The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART,Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES}
1
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ' ' ' ' 1
WAGES AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
N0, 381
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE IRON AND STEEL
INDUSTRY : 1907 TO 1924
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MAY, 1925
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1925
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ADDITIONAL COPIES
01' THIS PUBLICATION KAY Bll: PBOCUUD l'ROll
THE SUPBRINTENDBNT 01' DOCUll'.BNTB
GOVBRNKBNT PRINTING erl'ICB
WASJIINQTON, D. C.
AT
20 CENTS PER COPY
CONTENTS
Introduction and summary ______________________________________ _
Index numbers, by depa~ments _____________________________ _
Full-time working hours per week ____________________________ _
Full-time working days per week _____________________________ _
Common laborers __________________________________________ _
Average hourly earnings in departments, 1924, by districts ______ _
Scope of 1924 data _________________________________________ _
Explanation of tables _______________________________________ _
Blast furnaces _________________________________________________ _
Bessemer converters_____________ ---- ____ ------ -- __________ -----Open-hearth furnaces ___________________________________________ _
Puddling mills _________________________________________________ _
Blooming mills ________________________________________________ _
Plate mills ____________________________________________________ _
Standard rail mills _____________________________________________ _
Bar mills _____________________________________________________ _
Sheet mills ____________________________________________________ _
Tin-plate mills _________________________________________________ _
TABLE A.-Average customary full-time hours per week, earnings per
hour, and full-time earnings per week, and index numbers therefor,
1907 to 1924, by occupation:
·
(1) Blast furnaces _________________________________________ _
(2) Bessemer converters ___________________________________ _
(3) Open-hearth furnaces __________________________________ _
(4) Puddling mills ______________________________ ---- ______ _
(5) Blooming mills ________________________________________ _
(6) Plate mills ____________________________________________ _
(7) Standard rail mills _____________________________________ _
(8) Bar mills _____________________________________________ _
(9) Sheet mills ___________________________________________ _
(10) Tin-plate mills ________________________________________ _
TABLE B.-Number and per cent of employees who customarily worked
each specified number of days per week, 1914 to 1924, by district and
year:
(1) Blast furnaces _________________________________________ _
(2) Bessemer converters ___________________________________ _
(3) Open-hearthfurnaces __________________________________ _
(4) Puddling mills ________________________________________ _
(5) Blooming mills ________________________________________ _
(6) Plate mills ____________________________________________ _
(7) Standard rail mills_____________________________________ _
(8) Bar mills _____ -------------------------- ______________ _
(9) Sheet mills __________________________ ------------------(10) Tin-plate mills_---------------------------------------TABLE C.-Average customary full-time hours worked and actual
earnings per hour and per pay period, 1924, by occupation and
district:
(1) Blast furnaces _________________________________________ _
(2) Bessemer converters ___________________________________ _
(3)
furnaces
__ ---------------------------------_
(4) Open-hearth
Puddling mills
________________________________________
(5) Bloomingmills ________________________________________ _
(6) Platemills ____________________________________________ _
(7) Standard rail mills _____________________________________ _
(8) Bar mills _____________________________________________ _
Page
1-16
4-6
6,7
8,9
9, 11
11, 12
12
13-16
17-31
32-47
48-63
64-78
79-92
93-107
108-115
116-133
134-148
149-163
18-22
33-38
49-52
65-67
8Q-82
94-97
109
117-121
135-138
150-153
23
39
54
68
83
98
109
122
139
154
25-27
41-43
56-58
70-73
85~7
100-102
111
124-127
(9) Sheet mills ____ ----------------------------------------- 141-143
(10) Tin-plate mills __ ------------------------------------ -- _ 156-158
"''
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
IV
CONTENTS
Page
TABLE D.-Average and classified earnings per hour in 2 selected
occupations, 1924, by district:
(1) Blast furnaces (keepers and laborers)--------------------28
(2) Bessemer converters (blowers and vessel men) _____________ _
44
(3) Open-hearth
furnaces (melters' first helpers and ladle crane-_
men) _______________________________________________
59
(4) Puddling mills (puddlers, level handed, and rollers) ________ _
74
(5) Blooming mills (heaters and roll engineers) _______________ _
88
(6) Plate mills (screw men in sheared-plate mills, and shearmen)_
103
(7) Standard rail mills (guide setters and straighteners) ________ _
112
(8) Bar mills (roughers and hotbed men) _____________________ _
128
(9) Sheet mills (rollers and matchers) ________________________ _
144
(10) Tin-plate mills (heaters and doublers) ____________________ _
159
TABLE E.-Customary full-time turns per week and hours per turn and
per week, 1924, by district:
(1) Blast furnaces _________________________________________ _
29, 30
(2) Bessemer converters ___________________________________ _
45,46
(3) Open-hearth furnaces __________________________________ _
60-62
(4) Puddling mills ________________________________________ _
75-77
(5) Blooming mills ________________________________________ _ 89-92
(6) Plate mills ____________________________________________ _ 104-106
(7) Standard rail mills _____________________________________ _ 113, 114
(8) Bar mills _____________________________________________ _
(9) Sheet mills ____________________________________________ _ 129-133
145-147
(10) Tin-plate mills _____ ------------------------------- ____ _ 160-162
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BULLETIN OF THE
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
NO. 381
WASHINGTON
MAY, 1928
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY: 1907 TO 1924
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Earnings per hour, customary hours of labor, and actual hours and
earnings m one pay: period in 1924 a.re presented in this report for
wage earners in 10 departments of the iron and steel industry in the
Umted States. Summ.1.1.ry figures for precedine yea.rs, ta.ken from
previous reJ>orts of the bureau, 1 a.re also shown lor ea.ch department
ex~e_pt stand.a.rd rail mills. 2
The statistics herein presented may be ta.ken as fa.irly representative
of the industry, as they a.re based on a sufficient number of representative plants in ea.ch district to show conditions in their locality.
Statistics a.re presented in this report for employees inBlast furnaces, 1907-1924.8
Bessemer converters, 1907-1924.8
Open-hearth furnaces, 1910-1924.8
Puddling mills, 1914-1924.'
Bloom:ifismills, 1910-1924.8
Plate · , 1910-1924.8
Standard rail mills, 1924 only.3
Bar mills, 1907-1924.'
Sheet mills, 1910-1924.8
Tin-plate mills, 1910-1924.'
The greater J?&rt of the data was obtained through personal visits
of a.gents of this bureau to the several plants, the remainder being
obt8.lned from the plants through corresp~>ndence.
The ~es for 1924 a.re based on actual pay-roll data for one pay
period. The period selected for the survey was from Janu~ 16 to
31, and the majority of the re_ports cover that period. In a few
instances, when conilitions in tlie plants in January were not representative~ the reJ>orts were ma.de for a normalleriod as near January
as a.vaila.ole. Of the 189 schedules obta.ine , 129 a.re for the la.st
half of January, 37 a.re for some other period in January, 17 a.re for a
1 Bee, tor years op to 1915, Bui. No. 218; for 1917t]l(onthly Labor Review for March, 1918; for 1919, Bui.
No. 2tJ!li !at 1931, Bui. No. 305; and for 1922, Bui. l'IO. 363.
• In m111 deD&rtmellt only three mills which had been scheduled formerly were found ID operation and
producing rails the malor part of their time. The other four rail mills oovered this year were uew and ID
some cases were located In sections of the country not heretofore Included ID this department, he-. 11111'
oomuarison made between the 1924 tlgores and those tor other years might be more or less misleading.
For this reason the bnrean decided to make no oomparlaon as betw- the old and the new tlgores and data
for ran mills are shown for 1924 only.
• No data available tor 11118, 1918, 1921, or 1923.
• No data available for 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, or um,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
2
W.A.GES AND HOURS OJ!' LA.BOB-IBON A.ND STEEL
period in February, and 4 cover a period in March. The rem~
2 schedules were reported for a l?enod in October, 1923. The ~es
for the years 1907 to 1915 are m most eases for the second half of
May, tliose for 1917 are for a_pay period in September, and those
for 1919 are nearly all for a ha.If-month pay period in the first three
months of that year. The 1920 survey covered the last ha.If of
October, and in most instances the figures for 1922 relate to the first
half of October.
Before the World War the major branches of the steel indus~
were almost without exception operated on a two-shift basis. Dw.jbg
the war there was some tendency toward the three-shift system but
following the armistice many of the plants which had adopted the
three 8-hour shifts for emergency reasons returned to the two 12-hour
shifts. In 1922 the President of the United States invited the steel
manufacturers of the country to meet with him in Wasl!ington in an
endeavor to find some means if possible whereb_y the long 12-hour
shift could be eliminated. The conference was held May 18, 1922,
and 41 of the leading manufacturers decided to abolish the long
working hours of employees as far as practicable and as soon as labor
conditions would pernut. In the summer of 1923 the first general
reduction was made and the present survey shows clearly the extent
to which hours have ~een reduced in this industry.
In 1922, 69 per cent of all blast-furnace employees reported worked
72 or more hours per week. Sixty-seven per cent in the Bessemer
converting department, 64 per cent in open-hearth furnaces, 57 per
cent in bloommg mills, 39 per cent in plate mills, and 16 per cent in
bar mills also worked 72 hours or longer. In 1924, however, working
time had been so far reduced that only 9 per cent of the employees
in blast furnaces, 7 per cent in open-hearth furnaces, 3 _per cent in
blooming mills, 4 per cent in plate mills, and 3 per cent m bar mills
were on a be.sis of 72 ·. hours or more. Only two employees were
found in the Bessemer converting department worki.ni as many as
72 hours per week in 1924, while 8_per cent of the employees in rail
mills worked 72 hours or more. Employees in sheet and tin-plate
mills have been on an 8-hour basis for many years, and hours per
week in these departments are subject to only slight ch~ges from year
to year. The 12-hour t~ had previously been practically eliminated
from the :{>Uddling mill department also and scarcely any change in
working time was noticed from 1922 to 1924.
Whife full..:time hours per week were decreased so materially,
wage rates were adjusted so that employees received but slightly
less l?ay for the shorter shifts than tliey had formerly received for
worloni? the longer hours. Later, substantial wage mcreases were
effected' in practically_every department, so that the increase in
hourly e ~ has even more than offset the reduction in hours
per week and full-time earnings p_er week still show an increase in
all departments except plate mills.
The general ta.bles in this report refer· to one specific period in
each year and do not, therefore, in any way reflect month-to-month
ch~~verage earnings per hour were obtained by dividing the
total amount earned l>y the total hours actually worked in an occupation. As before stated, it was not possible in all cases to obtain
a representative pay period for the last half c,f January. Also some
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
3
establishments pay their employees weekly, some biweekly, and
one establishment maintains a 10-day pay period. When weekly
pay rolls were found, agents combined the pay rolls for two consecutive weeks, making a two-week period.
Before combinations of actual time and actual earnings could
be made and averages computed therefrom it became necessary to
adjust the figures of these exceptional pay rolls into figures equivalent
to those for a pay period having the same full-time hours as the
selected January period. In making this adjustment the actual
average earnings per hour have not been affected.
The earnings per hour shown in the tables include both the earnings of time workers and those of tonnage or piece workers. All
earnings per hour are for individuals, no contractors being included.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables are
the customary regular hours of work of individual emplofees under
normal conditions in the establishment. The working time is the
time on duty, including intervals of waiting for work-in other words,
the time between the hour of reporting for duty and the hour of
going off duty. The working time of individual employees is not
always the working time of their occupation as a whole. Some
plants which operate seven days per week make provision for laying
off each employee one day a week. In such a plant the full-time
hours per week of an employee working 8 hours a day is 48 hours.
In all tables in this report, whether the number of positions have
been used as the number of employees, as is the case for the years
up to and including 1917, or the actual number of individual employees has been reported, as for the years 1919 to 1924, the fulltime hours of the man in the position have been shown and not the
hours of the position. The term "positions" or "jobs" used in
this report is defined as the number of places to be filled by employees working the regular full time required to operate a plant
under normal working conditions, with provision for two or three
shifts or turns per day, but with no provision for relief of emplorees.
For example, a blast furnace must have a keeper on duty al the
time. If the furnace employees are on a 12-hour shift then there
are two positions for keeper at the furnace. If on a 3-shift basis
there are three keepers' positions.
The full-time earnings per week are the earnings per week of
employees working their customary full time or the earnings on
broken time reduced to equivalent earnings for a full week.
Five general statistical tables are presented in this report. Summary figures for preceding years are brought into comparison with
:figures for 1924 in Tables A and B, while Tables C, D, and E contain
data for 1924 only-. Probably the two most important are Tables
C and E, which show the earnings and customary working time of
employees for 1924 in detail, thus adding considerably to the
completeness of the report. A statement and explanation of· the
data contained in each table is given on pages 13 to 16. All of
these tables are published in 10 parts, one part for each department, each being placed under tlie heading of the department to
which it relates.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
WAGES AND HOURS 01!' LA.BOR-IIIION AND STEEL
INDEX NUMBERS, BY DEPARTMENTS
In the sections of this report relating to the several deRartments
the full-time earnings per week, the full-time hours of labor per
week, and the earnings per hour are shown for each of the principal
productive occupations. These occupation figures have been consolidated and are here presented in the form of index numbers for each
department (except standard rail mills) as a whole. The purpose
of these indexes is to indicate the direction and extent of the changes
in wages and hours which have taken place from year to year. In
the wage studies of the industry for the earlier years data covering
the prjncipal :eroductive occupations onlY: were obtained, data for
secondary proauctive and nonproductive labor not being collected.
All occu,_pations have been included in the wage investigations of
1914, 19:liii, 1920, 1922, and 1924, but the principal productive occupations only have been used in computing index numbers for the
departments for those years. This was done so that the data used
for the several years, though not complete, would be strictly comparable.
Table 1 shows for ea.ch department se:{>arately index numbers
for average full-time hours per week, earmngs per hour, and fulltime earnings per week, computed from the data for the principal
productive occupations. The index for each year is simply the per
cent that the average for that year is of the average for 1913. The
~ar 1913 is taken as the base, as it was the last full year before the
World War. For puddling mills 1914 is taken as the base as data
for this department were first obtained for that year. The years
shown are those for which data are available.
1~INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, EARNil!TOS
PER HOUR..t.~ND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER WEEK IN THE COMBINED PRINCIPAL
PRODUCTnE OCCUPATIONS, BY DEPARTMENT AND YEAR
TABLB
(1913-100, except for puddling mllla, for which 1914= 100]
Index numoers ofDepartment and :,'ear
Full·
time
Earn•
week
per
hour
hours
per
Blast furnaces:
1907..................
1008..................
l!lll!L .•••••••••••••••
1910 ••••.••.•••••.•
1911..................
1912..................
1913 . •• . •••••• •• ••• . •
1914..................
1915..................
1917·•··••·•••••••••·•
1919..................
1920..................
1922 •••••••••••••••
1924..................
Bessemer converters:
lg()?•••••• ·.•..•••.•••
lllAA ••••..•••••••••
1909......... •••••••••
11110 •••••••••••••••
1911..................
11112.••••••
---1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
lffl
101
102
102
102
99
100
97
97
ings
88
85
83
Index numbers of-
Full·
time
91
86
85
100
93
93
76
90
90
100
97
97
152
248
258
176
100
102
98
102
103
101
101
85
79
82
86
82
90
86
79
84
88
84
90
90
Full·
time
hours
~
87
89
92
100
101
101
156
250
283
191
2M
98
Department and year
earn•
per
week
Bessemer ccnverters-Continued
1913..... ....... ......
1914..................
1915..................
1917·•··•••·••·•·•••·•
1919 ····•·••····••••
1920. ••• •• .•• •• . ••• •••
1922..................
1924..................
Open•hearth furnaces:
1910 ·••••··•········
1911••••• •••••. .. . •• . •
1912..................
1913.. ••••••• •• • •• • •. .
1914..................
1915..................
1917.•••••••••••••••.•
1919..................
1920 -················
1922.. •• . •• •••••• •••••
1924. •••••• _ __ ,
Earn•
lngs
100
118
100
90
98
96
151
208
241
170
227
98
99
98
75
99
96
98
100
97
92
99
98
89
93
7•
f:!;
in:'~
per .
hour
1K
89
89
112
100
100
104
152
239
282
202
289
earn•
100
00
94
149
218
2M
176
182
86
85
91
100
97
96
160
2M
253
188
11111
5
INTRODUCTION A.ND SUMMABY
t.-INDEX NUMBERS OF A VERA GE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, EARNINGS
PER HOUR, AND FULL·TIME EARNINGS PER WEEK IN THE COMBINED PRINCIPAL
PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS, BY DEPARTMENT AND YEAR-Continued
TABLE
[1913=-100, except for puddling Iilills,Jor which 1914=100]
Index numbers ofDepartment and year
Full•
time
hours
per
week
Earn•
ings
per
hour
Full·
time
ings per
week
100
98
98
103
96
96
234
IM
236
1910. __ -- - - __ - __ •• - - - 1911. •• ___ -- _--··--·-1912--·------- --- --·1913. _________________
1914••• __ -- __ -- --·-- -1911L--··-----·--··- 1917_. ___ --- --- ----- __
1919_ •• _--------- ----1920_. ___ -- ___ --- -----
102
101
81
83
82
84
87
100
102
104
133
88
100
98
100
131
217
11122... ______ -- ------192L ••• --- -------·---
1910••• _•• ____________
1911.. __ -------------1912_. ___ ·-- _-- --- --- _
1913.•. _
1914 ....... -·--------11115 ••• ___ • ·---··--·- 1917•••. ---- _-- --- -- _1919.••. _-- _-- ---·-·-1920••• -- _--- -- _----- _
1922___ --- _---- --- ---1924···-·-·-·---·•--·-
Bar mills:
1907---··--•·····--·-•
19()8. ___ - -- --- --- - -- - 1909·---········-·--- _
Full·
time
hours
per
week
Earn• Full·
time
lngs
earn•
per
/ker
honr ings
wee
Bar mills-Continued
19H.••••......•.••...
1915••••.. -······ ... - .
1919••••..............
1920••••••...........•
1922.•••••.•..........
1924•..•••••••.•••••..
Plate mills:
Department and year
earn..
Puddling mills:
Blooming mills:
Index numbers of-
IOI.
100
97
97
100
96
91
95
100
96
269
279
155
220
78
233
169
221
99
89
98
87
92
100
100
99
99
100
102
99
95
82
106
106
107
100
101
107
156
233
267
186
215
94
84
86
100
94
260
295
220
166
177
88
85
91
100
100
106
156
237
265
175
172
99
89
Ill
1910.•. --· _.. ·-·· ..•••
1911... _--- ..... _-····
1912.•. ···-·· ..• -· -···
1913.•.•.......•.•.•••
1914.• _. _. -- _-- --- _--·
1915.•.•...• _--------1919 ____ --- ------ ·---1920-·-·---·--··-·-·-·
1922_. __ --------- --···
1924_______ ·---·-·-···
104
106
103
100
100
100
103
99
98
89
1910. ___ -·-·-·-·-···-1911••. ---- ·-- -·--··-·
1912___ ·---·····-···-·
1913__ .•• ·-···-·---· -·
1914 __ -· ---·-·-·-·-···
1915 ___ ···-·-·-- ·--·-·
1917·- -·---·-·-·- --···
1919____ --··---·--··-·
1920.• --------------··
1922••••••. --------·-·
1924_____ ··----------·
102
102
101
100
100
101
104
99
100
101
100
1910••••• __ ---·--···-·
1911•••• ___ --··-···-··
1912.-·------ ---·---··
1913•• _-- --- -----·---·
1914,____ ------ ------··
1915•• ___ --· ·-·---·-·1919__ ._ ·- _··----··-··
1920_._ ---·-·- _·-·---1922_ •• _. __ -- ------·-1924. __ -- _-- _-··------
98
Sheet mills:
Tln•plate mills:
99
99
100
100
100
97
95
94
94
95
90
90
100
96
98
214
252
173
gg
93
'lJ1T
93
100
97
98
221
253
171
189
84
lffi
91
93
100
101
92
178
193
100
101
92
183
190
229
240
147
170
88
98
99
100
102
102
92
94
16-1
179
87
97
98
100
220
102
101
217
252
175
214
211
253
171
In addition te the above table of index numbers, which have been
computed for the principal productive occupations alone, a comparison
of tlie earnings per hour of employees in all occupations and those in
the principal productive occupations has been prepared. The earnings for the year 1924 are compared with those for 1914, 1920, and
1922 for each department except rail mills, and the percentage o!
increase or decrease is shown in the following table.
Only slight differences are noted between the increases or decreases
in earnings per hour in the principal productive occupations and in all
occupations in most instances. In a few cases, however, the variation
in the proportion of skilled and unskilled labor in the two groups was
sufficient to cause considerable change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
WAGES A.ND HOURS OF LA.BOB-IBION A.ND STEEL
T.U!u: 1.-PER OENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN EARNINGS PER HOUR IN THE
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS AND IN ALL OOOUPATIONS IN 19'.M AS
COMPARED WITH 1914, 1920, AND 1922, BY DEPARTMENT
·
·
Per cent oflnm'ealle (+) or decrease(-) ht:productive
occupations In 19'.M as
compared with-
Principal
Department
furnaces____________
Blast
Bessemer converters ______
Open-hearth furnaces ••••
Puddling mills •••••••••••
B ~mills•••••••••••
Plate
•••••••••••••••
Bar mills ---·············
Sheet mills•• -·····--···
Tln•plate mills •••••••••••
All occupat!ODB In 1111M
as compared with-
191'
1920
11122
191'
1920
1922
:t:1153
1153
-10
+33
+33
+33
+51
+a1
+16
+20
+u1
+22
+11>2
:t:l~
168
:t:120
128
+us
+110
-9
+s1
+169
+1u
+ns
+ns
+us
+68
+no
-6
-11
-16
-5
-20
-18
-26
-16
-8
15
-6
-19
+ao
-1
-16
-18
-22
-16
-t66
+s7
:t::
+11
+22
FULL-TIME WORKING HOURS PER WEEK
Table 3 shows a percentage distribution of all employees in all
occupations in each del)artment according to their customary fulltime hours per week. The 1924 percentages are compared witli those
for 1914, 1915, 1920, and 1922 for all departments except rail mills.
The ~es for rail mills are presented for 1924 only.
· 'l'he classified hours of the table are average hours for the individual
and do not reflect the long hours of one week that may alternate with
shorter hours the next. Thus a man who works 72 hours one week
and 60 hours the next has an aver~e of 66 hours, which is tabulated
in the group "Over 60 and under 72. '
TABLE 3.-PER OENT OF EMPLOYEES IN ALL OOCUPATIONS WORKING SPEOll'IED
NUMBER OF AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOU.BS PER WEEK, 1914 TO 11124, BY DEPARTMEN;T AND YEAR
Per cent of employees whose average full-time hours per
• .
week wer~
..
Department and year
Blast furnaces:
of
plants
Over
48aud 48and
under under
60.
38
38
28
~1
82
36
1914. ·--· --·- •• -·········
1916 •••••••••••••• - ••••••
1920_ ····--············ ••
1922•• ····-·-·----------1924. ------------ --------
12
12
11
11
1914 _. ···-·. __ --- _--- --- _
1915 __ -·--·---·--···-·--.
192()_. --·-·--···--··--·-1922•• --··---···-······-1924. -----·---·········--
:1 ~:l
1914 ••.•• --·-·······-·-- _
1915. ·-·····-···········1920 •• -····-··········· .•
1922•••••••••••••••••••••
1924••••••• -·······-·····
Less than 1 per cent.
29
1914 •• -- _-- • -- -- ·•••••• ••
1915 •• --- -·-··--- -·······
1920_ ••••••••• _••••••••••
1922••.••••••••••••••••• _
1924_ ·- · --·--·-··-······-
Bessemer converters:
Open•hearth furnaces:
Puddling mills:
l
Num•
ber
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
26
29
15
12
12
1
21
13
-12
7
13
16
12
12
14
11
60
9
7
7
6
28
4
5
11
8
14
,10
2
6
17
7
7
32
15
69
6
5
1
3
6
27
31
55
53
24
13
41
17
27
41
33
53
Over
72and
under
M
72
12·
5
6
18
7
59
22
22
over
60and
under
60
u
10
15
11
9
11
1
1
M
22
23
16
39
3
17
13
1
29
40
18
12
13
21
9
44
25
53
(')
23
24
5
9
16
12
14
28
2
fl
6
12
10
9
9
9
16
16
II
1
1
7
2
4
Over
M
(l) 1
11
17
6
41
41
17
6
I!
-------·
--------
--------
___ ___
-------- -------- -------32
80
38
20
3
,I
24
23
6
f6
2
.,..,.
~1
--------
1
~l 1 ~:l 11 ···m···
1
1
7
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
TABH 3.-PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN ALL OCCUPATIONS WORKING SPECIFIED
NUMBER OF AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DEPARTMENT AND YEAR-Continued
Per cent of employees whose average full-time hours per
week wereDepartment and year
Number
Over
of
plants 48and 48and
under under
- -- Blooming mills:
23
23
1914_ ---- --- ------------1915_ ------- ----- --- ----1920_ ------- ----- ---- ---1922 __ ------------------1924 __ -------------------
20
24
1914 __ -- --- -- _-- ___ -- -- __
1915 __ ------- -------- _- _1920 __ ---- __ ---- - ---- ____
1922 __ -- -- -- __ - _-- -- _-- __
1924_ --------------------
13
13
11
12
13
1924 __ -- _-- -- _-- ___ --- -- _
Plate mills:
Standard rail mills:
Bar mills:
25
3
2
12
4
27
-----·--
8
7
12
21
48
5
8
2
12
12
10
4
7
12
7
21
37
20
57
57
4
8
9
6
31
30
28
39
36
12
10
8
4
26
1914 __ ------ -- ______ -- ___
1915_ ----------- --------1920 __ ---- -- _-- --- ___ -- -1922 ___ --- -- ----- _. _____ 1924_ --------------------
15
15
13
14
14
62
61
1914. _ ------------------1915 _. ---- -- ----- --- -- ___
1920 _. ___ -- -- --- --- _- _- _1922. _ ------------------1924 __ --- _-- ----- ------- _
11
11
9
9
9
3
26
8
10
8
10
66
2
2
6
8
12
59
60
68
61
66
17
18
18
18
19
9
9
6
5
13
64
60
Over
84
84
- -- -
5
5
22
23
25
26
Over
72and
under
84
72
72
60
')
30
---flr--
31
Tin-pli>te mills:
under
4
r,
4
16
24
1914 __ ------------------1915_ ----------------- --1920_ ---- --- ------------ _
1922_ -------- -----------1924_ -------------- ------
Sheet mills:
Over
60 and
60
11
59
58
35
27
1
7
44
9
9
1
9
8
12
1
12
18
18
4
6
7
4
20
39
38
42
28
(1)
13
(1)
7
(1)
2
1
3
1
~I)
1)
41
41
22
44
42
40
35
10
7
8
12
14
2
10
12
13
11
9
9
10
4
5
11
10
9
2
1
(1)
(1)
2
1
7
5
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
7
12
4
3
7
2
4
2
2
1
3
1
(1)
1
1
1
1
(1)
1
(1)
(I)
(1)
(1)
r
1)
1)
------------------------cir-·
--------
..................
--------
----i!r--
---------------
···ii)--I)
~:~
---ii)--I)
t Less than 1 per cent.
ReferrinO' to the :figures for blast furnaces for 1914, 70 per cent
of the emp'l.oyees in the 38 plants reported customarily worked 72
or more hours per week, while only 5 per cent worked less than
60 hours. In 1915 working time remained practically the same,
but in 1920, following the necessarily long hours due to war emergency, the P,ercentages of employees whose working time fell within
those classifications were 62 and 19, respectively. In 1922 an increase occurred and only 8 per cent of the employees are shown as
having_ weekly hours under 60. In 1924, however, following the
general reduction in the working time of employees in the latter
part of 1923, 61 per cent worked less than 60 hours per week
and 39 per cent worked 60 or more hours. Only 9 per cent worked
as many as 72 hours.
Phenomenal reductions in the working time of em'J)loyees is
noticed also in all other departments except puddling, sheet, and
tin-plate mills. In sheet and tin-plate mills the 8-hour turn had
long ago been found to be more profitable for both employer and
employee on account of the speeding up of production made possible
by the shorter working hours, and except for a small per cent of the
employees, mostly laoorers, these departments have operated on a
three-shift basis for many years. The long turn in puddling mills
also had previously been eliminated to a large extent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR-IRON A'fiD STEEL
FULL-TIME WORKING DAYS PER WEEK ,
Employees in all occupations combined are classified by percentages according to their customa11: number of turns per week m Table
4. As in Table 3, figures for rail mills are presented for 1924 only,
while percentages for 1914, 1915, 1920, and 1922, in addition to those
for 1924, are shown for all other departments.
TABLE 4.-PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN ALL OCCUPATIONS WORKING EACH SPEOI
FIED NUMBER OF DAYS PER WEEK, 1914-1924, BY DEPARTMENT AND YEAR
Per cent of employees whose customary working days per week were-
Num•
Department and year
ber of
plants
5 and 11, II,
11, 6,
6
and6 and6
alter• in ro- in ronately tation tation
11
6 and 6 and 6, 6,
6, 7,
7
7
11nd7 and7
alter• alter• in ro- in ronately nate~y talion tatlon
6
Blast furnaces:
1914 ••••••• --------1915 ••••••••• ----·-·
1920·--·····---·-·-1922 •••• -··-·--·-··1924 •••••••• ·-····--
38 ••••••• ·····-- ·-----· ·--···38 ••••••• ••••••• ···---· ·-·····
1914 •••••• ---·····-1915. -- --· ·-·-·--·-1920.
- • ···-·---·-···
1922 ••••
_••••••• __ ._
1924 •••••••••.•••• _.
Open•hearth furnooes:
1914·-·-············
1915 ••••...••...•...
1920. ·-····-······ ..
1922•• ·······-······
1924 •• ·-··-···-····Puddllng mills:
1914--··············
1915 ••• •••••·•••••·•
1920 •• ••••••·•••·•·•
1922 •• ·············1924 ••••••••..••••••
12 •••••••••••••• ······- ····-·12 •••••••••••••• ·-·--·· •••••••
11 ••••••• ····-·· ·-····· •••••••
Bessemer converters:
Blooming mWs:
1914 •••••••••.••.•••
1915 •••••••••••.••••
1920 •••.•.••.•••...•
1922·-··············
1924 •• •••·••·•••·•·•
Plate mills:
1914 ••..•.••.•• c.•.•
1915 •.••..••.••..•••
1920 •••.•..•••••.•.•
1922·-·-············
1924 ••••••••••••••••
Standaid rail mills:
28 ······- ••••••• ···-··· .•••••
32 ···-··· ••••••• ••••••• •••••••
36 -····-- ••••••• ······- •••••••
71 •••••••
22 ••••••• ••••••• --····· ···--··
22
(1)
(1) ••••••••••••••
19 ••••••• (1) ·-··~·· ·····-·
22
(1) ••••••• ••••••••••••••
26 ••••••• ••••••• ··-·-·· ······29
13
63
8
24
50
29
11
(1)
15
60
13
13
17
47
15 ...............
17
8
62
2 ................
39
39
27
50
16
•••••••
•••••••
26
(1)
27
(l)
37 •••••••
16
4
6
12
-------·---------·-
15
13
26
19
26
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
............... ................
............... ...............
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
.. ............ ................
................ ...............
.............. ..............
............... ..............
.............. ------.............. ...............
74
73
67
56
38
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
11 ••••••• ····-·- -·--·-- -·-----
23
23
20
2
2
1
2
1
24
25
..............
6
13
13
11
12
13
··cir-
34
7
(1)
--1:r·
(1)
1914. - ••••.•••••••••
19111 •• - •••••••••••••
1970 ••••••• ·-·······
11
11
9
r.~1
1922 •••••
1924.
__ •• _·-··-·-··-•••• __ ••••
9
r,7
r,7
25
6
&
3
1
8
25
9
6
35
18
28
12
------- .............. ------- -------
16
16
13
14
14
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(1)
1
1
2
1
(l)
1
2
11
3
2
r,s
3
3
65
63
45
47
3
4
2
4
4
3
2
1
1
3
47
48
33
36
25
1
4
r,s
9
6
16
15
..------
..............
------55 51 ------·
------2
67
56
64
80 •••••••
80 •••••••
5
(1) ·--····
4
(1) ·-·····
17 ••••••• •••••••
14 ••••••••••••••
5 •••••••
30
11 ·-·---· ·-·-·-- -----·· •••••••
31
I Less than 1 per cent.
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
3
3
10
2
4
1924.·-·············
Ba(mllla:
1914 ••• •••••••••·•·•
1916 ••••••••••••••••
1970 ••••••••••••••••
1922 •••••••••••..•••
1924 ••••••••••••••••
Sheet mills:
1914 ••••.•••••••••••
1915 .. ·········:'.•••
1970 •••••••.••.•.•..
1922 •••••••••••••.••
1924 ••••••••••••••••
Tln•plate mills:
42
42
211
57
20
59 •••••••
81 •••••••
(>)
•••••••
•••••••
57 ~--····
65 •••••••
78 ···-···
60 •••••••
66 ···-·-·
44 ····-··
(1)
(1)
(1)
3
3
3
4
7
s~
2
3
10
~:~
3
2
14
1 ••••.•• ···-·-·
1 ••••••• -······
••••••••••••••
····-·· •••••••
••••••• •••••••
7
9
14
17
4
3
3
<\
1
1
21
8
19
8 •••••••
3 -·-····
12
(1)
(1)
'
(1)
·····-·
:47
r.1
46
(1)
48
s
a
1
(1)
J2
32
33
81
80
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
1 •••••..•.••.•.
37
87
38
38
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
•••••••
~i) ··-···· ·····-·
44 ····-··
1 ·--··- -----·-
1
2
7
7 r.i
1
1 ••••••• ••••••.
1 --····· .••••••
1 -······ .•••••.
(1)
63
64
54
29
45
13
14
26
10
8
34
34
33
'J11
62
1
1
1
2
2
11
11
15
I
6
6
1 •••••••.•..•••
3 ••••••••••••••
8 ····-··
8
17
(1)
29
1
7
·-··-·· •••••••
~l -·---,- ·-·-·-·
2 ···-·-· ···--··
3
9
11
10
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
3
4
4
1
2
1
1
2
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
9
While customary full-time hours per week have been reduced to a
large extent in practically every department of the industry, the
number of turns worked per week has increased in a number of them.
In open-hearth furnaces 52 per cent of the employees reported in
1924 worked 7 days per week, while an additional 32 per cent alternated or rotated regularly from 6 to 7 days. This is the largest
amount of 7-day work reported for any year shown. In 1920, the
previous high year, 33 per cent of the employees worked 7 days per
week and 40 per cent alternated between 6 and 7 days.
Seven-day work in blast furnaces also increased. In 1924, 80
per cent of the employees worked 7 days either all or part of the time,
while in 1914 only 58 per cent worked that many days per week.
Blooming mills also show more 7-day work in 1924 than any other
y~ar reported. Working days in Bessemer converters were at the
hlghest point in 1920, although more turns per week were worked
in 1924 than in any of the other three years. Changes in 5 of the
remaining 6 departments were comparatively slight. Figures for
rail mills are shown for 1924 only, and no comparison can be made for
that department.
. COMMON LABORERS
Nearly all common laborers in the iron and steel industry are paid on
an hourly basis and their earnings depend upon the number of hours
worked. The basic labor· rate is practically the same in all departments of a plant, and by it, to a large extent, are determined the rates
for other occupations requiring little skill. The rate for common
labor, therefore, is of importance beyond the limits of the occupation
proper.
In this survey "common labor" has been confined as far as possible to laborers, wholly unskilled and more or less a floating gang,
who worked in and about the mill proper, but upon whose work the
mill was not primarily dependent for operation. While the various
methods used in the several plants in classifying common labor has
led to numerous complications in the tabulation, no employee has
been placed under that heading who was not paid the common labor
rate in the plant in which he worked.
Average earnings per hour of common laborers from 1907 to 1924,
so far as available, in 9 of the 10 departments treated in this report
are shown in Table 5. Figures for standard rail mills are not shown
separately, as no comparison of the 1924 averages with those of former years is made for that department in this report. 1 The
average earnings for common laborers for all departments by districts,
however, include the rail mill earnings for every year in which data
were collected ex~jb! 1924. For this year no atteifl"{>t has been made
to group the rail · according to geographical distncts; the averages
shown for the districts therefore include 9 departments only-. The
average earnings for all departments in all districts at the end of the
table, however, do coJatain the rail mill figures. The fw.ires presented below are also published in the several sections of this report
relating to the specific departments.
'-,.I
See note 2, p. 1.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLB IS.-AVERAGE EARNINGS PER HOUR OF COMMON LABORERS IN SPECil'IED
DEPARTMENTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, 1907 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT
AND YEAR
!For number of plants reporting see sections relating to the specified departments, published elsewhere
in this report]
Average earnings per hour lnDistrict and year
All departments
Eastern:
1907•••••••• ••••••••• $0. 134
.120
1908.................
• 123
1909.................
.142
1910.................
.141
1911.................
. 144
1912.................
1913................. l , 157
1914................. l , 156
1915 . ,.............. I, 155
. 278
1917•••••··••·••··•··
. 398
1919.............. ••.
. 451
1920.................
. 322
1922.................
. 386
1924.................
Pittsburgh:
. 154
1907•••••••••••••·•••
1908................. , 156
. 152
1909.................
1910..... .••••••••••• I. 164
1911................. I .166
1912................. l .167
1913................. l. 190
1914. ·••••••••••••••• 1 .190
1915................. l. 190
. 301
1917.................
1919................. l, 480
1920................. l , 530
1922................. l , 360
• 451
1924.................
Great Lakes and Mid•
die West:
.158
1907••••••••••••..•••
.153
1908.................
. 151
1909.................
1910................. l, 163
1911................. I, 166
1912................. I, 168
1913................ I, 189
1914................. I. 189
1915................. I, 188
. 313
1917 ••••. ··••••·•••••
1919................. I, 469
1920................. '· 541
1922................. I, 363
.443
1924.................
Southern:
.130
1907 ·••••••••••••••••
. 111
. 1908.................
.112
1909.................
.129
1910.................
.131
1911.................
• 130
1912••••••••••••••• --
Blast
fur•
naces
mer
COD•
verters
Open
hearth
fur•
naces
Pud·
dling
mills
Bloom• Plate
ing
mills mills
Bar
mills
:f: ·so:ies·
.152 $0.156
.154
.156
.152
.153
.166
.164
.167
.165
.168
.163
.191
.192
.193
.192
.189
.193
.292
.299
.484
.485
,532
.525
.356
.359
.451
.459
.162
.152
.153
,162
.166
.166
.189
.190
.187
,296
.466
.549
.374
.456
.154
.152
.146
.. 161
.164
.166
.190
.191
.191
.297
.501
.545
.367
.436
TJn.
plate
mills
. 162 ••••••••
. 164
• 165
:1: ···:ioo·
:m :m
• 168
.170
.169
. 167
.168
.172
,359
. 466
.357
• 472
m
~: :, 189
:. 192
:~ ·--:«1· :~ :ffi
. 532
. 537
. 529
. 537
. 193
• 189
.365
• 448
.362
• 423
.163
.166
.167
. 162
, 166
.170
. 164
.164
.162
:rn~ ···:is2· :1: :~:
. 191
, 180
. 190
:~
···_-,M·
:~
.528
.521
.559
.366
• 450
.361
• 399
.374
. 502
:=
, 189
••••••• •••••••
••••••• •••••••
••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••
.154
.157
.161
.161 $0. 164••$0. 165
.163
.164
.166
.163
.167
.168
.183
.192
.191
.192
.192
.183
.184 .192
.194
,321
.460
.530.
. 517
.363
.360
.430
.445
·--:,11
• 159
.158
, 157
.167
.166
.'170
.189
.190
.190
.514
.349
• 437
.187
.180
.180
.335
.463
.547
.352
.414
.186
.186
.186
···:4M
.535
.357
.432
.130 •••••••• •••·•·•• •••••••• ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.111 .••••••••••.•••• •••••••• ••••••.•••••••• ·•••·•· •••• ·•• •••••••
.112
.131 •••••••••..•••••••••• ·····-·
. 130
.128
. 132 •••••••••..•.•••••••••••••••
.130
. 131
. 131
. 132
. 130
f~~ ···:ii,· :m ::::::: :~?i ::::::: :::::::
:.158
. 140 ••••••• .142 •• ·•••••••••••
.146
= :
~~ ···:200· : :~I
....... .
. 404 •••••••
. 312
. 480
• 359
. 396
1920.................
. 283 •••••••
• 219
• 296
• 257
. 253
1922.................
• 334 •••••••
• 278
• 342
• 269
1924•••••••••••••••••, • 282
1 Including earnings of common laborers In rail mills although average earnings for
_oot shown separatelyJn this table. See Bui. 353 for average earnings.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sheet
mills
- - - - --
$0. 135 ••.••••• -······· ••••••••••••••••••••••. $0. 132
.115 •••••••• ••·••••· ••.••••• ••·•···· ••.••.. .131
• 119
.131
• $0. 143. $0. 131
$0. 145
.142
.147
.140
.145
. 131
. 139
. 146
. 144
. 133
. 141
. 152
.145
. 151
.156
, 153
, 151
.151
.150
. 151
. 154
. 157
• 171
, 271
:~ ···:400· :~ :~ . 409
, 423
. 444
.398
.437
.451
.485
. 479
. 345
.300 . 313
.326
.323
.326
. 394
. 349 . 374
. 389
• 410
• 388
:~:~
~: .134
mt:::::::::::::::: :.141
mL::::::::::::::: :~ :
1915.................
Besse-
••.••.•.••••••
••••••• •••••••
••.•••• •••••••
••••••• •••••••
that department are
275
• 381
• 222
. 262
11
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T.a.su 1.-AVERAGE EARNINGS PER HOUR OF COMMON LABORERS IN SPECIFIED
DEPARTMENTS OF THE moN AND STEEL INDUSTRY, 1907 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT
AND YEAR-Continued
Average,earnlngs per honr InDistrict and year
AD de- Blast
partfurments naces
AD districts:
1907_________________ $0.151
19()8_________________
1909_________________
..147
145
1910_________________
1911_________________
1912_________________
1913_________________
1914_________________
1917----------------1919_________________
1.158
1.161
1. 162
l.181
1. 181
1.180
. 298
I. 461
11120_________________
1922_________________
1924_________________
l. 336
1. 417
1911L----~----------
'· 008
$0.146
.140
.138
.160
.151
.152
.173
.177
.171
.281
.457
.474
.315
.401
Besse- Open
mer hearth
confurv:; naces
=
Pud-
B!oom- Plate
Bar
Sheet
mills
mills
mills
~
$0.155 -------- -------- -------- ------- $0.153 ------.155 -------- -------- -------- ------- .153 ------.151 -------- -------- -------- ------- .160 ------.163 $0.157 -------- $0.162 $0.159
.160 $0.164
.166
.161 -------.163
• 1158
.159
.166
• 167
• 164 -------• 163
.161
.160
• 168
. 192
• 185 -------.185
• 175
• 169
. 190
.193
• 185 $0.173
.187
.114
.173
.188
• 193
.186
• 167
.187
• 174
. 173
• 188
• 292 -------• 287
• 294 ------- • 331
• 298
.363
• 468
. 525
.354
• 436
• 457
.305
• 448
• 434
• 355
• 489
• 537
• 469
• 511
.360
• 462
• 460
• 443
• 462
.336
.316
• 392
.356
• 498
• 432
• 606
Tin-
plate
mills
------------------$0.165
.164
.167
.189
.189
• 190
-------
• 461
• 536
• 533
.359
• 439
• 420
1 Including earnings of common laborers In rail mills although average earnings for that department are
not shown separately In this table. See Bui. 353 for average earnln~.
1 Including earnings of common laborers In rail mills although district earnings for 1924 do not Include
them.
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN DEPARTMENTS, 1924, BY DISTRICT
Table 6 shows by districts the average hourly earnings in 1924 in
each department as a whole, all occupations combined. The average
was obtained by dividing the total earni,ngs by the total hours worked.
TABLE 6.-AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN EACH DEPARTMENT, ALL OCCUPATIONS
COMBINED, 1924, BY DISTRICT
District
Puddling
mills
Bloom- Plate Stand
ard
Bar Sheet Tinrail mills mills plate
mills
mills
$0. 533
.642
$0. 652
.897
$0.594
.629
.610
.671
.672
• 717
• 606
.628
.506
.624
.635
.721
.613
Besse-
naces
confurverters naces
fur-
Eastern _________________
496
Pittsburgh______________ $0..561
Great Lakes and Mid.576
die West----------~--Southern.
_______________
.380
Total. ____________
=h
Blast
.520
mer
-io:°636-
--------
:i11s
mills
------------.620
-------- ------------$0.433
.609
.562 $0. 573
$0.1583
.626
.613
.428
• 58/i
io.°"829- "io.°"843
.784
.697
------- ------.809
I
.795
Th~~~ihest hourly earnings are found in the sheet mills and the tinplate · s, the rolling crews in these mills working in three shifts at
high speed and making exceptionally high hourly rates. The remaining rolling mills and the two steel-making departments all f all·within
a range of approximately 7 cents, the average for the open-hearth
turnaces (63.5 cents) bemg the higher. Earnings in the J;>Uddling
mills were quite high the. average for the Pittsburgh distnct (89.7
cents) being higher than the average for any other district in any
department. Owing to the preponderance of common labor, or of
occupations requiring only vecy moderate skill, the lowest hourly
average (52 cents) is found in blast furnaces.
The Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle West districts
show considerably higher aver~e hourly earni~ than the Eastern
and Southern distriGts, in all departments. This condition was
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
due to the lower rates paid to common labor in the Eastern and the
Southern districts. Tlie proportion of common labor and of occupations requiring little skill in nearly every department was sufficient
to affect matenally the average for all occupations even though
there was in many cases much less variation between the rates of
highly skilled occupations in the several districts.
SCOPE OF 1924 DATA
In 1924 information was obtained from plants located in 14 States.
The plants covered have been grouJ>ed mto four districts. These
districts were established, not strictly on geographical lines, but
rf!,th~r according to similar industrial conditions. The "Eastern"
distnct covers New Jersey and the eastern J>arts of New York,
Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The "Pittsburgh" district includes
not otl.1.y: the plants in Pittsburgh proper but also others in
western Pennsylvania those along the oorder line of Ohio from
Youngstown south to Bellaire, and those located in the "Panhandle"
of West Virginia. The " Great Lakes and Middle West" district
includes plants scattered along the Great Lakes and also some in
inland districts, including Colorado. Although this last is a very
large territory geographically, it is essentially a unit industrially
as far as the rron and steel industry is concerned, the wage rates of
the entire district being based largely on those gaid in the two producing centers, Buffalo and Chicago. The 'Southern" district
includes plants in Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama; Kentucky, and
the southern part of Ohio. The southern Ohio plants are included
in the Southern district becsuse the conditions, both as to wages
paid and the general class of labor employed, resemble much more
closely the conditions of the Alabama and Kentucky plants than
they do those of the other plants of Ohio.
The actual number of plants and of employees covered in each
district in each department in 1924 are shown in Table 7. Each
department of an establishment has been counted as a separate plant.
TABLE 7.-NUMBER OF PLANTS AND OF EMPLOYEES SHOWN ON PAY ROLLS IN
1924, BY DEPARTMENT AND DISTRICT
Eastern
district
Pittsburgh
district
Department
Great Lakes
and Middle
West district
Southern
district
Total
Em• Plants Em• Plants Em• Plants Em- Plants EmPlants ployees
ployees
ployees
ployees
ployees
Blast furnaces ••••••••••••
Ii
Bessemer converters .•••••
Ope11-hearth furnaces ••••
5
Puddling mills •••••••••••
6
5
Bloo~mills•••••••••••
Plate
•••••••••••••••
4
Standard rail mills .•••••• (I}
5
mills. ••••••••••••••••
s eet mills•• ·······--····
Tin-plate mills ••••••••••• ..................
Total •••••••••.••••
-------
lar
I
Not identified by districts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
30
l,lil2
11
6
7
-----·--
6
4,898
1,894
4,361
1,313
2,650
2,118
(1)
2,686
6,787
7,173
5,981
06
32,880
987
I,~
1,130
(1)
704
(1)
Ii
8
5
9
9
10
5
10
3
9
4
5,750
1,563
4,943
515
1,959
986
.. (ii-- ...(1)---
10
5
3
2,135
---- ... -- ----·---
&9
25,140
(1)
(1)
3,903
3,376
10
3,370
-----,- --i;s20·
3
3
7
'O
565
437
1,039
6,721
26
15,MO
3,457
11,611
17
2/i
13
7
4,234
3,382
SI
14
9
10,549
189
74,104
36
11
3,428
5,649
6,564
9,600
INTBODUOTION AND SUMMARY
13
EXPLANATION OF TABLES
Following is a brief explanation of the data contained in the five
major statistical tables, parts of which appear in each of the sec~ons
rela.tin_g to the several departments. ·
Table A.-Average customary full-time hours per week, average
ear¢ngs yer hour, and average full-time earnings per week, together
with the mdex numbers computed from these averages, are presented
in this table for thij>rinc~al procluctive occupations in each department separately. The table also shows the per cent of employees
workin1{ each classified!number of aver~e customary fuJl-time hours
per week. Figures for 1924 were compiled for this report, and those
for earlier years were taken from previous reports published by this
bureau.
The number of employees reported for all years up to and including
1917, with the exception of la.borers and tliose employed in certain
other unskilled general positions, is the number of jobs or positions
required in each occupation to operate the plants under normal conditions or auch units as were operated for the pay feriod scheduled.
For the years 1919, 1920, 1922, and 1924 the actua number of individuals appearing on the pay rolls in all occupations, both skilled and
unskilled, have been. reported.
The index numbers have been added as an aid in making a comparison of the actual data over a period of years. The index for each
year is the per cent that the average for that year is of the average
for 1!13#
Table B.-A classification showing numbers and percentages of
emplor.ees according to the number of days, or turns, per week customarily worked is presented in Table B. Figures are shown for
employees in all occupations for the years 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922,
and .1924. These are the only years in which data covering all employ:ees were collected. No separate tabulation has been made for
employees in the principal productive occupations. (See Bul. 353 for
figures concerning selected occupations.) The J?lants are grouped
according to the four geographical districts used m this survey, and
the number and per cent of employees in each district are shown in
tile table as well as the total for all districts combined.
In the data for 1924 all employees have been classified as nearly as
possible by their regular working time. When an em_ployee worked
at two or more occupations during the pay period in which the number
of turns, or days, per week differed, the occupation at which he worked
the most time was considered to be his regular one, and he has been
classified in this table under that occupation only. Gas or repair
turns have been disregarded when employees customarily worked such
turns at less frequent intervals than once every three weeks, and
relief systems have also been omitted in a few mstances where the
periods elapsing_between reliefs were longer than that time.
Tabk 0.-This table presents the most important facts for 1924
relative to the customary working time, actual earnings1 and actual
hours of empl~ees in the principal productive occupations in each
department. The data for each occupation are presented by districts
and for all districts combined.
JOJ.6'l 0 -25t-2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
WAGES AND HOURS O'I!' LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
The table shows the number of plants from which data were
obtained for the occupation. Next follows the number of :positions
necessarily filled in those plants. For definition of "position'' see
p8i_epf~t may have a system of relief whereby a worker in a ~sition
may have one day off once a week, once in 10 days, or at longer
intervals. In such case, the number of positions remains the same
but the number of persons necessll-l'Y to keep the positions filled is
increased by the number of relief sub.stitutes bro~ht in. Further,
a man may be away a part of a week because of sickness· or business
affairs or a man may leave permanently. This :pieans more work for
a substitute or an 8.!,lditional substitute. The number of individuals
employed in a pay period always equals, and generally considerably
exceeds, the number of positions. Thus, the eleventh occupation in
blast furnaces, on page 27, shows that in a half month 466 individuals were employed to keep 341 keeper positio~ filled.
•
Following the column giving the number of positions, three columns
show the average full time of the employees hired to-fill the p<?sitions.
In one plant employees may customarily work 7 days per week, while
in another, they may customarily work but 6 days per week, with a
substitute com.mg in on the seventh. In a continuous operation
industry the average regular working days of the employees may be 7
per week or less, depending on the 8.Jllount of regular relief provided.
The second of these columns shows the average number of hours per
turn, both of the position and the man who fills the position, as the
l~h of a tum is tlie same for both man and position. Tlie third column
shows the average number of full-time hours per week of the employees
in the positions. These averages are computed from ·the average
working time of the employees weighted by the number of positions.
The regular wor!ring time of an employee may vary from week to
week-for example, 6 days and 72 hours in one week and 7 days and 84
hours the next week. In such cases an average of 6½ days and 78
hours for the employee is used in the compilation.
The next section of Table C shows the actual number of employees
found enga.sed in each specified occupation during the pa_y period
taken, classified according to customary full-time hours under which
they work. As above stated the number of em_ployees is considerablr
in excess of the number of positions to be filled, because of additional
relief workers and because many employees worked only part of the
customary full time of the occupation under consideration.
The aver~e hours worked? average ·earnings per pay period, and
. average e ~ per hour are t>ased on the total hours and e a ~ of
each employee in each specified occupation as taken fPOm the pay
rolls. While these averages refer only to the occupation under consideration, it must not be assumed that the employees in that occupation had no further opportunity for work. A large percentage of the
employees did work at more than one _occupation during tb:e period
scheduled; hence, none of the aver~es m this table moo.sure th~ total
work or total earnings of the employees. The average earnings per
hour were com_puted by dividing the total actual earnings received for
the pay period by the total actual hours worked in each oceupation.
The average hours worked and the average earnings received for the
half-montli period have been obtained by dividing the totals in each
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
15
case by the aetu.,al mun.her of employees engaged in the occupation,
subject to the adjustment of pay rolls as described on page 3.
Average full-time earnings per week are computed from the average
hourly earnings for the pay period and the average full-time hours per
week.
Table D.-Classified hourly e ~ are shown in this report for
emJ?loyees in two occupations only in each department. These occupations have been selected as representative of the degree of variation
or spread of wages in all occupations. In no case does the same occupat10n appear in any two departments, except that of rollers, which
appears m puddling mills and sheet mills, and that of heaters, which
appears in blooming mills and trn-plate mills, and in these departments
the duties of the repeated occupations vary so widely that they may
be considered two aistinct oocupations. Exceptionally high or low
earnings per hour in practically all occupations indicate that the employees were working under unusual conditions, such as performing
work on Sunday at time and one-half rate, or working on a turn which
produced exceedingly high or low tonnage.
Tabl,e E.-The customary turns and hours worked by employees
in the several departments in 1924 are shown in detail in this table.
The number of turns per week, hours per turn, hours per week, and
average hours per week are p;resented for three groUJ?S of employees:
Those who work day turns only, those who work mght turns only,
and those who alternate or rotate from day to night shift. Data
are shown for each district and all districts combined.
The order of arrangement begins with the highest number of
average full-time h0urs per week. As the :number of hours worked
per day seldom varies during the J)eriod M?nday to Friday, hours
per turn are shown but once under that heading. The hours worked
on Saturday and Sunday, however, often differ from the number
worked durmg the first five days of the week, and hours are shown
separately for both Saturday and Sunday.
As in Table B, an employee who worked at two or more occupations during: the pay period in which the number of turns, or days,
per week differed, the occupation at which he worked the most time
was Gonsidered to be his regular one, and he has been classified in
this table under that occupation alone. Gas or repair turns have
been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at
less frequent intervals than once every three weeks in the case of
3-shift workers and once every four weeks for 2-shift em_ployees.
Relief systems have also been omitted in a few instances where the
periods elaJ>sing between reliefs were longer than that time.
The brackets appearing in the table have been used to indicate a
working cycle; that is, employees working on shifts which have been
bracketed customarily alternate or rotate from one shift to another
until they have spent one week on each shift included. The three
8-hour turns per day are shown as one day turn and two night
turns-this for the reas<!>n that only one of the three turns is an all
daylight turn, the other two either beginning or ending in the night.
In some instances in the table h'i!urs n.re reported for the seven
days of the week, _yet the number of days worked are reported as six.
This is owing to the fact that the figures are for a seven-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved one day in seven. Either
t-elief was not always on the same day each week or information as
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.
16
WAGES AND. HOUBS OJ' LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
to which day was not available; therefore, the hours •for all days
have been shown and the relief indicated in the full-time hours per
week.
The table shows the extent of regular relief systems and their
working but it must not be assumed that there was no chance for
rest where such has not been shown. In some plants while there
is n o r ~ s:i,,lron of relief, the employees are not heid strictly 00
the. wo! · -daJ7s of the :plant and may oft~n take a day off a;s they
deS1re 1t, t e plant puttmg another man m the place of the one
absent. As it was impossible to determine when or how often a
man might be excused, such plants have been treated in this table
as though no relief was granted.
Workmen whose labor is continuous and who are subjected to
high temperatures usually have spell hands-that is, three men work
on a two-man position or two men work on a one-man position,
which arrangement allows each man in rotation intervals for rest.
Such intervals of rest are considered as time on duty.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BLAST FURNACES
Da.t~ for 1924 were collected from the pay roHs of 36 blast furnaces
and cover 15,540 employees in all occupations. Companies generally
were operating a. ~eater number of stacks than in 1920 or 1922, which
accounts for the mcrease in number of employees over the number in
those years. Of the 15,540 employees reported, 8,738 a.re found in
the principal productive occupations for which separate :figures a.re
given. Data were first obtained for this department in 1907, and
comparative :figures a.re presented for the period 1907 to 1924.1
The year 1924 marks the lowest point of full-time hours per week
in the blast furnaces in the period 1907 to 1924. Up until the summer
of 1923 this department, while showing a. gradual decrease from
former yea.rs in the hours of labor of employees as a whole, was still
largely on a 12-hour basis and some emplo~~ also worked 7 days
per week. A general reduction in the wor · time of employees,
however, took place in the latter pa.rt of 1923, and a large number of
the plants adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. Considering the
principal :productive occupations as a whole, average full-time liours
per week m 1924 were 19 per cent less than in 1922 and 25 per cent
less than in 1913.
The study also shows there was a. large increase in e ~ per
hour in 1924 as compared with any other year for which data. a.re
p~ented, except 1920. Hourly earnings in that year were unusually
high and were 10 _per cent greater in the principal productive occupations combined tlian in 1924. The 1924 hourly earnings, however,
were 33 per cent above those in 1922 and 154 per cent above those in
19-13; in other words, more than 2½ times the hourly earnings of 1913.
The mcrease in hourly earn.in.gs was more than enough to com~ensate for the reduction of hours, and weekly earnings in 1924 still
show a.n increa.s.e as compared with all other years except 1919 and
1920.
The most significant facts concel'I!IDg average ea.rnings and
average hours in each of the principal productive occupations of
blast furna.oos a.re shown in Table A (1). While the customary
working time of the 16 occupations combined was 19 per cent less in
1924 tlia.n in 1922, when considered separately decreases in the
average :fp].1.-time hours per week ranged from 4. 7 hours per week for
iron lia.ndlers and loaders to 18.6 hours for bottom fillers.
Bottom fillers customarily worked 84 hours per week in 1907 and
continued to do so until 1912 when the average was reduced to 82.2
full-time hours and remained at practically that level until 1917,
when owing to war necessity they were a.gain advanced to 84. In
1919 hours dropped back to 82.2. The s~tem of regularly relieving
men on a. 7-da.y job of 12 hours per day m this occupation was first
noticeable to any appreciable extent in 1920, and employees customarily worked but 67.1 hours per week on the average in that year.
In 1922 the average was increased to 72.8, but in 1924 dropped to
the new low average of 54.2 hours. Lesser but similar changes took
place in the other occupations.
a No data were ooileoted fGr the ,-rs 1918, 1918, 1921, 1111d l928i
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17
18
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Average earnings per hour imireased in eaoh of the 16 selected
occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other years except
1919 and 1920. The 1920 figures are higher th~ those in 1924 for
each occupation except blowers1 and the averages in 1919 are greater
in some occupations but lower m others. For example, the' average
earnings per hour of laborers, which occupation compnses a.pout threefourths ol the employees in the principal productive occupations, was
less than 20 cents per hour, 1907 to 1915, but in 1917 earnings were
advanced to an average of 28.1 cents per hour. The increa.se was
oa.rried into 1919 and 1920, the averages for those years being 45.7
and 47.4, respectively. In 1922 the average dropped back to 31.5
cents per hour but was increased in 1924 to 40.1 cents. Table A (1)
shows like :figtires for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week are below those for 1919 and
1920 for each occupation, but show increases over those for all other
yeTh~ distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week, contained in Table A (1), shows the extent to which fulltime hours have been reduced in 1924, as compared with other years1
in this department. In all previous years only a small per cent ot
the employees had a week of .less than 60 hours, while in 1924 only: a
small number of the employees in any occupation had a working
week of as many as 60 hours.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week are also contained in Table A (1). These
are simply percentages computed from the averages presented in the
table, using the average for 1913 as the base or 100 per cent. The
index numbers for the aepartment as a whole (all principal productive
occupations combined) are shown on page 4.
TA.nm A (1).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUit, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1g07 TO 1924, BY OCCUPATION-BLAST FURN.A.CBS
(Fer explanation or"thls table seep. 131
Occupation
11nd year
·.·
··.--- ... -
·
cent of em~oyees wliose
Index numbers Per
average foll-time ours per week
Aver(1913=-00)
wereNum- Aver- Average
Num- ber
ber
of time earn- time
FullOver
Over
Over
Inga earn- Fullof
em- hours
time· 48 48
60
72
plants pleyper
lngs time EarnInga
earnand
and
and
and
ees ~ hour
hours
lngs llll• un• 60 ·un- 72 un- 84
per
der
der
der der
week ~
60
'12
M
~
?tM.
:M.
J:ic
~
Stockers:
11107•• _ ••••
lll08 •••••••
1909 •••••••
1910 •••••••
1911. ••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922•••••••
1924 •••••••
I
18
824
473
18
737
18
1,445
82
82 904
34 1,069
as
1,289
35 1,031
36
878
14
441
,ii 1,043
27 1,624
31 1,316
36 1,774
Less than 1 per 08l1L
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81.4
79.l
80.9
79.9
79. 7
78.8
78.0
74.9
74.6
77.4
78. l
75.5
74.4
60.5
so. 170
.157
.158
.lM
.188
.171
.192
.188
.188
.295
.465
.627
.362
.486
$13. 83
12.43
12. 75
18.17
13.40
13.48
15.00
14.03
13.99
22. 79
36. 311
39.68
26.06
28.10
104
101
104
102
102
101
100
96
96
99
100
',11
96
78
89
82
82
85
88
89
100
98
98
lM
ffl
274
183
"'
92
83
85
88
89
90
100
98
98
1Ji2
242
2815
----- ---------
. 9
28
........... l 2 10
.......... l 3 18
.......... 8 4 27
.......... 2 5 27
........ a
----- ----·6
..........
13 (ll
..........
187 ----5
174
2
l
------ .......... ........ 10
..........
.......... (l) l 18
.......... 1 3 12
10
3
58
l
7
----------2
1Ji
7
13
16
23
21
22
47
6
16
16
17
9
12
5
10 40
17
13
15
80
........
22
8
49
24
5
77
58
60
63
62
60
46
29
27
41
66
,ii
22
8
19
BLAST FWRNA.OES
A (1).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY OCCUPATION-BL-AST FURNACES-Continued
TABLE
Occupation
and year
NU111•
ber
AverNum• Aver- Aver•
ber
888
1909 .......
1910 •••••••
1911. •••••~
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
11114 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 ·-·-·-·
1919 •••••••
1920 .••.•..
1922.......
]jl'J4 •••••••
Top llllers:
1907 •••••••
1908 •••••••
1909 •••••••
1910 •••••••
19fl •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1Ql7 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
11124 •••••••
Larry men:
1907 -····-·
1908••••••••
1909 •••••••
1910•••••••
1911..••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
19111 •••••••
1917 ···---·
19111 •••••••
1900 .••••••
1922•••••• _
11124 •••••••
Larry men's
hef~:
.....
1908 •••••••
1909 •••••••
1910•••••••
1911. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913 .•.••••
1914•••••••
1918 •••••••
1917•••••••
1919 __ ·-··1020.---···
1922•••••••
1924·-·····
l
age
~
l:'r
(1913=l00)
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average fall.tJme ours per week
were-
r':M.
time
eam:.
Over
Ovm
Over
Full· Earn• Full·
time 48 48
60
'12
time ID.gs earn•
and
and
and
hours per lngs un• un• 60 un• '12 and
un• 84
week per lioar
per der der
der
der
week
week
60
72
84
ings
per
,_ -
Bottom fillers:
1907 ·--····
1908 •••••••
GM.
of
eatn•
of
em• time ID.gs
plant.a ploy hours
Index numbers
7
7
7
14
15
15
13
13
2113 84.0 $8.160 $13.40
.150 l'J.51}
194 84.0
M.0 .138 11.61
282
6'12
417
468
84.0
M.O
7
6
311
341
82.2
82.1
82.11
82.4
8'.0
82.2
67.1
72.8
54.2
8
8
8
13
66
84.0
50
142
92
111
84.0
82.8
82.2
80.0
80.3
80.1
79.0
84.0
76.7
71.2
68.8
56.8
132
84.0
II
3
4
6
14
14
14
13
8
~
360
148
56
72
249
44 84.0
96
93
80
44
3
22
23
6
7
7
S6
4
11
11
11
21
21
23
23
27
27
14
18
24
217
all
10
10
10
19
19
74
86
231
84.0
241
238
192
212
183
78.2
82.3
78. 6
78.8
77.2
203 82.9
286 80.4
369 73.8
340 711.1
502 57.7
116
79
?85
27
'78
294
359
352
250
12
18
19
275
161
310
1117
23
23
27
24
26
Lelle than 1 par oent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84.0
135 84.0
888
al
M.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.6
79.8
.152
.l~
12. 77
12.50
12. 63
13.88
1,'1.76
14.48
.152
.168
.167
.176
,270
.336
.480
24.44
26.0l
.17'1
.168
• 1111
.169
-171
.175
.191
.100
.213
.257
1~86
14.15
13.M
13.85
13.84
13.81
15.19
15. 71
16.44
:n.57
22,68
.486 36.84
.5118 38.35
.(68
.573
35.90
39. '12
.388
26.02
.195
.184
.186
.196
.19'
16.41
16.48
15. 64
16.47
15.99
15.46
17.77
16.88
16.51
25.14
43.58
42.65
29.96
3L48
.M4 30.40
.199
.217
.215
.211
.327
.542
.686
.(02
.MS
18.U
.169
• 1112
.1411
.165
12.80
12.153
.191
16. 78
13-88
13.89
•·168
'12 18.M
82.6
78. 6
.187 14.67
'P8.3
79.6
79.3
73.11
74.9
6'1.1
.491
.881
.185 14.43
.llll2 Sl.20
.856
.486
38.94
39.09
26.40
27. 3S
102
102
102
102
102
1~
100
100
100
102
100
82
st
66
105
105
105
103
102
100
100
:too
93
105
96
89
86
71
102
102
102
102
101
95
100
96
96
94,
98
90
91
70
lOll
102
102
102
100
96
100
95
9/i
96
9/i
89
82
90
89
90
100
99
105
101
!l80
338
200
286
~
100
100
86
84
83
86
100
69
35
-·---
......... ..............
..
98 ...... __ ------ ........ ..........
113
-.. -..... .......... .............
-·--- ........ ...........
89 -----·-·
........... ·---91 ........... ··-r .........
7 ...........
91 ............
..........
........... "iii. ..----6
91
100 ..........
6 .......... ·---- 16
187
100
31
85
97
1153
Z7
91
186
811
100
11111
100
-·-- ---- ------- ----- 100
100
88
----100
---I90
--------- 93!Ill
----92
76
--·-- ---100
78
104 103 ......... 8 ......... ----- 15 --------- 78
112
108 ----- 14 ............ ----- 9 ----- 77
135 142 ----- ..2i" ......... ........... ---- -·2i· 100
.. ....... ..........
67
245 236 ----300 !!61 ----- '¥1 ......... ----- ·24· --- .....
171 ----- 217 ---- .. T 63 ----- ::
203
......... ----- 9
285 200 ............ 90 ---90
92 ----- ----- ---- ----- .......... ----- 100
87 ----100
---- ----............ ........
............ ---......... ---........... 100
86
88 ----- ----100
llO
113 ----- ........... ---- .. ........
----89
90 ......... .. is. ---- .. ........ ·-r ----- 91
14 ----- 71
92
87 --·-----·--88
100
100 ----- ----- ....... --4'-• 14
99
96 ........... -·--- ---- ........... 43 --·,- 153
153
43
4
VI
113 .. .......... ----- .........
........... ----............. 116 4 41
141 ----151
12
73
250
246 ............ ·--r ........... ........... 9
270
240 ----- 17 ---- ............. 21 36 27
4 ---- ----- 58 15 22
169
185
a 7
177 ···r 82 ---- ---- ---263
83
86 ----- ----- ---- -·--- ......... ----- 100
80
81 ----- ............ ---- .......... .. ...... ............. 100
100
79
............
78
------ .......... ...............
.......... 100
88 --·-........... ---......... ............
86
88
88 ----......... ............ •ii" ----- 88
----••
iii"
....... ----- 14 ----- 76
90
'lr1 ----... ....... 11 .."a" 811
...........
100 100 ...........
6'
113 ......... ----- ---- ----- 43
98
96
811
........... ----- ......... ----- .......... ..........
......... ----.......... ----........ .................
----- ..........
----- ------- ----........ ............
-----------90 ----- ----- ---- ...........
"is· ..........
!JO ----- ----· ---100 .......... ----- ---- --------- 16 ----.. .........
119 ----- ----- ---- .......... 17 ----:kM ----- ----- ---- ----- 14 ----J63 ----- ----- ---- .......... ---258 ..........
---- -......... ·23· ··ar
770 ----- ""ii· ---- -----·-··
176 ---·- 16 -·-· ----- .. 53 ...........
VI
91
84
92
278
254
91
147
247
248
167
174
.......... ----- ·c1r ...........
............ ··io· ........ ...........
----............
··io·
8
4
74
........ ··io·
·,.fi
.........
3
1
46
34
9
16
56
----
3
5
13
66
14
a
111
60
68
10
28
6
20
WAGES A.ND HOURS OF LABOR-:rm:>N AND STEEL
TABLE A (1).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY OCCUPATION-BLAST FURNACES-Continued
Occupation
and year
Cl!nt of em~oyees whOll8
Index numbers. Per
average full-time ours per week
(1913=100)
AverwereAverNum•
AverNum- ber
age
~ earnof time
ber
time
Over
Ovei
Ovei
of
em- hOUIB lngs earn- Full- Earn- Full·
48
60
72
plants ploy- per
lngs time lngs time 48
earnand
and
and
ees week
hounJ per !ngs \ID· \ID• 60 \ID• 72 and 8'
un~ per hour per der 4er
der
der
week
week
60
72
8'
~-
lc:r
s~~~~~~
1908 _______
1909 _______
1910 _______
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913 _______
19U _______
1915 _______
1917 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
11122 _______
11
11
11
19
19
20
22
28
28
13
19
22
25
1924~------
30
1907
1,908 ------_______
1909 _______
1910 _______
18
18
18
32
33
34
34
38
38
18
Blowerl!I:
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
191'1
19111 ------_______
1920 _______
1922 _______
19214 _______
Blowing engt.
neers:
1907 _______
1908 _______
1909. -----1910••.••••
1911-••••••
1912
_______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915•.•••••
1917
1919------_______
1920._______
_ ----1922
1924 _______
Blowing engt.
24
28
32
86
20
20
20
34
35
35
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
86
86 MO !$0.193 $16.19
64
Iii
125
124
138
158
139
152
118
169
217
MO
MO
MO
320
83.8
79.3
82.9
79.5
79.4
77.3
80.4
73.4
75.8
57.5
78
68
84.0
84. 0
220
86 84.0
131
123
139
lM
143
U9
84
™
198
195
262
100
85
103
153
137
H2
156
147
153
122
143
164
213
244
83.6
82.11
80.3
82.2
80.7
80. 6
77.8
79.8
73.2
72..
58.3
84.0
84.0
MO
MO
82.9
80. 6
82.0
79.3
79.1
76.1
80.0
.184
.183
.197
.198
.206
• 217
,214
.215
.343
.536
.594
.401
30.20
.543 30.98
.300
.283
25.17
23.7.
.316
.332
25.01
27.21
26. 7•
26. 93
37.50
.286 24.CK
.296 24. 74
.305 25.21
.333
.336
.485
.755
.868
60. 25
82. 'GI
,678
.889
49.00
5L73
.242
-235
20.30
19. 77
19.35
20. 39
.230
.243
.244
74.2
58. 7
,249
.260
.262
.282
,391
.628
.720
.483
.661
MO
.203
73. 7
15.49
15.40
16.56
16.60
16.19
17.97
16. 98
17. 03
26.52
43.09
43.30
20.15
19. 93
21.28
20.64
20.64
101
101
101
101
101
96
100
96
96
93
97
89
91
69
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
98
98
116
89
85
84
91
91
95
100
99
99
158
247
274
185
250
90
85
86
89
92
95
100
100
101
146
-- - -- 90 .......... ----100
----- ---- .. ........ 100
87 --~-- ----- ---- ........... ---· ----86 ............ ----- ---............
JOO
---- -------- ............ 100
92 .......... ----- ........
----"T
92 ..........
...........
..
.........
118
---90 ----- --u· ---9 ........... 78
100 .......... ----· ........ ----- 9
91
Iii .......... ........... .. ...... ----35 --·r 60
----95 ---·- ----36
5
69
-------148 ..........
56 --T 44
----- 15
---- ...........
240 ----- ···5· ........
74
241 ----- 18 ---28
28
26
168
3 ---- ----- 53
29
---·172 ""iii" 78
........
4
7
-·-- ----93 ----- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- 100
'GI ............. ----- ---- ----- ---- --·-- 100
88
100
---- ----91 ·---........... ----- ··r ----- ..........
98
----93 .......... ·---- ---- ----9
91
----92 ----- ··-r ---- ----- 16 ----- 78
100 ----- ·--·- ---- ----- 15
-··r 25 ""°&" 16985
118
-------99 ----1 26
'69
-----------13$ ............ ---.,- ........ ----- 49
7
221
14
...........
---231 -··r 15 ---- ----- 22
34
15
6
97
89
88
71
227
102
1(\2
102
102
101
93
90
88
93
Iii
95
93
91
100
97
100
101
101
150
100
97
97
139
98
96
29.61
50.24
52. 50
35.49
38.65
93
17.02
16. 72
16.08
17.38
17.06
16.85
18.67
17.57
17.41
44.69
261
21M
268
96
90
242
277
72
254
101
101
101
101
100
97
100
90
98
90
185
l.,()
180
190
96
95
94
236
247
167
182
62
12 16
------- -----6 2 4 7
......... ........... 100
--·---------- --------- ------------------ 110000
...........
----------- ...........
......
__ ---------- ........
----- ----- ··g· ---.... 19001
----- ---,- ·---18 -------.... 77
·---- ------- ----17 ---6- 83
----··----·-·
..........
87
----- ---- ----- 39 6 I15766
36
----- ---.,- ---- ----· 64
12 ""io" 71
..........
29
25
30
----- 165 ---- ' 62
----- ......... a3 1119,
---.,- 80 ---...........
--·-
--u-
11
71
ueers' assist-
aµts:
1907 ------1908
_______
1909
11110•.•••••
_______
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913 ____ ~-1914 _______
1915 _______
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
67
61
74
Iii
Ill
108
21
H
119
17
130
189
84.0
84.0
84.0
83.2
80.4
83.2
79.0
78.3
79.1
71.7
73.6
56.S
.199
.191
.207
.205
.211
.22/i
.733
88
85
92
91
94
100
99
95
.223
Iii
99
.565
95 251
22
.632
~24
281
86
922 _______
24 213
.424 31.08
188
88
1924 _______
26 307
.584 32.n
68 260
1 Including 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 111,
10111 _______
1920_______
21
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
116
Ill
90
86
93
.91
90
1.00
. Iii
93
289
242
166
176
---- --·-- ---- ...........
-------------- ----- ---- ..........
..........
...........
---- --·-- ------- ..........
........... -----·--- ---- ..........
----- -T --------........ --·s· ---10 .. ........
........
------- .......... 366 ""if
----· ..........
..........
........... ........
........... ---.,. .. ...... --------- 42 13
.........
,:.
---..........
--T
20
6
ff1
17
80
----- --·--------- 67
---- ....................
I
16
a
100
100
100
100
93
81
94
62
46
61
2ll
l1
a
BLAST
21
FURNACES
A (1).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY OCCUPATION-BLAST FURNACES-Continued
TABLE
Index numbers
Occupation
and year
Stove
tenders:
1907
________
19()8________
1909________
1910________
1911__ ______
1912________
1913________
1914__ ______
1915________
1919________
1920________
1922.. _______
1924________
Keepers:
1907________
100!________
1909________
1910________
1911-------1912________
1913________
1914_ _______
1915________
1917________
1919________
1920________
1922________
1924________
Keepers' help-
ers:
1907________
19()8________
1909________
1910________
1911________
1912________
1913________
1914.._______
1915________
1917
-------1919________
1920________
1922________
1924.._______
Iron handlers
and
loaders:
1907
________
AverNum- Average
age
Num- ber fullof time earnber
em- honrs ings
of
per
plants ploy- per
ees week hour
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
24
28
32
36
84.0 $0.192 $16.10
200
180
214
220
183
186
204
297
279
473
84.0
82. 7
79.5
81. 9
79.7
79.4
80.3
73. 7
75.2
67.6
20
34
85
36
35
38
141
201
184
218
230
184
187
162
18
84. 0
84. 0
82. 7
79.6
82. 0
79.6
79.4
77.4
80.6
73.3
75.3
57. 1
24
28
32
36
203
280
288
466
20
616
20
20
34
596 84. 0
877 84.0
35
36
85
38
409
742
870
950
734
727
18 392
24 650
28 I, 168
38
32 1,178
36 1,654
1908.. _______
1909________
1910________
1911________
1912.._ ______
1918________
1914.._ _____
1915________
9
9
9
18
19
19
19
16
16
1917
1919-------________
1920________
1922________
1924.._____ _
4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
8
8
7
203
163
242
305
308
406
446
333
823
106
94
84.0
84.0
83.1
80. 2
82. 2
80. 6
80.1
77.6
80. 2
74.5
75.3
58. 6
73.2
73.0
73. 6
74.2
73.0
73.1
72. 5
71.5
74.0
71.4
72. 9
72.2
70.4
260
386
283 66.7
• 185
.181
• 193
.190
.195
• 211
.209
.208
.528
15. 62
15.22
16. 21
15.68
15. 38
17.30
16. 56
16.46
42.40
103
103
103
103
101
97
100
97
97
98
43.38
• 403 30.08
90
92
18.34
17.68
17.26
18.09
17.95
17. 59
19.28
18.47
18. 33
26.55
45. 30
102
102
102
102
101
.592
.645 31.36
.218
.210
.205
.215
.217
,223
.235
.233
.232
.344
.562
.635
.420
.579
46.45
31.47
32. 79
.165
.160
• 155
.168
.167
.173
.186
.185
.182
13. 89
13.41
.292
.480
22.69
.522
.349
.475
.193
.190
.177
.194
.195
.206
.220
.222
.204
.243
.361
.443
.307
• 8'5
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were-
FullOver
Over
Over
60
72
ings time ings time 48 48
and and 60 and
per honrs per earn72 and 84
ings
ununununweek per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
60
72
84
earn- Full-
84.0
84.0
146 84.0
96 84.0
38
age
140
96
(1913-100)
fulltime
140
20
20
Aver-
13. 04
14.13
13.84
13. 75
15.31
14.83
14. 48
38.50
38.60
26.16
27.85
70
97
100
97
97
94
98
90
92
70
102
102
102
102
101
98
100
98
97
94
98
Ew-
91
88
86
91
90
92
100
99
99
250
281
191
258
03
89
87
91
92
95
100
99
99
146
239
270
179
246
89
86
93
90
90
93
100
99
98
157
258
93
90
88
94
91
89
100
96
95
245
251
174
181
95
92
90
94
93
91
100
96
95
138
235
241
163
170
91
88
85
92
90
90
100
97
95
148
92
71
188
255
251
252
171
182
88
88
14.36
14.17
15.11
16.07
16. 09
15. 22
17.44
26.82
32.00
21. 67
101
101
102
102
101
101
100
99
102
98
101
100
97
22. 67
Ill
14.20
13. 95
13. 05
91
281
86
80
88
89
94
100
181
93
110
164
201
140
157
.......... ........ .........
----- ----· ---- ..........
......... ..........
-----------..........
---------------........ --·---------- ------- ----- -----------8 ---- ----- -if ----...........
----17
------------------.,33
--------- -----·-35
6
-----------4
14
----- 19 ........
---- ...........
----- 21 3415
----- 4 ---61
12
--T 82 ---- --------- ........ 3
----- ----------·
---- -------- ----------------............. ------------------------ ----- ---- ----- --·----11 ------·--------........... 8 ---- ----- 17 ----..............
---- ----- 3417 7
--------- ·-------6
----- ------- --------- 35
·---52
7
-------4 ---- ----- 11
14
----18
24
34
----- 4 -----·----f 81 ---- ----- 58 133
---- ----- ---__ __
----- ----------- ----------------------------------------- ------------- ---- ----- --f ----------- ------------14 ----·
----- -----8 ----------15
--------____
--------- 2830 ---.,-6
----- ----- ------·---..........
----- 6 ---- ----- 5513 109
----15 ---3 22
30
-------9- 764 ---- 22 56 114
---..,
.,
---6
----- ------------ 60 ---- 97
----- ---81 ----- ----- ---- 57 ---89 ----- -·--59 ------- 66
88 ............ ----- -T 61
94 ----6
49 --r
---r 8 47 9 44
100
100
5
4 11
37
8 .............
95 ----2
3
2 ----53
109 ............. ----85
--if 71 6 11
164 ----199 ----- --T 1
60 15 ----135 ----- ----- 12
37 49 .............
60
ff1
-
141 ----- ___ - ----
96 ---· -----
100
100
100
100
89
74
83
61
58
67
26
23
7
100
100
100
100
89
74
83
60
58
41
70
25
26
7
100
100
100
100
92
78
85
66
65
36
71
30
26
10
34
32
36
35
31
32
29
34
39
9
16
21
2
6
22
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOBi-IBION' AND Sil'EEL
TABLE A (1).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY OCCUPATION-BLAST FURNACES-Continued
Index numbers
OCllllpation
and year
N'.nm• A.Vl!I'
ber
ber
of time
of
em• hours
plants ploy per
ees week
Pig•machine
men:
1907••••••••
1908.•••••••
1909••••••••
1910••••••••
1911••••••••
1912.•••••••
1913••••••••
1914,•• - ••••
1916••••••••
1917••••••••
1919••••••••
1920••••••••
1922••••••••
1924..••••••
Oindermen:
GM.
Nnm•
9
9
9
16
17
17
19
21
21
10
18
21
23
26
20
20
193
157
162
291
267
Z76
303
259
Wi
lM
370
390
383
6M
M.O
83.9
83.9
83.9
82.4
8L9
8L9
79.2
79.6
77.9
80. li
72.2
73. 1
67.li
262 83.6
1007•••••••
1908 •••••••
1909 •••••••
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1916 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924•••••••
20
32
32
32
33
31
31
13
21
23
24
2'J
364
81.3
76.2
79.9
78. 3
78.6
78.4
77.2
68.4
71.6
69. 7
1907
1908 •••••••
•••••••
1909 •••••••
1910•••••••
1911. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917•••••••
1919 •••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
957
718
20 757
3411,423
35
937
35 1,00I
35 1,273
37 1,096
37
886
17
698
24 2,18(
1,770
1,600
36 2,069
75.8
72.8
73.0
74. 7
73.3
73.1
72. Ii
70.8
71.3
75. 3
77.9
72. 3
67. 7
62.4
Laborers:
20
20
i
246
82.6
380 82.2
482 82.9
339
397
380
286
264
168
296
87
216
Average
earnlnp
l:r
Aver-
:M.
.286
.473
.667
.390
.483
.146
.140
.138
.160
.161
.162
.171
.177
.171
.281
.467
.414
.316
.401
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average full•tlme ours per week
were.
:run.
Over
Over
Ovei
time
earn- Full60
72
time Earn- time 48 48
inl!II hours lnp earn- and and 60 e,nd 72 and st
lnp DD• unUD•
UD•
der
der
~
~
der der
~
60
72
st
J:it
S0.187 $14.ffl
.163 13.69
.162 13. 67
.169 14.H
.169 13.98
.171 13.97
.192 15. 72
.192 15.16
,190 15.07
.300 23.21
.477 8&40
• 652 39.63
.380 'ZT. 73
.616 29. 62
.173
.1116
.160
.163
.168
.164
.179
.176
.174
(1913•100)
14."6
12.88
12.34
13.66
12.M
12.20
14. 'Z1
13. 78
13.64
22.31
36. 62
37.86
ZT. 76
28. 71
11.13
10.24
10.17
11.23
1Ll4
1Ll6
12. 43
12. 62
12. 20
21.23
35.60
3'.60
2L69
25.111
1m
lO'J
102
lO'J
101
100
100
97
97
96
98
......... ........... ---- .. ........
------ .......... ........
.........
'"st '" --------·
............ ------------------- ..........
..........
-----·
........... ·u·
. 86
88
88
89
100
100
99
1116
88
348
288
70
268
106
1m
1m
97
89
l(lf,
lO'J
94
100
98
98
98
97
86
90
76
105
100
101
1m
101
101
100
98
98
104
107
100
93
86
198
87
st
91
88
92
100
98
97
160
264
311
218
270
86
82
81
88
88
89
100
104
100
164
267
277
18'
236
89
86
90
89
89
100
96
!
(I)
...........
..........
··-r
98
2
2
17
17
36
32
----- -----9 ........
----- 604
•••• ..........
262 ----2li
23
12 ---1 ----- li8
176 ----188 ----- 78 ---- 2 ---101
---· 28 ··-·--90 ----- --------- ........
----- ..........
1
9 ••••
86 ----7 ••••
95 ----- ........... (I)
148
2(4
12
90
86
100
97
96
1116
266
265
196
201
90
82
82
90
90
.........
17
..........
----· ...........
----·
.....
34
13
63
........... ............
..........
------------- ---...........
........... ...........
.......... ..........
2
---10
18
11
20
13
19
21
20
22
86
29
16
8
8
----- ···,·
11
174 --------- 5 29
171
286
278
202
10
11
12
13
9
--------- ---·- ---- ------T 14 ---- 7
4
'° ...........
----- $~
98
100
101
6
1
3
2
(I)
26
17
2
4
21
10
9
UI
'Z1
24
44
9
24
38
........
37
38
liO
28
31
(I)
34
12
16
111
10
21
19
2'J
6
7
34
2
2
3
30 10
11
24
16
M
----
-----
100
118
118
99
'"
83
83
165
8
7 I 60
3
48
7
80
26
'Z1
6 23
2
7
10
10
13
4
2
(I~
(I)
----11
13
H
2
88
82
78
89
78
66
64
67
62
66
60
26
20
1
6
47
15
'Z1
28
7
21
30
H
81
9 31
4 129
7
26
7
26
6
44
2
1
13
15
33
fl1
17
2
Less than 1 per cent.
t Including 1 per cent whose full•time hours per week were 91.
• Including Jess than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
1
The customary working time per week of all employees covered in
blast furnaces in each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922, and
1924/' has been classified, and the number and per cent of employees
coming under each classification are shown in Table B (1).
As a blast furnace is in continuous operation, the amount of 1-day
work .among em:eloyees varies according to the prevalence of the
system for relievmg employees 1 day each week, 1 day every two
weeks, 1 day every three weeks, or some such_period. By 1914 this
plan had made aonsiderable progress, and in tlie country as a whole
• Theae 5 yean are b
o.ipatlODII,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
oDlJ' OD88 In which data were collected covering all principal productive and other
28
BLAST FURNACES
53 per cent of the employees reported for that year worked 7 days
per week regularly. This percentage remained practically unchanged
during the years 1915 and 1920. In 1922, however, provision was
made for tlie relief of employees in practically all plants and only
29 per cent worked 7 days each week. Emplo_yees were regularly
relieved with much less frequency in 1924, and this survey shows
45 per cent of all employees worki~ a 7-day week regularly. This
increase in 7-day work, however, 1s due in large measure to the
elimination of the 12-hour day in many plants and the substitution
of the shorter shifts of from 8 to 10 hours.
The combination of 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days in rotation appears
in this department for the first time in 1924 and 30 per cent of all
employees worked that number of turns. This combination was
brought about by plants adopting the three 8-h,our shifts and giving
employees a relief turn once every three weeks. This practice had
been customary in some of the other departments, sheet mills and
tin-plate mills especially, for many years, but was found in this
department for the first time in 1924.
TABLE B (1).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO
CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-BLAST
FURNACES
[For explanation of this table see p. 13]
Number
of employees
whose customary work•
Ing days per week were-
1''um·
District and year
N=• 1--....--~-~--1--~-~-~a!d ~a
a!d ~a
ber
of
of
em•
plants ployees
6
7
alter•
nately
Eastern:
1914 _ -······· ••••••••••••••
1915_ •••••••••••••••••••••••
1920••••••••••••••••••••••••
1922_. _•••••••••• -- - -·- ·-··1924--• ·- ••••• ••• ••••• ••• •••
Pittsburgh:
1914.. •••••••••••••••••••••••
1915•••••••••••• -·-·········
llr!O - •••••••••••••••••••••
1m
·······-·-·-·········
1924-•••• ·-- -- •..•.••••••.••
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914•••••••••••••••.••••••••
1915.•••••••••••••••••••••••
1920••••••••••••••.•••••••••
Im ...................... .
1924••••••••••••••••••••••••
Southern:
1914.•••••••••••••••••••••••
1915••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920.•••••••••••••••••••••••
1m •..•••••..........•..••
10?& •••••••••••••••••••••••
All districts:
1914.•..••••••••••••••••••••
1915••.•••••••••••••••••••••
1920••••••••••••••••••••••••
1922.••••••••••.••••••••••••
19'J4.•••••••••••••••••••••••
71n
rotation
3M
2511
4
6
10
10
8
9
11
3,298
3,176
4,IIUJ
3,481
4,898
1, 466
1,470
1,550
1, 947
619
405
316
1,473
811
411
11
11
9
10
10
3,172
2,761
3,871
1,883
1,643
743
t=
2, 064
1,052
13
13
648
473
11
11
1,705
1,832
2,741
2,967
3,370
230 ••••••• ••••••• 1,602
1,104 ••••••• •••••• 1,637
1, 932
36 •••••••
999
1, 454
73
846
997
8
9
10
38
38
28
32
36
46 •••••••
5 •••••••
7
l,~
642
885
1,512
6
6
3
Per cent of employees
whose customary work•
Ing days per week were-
137 ••.••.. •••••••
171
150
678
633
l506
5M
180 ••••••.
179
10 1,173
132
•• •••••
•••••••
•••••••
• • ••• ••
2, 278
1, 427
1,390
1,893
723
1, 690
••••••• 1,286
••••••• 1,115
••••••• 2,480
•• •••••
846
1, 4M
6
33
32
21
19
10
44
46
32
56
11
59
60
19
61
3, 122
18
198 ••••••• ••••••• 1,507
12
13
40
65
43
9,253 3, 901 I 454 •• •••••
8,563 3, 599 I 324 •• •••••
12,170 3,5M 2,121 •••••••
10, 716 6, 114 1, 500 •• ••• • •
795 4,588
15,540 3, 175
4, 898
4, 540
6,515
3, 102
6.1182
7
42
42
29
57
20
7ln
alter• rotanately tion
4
1
-----------·-
····20· ------12
1
12
10
.. ..............
7
68
67
79
60
78
43
30
-------
-------
39
8
····,?°
21
36
· 17
14
2
·----------------····25·
41
40
64
26
54
------- ------------------·····r -------
87
23
~~
2
'6
44,
17
14
6
····25·
-----------·-----····so·
44
88
80
34
30
53
54
54
29
45
1 Customary working days per week were 6, &, and 7, in rotation.
1 Less than 1 per cent had customary working days per week or II, 6, and 7, In rotation.
• Includes 3 employees whose customary working da~ per week were 6, 6, and 7.1 ln rotation.
• IDcludlng Jess than 1 per cent whose customary work!Dg days per week were o, 6, and 7, ln rotatlola.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
WAGES AND HOUBS 011' LA.BOBi-lBON AND STEEL
Table C (1) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees in the principal productive occupations in the 36 blast furnaces covered in 1924. The occupations
have been arranged as nearly: as possible in the order of production,
and :figures are shown for each district and all districts combined fcJr
each occupation.
Referring to the :first occupation presented, stockers, the 1,060
positions were kept filled by a total of 1,774 men during the pay
period scheduled. As stated, on page 14, in the explanation of this
table, many of the employees worked onl_y part time in this o~
cu_pation, and 1,774 men were necessacy- to keep the lt060 positions
filled. However, it must not be assumea that these employees worked
only as stockers during the period. A large percentage of them
worked in other occ~pations, and the number of employees shown in
the separate occupations in the following table can not be combined
as the number of employees who worked in the principal productive
occupations in this department.
Tlie average customary full time of the 1,774 men working in the
1,060 positions was 6.7 turns per week, 9 hours 1;>er tum, and 60.5
hours per week. These averages are for all distncts combined and
do not show the extreme range of the figll)"es for the several districts.
The average full-time hours per week in the Great Lakes and Middle
West district, for example, was only 55.7, while in the Eastern
district the average was 72.8 hours.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 1,774
employees, 1,110, or 63 per cent, when working full time worked
56 hours per week or less, while the remaining 664, or 37 per cent,
ranged from 60 to 84 hours per week.
The average hourly earnings of stockers ranged from 32.1 cents in
the Southern district to 52 cents in the Great Lakes and Middle
West district, with an average of 46.5 cents for all districts combined.
Average earnings for the half-month period reached the high point
in the Eastern district, $53.62, owing to the fact that employees in
that district worked more hours at this occupation than those in
any of the other three districts, or an average of 111.1 hours. In
the Great Lakes and Middle West district employees aver~ed only
70.1 hours in this occupation during the 16-day period and receivea
an average of $36.41 for that time. These averages are only for the
occupation under consideration and do not include earnings that
employees may have made in other occupations during the same
pay _period.
The range for average full-time earnings per week of stockers was
from $22.43 in the Southern ~trict to $35.14 in the Ea.stem district.
The average for all districts was .$28.10.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
C (!).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-BLAST FURNACES
[See explanation on p. 3 of adjustment of time worked and earnings received)
Positions
Oeoapatton and district
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Aver-
Average
N umber whose customary full •tIme h ours per week
employeesfull
in
Num•
time ofcustomary
ber
the positions
wereof
Aver•
plants Nbumer.1---,---.....--- Nberum.1---,----,---r---,---,----,-~,---.,.---1 age
Over
Over
Over
Over
hours
Turns Hours Hours
48
56
60
72
84 worked
72
and and
and 56 and 60 and
48
t:1"n
under
under
under
under over
J:k
f:!°k
56
60
72
Aver•
age
Aver•
age
ings
ings
per
hour
earn•
in pay
period
earn•
1':M.
time
earn•
ings
per
week
84
- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ t - - - - t - - - - t - - - t - - - " 1 - - - 1 - - --1---t--·l---t---j--- 1---1---1---1--- - - - - - - - - Stockers:
Eastern.............................
5
11
Pittsburgh........................
~or:l~~~.~~~!~~.~~~t.::::
rn
Total............................
36
88
395
~~1
~
Bottom fillers:
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
3
84
Southern .••••••••••••••••••••••••• __3_ ~
Total............................
Total............................
Eastern.............................
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
Southern..........................
Total. ...........................
Larry men's helpers:
Eastern............................
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
Southern..·-·····················
Total............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10. 5
8. 7
72. 8
58. l
~: 1g::
gu
6.7
60.5
~
5
11
10
6
32
5
9
8
4
26
26
46
72
6. 9
6. 8
6. 8
44
81
37 •••••• ••••.•
89 ••••••
89
36~ :::::: 1..•
~~.
529600 -~····
..E:_
29
i
138
150
41
373
43
150
145
36
374
55. 3
53.6
54.2
122 •••••.
219 ..•.••
341 ...•..
39
202
241
8. 0
8. 5
8. 3
55. 2
57. 7
56. 8
37 ••••..
74 ..••..
111 ......
14
57
71
7. O
6. 8
6. 9
6. 7
6.9
9. 3
8. 1
8. 0
10. 2
8.4
64. 6
54. 7
55. 5
68. 2
57.7
56
175
7. O
6. 8
6. 9
6. 6
6. 8
9. 4
8. O
8. 0
54. 3
224
64. 7
57.1
627
29
19
114 •••••. •••.•.
l~g ::::::
293 .•....
42
18
···74· ···ss·
93
146
111.1
84. 4
9. 9
8. 3
65. 8
65. 5
22 ....•• •.•••.
l ....•. .•••.. ......
7 ..•.•• ••••.. •••.•. ..•... •••.•.
10
29 = I =
l ............
64
101
251 ••••..
88 ..•..•
101
=.£.
••••.. •••.•• ••.•.. .•••..
3
$35.14
28. 48
~ra
~~~~
91.1
I
84. 7
86. 8
13
2
•••••• •••••• ••.••• ..•••• ....•• •••.••
.••... ....•. ..•... .•....
12
21
...........•...•......... 15
36
114. 3
99. 6
93.1
101. O
98.7
42 •••••• ••••••
1 .•••••
4
17
48
75 .••••• •••••• •••••• .••••• •••.•• ••••••
77
174 •••••• .••••• •••••• .••••• •.••.. ••••••
47 ..•.•• •••••• •.•••.
3 ••.•••
17
21
172
291 ••.... ....•.
4 .•...• ) 21
38
104. 2
82. 3
74. 3
61. 7
78. 4
.•.••• •••.•. .••... •.••.• ..•..•
$0. 483
• 490
~ui J~
= .................. = ~
82 ....•• •••••.
17 ......
99 .....• ......
•• 70
40
66
208 ..•..• 59 149
63 .••...
30 ••....
502
37
159
255·
37
$53. 62
41. 36
l~~
86.2
7
8. 0
~
::::::
• 228
229
8.0
...... ..•... ..•.•.
=6 =
=-=
==~~===
= l=
=-:1
4
s.o
~
81
88. 0
3
6. 9
6. 7
6.8
127
619
1 .•.... .••••• ..•.•.
TopGreat
fillers:Lakes and Middle West.....
'
Southern.......................... .
~=
6. 9
6. 7
I
52. 24
35.28
41.35
• !i94
.414
.480
32. 84
22.21
26.01
69. 78
35. 90
47.19
. 766
. 424
. 544
42. 28
24. 46
30. 40
. 512
33. 08
31. 31
33. 21
24. 78
31.48
58. 51
57. 00
55. 71
36. 72
54.09
. 572
. 598
. 363
.548
47. 93
. 460
30. 25
41. 89
• 509
27. 66
38. 31
. 516
28. 63
2D. 07
. 325
21. 03
38. 01 ~ ~
TABLE
C (1).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-BLAST FURNACES-Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Num•
ber
of
plants Nb~·
Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions
Turns
per
week
Hours
per
turn
Number whose customary full•time hours per week
were-
Aver·
age
earnings
per
hour
age
Aver· Aver·
earn•
age
ings
hours
Over
84 worked in pay
72
period
and and
under over
____________________
1
1
Num•
ber
Hours
per
week
and
under
60
56
48
48
Over
Over
Over
and
under
56
60
and
under
72
Aver•
age
full•
time
earn-
ings
per
week
84
n
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- ------ ------ --- --- --- --- --- - - - - - - - - - - - 60
56
Skip operators:
9.0
7. O
40
5
Eastern ••·-························
8.1
6. 8
108
11
Pittsbnrgh........................
8.0
6. 9
81
8
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
9. 9
6. 6
34
6
Southern..........................
TotBl••••••.•......•.•..•••.••... 1--30--t--2-63-t--6-.8-,---8. 4
47
119
100
54
62. 7
54. 9
55.1
65. 6
8
3
36 ..•.•. ·•·•·· ...... ·•••••
----------36
33
2
48 ••••••...... -····· •••·•· ..•..•
47
···•-·
·••···
••••••.••••..•.••.
53
------ 30
13
11
...... ···••· ·•·•·· .•.... ...•..
------
137 1...... ...... ...... ......
113
320
33
57. 5
l===l===a===•!===l===!===l====ic==l== ,==
14
23
122. 1
115.4
103. 4
99.4
$62. 63
66. 88
60. 86
38. 95
$0. 513
. 580
. 589
. 392
$32.16
31. 83
32.26
25. 72
109. 9
59.66
. 543
30.98
134. 1
103. 3
103. 0
116. 9
102. 17
100. 04
101. 84
77. 95
. 762
. 969
.988
. 667
47.63
54. 73
54. 07
44.20
108. 5
96. 37
.889
51. 73
. 5721
38. 57
38.00
42.60
30.19
0
Blowers:
Eastern............................
Pittsburgh.........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
Southern..........................
5
11
10
10
20
67
84
41
212
21
!~:}ri:e~:i~i=~;i=i1~wiiE::: n
~E
34
B101;; ;~; ; :; ;~~~~~~:: : : :
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
Southern..........................
Total............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9.4
8.4
8.0
10. 0
21
83
104
54
62.5
56. 5
54. 7
66. 3
---1---.J---l----,1-----1---I
36
TotaL...........................
5
-Blowing engineers:
Southern..........................
6. 7
6. 8
6. 8
6. 6
10
as
iJ
6. 7
8. 6
262
58. 3
i
9. 6
8. 1
8.0
9.9
67.4
55. 31
55. 5
66. 6 1
8. 6
·--22·
6
-----28
8
6
31
17
43
55
25 ···•··
105
~: l···io· ···32"
97 ·•····
48 1······
26
24
...••.
...•..
·····.•....
......
.•...•
..•..•
...••.
2
3
2
2
2 ··•·••
. ......•...•.••...
15
8
6 .....•
9
=1
!~ :::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: ::::;: .. J
"
······1······
rn
I •
3 .•.••..•.......... j......
n
5
"
16
I
I
132. 4
102. 6
98. 7
111. 6
75. 79
72. 45
76. 05
50. 5i
. 705
.770
. 453
3:
18:
:: :
10. 7
8
10
5
102
84
23
6. 7
6. 9
6. 6
8. 0
8. O
9. 4
38. 65
. 661
69. 91
105. 7
16
58. 1 1
73. 3 -----1---1-1-1-:·l1·:-:-::_:_:,-:-::-:-:: ::::::l=::=:=::=:•I''==:=1!==2:=1,==='"'==='====I===
.471
59. 90
127. 2
34. 51
11
-----32. 20
54. 79
91. 7
. 597
31 ..••..••.•...........•...........•..
87
22
140
53. 9
35. 93
87. 5
. 647
56. 63
43
122
79 ...•...•...•....•.•.••.•..•...•.....
55. 5
22.98
36. 04
. 371
97. 1
6
23
5
34
.....• .•.... ...... ..•...
61. 9
26
218
6. 8
8. 3
56. 21
:::::::s:::::=
82
~I
----------------
==
307
22
153
113 •....•........•••. 1,......
9
10
--- -9 - ,53.
, -91.
63- i -.584
--32. 74
Stove tenders:
Eastern •..••••••...••••••..••••••••
Pittsburgh ••.....••...........•••.•
Great Lakes and Middle West. ..••
Southern •.•••.••••••••••••••..••..
5
11
10
10
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Keei';!;;'~n ........................... .
Pittsburgh ..••.... _. _____ ···-· ••.••
Great Lakes and Middle W estt••.••
Southern •••• · ••••••.....•••••••.••
Total •••••••..•••••••••••••••••••
......................
Keer;;e~:pers:
Pittsburgh ..••••.....•.......•.••.•
Total ........................... .
7.0
6.8
6.9
6. 7
9.0
8.1
8.0
9.4
62.6
54.9
55.4
62. 7
-·----1 ---·-·
62
151
179
81 ····--
-··~~·!
36
MO
6.9
8.4
p7.5
473
5
11
10
10
40
117
130
54
7.0
6. 8
6.9
6. 7
9.0
8.1
8.0
9.3
62. 7
54. 7
55.3
62.4
56
154
167
89
36
341
6.8
8.4
57.1
466
5
11
10
10
129
350
361
278
7.0
6.8
7.0
6. 7
8.8
8.1
8.0
9.8
61.6
55.0
55.4
65.8
184
517
536
417
36
1,118
6.9
8.6
58.6
1,654
39
I
I
50
~i
48
-] _ - -------- ~
55 ----------120 ------ ------ ------ -----3 ------ ----·· .••••. -·····
162
226 -·---- ------ ------ ------
----------55
42
42
371
57.
52.09
53.69
43.87
.610
• 577
.597
.424
31. 94
31. 65
33.08
26.59
95.3
al. 98
.545
31.36
52. 86
62. 61
61.45
36.62
.530
.647
.619
.½05
33.25
35.40
34.24
25.26
56.06 [
.579
32. 79
47.29
45.66
46.93
33.82
.477
.5'10
.547
.330
29.38
ZG- 71
30. 31
21. 70
43. 27
.475
27.85
35.08
.345
22. 67
136.1
77.3
93.0
96. 6
62. 76
40.34
50. 27
44. 23
• 461
.522
.541
. 458
33.53
28. 70
29. 75
24. 74
- -- -
92.1
47.44
• 515
29.52
------
136.6
59.3
95. 3
139. 2
84. 39
28.86
45. 89
37.87
, 618
. 500
.482
. 272
41. 95
28. 04
29.00
17.63
2
85. 3
41.15
. 483
28. 71
33
5
91. 0
79. 3
79. 8
87. 5
35.82
35.80
36. 35
23.54
.394
. 451
. 456
. 269
28.03
27.62
27.84
16.85
38
82.4
33.05
• 401
25.15
11
112.4
90.3
89.9
103.4
32
9
3
a
4
----------···11·
11
------
14
=,
53
54
43
54
114
5
:::::: ::::::1:::::: ------ ------4
------ ---------------- ------ ------ ---···1····§·
21
99. 7
96. 7
119. 3
90.5
162
216
------ ------ ------ ·----•i
33
96.8
I
13
=
7
189
6.5
10.1
65. 7
283
Pig-machine rnen:
Eastern•.....•••.••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh ••••.... _......•....•••••
Great Lakes and Mi<k!le West .••••
Southern ••.••.•••.••..••••••••••••
5
9
10
2
56
142
163
24
6.9
6. 7
6.9
6. 8
10. 5
8.2
8.0
8.0
72. 7
55.0
55.1
54.0
67
219
219
29
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
26
385
6.8
8.4
57. 5
534
Oindermen:
Eastern............................
Pittsburgh.........................
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
Southern..........................
2
7
9
4
------ ------ ------ _.....1 12 23
------ ------ 10
------ ------ ------ ----------- ------ ----------- -----25
------ ----------- 57 130
-----703 ------ -----69
25 -----163
547
147
---- -= =
----------182
147
168
197
14g
178
368
8
------ ·-----i·-··-·
------ =
=
~I
270
88
23
29
31
130
6
------ ------ 9 296
---------------- 81 ------ ---------------- ------ ----------- ----------------- ------ ------ ------ ------
219
196
------ ------
9
-----------9 ---------------- -----81
21
65
75 -----29
------ ------ ------ ------ -----1---1---t---t-----f----l·---t---,·-110 ! 84 -----21
364
65
59. 7
9.0
6. 7
234
Total............................
22
7
14
46
8
Laborers:
Eastern•.••••••••••••.••••....•••..
Pittsburgh .••••....•...••. _____ ••..
Great Lakes and Middle West .••.•
Southern .••••.•.•••.••••••••••••••
Total ••....••••.••••..•••••••.•..
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
,
= =0 1===1===0l===e===t==="==/c==/c==t-==I
Great Lakes and Middle West. ••.•
Southern •••••••••••••.•••.••••••••
Iron handlers and loaders:
Southern••••••••••••••••••••••••••
49
107
128
56
9
56
159
10
6. 5
6. 7
6. 7
6. 2
10.4
8. 3
9.0
10.4
67.9
56. I
60.2
64.8
----------108
66
- 66-
i
10
125
219
10
75
9
3
35
----------- -----4
2
------ -----7
99. 2
84. 5
85.8
102.5
91.1
101.7
= =- - ==
------
,===1===•1===1====1===1•===1===1°==
5
11
IO
10
36
100
388
394.
297
1,179
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.2
10.4
9.3
9.4
10.1
71.2
61.2
61. 1
62. 6
178
691
697
493
6.5
9.6
62. 4
2,059
----------240
3
12
16
95
24
125
365
123
24
9
64
------ 287
----------- ------ ------ ------ -----3
123
344
190
460
360 I, 117
------ ------ ---------------- -----28
· 29
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Table D (1) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of keepers and laborers in 1924 liy districts and for all districts combined. These two occupations are
selected as representative of the spread or variation in hourly earnings
within the OCCUJ)ations in this department.
The average hourly earnings for keepers in the several districts
was 57.9 cents and for laborers, 40.1 cents. The range of.earnings
in the Eastern, Pittsburgh, and Great Lakes and Middle West districts was considerably above that in the Southern district in both
occupations.
TABLE D (1).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BLAST
FURNACES .
[For explanation or this table see p. 15)
Occupation and district
Number of employees whose earnings per hour wereAver•
Num• age
IB W ~ 00 M W M 50 60 ro
ber
earn- and and and and and and and and and and
ofem· ings UR· un• Un· un• Ull· Un• Ull· Un• Ull· Ull·
ployees per
der der der der der der der der der der
hour
W
~
00 M (0 M 50 60 ro ~
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
----------1---1---t-+--+- - - - - - - KEEPERS
Eastern...........................
Pittsburgh........................
OreatLakesandMiddleWest.....
Southern..........................
Total.......................
LABORERS
56
154
167
89
466
$0. 530 ••.•• ••••• ••••. .•••• ••••• .•••.
. 647
.619
. 405
. 579
9 46
1 .••••
.•..• ••••• ..•.. ..••• ••••• .•••. ....•
4 150 ••••.
.•••••••••...•• •. : .. .••...••••.•.•. 75
83
9
.• •••
5
3
13
9
Z1
21 •• •• • •• •••
5
••...
5
3
13 9
27
36 11~ 234
14
-----------------·---=
Eastern...........................
178
Pittsburgh........................ 691
Great Lakes and Middle West....
697
Southern..........................
493
..Totlll. ·-·--··-----··-···-··· 2,059
.3~ ••.•• ••.•. ••••. ..... 9( 81
1
1
1 .••••
.451 .•..•.•...•.............. 425
4 268
1
1
. 456 . . ... .. .•. .. ... . . .. .
1 474 55 164
1
2
. 269
29 193 110 155
3
3 ....••..•..•..• ····• Wl
29 193 110 155 98 983 60 ~
3
3
I
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of emJ>l-Oyees in
the blast furnaces are shown in detail, by districts and for all districts
combined, for the year 1924 in Table E (1). The information was
obtained from 36 representative plants and covers 15,540 employees
in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns and night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees are divided into three groups, as follows: (a) Those who
work days only, (b) those who work nights only, and (e) those who
alternate or rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of
arrangement begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a few instances relief systems also have been omitted
where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or
four weeks.
In some instances i1'1""the table hours are reported for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as .6. This is owing to the fact
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein ~ch employee was relieved 1
day in 7 with no information available, however, as to which dayi
therefore, the hours f1>r all days have been shown and the reliet
indicated in the full-time hours per week.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
BLAST FURNACES
In the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points will
need explanation. The first line of the table shows tliat in the
plants canvassed 1 man in the Eastern district was found on a day
30b requiring him to work 7 days per week and 14 hours per day-a
total of 98 hours per week. 'fhe bracketed fourth and fifth lines
indicate that 7 men alternated from 6 days of 12 hours one week to 7
days of 12 hours the next week, making an average of 78 hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 38 men
in the Eastern district alternated from 7 turns of 10 hours on day
work to 7 turns of 14 hours on night work, averaging 84 hours per
week. The fourth and fifth lines of this section show 91 men gomg
from 6 day turns of 12 hours to 7 night turns of 12 hours, followed by
7-day turns of 12 hours and then 6 night turns of 12 hours, making
an average of 78 hours of labor per week.
When there are three 8-hour turns the second and third are tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (1).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BLAST
FURNACES
[For explanation of this table see p. 15]
Number of employees who worked
each specifted combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Onstomary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Aver•
age
hours,
Hours
Turns Mon•
Turns Mon•
per
day Sat•
Per week
week to ur• Sun•
Fri• day day week
day
per
day Sat• Sun• Per
to
day week
Fri•
day
J1!;
!8e:irl E:
Great
Lakes
Pitts- and South• Total
burgh Mid• ern
die
West
EMPLOYEES WJIO WORKED DAY TURNS ONLY
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
'I
6
6
7
6
'I
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
•
H
12
11
12
12
11
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
14
12
12
12
12
14
12
12
12
12
79
72
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
84
77
72
72
70
68
68
70
70
60
66
65
60
70
60
70
70
···s·
63
6
6
··10·
11
12
12·
10
10
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
··1o"
8
9
10
10
----·
-----5
10
10
""io·
-----
........... ------ ........... ----- ----·..........
------............. ----- ----------- ---------- ------
98 _
84
60
60
98
84
79
::::::} 78
----- .............
------ ----.............
........ ..........
.............. -----..........
............
---------------...........
------ ----- ........... .............
------..............
---·------------·- .............
----- -----·
----- ..........
·----- -----·-------·-........ ............
..
................ ............ --------.......... .......... ............
------- -----.........
...............
------- ---------- ........... -·--------- ----...............
77
72
72
70
68
65
63½
.............. ............ .......... ............
'I
4
------- ··--35·
------- ..............
------- ------...............
16
------- -------
8 .. .............
............... ..... i . ------166
287
···us-
1
25
1
332
2
68 -----·------- ..............
-------- ·····s· ------a ------- ------6673 ------............. 2 •••••:i"
66
65 ------- .............. ------------15 ------- ------- ------·
65
: : :!
..............
1
5
1
63
61
51
------1
2
76
(0
69
82 ------- ------..............
------............ ................ ...............
5
::::::}
............
60 .............. ............ ----- ----- ------ 60
10
10
271
53
'16
60 ................ ............ ........... ......... ------ 60
10
563
5M
187
66
60 ------- ------ ........... ---- ------ 60 ..............
..s". ··1ii"
5 ..............
ii"
.....
59 ............. ........... ----- .......... ------ 59
10
------· 91 ..............
59 ------ ............ ......... ----9 ...........
.............. ·-···r
9
::::::} 5958½ 252 ------···r 6354
------- .............1
9
..............
58
...........
58 .............. -----2
6
10
----1 ..............
57 ------57
9½ 9½ ----............... --------------- ----------- -----66 ------6 ----10
------ -------- 56 1 ------ .............. . .......
---- ·----56
66
I)
20167°-25f--3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
66
1
7
13
25
2
1, 028
2
8
3
2
3
15
236
82
6
2
400
1,370
5
6
119
2
1
1
1
80
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
E . (1).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BLAST
FURN ACES-Continued
TABLE
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Average
MonTum1 MonTurns
per day Satper
day
SatPer week to ur- Sun- Per week
week to ur- SunFri- day day week
Fri- day day week
day
·=-1~
day
Great
Lakes
Pitts- and South- Total
burgh Mid- em
dle
West
EMPLOYEES WHO WOBKID DAY TUB.NS ONLY-Continued
: lg 1!
--T
8
8
8
8
8
---------
~
6
6
6
8
8
8
4
--"s"
E:::::::1:::::: ::::: ::::: :::::: E ----~-::::::: :::::::f_::::~: 3i
56
48
48
44
------- ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------
56
48
48
44
2
4
70 ------------16 ------4
------25
144
4
------- ------1 ------
76
20
173
1
Total.. ______ -----------------·---·- ______ ----- _____ - · - - - · - · - - - - ~ ~ ~ T,ii2o 3,700
EMPLOYEES WHO WOllBD NIGHT TUB.NS ONLY
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
14
13
12
13
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
14
13
12
13
12
12
12
--iii10
10
..........
8
8
8
Total_ -----· ________________ -----·- ------ _____
14
13
12
13
12
12
12
12
10
10
98
91
84
78
98
1 ------- ------- ------1
91 ------- ------- --····2
1
1
26
1
78
2 ------- ------- ------72 ------- ------- ------7
72
❖i
1 -···22
1~
70
60
60
5
33
16
.......... 60
60 ------- ------·
47 ------10
60
60
-------·-···5
------56
8
56 ------- ------13 ------8
48
48 -·····1 ····--- ------48
48 ------2
1 ------------··· ---·-- --·--- --412
121
71
2
7
7
~}
72
~i -----~- -----~- :::::::
1
41
M
47
5
13
1
3
208
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTllUUTED WElltLY J!'ROII OJ!l'I TURN TO ANOTHER
10
11
12
12
12
12
10
11
12
12
12
12
11
11
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
8
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
8
7
6
8
8
8
8
7
8
7
8
•
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
Total.
10
l,l
12
12
12
12
11
12
--io10
10
10
70
77
84
72
84
72
77
72
72
70
60
70
60
70
60
59
9
10
63
{
60
60
8
60
56
8
8
48
8
8
56
8
8
56
-----
6
00
--io--iii"
----·
-----
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
56
{
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
14
13
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
.9
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
14
13
12
12
12
12
11
12
·-iii10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
--·s·
8
8
8
14
18
ii
12
12
11
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
--io10
9
9
10
10
---88
8
8
8
8
8
8
-----
-----------..........
............
..................
---·----------- ----- ------ ------·----
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48
'8
8
-------
_______ !_______
98
84
38
38
91
84
68 ----682
60
84
84
169
425
662
84 } 78
91
...............
9
1
72
84 78
59
59
77 77 ..............
.. ............
4
72.
72
12 ..............
345
72
72 -·--2020
70
70
200 ---ios" ---is1541
51
70
66
9 ...............
9
...............
60
70
65
174
33
207
70
63
63
60 } 65 ...............
70
4 .. ............
65 ..............
4
8
70
12
M½
12
63
63
14
1
2
6
63
60
60
95
126
218
439
60 60
14
14
60
60
18
20
56 ~ 56
526 1,171 2,561
97 4,355
56
56
56
3
30
24
3
56
10 2,275 1,178
331
3, 794
53¼
56
48
515
51 5
53¼
56
48
276
270
53¼
56
48
48
38
38
48
.., ______
48
48
10
10
.::.::.=
1,121 4,000 4,526 1,979 11, 626
-------
------- -----r
-------
------------------·
·------ -----r
-------------
---------------aaii"
------------------- ------------- -------
-------
-·-----------
------·
------- ------- ------------- ------·
--·----------·----- ------·
-------
31
BLAST FURNACES
Of the total number of blast-furnace employees reported, 6,982,
or 45 per cent, worked 7 days per week all the time and 5,383, or
35 per cent, worked a week of seven turns at least once every three
or four weeks. As to the hours of labor, 1,410, or 9 per cent of all
employees, worked 12 or more hours per day, 4,778, or 31 per cent,
worked 10 hours per day, and 9,305, or 60 per cent, worked a day of
8 hours.
Of the 1,410 12-hour workers, 844 worked 7 days per week all of
the time and 159 worked a 7-day week part of the time. Of the
4,778 employees who worked a day of 10 hours, 1,624 worked 7 days
per week all of the time and 637 worked 7 days J>er week part of the
time. A large maiority of the 9,305 8-hour workers worked 7 days
per week-4,474 all the time and 4,585 a part of the time. The
basic :figures are set forth by districts in the following table. A few
minor groupings do not appear in this summary.
In preparing the summary only the regular hours per turn an
employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless
of the length of his turn on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (1)
Number of emcf!oyees who worked
specUled ys and hoursItem
East- Pitts• G.L.& South•
em burgh M.W. em Total
district district district district
Per
cent
of
total
Total employees In blast furnaces •••••••.•.••.....•..•
1,512
4,8118
5,760
3,370
16,MO
100
Emr~;e!.~to:ir:eei;e •• -- •••.•••.•••.•••••••••••
7-day week part of the time. .• ·-·-•••.•.•.• ··---..•
12 or more hours per day_ ••••••••••.•••.•••••••••.
1,173
189
393
1,600
2,689
100
3,122
1,586
997
919
6,982
411
36
7-dayweek and 12 or more hours per day all the time.
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day part of
the time •••••••••.••..•.••.••.•..••.•••..•..••.•
10 hours per daY--·--·····························
7-day week and 10 hours per day Bil the tlme._._ ••
7-day week and 10 hours per day part of the time••
8 hours per daY--·-····-------·-·····--·-----·--·7-day week and 8 hours per day Bil the time...-·-·7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time-_
273
87
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
671
-------1,275
366
77
538
3,497
528
10
1,178
2,275
399
414
69
--------
1,410
4M
844
5
159
4,778
1
81
1,624
10
1,380 -------1,662
59
452
73
4,316
2,668
1,454
5,383
858
4J11
73
9M
637
9,305
100
846
4,585
4,474
9
4
60
29
30
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
Data for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 11 Bessemer
converting plants and cover 3,457 employees in all occufations. Of
these 3,457 employees, 1,606 are found lil the principa productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Some duplexing
(a combination of the Bessemer and basic open-hearth processes) was
done by a few of the establishments from which data were obtained,
although only one plant was engaged the majority of its time on
this work. Data were first obtained for this department in 1907
and comparative figures are presented for the period 1907 to 1924. 1
The year 1924 marks the lowest point of full-time hours per week
in the Bessemer converting department of the industry in the period
1907 to 1924. Up until the summer of 1923 this department, while
showing a gradual decrease from former years in the hours of labor
of employees as a whole, was still to a large extent on a 12-hour
basis. A general reduction of the working time of the employees,
however, took place in the latter part of 1923, and a large number
of the plants adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, the average of
full-time hours per week in 1924 was 23 per cent less than in 1922
and 25 per cent less than in 1913.
The study also shows there was a large increase in earnings per
hour in 1924 as compared with any other year for which data are
presented except 1920. Hourly earnings in that year were unusually
high and were 6 per cent greater in the principal productive occupations combined than in 1924. The 1924 hourly earnings, however,
were 33 per cent above those in 1922 and 127 per cent above those
in 1913; in other words, more than 2¼ times the hourly earnings
of 1913.
The increase in hourly earnings was more than enough to compensate for the reduction of hours, and weekly earnings in 1924
still show an increase as compared with all other years except 1919
and 1920.
The mos~ significant facts. co'.!1-cerning ave_!age earnings and average hours m each of the prmc1pal productive occupat10ns of Bessemer converters are shown in Table A (2). While the customary
working time of the 19 occupations combined was still 23 per cent
less in 1924 than in 1922, when considered separately decreases in
the average full-time hours per week ranged from 3.5 hours per
week for stopper setters to 24.7 hours for cinder pitmen.
Cinder pitmen customarily worked 67.9 hours per week in 1907
and continued to do so with only slight variations until 1914, when
the average was increased to 71.9 full-time hours. Working time
remained at practically that level until 1919 when the average was
again reduced to 69.7 hours. In 1920 and 1922 the average was increased to 72.8 and 74.1 hours, respectively, but in 1924 dropped to
1 No data were collected for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, and 1923.
32
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
the new low average of 49.4 hours. Lesser but similar changes took
place in the other occupations.
Average earnings per hour increased in each of the 19 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1919 and 1920. The 1920 figures are higher in each
occupation than those in 1924, and the averages in 1919 are higher
in some occupations and lower in others. For example, the average
of earnings for laborers, which occupation includes a large percent~e of the employees in the principal productive occupations, was
less than 20 cents per hour, 1907 to 1915, but in 1917 earnings were
advanced to an average of 29.8 cents per hour. The increase was
carried into 1919 and 1920, the averages for those years being 48.9
and 53.7 cents, respectively. In 1922 the average dropped back to
36.3 cents per hour but was increased in 1924 to 44.8 cents. Table
A (2) shows like figures for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week are below those for 1919 and
1920 for each occupation but show increases over those for all other
yeTh~ distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week contained in Table A (2) shows the extent to which fulltime hours have been reduced in 1924, as compared with other
years, in this department. In all previous years a considerable
number of the employees had a week of more than 60 hours, while
in 1924 only a small per cent of the employees in but four occupations worked over 60 hours per week. All employees in the remaining 15 occupations in 1924 had a week of 60 hours or less.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (2).
These are simply percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1913 as the base or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for the department (all principal productive occupations combined) are presented on page 4.
TABLE .A. (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-BESSEMER CONVERTERS
[For explanation of this table see p. 13I
Occupation
and year
Num- AverNum- ber
of
ber
em- time
of
plants ploy- hours
ees per
week
CM.
Stockers:
1907 ······1908 •••••••
1009 •••••••
1910•••••.•
1911 ••••..•
1912••••..•
1913•••••••
1914 .••••••
mt::::::
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922•••••••
1924 .••••••
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
6
6
3
6
10
10
10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
371
260
266
352
241
280
337
167
157
144
196
351
230
437
Per cent of em~oyees whose
Aver- Index numbers
average full-time ours per week
(1913-100)
Averwereage
earn- time
Over
Over
Over
lngs earn• Full· Earn- Full48
72
60
lngs time lngs time 48
per
and
and
earnand
hour per hours per ings un- un- 60 un- 72 and
84
unweek per hour per der der
der
der
week
60
week
84
72
~-
62.5 $0.246 $14.ZT
.ZT5 14. 93
58.3
63.6
.264 15.31
M.9
.266 16.03
61. 7
.233 13. 60
.306 17.38
62.1
.331 19.05
62. 5
55. 5 .351 18. 59
.813 16. 70
55.6
.599 3L45
55.3
.637 (1.15
64.6
.699 47.33
68.0
.409 28. 71
70. 2
.613 29.59
48.3
100
93
102
UK
99
99
100
89
89
88
103
109
112
TT
46
74
83
75
78
58
80
80
80
84
71
91
100
98
43
32
70
92
100
106
95
181
192
211
124
185
88
165
216
248
151
155
46
45
23
63
61
69
Z1
18
2
84
5 ·--- 8 107
11
...f 12
6 ::::
8 ••••• 19
9
24
6
1
9
8
6
1
21
9 Z1
1
1 22
6
1
1 20
5
4
31
8 65
···1.i"
17 46
u 71
3
6
9 •••••
8
---- ·-------- ........
22
10
23
12
12
15
.6
26
12
11
16
15
13
6
7 ···8 ••••
......... ----
-----4 ----13
---- ----- ----
3
84
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLE A (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURt..~ND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEJS. AND INDEX NUMBE.H.1:S THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCU.t'ATION-BESSEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
Occupatton
and year
Index numbers
(1Vl3=100)
AverNum• Aver• Aver• age
full.
age
Num• ber ~
eam• time
ber
of
of
em• time iDgs eam- Full- Eam- Full·
iDgs time iDgs time
plants ploy- hours
eamper hours
ees ~
iDgs
week
per
week
J:"r
J:°k J:"r
Per cent of employees whose
averagefnll.tiJDehonrsperweek
wereOver
48 48
and and 60
un- UU•
der der
60
Over
Over
60
72
and 72 and 8'
ununder
der
72
8'
Cupola melt-
era:
1907 ------·
1008 ••• ---·
1909--.-·-·
1910.-.---1911. ______
1912----···
1913_. __ ._.
1914 ______ .
1915 ______ •
1917
19]9------____ •••
1920 ___ •••.
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
6
6
3
4
6
1922••••••.
1924 •••••••
Cupola tap.
4
1907.·-····
1908•• - ••••
1909•••••••
1910-••••••
1911 •••••••
1912.- •••••
1913•••••••
1914••••• _.
1915 •••• - ••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920.••••••
1922••••••.
1924•••••••
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
4
4
2
6
5
3
4
1907•• ·-···
1008 •••••• 1909._ •••••
1910•••••• 191L.-•••.
1912.•• _•••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915.·-··-1917 ·····-·
1919•••••••
1920·---···
1922••••• -.
1924•••••••
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
8
8
11
11
11
5
pers:
Blowers:
Regulators,
first:
15
15
15
16
17
18
19
15
15
7
9
22
15
19
M.2 $0. 509 $31. 67
.350 22.20
64. 7
.419 26. OIi
64. 7
.447 25.85
60. 6
M.2
.386 24.62
• 409 23.82
6L6
62.4
.477 28.23
59.5
.390 23.00
59.3
.449 25.90
61. 7
.760 45.24
62.2
.993 61. 76
61.7 L063 M.85
65.3
.674 43.31
49.3
.856 42.12
104
104
104
97
104
99
100
95
95
99
100
99
105
79
50
43
43
56
45
60. 5
59.3
61.6
58.9
60.4
60. 6
511.5
M.9
M.8
54.0
60. 2
54.8
60.3
49.7
.379
.335
.340
102
100
103
85
99
87
92
102
102
100
94
100
96
73
.723
22.16
19.67
19. 74
20.30
18.36
20.94
22.25
16. 47
18. 43
34.85
47.02
63. 76
32.60
36.04
94
91
101
92
101
84
84
172
199
249
139
184
.619
39.55
103
109
109
110
114
109
100
101
101
101
100
94
104
78
81
106
82
88
100
91
94
131
95
48
69
34
24
16
29
38
11
30
20
19
19
20
20
21
23
27
Z1
18
18
29
33
36
65.4
68.8
68.8
69.8
72.0
69.1
63.3
64.1
64.0
64.0
63. 4
59. 7
60. 7
48.9
.362
.314
.369
.393
.286
.332
.677
.781
.979
.547
.466 32.41
.486 33.29
.536
.493
.529
.598
.545
.561
.784
L226
L249
.951
LZ74
37.00
35.48
36.36
37.33
34.43
35.61
48. 77
77.73
74.66
57.94
62.25
116
77
107
73
88
94
81
86
100
82
94
159
208
223
141
179
96
80
90
206
209
159
213
9 . 26 62.8
.437 27. 28
92
97
1907----···
1908.-•••••
9
26 64. 7
.266 17.78
116
59
9
25
64.8
.344
22.97
76
116
1909--·····
1910••• _•••
10
81 62.1
.ffll 25.46
92
90
10
24
66.
8
.377
24.
79
99
8'
1911·-····1912•••••••
10
25 64. 7 .411 26.24
96
91
1918 •••••••
10
24 67.6
.451 30.28
100
100
1914 •••••••
11
24 63.8 .328 20. 71
94
73
19111........
11
26 64.7
.351 22.91
96
78
1917•••••••
8
17 66.8
.630 42.28
99 140
1919•••• - ••
10
25 69.2 .864 59. 79 102 192
11
36 61.6 LOO'J 61.63
91
222
1920·--····1
11
32 84.3 .650 42.50
95
144
1922·-·--··
.919 46.06
11
41 50.1
74
2CK
1924--····1 Inclndlng 7 per cent whose fnll•tlme hours per week were UL
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112
79
92
92
87
8'
100
81
92
160
219
233
153
149
100
88
89
91
83
94
100
74
83
1117
211
242
147
162
ff1
89
99
97
100
92
95
131
40
40
40
38
35
50
32
20
20
43
33
----··m·
54
56
56
64
53
56
45
40
47
19
29
17
21
13
Z1
57
67
32
33
13 I 13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
11
11
11
11
13
13
----
----------..........
----23
---- ----........
........ 13
13 ---........ ----- ........ ............ ........
.......... ---........... ----
8
5
----- ......... ..........
---- ..--------- ........
..........
T
........
··2e· ........ 6
71
75
-------- 10
11
----............ ---11
----------.. io"
...........
.•ii.
---- 10
26 .• ia" ------- 97
22
11
30
16
16
15
22
155
167
30
711
90
59
46
86
76
36
19
87
100
36
25
25
38
76
140
197
211
140
l5ll
22
211
66
2CK
40
---- ----··;;r ----- ---..ff
---- ---------
208
200
68
11
---13
-------- ------- --------16
40
20
20
20
-·-
18
30
12
13
33
10
23
12
21
5
14
9
9
8
50
63
63
60
90
67
35
52
52
67
50
21
10
11
11
15
----------10
7
7
.........
10
........
8
8
8
8
8
8
13
8
Ii
19
14
4
8
------25 ----------25 .......... ---41
41
.........
........... ··es· .. ...... ··21· 18 ..ii. ------18
55 ---........
··a;;· 63
---- ----- ---- --------- ---30
33
33
52
8'
82
.......... ......... 13
.......... ......... 13
--iii" ......... 13
---- --i2·
----- ........
......... 11
35
16
----
7
--------- ------........
6
17
12
----- ........
---..........
8
16
8
---........... .........
11
··25·
29
14
··io· ---7 ---.........
----
.. ......
.. ii" .........
----- ------- ----- ---- ..........
----
---29 ---- .. ff
.........
----16
----- ------- 178
--------- ---..........
---- ----.......... ........
12
··io· ------- 138
··a?° --r
48
31
32
40
39
50
32
33
21
35
'11
52
14
56
..........
···s·
33
26
81
8
........
------86 ---6 ----
... ......
··ii- ........
---- ---- ----- ---
BESSEMER CONVEltTERS
85
TABLE A (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-BESSEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
Occupation
and year
cent of employees whose
Index numbers Per
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
Averwereage
Num• Aver•
age Aver•
fulJ.
age
Num• ber full•
ber
of time earn· time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn• Full· Earn.I Full·
of
em•
time 48 48
72
60
ings time ings 'earn•
plants ploy• hours
per
and
and
per
and
ees week hour per hours per lngs Ull· Un• 60 Un• 72 and
un• 84
week per hour per der der
der
der
I
week
,week
60
72
84
I
I
I
Regulators,
second:
6
6
1907 •..••••
1908 •.•..••
1909 ...••••
1910 ...•.••
191L ..••••
1912 ••.••••
1913 .•.••••
1914c ••.•••
1915 ....•••
1917 •...•••
1919 ...••••
1920 •.•••••
1922 •••.•••
1924 .••.•••
6
8
8
9
10
11
11
8
10
9
9
9
1907 •....••
1908 ••.•.••
1909 ••.••••
1910 •..•..•
1911 •••...•
1912 •..•..•
1913 ...••••
1914 ..•.•••
1915 .••.•..
1917 •••••.•
1919 .••.••.
1920 •••••.•
1922 ••••.••
1924 ••••..•
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
9
11
11
11
1907 .•..•••
1908 •••.••.
1909 •••••••
1910 ..••.••
1911. ••.•••
1912 ••.••••
1913 •••••••
1914 ..•.•••
1915 ••.••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •.•••••
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
Vessel men:
Vessel men's
helpers:
8
19
35
31
30
43
65.3 $0.427 $27.81
73,/j
.269 19.64
73.8
.365 26.80
67.5
.378 25.52
65.0
.333 21.41
.381 25.63
67.0
68. 3
.394 26.81
66. 5
.289 18.90
66.6
.324 21.M
67.4
.516 34.62
66.3
• 754 49.99
61.1
.966 58.84
66. 8 .639 43.07
.926 45.39
48. 7
96
108
108
99
95
98
100
97
98
99
97
89
98
23
58. 5
44. 58
22
22
61.1
61.2
57.8
59.1
58. 3
57.8
55. 6
56.0
61. 9
60.2
56.3
56.5
51.4
31. 27
37.19
38.18
32.45
38.60
41. 52
27.64
30. 87
53.29
67.06
71.00
50.59
59. 93
101
I06
106
100
102
101
100
96
97
107
104
97
98
89
31. 84
21.65
28.24
28.22
23.48
25. 70
29.16
18. 42
21.18
35. 94
54. 60
56.86
37. 51
44. 72
101
105
106
100
102
100
100
96
98
100
111
104
103
13. 32
11.27
11.88
13.69
13. 55
13.23
15. 56
15. 30
15.42
23.40
40.29
43.11
28. 73
101
98
102
100
104
101
100
107
107
107
104
108
110
73
18
14
14
22
21
24
28
25
26
26
25
26
26
31
32
80
21
34
39
45
47
45
45
53
51
53
53
57
56
45
71
1920 .......
11
11
1922 .....•.
1924 ••...••
11
75
82
11
86
8
8
8
9
9
118
Cinder
men:
pit-
1907 ••..•••
1908 •..••••
1909 ••..•••
1910 .•..•.•
1911. •..•.•
1912 ..•...•
1913 •.••.••
1914 •••.••.
1915 ...••••
1917 .••••••
1919 •.••.••
1920 •..•.••
1922 ••....•
1924 •••••••
9
9
9
9
5
10
9
10
10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
ll2
85
62
99
113
52
48
62
100
144
137
57.0
59.5
59.6
56.5
57.6
56.5
56.4
54.3
55.5
56.5
62.4
58. 7
57.9
50.6
67.9
65.9
68.4
67.6
69.8
68.1
67.3
71.9
72. 0
72.0
69. 7
72.8
74.1
180 49.4
• 793
.528
.630
.685
.580
.688
. 744
.499
.554
.894
1. 114
1. 273
.897
1.166
.566
.376
.484
.506
.421
.467
.528
.342
.383
.654
.875
.984
.646
.889
.206
• 173
.178
.211
.199
.200
.238
.213
.214
.325
.578
.592
.388
.556
27.46
71
90
108
68
93
96
85
97
100
73
82
131
191
245
162
235
107
71
85
92
78
92
100
67
74
120
150
171
121
157
- -- -
104
73
100
95
80
96
100
70
81
129
186
219
161
169
107
75
90
92
78
93
100
67
74
128
162
171
122
144
107
71
92
109
74
96
97
81
88
100
63
73
123
187
195
129
153
80
88
100
65
73
124
166
186
122
168
87
73
75
89
84
84
100
89
90
137
243
249
163
234
97
86
72
76
88
87
85
100
98
99
150
259
277
185
176
33 ----- ---- 11 33
22 ---43
29 ------------ ---- 29
14 57
29
-----------27 ----- ---9 45 ----- ··is
29 ----- ---- 19 52 ----- ---25 ---·- ---- 17 33
25 ---21 ----- ---- 14 29
36 ---24 ----- ---- 16 28
32 ---23 ----· ............
8 46
23 ---42
58 ----- ------14
9 ---- 11 66 ----- ---42
10 ---- 10 19
19
20
.. ......... 17 63 ----- ------77 ··2a· ---- ----- ---- ----- ---52
13 ---- ----- 9
17
9
14 ---- ----- 18
41
18
9
g
41
14 ---- ---•- 18
18
46
23 ---- ----- 15 .. "ii" 15
48
J2 ---- ----- 24
8
35
35 ---- ----- 8
15
8
23
46 ---- ----- 15
15 ---29
6 ---48 ---- ----- 16
47 ---- ----- 19
28
6 ---40 ----- ---- ----- 60 ----- ---10 ---48 ----- ---5 38
26
56 ---6
12 ---5 23 ----- ---33
38 ---7
93 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---51
19 ---- ----- 9
17
4
18
4
40
20 ---- ----- 18
18
4
40
20 ---- ----- 18
45
28 ---- ----- 15
11
47
4
18 ---- ----- 24 ···s·
45
8
15
4
28 ---·34
40 ---- ···s· 11
8 ---37
42 ---7 14 ----- ---32
43 ---- ----- 25 ----- ---60 ----- ---- ----- 40
10 I•...
36
6 ---- 11 38
24
40 ---- 16
9
u I····
35
32 ---- 10 23 -------31
69 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---7
20 ----- ---- 37 32
3
30 ----- ---- 17 39
14
23
25 33
11
9
---7 ··is· ---54
12
9
10 ----- ---- 26 55
10 ---21 ----- ---- ----- 46
30
2
24 ----- ---42
32
2
35
58
8
----- -------8 ---13 79
---- --------- ----- ---100 ----- ---8
3
3 80
6
9 ----- 2
5 28
27 ··29
2 .. is" .. s" ----- 69
9
20
7-l
----- ---- ----· ...
86
WAGES AND HOURS 01!' LABOR-IBION AND STEEL
A. (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURt.. AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-BESSEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
TABLE
Index numbers
OCCllpation
and year
NumNum- ber
of
ber
of
emplants ploy
ees
Average
fulltime
hours
per
week
Aver-
(1913=100)
Aver- age
age
fullearn- time
lngs earn- Full- Earnper
lngs time
hour per hours lngs
per
week per hour
week
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were-
FullOver
Over
Ove:i
time 48 48
60
72
earn- and and
and
and
lngs un- un- 60 un- 72 un- 84
per der der
der
der
week
60
72
84
Bottom malt-
ers:
1008
1007 _______
------1909 _______
1910 _______
1911. ______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
1917 ------1919 ___ ••••
1920·--·-·1922-·-··-1924 __ •• _._
Bottom mtlkers'helpers:
1907-••••• _
1908_. __ •••
1909_._ •• _.
1910 •• _. ___
11111. __ ••• _
1912-•••• -.
1913·--····
1914_ •••• __
1916 ___ ••••
1917•••-••-.
1919---·-··
1920 ___ • __ •
1922 •• _. __ •
1924_ •• _•••
Ladle liners:
1007 ·-···-·
1908_._ •• _.
1909••••• _.
1910 •••••••
1911-- •• --1912._ ••• _.
1913-··---1914_ ••• __ •
1915 __ ._. __
1917--···-1919 •• __ • __
1920_. ____ •
1922 ••••• _.
1924 •• --.-·
Ladle liners'
helpers:
1007 _ - --·-·
1908 •• ----·
1909_.
____ •
1910._. ____
1911.--.--.
1912•••••••
1913----·-•• ____
1914_
1915_···--1917 ··----1919.·-··-·
1920_ •• ____
1922 •• _____
1924 _______
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
11
II
9
9
10
10
10
9
11
11
8
11
10
10
11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17
17
16
19
19
20
20
22
22
16
21
25
24
38
'13.4 $0.386 $28.10
99
72.4
'13.1
'13.4
71.8
.283
.351
.346
.337
.345
98
'13.8
'13.0
'13.0
72.0
67.1
64.8
66.8
52.3
.384
72.5
.293
.332
.510
• 781
.911
.583
.777
20.45
25.57
25.28
24.18
24.96
28.05
21.34
24.02
36. 73
52.41
59.57
38. 79
40.59
'13.5
72.2
73.1
72.8
72.2
72.4
'13.1
72.4
72.6
72.0
69.6
66.2
68.3
53.4
.605
65.l
65.6
65.1
25 66.8
24 68.3
24 68.9
22 . 68. 7
25 68.6
26 68.8
15 71.2
28 69.8
31 65.0
29 67.4
44 49.7
.454
.306
.392
.378
.342
.369
.418
.304
.344
.583
.779
.929
.617
.851
28.95
19. 78
25.22
25.05
22.85
24.95
28.22
20. 77
23.47
41.45
54.37
59.85
42.49
68.2
.255
.209
.230
.236
.233
.228
.247
.222
.233
.365
.551
.680
.442
16.65
13. 79
15.26
15. 73
15. 75
15.43
17.09
15.24
15. 91
26.03
39. 51
47.68
31.05
31.38
30
27
29
34
31
39
40
39
38
30
49
60
51
71
21
21
21
39
31
39
39
34
34
38
34
34
34
76
43
62
86
67.5
68.5
68.7
69.1
69.6
70.9
69.1
69.5
71.3
71. 7
69.9
71.8
52.0
.257
:204
.234
.235
.234
.224
.2Sl;
.225
.239
.377
.602
.695
.455
.604
18.82
14.75
17.08
17.10
16.88
16.19
18.59
16.29
17.30
27.13
41.00
46.27
31.26
32.19
42.60
100
101
74
91
90
88
90
100
99
99
98
86
133
99
99
97
98
76
203
91
88
91
71
237
152
101
101
99
80
100
100
92
99
99
100
99
99
99
202
92
92
88
100
88
94
148
95
91
93
73
236
273
95
95
95
97
110
74
95
91
83
89
100
'13
83
141
188
99
100
100
100
100
104
102
95
118
72
96
95
97
97
97
98
100
97
98
101
101
99
101
73
178
237
224
148
201
103
85
93
96
94
92
100
90
94
148
223
275
179
Wl
100
'13
91
90
86
89
100
76
86
131
187
212
138
145
101
79
92
92
91
87
100
88
93
146
225
249
168
173
103
70
89
89
81
88
100
74
83
147
193
212
151
149
97
81
89
92
92
90
100
89
93
152
231
279
182
170
----- ---·- ---- 2412 6565 24
12 ---13 69
19 ---11 --ii
-----------·
--ii- 79
79
----------------ici"
.......... ---- 20 70
--------- ---- 2018 6450 20.9 --ici9
--------- ..-------- ----..........
....... 18 64
II
9
100 ----- ---i
----14° 10
10
62
-------20
8
28 44 ----- ---17 ----- ---- 29 54 ----- ---63 ----- 26
11 ........ ----- ---.......... ----- ........ 27 47 27 ---.......... ........... ---- 26 67 7 ---........... ---- 28 52 21
----- ----6 --·o
-------- -·a2· 88
65
3
----- ----- ----·10·
31 59
---·- -------..........
30 45
20 ·--s
--------------- 3116 6854 1110 56
----- --·------ -------- 100
10
4 ---- 12 65 ----- ·--s
25 ----- ---- 37 38 ---··
----16 ---·-27 57 ----- ------55 ----- ·a1· 14.
---- ----- ---29 ----- 6 10 4.8 10
··i-0
29 ----- 6 19 38
29 ----- Ii
10 48 --io· ---24 ----- 4 --ff 56
8
8
13 ----- 4
67
13 ----- 4
17 58
8 ---...
14
18 45
18 -···12- 45 16
8 --·
60
----4
15 62
12
8 --·
----93
-----7 ..ii" 7 ··-;;· 00
-··
25 --·
---29 ----- --·- 16 39
16 ---·
17
7 76
70 ·-io" 14 ----- ---- ----...
----- --·
15 ----- 3
26 51
5 ··19 ----- 3
32 39
6
----- ----- ---..........
----- ----
..........
..........
3
3
3
3
----- -·-9·
3
15
15
9
9
8
----.. T
5
70
--------9
---5-
3
3
6
----- -·;;·
o·
1
26
--4i .
41
37
41
24
.• "s"
26
15
17
46
67
47
41
21
41
59
94
66
49
85
10
10
6
32
6
6
·-·6
····...
·--··
··-
-·1s· ·--
............ ·-14
......... ·---- ·--
---
87
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
A (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-BESSEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
TABLE
Occupation
and year
Per cent of em~oyees whose
Index numbers
average foll•time ours per week
(1913=100)
AverwereAverAver- a~e
Num
fu J.
Num• ber ~ age
of time earn• time
ber
Over
Over
Ovei
em• hours
ings earn• Full• Earn• FulJ.
of
time 48 48
60
72
per
ings time ings earn•
plants ploy• per
and 60 and 72 and
hours per ings and
eee week hour
8'I
un•
un•
un•
UD•
per
per der der
der
der
week hour week
60
72
84
J>~
.
Stopper male·
ers:
9
9
9
10
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
10
10
10
12
12
10
16
12
12
19
lll07•••••••
1908.......
1909•••••••
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1916•••••••
1317•••••••
1 19•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
11124•••••••
Stopper setters:
~
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1909•••••••
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1916•••••••
1917•••••••
19111.-•••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
Steel pourers:
12
8
11
ll
10
11
9
9
9
66.4
56. 6
43
53
9
29
65. 4
39
39
42
12
42
40
8
1907•••••••
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
8
10
11
10
11
1908--·····
193!.. ••••••
72. 9
71.6
73.0
72.0
70. 8
70.6
70.2
69. 7
67.8
69.6
65.0
11
11
11
11
34
10
10
10
10
12
12
1909-••••••
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1916•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
45
40
72.8
61.6
M.3
55.4
52. 6
65.3
51.7
51.6
50. 7
51.6
49.6
53. 7
51.0
52. 3
48. 8
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1909•• ·-···
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
Mold cappers:
9
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
&
9
9
10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
43
44
46
50
28 57.4
28 57.5
82
30
34
34
37
3li
27
30
38
3li
46
5S. 6
55.1
5S. 7
65. 7
52. 6
53.6
62. 7
56. 5
52. 9
52. 9
48.8
48 M.6
39 53. 7
43 M.O
52
37
52
61
39
40
29
65
70
49
66
67.0
64.2
61.6
69.6
60.8
60. 9
M.6
61.6
68.0
68.1
411.4
lso. 316
.223
$23. 01
• 718
.459
.673
16.10
19.22
19.14
19.53
18. 91
21.25
17.60
18.13
29.15
45.94
46. 73
30.52
32.211
.630
.343
31.79
18. 50
.270
.260
.273
.272
.302
.251
.263
.433
.660
.662 29.36
.677
.498
.496
.563
.376
.423
.815
1.092
1.225
.786
.977
29.81
26.08
25.36
28. 01
111.03
21. 76
40.03
68.64
6L45
40.98
47.66
.693 36.39
.439 24.25
.576
.617
.635
.870
.640
.4'"
.525
.849
1.110
1.326
.905
1.073
.347
.196
.271
.314
.282
.301
.360
.260
.294
.631
.688
.766
.572
3L61
82. 74
27.91
30.86
34.39
23.42
27.96
43.62
62. 72
69.30
47.31
52.16
18.02
10. 67
14.26
111. 96
17.36
17.23
20.28
15.67
17.63
33.01
42.31
43. 56'
33.16
.728 86.19
103
103
101
103
102
100
100
99
99
96
99
92
94
80
100
105
107
102
107
100
100
98
100
96
104
99
101
t6
99
103
103
100
99
100
100
94
96
95
101
115
115
88
92
90
91
96
108
103
100
102
102
92
103
97
98
81
105
74
89
86
90
90
100
108
76"
90
90
92
89
100
83
83
87
143
219
85
137
216
238
220
152
190
114
62
100
104
90
90
100
68
76
147
197
222
142
177
108
69
90
96
84
89
100
69
82
133
173
207
141
168
96
M
75
87
78
8'I
100
72
82
175
191
210
159
202
1-W
152
113
66
105
106
93
91
100
68
78
143
209
219
146
170
106
71
92
95
81
89
100
68
81
127
182
202
------------ ...........
------------- ...........
-------·----- -------·~·-··
----- ------------··ia· --------25 ----17 ----32 -----
20
30
10
8
17
20
7
8
25
68
-------------
··22·
··io·
33
8
30
7
8
40
44
22
75
30
11
11
10
22
22
17
60
----..........
58
----- ........
50
80
75
50
53
50
42
20
............ 20
----..........
----
----ia
.. T .•
8 ........
........... ......... ----- ------8
8
------···a
--------·------- ---- ----- .."s" --------------86
5 ------- ----68 ··20· ---- ----- 11 ----- ---14 ---- ... ............ 14 ----- ---71
... .......
90 •••g" ---.. T ..........
---···;- 10
67
15
---88 ----- ---- ----- 8
4
84 .. 28. ---- ----- 16 ----- ------72
...............
------- ----- ---........... ---- -----
72
-------·----- ------- --------···u· ----------..............
----...............
----- ------............ ----··24· ---...........
17 ---- ...............
-------- ···a·
----·---- -------------- ----·
64
64
66
70
71
71
r,7
60
78
63
79
80
89
52
70
84
86
85
100
77
86
163
76
77
77
23
82
216
164
174
22
22
8
87
75
71
69
69
86
138
152
209
20
70
46
M
38
38
72
29
64
61
89
_.,..,. .....
---- ----..if ---- -----
9
20
24
10
31
10
ll
14
21
21
13
30
18
18
19
23
22
27
4
5
6
14 ...........
14 .........
14
---·- ··ia
··i2·
12
------..........
16
---·----- ------···r -------
17
18
14
19
62
27
23
------···,
&
16 -------
6
----
20 ----· ---··ao· ---- ......... -------- ----
......... ........ -----
..........
----- ..........
..'6. -------
----.......... ------- ··i2·
......... .........
10
.......
···s· ---- ··io·
8 ........
•. 21?. ........
-------- ..........
------ ---..
......... ···r
11
M
8
5
9
4
13
----
.......... .........
.......
28 ----36 ··ir ------29
'1 ---24
6
----
45
---- ----- .................. ----
38
WAGES A.ND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON A.ND STEEL
A (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-'rIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURi.. AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..t AN.D INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924:, BY
OCCUrATION-BEBBEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
TABLE
Index numbers
AverNum• Aver- Aver• age
Occupation
and year
~-
Num• ber
of
ber
of
em• time
plants ploy- hours
eea
J:it
age
(1918-100)
Per cent of em:'hloyees whose
average full-time ours per week
were-
full-
earn• time
ings
per
hour
Over
Over
Ovei
earn• Full· Earn• Full•
time 48 48
72
60
lngs time ings earnand 60 and 72 and St
hours per lngs and
un•
ununun•
~
hour per der der
der
der
week
60
72
St
J:ir
.
Ingot strip•
pers:
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1999•••••••
1910•••••••
1911. •••••.
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1917·-·····
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924••••••.
Laborers:
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1909•••••••
1910•••••••
11111. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
191'
-.
1911;•••••
_____ ••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920••••••.
1922•••••••
·• 1924•••••••
9
9
9
10
10
18
10
12
12
8
10
11
11
11
9
11
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
10
11
11
29 67.4 $0.310 $19.60
28
28
31
68.4
70.2
68.1
rt 7o.4
28 68. 8
:-
69.9
66.0
31 66.2
33 68. 7
36· 66.3
34 611.l
39 66. 5
47
61.0
801
78.0
76.2
76.9
77.8
74.6
76. 7
75.1
74.0
74.3
425
5M
786
693
626
681
546
496
493
691
73.4
7o.8
726 74. 9
454 70. 7
693 58.0
.238
.264
.303
.282
.320
.334
.313
.332
.479
16.34
18.17
19.69
19.28
2o. 90
22. 81
2o.ll
21.39
31. 71
47.41
.726
.892
.613
.804
52.56
39.90
40.88
.156
12.12
.151
.163
.166
.187
.192
, 1118
.193
11.62
12.69
12.39
12.64
14.38
14. 2'1
14..31
21.92
84. 62
40.17
26.64
26.87
.156 11.80
.298
.489
.537
.363
.448
96
118
93
71
79
Ill
St
1•
96
100
94
86
72
80
36
St
92
100
88
93
143
217
208
100
97
101
98
94
96
98
85
ll4
73
l<K
101
103
l<K
99
101
lOQ
99
1111
QB
94
ljl()
94
77
99
m
241
SI
81
94
139
~
175
179
84
79
82
81
85
811
87
100
101
101
155
3M
88
lOQ
99
108
1ai
241
280
189
233
88
36
279
178
180
81
~
21
10
··n...........
21
19
···s·
41
15
57
............. ..........
............ . .....:
••iii" ...
11 ,. .........
11
·---
21
10 .::::
10 .........
18 .........
25
24
18
43
----- -----2
----........
----- -·---·--·
------
----22
21
21
21
32
44
14 29
7
7
-----
14
.......... -----
21
28
39
64
47
21
36
21
19
22
36
llO
14
..........
21
19
--·
·--,
28
32 .........
7
12
6 -·-29
...........
5
13
6
---- ...........
10 38
---.........
............ ........... ----- .........
(1)
6
1
3
............. r,
(I)
8
.............
·cii'· 71
8
.............. 2
5 6
4 2
··26- 104 531
----- -----
14
21
14
8 21
8
4
2
4
r,
G
8
9
2
24
25
16
17
31
25
35
43
39
40
47
45
67
M
19
67
33
42
22 34
39
30
20 141
36
12
28
26
33
20
13
24
10
28
29 ... ........
Bl
1
2' 26
2
6
--·- ........ -··-
7 per cent whose full time hours per weel: were Ill.
Less than 1 per cent.
1 Including
1
The customary working time per week of all employees covered in
the Bessemer converting department in each of the 5 years, 1914
1915, 1920, 1922, and 1924,3 has been classified, and the number and
per cent of the employees coming under each classification are shown
m Table B (2).
Bessemer converters are almost universally operated 6 days per
week, and a very_ large percentage of the employees covered in each
year have workea on that basis. The customary practice of repairing
the equipment on SatUl'day night or Sunday, however, has resulted
in some 7-day work, a.lthough employment in most instances is not
continuous.
In 1924, 71 per aent of all employees reported had a working week
of 6 days, 8 per cent were on a 7-day-per-week basis, and 21 per cent
a.ltemated or rotated weekly from 6 to 7 days. When the districts
are considered separately, 6-day work increased slightly in the Pittsburgh district in 1924 as compared with 1922, but suffered a considerable reduction in the Great Lakes and Middle West district.
1 These 5 )'llllll an ibe ODJy ODeB In whfllh data were llOllected eoveriul all prlnclpil Jll'O(luct(ve and other
oeonpatiom.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
This reduction is almost entirely absorbed by the increase in number
of employees who worked 6 days, 6 days, and 7 days! or 6 days, 7 days,
and 7 days, in rotation.
TABLE B (2).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO
CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924', BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-BESSEMER
CONVERTERS
[For explanation of this table see p. 13]
Number of employees whose
customary working days per
week were-
District and year
Pittsburgh:
1914__ --- --- _-- -- -- --- -- -- -- _
1915 ____ ---- -- _--- ____ -- _-- __
1920________________________
-- _---- - __ - -- -- _- - -- - ---·
1922
1924__ ----- _- ---------------Oi'eat' Lakes and Middle West:
1914__ --------------------- __
1915__________________________
-- -- __ -- ___ -- -- ---- -- ___
1920
1922____ ------------------ --1924____ --------------------Total:
1914____ ---- _--- _--- -- - __ - __ 1915•• ------ -- _-- -- --- -- - -- - 1920-- -- -- _-- -- --- -- - - - - - - -- 1922.- ----- -- -------- - -- - - -- 1924____ -- __ --- ___ -- -- - _- - -- -
NumNum- berof
berof empllmts ployees
6
:n~
Gand 6, 6,
7 al- and
ter- 7,ln 7, In
nate- rota- rotaly
tlen tion
7
7
6
8
6
1,500
1,483
1,900
1,394
1,894
1,001
1,044
1,136
1,078
1,515
75
65
138
61
39
5
5
5
6
Ii
T67
756
1,259
1,067
1,563
757
740
714
4
899
943
---ei-
12
1.3
11
11
11
2,267
2,218
3,159
2,451
3,457
1,818
1,784
1,850
1,977
2,458
79
2
192
67
330
61
130
67
61
42
23
140
6
6
---T
24
............ ------
---oo- ---52-
6
6
291
287
71
71
60
77
80
6
4
7
4
2
6 99
13 98
241 57
19 85
89 60
1
(1)
15
5M
227
176
70
336
67
61
102
6 297
6 300
52 825
75 246
360 265
80
80
59
81
71
:n~
and
7 al- 7, in
ter- ronate taly tion
7
69
llK
92
244
Per cent of em~oyees
whose
cos mary
working days per
week were-
6
3
3
10
2
4
4
4
2
2
7
6, 7,
and
7,ln 7
rotation
-
~:J
19
19
31
16
1
9
--ci5-
----- ..........
5
7
7
4
7
21
3
3
(1~
3
4
7
(1
2
3
10
1
2
19
2
6
13
14
26
10
8
t Less than 1 per cent.
Ta.ble C (2) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and holll'S of labor of employees in the principal productive occupations in the 11 Bessemer converting plants covered in 1924. The
occupations have been arranged as nearly as .Possible in the order of
production, and figures are shown by distncts and both districts
combined for each occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, stockers, the 296
positions were kept filled by a total of 437 men during the pay period
scheduled. As stated in the explanation of this table, on page 14,
many of the employees worked only part time in this occupation,
and 437 men were necessary to keep the 296 positions filled. However./ it must not be 8:Ssumed that these employees worked only as
stoc.kers during the period. A large percentage of them worked in
other occupations1 and the number of employees shown in the seJ>arate occupations m the following table can not be combined as the
number of employees who worked in the principal productive occupations in this department.
The average customary full time of the 437 men working in the
296 positions was 5.9 turns per week, 8.1 hours per turn, and 48.3
hours per week. These averages are for both aistricts combined
and do not show the range of the figures for the two districts. Working conditions, howeveJ.", are very similar, and the average full-time
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-moN AND STEEL
hours per week in the Pittsburgh district was 47.5 as compared with
49.6 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 437
employees, 366, or 84 per cent, worked 48 hours per week or less.
No employees in this occupation had a working week of more than
60 hours.
The average of hourly earnings of stockers was 62.5 cents in the
Pittsburgh district and 59.3 cents in the Great Lakes and Middle
West district. Average earnings for the half month period were
also slightly higher in the Pittsburgh district, although employees in
the Great Lakes and Middle West district worked more hours on
the average at this occupation. The average of hours worked during
the 16-day period in both districts combined was 78.4 and the average
of earnings received was $48.08. These averages are only for the
occupations under consideration and do not include earnings that
employees may have made in other occupations during the same
penod.
The average of full-time earnings per week of stockers in the Great
Lakes and Middle West district was $29.69 as compared with $29.41
in the Pittsburgh district.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE C (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-BESSEMER CONVERTERS
[See explanation on p. 3 of adJUBtment of time worked and earnings received]
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at speclfted occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Average customary full•
time of employees in
positions
Num•
ber
of
plants N~i:i·
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week turn
week
Num•
ber
Over
44
and
Un•
der
Over
48
48
and
Un•
der
56
56
5
5
Total......................................
10
Cupola melters:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great Lakes Bild Middle West...............
3
2
Total......................................
5
Cupola tappers:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
185
111
296
5. 9
6. 1
I
5. 9
I
12
6
6. 3
---=1
18
6. o I
Ull•
60
~-
.Aver- .Avertime
age
age
Aver•
earn• earn- earn•
Over age
ingsper
hours
ings
ings
60
week
and worked in pay per
Un•
period hour
der
72
60
_,__--1---1---1----+---·l---"I---
8.1
8. 2
47. 5
49. 6
Z"/7
160
34
230
102
•••••• ••••••
33 ..•.•• ••••••
13 ••••••
25 ••••••
77. 5
79. 9
$48. 47
47. 40
$0. 625
• 593
8.1
48. 3
437
34
332
33 •..•.• .•.•.•
38
1......
78. 4
48. 08
. 613
51. 3
12
7
3
3
4
6 •••••. •••••• .•.••• .•••••
3 ••••.• •••.•• •••••• •••.•••
108. 7
102. 9
97. 81
79. 87
• 900
• 777
43. 46
39. 83
49. 3
19
3
7
9 •.•..• ..••.• ...••. ••••••
106. 6
91. 20
• 856
42. 12
==~r=.-===
I
5, 8
and
der
56
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · ! - - - ___________________ ,__
,__
Stockers:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
Aver-
Number whose customary full-time hours
per week were-
8. 3
8. 1
8. 2
I
48. 3
=!=====
$29. 69
29. 41
29. 59
'==
--===z==:---=
g .... ....
2
15
5. 9
8.1
48.1
2
62. 67
.772
37.1'
~
T 109 •••.•••••••••••••• •••••• 81.
,660
2
9
6. 4
8.1
52. 4
82. 8
54. 65
34. 60
1---1----+---·'---1----1----'---+-----4--l---+--+---1---+----1---+----11---Total......................................
4
24
6. 1
8. 1
49. 7
30 j
7
4
19 - ~ •..•.• .•••••
~ 59. 20
. 723
36. 04
i
Blowers:
Pittsburgh•••••••••.•••••••..•.••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West •••••••••••••••
5
Total......................................
11
Regulators, first:
Pittsburgh ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West.•.••••.•••••••
Total......................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17
15
6.1
6.1
8. 0
8. 0
48.5
49.3
21 ••••••
15
32
6. 1
8. o
48. !I
36 .•.•..
16
15
6.1
6.1
8. 4
8. 0
50.8
49.3
22 ••.•••
5
11
31
6.1
8. 2
50. 1
41 •.•..•
6
6
---=------r-==
19
9
3 •••••• ••••••••••••••••••
6
92.2
112. 6
118.28
142. 39
1.282
1. 265
62.19
62.34
Z1
9 .••... ..•••. .•.••• ••••••
100. 7
128. 33
1. Z"/4
62. 25
12
7 ••••••••••••
8
3 ••••••
86. 3
91. 1
80. 36
11
82. 50
• 931
• 905
47. 28
44. 63
23
15 •••••. ..•.••
3 .•••••
88. 6
81. 35
• 919
46. 05
18
==i==-1===.===i===1===F==---r--===
===r-===l===,1===11,===•==='===l==='==='===',='==='"==''===l=======I===
H>-
......
TABLE C (2).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL•TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-BESSEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Average customary full•
time of employees in
the positions
Num•
her
Oocupation and district
of
plants
~~·
Turns Hours
Hours
J:ir
.::ir
t~
Num•.
ber
Over
Over
«
and
Un•
der
56
48
48
and
UD•
and
P.n•
der
60
56
der
56
Regulators, second:
i=r~esan<°iMiddieweiii.::::::::::::::
Total......................................
Vessel men:
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.-............
:
~:
~~
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
~
t ~ lt i
::::::
60
:sr.
Aver• Aver•
time
age
age
Aver•
earn• earn•
age
Over hours earn•
per
lngs
ings
lngs
60
week
pay per
and worked in
period hour
Un•
der
72
- - --I
~ ... i<> :::::: ::::::i:::::: :::::: 1ig ~: $0: ~ ~:
......
86. 8
SO. 39
. 926
45. 39
21 •••••••••••• ,...... ••••.•
21 •.•••• •••••• •••••• .•••..
42 •••••.
82. 7
85. 3
102. 55
92. 50
1. 240
1. 084
63.12
56. 28
51.4
3
24 ••••••
21 •••••• ••••••
3
45 ••••••
49. 9
51. 3
45 ,......
41 .•••••
20
7
85. 7
74. 1
79. 71
61. 92
. 930
• 836
46. 41
42. 88
50.6
861 .•••••
27
25 ••••••
34 •••••• ••.••• •••••• ••••••
59 ••••••.••••• 1......
116 ••••••
fl& 6
66. 8
66. o
35. 98
37. 98
36. 69
. 549
. 569
. 556
27. 46
10 •••••.•••••• 1......
---====-------i--=,--=------~=---,=,,=,,==
== ............ ~ ~ L l O O ~
=-=--=;--===------=---- --i-----=-······1······ ......
I
==~n.23~~
=--i--=-------------,=-===--=:=---9
83
6.1
8. 0
8.1
6. 3
17
6
8. 0
6. 4
15
5
Total•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• --1-1 ~~~I
' he!
V I
~it~~u:ih••~~:............................
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
Aver•
Number whose customary full•time hours
per week were-
48. 7
(3 ••••••
50. 9
51. 9
6
5
34
26
6. 2
6. 4
11
60
6.3
8. 0
8. O
8.0
74
113
6. 0
6. 2
6.1
8. 2
8. 1
8. 2
41!. 3
49. 6
49. 4
"
..
6. 1
6. o
.,
8. 7
s. 7
'"
8
52.
52.3
6.0
8.4
9.1
,s. 8
50.6
55. 9
53.4
Cinderpitmen:
5
Pittsburgh..................................
5
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
Total. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. --10Bottom makers:
39
64 • •• •• •
180 ••••••
83
······I
14 ••••••
10! ............
83 • • •• • • •• •• •• .. .• .. • .• . ••
31
83 ---s•• •••••• 1 14 j......
133
======-====-=======,=,=r -====
5'
, ,. ., _________ ••••••• ••••••••••••• •••••
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
Total•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• --1-1
Bottom maker's helpers:
Pittsburgh..................................
Great L6k:es and Middle West...............
Total. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
5
---rr-
12
30
23
25
~
6. 1
6.1
=
28. 21
.,_
.•"'
·1···... '3 ......4 ..
50
39. "
748
27
64. ..
85. 9' "·
17 ••••••
as ••••••
,. •••••••••••
.••••• ••••.• ••••••
10
24 ............
32 ••••••
39 ••••••
24 ••••••••••••
71 ••••••
39 •••••••••••••••••• J
fil ••••••
27. 05
===
······1
10
==
······I
15 •••••• •••••• ••••••
4
8 ••••••
10
14
10
22
'===•==='======='===•'===',==I====== --='=
93. 1 -72._87_ 11 -•...,.m----1--40.-59
82.2
80. 7
81.4
55.37
44. 22
49. 24
.673
. 548
• 605
M.07
30. 64
32. 19
===~
l······I
Lad~1ti:;gb •••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
6
5
17
16
e.o
6.1
8.4
8. 0
Ladle::~·~~;~~:~····························
11 :
33
6.1
8. 2 ~ ~!······
8t0
'
1
21] •••.•••••••• 1......161·····-' 72.4
7 ······j······ ..••..••••• ~1 107. 1
10 !
I
.
-1
73.00
. 851
1
6 1••••••
47 •••••• •••••• ••••••
15
5 •••••• •••••• .•••••
13
60.1
81. 0
39.44
44. 06
.656
. 543
1
6.0
6. 3
8.1
8. 8
48.9
55. 7
53 ••••••
33 ••••••
Total. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• --1-1I
50
6.1
8. 5
52. o
86
86
6. o
0
6.
10.
O
9. o
60.
5f. o0
·····- •••• 6
127 ··-···
······1······1
TotaL •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·-·······•-1--ll-1--14
6. 0
9. 4
56. 6
19 ·--·--
6
1-·-·-- -----·!··-···
-----------~--·-···-·--·····--·I
Pjift=is_:
and Middle WesL_········-···
Great Lakes__
pii1~b~t:t._.•••.••• __________ ··-·--·--·---Great Lakes and Middle WesL-----·--·-·-·
61
5
61
5
TotaL_··--············--··············---·--1-1
-··-··----·---···-·······-----·1
Stae~Pti~~~:~h- __
Great Lakes and Middle WesL-·-··-·---···
6
a
TotaJ __ ··-············--·-·--·····-··-·-•--!__n_
~~I
34
6.1
Moldcappers:
Pittsburgh ___ -----·-·--·--···--······-··--··
Great Lakes and Middle WesL----··-··---·
5
4
24 ·1
17
6. 0
0.1
TotaL •••••••••• -········-··---·······-··-
9
41
I
6.0
31
22
22
24 ····--
I
8.0
48.4
I
~
40. 62
6'
1······r;;;:-;···•-·I •so. 4
U
46. 86
• 583
""I
62
33.
31. 47
15
I
66
21
22
6. 3
6. 4
8. 0
8.1
50. 3
51. 6
TotaL--·--·--------------------·---------
11
43
6. 3
8. O
51. 0
I
47
Labi'it~burgh __ ·------.--------------------·---·
Great Lakes and Middle West_______________
6
5
120
98
==:1
1
9. 3
9. 7
55. 7 !
60. 8 ,
3?7
196
TotaL---------·---------------·---------·
11
218
6. 41.
9. 5
58. 0
!
593
!---·-'I
12 I
261
5 -·····1······1···--•i••··-··
10 -····· ••••.. ·-···· -·····
79.6
73.1
78.76
70.08
.9891
• 959
47.86
47. 35
I
15 _____ _! ______ ,______ '_.____
76.9
75.16
.9771
47.65
=:::=
77. 84
1. 165
. 921
56. 51
48.18
82. 7
88. 71
I.073
52.16
,
i
37 ·-··-· ··-··7 ···--· ··-··· ·-----!·-·--·
22
73. 4
64.1
54. 00
45. 85
• 736
• 716
35. 33
35. 00
!------ ------'------·-··---!
69.3
50.42
. 728
!I
4 ····-·1·-·-··l·-····I · · - · · - ~3·
79. 3
10 ····-· -···-· ···-·- ···---
32
I
14
59
!
7
16 •••••.
10
11
1------
Z7
i---·--
=:::l=:::
1··-·--·------
······I·-···· ·····-
!------
22 .•••••
25
~I~
32. 26
1·§41·tt:
37 ·····29 ••••••
6
5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
. 5731
18
14
48. 0
48. 9
1
32.08
30. 25
52. 95
i-····-1·
48. 51
49.1
8. 0
8. O
5 .•.•.• 1••••••
42. 60
92. 5
38
Ingot strippers:
Pittsburgh ___ -------------------·-·····----·
Great Lakes and Middlo West------··-------
6. 2
··--·-1
'r··---·
s.o ~ 1 ~ 1 - · - - - -
I
I
_I
43.95
40. 44
13 --··--1
8.0 ~ 1 ~ 1 - - · - - - 1
8. O
8. O
6.1
6.1
17
17
60
..... ...•.. •.....
_JI······
,=:===::r
~14 I ••
49.4 1
8.0
6.1
.8771
. 822
85. 8
7 .••••• ;•••.••
28
22
I;;;;;;,;
63.52
88. 07
6 ,......
31 ,
61
5
Pittsbur11b._ •..•••.•... -....................
Great Lakes and Middle West...............
8t0
Z7
17 ••••.•
50.1
49. 2
10
'1
I
6 .••••• ······j······
4
78. 66
• 848
• 762
106. 9
85. 96
• 804
40. 88
12
87
37. 5
68. 5
17.18
29. 90
. 459
. 436
25. 54
26. 53
99
47. 7
21. 39
• 448
25. 87
10 ______ !______ :---·-·
--·--~I
13 ---·--
I . I
121 315
35.19
= 42. 65
103. 2
-----+-----,-·----
154 ----·- ::::r::::1=:=11
84
12
13
r----·- -----II-·--·- 154
=
111. 2 94. 2/i
39. 32
44
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Table D (2) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings :per hour of blowers and vessel men in 1924 for
each of the two districts separately and both districts combined.
These two occupations are selected as representative of the spread
or variation in hourly earnings within the occupations in this department.
The average hourly earnings for blowers in both districts combined
was $1.274 and for vesselmen, $1.166. The range of earnings in the
Pittsburgh district was greater than that in the Great Lakes and
Middle West district in both occupations.
TABLE D (2).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BESSEMER CONVERTERS
[For ~anation of this table see p. 15)
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were-
Occupation and district
Num• Aver•
age
ber of earn•
60 70
Un• and and
em•
ings
ploy•
der
un•
un·
per
60 der der
ees honr
cts. 70 80
cts. cts.
80 90 $1 $1.15 $1.30,$1.45
and cts. and
and and
un• and un• and
un· un·
der un• der un•
der
der der
90 dor
cts. $1 $1.15 $1.30 $1.45 $1.60
$1.60
and
un•
der
$1.76
BLOWERS
Pittsburgh .•••••••••••••.•••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West •••••
18
15
$1. 282
Total •••••••••••••••••••••••
33
1. 274
Pittsburgh •.•.................••••
Great Lakes and Middle West~ ••••
20
21
1.240
1. 084
Total •••••••••••••••••••••••
41
1.166
1.265
1
2
----- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- 1 2
1
2
1
9
2
11
----- --------- ··-r
9 ----2
9
VESSEL YEN
1
----1
4
1
1
.. T
2
2
3
8
5
5
2
4
4
11
5
1
8
3
6
=
3
6 --------- ----- ----3
6
-----
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and r>er week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of employees in
the Bessemer converting department are shown in detail, by districts
and both districts combined, for the year 1924 in Table E (2). The
information was obtained from U plants and covers 3,457 employees
in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns and night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees
are divided into three groups as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work nights only, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of arrangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a few instances relief systems also have been omitted where
the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or four
weeKs.
In some instances in the table, hours are reported for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fact
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved
1 day in 7, with no information available, however, as to which day;
therefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the relief
indicated in the full-time hours per week.
In the :µiain the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassed, two men in the Great Lakes and Middle West district
were found on a job requiring them to work 7 days per week and 10
hours per day, Monday to Saturday, inclusive, and 12 hours on
Sunday, a total of 72 hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that one man
in the Great Lakes and Middle West district alternated from 7 turns
of 12 hours, Monday to Friday, inclusive, with 10 hours on Saturday
and 12 hours on Sunday ori day work, to 6 turns of 10 hours on night
work, an average of 71 hours per week. The bracketed sixth and
seventh lines of this section show 11 men in the Pittsburgh district
going from 7 day turns of 10 hours to 6 night turns of 10 hours,
followed by 6 day turns of 10 hours, making an average of 63½ hours
of labor per week.
When there are three 8-hour turns, the second and third are
tabulated as night turns.
E (2).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICTS-BES-.
SEMER CONVERTERS
TABLE
[For explanation of this table see p. 15]
Number of emsioyees
who worked eac speoified combination of
customary turns and
hours, by district
Customary turns and hours worked
Dayturus
Night turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
Average
Hours
hours
Turns Monper
Monper
day Sat- Sun- Per week
day Sat- Sun- Per week
ur- day week
to
ur- day week
to
Fri- day
Fri- day
day
day
Great
Pitts- Lakes
and
burgh Middle
West
Total
E.ll:PLOYEES WHO WORKED DAY TURNS ONLY
10
10
7
7
6
6
6
6
10¼
6
6
8½
o.
10
10
10
9
8
10
12
10
10
8¾ ---io10
10
9
9
5
8
----------................
------
72
70
60
60
60
-------------------------------
-------------------------------
--------------------------
--------------------------
-------------------------------
59
------- ------- ------ ------ -------
54
------- ------- ------ ------ -------
47½ ------- ------- ------ ------ ------48 ------- ------- ------ ------ -------
72
70
60
2
5 --------29 ---------
60
37
60
106
141
59
1 --------54 -------1
47½ -------1
48
21
11
Total __________ ------ ______ ------- ------- ------- ------ ______ _______ _______
2
5
29
37
247
1
1
1
32
162
193
355
70
2
2
4
66
7
1
2
1
17
5
31
EMPLOYEES WHO WORKED NIGHT TURNS ONLY
7
6
6
6
6
I
10
------
10
10
8
10
10
11 ,______
10
10
10
8 ..............
11
70
66
60
60
48
60
60
48
Total.. __ ------- ------ ____________________ ------- _________________________ _
20167°-25t--4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15
2
26
'[
---·-----
2
46
WAGES AND HOT.rnS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLE E (2).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICTS-BESSEMER CONVERTERS-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Daytums
Hours
Hours
Aver-
Number of :oyees
who worked
specill.ed combination of
caatomary turns md
hours, by district
age
Turns Mon-
.J:°k
day
to
Fri-
day
hours
Turns MonGreat
day Sat- Sun- Per
per
Sat- Sun• Per
Pitts- Lakes
to
ur- day week J:°k burgh
and
ur- day week week
Total
day
Fri• day
Middle
day
West
IJIPLOYBIS WBO ALTDJIATBD WBBXLY
7
12
10
10
10¼
10
10
10
10
10¼
10
10
10
10
10
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
1~
10
10
10
12
10
12
10
10
10
6
7
6
70
70
70
------ :}
60 {
-----8¾ -----10
10
10 ..............
10 -----10
9
82
72
···io·
60
00
60
60
60
69
8
12
60
8
8
8
00
8
8
10
68
------
6
8
8
7
8
8
12
60
7
8
8
8
116
7
8
8
8
116
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
7
8
8
6
8
8
8
-------------------------8
-----8
------
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
66
48
56
48
..........
..........
48
8
---·------8
8
8 -----·----- ------
48
8
48
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
6
8
6
6
6
8
8
8
6
8
6
8
Total.••
------
48
.............
--·--- .............
8
-------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48
48
48
:1
6
6
8
8
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Ii
&
Ii
&
no• on
10
10
10 ""iii""
10
10
10
...
10¼
8¾
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10¼
8¾
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
..iii""
10
10 ··io·· 10
8
8
8
8 ""ff"
8
8
8
8
8
8
------ --------·-----·--s··
------
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
··io..
11
8
12
···s-- ···s--
8
8
·--r· --T8
8
8
8
8
8
...ii.
8
10
""if"
8
8
8
8
11
8
··io··
8
8
8
8
·--r· -----8 .. T.
···r· 8
8
-----...if. 8
8
6
.. T.
8'
8
""iiij -----............
8
8
8
----····s-- ............
8
8
8
8
8
..............
···s··
8
................
--·r·
TUJUI' TO All'OTBBB
71
00
70
70
66
60
00
65
65
60
00
68
63½
60
>
60
~
60
60
60
60
60
······r
···--ir .•....89
Zl
11
7
7
60
2
60
60 ····ior
69½ ...................
00
60
60
48
----·---
60
00
00
00
48
~
68
69
56
&2
48
56
54¼
53¼
53¼
48
48
56
56
56
56
56
161
-------3
-------13
53¼ -------53¼
53¼
1
2
1
8
------·-
1
10
1
12
116
....................
11
-----------------&
7
7
6
fr1
34
13
17
89
34
11&
17
48
48
83
2«
9
II
---------
a
6
---------
II
13
71
71
128
136
80
80
69
48
48
lil~
60
48
lil
......................
4
4
48
48
48
~
----·---
53
53
~
37
48
48
48
~
46
48
60
51½
49¼
lil¼
68
68
48
61¼
116
~
116
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
411
48
40
40
40
40
21
-------12
-------6
-----·--
....................
22
-----------------16
•
---------
21
12
12
37
61
•
8
106
106
48
1,153
266
1,419
48
..................
205
205
48
48
I
46~
............. -----~
............. --·--, .............
------ ...............
40
...............
... .............. ............ ............. -·----- ..............
17
................
--------12
6
....................
16
·----------·-----
32
1,706
1,365
17
12
6
l&
32
8,071
47
BESSEMER CONVERTERS
Of the total number of Bessemer-converting employees reported,
2,680, or 78 per cent, worked 8 hours per day and 720, or 21 per cent,
worked 10 hours. No employees were found in the plants canv~sed
who worked on a 12-hour oasis all of the time. Very little 7-day_ work
was reported in this department, only 265, or 8 per cent of all employees, working 7 days a week all the time and 738, or 21 per cent, a
part of the time. Practically all of the 7-da_y workers worked 8
hours _per day. The basic figures are set forth by districts in the
followmg table. A few minor groupings do not appear in this summary.
In preparing the summary only the regular hours per turn an
employee worlced on Monday to Frida_y are considered, regardless of
the length of his turn on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (2)
Number of employees who
worked specified days and
hours
It.em
Percent
of total
Great
Lekes
Pitt&burgh
district
and
Middle
West
district
Total employees ln Bessemer converting department ___________
1,894
1,1163
8,457
100
J'f:t~--------·--·------------------------
176
89
266
738
720
8
21
21
l!:m¥~~!i'io
'1-day week part of the tJme ________________________________
10 hours per day __ ----------------------------------------7-day week and 10 hours per day all the time _______________
7-day week and 10 hours per day part of the time ___________
8 hours per daY-------------------------------------------7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time ________________
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time ____________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n
Total
286
6115
4M
15
45
1,553
90
1, 17/'
21
l3o
2,680
78
161
146
83
444
2«
590
17
6
1
4
7
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
The basic open..:hearth process alone is treated in this report and
only furnaces of the fixed or stationary type have been meluded.
Wliile tilting or rolling furnaces are used to some extent b_y a few
companies in different localities, this type of f urnaee .is chiefly of
local significance and is not general to the industry. Consequently
the material used has been limited to stationary furnaces in which
the basic _process is employed and all figures presented are strictly
comparable.
.
Data for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 26 open-hearth
furnace plants and cover 11,611 employees in all occupations. Of th,e
total number of employees reported, 6,890 are included in the principal productive occupations for which separate figures are given.
Data were first obtained for this department in 1910, and comparative figures are presented for the years 1910 to 1924.1
The year 1924 marks the lowest point of full-time hours per.week
in open-hearth furnaces in the penod 1910 to 1924. Up until the
summer of 1923 this department, while showing a gradual decrease
from former years in the hours of labor of employees as a whole, was
largely on a 12-hour basis and some emJ>loyees also worked 7 days
per week. A general reduction in the working time of the employees1
however, took place in the latter part of 1923 and a large number 01
the plants adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. Considering
the principal _productive occupations as a whole, average full-time
hours per week in 1924 were 21 per cent less than in 1922 and 26 per
cent less.than in 1923.
The study also shows there was a ,large increase in earnings per
hour in 1924 as compared with any other year for which data are presented, except 1920. Hourly earnings in that year were unusually
high and were 5 per cent greater in the principal productive occupa,.
tions combined than in 1924. The 1924 hourly earnings however,
were 33 per cent above those in 1922 and 169 per cent above those
in 1913-in other words, slightly more than 2% times the hourly
earp.ings of 1913.
The increase in hourly earnings was more than enough to compensate for the reduction of hours, and weekly earnings in 1924 still
show an increase as compared with- all other years except 1919 and
1920.
The most significant facts conce~ average earnings and average
hours in each of the _princ~al productive occupations of open-hearth
furnaces are shown m Table A (3). While the customary working
time of the 15 occupations combined was 21 per cent less in 1924
than in 1922, when considered separately decreases in the average
full-time hours per week range from 8.9 hours per week for laborers
to 17.7 hours for ladle cranemen. Ladle cranemen customarily
worked 77.2 hours per week in 1910 and again in 1913. During the
J>eriod 1913 to 1919 changes in the working time were very slight,
the first real break occurring in 1920, when the average full-trme
hours per week were reduced to 68.3. In 1922 the average was
increased to 72.9, but in 1924 dropped to the new low average of
1 No data were
oollected for 1916, 1918, 1921, and 1923.
48
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
49
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
55.2 hours. Lesser but similar changes took place in the other
occupations.
Average earnings per hour increased in ea.ch of the 15 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1919 and 1920. The 1920 figures are higher in each
occupation than those in 1924, and the averages in 1919 are higher
in 3 occupations but lower in the remaining 12. For example, the
average earnings per hour of laborers, whicli occupation comprises a
large number of tlie employees in the principal productive occupations,
was less than 20 cents per hour, 1910 to 1915, but in 1917 earnings
were advanced to an average of 29.2 cents per hour. The increase
was carried into 1919 and 1920, the averages for those years being
46.8 and 52.5 cents, respectively. In 1922 the average dropped back
to 35.4 cents _I>er hour but was increased in 1924 to 43.4 cents. Table
A (3) shows like figures for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week are oelow those of 1919 and 1920
for each occupation but show increases over those for all otheryears.
The distribution of employees according to their full-time hours per
week contained in Table A (3) shows the extent to which full-time hours
have been reduced in 1924 as compared with other years in this department. In all previous years only a very small per cent of the employees had a week ofless than 60 hours, while in 1924 only a small
number of employees in any occupation except laborers had a working week of as many as 60 hours. ·In the occupation of laborers 44 per
cent worked less than 60 hours per week customarily 51 per cent
worked 60 and under 72 hours, and 4 per cent worked over 72 hours.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time earnings per week are also contained in Table A (3). These
are simply percentages computed from the averages presented in the
table, using the average for 1913 as the base or 100 {>er cent. The
index numbers for the department as a whole (all principal productive
occupations combined) are shown on page 4.
.A. (3).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURt.. AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..t AND INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
TABLE
OCCUrATION-OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
[For explanation of this table see p. 13]
Oooupation
and year
Stockers:
11110•••••••
1911•••••••
1912.. ••••••
1913•••••••
Num•
NUlll• ber
of
ber
of
em•
plants ploy•
ees
17
17
17
17
448
4111
413
417
Index numbers
(1913-100)
Aver- Aver• Aver•
age
age
full.
age
full• earn• time
time ings
Full· Earn• Full·
hours per earn•
time
time
per hour ings
per hours lngs earn•
lngs
week
week per
per
week
week
J::r
76.8 $0.177 $13.69
77.4 .172 12. 73
77.0 • 176 13.51
.197 15.30
77.8
77.0 .204 111.66
77.8
• 1119 15.41
77.4,
.296 22.92
75. 7
.606 88.30
70. 9 .573 40.18
73. 9 .8711 28.07
158.3
.MO 31.87
gg
96
gg
100
119
119
119
97
91
115
90
87
89
100
104
101
lliO
257
2111
192
274
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average full•tlme ours per week
wereOver
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un• un•
un•
un•
der der
der
der
60
72
84
811 ..............
83 ... ..........
88
100 ..........
102 ..........
101
150
250
22 409
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
22 366
248
1917•••••••
13
476
111111•••••••
17
1920•••••••
19
573
268
22
647
188
8
1922•••••••
11124.•••••••
76
7
26 781
205
I Less than 1 per cent.
• llloludfng less than 1 per oent whca foll•time hours per week were 811.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
----...........
.. .......
8
.........
----- ..........
............. ........
...........
(I)
13
2'
7
8
8
8
25
26 2'
----- ------ ........2 ..........
10
.. ........
----.......... 26 ------- 9
4 •••• 211
78
........
3
22
21
21
38
22
17
111
4
34
28
40
40
28
19
28
81
48 , 23
88
30
88
211
18
liO
89 10
71
18
Ii
4
50
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOB-IBION ilID EJ.rEEL
TABLE A (3).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR{...¾ND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..z. AND INDEX NUMBE.w, THEREFO~ 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCU.t'ATION-OPEN-HEARTH FURNAOES-\jontinued
Index numbers
Aver-
Ocoupatlon
and year
Stook
men:
(1913•100)
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average full-time ours per week
were-
Nnm• Aver- Aver- age
age
Nnm• ber
foll•
of time eam• time
ber
On1
Over
Inga e&l'D• Full· Earn• Full·
of
em• hours
time 48 48
72
60
Inga time Inga earn•
plants ployand
and
and
and
hours
IDgs UD• UD• 60 UD• 72 UD• 8'
~
~
per der der
der
~
week
72
M
60
-
~.
over!
h1:r
-
h1:r
crane-
1910•••••••
1911. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
Oharglng•machine operators:
13
13
14
15
20
20
11
15
17
20
150
178
73
72
72
76
86
86
64
98
137
133
'76.8
7f. 7
75.8
78.0
77.4
77. 7
77.1
75.8
67.2
72.2
56. 3
1611
160
157
160
170
176
165
75.9
75. ll
76.0
76.9
77.0
76. 5
15
15
15
lll
19
19
15
15
16
16
22
22
18
17
19
ers, :llrst:
Metters' h9!r
IN
64
115
17
17
17
17
19l0•••••••
1911•••••••
1912- ••••••
1913•••••••
1914- ••••••
1915.-•••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
98
228
22
26
Melter&' help-
M
'18.8 $0.223 $17.60
.'Nt 16. 61
76.6
.228 18.02
'18.9
79. 1 .238 18.85
.237 18. S8
78.4
77.4
• 253 19.77
77.4
.838 2!1.11
75.2
.566 4L81
.086 47.02
67.8
.460 33.85
73.3
.647 36.97
57.3
25
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912. ••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1917-••••••
1919•••••••
1920••••·•••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
Door operators:
75
70
72
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
26
203
2M
288
346
73. 8
66.1
70.1
56.0
.21N
.287
.312
.835
.307
.330
.467
.753
.895
.625
.863
.101
.100
.102
.112
.109
.111
.321
.402
.279
.m
272
402
620
622
885
.437
.586
.966
1.089
.775
L064
99
98
98
106
86
93
72
288
98
96
97
100
88
911
99
lil
2M
193
272
86
93
100
100
92
99
97
86
225
267
99
1311
72
2158
7.72
7.153
7.72
8.68
8.35
8.43
23.69
26.27
10. 76
911
90
89
91
100
97
99
32. 27
30.12
31.89
33.89
31.60
82.80
4'-36
72.35
75.09
55.34
59.18
.417
.440
100
-100
87
96
100
100
-93
.416
404
422
76.5
77.1
75.6
75.ll
76.8
74.9
69.4
n.4
56.5
IN
96
45.09
48.43
2L22
.400
347
3M
56. 70
59.88
.381
'fl. 7
338 75. a
341
22.52
21.37
23.67
26.12
23.66
25.1111
35.91
100
98
99
100
100
99
187
98
86
91
72
287
359
101
116
98
99
100
98
98
99
97
90
93
72
249
340
17
17
17
17
22
22
18
17
19
22
28
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3311 76.6
335 74.&
347
75.8
360 76. 7
402 74. 7
420 7f.5
272 76.9
410 7f.4
721 69.1
7CK 7L2
1, 07ll 55.8
.272 20.87
• 263 19.62
.274
.292
.278
20. 77
22.36
20. 70
.291 21. fl1
.3117 29.93
.8113 llLll8
.781 6&.80
.11117
.758
39.50
41.98
100
97
99
183
2'IO
248
176
24,2
93
90
100
72
86
82
91
100
91
98
137
217
229
173
185
81)
87
81)
100
96
97
273
303
228
244
95
100
93
97
131
213
911
100
97
97
113
249
180
196
100
IN
99
105
139
222
89
IN
911
99
97
90
99
91
erB,BllCOD:
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
11115•••••••
1917 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••_.
93
83
96
100
116
100
136
'l'S1
267
191
260
222
163
175
a
----- 11 ..........
..........
....... 23
.......... ----- .. ...... •.•s"
.. ........ ........... ........
.......... ........... .. ....... 4
........... ............ ......... 4
..........
----··io· ......... ..
ff
----3o ----------13
........
10
----..........
86
----
..........
----.. ........ ----- ..---......
........
----............ ---------
----
............ .......... ........
2
8
25
14
13
5
ll
40
43
47
23
10
12
23
38
22
11
2.~
3
4,6
I:85
40
311
26
7
1
34
25
36
16
27
33
25
a2
80
11
83
30
44
~
47
38
33
83
.......... .......... ........
--·-- ..io" ·-· -·--- 24 4828
........
.......... 88 ---.. .....
H
42
16
12 31
23
--·- ..........
3
88 ........
2
........... ........... ........ 12 38 22
........... ..........
21 24
81
.......... ----· ---.. ...... 20 28 21
19
........
20
--------- .......... ........ 14 24 3228
..........
u 25 38
----- ··i•· ........
..........
........ ··io- 41 24
13
.........
28
.. T 45
14 ........ 20 38
8
7
89 ........
3 ........ ..........
···,·
......
.......... ..........
7
.......... ........... ---.......... 17
.......... ----- ---- 2
3
----···o· ........
....... ...........
----............ 10 .. ...... ...........
;
----- ..ii" ........ ........
..........
----.......... 83 ---... ....... ..
T
15 ........
----............ 95 ........ .........
.......... .......... ........ 8
.......... ........ 35
----- .........
..........
......... 20
19
----···e· ......
......... 111
----.......... 10 ---- 14
..........
.......... ··ir ---....... •• "ii"
34
........
·---- 16 ....... 12
~ .. T IN
93
88
93
100
93
97
134
231
241
16
10
-----
---- -----
22
21
24
16
14
13
54
34
6
46
II
38
21
37
29
25
24
54
40
49
55
1111
62
63
13
33
60
n
4
22
21
14
14
29
81
20
33
311
7
&7
2
1111
40
u
28
13
7
14
17
26
311
30
33
28
17
2
19
2
28
2'
31
34
31
2'
22
4
lll
1
81
13
19
1111
111
14
33
22
i
----
•u
29
lr1
22
21
26
17
1
a.__I
21
51
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
A (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
TABLE
OCCUPATION-0.PEN-HEARTH FURNACES-Continued
Occupation
and year
Num• Average
Num• ber full•
of time
ber
em•
of
plants ploy• hours
per
ees week
Index numbers Per cent of employees whose
(1913=100)
average full•time hours per week
Aver•
wereAver• age
age
full•
earn• time
Over
Over
Over
ings earn• Full· Earn• Full·
time 48 48
72
60
per
ings time ings earn•
and
and
and
hour per hours per ings un• un• 60 un• 72 and
un• 84
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
72
84
60
Melters' helpers, third:
1910 •••••••
1911. ••••••
1912 •••••••
19lf·······
Ull •••••••
1915 •••••••
1'117 ···-··
"1919 •••••••
1920 ••.•...
17
393
17
394
414
45il
442
17
16
21
21
11
17
19
4.54
268
602
970
1924 ...••..
22
980
26 1,329
1910 .•••...
1911. •••...
1912 •...••.
10
10
10
11113 .••••••
9
10
10
1922 ••••••
Stopper set•
ters:
1914 ..••..•
30
29
29
30
32
32
36
45
71
83
123
76.2
73. 5
75.8
77.3
75.0
74. 6
75.3
73.8
68.4
70.9
55.1
47
75.3
73.7
76. 5
77.0
76.4
75. 7
76.0
73.2
68.0
70.4
56.5
1915 .••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 ••••...
21
1910 .•••.••
1911 .••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915•••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 .•••..•
14
44
15
16
21
21
12
17
18
21
25
50
56
69
112
101
147
8
8
40
38
Steel pourers:
Mold cappers:
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 .••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 .••••••
. 1924 •••••••
Ladle cranemen:
1910 .••••••
1911. ••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 ...••..
1914 .••••..
1915 .•.••.•
1917 ······11119 •••••••
1920 .••••..
19112 •••••.•
1924 ...••••
8
10
12
17
u
9
12
13
13
6
11
7
8
76. 5 $0.196 $14. 97
73.9
.185 13.67
75.4
.199 15.01
.214 16.64
77.9
77.4
.207 15.98
.212 16.44
77. 7
77.5
.328 25. 26
.532 40. 75
76. 6
67.8
.645 43.64
72. 9
.432 31.44
55.6 .601 33,39
70
70
48
52
68
70
72
38
97
73
92
7
80
16
16
90
86
90
76.5
74.0
79.3
78.6
77. 7
76.1
76. 7
74.3
70.0
65.5
55. 0
22
13
17
119
19
21
25
153
77.2
74.6
76.2
77.2
7i.5
76.0
76.4
75.6
68.3
72.9
239
55.2
16
17
22
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
90
104
107
82
146
98
95
98
87
92
86
93
100
97
99
153
249
301
71
281
97
100
99
100
99
94
~
89
82
90
100
96
99
152
245
262
189
201
94
23.63
99
96
23.11
24.92
25.10
21.46
21.96
96
101
100
50.48
53.17
39. 73
42.07
95
98
100
97
97
97
95
88
92
71
91
l'J:t
210
239
173
235
123
201
212
158
168
.308 23.05
98
22.32
24.57
28.46
25.94
26.99
35.60
58. 27
62. 31
45.48
47.38
96
83
82
87
100
92
96
126
215
251
174
81
78
86
100
91
95
125
205
219
160
166
.313
;313
.329
.325
.287
.296
.414
.684
.778
.561
.763
.304
.321
.370
.839
.356
.466
.796
.929
.645
.837
30.90
99
100
99
98
99
95
88
91
73
88
226
16.49
15. 78
18.00
20.04
17.96
19.24
28.16
43.69
44.65
31.33
34. 21
97
94
101
100
99
97
22. 76
21.32
24.22
26.34
100
86
.287
.317
.s,1
97
.305
23.34
84
93
100
89
96
137
215
245
172
244
.217
.215
.228
.255
.232
.254
.364
.588
.635
.460
.609
.294
.327
.466
.733
.837
.588
.832
24.92
35.64
55.41
56.63
42.83
46.06
98
95
89
83
70
99
100
99
98
99
98
88
94
72
85
84
89
100
91
100
143
2Sl
249
180
239
92
99
100
86
88
82
79
90
100
90
ll6
141
218
223
156
171
86
81
92
100
89
95
135
210
215
163
175
- -- -
-- -
36
30 'J:t
----- ----- ---- 208 37
8
36
-----------7 30
46 16
----- ----- ------'
38
1
25
36
------------- --------- ------- --------- 3839 3029 3331
----44
20 36
----- 6 ------- ----28
30 36
..
T
----12
1
........... 38
46
13 35
19 21
10 2
1
2
92 ---3
1
1
57
7
----- ------- ..28. 37
----21
52 ...7
--------21
72
----- ------- ----- 13 80 7
----- --------13
63
25
----- ---- --------13
25
------ ----- ----- 25 38
11
22
67
---- --------- ----22
'J:t
16 ---- ----- 36
----11
13
42
34 ---17
18
13 ---- .. i2· 33
7
3
89 ---- ----- 3 ----5
49
17
23
11
---- 23 27 41 9
----- --------- ---------.--- ------------ 204 2524 4628 2528
-------11 37
29
23
----- -------17
29
11 43
-----------21
25
M
-----------··io10
32
42
---- ...
-----ii. 13 50 2
----- 36 ---16
18 ---28
26
4
4
13
76 ---- ----- 3
15
30
55
---------------11
42
21 26
-----------50
8
27
15
-----------41
12
6
----- ------- 11 26 31 3141
----- --------19
28
---- 11 42
----- ----- ---37
58
5
--------25
60
11
----- 4 73 ----4
----- 23 ---- ----··i•· 16 ------- 12 15 42 ---44 56 ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- 249 3428 3123 3219
----- ------------------- 709 3218 3144 2927
----- -------- ------------ 66 2924 4747 2319
-------------------24
24
51
----- ...6. ---- ----- 30
13
51
---- .. T 17 42
----- 36 -------- 12 ---- 13 33 24 1'72
----3
J
89 ---- ----- 2
5
.....
52
WAGES ANl> HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLE A. (3).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURt.. AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..t AND INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFO!h 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCU.I:"ATION-OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES-vontinued
Index numbers
Occupation
and year
Num• Aver• Aver•
Num• ber
age
ber
of time earn•
of
Inga
em• hours
plants ploy• per
per
ees week hour
r:M.
Aver•
age
full•
(1913=100)
time
earn• Full· Earn•
lngs time ings
per hours per
week per hour
week
[ngot strippers:
1910 •••••••
1911 ••••••.
1912 •••••••
1913, ••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 ••••..•
1922 •••••.•
1924 •••••..
15
15
15
16
18
18
13
15
16
18
20
ljllO ••••••.
1911. ••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 .•.•.••
14
15
15
16
21
21
17
18
1910 .•••.••
1911 ••.••••
1912 .••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 .••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 .••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••••
14
15
15
16
21
21
17
18
Engineers,locomotive:
Switchmen:
Laborers:
1910 .••••••
1911. ••••.•
1912 .••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 .••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••••
1
46 73.7 $0.275 $19.88
51 71.9
.256 18. 06
55 72. 9
.278 19.99
61
47
.296
.292
98
74'.5
75.8
76.3
70.9
69.9
69.3
72. 8
57.8
107
114
117
119
137
138
166
214
219
325
77.3
74'.3
75.8
76.6
76.5
77.1
75.6
69.6
71.4
55.4
.244
109
117
118
127
149
150
194
297
275
406
77.3
74.4
75.2
76.3
76.5
77.0
76.2
69.3
72.0
56.0
.226
.225
1,038
806
948
1,109
74.5
73.2
74. 7
76.2
69.5
70.8
74.4
76.2
68.5
67.9
59.0
.157
.161
.164
.187
.185
.186
.292
.468
.525
.3M
.434
48
39
48
71
65
20
23
20
23
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
18
21
805
723
653
1,266
1,393
992
25 2,037
.303
.449
• 749
• 790
.559
21.85
21. 72
22. 76
30.85
52.36
54. 21
40.61
.726 4'2-11
.247
.262
.295
.281
.279
.666
• 732
.527
.700
.185
.186
.199
.230
.555
.617
.439
.586
18.92
18.32
19.86
22.55
21.51
21.57
50.35
50.83
37.62
38. 73
14.29
13.85
14. 92
17.55
17.29
17.33
42.29
42.84
31.61
32.80
11.69
11. 78
12.21
14.24
12.84
13.19
21. 73
35.66
36.21
24.22
25. 73
99
93
86
94
100
97
98
100
102
102
95
94
93
98
102
152
78
245
101
97
83
84
89
100
95
95
226
248
179
237
99
100
100
101
99
91
93
72
101
98
99
100
100
101
100
91
94
73
98
96
98
100
91
93
98
100
90
89
77
99
253
267
189
80
81
87
100
98
98
241
268
191
255
84
86
88
100
99
99
156
250
281
189
232
Full·
time
Per cent of employees whose
average full•tlme hollIB per week
wereOver
Over
48
60
Over
72
per der der
week
60
der
72
der
84
48
earn• and and 60 and 72 and 84
ings un• un•
un•
un•
7 ••••· ---6 .•••
8
--------- 55 •••• ...........
------------- 66 ----------- ...........
----- 3323 ---------- --------34 ---1
.......... : 15 ---- 6
8
76 ........ ----84. .......... ----- .. .......
6
81 ----- ----- ---- 38
88 ----- ----- ---- 14
100
12
95 ----- ----- ---- 10
96 ----- --·4· ---6
223 -------225 ----- 27 ---- ··22·
167
19 ---7
172 --ff 82 ---1
!\l ----- ----- ---- 6
79 ----- ----- ---- 38
85 ----- ----- ---- 15
100 ----- ----- ---- 13
99 ----- ----- ---- 11
99 ---·5
241 .......... ···2· ---- ----244 ----- 27 ---- 19
180
13
11
22
91
83
92
100
99
104
141
240
248
186
193
187 --u· 80 ---____ 4 6
82
83 ----4
7
6
5
86 ----..,
100
90
93
153
250
25"'
170
181
(1)
-------------
---r
3
4
11
8
3
27
17
41
4
27
21
··s·
2
15
11
30
63
69
46
30
29
36
17
11
26
2
23
19
10
19
20
21
40
11
"'2
2
22
19
19
17
20
18
30
24
"'
\17
7
20
17
23
"'2
16
26
32
32
7
20
45
26
46
35
67
52
48
49
40
37
16
2
«
"'
21
7
8
9
17
21
24
16
3
16
2
«
28
9
10
16
22
2
11
39
1
39
41
19
1
18
3
20
13
15
17
35
22
24
13
6
34
30
9
13
14'
22
22
7
22
24
40
23
23
25
40
25
"'6
20
7
3
18
.........
34
56
49
45
37
39
31
30
38
56
43
17
3
25
19
2
14
20
20
20
2
7
1
Less than 1 per cent.
in
The customary working time per week of all employees covered
the open-hearth' furnaces in each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920,
1922, and 1924,2 has been classified, and the number and_per cent of
emJ>!oyees coming under each classification are shown in Table B (3).
While an open-hearth furnace is not necessarily in continuous
operation, a considerable number of plants usually operate 7 days
per week. Most of the plants which are shut down for the week end
are only partly closed, and many employees are necessary to watch the
1 These 5 yean are the only ones in which data were collected covering all prlnolpal productive and other
DCOllpatfODI.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
OP.EN-HEARTH FURNACES
58
furnaces during that time. These turns are known as gas turns and
result in a large amount of 7-day week work in this department.
Of the 11,611 employees covered in 1924, 6,048, or 52 per cent,
worked 7 days per weelt regularly as compared with only 27 per cent
in 1922 and 34 per cent in 1914. This represents a large increase in
continuous employment in 1924 and is due in large measure to the
elimination of the 12-hour day in many plants and the substitution
of the shorter shifts of from 8 to 10 hours.
The combinations of 6 days, 6 days, and 7 days and 6 daysh7 days,
and 7 days per week in rotation also show large increases in t e number of employees who worked on that basis. These combinations
were brought about by plants adopting the three 8-hour shifts and
giving employees 1 or 2 relief turns in a 3-week period.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE B (3).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER
OF DAYS PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-OPEN':'HEARTH FURNACES
[For explanation of this table see p. 13)
NumberofemployeeswhosecustomaryworklngdaySperweek
were-
District and year
Eastern:
1914 •.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1915 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920 ••••••••••••••• '•················
1922 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1924 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh:
1914 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
11115•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••
1922 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1924•••••••••••••••.•.•••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914•••••.•••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
11115•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1922•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1924 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Southern:
11114•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1915 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920•••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
1922•••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••
1924••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••
Total:
1914•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1915•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920•••••••••••••••••••••.•.•••••••••
1922•••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
1924•••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
1 Less
than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Num• Num•
berof
ber
em•
plants ployees
6
6and
6 alter•
nately
6, 67
6,
5and 6and and
, and,
7 alter• 7 alter· in
rota- in rota•
nately nately tion
tion
635
655
630
699
5711
····a·
5
1,064
1,116 ····2 ······2·
1155 ••••••
12
1,241
1 ••••••••
987
6
6
6
6
7
2,149
2,013
3,190
2,654
4,361
468
404
670
1,104
269
7
7
1,632
1, 75.~
3,067
3,678
751
846
214
1,848
772
3
3
570
3
958
825
1,320
269
226
655
484
253
6
6
4
II
6
9
10
3
4
22
22
19
22
26
4,943
539
5,415 ····2· .....f
5,423
12
8,170 ••••••
8,298
1 .••••••.
11,611
7r
6
2,123
2,131
2,169
4,135
1,878
216
225
202
412
-------······a· ··--·is·
852
814
2,049
•• 944
-------............... ····221·
253
-------
466
311
356
793
---·--- ···--u·
38
68
·····a2·
33
24
10
226
1,177
16
413
--------·-------------·-------··m· ·--·iss"
116
702
9
8
·------- --------
1 .......................
4
····435·
6
.... ia"
1,416
1,453
3,045
1,360
736
10
3
····aas·
1,376
9
3
245
202
1,1174
7
Per oent of employees whose customary working days
per week were-
5
5and
6 alter•
nately
~~
60
20
214
229 (1)
80 ••••••
1
96 (1) ••••••••
411
59
66
116
33
59
26
819
795
244
22
20
40
40
64
~f
2,036
6
570
553
2,060
1,565
3,341
46
7
50
16
~:~
..~)~·!.. .......
.
59
20
39
39
27
·--c. ~··
50
16
19
20
26
-------- •••(1)...
68
022· ••••••••••••••
6,048
11
47
42
337 •••••• ••••••••
20
21
37
48
254
252
302
1,857
1,829
2,686
2,262
······r
21
48
264
~a
&and 6and
7 alter• 7 alter• 7,ln 7,ln
nately nately rota- rotation tion
6
7
11
-------<1r· ····2·
··--s· 32
20
21
.............. ------
88
~)
8
8
6
····r ····r1
89
8
10
47
----------- -----·--·a· ------
35
'r1
2
9
68
2
1
46
.............. ·-----
~:l
....•.
12
32
67
43
14
····•·
m ------ ···aa·
26
27
37
16
6
7
g~
8
2
14
47
32
41
47
84
34
38
27
112
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
55
Table C (3) presents the most signm.cant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees m the principal productive occupations in the 26 open-heartli furnace plants covered in 1924. The
occupations have been arranged as nearly as _possible in the order of
production, and figures are shown for each district and all districts
combined for each occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, stockers, the 515
positions were kept :filled by a total of 781 men during the pay
period scheduled. As stated in the explanation of this table, on
page 14, many of the employees worked only part time in this occup~tion, and 781 men were necessary to keep the 515 positions :filled.
However, it must not be assumed that these employees worked
only as stockers during the period. A large percentage of them
worked in other occupations, and the number of employees shown
in the separate occupations in the following table can not be combined as the number of employees who worked in the principal
productive occupations in this department.
The average customary full time of the 781 men working in the
515 positions was 6.7 turns per week, 8.7 hours :{>er turn, and 58.2
hours per week. These averages are for all distncts combined and
do not show the extreme range of the figures for the several districts. The average full-time hours per week in the Great Lakes
f!,D.d Middle West district, for example, was only 54.9, while in the
Southern district the average was 70.8 hours.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 781
81!1Ployees, 667, or 85 per cent, worked 56 hours per week or less,
while the remaining 114, or 15 per cent, ranged from over 60 to 84
hours per week.
The average hourly earnings of stockers ranged from 40. 7 cents
in the Southern district to 59.4 cents in the Great Lakes and Middle
West district, with an average of 54 cents for all districts combined.
Average earnings for the half-month period reached the high point
in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, $53.05, and employees
in the Eastern district worked more hours at this occupation than
those in any of the other three districts, or an average of 118.8
hours. These averages are only for the occupation under consideration, and do not include earmngs that employees may have made
in other occupations during the same period.
The range for average full-time earnings per week for stockers
was from $28.80 in the Southern district to 832.63 in the Great
Lakes and Middle West district. The average for· all districts was
$31.37.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE O (3).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND
PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
[See explanation on JI. 3 of adjustment of time worked and earnb,gs received)
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days} at specified occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Average
time ofcustomary
employeesfull
in
the positions
Num•
ber of
plants Num•
ber
t----r---..----i Num•
Tums Hours Hours
tumper w~'W~ , .
.,.,.
.,.,..
ber
Aver-
N umber whose customary full•time hours per
week were-
........,----,1-----,.---r---r---.---1 Aver•
age
I
1--,---,.
Over
48
48 and
under
00
Over
Over
56
60
56 and 60 and
junder
under
60
72
Over
72
M
72 and and
under over
M
Aver•
age
earn•
hours lngs in
worked pay
period
Average
earnings
~-
time
earn•
lngs
h1:°r J:i:
---1---1---1---1--
Stockers:
Eutern.. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsbgrgh ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Orea$ Lakes and Middle West••••
Southern ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
6
7
10
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Stock cranemen:
Eaatem••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
231
4
60
6.1
6. 7
6.8
6. 9
11.0
8.4
8.1
10. 2
67.4
56. 3
M.9
70.8
323
26
99 ••••••
26
1116
6. 7
8. 7
68. 2
781
-Ii
7
10
3
20
65
6.8
6. 7
6.8
7.0
10. 9
8.4
8.1
9.0
67.S
56. 2
M.8
63.0
25
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
=
Oharging•machine operators:
Eastern••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
5
170
6. 7
8.6
57.3
10.1
8.0
8.0
8. 9
63.8
M.1
M.8
61.6
56. 3
~::f~eiiandMi"iiciieWesC::
Southern ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
62
182
77
s
19
67
71
288
6
$0. 434
• 557
82. 6
• 407
$80
87.1
46. 99
• 540
3L37
124. 9
87. 2
101. 0
76. 3
&o.03
56.25
73.08
43.87
.480
.633
• 724
.575
82.67
35. 60
39.66
36.23
96. 3
62.30
.647
36.97
23
9 ······-3-==
6
5 ---···
68 ·····30
33 •••••••••••• --···· ----·· -·--·- ----·91 ••••••
24
67 •• · ••••••••• ·--·-- --·-· ••••••• --·--·
26 ••••••
12
9 ----·- •••••• ------ •••••• ••••••
5
111.9
112. 0
104.. 2
69.10
95.45
100.M
71.64
.618
.852
.965
.755
39.41
46. OIi
52.87
46.61
112 ---··· -----· •••••• 1
106. 3
91.70
.868
48.43
97. 6
76. 1
59. 0
3L42
31.11
22.30
.322
.409
.378
17.97
22.15
22. OIi
M
25 ••••••
44
210
16 ··--·21 --····
118. 8
78. 4
259 •••••• ----·- ---·-· ·---·- •••••• --····
·89. 3
ffll ...... ......
16 ----·- ••••••
228 ·--·--
6 ·-·--- ---···
16
29
86
33
33
4
7
9 -----37 •••••• •••••• ····-- ••••••
8 -·····
66 ------ ·····- ••••••• • ••••••••• --·-··
12 •••••• ···-·- --·--- ----·- ·----3
6 ·----- •••••• --·-··
82
115 •.•••• --·-·-
4
7
17
3
·--·--1
17
Total. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Door operators:
Pittsbllrgh:
Great Lakes and Middle West•••••
Southern ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
26
169
6. 7
8.3
6
8
3
61
134
23
6. 7
6. 8
6.8
8. 2
8. 0
8. 5
55.8
M.2
68. 4
76 ••••••
215
24
55 ••••••
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
16
218
6.8
8.1
56.1
346
203
9
24
66
53
34
27
114
• 594
3L88
82.68
·=====l,==!===l===l====I=
===l===l===F==~==::==------==·:,==l==.,l===i===I===
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38
95 ····-50
93 ···--27
15 •••••• ••••••
7
10
4
Southern ••••••••••.••..•.•••••••••
11 •••••• ·····- ••••••
10
29
117
128 ·----- --·--- •••••• --·--·
==.,l===t-===I===
6.3
6. 7
6.8
6. 9
~;:f~es and Middle West•••••
$29.22
$61. 50
43. 68
53. 05
33. 60
22
6
5
5
13 •••••• ••••••
10 ···--- ··---- ••••••
157 ---·-- •••••• •••••• •• · ••••••••• ••••••
3
25 •••••• •••••• •••••• •••••• ••••••
195 ------ ••••••
10 •••••• ••••••
94. 9
3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Melter's
helpers,
first:
Eastern
____________________________
.5
68
9.9
8.0
8.0
8.5
63. 5
53.8
55.0
57. 9
69
329
388
99
33
176
100
68
6.3
6.6
6.8
6.8
705
6. 7
8.2
55.5
855
·359
58
264
315
68
6.2
6. 6
6.8
6.8
9.9
8.0
8.0
8.5
621
53. 6
55.0
57. 9
69
419
471
113
21
7
10
4
26
705
6. 7
8.2
55. 3
1,072
21
53
10.2
8.0
8. 0
'8. 9
62.9
53. 3
54.8
60.4
75
460
613
181
15
Pittsburgh _____ ------------------Great Lakes
and Middle West _____
Southern
__________________________
7
10
4
264
315
Total____________________________
26
5
Melter's helpers, second:
Eastern _______________ ----- ________
Pittsburgh ________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West _____
Southern. ____________________ •• ___
Total ____________________________
Melter's
helpers,
third:
Eastern
____________________________
50
I
385
100. 41
100. 60
110.28
87.27
1. 086
1.111
1.018
97.1
103. 34
1.064
19
17
------ ------ ------ ----------- ------ ------ ----------- -----11
______
19
28
117. 7
720.0
80. 7
71. 7
74.77
55.81
63.28
50.11
.635
. 775
. 784
.699
39.45
41. 54
43.10
40.47
78. 8
59. 71
. 758
41.98
34
16
203 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
94. 5
64. 9
68.1
71.2
47.28
43.02
42.28
31. 83
• 501
.663
. 621
.447
31.49
35.34
34.04
27.00
68. 9
41.39
. 601
33.39
98. 5
85.0
99.5
89.1
56.17
62.98
78.42
70.90
.571
. 741
. 788
. 795
33. 77
39.50
42. 97
48. 04
93.5
71.34
. 763
4207
137.3
89.8
102.3
89.9
98. 8
86.22
76. 41
88. 66
81.17
82. 68
.628
. 851
.867
. 903
. 837
43.46
44.69
47. 51
57.24
47. 38
28:J ::::_:
5
259
337
4
85
6.2
6. 6
6. 8
6.8
Total _______ ---·-· _______________
26
734
6.7
8. 3
55. 5
1,329
Stopif:t:!ers:
----------------------Pittsburgh_____
• ___________________
Great Lakes :).nd Middle West _____
Southern __________________________
2
5
10
4
5
6.4
6.6
6.8
6. 9
9.6
8.0
8.1
8. 7
59.2
53.3
54.5
60.4
38
48
11
61
17
6
91
6. 7
8.2
55.1
123
6
21
Total ________ --- ---- -···-------- -Steel pourers:
Eastern. __________________________
4
7
Pittsburgh _____ ------------------Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West_
___
10
Southern __________________________
27
--
10
257
144
129
15 I 540
7
21 ------
-=---- ------ _::::: -··1(
479
210
358
51
619
15
---------------______
---------------______
===l===!==~F==!===fc===l=======1= =
7
10
Pittsburgh ________________________
Great Lakes
and Middle West _____
Southern
__________________________
12
209
113
51
122. 4
92. 7
99. 2
85. 7
15
153 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
4~~ ---=-- ------
11
688 ------ ------1
11
3
18
12
5
4~
38
71 ------ ------ ------
20
---=-- -----34
- ---
32
16
25
25
--=--- ------ ------ ----~- :::::: ::::::
_::: •. ---=-- ---=-- ::_:_: _::::_
4
4
4
3
13
10. 7
69.2
12
6.3
57
20 -- 24 ------ -----42
6. 5
8.0
52.5
13
47
8.1
M.8
57
6
4
6. 8
47 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----20
4
13
9.2
63.4
10
6. 8
4 ------ ------ ------ ------ -----6
Total____________________________ i--25-+-1-14-+--6-.7-+--8.-4-+-5-6.-5-t--14-7-+-1-9-1--3-7-+-7-5-t_-_-___-_ 1·___-___ I______
4
6
6
--=--- ----~- ----~- ::::::
~~
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West____
2
5
16
6.2
6. 5
8.0
8.1
62.2
22
li6
53. 0
64
Total____________________________
7
72
6.4
8.1
55.0
86
l,adli:'i;:-:-~::::::::::::::::::::::
Great Lakes and Middle West____
10
~ ~
6. 8
~j
:J ~: :
Southern_-------------------------
4
84
19
Z7
25
192
Total____________________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
55. o
57. 5
109
6. 8
8. o
8. 4
6. 7
8. 3
55. 2
239
.82()
52.08
58.39
61. 1:1
58. 92
00.16
===-
0
rd
l;I
!21I
µ:j
a
;z
t>
0
Si
- 17- ~
= -51-------- , - - - - - - - - -79.8
----- -44.09
=
______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______
00.55
.709
21 ______
43 ______ ------!------ ______ ______ ______
97. 9
00. 92
• 581
30. 81
38 ______
12
93.3
~g24 -··ai:::::: ::::::1:::::: ----~- ----~- ::::::
85 ______ ------j------ ______ ______ ______
17
12
481------ ______ I__________________ --·----
89
8 ______ ------,------ ______ ______
124 ____________ /______
4
8
2
2
56.82
I 102. 3
34.21
89. 66
86. 54
• 920
• 847
J~1
~
85. 08
• 832
46. 06
m! :ui
97. 5
102. 2
.609
50. 57
48. 71
'===-======.========·====
01
-.;r
TABLE
C (3).-AVERAGE cu·sTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND
PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES-Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Num•
ber of
plants Num•
ber
Aver-
Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week
turn
week
~f.
Number whose customary full•tlme hours per
week were-Num•
ber
Aver•
Aver•
age
age
earn•
Over
hours ings in
72
84 worked pay
and and
period
under over
1----~---~----------1
Over
48
48
and
under
Over
56
56
and
under
Over
60
60
and
under
72
n
Aver•
age
earn•
ings
per
time
earn•
ings
per
week
hour
56
60
84
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ - - ---1-----' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ ,_ _.,.__.., ___ ---1--..--+---
Ingot strippers:
Eastern ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West .•..
Southern ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2
6
9
3
7
25
42
7
6.4
6.7
6.9
6.9
12.0
8.1
10.3
76.3
53.4
55.2
70.9
29
49
11
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
20
81
6.8
8.6
57.8
98
s.o
9 •••••• ••••• • • • •••• • •••• ••••••
2
7 ••••••
8
6
15 ••••.• .••••• •••••• •••••. •••••. ••••••
15
34 •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••
4 .•.••. •••••· .•.••••••••• ••·•·· •.•••.
7
8
25
2
49 .•........•. ·····-
7
7
130. 8
105. 8
103. 4
104. 0
$73. 14
83. 65
76. 21
69. 08
$0. 559
• 791
• 737
. 673
$42. 67
42. 21
40.69
47. 71
106. 7
77. 43
• 726
42.11
Engineers, locomotive:
18
6.1
10. 4
63. 8
22
6 •••••• ••••..
2 •••••• ••••••
7
7
119. 2
67. 43
• 566
36.10
Eastern •••.•••••••.••••.••••.•.•••
4
6.5
8.0
52. 6
137
29
M
44 •••••• .••••• .••••. •••••• •••••• .•••.•
98. 2
69. 67
• 710
37. 33
Pittsburgh .•.•••••.•....••...•••.•
7
111
Great Lakes and Middle West •••.
6.9
8.0
96
8
····1·
36
Southern •••••••••••••••.••.•.•••.•
4
6.9
S.9
---f----+---f---t---1---+---+---+---1---t---f--l---+----f----+---fr---.--Total ••••• ____ __ ___ __ _____ _______
23
261
6. 6
8. 3
55. 4
325
35
135
129
2
3
7
7
7 102. 4 71. 68
. 700
as. 73
l===i===l===F===!====I=== -----==l==c!====l===i===""=="=='===l•===l===•I===
Switchmen:
• 503
32.12
Eastern •••••••••••.••..•••...•••••
18
6.1
10. 4
63.8
128.4
64. 62
4
20
6
5
2 -····· ••••••
7 -····· ••••••
• 581
30. 73
52.9
76.3
Pittsburgh ••.•••.••••.••.•.•••.•••
114
42
67
71
44. 35
7
7.0
8.0
180
Great Lakes and Middle West •.•.
• 602
33. 02
54.9
63
113
85
94.4 56. 80
6.8
8.0
148
8
Southern ••••••••••••••••••••.•.••.
4
6. 9
9. 5
58
30
7
99.8
59.62
• 598
38. 90
65.1
38
7 -····· ••••.•
14
~J 1:
Total.·-············-···-·-······ _ 2 3
Laborers:
Eastern._-······-······-···-······
Pittsburgh.-......................
Great Lakes and Middle West •• _.
Sonthern •••• ·-·········-··········
Total •••••••••••••••• ··-··.----,-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
7
10
4
25
283
6. 9
8. 4
107
531
6. 1
6. 5
6. 7
332
85
6.1
9. 6
9.1
9. 5
9. 8
1,055
6. 5
9. 4
:
rn ::::::::::::····a"::::::======
1ig:i
~t: :m ::~
7
• 586
56. 0
406
49
160
163
2
6
5
14
52. 07
32. 80
88.8
===i===i=='F==t===i== =='==,==='==='==='•== - - - - - - - - 58. 9
154
1
96
18
14
17
5
3
92.6
35.93
.388
22. 85
59.9 1,088
29.97
8439
12
36
1
66.9
.448
26. 83
i~~
66
24
34.11
75.8
57. 6
636
.450
25.92
54
60
109 ···--· 143
59.1
.342
20.21
159 .••.•. •..•.• ••.••.
69
74
75.5 25.82
16 ••·•·· .••... ·-····
1
.
59. 0
2, 037
63
595
121
123
232
805
71
27
===============
72. 3
31. 39
. 434
25. 73
=---=
59
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
Table D (3) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of melters' first helpers and ladle cranemen in 1924 by districts and all districts combined. These two occupations are selected as representative of the spread or variation in
hourly earnings within the occupations in this department.
The average of hourly earnings for melters' first helpers in the
several districts was $1.064, and for ladle cranemen, 83.2 cents. The
range of earnings in the Eastern, Pittsburgh, and Southern districts
was much wider formelters' first helpers than for ladle cranemen, but
in the Great Lakes and Middle West districts the range of earnings was
approximately the same for each occupation.
TABLE D (3).-A VERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-OPENHEARTH FURNACES
!For explanation of this table see p. 15)
Occupation and district
Number of employees whose earnings per hour wereNum• Aver•
age
berof earn•
46 50 60 70 80 llO $1 $1.15 $1.30 $1.45 $1.60
em• ings and and and. and and cts. and
and and and
ploy• per un• un• un· un• un• and un• and
un• un• unees hour der der der der der un• der un•
der der der
der
50 60 70 80 90 der $1.15 $1. 30 $1.45
$1.60 $1.75
$1
cts. cts. cts. ots. ots.
KELTBBS' l'IBST HELPERS
Eastern ••••••••••••••••••••••
i~~~a'Ic~andMiddiewest"
Southern •••••••••••••••••••••
Total•••••••••••••••••••
69 $0.820
329 1.085
388 1.111
99 1.018
885
1.064
Eastern •••••••••••••••••••••.
Pittsburgh .•.•••••..•..•.....
Great Lakes and Middle West
Southern ••••••••••.••••••.•••
34
69
109
27
.626
.801
.920
.847
Total. ••••••••••••••••••
239
.832
---------
3
5
··i2· .. "g" ----12
17
1
17
2
1
2
1
22
LADLE CRANEKEN
1
11
7
3
-------------
21
7
5
3
6
34
45
25
15
38
89
9
10
141
101
29
3
76
93
19
..ia"
38
3
5
9
....i
7
----- ----21
14
54
36 110 151 281 191
8
= = - = - = = - =
1
12
3
----- ----- ----- ..--------------·e· 3312 2750 ··-;;31 ----- ------------- ···1· T ----4
17 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----3
1
13
2 ----7
55 ----- ----81
58
Including 1 at 33 cents.
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of employees in
the open-hearth furnaces are shown in detail by districts and all districts combined for the year 1924 in table E (3). The information
was obtained from 26 plants and covers 11,611 employees in all occu·
pations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns and night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week, as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees
are divided into three groups as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work nights only, and (c) those who alternate
or rotate weeklv from one shift to another. The order of arrangement begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
60
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-mc>N AND STEEL
basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been omitted where
the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or four
weeis.
In some instances in the table hours are reported for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fact
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved 1
day in 7 with no information available, however, as to which day;
therefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the relief indicated in the full-time hours per week.
In the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The :first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassed 23 men in the Eastern distri~~ 7 men in the Pittsburgh
district, 10 men in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, and 5
men in the Southern district, or a total of 45 men, worked on a day
job requiring them to work 7 days per week and 12 hours per day-a
total of 84 hours per week. The bracketed eighth and ninth lines
indicate that 9 men alternated from 6 days of 10 hours one week to
7 days of 10 hours the next week, making an average of 65 hours per
week.
In the third section of the table the :first line shows that 3 men in
the Eastern district and 3 men in- the Southern district alternated
from 7 turns of 10½ hours on day work to 7 turns of 13½ hours on
night work, averaging 84 hours per week. The fourth and filth
lines of this section show 17 men going from 7 day turns of 11 hours
to 7 night turns of 13 hours each, followed by 7 day turns of 11 hours
each and then 6 night turns of 13 hours each, making an average of
81 hours of labor per week.
When there are three 8-hour turns the second and third are tabu. ated as night turns.
TABLE E (3).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICTS-OPEN-
HEARTH FURNACES
[For explanation of this table see p. 15]
.
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of ei:f,loyees who worked
each speclft combination of custurns and hours, by dis-
~1:17
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Tums MonTurns Monper East- Pitts- and South
day Sat- Sun Per ~ day Sat- Sun Per week em burgh Mid- em Total
dle
to urto urFri- day day week
West
Fri- day day week
day
day
J:°k
DIPLOYBES WHO WOlllD DAY TURNS OWLY
7121212
M ------80½------77 ------12 ----- 72 -------
7
11½ 11½ 11½
7111111
6 12
7101010
7
6
6
~
70
l~l~, :
-~ ~ ~
11
11 -----
10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
----- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------
66½
------- ------ ----- ----- -----66
10 -----
.7
ll
ll
ll
6101010
------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ------ -----
611
. 60
68
}------ ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------------_,__,
------ _____
----- --------- ----------___
84
23
7
80½ ------- ------77
-------
72
-------
2
10
~
2
5
2
1
2 ------- ------174
51
66½ ------- ------- ------- . 82
66
10 ------- ------65
70
10
13'
e _______ _______
=::::::: :::::::
6ll
------- ------- -------
-----4
a
1
l:
45
46
6
2
369
82
10
ll
1
19
'9
61
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
E (3).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICTS-OPENHEARTH FURNACES-Continued
TABLE
Customary tums and hours worked
Number of e:::r,loyees who worked
each specifl combination of cus•
tomary turns and hours, by dlstrlct
Nlghttums
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Aver•
age
Great
hours
Lakes
per East-I Pitts- and South•
week em burgh Mid• em Total
Sat•
Per week day
Per
to ur• SUD•
dle
to Dr· SUD·
day
day
week
week
Fri• day
Fri• day
West
day
day
Tums Mon•
per
Tnms Mon•
per
week day Sat-
BXPLOYBBS WHO WOB.DD DAY TUB.NS ONLY-Continued
6
6
6
28
36
132
88
1 •••••••••••••••••••••
21
4
28
1
9 -···-·- ·····-· •••••••
-··-·-14
2
81
.2M
1
M
9
97
·····-· ···-·- ••••• ·-··· ••••••
55
. 78 •••••••••••••• -······
75
78
:
½g
8
~ ::::: ffl1,::::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: :::::: :~
10
5
~
8
6
To~- .•.
55
I
60
60
59
68
57
6
6
60
60
59
68
51
1·······
...... ..... ..... ......
·····-· •••••• ••••• ••••• ••••••
10 10 •••••
10 ••••• 10
10
9 •••••
10
8 •••••
9½ 9½ •••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••• •••••• ••••• ••••• ••••••
?: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
:
: ·"i"·
g: ::::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: :::::: g:
····-i- ··-·39·
8
8
8
8
48
48
-·-·-·- ···---·
-·-···47
8
·····-- ------ ----- ----- ------···--- ---·-- ----- ----- ------
48
48
:½. i__ ::::: __!!½ ::::::: :::::: ::::: ::::r:::: --~---=·
~
8½
1 ------156
11
30: :::~: :::~:
12
2
124
1
214
3
3
1,594
EMPLOYEES WHO WORXBD NIGHT TUB.NS ONLY
12
12 12
7
7 · 11½ 11½ 11½
10
10
7
10
10
6
10
10
10
10
6
10
10
6
7
8
8 ""g"8
6
8
8 ............. ""g""
6
84
84
~
·------ -------
60
60
60
56
48
48
'.l1
23
13
2
:
25
2
23 ------5
7
------- ------2 ------1 ------- ------- -------
------- -----.-
: -----~-
48
48
------- -------
13 -------
13
13
1
79
98
80½ --·---- ------ro
1
60
60
1 ------- -------
6
Total------- ----- ----- ------ ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ ------
12
1
6
DIPLOYBBS WHO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FB.011 ONE TURN TO AROTHU
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
'1
'1
6
6
7
'1
6
'1
6
7
10½
11
12
12
12
11
11
10
10
11
12
½~
10
10½
10½
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
10½ 10½
11
11
12 12
12 12
12
12
11
11
11
11
10 10
10
11 ............
12 12
10½
10½
10 10
----½~
½~
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
6
-iii-10
10
73½
77
84
84
84
77
77
70
60
66
84
74½
73½
70
69
63
66
84
70
60
70
60
70
"io"20167°-25t--3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
8
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
0
13½ 13½
13
13
12 12
12 12
12
13 -is"13
13
13
14
14
13
13
12 ............
13½
13½
12 12
13½
13½
13
10· ..........
10 10
13
11
10 -io-10 10
---------
---------
13½
13
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
13
12
:~
12
13½
13½
13
10
10
13
11
10
-----
94½
91
84
84
72
91
78
91
98
91
72
81
81
84
81
81
78
60
70
78
66
70
60 }
84
84
84
i
___ .,. ___
3
--·-----------
81
1
6
------..................
-------
3
10
151
17
6
11
157
17
...............
a
--·--2------------................. ---·--------77¼
-----------ii" ------77
................. ------75 -----.- ------- ................ ................
72
148 ................. -------- ----·-72
57 ------- ------- ------72
3 ---343- ----95- ------70
------1 ------- ------- ------69
19 ------- ------- ------68
31
26
153
46
7
3
4
148
57
3
438
1
111
404
80¾
80½
79
78½
78
771,4
65
3
----ai-
------151
26
8
.................
46
7
-------
404
------- ..............
6
62
WAGES ANl> HOURS 0:1!' LABOR-Ilr.ON AND STEEL
TABLE E (3).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICTS-OPENHEARTH FURN ACES-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
N u m ~ ~ who worked
of ous:1"7 turns combhlatfon
and hours, by dis·
•each
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Average
Turns MonTums Mon·
per day Batday Bat- Sun- Per week
to ur- day week
to ur- Sun- Per
day
Fri- day day week
Friday
day
J:t
IKPLOYBBS 'WHO ALTBBll'ATID 'WIIKLY :no•
10
10
10
---------
I~
··o·
-----
8
fl
7
8
7
7
7
s·
8
8
8
8
8
8
11½ 8
7
8
11
8
7
8
10½
8
58½
7
8
5
8
53
7
8
10
8
68
7
8
7
8
.8
6
8
I
11
11½ 8
li6
59¾
59
67½
8
56
8
-----
48
12
7
8
8
8
11
8
8
8
60
56
GO
7
8
10½
8
58½
7
8
10
8
ll8
7
8
7
8
11½ 8
67½
J:t
Great
Lakes
East- Pitts- and South- Total
em burgh Mid- em
die
West
on TUBJI TO
AllfOTHD-Continued
------·-···s· ...............
----------22 ------} 63¼ -------····s· ""iii½ "iii½ --iii-- 63
8
10 10
70
10
60
10 10
70
10
60
10½ --9-- 63
9
9
63
····1· ---i}"- ""i}""
··03··
6 10½ 8
~
10
10 ·io·· 60
6
6 10 10 .......... 60
60
6 10 10
10
6
~
8
7
8 12
7
6
7
6
6
7
hours
l
66
6
7
6
10
10
10
·io··
10
10
10
60
70
60
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
9
9
""i}""
9
9
9
9
9
11¼
10
63
63
63
} 63
63
60
60
60
60
li6
li6
li6
li6
1~
10 10
10
10
10 .......... "ii,""
10
10
8 12
8
··s··
8
8
8
8
8 "ii""
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 12
8
8
8
8 "if" 8
8
8
8 "ii"" 8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 ""g"" 8
8
8
8
8 ........... 8
8 ........... 8
8 ......... 8
8
8
8 ...........
8
8 ...........
8
8
8 ..........
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 .. ........
8
8
8
8
8 ..........
··s-··s··
··s--
-----------------------------------------
66
63¾ 62¼
60
60
60
48
48
61
56
60
48
60
48
59
48
li6
56
48
56
48
56
56
48
6
·····2·
6
...............
------- ------6
16
····28·
------- ------- --··45·
176
------· ------------67¾
18 ............. .............. ------17 .............. ------56 ------li6 .............. ------383 ..............
60
-·--i1" ··-·i9"
1,480 2,628
6
3
8
8
551/, .............
339
261
1
------- ------1 ------~ ...............
------82 ------·
116¼ ------------511 ------3 ------- ------.
M ------32 ------- ------531/1 .............
53H
56
56
} 63¼
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
}o ..............
52
51ff
14
2i
------1G
-------
46
8
273
------436
------- ------... .............
7 ------' ...............
..............
57
............
9li
51~
-------
G6
Ill½ ...............
lllU
.. .............
306
8
9
7
8
8½ 8
8
rn
------
116½
li6
7
6
6
8
6
6
8
12
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52
6
6
6
48
6
56
lftll/1
-------
15
................
82
8
116
48
89
1~
48
722,
383
4, ~G
3Gl
8
1
82
3
82
14
376
7U
16
19
7
rn
111
48
73
176
36
18
17
11G
..............
~
6
5
16
.. ............. ...............
111
~
8
------- ------8 ------- -------
------..............
------8
8
899 -------------8
··s··
8 .......... 48
..............
~
48
----------3 ------- ------'9U ----------48
----8 ----- 48
48
206 ------48
----8
8 ----48
------- ------- ' ------Total. ------ .......... .......... ............ .............. -----· ----- ---- -----4,0IK
-----7
6
10
22
4,229
914
a
1G
111
981
119
3
422
'
9,919
63
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
Of the total number of open-hearth furnace employees reported,
6,028, or 52 per cent, worked 7 days per week all tlie time and 3,705
or 32 per cent, worked a week of 7 turns at least once every three
or four weeks. As to hours of labor, 753, or 6 per cent of all employees,
worked 12 hours per day, 2,143, or 18 per cent, worked 10 liours
per day, and 8,376, or 72 per cent, worked e. day of 8 hours.
Of the 753 12-hour workers, 246 worked 7 de.vs per week and
242 worked a 7-day week part of the time. Of the 2,143 employees
who worked a day of 10 hours, 820 worked 7 days per week and 516
worked 7 da_ys per week a part of the time. A large majority of
the 8,376 8-hour workers worked 7 days per week-4, 766 all the
time, and 2,946 a part of the time. The basic :figures are set forth
by districts in the following table. A few minor groupings do not
appear in this summary.
In prep8.!'4>,g the summary the regular hours per turn an employee
worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless of the length
of his turn Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (3)
Number of employees who worked
specffled days and holll'II
Item
Eastem
dis-
trlct
Great
Pitts- Lakes
and South•
burgh Middle
em
Total
dis·
dis·
West trlct
trlct
distrlct
987
4,361
4,943
46
2,036
3,341
830
Total open•hesrth furnace employees •••••••••••••••••
Employees who worked7-day week all the time••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
7-dsy week part of the time ••••••••••••••.•••••••.
12 or more hOlll'II per day ••••• - •••••••••••••••••••
362
446
7-day week and 12 or more hOlll'II per day all of the
time ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••••••.•
7-dsy week and 12 or more hours per day part of
the tlmR ·•·•·•••••--•••••·•••••••·•••·•••••••··
10-hOlll'II per day••••••••
26
157
278
7-day week and 10 hOlll'II per day all the time•••••.
7-day week and 10 holll'II per day part of the time.
8 hours per day .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.
220
462
3,288
7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time••••••.
7-dsy week and 8 hours per day part of the time.••
10
121
1,534
1,568
---------------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
31
2,066
76
1,320 11,611
605
6, O'J8
Percent
of
total
100
52
32
41
'57
190
a,~
H
85
171
2(8
80
968
6
671
19
226
242
2,143
18
478
274
6
9
2
58
14
9
820
516
7
4
4,159
2,957
822
711
8,376
4,766
2,946
41
265
435
72
25
PUDDIJNG MILLS
Data for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 17 puddling mills
and cover 3,428 employees in all occupations. Of the total number
of employees reported, 2,828 are found in the principal productive
occupations for which separate fu?ures are given. Wages and hours
of labor in this department were rust obtained for the year 1914 and
comparative figures are presented for the years 1914 to 1924.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, the
average full-time hours per week of employees remained unchanged
in 1924 .as compared with 1922 and is ·only 4 per cent less than in
1914, the :first year in which information was obtained for this department. Prior to the summer of 1923 the 12-hour shift had been
practically eliminated, and the general redu,ction in hours of labor
m the iron and steel industry in the latter part of that year did not
affect employees in this department.
The study shows that there was an increase of 51 per cent in earnings -per hour in 1924 as compared with 1922, and the 1924 average
is 134 per cent greater than that for 1914-in other words, approximately 2¾ times the hourl_y e a ~ of 1914. The increase m the
1924 earnings, however, did not equal the decrease in 1922, and the
a~erage hourly earnings for 1919 and 1920 are still higher than the
1924 figUres.
The puddljng mill produces wrought iron by oxidizing and removing most of the silicon, carbon, manganese, and phosphorus contained
in pig iron, the operation being conducted on the hearth of a reverberatoiy furnace. On account of the intense heat and heavy
l_abor involved in the puddling operation fewer workmen than
formerly are taking up the puddlmg trades, as men can earn as much
money in other s:folled operations and work under more favorable
conditions. This shortage of apprentices has been mainly responsible for the combination "level-handed" which is reflected in
the number of furnaces in operation.
For several years experiments have been made with mechanical
puddling devices to counteract this shortage of labor and some
compa.mes have installed eq_uipment at ~onsidera.ble expense. As
yet, however, no mechanical method has been devised that will
produce wrought iron in large quantities with uninterrupted success.
The work of bushelers is practically the same as that of puddlers,
except that scrap iron insteacl of pig iron is charged into the furnaces.
The most s~cant facts concerning average earnings and aver~e hours in each of the principal productive occupations of puddlin!
mills are shown in Tab1e A (4). Rollers and their -crews are not
shown for every plant reported. In some plants the money for total
tonnage rolled was paid in a lump sum to the roller wlio was responsible for the work, and in a few such instances it was impossible
to ~t__reliable data as to wages paid individuals in the rolllii2 crew.
While the customary working time of the principal proauctive
occupations as a whole showed no change in 1924 as compared with
1922, the average full-time hours per week were increased in some
occupations and decreased in others. For example, shearmen's
1
No data were collected for the yeen 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, and lD'JS.
64
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65
PUDDLING MILIB
•
helpers in 1914 customarily worked 58 hours per week and continued
to work approximately those hours until 1919. In 1920 the average
offull-time hours per week was increased to 60.9, dropped to 55.1 m
1922, and was further decreased to 50.5 in 1924.
Average earnings per hour increased in each of the 20 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1919 and 1920. The 1920 figures are higher in each
occupation than those for 1924, and the averages for 1919 are greater
in some occupations but lower in others. The average of earnings per
hour of puddlers, level-handed, for example, was 41.6 cents in 1914
and 39.2 cents in 1915. In 1919, o ~ to war conditions, the
. average was increased to $1.101, and this mcrease was continued to
$1.227 in 1920. In 1922 the average dropped back to 62.9 cents
and was increased to $1.051 in 1924. TabieA (4) shows like figures
for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week followed very closely the course
of average earnings per hour, as changes in full-time hours per week
were very slight as compared with those in hourly earnings.
Pudd.1.i!ig mills are usually in operation 6 days and 5 nights per
week with an average turn of about 9 hours in length, and Table A
(4) shows that the hours worked by- these employees as a whole were
quite generally less than those worked in otlier departments, exceEt
sheet and tin-plate mills. Only two occupations, stockers and roll
engineers show any employees working over 72 hours per week in
1924, and in only one occupation, roll engineers, are any employees
reported who had a working week of as many as 84 hours.
Todex numbers for full-trme hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time earnings per week are also contained in Table A (4).
These are simply percentages computed from the· averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1914 as the base or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occupations combined) are shown on page 5.
TABLE A (4).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1914 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-PUDDLING MILLS
·
[For explanation of this table AverNum• Aver• Aver-
Occupation
and year
:M.
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920 •••••••
1922•••••••
11124 •••••••
Paddlers:
(19H-Ul0)
28
28
11
15
13
17
1914 •••••••
13
1915 •••••••
13
7
1919 •••••••
8
1920•••••••
9
1922•••••••
11
11124•••••••
I Lella than l per 08Dt.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average fllll•time ours per week
were-
Full-
48
~
der der
week
lc:r
57.6 $0. 20li $1L 78
58.1
11.86
59.9 .486 29.11
4fl1 61.3
.004 31.30
214 58.9 .306 23.'64
188 117.& .480 'O.SO
100
101
101
106
102
100
100
100
237
246
193
234
100
101
247
266
201
233
12
10
22. 76
20. 4/i
57.31
100
100
90
33.49
89
06
100
94
'01
315
165
219
252
2M
147
211
300
304
141
458
'22
176
187
203
293
.:m
M.8
52.4
li0.9
49.2
'8.5
52.8
.416
.390
Ll26
1.311
.687
64.69
,912 '8.10
per
06
93
90
Over
time
48
Over
60
OveI
72
der
72
der
earn• and and 60 and 72 and 8'
lngs UD· UD•
UD•
UD·
~
week
Stockers:
Index numbers
Num• ber ~ age
ber
of time earn• time Full·
Inga earn• time Earn•
of
8ID·
lngs hours Inga
plants ploy• hours
ees per
lc:r
p. 18)
60
45
42
11
11
1
8
1
12
32
59
2
2
31
37
44
3
69
98
98
63
56
97
8'
-
----- ---34
---61
55
-------53
---'O
------------·-------- .......... ---- ----- ........
.......
.......... ........
-------- ------- ----- ........
------- --------- ---- -------11
12
15
29
7
13
30
1
1
2 :::::
3
(1) ... i.
l
66
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON A.ND STEEL
•
TABLE A (4).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1914 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-PUDDLING MILLS-Continued
,
Occupation
and year
Num• Num•
ber
ber
of
of
em•
plants ploy
81',S
~
Puddlers, level
handed:
cent of em~oyees whOIIII
Index numbers Per
average full•time ours per week
Aver•
(19U=l00)
wereage
Aver• full•
age time
earn• earn•
Over
Over
Over
ings ings Full· Earn• Full·
time 48 48
60
72
per
time ings earn•
per
and
and
and
hour week hours per ings un• UD• 60 UD• 72 and
84
UD•
week
per
per der der
der
der
week hour week
60
72
84
Aver•
age
full.
time
hours
per
-
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
17
8116
17
924
512
9
11
860
12
936
16 1,275
49.3 $0.416 $20.37
48.0
.392 18. 60
48.8 1.101 53. 73
50.8 1.227 62.25
47.0
.629 29.22
45. 7 L051 48.39
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 ••••••.
15
15
9
9
9
56. 2
52.8
11
259
53.2
1914 •••••••
1915 .••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922•••••••
1924 .••••••
4
18
19
41
22
25
25
50. 4
53. 6
46.0
44.8
45. 7
46.3
1914 .•••.••
1915 •••••..
1919 ••••••.
1920•••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 ..••••.
6
6
6
4
8
·47.1
11
98
67
197
179
206
161
12
12
5
3
6
6
112
1915 ••••.•.
1919.•••••.
1920••••..•
1922•••••..
1924•••••.•
1914 •••••••
1915•••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 .••••••
1922_ ••••••
1924 ..••••.
9
9
1
1
2
4
25
27
2
4
8
11
51.0
50.9
55.0
61.8
53.8
52.8
1914•••••••
1915 ••••••.
1919- •••••.
1920•••••..
1922•••••.•
1924 •••••••
8
8
48
52
2
18
25
20
52. 3
52.3
65. 0
57.0
54. 7
54.3
.450 23.99
.583 31.59
1914 ..•••••
1915 ••.••••
1919 ..•••••
1920 .••••••
1922 .••••••
1924 ..•••••
25
25
77
68
26
38
32
36
54.3
53.9
52.9
53.2
51.0
51. 7
,201
.199
,656
,656
,365
,525
1914 ..•••••
1915 .••••••
1919 .••••••
1920.••••••
1922 ••.••••
1924 •••••••
23
23
12
12
13
47
45
25
24
28
31
66.9
,239
.242
.535
.674
.425
.631
Puddler's
helpers:
Busbelers:
Bushelers,
level handed:
Busheler's
heffff~~ •••••
Heaters:
Heaters' help.
ers:
llloom boys:
Roll engineers:
4
4
2
4
4
1
1
2
4
11
13
10
14
H
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
475
456
190
96
100
99
265
103
95
93
94
296
151
253
100
.:m 11. 78
.895 35.17
.859 42.37
.421 20.59
.590 31.28
100
96
92
89
88
96
23.14
22. 03
46.40
49.46
37.46
53.85
100
106
91
89
91
20.07
19.37
66.12
77.85
32. 71
57.41
100
97
49.0 $0.264 $12. 79
50.0
.246 12.09
42.6
.626 26.67
4:W,
.754 32. 76
,522 23.09
44.0
43. 7
.674 29. 76
100
100
87
89
90
89
286
• 709 36.28
• 730 36.37
50.«I
209 49.4
153 48. 7
82
49
77
51
.241
100
97
45. 7
41.4
41,4
43.4
45.6
66.9
65.2
72.5
65.4
64.7
.462
.413
.987
1.104
.818
L148
.418
.419
L573
1.894
• 739
1.257
L165
1.426
.915
L349
.311
.308
.577
,546
13.25
92
88
88
92
WT
93
288
356
175
245
100
89
214
239
177
249
100
100
376
453
177
301
100
93
237
100
91
264
306
143
238
100
89
265
320
155
236
100
95
196
•2H
162
233
100
97
324
388
163
286
100
95
209
256
198
181
255
233
100
100
108
121
105
104
100
103
164
201
129
190
100
103
182
250
100
100
105
109
105
104
100
99
186
176
145
188
203
10.79
10.62
34. 70
34.79
18.20
26.34
100
100
99
WT
98
,326
94
326
182
95
261
244
15.92
16.14
34.88
48.79
'J!l.87
34.45
100
100
97
108
98
97
100
100
101
219
306
175
216
64. 08
88.13
48.38
72.36
16.63
16.63
31. 74
31.12
99
101
224
282
178
222
137
205
100
99
199
153
49
65
26
23
59
45
50
46
----..........
5
100
98
16
18
'J:l
34
41
322
169
---- ----- ------- ·-------------- ----·-------------------..........
------------------ ----- ---- ----- ----
.. ......... ------- ----- --------------------........
---- -------- --------- ---30
.. .......
-------37
----- ---- ----- ------4
---- ----- ------- ----67 ---- ----- --·-- ----33
---16
84 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---37 ---- ----- ---- ----63
---95
5 ---- ----- ---- .......... ---96
4 ---- ----- ---- ----- --·52 ---- ----- ........
48
----- ........
53
47 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---........
64
36
---- ----1 ---99
---- --------- -------- ---4 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---96
86
14 ---- ----- ---- .......... .........
70
30 ........ ----- -·----50
50 ---- ···5· ---- ----- ---42
53 ------- ----- ---18 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---82
98
2 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---83
17 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---71
29 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---48 « ---8 ---- ----- ---« 48
8 ---- ----- -------- 100 ------- ·ioo· ---------- --------- -·----- ----- ---··oo· ··oo· ----------9
91 ---- --·--- ---- ----2
2
33
202
322
61
35
74
77
40
65••
2;i
..........
12
98
98
67
70
63
96
29
35
100
100
100
95
73
68
54
53
28
67
9
9
16
--------14
7
19
6
------------ --------
13
8
---12
8
---- --------------- ------·
------------ ------- --------------- ----- ---- ----- ------5
6 ---- ----- ---12 ---- ----3
-------- ---··ii 195 ---........ ----16 ---- ----- ---16
---8
3 ---- ----- ---4 ---11
45 32
4
11
40 36
4
4
4
6
32
29
54
35
12
38
7
13
16
8
14
13
···s
21
···o
67
PUDDLING MILIB
TABLB
A (4).-,AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK
EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1914 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-PUDDLING MILLS-Continued
Index numbers.
AverNum• Aver- Aver• age
Occupation
and year
Num• ber
ber
of
of
em•
plants ploy
ees
/:M.
=
~
age
earn•
ings
lc:r
(1913-100)
Per cent of employees whose
average full.tfme hours per week
were-
full•
time
earn• Fullings time Eam•
per hours ings
week ~
J:'r
Over
Ovm
Full·
Over
time 48 48
60
72
earn• and and 60 and 72 and 84
lngs nn• un•
unun•
per der der
der
der
week
60
84
72
Rollers:
66 53.1 $0.573 $29.38
64 52.4 • 583 29.89
47.0 1. 84.3 86.62
1914••••••.
191/L •••••.
1919.••••••
1920••••••.
1922•••••••
19'J4••••••.
2'
2'
12
12
12
16
38
31
33
42
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
19'J4 •••••••
20
71
1914 •••••••
1915 ••••••.
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922•••••••
19'J4•••••••
27
27
12
13
13
16
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
19'J4•••••••
27
27
12
13
12
16
Rougher&:
Catchers:
Hook•ttps:
Roll hands,
other:
191'•••••••
1915•••••••
1919••••••• ·
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
19'J4 •••••••
Hotbed men:
20
8
10
10
12
8
8
3
6
5
5
69
26
33
43
45
91
88
34
42
65
69
97
94
34
37
50
54
17
14
11
16
16
15
50.8
48.4
61.2
6L9
61.8
45.2
49.7
47.2
50.4
63.4
52.8
48.2
50.7
47.9
50.9
M.4
81
67
84
M.2
M.2
52.0
57.0
50.3
62.5
1914•••••••
1916.-•••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
11122•••• _••
192'•••••••
19
19
11
13
13
16
43
39
67.8
57.8
28 57.6
46 55.2
38 52.4
36
52.6
58.0
1922.·--·-·
192'••••• -.
20 ,110
20
109
9
67
70
10
13
84
16
96
1914•••• _••
2'
Shearmena'
hel~:
1 14•• _••••
1916•• _••••
1919•••
- •••
1920
_______
Laborers:
1915.-·-·-·
1919. -·····
1920·-··--1922...·-·-·
192'•••••••
24
12
15
12
17
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58. l
57.6
60.9
55.1
60. 6
322 59.5
303 57.6
236 64.1
«o
382
341
65.3
59.2
59.5
218
96
298
323
91
97
135
201
18.99
18.89
61.17
64.07
27.28
42. 76
100
100
100
351
357
158
13.58
12.40
100
99
95
49.64
21.57
33.02
llK
95
254
14.76
16. 86
81.64
48.94
24.00
30.12
100
103
98
99
99
100
103
218
331
164
195
13.10
12.98
34.06
38.21
20. 91
30.01
100
100
100
99
267
105
93
97
.670
13. 70
14. 40
30. 41
36. 73
23. 76
29.80
100
101
101
96
91
92
.192
.196
.473
11.23
100
100
27.M
99
.38ll
.513
21.09
105
,95
26. 77
ff1
'Jr,7
.178
.167
10. 35
9.66
27.95
30-41
18.«
21.31
100
100
108
110
99
100
176
1.298
1.407
.5frl
.877
.362
.363
1.269
1.291
.572
.856
.261
.233
.286
.295
117
112
96
100
102
322
383
1157
100
100
fr/
6L9
63.6
60. 7
6Lli
61.6
53.9
99
89
96
91
22.17
21.69
58.67
68. 75
27.69
43.35
.862
.868
26
26
11
13
12
16
Shearmen:
.436
.426
53.8
51.8
56.5
48.0
51.9
191'•••••••
1915•••••••
1919•••••••
1920.••••••
1922•••••••
19'J4•••••••
66
2.197 108.15
.899 42.95
L262 63.66
100
.457
.638
.624
.946
.469
.659
.2'6
.243
.665
.666
.416
.571
.239
.247
.628
.662
.455
«.66
11.60
.ll27 82.2'
.436
.457
.305
.356
99
90
95
90
95
88
llK
96
'11
100
98
236
100
93
343
346
182
272
170
233
100
103
221
277
190
238
100
102
2'6
274
201
'11
252
264
205
100
102
295
368
146
217
100
98
265
310
125
196
100
99
322
337
144
225
100
91
329
366
159
243
23
25
53
29
52
29
39
41
64
39
47
2'
21
22
47
33
45
23
19
19
32
8
78
19
68
63
47
68
42
62
62
6
51
67
3
60
4
4
61
50
59
18
72
82
163
21K
-----
40
100
99
21
59
54
57
69
30
74
332
260
202
160
229
100
105
222
268
22
27
··oo·
19
-----
···;;·
2
173
218
42
28
100
102
..........
243
287
188
..ff
24
64
55
73
73
60
56
67
71
39
60
60
58
63
30
42
229
48
35
100
93
..........
36
49
--------206 -----
9
31
«
270
294
178
···r
6
9
...........
------- --------- ----
-------------6
........ ----- ...........
1, ............
«
3
-·-45
3
12 ---- -----------36
-----------.if
48
........... ----- ----------47
7 .T ---- ----- ---64
4
---- ----- ---69
4
6 ---- ----- ---68
6
6
............. ---63
---- --------- -------
18
21
45
27
33
100
108
215
3
3
..ii" ----- ---- --------- ----- ---6 ..•a"
----
22
4
----- ---- ----- ---__ .,._
---- ..........
----- .........
··-;;- ........
18 ........ ----- ----
------------ ----------------4
-------···a·
4
---- ----- ------------- ...........
----- ---··ir ------------- ----- ------- -----------·z;· ----- ---27 --------- -------- ---------- ----3
16 ---- ----- ---21 ---- ----- ---4
16 ---- ----- ---27 ---- ----- ........
3
7 ---- ------ ---·2
5 ---- ----- ........
21
19 ---- ----- ---18
26 ---- ----- ---18 ---- ----- ---18
18
9 ---- ----- ---11
8
17 ---6
---- --------- ------81 ---- ----- ........
9
33 ---- ----- -......
9
35
----.ii. 54
1 .......... _---6
29 ---- ----- ---·
13 ---- ----- ---4
---42 21
1 ----- ---36 16
----- ---14
56
6 ----- ---33
22 35 ----- ---35
34 ---- ........... ---30
26 ---- ----- ---·
6
··,·
16
18
27
.......
68
WAGES AND HOURS OF LA.BOR-IOON AND STEEL
The customal'Y.' working time _per week of all employees covered in
the puddling mill department m each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915,
1920, 1922,· and 1924,2 has been classified and the number and per
cent of employees coming under each classification are shown in
Table B (4) .
. Puddling mills are most commonly operated 6 days and 5 nights
per week, although in periods of slaclt business the ~ht shift is
often not workedt and in some instances the day shifts m addition
.
are reduced to 5 days per week.
In 1924, 62 per cent of all employees covered worked 5 days
and 6 days per week alternately, 26 per cent worked 6 days per
week, 8 per cent worked 5 daYf!, and 2 per cent worked 5 days,
5 days, and 6 days in rotation. Very few employees in this department are continuously employed, and only 2 per cent worked ·7
days per week regularly.
TABLE B (4).-NUMBER AND. PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO
CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-PUDDLING
MILLS
.
[For explanation of this table see p. 13)
Number of employees whose customary working days per week
wereDistrict and year
Per cent of em~oyees whose
oustomary wor ng days per
week were-
Num•
Num• 'ber of
berof em•
plants ploy.
ees
Eastern:
1914•••••••••.••
1915••••••••.•••
1920••••••••••••
1922••••••••••••
1934••••••••••••
Pittsburgh:
1914•••••••••••.
1915••••••••••••
1920••••••••••••
1922••••••.•••••
1934••••••••••••
Great Lakes and
Middle West:
,914. •••••••••••
1915••••••••••••
1920••••••••••••
1922••••••••••••
1934••••••••••••
Southern:
1914••••••••••••
1915•••••••••.••
193:l••••••••••••
1922••••••••••••
1924••••••••••••
Total:
1914.•••••••••••
1916••••• - ••••••
1920••••••••••••
1922.•••••••••••
1924••••••••••••
Ii and 5, 5,
6 alter• and6
inro-
5
nately tatioll
388
9
9
4
6
6
1,656
1,506
618
874
1,045
882
1
340
5
7
7
5
3
5
1,580
1,640
1,099
874
1,313
7
5
6
1
40
8
8
913
850
997
599
515
3
2
3
5
6
8
8
3
457
476
649
512
555
29 4,606
29 4,472
16
13
17
3,863
2,859
3,428
------6
4
104
205
206
3
135
129
600
1,093
16
480
278
--------·-365 -----------
6
987
239
852
71
154
167
402
542
------
200
36
204
53
190
3
1T4
147
114
123
337
329
293
377
132
98
267
7
64
1,342
1,265
920
538
1,121
446
453
827
114
118
216
107
147
2,889
2,238
2,015
1,887
2,127
285
--------------------------365
497
430
425
67
124
29
337
136
150
413
246
256
681
595
865
662
884
6and
7 al•
ter•
nately
16
16
····4·
8
4
2
-----.••.ii"
6
6
2
2
5and
6 al·
7
26
6
4
11
13
23
59
(I)
39
(I)
60
27
88
42
17 ' ~
17 I)
6
1
22 (1)
19
8
........ ---.T ·-r
2
3
-----------
2
2
17
21
2
21
26
21
46
25
2 35
9
16
66
66
·~
ter• !'Dd6 6
nate- .m
ly
...........
····a·
5
tation
------ 13
·----.............. 11
6and
7 al·
ter-
7
nately
1
1
14
..............
18
16
··c•r·1
2
(1)
1
1
1
85
77
2
12
84
6
62
85
22
(1)
11
9
10
14
9
~I
··c r·
1
·1
1
3
1
49
53
36
34
14
·1.
1
... i
1
20
65
1
38
89
12
45
25
25
33
------
-----..............
30
32
64
26
............
46
1
(1)
4
4
15
13
1·
1
1
1
19
m
2
2
43
(')
26
23
13
21
(I)
17
8
82
34
21
63
60
60
47
62
.............
..............
8
11
13
15
2
12
27
5
65
48
26
26
----·1
~I
........
------ (1)1
............
............. ~~
·3
l
I Less than 1 per cent,
1 These 6 years are the only ones In which data were collected ooverlng all principal productive and
other ocoupatio118.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUDDLING MILIB
69
·Table C (4) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees in the principal productive occupa:..
tions in the 17 puddling mills covered in 1924. The occupations
have been arranged as nearly- as possible in the order of production,
and figures are shown for each district and all districts combined for
each occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, stockers, the 152
positions were kept filled by a total of 188 men during the pay period
scheduled. As stated in the explanation of this taole, on page 14,
many of the employees worked only part time in this occupation
and 188 men were necessary to keep tlie 152 positions :filled. However., it mus_t not be assumed that these employees worked only as
stockers during the period. Many of them worked in other occupations, and the number of employees shown in the seJ>arate occupations in the following table can not be combined as the number of
employees who worked in the principal productive occupations in
this department.
The average customary full time of the 188 men working in the
152 positions was 5.7 turns per week, 10.1 hours per turn~ and 57.4
hours per week. These averages are for all distncts comt>ined and
do not show the extreme range of the :figures for the several districts.
The average of full-time hours _per weelc in the Southern district, for
example, was only 52.3, while m the Great Lakes and Middle West
district the average was 65.8 hours.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 188
employees, 112, or 60 per cent, worked less than 60 hours per week,
while the remaining 76, or 40 per cent, ranged from 60 to 84 hours.
The average hourly earnings of stockers ranged from 43.7 cents
in the Southern distnct to 51. 7 cents in the Pittsburgh district, with
an average of 48 cents for all districts combined. Average earnings
for the half-month period reached the high point in the Pittsburgh
district, $59.38, and employees in that district also worked more
hours at this occupation tban those in any of the other three districts,
or an average of 115 hours. These averages are only for the occupation under consideration and do not include earnings that employees
may have made in other occupations during the same period.
The range for average full-time earnings per week of stockers was
from $22.83 in the Southern district to $30.07 in the Pittsburgh
district. The average for all districts was $27.50.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE C (4:).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-PUDDLING MILLS
[See exp]anatlon on p. a of acUuatment of time worked and earnings raoelved)
Employees working In IIOheduled pay period (16 days) at apecifled occupation
Positions
Average customary
full•tlme of em•
p]oyees In the positiODB
Num•
berof
plants Num•
ber
Turns Hours Hours
per
weak
J:i
Aver-
'.Number whOl!le customary full•tlme homll per weak wereNum•
ber
~
Aver-
Over
o-;:
Over
and and
and
116 and
UD·
«
UD·
«
1lll-
48
der der
1lll-
116
der
00
der
48
116
Average
earn•
Over
OJoer
h ~ lnlnp
72 M worked
and
and
00 UD• 72 UD• and
~
der
der over
72
Average
earn•
Inga
~
time
earnInga
~ ~
84
Stockers:
Eastern.. •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh.. ••••••••••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West. ••
Southern.. •••••••••••••••••••••••
3
-------
17
Eastern••••••••••••••••••••••••••
8
Total.
Paddlers:
Pittsburgh.. ••••••••••••••••••••••
Southern••••••••••••••••••••••••
Total•••••••••
Paddlers, level handed:
Eastern. •••••••••••••••••••••••••
=r.fe.
and Middle West•••
S o u t h e r n - - - -....
Total. •••••.•
Paddlers' helpers:
Eastern
Plttsburab
Southern.
Total. ••••
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
42
32
19
6
11
a
5.8
5. 7
5.6
9.8
10.3
lLII
9.3
5.7
M.1
58.2
811.8
62.3
1 ····- •••••
41
8
9
28 ••••• •••••
3
7 •••••••••••••••
12
8 •••••
1 •••••
9
36 ····- ••••••••••
26 ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• 1 •••• •••••
26 ••••• ••••• •••••
1 1.....
105.0 $60.42 $0.480
115.0 59.38
.617
86.6 38. 74
.468
87.7 38.26
.431
ao. 07
29. 79
22.83
152
5.7
10.1
11
5.11
5.11
5.7
9.6
8.7
9.2
11
187
&.Ii
9.6
112.8
i ==·6==:= ===== .~ ===== ==
2
3
78
66
5. 7
5.11
8. 0
8.6
46.5
47.6
860 ••••• 4.24 ••••• 426 ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• • ••••••• •
89 24 ••••• 65 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
80
11 61 ••••• ••••• ••••• 14 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
16
967
u
8.7
46. 7
6
3
2
170
6
11
5. 11
5.6
5. 7.
9. 7
8. 7
9.2
63.4
47.9
63.1
234 •••••••••• ···-· 234 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••
7 ·-·3 ·---·
4. ••••••••••.•••••••••••••• ···-- .••••
18
7 ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• 11 •••••••••• ••••• ·--·- •••••
60.8
28.80
.474
3L37
44.27
25.14
11
187.
5.5
9.6
53.2
259
SU
60.10
.590
8L28
3
2
= 118.0
47.9
58.l
188
1 ••••• •••••
94
8
9
24
60
1
100.6
$26.98
170
6
=
67.4.
69
49 ····- ••••• •••••
« .................... ·-·-· .....
48.34
.480
74.9 67.69
97.8 120.34
60.0 M.07
.SIM
27.MI
L280
.889
18.98
6Q.6
94.9
7L93
9U6
L421
.995
64.65
47.38
69.8
73.33
L061
47.92
47.21
===== ===== ===== =====i========l====I===
74.6 67.93
.912
48.10
l===i===l===l=====l====,1===+==~==1==1==1===;==11===:=l===l===l===l===l====l====t-===
168
6
5.3
9.2
36.6
64.4. l!0.02
.776
27.64
2511 ••••• ••••• ••••• 2511 •••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• •••••
5.11
Ii
660
8. 7
48.0
7Ll 78.51
L lOll
ll&OI
2118
1,275
6
12
2 ••••• 273 ••••• , 12 ••••• 1••.•.
29 485
65
682 •••••
--··· .•... ··•··
14 ·····'--··· •••••••••••••••
==l==•l===l==l===l====I=====
87.0 IILOII
.687
77,6 7L73
.9'J4
7
3 ••••• 238 •••••
11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
48.39
==='~=1==='==11========='====-
-:r
0
Bushelers:
Eastern .••••••••••••••••••.•.••.•
Southern.•••••••••••••••••••••••
Total.-------
7
2
2
11
5.5
5.1
9.7
8.2
53.6
41.6
59.6
42.4
67.86
49.17
1. 139
1.159
61.03
48. 20
18
8. 8
46. 3
25
12 ••••. ••••. 11 .....
2 ..•.•••.•••....•.••.•••••
50.0
57.39
1.148
- -4 - =
-5.-3 - =
---==
----=---------=--==,1==1===~===1====~
B~~~-~~~.............
Pit&abllrKb.......................
Gnat Lakes and Middle West...
Southern........................
2
4
3
2
8
30
77
9
5.5
5. 4
5. 5
5.1
9. 8
8. 9
8. 0
8. 2
53. 8
48. 2
44.1
Total .•.•.•••.••••••••.•••••••.
11
124
5.5
8. 3
45. 6
2
2
2
7
20
11
5.5
5. 2
5.1
9. 7
8. 0
8. 2
Total••.•••••••.••••.•.•••••••.
6
38
5. 2
8.4
Heaters:
Eastern. .••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh••••••••..••••.•...••••
Great Lakes and Middle West .••
Southern••••••••••••••••••••••••
1
1
1
1
Bushelers' helpers:
Eastern•••••••.•.•...•.•.••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West•••
Southern••••••••••••••••••••••••
11 •.••• •···· ••.•• 11 •••••..••• ••••• ••••••..••••••••••••
14
12 ••••.••••. •·•·• ••·•·
2 ••••••.•••.•••.••••.•••••
- -=
4
Total..•...••••.•.••.••••••••••
=Heaters' helpers:
Eastern..........................
1
Pittsburgh.......................
1
1
Great Lakes and Mi<ldle West...
Southern........................
1
1
3
5. 5
5. 5
5. 0
5. 5
10
5.5
4
2
--
J .... ····· ····· ····· ····· ·····
49.2
52.1
5o. 2
33.1
44.43
69.31
66.52
31.23
.902
1.331
1.325
.943
48. 54
64.16
58.42
39.62
2 ••••• ••••• •••••••••••••••
49.4
62. 09
1.257
57.U
53.6
41.5
41.6
12 ••••• •••• ••••• 12 ••••• •••••••••• ••••• •••••••••••••••
23
23 ••••• ••••• .•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••
16
13 ••••• ••••• ••••• •••••
3 ••••• ••••• .••••••••• •·•••
54. 6
42. 6
37. 2
36.14
31. 16
22.05
.662
• 731
.593
35.47
30.34
24.66
43. 7
51
43.7
42. o
20 ••••• ••••• .•••• 20 •••
42 ••••• 15 ••••• 27 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
88
55 ••••• 33 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
11
9 ••••• .•••• ••••• ••••• 2 •.•••••••••••.••.••••••••
161
64
15
33
36 ••••• ••·•·
47
3 ••••••••••••••• ••••• •••••
12 •••••
9.6
8. 9
8. 0
10.8
53.0
48.8
40.0
59.5
9.7
52. 8
8
2
1
7
5. 5
5. 5
5. 0
5.o
9.6
8. 9
8. 0
10. 8
4
18
5. 5
9.9
4
4
3
3
10
10
3
6
5. 5
5. 5
5. 7
5.5
9,6
9.0
9.1
9.9
29
5. 5
6
3
3
2
13
8
4
3
14
28
53. 0
48. 8
40.0
59.5
i : :1:
11
10
2
1
7
t
126.0
12o. 9
96.0
100.6
4
29.47
=
!==l===,l==ll===F=l====l==l==l,==i'==,l==~,=l===b
=
53.85
142. 73
205.46
126.12
142. 53
=
.614
29. 76
I=
1. 133
1.700
1.314
1.417
60. 04
82.96
52.1>5
84. 32
=== 6 ••·•·
===== === 4======
===== ===== ===::!:====
113.1 152. o5
1.349
•••••••••.•.•..•.•••
1.....
72.36
'==
=1
======i====i==='F==
66.99
••••• ••••• ••••• 10 •.••••.•••.•••••.••••••••.••••••••• 101.8
.658
34.90
••••• ••••• •••••
2 •.•.••••••.•••••••••.•••••••••••••• 12o. 9
82.82
.685
33.44
96. 0 84.12
.876
1 ••••...........•....•.............•........•••.•..
35. 05
25.85
••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• •••••
7 ••••.••••••..•••••••••••• 124.3
54.02
.435
1 =====
••••• =====
•...•
I
1--+--+--+---l--+--1---1---1---11---1--+-+--f---t--+--:--+---l---f---+--
Total..........................
Bloom boys:
Eastern..........................
Pittsburgh.......................
Great Lakes and Middle West...
Southern........................
• 583
31.59
96.4
55.51
.576
3o. 51
94. 7
49.67
.525
26.34
160. 5
115.3
123. 7
146. 6
75. 78
74. 69
69.22
67.65
.472
.648
.560
.462
31. 73
36.67
38. 61
31. llS
138.7
73.59
.531
34.45
1 ••••• .•.••
12 •••••
7 .•.•...••..••.••.••• 1. . . . .
111.3
53. 0
49.4
5o. 3
54.1
13
2 ••••. •••••
4 •••••
7 •.••....•••••••••••••••••
9.4
51.7
36
4
4 •••••
17 •••••
7
6.1
5. 8
5. 8
6. 7
10. 9
9. 7
12. 0
10.6
67.2
56.6
69.0
69.3
13 ••••• •••••
3 ••••• ••••• ••••. .•.••
6
2
2
10
3 •••••
2 ••••• ••••• ••.••
4 ..••.
l •••••
5 ••••• .•••. ••••. ••••• ••••• •••••
1 •••••
4 ••••• •••••
6.0
10.7
64.7
31
=
54.3
l====J==,l==l===,==,=="'=~.==1==r-======l====l====°F==
12 ••••• 4 .•••• 8 ••••.•.••••.••..•••••••••••••••.••• 96.5 59.20
S0.31
.614
3
2 ••..• •.••• ••.•• ••.•. ...•. ..••. 1 •.••••••••••••• 123.1 68.25
.1>55
27.90
.241
8 ••••• ••••• •..•• 5 •..•• ••••• 3 •.••.••••••.•••••••• 78. 5 18. 92
13.03
1----1----lf---+---+------+---+----t----t--+--+----t----t--+---+---+-----+---+---
T otaL •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Roll engineers:
Eastern....••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh.•••.•••••...••••••...•
Great Lakes and Middle West•••
Bouthern•.•••.•. a••••.••••••••••
Total .••••••••••• _ _ __
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64.89
20
- -= =
=
14
==
3 ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• •••••
3
3
2
3
1
2
1 •••••
11
4
1 •••••
4
2
=======r-==1===1==°F=ll===:,==F==,===,=
=~
-:Y
I-'
TABLE C (4:).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-PUDDLING MILLS-Continued
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at speolfled occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Average customary
full•time of em•
Number whose customary full•time hours per week wereployees In the positions
Num•
berof
Averplants NumNumage
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
ber
ber
hours
44 44
48
56
60
72
-Turns Hours Hours
84 worked
and
and
and
and
and
and
per
per
un- un· 48 un- 56 un- 60 un• 72 un• and
week
w1l8k
der der
der
der
der
der over
48
Boilers:
Eastern •••••••••••••••••••••••••
...........
5 ......... .......... .......... ----- ----......... ........... ...........
........... ---·- -----
...........
16
12
5
4
5.5
5. 5
5.3
5.3
9.6
9.0
8. 7
10.6
53.1
49.4
46. 7
55.1
19
13
6
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••
16
36
5. 5
9.4
5L2
16
11
8
5.6
5.6
5.3
6.5
9.6
Southern ........................
1
11
3
3
8
Great Lakes and Middle West ••
8. 9
8. 7
9.7
53. 0
48.9
46. 7
53.1
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••
12
36
5. 5
9.2
60.4
----- 21
-12 ----12 ----- ----- .......... ----- .......... ----- .. ........
----···1·
16
........... 9
.......... .......... ...a" .. ......... ----- ----7
...........
----- ----- ... s" --------10 ----- ----- ...........
----- --------- ···r ----- ----- --------- --------2
3 ----- ----- ----451~
4
7 ••••• 29 ----- •••••
== =
= = I=
2
33
24
7
...........
--------- ...........
----- ----17
........... ----7 ----- 10 ----..........
12 ···1·
.......... ..T ----.......... ----- .. T ........... .......... ------------7 ----- .......... ----........... .......... 2 ........... ........... ----- --------69
7
2
5 .......... ----- ----91 7 .......... 39 ----= , = i = == = . =
Ro11~
.........................
Pittsburgh._•••••••••...•••••.•••
=
Catchers:
Eastern. ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh ••••••••••••.•••.•.•••
Great Lakes and Middle West_.
Southern.~ ••••••••••••••.•••.•••
5
5
3
3
22
17
Tcital.. ••••••••••••••••.•••.•••.
16
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I=
=
6
9.6
8. 9
8. 7
9.9
54
5. 5
9.3
=-===:=
-----
42
6
6
2
...........
............ ···r ----- ----........... ----- --------- ------------- 5 2 2 I = ----- -----
..........
age
881'11•
lngs
lngs
~
earn•
earn•
time
lngs
period
J::r
2
99.9
106.9
80. 5
115.4
$93.11
160. 30
13L30
164.14
$0.932
1. 500
1.630
L422
$49.61
74.08
76.14
78.35
100. 8
126.12
1.252
63.66
...'°
84. 0
106.9
69.0
85.1
51.95
110.38
60.98
73.89
.618
1.032
.883
.869
32. 78
60.47
41,.25
46.12
90.1
79.00
.877
43.35
83.8
113.8
71.0
87.0
59.39
118.30
69.13
67.20
.709
L040
.973
.772
37.56
60.84
46.13
4L78
89.3
76. 39
.856
t=-=
6. 5
5. 5
5.·4
5.5
9
6
.......... .........
4 ----- .......... ..........
Aver•
84
6
.5
3
2
4
12
7
72
i=tt1fes·andMiiiciieWe;c
Southern ••••••••••••••••••••••••
=
2
60
56
~
Average
in pay
J:i
"
Aver-
53. 0
48. 9'
47.4
54.1
60.9
I=
,-....=
=
42. 75
Hook-ups:
Eastern_____________ ------------ Pittsburgh_--------.-----------Great Lakes and Middle West-Southem ______________ --- --- -- -Total_ _________________________
Boll bands, other:
Eastern __ ----------------------Southem
Pittsburgh
________________________
____ ~----------------Total__________________________
Botbedmen:
Eastern _________________________
Pittsburgh ______________________
Great Lakes and Middle West __
eouthem _-------- --- ----------- Total__________________________
Shearmen:
Eastem__________________________
Pittsburgh ______________________
Great Lakes and Middle West __
Southem _----------------------Total_------------------------8he81'Illen's
helpers:
Eastem__________________________
Pittsburgh ______________________
Great Lakes and Middle West __
Bouthem ________________________
Total------------------------Laborers:
Eastern _________________________
Pittsburgh ____ -------- __________
Great Lakes and Middle West._
Southem_ ------------ ----------Total_________________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
6
3
2
24
5,15
13
6
4
6.5
6. 5
5.3
9,0
9.1
10.6
63.1
49.4
50. 2
66.1
16
47
6.15
9.5
51.9
3
1
1
2
1
11
5.5
6.0
5.4
9.8
8. 8
10.1
54.,0
52.5
54.0
3
1 ----- ----- ----11
5
14
5.4
10.0
58.9
16 ----- ----- -----
24
15
9.6
103.7
100. 9
91. 2
91.3
6
64
4 -----
-----1
66.41
81.67
71.69
61.59
3 ----- ----- -----
100.4
3 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----1
66.64
34
6
2
.1134
.809
.786
.1565
39.98
.638
33.0'J
.664
.624
.524
36.84
32. 77
28.32
.659
S0.12
.481
.666
33.06
1===1====,==:== ==·===l==l==r-====l===:====F==l==='i=
28.38
39.44
31.14
7
4 ----- ----- ----- -----
86.3
114.2
89.1
11
4 , _____ ----- ----- -----
9D.0
50.34
----- ----- --------- ----- -----
9D.9
93,5
110.0
73.0
43. 70
61. 19
66.44
61.30
.703
26.43
38. 71
4 ----- ·---- -----
92.8
62.97
.571
S0.01
52. 81
63.16
68.95
33.17
.590
4 ----- ----- ----3
1 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----2 ----- ----- ----6 ----- ----- ----4
2 ----- ----- ----- -----
89.6
97.1
122. 7
98.3
.651
.562
~!2j.
.338
S0.21
33.18
32.99
18.93
6 ----- ----- -----
96.9
66.19
.570 \
29.80
87.2
9D.9
102. 8
104.2
43.98
5 ----- ----- -----
62. 72
49.33
31.74
.504
.580
i.
I---------------
93.0
7 ----- ----- ----2 ----- ----- -----
79 ----- ----- -----
75. 7
75.4
92.5
95.8
36.86
26.60
88 ----- ----- -----
87.0
S0.86
-
5
3
2
30
7
4
6.5
6. 5
5.5
5.3
9.9
9.2
9.4
10. 6
M.6
50.5
52.4
56.1
34
2 ----- ----- 21 ----- 11 ----- ----37 ----- 10 ----- 27 ----- ----- ----- ----8
4 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----4
5 ----- ----- ----3
2 -----
15
65
6. 6
9.6
52.5
84
6
6
5
10
13
51. 2
51.0
68. 7
56.1
4 ----- ----5
5
8.8
9.2
10.2
10.3
12
15
3
6.8
6.5
6. 7
6. 6
16
31
6.6
9.4
52.6
36
10 ----- -----
6.8
6.4
6.5
6.4
8. 9
8. 7
9.8
10.4
61.2
47.5
66.3
56. 6
24
9 ----- ----5
3
7
49
32 ----- ----- 12 ----- ----- ----12
5 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----11 ----7 ----- ----4
10 -----
51
11
2
----- ----- -----
----- ----- -----
71. :ri'
46. 72
.504
26.26
~t:1
i::;·
3
5
15
3
3
=
20
===1===•1===r-==1==1•-=
'
3
1
4
6 ----- ----- -----
13
1
4
2
3
39
11
9
16
79
6.5
9.1
50.5
96
56
6.8
6. 7
5.9
6.6
9.2
10.2
11.3
10.8
53.3
68.0
67.1
68.9
91 ----- ----- ----45 ----- ----- -----
3
58
89
126 ----- ----- -----
22 -----
20
84
17
229
5. 7
10.5
59. 5
341 ----- ----- ----- 120 -----
29
104
6
5
3
26
-----!-----
46
-----!-----1~
79
3
~
4
75 ----9 ----23 ----- ----- 20
,~
=l===F==,l===j==
7 ----- ----- -----
-----!----- ----- ----12
26.82
.480
.305
27.64
26.55
16.94
47. 71
.513
26. 77
31.06
31.91
.423
.410
.399
.278
21.85
24.53
26. 75
16.36
.355
21.31
Q
-:ri
co,
'74
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
Table D (4) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of puddlers, level-handed, and rollers in
1924, by districts and all districts combined. These two occupations
are selected as representative of the spread or variation in hourly
e ~ within the occupations in this department.
The average hourly earnings for puddlers, level-handed, in the
several districts was $1.051 and for rollers, $1.252. The range of
earnings for rollers was much wider than that for puddlers, levelhanded, in each district.
TABLED (4:).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924:, BY DISTRICT-PUDDLING MILLS
[For explaDatiOll of this table see p. 15)
Number of employees whose
Oooupatlon and dlstrlet
Puddlers, level-handed:
Eastern__________________
earmJ11B per hour were--
'Nmn- Aver- i---,---r-....--.---.-...--,----,.---,-......,.,l>er,of age 'liO 80 '10 ,80 90
..
••
em- earn- and and and and• -,ts. $1 ••·25
ploy- lngs 1µ1- un- un- 'llll- and and and
per der der der der
UD- UDee8
liour 80 •:ro 80 90 :
der der
·eta.· ct.s. cts. eta. $1 $1.211 $1.ll(I
='f.f..-and-:Wdclle-
8liO
West___________________
Southem_____
Total___________________
80
1, 2711
Rollers:
•
Eastern__________________
19
Pittsburgh_______________
13
8
256 $0. 776
L 105
3
.1
M
8
.82
77
13
'2
• 99o
1
II
9
7
81 102
• 932 _____ _____
8
6
~
8
UD-
llD-
UD-
UD-
der der der der
$1.76 $2 $2.25 $2.80
30 ----- __________ ---•- _________ _
161 618 17 __________ --·-- ____ _
89 l.ffl ----- ----- ----- ----- ----·
~
SUO $1.7_. $2 $2.25
and and• and and
13
194
4.
4.
«
~
II
62
28
-----1--1---
=
1 ----- ----- ----- ----80 23 __________
1 ___________________ _
L liOO ----1 _____ ----- •--··
8 -··-·
1
3
2 --··Great Lakes and Middle
West___________________
1. 630 __________ ····- _____ -···1
1
2
1 _____
1
4, 1.4.22
1
1 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----2 ----Tot,.,.aJ_ __
~ 1.252
1
2
6
8
4
12
2
3
4
4
1
Southern_________________
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of emf>loyees in
pua.<lling mills are shown in detail b_y districts and al districts
combined for the year 1924 in Table E (4). The information was
obtained from 17 plants and covers 3,428 employees in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns ana night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
~ day of the week as well 8§ the full-time hours per week. Employees
are divided into three grou_ps, as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work ~hts only, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly: from one shift to another. The order of arrangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been omitted where the
periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or four weeks.
fn some instances in the table hours are re~orted for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fact
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved
1 day: in 7 with no information available, however, as to which day;
therefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the relief indicated in the full-time hours per week.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
PUDDLING MILLS
In the ma.in the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The :first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassed 1 man in the Pittsburgh district and 1 man in the Southern
district were found on a. day job req~ them to work 7 days per
week and 12 hours _per day-a. total of 84 hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 6 JD,en in
the Eastern district alternated from 7 turns of 10 hours on day work
to 7 turns of 14 hours on night work, averaging 84 hours per week.
When there are three 8-hour turns the second and third are tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (4).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PUDDLING MILLS
[For explanation of this table see p. 15)
CUBtomary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specUled combination of
Oll8tomary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Aver•
Hours
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon•
Turns Mon•
per East- Pitts- and South Total
per dsy
per
Bat- Bun• Per week em burgh Mid• em
week to BatBUD• Per week day
die
Dr•
to
dsy week
Fri•
West
Fri• dsy day week
day
day
J:7
DIPLOYEBS WllO WOBKBD DAY TVUS OBLY
7 12
7 12
6 12
7 11
7 10
6 11½
6 12
6 · 12
6 11
7 10
7 10
7 10
7
6
li
12
6 11
6 10
6 10
6 10
6 10½
6 10
6 10
6
9¾
6 10
6
9½
5 11
6 10
6
6
6
9
6
9
9
6
6
9
6
9
6
9
6
6
6
6
8
8
6
6
8
li
8
~r~
~
~
12
12
12
7
12
9
6
10
10
11½ ........
8
6
11
10
8
8
10
Ii
10
5
Ii½
···-r
-----
6
10
84
79
'12
'10
70
69
68
66
66
66
66
66
66
63 __
60
611
60
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
-·----- ------ ----- ----- ····-·
------- ------ ---·- ----- ----··
··-··-----------·-·------
--·-----·------------
-----------------
----- ---·------ ·--·------ ---·------ ----·-
7½
59 ------- -----68 ------- -----68 ···---- -----68 ·-····· -----67¾ --·---- -----66 ------- --·--66½ .•----- -----66 ···-·-- -----66 ---·--- -----66 ---·--- ------
--------;½
M _______ ------ _____ ----- -·---53 -•••••• --··-- ---·- ···-- ••••••
li2½ ---·--- --·--· ·--·- --··· ··-···
6½
8
..........
··s·- --------8
9
8
...........
:"
Ii .........
;½
8
7
4
66
66
63
60
60
1 •••••••
..........
...........
..........
----- -------·- --------- --------- ---·----- --------- --------- --------- -----·--- ----···-- -----
-------·---------------------·_____ .
-------··-·
------
M¼ ---·--- -·---- _____ ----- -·····
52
····-·· ·--··· ----- ·---- ---·--
61¾ ·-··--· -·-·-- ··-·- ····- ••••••
51 ·-·-·-- ··--·- ·---· ····- ····-50 ····-·· ···--· ••••• ···-· ·--·-·
50 ·-----· ····-- ••••• -··-- --·-··
49½ ·-··--· ···-·· ••••• -···· ···-··
48 ·-··--· ···-·- ···-- -··-- ••••••
47 -··--·· •••••• ·-·-· -··-· -··-··
44 ·····-· ···-·- ·-·-· -···- ···-·-
40
·--·-·· ·------ 182 ··----·
7 ••••••• ··-·-·6
14 ··---·------- ------- ------1
6 ·---··· ------·
·-·--·1 --·--·· ------·
1 --·-·-- ··-···· ----·--
7 ------- ------· --------·-·-- ···---- ··-···3
1 -·-·--- ------- ------·
Ii
46
12
113
s ---··-· _______
69
16 ···--·- ··----24
68 --·---- ---·-·1 ----·-68
18
4 ·-----32
68 ---·-·3 ·-·---- ·-·--··
li7¾ ·-----· ------- ·--··-1
66
10 ·-·---- --·-·-- ·-·-·-66½--•---· -----·· -····-8
/i6 --··-·- ---·--·
1 ····-··
66
4
10
18
13
66 ·-··--·
2 ·-·---· -·--·-64¼ -·-·-·- ••••••• ------10
64 ----··2 ·-·--··
1
53 -···-·6 ··----· ·····--
62½ -·····2 ·----·· -··-·-·
62 ···-··- ·-·-··· ·-·---·
10
61¾
2 ---·-·· -·--·-· •••••••
51 ······- --···-- ·--···1
50
83 ·--·-·· ·--·--· ·-·····
50 ----··· ---··-· ·--····
10
49½ ····--· --·-·-· ····-··
4
48 ·-·--·- ···-··
98 ····-··
47 ···-·-· ··---·· --·····
12
44
9 ·-·--·- ••••••• •••••••
·-····· ···-·- ·---· ···-· ···-·- 40
Total. -·· ••• ·--·- -···· ···-·· --··-·· •••••• ••••• --··· ····-- ·-··--
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
1 ···---lli
1
--·---· ·------ -······
1
·----·· ·-····· ••••••• • 7
--··-··
2 -······ ·------
--·-··ici" eo --·---- ______ --·-- _____ ----·- co
co ---·-·-
··,·· ..........
---i·-,·· ..........
...........
6
8
M
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 79
••••••• •••••• ••••• ••••• •••••• 72
-·-·--- -····· •••••••••• ····-· 70
······- ---··- ····- -···· -·-··· 70
·-····- -·-··· -···· ••••• ··---· 69
·····-- -····- ··-·· ••••• ·---·· 68
••••••• --···- -···· ····- ·-···· 66
····-·- ------ ----- ----- ---·-- 66
·••••·• -··--- ··--- -·-·- ----·- 88
--·---- ------ ----- --·-- ··---- 66
••••••• ······166
99
7 ·-···-·
343
2M
2
1
17
1
7
2
182
7
19
1
6
1
1
7
3
1
176
a
39
1
64
3
1
10
8
1
40
2
10
8
6
2
10
2
1
83
10
4
98
12
9
7
8/i2
76
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
E (4).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND.
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PUDDLING MILLS-Continued
TABLE
Customary turns and hours worked ·
Day turns
Night turns
Average
hours
Turns Monper East- Pittsper
Sat- Sun- Per week day Sat- Sun- Per week ern burgh
ur- day week
to ur- day week
day
Fri- day
day
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon.per
week day
to
Friday
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Great
Lakes
and SouthMid- ern Total
die
West
EMPLOYEES WHO WOUBD NIGHT TURNS ONLY
13
12
8
73
73
7
------- ------1 ------1
68
65
62
60
60
60
68
65
;
}~ -·io· ~:
~
-------------------------------
6
5
6
65
6
10
13
10
12
IO
10
18
~
6
8
3
611
4
2
------- ------- ------1 ------------- -------
78
78
:::: :::::: ::::: ::::: ::::::
:::: :::::: ::::: ::::: ::::::
------6
------8
------3
49
9
1
------- _______
1
1 ------2
91
84
78
78
91
13
12
13
12
13
---- ------ ----- -------- ------ ----- -------- ------ ----- ---------- ----- -------____________________
---- ------ ----- --·--
2
1
7
1
1
84
7
7
6
7
6
12
13
------1
-------
13
12
13
6
------ ------ ----- ----- --------- --· --- ----- ----- --------- ------ ----- ----- --------- ------ ----- ----- --------- ------ ----- ----- ------
----- 12
10 _____
----- 10
}t½II::::: ::::: ~½
9 ----· ----- 45
5
---- ------ ----- ·---- -----______ •
Total. ________________ -·-··- ------- ··--··
~
62
60
60
60
~½
,s
•
5
------------------------------------------3
_______
f
·----"a"::::::: --.--T
2 ------· ------·
57
4
iO
f
:
2
109
l---+---1---+----+--8
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTERNATED WEULY DOM ONE TURN TO ANOTHER
10 10
12 12
12
13
12 12
12
10
lO
12
10
10
10
10 10
11
11
6
6 12 12
9
6 11
6
6 12
10½ 10½ -ioij
6
8
7 · 10 10
6 11
8½
6 11½ 8½
11
11
6
5 ·12
6 10 -io-·
6
9½ 9
9
6 11
6 10 10
6 11
8½
9
6 10
6 10 10
9
6 10
8
6 10
6
6 10
6 10
6
6
8
8
6
9
6
9
9
8
6
7½ :::::
9
6
9
Cl
7¼ -----
7
7
7
7
5·
7
6
6
6
6
10
12
11
12
12
10
12
11
--------------·------------------
-----
------------·
-------------
:~
-------·--------------------·
---------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
70
84
80
84
72
70
72
65
eo
60
66
72
64
66
63
68
63½
66
66
60
60
56½
64
60
63½
59
60
59
58
56
55
:~
54
53
:f
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
5
6
7
5
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
/j
/j
5
/j
14 14
98
12 12 12
84
12
13
77
12
72
12
12 -i2-· 12
84
14
84
14
12 -i2-"i:i-· 72
13
78
13 -i:i-"i:i-- 78
13
78
12 ----- 12
72
12
eo
13
65
12
60
10½ -io~· -ioij 63
10
8
58
12
60
57½
11½
11.
55
12
60
co
10 10
63½
9½ 8
11 --9-55
59
10
11 ··g-- ........... 55
59
10
14
-----
----------------- -----
----- ---------
10
10
10
10
10
~
9~
9
9
9
-·s---------------------..........
----------------- ...........
------------------------- -----
----- --·------
50
liO
liO
50
50
47½
46¼
45
45
45
45
6
-------6
2
6
2
1 ------- --·---------4 ------- ------- --·---2 ------- ------- ------7T
2 ------------72
2 ------------6
71½
------------69 ------2 ------- ------69 ------2 ------- ------69 ----io2 ------- ------66
7 ------- ------2 ------- ------64½
63 ------------- 2
4 ------- ------63 ------63
5 ------- ------4 ------- ------- ------61~
2
61
------2 ---·-,r ----2r
60½ ------60 ------16
4 ------60 ------11
60 ------- ------- ------2
19
59½
59½
------- ------- 1
59¼ """":ii59 ------------- 11
55 ------- ·-·-1s- ------54½
-------6 ------- -------1
395
54
202
53
------· ------10
52~ -------
84
84
78½
78
78
~
51
50¼
49½
49
48¾
48¾
---·-2·
---iii----·----ii5...............
------82
57
1
------·
------- --------------
6
16
1
4
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
17
2
2
4
5
4
2
9
45
15
2
19
1
31
1
79
1
401
202
10
2
57
281
1
115
82
77
PUDDLING MILI.8
E (4).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PUDDLING MILLS-Continued
TABLE
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver•
age
Grest
hours
Lakes
Turns Mon•
Turns Mon•
per East- Pitts- and Southper
per
week ern burgh Mid- em Total
SatSatweek day
Per week day
Per
to ur- Sunto ur- Sundie
day
day
week
week
Fri- day
Fri- day
West
day
day
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FROM ONE TURN TO ANOTHER
7
9
8¾
8½
8¾
8
7
6
6
6
5
6¾
-----
8¾ ----8½ .,.----____
----8
8
8
8
8
7
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8 ----7½
5
5
8
8
Total.
6
8
-----
-----
5
5
5
51¾
52½
51
6
r1
48
47½
46
48
40
40
{
{
7
7
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
9
8¾
8½
8¾
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
----- ----8
8
8
8
----- ··s··
--·---------- ---------
45 , 48¾
43¾ 48~
42½ 46¾
107
4f.5
:¾J:¾
:
48
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
.
}
46
44
43¾
43
} 42%
} 40
40
--- --- ----- ----- ------ --- ---- ------ ----- ----- ------ ------
-··11ii· ------- ------18
10
64
------- -------
107
119
529
18
10
------- ------- -------
3
------- ------------- ------------------17 ------- ------- __ ____
64
------------·
47
~------ ------- ------------- ------- 77
3
3
-------
..............
881
3
35
2
1,174
,.
168
244
36
2
17
64
47
77
2,467
Of the total number of puddling-mill employees reported, 1,080,
or 32 per cent, worked 10 hours per day; 695, or 20 per cent, worked
9 hours per day; 410, or 12/er cent, worked 12 hours per day; and
385, or 11 per cent, worke 8 hours. Very little 7-day work was
reported in this department, only 56, or 2 per cent of all employees,
working 7 days J>er week all the time and 22, or 1 per cent, a part
of the time. A few of the 8, 10, and 12 hour workers also worked
7 days per week, but none of those reported on a 9-hour basis worked
that many turns. The basic figures are set forth by districts in the
following table. A few minor groupings do not appear in this
·summary.
In preparing the summary only the regular hours per turn an
employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless of
the length of his turn on Saturday and Sunday.
20167°-25t--6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
78
WAGES AND HOURS OF' LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (4)
Number of employees who worked specified days
and hours
Eastern
district
Pitts•
burgh
district
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
district
South•
ern
district
1,045
1,313
515
555
3,428
100
3
221
21
56
2
96
22
410
2
1
12
3
11
29
Item
Total employees In puddling mills .....••.
Employees who worked:7•day week all the time..•...•••••••...
7-day week part of the time ..••••••....
12 or more hours per day •••••••••.....
7-day week and 12 or more hours per
day all the time ..••..••...•.........
7•day week and 12 or more hours per
day part of the time ••••••••.•••••••.
10 hours per day ....•.•••••••••••••••.
7•day week and 10 hours per day all
the time ....•...•......•.............
7-day week and 10 hours per day part
of the time •..••••••.•••.••••••••••..
8 hours per day .••••••••••.••••••••••.
7•day week and 8 hours per day all
the time ...•......••.......•.••••••.•
7•day week and 8 hours per day part
of the time ..•••.••••••••••••••.••.••
9 hours per day .••.••••••••••••..••...
I Less than
I per cent,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13
11
44
19
9
49 •
Per cent
or total
Total
12
3
6
6M
0
192
1
6
2
29
5
51
------------------246
59
10
---------- ----------
10
(1)
3
------------------13
----------
6
(I)
695
---------3
274
408
------------------25
209
-
----------
9
1
6
1,080
(1)
16
(I)
5
(1)
32
385
11
20
BLOOMING MILLS
Data for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 25 blooming
mills and cover 5,649 employees in all occupations. Of the total
number of employees reported, 1,987 are found in the principal
productive occupations for which separate :figures are given. Data
were first obtained for this department in 1910 and comparative
~es are presented for the years 1910 to 1924.1
The year 1924 marks the lowest point of full-time hours per week
in the blooming mills in the period 1910 to 1924. Up until the
summer of 1923 this department, while showing a gradual decrease
from former years in the hours of labor of employees as a whole, was
still largely on a 12-hour basis and some employees also worked 7
days per week. A general reduction of the working time of employees, however, took place in the latter part of 1923, and a l~ge number
of the plants adopted the 8-hour day for all employees. Considering
the pnncipal productive occupations as a whole, the average of fulltime hours per week in 1924 was 19 per cent less than in 1922 and 22
per cent less than in 1913.
The study also shows there was a large increase in earnings' per
hour in 1924 as compared with any other year for which data are
presented except 1919 and 1920. Hourly- earnings in 1919 were
approximately the same as in the principal productive occupations
combined in 1924, but earnings in 1920 were unusually high and the
average for that year is 5 per cent greater than that for 1924. The
1924 hourly earnmgs, however, were 31 per cent above those in 1922
and 121 per cent above those in 1913; in other words, approximately
2½ times the hourly earnings for 1913.
The increase in hourly earnings was more than enough to compensate for the reduction of hours, and weekly earnings in 1924
still show an increase as compared with all other years except 1919
and 1920.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the principal productive occupations in blooming
mills are shown in Taole A (5). · While the customary workiiuz time
of the 12 occupations combined is 19 per cent less in 1924 tlian in
1922, when considered separately decreases in the average full-time
hours per week range from 8.1 hours per week for roll engineers to
16.3 hours for bottom makers' helpers.
Bottom makers' helpers customarily worked 70.3 hours per week
in 1910 and continued to do so with only slight variations until 1913
when the average was increased to 72 hours. In 1914 full-time hours
per week were reduced to 69.8, and, following slight increases in
1915 and 1917, were reduced to 68.8 in 1919 and to 64.6 in 1920. In
1922 the average was increased to 69.6 but in 1924 dro_pped to the
new low average of 53.3 hours. Lesser but similar changes took
place in the other occupations.
Average earnings per hour increased in each of the 12 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1919 and 1920. The 1920 :figures are higher in each
I No data were collected for the years 11116, 1918, 11121, and 1923.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
80
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
occupation than those for 1924, and the averages for 1919 are greater
in some occupations and lower in others. For example, the-average of
earnings per hour of laborers, which occupation comprises a farge
percentage of the employees in the principal productive occupations,
was less than 20 cents per hour in 1910 to 1915, but in 1917 earnings
were advanced to an average of 28. 7 cents per hour. The increase.
was carried into 1919 and 1920, the averages for those years being
46.9 and 51.1., res~ectively. In 1922 the average dropped back to
35 cents per nour but was increased in 1924 to 46.2 cents. Table
A {5) shows similar figures for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week are below those for 1919 and
1920 for each occupation, out show increases over those for all other
yeTh~ .distribution of employees accordii!g to their full-time hours
per week, contained in Tab1e A (5), shows tlie extent to which full-time
hours have been reduced in 1924 as compared with other years in
this department. More than three-fourths of the employees in each
occupation, except laborers, had a working week of less than 60
hours in 1924. Fifty-two per cent of the laborers were also on that
basis.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time e ~ per week a.re also contained in Table A (5).
These are simply percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, usmg the average for 1913 as the base or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for the department as a whole (all principal
productive occupations combined) are shown on page 5.
TABLE A. (5). -AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEKl AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
·
BY OCCUP TION-BLOOMING MILLS
(For explanation of this table see p. 13)
Occupation
and year
Index numbers
Aver(1913-100)
Num Aff!'- Aver• age
age
Num• ber
full•
FuJl.
ber
of time earn• time Full:
Inga earn• time Earn• time
of
em• hows
Inga
lngs
plants ploys
earn•
hours
lngs
:
ees
Pit oranemen:
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
191' •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••••
181
181
18
19
23
23
12
19
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
11112•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914•••••••
lllUI.. •••••
1917•••••••
1919 •••••••
1920•••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••••
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
Heaters:
20
24
25
25
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
J:ic ::r
99 89.6
95
97
115
68.8
68. 7
69. s
124 66.6
119 66. 7
71 66.0
138 67.2
138 62.4
156 68.6
189 M.8
51
49
55
79
89
114
47
Iii
106
116
139
73.4
78.3
72.11
7L2
63.9
89.9
65.7
68. 7
64.8
68.9
55.2
J:ir:
week
so. 316 ,$21. 41
100
.309 2L01
.828 2'J.33
.869 25.39
.357 23.29
.3711
.546
.816
.871
.611
24.44
35.02
M.84
M.07
42.00
.803 48.89
.521
.512
37.88
37. liO
.552 40.14
.51K 41.86
.542 37.03
.SM 40.06
• 756
L19J
L271
.904
Ll92
49.85
81.82
81.92
62.18
65.66
per
99
99
100
96
96
95
97
90
::r
85
84
89
100
97
102
148
221
236
99
166
218
103
103
102
100
97
98
92
96
91
97
88
86
93
100
91
98
127
201
214
152
201
79
78
Per cent of em~yees whoee
average full.tfme urs per week
were48
Over
Over
48
60
Over
72
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un• un•
un•
un•
per der der
der
der
60
72
84
Wl!9k
84
8S
88
100
92
96
138
216
213
165
178
llO
llO
96
100
88
96
119
195
196
149
157
..........
----...........
-----5
5
21
6
12
----22
...........
...........
..........
..........
...........
----19
11
7
-----7
----
18
19
19 .........
16
17
3
3
20
9 ••••
24
36
25 3
55
5
11
15
19
12
11
5
10
33
18
1
6 ••••
2
6
2
5
19
24 2
21
2
13
15
29 1
23
78
4
8
7
61
51
----
........
-----1
·--·
........ 6
----
12
Ii
1
1
51
49
46
52
44
44
56
46
60
38
46
42
611
..........
------- -----6 4933
........
-·-
12
8
32
1
4
6
6
16
16
22
14
17
14
37
16
11
10
4
3
1
.........
6
----6
3
3
8
12
7
23
16
24
9
15
23
28
22
20
Ii
18
15
11
10
4
11
2
6
1
81
BLOOMING MILI.6
TABLE A (5). - AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL - TIME HOURS PER
WEEK EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK1 AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
BY OCCUP.a.TION-BLOOMING MILLS-Continued
Index numbers
Occupation
and year
Num• Aver• Aver•
age
Num• ber
of time earn•
ber
In.gs
of
em• hours
per
plants ploy• per
ees week hour
~r.
11110 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 ..•••••
1915 .••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 ...•.••
1924 ......•
11
11
11
10
10
10
3
13
14
17
17
1910 •••••••
1911. ••••••
1912 .••••••
1913 .••••••
1914 .••••••
1915 .••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 .••••••
1920 .••••••
1922 .••••••
1924 •••••••
16
16
16
15
20
20
11.
16
17
21
23
1910 •••••••
1911. ••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 .••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •.•••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••.•
12
12
13
13
17
17
9
13
14
21
20
1910 ..•••••
1911 .•••.•.
1912 .•..•••
1913 ...••••
1914 ••••••.
1915 .•••.••
1917 .•.••••
1919. ·····1920 .•.•.••
1922 .••••••
1924 .••••.•
1!1
18
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
23
23
1910 .••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1917..•••••
1919 .••••••
1920 •.•••••
1922•••••••
1924 •.•••••
18
18
19
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
25
Bottom mak•
ers' helpers:
Roll engineers:
Rollers:
(1913=100)
Per cent of emigoyees whose
average full•time ours per week
were-
full.
time
Over
Over
Over
earn• Full· Earn• Full·
time 48 48
60
72
ings time fngs earn•
and
and
and 84
72
per hours per ings UD• UD· 60 and
UD·
UD•
week per hour per der der
der
der
week
week
72
60
84
-- - -- -
Heaters' help•
ers:
Bottom mak•
ers:
Aver•
age
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34,
34
00
52
43
39
15
62
77
90
108
60
55
58
62
79
76
38
104
122
119
162
47
46
00
65
70
76
44
112
135
188
231
42
40
46
52
60
59
37
60
63
78
76
46
41
46
46
54
53
34
51
65
71
90
73.4 $0.344 $2U2
73.5
.363 26. 71
.352 23.63
67.9
M.6
.359 22. 76
M.O
.337 20.95
.369 22.48
62.1
.611 37.66
59.2
.818 52.43
M.l
60.3
.828 49.37
.654 43.51
65.6
55.2
.827 45. 76
114
114
86
230
23.26
70.5
70.8
70.9
71.9
68.6
68.5
70.8
69.4
63.2
66.6
.336
.331
.347
.367
.370
.389
.497
.833
.890
.602
.769
105
100
99
96
92
99
93
i02
96
101
98
100
94
103
170
228
231
182
98
llS
91
23.24
24.44
26.32
99
100
25. 77
34.59
57.81
95
95
98
97
88
95
100
101
106
135
227
24.68
56.00
90
243
40. 911
93
74
164
210
17.23
16.83
17.95
18. 72
18.45
18.41
98
98
98
100
97
95
92
98
96
.632
.463
45.34
43.05
32.33
33.69
70.9
70. 9
68.4
68.5
65. 6
65.4
63.8
64.1
60.9
63. 3
55.2
.392
.385
.437
.471
.447
.471
.678
.971
1.017
• 751
.928
27.12
26. 66
28. 79
30. 96
28. 30
29.81
41.20
62. 24
61.68
47. 72
51.60
104
104
100
100
96
95
93
67.6
66. 6
65.9
66.2
63. 6
63. 5
62. 4
62. 6
57.9
60. 9
52.1
.605
.58fi
.632
• 701
.684
.697
.912
1.389
1.473
1.175
1.400
40.00
38.49
40.53
44.98
42.44
43.26
55.64
86.95
84. 73
71.31
72. 99
102
101
100
100
96
53.3
70.3
70.3
70.6
72.0
69.8
70.5
71.3
68.8
64.6
69.6
53.3
.251
.243
.257
.263
.273
.269
.384
.659
.654
40.22
26. 74
98
99
90
97
74
108
117
104
100
92
99
165
230
217
191
201
...........
..........
...........
4
-----8
156
28
92
-----
90
-----
251
249
176
240
96
100
99
99
143
242
230
173
180
83
82
88
86
100
95
100
144
7
8
13
12
100
104
102
146
93
93
216
159
197
86
83
89
86
100
100
94
96
124
193
188
159
162
79
9
16
7
206
92
5
5
215
153
220
89
94
95
87
60
.....
94
96
7
88
88
93
100
94
98
131
100
91
96
133
201
199
154
167
92
81
--------------
90
98
99
130
198
210
168
200
90
9
B
----9
13
9
32
20
20
32
18
5
4
9
13
7
13
13
17
17
35
29
38
7
26
99 -···
30
40
35
46
---........
..ii"
10
---··ar
---51
42
76
10
11
10
10
19
20
16
10
25
24
55
.T
4
........
----
........
12
12
8
8
--------5
8
4
5
3
5
5
6
Ii
3
------- .. T
---2
3
16
11
10
---- ···r
--------
13
13
12
9 ::::
9 ••••
8
14
18
21
3
19
3
48
-----1
------- -----
7
8
13
12
10
10
8
23
49
35
71
7
15
13
13
17
17
9
14
17
----------
."a"
9
4
14
•10
13
9
8
3
3
2
3
15
5
3
12
12
---- .. "a"
----------
11
--.-
15
13
13
6
4
4
41
5
7
57
3
11
8
8
---- .....
35
35
32
19
14
26
13
40
10
17
-- 33
15
27
Cl
26
----
29
80
···o·
67
69
48
39
38
53
63
25
29
----
18
26
18
2
2
3
26
18
12
31
6
----6
6
----
7
7
7
10
5
3
5
4
9
26
28
33
26
14
20
18
3
----9
----
79
65
60
51
44
38
59
43
28
21
---45
38
24
37
43
46
38
37
22
18
---63
59
52
48
57
58
44
45
28
18
2
9
4
4
9
4
5
9
13
11
24
31
34
39
18
17
29
40
3
17
20
33
29
17
15
22
12
17
13
5
........
14
15
9
4
3
3
···1
----4
---7
6 ---9 ---13 ------------ ------3
12 .
4
...
9 •.••
15
----- ----- ...
82
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LA.BOR-IBION A.ND STEEL
TABLII A. (5). -AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK EARNINGS PER HOUR AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK1 AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-BLOOMING MILLS-Continued
Index numbers
Aver-
=·
(1913•100)
Num• Aver- Average
Num• ber
ber
of time earn- time
Over
Over
Over
lngs e&nl• Full- Earn- Fullof
em- hours
time 48 48
60
'12
Inga time Inga earnplants ployand
and
and
and
h01118
ees
Inga UD· UD• 60 UD• '12 UD• M
der der
der
der
~-
Occupation
and year
J:ii: J:r J:ii:
J:ii: J:r
Manipulators:
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
19H •••••••
1916 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••..•••
1924•••••••
Table men:
lQ
19
19
19
52
48
49
60
12
19
20
60
34
65
82
88
102
23
23
24
25
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
19H•••••••
1915•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924 •••••••
13
13
13
12
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914•••••••
1915 •••••••
1917 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920• ..-••••
1922•••••••
1924••••••
19
19
19
19
Bhearmen:
Bhearmen'I
helri:·
1 10.: •••••
1911 •••••••
1912••••••••
1913 •••••••
191••••••••
1915•••••••
1917•••••••
11119•••••••
1920•••••••
1922••••••• •
1924•••••••
Laborers:
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912••••••.
1913•••••••
191••••••••
19111•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
1 1 - than
Per cent of 8111.~yees whose
average full-time urs perweell:
were-
14
14
•
9
14
15
H
23
23
12
19
20
24
24
18
18
18
18
20
20
10
19
19
23
38
35
35
31
36
34
13
33
113
57
li8
62.9
89.3
68. 7
68. 7
68.0
63.6
63.1
63. l
62.3
1111.1
6Ll
liL8
48 70.0
46 61U
52
68
65
62
80
59
78
90
98
100
98
99
111
113
lH
29
159
168
218
69.8
67.2
65.0
65.9
65.9
84.9
SIU
62.8
6L7
70. 9
69.5
70.2
69.6
68.4
68.6
68.1
68.8
62. 7
84.6
62. Ii
23
254
19
19
19
19
22
22
11
19
18
ffl 74.1
863 73.7
896 73.8
23
24
l per eent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82
68.• $0.385 $2Ul
67.9
.350 23.28
68.8
.888 24.92
.431 28.86
65.3
62.4
.31K 23.911
63.4 .420 25.81
62.4
.639 37.75
62.4
.935 58.3'
58. 7 .928 53.80
81.8 .8112 42.68
862
73.•
267 7L7
290 72.8
888
44(1
74.3
70.0
439 7Ll
882 711:7
7~ 57••
.8'2 .U.57
.m
.&
18.08
17. OIi
.318
.31•
20.95
.285 19.00
.327
..14
.1163
.61r1
• 605
.659
19.38
19.94
25.51
d80
.a,31
3L68
34.81
20.85
20.98
21.93
24.23
21.84
.382 23.00
.623 33.41
.816 52.96
.813 48.27
.11119 37.89
.a,23
.308
.306
.319
.370
.345
.m
.218
.217
16.16
14. 90
.280 16.93
.267 18.17
.256 17.23
.21i8 17.35
.•12 27.60
.610 41. '¥1
-~
.619
38.95
29. 76
.590 30.57
.182
.163
.184
·™
.187
• lffl
.2ff1
.469
.511
-~
lLW
12.02
12.13
13. 611
13.39
13.49
2L28
32.83
36.43
.350 24.M
28.61
105
lM
102
100
98
'¥1
98
96
90
94
81
102
101
101
100
94
93
93
92
lr1
90
85
81
90
100
91
'11
148
217
215
161
195
88
80
90
100
99
103
131
210
217
160
78
209
IM
82
83
88
100
93
98
141
221
103
104
100
'¥1
98
98
'¥1
88
93
77
102
100
101
100
98
99
9R
99
90
93
220
162
210
82
81
86
100
96
97
lM
228
232
1'12
~
60
98
141
12
6
12
10
19
15
35
217
200
159
166
82
7
23
90
lr1
98
lOII
89
88
81
91
100
92
95
122
1'¥1
192
151
IM
88
ff1
91
100
90
95
138
219
199
158
166
83
82
88
100
95
95
152
231
21•
lM
28
8
------------17
18
----24
lK
7
24
6
7
6
16
14
10
20
24
31
13
36
8
3
···r
8 ••••
13
12
----
20
39
69
6 ••••
6 ••••
1• 3
16
3
10
10
21
3
23
48
II ••••
11
11
10
10
18
28
87
101
100
101
100
89
88
88
89
----..........
...........
-----
1
99
101
9S
97
96
78
156
255
278
190
261
243
269
184
196
il
13
12
1
80
•
10
9 ••••
9 ••••
9 ••••
43
100
999
100
157
58
50
49
13
C
6 113
8 li8
8
10
10
15
~
~t3
21
8
13
12
11
8
8
58
61
65
13
9
8
18
3
------- -----a
168
98
5
----
8 ••••
221
90
a
' ....
78
89
100
102
102
---·3
13
17
12
8
•
----•
----- ---« ---·12 --------------a
----8 82 8943 85 ••••
89 5
9 33
8 ••••
113 1•
9 2 ••••• ---8 •••• 11 56
8
11
17 ---- 17 49
11
6
17 ---- 17 49
11
6
19 ......... 13 55
13 .........
17
6
3 58 ----- ........
18
6
3 56
46 ---- ........... 38 ----15 ---21
8 C ----- ----8
."o"
13
8 ---19
20
9
18
18
3
3
10
8
16
2
M
'12
l
1
1
..........
3
<?o
22
6
Ii
6
H
3
8
111
H
9
2
2
..........
------- 7
2
•
•
•,
7
10
20
8
2
18
3
3
61
3
1•
27
9
10
16
17
16
··-··
1•
10
6
19
50
62
66
67
53
SB
8
•
----•
......... --·----- ....
----
13
7
3 ••••
29
16 ..........
2 •••••
----
68
118
65
68
80
10
13
10
22
14
2
2
........
·----2 ··-·
---14 ---65
6
a
48
8 ••••
30 18
---2 ••••• .........
78
66
M
59
57
54
69
66
66
48
38
36
6
II
11
12
6
13
24
18
18
14
•
3
1
11
16
1
. ----.
28
16
22
2 •••••
83
BLOOMING MILLS
The customary- working time per week of all employees covered in
blooming mills m each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920 1922, and
192412 has been classified, and the number and per cent of employees
coming under each classification are shown in Table B (5).
Practically all employees in the blooming mills worked either 6 days
or 7 days per week, or some combination thereof. In previous years
between 50 and 75 per cent of all employees reported worked on a
6-day per week basis, but in 1924 only 38 per cent worked that
number of turns. This decrease in 6-day work is due in large
measure to the elimination of the 12-hour day in manv plants and the
.substitution of the shorter shifts of from 8 to 10 liours. A large
number of employees who had worked 12 hours per day, 6 days per
week, were changed to 8 hours per day and 7 days per week either one
or two weeks in a three-week ~eriod. This has resulted in a large
increase in the number of employees in 1924 who worked either 6
days, 6 days, and 7 days, or 6 days, 7 days, and 7 days per week in
rotation.
TABLE B (5).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO
CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-BLOOMING
MILLS
(For explanation of thls table eee p. 18)
...
Number of em~yees whose customIIEY worklnc 78 per week were-
Per cent of employees whose costomflE1 worlong days per week
were-
Num-
District and
year
Eastern:
1914••••• _.
1916••••• _.
1m••• _. __
]922••••• __
1924••••• -Pittsburgh:
1914••• ____
1916.--.-·1920•• _____
1922•••••••
11124•••••••
Great Lakes
and Middle
West:
1914••• ____
1915. ______
1m•• _____
1922. ______
1924. ______
Southern:
1914. ______
1916. ______
1922_______
1920.-----1924. ______
Total:
1914-----19Ui. ______
1m•••• ___
1922_______
1924••• ____
Num•
ber
of
ber
em•
of
plants plo7.
-
6
6
HI
239
HI
630
603
10
10
8
8
8
1,216
1,364
1,760
1,716
2,660
7
7
6
8
9
1,266
1,610
1,969
8
8
8
8
8
3
3
3
23
23
lN)
24
25
1 Less than 1 per cent.
744
792
6
and
6 6al•
ter-
nate17
42
62
((I
l
l!O
38
8
41
48
------- ..........
1
8
·---
···9-
---------------------......... -----
.......
42
62
41
4
.........
128
118
15/S
846
289
60
38
1,164
662
672
811
870
630
184
174
333
364
122
1,843
1,930
2,463
226 · 2,463
867 2,174
17
6
and
7 al·
~~
:na
71n
ter- 71n rotanate- rotatlon tlon
17
10
11
29
166
126
879 129
966 193
184
883
309 1,133
----268 .......... ----264 ---- ----388 ........
466 ........ ----437 ........ ----...........
2,476
2,669
3,662
4,411
6,649
6
------ ---------- ··20·
............
------ ..........
----............
69
69
21
7
6
17
18
lN)
16
86
112
78
···9·
28
643
61
28
34
81
8
12
27
lr1
70
419
7
18
19
66
467
61
66
328
360
406
897
2ff1
5
and
6 al·
tel'-
nate-
136
133
168
272
476
3
3
6
17
22
16
(1)
----
lN)
16
3
7
8
....... -----
·i:r ---r1211
--·---- ----.........
........ ----............
52
49
63
66
48
72
71
66
61
43
43
37
172
............ -ios·
............
711
81
64
148
227 1,062
243
6U!
7(0
10
21
19
65
58
170
284
294
M3
776
665 1,164
.. ....... ..........
---- ..........
2
2
1
(I)
----
2
1
(1)
6
6
4
6
12
25
21
11
H
23
17
l
4
88
86
64
64
32
4
6
16
2
78
28
2
2
2
9
8
..........
------- ----II ............ ----79 .......... ----- 69
66
IS
----- 8631 ---- ...........
8 ···ir ...........
---- ----- 86
254
:n~l:na
6
and
7 al· 7 In 71n 7
ter•
rota•
nate- rotatlon tlon
17
74
78
67
66
38
7
9
14
17
4
-----
----·
..........
-----
----- ------------- 6
6
6
1
6
fil
24
1
2
1
2
2
4
1
2
2
3
21
24
----- ...........
-----
---.--------- ·-25·
..........
3
3
2
3
19
(1)
1
1
1
12
7
8
6
14
19
11
10
10
16
18
7
7
26
22
21
29
32
8
13
39
11
11
15
18
21
• These 5 years are the only ones In which data were collected covering all prlnclpal productive and
other occupatlo1111.
·
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84
WAGES AND HOURS OF LA.BOR-IBDN AND STEEL
Table C (5) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees in the principal productive occupations in the 25 blooming mills covered in 1924.. Tlie occupations have
been a.rran~ as nearly as possible in the order of production, and
figures are shown for each district and all -districts combined for ea.ch
occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, pit cranemen, the 162
positions were. kept filled by a total of 189 men in the pay· period
scheduled. As stated in the explanation of this table, on page 14,
many of the employees worked only part time in this occupation,
and 189 men were necessary to keep tlie 162 positions filled. However, it must not be assumed that tliese emplovees worked only as pit'
cranemen during the period. Many of themw worked. in other occupations, and the nl.\mber of employees shown in the separate occupations _in the following table can not be combined as the number
of employees who worked in the principal productive occupations in
this department.
.
The average customary full time of the 189 men working in the 162
positions was 6:8 turns per week, 8.6 hours per turn, and 54.8 hours
per week. These averages are for all districts combined and do not
show the extreme range of the figures for the several districts. The
average full-time hours per week in the Pittsburgh district, for example, was only 48.9, while in the Eastern district the average was 67.5
hours.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 189
employ:ees, 141 or 75 per cent, worked 56 hours per week or less,
while the. remaining 48, or 25 per cent, ranged from over 56. to 84
hours.
The average hourly earnings of pit cranemen ranged from 68.2
cents in the Eastern district to 86.8 cents in the Southern district, with
an average of 80;3 cents for all districts combined. Average earnings for the half month period reached the high point in the Southern
district, $94.93, and employees in the Eastern aistrict-worked more
hours at this occupation than those in any of the other three districts,
or an average of 135. 7 hours. These averages are only for the occupation under consideration, and do not include earnings. that ~pl~ees may have made in other occupations during the same period.
The range for average full-time weekly earnings of pit cranemen
was from $40.88 in the Pittsburgh district to $52.25 in the Southern
··
district. · The average for all districts was $4~.89.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE C (5).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR
AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-BWOMING MILLS
[See explanation on p. 3 of adjustment of time worked and earnings received)
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Num•
ber of
plants Num·
ber
Average customary full•
time of employees in
the positions
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
turn week
week
Aver•
Num· Over
her
44
and
un•
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Heaters:
Total •••••••••••••••••••••• ·-
6. 3
54
65
17
6.4
6.9
162
6. 3
s.ol
5
8
9
3
15
43
43
8
6.4
6. 3
6.6
6.9
10.
8.071
8.3
9.0
25
109
6. 5
8. 6
25
r==-=
Eastern_ •••••••••• -••••••••••••
Pittsburgh_ •••• _. ____________ ._
Great Lakes and Middle West_
Southern_ ••••••••• _·- ••••••••••
Heaters' helpers:
26
6
8
9
3
=
6.1
10. 6
8.0
8. 4
8. 7
48
der
48
-- · - - --Pit cranemen:
Eastern_ •••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh. __ -·-··- ____ ._._. ___
Great Lakes and Middle West_
Bouthern••••••••••••••••••• _._.
Over
Over
48
56
flJld
un•
der
56
and
un•
Over
60
60
der
72
72
60
56
flJld
un•
der
age
Aver•
age
earn•
Over
lngs
_
hours
72
84 worked mpay
and and
period
un• over
der
84
67.5
48.9
53.2
60.2
28
67
54. 8
189
68. 2
49.9
54. 8
61. 5
55.2
73
21
------------ ... -- -----T -·--;;- ----- ------ ----------- ..---·------ 3110 -··sii41
6 ----------- ··-T
-··1------ ------ ----------- ------ ------ 17 ------ ----1
9
5
23
6
------ 41 77 23 4 =
= = =- 16
4
1~5510 l····ii·
••••••
••••••
139_1_
6
-···4- ...46. -----4
47
4
8
93
12
6
2
4
::::: :::::: :::J...:. ...T
4
-----
11
I
1
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
4
6
2
17
21
25
9
6. 2
6. 2
6. 5
10.6
8. 0
8.1
8.0
65.8
49. 7
52.4
56.0
20
34
40
14
-----·--10·
---------------- ----------·
4
24
30
__ 4
___
~r.
Aver•
age
time
earn•
ings
per
per
week
earn•
liour
ings
--- --
- - --
1
4
7 --·--5 --------------- ------------·----·----·-···10· ---------- ..........
·--14· ------ ----............. ----7.0
----- -----·
----- ------ -----7 -----6 •••••
4
14 . 10
10 I 58
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
1os -·-···
55.2
8.6
o.4
12
111
--.
F==-,--i=---,---~----,----,--
Eastern_.-· •••••••••.••••••••••
Pittsburgh •••••••.•. _•••••••.••
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern ••••••••••••••.••••.•••
Aver-
Number whose customary full•time hours per week were-
135. 7
92. 5
108. 5
109.4
$92.49
77.31
88. 58
94.93
$o. 682
.836
.816
.868
$46.01
40.88
43.43
52.25
107.0
85.87
.803
43.89
117.0
84. 4
98.4
111.9
134. 56
105. 82
114.17
130. 27
1.150
1.253
1.160
1.164
78.40
62.54
63.58
71.60
96. 2
114. 61
1.192
65.66
F==
124. 6
69.6
74. 7
81.6
79.80
56. 64
65.55
91.93
.641
.814
.878
1.127
83.2
68.80
.827
42.15
40.47
45.99
63.12
45. 76
--
TABLE
C (5).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR
AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-BLOOMING MILLS-Continued
Employees working in sclieduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Num•
berof
plants Num•
Occupation and district
ber
Average custol!larY full•
time of employees in
the positions
Tums Honrs Hours
per
per
per
week
tum week
Nom- Over
ber
«
and
Un•
der
48
48
Over
48
and
UD•
56
Southern.......................
4
8
8
3
16
50
34
11
6. 4
6. 2
6. 4
6. 5
10. 0
8. 0
8. 3
8. '7
Total •.••• :..................
23
111
6. 3
8. 5
Bottom makers' helpers:
----------,
Eastern........................
2
20
6.1
10.1
Pittsburgh.....................
7
50
6.0
8.0
Great Lakes and Middle West.
8
60
6. 4
8. 2
Southern.......................
3
Total........................
Roll engineers:
20
Eastern .•..••••..•..•.••••••.•.
~=r~esaiid.Mid<1ie·wesi:
4
8
8
16
6. 7
9. 5
64. 5
49. 4
52. 7
56. 4
75 ••••••
47 ····--
53. 3
162 ••••••
61.5
48.3
52. 0
63. 3
UD·
der
60
60
and
UD·
72
der
72
...•.. ...•.. •••••
17
3 ..•••.
•••••• •••••• ••••• •••••• •••••••••••••••••
•••••• ••••••
5 •••••• ··-·· ···-·· -·····
•••••• •••••. ••••• •••••• •••••
2 •.••••
89 -···-- ------
5
a2 •••.•• ..•..• •••••• •••••• •••••. •••••
82
12
93 -··-·-
40
22
24 ....•. ......
24
10.0
8.1
8. 7
8.4
60. 7
52. 2
56. 0
56.3
10 •••••• ••••••
28
3 ••••••
7
6.1
6.6
6. 5
6. 6
76
10
27
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
:Rollers:
Eastern •••••••••••••••.....••••
Pittsburgh •••••••••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West.
23
68
6. 5
8. 6
55.2
5
8
9
3
12
27
26
6
6. 0
6.0
6. 3
6. 3
9.9
8. 0
8. 3
8. 7
59.2
48. 3
52. 2
54.7
25
71
6.1
8. 5
52.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and
$62. 22
67.67
62. 72
51.31
27 ••••••
4
11 •••••• ••••••
3
4
2 ••••••
ings
per
week
earn•
hour
ings
p&r
$0.552 $35.62
.892 44.05
.787 38.84
.709
39.99
63.M
.769
4o.99
32 ..•....•.......•.
89.0
65.5
74. 7
92.4
51. 75
46. 20
48.85
41.60
.581
• 705
35. 75
6 •••••• ••••. •••.•. •••••
10
time
earn·
82. 7
6 ...•..
2 ••••••
2
2
4 •••••••••••••••••
18
7 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
11
8
2
2
5 •••••••••••••••••
9 ••••••••••••••••• •••••• •••••
2
40
full.
Aver•
age
5 ••.••.
17 •••••
30 •.••••••••••.•••••••..• --··· ••••••••••••
64 -····- ••••••
7 .••••••••••••••••••••••
12
112. 7
75. 9
85.1
72. 4
4.7.56
75.3
146
6. 3
8. 5
53. 3
231
12
62
106
6 ...•.. 7
32 .....
6 ·····- - = I = - = 6 = = = ------------==l==:===l====l====l===I
3
. Total ••••••••••••••.•••••••.•
60
Aver•
age
Aver•
age
earn•
Over
ings
hours
72
84 worked in pay
and and
period
UD·
over
der
84
----------='= ----------
Southern•••••••••••••••••••••••
Southern••••••••••............•
Over
56
56
20 ..••.. ...... .•....
26
49
14
28
20 .•.••.
6
12
46
Over
der
- - -Bottom makers:
Eastern........................
PGireattstbU?Rhes···an··d··M··i·d·dl··e··w··es··t··.
Laki
Aver•
age
Number whose cnstomary full•tlme hours per week were-
.654
.450
34.06
33.99
28.49
.632
33.69
• 924.
56.10
47. 79
141.4
114.0
117.6
76. 6
lSO. 70
104. 34
107.03
79.84
.916
.911
L042
50.99
58.69
4
4
9 •••••
2 .•••••
113.4
105. 22
.928
5L60
3
5
5 ••••••••••••••••.
108. 8
85.8
93.8
99.8
143.35
12o.02
131. 97
154. 82
1.318
1.398
1.407
L551
78.00
67.M
73.46
84.82
93.8
131.38
L400
72. 99
'-
: ···a· ...... ···2
····2· ••.••••••• : ••••••
3 •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• 2 ••••••••••••
1--+---+--+--1---+--ll---ll---ll--~i---l--h----l-----l---l---l---+---!----4---1--90
6
17
45
3
3
l==='.===l====l===I==•l===l==l===i==l==I,=
7
7
2 ••••••••••.•
==r.===1===,1===1'==
~=¥~
MBDipulators:
Eastern........................
1
esandMlddleWest.
5
:
18
~
6. 0
~g
6. 3
9, 9
59. 4
t~
:::
8. 7
64. 7
23 ••••••
~
....~. :3
8 ••••••
3
5 ••••• •••••• ••••••
109. 6
••••••••••••
:.~
3
4
2 ••••••••••• ••••••
21 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••
127. 0
~
4
11
............ 3 4
3 •••••• •••••• ••••• ••••••
~=
83. 911
• 766
411. liO
::ll :viX
L 010 1111. 26
Sonthern'-----•···········
3
6
2 •.•••. ...••. 98. 4 99. 42
Total •••••••••••••••••••••••• l---25-+--77-l--6.-1-1--8.-7-1--52.-9-t--1-02-t--7-t--16-j:'-&O-I••-••-.-+.--4+-l-4-t--9-!---2-1••-•.-.-.;1.•.-••-••+--9-L-6-;-77-.08-+-.-842-t-44.-6-7
Tablemen:
Eastern •••••••••••••••••••••••.
===l===l==='i===~===i===l•==l,==:,====1===1===1=='1===1==
i:=~im"«i"Mi<icne·wesf=
Sonthern•••••••••••••••••••.••.
3
5
3
3
21
10
7
5.9
6.0
6.0
6. 3
9.8
8.1
8.1
11.1
58.4
48. 7
48.5
57.1
28 ••••••
12 ••••••
9
2
Total........................
14
46
6.1
8. 6
51. 6
58
H
5
8
30
12
10. 0
59. 0
6
&.9
6.1
6.3
6.3
8. 7
ft~
64. 7
:7
76
6. 2
8. 4
5L 7
96
:32
~6.g3
s.~;
;2.-i7
Sbearmen:
Eastern ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Plttsbnrgb••••••••••••••.•••••.
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern•••••••••••••....•••.•.
Total........................
Shearmen's helpers:
EGPl;iterntb~::an::d::M::,:d:dle::::w::es::t::.
8
9 ••••••••••••
7
5
84. 8
GL81
59.38
68.90
.486
.729
.685
.666
28.37
35.1111
33. 20
38.02
2 •••••. ••••••
94. 6
62. 39
• 659
34. 31
3 ••••• •••••• ••••••
100. 8
73. M
• 730
43. 08
100. 5
79. 97
92. 5
71. 88
I :::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ···2· :::::: :::::: 1:l:::
36
4
3
2
2
81.68
'===l===i===~===l=======l===l===:===l===i===i===i====i===I== ===l===,1===1'===!===
8
3
24
28
t1
16 ••••••
1
7
8
~t2 M
...... ...... 2 •••••• •••••2 ••••••
•••••• ••••••
3 •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••
••••••
28
44
2
10
3
2 ••••.• .•••••
~t ~~
1===l===::======1===,1===ie====•1==•:====,1===1==11==i=====--1;
J27 ::::::
....~...~~....~. ::::: :::::: :::::: 1~~
•••••• •••••• 10 •••••• ••• • •••••• •••••• 87. 5
= • 777
~ g:
43. 61
40. 23
:_r7! :::
1
:::
5o.19
u ..
3o. 22
Sonthern.......................
3
12
6.3
9.3
58. 7
17
2
10 •••••• •••••• ••••• ••••••
5 •••••• ••••••
82.6 38.53
.466 27.38
1---+---+--+----t---+----t---t---t---t---t---lf---t---+--+---+---+---t---+---+--Total........................
23
162
6.1
S. 6
52. 5
254
13
95
91
4 26
20
5 •.•••• •.••••
72. 4 42. 70
• 5IIO 3o. 57
·-
Laborers:
Eastern........................
Plttsbtugb.....................
GN&t Lakes and Middle West.
:7
..
u
,...
••••••13
••••••• 886 .
:• 795
~
'===l===i===~===i'===i===i===1===1===F==F==1===,===:== ===!===!===1===i'===i===
5
31
6. 0
10. 0
511. 8
44
1
43
••• ••••• •••••
86. lr 31.17
• 389 23. 26
8
200
6. 3
9. 0
57. 4
493 •••••• 174
94
1 •••••. 106 118 .•••• •••••• ••••••
64. 5 25. 41
• 466 26. 76
8
121
6.4
8.6
55.5
167
46
53
3 •••••• 44
21 •.••• •••••• ••••••
89.4 44.86
.502 27.86
Southern.......................
3
27
6.1
10. 3
63.1
38 •••••• •••••• •••••• ••••••
14
7
3
H .•••.• .••••• 89. 5 29. 90
. 334 21. 09
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••1--24--1-379-+--6.-8+--9.-1-+--5-7.-4-+--742--+.-.••-.-+.-220--1-148--1--4-+--l-4-+-200-+-1-42-1--l-4-+••-••-.--1.-••-••-.--1.f.-66.-0-+-S0.-07-+-.-462--1-26.-51
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88
WAGES A.ND HOURS OF LABOB-IBION AND S'1'BEL
Table D (5) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of heaters and roll engineers in 1924, by
districts and all districts combined. These two -occupations are
selected as representative of the spread or variation of hourly earnings
.within the occupations in this department.
The average of hourly e ~ for heaters in the several districts
was $1.192, and for roll ~eers, 92.8 cents. The r~e of earnings
for heaters was much wider than that for rollers in eacli district.
TABLED (5).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BLOOMING
MILLS
[l!'or explanation of this table see p. 16)
Number of employees whose eamlngs per hour wer&Num• Avwage
40 50 80 70 so~ $1 $L25
berof earn$LIIO $L75 $2
em- iDp and and and and
and and and and and
ploy•
UD· un• 11D 11D
ununUD• UD· UD•
der der der der
ees
der der der der der
50 60 70 80 00 der $L26$L50
~76 $2 $2. 26
ota. eta. ota. ota. eta. $1
Occupation and district
::i~
::r
BBATBBS
Eastern.................
Plttabrargh........................
18 $L 150 ••••
116 L 263 ••••
g:atfumi~.~~.:'!!~.~·e·~~t:::::
:
1
~= . ~.
---T
t
·--:Total. •••••••••••••••••••••• :-1391 1. 1112 I 1 1
===~
BOLL
IINOINBBBS
Eastern...•••.•••••.•••.•..••••••••
10
~!:t~es·andMlddleWest:::::
Southern...........................
28
'JtT
11
Total•••••••
........
.1124 ••••
• 916 ••••
1
761 .112811
4
1.042
··2·
2
2
·-r
2
6
1
11
2
6
....
6
....66
6
8
2
1
7
18
81
1
111
.13
4
4
8
1
···s· ....i
------2 •••••
-----
. ·~~i
ll •••••
2
2
2
• 911 ••••
2
8
4
S •••••
1161138
14
4 •••••
2 11 •••••
1 ••••• •••••
1
12120
1111
1
12 \
o
1
----- ....................
6 ••••••••••
6 ,...........
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
together with the average full-time hours per w~ek of eIIl.ployees in
bloo~ mills are shown in detail by districts and all districts
combinea, for the _year 1924, in Tabie E (o). The information was
obtained from 25 plants and covers 5,649 employees in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns ana night
turns per week and the coITesponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees
are divided into three grou~ as follows: (a) "Those who worlc days
only, (b) those who work mghts only, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of arrangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns· at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-tum basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been omitted
where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or
four weeks.
In some instances in the table hours are rel>orted for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. T1iis is owing to the fact
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved 1
day in 7, with no information available, however, as to which day;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89
BLOOMING MILLS
therefore, the hours for a.11 days ha.ve been shown and the relief
has been indicated in the full-time hours per week.
In the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassf;'d 1 man in the Great Lakes and Middle West district and 6
men in the Southern district were found on a day job reguiring them
to work 7 dit.ys ~er week and 12 hours per day-a total of 84 hours
per week. The bracketed tenth and eleventh lines indicate that 2
men alternated from 7 days of 10 hours one week to 6 days of 10
hours the next week, making an average of 65 hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 7 men
in the Great Lakes and Middle West district alternated from 7 turns
of 10 hours on day work to 7 turns of 14 hours on night work, averaging 84 hours per week. The fifth and sixth lines of this section
sliow 6 men going from 7 day turns of 12 hours to 6 night turns of
12 hours, followed by 6 day turns of 12 hours and then 7 night turns
of 12 hours, making an average of 78 hours of labor/er week.
When there are three 8-liour turns, the secon and third are
tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (5).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BLOOMING MILLS
[For explanation of this table see p. 15)
Customary turns and hours worked
Daytums
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
eustomary tums and h0111'8, by
district
NlghttUl'llll
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon•
Turns MOD•
per
day
Sat- Sun- Per week
~ day
to ~~ SUD• Per
to urll'rl• day day week
ll'rl· day day week
day
day
Average
hours
J:Jt
Great
Lakes
East- Pitts- and South• Total
em burgh Mid• em
die
West
DIPLODIS WHO WOlllD DAY TUBNS ONLY
7 12 12
7
12 12
71212
6 ·12 12
6
12 11
7
7
7
f
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
11
10
10
18½
10
11
12
6
II
li
10 10
10
9
18½ 18½
10 10
!..... ......
84
78
77
72
••••••••••••••••••
••••••• •••••• ••••• ••••• ••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••• •••••• ••••• ••••• ••••••
71
71
••••••• ·----· -·-·- ··--- ··-·-------· ··---· ·-·-- ----- ------
70 -···--- ·---·· --··- --··· --·--69 ·--·--· ·-···- ·-·-- -··-- ·--·-60J;i •• _. ___ ---·-· --··· --·-- -···-·
il : } ·-·· ·--··- -···- ----· -····-
84
78
77
72
••••••• •••••••
6
··-··· ••••••• •••••••
8
1 •••••••••••••••••••••
••••••• ••••••• •••••••
34.
71
2 -·····- ••••••• ···---71
12 -----·- --··-·· ---·--70
21
26
75
6
69 --·--·1 --·---· ·-···-1
60½ --···-· ···-·-- ·--·-··
M
---···· ···--· ·-··- --··· ···---
2 -·--·-- --·-·-- --·-···
26 .•••••• ··----·
60 ·--·--- ·---···
20
2
60
16
53
159
1
60 ·-··--·
1 ·-····· ·-·-···
58
1 ·-·---- ·-·--·- ------57 ···-··· ·-·-·-- ·---·-·
16
55¾
40 --··-·· ·--·-·· ·-··--54 -·-·--1 ·---·-·
41
56
48
44
-·-·--- ·---·- ----- -···- -··--------- ·--·-- --·-- --··- ···--·
-··---- ·----· ·--·- -···- -··--·
56
48
44
65
10¾ 8¾ ••••• 60 -·--·-· ----·- ·---· ·-·-· -·-··· 60
10 10 10
10 10 -·--10 ••••• 10
10
8 ··--·
9½ 9½----10
5¼ ·---9
9
8
8
8
8
8
4
8
---···-··
60
60
60
··---·- ·--··· ··-·- ••••• ··-··--·---· ··---- ·-··- --··- --·--------- -----· --·-- --··- ··-··-
58
-···-·- ·-··-· ·-··- ····- ·-·---
57
·-··--- ···-·- --·-· ····- ···---
55¾-•----- ·----- ·-·-· ····- ···---
Total-·--···•··-··--- --·-·- _______ -----·
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
--·--r···- ·----· --··-·
·--·--·-----·
-·---··
95
9
6 ·-·----
140
48 --·----
2
257
2 --·----
311
115
7
8
1
34
2
12
127
1
1
2
211
22
229
1
1
16
40
42
15
188
4
778
90
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
TABLE E (5).-CUSTOMARY •FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BWOMING Ml LLB-Continued
CIIStl>Jnary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number ol emplayees who worked
each specHled combination of
CUBtomary turns and hours, by
district
Night turns
Hours
Aver-
Hours
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Tums Mon•
Tums Mon•
. per East- Pitts- and Southper
day Bat- Son Per week dB7 Sat- Sun• Per week em burgh Mid• em Total
to
urto urdie
Fri- day dB7 week
Fri• d87 dB7 week
West
day
dB7
J:t
IIIPLOYBBS WllO WO:UBD lUGllT TUlUl'S ORLY
7
7
8
7
8
6
8
8
7
8
8
5
-----· ----·- ----- ------ ------
8
12 12 12
11 11
11
12
12
10 10
10
10
5
10 10
10
10 10 ............
10 .............. 10
-----
-----
.84
77
72
70
611"
60
60
60
68
48
48
8
8
8
8
8 •••••
8 •••••
8
8 -----
8 -----
84
77
72
70
85
60
60
60
68
48
48
:}
-----8
2 ------- ------- -------
Total ______ ----------------------------·-------··-·-··-·---·--
no•
IIIPLOYBB8 WllO ALTBllllJATBD WBBXLY
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
8
6
8
7
7
8
8
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
8
7
6
7
6
7
8
6
8
8
7
8
8
7
10
11
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
11
12
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
12
11
8
12
12
10
11
12
12
12
-ii"12
12
-ii--iif·
10 -10··
10
8
10
11
10 -io"10
10
10 10
10
10 -if"
10
10
10
10
10 -io-·
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 10
10
10
10 10
10
9 10
8½ 8½
1r' 8 ..........
10
--i-9
-----
-·---
--r--r-
·--·-----
:3'
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
70
77
7
7
7
8
6
7
84
84
84
72
77
80
84
72
88
72
70
88
60
68
60
70
70
60
70
70
60
80
70
60
85
60
85
60
60
60
~
=~
82
{
6
6
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
7
8
8
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
8
6
6
6
6
8
7
8
6
8
14
13
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
13
12
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
14
13
12
-----
"ii""
............
-------------
-----
·10-10
10
10
----10
10
10
10
·10-·
10
..........
..........
----..........
..........
-io--10·10
8½ 8½
10
1r: ·-r-
14
13
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
13
12
10
8
10
10
11
10
10
-io··
10
·io-11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
·io..
1r'
6¼
98
91
M
72
72
84
78
72
72
72
78
72
70
88
70
70
68
70
60
60
70
80
60
70
68
:
7
22
9
7
1
2
1
3
13
8
3
2
ORB TURN TO AllOT.IIBB
----------·,- --·----------
------- ------------- -------
------- ------- -------
}~
------- ------------- ------------- ---------·---
----·--
------------I
I, 85 ------- 25 ------- -·-·--74
85
2
65
85
83
5
2
.............. ----ff -------
...............
16
13
=~ ::==::::=::==:
} 82½
60
60
60
4 -··-·-- -···--- -·-----
------- ------148
129
------- -------
·---·-«8 ·------
82 -·-·---
gg½ mt::::::::::::::-----~- ---·T
60
60
ll3
5
2
2
11
M .................
7 -----684
----iii"
84
4
78
17
12
} 78
8
77½ ----ff
4
78
711
12 ................
72
8
72
1
70
40 ·-··gi" -·--21· ----66°
88
2
2 ...................
68
5 .................. ...................
.,. _____
65
2
=r
60
60
60
------- ------- ------5
------2 ------- ------1 ------- ------1
2 ------- ------Ii
------1 ------- ------------- ------2 ------------- ------1 ------2
1 ------- ------------8
5 ------------7
1 ------------3 ------- -------
59
26 ----·-· ------· -··---57~
2 -·----- ---···· ·--·--117 ··----- ·-----2 -------
7
Ii
24
29
8
4
17
12
8
1
224
2
2
11
2
25
78
17
34
2
4
8
211
8
321
62
6
1
26
2
3
9.1
BU)OMING M:tLLS
E (5).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BLOOMING MILLS-Continued
TABLE
.
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Monper East- Pitts- and Southday Sat- Sun· Per
day Sat- Sun- Per week ern burgh Mid- em Total
to urdie
to ur- day week
Fri- day day week
Fri- day
West
day
day
J:t
BIIPLOYDS
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
8~i
10
9
9
no
ALTBlUl'ATID WBBXLY DOJI 011:1 TUR11 TO A110THBR-Contlnued
8½ 59~
~
9 ..........
9
8
8
8
----8
6
5
55"
54
54
ti6
ti6
56
{
6
6
6
8
8
-----
48
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
56
6
6
8
8
48
6
8
8
---------
48
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
ti6
6
7
8
8
8
ti6
6
6
8
8
-----
48
G
8
8
8
48
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
6
7
7
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
--------8
48
----8
48
•ti6
7
8
8
8
ti6
6
7
8
56
6
8
~
8
8
-----
48
6
6
7
6
8
8
..........
48
6
8
8
-----
48
7
6
7
6
7
8
8
3
61
6
6
6
8
8
6
II
8
10
lfO
6
8
8
---------------------
48
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
48
ti6
56
48
'8
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
..........
48
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
56
--ii--
48
48
6
Cl
Average
Hours
Turns Mon-
w':t
Number of employees who worked
each spec111ed combination of
~ turns and hours, by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Bij'---------
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
----9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
--ii-8
8
8
8
8
8
8
----8
8
8
8
--8-8
8
10
8
8
------ii-8
8
--ii"8
8
8
10
8½ 51
--sr--r8
8
7
8
8
11
8
8
-"s"-
8
8
ti6
54
56
53¾
56
53½
9
8
8
8
--r8
8
8
8
7
8
7
8
-i2-8
--·-8
58
58
57
48
48
ti6
ti6
ti6
56
56
55
48
55
56
48
60
48
8
............
--ii-8
8
-----
53½
1:
52
48
48
ti6
48
ti6
48
--------...........
53½
52
} 51½
8
8
8
7
8
53½
52
--------------ii---s"-
54
48
56
50
48
48
48
55
48
48
48
48
50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
40
48
48
48
------- ------- ...............
1
-----ii"
------- ------------- -----------!.a" ...............
------332
262
63
...............
1
f4
2
2
689
9
4
-------
8
-------------
10
............... ..............
3
------- -------
3
...............
12
.............. ------54½ ............... ------55¼
48
--r--------~
----- --r-
s· --ii"-
54
ti6
ti6
ti6
55
ti6
ti6
59
55¾
f4
54½
54
54 ...............
ti6
32
ti6
-io--
-"ii"--------- 88
------ii--
53¾
54
------29
3
4
------- -------
-------
34
1
------6 ------4
9
...............
-------
33
92
..............
92
2'2
-------
276
------- ------- -------
108
------- ------------------- ------- 116 ------------- ------- 22 -------1
7
------- ------- -------2
...............
------------- -------l ------- -------
-------
6
10
108
7
116
22
1
2
1
3
..............
50¾
52
--------
62
50%
16
---------
72
------- ------------· ti6
162
50% -------
------319 ------- ------50%1------50¾ ------- 116 ------- --·---49 ----·-- ------87 ------12 ------48¾ -----·· ------48¾
48
t:
--·---- ...............
............... 764
--·---- ...............
------- ..............
~= ----- ------48
48
------- -------
-------2
2
4
239
28
8
................
5
3
391
319
116
87
12
28
777
...............
...............
121
------------- -----14
20
121
13
20
----73-
-------
13
2
2
73
92
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON AND S'.l'Em,
TABLE E (5).-CUST0MARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BW0MING MILLS-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Turns Mon•
per day
week to
Fri•
day
Number of employees who worked
each spec111ed combluation of
customary turns and hours, by
district
Hours
Aver·
age
Turns Mon•
per
day Sat• Sun· Per
Sat• Sun· Per week
ur• day week
to ur•
day
Fri• day day week
day
hours
J:t
Great
Lakes
East• Pitts- and South· Total
em burgh Mid• ern
die
West
BHPLOYEBS WHO ALTBRllA.TBD WBBS:LY l'BOM: OllJB TUB.llJ TO AITOTHBR-OontlDued
6
8
8
•••••
6
8
8
•••••
6
6
8
8
8
8
481 g : ..... 10 :g
48
g : ..8••••8•• :
48
: : ..... 8 :g
48
6
8
46
•••••••
3 ••••••••••••••. 3
45½ •••••••
2 ••••••• •••••••
2
304 ••••••••••••••
2 •••••••••••••••••••••
304
2
45½.......
«
40
Total•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• j...... ..... ..... ...... ......
001
2,371
1,639
311
4,822
Of the total number of blooming mill em_ployees reported, 1,164,
or 21 per cent, worked 7 days per week all tlie time and 1,997, or 35
per cent, worked a week of 7 turns at least once every three or four
weeks. As to the hours of labor, 170, or 3 per cent of all employees,
worked 12 hours per day, 1,334, or 24 per cent, worked 10 hours per
day, and 4,041, or 72 per cent worked a day of 8 hours.
A large part of the 7-day work in this deJ>artment was confined to
the 8-hour workers, 2,461, or 78 J>er cent of the 3,161 employees who
worked 7 days per week either all or part of the time, being on that
basis. The basic :figures are set forth by districts in the following
table. A few minor groupings do not appear in this summary.
In preparing the summary only the regular hours per turn an employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless of the
length of his time on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (6)
Number of employees who worked
speci11ed days and hours
Item
Total employees ID blooming mills ••••••••••••••••••••
Em~!0
w':~ !Jfit:1~e. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
7-day week l)art ofthe time •••••••••••••••••••••••
12 or more hours per day···············--··-·-·-·7-day week and 12 or more hours per day all the time
7-dayweekandl2ormorehoursperdaypartofthe
time_ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -••••
10 hours per day--------·-----···-··-···-··-··-···
7-day week and 10 hours per day all the time---···
7-day week and 10 hours per day part of the time••
lae;8
8 hours per day··········--·······················
7-day. week and 8 hours per day all the time _____ ._
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time. __
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Great
Pitts• Lakes
Eastern burgh
and South•
dis- Total
district district Middle em
trlct
West
district
Per
cent of
total
603
2,660
1,959
437
S,649
100
112
195
476
406
923
24
24
170
145
91
28
1,164
1,997
170
67
21
36
3
1
22
68
448
104
93
77
1,3M
361
202
4,041
730
1,731
1
24
65
5
46
464
63
120
67
32
29
734
------------·--------- ----·-·329
117
27
2,293
367
707
42
1,490
278
886
-
13
191
63
109
6
4
72
13
31
PLATE MILU3
This department includes both sheared-plate mills, in which the .
edges of the plates are not rolled and must be sheared off, and universal-plate :mills, in which the edges of the plates are rolled, and
therefore only the ends need to be cut. No difference exists between
the two types of mills except in the actual rolling of the plates, and
some of tlie plants r~ported operated both sheared-plate and universal
mills. Figures are shown separately for members of the two rolling
crews, but not for .the other occupations.
Data for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 13 plants and
cover 4,234 employees in all occupations. Of the 4,234 employees
reported, 1,887 are found in the prinajpal productive occupations
for which separate figures are given. Data were first obtained for
this department in 1910, and comparative figures are presented for
th~penod 1910 to 1924. 1
The year 1924 marks the lowest point of full-time hours per week
in the plate-mill department in the period 1910 to 1924. The
bureau's report for 1922 shows that approximately 40 per cent of
the employees covered in that year were on a 12-hour basis, and
some employees also worked 7 days per week. A general reduction
in the wor~ time of the employees, however, took place in the
latter part of 1923, and the 12-hour day and 7-day week in this
department were practically eliminated. Considering the principal
productive occupations as a whole, average full-time liours per week
m 1924 were 13 per cent less than in 1922 and 18 per cent less than in
1913.
· The study also shows a considerable increase in earnings _per hour
in 1924 as compared with 1922 and any other year for which data
a.re presented, except 1919 and 1920. Hourly earnings in 1924 were
8 per cent less than in 1919 and 20 per cent less than m 1920. They
were, however, 16 per cent above those in 1922 and 115 per cent
above those in 1913, or approximately 2t times the hourly earnings
of 1913.
The increase in hourly earnings was not_ quite sufficient to compensate for the reduction of hours, and weekly earnings in 1924 were
lower than at any other time since 1917.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and av'!'ffi:
hours in ea.ch of the princip_a.l P.roductive occupations of plate ·
are shown in Table A (6). While the customary wor~ time of the
16 occupations combined was 14 per cent less in 1924 tlian in 1922,
when considered separately decreases in the average full-time hours
per week ranged from 5. 7 hours per week for heaters' helpers to 11.5
hours for screw men, sheared :elate.
Screw men, shearedj>late niills, customarily worked 68.6 hours ~
week in 1910 and contmued to do so with only slight variations until
1917, when the average was increased to 69.9 fuIT-time hours. The
increase continued to 71.3 hours in 1919. The average was reduced
to 68.4 in 1920 and to 66.2 in 1922, a.nd·in 1924 dropped to the new
1 No data were collected for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, and 1923.
20167°-25t-1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
93
94
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON A.ND STEEL
low average of 54.7 hours. Lesser but simJ].ar changes took place
in the other occupations.
Average earnin~ per hour increased in each of the 16 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years, except 1919 and 1920. The 1919 and 1920 figures are higher
m each occupation than those in 1924. For example, the average
of hourly earnings of laborers, which occupation comprises a ll\rge
percentage of the employees in the principal productive occupations,
was less than 20 cents per hour in 1910 to 1915, but in 1917 was
-advanced to 29.4 cents per hour. The increase was carried into
1919 and 1920, the averages for those years being 45 and 49.8 cents,
respectively. In 1922 the average dropped baclr to 33.6 cents per
hour, but was increased in 1924 to 43.2 cents. Table A (6) shows
like figures for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week were below those for 1919 and
1920 for each occupation, and the averages for 1924 are slightly less
· than those-in 1922 for most of the occupations, but show substantial
increases over the weekly earnings for all other years.
The distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week contained in Table A (6) shows the extent to which fulltime hours have been reduced in 1924, as compared with other years,
in this department. In 1924 one-half or more of the employees in
eveey occupation except heaters' helpers worked a week of 60 hours or
less, and in 12 of the 16 occupations over 65 percent were on that basis.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings _})er hour,
and full-time earnings per week are also contained in Table A (6).
These are simple percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1913 as the base or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for the department as a whole (all principal
productive occupations combined) are shown on page 5.
TABLl!I A (6).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURJ..~ND FULL-TIME. EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBE.w:s THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-PLATE MILLS
[For explanation of this table aee p. 13)
Index numbers
AverNum- Aver- Aver- age
Occopatlon
and year
(11113•100)
Per cent of em~yees whole
average full-time ors per week
were-
:M.
age
fullNum- ber
of time eern- time
ber
Over
of · em- hours
lnas earn- Full- Earn Fulltime 48 48
plants ploy- per
lnas time lnas eernand
and
eea week
hOlUB
lnas un- un- 00
der der
J:'r J:ic
.J:i: lc:r J:°k
00
Over
Over
72
00
and 72 and 1K
ununder
der
72
1K
Ohargingerane and
ehar1in1JIUMlhtile op-
-tors:
1910•• ____
1911 ______
1912______
1913-----1914__ ..., ___
9
9
10
10
12
1916-----11117_______
12
1919______
1920______
11
19'M______
12
J.922 ______
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
10
13
41
39
42
46
62
M
30
71
63
72
tt1
71,6 $0. 303 $21.85
69.4
.283 19. 70
21.98
611.6
70. 7
.339 2'.07
70. 2
.806 2L69
70.3
.329 23.39
,480 33.85
70.4
7L6
.799 67.13
70.0
.798 M.18
66.9
.563 'lrl. 88
&7.1
.679 37.79
.au;
89
83
101
98
ll8
100
99
99
100
101
99
97
H2
236
236
81
200
96
93
100
90
166
91
82
91
100
90
---·- """ii" -T
-·--- ........... 6
--------------- ---------------............ --------- ----
34 Ml
38
83
36
42
56
38
39
31
10
----a
----29 ----
26
ff
-------
--------6 ------··r
19 'lr1
167 ----- ··ie· 17
32 a 29 ---167
«
14 43 ---- ---- ·-------97
141
237
233
41
20
18
38
30
80
76
30
95
PLA.TE MILLS
.A (6).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURt... AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..!. AND INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCUrATION-PLAT.E MILLS-Continued
TABLlll
Occupation
and year
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver•
Num• Aver- Aver•
age
Num• ber
of time earn• time
ber
of
ings earn• Fnll• Earn• Full·
em• hours
ings time lngs time
plant.a ploy• per per
ees week hour per hours per earn•
week per hour ings
per
week
week
~t
~-
Per cent of em~yees whose
average full•time urs per week
wereOver
48
Over
48
60
60
72
Over
72
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un•
llll• un•
un•
der
der der
der
- - - - -- - - - -- -
Heaters:
1910·-·····
1911 ..•••••
1912.••••••
1913•••••••
1914..•••.•
1915..•••••
1917•••.•••
1919.••••••
1920.••••••
1922.••••••
1924••..•••
Heaters' help.
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
56
55
55
54
64
61
30
66
84
75
90
71. 0 $0. 508 $36. 35
.468 32.46
69.1
.513 36.02
69.9
.562 40. 59
71. 7
.529 37.63
70.5
.557 39. 73
70. 6
• 771 54. 35
70. 4
70. 7 1.202 84.98
68. 5 1.189 81.55
.852 57.03
67.6
.961 52.52
56.5
99
96
97
100
98
98
98
99
96
94
79
16. 98
15. 31
16. 74
17.50
16. 68
18.04
31. 67
42. 73
42. 74
34.36
32. 84
101
98
100
100
99
98
98
103
100
98
90
96
90
96
100
98
105
186
238
246
98
97
100
100
96
96
97
100
98
96
87
97
94
93
100
99
100
144
241
99
85
ers:
1910.••.•••
1911. ••.•••
1912.••••••
1913 •••••••
1914••••••.
1915•••••••
1917•••••••
1919•.•••••
1920..•••••
1922.- •••••
1924 •••..••
10
10
10
10
12
12
6
10
10
1910..•••••
1911. .•••••
1912.••••••
1913..•••••
1914 •••••••
1915•.•••••
1917..•••••
1919..•••••
1920.••••••
1922..•••..
1924 .••••••
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
12
43
39
46
46
1910.••••••
1911 •••••••
1912..•••••
1913 .••••••
1914 •••••••
1915•••••••
1917•••.•••
1919 .••••••
1920..•••••
9
28
Roll engineers:
Rollers,
sheared•
plate mills:
1922.......
1924.......
Screw men,
sheared.
plate mills:
1910•••••••
1911••••••••
1912••••••••
1913••••••••
1914••••••••
1915••••••••
1917•••••••
1919••••••••
11
12
9
9
9
11
11
7
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
10
7
1920•..•••••
9
9
1922••••••••
1924..•••••••
8
8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111
108
113
107
112
109
36
129
140
132
126
69.5
67.3
68.7
68. 7
67. 7
67.6
67.4
71.1
68. 9
67.3
.243
.227
61.6
.503
.538
36
35
37
36
38
39
71.5
70. 8
72. 5
72,8
70.2
69. 7
70. 9
72. 7
71.6
69.6
63.3
.300
.290
.287
.309
.307
.309
.444
.744
.774
.538
.614
21.45
20. 55
20.93
22.63
21.55
21.58
68.4
68.1
68. 7
68.5
68. 0
67.9
69.4
70.8
68.1
66,5
.712
.607
• 711
• n8
• 703
1.011
1. 530
1.558
1.126
1.300
48.18
41.46
48. 93
49, 21
47.94
49.89
70. 32
108, 32
106. 60
74.34
71. 62
100
99
100
100
99
99
101
103
99
97
421
.393
.435
.482
.434
.474
• 702
1.117
1.115
28. 75
26.95
30.00
33.36
30.08
32,61
49.15
79.64
76.23
99
99
100
100
100
99
101
103
99
96
20
28
27
26
28
28
18
30
35
33
34
28
28
29
29
28
26
22
32
39
29
33
o6. 5
68.6
68.6
69.0
69,0
68. 7
68,3
69.9
71.3
68.4
66. 2
54. 7
.243
.252
.247
.264
.469
.601
.620
• 734
.863
1.052
31.63
M.09
55.98
37. 74
38. 99
56.42
56. 78
82
79
90
83
91
100
94
99
137
214
212
152
171
200
213
250
174
199
99
100
98
102
141
213
217
157
181
87
82
90
100
90
98
146
232
231
179
218
90
80
89
100
93
98
134
209
201
141
129
97
87
96
100
95
103
181
244
244
196
188
----- .. ·2· .T
--------- -- --- 4
----- ----- ----
----- ----- -------- ----- -------- ------------ ···.r ----
--------5
----- --- 66 ----- ------ ----- ----- ··4·
----- --·-- 3
--- --------------- ------------------------------ --- ---------
--·2·
-T
7
37
6
----
95
91
92
100
95
95
140
239
247
167
172
------- ----- ""5"
----------- ----- 5
-- --- ----- -------- -- --- ------------------- ------------ ----- -------- ----- ---26
-----
98
84
99
100
97
101
143
----- ------------ 4 -------- ----- ----- --- -- --- -------- ----- -------- ----- -------- -- --- ----
220
217
151
146
86
81
90
100
90
98
147
239
229
169
170
-----
37
13
-- --- ----- -T
-- --- ----6
--- 21
-- 21
24 21
----- ---·
--------- 43 --------------- ----- -------- ------------ ------------ ----- -------- ----- -------- ··2s· 5
----15 ·is·
33
39
38
36
39
48
49
20
27
60
55
34
67
66
61
64
76
76
56
23
73
52
46
28
34
32
33
45
51
30
19
31
26
41
71
54
48
50
57
57
33
23
51
39
35
64
46
41
45
50
54
27
16
51
31
33
54
55
33
26
23
21
80
70
26
15
---28
30
25
23
9
8
44
74
17
84
--7
------ 27--- ----2
35
22
23
6
7
···a· ------11 ---25 -------- --------
···s-
5
1
4
-----------·a· ------9 ---30
---- 14 5
------61
37
27
31
34
28
12
15
16
11
17
22
22
16
15
----6
14
14
5
5
10
14
13
17
60
67
33
13
-----
29
----- ----
----
··2a·
17
9
.........
------·----- --------------- ------------ ---------9 ---34
18 ---15
---- ----43
52
50
43
43
67
77
----
36
50
55
55
50
46
73
84
44
21
------------ -------- -------- -------- --------------- --------
-------
""iii" ...
........ -----
---
96
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR--IBION AND STEEL
A (6).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS. PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, ANO--·FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..z. AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCU.t'ATION-PL ATE MIL.LS-Continued
TABLE
Index numbers
Aver•
Occopatlon
and year
(1913=100)
Per cent of emcs whose
per week
average full•time
were-
INwn• Average Aver•
Num• ber full. age ~.
of time earn• time
ber
Over
Ovei
Over
Jngs earn• iJ'un. Earn- Foll·
of
em•
72
60
time ~ ~
lnp time lnp srnplants ploy• bours
and
and
and
and
bou.m per -lngs un- un• 60 un• 72 un. M
eel J:°k
per
~
per der der
der
der
week hour week
72
60
84
&:r
Table opera•
tors, sheared- .
plate mills:
1910••••••••
1911••••••••
1912..••••••
1913••••••••
1914••••••••
1915 -····-·
1917••
1919 •••::::
1920. ··-·-1922 --·----
ll!U••••••••
Hookmen,
shearedplate mills:
9
9
9
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
10
1910••••••••
1911..••••••
1912.•••••••
1913••••••••
191".........
1915••• ~ •••
1917••••••••
1919••••••••
1920·-···-11122..-••••
1924..•••••••
11.
11
6
9
10
10
10
1910••••••••
8
1911.--····
6
Roll hands,
other,shearedplate mills:
1912.•••••••
1913 -······
1914..••••••
1915••••••••
1017••••••••
1919•• ·-·-1920••••• ·1922 ··--···
1924..•••••••
Rollers, uni•
verseJ mills:
7
9
5
8
8
JO
10
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912........
1913•••••••
191"•••••••
11116•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
JD.. ••••••
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
72
9
mills:
20
'6
42
36
73
72
6
Screw men,
main rollsi
unlversa
31
31
32
9
9
""
4
4
5
5
5
4
15
6
4
4
"
4
15
Ii
5
"
5
6
68.<l ... 318
.300
68.1
.334
.363·
68.2
61.6 .317
67.5
.332
.510
68.5
70.6
.825
67.6
.870
65.6
.635
66.6
.730
$21.M
20.44
22.85
:H.87
2L73
22.63
35.0'A
58.25
58.80
42.25
.262
.24.11
17.88
16.81
18.90
30 68.3
9
9
1910••••••••
1911.•••••••
1912••••••••
1913••••••••
1914.•• ···19115
1919•••:::::
1920••••••••
1922••••••••
1924..........
26
28
76
74
76
. <l9
89
68.3
68. 1
68.15
68.4
68.2
68.0
69.6
7LO
.276
.313
.294
.314
.476
67,6
14
14
16
20
24
24
16
28
33
56
61
68.0
68.9
60.3
611.1
67.4
67.4
611.1
71.0
68.3
65.5
58.4
.263
.242
8
69.5
68.<l
67.8
69.8
68.8
68.8
70. 7
70.0
M.8
66.4
.636
.584
.581
7
6
8
8
8
9
9
11
13
8
7
7
7
9
9
11
9
11
16
611.15
66.6
66.6
70.1
69.2
611.2
70.9
69.<l
64.0
66.0
.813
.265
.268
.401
.676
.668
."80
.555
.672
.690
.676
1.371
L372
L187
L21il
.<l70
.421
.407
.460
.386
.461
L015
L174
.813
.Ml
83
100
2ff
240
234
236
175
170
201
159
M
---·- -------- ·---------........
--------.......... ----- -------- ------------ -------...........
----........... .......... -------- --2r ·-r
""iii"
~
.........
_.,.
17.71
16.M
18.M
18. 28
17.42
18.12
27.7-l
48.00
46.76
3L70
31.08
98
100
100
100
98
98
100
103
99
91
102
100
97
101
151
91 ............ .............
101
.............
100 ............... .............
95
99 ........... ............
152 .............. .............
99
95
86
252
181
44.22
40.31
39.78
47.81
41.08
47.10
96.93
98.32
75.26
70.34
JOO
98
32. 715
28.23
Zl.38
32. 66
26. 96
SL~
71.
83.35
50.80
4U5
100
100
100
100
99
102
104
99
'¥1
100
99
99
101
100
93
81
99
95
95
100
99
99
101
99
91
80
79
88
100
94
100
152
249
260
255
209
96
87
86
100
88
101
204
204
177
186
102
92
88
100
84
98
221
255
177
183
8
25
__
----- ---·--------·
.. ........
..
-----.......... ......... .........
187
206
56.02
.6" 36.06
.257
99
96
87
91
140
87
82
92
100
87
91
141
96
82
21.511
20.27
21.67
33.25
.885 88.20
.269
99
99
100
104
88
83
92
100
83
78
88
JOO
94
100
154
257
2511
177
163
.780 511. 38
100
80
105
65.8
66.0
39."8
100
100
100
100
--·-------- -·---·-- ------.........
----............ ----··s·
..............
9
··ao· ··20·
13 27
...........
----- ----- -------- ..........
...........
----- ---·- ............
---.........
263 ----- -----T
250 -----·iii" 9
173
·-is"
'¥1
170
92
M-
83
100
86
15
36
---·- -·--- ·i,17
----............. ----............
---..........
............ ..........
----- ----.............
J:
----- ----- ..........
206 ----- --iR157
l<l7
-·is-
·is·
23
31
69
57
53
55
61
63
40
29
55
31
28
68
58
53
57
57
58
29
22
55
35
31
43
47
45
39
38
60
71
40
28
...........
----
.......... ---·---~ ---..........
.......... ---........... ---........... ----
----
--ff ----
........ ----- ------32
42
47
43
43
42
71
78
.......... .......
---- ..........
.........
---- .........
---............
............ ---.. ........... .........
----
----- ...........
30
···r ..........
..........
71
29
57
38
50
67
63
... .......... ...........
30
43
58
37
21
M
1f1
.......... ............. ... ........
50
33
42
63
79
----- ...........
----.............. --·
............ --·
-··
............
--------- ... ........
............
30 ............. ·-·
............
43 32
..........
34 ...........
50
29
---------
50
57
33
33
50
36
31
27
...
............ ·-·
............ ...
............ ..........
..............
50 50 ............. -··
. ..
50 50 ............. ...
22 78
56 22 ··22· ....
67
...
----- ...
......... .......... ........
50 ----- ...
----- -----··-- ·20· 50
29 43 --------29
43
29
............. -··
----- -----··
100 ----- ----- ---- 29 71
83 ----- -------96 ----••••• --·
---- "44 [ 56 ==:::
220 ----- ----................ ---- 18 82 ··--· --·
255 ----··--· •••
78
22
··m· ·21·
100
86
M
156
1"8
··u·
20
40
36
18 ••••••••
71
, __ ··-- --
97
PLATE MILLS
TABLE A (6).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBER THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-PLATE MILLS-Continued
Occupation
and year
NumNum- ber
of
ber
emof
plants ploy
ees
AverI~e1time
hours
per
week
Aver-
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Average
f~earn- time
ings earn- Fullings time Earnper
lngs
per hours per
hour
week per hour
week
Per cent of em~yees whose
average full-time urs per week
were-
Over
Over
FullOver
4.8
time 48
60
72
earn- and and
and
and
ings un- un- 60 un- 72 un- 84
per der der
der
der
week
72
60
84
-- -- Screw men,
side roll~
uni versa
mills:
191Q _______
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _____.__
1915 _______
-----1919________
1920
1922 _______
1924 _______
Roll hands,
other, universa! mills:
-- ---1910_
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913_ ----------1914________
1915
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
Shearmen:
1910 _______
-----1911-_______
1912
-- ---1913________
1914
1915 _______
1917 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
Shearmen's
helpers:
1910 _______
191L ______
-----1912________
1913
-----1914________
1915
1917 _______
1919 _______
-- ---1920_
IY:.1".I _______
1924 _______
Laborers:
1910 _______
1911 _______
]912_ -- ---1913 ___ --------1914_
1915 _______
. 1917 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922_______
1924 ________
1 Less than 1 per
1 Including 3 per
4
4
4
4
6
6
5
4
6
6
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
4
5
6
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
13
11
11
11
11
12
12
5
10
8
10
11
10
9
9
8
10
10
10
13
12
17
6
4
5
8
10
9
19
10
17
19
70
66
69
69
73
73
42
97
92
106
108
460
429
432
425
408
406
248
630
623
678
767
355
274
339
349
216
208
197
587
348
493
640
69.2 $0.314 $21. 77
.296 19. 80
66.3
.271 18.12
66.3
.294 20.56
68.6
.271 18.69
68.1
.332 22.83
68.1
.713 5o.48
70. 8
.738 57.38
69.6
.606 39.04
65.3
56. 6 .642 37.31
101
97
97
100
99
99
103
101
.05
20.93
21.55
19.41
18.50
18.48
21.-i6
43.20
48. 41
32.18
32. 27
100
102
99
100
99
98
102
70.0
72.0
69.6
70.3
69.5
69.2
71.4
69.5
65.5
56.7
.299
.299
.277
.261
.266
.310
.605
.687
.502
.555
67.5
68.0
.878
.356
68. 3
.384
.415
25.69
24.45
26. 48
83
107
101
92
100
92
113
243.
251
206
218
81
115
115
106
100
102
119
232
263
192
213
98
91
99
93
99
99
86
93
28.81
27.97
29.68
44. 74
69.17
69.44
43.10
43.15
100
.215
.203
.223
.250
.243
.260
.400
.630
.665
.455
.52ll
14. 71
14. 20
15.42
17. 25
16. 71
17.89
27.60
44. 79
45.56
29. 73
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
103
99
28.85
81
82
89
100
97
104
160
252
266
182
212
.159
.158
.161
.181
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
.432
10.68
10. 51
11.17
12. 62
11.85
11.66
2o. 67
31. 28
34.66
21.65
24.20
96
96
99
100
88
87
89
100
68. 8
68.4
68.2
69.7
70.8
68. 0
64.1
55.8
.436
.638
.977
1.016
.666
.793
68.4
68.4
68. 6
68. 7
68. 2
68. 4
69.0
71.1
68.2
64. 9
55.5
66.8
66. 2
68.9
69.3
67.6
66. 7
70.3
69.5
67.9
64. 0
56.8
.406
99
99
101
103
99
93
81
94
98
96
101
100
98
92
82
100
98
105
154
235
245
160
191
86
96
96
162
249
275
186
239
cent.
cent whose full-time hours per week were 91.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
106
96
88
100
91
111
246
279
190
181
113
116
105
100
100
116
234
262
174
174
89
85
92
100
97
103
155
240
241
150
150
85
82
89
100
97
104
160
260
264
172
167
85
83
89
100
94
92
164
248
275
172
192
---------22--------22
----------------------------------- ........
---------------- ------ff -ff
12
18
29
........._----- ----
60
44
44
50
60
60
20
46
50
41
---·
-------.........
--------- -------.......... -------- ----
40 ...........
33
33
50
40
40
80
M
17
.......... -------
......... .......... ------..........
...........
-------- 100 ------------------------25- 80
75
------------------40 60 ·---· --------------44 56 ---------------------- n- 8960 ..........
-----·--- -------- ------i2- -24- 40
---41
--ii- 16 53 24
21 ---- -·---------- ·--64 33 ----- ---3
--------42 52 ----- -------- 67 38
----55 ----- ----------i39
----- 1 ---- 45 59
----- ---53 ----- -----3----44 .52 ----- ---1
----67
24
10
--------- ---21 78 ----- ---1
----45 47 ----- -------- 271 -T
29 33 ----- ---10
--35- 18 30
18 ---- ----- ---2
57 42 ----- .........
----- ----4 41 56 ----- -------58 ----- -------- -----(!)- 3 39
42 57 ----- -------(1) ---- 48 52
---2- ........
--i----(1)
46 50
----- -------10 70
20
---20 80 -(!)- --------(!)- -T 44
............ --·----- 23 7 25 5245 ____
---33
67
32
15
........ ..........
25
26
58
52
36
20
--iii-
20
----- ----...........
-----
----- ------------- --T
17
--·-3
----12
----8
--------- 20
35
23
22
22
36
21
19
10
2
12
--zi-
43
4
10
32
30
29
4
10
18
31
32
27
19
87
62
66
29
1
3
6
3
13
13
-------
6
1
15
17
3
3
---3
---i
---- ----- ........
1
10
3
98
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
The customary working time per week of all employees covered in
plate mills in each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922 and
1924, 2 has been classifie~J. and the number and per cent of employees
co~ under each classincation are shown in Table B (6).
Plate mills are operated almost entirely on a 6-day per week basis,
an<l practically all 7-day work in this de)!artment is occasioned by
light-up or repair turns roll changes, etc. ln previous years, between
88 and 96 per cent of ati employees covered worked either 6 days per
week regularly or 5 days and 6 days in alternate weeks. In 19"24,
however, only 78 per cent customarily worked those turns. This decrease has been aosorbed by the slight increase in the number of employees who worked either 6 days and 7 days per week alternatel:y,
6 days, 7 days, and 7 days per week in rotation, or 7 days per week
regul_arl:y. This increase in 7-day work is due in l~e measure to
the elimination of the 12-hour day m many plants and tlie substitution
of the shorter shifts of from 8 to 10 hours.
TABLE B (6).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO
CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-PLATB
MILLS
]For explanation of this table see p. 13]
District and year
Num•
ber
Num•
ber
of
of
em•
plants ploy-
ees
Number of e m ~ whose Per cent of emplo,eust-ollllll')' wor
days per
whose customary wortiDg days per week wereweekweie--
5
5and
6
alter-
nate-
6
ly
Eastern:
1111'-----------------11115 __________________
11126__________________
11122_ ·--------·-··- --1924_ -------------- --Pittsburgh:
11115
11114___________________
------------· --- -
lll20_ ---------------- 11122____ --- -- --- --- --1924___ • -- • -- --- . -- --Great Lakes and Middle
West:
1914__________________
11115__________________
11126__ ---------- -----1924
11122__________________
__ ----- ----------Total:
11114__________________
1915__________________
llJ20______________ ---11122__________________
1924__________________
3
3
3
4
4
7111
6119
1137
1,218
1,130
4
5
1, 1311
1,121
1,572
1, 4118
2,118
4
4
455
425
6
6
5
3
4
4
13
13
11
12
13
721
1,050
1186
2,301
2,245
3,230
3,766
4,234
-T
........
........
----------
·------·--·--
-T
1
-T
1
1
475
1116
184
131
6111
371
1131
172
17-l
128
576
817
278
344
130
Ulll
180
148
148
680
7in
nate- rotaly tion
........... 2
--44- ..........
----- -----2
f!t.r1
l,~
1,625
33
1411
306
2114
10
18
537
71111
623
2,257
2, 7711
--or
3
8
--ii· ----108
81
77
18
115
323
--so5
11
-----
-™-
:-n~
11
7
46
47
68
lliO
6
and
7 7in
11 alt.er- 6 alternatenate- maly
ly tion
and
G
·(lr
.........
-------- 160 ---711 ------------ 81211 ---18 ..........
----
68
71
oil
777 1,307
7116 1,232
586 2,525
1,068
5111
:-n~
1.k.
6
and
lll
247
6
4
4
M
611
131
132
101
345
476
tf1
74
30
26
111
63
li6
28
33
47
15
16
8
72
72
89
52
38
---...... -----
77
---..........
211
25
25
14
15
tf1
(lr
34
57
55
78
60
66
-sr
-f:r
35
18
28
12
611
74
76
63
---------
7
..........
~:~
---.- ...........
---·-
7
7
7
12
14
..........
----..........
--T
7
7
2
7
12
6
7
5
1
2
7
2
4
---.-
1
1
1
8
7
............
Cl
--T
11
1
1
---if ----11
3
3
1
3
8
s~
3
II
fl
1 Lesa than 1 per cent.
• These 5 years are the only ones in which de.ta were collected covering all principal productive and other
oocnpations.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PLATE MILLS
99
Table C (6) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees in the principal productive occupations in the 13 plate mills covered in 1924. The occupations have been
arranged as nearly as possible in the order of production, and figures
are sliown for each district and all districts combined for eacli occupation.
·
Referring to the first occupation presented, charging-crane and
charging-machine O)?erators, the 71 positions were kept filled by a
total of 87 men durmg the pay period scheduled. As stated in the
explanation of this table, on page 14, several of the employees worked
only part time in this occupation, and 87 men were necessary to keep
the 71 positions filled. However, it must not be assumed that these
employees worked only as charging-crane and charging-machine
oj>erators during the period. Many of them worked in other occupations, and the number of employees shown in the separate occupations
in the following table can not be combined as tlie number of employees who worked in the principal productive occupations in this
department.
The average customary full time of the 87 men working in the 71
positions was 6.1 turns per week, 9.3 hours per turn, and 57.1 hours
per week. These averages are for all districts combined and do not
show the extreme range of the figures for the several districts. The
average full-time hours per week in the Pittsburgh district, for example, was only 53.9, wliile in the Eastern district, the average was
63.1 hours.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 87 employees, 50, or 57 per cent, when working full time, worked 60 hours per
week or less, while the remaining 37, or 43 per cent, worked over 60
and under 72 hours.
The average hourly earnings of charging-crane and chargingmachine OJ?erators ranged from 48. 7 cents in the Eastern district to
75.5 cents m the Pittsliurgh district, with an average of 67.9 cents for
all districts combined. Average earnings for the half-month period
also reached the high point in the Pittsburgh district, $78.60, and
employees in that district also worked more hours at this occupation
than those in either of the other two districts, or an average of 104.1
hours. In the Eastern district employees averaged only 77.9 hours
at this occupation during the 16-day period, and received an average
of $37 .90 for that time. These averages are only for the occupation
under consideration and do not include earnings that employees
may: have made in other occupations during the same _pay period.
The range for average full-time earnings per week of chargingcrane and chargin~-machine operators was from $30.72 in the Eastern
district to $42.48 m the Great Lakes and Middle West district. The
average for all districts was $37. 79.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE C (6).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR
AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-PLATE MILLS
[See explanation on p. 3 of adjustment of time worked and earnings received]
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
Numher of
plants
Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions
Numher
Hours
per
turn
Turns
per
week
Hours
per
week
Number whose customary full-time
hours per week were--
earnings
Numher
48
56
Total ___ -----------------·--- ____________
Heaters:
-____ -- --- -- -- - -- -- -- -- --- - ________
Eastern
_________________________________
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West __ -----------·
Total _______________ ---------------------
5
4
20
34
17
6.0
6.1
6.3
10.6
8.8
9.0
63.1
53. 9
56. 4
20
13
71
6.1
9.3
57.1
87
4
5
4
32
33
15
5.
2
6. 91
6.4
10. 6
8.3
8.8
62. 0
51.1
56. 5
39
36
15
I
9. 3
56. 5
90
i
4
---------
----80
13
6.1
29
38
Heaters' helpers:
Eastern ______________ • _______ --- _-- - --- - --_
Pittsburgh _________________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West _____________
28
3
14
5.9
6. 3
5. 9 /
11.1
8. 8
10. 3
65.5
55.3
60. 7
70
37
19
Total ___ --····----·--·-·--------- ________
12
91
6.o
I
10. 3
61.6
126
Roll engineers:
Eastern. __________ ••• ______ --·· -_-_--- -- -- _
Pittsburgh __ • _________________________ •• ___
Great Lakes and Middle West _____________
4
5
3
4
5
49
Over! Over
56
48
and and
under,under
Ave~age Average
Average 0!ll°D.1Ilg5,
per week
earnings
hours
Over Over worked
Ill pay
60
period per hour
72
and and
under under
I
60
72
60
20 -----7
2
------ -----27 ------ -----11 ----------5
9 -----6
------ -2 - 12- 37- -----36
----------23 -----8 -----8
-----2 ---------------- 329 ------2 -----6 ---------------- 49 10 ------ 31 -----37
12 -----18
3 ---2211
4 ----------__ __
----------- 9 ------ 10 -----58
2
------ -----6 ---T
11
-·--------- ------ -----63.3
6
6
6. 3 I 10.1
11
46 -----12
38
Total ___ ---------------·-·-·-------·-··-----------,------,=--,--
11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a 71
6.
6.0
I
11.3
8.8
10. 6
68.1
58. 7
63. 6
17
23
6
77. 9
104. 1
88. 3
$37. 90
78.60
66. 52
$0. 487
. 755
. 753
$30. 72
40. 71
42.48
91. 7
62. 26
• 679
37. 79
92.4
105. 3
124. 0
64.16
125.16
125. 70
.694
1.189
1.014
43. 06
00. 77
57. 30
102. 8
98.82
. 961
52. 52
89.4
83.2
100. 3
39. 84
55.14
64. 34
.445
.663
• 641
29.17
36. 67
38. 92
18
89.2
48.03
. 538
32. 84
4
131. 8
96.9
127. 5
62, 41
69. 52
92. 49
.474
• 717
• 726
32. 25
42.11
46.14
4
113. 8
69.89
• 614
..,,.
------
16
17
5
84
------ ------------
--Charging-crane and charging-machine operators:
--------------. -- --- - ------________
Eastern
_________________________________
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West. ____________
Average
full-time
3
22
25
6
2
19
-----------
=
38.09
,....,.
0
0
Rollers,
sheared-plate
mills:
Eastern
___________________________________
_
Pittsburgh ________________________________ _
Great Lakes and Middle West. ___________ _
Totn.J ___________________________________ .
Screw
men, ___________________________________
sheared-plate mills:
_
Eastern
Pittsburgh________________________________ _
Great Lakes and Middle West. ___________ _
Total __________________________________ -_
Table
operators,
sheared-plate mills:
___________________________________
.
Eastern
~~t;:~'
ftes-iiii<i-Miac1ie"wesi:============
Total ___________________________________ _
Hookmen,
sheared-plate
mills:
_________________________________
_
Eastern.
Pittsburgh _______________________________ _Great Lakes and Middle West ____________ _Total ______ . ___________________________ _
-
------ ------7 66 ----------2 ------ ------ ------
100.3
106.8
102.9
90.87
164. 15
157. 21
.906
1. 537
1. 528
56.56
83.89
77.01
------
103.3
134. 29
1. 300
71.62
------3 ----3- ------ ------6 92 --------------28 ----------- ------ - ----11
11
3
2
6
84.1
85.2
87. 0
58.56
96. 59
105. 00
• 697
1.134
1. 207
42. 77
61. 55
60.83
-- ----
85. 5
89. 92
l. 052
56. 78
------ 10 65 ---------------- ----5- ----------- ------ ------
80. 7
114. 6
87.1
39.60
99. 76
73.62
. 491
. 871
.846
30.62
47. 27
43.80
10
11 -----3
5
--= =
18
2/l ---------ii- ----7- ------ 10
6 -----23 ------ ----1· ------ ------ -----31
7
32 -----7
28
92.1
67.20
.730
39.48
79.1
82.1
86. 5
34.88
60. 13
71. 63
. 441
. 732
.828
27.42
39. 39
41. 75
82.1
52.84
. 644
35. 05
---------------- -----21 ------
56.4
68.3
78. 6
23. 89
42. 42
63.13
• 424
.622
.804
26. 77
34.00
41. 62
63. 2
35.08
• 555
--31. 08
---
4 ----------- ----------- - -----
133.6
108.8
106.8
103. 91
185. 83
134. 52
. 778
1. 708
1. 260
49. 22
83. 01
75.61
----- -
115.8
144. 84
1. 251
70.34
---------------- ------ 4 -----2
3 ----------- ----6 ------ ----------- ------ -----15
2
6
4 -----3 -----,=
133. 9
108. 0
69.2
78. 34
111. 85
63. 48
.585
l. 036
36. 75
49. 92
55, 03
---------7-
4
12
4
2
11
8
5.8
6.0
5. 9
10. 7
9.1
8.6
62.4
54. 6
50.4
13
12
9
10
31
5. 9
9.6
56. 5
34
2
4
2
6
11
8
5. 9
6.0
5, 9
10. 5
9.1
8.6
61. 4
54. 3
50.4
8
15
10
s
25
5,9
9.2
64.7
33
4
4
2
12
11
10
5.8
6. 0
5.8
10.8
9. 1
9.0
62.4
54. 3
51. 8
16
11
13
----3-
10
33
5.9
9. 7
56. 5
40
4
4
2
30
22
24
5. 7
6. 0
5. 9
10. 9
9.0
8. 6
62. 2
53. 8
50. 4
44
31
30
10
76
5. 8
9.6
56. 0
105
7
8
6
-----6
2
7
3
11
RollEastern.
hands, other,
sheared-plate mills:
__________________________________
_
32 ----4- -----4
11. 1
17
5. 7
63. 2
15
Pittsburgh __________ ._._. _________________ _
54, 7
4
9.1
22
13
6.0
2
7
5
Great Lakes and Middle West. ___________ _
9.0
2
5. 8
51. 8
7
5 -----2 -----.
5
Total __________________________________ _ - - JO. I
58. 4
61
4
10
35
5. 8
9
22
5
· - - -- - -= =- - - - - Rollers,
universal
mills:
Eastern __________________________________ _
2
4
6. 1
11. 0
63. 3
4 ----------- -----Pittsburgh .. _____ . _______________________ _2
8.1
48. 6
5
5
2
6.0
3
----4Great Lakes and Middle West. __________ _-2
10. 0
3
6. 0
60. 0
4 ------ ------ ------Total ___ ••••••••••• _______ •• ______ •• ___ _
6
9. 5
56. 4
13
2
4
12
6. 0
3
------
------
-
Screw
men, main
mills:
_____ •rolls,
______universal
. __ . _________________
_
Eastern.
Pittsburgh ___ . ______ . __ • ________ . ________ _Great Lakes and Middle West ___________ _-
2
2
4
5
3
6. 1
6.0
6. 0
12
6.0
- ------ - - -
Total. __ •••••••••••••• ___ ••••• _._ •• ____ _-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
---- --
-----2
=
6
---
=
JO. 8
8.0
10. 0
62. 8
48. 2
60.0
9.4
56.0
12
17
4
4
4
5
6
- - = == i =- - =
99.4
-
83. 57
H
• 917
=
• 841
=
48. 45
TABLE
C (6).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR
AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-PLATE MILLS-Continued
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
?ositloru,
Num•
ber of
plants
Occupation and district
Average customary full
time of employees in
tbe positions
Num•
ber
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
turn week
week
Number whose customary full•time
hours per week wereNum•
ber
Over Over
48
48
56
56
60
and and
under under
60
Average
full·time
Average Average earnings
Average earnings earnings per week
in pay
Over Over hours
period per hour
worked
72
60
and and
under under
72
84
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ________ ,____,,____ ---Screw men, side rolls, universal•plate mills:
6.2
6
2
Eastern....................................
6, O
5
2
Pittsburgh.................................
6. 0
2
2
Great Lakes and Middle West.............
Total. ....•.•.........•........•••....... - - 6 - --1-3 ~
$0.525
$61. 07
$32. 88
• 778
84.07
37. 52
. 72
38. 72
43. 302
.642
61. 26
37. 31
==l'==:1===0 1====1====1,=
.482
63.66
132.0
4 ......
---30. 53
. 598
63.29
105.8
28. 83
•.•...
3
.578
34. 68
67. 7 __3_9_._11_1---10
555
50. 64
91. 2
32. 27
4 ......
10
3 ......
7 ••••••
•••••. •••.•.
7 •.•.••
62.6
...••. ••••••
3 ..•••.
2
5
48. 2
5
5 •••••. ••••••
60. 0
7 ......
3 =--5
2
9.4 56.6--17_1_ _
10.4
8. O
10. 0
116.3
108. 0
53. 7
95.4
41······
63.3
11.0
6.1
4
2
RollJ:.~i~~!~~~.~~!~~r.s~.'.1:i!'.~:···········•··
2
5
48.2
8.0
6.0
5
2
Pittsburgh.................................
IO ......
60. 0
10. 0
6. o
5
2
Great Lakes and Middle West.............
2
56. 7 --199. 6
6. 0
14
6
Total....................................
---------------------==1====1==='1===1'=
Shearmen:
.541
44.93
33. 37
83.1
9
8
.••..•
36
61. 7
10. 7
5. 9
28
4
Eastern ....•••••••..••.•..•.•••............
19 ··•·•·
. 955
50. 52
88.66
92.8
18 ......•.•••.
Pittsburgh ..•..............................
3
26 ···•·•
47
52.9
8.8
6.0
39
5
.SU
43. 37
83.82
103.4
5
8
12 ....•.
25
53.5
9.3
5.8
21
4
Great Lakes and Middle West. ........... .
. 793
43.15
72.96
92.0
19 ..... .
32
19
38 •·····
108
55. 8
9. 5
5. 9
88
13
Total .•• ····-············· ........•. ·····
Shearmen's helpers:
.400
24.49
28. 91
72.4
114
59
48
5,9
221 ------ -----61.3
152
4
Eastern .....•.•.•.•...•.••••...............
10. 5
.594
31. 47
47.23
79. 5
53.0
125
29
222
150
304
Pittsburgh ••.••............................
8.8
6.0
5
. 550
29.55
51. 19
93.0
59 ------ -----70
110
242
53. 7
5.8
3
188
4
Great Lakes and Middle West. ........... .
9.2
-1--o--·1--- - - - - - - - - - - - ----r------ -562- 5. 9 - -9.4- 55.5
.529
43.20
8L 7
28.85
114 ••••••
243
147
3
260
13
767
Total. •••••••••••.•......................
---- - - - - -- - Laborers:
,349
13, 90
39. 9
20. 14
15 .••...
49
49
6,0
92
205 •.•...
57.8
70
4
Eastern •..•••.•••..••.•••......•...........
9.6
26.07
.472
48. 5
22:92
48
46
9
224 ..••••
327
55.2
8.9
6.2
134
5
Pittsburgh •.•......•..................•....
26. 24
,437
24.48
56.0
43
6.0
2
Great Lakes and Middle West. ........... .
60.0
10.0
108 ··•··· ....•••.•••• 108
---
Total ..•..•.•••••....................... · I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
247
6.1
------
---
---
9.3
56.8
640
224
92
58
203
63 ···•··
47.0
20.29
.432
24.20
103
PLATE MILLS
Table D (6) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of screw men, sheared-plate mills, and of
shearmen, in 1924, by districts and all districts combined. These
two occupations a.re selected as representative of the spread or variation in hourly earnings within the occupations in this department.
The average of hourly earnings for screw men, sheared-plate mills,
was $1.052, and for shea.rmen, 79.3 cents. The range of ~ for
screw men, sheared-plate mills, was in many districts not so wide a.s
that for shea.rm.en.
TABLED (6).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PLATE
MILLS
'"•·· ., ...
(For explanation of thls table see p. 16]
N1111lber of employees whose earnings per hour were1---:----r--r---r--r---r---ir---r--.-----rN1111l· Aver•
berof age
: d i!°d i:d .:d :id .:d
$1 $1.16 $1.30
Occupation and district em• earnploy• ings un- UD• UD• UD· UD· UD• UD• and and and and
ees 111:°r der der der der der der der UD• ~ :
::
40 .ii liO 80 70 80 90 der
cts. cts. cts. cts. ots. cts. cts. $1 $1.J.6 $1.30 $l.li0
:'ci 0:.
IIC&BW llllN, 8JIEABEDPLAU JIILLS
Eastern ••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh •••••.••.•••••.
Great Lakes and Middle
West •••••••••••••••••••
T otaL ••••••••••••••
8
15
$0. 697 ••••• ····- •••••
1. 134 ••••• ••••• •••.•
2
1
1 •••••
4
2
1 •••••••••••••••••••••••
2
3
1
1
5
10
1. 207 ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• •.•••
33
1. 052 ••••• ••••• •••.•
2 ••••••
3
6
i----i--+--t----if----!--+-+--+--1--.----+---+-635
3
1410
llllllABllllN
Eastern..................
Pittsburgh...............
Great Lakes and Middle
West ••••••••• ·•••••••••
36
47
Total...............
108
25
• 541
• 955
2
6
1 ···-·
8
1
• 811 ••••• ••••• •••••
. 793
3
6
9
9
1
7
6
4 ••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••
7
9
4
8
7
3
4
3
6
14
16
17
1 •••••
10
4
11 ••••••••••••
I t9
7
a
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of employees in
plate mills a.re shown in detail, by districts and all districts combined,
for the year 1924 in Table E (6). The information was obtained
from 13 plants and covered 4,234 emplo_yees in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns and night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for ea.ch
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Three
groups of employees a.re shown as follows: (a.) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work nights only, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of arrangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a. few instances relief systems have also been omitted
where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or
four weeks.
In some instances in the table hours a.re rel?orted for 7 days, _yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fact
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104
WAGES AND HOURS OF LA.BORi-moN AND STEEL
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved
1 day: in 7 with no information available, however, as to whioh day1
therefore the hours for all days have been shown and the relier
indicated in the full-time hours per week.
In the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The first line of the table shows that in the
plants canvassed 19 men in the Eastern district and 1 man in the
Great Lakes and Middle West district were found on a day job
requiring them to work 7 days per week and 12 hours per·day-a total
of 84 hours per week. The bracketed eighth and ninth lines indicate
that 2 men in the Pittsburgh district alternated from 5 days of 13
hours, Monday to Friday, and 12 hours on Saturday, one week to
5 days of 10 hours, Monday to Friday, and 9 hours on Saturday, the
next week, making an average of 68 hours per week. ·
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 28 men
in the ·Eastern district alternated from 7 turns of 11 hours on day
work to 7. turns of 13 hours on night work, averaging 84 hours per
week: The .fifteenth and sixteentli lines of this section show 6 men
in the Ea.stem district going from 6 day tw"D.B of 11 ½ hours, Monday
to Frid~y, and 6 hours on Saturday, to 5 night turns of 12 ½ hours
each, followed by 6 day turns of 11 ½ hours, Monday to Friday, and
6 hours on Saturday, and then 6 night turns of 12½ hours ea.oh,
ma!gng an average of 66¾ hours of labor per week.
When there a.re three 8-hour turns, the second and third a.re
tabulated as night turns.
TABU E (6).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PLATE
MILLS
(For explanation of this table see p. 15)
Customary turns and houra worked
Daytums
Number of ~ who
worked each
com•
blnatlon of customary tUl'DII
and houra, by district
Nlchttums
Houra
Houra
Average
Tums Mon•
per
week
~
Fri•
day
Tums Monper
SatBatPer week day
ur- Bun•
to
ur- Sun- Per
day week
day
Fri- day day week
day
houra
~
E88t-
em
Pittsburgh
Great
Lakes
and
Mid•
die
Total
West
IIIPLOYBBS WJIO WOUBD DAY TtllllVS OllLY
7
7
7
6
7
1
7
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
12
11
11
12
10½
10
10
18
10
12
10
11
12
11
11
12
J1A
D
12
D
6
10
10
10
10
7
11~
11
6
11
6
10
10
10
10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12
12
11 ·
···9ji
10
···a··
...i ..
............
.............
··io..
------
______
78
------ ------
72
71½
70
69
.,,
---------10
.,
........... ............. ............ ----·- M
------ .............
------ ............. ------ .,,
.,, ..............
------............. ............
............
............ ------ ------
8'
78
•.....
ml }
66
66
65
..............
65
64½
63½
61
60
eo
............ ............ ............ -----............. ------ ·----- ------
............ ............. ------ -----------............ ............ ------ -----------..
............ ---·-- -----.............
------- ............. ------ ............ -----.............. .............. ----------·- ..............
----·-· .............. ------...............
----·- -----............
--·----
72
71½
70
19
--------
1
1
·····a· --------------- -------'2
····aa·
................. --··---3
16
111
2
······a·
-------------68 -------------66
3 ................ ....••i.
66 .....i. -------65
------65
1 ······i· -------g:ij 43 --------------.. .............. ---·---23 -----·-- .....
iii.
69
61
60
60
····36- .....ii.
43
20
1
8
2
8
52
15
2
8
1
1
·2
4
3
23
34
•
105
PLATE MILLS
TABLE E (6).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PLATE
MILLS-Continued
Customary turns lllld hours worked
Number of ~ e e s who
worked each s
ed com•
bination of
mary turns
and hours, by district
Nighttums
Day turns
Roura
Hours
Turns Mon•
Turns Mon
per
per
day SatSat- Sun· Per week
week day
t.o
ur- clay week
to
ur•
Fri• day
Fri• day
day
Sun-
Per
Average
hours
per East- Pittsweek em burgh
Great
Lakes
lllld
Mid• Total
die
day week
West
day
BKPLOYBBS WHO WORKBD DAY TURNS OlfLY-Oontinued
610
610
;
6
6
1~
8
8
9
6
~
10
8
59
56
•• T.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
59
56
gg ::::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: gg
50
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
50
48
····-·· -····· ...... ...... ....•.
48
Total_ -·--·- ····-· -···-· ···-·- ·--·--- --·-·· -····· -····- •••••• •••••••
10
70
3 ••••••••••••••••
7!1 -·-·· 4- .•••••••
80
3
27
1
4
1
44
5
1
50
168
174
88
430
EKPLOYBES WHO WOllED BIGHT TURlfS OlfLY
.............. ------ ------ ------ ------
7
7
5
6
7
7
12
12
12
10
10
10
12½ -····· ••••••
10 ····-10
8
8
8
8
8
8
84
70
62½
eo
:
84
1 ---·-··- -··-····
70 •••••••
1 ······-·
62½ -·-···- -·--·--·
1
eo ····--1
a
> o6
2
4
Total. -····- •••••••••••• -····· ····-·- •••••• ·-··-- -··--· -····· ··-··--
4
1
1
1
4
2
II
BJIPLOYBBS WHO ALTDBATED WBBKLY PROK OlfE TURlf TO ANOTHER
7
7
7
7
11
12
12
12
12
12
11½
6
6
6
7 10½
6
11½
7 10
6 '11½
7 12
7 10
7 11
6
ll½
6
ll½
7 10
6 11
7 10
6
11
7 10
7 10
6 10
7 10
6 10
6 11½
7 10
7 10
6 10
6 10
6 12
6 11½
6
6
6
7
11½
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12 .............
11
6
10½ ··-io8
10 ···io6 .••.ii.
12
10
10
11
6
6
6
10 ···i2·
11
10
10
------
------
····s·
8
···i2·
10
10
10
10
···io-
8
8
10
10
10
6
6
5
14
8
13
10
77
84
84
84
72
71
63½
73
65½
70
63½
78
70
72
=~
72
66
65
65
70
70
60
70
60
-----···io- 65½
68
10 70
10 eo
10 eo
............
............
------
···-(i"
-----
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66
63½
(2½
64
64
63
7 13
13
13
7 '12
12
12
6 12
12
5 12 .............
··i2··
6 12
6 12 ............ 12
6 12½
15
5
13½ ............
··i2ij
6 12½
7
10 --·io· 10
6
12½ ............ 12½
5 12
7 10
8 10
5 13
............
ti
12½
6 12½
12½
6 10
10
6 11
11
6 11
11
6 11
11
6 10
10
6 10 ···io·
7 10
10 ··io·6 10
10
7 10 -··io- 10
5 12½
10
6 10
7 10
10
10
10
6
10
6 10
10
ti
12
ti
12½
5 12½
.6 10 ............ 10
10
6 10
10
6
10
·---------·
---------------------------------
91
84
72
f.O
72
72
~
75
70
75
60
68
65
62½}
75
60
66
66
66
60
60
84
84
78
72
72
71½
70½
70ij
70"
70
69¾
69
69
68½
66¾
28
43
30
2
2
2
9
-----s·
32
5
3
-------- -·····s-
--·----- 17
................
................. --·---a.................
... ..............
................. ---------·-·ii28
31
-------- .. ................
······g- -------·
------- ................ -····-.·
6
.................. --------
----·--····-·2·
-------14
65½
-------- -------65
3 ................
-------10
65
18
------70 }
fO
65 .............
59
·····-a·
65
70
2
64
2 --·----~ ------------- ~½
-----21
co
64
.................
................
-----70
60
..............
22
.................
63¼
-----60 }
-----60
63
-·-----·
-·---- --·-------------
:~
eo
60
60
--·--·----·-65½
66
66
4
2
·1···-
227 ••••••••
63
62½
2 ······-·
62 ·-··-·8
62
14 ····-···
15
61½ ••••••
28
48
47
2
7
2
9
11
8
91
5
3
9
4
6
4
2
2
14
3
28
59
5
2
21
22
139
227
2
8
14
15
106
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON A.ND STEEL
TABLE E (6).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-PLATE
MILLS-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of emplo}'.ees who
worked each ~ e d ooms
blnation of cus mary turnand hours, by district
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Average
hours
Hours
Turns MonTurns Mon-,
per
per day Sat- Sun· Per
per
day Sat- Sun- Per week
ur- day week
ur- day week week to
week to
Fri- day
day
day
day
Frl-1
East- Pittsem burgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
Total
West
DPLOYBBS WBO ALTERNATED WUXLY F:1011[ ONB TUBN TO ANOTKBB-Continued
6
6
6
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
6
8
8
6
8
16
6
8
8
7
8
8
8
56
7
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
56
56
48
6
8
8
6
8
8
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
------
6
8
8
6
8
8
-----------
7
6
II
G
6
6
5
10
----------............
----------11½
5 -----10 -----8
7
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
10·
8
65
60
60
60
5ll
58
61½
55
60
56
............
.............
48
-----·
48
------
-----------
8
8
7
---------------8
{
56
48
48
48
56
56
48
48
55
48
48
48
.50
6
8
8
------
48
6
8
·8
------
48
6
8
8
------
48
6
8
6
8
8
8
-----------
48
48
Total.
5
00
l
l
11
6
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10.
6
5
5
10
11
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
11
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
.8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
"""iii" ""iii""
10
10
10
··10··
-----10
-----10
---------------.............
------
---iii" ""iii""
16
16
16
16
8
16
16
10
8
8
8
8
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
--··s·
8
8
............
................
----ii8
8
............
----·----68
6
----------..............
----------------
----·------
8
10
8
II
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
-
9
8
···s··
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
--T8
8
8
8
ll
8
8
8
11
8
8
8
10
8
9
8
---·,r -----8
------ -··s··
.............
------
8
8
66
60
60
60
60
60
60
55
60
60
60
60
60
60
57½
57½
62
55
66
64
66
64
65
56
64
64
58
56
56
56
56
58
58
58
56
57
56
48
M
48
56
56
56
48
48
48
48
56
M
48
48
48
55
48
53
48
51
48
48
48
50
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
3
5
20
215
'2
---------·---------(06
171
2 -------59½ ------59
187 ----------··1:r
68¼
59~
-----i-
-------
-------
··-·1aii·
8
10
59
.. ............
13
58~
~
·------------
3
56
56
..............
..............
141
10
2
M* ------M ---·--·53¾
53½
53½
-------
ll
8
23
--------
----------------------------27
-----------------------------
------- ---·---- 39
------- 13 --------
------- 25 -------5 ----------·--50¾ ------15 -------50¾ ------- ------·74
50% ------16 -------2 -------50½ ------50½ ------3 -------49¾ ------3 -------49 ------3 -------48% ------3
5
21 -------48% ------.
28 -------48½
48 ------- -------225
53~
52
3
5
20
215
61ll
2
187
12
1
136
8
10
13
3
9
168
10
2
8
23
39
13
25
5
15
74
16
2
3
3
3
8
21
.
48
48
------ .............. ............. ............ .............. ------ ------ ........... ------ ---·---
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-------------------- --------
10
------ll61
ll13
88
1,940
3
-------894
28
225
006
88
3,795
107
PLATE MILLS
Of the total number of plate-mill employees reported, 476, or 11
per cent, worked 7 days per week all the time, and 482, or 11 per cent,
worked a week of 7 turns at least once every 3 or 4 weeks. As to the
hours of labor, 577, or 14 per cent of all employees, worked 12 hours
per day; 1,795, or 42 per cent, worked 10 hours per day; and 1,805, or
43 per cent, worked a day of 8 hours. The 7-day work was quite
evenly distributed among the different lengths of turns per day. The
basic figures are set forth by districts in the following table. A few
minor groupings do not appear in this summary.
In preparing the summary, only the regular hours per turn an employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless of the
length of his tum on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (6)
Number of em£!oyees who worked speoitied ys and hours
Item
Orea&
Lakes
Eastern Pitts- and South•
em
Total
district
Middle district
West
dlstrict:
Per
cent of
total
Jk~
Total employees In riJate mills ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Employees who wor ed7-day week all the time •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
7-day week part of the time••••••••••••••••••••••••
12 or more liours per day ••••••••••••••••••••• -••••
1,130
2,118
986
160
73
633
247
246
611
.................
?-day week and 12 or more hours per day all the
91 ................
time ••• ······--····--·······-·····-.•.••••..•.••
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day part of the
35 ··--006·
tfinA .. •-••-•---------•-••••-----••••••--•••-•••
637
10 hours per daY--·-·---············-·············
?-day week and 10 hours per day all~ e time ••••••
66
70
7-day week and 10 hours per day p
of the time .•
38
106
11 1,416
8 hours per day·····---··············-············
7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time ••••••• ................
174
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time •••
141
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
--------
(,234
100
476
482
677
14
6 ... ..............
97
2
..................
--------
62
1,795
42
-------................
..................
171
161
1,806
4
4
43
---------------
254
Ul3
44
17
663
35
18
378
71
113
................
................
.. ...............
201
11
11
1
6
6
STANDARD RAD, MILLS
As stated in the introduction and summary, data for this department are }?resented for 1924 only. Only 3 mills which have been
scheduled m former years were found in operation and producing
rails the major part of the time. The other 4 rail mills covered this
year were new and in some instances were located in sections of the
country not heretofore included in this department; hence, any comparison made between 1924 figures and those for other years might
be more or less misleading. For this reason the bureau decided to
make no comparison as between the old and the new figures, and data
for this department are shown for 1924 only.
Data for this survey were collected from. the pay rolls of 7 rail
mills and cover 3,382 employees in all occupations. Of the 3,382
emJ?loyees reported, 1,816 are found in the principal productive occupations for which separate figures are given.
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, the
average of full-time hours per week of employees was 56.9, the average of earnings per hour was 63.3. cents, and the average of full-time
weekly earnings was $36.10. The average of hourly earnings of employ-ees in all occupations was 57.3 cents.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the princh>iµ productive occupations of rail mills are
shown in Table A (7). Whife the customary working time of the
twenty-one occupations combined was 56.9 hours per week, when considerea separately the average full-time hours per week ranged from
53. 7 hours for straighteners, gag press, to 63.6 hours for laborers.
Straighteners work almost entirely on an 8-hour basis, while laborers
are usually employed 10 to 12 hours per day.
Average hourly earnings show an extremely wide range in the
several occupations due to the variation in the amount of skill required. Laborers received an average of 38.5 cents per hour, which
is next to the lowest average for laborers in any department. The
average for laborers in puddling mills was the lowest.
The range of full-time earnings per week was from $24.51 for laborers, to $99.49 for rollers.
The distribution of employees according to their full-time hours per
week contained in Table A (7) shows that a large percentage of employees in each occupation customarily worked 60 hours per week or
less. In only 7 of the 21 occupations were any employees reported as
working over 72 hours per week full time, and work in only one occupation, reheaters, is shown for an 84-hour week.
108
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
109
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
TABLE A (7).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, 1924, BY OCCUPATION-STANDARD RAIL MILLS
[For explanation of this table seep. 13]
Per cent of employees whose
average full-trme hours per
week wereAverAverNum- age full- Aver- age fullage
Num- ber of time
time
cam- earnOver
ber of emOver Over
per
plants 'ploy- hours
72
48
48
60
per ings
hour
and
and
and and
ees
in:ei~::"r
week
un- un- 60 un- un- 84
der der
der der
72
60
84
Occupation
-Charging-machine operators_____
Reheaters _______________________
Reheaters' helpers ______________
Roll engineers ___________________
Rollers __ .. ---------- ___________
Rollers' helpers _________________
Table lever men ________________
Tablemen_ ••.•.•• _____________
Guide setters____________________
Hot-saw men ___________________
Hot-saw men's helpers __________
Hotbed lever men _____________
Hotbed men ____________________
S,traighteners, gag press _________
Straighteners' helpers ___________
Chi~pers.- _____________________
Dril ers and punchers ___________
Cold-saw men ___________________
Cold-saw meu's helpers _________
Inspectors _______________________
Laborers ________________________
3
3
2
6
5
6
7
4
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
23
10
8
24
12
18
83
30
37
27
88
64
64
158
300
193
347
24
141
95
404
54.8
59.0
54. 8
57.0
55. 8
56. 5
54.8
59.6
57.1
55. 7
55. 9
54. 3
54. 2
53. 7
56. 9
54.9
57. 5
55. 5
55. 7
67. 0
63. 6
$32. 61
52. 95
28. 56
42. 57
99. 49
55. 49
41.09
38. 76
46. 27
35. 45
28.54
$0. 595
.897
. 521
. 747
I. 783
.982
. 750
.650
. 810
. 636
. 511
. 595
. 467
1.142
. 556
. 689
. 595
. 497
, 443
. .530
• 385
61
50
75
25
--------------------15
13
13
9
23
21
20
20
32. 28
25. 33
61. 33
31. 65
37. 82
34. 21
27. 59
24. 69
30. 71
24. 51
5Q
45
33
24
----30 ------29- --------67
67
73
47
54
41
45
52
64
56
38
48
41
-- ------14
4
----11
-----
--2f
26
15
16
19
16
9
21
18
33
43
31
40
39
25
46
33
22
27
53
22
19
27
20
8
6
4
11
8
-----4
13
9
-- ----- --20
-----
----- -------- -------- ----
----- ----- --- ----
----- -------- -------- ----
----- --------------- ----- 28--- --------i:i- ---17
8
11
23
----------------
The customary working time per week of the 3,382 employees
covered in rail mills in 1924 has been classified and the number and
per cent of employees coming under each classification are shown in
Table B (7).
Rail mills are usually in operation either 6 days and 6 nights or
6 days and 7 nights per week. They are seldom continuously in
.
operation.
A study of the following table shows that 1,496, or 44 per cent of
all employees, worked 6 days per week, 1,552, or 46 per cent, worked
some combination of 6 days and 7. days, and 334, or 10 per cent,
worked 7 days regularly. The 7-day work was occasioned almost
entirely by light-up or repair turns, roll changes, etc.
TABLE B (7).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO
CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER WEEK, 1924-STAND ARD RAIL MILLS
Year
1924 ___ -------------- --
Numher of
employees
3,382
---·
1 Less
than 1 per cent.
2oi61°-25t-s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of employees whose customary working days per week
were-
6
1,496
6 and 7
alternately
569
6, 6,
were-
6, 7,
and 7 and 7
in ro- inrotation tation
2
Per cent of employees whose customary working days per week
981
7
6
-16 and 7 6, 6,
6, 7,
and 7 and 7
alternate- in ro- in roly
tation tation
I
7
--~-334
44
I
11
(1)
29
10
110
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
. Table C (7) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees in the principal productive occupations in the 7 rail mills covered in 1924. Tlie heat~, rolling, and
finishing of the rails are included, and the occupations have been
arranged as nearly as possible _in ~he order of pr~d~ction. Figures
are not shown by separate distncts, but all distncts have been
combined for each occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, charging-machine
operators,'the 15 positions were kept filled by a total of 23 men during
the pay period scheduled. As stated in the explanation of this table,
on p~e 14, many of the employees worked only part time in this
occupation, and 23 men were necessary to keep the 15 positions
filled. However, it must not be assumed that these employees
worked only as charging-machine operators during the period. Some
of them worked in other occupations, and the number of employees
shown in the separate occupations in the following table can not be
combined as the number of employees who worked in the principal
productive occupations in this department.
The average customary full time of the 23 men working in the 15
positions was 6.2 turns per week, 8.8 hours per turn, and 54.8 hours
per week.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 23
employees, 14, or 61 per cent, worked 48 hours per week, while the
rem~ 9, or 39 per cent, worked over 60 and under 72 hours.
The average t.ime worked as charging-machine operators du!'filg
the half month period was 82.3 hours, for which the men received an
average of $48.95. This resulted in average earnings of 59.5 cents
per hour and average full-time earnings of $32.61 per week. These
averages are only for the occupation under consideration and do not ·
include the hours or earnings of employees in other occupations during
the same pay period.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
C (7).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR
AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION-STANDARD RAIL MILLS
(See explanation on p. 3 of adjustment of time worked and eamlngs received]
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
PosltloDS
Occupation
Nnm•
berof
plants Num•
ber
Charging-machine operators •.•••••••••••••
Reheaters ••.•••.••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
Reheaters' helpers•••••••••••••.•••••••••••
Roll engineers •••••••••••••.•••.•••••••••••
Rollers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Rollers' helpers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Table lever men•••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Table men ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Gulde setters ••••••••••••.•••.•••.•••••••••
Hot-saw men.•••.•••••••••••••.•.••••••.••
Hot-saw men's helpers••••••.••.•••••••••••
Hotbed lever men ••••.••.•.•••.•••••••••••
Hotbed men••••••••••.•.••••••••••••••••••
press.•••••••••••••••••••
Stralghteners1
pers ••••••••••••••••••••••
Straighteners
C~pers ••••••••....••••••••••••••••.•••••
D ers and punchers •••••••••••••••••••••
Cold-saw men ••..•.•••••••••••••.•••.•••••
Cold-saw men's helpers ••••••••••••••••..••
Inspectors •••••.•••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
Laborers .••.••••••••••••••••••••.•.•••••••
i:r,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
3
2
6
5
6
7
4
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
15
8
5
21
12
15
ffl
23
34
22
53
49
45
131
177
129
226
16
65
79
154
Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions
Turns
per
week
Hours
per
Hours
per
week
6. 2
6. 5
6. 2
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.4
6. 2
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
6. 3
6.3
6.1
6.1
6. 2
6.3
8.8
M.8
59.0
M.8
57.0
55.8
56. 5
M.8
511.6
57.1
M.7
M.9
54.S
54.2
53.7
56.9
54.9
57.5
55. 5
55. 7
57.9
63. 6
turn
9.0
8. 8
8. 9
8. 8
8.8
8. 6
9. 2
9.0
8. 9
8.8
8. 6
8.5
8.4
8. 9
8. 7
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.3
10. 2
Nnmber whose customary full·tlme hours
per week wereNnm·
ber
Over Over
48
48
23
10
8
24
I 12
18
83
30
37
27
88
64
64
158
300
193
347
24
141
95
404
Over Over
56
and and
under under
60
56
60
------ ---------------4 -----3
8 ------ ... "if
-----12
-----61 ---------------- -----14 ----------····9·
... T 20
-----11 -----7
13
40 -----11
10
33 -----8
12
41 -·---6
25
88 -----36
115 -----27
63
41
93 --·--38
63
144 -----68
8
12 -----14
5
6
6
63
31
95
8
72
60
84
and and and
under under over
84
72
9
........ J ..
----------···1a· -----17 ------
61
29
163
2
11
4
4
22
16
8
5
24
13
5
9
12
21
28
6
12
36
-----2
---------------.............
--------------------- .............
-------------------·------ -----------·---------·---------------------------------83 -----·
-----44 ---·-4 -----11 .............
10 -----93 ------
Average
full•tlme
earnings
Average Ave':'3!le Average
per
8!\fWngs earnings
hours
week
mpay per hour
worked
period
82.3
105. 3
77.0
120.3
127.2
110.5
97.9
10L7
121.3
102. 0
75.0
95.1
83.5
9L2
70.2
75.0
8L7
89. 7
56.4
112.1
51. 5
$48. 95
94.49
40.14
89.87
226. 85
108.49
$0. 595
.897
.521
.747
66.14
98.29
64.92
38.25
56. 55
39.00
104.11
39.02
5L65
48. 63
44.57
24.99
59.47
19.86
.650
73.44
L 783
.982
.750
.810
.636
.511
.594
.4ffl
L142
.556
.689
.595
.497
.443
.530
.385
$32.61
52. 95
28.56
42.57
99.49
55.49
4L09
38. 76
46.27
35.45
28.M
32.28
25.33
6L33
3L65
37.82
34.21
27.59
24.69
30. 71
24. 51
112
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Table D (7) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of guide setters and straighteners in 1924.
Figures are not shown for the separate districts, but all districts have
been combined. These two occuy,ations are selected as representative
of the spread or variation in hour y earnings witJµn the occupations in
.this department.
"
The average hourly earnings for guide setters was 81 cents and for
strai~hteners $1.142. The range of earnings for straighteners was
considerably above that for guide setters.
D (7).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924-STANDARD RAIL
MILLS
TABLE
[l!'or explanation of this table see p. 15)
Number of employees whoae earnings ,per hour were-
Occupation
I
Guide setters .••••••••••
Straighteners .••••••••••
Av•
Num- erage
her of earn- 36 40
emand and
ploy- ings
unper unees hour
der der
40
50
cts. cts.
37 $0.810
158
1.142
1
-----
50 60
and and
un- u.nder der
00 70
cts. cts.
8
1
2
2
3
80
70
$1 $1.25 $1.50 $2
and and 90cts.
and and and and and
ununununun- un,
der der der der u.nder der der
80
90
$1
$1.25
$1.50
$2.25
$2
cts. cts.
,.
4'
7
13
16
-··aa·
9 -----32
50
- - ---------- . 113
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and J>er week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of employees in
the rail mill dEpartment are shown in detail for the year 1924 in
Table E (7). Figu;res are not shown by separate districts but all
districts have been combined. The informat10n was obtained from
7 plants and covers 3,382 employees in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns and night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees
are divided into three groups as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work nights only-, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of arrangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees
customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once
every three weeks ov. a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a
2-turn basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been
omitted where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than
three or four weeks.
In some instances in the table hours are re:r;>orted for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fact
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved
1 day in 7 with no information available, however, as to which day;
therefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the relief
indicated in the .full-time hours per week.
In the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The :first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassed 1 man was found on a day job requiring him to work
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
113
STANDARD RAil, MILLS
6 days per week and 12 hours per day one week followed by 7 days of
12 hours the next, or an average of 78 hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 8 men
alternated from 7 turns of 10 hours on day work to 7 turns of 14 hours
on night work, or an average of 84 hours per week.
Wlien there are three 8-hour turns, the second and third are tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (7).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924-STANDARD RAIL
MILLS
[For explanation of this table see p. 15)
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Turns
per
week
[
;t:;i~ ISatur•
day .
Friday
Hours
Sun•
day
I
Per
week
Turns
per
Mon•
week day
to Satnr•
Friday day
I I
Sun•
day
Per
week
Number of
employees
who worked
each
Aver• 11.ed speci•
com•
age
of
hours binatlon
customary
per
and
turns
week
hours
EMPLOYEES WHO WOBllD DAY TURNS ONLY
6
7
6
6
7
12
12
12
12
10
6
7
11
10
11
'10
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
12
12
12
11
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
••••••••
~ } ------ ---··--- -------- -------- --------
••••••••
······-10
-·-·----
72 -----·-- -----··- -----·-- - ·-·---- -----·--
72
71
----·--- --------------- ------------·-- ----------·--·- --------
70
66
66
12
6
--··--··
---·---10
5
10
-·----··-··-·-8
8
8 ···-·--·
71 -------- ---·---- -------- -------- --------
70
66
66
65
-----·---------·------·--·--·
--··----------··-------------
---------------··--------·---
~
}------- -------- --··---- -----··· ----·---
65
60
60
58
-------- ---------·--·-· ------------·-· -------··-·---- --------
-------- -------- --------------- -------- ---·----------- -------- -------·
--·----- -------· ------·-
56 ---·---· ----·--· ···----- -------- --------
48 -------- ---·--·· ----·-·· --··---- -·-·-·-·
48 - ·-····· -······- ·--·-·-- --·-···· -· -----
78
65
65
65
60
60
58
56
48
48
1
14
1
67
9
1
1
2
1
86
211
3
79
8
20
Total_ - ·······- •••••••••••••••••••••••• ··-···-- -··-···- ·--·-·-- -····--- ······-· --··-···
BJCPLOYEES WHO WORUD NIGHT TURNS ONLY
7
6
6
6
7
6
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
8
8
10
11
11
11
---·-·s8
70
66
60
60
70
66
60
60
56
56
48
48
Total •• -·····-· ---···-· ····-·-- •••••••• ··-····· -······- ·······- •••••••• -·--···· ••••••••
2
1
5
12
16
2
38
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FROM ONB TURN TO ANOTHER
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
10
11
12
11
12
11
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12
---------------------10
10
-------10
--------8
8
70
77
84
66
72
65
70
70
60
60
60
62
62
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
14
13
12
13
12
11
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
14
13
12
13
12
11
10
10
10
10
14
13
12
13
12
10
10
-------10
10
--------
10
9 -·······
8 ••••••••
78
70½
8
2
6
14
231
5
60
65
65
267
60
60
54
53
60
60
305
98
91
84
91
84
76
70
70
84
84
84
78½
70
~
68
25
73
3
l
•
114
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLE E (7).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924--ST ANDARD RA.IL
MILLS-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
per
week
I
Mon-1
Sundar
to Satur-1
day
day
Friday
Per
week
Turns
per
week
k:;t~ ISatur-1
Friday day
I
I Per
I week
Sunday
Number of
employees
who worked
each speciAver- fled comage
bination of
hours customary
per
turns and
week
hours
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FROM ONE TURN TO ANOTHER-Continued
7
8
8
11
59
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
7
8
8
7
6
-------8
--------
8
8
11
8
6
8
10 ------- -
6
8
6
8
8
-------8 -------8 --------------- --------
6
7
6
Total __________
9
8
56
48
48
~
6
{
{
7
7
7
7
56
51
561 ·
50 I
49 {
48
48
{
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-------+------- --------
8
8
11
8
8
---------------
----------------------
13
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
---------------------8
8
8
8
8
------s- --------8
______ . _
:481>
61
~
56
}
56
56 }
56
56
48
51
48
48
}
:n
48
48
48
48
J
56
56
56
53½
53½
52
51
50%
9
58
26
407
565
20
12
2
48¾
21
48½
32
48
48
-------- -------- --------
383
297
2,840
Of the total number of rail-mill employees reported, 334, or 10 per
cent, worked 7 days per week all the time and 1,552, or 46 per cent,
worked a week of 7 turns at least once every three or four weeks.
As to the hours of labor, 277, or 8 per cent of all employees, worked
12 hours per day, 1,128, or 33 per cent, worked 10 hours per day, and
1,957, or 58 per cent, worked a day of 8 hours.
Of the 277 12-hour workers, 16 worked 7 days per week all the time
and 246 worked a 7-day week part of the time. Of the, 1,128 employees who worked a day of 10 hours, 138 worked 7 days per week
all the time and 294 worked 7 days per week part of the time. A
majority of the 1,957 8-hour workers worked 7 days per week.....:..179
all the time and 1,003 a part of the time.
In prepari_ng the summary only the regular hours per turn an employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless of the
length of his turn on Saturday and Sunday.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
115
STANDARD RAIL MILLS
SU¾MARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (7)
Employees who
· worked specitled
days and hours
Item
'l'otal employees in rail mills_----------------------------------------------------J,;mployees who worked7-day
thetime
time------------------------------------------------------7-day week
week all
part
_________________________________________________________ _
12 or more hours per day _____________________________________________________ _
3,382
100
334
1,552
277
46
8
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day all the time _________•_______________ _
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day part of the time ____________________ _
10 hours per day __ ------------------------------------------------------------
16
246
- 1,128
7-day week and 10 or more hours per day all the time_-----------------------7-day week and 10 or more hours per day part of the time ____________________ _
8 hours per day __ ----------------------------------------------- _____________ _
7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time __________________________________ _
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time ______________________________ _
138
294
9
1,957
58
1
Less than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
179
1,003
10
(1)
7
33
4
5
30
BAR MILLS
Data. for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 31 bar mills
and cover 6,564 employees in all occupations. Of the 6,564 employees
reported, 4,569 are found in the princ!J>al productive occupations,
for whicn. separate figures are given. Data were first obtamed for
this de:partment in 1907, and comparative figures are presented for
the penod 1907 to 1924.1
The _year 1924 marks the lowest point of full-time hours per week
in the bar-mill department in the period 1907 to 1924. Considering
the principal productive occupations, as a whole1 average full-time
houra per week in 1924 were 9 per cent less than m 1922 and 11 per
cent less tlian in 1913. This reduction was caused by a large munber of plants which in former years had operated 10 or more hours
per day adopting the 8-hour shift for all employees.
The study also shows there was a large mcrease in earnings per
hour in 1924 as compared with any other year for which data are
presented except 1919 and 1920. Hourly earnings in the principal
productive occupations combined were 3 per cent higher in 1919 tlian
m 1924 and were 21 per cent higher in 1920. The 1924 hourly earnings, however were 20 per cent above those in 1922 and 107 per
'cent above those in 1913; in other words, more than double the
hourly earnings of 1913.
The increase in hourly earnings was more than enough to compensate for the reduction of hours, and weekly earnings in 1924 still
show an increase as compared with all other years except 1919 and
1920.
The most significant facts concerning average ea.rnings a.nd av~'tli!
hours in each of the principll.l. productive occupations of bar ·
a.re shown in Table A (8). While the customary working time of the
18 occupations combined is 9 per cent less in 1924 than in 1922, when
considered separately decreases in the average full-time hours per
week ranged from 2.4 hours per week for catchers to 11.9 hours for
bundlers.
Bundlers customarily worked 66.9 hours per week in 1907 and
continued to work approximately those hours until 1911 when the
average was reduced to 62 hours. Working time did not fluctuate
to any great extent during the period 1911 to 1915, but in 1919 the
average of full-time hours ~ week was advanced to 68.8 hours. This
increase was followed by a sharp decline in 1920 to an average of 60.9
hours per week full-time, and the reduction continued in 1922 to 57.8
hours, and in 1924 :aped to the new low average of 45.9 hours per
week. Lesser but · ar changes took place in the other occupations.
Average earnings per hour mcreased in each of the 18 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1919 and 1920. The 1920 figures a.re higher in each
occupation than those in 1924, and the averages in 1919 a.re greater in
all but three of the occupations. For example, the average of earnings per hour of laborers, which occupation comprises a large percentage of the employ_ees in the principal productive occupations, was less
'No data were oo1lected for the Jlllll8 1918, 11117, 11118, 1921, and 1928.
116
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
117
BAR MILLS
than· 20 cents p·er hour in 1907 to 1915, but in 1919 earnings were
advanced to an average of 44.3 cents per hour. The increase was
continued to 50.6 cents per hour in 1920 but dropped back to 31.6
cents in 1922. Theaveragewasincreasedin 1924 to 39.2cents per hour.
Table A (8) shows like figures for the other occupations as well.
Average full-time earnings per week are below those for 1919 and.
1920 for each occupation but show increases over those for all other
yeTh~ distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week, contained in Table A (8), shows the extent to which fulltime hours have been reduced in 1924 as compared with other years
in this department.
Eighty per cent or more of the employees in all but two of the
principal productive occupations in 1924 worked a week of 60 hours
or less, and in 12 of those occupations over 90 per cent of the employees
were on that basis.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are also contained in · Table A (8).
These are simply percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1913 as the base or 100 per cent.
Index numbers for the department as a whole (all principal productive
occupations combined) are shown on page 5.
A (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEJ& AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUrATION-BA.R MILLS
TABLE
[For explanation of this table -
AverNum Average Aver-
Occupation
and year
Stockers:
1907•••••••
1901L •••••
1909•••••••
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922
11)24•••••••
______
Hellters:
1907•••••••
1008•••••••
1909•••••••
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
I
age
Num- ber fullber
of time earn•
Inga
em- hours
of
per
plants ploy- per
week hour
-
8
8
8
93
90
88
170
211
217
374
13
15
15
31
41
603
41 . 582
115
298
22
22
25
15
15
15
2&
26
26
44
57
57
23
24
23
28
Leis than 1 per oeu$.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
458
3152
298
121
112
112
217
184
199
295
409
392
209
213
169
181
p. 13)
Index numbers
(1913•100)
~-
time
earn- Full- EarnInga time
per
week
hOUl'II
per
week
Inga
~
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hoUl'II per week
were-
Fulltime
Over
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and 60 and 72 and
lngs un- ununun- 84
per der der
der
der
week
60
72
84
earn-
-
-
64. 4 $0.178 $11.43
.167 10. 72
64.1
64. 2
.168 10. 79
59.0
.250 14.24
.217 12. 94
60.9
.231 13. 79
60. 9
.216 12. 89
60.2
.199 12. 00
60.4
60.2
.198 11.91
63. 7 .524 33.38
.612 37.69
6L5
59.2
.420 24.90
56.0
• 602 28.20
107
106
107
93
232
.sos
32.35
.rm
31.73
31.87
29.84
34. 74
32.49
33.50
107
107
107
105
105
105
100
100
101
103
101
100
93
86
79
83
86
86
82
100
93
95
194
199
129
161
63.9
63.9
64.0
62.9
62. 7
62.4
69. 7
59.9
00.1
6L7
00.1
59.9
56.8
29.66
.488 8L06
.467
.510
.482
.500
.548
.562
L147
Ll76
.759
• 949
7o. 77
70. 73
415.50
153.03
98
101
101
100
100
100
106
102
98
82
77
78
116
100
107
100
92
92
243
283
194
89
83
84
110
100
107
100
93
92
259
292
193
219
93
85
89
91
92
86
100
94
96
204
204
131
153
------------16
13
12
4
2
1
1
7
11
22
2
3
3
8
10
9
10
9
9
13
13
9
31
9
11
9
9
9
9
19
17
25
33
27
25
46
9
26
40
41
13
18
18
13
17
22
37
34
35
1
27
4
21
70
66
78
51
34
31
34
18
9
31
7
5
17
36
2
2
2
7
1
1
1
1
(1)
17
2
70
61
: ""ii
43
39
51
51
34
18
9
4 ---...........
--------- ---·
..........
-------- .........
---:::::
----- -------- ........
----- -------- --·------------ -------- 22
IS ..........
14
3
Ii
13
13
1
4
4
9
8
10
2
10
70 4
58 10
80 9
67
9
46 8
52
52
2
3
60
8
52
2
51
4
31 ••••
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
(1)
2
1
1
1
1
1
----- .......
5 ---2 ----
----- ----
118
WAGES AND HOURS OF LA.BOB-DON AND STEEL
A. (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURJ..p.ND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEJS AND INDEX NUMBE.w:, THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCU.l"ATION-BAR MILLS-Continued
TABLE
Index number&
AverNum• Aver- Aver-
OCC11pation
and year
(1913-100)
~-
~-
age
Num• ber
ber
of time earn• time
Inga earn- Fullof
em- hours
per
lngs time Earn•
plants ployper hours Inga
per
~ hour week
hour
-
Per cent of e m ~ whoae
average full•tlme
perweelc
were-
~
Full·
time
48
~
der der
60
Over
Over
48
60
Over
72
der
72
der
earn- and and 60 and 72 and M
Inga un- un11n•
unM
Heaters'
helpers:
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1009
_______
1910_______
1911. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1916•••••••
1919•••••••
1920. - ·---1922•••••••
1924•••••••
Obargers and
lief~~----1908•••••••
1009•••••••
1910•••••••
1911 _______
•••••••
1912
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
19UI•••••••
1919•••••••
______
1920.
1922•••••••
1924•.•••••
nri~~: ..
1908 ...••..
1009•••••••
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913
_______
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1919_______
1920••• .:: ••
1922•••••••
1924•• --·Boll engineers:
1907-- ---1908 .•••••.
1009•••••••
1910-- -·-·
1911•••••••
1912••
---1913
_______
1914_______
•• ---1915
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
I l,ess than
14
14
14
24
25
25
'2
M
M
21
23
25
28
12
12
12
18
19
19
31
41
41
14
19
21
26
11
11
11
19
20
20
33
4li
45
18
20
20
26
13
13
13
22
22
22
41
li2
62
21
22
22
24
1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
167
153
151
295
293
319
467
582
570
323
435
326
312
104
102
107
179
186
182
262
346
333
189
328
2113
295
86
66.3 $0.246 $16. 77
66. l
.'61 14.50
66.0
.234 14.87
62. 6 .273 16. 77
62. 7 .259 16.SK
62. 2 .260 16.01
60. 6 .269 16.21
60.9
.266 16.0II
60.3
.272 16.37
60. 7
.655 39. 76
69. 6 • 744 44.16
69.1
.517 30.56
54. 7 .630 M.86
108
108
107
103
llH
103
100
101
100
100
98
98
90
66.6
65.6
65.9
66. 3
64.8
66.0
62. 5
6L9
6L7
62.4
61.9
61.2
.173
.161
.161
.192
.lM
.192
.226
.219
105
105
105
104
llH
104
100
99
54.9
.640
6U
63.9
88 64.0
132 65.1
127 64. 7
130 64.8
186 60.8
266 60. 7
256 61. l
82
131
20.'I
161
187
60.6
68
66
72.8
56
99
95
71.6
72.0
70.4
70.0
69.2
68.8
68.9
70.2
69.7
69.1
60.9
97
153
183
178
SK
lOII
100
106
64.9
69.7
65.2
71.4
.222
.561
.636
.427
.271
.246
.250
.269
.262
.258
.282
.277
lLM
10.56
10.60
12. 40
1L90
12.45
14.00
13.47
13.56
35.01
39. 4li
26.24
29.68
17.31
16.68
16.113
17.44
16. 78
16.12
16. 98
16.68
16.96
46.17
.280
.696
.725 43.33
.470 27.98
.560 31.12
.226 16.29
.221
.217
.229
.228
.229
.247
.2'7
.246
.658
.657
.478
.1169
16. 76
16.52
16.46
16.07
16.05
17.06
16.97
16. 77
39.17
46.65
82. 75
M.66
99
100
99
98
88
106
105
105
107
106
106
100
100
100
107
100
98
91
11H
103
103
104
102
101
100
99
99
101
101
100
88
91
M
87
101
96
97
100
99
101
97
89
92
103
98
91)
100
99
101
243
277
24o
272
234
215
77
71
71
86
81
86
100
81
75
76
89
86
89
100
96
192
97
98
248
281
189
239
96
87
89
95
113
90
100
98
99
247
267
167
199
91
89
88
93
92
113
100
100
100
226
266
lSK
2IIO
189
97
250
282
187
211
102
92
SK
103
99
95
100
98
100
266
'255
165
188
95
92
2
2
2
16
16
14
8
6
11
24
14
6
29
-------;6
5
4
4
9
17
6
6
32
----........
----..........
..T
6
5
8
17
7
12
16
16
11
13
23
'2
36
32
1
30
li2
38
10
10
2
3
3
8
2
2
2
1
(1)
17
5
---21
5
5
9
4
8
14
13
27
7
3
3
2
1
(1)
5
2
2
34
32
27
10
28
36
22
19
24
24
18
24
25
38
38
86
3
16
li2
---........
..3.
.. ....
2
192
li2
50
46
46
38
12
68
66
75
69
69
61
63
62
62
66
60
38
12
60
li2
70
67
66
54
59
·aa·
82
13
........... .......... .........
53
50
32
20
----- .......... ........
----·
.......... ---.......... -"a"
M
3
SK ----4
l
100
7
6
99 ..........
6
5
98
6
230 ----2 ···-268
«
-T «
---- 49
.ff 51
62
91
96
203
65
56
74
62
65
50
8
2
18
4
15
2
10
81
8
.........
8
&4
40
57
53
45
47
49
31
39
43
42
4
16
21
1
3
4
11
10
9
4
6
5
10
2
3
1
]6
20
7
20
18
18
3
1
2
10
5
18
1
3
1
-----
·c1-r·1
3
......
------i
·---
·t
1)
I)
.........
.........
----- ........
----- ----
-----26 -···
--------------- .........
---1
1
1
3
---.........
---i
----- ........
------- ----19
2· ---23 --·2· ---4
........
19
20
19
7
6
7
21
6
8
3
2
2
2
1
1
---........
----.......
---.........
.......... ----
----.........
-----.... -------
.......... .....
9
18
11
26
14
31
29
32
23
2'
12
28
22
16
26
11
27
12
2
35
12
89
23
19
8 -----
7
4
4
7
2
2
4
4
2
15
3
8
'
119
BAR MILLS
TABLE A (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEIS. AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUrATION-B.AR MILLS-Continued
Occupation
and year
cent of em~oyeea whose
Index numbers Per
average full-time ours per week
Aver(1913-100)
wereNum• Aver- Aver• age
Num• ber
age
full•
ber
of time earn• time
Over
Over
Over
Foll·
Inga earn• Foll· Earn• time 48 48
of
em• hours
60
72
Inga time lngs earn• and and
plants ploy• per
and 72 and 84
hours
60
per
per lngs un• un•
un•
un•
week
week ~ honr per der der
der
der
week
60
72
84
-
Rollers:
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1909.......
13
13
13
22
1910•••••••
1911•••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914•••••••
1915•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924•••••••
24
42
56
56
23
25
25
1907•••••••
1908•••••••
1909•••••••
1910••••••.
1911. •••••.
1912.••••..
1913.••••••
1914•••••••
1916•••••••
1919.a •••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••.•
1924•••••••
16
15
16
25
26
26
26
57
57
23
25
25
31
~~::::::·
11
11
11
Roughers:
Catchers:
1909••••••
1910•••••••
1911. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914. ··-···
1916.••.•••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922••••••• ,
1924.•••••.
Stranders:
1907 ······1908 .••••••
1909 •••••••
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924 ••••...
Finishers:
1907 •••••••
1908 •••.•••
1909 •••••••
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915•••••••
1919.••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924 •••••••
23
30
20
20
20
44
57
57
23
25
25
31
13
13
13
21
22
22
42
65
63
63
124
120
128
173
216
2Ui
1118
141
119
126
243
425
403
4()8
407
386
386
202
319
288
263
69
70
70
114
111
110
222
293
296
187
217
191
216
175
174
174
272
262
266
491
635
615
381
525
474
29
427
40
54
54
22
24
25
30
• Le ss &hall 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
h1:r
65.5 $1.013 $66.88
65.7
.878 57.88
65.5
.917 60.40
62.4
.928 58.21
,873 M.65
62.0
61.6
.863 53.60
59.3
.985 58.85
59.6
.936 56.13
59.4
.944 56. 75
6L3 L821 111.62
59.5 1.949 116.13
58.4 L416 82.35
53.9 L677 85.28
110
111
110
105
105
104
100
101
100
103
100
98
91
26.28
103
105
104
102
101
101
100
98
98
102
97
252 6L6
2'2
56
56
23
25
25
10
10
10
17
19
21
GM.
65
63
63
111
121
137
182
223
222
123
177
165
185
62.6
62.4
.434
.343
.368
61.0
60.5
60.2
59.8
58.8
58.9
60. 7
57.8
57.3
M.7
.402
.377
.389
.486
.486
.438
.003
L034
.709
.810
62.6
62.0
6L9
60.2
59.9
69.7
58.1
58.6
58.8
60.6
57.9
57.2
54.8
.442
.381
21.35
22. 72
24. 51
22.68
23.86
26.00
25.41
25.76
56.63
59.46
40.41
44.61
27.68
23.57
.400 24.93
.419
.392
.3911
.445
.430
.432
.936
1.022
• 725
.818
25.46
23. 70
23.92
26. 73
25.03
25.35
56.72
58.68
41.33
46.12
59,6
69. 7
59.7
60. 6
59.8
59.6
68.3
58.4
58.1
59.6
57.6
56. 6
53.0
.334 19.45
65.9
.309
.279
.300
611.4
611.2
64. 0
62. 8
62. 0
59,6
60.0
59.8
61.6
60.0
57.9
64.0
.ffl
.297
.301
.272
.283
.345
.318
.326
• 762
.349
,577
16.25
17.34
17.85
16. 03
16. 62
20.15
18.57
18. 99
45.34
48. 79
32. 31
.700 36.92
.323
.313
.328
,350
.341
.352
• 766
,866
.638
,749
20.45
18.63
19.86
20.48
19.60
20.29
20. 77
20.42
20.95
47.19
52.05
36.56
40.35
96
91
108
107
107
lM
103
103
100
101
101
104
100
98
103
89
93
94
89
88
100
95
96
185
198
144
160
100
79
84
92
86
89
100
100
100
214
237
163
186
-- lH ............ 17 17 43 18
5 ---98 ----- 19 13
44 19
5
103 ..
19 13
52 16 --- .. - --·ff
16 13
99
47 12 ........... ---22
93
13
8 43 15 ----- --·91
12 26 9 38 16 ----- ---............
1
100 ........... 56 ... ..... 43
95 ----- 49 ---- 51 .......... ----............. ------96
49
··22· 51
·--2· ...i
190
197
140
145
101
82
87
94
87
90
100
98
99
218
229
155
172
99
86
90
94
88
108
90
93
100
97
97
210
100
230
163
94
184
102
102
102
104
103
102
100
100
100
102
99
97
97
80
86
92
97
99
92
97
99
220
228
11
5
30
13
10
10
17
18
18
6
2
2
21
16
9
22
---------
..ii.
14
14
8
2
2
23
161
176
19
10
22
97
22
81
86
89
87
79
82
100
80
82
100
92
94
92
22
22
18
18
18
4
·2r
42
61
16
3
21
37
25
7
5
5
5
8
3
3
1
44
40
57
46
46
45
43
32
86
46
26
42
20
23
23
20
24
25
46
65
62
10
44
58
46
42
46
46
36
39
39
63
60
60
11
38
69
------10
1
·z·
1
..........
.°&"
.........
---.........
..........
··,;1
46
·21·
17
17
17
16
27
11
11
11
14
8
57
.ii"
."s"
28
64
8
94
246
225
ffi
-------·..
26.
46
1
Ill
203
160
183
14
9
34
65
.ii.
111
111
111
107
105
104
100
101
100
103
101
88
80
89
.............
11
10
89
94
100
97
101
219
247
182
214
99
94
98
100
98
101
'OT
251
176
194
12
13
13
7
97
91
221
167
86
92
98
96
-----·i4·
12
11
77
13
42
20
...........
31
63
43
9
10
25
13
34
56
47
--·-..is"
48
14
9
'1
7
·-r
1
13
Ii
1
23
··s·
11
----- ...........
6 -- .... ---......... ............
---17 ........... ............
..........
--------- ---..........
----............. ............
----............ ---..........
----------...........
·ia· ----- ------.
...
__
36 3
---27 6 ·---- ---7 ........... ·---- ---86 20 ·---- ---34 20 ..... ----54
----- ---40 ··;;- --·----41
7 ............. ---40
7 ........ -... ..........
1 ----· ... .........
33
38 .. ....... .............. ---38
----- ---46 ·is· ----- ---38
4 .............
---22
9 .............. ---6 ---- ----- ---34 15 ----- ---32 17
---42 7 ----... ............ ---40 13 ------ ---34 13 ------ ---33 13 ............... ---35
1 ............. ---31 ~I) ----- ............
23 1) ----- ---44 9 ------ ---36
3 -- . -- ..........
20 6 ----- ---7 ---- ----- ---48 26 ----- ---49 27 ----- ..........
68 10 ----- ---·
65 16 ---·- ---45 17 ----- ---38 13 ----- ---35
2 ----- --·55 ---- ----- ---61 .ii" ----- ...
46
----- ---7 ----- ---·
44
9 ----25
5
---- --·-- ------22
6
9
9
9
4
.,.
120
WAGES A.ND HOUBS OF LABOR-IBON
A.ND
S'l'El!IL
TABLE A (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY 'FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEE~ AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUrATION-BAR MILLS-Continued
Occupation
and year
Hoof~:_____
1908 _______
1909 _______
1910 _______
1911 _______
11112 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
RoD hands,
other:
1908
_______
1907-------
cent of em~oyees whose
Index numbers l'er
average full-time ours per week
(1918= 100)
AverwereAverAverNum• Num
age
ber
ber
of
time
Over
Over
of
time earn• earnFull- Earn- Fullem• hours
fDl8
plants ploytime 48
60
72
fDl8 time lngs earnand
and
and
72
and 84
60
ees
~ per hours
12
12
12
20
21
22
36
47
47
21
92
84
82
174
154
177
25
29
213
817
24
9
1909 _______
9
9
1911 _______
18
18
18
1910 _______
1912_______
1913 _______
1914 _______
11115 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922_______
1924 _______
Hotbed men:
1908.
______
1907 ------1909 _______
1910------1911
_______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
191,S _______
1919_______
1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
Bheannen:
1907 -------
-------1909 _______
1910 _______
1111 _______
1912 _______
191~------1914 _______
1915 ___ , ___
11111 _______
1920 _______
1122 _______
1924 _______
227
262
245
156
277
24
87
87
18
20
20
235
174
352
3li3
16
16
16
211
28
26
'3
66
56
240
304
714
721
497
25
80
727
755
679
15
15
15
25
25
118
24
41
54
54
22
25
24
28
ILess thllll 1 per oenS.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~
week
83.9 $0.268 $17.30
61!.3
.225 14. 70
61!.7
.2il 15.82
63.2
.272 17.13
63. 0 .250 15.66
6L9
.254 15. 74
.291 17.32
59. 6
59.8
.268 16. 03
60. 3
.270 16. 25
69.6
.641 38.20
57. 7
.771 43.83
59.0 .616 30.17
54. 8 .601 33.80
67.0
66.8
62.8
62.6
62. 7
63. 2
63.2
62. 6
62. l
60. 7
69.6
53.2
802 63.3
299 63.2
286 83.3
liOO 62. 9
450 6L9
461 6L7
600 60.3
23
24
::M.
97 66.8
94
94
180
177
176
199
24
fiM.
60.3
60.0
69.4
58.8
58.3
53.8
94 64.8
92
156
151
156
218
65.1
65.S
63.3
62.,S
62.4
eo.2
263 ro.s
264 CO.IS
145
216
178
181
60.9
68.2
69.2
58.4
.278
.255
.266
.295
• 2'13
.287
.316
.285
.291
.684
.758
.645
.702
.189
.ln
.180
.200
.188
.192
.217
.213
.216
.645
.618
.'39
.638
.249
.216
.225
.264
.2M
.251
.281
.280
.293
.634
.7S2
.526
.631
18. 63
16.97
17.65
18.35
16.97
17.97
20.02
17.92
18. 23
42.48
45.99
32.36
87.52
o-;r
fDl8 un- un-
~ ~ ~
107
110
110
106
106
104
100
100
101
100
97
99
86
87
100
92
93
220
265
177
100
86
91
10
99
16
14
12
90
91
100
93
94
221
253
174
192
4
4
..........
----..........
22
18
15
23
8
5
5
6
14
24
46
48
9
17
10
11
6
8
.. ......
----
87
28 12
4 ----
.......... ........
4
40
40
70
........... ---........... .........
----- .........
...........
.......... ----
1
88
92
85
90
100
90
91
212
...........
5
41
1ft
162
13
46
27
---28
4
4
11
4
21
21
22
16
12
12
7
5
'3
98
14
14
19
15
14
6
6
2
2
195
27
9
7
15
45
56
99
99
99
100
100
99
98
96
94
84
16.20
14.10
14.72
16.40
15.55
16.40
16.74
16.78
17. 66
108
108
108
106
lM
lM
100
100
100
101
97
98
89
240
222
lf1
80
83·
92
87
88
100
98
100
251
285
202
248
89
280
187
92
84
84
95
89
90
100
98
248
279
222
97
77
84
80
88
98
93
92
100
100
105
231
94
QO
89
100
100
IM
226
268
187
225
263
184
204
6
6
22
20
-----
--ff
41
80
---------
--io-
4
4
4
10
13
13
24
21
28
10
24
26
42
34
42
16
16
16
16
23
10
10
5
24
42
11
15
31
4
14
4
33
.......
--------- -------- ·-----...........
36 20 ----- ---48 5 .......... ---62 ---69 ---- -------32 13
----
52 26
33
24
25
44 23
42
67
'3
-is-
46
41 31
88
81
84
93
86
91
100
90
92
216
6
22
84
der
3li
106
106
106
93
85
UD•
72
41
20
'Jl1t
105
105
105
104
103
102
100
100
100
99
98
97
89
38.61
77
under
92
IL98
10. 93
ILOO
12.46
1L61
11.80
13. 06
12. 77
12. 83
32.37
36.46
25.48
28.97
43.99
30.79
34.10
92
83
93
der der
60
38
23
42
58
35
4
4
4
2
2
44
42
44
2
(1)
76
79
74
60
45
-------
---·8
(1)
---23
16
18
18
14
12
10
9
9
6
8
9 :::::
45
45
15
20
20
20
---.......
---- --------- ------11 ----- ---9
80 12
4. ---'3
35
54
43
48
45
45
47
43
41
41
28
6
61
46
69
46
46
48
41
46
47
46
4
37
-26-
7
25
19
21
5
12
9
11
4
4
8
9
4
8
-·------- --·-------- --·-
..........
:::::
3
-----·.........
----- .......
........
:::::
---------------------
......
------..........
---- ----- ------18
.......
--··21
---3
10
11
12
2
3
5
8
3
10
4
4
........
----
---i- .........
..........
............ ------1
-------........
----------ar ........
---- --·-- ----
121
BAR MILLS
A (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR.z.. AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFOR, 1907 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-BAR MILLS-Continued
TABLE
Occupation
and year
Num•
Num- ber
of
ber
emof
plants ploy
ees
1007 ···----
1909 •••••••
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 .•••••.
1913 •••••••
1914 .•.••••
1915 .••••••
1919 ..•••.•
1920 •.•.•••
1922 •.•••••
1924 •••••••
Bnndlers:
1907 -······
1908 .••••••
1900 ..•••••
1910 •••••••
l91L ••••••
1912 •••••••
1913., ••••••
1914 ••••••
1915 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••••
Laborers:
1907 •••••••
1908 •••••••
1909 •••••••
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •.•••••
1914 •••••••
1915 .••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 .••••••
1922 .••••••
1924 •••••••
---
--
Shearmen's
helpers:
1908 .••••••
cent of employees whose
Index numbers Per
average full-time hours per week
Aver(1913=100)
wereAver- age
age
fullFullOver
Over
Over
earn- time Fullings earn- time Earn• time 48
48
60
72
ings
per
ings
earnand
and
and
and
per
per hours
per ings Uil• un- 60 Uil• 72 nn- 84
per hour
week hour week
per der der
der
der
week
week
60
72
84
Average
full·
time
hours
15
15
15
23
23
23
35
48
48
19
201
172
185
65.9
66.2
$0.m
.168
.169
.187
.178
.184
.209
.201
22
23
418
487
471
399
507
610
27
500
67.3
M.7
63.8
63.9
62. 7
62. 7
62.3
62.3
60.8
60.8
52.9
5
5
5
6
7
41
66.9
.202
41
66.9
66.8
66.1
62.0
62.0
61.4
.174
.186
.207
.197
.193
.218
.203
7
12
13
13
6
10
10
11
10
10
10
15
17
21
42
355
359
358
41
77
131
132
178
178
210
115
151
161
184
296
227
324
63.9
64.4
68.8
60.9
57.8
45.9
536
891
68.3
64.8
67.8
67.8
66.5
65.0
62.5
54 1,039
54 1,029
63.3
62.9
21 1,058
20
816
66.1
65.1
64.5
57.5
23
30
611
390
806
936
.203
.513
.615
.415
.524
.208
.529
.555
.382
.526
.153
.153
.150
.160
.159
.160
.169
.173
.173
$11.46
11.07
11.32
12.02
11.28
11. 74
12.98
12.57
12.66
31. 96
37.39
25.27
27.92
105
11>6
1117
103
102
102
100
100
13.53
11.68
12A2
13.69
12.20
109
109
109
108
101
101
100
11.94
13.38
12.97
13.38
36.40
33.80
22.29
24.16
10.44
9.93
10.17
10.86
10.40
.443
.506
10.38
10.66
11.00
10.91
29.28
33.12
.316
.392
23.06
21. 54
99
99
97
97
84
1(14,
105
112
99
94
75
109
104
108
108
105
104
100
101
101
106
104
103
92
83
80
81
89
85
88
100
96
97
245
294
199
251
93
80
85
95
88
85
87
93
87
90
100
97
98
246
288
195
215
101
87
89
100
93
95
243
255
175
241
93
102
91
89
100
97
100
272
253
167
181
91
91
98
93
90
89
95
94
9o
100
102
102
262
299
187
232
95
102
98
97
100
103
102
275
311
202
216
---------
··ia·
13
13
4
3
10
17
7
6
33
6
7
6
3
8
9
24
24
20
9
40
47
32
10
13
14
12
10
10
6
6
4
6
3
---30
--------- ------------ --------- ------.. ......... 66 ---65 -------71
2
----2
43
-----37
----- 2 41
2
""gg"
--------------------"<if.
1
1
2
6
2
15
62
59
59
45
50
46
61
63
~o
55
48
35
5
76
76
100
100
34
35
27
55
58
37
65
68
6
6
1
4
27
(1)
17
41
23
47
48
42
25
45
43
33
1
1
2
9
23
20
18
27
15
33
31
9
20
29
37
18
11
13
39
26
22
27
28
2
42
41
45
20
17
4
22
18
18
3
5
7
12
1
10
---------------3 --·2 -------- ---1
5
16
6
.. T
1
3
"(t)"
---........
---- ........... -·-24 -·--- .........
24 ----- ---........
------- -------------------------------___ .
---- -----------4
57 --------- ---·
------""ii" -------·
-------- ----- ---25
8
27
36
18
18
2
7
8
18
35
27
31
5
23
3
8
···.r
5
1
1
li
1
1
5
1
1
-----
2
2
2
(I)
1
1
(1)
1
(I)
2
·(tr
1
1Less than 1 per cent.
• Including 1 per eent whose full-time hours per week were 84½, and less than 1 per cent whose full-time
hours per week were 91.
The.customary working time per week of all employees covered in
the bar mills in each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922, and 19243
has been classified and the number and per cent of employees coming
under each classification are shown in Table B (8).
The working tjme of employees in the bar mills shows a wide. variation of days or turns per week-5 days, 6 days, and 7 days, with the
many combinations thereof. However, the large majority of employees in each year worked either 5 days or 6 days per week, or some
combination of those turns.
In 1924, 48 per cent of all employees covered worked 6 days per week,
25 per cent worked 5 days and 6 days alternately, and 8 per cent
worked 5 days. Only 5 per cent had any 7-day work.
• These 5 years are the only ones tn which data were collected covering all princlp,\I productive and other
occupations.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE B (8).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED
NUMBER OF DAYS PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT 'AND YEAR-BAR MILLS
[For elJ)lanatlon of this table see p. 13)
Number of employees whose customary working days per week
wereDistrict and year
Num•
Num• berof
berof em•
plants ploy•
ees
Eastern:
1914 •••••••••••••••••••••••.•
1916•••••••••••••••••••••••.•
1920.........................
1922•••••••••••••••••.•.••••.
1924 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pittsburgh:
1914•••••••••••••••••••••••••
19111•••••••••••••••••••••••••
1920•••••••••••••••••••••••.•
1922•••••••••••••••••••••••••
1924 ••••••.• _•.••••••.•••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914 .••••••••••••••••••••••••
1915•••.•.•••••••••••••••.•••
1920•••••••••••••••...••••• -.
1922•••••••••••••••••• ·-·····
1924 •••••.•• ·-···············
Southern:
1914 ••••••••.•......••••.••••
1915••••••••. - ••..•••••••••••
1920•••••.••• ·-·········J····
1922••••••..••...••••.••••.•.
1924 ·••••.•.•••••••••••••••••
Total:
1914•••••••••••••••••••••••••
1915 •••••••••.••..•••••••••••
1920•••••••••••• •·•••••••••••
1922•••••••••••••••••••••••••
1924 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
1
Less than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
II
11
111
15
6
6
Ii
1,861
1,876
950
968
704
69
70
133
9
6
1, 'JJ1l
1,211
425
. 292
14
7
7
9
3,250
3,366
3,167
2,624
2,686
162
122
69
22
89
1,461
1,549
958
1,057
19
19
7
7
10
2,694
2,484
2,079
2,218
2,136
76
13
6
1,:US
9
9
6
5
7
1,007
1,006
787
907
1,039
215
219
172
147
179
47
14
57 8,802
57 8,732
25 6,983
25 ·6,717
31 6,564
77
205
229
21
50
207
523
497
236
87
507
!ii~ !ii~
and
6, In 6, In
6
alter• rota- rotanately tlon tlon
262
506
1,284
759
829
841
4,171
4,178
2,289
2,367
1,656
------
3
-----•• ioi"i ............
112
'J1
42
42
.............
.............
4
........... ..........
··25r ··a1r
120
70
200
.............
..............
49
49
233
230
217
------
................
.............. ................
............. .............
·----.............. -----.............
162
112
300
112
354
6
1154
573
287
553
339
1,128
1,662
1,458
949
1,313
1,085
989
846
1,036
749
558
591
606
651
758
52 3,325
53
233
230
591
3,715
3, l'JT
3,188
3,159
~a
6
6
and
and
7
7
alter• alter•
nately nately
6, 6,
and
7, In 7, In
rota- rotatlon tion
7
-------
------ -----------
7
10
11
------ .."if
-------.. 5 .............
........
. ............ .............. ------ ----------- ----.. ............ ------- ............. .............
4
4
11
····i,·
6
6
····ir
10
12
64
56
153
75
76
15
15
22
73
16
349
12
12
460
···as·
10
10
------
477
21
16
6
--·---a"
------ ....
1
25
28
15
20
28
30
48
23
6
25
72
.................. .................. ............... ............ 16
.................. --···2· .. ........... ............. 14
---·---------4••--10
10
11
17
24
9
2
90
83
182
157
93
............... ..............
..............
............... ............
-----369
22
460
477
22
12
···as·
19
31
11
18
25
98
62
37
73
127
Per cent of employees whose customary working days per week
were-
II
6
and
6
6, In
alter• rotanately tlon
!ii~
4
4
14
1
1
611
611
411
30
6
4
2
1
3
46
3
3
1
37
46
30
40
19
48
50
............
(1)
••• ii. ---·-12
H
1
1
-----............
-----·
-----(l)
------ ..............
.•.io" ···i4·
4
3
10
%
37
37
39
21
23
3
6
20
22
17 .................
19
20 ... ...........
5 ...............
6
6
3
1
8
5, 6,
and
6, in
rotatlon
...............
------
2
2
11
10
10
------ ---------------- ..............
................
47
48
33
35
25
2
1
4
2
Ii
...............
1
1
3
3
9
6
l ~ ~a
II
6
and
and
7
7
alter• alternately nately
,-
30
31
30
57
48
36
46
46
36
49
40
40
41
47
35
f:~
2
2
5
3
3
~:~
1
1
1
3
1
)
·····r
··~:/j
-,
·······l
---·---;
...............
38
43
~:~
47
~I)
1)
(I)
48
7
1 ------ ------ (1)
------1
------------ 1
..............
------- -------1 ----------- ...........
~:~
------- .............. ............
------ ............ ..........
...............
55
59
77
72
73
46
6.
an
7, In 7, In
rota- rotatlon tion
c1>
1
(1)
1
1
3
2
1
11
(l)
(I)
15
18
1
····r
(1)
(1)
------
1
(l)
------ ---·---c1r·
·-ff·
1
------ ..............
... ............. .. ...........
..............
-----... ............ .............
------ .............
4
(1)
7
7
(I)
(l)
····r
r.~
(l)
1
1
1
1
2
1
(l)
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
BAB MILLS
128
Table C (8) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees m the principal productive occupations in the 31 bar mills covered in 1924. The occupations have
been arranged as nearly as possible in the order of production, and
figures are shown for each district and all districts combined for each
occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, stockers, the 225
positions were kept filled by a total of 298 men durin~ the pay period
scheduled. AB stated in the explanation of this taole, on page 14,
many of the employees worked only part time in this occupation,
and 298 men were necessary to keep the 225 positions filled. However.., it must not be assumed that these employees worked only as
stockers during the period. Many of them worked in other occupations, and the number of employees shown in the separate occupations in the foil owing table can not be combined as the number
of employees who worked in the principal productive occupations in
this department.
The average customary full time of the 298 men working in the
225 positions was 5.7 turns per week1 9.9 hours per turn, and 56
hours per week. These averag_es are tor· all districts combined and
do not show the range of the tigllres for the several districts. The
average of full-time hours p~r week in the Pittsburgh district, for
example, was only 54.2, while in the Southern distnct the average
was 58.2 hours.
In the distribution of the customary working time of the 298
emplo:rees, 146, or 49 per cent, worked 56 hours per week or less,
while the remaining 152 or 51 per cent ranged from over 56 to 72
hours.
The average hourly earnings of stockers ranged from 34.9 cents in
the Southern district to 56.9 cents in the Pittsb!]l'gh district, with an
average of 50.2 cents for all districts combined. Average earnings
for tlie half-month period reached the high point in the Eastern
district, $54. 72, owing to the fact that employees in that district
worked more hours at this occupation than those in an_y of the other
three districts, or an average of 105.2. In the Pittsburgh district
employees averaged only 87. 7 hours in this occupation during the
16-day period and received an average of $49.89 for that time.
These aver~es are only for the occupation under consideration and
do not include earnings that employees may have made in other
occupations during the same perioa.
Tlie range for average full-time earnings per week of stockers was
from $20.29 in the Southern district to $30.84 m the Pittsburgh district.
The average for all districts was $28.20.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T.ABLll G (8).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER
HOUR AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND BY DISTRICT-BAR MILLS
[Bee explanation on p. 3 of adJustment of time worked and earnings received)
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
Occupation and district
.Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions
Number
of
Num•
plant.a Number
Turns
per
week
Stockers:
Eastern ________________________
•=f~anci-Mit1die-wiiai:
Southern_______________________
Total_ ________________________
Beaters:
Eastern ________________________
=f~esanci-Mit1iiie-wiiai:
_______________________
Southern
Total_ ________________________
Beaters• helpers:
Eastern_, --------------------=f~eiiaiici-Micidiii-wesi:
______________________
Southern.,
Tota}_ - - ---------------------
and helpers:
~=r~
and M'lddle West.
Southern.______________________
TotaJ _______________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hours Hours
per
tum
ber
44
der
der
6.0
10.0
9.ll
10.1
9.8
l56.4
M.2
65.2
68.2
81
69
101
57
11211
6. 7
9.9
56.0
2118
ll
9
8
40
8ll
19
28
10.4
9.1
9.5
10.9
67.6
52.0
55.0
00.5
45
6
6.6
6. 7
6.8
6.6
28
152
6.8
9.8
65.8
181
29
6.8
9.8
9.2
9.7
10.6
9.6
65.4
53. 1
65.2
61.6
54. 7
M
16
9.8
9.0
10.1
10,ll
9.6
67.9
52.8
56.2
59.8
54,9
66
44
25
ll
9
8
6
~
4
9
9
4
28
69
46
42
117
37
21
217
6.8
6. 7
6.8
I~
M
67
19
188
6.9
. a.8
6.6
6. 7
6. 7
=
79
26
31
174
82
22
312
=
19
162
99
19
un-
-
30
15
14
............
-----8
and
un-
--·--- ----12
un-
----· --------3319
------ -----
4
8
18
...........
9
60
19
42
26
2
---------24
28
26
3
40
4
11
2
80
17
--T
39
26
73
22
68
16
12
16
10
38
16
7
---6-
----6
40
3
3
12
4
22
31
14
8
23 ... ..........
52
21
16
17
.... _..... ----;;-
un-
84
72
.Average
earn-
.Average
earn-
~ inl!B In inl!B
~~ J:r
and worked
over
J:M_
time
eerninl!B
J:t
72
ff
20
and
der
---i9- ............ ---ir ---r ---iit ---T
10 ----7 ---r
6 ---ir
............. ----- ............. ...........
·--ir ---sr --ir
19
60
60
----------- ------ ----- ----·- ----24
60
and
der
G6
.Aver-
Over
·66
66
der
48
25
Over
48
48
11
---ff 13
1
12
.............. ............ -----
2ll
2116
44
and
un-
~
Over
Over
and
5.6
6. 7
6.ll
3
8
7
7
A.Vl//l-
Number whose customary full-time hours per week were -
.,.,
__ ,.. ..
50
7
8
65
53
30
----· ............
............
..........
-----ll ----------5 ---------- ............
............
106.2
87.7
85.3
101.4
$M.72
49.89
46.66
36.37
$0.620
.1569
1K. 3
47.33
.502
114.4
92.72
92.05
82.70
106.34
1.022
1.105
.916
53.15
6D. 78
93.15
.1119
53,03
.593
.661
32.87
34.56
39. 98
27.76
34.88
----- ............. 1l"o.8
----- ............ 116.0
13
7 ... ........
7
67
.......... ------
19
.. ...... .........
---iii- ---2- ...............
7
36
----- ------·----
118.2
95.6
78. 4
85.8
122.9
82.0
l56.66
60. 99
.M7
.349
.811
47.68
65.47
61,63
.724
46.ff
.690
.451
$211. 34
30.84
30.19
20.29
28.20
46.68
65.40
.630
= -- = = - - - - - - - 26.85
.464
40.50
87.3
..........
4
--------67- ---iii- ----- ............. 65.8 86.44 .SM 28.97
25
19
101
2
2
-------------- ............
36 ----- -----==
=
76.8
108.1
73.7
41,88
39.84
.387
33.13
23.16
.540
29.58
D~!'=:·······················
Pittsburgh •••••••••••••••••••••
~
::::
0
I
~
l
➔
Great Lakes and Middle West .
SoTuthtaern..l ••••••••••••••••••••••
0
••••••••••••••••••••••••
2'
4
8
7
7
66
20
27
5. 6
fi.8
fi.6
5. 7
10.0
9.0
10.3
10.6
65.3
112.4
56.2
60.0
101
26
123
fi. 7
9.7
65.2
187
16
21
Roll engineers:
27
36
8
18
3
.............. ----------- .. ........
29
8
10
1
46
26
11.3·
9.11
10.7
12.0
67.2
56.8
64.0
66.0
17
69
2
6. 9
6.0
6.0
6.11
Total ••• •••••••••••••••••••••
Rollers:
Eastern •••••••••••.•.••.•.•.•.•
24
90
6.0
10.2
60.9
106
10
6
9
9
7
20
63
20
18
6.7
fi.7
6.6
6. 7
10.0
9.0
9.6
10.S
56. 6
=f~·aii<i.Mi<iilie·wesi:
Southern.. •••••••••••••••••••.••
61.4
64.1
67.9
21
63
23
19
3
14
2
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
30
111
fi.7
9.11
63. 9
126
II
38
92
42
38
11.7
5.6
5. 6
5. Ii
9.8
9
10
7
9.8
10.0
10.8
65. 7
52.3
66.2
68.8
31
210
6.6
9.8
64. 7
• Pittsburgh ••••••••••••••.••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Southern•••••••••••••••••••••••
5
9
10
7
28
36
23
fi.8
5. 7
6.6
6.8
9.6
67
9.2
10.2
10.0
1111.2
62.6
66.2
68.1
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
31
1114
fi. 7
9.6
64. 8
3111
46
5. 7
63.11
49.5
56.7
68. 7
66
207
6.9
9.4
8.8
10.2
10.0
fi.6
9.4
63.0
427
Rout~
........................
Pittsburgh •••••••••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West.
South"m'----•···········
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
II
Catchers:
Eastern ••••••••••••••••••••••• .
Btranders:
Eastern ••••••••••••••••••••••••
II
9
=:rat.;·anifi.i1<1dliiw~::
Southern•••••••••••••••••••••••
9
6
144
80
33
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
29
303
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.6
6.11
=
28
2
2
13
17
2
2
8
2
14
.."i"
2
.......... ····1·
1
6
9
u
12
...........
----- ............
···.a·2 --··s·
..........
............
20
7
67
24
............ ----- 3 ............ ····r ····r
-----10 ............. ..........
18 ----1
----- ...............3 ...........
------ ------4 ..........
.............
............. ............ -----------
Pittsburgh ••••••••• ••·•••• •••••
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern•••••••••••••••••••••••
Eastern••••••••••••••••••••••••
--·ir .• ia.
4
............
............ ..if
24
-----
.. T
2
1
3
6
1
..........
6
111
8
1
3
16
30
····r
9
6
4
3
13
16
14
2
44
..----......... ............
----- -----1
3
107.6
59.6
74.8
96. 7
65.03
34.24
65.24
44.99
.611
.676
.739
.466
28.27
30.12
41.00
74.9
41.96
.660
3L12
.486
.1177
27.113
4
2
2
136. 7
98.4
132.1
168.8
83.07
69.08
.629
.350
32.69
32. 79
40.24
22. 76
8
4
114.6
66.26
.669
34.66
116.9
89.9
1.347
1.681
120.3
167.61
161.14
161.34
177.34
76.11
86.42
90.00
86. 3_6
............ ------
6 ----- .............
···ir ··--1;.......... .............
66.00
66. 79
II
3
10
1
.......... ·----.......... ------
18
26
9
.......... ------
100.2
1118.01
1.1177
86.28
---·- ----------·---.......... ............
............. ------ ----- 4
29
II
----- -----24
263
26 10
93
16
11
19 ----- ............
66
36
8
6 ----- -----.. ii. 26
911
17 ·--io·
23 ·-·s· -----30
............ ............
14
12
9
10 ····5· .......... ·----66
2
3
1
29 ............. ----·- ----4
3
17
II
1 ----- ------
1111.3
102.1
S0.9
112.8
89.19
7L01
76.88
75.43
.82'
.9113
.669
.773
43.08
43.11
52.61
39.33
101.1
7fi.69
.810
91.8
102.3
75.0
94.3
65.84
66. 76
.823
.966
.714
39.60
43.22
53.67
41.60
92.4
----- ------I =
68.00
.818
46.12
........... -----........... ---------- .. ............
82.6
73. 7
87.2
8L7
l!0.91
62. 63
70.99
39.64
.616
.713
.814
.485
82.96
35.28
46.14
28.48
----- ------
79.4
llfi.63
.700
34.61
39
126
68
41
108
47
.............
19
6
16
2
22
11
1
···ig· ···r
6
13
3
13
=
··25·
..........
------ ------ ..........
49
4
46
12
64
58
26
21
112
16
67
46
52
23
2
123
-----3 ····r
------ ···21·
12
1
9
14
12
Ii
2
67
12
-----
111
19
20
33
16
21
21
36
70
31
17
···,r -----19
8
I
4
----- ------
96.4
71.80
67.34
l.673
1.474
.717
)
=
44.61
TABLE
C (8).-A VERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER
HOUR AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND BY DISTRICT-BAR MILLS-Continued
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specific occopation
Positions
NumOccupation and district
ber
of
plants Num•
ber
Flnlsbers:
Eastern •••••••••••••• -•• ------·
Flttsburgb ••••• _•••••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West ••
Soutbern ••• ----------··········
Total •••••• ·-·-···----·-····Hookups:
Eastern •••••••• ·-·--·------····
Flttsburgh··········-··········
Great Lakes and Middle West ••
Southern•••••••••••••••••••••••
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
ltoll bands, other:
Eastern ••..••••••••••••••••••• •
Pittsburgh ••••••••••.••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West ••
Southern •••----·······-········
Average customary full
time of employees In
the positions
Num•
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week
turn week
5
8
10
7
17
54
39
20
6.G
5.6
5.6
5.7
9.9
9.1
9.9
10.2
M.8
51. 8
55.2
57.4
30
130
6.6
9.6
54.0
6
9
9
6
27
93
44
30
5.7
5.8
6.6
5. 7
10.1
9.3
9.6
10.0
29
194
5. 7
a=-=
=
ber
44
and
under
20
48
der
and
un-
2
1
---------
186
19
17
10
52
57.7
53.7
58.6
57.0
33
158
79
47
4
8
18
9.6
54.8
317
.............
25
10
150
102
24
181
5. 7
9.5
53. 2
SM
42
Pittsburgh •••••••••••••••• ·-···
Great Lakes and Middle West..
Southern.••••••••••••••••••••••
4
9
10
7
84
184
121
61
6.8
5. 7
5.6
5,8
10. l
9.0
9.8
10.1
68. 2
51.1
54. 5
57.9
46
325
215
94
41
26
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••
80
400
5.7
9.5
53.8
679
2
12
12
44
Ii
76
3
•
.2
der
------ ---iii.
$68.84
68.46
74.56
41.17
81.7
12
.......... .............
2
.......... ..............
93.6
63.0
62.6
82.4
14
42
10
-·ii" ............ ---67 .
14 ···io·
14
34
15
39
6
33
93
16
13
5
60
4
91
46
156
69
72
103. 7
75,2
M-3
79.9
21
.......... ..............
------ .......... -----14,
21
98
----- -----=
............ ···22· 3 -- ... -- -----.............
----- -----29
3 ........... -----6
............. 33
7 ----- -----13 ----- -----6
84
------ """7i" 12 --------- ----------5
···ar
26
63
age
earn•
hours lngs In
84
and worked pay
period
over
age
----- ............
-------------........... --------------- ------
6
2
2
3
Aver-
Aver-
full-
earn•
time
earn•
hour
per
week
age
lngs
per
lngs
72
6
17
21
........... ------ ..........
UD·
6
8
66
···16·
and
18
1
83
50
60
60
l
19
1
11
under
43
8
1
28
67
17
35
6
-----23 33
27 ---------- ------ -----
51.9
50.1
54. 7
59.6
I=
--·as- •• "a"
............ ---·-- -----
9.3
8.9
9.6
11.0
42
·""ii. ·-iii"
and
Aver:
OYer
60
56
56
der
56
48
3
58
32
3
13
5.6
5.7
6.7
5. 6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UD•
Over
48
44
and
11
22
16
3
so
7
84
61
29
Eastern •••••• _•••••••••••••••••
Over
Over
3
8
8
Ii
Total ••• ··········-·····-···.
=
Botbedmen:
Average
Number whose customary full-time hours per week were-
27
$0.664 $437.M
39.88
.777
.884
.615
48.82
29.56
61.20
,749
40.35
46,70
.499
.599
.766
.477
28.80
82.17
47.93
39.83
68.9
'1.44
.601
83.30
74.9
61.4
67.2
80.7
45.02
47.83
42. 00
36. 73
.601
.780
.734
.466
31. 21
39.06
40.16
27.11
68.1
44.25
.702
87.2
63.6
69.8
76. 9
38.42
35.87
41.M
30.68
.595
.399
87.72
.441
• 564o
36
4.7
19
4
.......... ..............
............ ------
lM
35
69.0
37.12
.538
----- =
------, =
=,=
'1.06
27.20
=
87.52
25.65
28.82
32.46
23.11
28.97
Shearmen:
Eastern- ______ -- -- ____________ Pittsburgh _____________________
Great Lakes
and Middle West__
Southern
_______________________
Total __ ---------------------Shearmen's
________________________
Eastern helpers:
Pittsburgh ___________ -- -- ---- -Great Lakes
and Middle West-Southem
________________
______
1
.
Total ________________ _, _______
Bundlers:
Eastern ________________________
Pittsburgh ______________________
Great Lakes and Middle WesL
Total ________________________
Laborers:
Eastern _____ -------------- -- ___
Pittsburgh ___ -------- --- ---- --Great Lakes and Middle West __
Southern_______________________
Total_ - ----------------------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
8
9
7
26
59
37
18
5. 7
5.6
5.6
5.7
10.0
9.0
9. 7
10.0
56.6
60. 5
M.l
56.8
30
80
49
28
140
5.7
g,5
53.4
3
8
9
7
14
148
100
45
5. 7
5. 7
5.6
5. 6
9.0
8. 9
9.11
27
307
5,6
2
5
7
103
15
11
5
9
10
6
202
30
4
=
4
14
8
13
7
12
1
16
19
2
5
1
9
1
181
26
20
13
42
11
19
257
165
--43-
21
61
18
10. 1
51.2
50.5
54. 9
lll.O
9.4
52. 9
500
42
79
Ii. 7
5.5
5. 7
10.4
8.1
8.7
59.4
44.4
49.9
151
25
93
14
125
Ii.Ii
8.4
45. 9
184
107
31
5.11
9.8
123
98
G.9
5.6
6.0
10.7
10.1
68.2
54.8
59.8
59.9
454
5. 9
9.9
57.5
9.3
22
59
------ ------ ----3
18
40
491
237
168
936
10
18
5
24
5
45
94
34
............ ------ -----
8
---if
-----30
23
3
26
----4- ---33- -ioa-
2
------ ..........
------ -----2
8
33
16
55
2
105
------ .............
2
2
-------------3
-----5
5
10
46
=
=
2
1
:::::1::::::
111.0
77.2
85.4
105.9
13
=='
==
----- -----------
88.5
............ ---75- .. .........
-----31
24
1
35
38
32
148
26
5
2
=
3
4
5
2
9
7
3
-----194
10
-----
111
35
69
18
8
253
43
49
369
23
9
14
64
I
_,.
---· -------·-............ ---------- ------
-----1---------· .............
------ -----1·-----
40
21
140
I
-----1---------.........
10
21
15
10
1
46
---
~'-
........... ...............
...........
6
26 -----26
6
59.54
.537
62.23
46.88
.687
• 729
.443
55.86
.631
89.8
62.6
74. 9
96.1
47.24
33.89
42.74
55.73
,526
26.95
.541
.571
.372
27.34
31.34
21.19
71.6
37.54
.524
27.92
120.3
58. 8
60.7
53.23
31. 87
29.24
.442
.542
.482
26.28
24.06
24.03
61. 7
32.44
.526
24.16
92.8
49.8
71.8
88.1
34.67
22.46
.374
.451
30.12
2L77
.420
.262
21.76
24. 71
25.09
15.69
63.0
24.70
.392
23.06
53.06
=
30.37
34. 70
39.44
25.13
=
34,'10
128
WAGES AND HOURS OJI' LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
Table D (8) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of roughers and hotbed men in 1924, by
districts and all districts combined. These two occupations are
selecte~ as representative of the spread or variation in liourly earnings within the occupations in this department.
The average of hourly earnings for roughers in the several districts
was 81 cents and for hotbed men 53.8 cents. The range of earnings was from 30 cents to $1.75 per hour for roughers and from 20
cents to $1.25 for hotbed men.
TABLED (8).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN
TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BAR MILLS
[For exp]aDatioD of this table -
p. 11)
Number of employees whose earnings ,er hour wereOocucH:lrlon and
ict
Num• Aver•
age
berof earn•
20 211 30 85 40 ISO 60 70
em•
and and and and and and and and
ings
ploy•
DD• DD• DD· DD· DD· DD• DD• DD•
ees 111:°r der der der der der der der der
211 30 35 40 60 60 70 80
80 flO $1
$1. 211
and eta. and
and
DD• and
DD•
der DD• DD•
der
der
90 der
eta. eta. eta. eta. eta. eta. eta. eta. eta. $1 $1.211 $1.60
BOUODB8
Eastern •••••••••••••••••
b=f~eiiaiiifi.iiddle·
West••••••••••••••••••
Sonthern..••••••••••••••
89 $0. 773
.82i
1211
68
41
.953
263
.810
46
326
.«1
West••••••••••••••••••
Bonthern.•.•••.••....•.•
216
.595
Total •••••••••••••
679
Total ••••••••••••
.669
-- ...-- ·---- ----- ----- ...ii' 14.,
--------- ----- -----
15
18
~
6
8
22
.. T
2
29
6
12
1
--------- ----·
----· ----- --T
----- ----- 1 1
5
7
---;-
12
5
10
10
7
19
1
16
1
-----
18
2S
47
48
42
~
47
19
-----
8
1
.............
8
-----
ll
1
JIO'IBBD KEN
Eastern •••••••••••••••••
~f~eiiaiifiiiiddie
. 1 Includes
114
7
1
7
5
78
139
3
72
1
15
··w·
1
5
1
11
Ii
19
3
11
79
40
19
46
1
20
1
14
4
12
32
26
198
206 122
37
211
10
..............
.SM .............. .............
.399
.538
...f
.,
17
2(
----- -----
1 .............. ..............
4
---------
one employee whose earnings per honr were $1.7S.
The customaey- turns per week and hours per turn and per week,
together with the aver~e full-time hours J>er week, of· employees in
the bar mills are shown m detail, ~ distncts, and all districts combined for the year 1924 in Table E (8). The information was obtained from 31 plants and covers 6,564 employees in all occupations.
The table states the customary number of day turns ana night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees
a.re divided into three ~oups as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who workmghts only, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of &ITangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily worx:ed such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been omitted
where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or
four weeks.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
129
BAR MILLS
In some instances in the table, hours are reported for 7 days,
yet the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to
the fact that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was
relieved 1 day in 7, with no information available, however, as to
which day; tlierefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the
relief indicated in the full-time hours per week.
In the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassed 3 men in the Pittsburgh district, 5 men in the Great Lakes
and Middle West district, and 2 men in the Southern district, or a
total of 10 men, were found on day jobs requiring them to work 7
days per week and 12 hours per day-a total of 84 hours J>er week.
Tlie two lines which are bracketed indicate that 3 men fu the Great
Lakes and Middle West district alternated from 5 days of 10 hours,
Monday to Friday, inclusive, and 9 hours on Saturday one week to 5
days of 10 hours, Monday to Friday, inclusive and 7 hours on
Saturday the next week, making an average of 58 hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 6 men in
Great Lakes and Middle West district alternated from 7 turns of ·
10½ hours on day work to 7 turns of 13½ hours on night work,
aver~g 84 hours per week.
When there are three 8-hour turns, the second and third are
tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (8).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BAR
MILLS
[For explanation of tbla table see p. Ill]
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each speci1led combination of
customary turns and hours, by
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns Mon•
Turns Mon•
per
per
day Sat• Sun• Per
Sat- Sun• Per week
week day
to
to ur• day week
day week
Fri•
Fri• day
day
day
~Y
district
Aver•
age
hours
~
Great
Lakes
East• Pitts- and South• Total
em burgh Mid• em
die
West
BJIPLOYBJIS WBO WOBXED DAY TlJJUll'S OlfLY
7
6
6
12
12
1.2
12
12
~g
12
·io··
7
6
6
6
7
6
10
12
9 ·-···
11½ 11½ •••••
12
8 •••••
10
8 10
12
7 •••••
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
11½ 9½ •••••
9½9½9½
12
6 ·-···
11½ 8½ ··-·.
11
11 ·-·-·
10 15 ·-···
11
9 •••••
11
8 ·-·-·
10½ 10½ •••••
11
7½ •••••
11
7 -····
0
10½
6
6
6
6
7
9
9
II
8
•••• 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84
72
70
70
69
69
68
68
67
67
·-····· •••••• ••••• ••••• --····
····-·· •••••••••••••••• -····--··-·- ------ ----- -··-- -·-···
·····-· ··-··· -···- ··-·· --·-··
~ ----T
:
~ ·-····· ·-··· 5· .....5•
~
~
-··-··· ·-···- •••••••••• ·--·-·
·-·-··· -··--· ••••• ····- ··-···
·-····- ••••••••••• -···· ·-····
60
••••••• -······ ···-···
1
:
::::::: ::::::: ····u ·
:
--····- ····-· ····- •••••••••••
·-····· ··-··· ····- ··-·· ·····.............. - ------ ----- ................ ! .. ..
68
67
·--·--· ··-·--· ··-·-·3
2 ••••••• ·····-- --·-···
67
·····-· -··-·-· •••••••
66½ ••••••. -···-· ••••••••••••••••
66½ ••••••• ······-
66
66
······- -····· ·-··· -···· ••••••
••••••• ····-· ····- -··-- ··-···
66
65
-······ •••••• ·--·- ···-· ···-·······- -····· ••••• -···· ···-··
66
66
66
64
••••••• -··--· ··--· -···· -·-···
63
63
a:
--·-··- --·--· ···-· -···· ·-····
-····-· -··-·- ••••• -···· ••••••
62½ ••••••• -·-··· ···-· ••••• ·-··-·
62 -·-···· ··-··· ···-- ••••• ··-···
62 ------· -··-·- ···-- •••••••••••
61½ ••••••• ···-·- ••••••••••••••••
65
9
7
1 ··-··-·
13 ·-····- ·--····
4 ····-·· ··-··-· ··-·-··
1 ••••••• ··-···· •••••••
-······
2 ••••••• -······
64 ••••••• ···--·· •••••••
10
63 ··-·-··
2 ···-··· ······63 ··-··-·
3
5 -·····62½ •••••••
1 ·---··· •••••••
62
7 ·-·--·· -··-··· -·····62 ·-····· --·--··
1 ······61½ ••••••• --·--·· -····-·
1
10
51
1
19
1
2
33
3
2
7
1
22
4
1
2
10
2
8
1
7
1
1
130
WAGES A.NI> HOUBS Ol!' LABOR-IBON
B'rEEt
A.NI)
TABLE E (8).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS P'.ER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BAR
MIL.LB-Continued
Oustomary turns aud homa workell
Day turns
Nflht turns
B01l1'8
Turns
J:ic
M•1
Aver-
Boon
day Sat- Bun Per
to urFri- day day week
day
NIDBblr of e m ~ who worked
each llpeCUlid combination of
cuatomary turns and hours, by
district
-l:Jt
.
Great
h:.a
Turns Mon
Lakes
per
East- Pitt.a- and SouthSu- Sun- Per week em burgh Mid- em Total
ur- day week
dle
Fri- day
West
,:
day
BJIPLOYBII \VBO \VOUBD DAY TUUS OJILY-Oontlnued
8
6
6
8
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Ii
6
7
6
6
6
6
Ii
11
11
10½
10
12
11
10½
10
10
10½
10
10
10½
10
10
10
10½
10
O¾
~ -----
----6
--------6 ----7½
8½
5
10
O½ ..........
6½
0
:~
g~ ~ -·--- ------ ----- ----- -----8 ----.......... 58 ------- ------ ----- ----- -----6 ----- 57½ ------- ------ ----- ----- -----:~ ::::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: ::::::
~~
7 ..........
9
7
10
9½
1~
9½
10
9½ 8
10
6./r
11 --6-16
8
!t
:~
9½
9
8½
10
8½
8
8
8
8
8
8
..........
61¼------- ----- ----- ----- -----61 ------ ------ ----- ----- -----61 ------- ------ ----- ----- -----61 ------- ------ ----- ----- -----60 ------ ------ ----- ----- -----60 ------- ------ ----- ----- -----60 ------- ------ ----- ----- -----60 ------- ------ ---- - ---- - -----69½ ------- ------ ---- - ---- - -----59 ------ - ------ ----. ----. -----59 ------- ------ ----. ----- -----58½ ------- ------ ----- ----- -----58 ------- ------ ----- ----- ------
5
5
7½
8½
57
57
58
58
--------------------..........
---·-----
--.-- --ii8
9
8
8
--r-
•
----------
------- ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------
55½------- ------ ----- ----- -----55½------- ------ ----- ----- -----551, ------- ------ ----- ----- ------
l ------____________________
8
--- . -- -------_
8
l
61
61
------- ------- ------·
25
5 ------- -------
25
5
:
-----3 -
61
61¼
=:
8
59½-------
55
------- ------ ----- ----- ------
M¼ ------- ------ ----- ----- ------
52½ ------- ------ ----- ----- -----52½------- ------ ----- ----- -----51 ------- ---- • ----- ----- ------
~ ::::::: :::::::
1;
58 ------- ------3
58
9 ____________________
19
86
59 _
67ll
17
67
67
------- ------3 ------------- ------- ------•
g~58 :::::::7 :::::::----2635
l
1 ------56
-------
51
ii
---~~- ----~- ----~53 ------- ------- ------------- ------- ------17
------- -------
l -------
1 ------- -------
------- ------ ----- ----- ------
50
------- ------- -------
58
------- ------ ----- ----- ------
66
------- -------
49
------- ------ ----- ----- ------
'8
'8
------- ------ ----- ----- ------------ ------ ----- ----- ------
'6½------- ------ ----- ----- ------ '6½-------
-----
(()
19
35 ------- -------
00
. ------------- ----------- --------- ----- -----------
~
18 ------- ------------- ------- ------15
52 ------- ------- ------69 ------- -------
1
65
43
1 ------- ------4 -------
: ------- -----2· -----~- :::::::
: ----T ~ ----~- ----~~40
Total_------ ·____ ----- ------ ------- ------ _____ ----- ______ ______
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 ------- -------
:: ::::::: ri -----6--------
55 ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ 65
53¾ ------- ------ ----- ----- ------
-----2 ---~~- ----~1J ----09- ---204
------- -------
830
568
16
612
21,
5
1
007
2
•
28
16
2
3
173
17
3
'
1
94,
62
35
18
15
52
59
28'
12
53
17
l
1
43
1
'
8
2
123
18
16
606
2,116
8
1
22
1
l
1
BJIPLOYDS \VBO \VOUBD 111GHT TUUS OJl"LY
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
Ii
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
18 18 13
12 12 12
11½ 11½ 11½
~:
1~ :::::
12 ----- 12
10 10 10
18 ----- ----12½----- ----~~ -10 --10-10 10 ----10 ----- 10
10 ----- ----11 ----- -----
8½----- -----
111
8'
80½ 80½ ------- ------- ------72
72
72
711
65
62½
60
60
60
60
00
:~
72
1 ------- -------
72
72
3 -------
70
65
------- ------------- -------
2
1
41
1 ------2 -------
62½
4 ------- ------- ------60
2
10
2
43
60 ------- ------2 ------60 ------- ------8
7
60
28 ------- ------00
14
6 ------45
------- ------- -------
42½ -------
2
1 ------- -------
3
2
45
1
2
•
57
2
15
28
19
2
1
131
BAR MIT,LS
TABLE E (8).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BAR
MI LLB-Continued
Customary tUl'JlS and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
• eaeh specified combination of
turns and hours, by
~:i~
Night turns
Average
hours
Hours
Hours
Great
Lakes
TUlBS MonTurns Monper East- Pitts- and Southper
per
week ern burgh Mid• em Total
day SatSatPer
week day
die
to ur- Sun- Per week to ur- SunFri- day day week
Fri• day day week
West
day
day
EMPLOYEES WllO WORDD NIGllT TURNS ONLY-Continued
7
6
5
6
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
----........ ..8..
____
-··-- ----·
.,.
56
•8
40
.s
40
.
56
~
..... ·····8· •....:. :::::::
40
6 ••••••••••••••
5
}
Total •••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
E:Ml'LOYBIS WllO AL'Dltl!r.l.TED WED:LY
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
5
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10½
12
12
11
12
11½
12
11
11
11
10
11
11½
10½
12
11
12
10
10
11½
11
11½
12
11½
11½
12
10½
11
10½
9½
10½ 10½
12
12
10
12
11
11
12
11½
12
10
11
11 'i2··:
10 I
10
11 ··---1
11½
10½ 12 I
12
11 ..........
10
10
10
-------------
-----1
10
8½
8
8
8
10½
10
6
10½
10
-----------------
-----
g~ 1210
10½ ----10 ------------10
10 ·io ..
10 ----10
9 ·io ..
9 ----11
9 ----10
8 ----10
10
8½
10
7½ ----8 ----10
10½ 5 -----
10½
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10½
7½
9½
9½ 9½
10½ 8½
10
10
9
10
10
8½
10
8
---------
-----
-----
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73½
M
82
77
72
69
72
65
66
78
70
66
69
75
72
66
70
70
60
66
63
65½
68
68
67½
66
63
65
72
69
63
65
60
60
70
60
60
69
M
59
58
58½
57½
58
57½
57½
62
57
61
60
59
58½
58
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
7
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
7
5
6
6
5
5
5
5
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
6
5
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
13½ 13½ 13½
12
12
12
12
12
6
11
11
11
12
12
6
12½ 12½
12
12
13
13
12½
12½
12½ ----10
10
IO
12
12
"ii½
11½
12
12 ...........
-----
-----
-----
11
--·------- ----11
----- -----
12
10
10
10
10
12½
13
12½
12
12
12
12
10
------------- -------·- ..........
--------------------- ·io½
IO½
12 ----- ----10½
11
12 ----- ----11½
12 ----- ----12 ----- ----10 ----- ----10
10
10 ·10 .. ----10 ----- ----11 ----10 ----- ·10··
12
----10 ..8½
10
8½
8
10
11½
10 ""7ij
10½
11
10
10
10
10
10
-----
------------- ----...........
--------- -·--..........
--------- --·--
nox
~½
M
78
77
78
75
72
78
75
62½
70
72
69
60
60
66
60
60
70
62½
65
62½
60
co
60
60
63
60
52½
55
60
57½
60
60
50
60
60
Ii()
55
60
60
58½
58½
58
57½
57½
52½
55
Ii()
Ii()
Ii()
50
50
9
82
38
98
2
8
6
6
'UI
ONE TURN TO ANOTHER
M
M
-------------
6
11
6
..............
-------------------- ··--·:f ------2
------------72 ------- ------2 ------14 ------72 ------- ------6 -----·- ------- ------71½
4 ------70½ ------2
70¾ ------- ------3
70 ------- ------•
69 ------fl ------69 ............. --·-·s· ·····4· ------·
61½
------- 12 ·------5
66
------66 ... .............
13 ------- ·····4·
65 .............. ------11 ------65 ------- ------65
------- 2 ------M¾ 205 ------------15 ------M .............. -------95 ------M ------- -------58 ------M ------- ------1 ------M ------- ------1 ------63¾
3
63
------- ------9
63 ------------2 ------62½
-------2
62¾ ------------62 ------- ------4 ------2 ------61½
2 ....84.
61¾
60 ------- -----------,60 ------------8 ------- ----·-60 ------383
60 ------...
213° iiis"
60 ------- ··--·4·
59½
-------····0·
59½ ------- ------15
59½ --------·---···ia2·
59 ------- ------·-----3 ·-----58½
1
58 ------- ------58
------------- 7 ------13 ------- ....ff ------57½
57½ ------------1 ------8
57¼ ------251
56 ------- ------2
55½
------55 ------------···407" 573 ......
____
M½
33 ------M¾ ------- ------19 ------59
54 ------80
77
2
75
000
6
17
2
2
2
2
H
6
4
2
7
9
8
4
17
13
4
11
2
205
15
92
Ii
r
9
5
8
1
2
4
2
2
M
4
8
383
408
4
9
15
132
3
1
7
13
12
9
251
2
3
4M
33
7S
132
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND S'.rEEL
E (8).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BAR
MI £LS-Continued
TABLE
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of
customary turns and hours, by
district
f
Day turns
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Aver•
age
Great
hours
Lakes
Turns Monper East- Pitts- and Southper
Monper
Sat- Sun- Per week day Sat- Sun- Per week ern burgh Mid- ern Total
week day
to urto
urdie
Fri- day day week
Fri- day day week
West
day
day
Turns!
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FROM ONE TURN TO ANOTHER-Continued
8½
7
5
5
8
8½
8
8½
8
-----------------
-----
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
48
48
48
56
48
48
57
7
8
8
8
56
6
8
9
8
-----
6
6
8
8
8
48
49
48
6
6
6
8
8
8
9
8
9
-------------
49
48
49
6
8
8
-----
48
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
9¾
10
9¾
10
9½
9¾
9¼
8½
8
8
8
8
8
-----
----8
--------8
8
---·-
-----
------
57
53¾
55
55½
57¼
54¼
51
56
6
8
9
-----
49
6
8
8½
-----
48½
6
8
8
8
48
6
8
8
8
48
6
6
8
8
8
8
10
-----
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
48
48
48
48
50
6
8
9
6
8
6
6
-------------
-----
49
8
---------
48
8
8
-----
48
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
-------------
48
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
57¼
48
48
{
{
{
7
7
'1
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
{
i
i
6
6
6,
6
7
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
{
{
{
i{
{
10
10
10½
10
9½
9
9
8½
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
----- -----
----- --------- --------- --------- ----8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-----
8
8
8
8
9
8
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
··s·-
----8
8
--8--
----- 8
.T -----i:i ..
··g·9
..ii ..
8
8
8
8
-----
9
8
-----
----9
··s--
----8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
s --------8
8 ""ii""
8
8
8
-----
6
-----
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
5
6
5
6
6
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-----
--s·· -----
------------··g~- ------------10
------------9 --------- ------------9 ----8
8
8
----- ----8
8
-----
----- -----
50
50
52½
50
47½
45
45
42½
56
56
56
56
57
56
52
48
56
56
48
48
48
48
56
48
50
48
52
49
49
49
48
48
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
40
49
40
50
40
49
40
40
49
40
48
48
40
1
------- ------- ------------------- 26 ------36
------------52½ ------2
51½
2
25
51ti ------- ------- ------49½
4
------- 24 ------- -------
1
26
36
------------------- ------22 ------} 52 ------- ------52 ------1
------52 ------2 ------52 ------60 ------- ------16 ------- ------~ 51
1 ------50%
5 ------- ------} 50% ------49½ ------- ------1 ------3 ------} 49½ ------- ------2 ------} 49 ------- ------4 ------- ------48½
6 ------} 48½ ------- ------2 ------48½ ------- ------13 ------48½
16 ------- ------48¾ ------48
4 ------- ------1 ------} 48 ------- ------26 ------- ------} 48 ------48 ------297 ------- ------43 ------} 48 ------- ------48 ------- ------- ------1
1 ------} 46 ------- ------------- ------- 203 ------46 ------- ------4 ------5 ------45¾
18 ------- ------45%
356
3 ------45½ .••....
1 ------45½ ·••··•·
9
15
22
1
2
531/s
53½
53½
i::
52½
i
i
!t'"
26
6
15
3
-------
2
2
25
4
24
26
60
16
l
5
1
3
2
4
6
2
13
16
4
1
26
297
43
1
1
203
4
5
18
359
1
133
BAR MILLS
TABLE E (8).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-BAR
MI LLB-Continued
CUstomary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who worked
each speoltled oomblnation ol
~ turns and
by
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Tums Monper
Satweek day
to ur- Snn· fPer
Fri• day day week
10
9
8
8
50
49
48
6
8
7
47
6
8
6
46
48
h:a
J:t
East- Pitts-
em
Great
Lakes
and South•
burgh Mid• em Total
die
West
to ur• day week
Fri• day
day
IJIPLOYDS WHO ALTUIIATID WBIXLY
8
8
8
8
Aver•
Tums Mon•
per
week day Sat- Snn• Per
day
6
6
6
6
!1°urs,
,
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
no• OJIB Ttrall TO AIIOTH:U-Oontinued
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
44½
44
42¾
................ ...............
............... ..............
-------
42¼
33
42
64
Total.. •••••• ••••• ••• •• •••••• ••••••• •••••• ••••• ••••• •••••• ••••••
257
21 .. ............
4 ..............
101 .. .............
------- -------
21
4
101
257
------- .............. ..............
.............. ..............
33
-------
365 2, 036
1, 485
336
64
4, 221
Of the total number of bar mill employees reported, 2,883, or 44
per cent, worked 10 hours per day; 1,830, or 28 J>er cent, worked 8
hours per day; and 1,161.z or 18 per cent, worked 12 hours. Very little
7-day work was reported in this department, only 127, or 2 per cent,
of all employees working 7 days per week all the time and 170, or 3
· per cent, a part of the time. Tlie basic figures are set forth by districts in the following table. A few minor groupings do not appear
in this summary-.
In prep~ the summary, only the regular hours per turn an employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered regardless of the
length of his turn on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (8)
Number of emtoyees who worked
apeclfted :ya and hours
Item
Total employees fn bar mills ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Great
Lakes South•
and
em
Total
em
bur~h
district distr ct Middle
West district
district
East-
Pitts-
704
2,686
Emy~~ oJ~kedbe••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
30
7-day week part of the time ••••••••••••••••••••••
117
12 or more hours per day •••••••••••••••••••••••••.
241
50
7-dayweek and 12ormore hours per day all the time .................
23
7-dayweek and 12 or more hours per day part of
the thnA •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
222 1,297
10 hours per day•• ··-············· ••••••••••••••••
7-day week and 10 hours per day all the time•••••••
6
7-day week and 10 hours per day part of the time.
12
8 hours per day •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·····gs· l, 163
7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time••••••• ................ •••• iOli"
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time ••
-------·
1 Less
than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
cent of
total
2,135
1,039
8,664
100
72
51
635
29
25
2
235
8
127
170
1,161
3
18
60
1
2
1182
2
2,883
(1) 44
16
30
25
·------- ----·--782
9
13
1154
32
28
···-·ii"
.................
-----·--
1,830
32
131
2
r.!
28
(1)
2
SHEET MILLS
Data for 1924 were collected from the pay rolls of 14 sheet mills
and cover 9,690 employees in all occupations. Of the 91690 emplo:yees reported, 5,696 are found in the principal productive occupations for which separate figures are given. Data were first
obtained for this deJ?artment in 1910, and comparative figures are
presented for the period 1910 to 1924.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole,
average full-tune hours per week in 1924 were practically the same
as in 1922 and 1913, 2 per cent lower than in 1910 and 3 per cent
lower than in 1917-the highest point of customary working-time in
this department.
The study shows there was a large increase in earnings per hour in
1924 as compared with any other year for which data are presented
except 1917, 1919, and 1920. Hourly earnings in those years were
unusually high and were from 5 to 35 per cent greater in the principal
productive occupations combined than in 1924. The hourly earnings
m 1924, however, were 15 per cent above those in 1922 and 70 per
cent above those in 1913; in other words, nearly 1¾ times the
hourly earnings of 1913.
Average full-time earnings per week followed very closely the course
of average hourly earnings, as the variations in average full-time
hours per week were very slight as compared with the changes in
hourly earnin~s.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the principal productive occupations m sheet mills
are shown in Table A (9). Comparative figures are presented for 13
of the occupations for the years 1910 to 1924, the other four having
been added at different times during that period. The custom
of level-handed work (two employees dividing the work and pa:y of
one or more occupations evenly) has been increasing in practice smce
the bureau first made a study of this industry. Sheet heaters, levelhanded, were included in the bureau's reports for 1913. In 1920,
rollers, level-handed, were also added. However, not all of the
level-handed work in the principal productive occupations has been
included, as there are many working combinations which are of
local interest only and not general to the industry. As hot-mill crews
in sheet mills work in 8-hour shifts, three shifts per day, and
usually either 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days, or 5 days, 6 days, and 6
days per week in rotation, the average full-time hours per week of
employees in the principal productive occupations in this department
have been subject to but slight variations, since the large majority
of the employees were hot-niill workers.
Average earnings per hour increased in each of the 17 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1917, 1919, and 1920. The 1919 and 1920 figures are
higher in each occupation than those in 1924, and the averages in
1917 are greater in some occupations but lower in others. For
example, in 1910 the average of hourly earnings for laborers was 16.4
1 No
data were collected for the years 1916, 1918, 1921, and 1923.
134
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
135
SHEET MILLS
as compared with 19 cents in 1913, 33.1 in 1917, 46.2 in 1919,- and
53.6 in 1920. In 1922 the average dropped to 35.6 cents but was
increased in 1924 to 42 cents. Table A (9) shows like figures for the
other occupations as well.
The movement in full-time earnings y,er week in each occupation
was approximately the same as in hour y e ~ as the va.nation$
in full:..time hours were very slight as compared with the fluctuation
in earnin~ per hour.
·
In 14 of the 17 principaljroductive occupations the employees in
1924 all customarily worke 48 hours per week or less, ana in 11 of
those 14 occupations the full-time hours were never more than 48
per week in any year from 1910 to 1924. No 84-hour week has been
re]!orted in any principal ;eroductive occupation since 1915.
Index numbers for full-t1me hours per week1 earni]!gs per hour, and
full-time weekly earnings are also contained m Table A (9). These
are simply percentages computed from the averages presented in the
table, usmg the average for· 191? as the base or 100 per cent. The
index numbers for this department as a whole (all principal productive
occupations combined) are shown on page 5.
A (9).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK EARNINGS PER HOUR AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-SHEET MILLS
TABLE
[For explanation of this table see p, 13)
Index numbers Per cent of employees whose
average tull•tlme hours per week
(1913•1001,,
AverAverwereNum• Nam• age Aver- ace ~......,.--,---,--1---,---,----,----,--r--,-OCClllpatlon
and year
ber
of
ber
of
ees
Pair beaters:
11110 •••••••
1911. ••••••
1912•••••••
1913•••••••
1914 •••••••
19111 •••••••
1917•••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
1924.•••••••
Rollers:
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912••.••••
1913 •••••••
191'•••••••
1916 •••••••
11117 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920•••••••
1922•••••••
11124 •••••••
Rollers, level
banded:
19:.1•••••••
1922•••••••
11124 •••••••
full•
age
time earn•
~,a"
em• hours lngs
.,.....ts
ployper
9
9
9
13
lll
l.li
8
11
13
14
14
9
9
D
13
15
lli
8
11
13
14
14
6
3
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
per
week
boor
full• '
time
earn•
Ines Full·
time E am•
per hours ings
week per per
week hour
210 42. 7 $0.486 ~9.111
2M 42.1
.li02 21..42
2'9 42.7
.617 22.08
336 '2.8 .148 S.23
399 42.8 .MO 28.10
3M 42.8 .&18 ll'J.17
276 43. 7 LOBS 411.48
382 43.4 Lott 411.40
a2l 43.4 L888 60.13
1176 43.3 .880 '.rf.M
6ll6 43.4 LO'll '4.l50
100
100
100
100
100
100
10'.I
101
101
101
101
215
2119
2112
385
394
348
278
342
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
48'
601
473
42.1
'2.1
42.1
42.8
42.8
42.11
43. 7
43.6
43.4
43.3
411.4
L2'2
L380
L418
L476
L431
L280
2.1191
2.536
2.976
L896
2.148
62.98
58.89
60.41
83.21
61.20
M.80
113.47
110.32
129.10
82.01
93.36
88
02
96
100
89
H
191
193
2511
162
189
M
93
96
100
97
87
1711
172
202
128
146
Over
Oker
Oi'Jer
48
~ · and and 60 :,_~ 72 :,_~ 84
mgs un- un•
der
der
der ~
72
84
Full·
t1me
48
J>:i.:
88
02
96
100
99
ta
lH
19&
269
163
102
84
93
96
100
97
87
180
176
204
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
130 100
148 100
----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---·
---·
----- ---- -------- ............
..----........ ........
----- ---.......... -·--.. ........ ....... ----- ----------- ---- ----- .........
---- -------...........
-----------------------------------..........
.......... ......... .......... ------......... ..........
-----------.. ......... ........ ........... ----------.. ........ ........ .......... ........ .......... ------........ .......... ......... ----- -------.........
-------- ----- ---.. ........ ......... ------------ ........
..........
......... --·-........
------------ ---.. ........ ........ .......... ---- ...........
........... ........ ----- ------.......... ........ .......... ---- -------........ .......... ---- -------·
--------........
..........
.........
...........
..
......
----........ ----- ........
-----------......... ......... .......... ......... ----- .......
44 42. 7 L 616 64. 73 i----i---•• •••••• 100 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
39 44. 5 1. 069 42.117 •••••• --···· ------ 100 ••••••••• ----· •••••••••••••
114 42. 9 L 3411 rn AO ...... ...... •••••• 100 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
136
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLE A (9).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-SHEET MILLS-Continued
Occupation
and year
Rollers' helpers or finishers:
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
Roughers:
1910 _______
1911 _______
1912 _______
ig13 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
1917
_______
1919 ------1920 _______
1922 _______
192>1_ ______
Catchers:
1910 _______
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1916 __ ------ ----1917
1919 _______
1920_______
1922 _______
1924 _______
Matchers:
llllO _______
NumNum- ber
of
ber
emof
plants ployees
per
per der der
week hour week
60
94
100
110
92
201
217
143
172
94
100
111
92
202
218
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
14
215
255
252
336
399
353
276
367
528
590
533
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 8
42.8
42.8
43. 7
43. 5
43. 4
43.3
23. 82
26. 71
26. 29
27. 49
27. 73
26. 51
56. 27
87
87
94
96
100
101
96
205
43.4
1.150
68. 69
42. 83
49.94
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
9
9
9
13
15
215
.544
23. 19
262
336
399
350
276
407
652
589
570
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 8
42. 8
42.8
43. 7
43.6
43.4.
43.3
43.4
. 587
.603
25. 03
25. 71
210
255
249
336
399
354
276
398
642
743
639
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43. 7
43. 5
43.4
43. 3
43.4
210
252
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
15
8
11
13
14
14
8
9
9
9
13
16
16
9
11
13
14
14
9
9
9
12
14
14
8
11
13
14
14
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
258
246
. 558
.603
• 616
.642
.648
.619
1. 285
I. 289
1.584
.994
.629
.961
1. 099
26.92
27.23
25. 49
54. 92
52. 28
66.43
41.54
47. 70
.387
16.53
.636
.595
1. 256
1.199
1.532
.HS
.429
.448
.484
.475
.946
• 981
1.226
. 791
.932
42.8
42.8
43. 7
43.4
43. 4
43.3
• 372
.401
.412
.429
.462
.453
.906
• 921
1. 206
. 775
43.4
.909
42. 7
42. 7
. 883
. 911
. 949
. 993
.966
.868
1.879
1. 849
2.151
1. 381
1.559
336
399
354
276
437
658
731
661
42.8
215
269
263
307
364
324
276
332
424
499
470
42. 7
42.8
42.8
42. 9
43. 7
43. 5
43.4
43. 3
43.4
56.07
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
94
96
100
101
96
200
201
247
155
179
87
93
96
100
101
95
200
101
244
153
175
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
100
108
106
211
219
39.42
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
101
87
93
96
100
108
106
211
215
281
181
212
37.68
38.88
40. 51
42. 50
41. 34
37.19
82. 36
80.43
93.29
59.26
67.68
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
101
89
92
96
100
97
87
189
186
217
139
157
17.83
18.30
19.16
20. 70
20.34
41.39
42. 67
63.12
34. 04
40.42
15. 86
17.10
17. 58
18.34
19. 75
19. 42
39. 57
39. 97
52. 32
33.42
Per cent of employees wbose
average full-time hours per week
were-
Over
Over
Over
Full- Earn- Fulltime 48
48
72
60
time ings earnand 60 and 72 ·and 84
hours per ings and
un- ununun-
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
101
11
13
14
14
1910 _______
1911. ______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
1917 _______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922 _______
192-1 ••••..•
(1913=100)
42. 7 $0. 474 $:lO. 21
. 503 21.48
42. 7
• 555 23. 77
42.9
.461 19. 77
42. 9
43.0 LOlO 43.43
42. 8 1.092 46.80
• 721 30.00
42.9
.865 37. 78
43.0
1917
_______
1919 ------1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
Sheet heaters:
Index numbers
115
171
264
233
271
437
487
437
9
9
9
13
15
16
1910 _______
1911. ______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
1917. ______
1919 _______
1920 _______
1922 _______
1924 _______
AverAver- age
age
fullearn- time
ings earnings
per
per
hour
week
6
8
10
10
10
11
11
11
1911 _______
1912 _______
1913 _______
1914 _______
1915 _______
Doublers:
Aver~e1time
hours
per
week
86
93
96
273
177
208
144
174
204
260
156
182
86
93
96
100
101
95
204
194
247
154
177
86
93
96
100
108
106
216
223
277
178
211
86
93
96
100
108
106
216
218
285
182
215
89
91
95
100
97
88
194
189
220
139
159
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
der
der
72
84
-- - --
I-
----- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- -----. -------- -------- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- -------- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ---------------------- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---- ----- ------------ ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- -------- ------- ----- ---- ----- --------
----- ---- ----- ---- -·--- --·-
137
SHEET MILLS
TABLE A (9).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS,
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-SHEET MILLS-Continued
Index numbers
Occupation
and year
Num- Aver• Aver•
age
Num• ber
ber
of time earn•
lngs
of
em• hours
plants ploy per per
ees week hour
tM.
Aver-
(1913=100)
~-
time
earn• Full- Earn•
lngs time lngs
per hours
week per
week
ifc:r
Sheet heaters,
level handed:
14 42. 7 $0. 7(1? $30.17
56 42. 7
• 762 32.65
34 42. 7
.686 29.27
15 . 42. 7 1.316 56.19
94 43.0 1.661 71.45
90 43.3
.995 41.33
115 42. 9 1.088 46.29
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••.•
1915 •••••••
1919 •••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 ••••..•
2
2
1910 •••••..
1911 ••••...
1912 •••••..
1913 •••••..
1914 ••••• -.
1916 ••••...
1917 •• ···-1919 ••...••
1920 •. _. ·- _
1922 •••....
1924 •••....
8
8
8
10
13
13
6
11
12
13
13
174
215
208
230
309
275
216
286
367
408
42. 7
42. 7
42. 9
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.1
42. 7
42.8
42. 9
1910 •••. -..
1911. ••. -- .
1912 .••. -- _
1913 ••.••..
1914 •.•.. _.
1915 ••. - ...
1917 •• ·--·1919 •• ·-·-·
1920 .••....
1922 ••••. -.
1924 .•••. __
7
7
7
8
10
10
7
11
8
12
10
85
104
105
114
136
115
149
221
122
190
169
46.0
44.9
44.9
42.9
42. 9
43.0
43.5
43.3
(3.5
43.3
43. 7
1910 •••••• _
1911 ••••• __
1912 •••••..
1913•••• ___
1914 ••••.. _
1915 •••. - ..
1917 ••••·•·
1919 •.•....
1920 .••. - ..
1922 •••••• _
1924••...•.
6
6
6
7
9
9
6
11
7
12
8
62
46.4
44.9
45.1
42.9
42.9
43.8
43.2
43. 7
43.7
43.4
43.8
1910•••••..
1911 •• _•• _.
1912 ••..••.
1913 ••.•••.
1914 •....•.
1915 •. ··--·
1917 •.•..•.
1919 •••••••
1920 •• ··-··
1922 ••.••..
1924 ••.••.•
7
7
7
6
9
9
6
10
6
11
9
138
167
180
168
1910_ ••••.•
1911 ••.••..
1912••• ··-·
1913 ••• -···
1914••••••.
1915 •••••• 1919 ••••••.
1920 .••••••
1922·-·····
1924......
4
5
5
8
9
9
7
7
11
12
Sheet heaters'
helpers:
Shearmen:
Shearmen•s,
helpers:
Openers:
Plcklers:
2
3
8
7
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
454
83
77
111
128
146
120
196
155
265
203
42. 7
.377
.436
.439
.483
.485
.458
.859
.926
1.140
• 727
.894
.689
• 722
• 768
.814
.860
.827
1.31)9
1.463
1.891
1.175
1.289
.261
.308
.290
.251
.282
.242
.533
.682
.983
.642
.736
284
46. 0
46.2
45.8
45.4
42.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
44.0
43.5
43.5
.274
.275
.289
.279
.282
.273
.662
.656
1.188
• 732
.806
50
70.8
.181
.177
.186
.216
.211
.209
200
180
175
266
198
4,15
58
71.2
39
71
121
126
67
65
106
150
71. 7
68.1
69.6
69.8
68.3
51.5
65.9
63.6
:600
• 792
.508
• 55/i
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average foll-time ours per week
were-
16.07
18.69
18. 71
20. 70
20. 73
19.60
37.21
39. 91
48.68
31.13
38. 51
100
100
100
100
101
101
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
100
100
108
97
186
235
14,1
154
78
90
91
100
100
95
Over
Over
Over
Foll·
time 48 48
60
72
earn• and and 60 and 72 and 84,
lngs un- un•
un•
unper der der
der
der
week
72
84
60
100
108
97
186
237
137
153
78
90
90
100
100
95
180
193
100
177
192
236
151
185
30. 79
32.86
34. 67
34.90
36.84
35.48
60.90
63.35
82. 22
50.90
56.26
107
105
105
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
102
85
89
94
100
106
102
172
180
232
144
158
11.90
13.69
12. 88
10. 77
12.09
10.69
23.06
29.80
42.91
27.69
108
105
105
100
100
102
101
102
102
101
102
104
123
116
100
112
96
220
111
126
120
100
112
98
214
272
392
256
277
398
257
32.11
12. 57
12. 35
13.0!I
12. 56
12. 06
11.93
28. 70
28.60
52.13
31.27
34.99
12. 7/l
12. 54
13.23
14. 49
14. 55
14. 44
40.98
4L13
33. 51
36.48
101
100
101
100
235
150
186
88
94
99
100
106
102
175
182
236
146
161
293
298
98
100
98
104
100
96
95
99
104
100
101
98
237
235
229
228
96
96
262
289
415
249
279
10(
105
105
100
102
102
100
76
97
93
84
82
94
96
95
96
97
426
86
100
98
97
278
367
235
2o7
88
87
91
100
100
100
283
284
231
245
-------- -----·--- --------------- ------------------ ---- ----- --------------- ---- ----- ----------__ __ ---- ----- ----------- --------- ----------- --------- ------- ·---- ------100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- -·-- --·-- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 .... --- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---JOO .......... ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- -·-100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---86 ----- ---- 14 ---- ----- ---90 ---·- ---- 10 ---- ----- ---90 ----- ---- 10 ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---84 ----- ........ 16 ---- ----- ---90 ----- ......... 10 ---- ----- ---90 ----- ---- 10 ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100
---- ----- ------95
2 ---- """ii" ---- ----- ---100 ----- ------- ----- ---98 ----- ........ --·2· ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- -------- ---86 ----- ---- 14 ---- ----- ---89 ----- ---- 11 ---........
87 ............ ---- 13 ---- .......... ---88 ----- ---- 12 ---- ----- ---100
---- 2 -------- .......
96
2 ---........
---- ----100 ----- ---- .. T ---- ----- ---99 ----- ------- ----- ---100 ----- ......... ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ·---- ---- ----- ---- --·-- ---10
90
----- ----............. 9 .. if 69 ----. ........ ···7
----- ............
13
15 56 ----- 15
""ii" .......... 7 8 73 ----- ---7 ---·- 4
8 81 ----- ---6
3
6 Si ......... ---.. ff """f 245 .. ff 702 ......... ---...s"
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
8
7
,.
13
7
31
42
21
5
25
---·
··ar3 ........
----
138
WAGES A.ND HOURS OF LABOR-moN A.ND STEEL
TABLE A (9).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
,WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS
PER WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924,
BY OCCUPATION-SHEET MILLS-Continued
Occupation
and year
Index numbers
(1913=100)
AverNum• Aver- Averf
•
Num- ber ~ age
~
of time earn• time
ber
ings earn• Full- Earn- FuJl.
of
em• hours
time
ings time ings earn•
plants ploy• per per
ees week hour
hours per ings
~ per hour per
week
week
Feeders:
1920 .•.• --
1922•••••••
1924 •••••••
Laborers:
1910•••••••
1911 •••••.•
1912••••••.
1913 •••••••
1914 .••••••
1915 •..••••
1917 ..• , ••.
1919 ••..•.•
1920..•...•
1922 •••••..
1924 •••••••
5
8
8
41
119
101
56.8 $0. 704 $39.39
61.4
.600 30.64
63.1
.578 30. 72
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
9
347
361
354
351
378
394
656
270
866
63.1
63.6
63. 5
64. 9
65.9
65.0
61.8
64.5
59.5
65.2
64.6
11
13
13
808
757
.164
.166
.169
.190
.188
.188
.331
.462
.536
.356
.420
10.36
10.M
10. 72
12.28
12. 37
12. 21
20.46
29.80
32.01
23.06
27.16
_..........
...........
-----·
----------- ------ -----97
98
98
100
102
100
95
99
92
100
100
86
87
89
100
99
99
174
243
282
187
221
84
86
87
100
101
99
167
243
261
188
221
Per cent of em~oyees whose
average full-time Olll'S per week
were-
48
Over
Over
48
Over
60
72
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un• un•
un•
under der
der
der
7ll
60
41
32
59
..........
---------------32
"""i"
20
7
10
2
4
5
4
17
10
10
64
9
-----8
10
29
53
54
37
26
32
73
39
30
3
13
25
26
13
32
30
26
51
13
20
11
31
8
13
20 34
84
- - ..ii" ..if ---.........
27 ..............
16
16
15
28
26
18
2
28
22
32
30
1
...i.
4
3
8
........
3
2
"""i
2
1
----- ----
"""ii"
----
-------- .........
--------
The customary working time per week of all employees covered in
the sheet mills ID each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922, and
1924,2 has been classified, and the number and per cent of employees
coming under each classification are shown in Table B (9).
In a.11 of the plants covered in the sheet mills the regular turn
employees, comprising a large percentage of all employees scheduled,
were divided into three crews, each working 8 hours per turn. The
employees shown under the head "5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in
rotation" worked 5 turns per week, Monday to Friday, inclusive,
with one crew working an extra turn Saturday morning. Each
crew advances one tum each week, thus giving to each the extra
Saturday tum every third week. Those working 5 days, 6 days, and
6 days ID rotation follow the same plan except that two turns are
worked on Saturday instead of one.
In 1924, 47 per cent of the 9,690 employees covered worked 5 days,
5 days, and 6 days per week in rotation; 15 per cent worked 5 d~s,
6 days, and 6 days, and 30 per cent worked 6 days per week. The
working time of employees in this department has been subject to
but few chan~es during the past several years, and scarcely any
change is noticed in the various percentages as compared with
previous years.
1 These 6 :YQll'JI are the onl:, ones In which data were collected covering all principal productive and
other oceupatlona.
.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE B (9).-NUMBERANDPERCENTOFEMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER
OF DAYS PER WEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-SHEET MILLS
[For explanation of this table see p. 13]
Per cent of employees whose customary working-days per
Number of employees whose customary working-days per
week were-
District and year
her of
plants
ofem•
ployees
5, 5,
5and6 and6
alter• in rotanately
tion
6
Pittsburgh:
1914•• ····-·-······· ••••••• ····1915••••••••• ··-···· .•••••••••••
1920••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••
1922. ••••••••••••••• .•••••••••••
1924.•••••••••••••••••....••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West:
1914..•••••••••••••••••.•.••.•••
1915. ·•••••••••••••• ••.•••••.•.•
1920.•• •••••••••••••••• •••••••••
1922••••• ·······----·-·-· ·-. ·-·.
1924. -·------------·--- -· --··-·.
Total:
1914.-·------------·--·--------.
1915._ -------------- _--- --- -- • _.
1920_____________ ---- --- -- •• -· ••
1922·-··----------· -· -·-·· -·· -··
1924. -···---- -· -· ··-·-·--··-· -·• Less than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Week:Wllre-
Nnm• Number
10
10
9
9
9
4,160
3,808
5,410
5,798
5, ffl
5
5
2,lM
1,928
3,328
3,863
3,9W
4
5
5
15
15
13
14
14
6,304
5,736
8,788
9,(81
9,690
3
20
40
120
M
12
12
12
33
1
15
32
52
153
85
5, 6,
and6
In rota•
6
tion
-----------
1,282
1,208
1,669
1,732
1,697
110
144
193
97
253
2,521
2,179 ••••••84{
2,483
877
2,674
862
2,713
9
6
51
143
90
1,~
1,342
1,670
1,798
218
252
519
652
575
705
625
1,252
1,261
1,242
119
160
244
3,665
3,173
3,825
4,344
4,511
216
252
1,366
1,429
1,437
1,987
1,833
2,921
2,993
2,939
240
341
6and 7
alter•
nately
20
68
34
20
57
31
·····as·
26
57
51
68
72
46
7
6
234
237
110
(1)
264
178
11
8
5, 6,
6, 5,
6and6 and6
and6
alter• in rota- in
rotanately
tlon
tion
1
1
2
1
B
4
4
2
4
61
57
46
46
47
1
1
ri~ 2
152
166
171
(1\
(1)
245
245
(I)
:~•
349
1
1
(1) l
4
2
2
3
3
2
4
--------
6and7
alternately
6
15
15
31
32
31
30
29
53
62
40
43
46
10
13
16
14
15
33
32
38
• 33
32
3
2
58
55
44
45
3
4
16
15
15
32
32
33
31
30
1
1
1
1
47
·····is·
(1)
8
6
2
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
(I)
7
(1)
1
5
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
140
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Table C (9) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of !~J'f!loyees in the principal productive occupations in the 14 sheet · s covered in 1924. The occupations have
been arranged as nearly as possible in the order of production, and
figures are shown for each of the two districts separately and both
districts combined for each occupation.
Referring to the first occupatJon presented, pair heaters, the 431
positions were kept filled by a total of 536 men during the pay period
scheduled. As stated in the explanation of this table, on page 14,
many of the employees worked only part time in this occupation,
and 536 men were necessary to keep the 431 positions filled. However, it must not be assumed that these employees worked only as
pair heaters during the period. Many of them worked in other
occupations, and the ·number of employees shown in the separate
occupations in the following table can not be combined as the num~er o! employees who worked in the principal productive occupat10ns m this department.
The average customary full time of the 536 men working in the
431 positions was 5.4 turns per week, 8 hours per turn, and 43.4
hours per week. While these averages are for both districts combined, the turns per week, hours per turn, and hourti per week of
employees are approximately the same in each district.
In the distribution of the customary work:im? time of the 536
employees, 387, or 72 per cent, when working full time worked 44
hours per week or less, while the remaining 149, or 28 per cent, worked
between 44 and 48 hours.
The average hourly earnings of pair heaters ranged from $1.001
in the Great Lakes and Middle West district to $1.048 in the Pittsburgh district, with an average of $1.027 for both districts combined.
Average earnings for the half month period reached the high point
in the Pittsburgh district, $72.67, and employees in that district also
worked slightly more hours at this occupation than those in the
Great Lakes and Middle West district, or an average of 69.3 hours.
These averages are only for the occupation under consideration,
and do not include earnings that employees may have made in other
occupations during the same pay period.
The average or full-time earnings _per week of pair heaters was
$43.44 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district and $45.38 in
the Pittsburgh district. The average for both districts was $44.50.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
·
C (9).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
· PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-SHEET MILLS
s£i
[See explanation on p. 3 of adjustment of time work and earnings received]
Positions
-~
I
Occupation and district
0
Nam•
ber
of
plants Number
Number
per
week
Total •••••.••••.•••.•..••••••••••
56
Over
60
60
and
under
72
72
ingsrr
wee
=
43. 3
u
431
5.41
8.0
43.4
9
5
245
155
5.41
5.4,
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.5
275
14
400
5.4'1
8.0
43.4
478
3
4
8
46
5.3
5. 4
8.0
8.0
42. 7
15
99
5.4
8.0
l.3451~
=·=!= -----42. 7
222
222
......1...... ...... 54. 8 48.42 .883 37. 70
43.4
215
141 --·1•· ......
------ ······1······
------ -----······1······ ······ 66. 3 56.33 .849 36.85
60.5
52.31
43.0
437
363
74 ------ ......,...... ------ ······I······ -----.865 I 37.28
=
= ======
-==
I
66.9 80.56
43.3
298
223
75 ..............
1.2031 52.09
---------·72.
9
79.36
169
47.22
1.088
43.4
235
66
-··-··I···--·
---------------------·····1······
69.
(i
80.03
43.4
533
392
141
150
I
49. 94
1.
······1······ .•••••
------ =
= , = == t = ' . =
. = 1 == =
7
=
54
43.4
8.0
8.0
8.1
11
326
5.4
8.0
i~~~fl~esruiii"Mida1ewest::::~
9
5
247
180
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
Total. •.•••••••••••.••••.••...•.•
14
5.4
8.0
Roughers:
=
427
42.9
= ==
5.3
5.4
=
293
243
------ ------ --- ... -- ............. ------ ----------------·------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----------'----•-!------ ------
8.0
168
158
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Over 56
48
and and
under under
60
5.4
5.2
7
4
Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
48
time
eam-
252
179
= = = ==
i~:!f~isiin,i"Middlewesi:::::
Rollers' helpers or finishers:
Pittsburgh .••••••••••.•••••••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West•••••
Over
44
44
and and
under under
48
full.
Aver•
age
earnings
per
hour
9
5
= = = ==
~r:f~es and Middle West••• __
TotaL---···············---···--Rollers, level handed:
Hours Hours
per
per
week
tum
Average
Aver•
age
Aver•
age
eamOver hours
lngs
72 worked in pay
and
period
under
84
--- --- ---
Pair heaters:
Pittsburgh____ ·-······-·-- ____ -····
Great Lakes and Middle West •••• Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Number whose customary full•tlme hours per week
were-
Average customary full.
time of employees in
the positions
Tums
Rollers:
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
42.9
=
=
536
203
114
215
172
78
71
387
149
=
l--•--l--·-·-1-----·
206
143
349
=
69 -··- --1··-·-- ·····60
129
15
10
89
104
=
$72. ff1
69.06
$1.048
1.001
::::::i::::::1~ ,::
1.027
---··+-···- ··----
......1...... 1......
1...-.J-····!······
===
=
····-·
------ ·····-1-·····
------ ------
=I
............!......
10
. . . . . . . . . . • . 1. . . . . .
69.3
69.0
73. 4
154. ~
72.3
155.25
41.6
43. 7
60.53
58.13
43.5
58.44
$45. 38
43.44
=
44. 50
94. 70
2.182
2.104
91. 52
2.148
93. 35
=I===
1.4551
1. 320
I
l
62.13
57. 01
TABLE
C '(9}.-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND ACTUAL EARNINGS PER HOUR AND PER
PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-SHEET MILLS-Continued
Positions
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Aftl'8ge customary full.
Occupation and district
Number
or
plants Number
Number whose customary full-time hours per week
were-
time of employees In
the positions
Aver•
Aver-
Numbet
Tums Hours Hours
per
per
per
week
tum
week
«
Over
Ove1
44
and and
under under
¼8
48
56
48
and and
under under
60
66
Over
60
60
and
under
72
72
Aver-
Average
age
Over hours earu!ngs
72
worked In pay
and
period
under
age
t~-
time
earn-
earnfnis ~1i:er
per
hour
84
--- - - - - - --, _ -- - - ---- -- - Catchers:
5.4
8.0
43.3
322
236
86 ------ ------ ------ ............. -----__ ___ ------ -----b~t;:~iiiiii"ifoiiiiawesi::::: 95 248
180
43.4
5.4
8.0
:148
175
73 ------ ------ ------ ----------- -----Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
14
5. 4
8.0
43.4
159 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----428
570 411
,
=
=
= = = --Matchers:
I
240
9
5.4
8.0
43.3
356
116 ------ ------ ------ ----------- -----i~~~f~eaimcfMiddieweiit::::: 5 183 5.4 8. 0 43.4 283 198 85 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -·--------Total •••••••••••••• _•••••••••••••
14
5. 4
43.4
429
8.0
639 438 201 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----=
= - -=
=
= = =
Doublers:
2,(6
9
5.4
8. 0
43.3
361
259
102 __ ___ ------ ------ --------·-- ............
5
184
212
5.4
8. 0
43.4
88 ------ ------ ------ ------ ---·-b~~r~-and.i.iiddleW~=====
300
---------------Total___________________________ -- - -430
14
5.4
8.0
43.4
471
661
190 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----·-= =
=
=
=
=
Sheet heatien;
236
9
5.4
8.0
43.4
268
197
71 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----i=r~.. and Middle West•••.. 5 162 5. 4 8. 0 43.4 202 148 54 ------ ------ ------ ------ ·----- ------ -----..,
62.5
68. 7
$70. 25
78.53
$1.124
1.070
$48. 67
~.44
~5.2
71. f/7
1.099
47. 70
65. 7
61.2
52.67
56.()g
.946
• g17
40. 92
a9. 80
58. 2
M.18
~
~
,..
14
TotaL·----·-····-···············
=
Sheet beaten, !tiff! banded:
i;:r~iiiid°Mi<1dlciweiit:::::
Total............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
g
398
5. 4
~~
32
5. 4
47
5. 4
====== =====
7
8. 0
.002
I===
55.5
58. 2
56. 7
51.21
51. 93
=
51.5(
• 923
.893
=
40.42
89.97
S8. 76
• 009
39.43
F=== =
71. 0
77.4
111. 57
119.38
1. 572
1. 543
66. 97
68.22
43. 4
470
345
125 -----· ------ -·-·-- --·-·· ••·••• ------ ••...•
73. 7
114. 93
1. 559
ff1. 68
43. 0
77
69
8 .••••• ·-·--- ----·- --·-·· -·-··· ------ ··-···
39. 0
40. 43
1. 038
44. 63
1. 088
46. 29
.. 17,--:;---;=====------1----1=-:;- "" 7.:-:::;
8. 0
8. 0
42. 9 ,____
115
107 ,______
8 ------ -----· ,_______
.•.••• --··-- -·--·-;••••••
43. 8= 47.
69
___
= -••••••
-'==
-=
Sheet heaters' helpers:
Pittsburgh________________________
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
8
5
178
144
5. 3
5. 4
8. 0
8. 0
42. 7
43. 2
219
189
219 ____________________________________ ------ ______
147
42 ------ ------ ______ ------ ------ -----· -···--
62. 3
70. 8
58. 53
60. 06
• 940
. 848
40.14
36. 63
13
322
5. 4
8. o
42. 9
408
366
42 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
66. 2
59. 24
. 894
38. 51
8. 0
«. 0 116 65 42
9 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----8. 0
42. 7
43
43 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---·-Tota!. __ ••• -.....................
10
135
5. 5
8. 0
43. 7
159
108
42
9 ------ __________________ ------ ______
===l===l,===l====l===l====l===l===~==l==l===,l===l====I===
Bhearmen's helpers:
Pittsburgh ________ --------------·98
5.5
7
8.
44.1
145
74
60
11 -----8. 00
42. 7
58
58 ____________
------ -----______ -----______ -----______ ·----______ -----______
Great Lakes and Middle West ____ _
33
5. 3
3
77. 2
72. 7
98. 87
95. 31
1. 281
1,311
56. ~6
55. 98
76.0
97. 90
1. 289
56. 26
57. 31
53.
43. 34
36.
12
.. 680
756
33.
29. 34
04
Total·-····-·-······-·-----------
1----t----+------t----->---+---I
Shearmen:
Pittsburgh __ ···-·----------------Great Lakes and Middle West_____
7
3
102
33
5. 5
5.3
1----t----+---+---+---+--->----1----t--1---+---+---t-----+---+----+---1----+---+---
Total---···-···-·-·-----·········
10
= 131
5.5
Op~ma~~······-·-···---······--
7
2
172
36
5. 5
5.3
9
208
5. 4
8
64
44
5.8
11.0
Or.eat Lakes and Middle West.....
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _
----
Picklers:
b~!r~es.ruiiiMiddleW-est:::::
4
8.0
43.8
S. 0
8.0
43. 6
42. 7
==
41.28
• 736
32.11
i'==1==,1===1===1===i========,==,1===1===1•===1===
132
60
11 .•.••• ------ ______ ------ ______ -----56.1
35.49
.814
234
154
80 ---·-- ··-·-· ------ -·-···--·--· _____ _I__··-·
61. 41 49.99
32.62
• 764
46.11
50
50 -···-- -···-- ·---·- ---·-- ------ ------ ------ -·-·-60.3
203
34.99
8. o
43. 5
284 204
80 -----·--··· ---··· ____________ --··-- 61.2 49.31
.806
=:;::;::======:====-===1==01===l===l===l=====i===•!===i===I'==
10.7
11.1
61.8
66.4
: --·y ====== ----~· ·-··~- ·--~~-
35
11
TotaJ __ ··············-···--····-
12
108
5. 8
10. 9
63. 6
150
7
3
4
lo
46
. =l===i=== t===l===i=== ===1===1•==~==11===,I==
0
Feeders:
Plttsburgh •• ~ •••••••• -·-··---·····
GreatLakesandMlddleWest.....
32
5
92.1
119. 0
5'.42
60.30
5
102. 0
56. 67
6
32
38
-32- =
==
=
. 591
.507
36. 52
33.66
• 555
35. 48
67.2
40. 28
• 599
29.95
4
28
II. 5
9. 0
50. 0
46
23
II
9 -·-·-· -·---·
5
74. 7
42.05
31.36
.563
4
34
5.8
9.4
55.7
55
6
22 ---------·---·-··2
3
22
1----+----l---+---!---+---t---+---t-=1--=+-=-t---!---t---+---t=--t----+---+--T otal. _••••••••••••••••• _. _•• _. _.
8
62
5. 7
9. 2
53. 1
101
29
22
9 -··-·9
2
3
27
71. 3
41. 24
. 578
30. 72
- - - - - = = = •1==='==~====,1===,1===i===i===i===jc==j==i===J,===i====
l,aborers:
2
101
62
58. 4
25.09
63.1
.430
27.13
b~!nrfiwim,ii-iiilcilew-es"t:::::1----1-----l=--+---!---+---t-=-+=--t=-1--=+-=-t-=-+-=-t-=-+=--t---t----+--=·1--: ~ t~ 10.
10. 9·
89.1
36. 84
.414
27.UI
162
65.6
f~ ---=== -=-=-- -19. --·~~- -·~~- 1~
Total __ •••••••••••••••••••• -.-·-·
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13
398
Cl. l
w. 6
64. 6
757 ·----· ---···
19
11
142
260
101
224
73. 8
30. 99
• 420
27. 11
144
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Table D (9) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of rollers and matchers in 1924 for each
of the two distncts separately and both districts combined. These
two occupations are selected as representative of the spread or variation in hourly earnings within the OCCUJ.)ations in this department.
The average of hourly earnings for rollers in both districts combined
was $2.148 and for matchers 93.2 cents. The range of earnings was
from 68 cents to $3.25 per hour for rollers and from 40 cents to $2
for matchers.
D (9).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
IN TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-SHEET
MILLS
TABLE
[For explanation of this table see p. 16)
Number of employees whose earnings per hour wereNum- Average
·ber
of
earn- 80 $1 $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $2 $2.25 $2.50 $2.75 $3 ;
and and and and and and and and
em- ings and
un- and
ploy- per der
un- un- un- un• un- un- un- un- unees hour 90 der der der der der der der der der
cts. $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $2 $2.25 $2.60 $2.75 $3 $3.25
I
Occupation and district
ROLLERS
Plttsburgh __ ·······- _________
Great Lakes and Middle West
Total ___ ·-------------
275 $2. 182
203 2. 104
478
__ .,. __
2.148
12
l
1
9
6
18
12
2
14
38
20
69
49
76
64
61
32
29
25
118
137
96
54
10
2
5 ---·-15
2
Number of employees whose earnings per hour wereNum• Aver•
age
berof earn70
80
90
em$1 $1.10 $1.251 $1.35 $1.50
40160160
and
and and and and cents and
ploy• lngs under
and and and and
under
under
under
under
and
under under under under
ees
60 60 70 80 90 under under
$1.25
$1.35 $1.50 $2
$1.10
cents cents cents cents cents $1
JUTCHERB
h':°r
Pittsburgh _______ •
Great Lakes and
Middle West ____
Total_______ •
1
-3661$0.945
4
11
16
47
86
83
63
36
4
5
283
.917
1
8
14
34
75
81
50
15
4
1 ·-----
.932
5
191
30
81
161
164
113
61
8
6
~1
l
1
One at 68 cents
The customary turns per week and hours per turn an<i per week,
together with the average full-time hours per week, of employees in
the sheet mills are shown in detail, by district and all districts combined, for the year 1924, in Table E (9). The information was obtained from 14 plants and covers 9,690 employees in all occupations.
The table shows the customary number of day turns ana night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours per week. Employees
are divided into three groups, as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work nights only, and (c) those who alternate or
rotate weekly from one shift to another. The order of arrangement
begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-tum
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
145
SHEET MILLS
basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been omitted
where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three
or four weeks.
In some instances in the table hours a.re reJ?orted for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fact
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved
1 day in 7 with no information available, however, as to which day;
therefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the relief
indicated in the full-time hours per week.
In the main the table is believed to be clear., but some points may
need explanation. The first line of the table shows that in the
plants canvassed 1 man in the Pittsburgh district was found on a
day job requiring him to work 7 days per week and 13½ hours per
day-a total of 94½ hours per week.
In the third section of the table the first line shows that 14 men in
the Great Lakes and Middle West district alternated from 7 turns
of 11 hours on day work to 7 turns of 13 hours on night work1 averaging 84 hours per week. The bracketed third and fourth lines of
this section show 22 men in the Great Lakes and Middle West district going from 6 day turns of 12 hours to 7 night turns of 12 hours,
followed by 7 day turns of 12 hours and then 7 night turns of 12
hours; ma.King an average of 81 hours of labor per week.
When there are three eight-hour turns the second and third a.re
tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (9).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-SHEET
MILLS
[For explanation of this table seep. HJ
:a
Customary turns and hoon worbd
Dqturns
Number of.
who
worked each
comblnationof
· turns
and boura, by ~
Nlghttmns
Hours
Hoon
Turns MonTurns Monday Sat- Sun- Per
day Sat- Sun- Per
urto
to
urFri- day dll7 week
Fri- day dll7 week
day
dll7
w1:.:
J:°11:
Average
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
hours
J:t
Pittsbmgh
Total
DPLOYBBS WHO WOUBD DAY TUDS OllLY
7
7
7
7
6
6
8
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
8
7
•
~)1
12
11
1~)1
12
12
12
10
1~~
12
10
10
11
11½
10
I
9
10
13½
12
11
10½
12
12
11
10
13½
12
11
10½
12
1-------io--
94½ ..............
M
77
~½
72
------- .............. ------ ............
------- ------- ------- ------ ------.............. .............. ------ ------ ------
_., ____ ------- ------ ------ ------·---------12
68 ------- .............. ------ ------ -----9
68 ------· .............. ............. ------ -----9
9
8
67 ............... ------- ------ ------ -----11 ------ 66 ------- .............. ............ ------ -----66 .............. .............. ------ ............ ............
7½
10
Ii
66 .............. .............. ............ ------ ............
6½ ............ 64 ------- .............. ............ ------ -----6 ............ 63½
10½ --T- 63 ............... ------- ............. ............ -----9
63 ------- ------- ............ ------ -----61 ............... ............... ............ .. ......... ............
11
71
------- ------ ------ -----11½ ---8-- 69 ................. .............. ............. ............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
------
70
~)1
M
77
73½
72
72
71
70
69
68
68
67
66
66
66
64
l
2
3
---·------------26 -·-------47
1
61
l
2
57
1
9
--------i"
-------5s" .....................
1 --------2
3
1
8
1
63½ .....................
63
63
l
4
.....................
----------1
1
.. ..................
---------.....................
2li
2
4
----------
6
3
l
2
83
1
66
1
1
118
1
a
1
8
1
26
2
a
l
146
WAGES AND .HOURS
or
LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
E (9).-CUBTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-SHEET
MILLS-Continued
TABLE
cu:=
0Ustolllll1'7 turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employee& who
worked each
com•
bfnatio.uof
turns
and hours, by dlstrlo't
Nf&htturna
Hours
Aver-
Hours
age
Turns MonTums MOD•
day Sat- Sun• Per
day Sat- Bun• Per
urto
urto
Fri- day day week
Fri• day day week
day
day
.J:t
hours
J:'ic
J:'ic
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
Pitts-
burgh
Total
West
IIIPLOYBBS WBO WO:uJD> DAY TVDS OlfLY-Oontlnued
....
6
6
6
••
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
&
7
6
6
11
11
10
10
9
10
10½ 6
10
8
1gu ll9
10
6 ..........
10
Ii.½
10
..
9
9
8 ............
9
10
' ·--·------
8
8
8
···a·· ···a··
8
4
............
------
60 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
60 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
69 •••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••
58½ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
58 •••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••
57½ •••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••
60 ••••••••••
1
60
230
~
69
421
1
58½
1
58 ••••••••••
131 ••••••••••
55½ .•••••••••••••..••••.•••••••••••
56
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
54
54
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
56
65½
53
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
50
••••••• ••••••• •••••• ••••••••••••
56
••••••• ••••••• ••••••••••••••••••
54
54
53
50
:~
56½ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
48
'4
:
'4
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
····--- ••••••••••••• --···· ••••••
~ .......~.
1 ••••••••••
1 ••••••••••
'7 ••••••••••
8
42 ••••••••••
'
....... 18.
••••••••••
:
3
Total.. ••••••• •••••• •••••• •••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••• •••••• •••••• •••••••
1,017
546
1
630
423
1
181
14
8
1
1
'
'
16
42
8
26
3
1,563
EMPLOYDS WHO WOBDD Jl'IQBT TtrDS Ol!l'LY
•••••••••••••••••••• • - - 1 - - - 1
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
ll
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
91
13
13
13
12½ 12½ 12½
12
12
12
8'
13 •••••• 13
78
12
12 •••••• 72
12 •••••• 12
72
70
10
10
10
1!½ •••••• 11½ 69
12 •••••••••••• 60
10
10 •••••• 60
10 •••••• 10
60
11 •••••••••••• 66
1: •• 8 ••• 8 • 60
48
8
8
48
8
tO
91
1 ••••••••••
87½ ••••••••••
1
8'
1
8
78
8
2
~rn
~ •••••••·•i"
-~
70
:
60
60
66
60
48
48
tO
Total••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ····••l--11---1
2
r
•••••• 35·
. 7
2
8
11
8 ••••••••••
1$ ••••••••••
ll
6
8
7 ••••••••••
86
70
1
1
'
ll
2
86
2
7
86
II
14
8
111
6
II
7
166
BJIPLODBS WHO ALTIU'ATBD WBBKLY DOil OBB TU'Bl!I' TO Al!l'OTBU
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
8
6
6
6
8
7
7
•
6
6
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
11
12
12
12
11
10
10
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
---------------···ri·
u .............
12
19
12
11
10
10
12
u
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
---------------
77
8'
72
8'
8'
8'
72
60
66
72
72
72
77
70
80
72
71
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
7
6
6
••
18
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
18
12
12
12
11
10
13
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
18
12
12
12
··u··
-----12
12
14
-----18
··a-12
------ ··u··
··io.. 1110
13
·--a-- ............
12
6
-----
Ill
8'
8'
8'
72
'72
8'
8'
78
72
72
72
66
70
78
66
66
}
8'
M
81
78
78
----------------------------
14
81
22
••••••••2
78
72 ••••••••2
72
60
72
72
72
78
········,
------------------- --
71½
70
----------
---------68½ ----------
69
69
6
2
14
ll
2'1
11
3
21
a
2
4
14
81
22
6
'
14
2
64
6
241
8'
8
21
.
3
2
147
SHEET MILLS
E (9).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-SHEET
MI LLB-Continued
TABLE
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of employees who
worked each specified com•
blnatlon of customary turns
and hours, by dlstrlct
Night turns
Hours
Aver•
Hours
Turns MonTurns Mon•
per
per
Sat- Sun- Per week
day
week day
ur•
to
to
Fri• day day week
Fri•
day
day
h~
per
Sat- Sun- Per week
ur•
day day week
Pittsburgh
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
Total
West
EMPLOYEES WllO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FROM: Ol!TE TURN TO ANOTHER-Continued
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
-----------
6
11½
10
10
11
11
10 .. iii.. ... iii"
10
4
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
10 ... iii"
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
9
5
10½
10
8
10
4
9½ 9½
•10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
.............
------
.............
............
--------------.............
---------------------
60
66
50
60
54
60
65
60
60
60
60
8
8
8
56
6
8
8
8
48
8
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
-----8
·-··s-----6 -----9 -----8
----------------
7
56
7
8
6
5
6
6
54
53
48
6
6
6
6
6
60
8
-----------
6
54
57
8
8
6
6
57½
58
8
8
(I
59
59
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
5
63½
7
7
48
48
48
48
48
46
49
48
48
{
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
Cl
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
5
6
5
----------------
11½
12
11
13½
10
10
12
11
10
12 •• iii" .
10
10
10
10
10 ...............
10
12
10
12
----------------
·--r·
8
8
8
............
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
60
60
59
60
68
60
57
8
8
8
---ii-a
8
-----------
56
~
56
56
----------
----------4 ---------58
57
109 ---------57
19 -----·---55
103 ---------M
43 ----------12 ---------63½
58¾
} 56
55
63½
3
8
48
48
503s
13
8
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
14
48
48
48
48
201
3
3
8
8
8
............
···s····s·· ···s··
8
50
54
M
II
8
8
8
-------------------
60
.............. -··9··
.............
66¼
2
66
8
2
66
50
4
65½
47
65
1
0
63
63 •••••••• 2.
31
62½
41
60
13 ••••• 119°
60
60
•• ·95
60
103
135
59½
59
5 • ····43·
60
60
60
10
------ ••10iii".
------ 9
.............
............. ·--r·
------ .............
9½
9½
10
9
9
8
8
-------------------
69
72
66
81
70
72
66
11½
12
11
13½
10
12
11
10
8
8
···s·- -----6
------ -----...ii". ···s··
---------------------·-ii"·
---------------- ·--r·
............
-----............
----------- ·--ii".............
56
48
48
48
46
40
48
48
40
40
48
40
48
40
40
40
48
}
48
46
45%
45½
32
----------
------------------862
---------44% ----------
45½
2,713
42%
------ 48 •6Ii5
5
8 ------ ------ 40
42% ------- .....
•
Total •• -------- ------ ------ ------ .............. ------- ------ .. .......... ------ ------4,684
6
8
6
6
8
8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
46
6
____ ., _____
....................
2
10
54
47
1
9
31
2
41
13
119
198
135
5
43
4
109
19
103
43
12
61
3
13
18
50
20
20
......................
78
3
14
119
6
3
4
4
---------501
4
4
862
501
70
70
626
3,339
1,172
1,172
3,287
7,971
148
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
Of the total number of sheet mill employees reported, 6,454, or 67
per cent, worked 8 hours per day, 2,209, or 23 per cent, worked 10
hours per day, and 1,039, or 11 per cent, worked 12 hours. Very
little 7-day work was reported in this department, only 327, or 3 per
cent of all employees, worked 7 days per week all the time and 68, or
1 per cent, a part of the time. One per cent of all employees worked
7 days per week and 12 hours per day regularly. The basic
figures are set forth by districts in the following table. A few minor
groupings do not appear in this summary.
In preparing the summary only the regular hours per turn an
employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless
of the length of the turn on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (9)
Number of employees who
worked specified days and
hours
Total employees In sheet mills ____ ----------------------------Employees who worked7-day week all tbe time ____________________________________
7-day week part of the time ________________________________
12 or more hours per day ___________________________________
1
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
district
5,787
3,903
9,690
178
20
427
149
327
68
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day all the time _______
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day part of the time ___
10 hours per day ________________ ---------------·-----------
2
1,457
7-day week and 10 or more hours per day all the time ______
and ____________________________________________
10 or more hours per day part of the time __
87-day
hoursweek
per day
3,930
7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time ________________
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the time ___________
55
16
Less than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per cent
of total
Pittsburgh
district
Item
5
114
2
48
612
113
Total
3
1
1,039
11
, 115
44
762
46
2,209
32
1
2,524
146
3
6,454
9
64
----------
100
16
(I)
I
23
2
(1)
67
1
(')
TIN-PLATE Mll.LS
Data. for 1924 were collected from the __pay rolls of 9 tin-plate
plants and cover 10,549 employees in ell occupations. Of this
number, 5,067 are found in the principal productive occupations for
which separate figures are given. De.ta were first obtained for this
department in 1910, and comparative figures are presented for the
period 1910 to 1924.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a.·whole, average full-time hours per week: remain unchanged in 1924 as compared
with 1922 and are 6 per cent less than in 1913 and 4 per cent less than
in 1910.
The study also shows there was a. large increase 4i earnings per
hour in 1924 as compared with any other year for which data are
presented except 1919 and 1920. Hourly earnings in those years
were unusuell_y ~hand were from 3 to 18 per cent greater in the
principal productive occupations combined tlian in 1924. The 1924
hourly earnings, however, were 22 per cent above those for 1922 and
114 per cent·above those for 1913; in other words, more than double
the hourly e ~ s for 1913.
Average full-time earnings per week followed very closely the course
of average hourly earnings, as variations in the average full-time
hours per week were very slight as compared with the changes in
hourly earnings.
The most sig¢:ficant facts concerning average earnings and av~:
hours in each of the principal productive occupations in tin-plate · ·
a.re shown in Table A (10). While the customary working time of
the 20 occupations combined shows no change in 1924 as compared
with 1922, when considered se:earately changes a.re Doted in the working
hours of the shearing crew, t:tJ!I}ing department, and laborers. The
averages for the heating and rolling crews remain the same, 42. 7 hours
per week throughout tlie entire period, 1910 to 1924. For example,
branners, me.le, tinning department, customarily worked 67 .8 hours per
week in 1910 and continued to do so until 1913 when the average
was reduced to 63.7. Working time changed but little during the
period 1913 to 1915, but in 1919 the average was reduced to 61.3 hours
per week. The average was increased slightly during 1920 and 1922,
but in 1924 dropped to the new low average of 52.2 hours.
Average ea.rmngs per hour increased in ea.ch of the 20 principal
productive occupations in 1924 as compared with 1922 and all other
years except 1919 and 1920. The 1920 figures a.re higher in ea.ch
occupation than those in 1924, and the averages .in 1919 are greater
in some occupations but lower in others. For example, ~e average of
earnings per hour of laborers was less than 20 cents per hour, 1910
to 1915, but in 1919 earnings were advanced to an average of 46.1
cents per hour. The increase continued to 53.3 cents in 1920, but
dropped be.ck to 35.9 cents in 1922. The average ea.rningE!_ per hour
of la.borers in 1924 was 43.9 cents. Table A (10) shows like figures
for the other occupations.
1 No data were oollected for the years 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, and 1923.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
149
150
WAGES AND HOURS OF LA.BOR-IRON ilTD STEEL
Average full-time earnings J_>er week increased or decreased in each
principal productive occupation in about the same proportion as
average hourly ea.rmI.lgs.
· The distribution of employees according to their average full-time
hours fl~~gweek ·shows no change from year to year for the heating
and ro · crews, all appearing in the group "48 and under." The
occupations of tinners, redippers, and nsers show 100 p_er cent of the
employees in the group "48 and under" since 1920. All of the shearmen and sheannen's helpers appear in that group for the first time
in 1924.
Index numbers for average full-time hours per week~ average earnings :eer hour, and average full-time earnings per week are also contamoo in Table A (10). These are simpl:y percentages computed
from the averages presented in the table, usmg the average for 1913
as the base or 100 per cent. The index numbers for this department
as a whole (all principal productive occupations combined) appear as
shown on page 5.
TABLE A (10).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOU~4,.¾ND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK..t AND INDEX NUMB.l!i.W:! THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
·
OCCUrATION-TIN-PLATE MILLS
{For uplanation of this table see p. 13)
AverNum• Aver- Aver•
Oooupation
and year
.
Rollers:
Num• . ber ~ ace
of
e&rn·
ber
em• time lngs
·Of
per
plants ploY• 'hours
per
week hour
-
:M.
Index number
(1913-100)
were-
time
earn• Full· Earn• Full·
time 48
lngs time lngs earn•
and
per hours
lngs un•
week
~ per der
.J:Jt
week
100
97 100
96 100
100 100
98 100
!YI 100
198 100
223 100
149 100
184 100
1910••••••••
1911.•••••••
1912..--···
1913••- ••••
19H..•·-·-·
1915••••••••
1919••••••••
1920••••••••
1922.•••••••
19:U.•••••••
5
6
6
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
174
201
229
356
345
349
410
476
400
414
42. 7 $1.025 $4,3. 73
4'2.7 1.109 47.33
4'2.7 1.097 4,6, 82
42. 7 L139 48.59
42. 7 1.115 47.59
42. 7 1.106 47.17
42. 7 2. 248 95.99
4'2.7 2.542 108. 54
4'2.7 L 701 72. 56
42. 7 2.099 89.,36
handed:
1919••••.•••
1920.•••••••
11122..••••••
1924..•••••••
7
7
3
6
46
212
138
166
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
4'2.7
1.362 58.16 .................
1.599 68.29
.924 38.62 ..............
LOSO 46.16
5
174
196
216
388
367
.513
.533
.560
.562
1.193
1.368
.893
LUO
18.14
21.63
21. 89
22. 73
23. 87
23.96
50.94
58.21
38.08
40.11
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
256
168
21G
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
.42'1'
.487
.i03
.463
.468
.489
1.014
L217
.817
L003
18. 23
20. 79
17.20
19. 74
19. 95
20.87
43.30
51.95
34. 83
42.83
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
92
105
87
100
101
106
219
263
176
217
92
105
87
100
101
106
219
263
176
217
Rollers, level
Roughers:
1910••••••••
1911.-•••••
1912.•••••••
1913••••••••
1914..•••••••
1916••••••••
1919••••••.•
1920••••••••
1922••••••••
1924.•••••••
Catchers:
1910..•••••••
1911..••••••
1912••••••••
1913..••••••
1914...••••••
1915••••••••
1919••••••••
1920.•••••••
1922.•••••••
1924.•••••••
11
9
9
9
9
366
447
502
429
465
42. 7
42. 7
4'2.7
42.7
4'2.7
C.7
4'2.7
42. 7
4'2.7
42. 7
5
,6
6
10
174
198
239
354
347
361
507
541
456
465
4'2.7
4'2.7
4'2.7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
6
6
10
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
97
96
100
98
97
197
223
149
184
90
------ ---------·- -----................
............... ----------- -·----
.425
,(HI
Per oent of employees whose
averace full•tlme hours per week
...............
256
168
216
Over
Over
Over
60
48
72
and 60 and 72 and 84
un•
un•
un•
der
der
der
72
60
84
-
----- -------· -------- ---------- ...
---- ----- ........
---------------------............... ---- --------- .........
--·----........
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----- ---------·- ----- ---- ------·-- .........
!t___
----- ---- ----- ---- ----- .........
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----· ............
100 ----- ............ ----- ---- ----- .........
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- .............
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- -----·100 ----- ---- ----- ---- -------100
...............
100 ----........... ----- ---............ ---.............. ------- ----100 ----- ---- ___ .,._ ---- ----- ------100
---- ..............
----- ------- ------------ ---100 ----·
............ ---·
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- .............. ---100 ----- __ ----- ---- ----- ...........
100 ............... ---- .............. ---- ----- ---100 ............... ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ...........
100 ----- ......... _ ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- --------- ---100 ........... ---- ----- -------- ------- ----100 ............. ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- .............. ---- ----- ------100 ----- ......... ----- ---- ----- ---IOI)
...............
----------100 ----.............. ---- ----- ---- ----- ------100 ----- .......... ·---- ---- ----- ---.__
151
TlN-PLATE :m:tLS
A (10).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBERS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 19Z4, BY
OCCUPATION-TIN-PLATE MILLS-Continued
TABLE
Occupation
antl year
Per cent ot employees whose
Index number
average fuJl.time hours per week
(1913=100)
AverwereAver•
Num• Aver•
age
~.
Num• ber full- age
ber
ot time eam• time
Over
Over
Over
em- ho111'8
lngs eam• Full· Earn- Full·
ot
time (8 (8
72
60
per
lngs time ings earn•
plants ploy•
11.lld
and
and
and
ees ~ hour per hours
un• un• 60 un• 72 un• M
week per ~ ings
per der der
der
der
week
week
60
72
M
Screw boys:
1910••••••••
1911..••___
1912.•••••••
1913.••••.••
191L••••••
1915••••••••
1919••••••••
1920.•••••••
1922••••••.•
1924.•••••••
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
1910.•.•••••
1911..••••••
1912••••••••
1913••••••••
1914..••••••
1915••••••••
1919••••••••
1920.........
1922.•••••••
1924.•••••••
6
6
6
10
10
10
8
9
9
8
Doublers, level
handed:
1913.____
4
Doublers:
9
1914..._____
1915.••- •• 1919 .•.•
1920••••• :::
1922•.••••••
1924..••.•••
Doublers' help-
Ii
8
7
1910•••.
1911•.••• :::
1912••••.•••
1913 •.•••••
1914..••••••
1915••.•• __
1919••••••••
1920 -----1922••••••••
1924••••••••
6
6
10
10
10
9
9
8
9
5
5
7
ers:
Heaters:
1910.•••••••
1911..••••••
1912••••••••
1913••••••••
191L••••••
1915••. ---1919... ...
1920
1922.....•••
1924••••••••
Heaters, level
handed:
1913.•••••••
1914.. ••••••
1915.-•.••••
1919•.••.•••
1920.•••• -- •
1922..••••••
1924......••
5
174
198
221
387
3M
372
466
484
.676
84.93
'LM
28.66
SG.15
174
42. 7
.632
.706
.677
30.13
205
247
Ml
324
322
352
330
322
345
42. 7
'2. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
46
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
382 42. 7
284 42. 7
303 42. 7
174
191
193
344
330
324
406
384
34,5
337
174
215
314
312
142
211
8
8
8
182
149
152
6
6
6
7
414
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.7
42. 7
42.7
42. 7
54
62
M
288
9
9
$13.15
14. 72
15.03
16. 64
16.43
16. 59
42. 7
42. 7
585
476
5
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
42. 7 $0.308
.345
42. 7 .352
42. 7 .366
42. 7 .385
.389
42. 7
42. 7
.818
42. 7 .973
42..,
430
294
272
756
656
72,0
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
'2. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
.840
26.97
28. 90
.uo aus
• 734 3L82
• 718 30.63
1.408 60.12
L655
L046
LMa
70.69
44.80
53. (11
,687 24. 20
• /i69 2,.3.84
23.92
.561
1.114
L2\l0
47.57
55.09
Ll33
(8,88
.824
.3111
.370
.362
.387
13.82
H.97
15.81
15.43
16. 49
17.17
1.014
,686
'3.28
28.04
,866 36.81
.402
.888
.855
42. 7
,6(8
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
'2.7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
.714
.675
.679
.752
1.458
1.722
1.170
1.'49
42. 7
42. 7
42.7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
.595
.622
.611
1.273
1.465
1. 001
42. 7
1.229
.725
87.9'J
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
M
04
96
100
105
106
223
266
185
230
85
1)5
91
100
99
97
190
M
94
96
100
105
106
223
266
183
231
85
95
92
100
99
97
190
224
224
141
168
142
168
~
100
99
99
197
09
198
228
153
228
152
200
200
90
-97
102
100
107
111
97
102
100
1111
111
90
245
280
190
236
246
280
36.45
100
100
27.63
30.47
28. 78
28.99
32.10
30.95
62.26
73.51
49.84
61.80
100
100
100
100
100
JOO
100
100
100
100
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
213
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
25.38
26.53
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
103
214
246
168
207
26.08
54.36
62.57
42. 70
52.46
188
236
254
172
213
100
105
103
214
247
168
207
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
- -- ----------.......... ----------- --------------........
---------------. ......... ---- ----- ---- ----- ------........
---------------- ........
------------------·--.. ......... ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ---- ----- ----------- ----- ---- ----- -------- ----------- ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ----------- --------- --------------------------------- ------------------------- ------- ----- .........
-----------.........
--------------.. ........ ---- ----- ---- --------------------------- ----------------------------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ------___ ., ..
---- ---------------- ----·--- ------- --------- ........
-------- ---- ----- ........
-------- ----- ---- ------------ -------- ---- ----- ---- -----
..-....... ........ ----- ---- ----- ........
----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ----
.......... ---- ----- ---- ----- -------- ------- ----- ----------- --------- -------- ---...........
----------- ----- -------- ---- ----- ----------------------------...... .. -------- ----------- ---..........
---------------------- -------- ........
-------- --------- ------- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ..........
----100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ------- ----- ---100 ........... ---- ----- ---- ----- ---·
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ------100 ----- ---- -------- ----100 ----- ---.. ......
----- ------·- ........
100 ----- ---- ----- ........
---100 .......... ---- ----- ......... ----100 --·-- ---- ----- .......... ----- -------100 ----- ---- ----........... ---100 ----- ---· ----- ---........ ------ ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- .......... ------.;;:
152
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
A (10).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOUR.t.. AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBE.H.S THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-TIN-PLATE MJLLS-COntinued
.
TABLE
Occupation
and year
Per cent of employees wh~se
Index number
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100)
AverAverwereNum• age Aver• age
full•
Num• ber full. age
of time earn- time Full·
ber
Over
Over
Over
ings earn• time Earn• Full·
em• hours
of
time 48 48
60
72
ings hours ings eam•
per
plants ploy• per
and
and
and
84
ees week hour per per per ings UD• UD• 60 UD• 72 and
unweek week hour per der der
der
der
week
72
84
60
-
Heaters' help•
ers:
1910.•••••••
1911..•••••.
1912...•••••
1913•.••••••
1914.•••••••
1915.•••••••
1919...•••••
1920_ ...••.•
1922-. ....•.
1924_ ..•..••
Bhearmen:
1910........
1911....•.. _
1912•.•••••.
1913.•••.•..
1914..•••••.
1915..••••••
1919•.....••
1920.•••••••
1922••••••••
1924•...••••
Bhearmen's
helpers:
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
6
6
9
9
8
6
6
8
8
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••..
1912•••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 ••••••.
1915 •••••••
1919 ••••••.
1920 •••••••
1922 .••••••
1924 .••...•
3
4
4
3
2
1
2
1910 •••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 ••••••.
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 .•••.••
1919 .•••
1920 .•••• ::
1922•••••••
1924 •••••••
3
4
5
7
7
7
5
4
6
6
1910•••••••
1911 •••••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 •••••••
1915 •••••••
1919•••••••
1920 •••••••
1922 •••••••
1924 •••••••
4
5
5
8
8
8
9
6
6
1910•••••.•
1911. •.••••
1912 •••••••
1913 •••••••
1914 ..•••••
1915 •••••••
1919 .••••••
1920 .•••.•.
1922•••.••.
1924 .••••..
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
Openers, male:
Tinners:
Redippers:
1 Less
2
2
2
8
than i per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
165
166
109
42. 7 $0.348 $14.84
18. 60
16.92
18.36
20.32
19.43
44.92
50.14
241
230
135
252
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
42. 7
.436
.396
.430
.476
.(55
1.052
1.174
.847
. 981
58
65
72
126
116
112
140
103
118
123
52. 7
52. 8
51.8
56.5
56. 9
57.3
48.3
44.1
44. 6
43.4
.497
.485
ZT.34
.514
1. 368
1.280
.915
1.137
29.66
66. (11
56. 62
25
31
35
43
42
61.8
59.7
57.6
55.8
55.3
56.5
53.9
49.5
49.4
45.5
.118
.118
.136
.165
.168
.150
.539
• 731
.413
.469
7.31
7.02
7. 71
57.5
57.3
56.9
56.9
56.8
57.2
52. 3
56.2
49.0
.221
U7
127
202
33
29
22
33
26
94
84
93
210
201
227
235
204
186
224
55.3
224
283
294
484
486
702
410
361
42.9
43.0
43.4
43.6
43.5
43.3
43.0
42. 9
43.3
43.4
14
46.2
487
683
17
10
26
23
19
29
27
33
as
.555
.573
36.02
41.88
25.68
28. 72
29.00
.486 27.61
.266
.296
.274
.266
.247
.800
• 728
.631
.721
.402
.429
.444
.433
.442
.442
.977
1.114
• 795
.976
.570
.619
.592
.536
Wi
273
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
197
196
100
228
228
93
93
92
102
114
118
100
100
106
282
105
106
100
101
108
100
101
101
94
264
242
207
189
77
234
148
181
72
72
82
100
102
91
327
21.34
111
1!11
103
100
99
101
97
89
89
82
284
234
12. 72
15. 24
16.86
16. 58
15.14
14.13
41. 84
40.55
29.08
39.87
101
101
100
100
100
101
92
99
80
97
81
97
108
100
ll7
82
ll8
108
100
97
91
269
266
260
230
263
256
17.27
18.48
19.28
18.84
19.22
19.13
42. 01
47.85
99
100
100
100
99
99
98
vs
93
99
103
100
102
102
92
98
102
100
\02
102
223
9.13
9.18
8. 51
29.05
36.18
20.40
85
443
250
90
292
226
80
77
84
100
101
93
318
396
223
187
99
257
184
254
34.20
42.39
100
225
225
87
89
104
100
100
97
88
81
81
81
106
115
110
100
100
105
237
287
192
105
116
100
102
103
213
1.538
1.027
26.56
29.32
32. 58
28.03
28.55
28.81
59.66
66.26
44.26
43.0
1.235
63.11
.538
.563
81
101
92
100
111
106
78
79
40.62
49.35
47.2
55.0
53.0
53.0
51. 4
46.9
43.1
43.1
1.Zl2
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
230
182
95
236
158
189
-- -
-- -
----- ---- ----- ........
·----------- ------- -------- ----- -------- ---- ----- ------------ ---- --------- -------- --------------------- ---- ----------------------- ---------------------- ----------- ----------------- ----------- ·------ ----- ---------- ----12 34 ----- ---- ----- ---·
53
54
11 35 ----- ---- ----- ---60 10 31 ----- ---- ----- ---82 13 .......... -- ----- ---6
84 14 ----- ---- ----- ---3
14 ----- ---- ----- ---··oo· 8644 -------- ---- ----- ---80 20 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---·
17 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---83
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---20 ---- ----- -------- ..26. 8074 ...........
."ii" ----- ---..ii" 20 63
.. ......
..iii.
51 14
19
----- ------- ----17 ---- ----- ---52 14
17
18 ---- ----- ---15
··ai· '"
........... ---69
----- ---·
100 ---- ........... ---- ----- ----------27
73 ---- .......... ------100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------------- 100 ------- --------- ---.. T 100
----- ---- ----96 ---- -- -- ---- ----- ___
---100
------------ 100
---- ---------------.T
--·-.. -- ---- -- -- ---..23· 93
---77 ---- -- -- ---- -- -- ---•.36. 100
-----------------64 .T ----- ---- -- -- ---11
80
----- ---- ----- --·98
2 ---- -·--- ---- ----- ---2
98
.......... ----- ---- ----- ---94
6
----- -------- ---95
5
---- ----- -------95
5
-------- ----- ___ ..
97
3 (1 ----- ---- ----- ---3 ---- ----- ---- ----- ........
97
100 ----- ........ ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 .......... ---- ----- ---- ----- ........
71 29 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---29 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---71
----- ---- ----- .........
··•2· 100
54 ·-r ----- ---- ----- ---52
4
43
----- ---- ----- ---58
37
5 ----- ---- ----- ---55
45 .......... ----- ---- ----- ---·
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100
----· ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
,_
·sr
153
TIN-PLATE MILLS
TABLE A (10).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS PER
WEEK, EARNINGS PER HOURi... AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER
WEEK, AND INDEX NUMBE.ttS THEREFOR, 1910 TO 1924, BY
OCCUPATION-TIN-PLATE MILLS-Continued
. Occupation
and year
Index number
(1913=100)
Aver•
Num• Aver•
age
Aver•
age
Num• ber full.
age
full•
ber
of
earn• time
of
em• time logs earn• Full· Earn• F11ll•
time
plants ploy• hours
pe•
lngs time
per
earn•
hour per hours lngs
ees week
per
week per hour ings
per
week
week
Risers:
1910 ..••..•
1911. ....••
1912••..••.
1913 •..•.•.
1914 ••.•••.
1915 •••••••
1919 •.•••••
1920 •.•..••
1922..••...
1924 ......•
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
Branners,
male:
1910 ..•..~.
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
1911. .•.••.
1912 •••....
1913 •• ----·
1914 ..•.•..
1915. _·--·1919 ••..•..
1920•••••••
1922•••. ·1924 •••••••
Assorters, fe-
34
42
30
34
48
41
46
41
54
39
12
20
16
37
41
34
60
48
32
73
44.1 $0.262 $11.51
44.8
.275 12. 30
50.l
.239 11.98
45.1
.279 12.59
51.3
.268 13. 70
49.5
.288 14.16
47.4
.642 30.43
43.2
• 791 34.12
42.9
.528 22.65
42.9
.703 30.16
67.8
67. 7
67. 7
63. 7
64.1
65.4
fll.3
62.4
65.1
52.2
.170
• 170
.170
.190
.198
.203
.452
.624
.455
.536
11.52
11. 50
11.51
12.14
12.69
13. 22
27. 71
38. 68
28.98
27.83
98
99
Ill
100
114
110
105
96
9S
95
106
106
106
100
101
103
96
98
102
82
94
91
98
95
100
109
112
242
271
180
240
99
86
100
96
103
230
284
189
252
89
89
89
100
104
107
238
328
239
282
95
95
95
100
105
109
228
319
239
229
male:
1910 _ -···1911. .•••.•
1912 ••.••••
1913 .••.•••
1914 ..•.•••
1915 ....•.•
1919 .. ---··
1920 ......•
1922•...•..
192' ........
Laborers:
1910..•.••.
1911. •.••..
1912 .•.••..
1913 .•••...
1914 ..•..•.
1915 .•..•.•
1919..••••.
1920 .•.••••
1922 ..•••••
1924 •••••••
4
.128
.138
6.41
7.03
.145
7.39
.163
.153
.162
.417
.465
8.98
295
49. 7
50. 7
51.4
53. 7
53.3
55.4
48.5
46.9
291
43.6
.422
18.40
4
191
238
60.6
61.0
61.6
61.6
62.4
61.6
64.3
60.5
59.4
56.9
.166
6
6
9
9
9
6
8
9
9.97
10.01
10.32
11.64
11. 78
98
99
100
100
101
29.64
32.19
21.28
24.99
104
98
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
9
101
120
127
171
172
208
279
230 43.3
276
575
469
444
418
271
231
197
.165
.164
.167
.189
.189
.190
.461
.533
.359
.439
8. 75
8.26
20.22
21.83
16.84
11.72
93
94
96
79
73
80
85
84
89
100
100
90
94
99
256
103
231
81
224
28ll
249
81
259
181
210
87
87
88
100
100
101
89
100
101
101
244
255
282
190
232
21,;
100
99
103
87
100
96
92
94
86
86
277
183
!
Per cent of employees whose
average fnll•time hours per week
were-
48
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
60
72
.
and and 60 and 72 and 84
UD•
un• un•
DD·
der der
der
der
-
84
-- 12 ---· ----- ---- ----- ---88
14 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---86
40
60 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100
----- ---- ----- ---52 -·46. ··2· ----- ---- ----- ---32
2 ----- ---- ----- ---66
50 ---- ----- ---- ----- -··
50
100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---100 ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ...
____ ---- ----- ..
100 ----100 ---- ----- -------- --------- ------- 100
---- -- -- -------100
----- ----------46 ·11· ----- -------~ ""43"
---10 ----- -------- 2439 ---- 7651 -------- ----7
··2a·
·ao· 27 13 ----23 ""iii" ---- 35 31
---"•25·
31
6 ---- 38
··;;- ----- ---74
16
a ------46
54 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---62 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---38
37
63 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---25
75 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---73 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---27
77 ---- ----- ---- ----- ---23
44
56 ---- ----- ---- ----- ·-·
43
rJ1
----- ---- ----- ---98 ----- ··2· ----- ---- ----- --- ..
98 ----- 2 ----- ---- ----- ---·
----- 3753 3824 2423 ··1· ----- -------__ .. __ ·c1T
----- 30 43 25 (1 l ···1·
----- 24 18 58 <'
,..
----1
-----
---7-
12
33
13
62
72
29
16
16
36
13
19
55
72
51
32
21
9
9
-~-.,5 ----- ---.T ----- ·------ ----
---·12· ·cir
2 ···a
1Less than 1 per cent.
The customary working time per week of all employees covered in
the tin-plate mills, in each of the 5 years, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922,
and 1924,Z has been classified, and the number and per cent of employees coming under each classification are shown in Table B (10).
The working time of practically all of the employees in the tinplate department was either 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in rotation,
or 6 days. In all plants covered the regular-turn employees, com' 2 These 5 years are the only ones In which data were collected covering all principal productive and
other occupations.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
154
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRION AND STEEL
prising about 50 per cent of all employees scheduled, were divided
mto three crews each working 8 hours per turn, 5 turns per week,
Monday to Friday, inclusive, with one crew working an extra turn
Saturday morning. Each crew advanced 1 turn each week thus giving
to each the extra Saturday turn every third week. The remaining employees were made up largely of mechanics and laborers who usually
work 6 days per week.
.
In 1924 51 per cent of the 10,549 employees covered worked 5
days, 5 days, and 6 days in rotation, and 44 J?er cent worked 6 days
per week. The working time of employees m this department has
been subject to but few changes dunng the past several years, and
scarcely any change is noticed in the various percentages as compared with previous years.
TA:BLE B (10).-NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS PERWEEK, 1914 TO 1924, BY DISTRICT AND YEAR-TIN-PLATE MILLS
[For explanation of this table, see p. 13)
Number of em~oyees whose
customary war ng dBys per
week wereDistrict and year
NumNum- ber of
ber of emplants ploy-
ees
Pittsb111'1'h:
191•---------·--·····
19115.•••••••••••••••••
1920-•••••••..•.•••••
19211 -········ ·•.•••.
1924•••••••••••••...••
6
6
6
6
6
3,518
3,485
7,266
6,073
7,173
191(•••••.............
1915•••••.....•..•.•• _
1920••••...........•..
6
5
3
1922•.•...............
3
1924•••••........•....
3
2,515
2,662
3,257
3,093
3,376
Great Lakes and Middle
West:
Total:
1914.. ••••....•........
19111. •••••............
1920.••••••••.•.••••••
1922•••••••••••.••...•
1924••••••••••••••••..
11 6,033
11 6,147
9 10,523
9 9,166
9 10,549
5
and
6
6 al61n
ter- rota..
~te- tion
ly
!i:&
2
3
---'6
21
2
210
4
·55· ..iii.
50
----
•
3
69
•
214
181
65 478
96 439
21
2,030
181 l,~
il7 .. 125
370 3,~
186 3,814
190
•
1,238
1,m
2,6112
2,1154
2,904
6
6
and
and
7
6
al-
tertnately
-----II
30
7
38
34
12
26 31
129 119
1,702
1,534
1,531
1,'1.fl
1,002
1,209
1,332
1,731
16 28
14 98
20 110
82 26
69 il
3,488
2, 2411
16 66
20 132
50 122
108 57
198 160
1,458
l,MS
8,582
2,279
5,827
8,981
6,345
..635
4,980 8,488
Per cent of e m ~whose
oustomary wor
days
per week were-
5
~~
.T
(1)
(1)
2
2
----
~l
1
1
(1)
6
~~
and
al- 61n 8
ter- rotanate- tion
ly
II
5
6
6
8
(1)
···2·
58
57
3li
67
56
37
53
(9
4,fj
4
58
57
5
2
35
40
58 40
68 "d8
52 40
2
(1)
3
5
87
43
51
37
37
38
M 38
51 44
55
7
alter-
7
·1:r
1
1
(1)
1
2
nrt
2
1
1
1
3
2
ru2
2
1
4
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 Less than 1 per cent.
Tabli C (10) presents the most significant facts relative to earnings
and hours of labor of employees in the principal productive occupations in the 9 tin mills covered in 1924. The occupations have been
arranged as nearly as possible in the order of production, and figures
are shown for eac.h of the two districts separately and both districts
combined for each occupation.
Referring to the first occupation presented, rollers, the 325 positions were kept filled by a total of 414 men during the pay period
scheduled. As stated in the explanation of the table, on page 14,
many of the employees worked only part time in this occupation and
414 men were necessary to keep the 325 positions filled. However, it
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TIN-PLATE MII.J..S
155
must not be assumed that these employees worked only as rollers
duri.Ilg the period. Many of them worked level h11nded ·with the
rougher or at other occupations, and the number of employees shown
in the separate occupations in the follo~ table can not be combined
as the number of employees who worked m the principal productive
occupations in this department.
Tlie average customary full-time of the 414 men workin.2 in the 325
positions was 5.3 turns per week, 8 hours per turn, and 42:i hours per
week. These averages are the same in both districts, and all emJ)loyees in the heating and the rolling crews work on a similar basis.
Thus, in the distribution of the customary worki!}g time of the 414
rollers or any other hot-lnill employees, all worked a week of less
than 44 hours.
The average hourly e ~ of rollers ranged from $1.917 in the
Great Lakes and Middle West district to $2.157 in the Pittsburgh
district, with an average of $2.099 for both districts combined.
Average earnings for the half-month _period reached the high point
in the J>ittsburgn. district, $171.27, and emplo_yeesin that district also
worked more hours at this occupation than those in the Great Lakes
and Middle West district, or an average of 79.4 hours. These
averages are only for the occupation under consideration and do not
include e ~ that employees may have made in other occupations during the same ;eay period.
The average of full-tnne e a ~ p_er week of rollers was $81.86 in
the Great Lakes and Middle West district and $92.10 in the Pittsburgh district. The aver8ie !or both districts was $89.36.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE C (10).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER
HOUR AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-TIN-PLATE MILLS
[See explanation on p. 3 of adjustment of time worked aod earnings received)
Employees working In scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified occupation
Positions
.A.verage customary full
time of employees In
Num•
ber of
plants Num•
ber
Occupation and district
Rollers:
Pittsburgh •.••••••••••••.•••••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West •••••
Tota.I............................
Rollers, level handed:
Pittsburgh •.••.•.. ~...............
Great Lakes and Middle West.....
Tota.l............................
Avr,r•
Number whose customary full•t!me hours per week
were-
the positions
Aver•
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week
turn week
Num•
ber
«
aod
Uil·
der
Over
Over
and
Un•
der
and
48
«
48
48
Uil·
66
der
56
Over
Over
Un•
der
and
Un•
der
56
and
60
60
60
72
age
Aver•
age
earn•
hours lngsln
worked pay
period
Aver•
r~~r.
time
age
earn•
lngs
per
hour
ings
per
week
$2.157
1.917
$92.10
81.86
earn-
72
------
------ .............
------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ------ -----............
------ ------
79.4 $171. 27
69.1 132.49
6
3
245
80
5. 3
5.3
8.0
8.0
42. 7
42.7
303
111
303
111
9
325
5.3
8.0
42. 7
414
414 •••••• ••.••• .•.••• .••••• •••••• .•.•.• •••••• ••••.•
76.6
160.89
2.099
89,36
3
3
30
38
5. 3
5. 3
8.0
8.0
42. 7
42. 7
93
73
93 •••••• •••••• •••••• •••••• ..•••• ...•.• •••••• ••.•••
73 •••••••••••• · ••••• •••••• ..•••• ...•.• •••••• ••.•••
29.2
37. 7
31. 71
40.55
1.085
1.076
46. 33
45. 95
5, 3
8,0
42. 7
166
166 •••••• •••••• •••.. .•.••. •••••• •..•.. •••••• ••..••
33.0
35.60
1.080
46.16
=========;:-=•=.==--=
------
==-~-=-~-===
1----t----,1-----t----+---+----+---t----1--1---+---t----+---t---1---1---+---+----t---
=
6
=
68
===l==~=l===,l===~=----,----------===l=====l====I===
Roughers:
87.«
1.201
6
251
8.0
42. 7
72. 8
6435'. 1136
55.· 3
339
339 •••••• ·••••• ---··· ·••••• •••••• ····-· •••••• ···-··
3
PGlrteatstbuLrghe·s·a·n··d··M··1··d·dl··e··w··es··t·.·.·.·.·.
72.43
1.010
3
102
8. 0
42. 7
71. 7
ak
126
126 ---··· ···-·· ••••••••••••.••••••••..• ·····- -·····
1-----1----1----t----+---+----+--,---1--1----1---t----+---+----t-----l---+---1---+---72.5
83.37
1.150
Tota.l............................
9
353
5. 3
8.0
42. 7
465
465 •••••· ••••.. •••••. •.•••• •.•••• •••••• •••••• .•••.•
49. .11
Catchers:
Pittsburgh.••••.••.•..••••••••.•••
Great Lakes and Middle West•••••
Total ••••••••••••.•••••••••• _....
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
l===l===l===F===l===,!===I================
6
3
260
102
5. 3
5. 3
8. 0
8. 0
42. 7
42. 7
340
125
340 ···--· -··-·- ··-··· ··---- ·----· •.•... •••••• ·-·-··
125 •••••• -·-··· ••••·• -----· ·-·-·- •.•.•. ····-· ••••••
75. 5
71. 5
76. 93
68. 18
1. 019
• 954
43. 51
40. 74
9
362
6.3
8.0
42.7
465
465 •••.•••••.••••••.•••••....•..... ·.•. -···-· ..... .
74. 4
74. 58
1.003
42. 83
-===1===1===,J-====r-===l-==,J==I====
== 1===1===,1===1====
0
Screw boys:
t-:,
Pittsburgh_ - ____ ------- __________ _
Great Lakes and Middle West ____ _
6
3
279
124
5. 3
5.3
Total____________________________
9
403
__=_=I_=--=-=--=·!=·=--=-=--al=-=·=--=--~-=-=-_=_=i_e=--=-=-_=_l=_=_-=-=--,:,-=-=--=-=-I =80=.6=l==6=7=.7=1=1==·=840=
5. 3 ~ l==42=.=7,:==484=cj=484==1c_=_=
6
2
187
68
5. 3
5. 3
~'° Dou~l~turgh--·······-··--·-·----···
Great Lakes and Middle West_____
~
➔
I
i:
Total. •••••• ·-······-··--··--·--·
Doublers level handed:
Pittsburgh._-·---·---·--·----·-·-Great Lakes and Middle West..___
5. 3
==
8
5
2
255
8. 0
8.0
42. 7
42. 7
364
120
5. 3
5. 3
76. 0
94.5
67.13
69.48
37.70
31.43
. 883
• 736
36.15
8. O
8. 0
42. 7
42. 7
267
78
267 ------ ------ ------ ------ --·-·- ------ ------ -----78
69. 5
75. 7
86.13
94. 90
1.240
1.253
52.95
53.50
8. 0
42. 7
345
345 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
70. 9
88.11
1. 243
53.07
268
35
65.6
20. 7
75.08
17. 79
1.144
.858
48.85
36.64
===
181
8
364 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----120 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
s. O
s. 0
42. 7
42. 7
268
35
1.133
68.47
60.4
48. 38
303
42. 7
8. O
5. 3
189
303 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----=======i==,l====i===l====I===
5,3
186
6
Dou~lff:t~~:·--··-·---·--··-··'··
38.00
.890
67.55
75.9
242 ---------------------------·-------------------242
42.7
8.0
5. 3
78
3
Great Lakes and Middle West-·-·_
32.49
.761
55.94
73.5
95 --------------------------·-----------------·--·
95
42.7
8.0
t----+----t---t---+---+---l---+--f---lf---J--+--+----1---+--+---l---+---t--64.28
75.2
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
337
337
7
42.
8.0
5.3
264
9
•
______
••
__
••••••
___
Tot al••. -••••
36.45
.855
=--=--------=------------='=="'=-±======l,===l===,i=,==
Heaters:
64. 73
1. 516
73. 5 111. 39
42. 7
8.0
5.3
85
114 __________________ --·--- -·---- -··--- --·-·· --·-··
114
5
Pittsburgh •••••• ·--··-··-··------·
52. 99
1. 241
71. 0 88. 09
38 -·---- __________________ --··-- -·---- ______ ---··38
Great Lakes and Midhle West_.___
5.3
42. 7
8. 0
32
3
t----+----t---t---+---+---l---+--f---lt---t--+--- 1----1---1---+---l----f---t--61.80
1.449
105.56
72.8
---·-152 __________________________________________
152
TotaJ•••••• __________ ._._________
42. 7
5.3
8.0
117
8
==J====lc==J==l===t-==t-==,I== ====l===l====l===•l====I,==
Heaters, level handed:
53.97
1.264
70. 7 89.32
527 --·--- ____________ ----·- -···-- ____________ -··-··
527
42. 7
8. 0
5.3
381
Pittsburgh·-----·----------------6
48. 34
1.132
76. 82
67. 9
193 ________________________ --·--- ____________ --·-·193
Great Lakes and Middle West..___
42. 7
8.0
5.3
133
3
t----t---l---t----1---J---l---+--t--l'---t--+---J----l---+--+---l---+---t--52.46
1.229
69.9 85.97
720 ---·-- ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
720
Total-••••• _•• _._ •••••••••. __ .___
42. 7
8. 0
5.3
514
9
--==l==l==l===l==•l==•l===I,==
Heaters' helpers:
43.86
1.027
73. 7 75.68
142
42. 7
8.0
5. 3
106
5
Pittsburgh ___ ··----·-·--··-···--·142 -·---- ------ ------ ··---- ---·-- ------ ------ ---·-·
Great Lakes and Middle West ____ _
39. 33
921
.
66.47
72.2
110
42. 7
8.0
5. 3
110
3
80
Total•••••••••••••••••••••••• ---·
7
--
=
-8
186
5.3
8.0
42. 7
71.66
. 981
41. 88
84. 51 96. 65
___
69
42. 8
7. 9
5. 3
60
5
She~{s1ti~r!?h- •• -···-·------------·-·
56 _-_--_-._- __ ·----···_-_-_ -._-·_.--_ J_-.-_-_--__- _-_-.·_-_-_- .__-_--__-_2636 ___ 23
54-t---+---t--t---+--+---~!l--t--+--+--7_9_.2_. 89. 80
7._8+-_44_.2_ _ _
Great Lakes and Middle West_____ 1~_3-+-_4_4-+-_5._7-t-__
1. 143
1.127
48. 92
55. 00
1.187
49.85
.852
.592
46.95
32.80
Total ••••.•·--···----··----·-··-
TotaJ ___________ ···--·-··-···---Shearmen'shelpers:
Great Lakes and Middle West.____
Openers, male:
Pittsburgh ______ -· ••• ________ ••••• _
Great Lakes and Middle West_. ___
Total. ______ •• _________ •• ________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- -= = - - -
8
104
5.6
7.9
48.4
128
2
24
6. O
7. 6
45. 5
-26
4
2
89
92
6.0
6.0
9.8
9.2
6
181
= 6.0
===1==
=
252
252 -----· ---·-- -·---- ··---- ----·-·------ ----·- ------
89
m-·---·
28
21
73.0
------------------1---------------·--
82.21 93.42
5 ______ --·--- ______ ______ ______ ______
86. 91 40. 73
11
I
80.64
94.6
19 ------ ---·-68
96.1
56.87
85 ------ ------ ---···
95. 4 68. 75
19 ______ ______
98
65
17
18
12
224
55.3
9.3
=====1===11===1==1========
65.1
55.4
---12- ---~~- ··-~:- ···iis-
-=
-.469 ~
. 721
=
89. 87
1-'
Ol
~
C (10).-AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER
HOUR AND PER PAY PERIOD, 1924, BY OCCUPATION AND DISTRICT-TIN-PLATE MILLS-Continued
TABLE
Employees working in scheduled pay period (16 days) at specified flCCUpatlon
Positions
Number of
plants Number
Occupation and district
Tlnners:
Pittsburgh _______________________ _
Great Lakes and Middle West____ _
Total _________________________ -- -
-1
Redippers:
Pittsburgh________________________
R!sei~tsburgh________________________
Total. ---- ---------- -- -- -- ----- -female:
Assorters,
________________________ _
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West__ __ _
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
319
Num•
ber
Tums Hours Hours
per
per
. per
tum week
week
5. 3
5.3
8. 2
8.0
43. 5
42. 7
Aver-
Number whose customary full-time hours per week
were-
---~-~-~--~-~-~-~-1 Average
Over
Over
44
44
and
and
der
der
un-
313
48
age
un-
48
48
48
and
under
Over
Over
and
and
under
60
56
56
56
un-
60
der
72
Average
eam-
hours lngs In
worked pay
period
Average
earnings
full-
time
earnings
per
per
hour
week
$0. 963
1.069
$41. 89
45.65
72
60
313 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----48 ------ ------ ------ ---.-- ------ ------ ------ ------
88. 0
80.3
$84. 69
85.90
____ _J ______ -----_____1------ ------ ------ ------ ------1_1·-----====
5. 3
8.1
43. 4
361
361
87. 0
84. 86
. 976
42. 39
53.11
1_ _ _ _ _
2
28
5. 3
8.1
43. 0
38
38 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
72.1
88. 98
1. 235
2
31
5. 3
8. 0
42. 9
39
39
J_____ ------
75. 5
53.10
I .703
4
2
49
10
5. 9
6. 0
8. 5
9. 6
51. l
57. 6
151-----59
14 ------ ------
12 -----2 ------ ------ -----30
5
9 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
94. 5
89. 2
52. 91
38. 38
6
59
6. 0
8. 7
52. 2
73
93. 5
50.13
~
21JJ
gJ
g :!J
2~
6
270
5. 8
7.6
43.6
291
!______ ------ ------ ------ ______ j_____
==::
=======l===l,==,==t==l======F="'=====
male:________ . ______________ _
Branners,
Pittsburgh
Great Lakes and Middle West ____ _
Total_----------- --- -- ------- -- -Laborers:''
Pittsburgh ____________ --. -. -- --- -Great Lakes and Middle West ____ _
Total __________ --- ___ ---- -______ _
274
45
4
2
Average customary full
time or employees In
the positions
=
--
---- - = =
6
3
83
69
6. 0
6.0
9.3
9.6
56.1
57. 9
97
100
9
152
6. 0
9.5
56. 9
197
15
1~~
212
1------
39
2 ------ ------ ------
1==;===------__ _
72
------ ------ ------ ------
1
---------------- ------ ·-·ia- ------ ---------------- ------ 13 1 ------
12
5
7_ ------ ------
7
------ ------
I.
560
• 430
28. 56
24. 77
• 536
27. 83
:.i ~:: :~ tt:
92. 9
39.17
• 422
18. 40
25
32
56
52
14
3
1
111.0
89.0
49.41
38. 45
.445
• 432
24.96
25.01
57
108
17
1
99.8
43.85
. 439
24. 99
159
TIN-PLATE MILLS
Table D (10) shows the number of employees and the average
and classified earnings per hour of heaters and doublers in 1924 for
each of the two districts SeJ>arately and both districts combined.
These two occupations are selected as representative of the spread
or variation in liourly earnings within the occupations in this department.
The average of hourly earnings for heaters in both districts combined was $1.449 and for doublers, $1.243. The range of earnings
was from 80 cents to $2.25 per hour for heaters and from 40 cents
to $1.75 for doublers.
TABLE D (10).-AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR IN
TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1924, BY DISTRICT-TIN-PLATE
MILLS
[For explanation of this table see p. 15)
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were-
Occupation and district
Num• Average
ber
of
earn• 40
em• lngs and
ploy• per un·
ees
hour der
50
cts.
50
and
un•
der
60
cts.
60
and
un•
der
70
cts.
70
and
un•
der
80
cts.
80
and
un•
der
90
90
cts.
and
under
cts. $1
$1 $1.25 $1. 50 $1. 75 $2
and and and and and
un• un• un• un• under der der der der
$1.25 $1. 50 $1. 75 $2 $2.25
HliTEBB
Pittsburgh .•••••••.••.•••••••
Great Lakes and Middle West
Total••, ••••••••••••••••
53 $1. 516
38 1. 241
91
DOUBLEBB
1. 449
=
Pittsburgh ••••••.•••..•. __ •••
Great Lakes and Middle West
155
78
1.240
1. 253
Total•••••••••••••••••••
233
1. 243
1
1
14
22 12
----- ----- --------- ----- ____ --------- 1 3 14 18 1
----- ----- ----- 2 4 28 40 13
----- =
= = = == = · ==
..,
1
6
'rt
17
--·-- ----- ----- ----1
6
'rt
17
7
1
10
5
33
35
48
32
6
5
8
15
68
80
11
2
1
3
1
-----
1
=
----- ---·----- --------- ----·
The customary turns per week and hours per turn and J>er week,
together with the average fulf-time hours per week, of employees in
the tin-plate mills are shown in detail, by districts and all districts
combined, for the year 1924 in Table E (10). The information was
obtained from 9 representative plants and covers 10,549 employees
in all occupations.
·
The table shows the customary number of day turns and night
turns per week and the corresponding hours for each turn for each
day of the week as well as the full-time hours I>_er week. Employees
are divided into three groups as follows: (a) Those who work days
only, (b) those who work nights only, and (c) those who alternate
or rotate weekly from one sliift to another. The order·of arrangement begins with the highest average full-time hours per week.
Gas or repair turns have been disregarded when employees customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once every
three weeks on a 3-turn basis or once every four weeks on a 2-turn
basis. In a few instances relief systems have also been omitted where
the _periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than three or foll!'
weeks.
In some instances in the table hours are re1;>orted for 7 days, yet
the number of days worked is given as 6. This is owing to the fa.ct
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
160
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IBON AND STEEL
that it is a 7-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved 1
day in 7 with no information available, however, as to which day;
therefore, the hours for all days have been shown and the relief
indicated in the full-time hours per week.
I:ri the main the table is believed to be clear, but some points may
need explanation. The first line of the table shows that in the plants
canvassed 1 man in the Pittsburgh district was found on a day job
requiring him to work 6 days per week and 15 hours per day, Monday to Friday-, inclusive, with 10 hours on Saturday-a total of 85
hours per week.
In the third section of the table the fir.st line shows that 10 men
in the Great Lakes.and Middle West district alternated from 7 turns
of 12 hours on day work to 7 turns of 12 hours on night work, averagi_ng 84 hours per week.
When there are three 8-hour turns the second and third are tabulated as night turns.
TABLE E (10).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-TINPLATE MILLS
[For explanation of thls table see p. 15)
Customary turns and hours worked
Number of ::Kloyees who
worked
·
specified
combination of customary
turns and hours; by dJs.
Night turns
Day turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
Turns
per
MonMon- Satweek day Sat- Sun- Per
day
Per
ur- Sunur- day week
day week
to Fri- day
to Fri- day
day
day
.J:ii:
trlct
Average
hours
per
week
Great
Lakes
and ·
Middle
West
Pittsburgh
Total
EMPLOYEES WllO WORKED .DAY TURNS ONLY
6
7
7.
6
6
7
7
ti
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6.
·6
6
6
6
6
6
~
6
15
12
11½
12
1!1
10
10
11
12
10
11½
10
12
10
12
10
10
-c-i210
-----10
10
9
13 .................
8
9
9
9½
6
--------·--
-----10 -----................
9 -----10½ •10½
12
11
11
11
10
9
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9½
10
10
10
9
9
9
8½
9
11
8
9
5
10
10
............
5
9
-·-io10
------8½
9
8
7 .. ..........
9½
6
5
·4 ............
9 .............
6 '
5
7 ............
4 ............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
------
------·
-----------
85
M
77½
72
70
70
69
68
68
68
67
66
66
65
M
63
63
63
60
60
60
60
59
58½
58
57
57
56
55
M
54
51
50
49½
49
------ ------------ ----·---------------------·---------------------------- ------ ----·---------------·-----·----------·-- ------ -·-·--- -----__ ____ ------- ------ -----------................ -----------.................... -----.............. ---------------------- --·--- ------------ --------------------------------------- ---------------------------..................
--·--------·
-----------................ ..................
----------------------- ------ ------------------------------------------·-------- -----------.................... ---·------- ----------............... -----................
------------------------ ------- ----------- ................
................ -----................
------.................. ------.............. ............
------.............. -------- ............ ------ -----............... ............ ............. -----.............. .............. .. .......... ------ ----------.............. ............
............
------.............. -·------ .. .......... -----............. ..............
.............. ----·- ------ -------·---.............. ............ ............ ............
-----·............ ............ ............
--·---- ..............
........... ... .......... ---·~------- ............... ..............
-------,
..............
............ ............
,..
-----~
............... --------•-)-- ............ ............ -----..............
.. .......... ............ -----.............. ------ ............. ------
1
85
M
77½
·72
70
70
69
68
68
68
67
66
66
65
M
63
63
63_.
60
60
60
60
59
58½
58
57
57
56
55
54
54
51
50
49½
49
1
9
9
1
24
--------.
2
1
..........................
--------·-3
-·-----13-
8
6
1
13
---------- -···-···51
--------·13
............................
6
1
5
1
614
..
4
1
28
8
9
2
1
1
13
1
·--------....................
'
1
1
1
98
-·----271
300
1
182 ---· 128
58
3
8
19 ···-·-·16
51
74
1
"
6
72
11•· 19
7 ....................
1 ....................
4
----·-----
5
1
4
13
.1
6
·1
.6
·1
2
712
4
571
1
310
61
8
95
125
1
78
30
7
1
'
161
TIN-PLATE MILLS
TABLE E (10).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1924, BY DISTRICT-TINPLATE MILLS-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Day turns
Number of ~loyees who
specified
worked
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis·
trict
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
Turns
per Mon• Satper Mon•
Per
Per
Sun•
week day Sat•
ur• day week week todiri• ur• Sun•
day week
to Fri• day
day day
day
Aver•
age
hours
per
week
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pitts•
burgh
Total
EMPLOYEES WHO WORKED DAY TURNS ONLY-Continued
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
8
8
7
6
8
56
48
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
47
46
45
44
41
5
4
6
56
48
1
15
5
43
72
·11
1
12
75
99
32
1, 559
988
2,547
6
11
1
6
1
1
1 ••••••••••
1
20
47
46
:
41
•
Total.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -·····
6
58
1
84
75
170
32
EMPLOYEES WllO WORKED l\TIGHT TURNS ONLY
7
7
6
6
7
5
6
6
6
7
6
6
12
12
12
12
6
12
12 ••••••
12
12
12 ••••••
6
10
10
12 ••••••••••••
10
10
10
10 ••••••
10
10
10 ••••••
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 ••••••
6
5
8 ••••••••••••
6
5
8
8 ••••••
8 ••••••••••••
8 ••••·•
8
841
78
72
72
84 ••••••••••
••••••••••
78 ••••••••.•
72
2
72
66
66
60
60
60
60
56
48
48
20 ••••••••••
60
5 ••••••••.•
60
20
60 ••••••••••
2
1
60
1 ••••••••••
56
3 ••••••••••
48
1 ••••••••••
48
3 ••••••••••
48
40 }
48
40
4
44 ••••••••••
1 ••••••••••
40
48
Total•.•••••.••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••• •••••• •••••• •••••••
38
35
3
5
20
3
1
3
1
3
4
1
73
EMPLOYEES WllO ALTERNATED WBBXLY FROM ONE TURN TO ANOTHER
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
•
12
12
10
12
12
10
11
12
12
10
9
12
12
11
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
-·-------------10
-----11½
11 ............
6 ---·-11 ...if
11
12
12
10
12
11½
12
10
11
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
8
7
8
6
5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
···io·
............
.............
............
.............
............
-----............
............
............
------
84
84
70
66
72
72
70
69
69
71
66
66
70
66
60
60
60
60
59
.59
60
58
57
58
56
55
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
11½
13
12
12
10
12
12
-----11½
12
12
11½
13
12
..if.
10
9
10
6
..ii..
------
10
ll½
..iiij
-----6 .............
11
------
12
12
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
··io··
10
10
10
10
..if.
------ 10
------ ···s··
10
...........
···ii"·
···r·
-----------
10
10
10
84
72
~
72
72
70
69
69
66
66
66
60
55
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
60
60
58
60
60
10
78
2 ...................
2 •••••••• 6
75'/4
72
72 ... ...................
8
72
3
70
2 ········9·
69
69
7 ······--8.
68½
66
8
2 .....................
66
65
15
40 ···•·••·
60½
9
60
3
60
•• 102
60 ······224·
60
296
103 ••••••• 12·
59½
59
59
4
59
14
3
8
58½
6
58
8
58
4
51
57½
84
----------
--·-------
-------·--.-
----------
10
2
2
6
8
3
2
9
7
8
8
2
15
40
13
3
102
520
103
· 12
4
17
8
6
8
611
162
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-IRON AND STEEL
TABLE E (10).-CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME TURNS PER WEEK AND
HOURS PER TURN AND PER WEEK, 1925, BY DISTRICT-TJNp LATE MI LLB-Continued
Customary turns and hours worked
Dayturns
Number of emEloyees who
worked eac
specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by district
Night turns
Hours
Hours
Turns
Turns
per
Monper Monweek day SatSun- Per week day Satururto Fri- day day week
to Fri- day
day
day
Sun- Per
day week
Average
hours
per
week
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
Pittsburgh
Total
EMPLOYEES WHO ALTERNATED WEEKLY FROM ONE TURN TO ANOTHER-Continued
6
6
6
6
10
9
10
9
-------6 --··o··
4
9
10
9
6
6
7
7
7
9
10
8
8
9
9
4
8
8
8
7
8
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
9
6
8/
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
----------------
--------------------------
54
54
54
6
8
54
54
54
56
56
56
8
56
8
8
----------8
-----------
6
6
5
6
60
48
49
48
48
48
{
li
{
6
6
5
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
-----10
----------- ···g··
------ 9
"""ii""
"""g""
----------- -----8
8
8
8
8
8
···s··
---------------8
8
8
8
8
---s"-
8
8
8
8
-----8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-----8
60
60
50
54
54
54
54
50
56
56
56
56
48
48
48
56
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
46
46
48
48
40
45
45
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
40
40
}
}
t
57
57
55
54
54
54
52
56
56
53½
50¾
l
50¾
48½
48
2
112
3
3
-------------------------------------
2
---------42 ---------16
83
4
----------
----------
---------3
69
8
------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
48
l
~
7
69
6
----------
6
----------
106
3
--------------------------------------
38
}
48
3
}
48
3
}
83
106
6
{
} 48 ---------8
···s·· -----6
8
8 -----48 {
39
} 48 ---------8
8
-----48 {
8 -----6
8
707 ---------} 48
8
-----8
8
48
8
8
6
8
48
3
13
'48
8 -----8
6
8
45
48 ---------8 -----6
8
48
8
48 ---------67
···s··
-----6
8
5 -----45 {
1
} 47 ---------8
8
-----4 -----6
8
44
46%
24 ---------}
8
'
\
------ 8
5 -----45
6
8
46½ ---------6
-----6 -----46 ---------6
8
6 -----46 {
9
}
6
"""g""
4 -----44
8
46
6 --------------8
------ -----8
8 -----6
48
47
} 45½ ---------···s··
-----45 ---------45
6
8
5 -----13
}
5 -----5
----------8
11 -----51
6
43¾
234
}
----------5
----------47
6
8
7 -----5
43½
6 ---------------- -----6
8
5
----------43
9 -----49 {
62 ---------}
5
------ -----5
6
8
-----3,518
8 -----48
42%
1,387
5
----------___
,.
__
5
8
6
8
-----144
40
42¾
--------------5
------ -----n
121 ---------7
7 -----42
5
6
------ -----Total. - ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ----------- ------- 5,576 2,353
6
2
112
3
3
2
42
16
3
38
3
3
6
39
707
16
45
67
1
24
6
9
6
47
13
234
6
62
4,905
144
121
7,929
163
TIN-PLATE :MILLS
Of the total number of tin-plate mill employees reported, 71 183 1
or 68 per cent, worked 8 hours per day, 21939 1 or 28 per cent./ worked
10 hours, and 1331 or 1 per cent, worked 12 hours. Seven-ctay work
in this department has been reduced to a minimum, and only 1601
or 2 per cent, worked 7 days per week all the time, while 198, or 2
per cent, worked 7 days per week part of the time. Less than 1
per cent of the employees worked 7 da:ys per week and 12 hours :per
day:. The basic figures are set forth by districts in the followmg
tal>le. A few minor groupings do not appear in this summary.
In preparing the summary only the regular hours per turn an
employee worked on Monday to Friday are considered, regardless
of the length of his turn on Saturday and Sunday.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS IN TABLE E (10)
I
Number of employees who
worked specified days and
hours-
Item
Pltt.sJlsllfrtt
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
district
Percent
of total
Total
Total employees In tinet:late mfils ______________________________
Employees
whoall
work
: _____________________________________
the time
7-day week
7,173
3,376
10,MII
100
time--------------------------------
119
129
49
41
69
160
198
2
2
12
or more
per
day ___________________________________
7-day
weekhours
part of
the
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day all the time ________
7-day week and 12 or more hours per day part of the tfme ____ --------2
1,810
10 hours per daY-----------------·-----------. ------------7-day week and 10 hours per day all the time _______________
22
7-day week and 10 hours per day part of the time ___________
17
8 hours per day. ____________________________________________
5,095
7-day week and 8 hours per day all the time ________________
89
7-day week and 8 hours per day part of the tfme ____________
712
I
Less than 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
84
26
26
2
1,129
2,939
6
28
17
7,183
2,088
8
69
1
133
97
181
fil
$l
28
68
1
2
@FedFRASER