340
no
105
4
4
6
Laborers:
E astern....___
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern_____
31
1
Steel pourers:
Eastern_______
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern_____
58
21
48
83
84
82
296
162 214
296
53
81
4
11
59
17
89
210
89
11
T a b l e F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Open-Hearth Furnaces
----------- ---------- ---- -------- —---- ;---- :--- ;----■
■
- — ■— '■
r_.
:
...
in
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Aver
Num
age
ber of earn
45 50
55 1 60
65 70
75
80 85
90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
18 20 25 30 35 40
Occupation and
em
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
district
un
un
un
un
un
ploy ings
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
per
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
ees
hour der
20 25 30 35 40
45 50
55 60
65 70
75 80
95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
85
90
3
2
i.
i
3 i
2 12
1 .....
3
9
22
21
9
! 1
12 i 29
5 ! 27
38 j 66
1 3
1. .
i
7
4
2
9
1
9
"13"
1
8
11
30
7
1
7
6
1
2
7
5
19
1
9
14 i 36
12
16
42
15
85
2
27
28
11
68
13
67
27
16
123
7 I 64
15
54 j 63
55
96 1 95
56
12
169~ 222~ 126
1
155
42
2
69
3
5
1
4
9
14
14
1 273
52 152
23
1
2
1
3
1
18
71
39
28
156
30
82
47
10
169
26
42
44
3
115
7
16
51
3
21
23
24
86
74
47
110
70 f 33
6
15
6
2
6 i 29
6
1
2
9
3
3
16
19
2 | 3
2 ! 38
—
67 425 1 23 1
4
24
15
7
50
15
3
9
2
4
3
7
13
27
198 ! 71 i 15
12
3
5
15
4
24
1
41 !1
29 I1 33
2
6
~'~2 “ io"
3
2
5
4
2
2
17
8
29"
33
6
3
42
3
24
73
26
54
73
3
156
35
38
9
41
17
17
2
5
1 ----3
100 i 73
50
34
7
4 ___
|
11 ....... !........
17
8 | 1
28
8 i
1
1 | 1
|
1
1
~ i
....... 1........i........ .......I........
L ""1
::
1....... ___ i_:::
1 i: :
___ j
i.......
j
1
i""" *
1':
i1
1
i
1
i . i 6
....... I:
i
i
; 6~
3
•1
6
iR
s
5
7
2!
18 ! 19 j 18
8
21
9
9
26
19
10 !
3 i
■
« 1
44
19
13 ;
6 !
1
1
!
!
12
12'
1 ~
i
1
i
34
63
49
7
153
21 i__ 9_
j
i
L j ____
1
i
__ 1
i
.......
9
8
1
61
3
" ' I .........
' I.........
L _
j ....... L - .
1 i
6 1
.......I........
.......1........
-- !
i
— i— r
.......1........r ™
Y
“ ■ 'I...... I
FURNACES
2
1.........f “ "
1 i
OPEN-HEARTH
Melters* helpers, first:
Eastern.................
125 $0,991
Pittsburgh...........
313 1.212
G. L. and M. W__
405 1.248
.959
Southern..............
1
81
Total.................
i L :_..
924 1.170
Melters’ helpers, sec
ond:
4
.727
5
124
i
Eastern.............
.849
Pittsburgh...........
316
i ..!.......
.884
G. L. and M. W__
400
.659
1 2 i 5
2
Southern..............
83
' 3 , 9
.827
7
Total.................
923
Melters’ helpers, third:
1
1
.572
Eastern.................
137
10
I 3 ! 7
Pittsburgh...........
.701
371
!
.689
G. L. and M. W__
1
478
.409
Southern..............
3 8 j ii j 98
11
175
Total................. 1,161
.630 !___ 3 8 ■ 14 ,jl05
22
Steel pourers:
i
i
!1
1
Eastern.................
. 727
23
Pittsburgh. .........
.934
_ :::i....... i........i........
48
!
!
1
G. L. and M. W__
64
.936
Southern..............
13
843
i
:
:
Total.................
.889
148
Ladle cranemen:
I
....... !___
Eastern.................
.772
36
i
Pittsburgh...........
80
.883
1
G. L. and M. W__
101
.993
! "
Southern..............
22
.797
T o ta l...............
....... i........
239
.900
Laborers:
179 .383 ----- 1 1 54 96
Eastern.................
13
Pittsburgh...........
682
.452
2 404
G. L. and M. W__
.448
531
1 301
1 12
145
.337
9 52
Southern..............
71
.429 i 1 13 T 125 108 770
Total................. 1,537
1
__ 1
T able
G.1— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Open-Hearth Furnaces
3
7
2
2
14
3
1
2
3
3
8
6
10
4
9
7
8
2
1
2
22 To~ J 2 . 18
2
14
8
1
25
1 5
5
8
6 4
11 10 4
1
4
3
27 _21_ 14
1
1
2
2
1 'T
1
1
!= =
3 6
- -----
3
120.9
105.9
109.6
123.9
110.8
4
8
12
2
3
24
5
111.5
90.1
103.6
113.2
101.5
8
55
25
9
97
2
1
133 3
112! 2
116.2
132.9
118.8
1
5
2
8
2
1
1
4
1
5
1
11
7
4
2
13
4
5
4
4
4
1
1
■===£
1
1
5
1
103 3 23
83.8 94
97.1 66
107.9. 4
92.4 18?
4
24
3
1
32
1
1
a
29 29
29 20
2
2
61 57
8
42
20
5
75
1 2
4 5
5 21
2
10 30
13
4 15
9 37
3
13 68
48
3 .... 2
4
4
8
9 5
2
1 2
18 9 16
1 20
7 10
5 39
4
35
5
69
1 14
12 7
11 25
4
6
28 i 52
1
5
16
7
29
13
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 __ 1_
7 1 3 3
35 12 26 14
19 8 11 13
1 3
2
63 22 43 30
1
5
26
10
3
44
4 4
21 14
9 67
1 13
35 98
24 21 2*
14 102
54 100
15
1
23 1107 224 2
1
7
15
5
4
5
3
14
4
7
6
1
7
6 T
3
7
1
21
84
80
2
2
7
5
44
4 21
7 37
12 72
15
1
24 145
1&
2
1
1
4
7_
5 T
4
22
7
1
34
2
22
50
13
87
1 20
8 29
15 81
7 53
31 183
31
73
102 "2"
1 1
207
”
2
4
3
1 7
1
9
2
5
1
5
6
2
17 __ 8_ 13
—:—
3
5
ir
20 48
14
17 27
2
1
46 44 78
1 6
63 12
16 64
2 28
82 110
9
1
10
21
2
1
24
27
37
24
4
92
4
1
1 “
i1 8
35
38 19
34
14 90
6
1 15
76
54 132
i The figures for 1 plant which cover 21-day pay period have not been included in this table.
11
35
44
7
97
5
1 'T
1
3 ! 9 __ 6_ 8
1
1
4
51
17
5
77
1
41
6
6 6
1
3
4
5
3
1 4 JL
10" X 1
2
4
6
2
3
22
2
24
6
9
6
6
2
2
14
6 16 52
■ ----= ——
=
■==e •
8
3 3
3
1
3
30
4 1
2 3
5
25
1
3
27
3 13
2
2
8
2
63 . . . 10 _4_
37 __ 7_ 27
----9
12
17
9 11
29
2
’ l 2” 32
24 __ 32 T
23
26 2
17
66 4
21 31
2
26 J 2
16 1
5
5
63
"29" 67 49 133 6
86 4
3
1
1 __
4 ---
2
7
3 ___ 7
1
JL_
2
6
2 ___6
2 8
2 _8_
10
__ 10
4
7 _4_
5
5" --2
2
4
= = :
3
1
1
1
1
-----1
1
1
------
1
1
1 __ __ 1_ ___1
_3_
2 ...
...
1
18
16 T
22 —
2
5 __
16 1
5
2
1
4
1
~2
56 T
23
1
7
6
STEEL
2
3 ....
1
in
4
AND
9
1
5
4
2
12
3
5
3
1
12
LABOR— IRON
15
2
4
5 8
7
8
1 1
18 18
123.1
105.4
110.5
121.2
111.2
127.8
114.0
112.5
127.2
116.4
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
72
80
180
144
156
168
132
120
104
112
96
88
and
and
and 192
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
un 80 un 88 un 96 un 104 un 112 un 120 un 132 un 144 un 156 un 168 un 180 un and
der
der
der
der over
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
88
80
192
1&0
168
144
156
132
112
104
120
96
OF
G. L .a n d M . W ...
Southern.................
Total....................
Mel ters’ helpers, second:
Eastern
124
Pi t,t,shnrorVi
316
G. L. and M . W __ 400
58
Southern................
Total.................... 898
Melters' helpers, third:
Eastern
137
Pittsburgh
371
G. L. and M . W __ 478
Southern........ ........ 166
Total.................... 1,152
Steel pourers:
Eastern
23
Pittsburgh
48
G. L. and M . W___
64
Southern.................
11
Total................
146
Ladle craneman:
Eastern.
36
Pittsburgh
80
G. L. and M . W ... 101
Southern_________
17
Total____ ______ 234
Laborers:
Eastern
179
Pittsburgh.............. 682
G . L. and M . W ._ . 531
Southern.................
92
Total...... ............ 1,484
64
and
un
der
72
HOURS
125
313
405
60
903
56
and
un
der
64
AND
Melters* helpers, first:
Eastern.
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
WAGES
Occupation and
district
Num
ber Aver
32 40 48
of
age
and and and
em hours Un
un
un
der
ploy worked 32 der un
der der
ees
40 48 < 56
00
w
T able
H.1— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Open-Hearth Furnaces
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
in um
Occupation and district
age
ber of earn
em ings per Un
ploy
der
pay
$5
ees period
$5
and
un
der
$10
$10
and
un
der
$15
$15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40
and and and and and and
un un un un un un
der der der der der der
$20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45
?
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
5
1
3 ’T
1
1
5
7
3
1
1
2
1
2
5
3
2 2
1
1 "T
4 6
1 3
3 9
7 8
6 9
17 '29
5
8
5
4
22
!
1
1
11
39
31
15
96
3
11
10
31
55
2
7
1
10
1
1
3
4
2
1 5 "B" 1
4
1
i~ T 7 ~ 8~ 6
7
___
1 7
3
5 10 10 10
3
7 5 8 13
4
2
2
9
5 5
9 17 27 24 39
6
5
6
13
14 19
43 13
76 i 43 !
1
1
1
2 ___
1
2
20
31
19
72
I
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
9
1
3
4
1
1
8
3
1
2
23 23 27 19 4
60 65 102 54 36
39 46 71 68 60
33
3
1
1
155 137 201 142 100
5
20
27
52
1 ___
$75
and
un
der
$80
$80 $85
and and
un un
der der
$85 $90
2
7
7
2
6
3
2
16" ~13
12
38
25
5
80
16
20
33
5
74
$90 $95
and and
un un
der der
$95 $100
$100
and
un
der
$110
$110
and
un
der
$120
$120
and
un
der
$130
$130
and
un
der
$140
$140
and
un
der
$150
$150
and
un
der
$160
$160
and
un
der
$180
$180
and
un
der
$200
$200
and
un
der
$250
4
5
5
3
17
1 13
9 4
7 15
1 2
18 34
18
23
28
10
79
24
41
37
12
114
9
60
47
7
123
8
43
57
4
112
17
19
57
2
95"
13
24
30
5
72
6
19
49
3
77
10
33
19
11
43
30
24
24
29
5
82
5
29
41
9
84
11
30
39
4
84
24
49
82
1
156
6
27
46
2
23
23
9
21
2
4
3
2
79
48
30
6
5
37
28
8
30
19
30
2
14
3
2
65
38
49
16
5
3
1
2
1
7
4
~8
5
3.
11
6
1
5
5
1
12
1
13
12
8
34
19
6
6
9
6
9
15
3
2 ~T
29 17
11
8
9
1
29
7
12
14
11
44
2
3
26
31
15 12 23 19 22 6
22 39 35 25 19 31
33 34 63 49 33 32
11 15
1
81 100 122 ~93~ ~ W 69
1
2
1
1 ___
2
1The figures for 1 plant which cover a 21-day period have not been included in this table.
$70
and
un
der
$75
3
1
1
9 7 11
57 46 37
16 28 22
7 10 13
89 91 83
$65
and
un
der
$70
2
3
3
1
5
3
2
4
5
_8_ _9_ 11
3
1
1
3
7
2
1
3
1
4
9
3
1
11
2
2
5
18
18
12
12
4
5
11
2
3
1
6
4
5
10
22
2
8
8
1
5
3
4
.
37
18
9
4
....... 1........1—___
FURNACES
3
6
6
3
18
4
3
?
$60
and
un
der
$65
OPEN-HEARTH
Melters’ helpers, first:
Eastern....................
125 $121.60
1
1
Pittsburgh..... .........
3
313 127.18
G. L. and M . W ___
405 137.41
Southern..................
2
m 114.14
Total.....................
903 130.13 ___ 1 3
3
Melters’ helpers, second:
?
2
124
Eastern....................
88.27
Pittsburgh...............
1
316
2
90.33
3 2
1 3 5
G. L. & M. W
400
96.60
Southern..................
58
78.01
Total....... .............
898
92.04
2 ~6~, 7~ 6
Melters’ helpers, third:
4
2 3
Eastern....................
137
63.87
3
Pittsburgh..............
371
63. 33 21 10 13 11
G. L. and M. W ___
478
71.17 10 10 3
7
Southern..................
46.91
6
2
166
3
Total..................... 1,152
64.28 40 27 18 23
Steel pourers:
Eastern____ ______
23
97.20
Pittsburgh........... .
48 104.68
G. L. and M . W____
64 108.37
Southern..................
11 113.26
Total.....................
146 105.76
Ladle cranemen:
Eastern....................
36
98.49
1
Pittsburgh...............
80 100.77
1
G. L. and M . W__„
101 110.78 " i * 1
Southern..................
17 101.52
Total___________
234 104.79
2 ___ 1
l
Laborers:
Eastern____ ______
179
41.02
6 14 6 6
Pittsburgh...............
682
38.65 42 21 33 47
G. L. and M . W ___
531
44.60 31 17 19 19
Southern___ ______
92
33.95
2
1 4 2
T otal..__________ 1,484
40.77 81 53 62 74
$45 $50 $55
and ■and and
un un un
der der der
$50 $55 $60
===
1 ...
00
PUDDLING MILLS
The puddling mill produces wrought iron by oxidizing and remov
ing most of the silicon, carbon, manganese, and phosphorus contained
in pig iron, the operation being conducted on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. On account of the intense heat and the heavy
labor involved in the puddling operation, fewer workmen than for
merly are taking up the puddling trades. The shortage of apprentices
has been mainly responsible for “ level-handed” work. However,
as the demand for puddled iron has also decreased in recent years
the present labor force is probably sufficient to meet all require
ments.
For several years experiments have been made with mechanical
puddling devices with some success. The necessary equipment is
quite expensive, however; and the mechanical method in many
respects is not as satisfactory as the hand process. There are but few
mechanical “ puddlers” in use in the United States. All data col
lected by the bureau cover hand operations only.
Data for the 1926 study were collected from the pay rolls of 13
puddling-mill establishments and cover 2,488 employees in all occu
pations. Of the 2,488 employees reported, 2,020 are found in the
selected occupations for which separate figures are given. Com
parable data were first obtained for this department in 1914, and
comparative figures are presented for the period 1914 to 1926.1 As
stated in the introduction and summary, no effort was made to
separate the 1926 data for this department into geographical dis
tricts. Puddling-mill operations have been curtailed in some sec
tions of the country to such an extent that a comparison of the data
by districts would be misleading. However, the figures for the
United States as a whole are comparable with those of other years
and all figures presented for this department are for the United
States only. (See Bui. 381 for district figures for former years.)
The hours of labor of employees as a whole in puddling mills have
been subject to only slight variations from year to year. The work
ing time of practically all employees is governed to a large extent by
the puddling operation, which usually consists of five heats per shift,
which requires somewhere between 8 and 10 hours. This has been
the custom for years, and the reduction in the daily hours of labor of
employees in the iron and steel industry which took place in the latter
part of 1923 did not affect employees in this department. In 1914
employees as a whole had an average full-time week of 53.2 hours, or
approximately 6 days of 9 hours each. This continued with only slight
fluctuations to 1922 when employees customarily worked 52.1 hours
per week. Average weekly hours increased *to 55. 7 in 1924 but
decreased again in 1926 to 52.1 hours. Average full-time hours per
week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week, 1914 to
1926, for the department as a whole, are shown in Table 1 , page 4.
While the customary working time of employees as a whole show
comparatively small changes from year to year, comparisons of the
full-time hours per week of employees in some of the selected occu‘ Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
82
PUDDLING MILLS
83
pations, which may be made from Table A, show considerable varia
tion. Stockers, for example, in 1914 worked an average of 57.6 hours
per week full time, which gradually increased to 61.3 hours in 1920.
The weekly hours of stockers decreased again in the following years
to 58.9 in 1922 and 57.4 in 1924. In 1926 the extremely low average
of 51.1 hours per week was reached.
Puddling mills are usually in operation six days or six days and
five nights per week and very few employees work seven days.
Sunday work is usually confined to “ light-up” and repair. In some
plants no repair work is done on Sunday. Table B shows that in
1914, 71 per cent of all employees worked more than five and less than
six turns per week on the average; 15 per cent worked six turns per
week; and 13 per cent worked five turns. Only 2 per cent worked
a seven-day week at any time. In the following years there was a
small increase in six-day per week work, and in 1926 67 per cent
of the employees worked five and one-half turns per week on the
average; 24 per cent worked six turns; and 5 per cent worked five
turns. Three per cent had a seven-day week— 2 per cent regularly
and 1 per cent in biweekly periods.
The working time of employees in 1926 in this department may be
seen in Table D . The grouping of the employees in that table by
hours per day shows that, in 1926, of the 2,488 employees covered, 979
had a working-day of 10 hours, 574 worked 9 hours, 511 worked be
tween 8 and 9 hours, and 173 worked 8 hours. Only 173 employees
had a day of over 10 hours in length and 116 of them worked a day
of 12 hours, at least a part of the time, or its equivalent— that is, 10
hours one week and 14 hours the next, 11 hours one week and 13 hours
the next, etc. The employees covered in puddling mills, of course,
include many miscellaneous employees not directly connected with
the puddling operation, and in order to present conditions as they
apply to members of a producing crew separate figures are shown
for the occupation of puddlers, level-handed. The duties of the
occupation of puddlers, level-handed, are the same as those of a
puddler and his helper. A puddler assumes all of the responsibility
for operating the furnace and is assisted by a helper, while in the
case of puddlers, level-handed, two puddlers divide the work and
responsibility evenly and usually have no helper. Also the puddler
usually pays his. helper only 30 to 40 per cent o f the furnace earn
ings, and the puddlers, level-handed, divide the earnings equally
between them. Of the 922 employees who worked as puddlers,
level-handed, during the pay period, 485 worked 8 J^ hours per day,
362 worked 9 hours, 71 worked 10 hours, and 4 worked 8 hours.
Of the total employees in that occupation, 831 had a working week
of less than 50 hours and 4 of that number worked as few as 40
hours. The highest hours per week of any employees in the occu
pation was 58, which was worked by 7 employees. The table also
shows the number of turns worked and the full-time hours per week
for all employees.
While the hours of labor of employees have changed compara
tively little during the period 1914 to 1926, hourly earnings have
doubled in that time. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all em
ployees covered were 32.8 cents on the average, while in 1926 em
ployees earned an average of 65.7 cents per hour, an increase of 100
per cent. The earnings were highest in 1920, 88.5 cents on the
84
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
average, and were also higher in 1924 (72.1 cents) than in 1926 or
any bther year except 1920. The tonnage rates paid in most plants
of this department are based directly on the selling price of the
product; that is, at the close of each two-month period tonnage
rates are adjusted in accordance with the price of bar iron during
that interval. Thus the rates paid in this department in most
occupations are subject to wide fluctuations in a two-year study,
such as the bureau makes. The hourly earnings of employees in
the various selected occupations are shown in Table A. For example,
puddlers, level-handed, in 1914 earned an averge of 41.6 cents per
hour, which decreased to 39.2 cents in 1915. Four years later, or
in 1919, they were earning $1,101 per hour on the average and this
amount increased to $1,227 in 1920. In 1922 the puddling depart
ment had not yet recovered from the slump of 1921 and puddlers,
level-handed, earned only 62.9 cents per hour in that year. In the
following years earnings improved considerably and these employees
averaged $1,051 per hour in 1924 and 87.7 cents in 1926. A dis
tribution by average hourly earnings of the employees in six speci
fied occupations in 1926 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week followed very closely the
course of average earnings per hour, as changes in full-time hours
er week were very slight as compared with those in hourly earnings,
n 1914 earnings per full-time week for all employees were $17.45
on the average, while in 1926 they were increased to $34.23, or
almost double the earnings of 1914. In 1920 they were $47.70, the
highest of any year shown, and ill 1924 they were $40.16. Weekly
earnings in the various selected occupations show like increases.
Puddlers, level-handed, for example, earned an average of $20.37
per full-time week in 1914, $18.60 in 1915, $53.73 in 1919, $62.25 in
1920, $29.22 in 1922, $48.39 in 1924, and $43.24 in 1926. The
weekly earnings of employees in other selected occupations may be
studied from Table A.
The 2,020 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 77.3 hours during the 14-day pay period covered by the study, for
which they received an average of $55.99. This includes all of the
hours worked and the earnings received by these employees, as
shown in Table C. Roll engineers worked the most time, 118
hours, and bushelers, level-handed, the least or 59.3 hours. Laborers
received the least money, $31.05, while rollers, a skilled occupation,
earned the largest amount, $119.72. Puddlers, level-handed,
received only $59.23, as they averaged only 68 hours during the pay
period.
A classification of employees in six specified occupations accord
ing to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This
table shows that in the occupation of puddlers, level-handed,
85 of the 922 employees worked less than 32 hours during the pay
>eriod, while 2 employees worked between 112 and 120 hours. The
argest group, 139, worked 72 and under 80 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H. Consider
able variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different
occupations in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 for
the period to $65 and under $70, while rollers earned from $65 and
under $70 to $200 and under $250. The largest group of laborers,
27, earned $40 and under $45.
5
{
85
PUDDLING MILLS
A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1926, by occu
pation— Puddling M ills
T able
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1 9 2 0 .......
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Puddle rs:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Puddlers, level
handled:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Puddler’s
. helpers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
Bushelers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Bushelers,
level handed:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Busheler’ s
helpers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Heaters:
1914...........
1915...........
191 9
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of time
ber
of
em
plants ploy* hours
per
ees week
Index numbers
(1914=100)
Aver
Aver age
age
full
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
ings time ings earn
per
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
Per cent
average 1
were—
Over
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and 60 and 72 and
un un
un
un 84
der der
der
der
60
72
84
11
12
15
29
7
13
13
28
28
11
15
13
17
13
300
304
141
407
214
188
134
57.6 $0,205 $11.78
58.1
.204 11.85
59.9
.486 29.11
61.3
.504 31.30
58.9
.396 23.64
57.4
.480 27.50
.527 26.93
51.1
100
101
104
106
102
100
89
100
100
237
246
193
234
257
100
101
247
266
201
233
229
12
10
11
1
8
1
28
45
42
11
12
32
59
55
13
13
7
8
9
11
8
458
422
176
187
203
293
185
54.8
52.4
50.9
49.2
48.5
52.8
53.5
.416
.390
1.126
1.311
.687
.912
.767
22.76
20.45
57.31
64.69
33.49
48.10
41.03
100
96
93
90
89
96
98
100
94
271
315
165
219
184
100
90
252
284
147
211
180
2
2
31
37
44
3
2
98
98
1
69
63 . . J - . . . i . . . .
i
i
56
97 " " ' i ....... f "
97
17
896
17 924
9
512
11
860
936
12
16 1,275
922
11
49.3
48.0
48.8
50.8
47.0
45.7
49.3
.416 20.37
.392 18.60
1.101 53.73
1.227 62.25
.629 29.22
1.051 48.39
877 43.24
100
97
99
103
95
93
100
100
94
265
295
151
253
211
100
91
264
306
143
238
212
49
65
26
23
59
45
52
51
35
74
77
40
55
47
15
15
9
9
9
11
8
475
456
190
209
153
259
200
55.2
52.8
50.6
49.4
48.7
53.2
53.4
.241
.224
.695
.859
.421
.590
.648
13.25
11.78
35.17
42.37
20.59
31.28
34.60
100
96
92
89
88
96
97
100
93
288
356
175
245
269
100
89
265
320
155
236
261
2
2
33
30
37
4
2
98
98
67
70
63
96
99
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
18
19
41
22
25
25
13
50.4
53.6
46.0
44.8
45.7
46.3
46.4
.462
.413
.987
1.104
.818
1.148
.883
23.14
22.03
45.40
49.46
37.46
53.85
40.97
100
106
91
89
91
92
92
100
89
214
239
177
249
191
100
95
196
214
162
233
177
33
16
63
95
96
48
54
67
84
37
5
4
52
46
6
6
6
4
8
11
5
98
67
197
179
206
161
48
47.1
45.7
41.4
41.4
43.4
45.6
44.2
.418
.419
1.573
1.894
.739
1.257
.996
20.07
19.37
65.12
77.85
32.71
57.41
44.02
100
97
88
88
92
97
94
100
100
376
453
177
301
238
100
97
324
388
163
286
219
53
64
99
96
86
70
63
47
36
1
4
14
30
38
12
12
5
3
6
6
2
112
96
82
49
77
51
13
49.0
50.0
42.6
43.5
44.0
43.7
46.5
.264
.246
.626
.754
.522
.674
.479
12.79
12.09
26.67
32.76
23.09
29.76
22.27
100
102
87
89
90
89
95
100
93
237
286
198
255
181
100
95
209
256
181
233
174
50
42
82
98
83
71
46
50
53 . . . .
18
2
17
29
54
25 51.0
27 50.9
2 55.0
4 61.8
8 53.8
11 52.8
12 54.2
.709
.730
1.165
1.426
.915
1.349
1.236
35.28
36.37
64.08
88.13
48.38
72.36
66.99
100
100
108
121
105
104
106
100
103
164
201
129
190
174
100
103
182
250
137
205
190
48
44
44 . . . .
48
100
50
9
50
91
100
9
9
1
1
2
4
4
JLess than 1 per centt.
30
34
61
55
53
27
3
1
1
2
3
(*)
1
1
1
1
....... I„__
_ .J ..
L ...
1
i
!
i
|
5
8
8
100
1 ....
86
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1926, by occu
pation— Puddling M ills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of time
ber
em hours
of
plants ploy per
ees week
Heaters’ help
ers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919.........
1920 .........
1922 ..........
1924...........
1926 .........
Bloom boys:
1914...........
1915 .......
1919 .......
1920...........
1922...........
1924 .........
1926
- Boll engineers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Rollers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Roughers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Catchers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Hook-ups:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
R o l l hands,
other:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
8
8
1
1
2
4
4
48
52
2
18
25
20
14
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-1;ime hours per week
(1914*100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Full
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48 48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn and and
and 84
72
hour
per hours per ings un un 60 and
un
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
60
72
84
week
52.3 $0,311 $15.63
52.3
308 15.63
577 31.74
55.0
546 31.12
57.0
450 23.99
54.7
583 31.59
54.3
54.3
595 32.31
100
100
105
109
105
104
104
100
99
186
176
145
188
191
100
99
203
199
153
202
207
50
46
100
99
97
98
94
95
94
ioo
99
326
326
182
261
264
100
98
322
322
169
244
252
16
18
27
34
41
22
25
5
29
35
100
100
100
95
92
13
12
7
25
25
11
13
10
14
9
77 54.3
68 53.9
26 52.9
38 53.2
32 51.0
36 51.7
20 51.2
201
199
656
656
365
531
10.79
10.62
34.70
34.79
18.20
26.34
27.19
23
23
12
12
13
14
10
47 66.9
45 66.9
25 65.2
24 72.5
28 65.4
31 64.7
20 62.3
?39
.242
.535
.674
.425
.531
.574
15.92
16.14
34.88
48.79
27.87
34.45
35.76
100
100
97
108
98
97
93
100
101
224
282
178
222
236
100
9 11
101
9 11
219
12
16 4
306
..... 4
175 "14*
4
216
19
6 6
225 30
10 25
24
24
12
12
12
16
11
66
64
38
31
33
42
24
53.1
52.4
47.0
50.8
48.4
51.2
50.9
.573 29.38
.583 29.89
1.843 86.62
2.197 108.15
.899 42.95
1.252 63.66
1.200 61.08
100
99
89
96
91
96
96
100
102
322
383
157
218
209
100
102
295
368
146
217
208
23
25
53
29
52
29
33
68
63
47
68
42
62
63
3
3
6
9
3
6
5
4
5
20
20
8
10
10
12
9
71
69
25
33
43
45
32
51.9
51.8
45.2
49.7
47.2
50.4
48.7
.436
.426
1.298
1.407
.587
.877
.748
22.17
21.69
58.67
68.75
27.69
43.35
36.43
100
100
87
96
91
97
92
100
98
298
323
135
201
172
100
98
265
310
125
196
164
39
41
64
39
47
24
41
44
45
36
48
47
64
53
3
3
14
12
12
7
4
6
7
27
27
12
13
13
16
11
91
88
34
42
55
69
41
53.4
52.8
48.2
50.7
47.9
50.9
50.9
.362
.363
1.269
1.291
.572
.856
.698
18.99
18.89
61.17
64.07
27.28
42.75
35.53
100
99
90
95
90
95
95
100
100
351
357
158
236
193
100
99
322
337
144
225
187
21
22
47
33
45
23
24
69
68
53
62
51
67
73
4
5
5
6
5
4
3
2
7
27
27
12
13
12
16
12
97
94
34
37
50
54
43
54.4
53.8
51.8
56.5
48.0
51.9
50.1
.251
.233
.862
.868
.457
.638
.539
13.58
12.40
44.65
49.64
21.57
33.02
27.00
100
99
95
104
88
95
91
100
93
343
346
182
254
215
100
91
329
366
159
243
199
19
19
32
8
78
19
30
60 4
4
61
50
59 ’ 5"
18 4
72 4
67
2
8
8
3
6
5
5
4
17
14
11
15
15
15
6
51.9
53.6
50.7
51.5
51.6
53.9
51.9
.286
.295
.624
.946
.469
.559
.439
14.75
15.86
31.64
48.94
24.00
30.12
22.78
100
103
98
99
99
104
100
100
103
218
331
164
195
154
100
108
215
332
163
204
154
'l8
21
45
27
33
m
73
68
54
53
28
67
70
82
64
55
73
40
73
1 33
8
8
5
3
16
8
5
6
12
19
5
16
3
45
40
32
29
54
35
18
16
18
27
6
14
27
27
33
32
36
12
38
7
13
15
4
4
16 "‘ "8
21
8
14
13
10
10
a___
87
PUDDLING MILLS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1914 to 1926, by occu
pation— Puddling Mills— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of time
ber
em
of
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Hotbed men:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Shearmen:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Shearmen’ s
helpers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Laborers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Per cent of
Index numbers
average full-i
(1914=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
IU11age
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
60
72
ings time
per
earn
and
and
and
ings
hour
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
84
un
week per
per der der
der
der
week hour week
60
72
84
54.2 $0,245 $13.10
54.2
.243 12/98
52.0
.655 34.06
57.0
.666 38.21
50.3
.416 20.91
52.5
.571 30.01
51.2
.539 27.60
100
100
96
105
93
97
94
100
99
267
272
170
233
220
100 21
99 22
260 27
292
160 "6 0 '
229
19
211
23
59 3
54
4
57
69 ~~4~
30 3
74 2
71
6
.239
.247
.528
.662
.455
.570
.638
13.70
14.40
30.41
36.73
23.75
29.80
33.69
100
101
101
96
91
92
92
100
103
221
277
190
238
267
100
105
222
268
173
218
246
60
56
57
71
39
50
51
58.0
58.1
57.6
60.9
55.1
50.5
50.6
.192
.196
.473
.527
.385
.513
.588
11.23
11.50
27.24
32.24
21.09
25.77
29.75
100
100
99
105
95
87
87
100
102
246
274
201
267
306
100
102
243
287
188
229
265
59.5
57.5
64.1
65.3
59.2
59.5
57.1
.173
.167
.436
.457
.305
.355
.357
10.35
9.66
27.95
30.41
18.44
21.31
20.38
100
97
108
110
99
100
96
100
97
252
264
176
205
206
100
93
270
294
178
206
196
26
26
11
13
12
15
10
117
112
56
81
67
84
65
19
19
11
13
13
16
12
43
39
28
45
38
36
23
57.3
57.8
57.6
55.2
52.4
52.6
52.8
20
20
9
10
13
16
13
110
109
57
70
84
96
54
24
24
12
15
12
17
12
322
303
236
440
382
341
151
.....
2
42
28
31
12
24
48
52
3
3
21
18
18
18
8
6
17
60 9
58 9
53
30 ’ l4"
42
6
35
4
36 13
36 42
49 35
22 14
9 33
31 35
44 30
50 44
T a b l e B. — Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each speci
fied number of turns per week, 191% to 1926, by year— Puddling M ills
Number of employees whose customary
working turns per week were—
Year
1914............
1915............
1920............
1922............
1924............
1926............
Num Num
of
ber of ber
em
plants ployees
29
29
15
13
17
13
4,606
4,472
3,363
2,859
3,428
2,488
i Less than 1 per cent.
5
600
1,093
16
480
278
138
5,5,
and 5 and 6
6 in alter
rota nately
tion
365
497
430
425
67
2,889
2,238
2,015
1,337
2,127
1,674
6
681
595
865
552
884
608
6 and 7
alter
nately
26
24
2
9
16
16
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary working turns per week
were—
7
5
45
25
35
56
56
52
13
24
0)
17
8
5
5,5,
and 5 and 6
6 in alter
rota nately
tion
8
11
13
15
2
63
50
60
47
62
67
6
15
13
26
19
26
24
6 and 7
alter 7
nately
1
1
0)
(l)
0)
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
T a b l e C*— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation— Puddling M ills
Employees working in scheduled pay period (14 days)
Positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Hours
worked
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
8.9
9.6
8.8
9.6
8.8
8.5
8.8
9.8
9.8
9.3
10.3
9.3
8.9
9.2
9.1
9.6
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.1
51.1
53.5
49.3
53.4
46.4
44.2
46.5
54.2
54.3
51.2
62.3
50.9
48.7
50.9
50.1
51.9
51.2
52.8
57.1
50.6
134
185
922
200
13
48
13
12
14
20
20
24
32
41
43
6
65
23
151
54
90.2
78.9
65.9
74.2
70.5
49.8
68.7
84.5
101.9
90.0
112. 5
99.8
85.6
92.5
91.3
94.5
80.4
82.7
80.9
77.2
$47.56
60.48
57.77
48.08
62.25
49.59
32.86
104.41
60.63
47.75
64.61
119. 72
64.03
64. 50
49.21
41.46
43.39
52.76
28.87
45.39
$0.527
.767
.877
.648
.883
.996
.479
1.233
. 595
.531
.574
1.200
.748
.698
. 539
.439
.539
.638
.357
.588
$26.93
41.03
43.24
34.60
40.97
44.02
22.27
66.99
32.31
27.19
35. 76
61.08
36.43
35. 53
27.00
22.78
27.60
33.69
20.38
29. 75
95.1
84.8
68.0
75. 5
78.8
59.3
74. 8
89.2
105.3
95. 5
118.0
99.8
88.9
96.2
92.2
9<. 8
82.2
88.4
85.0
79.1
Earnings
$50.31
64.35
59. 23
48.84
67.13
57.48
36. 24
108.17
63.00
49.37
67.19
119. 72
65. 56
66.46
49.61
43.36
44.41
56. 61
31.05
46.11
$0. 529
.758
.871
.647
.852
. 969
.484
1.213
•598
.517
. 569
1.200
.738
.691
.538
.443
.540
.640
.365
.583
AND
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.3
5.6
5.5
5.5
6.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.9
5.6
Hours
worked
LABOR— IRON
125
166
708
164
13
38
12
10
14
19
19
24
30
39
40
6
54
21
116
45
Full-time
earnings
per week
OF
STEEL
13
8
11
8
3
5
2
4
4
9
10
11
9
11
12
4
10
12
12
13
Earnings
per hour
Earnings
per hour
HOUBS
Stockers______________ ____________
Puddlers____ _____________________
Puddlers, level handed....... ...............
Puddlers’ helpers.....................- .........
Bushelers.................................... ........
Bushelers, level handed
________
Bushelers’ helpers...............................
Heaters............... .................................
Heaters’ helpers___ ..................... ......
Bloom boys_______ ____ __________
Roll engineers ____________________
Rollers___________ . ____________
Roughers________ ______ __________
Catchers..............................................
Hook-ups______ _____ ____________
Roll hands, other__________________
Hotbed men______________________
Muck shearmen___________ _______
Laborers_______ ____ _____________
Shearmen’s helpers_________ *_____
Earnings
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Average customary ftill-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
WAGES
. Occupation
89
PUDDLING MILLS
T able D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926 — Puddling Mills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
Turns
per Mon
per Mon
week
Satur
Sun
Per
day to day day week week day
to Satur Sun Per
Friday
Friday day day week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
each
fied speci
com
bination
customaryof
turns
hoursand
Group A.—IVay turn only
12
12
13
10
11X
11X
10
u
u
10
12
10
10
10
10
9X
10
10
10
m
9
9
9
9
10X
9
8X
9
10
m
8
9
8
10
12
12
6
10
11X
84
72
71
70
69
68
66
66
65
60
60
59
58
58
57
57
10X
8
11
10
10
7
9X
6H
6
»X
5
7X
8 x
9
8
m
7
8X
5
f>X
8
8
6
9
8
Total-
10
84
72
71
70
6
X
65
60
60
59
58
58
57
57
56X
56
56
55
55
54^ :
54
53
52H!
52H
52
51
50
50
48
48
47K
47
45
44
33
50
40
33
56M
56
56
55
55
54H
54
53
52X
52X
52
51
50
50
48
48
47X
47
45
44
41X
40
33
13
12
1
8
1
1
6
2
1
183
29
4
50
6
2
1
1
22
2
63
3
19
4
56
2
1
10
2
51
12
18
4
17
1
6
10
1
26
18
663
Group B.—Night turn only
13
12H
12
13
12
10
10
10
10
12
10
9
8
Total..
13
12K
12
10
"io"
13
12H
12
8
12
10
18
5
10
91
87H
84
73
72
70
91
68
68
65
60
60
50
45
40
65
60
60
50
45
40
H*
73
72
70
1
1
4
1
23
1
10
1
8
8
1
2
1
90
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T able
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week%
1926—Puddling Mills—Continued
ALL EMPLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
fied com
age
hours bination of
customary
per
week turns and
hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
10
12
10
12
10
10
11
10
10
11
11
12
10
12
10
12
10
10
11
10
10
9
8H
8
8
10
10
10
10
9H
9H
9
10
8
6
5
8
7H
9
8
8
7H
SH
8
8
8
8
8
m
8
8
7
8
7H
7
4K
10
84
72
84
72
72
60
68
66
60
60
64
63y2
56
{
60
58
56
55
54^
55
54
52M
56
{
51
58
{
47
48
47K
47
42
40
36K
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
?
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
i
5
i
5
5
5
5
6
5
6
12
14
12
14
12
12
10
11
10
12
11
11
8
8
10
10
10
10
9U
9
9
9
8
8
8H
8
8
9
8
8
8
m
8
m
10
6H
84
96
72
84
72
72
58
55
60
60
55
55
56
56
50
50
50
50
46^
45
45
45
40
48
42H
40
40
45
40
40
40
39
40
39
4
7
4
2
6
2
10
3
2
3
10
68
228
276
17
5
4
3
487
4
62
2
20
4
35
4
1,763
Total..
PUDDLERS, LEVEL HANDED, ONLY
10
10
6
6
6
6
6
5
10
9
9
9
8K
8
TotaL--
m
8y*
58
58
56
53
54
52M
51
40
10
10
9
9
8H
8
50
50
45
45
m i
40
58
54
53
53
49H
48%
46%
40
7
36
28
20
272
70
485
4
----------
922
91
PUDDLING MILLS
T a b l e E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926— Puddling M ills
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Occupation
Puddlers____________ ____ ____
Puddlers, level handed________
Puddlers’ helpers........................
Bushelers, level handed..............
Rollers_______________________
Laborers_____________________
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
8
11
8
5
11
12
SNum- Average
1 berof full-time
©ver
; em
44 Over
40
hours
48
56
ployees per week and and and
and
under under under under
44
48
60
56
i
1
!
!
;
1
185
922
200
48
24
»
53.5
49.3
53.4
44.2
50.9
57.1
3
4
4
30
2
485
6
5
170
426
185
18
11
62
60
66
and
under
72
72
12
7
11
4
14
1
66
1
3
T able
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926— Puddling Mills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Puddlers__........................
Puddlers, level handed. __
Puddlers’ helpers..............
Bushelers, level handed __
Rollers...............................
Laborers_________ ______
T a b le
185 *0.767
922
.877
200
.648
48
.996
24 1.200
151
.357
30
and
un
der
35
35
and
un
der
40
40
and
un
der
45
45
and
un
der
50
50
and
un
der
55
55
and
un
der
60
65
and and
un un
der der
65 70
70
and
un
der
75
75 80 85 90 95
and and and and and
un un un
un
der
der der der
90 95 100
100 110 120 130
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
110 120 130 140
140
and
un
der
150
150
and
un
der
160
160
and
un
der
170
170
and
un
der
180
180
and
un
der
190
190 200 225
and and and
un un un
der der der
200 225 250
49 j 58
20
hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered,
Puddling M ills
G . — Average and
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Occupation
Puddlers ___ . .
Puddlers, level handed...
Puddlers* helpers
Bushelers, level handed..
Rollers
Laborers__ . . . . . . . . _____
Num
ber
Aver
age
40
of
32
48 56 64 72
hours Un and and and and and and
em
ploy worked der un un un un un un
32 der der der der der der
ees
80
40
48
56 64 72
185
922
200
48
24
151
84.8
68.0
75.5
59.3
99.8
85.0
11
85
25
6
2
46
7
1
26
3
6
53
2
4
4
7
64
16
9
7
7
103
12
3
1
3
9
94
12
8
1
7
18
139
17
9
80
80
and
un
der
88
Over
Over Over Over Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
180
112
120
132
144
168
104
96
88
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
88 un 96 un 104 un 112 un 120 un un un
un 180 un
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
192
180
144 156
129
132
112
104
96
4
4
6
5
126
7
2
10
1
8
5
2
.....
1
15
73
14
s
3
8
7
4
8
2
2
2
27
118
21
2
2
19
5
48
10
31
3
5
8
2
2
2
7
1
4
10
1
10
2
9
9
4
2
1
1
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation
Num Aver
ber
age
of
earn 18 20 25
em
ings and and and
per un un un
ploy*
hour der der der
20 25 30
T a b le
H«— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered. 1926—
Puddling Mills
CO
Oi
Occupation
Puddlers............................
Puddlers, level handed----Puddlers’ helpers................
Bushelers, level handed___
Rollers. _ ..........................
Laborers— .....................
Num Aver
age
ber
earn
of
$5 $10 $15
ings
em
and and
per Un and
ployun un un
pay der
der der
$5
der
period
$10 $15 $20
185
922
200
48
24
151
$64.35
59.23
48.84
57.48
119.72
31.05
13
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
$20
and
under
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
12
12
$30
$40 $45 $50 $55 $60
and and and and and and and
un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der
$35 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $65
15
12
27
10
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75
and
un
der
$80
and
un
der
$85
$85
and
un
der
$90
and
un
der
$95
$95
and
un
der
$100 $110 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200
and and and
un un un
der der der
$100 $110 $120 $150
and
un
der
$160
and
un
der
$180
and and
un un
der der
$200 $250
10
CO
CO
BLOOMING MILLS
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 26 blooming-mill
establishments and cover 6,188 employees in all occupations. Of the
6,188 employees reported, 1,670 were found in the selected occupa
tions for which separate figures are given. Comparable data were first
obtained for this department in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914 em
ployees in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914 and
all subsequent years all employees in all occupations were included,
and figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1 Com
parative figures are presented for employees in the selected occupa
tions from 1910 to 1926.
The hours of labor of blooming-mill employees have decreased
materially in recent years. Up until the summer of 1923 this depart
ment, while showing a small gradual decrease from former years in
the working time of employees as a whole, was still largely on a
12 -hour basis and some employees also worked 7 days per week. A
general reduction in the regular daily hours of employees, however,
took place in the latter part of 1923, and a large number of the
plants adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. In 1914 employees
as a whole had an average full-time week of 70.5 hours or almost G
days per week of 12 hours each. By 1922 the average had decreased
to 68 hours per week, but following the 1923 decrease employees
were asked to work but 54.6 hours per week regularly in 1924 and
54.2 hours in 1926. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per
hour, and full-time earnings per week, 1913 to 1926, for the depart
ment as a whole, are shown in Table 1 , page 4.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various selected occupations, which may be made from Table A ,
show like reductions. In 1910 the average full-time hours per week
in all of the selected occupations combined were 71.9 and employees
in only 4 of the 12 occupations had a full-time week of less than 70
hours. Laborers, who comprised more than 40 per cent of the em
ployees in the selected occupations, worked 74.1 hours per week full
time. In 1926, however, working time had been so far reduced that
the average of 56.3 hours per week for laborers was the highest of any
of the occupations and rollers averaged but 52. 0 hours per week.
The average for all of the 12 occupations combined was only 54.2
hours per week.
While hours per day and per week were considerably less in 1924
and 1926 as compared with former years, the 7-day week increased
to some extent among employees. This department is seldom oper
ated on Sunday but “ light-up” and repair work furnishes 7-day per
week work for a part of the force. Table B shows that, in 1914, 74
per cent of all employees covered worked 6 days per week regularly
while 11 per cent were on a 7-day per week basis. In addition 10
per cent of the employees alternated or rotated from 6 to 7 days.
i Data were not obtained in 1910, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
94
BLOOMING MILLS
95
In 1915 there was practically no change and in 1920, owing to war
conditions, there was an increase in 7-day work. This increase con
tinued in 1922 when 56 per cent of the employees worked 6 days
per week regularly and 18 per cent worked 7 days. An additional
21 per cent worked 7 days at least as often as once in three weeks.
In 1924, as the hours per day were greatly decreased, the weekly
turns were still further increased until only 38 per cent worked 6 days
each week, 21 per cent worked 7 days, and 35 per cent either alter
nated or rotated from 6 to 7 days. In 1926, 7-day work decreased
somewhat and 43 per cent had a 7-day week— 20 per cent regularly
and 23 per cent in two to three week intervals.
A good idea of the working time of employees in 1926 in this
department may be gained from Table D . By grouping the em
ployees according to hours per day in that table it may be seen that
in 1926, of the 6,188 employees covered, 4,338 had a working-day of
8 hours and only 175 worked as many as 12 hours per day regularly
or its equivalent— that is, 10 hours one week and 14 hours the next,
11 hours one week and 13 hours the next, etc. A total of 1,476
worked a day of 10 hours.
The employees covered in blooming
mills, of course, include many miscellaneous employees not directly
connected with production, and in order to present conditions as they
apply to members of the producing crew separate figures are shown
for the occupation of roller. Of the 78 employees who worked as
roller during the pay period, 61 worked 8 hours per day, 15 worked
10 hours, and the remaining 2 employees worked 12 hours. Of the
total employees in that occupation 41 had a working week of be
tween 40 and 50 hours, 23 between 50 and 60 hours, .12 between 60
and 70 hours, and the two 12-hour employees had a week of between
70 and 80 hours. One of the 12-hour workers alternated weekly
from 6 to 7 days. The table also shows the number of turns worked
and the full-time hours per week for all employees.
While the trend in the hours of labor of employees has been down
ward in recent years the trend in hourly earnings has been decidedly
upward. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all employees covered
were 26.9 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an
average of 62.7 cents per hour, an increase of 133 per cent. In other
words the 1926 hourly earnings were two and one-third times the
earnings in 1914. The earnings were highest in 1920, 65.9 cents on
the average, and in 1924 they were almost as high as in 1926. The
hourly earnings of employees in the various selected occupations are
shown in Table A. For example, rollers in 1910 earned an average of
60.5 cents per hour which increased to 70.1 cents in 1913. During
1914 and 1915 hourly earnings decreased slightly but in 1917 rollers
received an average of 91.2 cents per hour. This average increased
to $1,389 in 1919 and to $1,473 in 1920. In 1922 the hourly earn
ings of rollers decreased to $1,175 but rose again to $1,400 in 1924 and
to $1,498 in 1926. A distribution by average hourly earnings of the
employees in 6 specified occupations in 1926 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week show a large increase in 1926
as compared with 1914 and 1915 and were higher in 1926 than in
any other year except 1920. In 1914 earnings per full-time week for
all employees were $18.96 on the average, while in 1926 they had
increased to $33.98. In 1920 they were $44.48, the highest of any
96
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
year shown, and in 1924 they were only slightly less than in 1926.
Weekly earnings in the various selected occupations show like in
creases. Rollers, for example, earned an average of $40 per week in
1910, $44.98 in 1913, and $86.95 in 1919. In 1920, while the hourly
earnings of rollers increased as compared with 1919, there was a
decrease in full-time weekly hours in that occupation which brought
the weekly earnings down to $84.73. In the following years there
was a decrease in either or both the hours of labor or earnings per
hour and weekly earnings dropped to $71.31 in 1922, $72.99 in 1924,
and $77.90 in 1926.
The 1,670 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 106.1 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the 1926
study, for which they received an average of $81.40. This includes
all of the hours worked and the earnings received by these employees,
as shown in Table C. Roll engineers worked the most time, 116.1
hours, and table men the least, or 95.8 hours. Laborers earned the
least money, $47.45, while rollers, a highly skilled occupation, earned
the largest amount, $164.44. Shearmen's helpers received the second
lowest earnings, or $59.20.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupation of laborers 36 of the 414 employees
worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 1 man in
the Pittsburgh district worked as much as 192 hours. The largest
group, 53, worked 104 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different occu
pations in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 for the
period to between $90 and $95, while rollers earned from $95 and
under $100 to $250 and over, except 2, whose earnings were under
$25. The largest group of laborers, 89, earned between $50 and $55.
97
BLOOMING MILLS
T a b l e A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hourf and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occupa
tion— Bloom ing M ills
Occupation
and year
Num AverNum ber age
full
ber
of time
em- hours
of
plants ploy- per
week
Pit cranemen
191 0
191 1
19 12......
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917.........
191 9
192 0
.
1922.____ .
1924.........
1926.........
Heaters:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5 _
1917.........
191 9
192 0
1922.........
1924.........
1926.........
Heaters’ help
ers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
191 5
.
1917......... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922......... .
1924......... .
1926_____
Bottom mak
ers:
191 0
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917......... .
1919......... .
1920..........
1922......... .
1924......... .
1926______
Bottom mak
ers' helpers:
191 0
.
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
191 4
.
191 5
.
1917......... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922......... .
1924......... .
1926......... .
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn
and
and
and
per
hour
60 un 72 and
84
per
ings
un
un
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
84
72
60
18
19
19
16
17
20
9
24
36
25
55
59
11 51
15 49
19 46
12 52
11 44
5 44
56
1 46
6 33
10 18
12
1
12 -----
100
96
96
95
97
90
99
79
78
85
84
89
100
97
102
148
221
236
166
218
275
84
83
88
100
92
96
138
216
213
165
173
217
37.88
37.50
40.14
41.86
37.03
40.06
49.85
81.82
81.92
62.18
65.66
67.67
103
103
102
100
97
98
92
96
91
97
78
74
88
86
93
100
91
98
127
201
214
152
201
239
90
90
96
100
88
96 ____
119 ” 19”
11
195
196
7
149 _
157
’7
180 11
.344
.363
.352
.359
.337
.369
.611
.818
.828
.654
.827
.864
24.62
26.71
23.63
22.76
20.95
22.48
37.66
52.43
49.37
43.51
45.76
47.43
114
114
105
100
99
96
92
96
101
98
100
94
103
170
228
231
182
230
251
12 35
9
108
9 ___ 12 35
117
___
8 32
30
104
_
8 19
40
100
14
9
35
92
7
26
46 10
99
165 60 ____ ___ ____ 13
5 40
230
5 37 ___
8 10
217
5 51 ___
4 17
2
191 . . . . . 42
5
76 4
201
7 ....
78 2
193
7
60 70.5
55 70.8
58 70.9
62 71.9
79 68.6
76 68.5
38 70.8
104 69.4
122 63.2
119 66.6
162 53.3
128 53.9
.335
.331
.347
.367
.370
.389
.497
.833
.890
.602
.769
.791
23.26
23.24
24.44
26.32
24.68
25.77
34.59
57.81
56.50
40.22
40.99
42.63
91
90
95
100
101
106
135
227
243
164
210
236
88
88
93
100
94
4
98
4
131 . . . . .
220
215
16
153
7
156 28
140 26
10
11
10
10
19
20
16
10
25
24
55
54
47
46
50
65
70
76
44
112
135
188
231
171
.251
.243
.257
.263
.273
.269
.384
.659
.654
.463
.632
.634
17.23
16.83
17.95
18.72
18.45
18.46
26.74
45.34
43.05
32.33
33.69
34.49
95
92
98
100
104
102
146
251
249
176
240
253
92
90
96
100
99
99
143
242
230
173
180
200
95 68.8
97 68.7
115 69.3
124 66.6
119 66.7
71 66.0
138 67.2
138 62.4
156 68.6
189 54.8
201 54.3
&0.315 $21.41
.309 21.01
.328 22.33
.369 25.39
.357 23.29
.375 24.44
.546 35.02
.816 54.84
.871 54.07
.611 42.00
.803 43.89
.855 46.43
51
49
55
79
89
84
47
94
106
115
139
122
65.7
68.7
64.8
68.9
55.2
54.4
.521
.512
.552
.594
.542
.584
.756
1.191
1.271
.904
1.192
1.244
34 73.4
34 73.5
50 67.9
52 64.6
43 64.0
39 62.1
15 59.2
62 64.1
77 60.3
90 65.6
108 55.2
81 54.9
73.4
73.3
72.9
71.2
70.3
70.3
70.6
72.0
69.8
70.5
71.3
68.8
64.6
69.6
53.3
54.4
100
102
85
75
100
95
95
98
97
98
98
100
97
98
5
5
21
6
12
22
24
9
8
9
13
9
32
28
6
6
5
19
24
21
13
15
29
23
78
76
___
___
___
3
3
"3
5
----’ "2"
2
___
2
2
4
8
7
5
1
1
1
___
___
6
12
8
10
61
51
60
38
46
42
55
49
33
32
1
1
3
5
5
6
5
3
4
6
6
16
16
22
14
17
14
37
3
2
16
11
10
4
3
1
8
12
7
23
16
24
9
15
23
28
5
1
22
20
18
15
11
10
A
%
1
X1
X
2
5
1
1
6
6
3
2
26
18
18 26
12
18
31
2
33
2
15
3
27
6 ” _6
26
29
6
6
5
2
3
....
80
67
69
48
39
38
53
2 63
16 25
11 29
10
15 . . . .
7
9
7
9
7
26
10
28
5
33
3
5
26
14
4
20
18 ‘ ” 9
3
5 ....
13
13
12
9
9
8
14
18
21
19 ’ T
48 3
45 ___
79
65
60
51
44
1 38
59
43
9 28
4 21
14
23 ___
11
24
31
34
39
18
17
29
40 "
3
4
___
___
____
___
___
7
9
4
4
9
4
5
9
13
I
98
WAGES AND HOURS OS' LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occupar
tion— B loom ing M ills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em
of
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Roll engineers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Hollers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915..........
1917...........
1919...........
1920___ . . .
1922...........
1924.
1926Manipulators:
1910...........
1911...........
1912..........
1913..........
1914. ..
1915..........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924
1926
Table men:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914
1915
1917...........
1919
1920...........
1922...........
1924
1926...........
Shearmen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914___
1915___
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926______
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
Aver
(1913=100)
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Over
Over
Full
Over
ings earn Full Earn time 48
48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn and and
and
hour
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
84
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
60
72
84
18
18
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
23
23
25
42 70.9 $0,392 $27.12
40 70.9
.385 26.66
46 68.4
.437 28.79
52 68.5
.471 30.96
60 65.6
.447 28.30
59 65.4
.471 29.81
37 63.8
.678 41.20
60 64.1
.971 62.24
63 60.9 1.077 61.68
78 63.3
.751 47.72
76 55.2
.928 51.60
76 54.6
.978 53.40
104
104
100
100
96
95
93
94
89
92
81
77
83
82
93
100
95
100
144
206
216
159
197
249
88
86
93
100
91
96
133
201
199
154
167
160
7
8
13
12
20
20
32
18
5
4
9
12
7
8
13
12
10
10 3
8
23
49 ’ T
35 15
71
5
68 3
18
18
[9
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
25
27
46
41
46
46
54
53
34
51
65
71
90
78
67.6
66.6
65.9
66.2
63.6
63.5
62.4
62.6
57.9
60.9
52.1
52.0
.605
.585
.632
.701
.684
.697
.912
1.389
1.473
1.175
1.400
1.498
40.00
38.49
40.53
44.98
42.44
43.26
55.64
86.95
84.73
71.31
7*. 99
77.90
102
101
100
100
96
96
94
95
87
92
79
79
86
83
90
100
98
99
130
198
210
168
200
214
89
86
90
100
94
96
124
193
188
159
162
173
13
7
13
13
17
17
35
29
38
7
26
32
7
15
13
13
17 ' T
17 4
9
14
17 " 5 "
7
41
57 8
50 13
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
25
27
52
48
49
60
62
60
34
65
82
88
102
87
68.4
67.9
66.8
65.3
62.4
63.4
62.4
62.4
58.7
61.6
52.9
52.6
.365
.350
.388
.431
.394
.420
.639
.935
.926
.692
.842
.901
24.21
23.26
24.92
26.86
23.95
25.81
37.75
58.34
53.80
42.58
44.57
47.39
105
104
102
100
96
97
96
96
90
94
81
81
85
81
90
100
91
97
148
217
215
161
195
209
90
87
93
100
89
96
141
217
200
159
166
176
12
6
12
10
19
15
35
26
32
7
23
29
6
13
12
20
19 T
20 3
9
18
16 ~’ e"
39
5
53 14
47 20
13
17
12
13
5
3
13 • 36
35
13
35
13
31
12
36
14
34
14
4
13
9
33
14
53
15
57
14
58
14
45
69.3
68.7
68.7
68.0
63.6
63.1
63.1
62.3
59.1
61.1
51.6
52.6
.271
.254
.285
.316
.314
.327
.414
.663
.687
.505
.659
.643
18.03
17.05
19.00
20.95
19.36
19.94
25.51
41.30
40.31
31.56
34.31
33.82
102
101
101
100
94
93
93
92
87
90
76
77
86
80
90
100
99
103
131
210
217
160
209
203
86
81
91
100
92
95
122
197
192
151
164
161
8
11
17
17
13
3
3
24
34
7
24
33
8
17
17
19
17 6
18 6
46
21
13 " e "
39
5
69
53
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
24
26
70.0
69.4
69.8
67.2
65.0
65.9
65.9
64.9
59.4
62.8
51.7
51.5
.303
.306
.319
.370
.345
.362
.523
.816
.813
.599
.777
.812
20.85
20.96
21.93
24.23
21.84
23.09
33.41
52.96
48.27
37.89
40.23
41.82
104
103
104
100
97
98
98
97
88
93
77
77
82
83
86
100
93
98
141
221
220
162
210
219
86
87
91
100
90
95
138
219
199
156
166
173
6
7
6
16
14
10
20
24
31
13
36
36
6
7
6
5
14 3
15 3
10
10
21 " 3"
23 4
48 10
49 14
8
13
12
11
8
6
48
46
52
56
65
62
30
59
78
90
96
84
17
18
45
38
24
37
43
46
..... 38
37
3 22
12 18
12
16
10
13
9
8
3
2
11
15
13
13
6
4
.....
3
11
8
3
3
2
9
9
3
6
4
7
3
4
3
5
14
3
63
59
52
48
57
58
44
45
28
18
2
3
56
50
49
42
53
58
44
43
39
33
2
1
56
49
49
55
58
56
38
42
36
21
3
9
58
61
65
50
62
66
57
53
28
29
2
1
17
14
20
15
33
9
29
4
17
3
15
3
22
12 — J
17
13
*4
3
1
5
9
13
7
12
4 ’” 4
9
15
6
10
10
15
8
4
4
12
6 "‘ "3
5
8
6
11
11
13
11
6
6
15
8
21
13
9
8
18
"6
8
4
4
13
7 ’ “‘ 3
3
16
99
BLOOMING MILLS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occupa
tion— Bloom ing Mills— C o n t in u e d
T able
Occupation
and year
S h e a rm e n ’ s
helpers:
191 0
191 1
.
191 2 .
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917...........
191 9 .
192 0
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Laborers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
.
191 5
1917...... .
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922......... .
1924...........
1926...........
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
70.9 $0,218 $15.15
69.5
.217 14.90
70.2
.230 15.93
69.5
.267 18.17
68.4
.256 17.23
68.5
.258 17.35
68.1
.412 27.60
68.8
.610 41.97
62.7
.619 38.95
64.6
.459 29.76
52.5
.590 30.57
52.2
.601 31.37
18
18
38
18
20
20
10
19
19
23
23
23
100
96
99
111
113
114
29
159
168
218
254
168
19
19
19
19
22
22
11
19
18
23
24
22
449 74.1
363 73.7
396 73.8
352 73.4
267 71.7
290 72.3
388 74.3
440 70.0
439 71.1
682 70.7
742 57.4
429 56.3
i Less than 1 per cent.
Index numbers
Aver
(1913=100)
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
ings earn Full Earn time
per
ings time ings earn
hour
per hours per
week per hour ings
per
week
week
.162
.163
.164
.184
.187
.187
.287
.469
.511
.350
.462
.451
11.97
12.02
12.13
13.53
13.39
13.49
21.28
32.83
36.43
24.84
26.51
25.39
102
100
101
100
98
99
98
99
90
93
76
75
82
81
86
100
96
97
154
228
232
172
221
225
83
82
88
100
95
95
152
231
214
164
168
173
101
100
101
100
98
99
101
95
97
96
78
77
88
89
89
100
102
102
156
255
278
190
251
245
88
89
90
100
999
100
157
243
269
184
196
188
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and
and
and
un un 60 un 72 un 84
der der
der
der
60
72
84
3
3
5
3
3
10
8
16
2
43
37
9
9 ___
9 ___
8
11 5"
5
11
10
10
18 2
26 4
37 10
39 19
1
1
1
1
0)
0)
13
12
1
30
39
3
0)
10
22
16
2
4
3
3
4
2
5
1
3
14
27
27
8
15
14
9
2
2
7
7
20
8
2
13
9
10
16
17
16
14
10
5
19
14
56
58
65
56
80
78
66
65
48
30
2
3
10
13
10
22
54
59
57
54
69
66
66
43
38
35
2
4
6
9
11
12
5
13
28
16
22
34
14
2
2
2
14
6 ” "5
8
18
24
18
18
14
4
3
1
11
15
1
T a b l e B , — Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of Iurns per week, 19 H to 1926, by district and
year— Bloom ing M ills
Eastern:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
Pittsburgh:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
Southern:
1914
1915
1920
1922
1924
1926
Total:
...........
1914
1915
1920
1922
- ...
1924
1926..............................................
* Less than 1 per cent.
3
3
3
5
5
5
248
239
248
630
603
743
10
10
8
8
8
9
1,216
1,364
1,750
1, 716
2,650
2,788
7
7
6
s
9
9
744
792
1,266
1,610
1,959
2,056
3
3
3
3
3
4
268
264
388
455
437
601
23
23
20
24
25
27
2,476
2,659
3,652
4,411
5,649
6,188
Number of employees whose customary working turns per week
were—
5 and 6 5,6, and
alter 6 in ro
nately tation
5
50
38
8
41
48
36
42
52
40
1
1
3
9
184
309
3
5
18
20
16
86
112
130
17
22
16
0)
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
4
5
12
25
21
30
1
24
72
71
66
51
43
49
6
5
1
5
24
10
11
14
23
17
1
5
51
56
328
360
406
658
88
85
64
54
32
41
1
2
2
4
21
10
4
4
6
16
2
2
69
66
86
78
28
47
4
108
109
79
85
31
58
170
191
2
2
2
9
8
3
10
21
19
65
665
492
284
294
543
776
1,164
1,267
74
73
67
56
38
46
3
3
2
3
19
8
6G0
69
69
21
78
643
265
129
193
397
287
28
133
9
61
64
136
133
168
272
476
288
652
672
811
870
630
838
6
12
27
70
419
200
28
34
81
254
37
41
7
18
19
56
467
319
184
174
333
354
122
282
16
5
5
8
43
37
19
1,843
1,930
2.453
2.453
2,174
2,846
75
81
64
148
1,062
465
172
243
515
740
227
413
666
6
52
49
63
55
48
47
879
966
1,154
883
1,133
1,375
i
i
3
10
11
29
156
125
220
5 and 6 5,6, and
alter 6 in ro
nately tation
7
6
l
50
38
17
225
357
36
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
128
118
155
346
289
351
i
42
52
41
4
6
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns
per week were—
29
3
3
20
16
3
7
8
5
1
11
12
0)
0)
0)
2
2
1
0)
0)
2
1
0)
5
6
1
11
7
9
14
17
4
7
5
7
8
6
14
19
17
1
2
2
11
10
10
16
18
10
1
2
2
3
24
16
7
7
26
22
21
32
25
18
29
32
8
12
39
32
1
1
1
12
8
11
11
15
18
21
20
0)
0)
0)
7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR------------------------------------------------------------------------
District and year
Num- Number of ber of
plants em
ployees
O
O
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— B loom ing M ills
Positions
Occupation and district
E mployees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
5
9
9
4
32
57
71
20
6.3
6.1
6.5
7.0
10.4
8.0
8.0
8.6
65.7
49.1
51.8
60.2
33
64
82
22
139.8
98.6
98.5
117.4
$104.34
86.51
88.33
101.03
$0.746
.877
.897
.861
$49.01
43.06
46.46
51.83
140.7
100.1
100.0
117.4
$105.15
87.60
89.31
101.03
$0.747
.875
.893
.861
Total....... ...................................
27
180
6.4
8.5
54.3
201
107.4
91.77
.855
46.43
108.6
92.65
853
Heaters:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middie West__
Southern.......................................
5
9
9
4
16
42
48
11
6.4
6.3
6.6
6.9
10.5
8.0
8.0
8.7
66.7
50.1
52.9
60.0
16
44
51
11
139.6
103.9
105.8
131.2
176.10
133.90
130.61
146.71
1.262
1.288
1,234
1.118
84.18
64.53
65.28
67.08
139.6
104.5
107.7
131.2
176.10
134.62
132.26
146.71
1,262
1,288
1.228
1.118
Total..........................................
27
117
6.5
8.4
54.4
122
111.9
139.21
1.244
67.67
112.9
140.16
1.242
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
5
4
6
3
16
21
31
12
6.2
6.2
6.6
7.0
10.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
65.3
49.6
52.6
56.0
16
22
31
12
123.5
95.2
107.1
116.8
89.92
83.40
94.82
114.82
.728
.876
.886
.983
47.54
43.45
46.60
55.05
138.0
97.7
115.3
121.0
103.03
86.08
103.02
120.07
.747
.881
.893
.992
Total..........................................
18
80
6.5
8.5
54.9
81
108.5
93.71
.864
47.43
115.9
100.95
.871
Bottom makers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
4
9
8
4
18
50
29
17
6.7
6.1
6.4
6.8
9.9
8.0
8.1
8.5
66.1
49.2
52.3
57.6
22
54
35
17
114.1
95.3
91.5
116.4
63.84
88.72
73.99
80.26
.559
.931
.808
.690
36.95
45.81
42.26
39.74
120.4
99.0
97.5
123.1
66.67
92.79
79.22
87.54
.554
.937
.813
.711
Total..........................................
25
114
6.4
8.4
53.9
128
100.3
79.29
.791
42.63
105.5
83.89
.795
BLOOMING MILLS
Pit cranemen:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh........... ........................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
O
T able
C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— B loom ing M ills— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Bottom makers’ helpers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern.......................................
2
8
8
3
26
49
51
15
6.3
6.1
6.4
6.7
10.0
8.0
8.2
9.6
63.5
48.6
52.5
63.7
28
64
61
18
127.3
78.6
91.5
109.6
$76.64
54.87
61.00
47.52
$0,602
.698
.667
.434
$38.23
33.92
35.02
27.65
131.0
85.6
96.7
132.3
$79.01
59.90
64.78
61.84
$0,603
.700
.670
.467
171
94.5
59.85
.634
34.49
101.9
64.97
.638
Total..........................................
21
141
6.3
8.6
54.4
Roll engineers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern.......................................
4
9
8
4
10
27
28
8
6.4
6.3
6.5
6.6
9.9
8.0
8.4
8.9
63.1
50.1
54.8
58.8
10*
28
30
8
136.4
106.4
115.4
126.8
131.22
106.80
112.38
119.48
.962
1.004
.974
.942
60.70
50.30
53.38
55.39
136.4
106.4
115.4
126.8
131.22
106.80
112.38
119.48
.962
1.004
.974
.942
Total..........................................
25
73
6.4
8.5
54.6
76
116.1
113.55
.978
53.40
116.1
113.55
.978
5
9
9
4
12
27
28
8
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.3
10.1
8.1
8.1
9.0
60.1
48.2
51.1
56.0
12
28
29
9
126.5
100.7
107.4
119.5
186. 65
147.97
169.07
164.49
1.476
1.470
1.575
1.376
88.71
70.85
80.48
77.06
126.5
100.9
107.6
125.6
186.65
148.12
169.30
169.98
1.476
1.467
1.574
1.353
Rollers:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh................................. jl
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern.......................................
Total..........................................
27
75
6.1
8.5
52.0
78
109.3
163.67
1.498
77.90
110.2
164.44
1.493
Manipulators:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern.......................................
5
9
9
4
18
27
29
8
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.3
9.9
8.1
8.3
9.0
59.3
48.2
51.6
56.0
19
29
31
8
113.1
93.6
106.8
120.8
96.29
87.46
96.21
111. 19
.852
.934
.901
.920
50.52
45.02
46.49
51.52
116.6
95.8
111.1
137.3
99.11
89.15
99.72
124.40
.850
.930
.897
.906
Total..........................................
27
82
6.1
8.6
52.6
87
105.0
94.70
.901
47.39
109.6
98.33
.897
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation and district
£5
Table men:
Eastern......................................
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
3
4
4
3
8
14
11
7
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.3
9.8
\4 8
0
9.4
1 9.7
58.4
48.6
48.4
60.6
8
17
12
8
105.4
79.4
90.4
99.6
58.09
59.82
58.87
53.88
.551
.754
.652
.541
32.18
36.64
31.56
32.78
111.2
84.1
92.2
110.9
60.67
63.61
59.80
58.65
.546
.756
.649
.529
Total.......................................
14
40
6.1
9.1
52.6
45
90.5
58.20
.643
33.82
95.8
61.19
.638
Shearmen:
Eastern......................................
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern................... ................
5
9
8
4
12
27
29
8
5.9
6.0
6.3
6.3
10.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
58.9
48.1
50.5
56.0
13
29
33
9
114.6
93.7
93.8
102.4
89.30
74.84
80.61
76.16
.779
.798
.859
.743
45.88
38.38
43.38
41.61
122.0
97.7
98-6
122.1
96.52
77.74
85.32
89.27
.791
.796
.865
.731
26
76
6.1
8.4
51.5
84
97.9
79.49
.812
41.82
104.4
84.86
.813
5
9
6
3
37
68
28
12
5.9
5.9
6.3
6.3
10.0
8.1
8.0
9.3
59.3
47.9
50.6
58.7
42
83
29
14
110.9
78.8
100.9
89.1
66.53
47.98
66.12
38.81
.600
.609
.655
.435
35.58
29.17
33.14
25.53
111.7
85.2
112.4
112.7
67.11
51.85
74.05
48.25
.601
.608
.659
.428
Total.......................................
23
145
6.0
8.6
52.2
168
91.5
54.98
.601
31.37
98.8
59.20
.599
Laborers:
Eastern......................................
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
5
9
5
3
40
178
98
36
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.2
10.0
9.0
8.4
10.3
59.8
55.4
53.8
63.6
47
224
113
45
100.0
94.2
98.9
105.6
38.15
43.66
50.79
33.60
.382
.463
.514
.318
22.84
25.65
27.65
20.22
102.9
100.4
105.3
122.0
39.43
47.18
54.66
39.06
.383
.470
.519
.320
Total.......................................
22
352
6.2
9.1
56.3
429
97.3
43.88
.451
25.39
104.2
47.45
.455
BLOOMING MILLS
Total.......................................
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern......................................
Pittsburgh................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern...................................
O
CO
104
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bloom ing Mills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East- Pitts
per
per
burgh
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat- Sun Per week
week day
urto
ur
to
Fri day day week
Fri day day week
day
day
Hours
Hours
Great
Lakes
and South Total
Midern
• die
West
G roup A .12
12
11
11
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9}
8
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
5
12
13
11
1
1
50
4
126
2
1
10
4
4
10
9M
65
65
m
8
5H
5
4
9
8
8
8
4
64
62J^
60
63
60
60
60
59
58
57
56
55M
55
54
54
56
48
48
44
40
35
61H
60
60
60
59
58
57
56
55M
55
54
54
52
48
44
40
35
1
174
19
174
4
111
Total-
5
1
4
10
292
1
6
7
1
26
43
1
1
20
165
372
188
836
G roup B.—Night turn only
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
Total-
12
11
12
10
10
10
10
8
10
8
8
12
11
12
11
12
‘ i o " 10
10
10
10
‘ Io"
"s'
8
5
8
"8
84
77
72
70
60
60
60
56
55
48
48
84
77
72
70
60
60
60
56
55
48
48
5
1
2
3
5
3
3
10
1
5
9
17
~47
105
BLOOMING MILLS
T able
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— B loom ing M ills— C o n t in u e d
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
per
Sat- Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
week day
to
ur
to
dle
Fri day day week
Fri day day week
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from oi
12
11
12
11
12
12
11
11
12
11
10
12
10
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
9
7
7
6
6
6
8
8X
10
9
9
7
8
12
11
12
11
12
12
11
10
12
11
10
12
10
12
11
12
12
12
11
9
"*
10
12
ny2 ny2
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10x
10
7
8
8
11
10
6
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 ' 9”
9
10
8
8
9
9
10M
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10 _
10
lo’ "
10
10
10 ____
10
10
9
5X
8
5X
9
5X
5
9
8
8X
5M
9
9
8
8
84
77
84
78
72
84
77
74
72
66
70
84
60
69
67
66
66
66
65
70
60
70
70
60
70
60
59
69
66
63
63
65
60
70
60
60
60
70
65
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
55M
58
55M
62
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
55X
55
54
8
8X
56
{
6
5
6
6
59H
m
54
54
8
56
9
7
{
5
12
13
12
13
12
12
13
13
12
13
10
12
10
12
13
12
10
ny2
10
11
u
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
7
5
6
"io"’
10
_
’ io”
10
10
10
10
9
12
13
12
13
12
12
13
13
12
13
10
12
10
11X
10
11
11
10
10
10
10
’ io”
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
ioy2 10J*
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10%
10
10K
9
10
10
10
10
10
io "
“i o "
8
___
6
10
9
9
8
9
8
m
10%
9
9
8
8
'i o ”
10
7
10%
10
9
9
8
8x
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
8 "
8
9
8
84
91
72
78
84
72
78
78
72
78
70
72
60
69
67
66
66
65
66
60
70
60
60
60
70
70
59 '
69 .
60
63
63
60
60 1
60 .
60 1
70 .
60 1
60 .
60 1
60 j
60
60
60
60
60
60
63*4
60
60M
53
59%
60
54
63
56
51
77^
76
72
72
70
67
66
66
65K
65H
65
65
65
65
65
64
63
63
63
6
4
1
9
19
8
15
4
2
57
8
1
2
84
10
2
9
62X
15
4
1
72 ‘
20
8
6
2
8
155
8
1
2
84
1
1
i
10
2
9
112
15
15
82
7
5
2
5
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
14
14
2
21
21
62H
2
2
61X
60
60
60
60
60
9
593.
59M
59
58
57H
57^
57^
56
19
175
4
81
15
44
2
32
j 53H
34
48
292
28
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
24
56
19
13
6
28
2
193
516
55H
54H
54
54
1
6
112
80
2
4
10
1
28
8
............ ---------
62^
i 57
j
56
m
54
54
56
48
84
84
78
78
78
134
2
3
867
2
36
36
12
2
39
12
2
106
T able
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
O.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bloom ing M ills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts
per
per day
Sat Sun Per week ern burgh
Per week day
week to
ur
ur- Sun
to
Fri day day week
Fri day day week
day
day
Great
Lakes
and South
Mid ern Total
dle
West
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
8
48
6
8
8
7
7
6
7
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
___
8
8
56
56
48
56
56
48
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
7
8
8
6
8
11
7
8
8
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
48
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
9
9
48
49
49
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
.......
48
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
48
48
48
6
6
8
8
8
8
48
10H
10
48
48
3
51
51
2
8
50
48
48
48
48
8 i 10
8 | 8
8 1___
10
8 ....
----- ; 10
___ 1 8
----- 10
56
48
48
56
56
56
56
56
56
48
56
48
48
48
48
58H
48
50
48
58
48
48
48
48
56
48
56
48
48
56
55
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
50
48
48
50
48
50
48
50
48
48
48
48
49
48
49
48
49
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
53H
12
53%
17
53H
7
7
53K
256
387
17
53M
30
52
52
52
51%
12
3
2
15
51H
2
SIX
50%
50%
72
50%
3
16
50%
6
19
50%
71
126
50K
104
49
104
24
49
26
24
26
9
8
•48%
21
21
•48%
18
•48%
48M
•48M
3
3
20
20
13
m
■m
3
m
12
48%
48
48
3
11
2
48
48
358
41
361
107
BLOOMING MILLS
T able
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— B loom ing M ills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
per
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
week day
dle
ur day
to
ur
to
West
Fri day day week
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
5
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
.....
8
8
10
8
8
8
48
48
48
40
50
48
40
40
48
}4 8
48
46
67
ROLLERS, ONLY
12
12
5H
8
12
55H
48
48
56
48
51
51
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
Total.
10
1,019
1
} 45X
1
45X
664
628
Total.
18
1,667
404
5,305
108
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Bloom ing Mills
Occupation and
district
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber
ber
Over
Over 66
Over
full
Over
44
of
of es72 84
48
56
time and
60 and
tabem hours
and
and
and
lish- ploy per un 48 un 56 un 60 un un 72 and
and
un
ments ees
week der
der
der der
der over
der
72
48
66
84
56
60
Pit cranemen:
Eastern_______
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W
............
Southern_____
5
9
33
64
65.7
49.1
9
4
82
22
51.8
60.2
Total.............
27
201
54.3
Heaters:
Eastern_______
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W
............
Southern_____
5
9
16
44
66.7
50.1
9
4
51
11
52.9
60.0
Total........... .
27
Bottom makers:
Eastern_______
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern_____
Total...... ......
Boll engineers:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh____
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern_____
Total_______
Rollers:
Eastern______
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern_____
Total_______
Laborers:
Eastern............
Pittsburgh.......
G. L. and M.
W ..................
Southern_____
Total.............
122 | 54.4
2
18
2
30
15
60
7
18
16
33
92
25
10
3
31
16
48
3
9
12
21
4
4
i
2
| 21
4
2
8
4
8
4
!
3
79
8
18
28
7
23
6
3
9
2
19
66.1
49.2
17
8
4
35
17
52.3
57.6
25
128
53.9
8
25
57
12
4
9
10
28
63.1
50.1
3
3
2
19
3
8
4
30
8
54.8
58.8
3
13
2
6
3
2
3
6
36
12
4
2
8
2
12
1
2
1
6
6
10
6
3
19
3
2
36
2
1 2
2
i
1 7
i
76 S 54.6
5
9
12
28
60.1
48.2
9
4
29
9
51.1
56.0
27 i
78 1 52.0
10
15
1
124
5
9
47
224
59.8
55.4
5
3
113
45
53.8
63.6
22 j
429
56.3
1
41
165
16
49
6
1
4 |
10
2
3
2
42
47
1
21
23
3
5
115
1
1
1
49
1
j
1
4
2
2
15
1
2
1
5
22
54
25
2
il
4
9
2
1
11
10
2
4
2
_<...
2
4
4
22
l
I
29
9
18
38
18
|
j
1
T a b l e F. — Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— B loom ing Mills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
43154°— 27-
Occupation and district
90
20 30 35 40 45 50 55
65
95 100 n o 120 130 140 150
75
80 85
60
70
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
85
90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
25 35 40 45
50 55
80
60 65
70 75
33
64
82
22
201
$0,746
.877
.897
.861
.855
16
44
51
11
122
1.262
1.288
1.234
1.118
1.244
22
54
35
17
128
.559
.931
.808
.690
.791 ____ i
1
.962 !
1.004
.974
.942
.978 i
10
28
30
8
76
12
28
29
9
78
1.476
1.470
1.575
1.376
1.498
47
224
113
45
429
.382
.463
.514
.318
.451
1
1
?
6
q
3
3
3
3
17
4
1
5
5
6
4
2
1
10
15
3
1
5
3
1
10
6
9
9
3
27
3
8
9
6
26
2
1
1
1
....... !____ 1____
....... 1........1........
1
1
4
2
6
1
!
i
1
1
8
2
1
2
r
.J 1 .
j
I
10
1
1
2
1
4
2
5
5
6
18
3
6
1
7
1
1
1
4
1
5 I
2
2
5
i
!
!
'" 1 .......
6
2
12
1
1
5
1
6
3
2
5
1
3
1
5
1
21
21
5
6
38
7
97
23
4
15
42 |142
2
1
1
4
13
6
3
22
1
3
2
1
7
1
3
3
1
8
126
21
49
1
21
147
49
1
3
3
10
6
22
1
2
3
2
5
1
1
1
10
9
1
2(T
1
9
11
6
26
16
13
7
2
29
9 !| 19 I
10
6
3
6
16
4
2
1
1
9
6
20
2
1
1
2
2
4
1
2
3
2
1
6
4
7
11
2
2
3
1
8
4~
5
I 1
1 1
1 Ii 1
1
3
1
4
2
3
2
2
4
8
1
1
1
7
1
9
1
10
8
2
3
5
3
2 i
2
5
3
!
1
1
2
1
5
3
2
11
____!........
....... i
!( . . .
_
i
2
!i
1
i
i
19
1
1
10
2
14
1
2
1
1
3
13
12
1
29
160 170 180 190
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
170 180 190 200
1 1
i 2
__
2
— ;i.......
1
1
3
5
8
3
3
3
1
10
1
3
2
1
7
2
2
4
1
9
5
5
BLOOMING MILLS
Pit cranemen:
Eastern_____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M . W ____
Southern.....................
T o t a l . . ..................
Heaters:
Eastern......................
Pittsburgh..................
G. L. and M . W ........
Southern.....................
Total........................
Bottom makers:
Eastern........................
Pittsburgh..................
G. L. and M. W
Southern.....................
Total........................
Roll engineers:
Eastern________ ____
Pittsburgh..................
G. L. and M . W
Southern.....................
Total........................
Rollers:
Eastern_____________
Pittsburgh..................
G. L. and M . W
Southern.....................
Total........................
Laborers:
Eastern_____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W
Southern.....................
Total_____________
Num Aver
ber of
age
earn
em
ploy ings per
ees
hour
T a b l e G .1— Averaae and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Bloom ing M ills
120.4
99.0
97.5
123.0
105.0
102.9
100.4
105.3
125.0
103.8
1
2
1
1
3
_._L
1
1
1
_3_
3
1
1
3
2 __L
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
10
2”
1
1
1
1
1 ~~2~
r ~ T _1_ J L
1
2
1
5
1
1 _ .9 1 6
3
1
2
i
1
1
3
3
4
3
10
3
3
1
1
8
5 2
2
5 3 8 "T
5
2
3 ’ "I’ 2
12 9 17 6
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
6 ...
2
1
2 !
1 ---
1
1 _1_
4
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
7
3
5
3
1
8 ---
4 ...
1
1
6 ---
1
5 "’ 3"
1 1
3
10 4
2
4
4
1
2
1
1
2
2 1—
3 __
2
3
1
2
4
3 ...
1 __
2 __
1
1 T
4 1
1
2
21
1
25
10
10
7
5
32 . . .
3
2 __4
i
3
4 ___
4
i
8
9
1
’4
6
4
10
1
11 " 4"
5
4
9
8
a
4
18 1
2
1
1
4
2
5
3
i Figures for 1 plant which cover a 21-day pay period have not been included in this table.
4
3
5
2
1
11
3
1
16
8 ...
n
1
8 ”’ 4'
3
3
1 2
j
T
13
2
1
5 ” 5'
4
2
8 9
2
1
5
2
1
9
3
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
5
2
8^
5
5
3
3
5
8
7
1
3
19
3
1
3
11
9
1
24
5
1
"T
1i 1
13
3
2
6
1
12
1
2
8
1
12
3
2
1
2
4
7
1
2
6
1
10
3
2
1
3
20 ” 3"
7 11
1
5
35 15
1
1
8
3
13
2
1
1
3
2
5 11
2
1
__9_ .15
1
3 "’ 5~
3
7
1
7 13
l
i
2
26 ~~2~
g
1
6
3
=
4
4
2
36
1
2
2
1
14
4
3
9
12
~_6"
6
1
2
2
12 ’ T
7 .....
1
5
15 8
3
14 '43'
13 10
4
12
2
4
30
18
7
53
3
4
12
3
22
1
1
2
11 ---
1
10 J _
Ill
2
14
11
5
32
5
15
1
1
1 __
21 . . .
2 --
2
___ 2
1
1 JL
1
1
4
•
STEEL
126.5
100.9
107.6
135.0
110.3
12
3
1
1
AND
136.4
106.4
115.4
120.6
115.3
1
LABOB— IRON
139.6
104.5
107.7
132.4
112. 5
3
9
Over
Over
lOver
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
80
72
168
156
132
144
180 192
104
112
120
96
88
and
and
and 112 and 120 and 132 and 144 and 156 and 168 and 1801and and
and
and
un 80 un 88 un 96 un 104 un
un
un over
un
un
un
un
un
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
88
80
192
168
180
132
144
156
112
120
104
96
OF
O. L. and M. W___
Southern.................
Total....................
Heaters:
Eastern
16
44
Pittsburgh
51
G. L. and M. W ._ .
8
Southern.................
T o t a l.......... . _ 119
Bottom makers:
22
Eastern
Pitfshnrffh
54
35
G. L. and M . W___
14
Southern ____
Total.................... 125
Roll engineers:
Eastern
10
28
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M . W.__
30
6
Southern.................
74
Total....................
Rollers:
12
Eastern
28
Pittsburgh
29
G. L. and M. W___
6
Southern.................
75
T o ta l............ _
Laborers:
Eastern
47
224
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. and M. W _ „ 113
Southern.................
30
T o ta l.................. 414
140.7
100.1
100.0
121.0
108. 7
64
and
un
der
72
1
1
9
2
11
2
2
10
10
HOUES
33
64
82
16
195
56
and
un
der
64
AND
Pit cranemen:
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
WAGES
Num
ber Aver
32 40 48
age Un and and and
of
Occupation and district em
hours der un un un
ploy worked 32 der der der
ees
40 48 56
1
2
1
1
3
5
1
T a b l e H .1— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
B loom ing M ills
Occupation and district
Pit cranemen:
Eastern _ ____________
Pittsburgh........... ........
G. L. and M. W ...........
Southern— ...................
Total..........................
Heaters:
E astern .____________
Pittsburgh____ _______
G. L. and M. W ...........
Southern— ...................
Total...........................
Bottom makers:
Eastern______________
Pittsburgh___________
G. L. and M. W ...........
Southern.......................
Total ..........................
Roll engineers:
Eastern______________
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M. W ...........
Southern........................
Total ..........................
Rollers:
Eastern______________
Pittsburgh....................
G. L. and M. W ..........
Southern........................
T o ta l-........................
Laborers:
Eastern..........................
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W ...........
Southern........................
Total...... ...................
Aver
age
Num
$5 $10 $15 $20
ber
earn
of
ings Un and and and and
der un un un un
per
em
$5 der der der der
ployees pay
$10 $15 $20 $25
period
33 $105.15
87.60
64
89.31
82
16 103.98
195
92.63
16
44
51
8
119
176.10
134.62
132.26
147.28
140.03
22
54
35
14
125
66.67
92.79
79.22
81.95
83.98
3
3 1 4
3
131. 22
106.80
112.38
118.17
113.28 ___
12
28
29
6
75
186.65
148.12
169.30
184.82
165.41 ___
1
1
1
1
2 ___
2
$30 $35
and and
un un
der der
$35 $40
1
2
1
4
1
5
1
1
2
3
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
2
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
2
i
2 __2_ —r
n r
i
’1
S
i"
i
| 1
1
1
$50
and
un
der
$55
2
___ i 1
1
$45
and
un
der
$50
1
1
1
2
1
$40
and
un
der
$45
1
1
1
3
1
3
10
28
30
6
' 74
47
224
113
.30
414
4
Number of emp oyees whose earnings during the pay period were—
$25
and
un
der
$30
1
l
i
i
i
5~
4
1
1
2
l
1
1
r
1 ___ ! i ___ ! l
2
2
6
1
1
1
2
1
1
i
— J — _3_ z :
$75
and
un
der
$80
$80 j $85
and and
un un
der der
$85 $90
$90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $16o' $180'$2C0
and and and and and and and and and and jand $250
un un un un un- un un un un un- un and
der der der der 1der der !der der der der 1der over
$95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200,$250
1 1
1
3
7
9
2
2
j
1
4
1
7 ” 4" 4 10
5
2
2
j
1
7
7. 4
9
4 10 10 3
i
1
1
4
3
1 4
1
1
~6~ 12 ~12~ ”0T 14 13 J L 27 ~ T _6_ 1
1
1
1
1 1 3
1 a
3
1
9_ 4 2 ""a"l
" 3" 1 10 10
!
1
1 3
4
3
5
2
6
9 3 8 3
1 1
1
2
1
2
1 !1
5
9 15 20 ~18~ 8 15 7 !1 3
1 i 1
1
1 3 T
'_
1
$70
and
un
der
$75
1
1 "T
3
3
1
3
2
5
1
11
2
2
1
8 "T
1
4
2
1
3
3
5
10 I 15
2
1
I .
1 1
2
1
3 ~T\1 3~
2
4
2
8
1
1
1
4
7 1
n
2
1
3
3
2
3
3
5~
2
5
4
1
9
2
r
12
1
1
1
J—
39.43
2
5 5
47.18 ”l4~ 7
3
54.66
4 4
3
35.41
"T
2
47. 49 18 13 9 13
1
3
6
1
10
„
6 2 4
5 6 7
3
2
5 ”T
2
19 15 15
1
9
6
18 26
9
9
4
4
40 45
...
1
6 4
63 12
19 13
1
1
89 30
14
19
17
24
i
10 1 6
2 1 1
33
41
12 | 7
i
•
7
2
1
10
1
3 ” 4"
3
3
9
2
1
11
1
1
6
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
4 -
7- ~7~ 10 1T
5~
2
1
1 —--
1
5
1
2
2
1
i Figures for 1 plant which cover a 21-day pay period have not been included in this table.
$65
and
un
der
$70
_
1
1
2
3
4
~4~'i~7~
1
3
3
1
!
r
i
i
1
2 —
. . . j (—
— . |— ~ j— ~
4
7
1
1
5
1
8
1
4
3
1
9
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
~T
2
8
6
3
19 n
i
3
1
5
r
1
2
6
2
11
2
2
j
■ "'I .......
1.......
.......
•
2
l
P LA TE M IL L S
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 17 plate-mill
establishments and cover 4,202 employees in all occupations. Of
the 4,202 employees reported, 1,680 were found in the selected occupa
tions for which separate figures are given. Comparable data were
first obtained for this department in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914
employees in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914
and all subsequent years all employees in all occupations were
included, and figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1
Comparative figures are presented for employees in the selected
occupations from 1910 to 1926.
The hours of labor of plate-mill employees have decreased con
siderably in recent years. Up until the summer of 1923 this depart
ment, while showing a small gradual decrease from former years in
the working time of employees as a whole, was still largely on a
12-hour basis and some employees also worked 7 days per week. A
general reduction in the regular daily hours of employees, however,
took place in the latter part of 1923, and few employees now work
more than 10 hours per day. A large number of plants adopted the
8-hour day for all employees. In 1914, employees as a whole had
an average full-time week of 69.0 hours or almost 6 days per week
of 12 hours each. This average continued, with only slight variations,
to 1922 when employees worked 66.2 hours per week. Following
the 1923 decrease, however, full-time hours per week were reduced
to such an extent that employees were asked to work but 57.2 hours
per week regularly in 1924 and 55.8 hours in 1926. Average full
time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per
week, 1913 to 1926, for the department as a whole, are shown in
Table 1, page 4.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various selected occupations, which may be made from Table A,
show like reductions. In 1910 the average full-time hours per week
varied from 66.8 for laborers to 71.6 for charging-machine operators,
the average for all of the occupations combined being 68.3. In
1926 working time had been so far reduced that the average of 63
hours per week for roll engineers was the highest of any occupation
and the average for all 16 occupations combined was only 56.3 hours.
While hours per day and per week were considerably less in 1924
and 1926 as compared with former years, turns per week increased
slightly among employees. This increase was not uniform in each
district, however, as turns per week in 1924 increased in the Pitts
burgh district to a much greater extent than in either of the other
districts. The 7-day week is not so significant in this department
as in some of the others. Plate mills are seldom operated more than
6 days per week although “ light-up” and repair work furnish Sunday
work for some of the force. Table B shows that, in 1914, 57 per
cent of the employees covered in that year worked 6 days per week
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
112
PLATE MILLS
113
regularly, while 34 per cent worked 5 days one week and 6 days the
next. In addition, 6 per cent worked 7 days per week— 3 per cent
regularly and 3 per cent in biweekly periods. In 1915 there was very
little change, but in 1920, 78 per cent worked 6 days per week; 18 per
cent alternated weekly from 5 to 6 days; 6 per cent worked 7 days;
and 1 per cent worked 6 days one week and 7 days the next. In
1922 turns decreased slightly but increased again in 1924 when 66 per
cent of the employees worked 6 days per week regularly; 12 per cent
worked 5 and 6 days alternately; 11 per cent worked 7 days; 8 per
cent worked 6 and 7 days in consecutive weeks; and 3 per cent worked
one week of 6 days and two weeks of 7 days in each three-week
period. The number of turns per week decreased in 1926 as com
pared with 1924, due largely to the introduction of the working
arrangement “ 5 turns, 6 turns, and 6 turns per week in rotation” in
the Pittsburgh district. A total of 48 per cent of the employees in
that district worked on that basis in 1926.
A good idea of the working time of employees in 1926 in this
department may be gained from Table D . B y grouping the em
ployees according to hours per day in that table shows that in 1926,
of the 4,202 employees covered, 1,846 had a working-day of 8 hours
and only 453 worked as many as 12 hours per day. A total of
1,695 worked 10 hours per day. The employees covered in plate
mills, of course, include many miscellaneous employees not directly
connected with production, and in order to present conditions as
they apply to members of the producing crew separate figures are
shown for the occupation of screw men, sheared-plate mills. Of the
26 employees who worked as screw men during the pay period, 12
worked 8 hours per day, 12 worked 10 hours, and 2 worked the
equivalent of 12 hours each day— that is, 113^ hours one week and
123^ hours the next. Only 2 of the employees had any 7-day work
and they worked 6 and 7 days in alternate weeks. The full-time
hours per week in the occupation varied from 45%$ for 3 employees
in the Pittsburgh district to 65
for 2 employees in the Eastern dis
trict. Eleven of the screw men had a full-time week of over 60 hours.
The table also shows the number of turns worked and the full-time
hours per week for all employees.
While the trend in the hours of labor of employees has been down
ward in recent years, the trend in hourly earnings has been decidedly
upward. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all employees covered were
25.8 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an average
of 60.6 cents per hour, an increase of 135 per cent. In other words,
the 1926 hourly earnings were 2 % times the earnings in 1914. The
earnings were highest in 1920, 67.1 cents on the average, and in 1924
they were approximately 5 cents per hour less than in 1926. The
hourly earnings of employees in the various selected occupations are
shown in Table A . For example, screw men in 1910 earned an average
of 42.1 cents per hour, which increased to 48.2 cents in 1913. During
1914 and 1915 hourly earnings decreased slightly but in 1917 increased
to 70.2 cents per hour. This increase continued in 1919 to $1,117,
the highest hourly earnings in this occupation of any year reported.
The average was approximately the same in 1920 as in 1919, but
decreased to 86.3 cents per hour in 1922. Earnings rose again to
$1,052 in 1924 and $1,088 in 1926. A distribution by hourly earn
114
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL
ings of the employees in 6 specified occupations in 1926 is given in
T a b le
F *
Average full-time earnings per week were almost twice as great in
1926 as they were in 1914. In 1914 earnings per full-time week
for all employees were $17.80 on the average, while in 1926 they
had increased to $33.81. In 1920 they were $46.16, the highest
of any year shown, and in 1924 they were $32.15. Weekly earn
ings in the various selected occupations show like increases; screw
men, for example, earned an average of $28.75 in 1910, $33.36 in
1913, and $79.64 in 1919. In the following years there was a
decrease in either hourly earnings or in the hours of labor, or
both, and weekly earnings decreased to $56.42 in 1922 and $59.84
in 1926.
The 1,680 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 90.7 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the 1926 study,
for which they received an average of $60.72. This includes all the
hours worked and the earnings received by these employees, as shown
in Table C. Roll engineers worked the most time, 126.1 hours, and
laborers the least or 58.1 hours. Laborers also earned the least money,
$24.95, while rollers, universal mills, a highly skilled occupation,
earned the largest amount or $157.85. Shearmen’s helpers, which
includes the largest number of employees reported for any occupation,
worked 90.8 hours during the pay period and received $52.15.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupations of shearmen's helpers 68 of the 674
employees worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 2
employees in the Eastern district worked between 180 and 192 hours.
The largest group, 99, worked 72 and under 80 hours. A total of 80
employees worked between 120 and 132 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different occu
pations in this table. Laborers earned from under $5 to $65 and
under $70, while rollers earned from $10 and under $15 to $200 and
under $250. Shearmen’s helpers earned from under $5 to $130 and
under $140. The largest group of shearmen's helpers, 72, earned
$50 and under $55.
115
PLATE MILLS
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occur
pation— Plate M ills
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
of
plants ploy- hours
per
week
em
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
60
72
time 48 48
ings time ings earn
per
and
and and
84
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
hour
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
84
week
72
60
C h a r g in g crane and
c h a r g in g machine op
erators:
71.6 $0,303 $21.85
.
191 0
69.4
.283 19.70
191 1
.
69.6
.315 21.98
191 2
.
.339 24.07
70.7
1913..........
70.2
.306 21.69
191 4
.329 23.39
70.3
191 5
.
70.4
.480 33.85
1917.........
71.5
191 9
.799 57.13
.798 56.18
70.0
192 0
.563 37.88
66.9
1922..........
1924_.........
.679 37.79
57.1
.711 40.10
56.4
1926..........
Heaters:
.508 36.35
71.0
1910.-.......
69.1
1911...........
.468 32.46
69.9
1912_.........
.513 36.02
.562 40.59
71.7
191 3
.529 37.63
1914 70.5
.557 39.73
1915 .................... 70.6
.771 54.35
1917...........
70.4
1919-.........
70.7 1.202 84.98
1920...........
ea 5 1.189 81.55
1922...........
.852 57.03
67.6
1924.........
.961 52.52
56.5
1926_.........
55.5 1.103 61.22
Heaters' help
ers:
.243 16.98
1910-.........
111 69.5
10
1911...........
.227 15.31
108 67.3
10
1912_........
.243 16.74
113 68.7
10
.252 17.50
191 3
10
107 68.7
1914_.........
12
112 67.7 .247 16.68
1915...........
.264 18.04
12 109 67.6
1917..........
6 36 67.4 .469 31.67
1919_.........
.601 42.73
10
129 71.1
1920...........
.620 42.74
10
140 68.9
1922..........
11 132 67.3 .503 34.36
1924..........
126 61.6
12
.538 32.84
1926...........
.580 36.19
15
118 62.4
Roll engineers:
.300 21.45
191 0
11
71.5
191 1
11
.290 20.55
70.8
191 2
.287 20.93
11
72.5
.309 22.63
1913-.........
72.8
11
191 4
.307 21.55
70.2
13
.309 21.58
69.7
13
191 5
1917...........
.444 31.63
70.9
7
191 9
.744 54.09
72.7
11
.774 55.98
71.6
192 0
11
1922...........
.538 37.74
69.6
12
1924...........
.614 38.99
12
63.3
1926...........
63.0
.651 41.01
14
99
95
81
79
235
91
82
91
100
90
97
141
237
233
157
157
167
97
90
83
91
90
80
89
100
100
100
101
98
100
100
101
101
98
100
100
99
98
98
103
100
98
90
91
97
100
100
96
96
97
100
98
96
87
87
100
90
97
142
236
235
166
200
94
99
137
214
212
152
171
196
5
5
19
44
26
6
17
14
17
2
4
4
4
5
14
90
96
97
87
96
100
100
98
105
186
238
246
200
213
252
95
103
181
244
244
196
188
226
97
94
93
95
91
92
100
100
99
100
144
241
250
174
199
211
23
3
95
95
140
239
247
167
172
181
66
54 ’ T
4
3
2
3
7
37
25
1
6
29
6
5
9
37
17
26
13
23
34
33
33
35
42
41
20
18
38
32
43
34
56
56
33
39
31
30
80
76
19
3
39
38
36
39
48
49
20
27
60
55
34
28
54
55
33
26
23
21
80
70
26
15
67
66
61
64
76
76
56
23
73
52
46
26
28
34
32
33
45
51
30
19
31
26
41
' 37
29
26
27
30
10
3
6
37
29
27
35
22
23
7
2
....
7
3
11
25
1
28 1
5
1
30
25
8
4
23
12
9
15
8
16
44
74
3
9
17
30 " 1
__ 14 __
16 ---
--61
37
27
31
34
28
60
67
33
13
__
11
17 ’ ""6
22
14
22
14
16
5
15
5
10
14
23
13
17
17
9
14
116
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IKON AND STEEL
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— P la te !l)iills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Boilers,
sh earedplate mills:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915..........
1917..........
1919-.........
1920--.......
1922-.........
1924...........
1926--.......
Screw men,
sh earedplate mills:
1910-.........
1911..........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915-.........
1917...........
1919...........
1920-.........
1922...........
1924...........
1926-.........
Table opera
tors, shearedplate mills:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
B o o k m en,
sh earedplate mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em hours
of
plants ploy per
ees week
Index numbers
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn
and
and 72 and
hour
per hours per ings and
60
84
un
un
un
unweek per hour per der der
der
dor
week
week
84
72
60
68.4 $0 712 $48.18
68.1
.607 41.46
.711 48.93
68.7
68.5
.718 49.21
,703 47.94
68.0
67.9
. 734 49.89
69.4 1 011 70.32
70.8 1. 530 108.32
68.1 1 558 106.60
66.5 1 126 74.43
56.5 1.300 71. 62
57.0 1.364 77.75
100
99
100
100
99
99
101
103
99
97
82
83
99
85
99
100
98
102
141
213
217
157
181
190
98
84
99
100
97
101
143
220
217
151
146
158
28 68.6
28 68.6
29 69.0
29 69.0
28 68.7
26 68.3
22 69.9
32 71.3
39 68.4
29 66.2
33 54.7
26 55.0
.421
.393
.435
.482
.434
.474
.702
1.117
1.115
.863
1.052
1.088
28.75
26.95
30.00
33.36
30.08
32.61
49.15
79.64
76.23
56.42
56. 78
59.84
99
99
100
100
100
99
101
103
99
96
79
80
87
82
90
100
90
98
146
232
231
179
218
226
86
81
90
100
90
98
147
239
229
169
170
180
9
9
9
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
10
12
26 68.4
28 68.1
30 68.3
31 68.2
31 67.6
32 67.5
20 68.5
45 70.6
42 67.6
36 65.6
40 56.5
32 56.1
.318
.300
.334
.363
.317
.332
.510
.825
.870
.635
.730
.804
21.64
20.44
22.85
24.87
21.73
22.63
35.02
58.25
58.80
42.25
39.48
45.10
100
100
100
100
99
99
100
104
99
96
83
82
88
83
92
100
87
91
140
227
240
175
201
221
87
82
92
100
87
91
141
234
236
170
159
181
9
9
9
9
11
31
6
9
10
10
10
12
73 68.3
72 68.1
72 68.5
76 68.4
74 68.2
76 68.0
49 69.6
89 71.0
100 67.6
80 65.8
105 56.0
83 56.1
.262
.246
.276
.313
.294
.314
.476
.780
.813
.585
.644
.698
17.88
16.81
18.90
21.55
20.27
21.57
33.25
55.38
55.02
38.20
35.05
38.88
100
100
100
100
100
99
102
104
99
96
82
82
84
79
88
100
94
100
152
249
260
187
206
221
83
78
88
100
94
100
154
257
255
177
163
180
9
9
9
9
11
11
7
9
10
10
10
13
28
28
27
26
28
28
18
30
35
33
34
30
9
9
9
9
10
10
7
9
9
8
8
10
4
21
30
21
24
10
6
6
21
10
4
3
33
46
28
38
30
36
28
15
12
22
20
16
20
13
12
5
18~
71 29
54 43
48 52
50 50
57 43
57 43
33 67
23 77
51 34
39 15
35
50
64 36
46 50
41 55
45 55
50 50
54 46
27 73
16 84
51 44
31 21
33
42
9
18
21
5
8
25
6
69
57
53
55
61
63
40
29
55
31
28
41
31
43
47
45
39
38
60
71
40
28
11
8
9
27
11
68
58
53
57
57
58
29
22
55
35
30
41
32
42
47
43
43
42
71
78
37
30
6
117
PLATE MILLS
T a b l e A*— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Plate M ills— Continued
Occupation
and year
B oll hands,
other,shearedplate mills:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924.........
1926...........
Rollers, uni
versal mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
Screw m en,
main rolls,
u n iv e r s a l
mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Screw m en,
side rolls,
u n iv e r s a l
mills:
1910...........
19 1 1 .......
1912._____
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Average
Num ber ;I fullber
of ! time
em
of
plants ploy i hours
per
ees |week
14
14
16
20
24
24
16
28
33
56
61
36
6
6
6
7
9
9
5
8
8
10
10
10
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Aver
were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full 48 Over
48
time
60
| 72
per
ings time ings earn
and
and
and
'
hour
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and 84
I unweek per hour
per der der
der
j der
week
weok
72
84
68.0 $0.263 $17.71
.242 16.64
68.9
.269 18.54
i 69.3
.265 18.28
69.1
67.4
.257 17.42
67.4
.268 18.12
69.1
.401 27.74
71.0
.676 48.00
68.3
.668 45.76
65.5
.480 31.70
58.4
.555 31.08
55.5
.725 40.24
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
5
8 69.5
7 68.4
6 67.8
6 69.8
8 68.8
8 ! 68.8
9 ! 70.7
9 70.0
11 ■64.8
13 56.4
13 56.3
.584
.581
.672
.590
.676
1.371
1.372
1.187
1.251
1.383
44.22
40.31
39.78
47.81
41.08
47.10
96.93
98.32
75.26
70.34
77.86
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
6
8 69.5
7 66.6
7 66.6
7 70.1
9 69.2
9 69.2
11 70.9
9 69.4
11 64.0
15 56.0
17 57.1
.470
.421
.407
.460
.386
.451
1.015
1.174
.813
.841
32.75
28.23
27.38
32.66
26.96
31. 51
71.96
83.35
50.80
48.45
53.50
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
6
10
9
9
8
10
10
10
13
12
17
18
69.2
66.3
66.3
68.6
68.1
68.1
70.8
69.6
65.3
56.6
57.5
.314 21.77
.296 19.80
.271 18.21
.294 20.56
.271 18.69
.332 22.83
.713 50.48
.738 57.38
.606 39.04
.642 37.31
.709 40.77
100
100
100
100
103
99
95
85
80
100
97
100
101
100
95
95
100
99
99
101
99
91
80
81
101
97
97
100
101
95
83
84
91
102
100
97
101
151
255
252
181
209
274
95
87
86
100
88
101
204
204
177
186
97
91
101
100
95
99
152
263
250
173
170
220
_ 14
J 17
100
203
206
157
147
163
102
92
88
100
84
98
221
255
177
183
204
100
86
84
100
83
96
220
255
156
148
164
107
101
92
100
92
113
243
251
206
218
241
106
96
88
100
91
111
246
279
190
181
198
22
29
118
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Plate M ills— C o n t in u e d
Occupation
and year
R oll hands,
other, uni
versal mills:
191 0
.
191 1
.
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922.........
1924.........
1926.........
Shearmen:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917.........
1919.........
1920.........
1922.........
1924_____
1926.........
S h e a rm e n ’ s
helpers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917.........
191 9
192 0
1922.........
1924.........
1926.........
Laborers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917.........
191 9
192 0
1922........
1924.........
1926.........
Num Average
Num ber full
ber
of
time
emof
plants ploy- hours
per
week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
age
earn time
ings earn- Full
time
per
per hours
hour
week per
week
70.0 $0,299 $20.93
.299 21.55
72.0
69.6
.277 19.41
70.3
.261 18.50
69.5
.266 18.48
69.2
.310 21.46
71.4
.605 43.20
69.5
.687 48.41
65.5
.502 32.18
56.7
.555 32.27
58.2
.601 34.98
100
102
100
102
99
93
81
83
67.5
68.0
68.3
68.8
73 68.4
73 68.2
42 69.7
97 70.8
92 68.0
106 64.1
108 55.8
101 56.3
.378
.356
.384
.415
.406
.436
.638
.977
1.016
25.69
24.45
26.48
28.81
27.97
29.68
44.74
69.17
69.44
43.10
43.15
47.07
68.4
68.4
68.6
68.7
68.2
68.4
69.0
71.1
68.2
64.9
55.5
55.1
.215
.206
.223
.250
.243
.260
.400
.630
.665
.455
.529
.579
14.71
14.20
15.42
17.25
16.71
17.89
27.60
44.79
45.56
29.73
28.85
31.90
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
103
99
94
81
80
355 66.8
274 66.2
68.9
69.3
216 67.6
208 66.7
197 70.3
587 69.5
348 67.9
493 64.0
640 56.8
304 56.1
.159
.158
.161
.181
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
.432
.425
10.68
10.51
11.17
12.62
11.85
11.66
20.67
31.28
34.66
21.65
24.20
23.84
96
460
429
432
425
408
406
248
630
623
678
767
674
* Less than 1 per cent.
Aver-
99
99
100
101
103
Earn
ings
per
hour
113
116
105
100
100
116
234
262
174
174
91
86
93
100
98
105
154
235
245
160
191
201
89
85
92
100
97
103
155
240
241
150
150
163
86
85
82
89
100
97
104
160
260
264
172
167
185
33
20
0)
23
20
18 44
85
100
98
96
101
100
98
92
87
89
100
96
96
162
249
275
186
81
235
Over
Over
60
72
and 72 and
un
un 84
der
der
72
84
Full
Over
time 48 48
earn and and
ings un un
per der der
week
115
115
106
100
102
119
232
263
192
213
230
100
97
104
160
252
266
182
212
232
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
100
94
92
164
248
275
172
192
189
17
3
12
8
20
23
14
0)
25
26
22
22
21
19
10
2
12
43
32
28
* Including 3 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
1
25
27
T able
B.- -Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district and
year— Plate Mills
District and year
Eastern:
.
191 4
191 5
1920.............. ................. .
1922................................ .
1924............ .........................
1926— . ................................
Pittsburgh:
191 4
........................
191 5
1920................................ — .
1922_____________________
1924.......................................
1926............................. .........
Great Lakes and Middle West:
191 4
191 5
1920.......................................
11*2.......................................
1924.......................................
1926......... ................- .........
Total:
191 4
............ ........
191 5
..................
1920......................................
1922.......................................
1924......................................
1926.......................................
i Less than 1 per cent.
Num Num
ber of ber of
plants em-
Number of employees whose customary working turns per week
were—
5 and 6 .5,6, and
alter- 16 in ronately tation
475
516
278
344
371
229
1,139
1,121
1,572
1,498
2,118
1,845
172 *
174 '
128
576
455
425
721
1,050
986
1,263
130
106
180
148
148
135
306
294
537
799
623
749
2,301
2,245
3,230
3,766
4,234
4,202
777
796
586
1,068
519
1,307
1,232
2,525
2,257
2,779
2,071
879
5 and 6 5,6, and
alter 6 in ro
nately tation
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
707
699
937
1,218
1,130
1,094
879
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per
week were—
184
131
591
680
531
615
44
68
94
46
47
68
150
160
156
817
807
1,397
778
1,625
707
71
59
18
33
149
102
79
81
29
111
247
106
43
0)
0)
10
18
18
106
73
81
77
18
95
111
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
131
132
101
345
476
0)
7
26
19
63
56 1............
47
56
4
6
9
7
7
7
12
14
14
72
72
89
52
77
38
7
5
1
2
7
6
7
7
2
7
12
6
67
69
74 1
76
63
59
231
136
237
48
6
57
55
78
60
66
49
2
<*>
(0
5
(l)
2
4
1
1
5
2
11
6
4
18
1
1
1
8
7
1
3
3
3
1
3
8
6
3
6
3
9
6
9
11
6
0)
(0
T a b l e C . — Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Plate Mills
Positions
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
WAGES
Occupation and district
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
6.1
5.9
6.3
10.4
8.8
8.7
63.5
52.4
54.9
27
31
30
104.2
91.7
94.4
$49.38
82.75
71.13
$0,474
.902
.754
$30.10
47.26
41.39
110.6
94.0
97.9
$52.33
84.13
73.22
$0,473
.895
.748
Total_____________ ____ _____
16
75
6.1
9.2
56.4
88
96.4
68.55
.711
40.10
100.4
70.65
.704
Heaters:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh...... ........ .....................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
6
5
25
27
31
6.0
6.2
6.4
10.4
8.2
8.4
62.9
50.7
53.8
27
27
31
113.6
98.1
110.4
84.61
137.11
132.22
.745
1.398
1.197
46.86
70.88
64.40
115.8
98.1
110.4
85.55
137.11
132.22
.739
1.398
1.197
17
83
6.2
8.9
55.5
85
107.5
118.65
1.103
61.22
108.2
118.95
1.099
6
6
3
48
25
25
6.1
6.3
5.8
11.2
8.8
10.2
68.0
55.1
59.1
55
28
35
114.4
92.9
75.7
50.61
70.08
55.51
.443
.755
.734
30.12
41.60
43.38
126.5
93.1
80.3
56.82
70.30
60.22
.449
.755
.750
15
98
6.1
10.3
62.4
118
97.8
56.68
.580
36.19
104.8
61.03
.582
6
6
2
12
14
6
6.2
6.3
6.0
11.4
8.9
10.5
71.2
56.0
62.8
13
14
8
147.0
113.4
99.8
71.49
84.27
85.85
.486
.743
.860
34.60
41.61
54.01
154.4
113.4
102.3
74.18
84.27
87.64
.480
.743
.857
Total..........................................
14
32
6.2
10.1
63.0
35
122.8
79.88
.651
41.01
126.1
81.29
.645
Rollers, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern..........................................
5
10 1
6.1
10.5
63.5
11
107.8
97.34
.903
57.34
121.0
105.55
.872
STEEL
Total_______________________
Roll engineers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh...... ..............................
Great Lakes and Middle West. -
AND
Total..........................................
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle West__
LABOR— IRON
21
28
26
OF
5
6
5
HOURS
Charging-crane and charging-machine
operators:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh...................... ............
Great Lakes and Middle West__
j"?
^
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
5
3
11
7
5.9
5.9
- 8.9
9.3
53.0
54.1
12 1
[
7
94.6
111.2
165.29
167.65
1.747
1.507
92.59
81.53
99.8
111.2
171.24
167.65
1.716
1.507
Total.............. ............................
1.364
77.75
110.2
146.31
1.327
13
28
6.0
9.6
57.0
30 |
103.3
140.92
Screw men, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West - _
3
5
2
7
11
8
6.2
5.9
5.9
10.3
8.9
8.6
63.4
53.0
50.4
7
11
8
106.8
97.0
80.8
65.04
126.79
103.60
.609
1.306
1.283
38.61
69.22
64.66
128.0
97.8
81.8
74.71
128.24
105.21
583
1.312
1.287
Total...........................................
10
26
6.0
9.2
55.0
26
94.7
103.03
1.088
59.84
101.0
106.74
1.057
Table operators, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh......................... .........
Great Lakes and Middle West. _
5
5
2
11
11
10
6.1
5.9
5.8
10.4
8.9
9.0
63.2
53.0
51.8
11
11
10
108.8
101.6
85.8
58.86
102.84
77.20
.541
1.012
.900
34.19
53.64
46.62
117.8
101.6
86.6
63.24
102.84
78.28
.537
1.012
.904
81.55
.796
54.56
85.14
67.65
.467
.878
.878
32
5.9
9.5
56.1
32
99.2
79.71
.804
45.10
102.5
5
5
2
28
23
24
6.1
5.8
5.9
10.5
9.0
8.6
63.6
52.8
50.4
34
24
25
98.5
96.6
75.1
45.60
84.63
65.98
.463
.876
.878
29.45
46.25
44.25
116.8
96.9
77.0
*
Total..........................................
12
75
5.9
9.5
56.1
83
90.9
63.02
.693
38.88
99.1
67.34
.680
Roll hands, other, sheared-plate
mills:
Eastern........................................
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
4
4
2
10
12
8
6.2
5.8
5.9
10.2
9.1
8.6
62.4
53.3
50.4
14
14
8
66.2
84.4
86.8
30.79
57.59
99.29
.465
.682
1.145
29.02
36.35
57.71
94.7
85.7
95.8
45.31
58.62
107.05
.478
.684
1.118
MILLS
12
PLATE
Total..........................................
Hook men, sheared-plate mills:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh. .............. ...................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Total...........................................
10
30
5.9
9.3
55.5
36
77.9
56.44
.725
40.24
91.4
64.20
.702
Rollers, universal mills:
Eastern..........................................
Pittsburgh........ ........... ................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
2
1
2
4
3
5
6.0
5.7
6.4
10.8
8.2
8.8
64.1
46.3
56.0
4
4
5
152.8
70.8
108.4
134.17
141.41
176.65
.878
2.000
1.630
56.28
92.60
91.28
152.8
77.3
112.4
134.17
150.65
182.56
.878
1.950
1.624
Total............ ........ .....................
5
12
6.1
9.3
56.3
13
110.5
152. 75
1.383
77.86
114.0
157.85
1.385
Screw men, main rolls, universal
mills:
Eastern.. ......................................
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
2
1
3
4
3
9
6.0
5.7
6.2
10.8
8.1
9.3
64.1
45.7
57.8
4
3
10
152.8
83.3
99.2
93.51
113.40
102.20
.612
1.361
1.030
39.23
62.20
59.53
152.8
94.0
102.2
93.51
123.02
105.14
.612
1.309
1.029
Total..........................................
6
16
6.1
9.5
57.1
17
109.0
102.13
.937
53.50
112.6
105.56
.937
T a b l e € .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually wprked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Plate Mills— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Hours
Hours
Turns
per week per turn per week
Earnings
per hour
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
$145.8
57.5
93.8
$76.29
55.11
79.60
$0,523
.958
.848
$33.37
43.78
48.42
$150.5
93.3
97.3
$77.69
79.95
82.81
73.05
103.1
■■ ■■- — = = = = = =
.709
6
3
7
6.2
5.7
6.3
10.4
8.1
9.1
63.8
45.7
57.1
6
4
8
Total............................. .............
6
16
6.1
9.4
57.5
18
Roll hands, other, universal mills:
Eastern............................... ..........
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
2
1
2
4
3
8
6.0
5.7
6.0
10.8
8.1
10.0
64.1
45.7
60.0
5
3
12
110.8
76.3
54.8
56.10
54.07
35.27
.506
.708
.643
Total________________________
5
15
5.9
9.8
58.2
20
72.1
43.30
6
6
5
27
34
34
5.9
6.0
6.1
10.5
9.2
9.1
61.6
53.3
55.0
28
38
35
122.3
91.3
99.6
$0,516
. 857
.851
114.1
--- -
.705
80.47
:• ■
—
... . . --'■ ■
32.43
32.36
38.58
116.8
95.0
78.9
58.87
66.13
48.96
.504
.696
.621
.601
34.98
90.8
54.01
.595
64.06
102.70
85.07
.524
1.125
.854
32.28
59.96
46.97
130.4
93.2
101.5
67.56
103.90
86.05
.518
1.115
.848
--
-
40.77
j — --- '
95
6.0
9.5
56.3
101
102.7
85.88
.836
47.07
106.4
87.64
.824
6
6
5
148
233
168
5.9
5.8
6.5
10.3
8.8
9.4
61.0
51.3
55.2
181
295
198
93.8
80.1
88.5
37.55
55.94
52.43
.400
.698
.592
24.40
35.81
32.68
102.9
83.0
91.3
41.13
57.72
53.93
.400
.695
. 591
Total..........................................
17
549
6.0
9.4
55.1
674
86.3
49.97
.579
31.90
90.8
52.15
.575
Laborers:
Eastern____ __________________
Pittsburgh................ ....................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
6
4
41
66
37
6.0
6.0
6.0
9.9
8.6
9.9
59.5
52.1
59.4
73
180
51
63.2
40.0
83.1
21.16
18.78
36.37
.335
.469
.438
19.93
24.43
26.02
75.2
42.4
89.1
25.91
20.18
39.71
.344
.476
.446
Total___________ ______ __ __
16
144
6.0
9.3
56.1
304
52.8
22.42
.425
23.84
58.1
24.95
.429
Total....................................... .
STEEL
17
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern........................................
Pittsburgh......................... ..........
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
LABOR— IRON. AND
2
1
3
OP
Earnings
HOTJRS
Hours
worked
Screw men, side rolls, universal mills:
Eastern.........................................
Pittsburgh. ...................... ...........
Oreat Lakes and Middle West__
Shearmen:
Eastern*____ _______________ _
Pittsburgh........... ........................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
WAGES
Occupation and district
^
^
123
PLATE MILLS
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Plate Mills
A LL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South Total
per
per
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern
Sat Sun Per
week day
dle
ur day week
ur
to
to
West
Fri day
Fri day day week
day
day
Group A.—Day turn only
12
12
12
11
11
12
m
10
10
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
11
11
12
9X
10
10
12
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
10
9
HX 5
9
8
67
66
6
10
10
10
10
9
10
10X 5
8
10
6
11
11V2 l OX
ny2 o y
6
6
6
6
12
84
SOX
78
78
77
73
71X
70
10
9
10
11X 11X
ny2 8
10
10
10
10
HX 6
7
12
8M
6
65X
70
10
60 !.
60 |.
59 I.
57X1.
■56
55
54
50
48
30
71X
70
1
1
1
1
3
30
1
4
1
5
3
42
3
68
67
66
65M
65
63X
62J '
60
60
59
57^
56
55
54
50
48
30
Total.
22
84
SOX
78
78
77
72
7
3
15
144
64
1
1
43
1
1
90
2
200
Group B.—Night turn only
178
128
506
124
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Plate M ills— C o n t in u e d
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per JEast Pitts and South
Total
per
per
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern
week day
dle
ur
ur
to
to
week
week
West
Fri day day
Fri day day
day
day
Hours
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
12
11
12
84
77
84
11 u 77
77H
11M UH
12
72*
12
ny2 10M "12M 80)
i i H 10H 10m 7*y2
73
ioy2 10M 10
10
10
70
10
n 11 6
72
71
n'A 10H 3
u
11
66
10
10
65
11
12
11
12
11
12
uy2 10H
10
10
10
10
10
10
ny2 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
68
10
10
10
70
60
70
67^
60
58
68
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
13
13
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
70
60
70
60
66
65
60
60
64
64
63
63
60
65
60
60
60
60
8
ny2
10
10
61H
60
60
56
56
56
48
48
48
48
48
48
7
7
6
7
6
6
5
5
5
7
5
5
6
6
5
7
6
6
5
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
7
5
7
.7
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
12
12
13
13
12
11
11
12^
12 i
123^'
12%
13}/2
10 I 10
13 1
12^
11 1
11
12%
10 i 10
10
io
!
12#
10
10
12
10
10
10
10 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
8
8
_
11
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8*
8
8
8
8
8
8 "T ’
8 ! 8
12
13
12
11
12^
12
10
11
11
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
*10
10
10
10
10
10
10
"io ’
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
.....
8
8
10
.....
8
8
8
8
8
84
91
72
77
75
72
62^
62^
67^2
70
65
62^
66
66
M'A
70
60
60
62M
70
72
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
70
60
60
60
60
60
60
55
60
60
60
60
60
60
55
56
55
56
56
56
48
56
48
56
56
56
58
48
56
48
56
48
56
48
84
84
78
77
76H
72
71H
7oy2
70X
70
68^
m%
66
65H
65^
65
65
65
65
65
64
62
62^
63
62^
62H
62
62
61M
60^
60
I
30
32
28
3
2
1
9
6
30
32
39
3
2
18
11 !
i
17 1
1
____1
5
32
16
7
2
228
5
48
4
7
4
2
2
47
44
1
2
11
1
47
42
2
1
2
11
1
1
3
M
11
40
5
40
5
8
5
16
5
16
326
60
m .
59 ” ” 97’
m .
58
57^
56
8
4
342
2
8
1
4
31
249
88
1
4
31
249
756
12
3
97
12
3
2
122
122
81
81
17
m
17
53x
1
7
213
38
213
38
m
52
51H
m
6
3
13
13
16
16
6
.-
6
125
PLATE MILLS
T able
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weekf
1926, by district— Plate M ills— C o n t in u e d
ALL EM PLOYEES— Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South Total
per
per
week ern burgh Mid ern
day
Sat Sun Per week
week day
dle
ur- Sun Per
ur day week
to
to
West
Fri day day week
Fri day
day
day
Hours
G roup C.—Weekly changes fro m on e sh ift to an oth er—Continued
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
7
6
Total.
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
8
8
8
8
.....
. 8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
9
8
T"
8
8
8
8 8
8
..... 8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
' i o ''
__
9
5
8
8
9
.....
10
9
9
8
8
8
5
5
5
56
48
56
48
48
48
50
48
48
48
49
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
50
40
49
45
48
40
48
40
49
40
50
40
49
40
49
40
48
40
48
40
35
30
30
} m
50%
20
6
50
7
49M
3
}m
}48M
16
' 48X
30
48
7
48
4
2
>48
}4
8
48
305
56
} 48
48
} 48
} 47K
165
56
72
3
34
3
2
}4 7 H
2
}4 7
8
8
19
19
} 46%
}46M
j 46
}m
} 4SH
}
} 45H
44
35
30
890
43154°— 27-------9
39
4
4
20
20
6
6
33
33
1
1
794
2
794
2
4
2
1,663
3,674
126
T a b le
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Plate M ills— Continued
SCREW MEN, ONLY
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per East Pitts and South
per
per day Sat
week ern burgh Mid ern Total
Sat
day
Per week
week to
ur Sun Per
ur Sun week
to
dle
Fri day day week
West
Fri day day
day
day
Hours
Hours
11X
10
10
10
10
10
10
10M
10
8
10
13
9
10
Total.
12M
10
10
10
10
62X
60
60
60
60
65M
63
62
62
61M
59
57M
48
} 46%
3
45%
3
26
127
PLATE MILLS
T a b l e E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Plate Mills
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Occupation and district
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Num Average
ber of full-time
em
44
hours
ploy per
week and
ees
under
48
48
Over Over
48
56
and and
under under
60
56
60
Over* 66
60
and
and
under under
72
66
Heaters:
Eastern___ ___
Pittsburgh.................
G. L. and M. W ........
6
6
5
27
27
31
62.9
50.7
53.8
7
12
25
1
1
3
12
4
2
6
12
12
44
2
3
12
12
1
2
9
5
1
1
2
3
3
14
1
4
5
22
4
8
Total........................
17
85
55.5
Rollers, sh e a re d -p la te
mills:
Eastern________ ____
Pittsburgh........... ......
G. L. and M. W
5
5
3
11
12
7
63.5
53.0
54.1
6
Total........................
13
30
57.0
6
Hook men, sheared-plate
mills:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh........... ......
G. L. and M. W
5
5
2
34
24
25
63.6
52.8
50.4
12
3
|
3
18
3
7
10
9
26
8
Total........................
12
83
56.1
12
18
Shearmen:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh__________
G. L. and M. W
6
6
5
28
38
35
61.6
53.3
55.0
18
2
9
3
2
8
15
16
9
9
1
9
Total........................
17
101
56.3
18
11
9
13
40
9
1
6
6
5
181
295
198
61.0
51.3
55.2
2
55
112
114
69
44
18
24
22
56
1
157
1
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern____________
Pittsburgh........
G. L. and M. W
Total........................
17
674
55.1
157
57
18
102
295
44
Laborers:
Eastern___ ______ __
Pittsburgh........... ......
G. L. and M. W
6
6
4
73
180
51
59.5
52.1
59.4
80
45
1
17
1
1
21
1
32
5
49
48
Total............ ...........
16
304
56.1
80
46
19
22
8G
48
72
1
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Plate Mills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Occupation and
district
Num Aver
age
ber
of
earn 20 25 30 35
ings and and and and
em
ploy
per un un un un
hour der der der der
ees
25 30 35 40
Pittsburgh - Q. L. and M. W ..
Total_________
27 $0.745
27 1.398
31 1.197
2
2
1
3
3
1
7
4
3
7
4
.903
1.747
1.507
1
2
1
3
1.364
1
2
1
5
8
1
6
2
1
8 __ 2
1
2
1
2
1_
2
1.103
11
12
7
Total.................
30
304 | .425
1
3
1
1
56
2
2
2
50
17
17
5
4
3
2
9
5
4
3
3
1
1
5
9
5
2
3
3
5
47
3
9
36
3
1
40
9
43
1
58
102
1
5
JL __ 7_
5
8
38
51
54
49
126
2
103
128
1
15
32
48
3
6
1
70
31
102
3 __ 3^
1
60
8
69
-
1
70
17
88
3
3
1
2
6
10 " T
1
2
5
2
8
10
3
2
1
4
17
6
1
2
7
18
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
3
2
1
3 ------ ____ ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
4
12
16
1
4
5
9
8
8^
3
3
6
9
2
11
11
11
8
3
170
and
un
der
180
2
8
1
160
and
un
der
170
3
5
1
6
2
1
150
and
un
der
160
1
6
2
8
6
3
5 | 1
6
3
5~i
r .......
1“
39
3
42
3
140
and
un
der
150
2
2
200
and
un
der
225
130
and
un
der
140
2
Hook men:
7
Eastern
.463 ___ 1
34
Pittsburgh
.876
24
G. L. and M . W__
.878
25
Total..................
.693 ___ 1 | 7
83
Shearmen:
.524
Eastern
28
.........Pittsburgh.
38 1.125
.854
G. L. and M . W__
35
Total..................
.836
101
Shearmen helpers:
4
Eastern
181
.400
5 37
Pittsburgh
.698
295
.592
G. L. and M . W__
198
Total.................
674
.579
4
5 37
-----*----Laborers:
56
Eastern
73
.335
Pittsburgh
180
.469
G. L. and M. W _.
.438
51
3
3
85
Rollers:
Eastern
Pittsburgh__ _
G. L. and M . W__
Total
1
190
and
un
der
200
120
and
un
der
130
3
5
6
3 | 11
1
i
2
3
5
2
2
1
....... i........
1 ....... I - - - ' ........
.
j
.......
.......
3
1
.= =
=
=
AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Heaters:
180
and
un
der
190
110
and
un
der
120
85
90
60 65 70
50 55
95 100
75
80
40 45
and and and and and and and and and and and and and
un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der
90
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
80
95 100 110
85
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Plate Mills
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Num Aver
Over
Over
ber of age
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
80
32 40 48
56 64 72
96
104
88
112
Occupation and district em hours
132
120
144
156
and and and and and and
and
ploy worked Un
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
der un un un un un un 80 un 88 un 96 un 104 un 112
ees
un 120 un 132 un 144 un 156 un
der
32 der der der der der der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
88
64 72 80
40 48 56
104
112
96
132
144
120
15a
168
Heaters:
Eastern__________
Pittsburgh____ . . . .
G. L. and M. W___
Total.............
Rollers:
Eastern___________
Pittsburgh________
G. L. and M. W___
Total_______
Hook men:
Eastern__ ________
Pittsburgh________
G L. and M . W___
Total.............
Shearmen:
E astern____ ___ _
Pittsburgh_____ __
G. L. and M. W___
Total.............
Shearmen helpers:
Eastern___________
Pittsburgh..*.........
G. L. and M. W .._
Total.______
Laborers:
Eastern...................
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and M. W ...
Total.............
27
27
31
85
115.8
98.1
110.4
108.2
1
11
12
7
30
121.0
99.8
111.2
110.2
1
34
24
25
83
116.8
96.9
77.0
99.1
1
1
1
3
28
38
35
101
130.4
93.2
101.5
106.4
2
3
1
2
3
181
102.9
295
83.0
198
91.3
674 __ 90.8
21
36
11
68
6
1
1
8
4
3
2
9
5
4
4
13
9
9
14
32
4
11
8
23
75.2
42.4
89.1
58.1
24
100
7
131
1
7
1
9
3
11
1
15
3
4
3
10
4
3
3
10
3
5
1
9
73
180
51
304
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
3
1
7
8
3
7
3
7
3
2
5
1
1
2
1
2
7
10
1
3
1
4 ___
1 ___
1
1
2
5 ....
6
8
15
1 __ 7_ ___ __ 1_
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
2 3
2
64 35
12 7
33 2
13 8
99 401 ! 27 _16
7
3
4
14
3
7
3
13
5
6 ” 6"
2
1
12 8
8
5
13
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
11
1
1
3
1
4
1
"2
7
1 9
1
3
3 ___
1
1
4
1 _4_ i
2
2
2
2 ___
2
4
1
1 ___
2 ___ __ 6_ ___
4
3
7
12
4
16
1
1
2
1 ___
3
2 ___ __ 5 ___
3
3 ___
6 ___
3
2
2
1
5 __
2
1
6
4
6
1
1
9
5
2
2^
14 1
__ 2 __
1
9
1
1
11 |
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
1
7
6
32
32
70
7
1
8
16
1
34
12
34 ___
1
JO
3
7 ” 5"
5
15 5
2
3
2
7
5
1
4
10
3
1
9 ___
13
7
1
I
9
11
7
8
26 i
1
6
8
1
1 ...
10 __
3
4
2 L._.
4 ___2 ___
1
3
1
2 III
6^ __
3
3
2
8
1
9
3
13
6
4 'n "
4
4
14 15
1
1
6
8
1
2
3
3
4
1 "~2
3 IIII
7 2 __ 7 ~
Over
Over
180
168
and 180 and
un
un
der
der
180
192
1 10
2 J.9
1
10 _L
33
27
1
61
!
1
|T
I1
6
1
2
9 II
6
1 5=5
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
T
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Plate M ills
CO
o
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
Heaters:
Eastern...............
Pittsburgh________
G. L. and M. W.___
Total...................
Rollers:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh-..........
G. L. and M. W__.
Total...................
Hook men:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh-......... .
G. L. and M . W._._
Total.................
Shearmen:
Eastern................
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M . W .
Total.................
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern................
Pittsburgh. .........
G. L. and M . W .._.
Total.....................
Laborers:
Eastern....................
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and M . W___.
Total.....................
$10 $15 $20 $25 $30
and
un
der
$15
and
un
der
$20
and and and
un un un
der der der
$25 $30 $35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
$45
and
un
der
$50
$50 $55
and and
un un
der der
$55
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75 $80
and and
un un
der der
$80 $85
$85
and
un
der
$90 $95
and and
un un
der der
$95 $100
$85.55
137.11
132.22
118.95
54.56
85.14
67.65
67.34
67.56
103.90
86.05
87.64
41.13
57.72
53.93
52.16
73
180
51
304
25.91
20.18
39.71
24.95
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
$110 $120 $130 $140
and
un
der
$150
10
105.55
171.25
167.65
146.31
181
295
198
674
$100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200
14
60
46
21
18
22
9
12
28
27
23
and
un
der
$160
and
un
der
$180
and
un
der
$2C0
and
un
der
$250
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation and district
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
$5
em
and
ings Unploy- per pay un- un
der
period $5 der
$10
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 7 rail-mill
establishments and cover 3,280 employees in all occupations. Of the
3,280 employees reported, 1,603 were found in the selected occupations
for which separate figures are given. Comparable data were first
obtained for this department in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914 employees
in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914 and all
subsequent years all employees in all occupations were included, and
figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1 As stated
in the introduction and summary on page 1 comparative figures are
presented for employees in the selected occupations for 1924 and
1926 only. The majority of the plants covered in those years were
new and in some instances were located in sections of the country not
heretofore included in this department; hence any comparison made
between the 1924 and 1926 occupational figures and those for earlier
years might be more or less misleading. The figures for all em
ployees, however, are comparable from year to year and therefore
figures for all occupations are shown for all years covered. No
effort was made to group the plants into geographical districts in
1924 and 1926, hence all figures shown in this department are for
the United States only. (See Bui. 353 for data prior to 1924.)
The hours of labor of employees in 1926 are less than in any other
year for which data are reported. As compared with 1914 and 1915
the full-time hours in 1926 have decreased considerably, but in
comparison with other years the decrease is not so marked. The 1923
decrease in the daily hours of labor of employees in this department
was largely offset by the increase in the number of turns per week and
full-time hours were affected to only a comparatively small extent.
In 1914 employees as a whole had an average full-time week of 70.1
hours, or almost 6 days per week of 12 hours each. There was
scarcely any change in working time in 1915, but in 1920 hours had
been reduced to 61.2 per week. N ot much change was shown in 1922,
but the decrease continued to 57.4 hours in 1924 and 55.5 hours in
1926. Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, 1913 to 1926, for the department as a
whole, are shown in Table 1, page 4.
Comparison of the full-time hours per week of the employees in 1924
and 1926 in the various selected occupations may be made from
Table A . In 1924 the full-time hours per week varied from 53.7 for
straighteners to 63.6 for laborers. In 1926 the range was 53 hours for
straighteners to 58.3 for table men. Laborers worked 56.6 hours.
While hours per day were considerably less in 1924 and 1926 as com
pared with former years, the 7-day week increased among employees.
Table B shows that, in 1914, 88 per cent of all employees covered in
that year worked 6 days per week regularly and 7 per cent worked 5
days one week and 6 days the next. Five per cent of the employees
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
131
132
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
had a 7-day week, of which 4 per cent worked every Sunday. In
1922, 86 per cent of the employees worked 6 days per week and 14 per
cent worked 7 days— 11 per cent each week and 3 per cent in two and
three week periods. In 1924, however, as the hours per day were
greatly decreased the weekly turns were increased to such an extent
that only 44 per cent worked 6 days each week, while 56 per cent
worked 7 days per week— 10 per cent every week, 29 per cent twice
in three weeks, and 17 per cent once in two weeks. The number of
turns per week changed only to a slight extent in 1926 and 51 per cent
were on a regular 6-day basis while 49 per cent worked 7 days per
week— 6 per cent regularly and 43 per cent at least as often as twice
in 3 weeks.
A good idea of the working time of the employees in 1926 in this
department may be gained from Table D . The grouping of the em
ployees by hours per day in that table shows that, in 1926,1,999 of
the 3,280 employees covered had a working-day of 8 hours, 1,272
worked 10 hours, and 9 worked 9 hours. No employees were
reported as having worked more than 10 hours per day. The
employees covered in rail mills of course include many miscellaneous
employees not directly connected with production, and in order to
present conditions as they apply to members of the producing
crew separate figures are shown for the occupation of table lever
men. Of the 66 employees who worked as table lever men during
the pay period, 50 worked 8 hours per day and 16 worked 10 hours.
The 8-hour employees all worked 56 hours per week or less and the
10-hour employees had a week of 60 to 65 hours. The table also
shows the number of turns worked and the full-time hours per week
for all employees.
While the trend of the hours of labor of employees has been down
ward in recent years, the trend in hourly earnings has been decidedly
upward. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all employees covered were
25.2 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an average
of 59.5 cents per hour, an increase of 136 per cent. In other words,
the 1926 hourly earnings were 2 % times the earnings in 1914. The
earnings were highest in 1920, 63.2 cents on the average, and in
1924 they were only slightly less than in 1926. A distribution by
average hourly earnings of the employees in 5 specified occupations
in 1926 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were almost twice as great
in 1926 as they were in 1914. In 1914 earnings per full-time week for
all employees were $17.67 on the average, while in 1926 they had
increased to $33.02. In 1920 they were $38.68, the highest of any
year shown, and in 1924 they were approximately the same as in
1926.
The 1,603 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 99.1 hours (luring the 16-day pay period covered by the 1926
study, for which they received an average of $65.73. This includes all
the hours worked and the earnings received by these employees, as
shown in Table C. Roll engineers worked the most time, 126.3 hours,
and charging-machine operators the least or 57.6 hours. Cold-saw
helpers received the least money, $35.59, while rollers, a highly skilled
occupation, earned the largest amount, $214.71. Laborers worked
90.6 hours and received $39.40.
133
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
A classification of employees in 5 specified occupations accord
ing to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupation of laborers 18 of the 234 employees
worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 8 worked
between 144 and 156 hours. The largest group, 34, worked over 120
and under 132 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different occu
pations in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 for the
period to $90 and under $95, while straighteners earned from under $5
to $250 and over. The largest group of laborers, 39, earned $45 and
under $50.
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, 1924 and 1926, by occupation— Standard Rail
Mills
Occupation
Charging-machine operators.
Reheaters...................- .........
Reheaters’ helpers................
Roll engineers.......................
Rollers...................................
Assistant rollers....................
Table lever men....................
Tablemen..............................
Quide setters.........................
Hot-saw men........................
Hot-saw helpers.................—
Hotbed lever men.................
Hotbed men..........................
Straighteners, gag press.......
Straighteners’ helpers..........
Chippers...............................
Drillers and punchers..........
Cold-saw men.......................
Cold-saw helpers...................
Inspectors..............................
Laborers................................
» Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
Aver
week were—
AverNum
Aver age
age
age
full
full
Num ber
of
time
Year ber of em- time earn
Over
Over Over
hours ings earn
plants
48 48
60
72
ings and
per
ploy- per
and
and and 84
per un un
week hour week
un un
der der
der der
60
72 84
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
1924
1926
30
21
37
31
27
22
88
56
64
51
64
78
158
138
300
214
193
145
347
233
24
20
141
122
95
85
404
234
54.8
54.8
59.0
53.1
54.8
53.6
57.0
57.4
<•55.8
54.2
56.5
55.3
54.8
53.5
59.6
58.3
57.1
56.9
55.7
54.5
55.9
56.6
54.3
54.1
54.2
54.1
53.7
53.0
56.9
53.7
54.9
55.3
57.5
55.4
55.5
53.2
55.7
54.6
57.9
55.2
63.6
56.6
$0,595 $32.61
.713 39.07
.897 52.95
1.034 54.91
.521 28.56
.627 33.61
.747 42.57
.757 43.45
1.783 99.49
1.888 102.33
.982 55.49
1.015 56.13
.750 41.09
.747 39.96
.650 38.76
.687 40.05
.810 46.27
.836 47.57
.636 35.45
.696 37.93
.511 28.54
.509 28.81
.595 32.28
.564 30.51
.467 25.33
.518 28.02
1.142 61.33
1.233 65.35
.556 31.65
31.68
37.82
38.43
.595 34.21
.675 37.40
.497 27.59
.540 28.73
.443 24.69
.447 24.41
.530 30.71
.591 32.62
.385 24.51
.421
20
29
28
134
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each spedfied number of turns per weekf 1914 to 1926, by year— Standard Bail Mills
T a b le
Number of employees whose customary
working turns per week were—
Year
Num
Num ber of
5
ber of em
plants ploy and 5,6,
ees 6 al and
ter 6 in
nate rota
tion
6
ly
iy
1914...............
1915................
1920...............
1922...............
1924.......... .
1926...............
7
7
4
4
7
7
1,725
1,945
1,349
1,308
3,382
3,280
1 Less than 1 per cent.
117
89
9
18
6
6, 6, and
and 7 al7 in terrota natetion
1,519
1,714
1,247
1,120
1,496
1,682
7
9
2
6,7,
and
7 in
rota
tion
14
22
35
30
569 981
390 1,001
7
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary working turns per week
were—
5
and
6alternate-
ly
66
102
60
149
334
207
7
5
6
6,6, and
5, 6,
and
and al6 in 6 7 in 7terrota
rota natetion
tion
iy
1 88
1 88
92
86
44
51
1
1
c)
1
1
3
2
17
12
6,7,
and
7 in 7
rota
tion
29
31
4
5
4
11
10
6
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period coveredf 1926, by occupation—
Positions
Occupation
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations, only
6.2
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.4
8.8
8.3
8.4
8.9
8.6
8.7
8.5
9.0
8.9
6.2
10.0
6.1
8.9
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.8
8.8
8.8
9.0
8.7
9.3
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.4
54.8
53.1
53.6
57.4
54.2
55.3
53.5
58.3
56.9
54.5
56.6
54.1
54.1
53.0
53.7
55.3
55.4
53.2
54.6
55.2
56.6
Hours
worked
20
9
14
19
11
14
66
21
31
22
56
51
78
138
214
145
233
20
122
85
234
57.6
103.8
77.8
126.3
113.7
112.2
105.7
100.3
116.6
108.5
89.9
105.8
90.7
91*8
83.8
97.5
97.6
101.4
67.1
111.4
74.9
Earnings
$41.04
107.36
48.82
95.56
214.71
113.89
78.94
68.90
97.48
75.47
45.74
59.66
46.97
112.98
49.45
67.81
65.89
54.77
29.96
65.85
31.56
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
$0,713
1.034
.627
.757
$39.07
54.91
33.61
43.45
102.33
56.13
39.96
40.05
47.57
37.93
28.81
30.51
28.02
65.35
31.68
38.43
37.40
28.73
24.41
32.62
23.83
57.6
103.8
88.3
126.3
113.7
119.2
109.9
119.4
120.9
118.4
97.2
113.9
97.5
97.8
91.8
105.3
103.2
107.3
78.5
116.5
90.6
1.888
1.015
.747
.687
.509
.564
.518
1.233
.590
.695
.675
.540
.447
.591
.421
Earnings
$41.04
107.36
56.10
95.56
214.71
126.33
81.82
81.49
101.60
82.01
49.50
65.41
50.24
116.66
54.35
72.08
68.54
58.51
35.59
69.02
Earnings
per hour
$0,713
1.034
.635
.757
1.888
1.060
.745
.683
.840
.693
.509
.574
.515
1.193
.592
.685
.664
.545
.454
.593
.435
I
w
w
b
RAIL MILLS
10
8
10
19
11
14
61
21
31
20
44
49
66
126
166
133
207
18
80
81
163
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Charging-machine
operators
Reheaters..........................
Reheaters’
helpers..............
Roll
engineers.....................
Rollers.....
.........................
Assistant
rollers_________
Table
lever
men.................
Tablemen...........................
Guide
setters___________
Hot-saw
men......................
Hot-saw
helpers___
_____
Hotbed
lever
men_______
Hotbed men.......................
Straighteners......................
Straighteners’
helpers.........
Chippers...........................
Drillers
and
punchers.........
Gold-saw
Cold-saw men.....................
helpers ________
Inspectors_____________
Laborers.............................
Standard Rail Mills
CO
Oi
136
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1920— Standard Bail M ills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to Satur
Friday day
Sun
day
Per
week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Number of
employees
who
worked
each speci
fied com
bination of
customary
turns and
hours
Group A.—Day turns only
10
70
66
65
60
60
63
56
50
48
35
1
3
70
408
1
34
1
28
581
Total..
Group B.—Night turns only
6
6
7
6
6
10
10
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
60
60
56
48
48
60
60
56
48
3
23
12
2
40
Total..
Group O.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
70
66%
66
65
65
63
10
Total..
60H
60
60
60
59
57X
56
19
46
1
28
299
2
2
59
276
2
1
2
12
56
56
55
53?*
52
51
48
48
' 85
17
3
943
53
16
210
583
2,659
137
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
T able D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926— Standard Rail Mills— Continued
TABLE LEVER MEN, ONLY
Customary turns and hours worked
Hours
Turns
per
week
Mon
day to SaturFriday
Number of
employees
who
worked
Aver each speci
fied com
age
hours bination of
per
customary
week turns and
hours
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Sunday
Per
week
10
Turns
per
Mon Satur
week day
to
Friday day
Sun
day
70
60
60
60
56
Per
week
65
65
60
60
56
10
48
48 i
48 1
22
53M
51
48
5
22
66
Total..
T able £•— Average and classified full-time hours per week in five specified occupa
tions, 1926— Standard Rail Mills
Occupation
Table lever m e n ..... ......
Guide setters___________
Straighteners......................
Drillers and punchers____
Laborers__. . . . . . __ ______
Num Num Average
ber of
of full-time
estab ber
em
hours
lish ployees
per week
ments
7
7
7
7
6
66
31
138
233
234
53.5
56.9
53.0
55.4
56.6
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
48
22
3
38
51
80
Over
48 and
under
56
28
14
76
93
56
60
1
10
8
24
59
129
Over
60 and
under
66
6
30
24
66
and
urjder
72
6
T a b l e F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in five specified occupations, 1926— Standard Rail Mills
Occupation
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
31
138
$0,747
.836
1.233
.675
.421
Table lever men______
Guide setters................
Straighteners.....................
Drillers and punchers..
Laborers_____ _______
234
35
25
40 45
50
55 60
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 190
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
45
65
40
30
50
55
90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 200
75 80 85
70
73
9
5
4
18 * 20
20
10
4
2
10
17
10
5
5
30
2
2
1
14
2
8
12
3
2
26
7
4
2
14
1
15
4
10
2
3
200
and
un
der
225
2
5
225
and
un
der
250
7
5
1
G.— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in five specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926— Standard
Bail Mills
T a b le
Occupation
Table lever m e n . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guide setters___ . . . . . . . . . . .
Straighteners........................
Drillers and punchers__. . . .
Laborers ____ _ . . . . . . . . . . .
T a b le
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Num
ber
Aver
32
Over
Over
Over Over Over
40 48
56 64 72
Over
Over
Over
80
of
age
132
112
88
96
144
and
104
156
120
em
hours Un and and and and and and
ploy worked der un un un un un un 80 un 88 and 96 and 104 and 112 and 120 and 132 and and and
32
der
under
under
der
under
der
under
der
der
under
under
under
der
der
under
ees
72 80
96
144
56
104
132
64
40
112
48
88
156
120
168
66
31
138
233
234
109.9
120.9
97.8
103.2
90.6
3
3
6
18
1
3
3
2
12
1
1
5
2
17
1
5
11
2
2
2
15
2
2
11
10
20
10
8
6
6
1
17
9
8
1
5
10
7
4
1
28
42
7
6
1
6
11
8
14
4
10
32
16
9
12
13
6
15
41
14
1
1
3
5
8
5
8
21
34
1
6
7
4
11
19
4
2
1
2
8
1
1
1
H.— Average and classified earnings actually received in five specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926— Standard Bail Mills
Occupation
Table lever men........
Guide setters.............
Straighteners.............
Drillers and punchers
Laborers......................
Num Aver
ber
age
of
earn
em
ings
ploy- per pay
period
66
31
138
233
234
$81.82
101.60
116. 66
68. 54,
39.40
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
'$10
and
un
der
$15
$15
and
un
der
$20
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
1
1 3
! 6
2
10
1
1 4
21 18
3
26
$35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
$45
and
un
der
$50
2
1
1
6 11
16 20
18
39
$50
and
un
der
$55
$55
and
un
der
$60
2
19
32
~~2
4
16
23
___
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
$75
and
un
der
$80
3
5
1
2
15
9
5
8
16
11
7
$80
and
un
der
$85
11
3
1 3
23 28
1 1
$85
and
un
der
$90
6
3
8
23
$90
and
un
der
$95
3
12
10
1
$95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150'$160 $180 $200
and and and and and and and and and and $250
un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der der der over
$100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250
3 2 2
~ T ~4~ “T
1
1
1
3 9 4
1 6
"~9~ 8
4
2
10 14 13 18
7
7
7
__ 1__
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Num
ber
of
em
ploy-
CO
oo
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
BAR MILLS
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 35 bar-mill
establishments and cover 7,605 employees in all occupations. Of
the 7,605 employees reported, 5,095 were found in the selected occu
pations for which separate figures are given. Comparable data were
first obtained from this department in 1907, and from 1907 to 1914
employees in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914
and all subsequent years all employees in all occupations were
included, and figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to
1926.1 Comparative figures are presented for employees in the
selected occupations from 1907 to 1926.
The hours of labor of bar-mill employees have decreased some
what in recent years. Until the summer of 1923, a large number of
the employees in this department were still on a 12-hour basis and
some employees also worked 7 days per week. A general reduction
in the regular daily hours of employees however, took place in the
latter part of 1923, and a large number of plants adopted the 8 or
the 10 hour day for all employees. In 1914 employees as a whole
had an average full-time week of 61.7 hours. This average remained
practically unchanged until 1924 when, following the 1923 decrease
in daily hours, employees worked but 55.6 hours per week. The
decrease continued to 54.7 hours in 1926. Average full-time hours
per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week, 1913
to 1926, for the department as a w7hole, are shown in Table 1, page 4.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week of employees in the
various selected occupations, which may be made from Table A,
show like reductions. In 1907 the average full-time hours per
week varied from 59.5 for stranders to 72.3 for roll engineers. The
average for all of the 15 occupations combined was 64.6 hours. In
1926 working time had been so far reduced that the average of 58.0
hours per week for roll engineers was the highest of any of the occu
pations, and the average for all occupations combined was only 53.6
hours per week. The average for bundlers, 49.7 hours, was the low
est working week for any occupation shown.
The increase or decrease in the full-time hours per week of employ
ees in this department has been caused almost entirely by the
changes in the daily hours of labor, as the average number of turns
per week have remained practically the same throughout the period.
Table B shows that, in both 1914 and 1926, 94 per cent of the em
ployees worked from 5 to 6 turns per week. There has been some
slight variation in some of the groups during the period but as a
whole the number of turns per week has changed but very little.
The working week of the employees in 1926 in this department may
be seen in Table D . The grouping of the employees by hours per day
in that table shows that in 1926 of the 7,605 employees covered 2,635
had a working day of 8 hours, 2,944 worked 10 hours, and 1,144
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
139
140
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
worked 12 hours or its equivalent— that is, 10 hours one week and
14 hours the next, 11 hours one week and 13 hours the next, etc.
The employees covered in bar mills, of course, include many miscel
laneous employees not directly connected with production, and in
order to present conditions as they apply to members of the produc
ing crew separate figures are shown for the occupation of rougher.
Of the 259 employees who worked as roughers during the pay period,
105 worked 10 hours per day and 80 worked 8 hours, while only 32
worked as many as 12 hours. Of the total employees in that occu
pation, 174 had a working week of less than 60 hours and none of
the employees worked more than 61 hours per week. The table also
shows the number of turns worked and the full-time hours per week
for all employees.
While the trend in the hours of labor of employees has been down
ward in recent years, the trend in the hourly earnings has been
decidedly upward. In 1914 the earnings per hour of an employees
covered were 27.8 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees
earned an average of 59.1 cents per hour, an increase of 113 per cent.
In other words, the 1926 hourly earnings were more than double the
earnings in 1914. The earnings were highest in 1920, 71.3 cents on
the average, and in 1924 they were only slightly under the earnings
for 1926. The hourly earnings of employees in the various selected
occupations are shown in Table A . For example, roughers in 1907
earned an average of 43.4 cents per hour. The average decreased
somewhat in the following years but increased again to 43.6 cents in
1913. There was practically no change in 1914 and 1915, but in
1919 earnings per hour increased to 93.3 cents on the average. This
increase continued to the high mark of $1,034 in 1920, but roughers
earned only 70.9 cents in 1922. Earnings increased again in 1924
and 1926 to 81 cents and 84.7 cents, respectively. A distribution by
average hourly earnings of the employees in 6 specified occupations
in 1926 is given in Table F.
Average full-time earnings per week were far greater in 1926 than
in 1914. In 1914 earnings per full-time week for all employees were
$17.15 on the average, while in 1926 they had increased to $32.33.
In 1920 they were $44.06, the highest of any shown, and in 1924
they were slightly more than in 1926. Weekly earnings in the
various selected occupations show like increases. Roughers, for
example, earned an average of $26.28 per week in 1907, $26.00 in
1913, and $59.46 in 1920. In the following years there was a de
crease in hourly earnings as well as in the hours of labor, and
roughers earned only $44.61 per week in 1924 and $45.06 in 1926.
The 5,095 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 88.2 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the 1926 study
for which they received $56.91. This includes all of the hours worked
and the earnings received by these employees, as shown in Table C.
Roll engineers worked the most time, 98.5 hours, and shearmen’s
helpers the least or 79.2 hours. Laborers earned the least money,
$33.28, while rollers* the highest skilled occupation, earned the
largest amount, or $163.76. Shearmen’s helpers earned $41.23 on
the average during the period.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations accord
ing to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This
table shows that in the occupation of laborers 183 of the 854 em-
141
BAR MILLS
ployees worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 1
employee worked 192 or more hours. The 183 employees represent
the largest number in any single group, the next largest being 73
employees, who worked between 120 and 132 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the different occu
pations in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 for the
period to $85 and under $90, while rollers earned from $10 and undor
$15 to $250 and over. The largest group of laborers, 100, earned
$50 and under $55.
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bar Mills
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1907...........
1908__.......
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912_.........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
i922______
1924...........
1926______
Heaters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911______
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919______
1920-.......
1922______
1924______
1926-.........
Heaters' help
ers:
1907...........
1908._____
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913____ . .
1914______
1915...........
1919______
1920...........
1922___ . . .
1924___ . . .
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber
full
of time
ber of em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
ings time ings time
per
per hours per earn
hour
week per hour ings
per
week
week
8
8
8
13
15
15
31
41
41
15
22
22
25
28
93
90
88
170
211
217
374
603
582
298
458
352
298
305
64.4 $0.178 $11.43
64.1
.167 10.72
64.2
.168 10.79
59.0
.250 14.24
60.9
.217 12.94
60.9
.231 13.79
60.2
.216 12.89
.199 12.00
60.4
60.2
.193 11.91
.524 33.38
63.7
61.5
.612 37.69
59.2
.420 24.90
.502 28.20
56.0
54.2
.519 28.13
107
106
107
98
101
101
100
100
100
106
102
98
93
90
82
77
78
116
100
107
100
92
92
243
283
194
232
240
89
S3
84
110
100
107
100
93
92
259
292
193
219
210
15
15
15
25
26
26
44
57
57
23
24
23
28
33
121
112
112
217
184
199
295
409
392
209
213
169
181
181
63.9
63.9
64.0
62.9
62.7
62.4
59.7
59.9
60.1
61.7
60.1
59.9
55.3
54.4
.508
.467
.488
.507
.510
.482
.590
.548
.562
1.147
1.176
.759
.949
.957
32.35
29.66
31.06
31.73
31.87
29.84
34.74
32.49
33.50
70.77
70.73
45.50
53.03
52.06
107
107
107
105
105
105
100
100
101
103
101
100
93
91
86
79
83
86
86
82
100
93
95
194
199
129
161
164
14
14
14
24
25
25
42
54
54
21
23
25
28
33
167
153
151
295
293
319
467
582
570
323
435
326
312
273
65.3
65.1
65.0
62.6
62.7
62.2
60.5
60.9
60.3
60.7
59.5
59.1
54.7
54.3
.246 15.77
.227 14.50
.234 14.87
.273 16.77
.259 15.94
.260 16.01
.269 16.21
.265 16.09
.272 16.37
.655 39.76
.744 44.16
.517 30.56
.630 34.86
.632 34.32
108
108
107
103
104
103
J00
101
100
100
98
98
90
90
91
84
87
101
96
97
100
99
101
<243
277
192
234
235
1Less than 1 per cent.
43154°—27------10
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un un
un
der der
der
der
60
72
84
9
9
9
4
21
27
34
18
9
31
7
5
17
34
70
66
78
51
34
31
36
43
39
51
51
34
18
3
9
14
3
5
13
13
1
4
4
9
8
10
2
4
16
13
12
4
2
1
1
7
11
22
27
9
11
9
25
19
17
25
33
46
9
26
40
41
36
93
85
89
91
92
86
100
94
96
204
204
131
153
150
2
3
3
8
10
9
10
9
9
13
13
9
31
39
13 2
18 2
18 2
13
7
17
1
22
1
37
1
34
1
35 (»)
1 17
27 2
34 ___
25 12
14 27
70
61
70
58
60
57
46
52
52
60
52
51
31
20
10
15
4
10
9
9
3
2
3
8
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2 (»)
1
1
97
89
92
103
98
99
100
99
101
245
272
189
215
200
2
2
2
16
16
14
8
6
11
24
14
6
29
36
12 2
16 3
16 3
11 8
13 2
23
2
42 2
1
36
32 (>)
1 17
5
30
52
38 21*
29 25
65 16
56 21
1
74
52 11
55 10
50 9
44 4
52
5
50 5
46 10
46 2
38 3
12 1
10
5 ___
2
4
3
4
1
3
1
___
___
___
1
___
(i)
Cl )
(*) t )
1
3
142
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A . — Average customary f ull-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occu
pation— Bar Mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Chargers and
helpers:
1907........ .
1908_____
1909........ .
191 0
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
191 4
1915........ .
1919_____
1920-....... .
1922_____
1924_____
1926_____
Drag-downs:
1907_.......
1908-.......
1909_.......
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922_____
1924_____
1926-.........
Roll engineers
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922___
1924___
1926___
Rollers:
190 7
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
1913— .
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922___
1924___
1926___
1Less than 1 per
Num
Lm- ber
of
of em
nts ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Aver age
age
full
!
earn time
Over
Over
Over
Full
ings earn Full
72
60
time 48 | 48
per
ings time Earn
and
and
and
ings
earn
hour
per hours
60 un 72 and
un 84
week per per ings un un
der
der
week hour per der der
84
72
60
week
12
12
12
18
19
19
31
41
41
14
19
21
26
28
104
102
107
179
185
182
262
346
333
189
328
293
295
234
65.5 $0.173 $11.34
. 161 10.56
65.6
65.9
. 161 10.60
65.3
192 12.40
64.8
184 11.90
192 12.45
65.0
62.5
.226 14.00
.219 13.47
61.9
61.7
.222 13.56
.561 35.01
62.4
61.9
636 39.45
427 26.24
61.2
540 29. 58
54.9
53. 5
551 29.48
105
105
105
104
104
104
100
99
99
100
99
98
88
86
77
71
71
85
81
85
100
97
98
248
281
189
239
244
81
75
76
89
85
89
100
96
97
250
282
187
211
211
11
11
11
19
20
20
33
45
45
18
20
20
26
27
86
82
83
132
127
130
186
265
256
131
205
161
187
142
64.4
63.9
64.0
65.1
64.7
64.3
60.8
60.7
61.1
64.9
60.6
59.7
55.2
55.3
.271 17.31
.246 15.58
.250 15.93
.269 17.44
.262 16.78
.253 16.12
.282 16.98
.277 16.58
.280 16.96
.696 45.17
.725 43.33
.470 27.98
. 560 31.12
.593 32. 79
106
105
105
107
106
106
100
100
100
107
100
98
91
91
96
87
89
95
93
90
100
98
99
247
257
167
199
210
102
92
94
103
99
95
100
98
100
266
255
165
183
193
13
13
13
22
22
22
41
£2
52
21
22
22
24
26
58
56
56
99
95
97
153
183
178
94
109
100
106
112
72.3
71.4
71.5
72.0
70.4
70.0
69.2
68.8
68.9
70.2
69.7
69.1
60.9
58.0
.226
.221
.217
.229
.228
.229
.247
.247
.246
.558
.657
.478
.569
.581
16.29
15.76
15.52
16.46
16.07
16.05
17.06
16.97
16.77
39.17
45.65
32.75
34. 55
33.70
104
103
103
104
102
101
100
99
99
101
101
100
88
84
91
89
88
93
92
93
100
100
100
226
2(56
194
230
235
95
92
91
96
94
94
100
99
98
230
268
192
203
198
13
13
13
22
23
24
42
56
56
23
25
25
30
35
cent.
65
63
63
124
120
128
173
216
215
108
141
119
126
134
65.5
65.7
65.5
62.4
62.0
61.6
59.3
59.6
59.4
61.3
59.5
58.4
53.9
53.2
66.88
57.88
60.40
58.21
54. 65
53.60
58.85
56.13
56.75
111. 62
116.13
j 82.35
1 85. 28
■90.39
110
111
110
105
105
104
100
101
100
103
100
98
91
90
103
89
93
94
89
88
100
95
96
185
198
144
160
172
114
98
103
99
63
91
100
95
96
ISO
197
140
145
154
:
1
i
!i
! 1.013
! .878
; .917
! .928
.873
.863
.985
. 836
.944
1.821
1.949
1.416
1.577
1.699
7
6
5
4
4
9
17
5
6
32
38
10 5 68 15
10 5 66 20
9 4
75 7
59 20
8
7
14 3
59 18
61 18
13 3
27 2
63 3
1
32
1 62
27 0)
62 2
10 5 55 10
28 2 I 60 5
36 2 1 33 18
22 34 ! 12
5
31 25
9
6
5
3
17
7
32
30
19
24
24
18
24
25
33
38
3r>
3
16
52
20
25
i
! 12
1 13
| 12
"22"
11
5
30
40
5
1
1
1
3
0
36"
42
60 19
52 23
70 4
57 19
55 20
54 19
7
44
49 6
7
51
62 21
59 6
8
32
13
4
3
3
1
6
5
4
__
15
2" 3
10
31
17 18
53 9
50 18
54 11
40 26
57 14
£3 12
45 16
47 26
49 27
31 35
39 12
43 23
42
8
39
31
29
32
23
24
28
22
11
12
2
39
19
18
19
16
12
15
16
1
5
5
....
___
___
11
2
l
2
3
2
13
31
2
4
7
6
6
17 17
19 13
19 13
16 13
22 8
26 9
56
49
51
4 ’ 2l‘
26 16
61 3
42 21
36 21
43
44
52
47
43
38
43
51
49
42
37
25
7
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1 ___
7
4
4
7
2
2
4
4
2
15
3
3
4
1
2
8
11
5
1
1
1
143
B A R M IL L S
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, fry occu
pation— B a r M i l l s — Continued
Occupation
and year
Roughers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1928...........
Catchers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924,.........
1926...........
Stranders:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
Finishers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924___ __
1926...........
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Aver age
Num Aver
age
full
age
full earn
Num ber
time
of time
Over
Over
Over
Full
ber of em
Full
earn
ings
48
72
60
time 48
plants ploy hours per
ings time Earn
and
ings
earn
and
and
and
per
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 un 84
ees week hour
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
72
84
60
15
15
15
25
26
26
26
57
57
23
25
25
31
35
252
242
243
425
403
408
407
385
386
202
319
288
263
259
61.5 $0.434 $26.28
.343 21.35
62.5
.368 22.72
62.4
.402 24.51
61.0
.377 22.68
60.5
.389 23.36
60.2
.436 26.00
59.8
.436 25.41
58.8
.438 25.76
58.9
.933 56.63
60.7
57.8 1.034 59.46
.709 40.41
57.3
.810 44.61
54.7
.847 45.06
53.2
103
105
104
102
101
101
100
,98
98
102
97
96
91
89
100
79
84
92
86
89
100
100
100
214
237
163
186
194
101
82
87
94
87
90
100
98
99
218
229
155
172
173
11
11
11
20
20
20
44
57
57
23
25
25
31
35
69
70
70
115
111
110
222
293
296
187
217
191
215
208
62.5
62.0
61.9
60.2
59.9
59.7
58.1
58.6
58.8
60.6
57.9
57.2
54.8
53.3
.442 27.68
.381 23.57
.400 24.93
.419 25.45
.392 23.70
.399 23.92
.445 25.73
.430 25.03
.432 25.35
.936 56.72
1.022 58.68
.725 41.33
.818 .45.12
.865 46.10
108
107
107
104
103
103
100
101
101
104
100
98
94
92
99
86
90
94
88
90
100
97
97
210
230
163
184'
194
108
92
97
99
92
93
100
97
99
220
228
161
175
179
13
13
13
21
22
22
42
56
56
23
25
25
29
33
175 59.5
174 59.7
174 59.7
272 60.6
262 59.8
266 59.6
491 58.3
635 58.4
615 58.1
381 59.5
525 57.6
474 56.6
427 53.0
389 51.8
.334 19.45
.277 16.25
.297 17.34
.301 17.85
.272 16.03
.283 16.62
.345 20.15
.318 18.57
.325 18.99
.762 45.34
.849 48.79
.577 32.31
.700 36.92
.741 38.38
102
97
102
80
102
86
104 ‘ 87
79
103
102
82
100 100
92
100
94
100
102 221
99
246
167
97
91
203
89 215
97
81
86
89
80
82
100
92
94
225
242
160
183
190
10
10
10
17
19
21
40
54
54
22
24
25
30
33
65
63
63
111
121
137
182
223
222
123
177
165
185
159
.309
.279
.300
.323
.313
.328
.350
.341
.352
.766
.866
.638
.749
.848
111
111
111
107
105
104
100
101
100
103
101
97
91
89
98
89
96
99
94
98
100
98
101
227
251
176
194
216
i Less than 1 per cent.
65.9
66.4
66.2
64.0
62.8
62.0
59.6
60.0
59.8
61.6
60.0
57.9
54.0
53.0
20.45
18.53
19.85
20.48
19.60
20.29
20.77
20.42
20.95
47.19.
52.05
36.56
40.35
44.94
88
80
86
92
89
94
100
97
101
219
247
182
214
242
13
10
10
17
18
18
6
2
2
21
16
9
22
30
5
20
5
23
5
23
20 8
24 3
25 3
46
1
65
62
10 'i o '
44
1
58 __
46 25
38 31
13
14
14
3
2
2
23
19
10
22
33
42
46
46
35
39
39
63
60
60
11
38
59
46
36
22
22
22
18
18
18
26
14
9
34
44
14
12
11
16
9
10
25
38
1
__
_
5
__
__
7
1
27
30
44 17
40 22
57
6
46 9
46 9
45
9
43 4
32
36
46 13
36 3
27 6
7
2
I
....
..... I1__
36 20
34 20
1 ”
54
40 " T ..... I— .
!
41
7
40
7
33
1
!
38 __
!
38
46 13"
L-II
38 4
22 9
6 __
*
1
....
J
17 11
17 11
17 11
16 14
27 8
28 8
64
57 ' i r
77 _
13 8
1
46
65 __
42 16
35 19
34 15
32 17
42 7
40 13
34 13
33 13
35
1
31 0)
23 0)
44
9
36 3
20 6
7 __
1
12 14
13 11
13 10
7 9
7
20
31
7
63
43 " T
i
48
13 13
34
5
1
56
47 23
38 21
48 26
49 27
68 10
55 15
45 17
38 13
35
2
55
51
46 “i f
44
7
9
25
5
2 __
__ L__
j_—.
1__
__
__
•__
144
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR----IRON AND STEEL
A*— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926, by occur
potion— Bar Mills— Continued
T able
Occupation
and year
Hook-ups:
1907.........
1908_.........
1909.........
191 0
191 1
.
191 2
1913..........
1914______
1915_........
191 9
.
192 0
1922______
1924______
1926______
Roll h a n d s,
other:
190 7
.
190 8
.
190 9
.
191 0
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922...........
1924_*.........
1926......... .
Hotbed men:
190 7
.
190 8
.
190 9
.
191 0
.
1911_.........
1912_........
191 3
191 4
.
191 5
1919.........
1920_____
1922.........
1924..........
1926_____
Shearmen:
1907.........
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
:
191 5
.
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924_____
1926..........
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Num Aver
Aver age
age
full
age
im- ber
full earn
of time
time
r of em
Over
Over
Full Earn Full 48 Over
ings
earn
nts ploy hours per
48
time
60
72
ings time ings earn
and
and
per
and
and
ees week hour
per hours per ings un un
un 72 un 84
week per hour
der
der
per der der
week
week
84
72
12
12
12
20
21
22
36
47
47
21
24
25
29
29
92 63.9 $0,268 $17.30
84 65.3
.225 14.70
82 65.7
.241 15.82
174 63.2
.272 17.13
154 63.0
.250 15.66
.254 15.74
177 61.9
227 59.6
.291 17.32
262 59.8
.268 16.03
245 60.3
.270 16.25
156 59.6
.641 38.20
277 57.7
.771 43.83
213 59.0
.516 30.17
317 54.8
.601 33.30
207 54.8
.623 34.14
107
110
no
106
106
104
100
100
101
100
97
99
92
92
9
9
9
18
18
18
24
37
37
18
20
20
24
25
97 66.8
94 67.0
94 66.8
180 62.8
177 62.5
176 62.7
199 63.2
240 63.2
235 62.6
174 62.1
352 60.7
353 59.5
304 53.2
230 52.9
.278
.255
.266
.295
.273
.287
.316
.285
.291
.684
.758
.545
.702
.683
18.53
16.97
17.65
18.35
16.97
17.97
20.02
17.92
18.23
42.48
45.99
32.36
37.52
36.13
106
106
106
99
99
99
100
100
99
98
96
94
84
84
15
15
15
25
26
26
43
56
56
23
24
25
30
33
302 63.3
299 63.2
286 63.3
500 62.9
450 61.9
461 61.7
600 60.3
714 60.3
721 60.0
497 59.4
727 58.8
755 58.3
679 53.8
532 53.0
.189
.174
.180
.200
.188
.192
.217
.213
.216
.545
.618
.439
.538
.564
11.98
10.93
11.00
12.46
11.61
11.80
13.06
12.77
12.83
32.37
36.46
25.48
28.97
20.89
105
105
105
104
103
102
100
100
100
99
98
97
89
88
202
248
279
195
248
260
229
15
15
15
25
25
24
41
54
54
22
25
24
28
32
94
92
93
156
151
156
218
263
264
145
216
178
181
176
.249
.216
.225
.264
.254
.251
.281
.280
.293
.634
.752
.526
.631
.616
16.20
14.10
14.72
16.40
15.55
15.40
16.74
16.78
17.56
38.61
43.99
30.79
34.10
32.28
108
108
108
105
104
104
100
100
100
101
97
98
89
87
89
77
80
94
90
89
100
100
104
226
268
187
225
219
i Less than 1 per cent.
64.8
65.1
65.3
63.3
62.5
62.4
60.2
60.5
60.5
60.9
58.2
59.2
53.4
52.4
100
85
91
99
90
91
100
93
94
221
253
174
192
197
81
84
93
93
85
88
86
91
92
85
90
100
100
90
92
216
240
172
90
91
212
222
230
162
187
180
87
80
83
92
87
92
84
84
95
89
90
216
88
100
98
100
100
251
285
222
97
84
92
100
100
105
231
263
184
204
193
145
BAR MILLS
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
occw-
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1907 to 1926,
pation— Bar Mills— Continued
Occupation
and year
S hearm en’ j
helpers:
190 7
.
190 8
.
190 9
.
191 0
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
191 5
.
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922........ .
1924.........
1926_____
Bundlers:
190 7
.
190 8
.
190 9
.
191 0
.
191 1
191 2
.
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
.
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922........
1924........ .
1926........ .
Laborers:
190 7
.
190 8
190 9
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
1914.....
1915........
191 9
192 0
1922........
1924____
1926____
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Averweek were—
Aver
Num age Aver
age
run
full
Num ber
time
ber of of time earn
Full
Over
Over
Over
ings
earn
Full
em
plants ploy hours per
time 48 48
60
72
ings time Earn
ings
earn
and and 60 and 72 and 84
hour
per
hours
wwk
un
un
un
per
ings
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
60
72
84
201
172
185
355
359
358
418
487
471
399
507
610
500
601
66.2
41
41
41
77
131
132
178
178
66.9
66.9
210
115
151
161
184
67.3
64.7
63.8
63.9
62.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
60.8
60.8
52.9
52.3
66.8
66.1
62.0
62.0
61.4
63.9
64.4
68.8
60.9
57.8
45.9
49.7
68.3
227 64.8
324 67.8
511 67.8
390 65.5
536 65.0
891 62.5
1,039 63.3
1,029 62.9
1,058 66.1
816 65.1
806 64.5
936 57.5
854 55.0
6
7
6
3
8
9
24
24
20
9
40
47
32
21
10
13
14
12
10
10
6
6
4
6
3
1.174 $11.46
.168 11.07
.169 11.32
.187 12.02
.178 11.28
.184 11.74
.209 12.98
.201 12.57
.203 12.66
.513 31.96
.615 37.39
.415 25.27
.524 27.92
.522 27.30
105
106
107
103
102
102
100
100
99
99
97
97
84
83
83
80
81
89
85
88
100
96
97
245
294
199
251
250
88
85
87
93
87
90
100
97
98
246
288
195
215
210
.202
.174
.186
.$07
.197
.193
.218
.203
.208
.529
.555
13.53
11.68
12.42
13.69
12.20
11.94
13.38
12.97
13.38
36.40
33.80
22.29
24.16
27.43
109
109
109
108
101
101
100
104
105
112
99
94
75
81
93
80
85
95
90
89
100
93
95
243
265
175
241
253
101
87
93
102
66
91
65
89
71 “T
100
43
2
97
37
1
100
2
4
272
65
6
2
253
68
1
167
181 ” 89_ 6 4
205 61 29 9
10.44
9.93
10.17
10.86
10.40
10.38
10.66
11.00
10.91
29.28
33.12
21.54
23.06
22.61
109
104
108
108
105
104
100
101
101
106
104
103
92
88
91
91
89
95
94
95
100
102
102
262
299
187
232
243
98
93
95
102
98
97
100
103
102
275
311
202
216
212
.153
.153
.150
.160
.159
.160
.169
.173
.173
.443
.506
.316
.392
.411
13
13
13
4
3
10
17
7
6
33
42
0)
1
1
2
6
2
15
36
0)
1
1
2
9
23
26
18
22
9
20
29
37
28
__
30
34
17
41
23
29
27
15
33
31
27
18
11
13
39
24
62 20
59 17
59 4
45 22
50 18
46 18
61 3
63
5
60 7
55 12
48
1
35 10
5
2
76
76
100
100
34
35
27
55
58
37
27
28
2
24
24
1
5
16
6
3
2
1 0)
1
3
*
4
57
3
47 25
8
2
48 8 ._____
....
2
42 27
2
25 36
5 (2)
45 18
1
1
43 18
1
1
33 2
(1)
42
7
1
1
41
8
1 (*)
45 18
2
35 27
1
31 23
1 ’ <*)’
5 3
1
11
* Less than 1 per cent.
* 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 84H and less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per
week were 91.
T a b l e B .— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district and
year— Bar M ills
Eastern:
191 4
191 5
1920.......................................
1922.......................................
1924.......................................
1926.....................................
Pittsburgh:
191 4
191 5
1920.......................................
1922.......................................
1924....................................... .
1926.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle West:
191 4
191 5
.
1920....................................... .
1922.......................................
1924....................................... .
1926....................................... .
Southern:
191 4
191 5
.
1920........................................
1922........................................
1924......................................
1926.......................................
All districts:
191 4
.
191 5
.
1920........................................
1922....................................... .
1924........................................
1926....................................... .
* Less than 1 per cent.
1,851
1,876
950
968
704
1,153
Number of employees whose customary working turns per week
were—
5, 5,
5, 6,
and and
and 6 65alter
6
in ro nately in ro
tation
tation
70
133
9
6
462
162
100
112
97
111
42
42
2,804
82
257
199
2,694
2,484
2,079
2,218
2,135
2,576
77
76
13
6
205
190
1,007
1,006
787
907
1,039
1,072
215
229
21
50
207
288
219
172
147
179
47
53
8,802
8,732
6,983
6,717
6,564
7,605
523
497
236
87
507
1,022
162 4,171
112 4,178
300 2,289
112 2,357
354 1,656
422
2,686
120
70
200
112
1,461
1,549
968
1,057
506
1,284
1,246
759
829
841
512
7
5
11
12
5
7
10
8
30
4
4
14
1
1
40
349
12
460
477
21
16
64
56
153
75
76
54
38
16
6
30
28
15
20
28
30
41
5
4
2
1
3
3
10
10
15
15
22
73
15
25
3
25
147
48
23
6
25
72
46
3
3
1
(l)
10
7
15
14
11
18
25
28
21
23
3
6
20
27
98
62
37
73
127
145
6
6
3
1
8
13
nately tation
554
573
287
553
339
540
1,207
1,211
425
292
262
122
3,250
3,366
3,167
2,624
6, 7,
5 and 6, 6,7 6 and and
alter in ro7
7 alter and
in ro 7nately
4
4
11
374
837
49
49
233
230
217
147
1,085
989
846
1,035
749
1,388
6
6
14
17
10
9
1
558
591
606
651
758
701
52
53
233
230
591
984
3,325
3,715
3,197
3,188
3,159
4,109
tation
2
1,128
1,562
1,458
949
1,313
1,480
.
2
12
2
9
2
2
10
10
11
17
24
11
Per cent of enployees whose customary working turns per week
were—
359
22
460
477
22
16
90
83
182
157
93
89
12
38
19
31
177
5, 6,
5, 5,
6, 6, 6 and 6, 7,
and and
5 and and
6
and 6 65alter
7
alter in ro7 7 alter and
in ro nately in ro 6 7nately
in ro
tation
tation
tation nately tation
11
12
14
10
1
1
10
7
4
3
10
4
65
65
45
30
37
(9
45
46
30
40
19
2
35
46
(9
46
36
14 49
30 53
48
50
37
37
39
20
2
2
11
10
10
6
22
17
19
20
5
5
2
1
4
2
5
6
47
48
33
35
25
8
30
31
30
57
48
47
40
40
41
47
35
54
1
1
1
(9
(9
(9
1
0)
(9
11
0)
15
18
1
1
2
2
5
3
3
2
0)
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
(9
55
59
77
72
73
65
1
1
3
3
9
13
38
43
46
47
48
54
0)
(i)
3
(9
1
1
1
(i)
(9
1
6
7
7
1
(9
<9
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
0)
4
(i)
<9
(9
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
<9
1
(9
(9
1
0)
(9
(9
7
(9
l
(9
(9
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
District and year
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants ploy-
gj
T a b le C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Bar M ills
Positions
Occupation and district
Number
of
plants
Average customary full-time
of employees in the posi
tions
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Number
Turns
per
week
Hours
per
turn
Hours
per
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per
hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per
hour
4
8
8
8
68
57
77
54
5.3
5.8
5.6
5.7
10.6
9.0
9.6
10.0
55.8
50.5
53.7
56.9
88
65
88
64
71.1
86.1
94.1
97.0
$36.75
48.00
57.94
34.88
$0,517
.557
.616
.360
$28.85
28.13
33.08
20.48
72.1
86.4
98.6
97.3
$37.07
48.14
60.29
34.99
$0.515
.557
.611
.360
Total...........................................
28
256
5.6
9.8
54.2
305
86.4
44.87
.519
28.13
88.0
45.69
.519
Heaters:
Eastern_______ _______________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.......................................
6
10
9
8
45
57
36
32
5.3
5.8
5.9
5.4
10.6
9.0
8.6
11.1
56.1
52.1
51.3
59.6
51
61
36
33
76.9
98.4
102.6
111.3
65.88
105.99
103.40
91.23
.856
1.077
1.008
.819
48.02
56.11
51.71
48.81
77.6
99.5
104.6
111.3
66.18
106.47
104.34
91.23
. .853
1.070
.998
.819
Total______________ . . . . . ____
33
170
5.6
9.7
54.4
181
95.5
91.48
.957
52.06
96.5
91.92
.953
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern.............................. ...........
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
10
9
8
62
107
51
20
5.4
5.9
5.9
5.8
10.4
9.1
8.8
10.4
55.4
53.5
52.3
59.9
74
122
56
21
68.1
95.5
97.2
104.9
40.61
62.17
66.91
50.18
.596
.651
.689
.479
33.02
34.83
36.03
28.69
72.8
98.0
100.4
106.9
42.96
63.59
68.72
50.91
.590
.649
.684
.476
Total.........................................
33
240
5.8
9.5
54.3
273
89.1
56.38
.632
34.32
92.3
58.08
.629
Chargers and helpers:
Eastern......................................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
Southern.......................................
4
10
10
4
10
83
86
21
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.7
8.9
9.1
9.2
10.2
55.8
51.8
53.6
58.7
14
96
102
22
68.3
90.1
90.9
106.5
33.06
50.55
52.71
45.94
.484
.561
.580
.431
27.01
29.06
31.09
25.30
78.1
94.4
96.3
110.0
37.61
52.77
55.86
47.48
.482
.559
.580
.432
Total_______________________
28
200
5.8
9.3
53.5
234
90.7
50.01
.551
29.48
95.7
52.72
.551
BAR MILLS
Stockers
Eastern_____ . ________________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
T a b l e C . — Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Bar
Average customary full-time
of employees in the posi
tions
Number
Turns
per
week
Hours
per
turn
Hours
per
week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per
hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per
hour
28
34
28
25
5.2
5.8
5.6
5.6
10.8
9.3
9.3
10.6
55.8
54.2
52.2
59.6
32
40
40
30
67.9
88.8
73.6
96.1
$39.38
53.73
52.38
44.78
$0.580
.605
.712
.466
$32.36
32.79
37.17
27.77
71.4
95.5
75.8
99.4
$41.32
57.28
53.48
46. 52
$0.579
.600
.705
.468
27
115
5.6
9.9
55.3
142
81.3
48.22
.593
32.79
85.3
50.33
.590
6
9
8
3
17
45
29
4
5.5
6.0
6.1
5.8
11.4
9.2
9.8
9.5
63.5
55.4
59.4
54.7
17
59
32
4
120.2
84.8
113.2
75.3
58.06
50.01
69.53
54.01
.483
.589
.614
.718
30.67
32.63
36.47
39.27
121.5
84.8
114.4
75.3
58.67
50.01
70.24
54.01
.483
.589
.614
.718
Total..........................................
26
95
5.9
9.8
58.0
112
98.0
56.95
.581
33.70
98.5
57.25
.581
Rollers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh....................................
Qreat Lakes and Middle W est...
Southern.......................................
6
10
11
8
21
51
35
17
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.6
10.1
8.8
8.8
10.3
55.9
51.0
52.9
57.2
22
53
40
19
85.4
97.5
96.8
98.9
117.80
171.26
177.40
157.21
1.379
1.756
1.832
1.589
77.09
89.56
96.91
90.89
87.4
100.4
96.8
98.9
119.31
174.26
177.40
157.21
1.366
1.735
1.832
1.589
AND
STEEL
LABOR— IRON
Total..........................................
Roll engineers:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern......................................
OP
5
7
7
8
HOURS
Drag-downs:
Eastern_______________________
Pittsburgh............................... .....
Great Lakes and Middle West—
Southern.......................................
AND
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
WAGES
Number
of
plants
g
qo
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Occupation and district
Mills— Continued
Total..........................................
35
124
5.7
9.3
53.2
134
95.5
162.32
1.699
90.39
97.0
163.76
1.688
Roughers:
Eastern_________________ _____
Pittsburgh....................................
Qreat Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
10
11
8
40
84
67
44
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.5
10.1
9.1
9.1
10.6
55.3
52.8
52.5
55.7
43
92
74
50
78.2
95.0
96.7
101.5
61.24
82.26
96.87
64.79
.783
.865
1.002
.639
43.30
45.67
52.61
35.59
81.4
99.8
98.1
102.3
62.94
85.06
97.99
65.31
.773
.851
.999
.638
Total..........................................
35
237
5.6
9.5
53.2
259
94.0
79.57
.847
45.06
96.7
81.27
.840
Catchers:
Eastern.................... ...................
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern____ ________________
Total.......................................
6
10
11
8
28
68
68
23
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.6
9.8
9.0
9.1
10.1
55.2
51.9
52.7
56.7
31
71
77
29
73.2
93.1
91.3
84.0
52.06
84.52
87.89
51.62
.711
.908
.962
.615
39.25
47.13
50.70
34.87
78.6
96.9
94.2
84.6
54.81
87.54
89.82
51.83
.697
.903
.954
.613
35
187
5.7
9.3
53.3
208
88.2
76.34
.865
46.10
91.5
78.53
.859
Stranders:
Eastern.......................................
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
6
10
10
7
52
136
112
33
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.7
9.9
8.7
8.9
10.1
54.3
49.8
51.5
57.0
59
158
130
42
78.6
82.7
89.5
85.3
49.03
60.15
78.48
42.74
.623
.727
.877
.501
33.83
36.20
45.17
28.56
86.6
89.0
93.0
87.1
52.62
64.20
81.41
43.44
.608
.721
.875
.499
Total......................................
33
333
5.7
9.1
51.8
389
84.6
62.71
.741
38.38
89.8
65.95
.734
Finishers:
Eastern...................................... .
Pittsburgh........... .....................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern......... ................ ..........
6
9
11
7
18
55
57
19
5.4
5.7
5.8
5.7
10.3
8.8
9.1
10.3
55.3
50.6
52.8
58.3
20
60
58
21
72.9
77.0
105.6
101.4
48.72
75.44
96.96
48.85
.669
.980
.918
.482
37.00
49.59
48.87
28.10
78.9
81.0
107.6
102.3
51.64
79.99
98.72
49.56
.655
.988
.917
.484
33
149
5.7
9.3
53.0
159
90.1
76.42
.848
44.94
93.3
79.24
.850
6
8
9
6
36
53
59
27
5.3
5.9
5.7
5.7
10.4
9.5
9.1
10.1
55.8
56.1
51.8
57.8
40
64
69
34
65.8
86.0
90.2
90.6
35.39
52.70
65.75
45.42
.538
.613
.729
.501
30.02
34.39
37.76
28.96
73.6
89.6
97.1
93.6
3& 78
55.08
70.29
47.21
.527
.615
.724
.504
Total..... ................... .............
29
175
5.7
9.6
54.8
207
84.2
52.51
.623
34.14
89.7
55.71
.621
Roll hands, other:
Eastern........................................
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern....................................
3
8
8
6
5
82
62
33
5.4
5.8
5.9
5.4
10.9
8.6
9.2
10.8
58.3
49.9
53.6
57.9
5
100
77
48
93.5
74.8
84.5
77.8
47.83
64.04
55.92
30.78
.512
.856
.662
.396
29.85
42.71
35.48
22.93
94.6
83.7
95.9
80.3
48.37
69.67
62.71
33.43
.512
.833
.654
.416
T o ta l.......................................
25
182
5.7
9.3
52.9
230
79.1
54.03
.683
36.13
87.3
59.31
.679
Hotbed men:
Eastern____ ___ ____ ________
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southem.................................... .
5
9
11
8
46
166
167
55
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.7
10.1
8.9
9.0
10.2
57.1
51.4
51.9
58.1
53
210
200
69
71.6
78.8
88.1
87.6
34.30
44.65
53.69
41.89
.479
.567
.609
.478
27.35
29.14
31.61
27.77
78.9
85.8
94.1
90.2
37.42
48.61
57.00
43.08
.475
.567
.606
.478
33
434
5.7
9.3
53.0
532 j|
82.7
46. 66
.564
29.89
88.8
49.93
.562
T o ta l....__________________
BAR MILLS
Total.......................................
Hookups:
Eastern............. ............. ...........
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle WestSouthern.................................... .
CO
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Bar M ills— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Positions
Number
of
plants
Average customary full-time
of employees in the posi
tions
Number
Turns
per
week
Shearmen:
Eastern______ ________________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W e s t Southern.......................................
Hours
per
turn
Hours
per
week
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Hours
worked
Earnings
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Earnings
per
hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per
hour
5
8
11
8
29
53
62
19
5.4
5.7
5.9
5.6
10.4
8.8
8.8
10.1
56.0
50.3
51.2
56.5
31
56
67
22
76.4
96.5
100.2
99.4
$38.61
65.91
66.72
41.57
$0,506
.683
.666
.418
$28.34
34.35
34.10
23.62
80.7
98.5
102.4
100.1
$40.67
67.08
67.74
41.91
$0,504
.681
.661
.419
Total_______________________
32
163
5.7
9.2
52.4
176
94.7
58.37
.616
32.28
97.1
59.53
.613
Shearmen's helpers:
Eastern_______ _______________
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
5
9
9
8
25
206
154
43
5.4
5.8
5.8
5.6
10.0
8.9
8.9
10.5
53.7
51.3
51.8
57.9
34
314
201
52
59.6
67.4
82.3
94.2
29.49
36.34
45.26
33.84
.494
.539
.550
.359
26.53
27.65
28.49
20.79
66.3
72.7
87.4
95.5
32.27
39.19
47.66
34.57
.487
.539
.545
.362
Total— __ _________________
31
428
5.7
9.1
52.3
601
74.2
38.72
.522
27.30
79.2
41.23 |
.520
Bundlers:
Eastern............. .............. ............
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
3
5
6
7
42
32
5.9
6.0
6.0
9.7
8.1
8.9
56.6
46.0
53.0
8
53
38
78.1
70.9
90.5
33.23
40.51
50.09
.425
.572
.553
24.06
26.31
29.31
80.3
78.0
100.0
34.02
42.93
55.51
.424
.550
.555
Total..........................................
14
81
6.0
8.6
49.7
99
79.0
43.60
.552
27.43
86.6
47.04
.543
Laborers:
Eastern............. ...........................
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Southern.......................................
6
10
10
8
71
265
161
119
5.4
6.0
5.8
5.9
10.8
8.7
9.6
9.9
57.5
52.7
55.3
58.3
118
377
217
142
61.1
70.1
82.9
93.9
22.66
32.63
37.74
24.65
.371
.466
.455
.263
21.33
24.56
25.16
15.33
62.8
73.9
90.4
94.8
23.35
34.76
41.52
25.01
.372
.470
.459
.264
Total..........................................
34
616
5.9
9.4
55.0
854
76.1
31.22
.411
22.61
80.0
33.28
.416
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOR--------------------------------------------------------------------
Occupation and district
150
T a b l e C .— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
151
BAR MILLS
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bar Mills
A LL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns M on
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per day Sat
per
Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
ern Total
week to
Per week day
ur Sun
to
ur day week
dle
week
day
Fri day
Fri day
West
day
day
Hours
Group A.—Day turn only
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
7
12
13
10
12
10
10
12
12
10
13
12
10
8
10
12
1
‘ Io
_
”16
12
11X U X
8
10
10
8
10
10
8
12
.
liX
9X
m 9X 9X
12
6
11
12
11
10
10
10
11
11X
11
11
5*
10
15
10
10
10
9
6
8
10X io K
11
7
10X
9X
10X
8K
11
11
5
6
10
10* 6*
11
5
10
10
10
10
10 _____
12
2
10X 5
10X 7
10
9X
4
8
8
8
8
1
8
1
1
7
50
5
2
2
5
1
2
68
68
118
67
66K
1
66
I
66
I
12
r
65jV
65
65
60
70
64
63X
63
63
62
62
61
61
61
60*
60
60
60
6
6
6 10X 6 X ------6 10 9
6 10 8 X
6 10 8
6 10 7
6 10
9
6 10X 5
5 ux
6 10
7
6 9X 9X
8
8
7
8
6 10 6
6 m SX
6 10 5X
6 10 5 *
6 10 5
5 11
6 9X 8
6 9 9
6 m 5
6 9X 5
7
6
3
59H'~
59
59
58M58
57
59
57h
57h
57
57
56
56
56
55H55A 55
55
54X 54
53k
52M56 ‘
8
1 48
1
5
2
3
2
;
7
166
4
23
59
307
1
1
2
1
2
135
1
1
4
52
3
1
40
34
24
93
61
22
24
30
1
2
3
1
355
389
4
1
1
4
60
1
8
16
168
3
2
64
19
54
24
27
116
36
33
1
1
2
3
127
7
1
13
1
1
1
1
16
5
1
3
2
1
97
187
1
21
4
1
1
1
58
14
4
5
1
16
1
3
19
3.
5
1
1
1
29
!
3
9
7
12
4
2
21
256
3
19
3
5
21
45
62
17
25
9
4
91
34
24
59
495
18
25
19
61
32
152
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bar
Mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns M on
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per
per
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern burgh Mid
ern Total
week day
to
ur day week
to
ur day week
dle
Fri day
Fri day
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
G roup A.—Day turn only—Continued
5
10
6
6
6
6
52
51
50
48
48
47
44
43H
m
m
"i
8
4X
4
5
51
50
48
48
47
44
43M
Total.
33
2
1
61
2
121
2
1
117
2
36
167
1
15
36
637
794
540
2,718
2
2
1
8
1
12
1
45
10
747
23
G roup B.—N ight turn only
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
5
5
6
6
5
7
5
6
6
5
6
5
5
13
12
14
13
10H
12
12
10
12
13
13
12
14
13
10X 10M
12
12
12
10 10
6
13
12
12X
10
10
10
12
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
91
84
84
78
73M
72
72
70
66
65
91
84
84
78
73M
72
72
70
66
65
02X
62X
60
60
60
56
50
48
48
40
48
42X
SX
8
40
60
60
60
56
50
48
48
} 44
1
4
5
42X
40
17
Total.
1
4
2
1
1
2
37
3
25
5
2
10
29
29
11
1
4
15
122
31
7
3
3
1
1
1
2
42
2
3
14
1
8
4
18
28
44
9
14
32
29
95
265
7
1
1
..
G roup C.—Weekly changes from on e shift to another
12
12
12
11
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12X
12 12
12
12
12
11
12
11
12X
10
10
10
10
11X U X
12
12
ux ux
10X 10X
10X $X
10X
12
12
10
10
10
10
m
6
10X
12X
10
12
12
12
10
10
9
9
12
12
12
10
12
12
10
10
10
10
12
iox
6
10
10
10
10
10
84
72
84
75
72
84
78
78
74
72
62X
70
70X
70
69
60
60
63
60
66
60
70
60
60
60
69
68X
G7X
67X
66
66
65
65
<*X
64
64
18
8
17
4
4
1
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
U
12
4
8
5
3
2
39
8
2
4
5
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
8
5
11
12
3
153
BAR MILLS
T able D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bar Mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Day turns
Aver
Great
age
Lakes
hours
Turns M on
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per
per
burgh Mid ern Total
Sat Sun Per week
day Sat Sun Per week ern
week day
dle
to
ur day week
to
ur day week
West
Fri
day
Fri day
day
day
Hours
Hours
G roup C.—Weekly changes fro m one shift to an oth er—Continued
10H
11
10^
9H
m
10
10
10
10
12
im
10H
10
9),
9>_
10^
10
10
10
10
u
10
m
u
9'A
8
8
10
10
10
10
9H
10
9
8
7
8
57H
55
59
57
55
m
12
10H
11
12
10
10
12
10
12
12}4
13
10
12
12
8
8
8
11
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
9>
8
8
8
m
i>
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
sy2 SH
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
Total.
8
8
8
8
8H
8
8
10
8
8
12
m
I,-- — -
m
4
293
4
5
2
210
2
60
12
60
60
48
60
56
55
50
50
50
50
56
48
56
56
50
48
56
48
48
56
48
47^
48
49
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
42X
40
50
48
40
40
48
40
40
40
40
40
40
244
6
57^
56
56
56
55
54^
54
63X
53^
400
223
1
126
5
8
9
8
17
7
22
371
3
72
6
44
2
30
140
53M
52
52
52
51
1
6
24
13
3
50
m
27
27
12
4
4
5
2
433
293
1
2
126
244
6
400
5
8
7
34
371
8
72
25
44
30
140
24
1
6
13
3
27
27
1
1
48H
17
17
48
59
m
48
48
48
46H
46
40
29
5
7
495
5
70
7
45
77
29
5
147
147
45^
832
45K
43
832
9
9
103
1,751
410
4,622
3
} 42%
} 42M
59
488
111
389
196
2,045
3
437
154
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T able D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Bar Mills— Continued
ROUGHERS, ONLY
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns M on
Turns M on
per East Pitts and South
per
per day Sat
Sat-: Sun Per week ern burgh Mid ern Total
week to
Per week day
urur Sun
to
dle
week
day
Fri day day week
Fri day
West
day
day
Hours
Hours
11
10H m
10
10
10
10
10 10
12
12
11H
10
10
10
10
m
m
10
5&
5
10
9
10
9H 8
8
10
8
9!k.
m
10
8
8
8H
8
m
8
Total.
61
61
60
60
60
60
60
57H
59
59
58
56
57
56
55A
55
59
MK
58
48
{
53L
52H
m
8
50
48
48
51
48
43U
48
10
10
60
12
12X10 i.
J 10
50
?
8
8
8
8
18
60
60
60
59H
59
58
56
56
56
55&
55
54H1
54KI
54 ..........
} 53m ;..........
53^1
5
52V i..........
50 j..........
48
48 ..........
48
48 ..........
48
42H 46$*|..........
40
45H ..........
48
43^;..........
42H
6
.......
43
2
2
17
17
2
18
14
13
28
1
10
2
7
1
5
8
7
4
3
5
4
5
18
4
2
31
2
18
92
74
50
259
155
BAR MILLS
T a b l e E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Bar Mills
Occupation and
district
Aver
age
Num Num
ber of ber of full
time
estab em
lish ploy hours
per
ments ees
week
Heaters:
Eastern
____ __ _
Pittsburgh ______
G. L. and M. W .__
Total_.-_.—. - ___
Rollers:
_____ _
Eastern
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and M. W „._
Southern___ __ ___
Total___________
Roughers:
Eastern________ __
Pittsburgh________
G. L. and M. W __
Southern_____ *___
Total.................... j
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
40 44
and and
un un
der der
48
44
6
10
9
8
51
61
36
33
56.1
52.1
51.3
59.6
16
c
3
2
33
181
54.4
27 | 27
22
53
40
19
55.9
51.0
52.9
57.2
35 | 134
53.2
43
92
74
50
55.3
52.8
52.5
55.7
35 | 259
6
10
11
8
6
10
11
8
3
5
2
1
48
Over
Over
Over 66
48
56
60 and
and 58 and 60 and un
under
under
under der
72
56
66
60
4
17
3
12
2
17 1
n 1 4
27
|
3
2i
7
14
2
4
5
48
27
9i
7
^1
4
1
5
8
4
11
2
1
5
25
2
72
2
4
5
3
3
4
2
8
15
10
23
28 |
!
18
5
19
8
3
7
29
8
2
19
19
9
34
4
53.2
20 | 33 1
! 2 2 1| 50 S
1 10
39
81
4 . . . . J .......
10
3
111| 19
6
8
4
. 2
8
16
24
1
28 1
5 ” 22"
i
2!
4 i
i
1
1
i
1
Ftranders:
Eastern___________
Pittsburgh......... .
G. L. and M. W __„
Southern_________
6
10
10
7
59
158
130
42
54.3
49.8
51.5
57.0
9
29
20
2
72
9
33
29
4
30
7
2
15
32
9
8
21
19
14
22
3
Total___________
33
389
51.8
60
81
33
70
17
49
76
3
Hotbed men:
Eastern_____ _____
Pittsburgh________
G. L. and M. W_.__
Southern___ ______
5
9
11
8
53
210
200
69
57.1
51.4
51.9
58.1
20
8
2
91
29 ” 55'
29
9
22
14
5
42
48
16
8
24
37
11
39
6
6
17
1
17
Total.....................
33
532
53.0
30
120
55
74
47
72 ! 111
Laborers:
Eastern___________
Pittsburgh......... ....
G. L. and M. W_._.
Southern___ ___ __
6
10
10
8
118
377
217
142
57.5
52.7
55.3
58.3
2
42
3
184
82
50
47
7
48
4
6
17
14
22
9
18
52
49
70
33
29
3
32
3
26
Total....................
34
854
55.0
2
45
266
152
27
63
204
32
32
31
2
T a b le
Heaters:
G .L . an dM . W._.
Southern________
Total __ ___ _
Rollers:
TT’ootprn
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M . YV..
Southern
Total..................
Roughers:
*PiftcV\ni*o,Vi
G. L. and M . W___
Southern
Total____ _____
Stranders:
Eastern___ __ ___
G. L. and M . W_.
Southern _
Total..................
Hotbed men:
riHSDurgn............
G. L. and M . W —
Southern
Total
Laborers:
rillSDurgn............
G. L. and M . W_._
Southern
Num Aver
age
18 20 25
ber of earn
and and and
em
ings
un un un
ploy
per
der der
ees
hour der
20 25 30
51 $0,856
61 1.077
36 1.008
.819
33
181
.957
22
53
40
19
134
=
=
=
1.379
1.756
1.832
1.539 ----L 699
.783
43
92
.865
74 1.002
50 _.639 ----. 847 ----259
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
55
and
un
der
60
2
6
1
4
3
1
3
3
3 3
3
*— ----- — ^ ----- ------
7
3
10
35
and
un
der
40
40
and
un
der
45
45
and
un
der
50
1
.. .1
(
2
6 6
Q 12
O
=
=
1
5
.623
.727
.877
.501
.741
4 17
1 .... 2
3 4
..... 1
7
7 "<T
3
12 29
4
8
8
53
210
200
69
532
.479
.567
«nn
.478
.564
1
3
1
3
8
9
10
6
10
12
23
118
377
217
142
854~
.371
. 466 ----- . . . . . . . .
1455
2 34
. 263 57
2 34
. 411 57
59
158
130
42
389^
•
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
and and and and and and and and
un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
50
and
un
der
55
30
and
un
der
35
8
8
18
12 12
25 21
10 5
65 45
28 34 56
147
....
~~2~ 127
25 24
53 60 330
3
5
4
3
15
5
2
3
3
13
8
4
1
1
14
2
3
4
2
11
2
2
2
3
1
1
3
8
5
5
8
3
3
19
10 1
78 35 27
51 11 14
3
4 4
140 60 45
•----------
2~
1
__
4 5
3 6
1 1
6 4
14 16
7
15
6
7
35
5
3
7
2
17
6 5
14 11
9 17
2
10
17
7
22
10
3
15
7
7 ~n~ 8
2 2
3
28 13 17
7 1
3
18 2* 5
5 14 10
29 33
29
39
26
1
7 2
17~ 11
9 10
6 17
31
7
1
8 17
55 21 18
----- ----- ----- ,----- -----
19
16
4
6
2
4
16
110
and
un
der
120
120
and
un
der
130
3
7
5
3
5
3
1
12
15
130 140 150 160 170
and and and and and
un un un un un
der der der der der
140 150 160 170 180
2
5
2
3
16 1 12
3
9
4
4
2
1
4
2
3
1
4
6
1 ____
2 ____
8~ 114
6
10
4
4
2
15
8
1
26
7
11
2
20
2
4
8 .....
13
3
1
1
3
1
2
2
4
9 1 4
2
9
2
7
8
11
2
3
2
2
1 4
3 "2
2
5
. 3 3
4
3
1 ___ 3
7 10 ~10 9
25
190
and
un
der
200
200
and
un
der
225
1
4
1
1
7
1
11
5
1
18
225
and 250
un and
der over
250
1
1
1
2
7
1
11
5
2
2
9
1
1
2
9 __ 8_ |__ 2_
2
1
2
7
3
180
and
un
der
190
2
J
I
.1
.1
.
___
4
g
226
78
2
12
304
2
i Two employees earned $2.50 per hour and under $2.75; 2 employees earned $2.75 and under $3.
» One employee earned $2.75 per hour and under $3.; 3 employees earned $3 and over.
« One employee earned $2.50 per hour and under $2.75; 1 employee earned $2.75 and under $3.
3
3
7
3
16
2
1 6 3
3
2 3
1
2 'T ‘ T
74
12
3
40
4
6
53
5
1
2
3
11
100
and
un
der
110
14
>4
32
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Occupation and dis
trict
F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Bar Mills
T a b le G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1923, by district—
Bar Mills
43154°—27-
Occupation and
district
51
61
36
33
181
77.6
99.5
104.6
111.3
96.5
5
3
8
2
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
4
1
4
1
6
1
3
4
6
1
1
8
2
2
2
of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
80
88
96
104
112
132
120
144
156
and
and 104 and 112 and
and 132 and 144 and
un 88 and
96
120
156 and
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
un
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
88
96
104
112
132
120
144
156
168
2
6
11
2
4
6 __ 7 ~19~
10
2 13
1 4
1
4 ~27
2
1
3
5
5
r
3
2
11 ~3~ _10 ~~T
3
2
3 ” 2’
3 9
i f 11
3
7 1
2
8 T
20 2
4
1
5
5 ...
1
1
1
6
2
===
22
53
40
19
134
87.4
100.4
96.8
98.9
97.0
43
92
74
50
259
81.4
99.8
98.1
102.3
96.7
3
4
4
U
59
158
130
42
389
86.6
89.0
93.0
87.1
89.8
3
13
14
6
36
53
210
200
69
532
78.9
85.8
94.1
90.2
88.8
118
377
217
142
854
62.8
73.9
90.4
94.8
80.0
1
1
5
1
7 __ 1
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
5
2
___
1
2
5
2
3
5
5
2
5
5
4
2
22
2
6
4
5
11
11 ------ -----49
10 _JL3
29
110
33
11
183
13
6
1
4
24
1
4
1
2 __ 6
8
9
6
3
26
4
4
1
2
11
1
1
2
1 __ 3^
1
4
2
1 ___
1_ 7
2
2
4
2
3
4
1
7
9
1
9
4
3 " 4’
1 11
2
10 ~15"
1 1
5
1 ” 5’
4
11
—
1 5
11 9
1 8
2
15 22
7
3
5 "9
2
17 9
3
3
5 8
7 “io"
5
4
2 i-2l"
17 10 ! 12 j 29
7
5
6
18
13
14 T
6
33 1
2
2
4
1 !” 3’
Li 3
10
3
2
15 ___
3
1
1
6
5
12
5
4
1
10
2
6
2
1
11
1
6
2
1
10
4
7
15
2
28'
4
18
5
5~ ___
17 "27
2 8
21 22
1 9
4 ___
28 39~
10
3
3 *19’
5
21 ~19~
!
|
9 — j
8
10 3
6 " i r 10
1
4
1 4
27 16 21 8
3
7
7
1
18
2
15
5
3
25
2
3
6
9 ’ io '
7
4
7
3 ____ 2
18 16 19
2
6 ’ 20’
2 18
6
1
16 _39r
8
10
3
5
26
6
25
21
3
55
6
12 ' T
12 18
2 ___
32 22
9
10
21 14~
6 ___
46 14
1
12
7
3
23
6
4
13
23
7
18 T
10
35 'T
20
4 4
6
10
3
7
26
9
10
4
4
27
11
13
9
3
36
5
11
8
11
35
5 2
16 10
1 7
14
1
36 20
1
6
21 21
6 29
15
48 "5r
7
7
12
21
47
3 3
8 30
9 4
12 8
32 |
j 45
3 1
33
28 T
9 2
73 74
1
13
10
1 ~2
25 2
1
7
6
1
15
14"
13
1
28
====
2
2
2
8
4
9 "u
6
7
5
6
24 27
==r
3 T
1
4
6
6
Over
180 192
and and
un over
der
192
1
3
3
4
4
3 4
3
3 8
6
4
1 ” T
14
10 ~16~
2
5
1
1
9
Over
168
and
un
der
180
BAR MILLS
Heaters:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M. W__
Southern................
Total..................
Rollers:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M . W ._
Southern................
Total— ..............
Roughers:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh_____ _
G. L. and M. W__
Southern................
Total..................
Stranders:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M . W ._
Southern................
Total............
Hotbed men:
Eastern................ .
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M. W ._
Southern................
T o ta l................
Laborers:
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W ._
Southern..............
Total__________
Number
Num
32 40 48
ber of Average
56 64 72
em hours Un and and and and and and
ploy worked der un un un un un un 80
ees
32 der der der der der der
56 64 72 80
40 48
1
im c m
16
5
1
~ i ------
16 IT
1
1
9
3 2
■
13 '2* ....... 77.
1
3
24 T __ 3_
3
4
1
8
___ 1
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
J
1
1
----- 1
Bar Mills
J
1
$20
and
un
der
$25
?
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35
and
un
der
$40
1
1
?
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
*2
2
4
3
2
1
4
2
2
3
3
1
5
5
9
3
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
2
3
8
1
4
2
5
4
2
4
1
4 —9
4
10
1
10
1
2
1
3
1 ___ ___
5
3
1
3
10
5
1
1
17
2
6
4
8
5
1
18 j
3
8
8
2
5
6
5
1
2
2 5 11
2 J L _15_ 14
2 3
7 10
1 13 17
7
1
2 1
3 "T
9 5
13 5 31'
8
4
2
2
16 j
4
6
3
13
3
2
4
2
11
2 3 5 3 15 12 2
2
11
9 13 9 14 24 25 19
5 7 7
5 19 28 20
6
7 12 3 4 3 5 5
6
26 29 28 23 37 60 J50 47
24
17
10
9
60
9 15 15 15 9 7 4
1
10 22 7 12 20 37 33 48 29
3 8 12 5 12 15 26 50 34
1
17 36 21 16 7 11 4
39 81 55 48 48 70 67 100 63
8
2
4
6
12
1
2
1
1
$85 1$90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160’$180 $200
and and and and and and and andi and and and and $250
un un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der der der der der der der! der der der der over
$90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250
4
7
2
13
2
4
3
2
11
2
1
2 ~~T
3
1
3
7
2
1
1
1
5
1
4
3
2
10
4
3 "Y
1
3
1
5
3
12
7
2
4
1
4
11 !
4
5
4
1
14
2
6
9
3
2
6
7
8
6
14 ~15~ 20
11
2
17
15
1
35
1
21
17
4
43
15
9
1
25
5
4
3
4
10
14
19
10
13
12
1
36 j
17
10
1
28
12
19
1
32
|
15 ! 4
12 15
! 4
27 !1 23
6
19
2
27
46
9
1
3
2
1
6
1
55
4
2 !i 7
1
8
4
11
2
5
4
1
12
5
3
21
4
5
4
3
16
9 J 5 " ~ T ~24~
3
9
2
14
3
3
2
1
6
2
1
3
9
1
1
11
3
1
1
4
1
2
1
6
2 3 ‘T
4
1
1
1 ___ 2
8 10
6
3
3
6
2
8
13
1
1
2
5
8
7
13
1
3
24 __ 13
l2
2
2
16
2
2
5
6
14
6
2
2 3
3
22 ~12~ ~ T T ” 3”
3
5
1
9
3
7 "T
l
ic[ 8
l
4
___
___ ___ ____
5~
STEEL
3
5
1
4
13
5
1
2
$80
and
un
der
$85
1
1 ___ . . . .
2
1
$70 i *75
and and
un un
der der
$75 $80
AND
1
2 ” 1"
1
2
2
7
2
1
1 ....
$50
and
un
der
$55
LABOR— IRON
1
1
2
W0 I$45
and and
un un
der der
$45 $50
OF
t
$15
and
un
der
$20
HOURS
1
1
51 $66.18
?
1
61 106.47
Pittsburgh.
. _ ___
36 104.34
G. L. and M. W .
33
91.23
Southern.............. .........
181
91.92
2
3
Total..........................
Boilers:
Eastern __
22 119.31
Pittsburgh.............. ......
53 174.26
G. L. and M. W . . .
40 177.40
19 157. 21
Southern..............*........
134 163.76
Total..........................
Roughers:
62.94
Eastern
43
3
Pittsburgh
92
85.06
Jt. L. and M. W
74
97.99 . . . . 2
65.31
Southern................. .
50
1
5
81.27
Total
__ 259
Btranders:
1
Eastern
59
52.62
158
Pittsburgh
64.20 "e" 3
8
81.41
G. L. and M. W
130
3
42
43.44
2
Southern........................
4
Total..........................
389
65.95 13 14
Hotbed men:
1
2
Eastern
53
37.42
7
Pittsburgh
48.61
210
9
4
6
G L and M W
200
57.00
4
69
43.08
Southern........................
4
Total.......................... __532
49.93^ 19 18
Laborers:
9 JO
118
Eastern
23.35
Pittsburgh
377
34.76 53 39
9
G L and M W
217
41.52 14
Southern........................
142
9 11
25.01
854
Total
33.28 85 69
$10
and
un
der
$15
AND
Heaters:
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
$5
and
un
der
$10
WAGES
Occupation and district
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
J
em
ings
ploy per pay der
ees
period $5
158
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1986, by district-
1
1
«
SHEET MILLS
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 14 sheet-mill
establishments and cover 10,753 employees in all occupations. Of
the 10,753 employees reported, 5,697 were found in the selected
occupations for which separate figures are given. Comparable data
were first obtained for this department in 1910, and from 1910 to
1914 employees in the selected occupations only were covered.
In 1914 and all subsequent years employees in all occupations were
included, and figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1
Comparative figures are presented for employees in the selected
occupations from 1910 to 1926.
The hours of labor of employees in sheet mills are subject to only
slight variations from year to year. Long ago the 8-hour turn had
been found to be more desirable for both the employer and the
employee on account of the speeding up of production made possible
by the shorter working hours, and except for certain employees,
mostly laborers, this department has operated on a three-shift basis
for many years. In 1914 employees as a whole had an average full
time week of 52.3 hours, which decreased to 50.3 hours in 1920. Work
ing time changed but little in 1922 and 1924, but in 1926 the average
dropped to 48.9 hours. Average full-time hours per week, earnings
per hour, and full-time earnings per week, 1913 to 1926, for the
department as a whole, are shown in Table 1, page 4.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week in the various selected
occupations may be made from Table A. The average full-time
hours per week of employees in the “ hot-mill” occupations have
varied but little during the period 1910 to 1926, but the average for
laborers has decreased considerably. In 1910 laborers worked an
average of 63.1 hours per week, which increased to 64.9 hours in 1913.
In 1920 the average dropped to 59.5 hours but increased in 1922 to
65.2 hours. In 1924 the average was 64.6 hours but in 1926 laborers
worked only 56.6 hours.
The increases or decreases in full-time hours per week of employees
in this department have been caused almost entirely by the changes
in the daily hours of labor, as the average number of turns per week
have remained practically the same throughout the period. Table
B shows that, in 1914, 95 per cent of the employees reported worked
either 6 turns per week or alternated or rotated regularly from 5 to 6
turns. In 1926, 94 per cent of the employees worked from 5 to 6
turns per week. There has been some slight variation in some of the
groups during the period 1914 to 1926, but as a whole the number of
turns per week has changed very little.
The working time in 1926 of the employees in this department may
be seen in Table D . A grouping of the employees by hours per day
in that table shows that, in 1926, 7,532 of the 10,753 employees
covered had a working-day of 8 hours and only 373 worked as many
as 12 hours per day. A total of 2,286 worked 10 hours per day.
i Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
159
160
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
The employees covered in sheet mills, of course, include many miscel
laneous employees not directly connected with production, and in order
to present conditions as they apply to members of the producing crew
separate figures are shown for the occupation of rollers. Of the 492
employees who worked as rollers during the pay period, all worked 8
hours per day. A total of 376 worked 5 turns, 5 turns, and 6 turns per
week in rotation, and 116 worked 5 turns, 6 turns, and 6 turns per week
in rotation— that is, 376 employees had an average week of 4 2 % hours
and the remaining 116 had a week of 45
hours. The table also
shows the number of turns worked and the full-time hours per week
for all employees.
While the trend in the hours of labor of employ ees has been down
ward in recent years, the trend in hourly earnings, has been decidedly
upward. In 1914 the earnings per week of all employees covered
was 48.8 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an
average of 75.9 cents per hour, an increase of 56 per cent; in other
words, the 1926 hourly earnings were 1}^ times the earnings in
1914. The earnings were highest in 1920, $1,039 on the average,
and in 1924 they were 5 cents per hour greater than in 1926. M ost
of the tonnage rates paid in sheet mills are based directly on
the selling price of the product— that is, at the close of each twomonth period tonnage rates are adjusted in accordance with the
price of bar iron during that interval. Thus the rates paid in this
department in a large number of occupations are subject to wide
fluctuations in a two-year study such as the bureau makes. The
hourly earnings of employees in the various selected occupations are
shown in Table A. For example, rollers in 1910 earned an average
of $1,242 per hour, which increased to $1,476 in 1913. Earnings
decreased somewhat in 1914 and 1915 but in 1917 rollers received
$2,591 per hour. Following a slight decrease in earnings in 1919,
The high mark of $2,976 per hour was reached in this occupation in
1920. Earnings decreased considerably in 1922, increased again in
1924, and decreased again in 1926 to $1,956 per hour. A distribution
by average hourly earnings of the employees in 6 specified occupations
in 1926 is given in Table F.
As the increase in hourly earnings was more than enough to compen
sate for the slight reduction in full-time hours, average full-time earn
ings per week increased considerably in 1926 as compared with 1914.
In 1914 earnings per full-time week for all employees were $25.52 on
the average, while in 1926 they had increased to $37.12. In 1920
they were $52.26, the highest of any year shown, and in 1924 they
were $40.61. Weekly earnings in the various selected occupations
show like increases. The rollers, for example, earned an average of
$52.98 per week in 1910, $63.21 in 1913, and $129.10 in 1920. In
the following years there was a decrease in hourly earnings and in
1924 rollers earned $93.35 per week and $84.69 in 1926.
The 5,697 employees in the selected occupations worked an aver
age of 74.4 hours during the 16-day pay period covered by the 1926
study for which they received an average of $70.88. This includes
all of the hours worked and the earnings received by these employees,
as shown in Table C. Picklers worked the most time, 100.4 hours,
and openers, level handed, the least or 65.6 hours. Openers, level
handed, also earned the least money, $42.43, and rollers, a highly
161
SHEET MILLS
skilled occupation, earned the largest amount, $140.14. Laborers
worked 95.5 hours during the period and received $45.53.
A classification of employees in 6 specified occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupation of laborers 62 of the 493 employees
worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 1 employee
worked between 180 and 192 hours. The largest group, 73, worked
between 120 and 132 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the occupations
classified in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 to $110
and under $120, while rollers earned from $5 and under $10 to $250 and
over. The largest group of laborers, 63, earned $50 and under $55.
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occupa
tion— S h e e t M ill s
Occupation
and year
Pair heaters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913..........
1914..........
1915...........
1917...........
1919 ..
1920______
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Rollers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919______
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Rollers, level
handed:
1920—........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Rollers’ help
ers or finish
ers:
1912...........
1913...........
1914........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber
of
time
ber of em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Aver age
age
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn
and
and
and
hour
per hours per ings un un 60 un 72 and
84
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
72
60
84
9
9
9
13
15
15
$
11
• 13
14
14
13
210
255
249
336
399
354
276
382
521
576
536
478
42.7 $0.466 $19.89
.502 21.42
42.7
.517 22.06
42.7
.543 23.23
42.8
42.8
.540 23.10
42.8
.518 22.17
43.7 1.038 45.48
43.4 1.046 45.40
43.4 1.386 60.13
43.3
.880 37.84
43.4 1.027 44.50
43.3
.925 40.05
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
101
101
86
92
95
100
99
95
191
193
255
162
189
170
86 100
92 100
95 100
100 100
99 100
95 100
195 100
195 100
259 100
163 100
192 100
172 100
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
14
215
259
252
335
394
348
276
342
464
501
478
492
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.3
1.242 52.98
1.380 58.89
1.416 60.41
1.476 63.21
1.431 61.20
1.280 54. 80
2.591 113. 47
2.536 110.32
2.976 129.10
1.895 82.01
2.148 93. 35
1.956 84.69
100
100
100
100
100
1Q0
102
102
101
101
101
101
84
93
96
100
97
87
175
172
202
128
146
133
84
93
96
100
97
87
ISO
175
204
130
148
134
5
3
7
4
44
39
114
27
42.7
44.5
42.9
43.3
1. 516 64.73
1.069 42. 57
1.345 57.69
1.162 50.31
6
8
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
115 42.7
171 42.7
264 42.9
233 42.9
271 43.0
437 42.8
487 42.9
437 43.0
392 43.0
.474
.503
.555
.461
1.010
1.092
*721
.865
.787
20.21
21.48
23.77
19.77
43.43
46.80
30.90
37.78
33.84
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
101
101
94
100
110
92
201
217
143
172
151
94
100
111
92
202
218
144
174
158
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
162
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR----IKON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occupa
tion— Sheet Mills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Roughers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
1913—
1914—
1915—
1917---1919....
1920— .
1922—
1924---1926---Catchers:
1910—
1911—
1912—
1913—
1914....
1915....
1917—
1919—
1920—
1922—
1924—
1926— .
Matchers:
1910—
1911....
1912—
1913—
1914—
1915—
1917—
1919—
1920—
1922—
1924___
1926---Doublers:
1910-1911-1912...
1913-1914--.
19151917—
1919—
1920-1922.
1924-_.
Sheet heaters:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917.........
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber
of time
ber of em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
Full
ings earn Full Earn time
per
ings time ings earn
per hours per ings
hour
week per hour
per
week
week
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
14
215
255
252
336
399
353
276
367
528
590
533
510
$23. 82
42.7 1
.603 25.71
42.7
42.7
.616 26.29
.642 27.49
42.8
.648 27.73
42.8
.619 26. 51
42.8
43.7 1.285 56. 27
43.5 1.289 56.07
43.4 1.584 68. 69
.994 42.83
43.3
43.4 1.150 49.94
43.3 1.037 44.90
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
87
94
96
100
101
96
200
201
247
155
179
162
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
14
215
258
252
336
399
350
276
407
552
589
570
527
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.6
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.3
.544 23.19
.587 25.03
.603 25.71
.629 26.92
.636 27.23
.595 25.49
1. 256 54.92
1.199 52.28
1. 532 66.43
.961 41.54
1.099 47.70
.989 42.82
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
87
100
101
95
200
101
244
153
175
157
96
100
101
95
204
194
247
154
177
160
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
10
210
255
249
336
399
354
276
393
642
743
639
400
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.5
.387
.418
.429
.448
.484
.475
.946
.981
1.225
.791
.932
16.53
17.83
18.30
19.16
20.70
20.34
41.39
42.67
53.12
34.04
40.42
36.06
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
102
93
96
100
108
106
211
219
273
177
208
185
96
100
108
106
216
223
277
178
211
193
9
9
9
13
15
15
9
11
13
14
14
10
210
252
246
336
399
354
276
437
658
731
661
422
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.5
.372
.401
.412
.429
.462
.453
.906
.921
1.206
.775
.909
.804
15.86
17.10
17.58
18.34
19.75
19.42
39.57
39.97
52.32
33.42
39.42
34.97
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
101
102
87
93
96
100
108
106
211
215
281
181
212
187
100
108
106
216
218
285
182
215
191
9
9
9
12
14
14
8
11
13
14
14
14
215
259
253
307
364
324
276
332
424
499
470
478
37.68
42.7
42.7
.911 38.88
.949 40.51
42.7
42.8
.993 42.50
.966 41.34
42.8
42.9
.868 37.19
43.7 1.879 I 82.36
43.5 1.849 I 80.43
43.4 .2.151 93.29
43.3 1.381 59.26
43.4 1. 559 ! 67.68
43.3 1.404 I 60.79
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
101
89
92
96
100
97
87
189
186
217
139
157
151
91
95
100
97
88
194
189
220
139
159
143
87
94
96
100
101
96
205
204
250
156
182
163
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per
week were—
Over
Over
Over
72
48 48
60
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un un
un
der der
der
der
84
163
SHEET MILLS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occupa
tion— Sheet M ills — C o n t in u e d
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Num- Aver
age
Num of
full
ber of em time
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Sheet heaters,
level handed:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920-.........
1922_.........
1924..........
1926______
Sheet heaters’
helpers:
1910..........
1911-.........
1912-.........
1913...........
1914........... .
1915--.......
1917...........
1919-.........
1920-.........
1922...........
1924..........
1926...........
Shearmen:
-1910...........
1911...........
1912-.........
1913...........
1914,.........
1915-.........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922..........
1924...........
1926--.......
S h ea rm e n ’ s
helpers:
1910..........
1911...........
1912..........
1913-.........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1826-.........
Openers:
1910...........
1911-.........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915-.........
1917-.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924..........
1928...........
1Less than 1 per
2
2
2
3
8
7
7
7
14
56
34
15
94
90
115
48
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Aver age
/till
lullage
earn time
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full 48 Over
72
60
48
time
per
ings time ings earn
and and 60 and 72 and 84
hour
per hours per
un
un
un
un
ings
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
84
72
60
week
42.7 $0.707 $30.17
42.7
.762 32.65
42.7
.686 29.27
42.7 1.316 56.19
43.0 1.661 71.45
43.3
.995 41.33
42.9 1.088 46.29
43.2
.978 42.25
100
100
100
100
101
101
100
101
100
108
97
186
235
141
154
138
100
108
97
186
237
137
153
140
8
8
8
10
13
13
6
11
12
13
13
13
174 42.7
215 42.7
208 42.7
230 42.9
309 42.8
275 42.9
216 43.2
286 43.1
367 42.7
454 42.8
408 42.9
422 42.9
.377
.436
.439
.483
.485
.458
.859
.926
1.140
.727
.894
.803
16.07
18.59
18.71
20.70
20.73
19.60
37.21
39.91
48.68
31.13
38.51
34.45
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
100
100
100
78
90
91
100
100
95
177
192
236
151
185
166
78
90
90
100
100
95
180
193
235
150
186
166
7
7
7
8
10
10
7
11
8
12
10
12
85
104
105
114
136
115
149
221
122
190
159
198
46.0
44.9
44.9
42.9
42.9
43.0
43.5
43.3
43.5
43.3
43.7
43.6
.689
.722
.768
.814
.860
.827
1.399
1.463
1.891
1.175
1.289
1.222
30.79
32.86
34.67
34.90
36.84
35.48
60.90
63.35
82.22
50.90
56.26
53.28
107
105
105
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
102
102
85
89
94
100
106
102
172
180
232
144
158
150
88
94
99
100
106
102
175
182
236
146
161
152
6
6
6
7
9
9
6
11
7
12
8
12
62
83
77
111
128
146
120
196
155
265
203
207
46.4
44.9
45.1
42.9
42.9
43.8
43.2
43.7
43.7
43.4
43.8
43.6
.261
.308
.290
.251
.282
.242
.533
.682
.983
.642
.736
.683
11.90
13.59
12.88
10.77
12.09
10.59
23.06
29.80
42.91
27.69
32.11
29.78
108
105
105
100
100
102
101
102
102
101
102
102
104
123
116
100
112
96
220
272
392
256
293
272
111
126
120
100
112
98
214
277
398
257
298
277
7
7
7
6
9
9
6
10
6
11
9
11
138
167
180
168
200
180
175
266
198
415
284
287
46.0
45.2
45.8
45.4
42.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
44.0
43.5
43.5
43.5
.274
.275
.289
.279
.282
.273
.662
.656
1.188
.732
.806
.741
12.57
12.35
13.04
12.56
12.06
11.93
28.70
j 28.60
52.13
! 31.27
|34.99
i 32.23
101
100
101
100
94
96
95
96
97
96
96
96
98
99
104
100
101
98
237
235
426
262
289
266
100
98
104
100
96
95
229
228
415
249
279
257
cent.
« L I ....!-
10
10 !_
0)
164
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOK---- IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Sheet M ills— Continued
Occupation
and year
Num Aver
age
full
Num ber
of time
ber of em
plants ploy- hours
per
week
Per cent of employees whose
Index numbers
average full-time hours per
(1913=100)
Aver
week were—
Aver age
age
full
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn-:
and
and 72 and 84
hour
per hours per ings un- and
un
un
un
week per hour
der
der
per der der
week
72
60
84
week
Openers, level
handed:
Picklers:
191 0
191 1
1912-......... .
191 3
.
191 4
.
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922______
192 4
192 5
Feeders:
1920-.........
1922______
1924______
192 6
Laborers:
1910-.........
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
1917______
191 9
192 0
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
100
100
100
' 100
I
42.7 $1,114 $47.57
42.7
.607 25.30
42.7
.629 26.86
44.0
.651 28.64
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
9
13
15
15
8
9
11
13
13
14
50
58
39
71
121
126
67
65
106
150
127
.181
70.8
71.2
.177
71.7 i . 188
41
119
101
56.8
61.4
53.1
45.3
347
361
63.1 ! .164
63. j .166
354
351
378
394
656
270
866
808
757
493
68.1 ! .216
69.6 I .211
69.8 i .209
68.3 | . 600
51.5 j .792
65.9 I .508
63.6
.555
.631
56.9
6
! .704
i .500
i . 578
j .647
63.5 1 . 169
.190
64.9
65.9 : .188
65.0 j .188
61.8 j .331
64.5 j .462
59.5 i .536
.356
65.2
.420
64.6
.475
56.6
12.75
12.54
13.23
14.49
j 14. 55
| 14.44
|40. 98
41.13
33. 51
35.48
35.90
104
105
105
100
102
102
100
76
97
93
84
84
82
85
100
98
97
278
367
235
257
292
87 1....... L
91 !____!.
100 j 11 L
100
" 1
100
283
284 ’ 77*!.
231
245
248
f
41 !___
32 , 7
59
9
95
39.39
30. 64
30.72
29.31 ■
10.35
10.54
10. 72
12.28
12.37
12.21
20.45
29.8032.01
23.06
27.15
26.89
97 '
98 :
87
98
89
100
102
100
95
99
92
100
100
87
100
;
!
; 174
243
282
187
221
| 250
7
15
84
86
87
100
101
99
167
243
261
188
221
219
32
31
2D i 39
10 j 30
2 ! 3
27
T a b l e B . — Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district and
year— Sheet M ills
Number of employees whose customary working turns per week
were—
District and year
Num Number
ber of
of em
plants ployees
5, 5, and
6 in ro
tation
5
6
6 and 7
alter
nately
7
5
234
237
110
264
178
165
0)
4,150
3,808
5,410
5, 798
5,787
6,054
3
20
40
120
64
46
2,521
2,179
2,483
2, 674
2,713
2,932
110
144
193
97
253
252
847
877
862
790
1,282
1,208
1,669
1,732
1,697
1,858
5
5
4
5
5
5
2,154
1,928
3,328
3,863
3,903
4,699
12
12
12
33
1
61
1,144
994
1,342
1,670
1, 798
2,063
9
6
51
143
90
45
216
252
519
552
575
918
705
625
1, 252
1,261
1,242
1, 205
38
26
61
11
8
152
166
171
346
15
15
13
14
14
14
6,304
5, 736
8, 738
9,661
9,690
10, 753
15
32
52
153
65
107
3,665
3,173
3,825
4,344
4,511
4,995
119
150
244
240
343
297
216
252
1, 366
1,429
1,437
1,708
1,987
1,833
2,921
2,993
2,939
3,063
57
51
68
72
46
72
245
245
262
430
349
511
20
68
34
20
11
57
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
(0
0)
0)
0)
l
1
1
1
1
1
61
57
46
46
47
48
53
52
40
43
46
44
58
55
44
45
47
46
(9
(*)
6 and 7
alter
nately
6
3
4
4
2
4
4
16
15
15
13
31
32
31
30
29
31
2
4
2
1
10
13
16
14
15
20
33
32
38
33
32
26
3
2
2
3
3
2
4
3
3
4
16
15
15
16
32
32
33
31
30
28
1
1
1
1
7
6
6
2
5
3
3
1
1
1
0)
0)
1
1
1
C1)
1
1
0)
5
4
4
7
MILLS
10
10
9
9
9
9
5,5, and 5 and 6 5,6, and
6 in ro alter 6 in ro
tation nately tation
SHEET
Pittsburgh:
1914...........................................
1915..........................................
1920..........................................
1922..........................................
1924.....................................
1926................................ .........
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914.........................................
1915..........................................
1920..........................................
1922...........................................
1924..........................................
1926..........................................
Total:
1914..........................................
1915..........................................
1920..........................................
1922..........................................
1924..........................................
1926..........................................
5 and 6 5, 6, and
alter
6 in ro
tation
nately
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns
per week were—
4
4
3
4
4
5
1 Less than 1 per cent.
O
Crt
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Sheet M ills
Employees working in schedule pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns
per
week
Hours
per turn
Hours
per
week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per
hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Pair heaters:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
8
5
218
207
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.3
243
235
72.1
65.0
$68.87
57.89
$0.955
.891
$41.45
38.58
74.9
69.2
$71.23
60.46
$0.951
.874
Total..........................................
13
425
5.4
8.0
43.4
478
68.6
63.47
.925
40.05
72.1
65.93
.914
Rollers:
Pittsburgh........................... ........
Great Lakes and Middle West. „
9
5
261
199
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.3
43.3
284
208
70.1
70.3
142.36
130.50
2.029
1.856
87.86
80.36
71.4
74.9
143.73
135.23
2.012
1.805
Total_______________________
14
460
5.4
8.0
43.3
492
70.2
137.34
1.956
84.69
72.9
140.14
1.922
Rollers, level handed:
Pittsburgh __ ________________
Great Lakes and Middle West.
1
3
2
24
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
42.7
43.3
2
25
72.0
69.1
94.90
79.43
1.318
1.150
56.28
49.80
72.0
73.3
94.90
85.90
1.318
1.182
Total_______________________
4
26 1
5.4
8.0
43.3
27
69.3
I
80.57 1
1.162
--
50.31
......
73.2
i
86.57
1.182
Rollers, helpers and finishers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West ._
8
4
184
174
5.3
5.4
8.0
8.0
42.7
43.3
206
186
63.5
67.8
52.19
50.91
.822
.751
35.10
32.52
67.1
71.9
55.78
54.01
.831
.751
Total..........................................
12
358
5.4
8.0
43.0
392
65.5
51.58
.787
33.84
69.4
54.94
.792
Roughers:
Pittsburgh____________________
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
9
5
263
204
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.3
43.3
290
220
67.9
69.2
73.93
67.18
1.089
.971
47.15
42.04
71.7
74.3
78.58
70.86
1.096
.954*
Total..........................................
14
467
5.4
8.0
43.3
510
68.5
71.02
1.037
44.90
72.8
75.25
1.033
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR---------------------------------------------------------------
Occupation and district
Catchers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Qreat Lakes and Middle West. . .
9
5
263
204
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.3
43.3
299
228
65.8
65.3
66.59
62.58
1.013
.959
43.86
41.52
69.3
70.6
69.70
66.12
1.005
.937
Total..........................................
14
467
5.4
8.0
43.3
527
65.5
64.85
.989
42.82
69.9
68.15
.975
Matchers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
6
4
184
174
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.4
204
196
69.5
66.5
59.08
53.72
.850
.807
36.98
35.02
73.8
72.7
62.39
57.44
.846
.791
Total...........................................
10
358
5.4
8.0
43.5
400
68.1
56.45
.829
36.06
73.2
59.96
.820
Doublers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
6
4
183
174
5.3
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.5
43.4
215
207
66.8
63.1
54.84
49.48
.821
.784
35. 71
34.03
72.0
71.6
59.04
55.24
.820
.772
Total...........................................
10
357
5.4
8.0
43.5
422
65.0
52.21
.804
34.97
71.8
57.17
.796
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
9
5
252
201
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.3
43.2
265
213
71.8
69.0
103.56
93.49
1.442
1.355
62.44
58.54
73.1
73.6
104.57
96.76
1.431
1.315
14
453
5.4
8.0
43.3
478
70.6
99.07
1.404
60.79
73.3
101.09
1.379
4
3
21
24
5.3
5.5
8.0
8.0
42.7
43.7
23
25
72.0
74.9
78.83
65.58
1.095
.875
46.76
38.24
73.4
81.6
80.34
73.49
1.095
.901
Total..........................................
7
45
5.4
8.0
43.2
48
73.5
71.93
.978
42.25
77.6
76. 78
.989
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
8
5
192
190
5.3
5.4
8.0
8.0
42.7
43.1
216
206
63.9
64.5
54.57
48.48
.853
.751
36.42
32.37
67.4
69.3
57.76
51.28
.857
.740
Total..........................................
13
382
5.4
8.0
42.9
422
64.2
51.60
.803
34.45
68.3
54.60
.799
Shearmen:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West. ..
8
4
114
68
5.4
5.5
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.6
122
76
73.9
70.9
91.05
85.44
1.232
1.205
53.72
52.54
75.0
73.8
91.65
87.52
1.222
1.186
Total...........................................
12
182
5.4
8.0
43.6
198
72.7
88.90
1.222
53.28
74.6
90.06
1.208
Shearmen’s helpers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.._
8
4
106
77
5.4
5.5
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.6
121
86
68.6
67.5
48.12
44.27
.701
.656
30.56
28.60
70.4
69.9
49.55
45.96
.704
.657
Total____________ ___________
12
183
5.4
8.0
43.6
207
68.1
46.52
.683
29.78
70.2
48.06
.684
SHEET MILLS
Total..........................................
Sheet heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West. . .
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and everage hours actually worked and earnings received per
g
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Sheet M ills— Continued
00
Employees working in schedule pay period (16 days)
Positions
Average customary full-time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Hours
per turn
Hours
per
week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per'
hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
69.5
77.0
$52.94
48.90
$0.762
.635
HOUES
Number
Turns
per
week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
AND
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
WAGES
Occupation and district
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.6
43.2
225
62
66.3
68.8
$51.11
44.02
$0.771
.640
$33.62
27.65
Total................—_____ _______
11
248
5.4
8.0
43.5
287
66.9
49.58
.741
32.23
71.1 1
52.07
.732
Openers, level handed:
Pittsburgh.......................... .........
Great Lakes and Middle West. __
3
2
16
69
5.3
5.5
8.0
8.0
42.7
44.3
20
76
52.5
65.8
18.89
46.84
.360
.712
15.37
31.54
59.0
67.3
21.78
47.86
.369
.711
Total..........................................
11
116
5.9
9.6
56.9
127
98.4
62.09
.631
35.90
100.4
63.21
.629
Feeders:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
4
4
30
46
5.4
5.5
8.7
8.0
47.6
43.9
36
57
73.8
67.4
48.63
43.09
.659
.640
31.37
28.10
86.6
76.8
55.53
48.36
.642
.630
AND
192
56
LABOR— IRON
8
3
OF
Openers, male:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est...
Total..........................................
5
85 j
5.5
8.0
44.0
96
63.0
41.01
.651
28.64
65.6
42.43
.647
Picklers:
Pittsburgh.............. ...... ...............
Great Lakes and Middle West.
6
5
56
60
5.8
6.0
10.4
8.9
60.5
53.5
63
64
101.9
94.9
56.59
67.50
.555
.711
33.58
38.04
104.3
96.7
57.81
68.54
.554
.709
8
76
5.5
8.2
45.3
93
69.9
45.23
.647
29.31
80.5
51.13
.635
9
5
145
236
6.1
6.0
10.4
8.7
63.1
52.7
177
316
100.1
85.0
43.18
42.78
.431
.503
27.20
26.51
108.5
88.3
47.62
44.37
.439
.502
Total..........................................
14
381
6.1
9.3
56.6
493
90.4
42.92
.475
26.89
95.5
45.53
.477
STEEL
Total..........................................
Laborers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
169
SHEET MILLS
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Sheet Mills
ALL EM PLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
per
day
day Sat Sun Per week
week
ur day week
to
to
Fri
Fri day
day
day
Sat Sun Per
ur
day day week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pitts
burgh
Total
Group A.—Day turn only
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
13
11
12
10
10
U
10
12
10
9
10
10
10
10M
9
9
9
8
10
10
10
10
m
9
9
8
8
10
13
U
12
10
9
11
10
5
8
9
10
9
8
5
9
9
9
8
6
5K
5
11
10
9
5
5
9
9
8
5
m
9
8
8
5
8
1
.......... 1 ____
—
j :::::
i
.......... !.........
!
78
77
72
70
68
66
65
65
63
63
60
59
58
57H
63
54 1
54 I
56
56
55H
55
55
55
54
53
48
48
45
1
4
42
20
U
2
8
78
77
72
70
68
66
65
65
63
63
60
59
58
57H
2
1
1
1
109
324
262
531
66
34
57
56
56
55X
55
55
55
54
53
48
48
45
Total
28
69
1,110
3
3
31
2
31
2
28
95
1
4
82
46
31
3
1
26
1
4
3
46
12
1
4
44
21
11
2
8
1
1
109
586
531
66
34
79
19
3
1
636
1,746
Group B.—-Night turn only
J
<
I
Total
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
5
7
6
6
a
6
6
6
5
6
6
13
13H
12
10
8
9
11
10
12
8
10
9
9
9
9
10
8
8
13
13H
10
8
9
8
13
12
10
16
9
10
8
9
8
6
9
9
8
8
8
91
81
72
70
64
63
63
60
60
56
56
54
54 }
54
53
50
48
48
91
81
72
70
64
63
63
60
60
56
56
54
54
53
50
48
48
1
1
2
10
39
1
1
7
1
4
67
1
1
2
1
2
2
42
2
26
53
19
1
4
1
1
7
1
5
103
170
2
2
42
2
16
14
19
4
1
170
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Sheet Mills— Continued
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Hours
Turns Mon
per
day
week
to
Fri
day
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
day
Sat Sun Per week
ur day week
to
day
Fri
day
Sat Sun Per
ur
day day week
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
12
10
12
11
9
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
m
10
10
10
10
9
10
5K
10
5
9M
8
12
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
58
56
59
55H
60
55
57
60
56
56
60
60
50
60
54
56
8
8
10
10
10 L
10
48
58
53
56
56
12
72
48
53
54
48
48
48
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
5
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
7
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
7
6
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
13
14
10
12
13
12
11
9
10
11
10
10
10
12
12
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
9M
8
8
. 8
8
8
10
10
10
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
10
6
9
10
5
10
12
8
8
5
8
8
8
8
8
10
12
12
12
12
13
14
10
13
11
9
n
10
10
10
9
10
12
12
7
10
10
m
12
8
8
8
10
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
84
84
84
72
78
84
70
66
78
60
66
63
60
66
65
60
60
60
60
60
59
60
60
60
57
60
55
60
57
60
48
56
56
56
50
50
60
48
54
48
56
56
56
48
53
48
48
48
48
40
40
56
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
48
48
84
80
78
72
72
72
70
4
2
1
46
84
17
11
2
1
20
76
21
13
29
2
5
511
34
40
57
6
6
2
106
23
2
7
28
56
62y2
60
60
60
60
59K
59
59
}
m
58
&7U
57H
57M
57
56
56
56
55
55
55
54
54
118
34
40
57
6
6
106
107
162
40
4
150
9
1
61
53
56
40
4
137
53M
m
53
53
}
m
}
m
3
50H
19
50H
3
}
49%
2
}
48
}
48
} 48
48
3
5
9
124
147
5
171
SHEET MILLS
T a b le
D*— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Sheet Mills— Continued
A LL EM PLO YEES-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
day
to
Fri
day
Sat
ur
day
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis
trict
Night turns
Hours
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per week day
to
day week
Fri
day
Sat Sun Per
ur
week
day day
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Total
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—Continued
6
6
6
8
8
8
5
8
5
8
8
8
8
8
00
8
8
8
8
00
6
6
6
6
8
48
48
48
45%
29
98
3
790
856
117
104
3
1,646
44%
44
42%
37
2,910
62
3
1,318
62
40
4,228
745
745
46
46
3,960
8,837
42%
40
4,877
Total
88
6
00
ROLLERS, ONLY
Total.
45%
67
49
116
42%
217
159
376
284
208
492
172
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e E .— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926} by district— Sheet M ills
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
Aver
Num Num age
full
ber of ber of time
Occupation and dis estab
Over
em hours
Over 66
44 Over
40
trict
lish ploy
56
48
60 and
and and and
per
and
ments ees
56
60
and un
week under under under
under
under
der
44
48
56
60
66
72
Rollers:
Pittsburgh...........
G. L. and M . W__
Total_________
9
5
284
208
43.3
43.3
217
159
67
49
14
492
43.3
376
116
Roughers:
Pittsburgh......... .
G. L. and M. W__
9
5
290
220
43.3
43.3
223
168
67
52
Total.................
14
510
43.3
391
119
Matchers:
Pittsburgh______
G. L. and M . W__
6
4
204
196
43.5
43.4
138
134
66
62
400 j
43.5
272
128
203
167
62
46
Total.................
10
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh...........
G. L. and M. W__
9
5
265
213
43.3
43.2
...I....
1
1
Total.................
14
478
43.3
I
i
.........1........
j
370 | 108 .........i........
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh......... .
G. L. and M . W__
8
5
216
206
42.7
43.1
216
168
38
Total.................
13
422
42.9
384
38
Laborers:
Pittsburgh...........
G. L. and M. W__
9
5
177
316
63.1
52.7
47
102
15
36
Total.................
14
493
56.6
47
102
15
36
Over
72
and
un
der
84
72
!
i 1
i
1
-i
84
34
76
25
4
23
11
36
84
110
36
29
23
11
T a b l e F .— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Sheet Mills
43154°—27-
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Occupation and dis
trict
Rollers:
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M. W __
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
30 35 40 45
em
ings
and and and and
ploy
per un un un un
ees
hour der der der der
35 40 45 50
50
and
un
der
55
55 60
and and
un un
der der
60 65
65 70
and and
un un
der der
70 75
75
and
un
der
80
80
and
un
der
85
85
and
un
der
90
90
and
un
der
95
95
and
un
der
100
100
and
un
der
110
110 120 130 140 150
and and and and and
un un un un un
der der der der der
120 130 140 150 160
160 170 180
and and and
un un un
der der der
170 180 190
190
and
un
der
200
200
and
un
der
225
225
and
un
der
250
oa 39
oO
54 18
250 275
and and 300
un un and
der der over
275 300
1
1
2
2
4
g
7
6
6
6
25
11
20
34
26
33
19
45
25
?
2
6
15
12
31
31
60
52
70 140
63
29
38
14
12
1
9
4
I
92
52
13
9
4
1
Total...................
492
1.956
Roughers:
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M. W ._.
290
220
1.089
.971
1
1
5
6
10
6
10
13
14
11
32
30
28
1
1
5
16
16
27
43
58
24 73
30 45
54 118
510
1.037
204
196
*850
.807
1 -----
1 ....
1
1
3
3
2
3
11
10 21
16 29
29
36
29
26
45
34
26
18
20
8
13
9
3
1
1 -----
2
4
5
14
26 50
65
55
79
44
28
22
4
il
1
12
1
1
MILLS
Total...................
Matchers:
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M. W___
57
11
1
Total...................
400
.829
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M . W___
265
213
1.442
1.355
1
1 ....
1
1 ....
6
1
2
1
2
6
3
13
17
11
22
35
29
51
41
54
43
41
20
28
13
9
3
2
3
7
1
4
2 ___
1
1
1
Total...................
478
1.404
1
1
1
7
1
3
3
9
30
33
64
92
97
61
41
12
g
8
g
2
1
Sheet heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M . W_._
216
206
.853
.751 ___
1
1
2
1
1
6
6
6
15
9
23
11 16
29 28
38
37
45
26
26
16
11
12
13
6
22
3
11
Total...................
422
.803 -----
1
3
2
12
21
32
40 44
75
71
42
23
19
25
11
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.............
G. L. and M. W__.
177
316
.431
.503 -----
1
170
113
1 6
19 149
6
6
10
1 ___ 11
T o t a l................
493
.475
1
283
20 155
6
6
10
1
1
11
SHEET
284 $2,029
208 1.856
1
1
!
1
“ ’ "I
CO
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified, occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
^
Sheet M ills
71.4
74.9
4
4
4
2
7
3
20
13
24
22
77
8
34
15
Total....................
492
72.9
8
6
10
33
46
85
49 105
32
73
71.7
74.3
9
8
5
2
8
13
13
20
25
71
9
38
23
Total....................
510
72.8
17
7
8
26
45
80
61 102
35
67
35
34
4
1 68
4
69
4
1
4
1
2 43
1 31
11
30
25
6
6 2
3 | 2
74
41
31
9 | 4
3
1
i
3
1
1
1
1
!
....... 1___
1
!
i i |
73.8
72.7
11
17
5
4
3
3
5
6
12
4
27
9
34
27
29
60
1
2
35
28
2
1
29
32
4
4
2
3
1
1
i
Total....................
400
73.2
28
9
6
11
16
36
61
89
3
63
3
61
4 | 6
4
i
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and M. W ___
265
213
73.1
73.6
4
5
5
5
2
5
11
15
24
22
65
1
35 | 29
20 j 76
8
2
36
24
6
1
31
33
5
2
4
2
I
10 60
7
64 j
5
6
2 __.-L .__
29
28
3
16
18
1 2
1i 2
2 | 4
73.3
9
10
7
23
46
66
55 |l05
216
206
67.4
69.3
9
11
7
4
9
6
14
11
21
28
61
12
20
28
20
57
3
....... L .J ........
i
i
i
I
|
j
1
.
|
:::::
1
n " -"
!
AND
478
1
j
— 1____
1
|
' " ‘ I-----1
1
i
i
. . . J ....... L J ........L__
Total....................
422
68.3
20
11
15
25
49
73
48
77
3
57
3
34
Laborers:
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and M. W -----
177
316
108.5
88.3
13
49
1
4
3
7
3
13
3
11
5
12
2
13
1
14
5
12
1
9
7
12
1
10
13
9
2
11
19
12
9
17
21
2
11
33
40
3
11
19
3
5
13
8
2
1
7
2
5
1 T
1
Total....................
4.3
95.5
62
5
10
16
14
17
15
15
17
10
19
11
22
13
31
*0
38
13
73
3
30
8
21
3
9
6
1
i
1
i
STEEL
204
196
Total....................
1I
|
Matchers:
Pittsburgh...............
G. L.and M. W ___
Sheet heaters' helpers:
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and M. W ..__
1
LABOR— IRON
290
220
4
OF
Roughers:
Pittsburgh. ............
G. L. and M. W ___
35
33
1
HOURS
284
208
1
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over Over
Over
80
104
112
88
96
132
120
144
156
j 168
180
and
and 104 and 112 and
and 132 and 144 and
and and 180 and
un 88 and
96
120
156
un
un
un
un
un
un
unj
un
un
un
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der 1 der
der
88
104
96
112
132
120
144
192
156
168 | 180
AND
Boilers:
Pittsburgh..............
G. L. and
of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
WAGES
Number
Num
ber Aver
32
age
of
56 64
72
40
48
Occupation and district em
hours Un and and and and and and
ploy worked der un un un un un un 80
32 der der der der der der
ees
48
64
72 80
40
56
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Sheet Mills
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
Occupation and district
Rollers:
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W ...........
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
$5 $10
em
ings Un and and
ploy per
der un un
pay
ees
period $5 der der
$10 $15
284 $143.73
208 135.23 . . . .
1
1
$15 $20 $25 $30
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
$20 $25 $30 $35
$35
and
un
der
$40
$40
and
un
der
$45
$45 $50
and and
un un
der der
$50 $55
$55 $60] $65
and and and
un un un
der der der
$60 $65 $70
$70 $75
and and
un un
der der
$75 $80
$80
and
un
der
$85
1
$85 $90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130l$140l$150 $160 $180 $200
and and and and and and and and and and; and and $250
un un un un un un un un-i un-| un un un and
der der der der der der der der |der |der der der over
$90 $95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250
1
1
1 ....
1
1
1 -----
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
4
4
5
5
4
6
5
10
3
11
8
16
13
17
10
37
15
23
28
18 19 24
18 27 34
35
16
43
9
1
----
2 ----
1
2
4
3
4
6
9
9
11
13
19
29
27
52
51
36 |46
51
52
1
Total...........................
492
140.14 -----
1
1
1
1
Roughers:
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W ...........
290
220
78.58
70.86 ” 1’
5
3
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
10
8
5
8
15
6
12
21
24
17
27
27
33
35
24
23
23
14
11
11
11
8
18
9
26
14
16
3
6
4
7
1
3
2
1
1 -----
1
10
8
3
2
1 -----
1
Total...........................
510
75.25
1
8
3
4
1
1
5
3
18
13
21
33
41
54
68
47
37
22
19
27
40
19
Matchers:
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W ...........
204
196
62.39
57.44
3
2
1
7
5
4
1
5
2
3
4
2
4
4
5
4
9
11
10
14
18
24
15
29
32
24
32
20
18
20
9
15
5
10
8
4
8
5
2
1
1
59.96
5
8
9
6
5
4
6
9
13
21
32
39
61
56
38
29
20
12
7
1
1
58
Total..........................
400
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W__.......
265
213
104.57 . . . .
96.76
2
1
1
1 ~~2~
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
3
4
6
4
5
2
6
8
5
11
7
12
11
20
13
19
14
19
7
24
11
31
41
22
31
21
11
17
12
16
7
9
7
8
2
7
2
1
2
2
3
6
10
9
8
13
18
23
33
33
26
35
72
53
32
29
23
16
10
7
2
12
8 "T
1
4
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
Total..........................
478
101.09
1
3
2
2
2
Sheet heaters' helpers:
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W ...........
216
206
57.76
51.28
1
2
3
2
1
2
5
1
3
2
10 8
6 •7
9
11
17
17
21
23
32
26
12
22
21
15
14
6
15
6
8
10
1
8
7
3
7
5
7
5
6
5
16
15
20
34
44
58
34
36
20
21
18
9
10
12
12
20
6
20
35
22
36
28
35
34
20
14
20
11
16
6
5
4
7
10
1
1
3
7
1
30 j 55
58
63
54
34
27
11
11
10
1
1
3
7
1
Total..........................
422
54.60
3
5
3
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.....................
G. L. and M . W ______
177
316
47.62
44.37
5
27
6
10
4
11
3 4
7 20
3
11
4 9
12 21
Total..........................
493
45 53
32
16
15
10 24
14
16
1
1
TIN-PLATE MILLS
Data for 1926 were collected from the pay rolls of 8 establishments
and cover 8,892 employees in all occupations. Of the 8,892 em
ployees reported, 4,430 were found in the selected occupations for
which separate figures are given. Comparable data were first
obtained for this department in 1910, and from 1910 to 1914 em
ployees in the selected occupations only were covered. In 1914
and all subsequent years employees in all occupations were included,
and figures for all employees cover the period 1914 to 1926.1 Com
parative figures are presented for employees in the selected occupa
tions from 1910 to 1926.
The hours of labor of employees in tin-plate mills are subject to
only slight variations from year to year. The 8-hour turn had
been found to be more desirable for both the employer and the
employee on account of the speeding up of production made possible
by the shorter working hours, and except for laborers and other
unskilled or semiskilled general employees this department has
operated on a three-shift basis for many years. The average full
time hours of all employees in 1914 were abnormally low, and when
the 1926 hours are compared with those for 1914 an increase in
working time is shown. In 1914 employees as a whole had a full
time week of 46.0 hours, which increased to 50.4 hours in 1915.
Working time in 1920 and 1922 changed very little, but in 1924
the average full-time hours per week dropped to 48.8 hours. The
decrease continued to 48.1 hours in 1926. Average full-time hours
per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week, 1913
to 1926, for the department, are shown in Table 1, page 4.
Comparisons of the full-time hours per week in the various selected
occupations may be made from Table A. While the 1923 decrease
in the daily hours of labor of employees in the iron and steel industry
did not affect employees in the “ hot-mill” occupations, the hours
of employees in some of the other occupations were decreased con
siderably. For example, branners in 1910 worked an average of
67.8. hours per week, which decreased to 63.7 hours in 1913. In
1920 they had a full-time week of 62.4 hours, which increased to
65.1 hours in 1922. However, in 1924, following the general decrease
in daily hours, branners worked but 52.2 hours per week regularly
There was no change in working time in this occupation during the
next two years.
The decrease in full-time hours per week of employees in this
department in 1926 as compared with 1915 and later years has been
largely due to changes in the daily hours of labor, as the average
number of turns per week have not been changed to any great ex
tent throughout the period. Table B shows that, in 1915, 97 per
cent of the employees worked 6 turns per week regularly, or some
average combination of 5 and 6 turns. In 1926, 94 per cent of the
employees worked from 5 to 6 turns per week. There has been
some slight variation in some of the groups during the period 1915 to
>Data were not obtained for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, and 1925.
176
TIN-PLATE MILLS
177
1926, but as a whole the number of turns per week has changed but
very little.
A good idea of the working time of the employees in 1926 in
this department may be gained from Table D . A grouping of the
employees by hours per day in that table shows that in 1926, of the
8,892 employees covered, 6,237 had a working-day of 8 hours and
only 62 employees worked as many as 12 hours per day. A total of
2,144 worked 10 hours per day. The employees in tin-plate mills,
of course, include many miscellaneous employees not directly con
nected with production, and in order to present conditions as they
apply to employees of the producing crew separate figures are
shown for the occupation of rollers. Of the 371 employees who
worked as rollers during the pay period, all worked 8 hours per day
and 4 2 % hours per week. The table also shows the number of turns
worked and the full-time hours per week for all employees.
While the trend in the hours of labor of employees has been down
ward in recent years, the trend in hourly earnings has been decidedly
upward. In 1914 the earnings per hour of all employees covered were
42.5 cents on the average, while in 1926 employees earned an average of
70.4 cents per hour— an increase of 66 per cent. In other words, the
1926 hourly earnings were more than one and one-half times the earn
ings in 1914. The earnings were highest in 1920,94.9 cents on the aver
age, and in 1924 they were almost 10 cents per hour more than in 1926.
M ost of the tonnage rates paid in tin-plate mills are based directly
on the selling price of the product— that is, at the close of each twomonth period tonnage rates are adjusted in accordance with the
price of bar iron during that interval. Thus the rates paid in this
department in a large number of occupations are subject to wide
fluctuations in a two-year study such as the bureau makes. The
hourly earnings of employees in the various selected occupations are
shown in Table A. For example, rollers in 1910 earned an average
of $1,025 per hour, which increased to $1,139 in 1913. Earnings
decreased slightly in 1914 and 1915, but increased to $2,248 per hour
in 1919. The high mark of $2,542 per hour was reached in 1920, but
rollers received only $1,701 in 1922. Earnings increased again in
1924 to $2,099 per hour on the average and decreased in 1926 to
$1,635. A distribution by average hourly earnings of the employees
in six specified occupations in 1926 is given in Table F.
In 1914 earnings per full-time week for all employees were
$19.55 on the average, while in 1926 they had increased to $33.86.
In 1920 they were $48.02, the highest of any year shown, and in 1924
they were $38.80, or approximately $5 per week more than in 1926.
Weekly earnings in the various selected occupations show similar
increases. Rollers, for example, earned an average of $43.73 per
week in 1910, $48.59 in 1913, and $108.54 in 1920. In the following
years there was a decrease in hourly earnings and in 1924 rollers
earned $89.36 per week and $69.81 in 1926.
The 4,430 employees in the selected occupations worked an average
of 80.4 hours during the 16-day period covered by the 1926 study for
which they received $65.84. This includes all of the hours worked
and the earnings received by these employees, as shown in Table C.
Laborers worked the most time, 117.7 hours, and risers the least, or
73.2 hours. Assorters, female, one of the very few female occupations
in the iron and steel industry, earned the least money, $30.89, and
178
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AHD STEEL
rollers, a highly skilled occupation, earned the largest amount,
$126.36. Laborers earned an average of $50.67 during the pay period.
A classification of employees in six specified occupations according
to hours actually worked in 1926 is made in Table G. This table
shows that in the occupation of laborers 9 of the 188 employees
worked less than 32 hours during the pay period, while 7 employees
worked between 156 and 168 hours. The largest group, 72, worked
between 120 and 132 hours.
A like classification of earnings is made in Table H . Considerable
variation is shown in the earnings of employees in the occupations
shown in this table. Laborers earned from less than $5 to $80 and
under $85, while rollers earned from $5 and under $10 to $250 and
over. The largest group of laborers, 51, earned $55 and under $60.
T a b l e A . — Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Tin-Plate Mills
Occupation
and year
Rollers:
191 0
191 1
.
191 2
.
191 3
.
1914.
1915......... .
191 9
.
1920
.
1922...........
1924..........
1926_ _____
Rollers, level
handed:
191 9
.
192 0
.
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Roughers:
191 0
.
191 1
191 2 ___
191 3
.
191 4 ___
191 5
1919..........
1920.........
1922...........
1924..........
1926..........
Catchers:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
191 4
191 5
191 9
192 0
1922..........
1924..........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of time
ber
em
of
plants ploy- hours
per
week
Aver-
Index number
(1913 = 100)
Aver
age
earn time
ings earn Full
ings time
per
per hours
hour
week per
week
174 42.7 $1,025 $43.73
201 42.7 1.109 47.33
229 42.7 1.097 46.82
356 42.7 1.139 48.59
345 42.7 1.115 47.59
349 42.7 1.106 47.17
410 42.7 2.248 95.99
476 42.7 2.542 108.54
400 42.7 1.701 72.56
414 42.7 2.099 89.36
371 42.7 1.635 69.81
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Earn
ings
per
hour
97
197
223
149
184
144
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Full
Over
Over
Over
time 48 48
60
72
earn and and 60 and
and 84
72
ings un un
un
un
per der der
der
der
week
60
72
84
90
97
96
100
98
97
198
223
149
184
144
46
212
138
166
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
1.362
1.599
.924
1.080
.952
58.16
68.29
38.62
46.16
40.65
174
196
216
380
367
366
447
502
429
465
383
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.425
.507
.513
.533
.560
.562
1.193
1.363
.893
1.150
.902
18.14
21.63
21.89
22.73
23.87
23.96
50.94
58.21
38.08
49.11
38.52
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
256
168
216
169
80
95
93
100
105
105
224
256
168
216
170
174
198
239
354
347
361
507
541
456
465
398
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.427
.487
.403
.463
.468
.489
1.014
1.217
.817
1.003
.806
18.23
20.79
17.20
19.74
19.95
20.87
43.30
51.95
34.83
42.83
34.42
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
92
105
87
100
101
106
219
263
176
217
174
92
105
87
100
101
106
219
263
176
217
176
1
I
j
. . . J .......
i
i
!
i
j
!
I
l
r
179
TIN-PLATE MILLS
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per Hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occur
pation— Tin-Plate Mills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Screw boys:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926.........
Doublers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920__ ___
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Doublers, level
handed:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922______
1924...........
1926...........
Doublers' help
ers:
1910..........
1911...........
1912...........
1913..........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Heaters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915..........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Heaters, level
handed:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919..........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants ploy
ees
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Per
Index number
av
Aver
(1913=100)
w<
Aver age
full
lullage
earn time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn Full Earn Full
time 48 48
60
72
ings time ings earn
per
and 60 and 72 and 84
per hours per ings and
hour
un
un
un
un
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
60
84
72
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
84
94
96
100
105
106
223
266
185
230
173
84
94
96
100
105
106
223
266
183
231
173
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
26.97
30.13
28.90
31.58
31.32
30.63
60.12
70.69
44.80
53.07
33.60
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
85
95
91
100
99
97
190
224
141
168
106
85
95
92
100
99
97
190
224
142
168
107
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
24.20
23.84
23.92
47.57
55.09
36.81
48.38
34.16
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
196
228
153
200
141
100
99
99
197
228
152
200
141
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
174 42.7
191 42.7
193 42.7
344 42.7
330 42.7
324 42.7
406 42.7
384 42.7
345 42.7
337 42.7
324 42.7
.324 13.82
.351 14.97
.370 15.81
.362 15.43
.387 16.49
.402 17.17
.888 37.92
1.014 43.28
.686 28.94
.855 36.45
.663 28.31
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
97
102
100
107
111
245
280
190
236
183
90
97
102
100
107
111
246
280
188
236
183
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
8
6
174
215
314
312
142
211
288
182
149
152
113
.648 27.63
.714 30.47
.675 28.78
.679 28.99
.752 32.10
.725 30.95
1.458 62.26
1.722 73.51
1.170 49.84
1.449 61.80
1.046 44.66
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
213
154
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
213
154
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
6
6
6
7
9
9
9
8
414 42.7
430 42.7
294 42.7
272 42.7
756 42.7
656 42.7
720 42.7
588 42.7
25.38
26.53
26.08
54.36
62.57
42.70
52.46
39.16
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
103
214
246
168
207
154
100
105
103
214
247
168
207
154
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
42.7 $0,308 $13.15
42.7
.345 14.72
.352 15.03
42.7
42.7
.366 15.64
.385 16.43
42.7
.389 16.59
42.7
.818 34.93
42.7
42.7
.973 41.54
42.7
.676 28.65
.840 36.15
42.7
42.7
.633 27.03
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
9
8
174
198
221
387
384
372
466
585
476
484
412
5
6
6
10
10
10
8
9
9
8
8
174 42.7
205 42.7
247 42.7
341 42.7
324 42.7
322 42.7
352 42.7
330 42.7
322 42.7
345 42.7
332 42.7
.632
.706
.677
.740
.734
.718
1.408
1.655
1.046
1.243
.787
46
54
62
84
382
284
303
116
.567
.559
.561
1.114
1.290
.866
1.133
.800
4
5
5
5
8
7
7
5
5
6
6
10
10
10
9
9
8
9
8
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.595
.622
.611
1.273
1.465
1.001
1.229
.917
i
180
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1926, by occu
pation— Tin-Plate M ills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Heaters' help
ers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912..........
1913...........
1914..........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Shearmen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919......... .
1920...........
1922...........
1924_.........
1926—.......
S h e a r m e n’s
helpers:
1910...........
1911_ .........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924.........
1926...........
Openers, male:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914..........
1915_.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Tinners:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920-.,___
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of
ber
time
of
em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
60
48
72
iand and 60 and
and
un un
un 72 un 84
der der
der
der
60
72
84
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
165
166
109
147
127
202
241
230
135
252
196
42.7 $0,348 $14.84
42.7
.436 18.60
42.7
.396 16.92
42.7
.430 18.36
42.7
.476 20.32
.455 19.43
42.7
42.7 1.052 44.92
42.7 1.174 50.14
42.7
.847 36.02
.981 41.88
42.7
.772' 32.96
42.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
197
228
180
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
196
228
180
5
6
6
9
9
8
6
6
8
8
7
58
65
72
126
116
112
140
103
118
123
111
52.7
52.8
51.8
56.5
56.9
57.3
48.3
44.1
44.6
43.4
43.1
25.68
28.72
29.00
27.34
27.61
29. 55
66.07
56.52
40.52
49.35
44.13
93
93
92
100
101
101
85
78
79
77
76
102
114
118
100
100
106
282
264
189
234
201
94
105
106
100
101
108
242
207
148
181
161
2
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
2
2
3
25
31
35
43
42
33
29
22
33
26
26
61.8
59.7
57.6
55.8
55.3
56.5
53.9
49.5
49.4
45.5
58.3
. 118 7.31
. 118 7.02
7.71
.136
9.13
.165
9.18
.168
. 150 8.51
.539 29.05
.731 36.18
.413 20.40
.469 21.34
.510 29.73
111
107
103
100
99
101
97
89
89
82
104
72
72
82
100
102
91
327
443
250
284
309
80
77
84
ICO
101
93
318 31
396 .
223
234
326
3
4
5
7
7
7
5
4
6
6
6
94
84
93
210
201
227
235
204
186
224
239
57.5
57.3
56.9
56.9
56.8
57.2
52.3
56.2
49.0
55.3
51.8
.221 12.72
.266 15.24
.296 16.86
.274 15.58
.266 1' n
.247 : 14.13
.800
.728 4a 55
.631 29.08
.721 39.87
.795 41.18
101
101
100
100
10D
101
92
99
86
97
91
81
97
108
100
97
90
292
266
230
263
290
82
98
108
ICO
97
91
269
260
187
256
264
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
9
6
6
5
224
283
294
484
486
487
683
702
410
361
225
42.9
43.0
43.4
43.6
43.5
43.3
43.0
42.9
43.3
43.4
43.5
.402
.429
.444
.433
.442
.442
.977
1.114
.795
.976
.840
98
99
100
100
100
99
99
98
99
100
100
93
99
103
100
102
102
226
257
184
225
194
92
98
102
100
102
102
223
254
182
225
200
1Less than 1 per cent.
Index number
(1913=100)
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn time
ings earn Full Earn Full
time
ings time ings earnper
per hours per ings
hour
week per hour
per
week
week
.497
.555
.573
.485
.486
.514
1.368
1.280
.915
1.137
1.024
17.27
18.48
19.28
18.84
19.22
19.13
42.01
47.85
34.20
42.39
36.54
12
11
10
82
84
86
44
20
17
34
35
31
13
14
14
i
80
26 74
20 63
51 14
52 14
67 15
69
100
73
88
12
100
100
96
100
100
93
77
. 100
64
80
69
7
8
2
2
6
5 (0
5 0)
3 0)
3
20
16
17
18
3
T IN -P L A T E M IL L S
181
A.— Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor, 1910 to 1986, by occu
pation— Tin-Plate M ills— Continued
T a b le
Occupation
and year
Redippers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Risers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922...........
1924...........
1926...........
Branners:
1910...........
1911........
1912...........
1913..
1914.........
1915
1919...........
1920.........
1922.........
1924.........
1926...........
Assorters, fe
male:
1910......... ;
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919........
1920...........
1922......... .
1924...........
1926...........
Laborers:
1910........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914.........
1915........
1919...........
1920...........
1922.........
1924...........
1926...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of time
ber
of
em
plants ploy hours
per
ees week
Index number
(1913 = 100)
Aver
Aver age
frill
age
lull*
earn time
Full
ings earn Full
time
ings time Earn
per
ings
earn
hour
per hours per ings
week per hour per
week
week
$26.56
29.32
32.58
28.03
28.55
28.81
59.66
66. 26
44.26
53.11
49.51
87
89
104
100
100
97
88
81
81
81
81
106
115
110
100
100
105
237
287
192
230
215
95
105
116
100
102
103
213
236
158
189
177
.262
.275
.239
.279
.268
.288
.642
.791
.528
.703
.638
11. 51
12.30
11.98
12.59
13.70
14.16
30.43
34.12
22.65
30.16
27.37
98
99
111
100
114
110
105
96
95
95
95
94
99
86
100
96
103
230
284
189
252
229
91
98
95
100
109
112
242
271
180
240
217
12 67.8
20 67.7
16 67.7
37 63.7
41 64.1
34 65.4
60 61.3
48 62.4
32 65.1
73 52.2
64 52.2
.170
. 170
. 170
.190
. 198
.203
.452
.624
.455
. 536
.505
11.52
11.50
11.51
12.14
12.69
13. 22
27.71
38.68
28.98
27.83
26.36
106
106
106
100
101
103
96
98
102
82
82
89
89
89
100
104
107
238
328
239
282
266
95
95
95
100
105
109
228
319
239
229
136
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
14 46.2 $0.570
17 47.2
.619
.592
10 55.0
26 53.0
.536
23 53.0
.538
19 51.4
.563
29 46.9 1. 272
27 43.1 1. 538
33 43.1 1. 027
38 43.0 1.235
25 42.9 1.154
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
34
42
30
34
48
41
46
41
54
39
34
44.1
44.8
50.1
45.1
51.3
49.5
47.4
43.2
42.9
42.9
42.9
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
«6
6
4
101
120
127
171
172
208
279
295
230
291
250
49.7
50.7
51.4
53.7
53.3
55.4
48.5
46.9
43.3
43.6
43.4
.128
.138
.145
.163
.153
.162
.417
.465
. 365
.422
.384
6.41
7.03
7.39
8.75
8.26
8.98
20.22
21.83
15.84
18.40
16.67
93
94
96
100
99
103
90
87
81
81
81
79
85
89
100
94
99
256
285
224
259
236
73
80
84
100
94
103
231
249
181
210
191
4
5
6
9
9
9
6
8
9
9
8
191
238
276
575
469
444
418
271
231
197
188
60.6
61.0
61.6
61.6
62.4
61.6
64.3
60. 5
59.4
56.9
60.3
.165
. 164
. 167
.189
.189
. 190
.461
.533
.359
.439
.426
9.97
10.01
10.32
11.64
11.78
11.72
29.64
32.19
21.28
24.99
25.69
98
99
100
100
101
100
104
98
96
92
98
87
87
88
100
100
101
244
282
190
232
225
86
86
89
100
101
101
255
277
183
215
221
i Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
48 48
and and
un un
der der
Over
Over
60
72
and 72 and 84
un
un
der
der
84
72
30
0)
T a b le
B.— Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked each specified number of turns per week, 1914 to 1926, by district
and year—Tin-Plate Mills
District and year
5,5, and 5 and 6
6 in ro alter
tation nately
5
Pittsburgh:
1914...........................................
1915...........................................
1920..........................................
1922...........................................
1924...........................................
1926...........................................
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914...........................................
1915..........................................
1920...........................................
1922...........................................
1924..........................................
1926...........................................
Total:
1914...........................................
1915..........................................
1920...........................................
1922..........................................
1924...........................................
1926.......................................
i Less than 1 per cent.
6
6
6
6
6
6
3,518
3,485
7,266
6,073
7,173
6,242
5
5
3
3
3
2
2,515
2,662
3,257
3,093
3,376
2,650
65
50
11
11
9
9
9
8
6,033
6,147
10,523
9,166
10,549
8,892
2
3
6
2,030
1,984
4,125
3,446
3,814
3,563
210
181
417
370
186
113
1,238
1,277
2,682
2,154
2,904
2,293
4
5
1,458
1,548
1,702
1,534
1.531
1,356
61
69
4
93
1,007
1,002
1,299
1,332
1,731
895
4
3
65
96
21
56
3,488
3.532
5,827
4,980
5,345
4,919
214
181
478
439
190
206
2,245
2,279
3,981
3,486
4,635
3,188
46
21
51
2
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7, and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
Per cent of employees whose customary working turns per
week were—
5,5, and 5 and 6
6 in ro alter
tation nately
7
5
38
34
12
31
119
146
0)
0)
56
6
30
26
129
20
52
28
98
110
26
41
43
<9
66
16
14
20
82
69
140
122
16
20
50
108
198
160
52
66
132
122
57
160
189
1
0)
1
58
57
57
56
53
57
0)
58
58
52
49
45
51
0)
(i)
1
1
0)
1
58
57
55
54
51
55
2
2
6
5
6
6
3
2
35
37
37
35
40
37
2
2
4
40
38
40
43
51
34
4
3
5
5
2
2
37
37
38
38
44
36
0)
0)
6
6,6, and 6 and 7 6,7. and
7 in ro alter 7 in ro
tation nately tation
7
0)
(0
C1)
0)
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
5
2
1
4
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
0)
2
0)
0)
0)
1
1
1
2
2
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
Number of employees whose customary working turns per week
were—
Num Number
ber of of em
plants ployees
9S
T a b l e C.— Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— Tin-P late M ills
Position
Occupation and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Number
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Turns
Hours
Hours
per week per turn per week
Total_____________________
Heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West- _
Total______________________
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
4
2
76
27
5.9
5.3
7.4
8.0
42.7
42.7
82
31
73.3
69.4
$75.45
75.67
$1.0?0
1.C90
$43.98
46.54
80.6
74! 8
$81.42
79.55
$1,011
1.063
6
103
5.7
7.6
42.7
113
72.2
75.51
1.046
44.66
79.0
80.91
1* (\
A
1
UO
Z4
6
2
415
132
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
450
138
74.6
73.2
67.83
69.01
.910
.942
38.
40.’ 22
77.4
78.8
69.78
72.64
.902
.922
8
547
5.3
8.0
42.7
588
74.3
68.10
.917
39.16
77.7
70.41
.906
Heaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
4
2
99
78
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
112
84
69 9
75.3
53.43
58.81
.765
.781
32.67
33.35
75.8
82.1
57.58
62.97
.760
.767
Total_______________________
6
177
5.3
8.0
42.7
196
72.2
55.73
.772
32.96
78.5
59.88
.763
Rollers:
Pittsburgh.................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est--
6
2
267
83
5.3
5.2
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
283
88
76.3
73.3
125.25
118.39
1.641
1.614
70.07
68.92
78.5
78.1
127.54
122.59
1.626
1.570
8
350
5.3
8.0
42.7
371
75.6
123.62
1.635
69.81
78.4
126.36
1.613
2
2
7
24
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
8
27
62.0
75.0
59.39
71.31
.958
.950
40.91
40.57
84.0
79.8
79.67
77.89
.948
.976
4
31
53
8.0
42.7
35
72.1
68.58
.952
40.65
sa 7
7ft
QU
A
/ O*O
07A
•y/u
Total......... - ______ _________
Rollers, level handed:
Pittsburgh........... ........................
Great Lakes and Middle W est-_
Total.
............
TIN-PLATE MILLS
Heaters:
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
T a b l e C . — Average customary working time of employees per day and per week and average hours actually worked and earnings received per
employee in pay period covered, 1926, by occupation and district— T in -P late M ills— Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days)
Position
Average customary full time
of employees in the positions
Number
of plants
Averages for specified occupations only
Number
Number
Hours
Turns
Hours
per week per turn per week
Averages for specified and any
other occupations
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Full-time
earnings
per week
Hours
worked
Earnings
Earnings
per hour
Roughers:
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
2
267
92
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
285
98
74.3
76.2
$67.80
66.53
$0,913
.873
$38.99
37.28
79.2
78.9
$71.99
66.08
$0,909
.863
Total..........................................
8
359
5.3
8.0
42.7
383
74.8
67.48
.902
38.52
79.1
70.99
.897
Catchers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
2
267
91
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
301
97
72.7
74.1
58.14
61.04
.800
.824
34.16
35.18
76.9
78.1
60.64
62.93
.788
.805
Total................. —.....................
8
358
5.3
8.0
42.7
398
73.0
58.85
. 806 |
34.42
77.2
61.20
.792
Screw boys:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
6
2
270
92
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
313
99
71.0
71.9
44.74
46.02
.630
.640
26.90
27.33
75.3
76.9
46.60
48.00
.619
.624
Total..........................................
8
362
5.3
8.0
42.7
412
71.2
45.05
.633 |
27.03
75.7
46.94
.620
31.17
43.55
80.5
74.5
57.55
74.74
.715
1.003
1
Doublers:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est--
6
2
240
66
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
263
69
76.0
71.9
55.45
73.29
.730
1.020
Total..........................................
8
306
5.3
8.0
42.7
332
75.1
59.16
.787 |
33.60 |
79.3
61.12
.771
Doublers, level handed:
Pittsburgh-................ .................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
4
1
104
4
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
112
4
72.2
74.0
57.53
67.45
.796
.911
33.99
38.90
75.4
74.0
60.15
67.45
.797
.911
Total..........................................
5
108
5.3
8.0
42.7
116
72.3
57.87
.800
34.16
75.4
60.40 |
.m
Doublers’ helpers:
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est-.
6
2
219
66
5.3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42.7
42.7
252
72
71.8
72.
47.77
<7.46
.666
.656
28.44
28.01
74.4
74.8
49.15
48.27
.661
.645
42.7
5.3
285
8.0
8
---------------------------- ------------- ,--------------j-------------
324
74.5
48. 96 I
. 657
Total..........................................
70
.663
28.31
... ......... ~r... "
■i
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR------------------------------------------------------------------
Occupation and district
^
Shearmen:
Pittsburgh. ..................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
5
2
62
41
5.3
5.7
8.0
7.8
42.7
43.8
68
43
78.9
76.2
81.76
76.47
1.036
1.004
44.24
43.98
79.0
76.2
81.80
70.47
1.036
1.004
Total...........................................
7
103
5.5
7.9
43.1
111
77.9
79.71
1.024
44.13
77.9
70.74
1.024
Shearmen's helpers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est-.
2
1
8
16
6.0
6.0
9.8
9.7
58.8
58.0
9
17
104.3
81.2
54.81
40.58
.526
.500
30.98
29.00
117.3
113.7
60.79
53.80
.518
.473
Total.............. ............ ......... .
3
24
6.0
9.7
58.3
26
89.2
45.50
.510
29.73
114.9
56.22
.489
Openers, male:
Pittsburgh.....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West__
4
2
113
117
5.9
6.0
9.0
8.4
53.3
50.4
119
120
88.1
81.5
72.57
62.18
.824
.763
43.92
38.46
91.1
82.3
74.00
62.77
.812
.763
6
230
6.0
8.7
51.8
239
84.8
67.36
.795
41.18
86.7
68.36
.789
4
1
190
25
5.4
5.3
8.1
8.0
43.6
42.7
.199
26
80.3
74.5
65.84
75.34
.819
1.012
35.71
43.21
81.2
74.5
66.25
75.34
.816
1.012
5.3 |
8.1
43.5
225
79.7
66.94
.840
36.54
80.4
67.30
.837
5
215
2
23
5.3
8.0
42.9
25
79.4
91.60
1.154
49.51
80.1
91.97
1.148
Risers:
Pittsburgh....................................
2
29
5.3
8.0
42.9
34
72.2
46.03
.638
27.37
73. 2’
46.43
.635
Branners:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West. _
3
2
45
10
5.8
6.0
8.7
9.5
51.3
56.4
53
11
79.6
98.3
41.76
42.13
.525
.429
26.93
24.20
80.9
106.1
42.44
48.53
.525
.458
Total..........................................
5
55
5.9
8.9
52.2
64
82.8
41.83
.505
26.36
85.2
43.48
.510
Assorters, female:
Pittsburgh.......................... r........
Great Lakes and Middle West_.
3
1
187
54
5.7
6.0
7.6
7.5
42.9
45.0
195
55
78.6
87.2
30.26
33.15
.385
.380
16.52
17.10
78.6
87.2
30.26
33.15
.385
.380
Total........................ .................
4
241
5.8
7.5
43.4
250
80.5
30.89
.384
16.67
80.5
30.89
.384
Laborers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West- .
6
2
73
92
6.1
6.3
9.8
9.6
60.1
60.4
87
101
103.3
117.8
45.03
49.35
.436
.419
26.20
25.31
111.9
122.6
49.25
51.89
.440
.423
Total_____________________. . .
8
165
6.2
9.7
60.3
188
111.1
47.35
.426
25.69
117.7
50.67
.431
m il l s
Total...........................................
Redippers:
Pittsburgh....................................
Ti n - plate
Total.........................................
Tinners:
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle West. _
00'
Oi
186
T a b le
WAGES AND HOUES OP LABOB— IRON AND STEEL
D.— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district— Tin-Plate Mills
ALL EMPLOYEES
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis
trict
Aver
Hours
Hours
age
hours
Turns
Turns
per
per Mon Sat
Great
per Mon Sat
week
Pitts Lakes and Total
waek day to ur Sun Per week day to ur Sun Per
burgh
Fri day day week
Fri day day week
Middle
day
West
day
Night turns
Day turns
G roup A.—Day turn on ly
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
5
5
12
11%
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
9%
8
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
9
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
8
8
8
9
8
a
Total.
12
11%
12
12
12
10
10
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
10
9%
9
8%
8
7%
7
9%
8
6
5%
5
4
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
84
80%
72
84
72
70
69
68
60
70
70
59
68
68
60
70
59
68
63
60
60
60
59%
59
58%
58
57%
57
57
56
56
55%
55
54
54
48
56
56
53
48
56
51
56
48
48
56
48
46
48
50
50
48
46
45
45
40
12
11%
12
10
9
9
10
10
9
9
10
9
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
5
1
i
i
1
84 1
so %•
78
72
70
69
68
1
1
11
6
!
6
2
11
66%
I
2
2
1
1
11
12
2
11
2
2
65
25
25
65
86
86
3
3
4
518
1
1
1
147
1
296
2
122
8
1
169
1
161
2
116
63%
63
60
60
60
59%
59
58%
58
57%
57
57
56
56
55%
55
54
54
4
390
1
1
85
1
186
2
122
8
68
1
157
2
91
53%
53
52
51
128
1
62
110
1
101
4
25
6
6
29
21
29
1
11
11
9
9
9
75
1
188
4
31
1
145
3
295
4
1
891
2,264
21
1
22
1
70
2
107
1
1,373
187
TIN-PLATE MILLS
T a b l e D . — Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
1926, by district—-Tin-Plate Mills— C o n t in u e d
ALL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per Mon
Sun Per week day to Sat
ur Sun
day
day week
Fri day
day
*
Turns
Mon
per
week day to Sat
ur
Fri day
day
Per
Aver
age
hours
per
week
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis
trict
Pitts
burgh
Great
Lakes and Total
Middle
West
Group B.—Night turn only
12
12
78
72
70
60
60
60
60
56
12
10
W)
10
12
12
12
8
8
8
1
2
2
6
2
23
1
63H
8
8
52
50
48
48
40
34
Total.
I
I
18
52
3
2
3
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another
12
12
12
11
11
12
12
11
11
10
uy2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
10
11}
10
10
11
10
9
12
10
10
12
UH
11
10
11
11
12
11^
10
10
11
10
12
12
12
12
12
10
10
11
10
10
10
12
9
llM
11
10
10
9
8
7lA
7
10
60
59
58
57H
57
56
55'A
55
54
56
10
10
8
8
9
9
56
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11}
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
11
11
12
12
10
10
8
8
9
8
8
12
84
72 \
72 I
77
11
11
77 /
72
72
10
70
n y 2 69
10
70
10
70 1
66
n
60
10
60
60
573^
55
60
10
60
60
10
10
60
10
60
10
60
10
60
10
60
10
60
10
60
8
56
8
56 /
50
10
60
50
54
9
54
48 \
56 !/
8
50
84
75
74X
72
70K
70
69
67X
66
65
65
64H
63M
60^
60
60
59H
59
fm
58H
58
57%
57X
57
56
55
55
54
54
54
53H
53
2
13
7
2
2
4
6
17
2
2
4
19
7
8
2
11
20
9
3
36
8
221
37
30
3
3
59
2
2
59
122
12
51
44
18
21
17
17
23
8
2
20
3
36
177
37
12
3
3
59
2
2
59
109
7
51
18
21
6
11
9
8
44
18
13
5
44
188
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL
T a b l e D .— Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and per weehP
1926, by district— Tin-Plate M ills— Continued
A LL EM PLOYEES—Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per day to
per day to Sat Sun Per week
Per
week
ur- Sun
ur
day week
day
week
Fri day
Fri
day
day day
Number
employees
who
workedof each
specified
combination
of
customary
turns
trict and hours, by dis
Aver
age
hours
per
Great
week
Pitts Lakes
and Total
burgh
Middle
West
Continued
Group C.—Weekly changes from one shift to another—
5
8
8
8
8
7
8
8
56
7
8
8
56
6
8
48
6
8
10
8
9
8
48
60
50
48
49
48
6
8
48
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
11
48
48
48
51
6
9
49
6
8
48
6
8
48
7
7
6
5
6
6
6
10
8
10
10
8
55
56
56
5
40
6
5
5
42
40
40
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
5
5
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
” T '
8
8
8
8
8
4
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
7
50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
56
56
48
40
50
48
52
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
46
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
46
40
40
40
39
11
52^
52
1
j
1
} 50H
1
,
1
3
50%
1
.
m i,
50
50
50
3
6
48H
48
36
48
}
47
44
43^
8
3
3
524
548
38
14
144
144
64
64
42K
1,235
1,235
m
2,008
43
}
11
40H
40
Total..
1,338
18
42
3,346
18
112
112
2
14
2
14
4,835
1,741
6,576
ROLLERS, ONLY
Total.
}
m
155
}
42M
128
128
283
371
243
189
TIN-PLATE MILLS
T a b l e E.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in six specified occupa
tions, 1926, by district— Tin-Plate Mills
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num Num Average
ber of ber of full-time
estab
44
em hours per 40
lish
week
and and
ments ployees
under under
44
48
Occupation and
district
Rollers:
Pittsburgh .............. .
G. L. and M. W
Total_________
6
2
283
88
42.7
42.7
283
88
371
8
371
42.7
Doublers:
Pittsburgh. _ . .
G. L. and M. W ____
6
2
263
69
42.7
42.7
Over Over
56
48
and and
under under
60
56
48
Total________ ____
8
588
42.7
Tinners:
Pittsburgh__ ___ . . .
G. L. and M. W
4
1
199
26
43.6
42.7
193
26
Total.......................
5
225
43.5
219
.
3
1
195
55
42.9
45.0
96
99
55
96
154
Total.......................
8
332
42.7
6
2
450
138
42.7
42.7
Assorters (female):
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. and M. W
263
69
6
1
.........1.........
|
6
Total............ ..........
4
250
43.4
Laborers:
Pittsburgh...... ...........
G. L. and M. W
6
2
87
101
60.1
60.4
1
Total.......................
8
188
60.3
1
43154°— 27-------13
Over 66
60
and and
under under
72
66
.........!.........
1
1
.........i.........
332 ____ i_____ _____1_____
i
450
i
138
.........1.........
588
Heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh..................
G. L. and M. W
60
20
73
56
2
26
93
58
26
10
10
T a b l e F.— Average and classified earnings per hour in six specified occupations, 1926, by district— Tin -P late Mills
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Total
588
80
and
un
der
85
85
and
un
der
90
90
and
un
der
95
95
and
un
der
100
100
and
un
der
110
110
and
un
der
120
120
and
un
der
130
130 140
and and
un ! un
der der
140 150
150
and
un
der
160
160
and
un
der
170
180
and
un
der
190
170
and
un
der
180
190
and
un
der
200
200 225 250 275
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
225 250 275 300
Total
Total
Tinners:
Pittsburgh
G L and M W
_ _
Assorters, female:
Pittsburgh____ _____
G L and M W
Total
Laborers:
Pittsburgh
G L. and M W
___
1
.917
1. 641
1.614
371
1. 635
2G3
69
. 730
1.020
1
332
.787
1
199
26
.819
1.012
225
.840
195
55
.385
.380
250
.384
87
101
.436
.419
68
101
18
1
.426
169
18
1
188
'
_^_
i
l
l
i
48
10
67 102
17 29
59
16
61
23
34
25
14
13
16
1
2
29
4
8 1 33
58
84 131
75
84
59
27
17
3
2
1
7
2
1
I 2
1 2
-
__ _
__
■
8
!
1
i
283
88
!
2
i
3
157
55
29
i
3
212
29 | 4
4
1
! i !
j
1
16
2
16
2
2
l
i
8 i 2 I
..
7
7
r;r}
15
26
14
23 i 52 1 82
_ _ __2 •___ -----3 11 ,i ,-----o —3.. -----9 ----'___ ___
70
40
--
2
20 ! 45
3 1 7
i
_J _ . .J
09
13
1
i
21
15
18
4
5
2
1
14
22
5 I___
2 ------1
....— ------ __ 1
i
!
1! 3
5
5
18 14
1
1
6
'
j
5 14 18 13
5
3
t
1
|
j
1
2 ! 3 !1 1
5 9 12 23 28 |23 20
ii
1
4
2
6 27
17 35 34 23 18 13
1
i1
i
l
1
2
' 1
6 ! 4 11
1
i
j
!
I
!
17 i 36 34 23 20 19 ! 10 38
11 1
5 | 3
.! 1
___
|
i
l i
11
____!___i___
1
| ___
I 1__ !__ __ !__ __
....I....!.... ...J______
! i
i
i
__J 1___!1....
__i__j_n_
. . . J .......
1
!
i !
!
!
i
i
1
.__.L_.L_.
i
I
!
!
i
i '
1
1 i
1
.
27
!
3 36 |49 39 32 j 24 10
1 31 3 | 1
1
4 39 1 52 |40 32 ! 25 10
r
1 i ..
________
1
2i
1fT
8
36
LABOR-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Doublers:
Pittsburgh
G L and M W
|
OF
Rollers:
Pittsburgh
G L and M W
75
and
un
der
80
HOURS
450 $0.910
.942
138
G L and M W
Total
65 1 70
and and
un un
der der
70 75
AND
Heaters, level handed:
Total
60
and
un
der
65
WAGES
Occupation and district
Num Aver
age
ber
earn 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
of
ings and and and and and and and
em
per un un un un un un un
ploy
hour der der der der der der der
ees
45 50 55 60
30 35 40
T a b l e G .— Average and classified hours actually worked by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district—
Tin-Plate Mills
Number of employees who during the pay period worked hours specified
Occupation and district
Num
ber of Average
em hours
32
48
64
40
56
72
ploy- worked Un
and and and and and and
der under
under
under
under
under
under
32
64
56
72
40
48
Heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. andM . W__
450
138
77.4
78.8
T o ta l................
588
77.7
Rollers:
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. and M. W ._
283
78.5
78.1
Total ..................
371
78.4
Doublers:
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. and M. W__
263
80.5
74.5
T o ta l-...............
Tinners:
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. and M. W -
79.3
199
26
Total__..............
80.4
195
55
78.6
87.2
10.5
T otal.................
250
Laborers:
Pittsburgh,...........
G. L. and M. W ._
101
122.6
T o ta l.,............ .
188
117.7
19
Over
Over
104
96
and 104 and
under
under
104
112
88
and
under
96
Over Over
Over Over Over
112
120
132
144
156
and and 132 and and and
under under
under under under
132
120
144
156 168
112
52
90 I 164
20
10
J . I- J
10
15
23
46
128
10
121
51
81.2
74.5
Assorters, female:
Pittsburgh_______
G. L. and M. W ._
87
61
29
Over
80
and
under
40
25 i 18
70 i
23
40
70
111.9
ill
20
|
21
T a b l e H .— Average and classified earnings actually received by employees in six specified occupations in pay period covered, 1926, by district
co
to
T in -P l ate Mills
Number of employees whose earnings during the pay period were—
A v era ge
earnings
per p a y U n
p eriod der
$5
Heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W ._
138
Total..................
Ooo
Rollers:
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W__
283
127. 54
122.59
88
$69. 78
72.64
1
7/U.A A
1 1
Total..................
371
126.36
Doublers:
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W ._
O
AO
Q
ZO
69
O/*
74.74
1
T o ta l................
332
61.12
199
26
66.25 -----75.34 ------
T o ta l.................
225
67.30 ------
Total. ................
195
55
250
30. 26
33.’ 15
30.89 ------
Laborers:
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W__
87
A
OOK
itf#
<
mO
101
51.89
T o ta l.................
188
50. 67
$10 $15
and and
un un
der der
$15 $20
4
•9
1 -----in
IU
1
2
A
oo
$20
and
un
der
$25
$25
and
un
der
$30
$30
and
un
der
$35
$35 $40 ■$45! $50
and and and and
un un un un
der der j der der
$40 $45 $50 $55
1
0 -2 6 i1 *4
0
1 2
2
1 2
2
$55
and
un
der
$60
$60
and
un
der
$65
$65
and
un
der
$70
$70
and
un
der
$75
21 56 76 75
2 7 14 26 22
5 7 20 28 1 70!1ft9 97
18
1
1 3 1 2
1 1 4
1 ” 2’
2 !I 2 1 4 2 6
__ !__
*> ------
1 ------
4 2 2
l
2
12
14
14
31
39
3
29
3
------
4 2 2
i| 1
1 2z
12
14
16
32
42
32
1
2
oo
1 2 5 13
1 1
1 2 6 14
2
oo
2
3
3
1
4
"~3~
3
1
100
48
5 !| 28
53 128
43
13
49
4
35
53 ! 45
34
14
2 2 1
1
1
1
45
1
l
3
3
6 11
11 33
2 2 4 3
1 2 1 6
3
4 5 9
32
32
3
25
20
6
$75
and
un
der
$80
$80 ! $85
a n d a ijd
un un
der der
$85 $90
i
1
1
$100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180*
$90 !
a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d an d $250
u n j u n j u n I u n |un- I un- u n u n u n u n ! un and
der der der der j|der |der der der der der 1der over
$95 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $180 $200 $250
$200
$95
1
1
•
5 7
2 3 3 8
2 2
o
2 5 5 g
o
00 1 o&. . . .
Tinners:
Pittsburgh............
G. L. and M. W__
Assorters, females:
Pittsburgh. ...........
G. L. and M. W „
$5
and
un
der
$10
2 1
14
7
9
1
6 i 14
7
9
i| I
10 6
56
26
31
15
29
17
82
46
46
3
5
7
6 27 38
7
2. 2 1 13 13
3
5
9
5
15 1!
9
7
40 ! 51
15
5
4
17
26
25
14
2
5
3
10
7 12 8 8
15
13
5
2
13
4
11 20 10
6
21
3
i
45
9
48
15
29
9
25
54
63
38
35
5
1 1 1
5
1 1 1
10
5
1
18 |
1 7'
17
51
10 2
7
3
14
1
17
16
3
1
1
5
5 I
1
7
2 1
2 1
1
3
9
...
|
|
i
32
19
1
4
rzrzrr'
44
20 13 6
5
25 1
3 6
1
1 1
-------, ---
i
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-------------------------------------------------------------
Occupation and district
N um
ber of
em
ployees
LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since July,
1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results o f periodic reports of the bureau,
only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins
published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus ♦are out
o f print.
Wholesale Prices.
No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
No. 440. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1926.
[1921.]
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
*No.
*No.
♦No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
121.
130.
164.
170.
357.
369.
418.
Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
The cost of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
Retail prices, 1890 to 1925.
Wages and Hours of Labor.
♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam-railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
*No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, mill work, and furniture industries, 1915.
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
No. 348. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile industry, 1922.
No. 396. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes. [1924.]
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 371. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1924.
No. 374. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1924.
No. 376. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1924.
No. 377. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufactuiing, 1924.
No. 381. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1924.
N o . 394. W ages and hours o f la b o r in m etalliferous m ines, 1924.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1925.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 413. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 421. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1925.
No. 422. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1925.
No. 431. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1926.
No. 435. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1926.
No. 438. Wages and hours of labor in the motor vehicle industry, 1925. (In press.)
Employment and Unemployment.
♦No.
No.
♦No.
♦No.
No.
109.
172.
183.
195.
196.
♦No. 202.
No. 206.
♦No. 227.
No.
♦No.
No.
No.
No.
235.
241.
247.
310.
409.
Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.]
Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan
uary, 1916.
Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10,1916.
The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and
3,1917.
Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11, 1918.
Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
[Il
Proceedings o f Annual Meetings o f International Association o f Public Employment Services.
N o . 192. First.. Ch icago, D ecem ber 19 and 20,1913; Second, Indianapolis, Septem ber 24 and 25, 191 4;
T h ird , D etroit, July 1 and 2, 1915.
N o . 220. F ou rth , B uffalo, N . Y ., July 20 and 21, 1916.
N o . 311. N in th , B u ffalo, N . Y ., Septem ber 7-9, 1921.
N o . 337. T en th , W ashington, D . C ., Septem ber 11-13, 1922.
N o . 355. E leven th , T o ro n to , Canada, Septem ber 4-7, 1923.
N o . 400. T w e lfth , C hicago, 111., M a y 19-23,1924.
N o . 414. T h irteenth, R ochester, N . Y ., Septem ber 15-17, 1925.
Women and Children in Industry.
N o. 116. H ours, earnings, and duration of em ploym en t o f w age-earning w om en in selected industries
in the D istrict of C olum bia. [1913.]
*N o. 117. P ro h ib itio n o f night w ork of you n g persons. [1913.]
♦No. 118. T en -h ou r m axim u m w ork ing -day for w om en and y o u n g persons. [1913.]
♦No. 119. W ork in g hours of w om en in the pea canneries of W isconsin. [1913.]
♦No. 122. E m p lo y m e n t of w om en in pow er laundries in M ilw au kee. [1913.]
N o. 160. H ours, earnings, and conditions of labor of w om en in Indiana m ercantile establishm ents
and garm ent factories. [1914.]
♦No. 167. M in im u m -w ag e legislation in the U nited States and foreign countries. [1915.]
♦No. 175. Sum m ary of the report on conditions of w om en and ch ild w age earners in the U nited States.
[1915.]
♦No. 176. E ffect of m in im um -w age determ inations in Oregon. [1915.]
♦No. 180. T h e b o o t and shoe industry in M assachusetts as a voca tion for w om en . [1915.]
♦No. 182. U n em p loy m en t am ong w om en in departm ent and other retail stores of B oston, M ass.
[1916.]
N o. 193 D ressm aking as a trade for w om en in M assachusetts. [1916.]
N o. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in M assachusetts. [1917.]
♦No. 217. E ffect of w ork m en ’s com pensation laws in dim inishing the necessity of industrial e m p lo y
m ent of w om en and children. [1918.]
N o . 223. E m p lo y m e n t of w om en and juveniles in Great Britain during the w ar. [1917.]
N o . 253. W o m e n in lead industries. [1919.]
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦No.
♦No.
♦No.
N o.
♦No.
N o.
101.
102.
103.
107.
155.
212.
Care of tubercu lou s w age earners in G erm an y. [1912.]
British n ational insurance act. 1911.
Sickness and accident insurance law of Sw itzerland. [1912.]
L a w relating to insurance of salaried em ployees in G erm any. [1913.]
C o m p e n sa tio n for accidents to em ployees of the U n ited States. [1914.]
Proceedings o f the conference on social insurance called b y the International A ssociation of
In du strial A ccid en t B oards and Com m issions, W ashington, D . C ., D ecem ber 5-9, 1916.
N o . 243. W o rk m e n ’s com pensation legislation in the U nited States a n d foreign countries, 1917 and
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
301.
312.
379.
423.
1918.
C om parison of w ork m en ’s com pensation insurance and adm inistration. [1922.]
N ation a l health insurance in Great B ritain, 1911 to 1920.
C om parison of w ork m en ’s com pensation laws of the U n ited States as of January 1, 1925.
W o rk m e n ’s com pensation legislation of the U n ited States and C anada. [1926.1
Proceedings o f Annual Meetings o f the International Association o f Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
♦No.
N o.
N o.
♦No.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
210.
248.
264.
273.
281.
304.
333.
359.
385.
395.
405.
432.
T h ir d , C olum bus, O hio, A p ril 25-28, 1916.
F ou rth , B oston, M ass., A u gust 21-25, 1917.
F ifth , M ad ison , W is., Septem ber 24-27, 1918.
Sixth, T o ro n to , C anada, Septem ber 23-26, 1919.
S eventh, San Francisco, Calif., Septem ber 20-24, 1920.
E ighth, Chicago, 111., Septem ber 19-23, 1921.
N in th , B altim ore, M d ., O ctober 9-13, 1922.
T e n th , St. P aul, M in n ., Septem ber 24-26, 1923.
E leventh, H alifax, N o v a Scotia, A u gust 26-28, 1924.
Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
T w elfth , Salt L ake C ity , U tah, A ugust 17-20,1925.
T hirteenth, H artford, C on n., Septem ber 14-17, 1926.
[n]
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
♦No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.1
No. 120. Hygiene in the painters’ trade. [1913.]
*No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
*No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of
buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
♦No. 207. Causes of death by occupation. [1917.]
♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trade. [1917.]
No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
♦No. 236. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers Com*
mittee. [1919.]
♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
No. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1916 to 1919.
No. 306. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz
ardous occupations. [1922.]
No. 339. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States. [1923.]
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 425. Record of industrial accidents in the United States to 1925.
No. 426. Deaths from lead poisoning. [1926.]
No. 427. Health survey in the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.,
July 14-16, 1926.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
*No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade in its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
♦No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils of Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.]
No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
No. 419. Trade agreements, 1925..
[in]
Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
211.
229.
285.
331.
322.
343.
370.
408.
417.
434.
Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.1
Wage payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
Minimum-wage legislation in the United States. [1921.]
Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922].
Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
Labor laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1925.
Labor legislation of 1926.
Foreign Labor Laws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.]
Vocational and Workers' Education.
♦No. 159.
•No. 162.
No. 199.
No. 271.
Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1916.]
Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
Safety Codes.
No. 331.
No. 336.
No. 338.
No. 350.
No. 351.
No. 364.
No. 375.
No. 378.
No. 382.
No. 410.
No. 430.
No. 433.
No. 436.
Code of lighting factories, mills, and other work places.
Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.
Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor
vehicles.
Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus.
Safety code for laundry machinery and operation.
Safety code for woodworking plants.
Code of lighting school buildings.
Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.
Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.
Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
237.
340.
349.
361.
380.
383.
384.
399.
Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
Chinese migration, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous coal field. [1924.]
Postwar labor conditions in Germany.
Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920 to 1924.
Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.)
Welfare Work.
♦No. 123. Employer’s welfare work. [1923.]
No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
•No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.]
Cooperation.
No. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
No. 314. Cooperative credit societies in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Housing.
•No.
No.
No.
No.
158.
263.
295.
424.
Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
Housing by employees in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States, 1925.
[IV]
Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the United
States and Canada.
No.
No.
•No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
266.
307.
323.
352.
389.
411.
429.
Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922.
Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925.
Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
Miscellaneous Series.
*No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May
1,1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
No. 299. Personnel research agencies. A guide to organized research in employment, management,
industrial relations, training, and working conditions. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[1923.]
No. 342. International Seaman's Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. The cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 420. Handbook of American trade-unions. [1926.]
No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925.
No. 439. Handbook of labor statistics 1924-1926.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.] (In press.)
M
@FedFRASER