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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
B U LLETIN O F TH E U N ITED ST A TE S )
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S j
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
{No. 353
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE IRON AND STEEL
INDUSTRY : 1907 TO 1922
APRIL, 1924
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1924
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION M A Y B E PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
G O VERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE
W ASHINGTON, D . C.
AT
20 CENTS PE R COPY
CONTENTS,
Page.
1-18
Introduction and sum m ary------------------------------------------Index numbers, b y departm ents______________________________________
3 -5
Full-tim e working days per w eek___________________________
5 -8
Full-tim e working hours per w eek____________________________________
8 -1 2
Com m on laborers_____________________________________________________ 12, 13
Average hourly earnings in departments, 19*22, b y districts__________ 13, 14
Scope o f 1922 d a ta ____________________________________________________ 14, 15
Explanation o f tables_________________________________________________ 15-18
Blast furnaces______________________________________________________________ 19-35
Bessemer converters--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 6 -52
Open-hearth furnaces________________________________________________________ 53-69
Puddling m ills_______________________________________________________________ 70-84
B loom ing m ills_______________________________________________________________85-99
Plate m ills_______________________________________________________________ 100-114
Standard rail m ills_______________________________________________________ 115-128
Bar m ills_________________________________________________________________ 129-146
Sheet m ills_______________________________________________________________ 147-160
Tin-plate m ills___________________________________________________________ 161-174
GENERAL TABLES.
T able A .— Average custom ary full-tim e hours per week, average earn
ings per hour, and average full-tim e weekly earnings, and index numbers
therefor, 1907 to 1922, b y occupations:
(1) Blast furnaces____________________________________________ •________20-23
(2) Bessemer converters________________________________________________ 3 7 -42
(3) Open-hearth furnaces__________________________
54-57
(4) Puddling m ills______________________________________________________ 71-73
(5) B loom ing m ills_____________________________________________________ 86, 87
(6) Plate m ills___________________________________________
101-104
(7) Standard rail mills______________________________________________ 116-119
(8) Bar m ills________________________________________________________ 130-133
(9) Sheet m ills______________________________________________________ 148-150
(10) Tin-plate m ills_________________________________________________ 162-165
T able B.— Num ber and per cent o f em ployees w ho custom arily worked
each specified num ber o f days per week, in each district and all districts
com bined, 1907 to 1922, b y years:
(1) Blast furnaces______________________________________________________ 25, 26
(2) Bessemer converters________________________________________________ 43, 44
(3) Open-hearth furnaces_______________________________________________59-61
(4) Puddling m ills_____________________________________________________
75
(5) Bloom ing m ills_____________________________________________________ 89-91
(6) Plate m ills______________________________________________________ 105, 106
(7) Standard rail mills______________________________________________ 120, 121
(8) Bar m ills________________________________________________________ 135-137
(9) Sheet m ills______________________________________________________ 152,153
(10) Tin-plate m ills____________________________________________________
166
T able C .— Average custom ary full-tim e hours w orked and average
actual earnings per pay period and per hour, 1922, by occupations and
districts:
(1) Blast furnaces_____________________________________________________ 28-31
(2) Bessemer converters________________________________________________ 46 -4 9
(3) Open-hearth furnaces_______________________________________________6 3 -65
(4) Puddling m ills__________________
77-81
(5) B loom ing m ills______________________________________________________93 -95
(6) Plate m ills______________________________________________________ 108-111
(7) Standard rail m ills______________________________________________ 123-125
(8) Bar m ills________________________________________________________ 139-142
(9) Sheet m ills______________________________________________________ 155-157
(10) Tin-plate m ills__ _______
168-171
hi
IY
C O N TE X TS.
Page.
T able D .— Average and classified earnings per hour for tw o selected
occupations, 1922, b y districts:
(1) Blast furnaces (keepers and laborers)_____________________________
32
(2) Bessemer converters (blowers and vessel men)
________________
50
(3) Open-hearth furnaces (melters’ helpers, first, and ladle crane
m en )________________________________________________________
66
(4) Puddling mills (puddlers, level handed, and rollers)__________
82
(5) Bloom ing mills (heaters and roll engineers)__________________
96
(6) Plate mills (screw men, sheared-plate mills, and shearm en)_____________ 112
(7) Standard rail mills (guide setters and straighteners, gag-press) __
126
(8) Bar mills (roughers and hotbed m en )________________________
143
158
(9) Sheet mills (rollers and m atchers)____________________________
(10) Tin-plate mills (heaters and doublers)_______________________
172
T abl e E.— Custom ary turns per week and hours per turn of employees
who worked 7 turns per week or 12 or more hours per day all or part of
the time, 1922, by districts:
(1) Blast furnaces_____________________________________________________ 33-35
(2) Bessemer converters_________ _____________________________________51, 52
(3) Open-hearth furnaces______________ „ ______________________________67-69
(4) Puddling m ills________________
8 3 ,8 4
(5) Bloom ing m ills________________________________________________ 97 -99
(6) Plate m ills______________________________________________________ 113,114
127
(7) Standard rail m ills_____ ___________________________________________
(8) Bar m ills______ ___________
144,146
(9) Sheet m i lls ..._______________________ ___________________________ 159, 160
(10) Tin-plate m ills_________________________________________________ 173, 174
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
no.
W ASH IN G TO N
353
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY: 1907 TO 1922.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY.
Earnings per hour, customary hours of labor, and actual hours and
earnings tor one pay period in 1922, together with summary figures
for preceding years taken from previous reports,1 for 10 departments
of the iron and steel industry in the United States are presented in
this report.
These statistics may be taken as fairly representative of the indus
try, as they are based on a sufficient number of representative plants
in each district to show conditions in their locality.
Statistics are presented in this report for employees in—
Blastfurnaces, 1907-1922.2
Bessemer converters, 1907-1922.2
Open-hearth furnaces, 1910-1922.2
Puddling mills, 1914-1922.3
Blooming mills, 1910-1922.2
Plate mills, 1910-1922.2
Standard rail mills, 1910-1922.3
Bar mills, 1907-1922.3
Sheet mills, 1910-1922.2
Tin-plate mills, 1910-1922.3
The greater part of the data was obtained through personal visits
of agents of this bureau to the several plants, the remainder being
obtained from the plants through correspondence.
The figures for 1922 are based on actual pay-roll data for one pay
period. The period selected for the survey was from October 1st to
15th, and the majority of the reports were for that time. In a few
instances, wffien conditions in the plants in October were not repre
sentative, the reports were made for a normal period as near October
as available. Care was exercised, however, in selecting another
period, to obtain one which included the general pay increase to all
employees effective in September just prior to this survey. The
figures for the years 1907 to 1915 are in most cases for the second
half of May; those for 1917 are for a pay period in September of that
year; while those for 1919 are nearly all for a half-month pay period
m the first three months of that year. The 1920 investigation cov
ered the last half of October, and. the figures for that year relate in
practically all instances to that period.
iSee, for years up to 1915, Bui. No. 218; for 1917, Monthly Labor Review for March, 1918; for 1919, Bui.
No. 265, Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States 1919; and for 1920 Bui. No. 305.
a No data available for 1916,1918, or 1921.
* No data available for 1916,1917,1918, or 1921.
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL IN DUSTRY.
While wages in 1922 show a marked decrease from the earnings in
1920, the data collected during this survey do not reflect the still
lower point to which earnings declined in 1921 and the first nine
months of 1922. Reductions in the rates paid employees in this
industry began early in 1921 and continued into the following year.
However, owing to economic conditions, these reductions were fol
lowed b y increases, some of which were made prior to this investiga
tion, including one general increase of approximately 10 per cent in
September, 1922. The general tables m this report reier to one
specific period in each year and do not, therefore, m any way reflect
month-to-month changes.
In the 1922 investigation agents were instructed, in all cases where
it was necessary to obtain data for a different pay period, to adjust
the working time of the period selected to conform m length to that
of the first half of October, that is 15 days, including 2 Saturdays and
3 Sundays. In order to adjust all schedules to mat basis, it was
necessary in some cases entirely to rearrange the company’s pay-roll
data and to compute the hours and earnings for each individual
separately for the period desired. This method was decided upon in
order to eliminate, as far as possible, all theoretical computations.
The average earnings per hour in each occupation were obtained by
dividing the total amount earned by the total hours actually worked,
and where averages are shown for individual enployees they have
been derived by the same method. The earnings per hour shown in
the tables include both the earnings of time workers and those of ton
nage or piece workers. All earnings per hour are for individuals, as
no contract work for groups of employees is included.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables in this
report are the customary regular hours of work of individual em
ployees under normal conditions in the establishment. The working
time is the time on duty, including intervals of waiting for work— in
other words, the time between the hour of reporting for duty and
the hour of going off duty. The working time of mdividual em
ployees is not always the working time of their occupation as a
whole. Some plants which operate seven days per week make pro
vision for laying off each employee one day a week. In such a plant
the full-time hours per week of an employee working 12 hours a day
is 72 hours. In all tables in this report, whether the number of posi
tions have been used as the number of employees, as is the case for
the years up to and including 1917, or the actual number of indi
vidual employees has been reported, as for the years 1919 to 1922,
the full-time hours of the man in the position have been shown and
not the hours of the position. The term “ jobs” or “ positions” used
in this report is denned as the number of employees working the
regular full time required to operate a plant under normal working
conditions, with provision'for two or three shifts or turns per day,
but with no provision for relief of employees.
The full-time weekly earnings are the earnings per week of em
ployees working their customary full time or the earnings on broken
time reduced to equivalent earnings for a full week.
Five general statistical tables are presented in this report. Sum
mary figures for preceding years are brought into comparison with
figures for 1922 in Tables A and B, while Tables C, D, and E con
tain data for 1922 only. Probably the two most important of these
INTRODUCTION AND SU M M AR Y.
3
tables are Tables C and E, which show the earnings and customary
working time of employees for 1922 in great detail, thus adding con
siderably to the completeness of the report. A statement and ex
planation of the data contained in each table is given on pages 15 to
18. All of these tables are published in parts, one part for each of
the ten departments, each part being placed under the heading of the
department to which it relates.
INDEX NUMBERS, BY D EPARTM ENTS.
In the sections of this report relating to the several departments,
the full-time weekly earnings, the full-time hours of labor per week,
and the earnings per hour are shown for each of the principal produc
tive occupations. These occupation figures have been consolidated
and are presented in the form of index numbers for each depart
ment. The purpose of these indexes is to indicate the direction and
extent of the change in labor conditions which have taken place from
year to year. In the wage studies of this industry for the earlier
years, data covering the principal productive occupations only were
obtained, data for secondary productive and nonproductive labor
not being collected. All occupations have been included in the wage
investigations of 1914, 1915, 1920, and 1922, but the principal pro
ductive, or selected, occupations only have’ been used in computing
index numbers for the departments lor those years. This was done
so that the data used for the several years, though not complete,
would be strictly comparable.
Table 1 shows for each department separately index numbers for
average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
weekly earnings, computed from the data for the principal productive
occupations. The index for each year is simply the per cent that
the average for that year is of the average for 1913. The year 1913
is taken as the base as it was the last full year before the World War.
For puddling mills 1914 is taken as the base, as data for this depart
ment were first obtained for that year. The years shown are those
for which data are available.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
4
l . —IN DEX NUMBERS OP AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EEK, EARNINGS
PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS IN COMBINED SELECTED OCCUPA
TIONS IN THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, B Y
YEARS.
'
[1913=100, except for puddling mills, for which 1914=100.]
T able
Department and year.
Blast furnaces:1
1907.............................
1908.............................
1909.............................
1910.............................
1911.............................
1912.............................
1913.............................
1914.............................
1915.............................
1917.............................
1919.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
Bessemer converters:2
1907.............................
1908.............................
1909.............................
1910.............................
1911.............................
1912.............................
1913.............................
1914.............................
1915.............................
1917.............................
1919.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
Open-hearth furnaces:2
1910.............................
1 9 1 1 ..........................
1912.............................
1913.............................
1914.............................
1915.............................
1917.............................
1919.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
Puddling m ills:2
1914.............................
1915.............................
1919.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
Blooming m ills:2
1910.............................
1911.............................
1912.............................
1913.............................
1914.............................
1915.............................
1917.............................
1919.............................
1920.............................
1922.............................
.
Aver i1 Aver
Aver
age
age
age
fullfull
earn
tim e
time
ings weekly
hours
per
per
earn
hour.
week.
ings.
103
101
102
102
102
99
100
97
97
98
100
93
93
88
85
83
87
89
92
100
101
101
156
250
283
191
91
86
85
90
90
90
100
97
97
152
248
258
176
102
98
102
103
101
101
100
98
98
98
95
99
98
85
79
82
86
* 82
90
100
90
94
151
208
241
170
86
79
84
88
84
90
100
90
94
149
218
254
176
99
96
98
100
97
92
99
98
89
93
89
89
92
100
100
104
152
239
282
202
86
85
91
100
97
96
150
234
253
188
100
98
98
103
96
100
96
269
279
155
100
94
260
295
154
102
101
101
100
97
97
100
96
91
95
81
82
87
100
102
104
133
220
233
169
83
84
88
100
98
100
131
217
220
166
Department and year.
Plate m ills:2
1910................................
1911................................
1912................................
1913................................
1914................................
1915................................
1917................................
1919................................
1920................................
1922...............................
Standard rail m ills:2
1910................................
1911................................
1912................................
1913................................
1914................................
1915................................
1919................................
1920................................
1922................................
Bar m ills:2
1907................................
1908................................
1909................................
1910................................
1911................................
1912................................
1913................................
1914................................
1915................................
1919................................
1920................................
1922................................
Sheet m ills:8
1910................................
1911................................
1912................................
1913................................
1914................................
1915................................
1917................................
1919................................
1920................................
1922................................
Tin-plate m ills: 4
1910................................
1911................................
1912...„ ........................
1913................................
1914................................
1915................................
1919................................
1920................................
1922................................
Aver
age
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
99
98
100
100
99
99
100
102
99
95
89
87
92
100
101
107
156
233
267
186
88
85
91
100
100
106
156
237
265
175
104
100
100
100
99
100
96
89
86
90
89
89
100
99
97
221
256
196
92
88
90
100
98
96
215
235
171
106
106
107
104
106
103
100
100
100
103
94
84
86
95
90
90
100
96
98
214
252
173
99
89
91
99
98
102
102
101
100
100
101
104
99
100
101
98
89
99
100
100
100
97
95
94
1This section of the table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for May, 1923.
2This section of the table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
* This section of the table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for April, 1923.
4 This section of the table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for March, 1923.
84
91
93
100
101
92
178
193
229
147
88
98
99
100
102
102
220
252
175
Aver
age *
ftultim e
weekly
earn
ings.
99
93
93
100
97
98
221
258
171,
85
92
94
100
101
92
183
195
240
154
87
97
98
100
102
101
217
258
171
5
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY.
In addition to the index numbers in the above table, percentages
have been computed showing the increase or decrease in earnings
per hour for employees in all occupations and for those in selected
occupations combined. Data for all occupations were obtained for
the first time in 1914, and Table 2 shows the per cent of increase
or decrease in each separate department in 1922 as compared with
1914 and 1920. No information was collected in 1921, so that 1920
is the latest year available for comparison. The differences between
the increases or decreases in the “ selected occupations” and those
in “ all occupations” are due mainly to the variations in the propor
tion of skilled and unskilled labor in the two groups.
T able 2 .—PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN EARNINGS PER HOUR IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN A LL OCCUPATIONS IN THE IRON AND STEEL
IN DU STRY 1922 AS COMPARED W IT H 1914 AND 1920, B Y DEPARTM ENTS.
Per cent of increase (+ ) or decrease
( - ) in—
Department.
Selected occupa
tions.
A ll occupations.
1922 as
1922 as
1922 as
1922 as
compared compared compared compared
with
with
with
with
1914.
1920.
1914.
1920.
Blast furnaces............
Bessemer converters.
Open-hearth furnaces,
Puddling m ills..........
Blooming m ills..........
Plate m ills.................
Standard rail m ills...
Bar m ills....................
Sheet m ills.................
Tin-plate m ills...........
+90
+90
+102
+55
+67
+84
+98
+79
+46
+72
-3 2
-2 9
-2 8
-4 4
-2 7
-3 0
-2 3
-3 1
-3 6
-3 1
+93
+84
+103
+51
+75
+84
+87
+75
+42
+53
-3 0
-3 1
-2 8
-4 4
-2 8
-2 9
-2 6
-3 2
-3 3
-3 2
FULL-TIME WORKING DAYS PER WEEK.
Table 3 shows for the several years a percentage distribution of
employees in each department according to their customary num
ber oi turns per week. The figures for all years preceding 1919 are
based on the number of jobs or positions required under normal
conditions to operate a plant or such units of it as were operating,
while those for 1919, 1920, and 1922 are based on the number of
men actually appearing on the pay rolls. Figures are presented
for employees working in “ selected occupations” and also for those
working in “ all occupations” of a department.
@
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able 3.—P E R CENT OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN A L L OCCU
PATIONS IN EACH DEPA RTM E N T W ORKIN G EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS
PER W EEK, B Y YEARS.
Per cent of employees whose customary working tim e per
week was—
Num
Year. ber of
plants.
Department.
BLAST FURNACES.
Selected occupations.
BESSEMER CONYERTERS.
Selected occupations.
A ll
5
days
and
6
5
days. days
alter
nate
ly .
5
days,
6
days, 6
and 6 days
days,
in
rota
tion.
5
days,
5
days,
and 6
days
in
rota
tion.
6
days
and 7
days
alter
nate
ly .
5
days,
6
days,
and 7
days
in
rota
tion.
6
days,
6
days,
and 7
days
in
rota
tion.
6
days,
7
days, 7
and 7
days days
in
rota
tion.
1
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
1914
1915
1920
1922
38
38
28
32
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
. 1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
1914
1915
1920
1922
12
12
11
11
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
1914
1915
1920
1922
22
22
19
22
U)
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
29
29
12
15
13
13
25
C1)
(i)
18
66
52
65
65
49
12
22
12
17
1914
1915
1920
1922
29
29
15
13
13
24
(l)
17
63
50
60
47
11
13
15
-
1
i _
i
i
A ll occupations.........
A ll occupations.........
1 Less than 1 per cent.
;.........
«.........
1.........
.........
..........i
i.........
.........
.........:
.........
42
42
29
57
.........!
.........
.........!
.........!
!
:
!
;
i
;
1
(D
.........i.........
j
i
5
4
7
10
25
12
5
4
17
14
80
80 .........,
59 .........
81 .........;
ii
PUDDLING MILLS.
Selected occupations.
<
3
5
3
5
11
18
19
37
37
44
10
21
57
(i)
(l )
1
1 61 .........‘ 13
10
69 .........
14
1 62 .........
i
i
' 53
6 1___
! 77 .........
i
i 69 !_____
13!
!
73 !_____
in '
2j
SI !.........
i
80 i.........• 2 !
i......... 85 !.........
9;
79 i_____
ii i
i
64 i_____
7!
i r
S3 !.........
OPEN-HEARTH FUR
NACES.
Selected occupations.
5
days
and 7
days
alter
nate
ly .
6
4
2
2
5
0)
!
1
!
|
U)
0)
i
w
8
8
1
l
'
i
,!
,i
,
,
3 : ..
3 ;___
10 ;___
2
i
34
46
33
28
34
33
46
26
25
53
1
I
_____
.........
.........
...........
!.........
:.........
1.........
i „ i
1 39
.
i 27 | C1)
50
! 12
11
13
22
15 .........
15
13
26
1 9 }.........
97
95
97
95
89
82
81
58
59
49
80
54
31
53
54
54
29
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
l
1
2
1
2
5
1
5
'!)
4 ]| I
!
1
5 i.........1
5 i **i*.|
6 ts
4 j!1
24
IQ
oo
£a
3 1 (D
3 (i)
3
2
4
3
13
14
26
10
UA
15
1ft
ID
11
U
19
XA
13
g
5
23
6
!
28 I..
3 2 ......... i (i)
3ft
'
l
ri\
2:
33 ;
2 '
34
C1/ 1 G)
S_
35 ‘ .
I.........
22 ..
C1) i.........
4fi 1
42
i
3
5!
2
17
26
27
37
16
U)
(i)
(1)
(i)
C1)
1
1
(!)
U)
(i)
C1)
4
(1)
(1)
3
2
32
18
29
34
31
32
27
28
30
23
34
34
33
27
(i)
(l)
(l)
(i)
1
1
1
2
INTRODUCTION AND SUM M ARY,
SfT OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN A
0H DEPARTMENT WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER <
YE ARS—Continued.
7
cu.YS
7
'ays
18
16
15
11
5
5
1
12
It
11
11
11
15
18
6
5
8
7
3
3
(I)2
(,)4
6
6
3
9
30
3
2
2
1
2
“ i
l
4
5
4
11
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
1914
1915
1920
1922
Lt.
1
1
2
3
0)
8.
(0
(D
1
1
1
1
8
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRON A N D ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
T able 3.—P E R CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN A L L OCCU
PATIONS IN EACH DEPARTM EN T W ORKIN G EACH SPECIFIED NUM BER OF DAYS
P E R W EE K , B Y YEA R S—Concluded.
Per cent of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
Num
Year. ber of
plants.
Department.
5
days
and
6
5
days
days alter
nate
ly.
5
days,
5
days,
and 6
days
in
rota
tion.
5
5
days,
6
days
days, 6 and 7
and 6 days days
alter
days
in
nate
rotar
ly.
tion.
6
days
and 7
days
alter
nate
ly.
5
6
6
days, days, days,
7
days, days, days, 7
and 7 and 7 and 7
days davs days days
in
in
in
rota rota rota
tion. tion. tion.
SHEET MILLS.
Selected occupations.
All occupations.........
TIN-PLATE MILLS.
Selected occupations.
All occupations.........
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
(i)
0)
(i)
1
(!)
<l>
1
(n
(i)
1914
1915
1920
1922
15
15
13
14
( i)
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
5
6
6
10
10
11
9
9
9
1914
1915
1920
1922
11
11
9
9
1
2
0)
( l)
1
(i)
(1)
1
1
2
81
1
84
2 . 84
81
0)
(1)
83
1
80
2
49
(i)
68
1
63
1
63
6
5
6
31
24
20
18
3
4
16
14
14
11
11
11
18
7
16
16
2
3
3
2
58
55
53
45
1
(,)2
1
2
1
4
2
2
79
79
78
74
75
74
80
84
83
20
21
20
24
23
25
16
13
15
4
3
5
5
58
57
55
54
37
37
38
38
G
15
32
32
33
31
(!)
(!)
(i)
0)
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
(0
1
1
1
1
4
4
3
4
8
!
(i)
W1
(!)
(l)
m
(1)
2
l
2
1
1
1 Less than 1 per cent.
A blast furnace is the only department in the industry which from
the nature of its process must be in continuous operation day and
night for seven days per week. The report for blast furnaces shows,
therefore, the actual change in the amount of necessarily regular
7-day work throughout the entire period covered by these reports.
Before the war the provision for laying off each employee in rotation
one day in seven, bv a system of relief men (started in 1910), had so
far obtained that tne percentage of employees doing 7-day work in
the principal productive occupations of blast furnaces had decreased
from 95 in 1910 to 59 in 1915, with an additional 4 per cent working
seven days in alternate weeks. During the war period relief systems
were largely abandoned, with a consequent increase in 7-day work,
but in 1922 the practice of relieving employees had been so far
restored that only 31 per cent were working seven days regularly.
FU LL-TIM E W O R K IN G H OURS PER W E E K .
In Table 4 is shown a percentage distribution according to the
average full-time hours per week of employees in the several depart
ments of the iron and steel industry. The percentages for the years
1907 to 1917 are based on the number of jobs or positions normally «
required to operate the different plants or such units as were being
9
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY,
operated at the time data were obtained, while those for 1919, 1920',
and 1922, are based on the number of employees actually appearing
on the pay rolls.
The classified hours of the table are average hours and do not
reflect the long hours of one week that may alternate with much
shorter hours the next. Thus a man who works 72 hours one week
and 84 hours the next has an average of 78 hours, which is tabulated
in the group “ Over 72 and under 84.” As in Table 3, the data
presented are for two groups of employees, those working in selected
occupations and those working in all occupations.
T able 4 .—PE R CENT OF EM PLO YEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS A N D IN A L L
OCCUPATIONS IN EACH D E P A R T M E N T W O R K IN G EACH SPECIFIED N U M BER
OF A V E R A G E FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W E E K , B Y Y E A R S .
Per cent of employees whose average full-time
hours per week were—
Department.
Year.
Num
ber of 48
plants. and
un
der.
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
60
Over
60
and
un
der.
72.
72
Over
72
and
un
der
84.
84
Over
84.
BLAST FU R N A C E S.
Selected occupations...........................
All occupations...................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
20
20
20
34
35
36
35
38
38
18
24
28
32
1914
1915
1920
1922
38
38
28
32
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
1
6
13
13
25
26
40
8
17
46
5
7
8
8
6
6
6
7
7
5
12
33
11
80
71
74
75
72
61
64
46
47
44
64
23
19
12
12
11
10
22
23
16
39
7
7
17
13
41
41
29
17
0)
0)
0)
(0
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
4
1
2
1
3
8
8
6
1
7
7
8
10
7
1
35
17
13
21
27
25
33
41
30
33
39
41
61
46
26
53
24
15
26
12
20
21
24
10
9
14
18
16
1
23
16
18
24
9
15
10
11
12
0)
1
15
6
0)
9
7
7
6
4
5
2
6
11
8
14
10
40
44
25
53
13
11
17
5
12
13
21
9
1
1
2
1
5
4
(i)
8
32
14
2
2
2
1
6
13
25
11
8
8
10
7
2
10
14
25
23
23
23
20
22
39
24
9
32
33
34
40
37
40
38
26
45
46
22
27
15
23
31
21
22
28
20
3
13
7
15
6
3
5
3
4
4
5
6
8
6
4
3
2
9
13
17
15
13
12
11
11
11
12
6
6
9
9
1
1
5
6
18
7
13
12
7
13
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
U
11
23
29
22
17
19
22
17
18
18
22
13
17
15
2
3
3
7
2
3
8
9
8
1
5
8
8
1914
1915
1920
1922
12
12
11
11
12
12
14
11
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
C1)
0)
0)
0)
(i)
(i)
4
1
1
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
B ESSEM ER CONVERTER S.
Selected occupations............................
All occupations......... ..........................
3
O P E N -H E A R T H F U R N A C E S .
Selected occupations...........................
1 Less than 1 per cent,
(D
C)
0)
l
5
2
1
3
0)
(v)
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AN D STEEL INDUSTRY,
4 . — PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN ALL
OCCUPATIONS IN EACH DEPARTMENT WORKING e W
SPECIFIED NUMBER
OF AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, BY YEARS—Continued.
T able
Per cent of employees whose average full-time
hours per week were—
Department.
Num
Year. ber of 48
plants. and
un
der.
Over
48
and
un
der
Over
60
and
un
der.
60
60.
72
72.
Over
72
and
un
der
84
Over
84.
84.
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES—COUCld.
All occupations........................... ...........
PUDDLING MILLS.
Selected occupations..............................
All occupations........................................
BLOOMING MILLS.
Selected occupations............ .................
All occupations..............................
PLATE MILLS.
Selected occupations...............................
All occupations.........................................
STANDARD RAIL MILLS.
Selected occupations................................
All occupations...................... ..............
1Less than 1 per cent.
1914
1915
1920
1922
22
22
19
22
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
29
29
(l)
0)
1
3
7
7
32
15
15
13
29
32
34
24
46
58
55
49
45
36
1914
1915
1920
1922
29
29
15
13
27
31
24
41
• 55
53
41
33
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
19
19
19
19
23
23
2
2
2
1914
1915
1920
1922
23
23
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
11
11
11
11
1914
1915
1920
1922
12
12
19
20
24
3
6
6
10
13
16
3
2
12
24
4
11
11
12
13
13
11
12
8
7
12
21
4
1
C1)
(l)
W
1914
1915
1920
1922
7
7
4
4
5
4
33
32
9
15
4
5
5
3
11
7
3
7
7
13
14
11
9
6
12
10
9
15
15
1
2
1
1
10
11
11
12
8
6
3
3
3
0)
2
8
6
8
9
5
4
8
2
12
12
7
7
9
8
7
4
4
3
1
19
19
3
5
5
4
5
4
16
7
57
47
42
42
48
48
22
21
40
25
44
41
41
22
2
8
4
2
2
2
4
5
7
3
8
8
8
6
20
11
5
22
9
5
2
2
4
4
4
4
33
31
5
13
19
22
4
4
4
7
7
7
7
7
6
...... is11)
_____
h
i
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
6
13
13
3
20
13
13
7
6
8
8
11
6
C1)
1
14
m
4
12
11
2
2
7
3
19
52
1
oO
° 1
4
23
24
14
28
1
1
1
6
0)
1
1
(i)
7
57
56
55
47
56
55
59
48
34
28
59
58
35
27
32
42
43
44
39
36
74
73
47
30
39
38
42
28
KO
72
72
80
78
82
77
43
33
■Id19 • 7i
/4
9
2
2
20
3
19
77
37
26
32
30
38
24
23
20
16
6
(l)
(i)
0)
(l)
(l)
C1)
0) (V)
(0
m
(i)
(i)
1
A\
;
i
1
7
17
10
11
12
12
6
19
3
11
15
22
12
2
1
8
17
28
5
3
9
9
9
12
18
18
8
12
1
2
1
1
1
5
5
7
8
U 1
A
%
4
4
4
3
7
l
on
oU
8
2
2
3
2
0)
1
1
2
2
2
i
i
(i)
W 1
(l)
AO
7
7
0)
O)
(i)
\M/
o
0
j
1
1
6
6
G)
0
\ /)
*‘(I*)’*
3
(i)
k
2
1
1
•
4
5
2
6
...
11
INTRODUCTION AND SUM M ARY,
T able 4 . —P E R CENT OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AN D IN A L L
OCCUPATIONS IN EACH D E P A R T M E N T W O R K IN G EACH SPECIFIED
O F A V E R A G E FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W E E K , B Y Y E A R S —Concluded.
Per ceut of employees whose average full-time
hours per week were—
i
Department.
Y ear.
N U M BER
Num-j
ber of 1
plants. 48
and
un
der.
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
Over
60
60 ‘ and
un
der
! 72.
72
Over
72
and
un
der
84.
Over
84.
84
i
i
B A R M IL L S .
All occupations....................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
1914
1915
1920
1922
15
15
15
25
20
26
44
57
57
23
25
25
57
57
25
25
5
4
4
11
11
11
6
5
10
14
10
7
4
8
9
6
13
14
14
12
20
27
37
34
31
10
34
45
31
S H E E T M IL L S .
Selected occupations............................
All occupations....................................
9
9
9
13
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
1914
1915
1920
1922
15
8
11
13
14
15
15
13
14
81
84
84
88
89
87
80
92
90
84
62
61
64
60
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
1914
1915
1920
1922
5
6
6
10
10
11
9
9
9
11
11
9
9
81
80
79
75
76
77
83
88
92
59
60
58
61
15
i
30 i
28 1
39 i
1
!
9
12
10
12
8
7
10
8
6
13
4
3
12
io :
8
4
52
47
59
46
47
41
41
47
46
47
42
33
44
42
40
35
1
1
4
2
2
6
8
3
15
4
3
5
8
10
8
10
13
11
12
14
13
15 i
10 f
9
5
17
18
18
18
4
6
6
3
2
3
3
1
1
9
9
6
5
3
3
3
$
8
6
3
1
1
12
11
10
9
G)
2
1
1
io
4
i
1
;
5
7
14
8
11
7
3
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
8
3
1
12
14
1
0)
1
1
O)
0 )
G)
G)
G)
1
G)
G)
l
G)
G)
1
1'
4
2
4
4
3
4
5
4
0)
<D
G)
0)
1
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
0)
3
3
5
13
11
9
7
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
T I N -P L A T E M IL L S .
Selected occupations ............................
All occupations....................................
G)
1
4
5
5
1
3
3
5
1
2
2
10
12
9
10
1
1
19
20
9
17
14
13
4
G)
(l)
G)
(!)
G)
G)
G)
G)
1
G>
2
1
7
5
G)
C1)
G)
(i)
(l)
l
1
l
l
G)
G)
l
G)
G)
' gV ’
i
1Less than 1 per cent.
The relief provision in blast furnaces referred to in the discussion
of customary working turns per week is reflected in this table in a
marked degree. In 1910, 75 per cent of the employees in the princi
pal productive occupations worked 84 hours per week regularly and
8 per cent over 72 and under 84 hours. Following 1910, however,
as the practice of laying off employees at regular mtervals became
general, there was a material reduction in 7-day work, and in 1915
these percentages had dropped to 47 and 7, respectively. Employ
ees necessarily worked longer hours during the war period, but in
1922 full-time hours per week reached the lowest point in blast
furnace history, only 19 per cent being shown as working 84 hours
with 11 per cent working over 72 and under 84 hours.
12
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IKON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
C O M M O N LABORERS.
Nearly all common laborers in the iron and steel industry are paid
on an hourly basis and their earnings depend upon the number of
hours worked. The basic labor rate is practically the same in all
departments of a plant, and by it, to a large extent, are determined
the rates for other occupations requiring little skill. The rate for
common labor, therefore, is of importance beyond the limits of the
occupation proper.
In this survey “ common labor” has been confined to laborers,
wholly unskilled and more or less a floating gang, -who worked:in
and about the mill proper, but upon whose work the mill was not
primarily dependent for operation.
Average earnings per hour of common laborers in each of the 10
departments treated m this report are shown in Table 5. The figures
here presented are also published in the several sections of this
report relating to specific departments:
Table 5.—A VERAG E
EARNINGS P E R HOUR OF COMMON LABORERS IN SPECIFIED
DEPARTM ENTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, 1907 TO 1922, B Y DISTRICTS
AND B Y YEARS.
[For number of plants reporting see sections relating to the specific departments, published elsewhere in
this report.]
Average earnings per hour in—
District.
Bes
Open- Pud BloomStand-1
All
Blast semer hearth
Bar Sheet Tin
Plate ard
de
fur
condling
plate part
fur
mills.
mills.
rail
mills.
naces. verfcmills. A .
mills.
mills.
ments.
ters. naces.
Eastern:
1907....................... $0,135
$0,132
$0,134
I
...........1........... .131
1908....................... .115
.120
i
1909....................... .119
.131
.123
1910....................... .142
$0,145
$0,143 $0,131
.142
.147
1911....................... .140
.146
.139
.145
.131
.141
1912....................... .144
.152
.141
.133
.145
.144
1913....................... .151
.168
.162
.151 $0,160
.156
.157
1914....................... .153
.172
.169 $0,163
.151
.157
.151
.156
1915....................... .151
.154
.171
.157
.151
.161
.150
.155
1917....................... .271
.250
.250
.287
.278
1919....................... .423
.408
.400
.437
.368
.409
.398
1920....................... .444
.451
.437
.398
.485
.479
.451
1922....................... .345
.326
.300
.326
.323
.313
.322
Pittsburgh:
1907....................... .152 $0,156
.154
.154
.156
1908....................... .154
.156
.157
1909....................... .152
.153
.152
.151
1910....................... .166
.164
.162
.164
.168
.167
.161
.161 $0. i64 $0,165
1911....................... .165
.164
.170
.167
.169
.163
.168
.166
.166
.164
1912....................... .163
.168
.163
.165
.169’ .172
.167
.168
.368
.167
.192
.190
.192
1913....................... .191
.191
.189
.190
.192
.183
.191
1914....................... .192
.193
.ioo .192 .188 .194 .183 .192 .192 .190
.188
1915....................... .189
.193
.193
.192
.184
.192
.189
.189
.184
.194
.190
1917....................... .292
.299
.300
.300
.300
.321
.301
.485
.471
.484
.484
.482
1919....................... .484
.480
.447
.489
.460
.477
1920....................... .525
.532
.530
.537
.529
.537
.532
.535
.528
.517
.530
1922....................... .356
.365
.362
.359
.360
.351
.360
.359
.357
.358
.363
Great Lakes and Mid
dle West:
.154
.158
1907....................... .162
.159
.152
.153
.158
1908....................... .152
.151
1909....................... .153
.146
.157
.161
.162
.163
.164
.163
.167
1910....................... .162
.163
1911....................... .166
.166
.164
.166
.166
.164
.166
.169
.168
1912....................... .166
.162
.166
.170
.170
.167
.169
.190
.190
.186
1913....................... .189
.190
.195
.191
.189
.187
.192
.190
.180
.186
1914....................... .190
.182
.191 ,.191
.190
.190
.188
.190
.180
.186
1915....................... .187
.191
.191
.180
.190
.189
.189
.335
.$13
1917....................... .296
.297
.299
. 295
.289
.463
.434
1919....................... .466
.501
.485
.464
.487
.469
.472
.450
.541
.521
1920....................... .549
.545
.559
.528
.514
.511
.526
.547
.535
.362
.352
.361
374
1922....................... .374
.357
.366
.363
.367
.349
INTR O DU CTIO N A N D SUM M ARY,
13
T able 5.—A V E R AG E EARNINGS PE R HOUR OF COMMON LABORERS IN SPECIFIED
DEPARTM ENTS OF T H E IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, 1907 TO 1922, B Y DISTRICTS
AND B Y YEARS—Concluded.
Average earnings per hour in—
District.
Bes OpenAll
Pud Bloom Plate Stand
Blast semer hearth
Bar Sheet Tin
ard
de
dling
ing
fur
confur mills.
rail mills. mills. plate
•mills. part
mills. mills. mills.
naces. vert- naces.
ments.
ters.
Southern:
1907....................... $0.130
1908....................... ' .111
1909....................... .112
$0.130
1910....................... .128
.130
1911....................... .131
1912....................... .130
.132
.152
1913....................... .136
1914....................... .137
.169 $0.144
.158
1915....................... .134
.146
.221
1917....................... .226
.370
1919....................... .334
.299
1920....................... .359
.480
.312
1922....................... .257
.296
.219
Total:
1907....................... .146 $0.155
.155
1908....................... .140
1909....................... .138
.151
.163
.157
1910....................... .150
.166
.161
1911....................... .151
1912....................... .152
. 164
.167
.192
.185
1913....................... .173
1914....................... .177
.193
.185
.173
.186
1915....................... .171
.193
.167
.292
1917....................... .281
.298
.436
.468
1919....................... .457
.489
.525
1920....................... .474
.537
.457
.354
1922....................... .315
.305
.363
$0,130
.111
.112
$0.131
.132
.131
.138
.148
.140
.217
.374
.404
.283
.129
.131
.130
.140
.148
.141
$6.i42
.141
.142
.222
.275
.381
.222
.162 $0.159 $0,163
.163
.169
.158
.161
.163
.169
.185
.175
.187
.174
.187
.185
.174
.182
.187
.287
.294
.450
.469
.478
.498
.511
.531
.350
.336
.354
.331
.398
*
.153
.153
.150
.160 $0.164 $0.165
.159
.166
.164
.160
.168
.167
.169
.190
.189
.189
.173
.188
.173
.188
.190
.331
.443
.462
.461
.506
.536
.533
.316
.356
.359
.253
.151
.147
.145
.158
.161
.162
.181
.181
•188
•298
.461
.508
.336
AVERAGE H OU R LY EARN IN G S IN D EPAR TM EN TS, 1922, BY DISTRICTS.
Table 6 shows, by districts, the average hourly earnings in 1922
in each department as a whole, all occupations combined. The
average was obtained by dividing the total earnings by the total
hours worked.
T able 6.—AVERAGE HOU RLY EARNINGS IN EACH DEPARTM ENT, A L L OCCUPATIONS
COMBINED, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS.
District.
Bes OpenTin
Blast semer hearth Pud Bloom Plate Stand
Bar
ard
Sheet plate
ing
con
dling
fur
fur mills.
rail mills. mills. mills.
naces. ver naces.
mills. mills. mills.
ters.
Eastern................................... $0,394
$0,450 $0,472
.576
Pittsburgh............................... .423 $0,478
.510
.458
.481
.501
Great Lakes and Middle West. .440
.404
.433
Southern.................................. .322
Total..............................
70889°— 24------ 2
.398
.470
.480
.496
$0,457
$0,488 $0,430
.498 $0,488
.517 $0,728
.484
.472
.494
.507
.453
.645
.384
.408
.472
.476
.470
.486
.694
$0,676
.587
.650
14
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR---- I R O N
AND
ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
The highest hourly averages are found in the sheet and tin-plate
mill departments, the rolling crews in these mills working in three
shifts at high speed and making exceptionally high hourly rates.
The lowest hourly average is found in the blast-furnace department,
owing to the preponderance of common labor or of occupations
requiring only very moderate skill. The hourly averages for the
two steel-making departments, the puddling mill department, and
the remaining rolling mills all fall within a range of two cents, the
puddling mill average being the highest.
The Pittsburgh and the Great Lakes and Middle West districts
show considerably higher average hourly earnings than the Eastern
and Southern districts, in all departments except blooming mills.
This condition was due to the lower rates paid to common labor in
the Eastern and Southern districts. The proportion of common
labor and of occupations requiring little skill in nearly every depart
ment was sufficient to affect materially the average for all occupations,
even though there was in many cases much less variation between
the rates of highly skilled occupations in the several districts. In
the blooming mill department some of the highly skilled occupations
were paid unusually high rates in the Eastern district.
SCOPE OF 1922 DATA.
In 1922 information was obtained from plants located in 13 States.
The plants covered have been grouped into four districts. These dis
tricts were established, not strictly on geographical lines, but rather
according to similar industrial conditions. The “ Eastern7' district
covers the eastern part of New York, of Pennsylvania, and of Maryland.
The “ Pittsburgh” district includes not only the plants in Pittsburgh
proper, but also others in western Pennsylvania, those along the border
line in Ohio from Youngstown south to Bellaire, and those located in
the “ Panhandle” of West Virginia. The “ Great Lakes and Middle
W est” district includes plants scattered along the Great Lakes, and
also some in inland districts, including Colorado. Although this is a
very large territory geographically, it is essentially a unit indus
trially, as far as the iron and steel industry is concerned, the wage
rates of the entire district being based largely on those paid in the
two producing centers, Buffalo and Chicago. The ‘‘ Southern”
district includes plants in Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky,
and the southern part of Ohio. The southern Ohio plants are in
cluded in the Southern district because the conditions, both as to
wages paid and the general class of labor employed, resemble much
more closely the conditions of the Alabama and Kentucky plants
than they do those of the other plants of Ohio.
The actual number of employees reported in each district in each
department and the number of plants covered in 1922 are shown in
Table 7. Each department of an establishment has been counted as
a separate plant.
15
INTRODUCTION AND SU M M AR Y.
T able 7.—NUM BER OF PLANTS AND EM PLOYEES SHOWN ON P A Y ROLLS IN 1922,
B Y DEPARTM ENTS AND DISTRICTS.
Eastern
district.
Pittsburgh
district.
Great Lakes
and Middle
West district.
Southern
district.
Total.
Department.
i
Em Plants. Em Plants. Em Plants. Em Plants. Em
Plants. ployees.
ployees.
ployees.
ployees.
ployees.
Blast furnaces...................
Bessemer converters........
Open-hearth furnaces----Puddling mills.................
Blooming mills.................
Plate mills........................
Standard rail mills..........
Bar mills...........................
Sheet m ills.......................
Tin-plate mills.................
Total..................... .
4
853
5
5
5
4
1,154
844
598
1,132
6
916
9
6
3,382
1,309
2,440
849
1,566
1,391
630
2,506
5,548
5,968
10
5
9
2
8
4
2
7
5
3
3,379
985
3,554
577
1,520
1,022
640
2,058
3,694
3,024
59
25,589
55
20,453
6
29
5,527
5
3
8
4
2
7
9
9
2,942
3
3
3
806
488
448
5
889
23
5,573
32
10,556
2,294
11
22
7,954
13
2,758
4,132
24
12
3,545
4 !1 1,270
25 i! 6,399
14 ' 9,242
8,992
9
166 ; 57,142
EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
Following is a brief explanation of the data contained in the five
major statistical tables, parts of which appear in each of the sections
relating to the several departments.
Table A .— Average customary full-time hours per week, average
earnings per hour, and average full-time weekly earnings, together
with the index numbers computed from these averages, are presented
in this table for theprincipal productive occupations in each depart
ment separately. Tne average customary full-time hours per week
of employees have been classified and the percentages of employees
working such hours are also shown in the table. Data are presented
for all years for which information is available. Figures for 1922
were compiled for this report and those for earlier years were taken
from previous reports published by this bureau.
The number o f employees reported for all years up to and including
1917, with the exception of laborers and those employed in certain
other unskilled general positions, is the number of jobs or positions
required in each occupation to operate the plants under normal con
ditions or such units as were operated for the pay period scheduled.
For the years 1919, 1920, and 1922 the actual number of individuals
appearing on the payrolls in all occupations, both skilled and unskilled,
have been reported.
The index numbers have been added as an aid in making a com
parison of the actual data over a period of years. The index for
each year is the per cent that the average for that year is of the
average for 1913.
Table B .— A classification showing numbers and percentages of
employees according to the number of days, or turns, per week
customarily worked is presented in Table B. The figures are pre
sented for the years 1907 to 1922,4 for each district reported ana for
all districts combined. In the data for 1922 all employees have been
classified as nearly as possible by their regular working time. Gas or
repair turns, however, have been disregarded when employees
customarily work such turns at less frequent intervals than once
4 For three departments; 1910 to 1922, for six departments; and 1914 to 1922, for one department.
data available for 1916,1918, and 1921.
No
16
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
every three weeks. In a few instances relief system s have also.been
omitted where the periods elapsing between reliefs were longer than
three weeks. Such variations in the regular working time of em
ployees have been cared for in the past by notes attached to the
table.5 These variations, however, while many in number, affect
only a very small per cent of the employees, and in m ost cases the
change in working time would be so slight as to be almost negligible.
A s data for each new year are added to the table, the notes likewise
increase, and in order to avoid this great m ultiplicity of notes, which
on the whole are of little consequence, they have been entirely
om itted.
W ith the exception of laborers and those employed in certain other
unskilled general positions, the number of employees reported for
each year up to and including 1917 represent the number of jobs
or positions required to operate the plants under normal operating
conditions, or such units as were operated for the period scheduled,
and does not necessarily mean the number of men who actually
worked during the pay period. A ll figures shown for 1919, 1920,
and 1922 are based on the number of individuals appearing on the
pay rolls. In the data for 1922 all employees who worked at two
or more occupations during the pay period in which the number , of
turns, or days, per week differed have been tabulated as often as
their turns per week changed. This method has, of course, led to
duplications in the actual number of employees in many instances
and in connection with Table B a text table is published for each
department, showing the number of actual employees in each dis
trict together with the number of duplications or repeated employees
in both selected and all occupations. Data for all occupations were
first obtained in 1914, and a separate tabulation has been made for
all occupations (in addition to that for selected occupations) for
1914, 1915, 1920, and 1922.
Table C.— This table covers the most important facts relative, to
the customary working time, actual earnings, and actual hours of
employees in the principal productive occupations in each depart
ment. Data for each occupation are presented for each district and
for all districts combined.
The customary working time has been divided into average turns
per week, average hours per turn, and average full-tim e hours per
week. These averages are based on the number of jobs or positions
required in each occupation to operate the plants under normal
conditions or such units as were operated for the period scheduled.
However, allowance has been made lor the regular relief of employees,
if any, so that the report shows average customary hours and turns
for individual employees, provided they work regularly and remain
in the same position throughout the pay period. The actual number
of employees engaged in each occupation is also shown, and they
have been classified according to their average customary full-tim e
hours per week. These hours are average hours and do not show
the full-tim e hours of an employee for any one week, unless such em
ployee does not alternate between day and night shifts, or works day
and night shifts of equal length.
The average hours worked, average earnings per pay period, and
average earnings per hour are based on the total hours and earnings
6 See
U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics B ui. No. 305.
INTRODUCTION AND SU M M ARY.
IV
of each employee as taken from the pay rolls. The average earnings
per hour were computed by dividing the total actual earnings re
ceived for the pay period by the total actual hours worked in each
occupation. The average hours worked and the average earnings
received for the half-m onth period have been obtained by dividing
the totals in each case by the actual number of employees engaged
in the occupation.
In addition the table shows similar averages for all work done in
the department by employees, whether in the occupation under con
sideration or in any other occupation at which they m ay have worked
during the period scheduled. This second set of averages is deemed
necessary, as the average for the specified occupation alone fails to
indicate the entire time and earnings of the individuals under con
sideration. These averages have been computed by the same method
as the averages for the specified occupation.
Table D .— Classified hourly earnings are shown in this report for
employees in two occupations only in each department. These
occupations have been selected as representative of the degree of
variation or spread of wages in all occupations. In no case does the
same occupation appear in any two departments, except that of
rollers, which appears in puddling mills and sheet m ills, and that of
heaters, which appears in blooming mills and tin-plate m ills, and in
these departments the duties of the repeated occupations vary so
widely that they may be considered two distinct occupations. E x
ceptionally high or low earnings per hour in practically all occupa
tions indicate that the employees were working under unusual
conditions, such as performing work on Sunday at time and one-half
rate, or working on a turn which produced exceedingly high or low
tonnage.
Table E .— This table presents in detail the number of turns,
hours per turn, and full-tim e hours per week of employees who
regularly work 7 days per week or 12 hours or more per day either
all or a part of the time. Data are shown for three groups of em
ployees for each department, by districts, as follows: Those who work
days only, those who work nights only, and those who alternate or
rotate from day to night shift. A ll employees who changed occupa
tions during the pay period scheduled, when the customary working
time of the new occupation was different from the old in any way,
have been omitted from this table in order to reduce the complica
tions which arise from duplicated or repeated employees.
For
example, if an employee worked as a laborer on the basis of seven
turns per wTeek of 12 hours each and a cinderman on the basis of six
turns of 13 hours each, he would not appear in this table.
There are many divisions of the 24-hour workday, brought
about in numerous instances by employees arranging to divide day
and night work into various lengths to suit their desires, and em
ployers have recognized these divisions. This accounts for such turns
as 11 hours for day and 13 hours for night, 10 hours for day and 14
hours for night, or 10^ hours for day and 13^ hours for night. W hile
these turns are equivalent to a regular 12 hour shift, the different
length of turns customarily worked by employees are shown in this
table.
Owing to the gas and fix-up or repair turns necessary in many of
the departments a number of employees customarily work a week
18
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL IN DU STR Y.
of 7 days at very infrequent intervals or occasionally a 12-hour turn.
Such employees have not been considered as regular 7-day or 12-hour
workers and have not been included.
Em ployees in two crews who alternate on day and night work and
who work seven days on day turn and seven nights on night turn,
must work a long shift of 18 to 24 hours when changing turns unless
there is some system of relief provided.6 Likewise, when on a threeshift system , employees must work more than 8 hours out of 24 when
changing turns. There are, however, varied systems of relief in
force in many plants whereby this long turn is avoided.
In some instances in the table hours are reported for seven days, yet
the number of days worked are reported as six. The figures are for
a seven-day occupation wherein each employee was relieved one day
in seven, but either this was not always on the same day each week,
or information as to which day was not available; therefore the hours
for all days have been shown and the relief indicated in the full-tim e
hours per week.
The regular relief systems in force in many plants are shown to a
large extent by this table, but it must not be assumed that there was
no chance for rest where such have not been shown. In some plants,
while there is no regular system of relief, the employees are not held
strictly to the working days of the plant and can often take a day off
as they desire it, the plant putting another man in the place of the one
absent. A s it was impossible to determine when or how often a
man might be excused under such conditions, such plants have been
treated m this table as though no relief was granted.
Workmen whose labor is continuous and who are subjected to
high temperatures usually have spell hands— that is, three men
work on a two-man position, or two men work on a one-man position,
which arrangement allows each man in rotation intervals for rest.
Such intervals of rest are considered as time on duty.
6 During the summer of 1923 there was a strong movement in this industry to eliminate the
and 7-day week.
12-hour
day
BLAST FURNACES.
The 1922 survey includes 32 representative blast-furnace plants
which employed 10,556 men in all occupations. The number of em
ployees reported in 1922 is somewhat less than in 1920, although
data were obtained from a greater number of establishments, as in
most cases companies were operating a fewer number of stacks. Of
the 10,556 employees reported 6,037 are found in the principal pro
ductive occupations for which separate figures are given. Data were
first obtained for this department in 1907 and comparative figures are
presented for the period 1907 to 1922.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, aver
age full-tim e hours per week for 1922 show no change when compared
with 1920, and a decrease of 7 per cent as compared with 1913. Aver
age hourly earnings, however, declined 33 per cent during the period
1920 to 1922 but were 91 per cent higher than in 1913. Average
full-tim e weekly earnings followed very closely the course of hourly
earnings, as changes in full-tim e hours per week were very slight as
compared with the variations in hourlv earnings. The average
earnings per hour of all employees in all occupations in 1922 was
39.8 cents as compared with 57.1 cents in 1920.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the principal productive occupations of blast fur
naces are shown in Table A (1). W hile the customary working time of
the 16 selected occupations combined shows no change in 1922 as com
pared with 1920, when considered separately the average full-tim e
hours per week of 11 of the occupations show increases and 5 de
creases. Increases range from 0.5 hours for blowing engineers to
5.7 hours for bottom filers. The largest decrease is found in the
occupation of laborers, which contains 25 per cent of all employees
in selected occupations. The average full-tim e hours per wreek of
laborers in 1907 were 75.8 which were reduced in 1913 to 72.5. In
1914 and 1915 working time again decreased to 70.8 and 71.3 hours
respectively, but in 1917, owing to war conditions, hours began to
increase and the high mark of 77.9 was reached in 1919. B y 1920
the average had decreased to 72.3 hours per week and by 1922 to
67.7 hours.
Average earnings per hour have decreased in each of the 16 selected
occupations when 1922 is compared with 1920 and 1919 but the 1922
figures are greater in each instance than those for any other year for
which data are presented. The decreases between 1920 and 1922
range from 13.6 cents per hour for iron handlers and loaders to 23.7
cents for blowing engineers. For. example, the average earnings
per hour of blowing engineers fluctuated between 23 and 26.2 cents
from 1909 to 1915. In 1917 earnings began to increase, and the
average for that year was 39.1 cents per nour. The increase con
tinued through 1919 to the high mark of 72 cents in 1920. The
average for 1922 was 48.3 cents. Table A (1) shows like figures for
the otner occupations as well.
Average full-tim e weekly earnings in each selected occupation
decreased in about the same proportion as average hourly earnings.
i N o data were collected for the years 1916,1918, and 1921.
19
20
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-----IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
From the nature of its process a blast furnace is in continuous
operation seven days per week. However, owing to the various
systems of relief in force in many plants, only 31 per cent or less of
the employees in any selected occupation worked an average full
time of 84 hours per week in 1922. A few 7-day workers were on an
8-hour basis and are included in the group “ Over 48 and under 60. ”
The large m ajority of the employees m this department are found in
the groups “ 7 2 ” and “ Over 72 and under 84.
Index numbers for full-tim e hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-tim e weekly earnings are also contained in Table A ( l) .
These are simply percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1913 as the base, or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occu
pations combined) are shown on page 4.
A (1).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B LA S T F U R N A CE S }
T able
[ For explanation of this table see p . 15.]
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Occupation
and year.
Stockers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Bottom fillers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
T op fillers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
1 This table
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
fulltune
weekly
earn
ings.
Full
time
hours
per
week.
824
473
737
1,445
904
1,069
1,269
1,031
878
441
20 1,043
27 1,624
31 1,316
81.4 $0.170 $13.83
79.1
.157 12.43
80.9
.158 12.75
79.9
.164 13.17
79.7
.168 13.40
78.8
.171 13.46
78.0
.192 15.00
74.9
.188 14. 03
74.6
.188 13.99
77.4
.295 22. 79
78.1
.465 36.32
75.5
.527 39.6 8
74.4
.352 26.06
104
7
7
7
14
15
15
13
13
9
3
4
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
84.0
82.2
82.1
82.0
82.4
84.0
82.2
67.1
72.8
.160
.150
.138
.152
.149
.152
.168
.167
.176
.270
.436
.568
.336
102
102
102
102
102
100
100
100
100
102
100
84.0
44 84.0
50 84.0
142 82.8
92 82.2
96 80.0
98 80.3
80 80.1
44 79.0
22
84.0
28 76.7
74 71.2
.177
.168
.161
.169
.171
.175
.191
.199
.213
.257
.468
.573
.388
18
18
18
32
32
34
33
35
35
14
6
7
8
8
8
13
14
14
14
13
8
3
4
6
7
293
194
282
672
417
468
469
360
148
56
72
249
311
66
86
6 8 .8
13.40
12.59
11.61
12. 77
12.50
12.53
13.88
13.76
14.48
2 2 .6 8
35.84
38.35
24.44
14.86
14.15
13.56
13.85
13.84
13.81
15.19
15.71
16.44
21.57
35.90
39.72
26.02
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
were—
Index numbers.
(1933= 100.)
101
104
102
102
101
100
96
96
99
100
97
95
82
89
105
105
105
103
102
100
100
100
98
105
96
89
86
FunOver
Over
Over
Earn time 48
48
60
72
ings week and and 60 and 72 and
per
un un
un
un 84
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
72.
84.
60.
ings.
89
82
82
85
92
83
85
2
1
88
( 2)
1
89
90
3
100
100
1
1
1
98
98
154
242
274
183
93
93
152
242
265
174
95
89
82
90
89
90
97
91
84
92
90
90
100
100
99
105
161
260
338
99
104
163
258
276
176
200
93
88
84
88
90
92
100
104
103
108
142
236
261
171
135
245
300
203
2
2
3
4
5
13 ( 2)
10
3
1
1
18
12
10
18
27
27
3
1
2
7
13
12
21
22
47
13
15
30
15
16
23
22
16
17
9
6
6
8
5
16
40
49
24
10
77
58
60
63
62
50
45
29
27
41
66
20
22
i
'.......
1.......
.......
.......
____
100
100
100
100
100
85
84
83
15
16
17
14
86
100
31
42
16
98
93
89
91
91
91
100
112
3
23
53
69
35
31
100
100
100
4
7
6
6
8
i.......
i.......
i.......
!.......
was published in the M onthly Labor Review for May, 1923.
10
89
88
9
26
14
96
93
75
78
78
77
19
16
15
9
100
21
27
27
2 Less than
21
24
53
1 per cent.
57
49
20
BLAST FUKNACES.
T
21
A m .— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 t o 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B L A S T FURNACES — Continued.
able
22
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
A (1).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 to 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B L A S T F U R N A C E S — Continued.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Num
Num ber
of
ber
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
full
time
weekly
earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
tim e
hours
per
week.
Earnings
per
hour.
Blowing enginecrs:
100
1907...........
20
102
84.0 J0.242 *$20.30
93
1908...........
85 84.0
20
102
.235 19.77
90
1909...........
20
103 84.0
.230 19.35
102
88
34
153 84.0
1910...........
.243 20-39
102
93
35
137 82.9
1911...........
.244 20.15
94
101
1912...........
142 80.6
35
98
96
.249 19.93
35
1913...........
156 82.0
.260 21.28
100
100
1914...........
38
147 79.3
.262 20-64
97
101
38
153 79-1
1915...........
.262 20.64
96
101
1917...........
18
122
76.1
.391 29.61
93
150
24
143 80-0
1919...........
.628 50.24
98
242
164 73.7
28
1920...........
.720 52.50
277
90
1922...........
32
213 74.2
.483 35.49
90
185
Blowing engineers’ assistants:
1907...........
11
67 84.0
.203 17.02
101
90
1908...........
11
51 81.0
101
88
.199 10.72
1909...........
11
74 84.0
101
.191 16.08
85
1910...........
18
94 84.0
.207 17.38
92
101
18
91 83.2
1911...........
.205 17.06
100
91
1912...........
18
108 8 «1. 4
.2 1 1
16.85
94
97
18
1913...........
94 83.2
.225 ! 18.67
100
100
21
1914...........
99 79.0
.223 i 17.57
95
99
21
96 78.3
1915...........
.223 ' J7.41
91
99
17
130 79.1
.565 44.69 ! 95
1919...........
251
86
22
1920...........
189 71.7
.632 45.24
281
1922...........
24
213 73.5
.424 31.08 ! 88
188
1
Stove tenders:
140 84.0
1907...........
20
.192 1 16.10 ! 103
91
20
1908...........
96 84.0
.185 15.52 ! 103
88
20
140 84.0
.181 15.22 ! 103
1909...........
86
34
200
84.0
1910...........
.193 16.21
103
91
35
1911...........
180 82.7
.190 15.68
101
90
1912...........
36
214 79.5
.195 15.38
97
92
35
1913...........
.2 1 1
220 81.9
17.30
100
100
1914...........
38
183 79.7
.209 16.56
97
99
1915...........
38
186 79.4
.208 16.46
97
99
1919...........
24
204 80.3
.528 42.40
98
250
1920...........
28
281
297 73.7
.592 43.38
90
1922...........
32
279 75.2
.403 30.08
92
191
Keepers:
1907...........
20
146 84.0
.218 i 18.34
102
93
1908...........
20
96 84.0
.2 1 0
17.68
102
89
1909...........
141 S4.0
.205 : 17.26
20
102
87
1910...........
34
84.0
201
.215 : 18.09
102
91
35
1911...........
184 82.7
.217 17.95
101
92
1912...........
36
218 79.6
.223 17.59
97
95
1913...........
35
230 82.0
.235 19.28
100
100
1914...........
38
184 79.6
.233 18.47
97
99
1915...........
38
.232 18.33
187 79.4
97
99
1917...........
18
162 77.4
.344 26.55
94
146
1919...........
.562 45.30
24
203 80.6
98
239
28
1920...........
280 73.7
.635 1 46.45
90
270
1922...........
32
288 75.3
.420 j 31.47
92
179
Keepers’ help
ers*
1907...........
20
616 84.0
.165 13.89
102
89
1908...........
20
409 84.0
.160 13.41
102
86
1909...........
20
596 84.0
. 155 13.04
102
93
1910...........
34
877 84.0
.168 14.13
102
90
1911...........
35
742 83.1
.167 13.84
101
90
1912...........
36
870 80.2
.173 13.75
98
93
1913...........
35
950 82.2
.186 15.31
100
100
1914...........
38
734 80.6
.185 14.83
98
99
1915...........
38
727 81.1
.182 14.48
97
98
1917...........
18
392 77.6
.292 22.59
94
157
1919...........
24
650 80.2
.480 38.50
98
258
1920...........
28 1,168 74.5
. 522 as. 60
281
91
1922...........
32 il, 178 75.3
.349 26.16
92
188
* Including less than 1 per cent whose full-tim e hours were 91.
FuHtime
week
ly
earn
ings.
95
93
91
96
95
94
Per cent of emp►loyees whose
average full-tim e 1lours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
48 and
and
and un 60 un 72 and 84
un
un
der
der
der. der
60.
72.
84.
4
100
97
97
139
236
247
167
7
16
5
9
18
17
37
I....... 39
64
12
29
62
100
100
100
100
91
77
83
6
6
10
25
13
91
90
7
8
10
6
100
94
93
239
242
166
36
42
17
30
67
7
20
6
12
13
15
25
16
93
90
11
18
17
33
35
14
8
100
96
95
245
251
174
95
92
90
94
93
91
4
19
4
21
61
7
6
15
34
12
11
17
17
34
35
52
8
4
18
4
11
24
58
7
6
7
14
34
13
91
8
8
100
97
95
148
251
252
171
89
74
83
61
58
67
26
23
89
74
83
60
58
41
70
25
25
100
100
100
100
88
85
92
90
90
11
100
100
100
100
100
96
95
138
235
241
163
93
81
94
52
46
61
25
100
100
100
100
88
94
91
89
36
71
30
19
100
100
100
100
86
93
91
90
a57
3 56
6
15
4
3
2
14
15
28
30
55
13
10
22
30
56
7
5
9
11
92
78
85
66
65
36
71
30
26
23
BLAST FURNACES,
A
( 1 ; .— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 to 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BLAST FURNACES— Concluded.
T able
!
1 Index numbers.
Occupation
and year.
Iron handlers
and loaders:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
P ig-m ach ine
men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Cinder men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913.*.......
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
9
9
9
18
19
19
19
16
16
4
4
8
8
9
9
9
16
17
17
19
21
21
10
18
21
23
20
20
20
32
32
32
33
31
31
13
21
23
24
20
20
20
34
35
35
35
37
37
17
24
27
32
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
were—
Aver
age
full
tim e Full
Full
weekly time Earn time 48
earn hours ings week and
un
ings.
ly
per per
week. hour. earn der.
ings.
203
163
24,2
305
308
406
446
333
323
106
94
260
386
73-2 $0.193 $14.20
73.0
.190 13.95
73.6
.177 13.05
74.2
.194 14.36
73.0
.195 14.17
.206 15.11
73.1
72.5
16.07
.2 2 0
71.5
.2 2 2
16.09
74.0
.204 15.22
.243 17.44
71.4
.361 26.32
72.9
.443 32.00
72.2
.307 21.67
70.4
101
101
102.
102
101
101
100
193
157
152
291
267
275
303
259
245
154
370
390
383
84.0
83.9
83.9
83.9
82.4
81.9
81.9
79.2
79.6
77.9
80.5
72.2
73.1
.167
.163
.162
.169
.169
.171
.192
.192
.190
.300
.477
.552
.380
14.03
13.69
13.57
14.14
13.98
13.97
15.72
15.15
15.07
23.21
38.40
39.63
27.73
103
262
245
380
482
339
397
380
286
254
168
295
87
216
83.6
82.6
82.2
82.9
81.3
75.2
79.9
78.3
78.6
78.4
77.2
68.4
71.6
.173
.156
.150
.163
.158
.164
.179
.176
.174
.286
.473
.557
.390
14.46
957
718
757
1,423
937
1,049
1,273
1,096
885
698
2,184
1,770
1,500
75.8
72.8
73.0
74.7
73.3
73.1
72.5
70.8
71.3
75.3
77.9
72.3
67.7
.146
.140
.138
.150
.151
.152
.171
.177
.171
.281
.457
.474
.315
* Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
(1913=100.)
1 2 .8 8
12.34
13.56
12.84
99
102
88
86
80
88
89
94
93
95
109
164
199
135
101
100
164
102
102
102
101
100
100
97
97
95
98
201
140
87
85
84
88
88
89
100
100
89
99
156
248
288
198
105
103
103
104
97
87
84
91
88
90
82
82
90
90
90
1 2 .2 0
21.23
35.60
34.60
21.69
98
98
104
107
100
93
100
104
100
164
267
277
184
100
101
98
171
286
278
174
17
17
36
32
50
8
7
3
7
25
4
23
58
1
6
2
8
10
11
12
85
82
81
89
12
6
1
105
88
88
9
25
(2)
11.13
10.24
10.17
11.23
11.14
11.15
12.43
12.52
101
101
100
1
9
7
97
96
156
256
265
195
31
32
29
34
39
16
21
2
12
1
98
97
160
264
311
218
35
0
11
(2)
86
98
98
98
97
100
101
(2)
(8)
(2)
(*)
( 2)
(*)
90
100
34
32
36
100
101
92
103
2
1
12
2
2
96
96
148
244
252
176
100
86
3
100
94
90
3
90
89
89
100
88
5
6
9
7
6
6
4
4
86
14.27
13.78
13.64
22.31
36.52
37.85
27.76
102
2
2
60
60
57
59
61
49 ” 9*
9
47
37
8
2
53
6
85
71
60 is"
37 49
89
87
95
90
85
1 2 .2 0
4
1
6
8
11
88
94
100
100
110
97
88
87
81
89
100
101
98
!r
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
and 60 and 72 and
un
un
un 84
der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
17
4
3
14
34
13
3
4
13
io
9
15
27
24
44
4
2
( 2)
W7
(2)
2
13
9
9
11
id
4
2
24
38
13
14
11
20
37
38
50
28
31
30
34
(2)
5
15
7
7
13
19
(2)
( 2)
' 2
10
10
21
20
22
35
29
16
11
8
8
5
29
12
16
12
11
24
16
2
2
3
10
10
21
19
22
5
7
34
* Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours were 91.
21
14
9
4
7
7
6
15
33
2
98
98
99
87
83
83
3 55
3 60
48
80
27
23
88
82
78
89
78
56
64
57
62
56
60
25
20
47
27
28
30
31
31
3 29
25
26
44
57
17
13
24
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
The number of employees reported in 1922 includes some duplica
tions, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation of
Table B (p. 15). O f the 6,164 employees reported in the selected
occupations for all districts combined there were 127 duplications,
leaving 6,037 actually engaged, and the total of 10,716 employees
shown for all occupations represents 10,556 individuals.
The gross number of employees reported, together with the net num
ber of actual employees for selected occupations and for all occupa
tions in each district and in all districts combined, are shown in
Table 8.
T able 8.—NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES R E PO R TE D , NUM BER OF DU PLICATION S, AND
ACTU AL NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND A L L OCCUPA
TION S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS —BLAST FURNACES.
Employees in selected occupa
tions.
D istrict.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Eastern............................................
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.......
Southern..........................................
513
1,928
1,881
1,842
22
19
491
1,843
1,880
1,823
Total......................................
6,164
127 j
6,037
85
1
Employees in all occupations.
1
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
885
3,481
3,383
2,967
-32
99
4
25
10,716
160 |
1..
Actual
number.
853
3,382
3,379
2,942
10,556
The customary working time per week of employees in the blast
furnace department has been classified, and the number and per
cent of employees coming under each classification are shown in
Table B (1).
W hile the blast furnace process is a continuous operation, the
amount of 7-day work among the employees varies according to
the prevalence of systems for relieving men one day each week.
These systems developed between 1910 and 1915, but were inter
rupted by the war. The percentage of seven-day workers in the
combined selected occupations declined from 95 in 1910 to 81 in 1913
and to 59 in 1915, but owing to the war, increased to 80 in 1919,
and then dropped to 54 in 1920. In 1922 the number of employees
working the 7-day week was still further reduced and less than onethird, or 31 per cent, worked that number of turns. The number
working six days per week has, however, increased from 5 per cent
in 1910 to 57 per cent in 1922.
The greatest reduction in seven-day workers in 1922 was in the
Southern district, 35 per cent working these turns as compared with
84 per cent in 1920, and the six-day workers increased from 16 per
cent in 1920 to 63 per cent in 1922. There was also a material de
crease in working time in the Great Lakes and Middle W est district,
where 28 per cent worked the seven-day week in 1922 as compared
with 68 per cent in 1920.
In all occupations and all districts combined the percentage of
regular seven-day workers was 29 in 1922; 54 in 1920, and 53 in
1914.
BLAST FURNACES,
5-
fM B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S
O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R OF
!lCH D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S
B Y Y E A R S — BLAST FURNACES .
R
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
Number
of
employees
whose customary work
ing time per week was—
Num
Num ber of
Year. ber of em
plants. ploy
ees.1
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
1914
1915
1920
1922
6
6
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
6
6
6
3
3
3
4
3
4
9
9
9
10
10
10
5
8
8
9
1914
1915
1920
1922
10
10
8
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
6
6
6
1914
1915
1920
1922
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
5
7
9
10
11
11
9
10
320
235
328
1,436
779
660
811
604
421
385
351
329
513
6 days,
6 days,
6 days
days,
days,
and 7 6and
and 7 6and
7
6
7
days. days daysin 7 days.
days days in
days.
alter rota
alter rota
nately. tion.
nately. tion.
?es
rk3—
6 days
6
33
43
287
192
317
1,357
659
524
626
443
335
194
351
278
371
11
79
118
134
185
2
2
161
86
177
51
51
1,078
794
647
885
354
256
137
171
1,731
161
1,683
2,302
2,127
2,415
•2,640
2,061
1,980
1,129
3,100
2,913
1,928
74
87
1
Per cent o
whose oust
ing time pe
14
91
46
5
678
533
505
534 j
180
1,657
1,074
1,617
2,191
66
111
127
2 ,0 0 0
10
18
3
6
15
20
23
27
20
4
18
4
7
4
5
6
4
2
826
1,118
267
204
157
284
1,415
447
3,298
3,176
4,916
3,481
1,466
1,470
1,550
1,947
405
316
1,473
811
1,427
1,390
1,893
723
44
46
32
56
1,310
947
1,163
2,103
1,387
1,722
1,928
1,650
1,408
838
1,964
1,969
1,881
14
27
44
116
343
607
660
873
796
757
439
318
1,181
339
311
168
1,296
920
1,119
1,987
1,044
1,115
1,268
777
612
81
1,186
1,340
532
1
3
4
6
25
35
34
53
57
90
16
63
3,172
2,761
3,871
3,383
1,883
1,643
743
2,064
618
473
1,286
1,115 !
2,480 ;
846 i
59
60
19
61
65
853
860
199
221
3
3
8
16
10
2,314
2,575
941
916
773
2,595
672
363
101
go
46
33
32
21
19
41
43
18
7
28
58
22
ys-
4
1
20
13
10
14
9
12
10
30
23
17
16
17
14
amn for the years 1907 to 1917 represent the number of jobs and for t
number of men employed.
82
97
95
85
79
77
73
80
50
LOO
84
72
63
67
79
60
96
93
96
95
94
96
98
46
46
68
84
23
19
43
44
39
21
99
97
96
94
75
65
66
*47
43
10
60
68
28
41
40
64
25
19,
26
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IR O N A N D ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
T able B
(1 ).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O C U S
T O M A R I L Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S P E R
W E E K IN E A C H D I S T R I C T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — B LAST FURN ACES — Concluded.
Number
of employees
whose customary work
ing time per week was—
District.
Per cent of employees
whose customary work
ing time per week was—
Num-j
Num ber of
6 days,;
ber
of
em
Year.
6 days
6 days
days,,
plants. ploy
7 6and
and 7
6
7 7 days.
ees. 6 days. and
days daysin
days
days. alter
alter rota
nately.
nately. tion.
6 days,
6 days,
7
and 7
daysin days.
rota
tion.
SOUTHERN.
Selected occupations..
All occupations..
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
37
I 1,172
2
1914
1915
1920
1922
1,705
1,832
2,741
2,967
265
347
52
67
127
31
261
1,169
20
All occupations..
20
4,278
3,028
4,104
34 7,050
35 5,336
36 6,101
35 6,636
38 5,312
38 4,914
18 2,867
24 6,315
28 6,887
32 6,164
157
129
343
590
1,107
1,257
1,939
1,809
1,260
660
1,456
3,519
1914
1915
1920
1922
38 9,253
38 8,563
28 12,170
32 10,716
3,901
3,599
3,534
6,114
20
99
97
3
100
%
80
72
95
94
69
28
5
6
25
100
84
35
87
60
34
.1
121
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
20
I 1,041
1 1,039
: 910
! 945
1,038
357
I 900
i 1,415
| 653
100
100
1
! 1,507
! 1,602
| 1,637
198
230
1,104
1,932
T O TA L .
Selected occupations..
917
685
922
I
!
8
267
204
202
623
1,726
726
451
321
2,121
1,500
3
3
...!
...
4,157
2,871
3,975
6,707
4,744
4,992
5,379
3,106
2,901
1,405
5,032
3,705'
1,919
3
5
3
5
11
18
19
37
37
44
10
21
57
4,
4,040
6,515
3,102
42
42
29
57
97
95
97
95
89
82
81
58
59
49
80
54
31
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
53
54
54
29
* Less than 1 per cent.
Table C (1) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual working time, actual earnings per pay period, and
earnings per hour or employees in 32 blast furnace plants, by occupa
tions ana districts, for the year 1922. In addition, for each occupa
tion are shown the number of positions and the number of employees
actually working during the pay period and also the time and
earnings of the same employees during the same period at occupations
other than the occupation specified.
Referring to the occupation of stockers, b y way o f illustration, 771
positions were filled by a total of 1,316 men during the pay period
scheduled. The average customary full time of the men working
in these positions was 6.4 turns per week, 11.6 hours; per turn, and
74.4 hours per week. In the distribution of the customary working,
time o f the 1,316 actual employees, 289, or 22 per cent, worked 84
hours per week, while 522, or 40 per cent, worked 72 hours per week.
BLAST FURNACES.
27
The average hourly earnings of stockers ranged from 27.4 cents in
the Southern district to 37.6 cents in the Great Lakes and Middle
West district, with an average of 35.2 cents for all districts combined.
The range for average full-time weekly earnings was from $20.85 in
the Southern district to $27.94 in the Pittsburgh district, and the
average for all districts was $26.06.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the employees worked in
more than one occupation during the pay period and in order to give
the complete hours and earnings for such employees, separate figures
are given which include all occupations at which they worked. While
1,316 men working as stockers averaged 96.9 hours per pay period,
they also averaged 29.3 hours at other work, making a total of 126.2
average hours per pay period in specified (stocker) and other occupa
tions. During the 96.9 hours they worked as stockers they earned
an average of $34.13, or 35.2 cents per hour. When the work of these
men in all occupations is considered, they earned $44.32— that is,
$10.19 was earned in some other occupation than stocker.
The average earnings per hour in the principal productive occupa
tions in this department in 1922 ranged from 30.7 cents for iron
handlers and loaders to 67.8 cents for blowers, and the average actual
hours worked per pay period ranged from 72.6 for laborers to 125.7 for
blowers. Employees who worked as larrymen’s helpers earned the
greatest amount at “ other occupations.” These employees earned
an average of $34 as larrymen’s helpers and an additional $17.54 at
other work.
Iron handlers and loaders earned the least at other occupations,
the amount being $3.99.
T able C (1).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— BLAST FURNACES.
Positions.
Occupation and district.
Num
ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Stockers:
Eastern...............
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W .
Southern............
Total.
31
T otal-
27
Num Over
ber.
48
Turns Hours Hours
and
per
per
per
under
week. turn. week.
60.
60
Over
60
and
under
72.
84
222
183
48
194
79
47
87
53
102
$27.3,7
27.94
26.58
20.85
522
321
289
26.06
11.6
108
509
444
255
40
771
6.4
11.6
74.4
1,316
40
6.8
6.3
10.4
12.0
70.2
75.2
149
162
50
6.5
11.2
72.8
311
50
6.8
6.3
9.0
12.0
60.0
76.1
53
6.5
10.6
18.8
86
23
46
25
78
77
30
7.0
6.3
6.3
6.4
11.9
12.0
11.4
12.0
83.5
75.6
71.1
76.8
31
125
129
55
15
71
91
35
210
6.4
11.8
75.1
340
, 15
197
117
15
129
Aver
Specified and other
Specified occupation.
age
occupations.
full
time
earn
Aver
ings per
Aver Aver Average Aver
age
age
week. Average age
age
hours
earn
hours
earn
per
per worked. earn
worked. earn
ings. ings
ings. ings
hour.
hour.
Over
72
and
under
84.
79.1
75.5
70.7
76.1
6.6
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
72
11.4
11.9
11.3
190
Larry men:
Eastern..
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W .
Southern............
Number whose customary full-time
hours per week were—
0.9
6.4
6.3
Top fillers:
G .L .a n d M .W .
Southern............
Total..
Average customary
full time of em
ployees in the
positions.
75
320
238
138
Bottom fillers:
G .L .a n d M . W .
Southern............
Total-
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
$0,346
.370
.376
.274
144.7
123.8
125.0
125.4
$50.13
45.63
47.34
33.97
$0,346
.369
.379
.271
34.13
.352
126.2
44.32
.351
108.8
42.11
28.96
.417
.266
124.2
135.0
51.78
35.65
.417
.264
96
!4.44
105.1
35.26
.336
129.9
43.38
.334
17
32.94
21.92
99.4
94.4
54.54
27.20
.549
.288
128.1
137.7
66.17
38.39
.517
.279
17
26.02
96.3
37.38
134.1
48.73
.363
34.49
30.84
30.57
23.96
129.6
111.7
101.1
97.4
53.55
45.51
43.43
30.36
.413
.408
.430
.312
167.9
154.0
154.9
149.0
67.33
61.50
63.68
44.28
.411
.297
29.96
107.0
43.00
.402
154.8
60.08
29.27
23
52
101.0
$38.03
39.47
32.58
24.51
20.00
44
121
165
109.9
106.8
86.7
89.5
.401
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
[For explanation of this table see p. 16.]
J&
00
8------- fZ— <,68802,
Larry men’s helpers:
Eastern....................................
4
25
7,0
9
103
Pittsburgh...............................
6.4
7
59
G. L .an dM . W ......................
6.3
4
6.4
Southern..................................
28
11.9
12.0
11.1
11.6
83.5
76.5
69.1
73.3
40
175
107
61
17
1
3
8
93
77
44
11
214
Total.....................................
24
215
6.4
11.7
74.9
383
17
Skip operators:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G. L .an dM . W ......................
Southern..................................
4
9
7
5
22
61
44
24
7.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
11.9
12.0
11.4
12.0
83.5
76.0
71.5
76.0
35
82
63
40
7
47
42
28
1
25
151
6.4
11.8
75.8
220
7
117
4
9
10
9
16
50
48
33
7.0
6.9
6.3
6.4
11.6
11.1
11.1
12.0
81.4
70.4
68.7
76.4
17
70
62
46
12
10
40
52
29
Total.....................................
32
147
6.6
11.4
195
22
121
Blowing engineers:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G. L. andM. W ......................
Southern..................................
4
9
10
9
10
42
65
26
7.0
6.9
6.2
6.5
11.8
12.0
11.4
12.0
82.8
75.8
70.6
77.5
15
61
91
46
11
32
71
30
72.4
___
Total.....................................
32
143 j
6.5
11.7
74.2
213
11
133
Blowing engineers’ assistants:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G. L. andM. W ......................
Southern..................................
3
7
9
5
fi
Sfi
44
18
7.6
6.2
6.4
6.2
11.7
12.0
11.2
12.0
82.0
74.4
70.7
74.7
10
83
84
36
12
58
54
31
Total.....................................
24
124
6.3
11.7
73.5
213
12
143
Stove tenders:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G. L .an dM . W ......................
Southern.............................. .
4
9
10
9
20
68
63
37
7.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
11.9
12.0
11.4
12.0
83.4
75.6
71.7
75.9
23
98
95
63
10
63
63
45
Total......................... „.........
32
188
6.4
11.8
75.2
279
10
17!
37
41
53
9
31.00
28.08
25.57
20.01
102.3
106.0
86.7
76.2
38.01
38.88
32.06
20.80
.372
.367
.370
.273
147.9
148.4
141.0
142.4
53.41
54.69
52.84
39.02
.36!
.368
.375
.274
87
26.40
95.5
34.00
.356
145.3
51.54 |
.355
3
20
9
32
15
5
12
32.31
31.84
30.24
24.93
100.1
133.5
118.6
108.3
38.80
55.98
50.19
35.56
.387
.419
.423
.328
165.9
159.0
152.2
154.7
61.42
66.05
63.29
50.28
.370
.415
.416
.325
32
64
30.20
119.4
47.88
.401
157.4
61.66
.392
7
16
10
2
i7
46.24
52.80
49.81
43.17
155.0
118.4
124.9
127.0
88.01
88.75
90.49
71.73
.568
.750
.725
.565
170.5
149.9
146.1
156.4
94.42
104.26
101.42
82.09
.554
.696
.694
.525
23
29
49.00
125.7
85.22
.678
152.0
97.27
.640
4
20
4
11
9
5
16
35.44
39.11
36.64
28.44
119.9
122.8
118.1
101.7
51.30
63.41
61.26
37.36
.428
.516
.519
.367
168.5
159.4
133.8
150.6
68.24
79.69
68.59
53.06
.405
.500
.513
.332
28
41
35.49
116.0
56.01
.483
147.2
68.39
.465
4
18
13
6
7
5
5
28.78
31.92
34.15
22.63
109.3
120.3
85.2
90.0
38.31
51.62
41.15
27.28
.351
.429
.483
.303
165.5
158.4
120.3
141.1
57.43
67.38
56.41
44.03
.347
.425
.469
.312
35
23
31.08
100.8
42.75
.424
140.8
58.64
.417
2
18
13
21
17
9
18
33.36
31.30
30.97
25.65
146.3
124.4
108.6
106.0
58.50
51.48
46.85
35.83
.400
.414
.432
.338
155.3
162.8
144.7
146.7
61.76
66.63
61.77
50.14
.398
.409
.427
.342
33
65
30.08
116.6
46.95
.403
152.4
60.85
.399
BLAST FURNACES,
Total.....................................
Blowers:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G .L .an d M. W ....................
Southern..................................
3
40
10
to
CD
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—BLAST FURNACES— Concluded.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
30
T able C (1).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
Cinder men:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G. L. andM. W ......................
Southern..................................
Total.....................................
Laborers:
Eastern....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
G. L.and M . W ..........................
Southern..................................
Total.....................................
j|
1
21
36
84
8
6. 7
6.3
6.4
6.8
11.8
11.8
10.6
11.8
79. 7
73.5
68.1
79.5
24
59
122
11
28
21
1
24
149
6.5
11.1
71.6
216
28
4
9
51
194
183
316
6.6
6.3
6.3
6.3
11.2
11.0
10.6
10.6
75.2
69.7
66.1
66.1
87
399
410
604
32
744
6.3
10.8
67. 77
1,500
9
10
17
12
2
7
4
25
8
33.39
26.83
27.17
27.03
143. 0
100.2
97.2
126.9
59.97
36.55
38. 80
43.12
.419
.365
.399
.340
159.0
137,3
117.8
149.8
65.35
50.36
47.12
49. 42
.411
.367
. 400
.330
82
31
44
27. 76
104.6
40. 76
.390
129.3
50.15
.388
1
55
12
174
133
183
191
35
1
64
25.94
65 ' 24.81
24. 72
71
16.99
88. 5
71.2
60.9
79.2
30. 55
25.30
22. 78
20. 33
.345
. 356
.374
. 257
119.0
116.8
103.8
101.7
40. 67
42. 43
50. 88
26.69
.342
.363
.490
.262
242
507
36
72.6
22.91 | .315
38. 30
.357
9
34
46
22
9
18
56
22
93
87
239
74
441
2
200
21.70
107.3
1
BLAST FURNACES.
3
7
10
4
Oo
32
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R -IR O N A N D ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
Table D (1) shows the numberof employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour of keepers and laborers in 1922, by
districts and all districts combined.
The average hourly earnings for keepers was 42 cents and for
laborers 31.6 cents, and for the most part the earnings of employees
did not vary more than 20 to 25 cents per hour. In some few instances,
however, owing to unusual conditions, employees earned consider
ably more or less than the average.
T a b l e D ( 1 ) . -A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED E A RN IN G S P E R H O U R F O R
TWO SELECTED
OCCUPATIONS, 1922, B Y
NACES.
D ISTR ICTS —B LAST FUR
[For explanation of this table see p. 17.1
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation and district.
. KEEPERS.
Eastern.....................................
Pittsburgh..................... ..........
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern..............*..................
Num Aver
ber
age
16 18
earn Un and
of
em
ings der un and
un
per
ploy
16 der der
ees. hour. cts.
18 20
cts. cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
35
cts.
35
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
45
cts.
45
and
un
der
50
cts.
50
and
un
der
60
cts.
95
33
6
3
3
33 SO. 404
97
.457
100
.446
58
.318
3
12
31
9
9
2
58
3
Total...............................
288
.420
3
12
31
33
72
128
6
LABORERS.
Eastern.....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle West.
Southern.................................
87
399
410
604
.345
.356
.376
.257
1
6
44
266
198
55
72
54
89
32
327
233
110
9
4
Total..............................
1,500
.316
1
6
44
266
198
270
592
110
9
4
24
60
and
un
der
70
cts.
The customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours
per week of those emplovees in the blast-furnace department who
worked 7 days per week regardless of the length of turn, or a
turn of 12 or more hours regardless of the number of days per week,
either all or part of their time, are presented in detail in Talble E (1).
As stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17), data* are
presented only for those employees whose customary working time
remained the same throughout the pay period although they may
have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown
for each district and for all districts combined.
BLAST FURNACES,
33
T able
E (1).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
TU R N OF EM PLO YEES W HO W O RK ED 7 TURNS PE R W EE K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T OF T H E T IM E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B LA S T FURNACES.
[This table includes only employees who worked but one combination of customary days and hours
dining pay period. For explanation of this table see p. 17.J
DAY TURNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
j
Hours.
Turns Mon
per
Sat
week. day
ur
to
Fri day.
day.
7
6
7
6
7
G
7
7
G
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
G
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
G
7
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
114
llj
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
m
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
114
94
11
11
11
11
11
11
94
94
9
10J
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
6
5
9
8
8
8
12
12
11
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts.
Night turns.
Hours.
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per week. day Sat
to
ur
day. week.
Fri day,
day.
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
114
94
11
11
11
11
64
94
94
9
104
10
10
10
io
10
5
4
9
5
6
9
8
8
8
12
84
72
84
72
84
72
83
82
71
82
804
764
77
66
77
66
77
714
63
74
73
734
70
60
70
60
70
60
60
70
65
64
68
50
60
63
56
48
56
72
72
71
Great
South Total.
East Pitts Lakes
and
ern. burgh. Middle
ern.
Sun Per
day- week.
West.
i
.........
33
4
.........
1
\ .........
16
11
2
/
1.........
J
/
9
\ .........
/
.........
16
10
j
i
23
12
\
26
14
5 1
6
16
............ I...........
i
1
10
10
17
1
\.........
J
7j
i
1
1
8
1
1
39
19
2
1
j
i
i
11
3
1.
10
23
17
2
1
i
8
1
3
30
379
4
471
31
26
23
49
{
3
1
2
l .........
J
1
2
\
I .........
2
1
4
2
2
2
6
6
1
34
7
9
34
174
12
184
28
3
2
4
10
21
5
5
2
6
2
4
13
3
NIGHT TURNS.
r
7
13
13
13
13
13
13
7
7
12
12
12
10
12
12
12
10
6
6
6
13
13
12
12
12
12
6
7
7
6
13
13
13
12
12
12
10
13
12
91
78
91
84
72
84
70
78
72
72
2
l
J.........
4
\
3
J
2
5
3
3
5
4
1
1
6
16
23
1
34
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T a b l e E (1 ) . — C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S
PE R W E E K A N D HOURS P E R
TU R N OF EM PLO YEES W HO W O RK ED 7 TU RN S P E R W EE K O R
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B LA S T FURN ACES — C ontinued.
DAT AND NIGHT TUBES—ALTERNATING W EEKLY.
BLAST FU R N A C E S.
35
E ( 1 ) .— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B LA ST FURNACES— Conehided.
T able
SUMMARY.
Item.
Total blast furnace employees........................
Employees who worked—
One combination of days and hours only.........
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or
more hours all or part of the time...................
7-day week all of the tim e..................................
7-day week part of the tim e...............................
Straight or average day of 12 or more horns
all of the time...................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours
part of the tim e..............................................
7-aay week and straight or average day of 12
or more hours all of the tim e ..........................
East
ern
dis
trict.
Great
Pitts Lakes
South
and
burgh Middle
ern
Total.
dis
dis
West
trict.
trict.
dis
trict.
853
3,382
3,379
2,942
10,556
Per cent
of employ
ees who
worked
but one
combina
tion of
days and
hours.
768
3,095
3,222
2,670
9,755
100
625
480
144
2,695
642
683
2,664
804
471
2,167
867
26
8,151
2,793
1,324
84
29
14
531
2,514
2,086
1,717
6,848
70
39
252
9
423
522
262
443
300
3
1,650
17
Of the total number of blast-furnace employees reported, 9,755
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. Of these
9,755 employees, 8,151, or 84 per cent, regularly worked a 7-day week
or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of the time,
1,025 working days only, 64 working nights only, and 7,062 alternating
between day and night work. Seventy per cent (6,848) worked a
straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time, and 17
per cent (1,650) regularly worked a 7-day week and a straight or
average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
BESSEMER CONVERTERS,
The 1922 survey includes 11 representative Bessemer converting
plants, which employed 2,294 men in all occupations. The number
of employees reported in 1922 is somewhat smaller than in 1920, as
many of the plants were operating only part time and some were
using only a portion of their full equipment. Of the total number of
employees presented, 1,091 are found in the principal productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Some duplexing
(a combination of the Bessemer and basic open-hearth processes)
was done by a few of the establishments from which data were
obtained, although there was only one plant which was engaged
the majority of its time on this work. Data were first obtained for
this department in 1907 and comparative figures are presented for
the period 1907 to 1922.1
Data for this department were first obtained for the year 1907,
and since that time the regular working time of employees as a whole
has changed very little. In 1907 the average full-time hours per
week of employees in all selected occupations combined were 69.5,
in 1913 68.1, in 1920 67.2, and in 1922 they were reduced to 66.5.
During the same period, however, earnings more than doubled. In
1907 the average hourly earnings for employees in the same occupa
tions was 25.7 cents per hour, in 1913 they had increased to 30.2
cents, and in 1920 an average of 72.7 cents per hour was reached.
This marks the high point oi wages in this department, and in the
early part of 1921 they began to decline. The average for 1922 was
51.4 cents, which, while considerably less than the averages for 1919
and 1920, is still double the average for 1907 and much higher than
that for 1913.
The average full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the
course of average earnings per hour, as full-time hours per week
were subject to only slight variations. When the earnings of all
employees in all occupations are considered, the average per hour
decreased from 67.7 cents in 1920 to 47 cents in 1922.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and aver
age hours in each of the principal productive occupations in this
department for the years 1907 to 1922 are shown in Table A (2).
When the average full-time hours of the 19 selected occupations are
considered separately, 16 of them show an increase in average full
time hours per week in 1922 over 1920, 2 show a decrease, and 1
remains unchanged, while as a whole a slight decrease is shown. This
is caused by the fact that laborers, one of the occupations in which
a decrease occurred, comprise practically one-third of the employees
reported in selected occupations. In 1907 laborers were working an
average full time of 78 hours per week. This average decreased to
75.1 hours in 1913 and continued to decrease to 70.8 in 1919. It
advanced to 74.9 in 1920 but again decreased to 70.7 in 1922.
1 No data were collected for 1916,1918, and 1921.
36
BESSEMER CONVERTERS.
37
Average earnings per hour have decreased perceptibly in each of
the occupations when 1922 is compared with 1919 and 1920, and in
some cases the 1922 average is below that for 1917, but in all instances
the 1922 figures represent a substantial increase over other years.
When 1922 is compared with 1920, the year in which earnings reached
the peak in all occupations, decreases in average hourly earnings
ranged from 17.4 cents for laborers to 43.9 cents Tor stopper setters.
The skilled occupations of blowers and vessel men were the least
affected. In 1907 stopper setters received an average of 63 cents
per hour. Wages during the next few years were subject to consid
erable fluctuation but the average remained below that for 1907 until
1917, when an average of 81.5 cents was reached. Due to war con
ditions wages rapidly advanced from that point to the high average
of $1,225 per hour in 1920. In 1922 the average for stopper setters
decreased to 78.6 cents per hour.
The changes in full-time weekly earnings were approximately the
same as in hourly earnings, as fluctuations in full-time hours were
very slight as compared with the movement in earnings per hour.
In 1922 only 4 of the 19 selected occupations reported any employ
ees who worked 84 hours per week, as shown b y the percentage dis
tribution of full-time hours per week. Twenty per cent of the cinder
pitmen, 13 per cent of the ingot strippers, 6 per cent of the laborers,
and 3 per cent of the stockers were reported as being on that basis.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (2).
These are simply percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1913 as the base, or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occu
pations combined) are shown on page 4.
T a b l e A (2).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1907
T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BESSEM ER CONVERTERS.1
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Index numbers. Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
(1913=100.)
were—
AverAverNum
Aver
Num ber
age
ber
of
earn tim e
Over
Over
Over
of
em time ings weekly
Full Earn Full
60
72
48
time 48
per
plants. ploy hours
time ings week
per
earn
and
and
and
60 un 72 and
ees. week. hour. ings. hours per
84
un
un
un
ly
per
der. der
der
der
week. hour. earn
72.
60.
84.
ings.
Stockers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
ss.
371 62.5 $0,246 $14.27
46
9
74
75
100
9
260 58.3
.275 14.93
83
78
58
93
102
43
9
266 63.6
.264 15.31
80
80
352 64.9
10
.266 16.03
104
84
32
80
.233 13.60
10
241 61.7
71
99
70
46
10
280 62.1
92
.306 17.38
99
91
45
23
10 337 62.5
.331 19.05
100
100
100
167 55.5
98
6
63
.351 18.59
89
106
88 61
6
157 55.6
.313 16.70
89
95
3
1917..............
144 55.3
.599 31.45
88
181
165 69
1919...........
6
196 64.6
.637 41.15
103
192 216
27
248
1920...........
10
351 68.0
211
18
.699 47.33
109
1922...........
2
10
230 70.2
.409 28.71
112
124
151
1 This table was published in the M onthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
5 ....
11
6 ___
9 *8
1
6
1
9
21
1
6
1
4
5
2
3
••••
6
8
2
6
9
1
1
8
17
14
7
10
12
19
24
8
27
22
20
31
65
46
71
22
10
23
6
11
15
13
7
8
4
12
12
15
26
12
16
6
....
....
13
3
38
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON A N D STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able A
(2).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E :
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1907
T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BESSEM ER CONVERTERS— Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Cupola melters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1919...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Cupola tappers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Blowers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
R e g u la to r s ,
first:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920..........
1922...........
Index numbers.
(19.13=100.)
Num Aver- Aver Aver
age
age
Num ber
of
earn full
ber
time ings time Full
Full
em hours
of
per weekly tim e Earn tim e
plants. ploy per
earn
ings
week
ees. week. hour. ings. hours per
ly
per
week. hour. earn
ings.
&
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
0
6
3
4
6
4
15
15
15
16
17
18
19
15
15
7
9
22
15
65.2 $0,509 $31.67
64.7 " .350 22.20
64.7
.419 26.09
.447 25.85
60.6
65.2
.386 24.62
61.6
.409 23.82
62.4
.477 28.23
59.5
.390 23.00
59.3
.449 25.90
61.7
.760 45.24
62.2
.993 61.76
61.7 1.063 65.85
65.3
.674 43.31
•8
8
8
8
9
9
9
4
4
2
5
5
3
50 60.5
43 59.3
43 61.5
56 58.9
45 60.4
48 60.6
69 59:5
34 56.9
24 55.8
16 54.0
29 60.2
38 54.8
11 60.3
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
8
8
11
11
20
19
19
20
20
21
23
27
27
18
18
29
33
65.4
68.8
68.8
69.8
72.0
69.1
63.3
64.1
64.0
64.0
63.4
59.7
60.7
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
8
10
11
11
26
25
25
31
24
25
24
24
26
17
25
36
32
Over
Over
Over
48
48
60
72
and and 60 and
and
un un
un 72 un 84
der. der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
104
104
104
97
104
99
100
95
95
99
100
99
105
107
73
88
94
81
86
100
82
94
159
208
223
141
112
79
92
92
87
84
100
81
92
160
219
233
153
40
40
40
38
35
50
32
20
20
43
33
.379
.335
.340
.362
.314
.369
.393
.286
.332
.677
.781
.979
.547
22.16
19.67
19.74
20.30
18.36
20.94
22.25
16.47
18.43
34.85
47.02
53.76
32.60
102
100
103
99
102
102
106
96
94
91
101
92
101
96
85
87
92
80
94
100
73
84
172
199
249
139
100
88
89
91
83
94
100
74
83
157
211
242
147
54
56
56
64
53
56
30
.619
.466
.486
.536
.493
.529
.598
.545
.561
.784
1.226
1.249
.951
39.55
32.41
33.29
37.00
35.48
36.36
37.33
34.43
35.61
48.77
77.73
74.66
57.94
103
109
109
110
114
109
100
101
101
101
100
94
96
104
78
81
90
82
88
100
91
94
131
205
209
159
106
87
89
99
95
97
100
92
95
131
208
200
155
30
16
16
15
14
26
22
22
33
33
52
39
62.3
.437
64.7
.266
.344
64.8
62.1
.408
66.8: .377
.411
64.7
67.6
.451
.328
63.8
64.7
.351
.630
66.8
69; 2 .864
61.5 1.002
64.3
.650
27.28
17.78
22.97
25.45
24.79
26.24
30.28
20.71
22.91
42.28
59.79
61.63
42.50:
92
96
96
92
99
96
100
94
96
99
102
91
95
97
59
76
90
84
91
100
73
78
140
192
222
144
96
59
76
84
82
87
100
68
76
140
197
204
140
46
36
36
19
25
36
25
38
35
29
16
22
25-
2 Including 7 per cent whose full-tim e hours per week were 91.
Per cent o f employees whose
average full-tim ellours per week
were—
75
41
13
13
13
19
16
40
40
....
45
40
12
11
11
13
13
8
5
50
63
63
60
10 90
10 67
9 35
7 52
7 52
67
6 50
17 21
12 48
10
11
11
15
27
10
11
11
13
11
11
....
8
16
8
29
19
23
13
12
5
19
14
4
21
J4
17
68
55
13 213
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
11
11
11
11
13
13
18
30
12
13
33
10
23
29
25
25
41
18
18
4
6
26
71
75
20
20
20
19
29
17
21
13
27
57
67
32
33
31
32
40
39
17 50
16 32
8 33
17 21
35
71
12 52
8 14
13 56
8
5
14
9
9
8
13
io
10
7
7
7
11
10
8
8
8
8
33
25
31
20
36
6
8
8
8
13
8
8
39
BESSEMER CONVERTERS,
T able
A (2). — A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1907
T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BESSEM ER CONVERTERS— Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
R e g u la to rs,
second:
10 07 ..............
1908.................
19 09 .................
1910...........
i911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Vessel men:
1907........
1908..........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912.........
1913...........
1914.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Vessel men's
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Cinder
pit
men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
6
6
6
8
8
9
30
11
11
8
10
9
9
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn tim
FuHe Full
ings weekly
tim e 48
time Earn
per
ings week and
earn hours
hour. ings.
un
per
ly
per
der.
week. hour. earn
ings.
18
65.3 60.427 627.81
73.5
.269 19.64
.365 26.80
73.8
22 67.5
.378 25.52
.333 21.41
21 65.0
24 67.0
.381 25.63
.394 26.81
28 68.3
25 66.5
.289 18.90
26 6 6 .6
.324 21.64
.516 34.62
19 67.4
35 66.3
.754 49.99
31 61.1
.966 58.84
30 6 6 .8
.639 43.07
14
14
9
9
9
23
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
26
25
26
26
31
32
30
11
11
34
39
58.5
61.1
61.2
57.8
59.1
58.3
57.8
55.6
56.0
61.9
60.2
56.3
56.5
9
9
9
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
47
45
45
53
51
53
53
57
56
45
71
75
82
57.0
59.5
59.6
56.5
57.6
56.5
56.4
54.3
55.5
56.5
62.4
58.7
57.9
.566
.376
.484
.506
.421
.467
.528
.342
.383
.654
.875
.984
.646
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
30
9
10
118
71
92
85
62
99
113
52
48
62
100
144
137
67.9
65.9
68.4
67.6
69.8
68.1
67.3
71.9
72.0
72.0
69.7
72.8
74.1
.206 13.32
.173 11.27
.178 11.88
.211 13.69
. 199 13.55
.200 13.23
.238 15.56
.213 15.30
.214 15.42
.325 23.40
.578 40.29
.592 43.11
.388 28.73
9
10
10
22
22
21
Per cent of employees whoso
average full-time hours per week
were—
.793 44.58
.528 31.27
.630 37.19
.685 38.18
.580 32.45
38.60
.6 8 8
.744 41.52
.499 27.64
.554 30.87
.894 53.29
1.114 67.06
1.273 71.00
.897 50.59
31.84
21.65
28.24
28.22
23.48
25.70
29.15
18.42
21.18
35.94
54.60
56.86
37.51
104
73
33
11
95
80
96
27
29
25
29
14
9
19
17
14
16
96
108
108
99
95
98
108
93
96
85
97
100
100
68
100
100
21
97
98
99
97
89
98
73
82
131
191
245
162
70
81
129
186
219
161
24
23
42
14
42
101
107
71
85
92
78
92
107
75
90
92
78
93
100
100
150
171
67
74
128
162
171
121
122
100
100
96
98
100
111
104
103
107
71
92
96
80
88
100
65
73
124
166
186
122
109
74
97
97
81
88
100
63
73
123
187
195
129
51
40
40
45
47
45
34
37
32
60
35
24
35
101
98
102
100
104
101
100
107
107
107
104
108
110
87
73
75
89
84
84
100
89
90
137
243
249
163
86
72
76
88
87
85
100
98
99
150
259
277
185
20
30
23
7
10
21
24
102
101
100
96
97
107
104
97
98
101
105
106
100
102
67
74
120
8
9
11
10
10
17
20
52
41
41
46
48
35
23
29
28
40
48
26
33
106
106
1Q0
j
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
and 60 and 72 and
un
un
un 84
der
der
der
72.
60.
84.
13
14
14
23
12
35
46
48
47
5
56
38
“ is
25
36
32
23
66
19
9
18
18
15
24
17
18
18
8
15
15
15
16
19
60
38
9
9
9
15
8
8
8
6
6
10
12
5 *23'
19
9
20
20
18
18
15
24
8
8 11
7 14
25
40
i i 38
16
9
10 23
28
18
28
40
42
43
6
40
32
37
17
25
18
26
3
22
29
29
19
63
6
35
13
8
9
2
33
43
57
45
52
33
29
28
46
58
*2*
3
5
32
39
33
54
55
46
42
58
79
100
80
28
69 I
17
18
18
8
15
8
4
4
4
11
4
4
10
11
3
7
14
11 * 9
9
12
10
30 ” *2
2
32
8
8
6
27
9
*29
20
40
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
A (2 ).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T I M ^
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1907
. T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BESSEM ER CON VERTERS — Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Bottom makers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Bottom mak
ers’ helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Ladle liners:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Ladle liner's
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
9
9
9
17
17
16
19
19
20
20
22
22
16
21
25
24
Aver
age
full
tim e
hours
per
week.
73.4 $0,386 $28.10
72.4 ' .283 20.45
73.1
.351 25.57
73.4
.346 25.28
71.8
.337 24.18
72.5
.345 24.96
73.8
.384 28.05
73.0
.293 21.34
73.0
.332 24.02
72.0
.510 36.73
67.1
.781 52.41
64.8
.911 59.57
6 6 .8
.583 38.79
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
30
27
29
34
31
39
40
39
38
30
49
60
51
68.3
9
9
9
21
21
21
65.1
65.6
65.1
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
11
11
8
11
10
10
73.5
72.2
73.1
72.8
72.2
72.4
73.1
72.4
72.6
72.0
69.6
6 6 .2
25 6 6 .8
24 68.3
24 68.9
22 68.7
25 6 8 .6
26 6 8 .8
15 71.2
28 69.8
31 65.0
29 67.4
39
31
39
39
34
34
38
34
34
34
76
43
62
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Aver
age
full
tim e
Full
weekly Full Earn tim e
time
earn hours
ings week
ings.
ly
per per
week. hour. earn
ings.
6 8 .2
67.5
68.5
68.7
69.1
69.6
70.9
69.1
69.5
71.3
71.7
69.9
71.8
.257
.204
.234
.235
.234
.224
.255
.225
.239
.377
.602
.695
.455
18.82
14.75
17.08
17.10
16.88
16.19
18.59
16.29
17.30
27.13
41.90
46.27
31.26
.454
.306
.392
.378
.342
.369
.418
.304
.344
.583
.779
.929
.617
28.95
19.78
25.22
25.05
22.85
24.95
28.22
20.77
23.47
41.45
54.37
59.85
42.49
.255
.209
.230
.236
.233
.228
.247
16.65
13.79
15.26
15.73
15.75
15.43
17.09
15.24
15.91
26.03
39.51
47.68
31.05
.2 2 2
.233
.365
.551
.680
.442
Per cent of emu•loyees whose
average full-tim e ]tiours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
48
60
72
and and
and
and
un un 60 un 72 un 84
der. der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
99
98
99
99
97
98
101
100
74
91
90
73
91
90
90
89
100
100
100
99
99
98
91
76
76
86
86
131
187
14
212
20
91
133
203
237
152
138
17
101
101
101
99
80
92
92
92
79
92
92
91
87
88
100
100
99
99
100
99
99
99
95
91
93
95
95
95
97
99
100
100
100
100
88
88
100
88
86
93
146
225
249
168
110
103
70
89
89
81
100
88
100
95
98
73
83
141
188
224
148
96
95
97
97
97
98
103
85
93
96
94
92
97
81
89
92
92
90
100
100
100
97
98
90
94
148
223
275
179
89
93
152
231
279
182
104
102
101
101
99
101
74
83
147
193
212
151
10
10
8
••••
28
29
62
44
54
27
26
28
47
67
52
10
**io
9
9
4
4
4
5
4
4
7
11
9
9
27 ••••
7 ••••
88
96
10
20
10
11
*5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
65
38
57
48
38
48
56
17 67
17 58
18 45
16 60
15 62
93
7 50
16 39
7 76
10
19
10
26
32
26
41
41
37
41
24
6
5
5
32 65
31 59
30 45
31 54
16 68
12
5
5
5
12
12
3
5
9
9
21
6
37
27
29
29
29
24
13
13
14
15
19
15
15
9
9
g
10
20
100
4
25
16
7
29
17
24 ••••
12 ••••
19
11
‘ii
100
100
88
94
148
236
273
178
74
95
91
83
89
65
65
69
79
21
79
20
70
20
50
18 64
18 64
12
24
13
51
39
46
67
47
41
21
41
59
94
•8
66
26
15
49
85
8
10
io
8
"io
‘ **8
3
****
18 ••••
g ••••
8
25
16 . . . .
5
*6
10
10
* *5
8
32 •••*
6 ••••
6 ****
18
14
BESSEMER CONVERTERS,
41
T a b l e A (2 ).— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E )
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1907
T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BESSEMER CONVERTERS— Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Stopper makers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Stopper setters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Steel pourers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1013...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
M oldcappers:
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver- Aver
age
time earn
ings
hours
per
per
week. hour.
Aver
age
fuUtime
weekly
earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Earn
ings
per
hour.
Full
tim e
week
ly
earn
ings.
Per cent of empdoyees whoso
average full-tim e 1lours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and 60 and 72 and
un
un un
un 84
der
der. der
der
60.
72.
84.
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
10
10
9
9
12
10
10
10
12
12
10
15
12
12
72.8 $0,316 $23.01
72.9 ’ .223 16.10
71.6
.270 19.22
73.0
.260 19.14
72.0
.273 19.53
70.8
.272 18.91
70.6
.302 21.25
70.2
.251 17.60
69.7
.263 18.13
67.8
.433 29.15
69.6
.660 45.94
65.0
.718 46.73
66.4
.459 30.52
103
103
101
103
102
100
100
99
99
96
99
92
94
105
74
89
86
90
90
100
83
87
143
219
238
152
108
76
90
90
92
89
100
83
85
137
216
220
144
13
25
17
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
45
40
34
39
39
42
43
44
42
40
46
50
43
51.5
54.3
55.4
52.6
55.3
51.7
51.6
50.7
51.5
49.6
53.7
51.0
52.3
.630
.343
.552
.577
.498
.496
.553
.376
.423
.815
1.092
1.225
.786
31.79
18.50
29.36
29.81
26.08
25.36
28.01
19.03
21.76
40.03
58.64
61.45
40.98
100
105
107
102
107
100
100
98
100
96
104
99
101
114
62
100
104
90
90
100
68
76
147
197
222
142
113
66
105
106
93
91
100
68
78
143
209
219
146
87
75
71
69
69
86
86
68
71
90
67
88
84
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
10
11
10
29
28
28
32
30
34
34
37
35
27
30
38
35
55.4
57.4
57.5
55.6
55.1
55.7
55.7
52.5
53.5
52.7
56.5
52.9
52.9
.693
.439
.576
.617
.535
.570
.640
.444
.525
.849
1.110
1.326
.905
36.39
24.25
31.61
32.74
27.91
30.65
34.39
23.42
27.96
43.62
62.72
69.30
47.31
99
103
103
100
99
100
100
94
96
95
101
95
95
108
69
90
96
84
89
100
69
82
133
173
207
141
106
71
92
95
81
89
100
68
81
127
182
202
138
72
64
64
66
70
71
71
57
60
78
63
79
80
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
5
9
9
10
48
39
43
52
37
52
61
39
40
29
55
70
49
54.5
53.7
54.0
57.0
64.2
61.5
59.5
60.8
60.9
54.6
61.5
58.0
58.1
.347
.196
.271
.314
.282
.301
.360
.260
.294
.631
.688
.755
.572
18.02
10.57
14.26
16.96
17.36
17.23
20.28
15.67
17.53
33.01
42.31
43.56
33.16
92
90
91
96
108
103
100
102
102
92
103
97
98
96
54
75
87
78
84
100
72
82
175
191
210
159
89
52
70
84
86
85
100
77
86
163
209
215
164
75
77
77
23
32
46
54
38
38
72
29
64
61
20
22
22
8
20
30
10
8
17
20
7
8
25
22
10
33
8
30
7
8
8
15
20
14
9
2
9
24
17
3
46
8
8
20
40
44
22
75
60
50
80
58
75
50
53
50
42
30
11
11
10
22
22
17
20
20
7
8
8
13
9
20
24
10
31
10
9
11
14
10
15
8
16
4
5
6
14
21
21
13
30
18
18
19
23
22
27
16
20
17
18
14
19
62
12 27
10 23
54
10 45
28
36
29
8 24
*5
5
5
7
4
14
14
14
i§
12
12
7
5
8
5
9
4
5
15
13
15
7
6
*8
42
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AN D STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
A (2).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1907
T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BESSEM ER CONVERTERS — C oncluded.
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Occupation
and year.
In g o t s t r ip
pers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1907.........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
10
11
11
29
28
28
31
27
28
28
29
31
33
36
34
39
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
10
11
801
425
564
786
593
626
681
546
496
493
691
726
454
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
full
time
weekly
earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Full
Over
Over
Over
Earn time 48
48
60
72
ings week and and 60 and 72 and 84
per
un un
un
un
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
60.
72.
ings.
84.
67.4 $0,310 $19.60
68.4
.238 16.34
70.2
.264 18.17
68.1
.303 19.69
.282 19.26
70.4
68.8
.320 20.90
.334 22.81
69.9
.313 20.11
66.0
66.2
.332 21.39
.479 31.71
68.7
.726 47.41
65.3
.892 52.56
59.1
.613 39.90
65.5
96
98
100
97
101
98
100
94
95
98
93
85
94
93
71
79
91
84
96
100
94
99
143
217
267
184
86
72
80
86
84
92
100
88
94
139
208
230
175
12.12
11.80
11.62
12.69
12.39
12.64
14i.38
14.27
14.31
21.92
34.62
40.17
25.64
104
101
102
104
99
101
100
99
99
98
94
100
94
81
81
79
85
86
87
100
101
101
155
255
280
189
84
82
81
88
86
88
100
99
100
152
241
279
178
78.076.2
76.9
77.8
74.6
75.7
75.1
74.0
74.3
73.4
70.8
74.9
70.7
.155
.155
.151
.163
.166
.167
.192
.193
.193
.298
•489
1537
.363
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
were—
2 Including 7 per cent whose full-tim e hours per week were 91.
31
21
21
10
11
21
19
8
41
15
19
11
11
21
10
10
18
25
24
18
<3
1
3
5
3
(3)
1
7
(8)
8
2
5' 5
4
2
10
1
2
14 21
21 21
14 21
32
22 44
14 29
7 21
7 28
39
64
14 47
6
10 38
21
36
21
19
22
36
50
28
32
7
.6
29
5
3 21
8 31
4 25
2 35
4 43
5 39
6 40
8 47
9 45
2 67
24 34
25 19
15 67
i
42
33
22 34
39 30
20 2 41
36
12
28 26
33
20
24
13
10 28
29 . . . .
31
24 26
2
6
14
2i
19
“ 7
£2
ih
* Less than 1 per cent.
The number of employees reported in 1922 includes some duplica
tions, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation of
Table B (p. 15). Of the 1,216 employees reported in selected occupa
tions for all districts combined there were 125 duplications, leaving
1,091 actually engaged, and the total of 2,451 employees shown for
all occupations represents 2,294 individuals.
The gross number of employees reported, together with the net
number of actual employees, for selected occupations and for all oc
cupations, in each district and in all districts combined, are shown
in Table 9.
T able 9 .—NUM BER OP EM PLOYEES R E PO RTE D . NUM BER OF DUPLICATIONS, AND
ACTU AL NUM BER O P EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN A L L OCCU
PATION S, B Y DISTRICTS, 1922—BESSEMER. CONVER TER8.
Employees in selected occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Number
o f dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.......
687
529
63
62
624
467
1,394
1,057
85
72
1,309
985
Total......................................
1,216
125
1,091
2,451
157
2,294
43
BESSEMER CONVERTERS.
The customary working time per week of employees in the Besse
mer, converting department for the years 1907 to 1922 has been classi
fied, and the number and per cent of employees coming under each
classification are shown in Table B (2).
The working time of employees in the Bessemer converting depart
ment does not show as wide a variation o f days or turns per week as
most of the other departments, practically all of the employees
working either 6 days, 7 days, or 6 days and 7 days alternately.
The heading in Table B (2) “ 6 days and 7 days alternately” indicates
that the plants were running 6 days and 7 nights or 7 days and 6
nights each week, being shut down one day or one night each week,
and that the employees reported under this heading worked 6 turns
one week and 7 turns the next. In 1922, 83 per cent of the employees
in the selected occupations of Bessemer converters worked 6 days per
week. This is the largest percentage for any year reported except
1917, when 85 per cent worked 6 days. In 1922, 6 per cent of the
employees in selected occupations regularly worked 7 days per week,
as compared with 23 per cent in 1920.
When all occupations are considered, 81 per cent worked 6 days
per week, as compared with 59 per cent in 1920. As 6-day work
increased, 7-day work declined, and the 10 per cent in 1922 is the
smallest percentage shown in any year for which data are presented.
T a b l e B (2). — N U M B E R . A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O CU S
T O M A R I L Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S P E R
W E E K , IN E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — BESSEMER CONVERTERS.
[For explanation of this table see p . 15.]
Number of employees whose
customary working tim e per
week was—
District.
Num
Num ber of
Year. ber o f em
plants. ploy. ees.1
6
days
and
6
7
days. days
alter
nate
ly .
Per cent of employees whose
customary working time
per week was—
6
6
6
6
6 days, days,
d ajs, days,
7
days
days, days,
and days, days,
and and
6
7
and and
7
7
7
7
7 days
7 days days days
davs days
alter days davs
in
in
in
nate in
rota rota
ly . rota rota
tion. tion.
tion. tion.
PITTSBURGH.
Selected occupations. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
5
6
6
6
1,325
896
992
1,248
950
1,037
1,176
914
869
826
1,119
1,038
687
999
727
778
827
765
803
890
674
638
668
872
734
584
53
42
44
18
36
54
52
29
21
102
175
23
11
78
3
12
69
57
51
6
A ll occupations......... 1914
1915
1920
1922
7
7
6
6
1,500
1,463
1,900
1,394
1,061
1,044
1,136
1,078
75
65
138
61
67
61
42
23
31
21
9
12
6
6
5
75
81
78
66
81
77
76
74
73
81
78
71
85
4
5
4
1
4
5
4
3
2
12
16
2
2
6
(2)
K,1
6
6
6
1
3
3
i
l
l
l
l
21
14
17
26
15
15
13
16
18
6
6
24
10
291
71
4 (2)
19
5
71
4
4 (2)
287
20
584
7
2
60
31
4
2 <*) i 16
5 227
77
1 The figures in this column for the years 1907 to 1917 represent the number of jobs, and for the yeans
1919,1920, and 1922 the actual number of men em ployed.
2 Less than 1 per cent.
6
6
273
127
170
325
146
159
153
148
153
50
72
250
66
44
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR— I R O N A N D STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
B (2).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O CUS
T O M A R I L Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S P E R
W E E K IN E A C H D I S T R I C T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — BESSEMER CONVERTERS— Concluded.
Number of employees whose
customary working tim e per
week was—
District.
Num
Num ber of
Year. ber of em
plants. ploy
ees.
6
days
and
6
7
days days
alter
nate
ly .
Per cent of employees whose
customary working time
per week was—
6
6
days, days,
6
days
days, days,
and
and and
6
7
7
7
7 days days days
days days
alter
in
in
nate
rota rota
ly .
tion. tion.
6
6
days, days,
7
days, days,
and and
7
7
7 days
days days
in
in
rota rota
tion. tion.
GREAT LAK ES AN D
MIDDLE W E S T .
Selected occupations. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
§
5
5
5
432
283
360
482
400
457
485
345
318
259
432
585
529
74
88
63
173
275
225
325
343
316
259
353
299
427
177
71
142
48
44
136
114
2
2
A ll occupations..
1914
1915
1920
1922
5
5
5
5
767
755
1,259
1,057
757
740
714
899
4
2
192
Selected occupations. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
8
11
11
11
1,757
1,179
1,352
1,730
1,350
1,494
1,661
1,259
1,187
1,085
1,551
1,623
1,216
1,073
815
841
1,000
1,040
1,028
1,215
1,017
954
927
1,225
1,033
1,011
A ll occupations-,
12
12
11
11
2,267
2,218
3,159
2,451
1,818
1,784
1,850
1,977
1914
1915
1920
1922
*Less than 1 per cent.
18
18
18
18
18
20
20
12
12
12
12
12
19
49
5
127
4
17
31
18
36
69
49
67
99
99
100
82
51
81
60
69
52
70
6
13
241
19
99
98
57
85
1
(2)
15
230
113
186
66
80
190
166
31
23
102
175
120
11
18
18
18
96
21
32
89
57
51
6
74
74
70
12
12
12
12
12
9
12
6
6
61
69
62
58
77
69
73
81
80
85
79
64
83
13
10
14
4
6
13
10
2
2
9
11
7
1
1
2
1
6
2
2
5
5
4
1
5
5
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(2)
1
19
54
424
221
295
556
197
235
179
148
153
50
77
377
70
1
4
24
19
22
32
15
16
11
12
13
5
5
23
6
79
67
330
61
67
61
102
92
6
6
52
75
297
300
825
246
80
80
59
81
3
3
10
2
3
3
3
4
(2)
(*)
2
3
13
14
26
10
97
74
43
49
151
94
125
231
51
76
26
41
25
39
10
11
30
24
1
1
17
4
6
5
4
5
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
35
33
35
48
13
17
5
3
9
22
1
5
7
4
7
1
2
19
2
17
7
9
1
BESSEMER CONVERTERS.
45
Table C (2) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual woreing time, actual earnings per pay period, and earnings
per hour of employees in the Bessemer converting department, b y
occupations ana districts, for the year 1922. In addition, for each
occupation are shown the number of positions and the number of
employees actually working during the pay period and also the time
and earnings of the same employees during the same period at occu
pations other than the occupation specified.
Taking the occupation of first regulators, for example, 24 positions
were filled by 32 employees during the scheduled pay period of onehalf month. The average customary full time of the men working as
first regulators was 6 turns per week, 10.6 hours per turn, and 64.3
hours per week. Of the 32 actual employees 18, or 56 per cent,
customarily worked 72 hours per week, while 12, or 38 per cent,
worked under 72 hours. The average hourly earnings of first regu
lators in the Pittsburgh and Great Lakes and Middle West districts
combined were 65 cents, while the full-time weekly earnings were
$46.85 in the Pittsburgh district and $36.90 in the Great Lakes and
Middle West district.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the employees worked in
more than one occupation during the pay period and in order to give
the complete hours and earnings for such employees, separate figures
are presented which include all occupations at which they worked.
While 32 men working as first regulators averaged 96.8 hours per
pay period, they also averaged 28.4 hours at other work, making a
total of 125.2 average hours per pay period in specified (first regu
lators) and other occupations. During the 96.8 nours they worked
as first regulators they earned an average of $62.96, or 65 cents per
hour. When the work of these men in all occupations in which they
were engaged is considered, they earned $78.56— that is, $15.60 was
earned in some occupation other than first regulators— and their
hourly average earnings dropped to 62.8 cents.
The average earnings per hour in the principal productive occu
pations of this department in 1922 ranged from 36.3 cents for laborers
to 95.1 cents for blowers, and the average actual hours worked per
pay period ranged from 48.5 hours for laborers to 121 for ingot
strippers.
In only two occupations were the average hourly earnings for
specified and other occupations greater than the average earnings per
hour in the specified occupation.
70889°—24----- 4
able
C (2).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AN D AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— BESSEMER CONVERTERS.
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
46
T
BESSEMER CONVERTERS,
C (2).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AN D AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— BESSEMER CONVERTERS— Concluded.
able
Occupation and district.
Num
ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Average customary
full time of employ
ees in the positions.
Number,whose customary full-time hours
per week were—
Num
ber.
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
48
and
un
der.
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
Over
60
and
un
der
72.
60
72
Over
72
and
un
der
84.
84
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week.
Specified occupation.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver
age
hours
worked.
Aver
age
earn
ings.
Aver
Aver
age
earn
age
hours
ings
worked.
per
hour.
Aver
age
earn
ings.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
X/adle liners’ helpers:
Pittsburgh....................
G. L. ana M. W ............
6
4
21
12
6.0
6.0
12.0
12.0
71.7
72.0
33
29
9
24
29
$33.84
27.86
88.7
56.0
$41.88
21.68
$0,472
.387
136.0
134.5
$61.07
51.44
$0,449
.382
9
53
31.05
73.4
32.43
.442
135.3
56.56
.418
3
1
1
4
1
30.28
30.76
126.5
89.8
57.40
41.78
.454
.466
127.7
124.2
57.80
56.33
.453
.454
3
1
5
1
30.52
108.1
49.59
.459
125.9
57.07
.453
Total..........................
10
33
6.0
12.0
71.8
62
Stopper makers:
Pittsburgh....................
G. I#, and M. W ............
6
4
6
4
6.2
6.0
10.8
11.0
66.7
66.0
6
6
2
Total...........................
10
10
6.1
10.9
66.4
12
2
Stopper setters:
Pittsburgh....................
G. L. andM . W ............
6
5
22
11
6.0
6.0
8.0
10.1
48.0
60.8
27
16
27
9
7
42.82
37.88
77.6
85.9
69.27
53.54
.892
.623
93.9
113.1
84.10
71.12
.895
.629
Total...........................
11
33
6.0
8.7
52.3
43
36
7
40.98
80.7
63.42
.786
101.1
79.27
.784
Steel pourers:
Pittsburgh....................
G. L and M. W ___
6
4
17
12
6.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
48.0
59.8
19
16
19
9
7
49.78
44.37
83.1
80.2
86.15
59.55
1.037
.742
100.1
114.7
98.42
79.11
.983
.690
52.9
35
7
47.31
81.8
73.99
.905
106.8
89.59
.839
Total......
10
29
6.0
8.8
28
,
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Positions.
.
48
T
Mold cappers:
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W .
Total..
10
10.1
55.9
60.4
35 | 6.0
9.7
58.1
6.2
6.3
10.2
10.8
63.2
67.9
6.3
10.5
65.5
39
6.1
11.7
11.6
71. g
188
6.0
6.1
11.7
70.7
Ingot strippers:
Pittsburgh...................
G. L. and M. W ..........
Total..
35
Laborers:
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W.
Total...............
165
6.0
30
454
12
34.99
31.41
49. 41
78.9
78.5 I 40.83
.526
.520
119.5
123.2
65.76
60.13
. 550
.488
12
33.16
78.7
45.03
.572
121.4
62.89
.518
43.23
36.39
132.8
119.0
83.98
63.77
.684
.536
139.7
140.9
92.16
73.36
.660
.521
39.90
121.0
74.14
.613
140.3
83.00
.o92
15
44
44
64
99
207
28
25.78
25.54
56.2
43.0
20.16
15.76
.359
.367
120.1
121.7
46.41
48.74
.387
.400
306
28
25.64
48.5
17.58
.363
121.0
47.79
.395
BESSEMER CONVERTERS,
9.3
6.0
18 j
17 !
O
50
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table D (2) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for blowers and vessel men in 1922, by
districts, and all districts combined.
For blowers the range in earnings for both districts was from 70
cents to $1.25, with an average of 95 cents for both districts com
bined. The largest number of employees in any classification, 13,
or 39 per cent, were found under the heading “ $1 and under $1.25,”
and 10, or 30 per cent, earned between 80 and 90 cents.
The earnings of vessel men ranged from 40 cents to $1.75 per hour,
with an average of 89.4 cents for all districts combined.
T able D
(2).—A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R F O R
TW O SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, B Y D ISTR ICTS, 1922—B E SSEM ER
CONVERTERS.
[For explanation of this table see p. 17.]
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours per
week of those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week regard
less of the length of turn, or a turn of 12 or more hours regardless of
the number oi days per week, either all or part of their time, are pre
sented in detail in Table E (2) for the Bessemer-converter depart
ment. As stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17),
data are presented only for those employees whose customary work
ing time remained the same throughout the pay period although
they may have been engaged in more than one occupation.
Details are shown for each district and for all districts combined.
BESSEMER CONVERTERS.
51
T able E
(2 ).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M PLO Y E E S W HO W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B E S S E M E R C O N V E R T E R S .
[This table includes only employees who worked blit one combination of customary days and hours during
pay period. For explanation of table see p. 17.]
DAY TURNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Night turns.
Day turns.
Hours.
Turns
per
week.
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
j
Mon Satur Sun
Per | week. day
to
week.
Friday. day. day.
12
10
HI
10*
10
12
12
12
111
10*
10
12
12
Hours.
i
; Turns
Mon
Sun
day to Satur
day.
Friday. day.
12
12
HI
10*
10
12
12
Number of employees
who worked each spec
ified combination of
customary turns and
hours, by districts.
84
82
80*
73*
70
72
72 1
Per
week.
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West.
Total.
8
1
1
4 !____
12
2
9
6
74
g
l
1
4
12
11
80
Pitts
burgh.
i_____
j
1
NIGHT TURNS.
1
................. i................
!
1
7
.......... !.............1
6
..........
6
1
i
i
• ________
;
!
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
8
84
72
72
72
6 !1
5
1
5
2
13
1
11
6
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING WEEKLY.
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
12
12
11
11
10*
10
10
10
10
8
12
12
11
11
10*
10
10
10
10
8
12
12
11
5*
10*
11
10
10
10
12
84
84
77
71*
73*
71
70
70
70
60
7
8
8
io
58
7
8
8
8
56
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
6
7
8
8
8
56
7
7
8
8
8
56
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
7
6
6
5
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
ii
10
10
8
5
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
72
72
72
72
72
72
72 ;
72
72
60
71
70
70
68
65
66
66
66
66
66
66
6
6
6
12
12
13
13
13*
14
14
14
14
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
13
13*
14
8
5
8
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13*
14
14
18
14
12
10
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
15
14
12
12
12
9
14
17
14
14
13
13
13
id
13
13
18
18
16
13
84
72
91
78
94*
. 84
98
88
84
60
45
58
45
56
48
56
48
48
72
72
72
76
75
74
72
72
72
60
74
86
74
74
60
91
78
83
83
81
78
74
13
6
25
57
2
19
7
9
\
/ ...........
\
/ ...........
\
5
11
2
2
4
74
13
17
25
57
2
21
7
9
2
4
5
f
} ...........
20
20
} ...........
1
38
1
2
1
2
26
53
7
231
26
54
45
232
2
l
2
59
353
2
3
2
16
92
4
6
29
2
19
254
l
f
50
99
9
2
3
2
16
92
4
6
28
2
10
2
1
2
io
10
52
T
W AGES AN D H O U R S OF LABOK— IRON A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
E (2) .— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S PE R W E E K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B E S S E M E R C O N V E R T E R S — Concluded.
able
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY—Concluded.
SUMMARY.
Item .
Total Bessemer converter employees.......................
Employees who worked—
One combination of days and hours only..................
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or more
hours all or part of the time.....................................
7-day week all of the tim e..............................................
7-dav week part of the tim e...........................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of
the tim e..........................................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours part of
the tim e..........................................................................
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 or
more hours all of the tim e..........................................
Pittsburgh
district.
1,309
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
W est
district.
Total.
Per cent of
employees
who worked
but one
combina
tion of days
and hours.
985
2,294
1,089
765
1,854
100
883
184
95
616
13
55
1,499
197
150
81
11
8
700
561
1,261
68
144
5
149
8
166
13
179
10
* Of the total number of Bessemer-converter employees reported,
1,854 worked but one combination of customary days and hours.
O f these 1,854 employees, 1,499, or 81 per cent, regularly worked a
7-day week or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or
part of the time, 117 working days only, 27 working nights only, and
1,355 alternating between day and night work. Sixty-eight per eent
(1,261) had a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the
time, and 10 per cent (179) regularly worked a 7-day week and a
straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES,
The basic open-hearth process alone is treated in this report and
only furnaces of the fixed or stationary type have been included.
While tilting or rolling furnaces are used to some extent b y a few
companies in different localities, this type of furnace is chiefly of
local significance and is not general to the industry. Consequently
the material used has been limited to stationary furnaces in which the
basic process is employed and all figures presented are strictly,
comparable.
The 1922 survey includes 22 representative open-hearth furnace
plants which employed 7,954 employees in all occupations. Of the
total number of employees reported 4,515 are included in the principal
productive occupations for which, separate figures are given. Data
were first obtained for this department in 1910 and comparative
figures are pres< ' 1 '
11
" " " J >1922.1
Considering
occupations as a whole.
in 1922 earning
^
at a higher level, as shown
by the index numbers for departments, than any other department
for which data are presented. However, owing to economic con
ditions, average earnings per hour had decreased 28 per cent since
1920 and were 15 per cent less than in 1919, but the 1922 figure was
still 102 per cent greater than that of 1913 and 1914. Full-tim e
hours per week decreased 7 per cent in 1922 as compared with 1913,
although a slight increase of 4 per cent since 1920 is noted. Full
time weekly earnings followed very closely the course of hourly
earnings, as the changes in full-tim e hours were very slight as com
pared with those in hourly earnings. When all occupations are
considered, earnings decreased from 67.1 cents per hour in 1920
to 48 cents in 1922.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the 15 principal productive occupations are sum
marized in Table A (3). W hen 1922 is compared with 1920, average
full-tim e hours per week increased in 13 of the occupations and
decreased in 2. Increases ranged from 1.8 hours per week for
locomotive engineers to 5.5 hours for stock cranemen, and the
decreases wTere 4.5 hours for mold cappers and 0.6 hour for laborers.
The 1922 averages, while greater than those for 1920 in most cases,
are lower than those for any other year in each occupation except
ingot strippers. The working time of ingot strippers increased
3.5 hours per week from 1920 to 1922, marking the highest point in
full-tim e hours since 1915.
Earnings have decreased considerably since 1920 in each occupa
tion and are lower than the earnings for 1919, but as compared with
any other year for which data are presented the 1922 averages show
an increase in each instance. Some idea of the changes in earnings
in this department wThich have taken place from year to year may
be gained from a study of the occupation of charging-machine
No data were collected for 1910,1918, and 1921.
53
54
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRO N A N D ST E E L IN D U S T R Y .
operators. Employees in that occupation in 1910 earned an average
of 29.4 cents per hour, with possible full-tim e earnings of $22.52 per
week. During the next few years earnings varied but slightly and
it was not until 1917 that any considerable change was noticed.
In that year earnings had advanced to 46.7 cents per hour and
$35.91 per week.
Wages increased rapidly during the next three
years, reaching the high average of 89.5 cents per hour and $59.83
per week in 1920. The increase in earnings during the war period
was followed by a decline of 27 cents per hour and $14.74 per week,
in 1922 as compared with 1920, the averages for 1922 being 62.5 cents
and $45.09, respectively.
The increase in customary working time of the different selected
occupations is best illustrated b y reference to the classification of
employees according to their full-tim e hours per week. The percent
age of employees in 1922 who customarily worked 84 hours per week
has increased over that in 1920 in each occupation except mold
cappers and ingot strippers. There were no 84-nour workers in the
occupation of mold cappers in either year and ingot strippers decreased
from 21 per cent in 1920 to 20 per cent in 1922. The greatest increase,
from 1 per cent in 1920 to 21 per cent in 1922, occurred in the occupa
tion of meltere* third helpers. In a few of the occupations a small
percentage of employees are found for the first time in the group “ 48
and under.”
Index numbers for full-tim e hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-tim e weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (3).
These are sim ply percentages computed from the averages in the
table, using the average for 1913 as the base, or 100 per cent. The
index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occupa
tions combined) are shown on page 4.
T
A ( 3 ) .— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T I M E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T I M E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1910 T O
1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — O P E N - H E A R T H F U R N A C E S . 1
able
[For explanation of this table see p . 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Stockers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Index numbers. Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim ellours per week
(1913*100.)
Aver- Aver Aver
were—
Num
age
Num ber
age
full
ber
of
earn
Full
Over
time Fun
Over
Over
of
em time ings weekly
60
72
hours per
Earn time 48
48
plants. ploy per
time
ees. week. hour. earn hours ings week and and 60 and 72 and 84
per
un un
un
ings. per
un
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
week.
72.
60.
ings.
84.
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
448
419
413
417
409
366
243
476
573
647
76.8 10.177 $13.69
77.4
.172 12.73
77.0
.176 13.51
77.8
.197 15.30
77.0
.204 15.66
.199 15.41
77.3
.296 22.92
77.4
.506 38.30
75.7
70.9
.573 40.18
73.9
.379 28.07
99
96
99
100
99
99
99
97
91
95
90
87
89
100
104
101
150
257
291
192
89
83
88
100
102
101
150
250
263
183
3
(s)
10
26
3
1 This table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
* Less than 1 per cent.
* Including less than 1 per cent whose full-time hours per week were 89.
4
13
26
7
8
8
8
9
29
24
24
25
22
21
21
38
22
17
19
34
28
28
19
23
40
40
31
48 >23
33
30
29
33
50
13
39
10
27
13
O P E N -H E A R T H FURNACES,
55
T a b l e A (3).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1910 T O
1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — O P E N -H E A R T H F U R N A C E S — Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Stock cranemen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1916...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Charging-machine operators:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Door operators:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1910...........
1920...........
1922...........
Melters' help
ers, first:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Matters’ help
ers, second:
1 9 1 0 .......
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Melters’ help
ers, third:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver Average
&
earn time
ings weekly
per
hour. earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Over
Full
Over
Over
72
Earn time 48
60
48
ings week and and 60 and 72 and
un
un 84
per
un un
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
60.
72.
84. |
ings.
i
13
13
14
15
20
20
11
15
17
20
75
70
72
84
98
94
64
115
150
178
78.8 $0,223 $17.60
75.6
.207 15.61
78.9
.228 18.02
79.1
.238 18.85
78.4
.237 18.58
77.4
.253 19.77
77.4
.338 26.11
75.2
.556 41.81
67.8
.686 47.02
73.3
.460 33.85
100
96
100
100
99
98
98
95
86
93
94
87
96
100
100
106
142
234
288
193
93
83
96
100
99
105
139
222
249
180
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
73
72
72
76
86
86
64
98
137
133
76.8
74.7
75.8
78.0
77.4
77.7
77.1
75.3
67.2
72.2
.294
.287
.312
.335
.307
.330
.467
.753
.895
.625
22.52
21.37
23.67
26.12
23.66
25.55
35.91
56.70
59.83
45.09
98
96
97
100
99
100
99
97
86
93
88
86
93
100
92
99
139
225
267
187
86
82
91
100
91
98
137
217
229
173
15
15
15
15
19
19
15
15
16
165 75.9
160 75.5
157 76.0
160 76.9
170 77.0
176 76.5
165 73.8
264 66.1
288 70.1
.101 . 7.72
7.53
.100
7.72
.102
8.68
.112
8.35
.109
.111
8.43
.321 23.69
.402 26.27
.279 19.76
99
98
99
100
100
99
96
86
91
90
89
91
100
97
99
287
359
249
89
87
89
100
96
97
273
303
228
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
341
338
347
364
404
422
272
402
620
622
77.7
75.3
76.5
77.1
75.6
75.5
76.3
74.9
69.4
71.4
.416
.400
.417
.440
.420
.437
.586
.966
1.089
.775
32.27
30.12
31.89
33.89
31.60
32.80
44.36
72.35
75.09
55.34
101
98
99
100
98
98
99
97
90
93
95
91
95
100
95
99
133
220
248
176
95
89
94
100
93
97
131
213
222
163
17
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
339
335
347
360
402
420
272
410
721
704
76.6
74.5
75.8
76.7
74.7
74.5
75.9
74.4
69.1
71.2
.272
.263
.274
.292
.278
.291
.397
.693
.781
.557
20.87
19.62
20.77
22.36
20.70
21.57
29.93
51.56
53.80
39.50
100
97
99
100
97
97
99
97
90
93
93
90
94
100
95
100
136
237
267
191
93
88
93
100
93
97
134
231
241
177
17
17
17
16
21
21
11
17
19
22
393 76.5
394 73.9
414 75.4
458 77.9
442 77.4
454 77.7
268 77.5
602 76.6
970 67.8
980 72.9
.196 14.97
.185 13.67
.199 15.01
.214 16.64
.207 15.98
.212 16.44
.328 25.26
.532 40.75
.645 43.64
.432 31.44
98
95
97
100
99
100
99
98
87
94
92
86
93
100
97
99
153
249
301
202
89
82
90
100
96
99
152
245
262
189
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
were—
1
1
3
23
16
10
11
10
12
23
38
22
11
25
40
43
47
45
49
47
34
55
35
38
40
23
42
40
35
26
28
13
7
14
34
25
36
16
33
30
44
24
14
31
27
33
25
32
33
33
28
48
42
23
30
17
25
39
30
33
28
17
2
19
38
24
28
19
24
25
41
13
38
22
31
21
28
32
38
24
28
8
28
24
31
34
31
24
22
4
16
22
21
24
16
14
13
54
34
6
1 46
40
49
55
55
62
63
13
33
60
32
31
13
19
26
15
14
33
22
2
5
38
21
37
29
25
24
54
33
7
47
22
21
14
14
29
31
20
39
55
21
31
23
29
37
22
21
26
17
1
5
36
37
30
25
39
38
44
30
12
35
30
36
46
38
30
29
20
36
46
19
27
3
16
36
31
33
36
28
1
21
5
4
4
10
35
13
12
10
s
25
14
13
5
5
10
38
16
5
14
45
14
9
10
11
33
15
4
12
12
21
20
20
14
14
10
20
7
17
2
3
9
10
8
35
20
19
15
14
12
34
16
3
12
8
20
7
1
6
38
10 *2*
2
13
56
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T a b l e A (3).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1910 T O
1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — O P E N -H E A R T H FURNACES — Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Stopper setters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Steel pourers:
1910...........
m i ...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
M old cappers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
ILadle crane
men:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Ingot strippers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Engineers, loco
m otive:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Index numbers. Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
(1913=100.)
were—
Num- Aver- Aver Aver
age
age
full
s s . earn
of tim
her
Over
Over
e ings time JPullOver
Full
of
em
Earn tim e 48
48
60
72
per weekly
plants. ploy hours
tim e ings week
per
earn
and
and
and
and
ees. week. hour. ings. hours per
un un 60 un 72 un 84
ly
per hour. earn
der
der. der
der
week.
60.
72.
ings.
84.
10
10
10
9
10
10
8
10
12
17
30 *76.2 $0,313 $23.63
29 73.5 I .313 23.11
29 75.8 , .329 24.92
.325 25.10
30 77.3
32 75.0
.287 21.46
32 74.6 ! .296 21.96
.414 39.90
36 75.3
.684 50.48
45 73.8
.778 53.17
71 68.4
.561 39.73
83 70.9
99
95
98
100
97
97
97
95
96
96
101
100
88
91
127
210
94
92
99
100
86
88
123
201
212
92
83
82
87
100
86
100
20
100
99
98
99
95
92
96
126
215
251
174
91
95
125
205
219
160
11
11
85
84
89
82
79
90
100
100
91
90
96
141
218
223
156
158
70.4
.217
.215
.228
.255
.232
.254
.364
.588
.635
.460
16.49
15.78
18.00
20.04
17.96
19.24
28.16
43.69
44.65
31.33
.294
.287
.317
.341
.305
.327
.466
.733
.837
.588
22.76
21.32
24.22
26.34
23.34
24.92
35.64
55.41
56.63
42.83
86
97
99
84
93
81
92
100
100
100
99
98
99
98
89
96
137
215
245
172
89
95
135
21
77.2
74.6
76.2
77.2
76.5
76.0
76.4
75.6
68.3
72.9
100
90
90
104
107
82
119
146
153
15
15
15
15
18
18
13
15
16
18
46
51
55
61
47
48
39
48
71
65
73.7
71.9
72.9
74.5
75.8
76.3
70.9
69.9
69.3
72.8
.275
.256
.278
.296
.292
.303
.449
.749
.790
.559
19.88
18.06
19.99
21.85
21.72
22.76
30.85
52.36
54.21
40.61
99
97
98
93
100
102
102
100
100
99
95
94
93
98
152
253
267
189
99
104
141
240
248
186
101
83
84
89
88
17
18
21
112
101
6 8 .0
9
40
38
52
12
68
13
13
70
72
38
97
73
92
8
8
6
11
7
8
16
16
16
17
22
22
13
17
19
14
15
15
16
21
21
17
18
20
90
86
107 77.3
114 74.3
117 75.8
119 76.6
137 76.5
13S 77.1
166 75.6
214 69.6
219 71.4
.244 18.92
.247 18.32
.262 19.86
.295 22.55
.281 : 21.51
.279 , 21.57
.6 6 6 i 50.35
.732 i 50.83
.527 |37.62
88
91
97
94
101
100
99
97
98
95
89
83
88
94
97
99
100
100
101
100
143
231
249
180
86
94
102
100
95
95
99 : 226
248
91
93
179
7
....
81
78
76.5
74.0
79.3
78.6
77.7
76.1
76.7
74.3
70.0
65.5
21
21
12
75.3
73.7
76.5
77.0
76.4
75.7
76.0
73.2
16
34
13
98
96
99
23.05
22.32
24.57
28.46
25.94
26.99
35.60
58.27
62.31
45.48
47
44
50
56
70
70
48
69
25
239
173
88
.308
.304
.321
.370
.339
.356
.466
.796
.929
.645
14
14
15
16
28
23
4
4
16
36
18
9
2i
15
6
11
11
11
14
23
16
....
6
6
6
210
215
163
36
3
13
12
7
6
5
5
....
22
8
6
6
1
23
33
34
15
....
84
81
; ICO
95
96
223
| 225
! 167
12
9
24
70
9
86
91
83
92
12
11
4
27
19
21
21
13
63
33
67
36
13
33
22
22
11
17
23
9
2S
25
23
17
55
26
g
30
26
42
58
25
.4
15
15
42
27
41
31
28
5
60
73
42
28
34
32
18
24
29
51
30
17
33
31
23
31
44
47
47
24
51
42
24
12
30
63
69
46
30
29
36
17
11
6
23
1910
19
20
21
40
....
11
27
42
18
17
41
28
46
29
29
25
42
50
26
26
12
10
6
57 • 7
52
72 "*7
7
80
25
13
25
13
49
27
24
25
37
43
54
32
13
28
6
38
14
. 1. .
37
22
11
7
42
17
20
18
30
47
42
16
46
32
32
45
35
67
52
48
49
40
37
16
21
10
2
16
11
50
41
31
19
37
4
32
19
27
23
23
19
24
13
2
-17
24
4
7
20
17
23
23
4
21
20
26
8
9
17
21
24
16
3
16
57
OPEN-H EARTH FURNACES,
T a b l e A ( 3 ) .— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R , 1910
T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — OPE N-H EA RTH FURNA CES— Concluded.
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Occupation
and year.
Switchmen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915........
1917.......
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
* Less than
1
14
15
15
16
21
21
17
18
20
Aver
age
full
tim e
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Aver
age
full
tim e
Full
weekly Full Earn tim e
earn tim e ings week
ings. hours per
ly
per
week. hour. earn
ings.
109 77.3 $0.185 $14.29
117 74.4
.186 13.85
118 75.2
.199 14.92
127 76.3
.230 17.55
.226 17.29
149 76.5
150 77.0
.225 17.33
194 76.2
.555 42.29
297 69.3
.617 42.84
275 72.0
.439 31.61
17 1,038
17
806
17
9-48
17 1,109
22
805
22
723
13
653
17 1,266
18 1,393
21
992
74.5
73.2
74.7
76.2
69.5
70.8
74.4
76.2
68.5
67.9
.157
.161
.164
.187
.185
.186
.292
.468
.525
.354
11.69
11.78
12.21
14.24
12.84
13.19
21.73
35.6 8
36.21
24.22
101
98
99
100
100
101
100
91
94
98
96
98
100
91
93
98
100
90
89
Per cent of emplovees whose
average full-itim ellours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
48
72
60
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un un
un
un
der. der
der
der
72.
84.
60.
80
81
87
81
79
85
100
100
98
98
241
268
191
99
99
241
244
180
84
82
83
4
4
86
100
6
86
88
100
99
99
156
250
281
189
90
93
153
250
254
170
6
22
38
15
13
19
19
23
23
25
40
11
5
2
r ;;
27 1
13
4
(2)
1
11
8
3
27
17
19
11
11
39
6
20
7
5
4
27
24
13
13.
15
17
25
4
21
22
22
6
2
7
15
6
14
:
6
20
7
3
24 ' 18
22
44
34
56
49
44
45
39
41
19
28
9
10
16
22
25
19
2
18
35
37
39
31
34
30
38
56
43
17
22
14
20
30
9
13
20
20
2
7
per cent.
The number of employees reported in 1922 includes some duplica
tions, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation of
Table B (p. 15). Of the 4,778 employees reported in selected occu>ations for all districts combined in 1922, there were 263 duplications,
eaving 4,515 actually engaged, and the total of 8,298 employees shown
for all occupations represents 7,954 individuals.
The gross number of employees reported, together with the net
number of actual employees for selected occupations and all occuations in each district and all districts combined, are shown in
'able 10.
[
?
T able 10.—NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES RE PO RTE D , NUM BER OF DUPLICATIONS, AND
ACTU AL NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND A L L OCCU
PATION S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS— OPEN-HEAR Til FURNACES.
Employees in selected occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Eastern............................................
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and M iddle W est.......
Southern..........................................
692
1,580
2,046
460
Total......................................
4,778
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
94
85
16
624
1,486
1,961
444
1,241
2,554
3,678
825
87
114
124
19
1,154
2,440
3,554
836
263 jI
4,515
8,298
344
7,954
66
58
WAGES A N D H O U R S OP LABOR— IRON A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
The customary working time per week of employees in the openhearth-furnace department for the years 1910 to 1922 has been classi
fied, and the number and per cent of employees corning under each
classification are shown in Table B (3).
The working time of employees in the open-hearth furnace de
partment shows a wide variation of days or turns per week— 5 days, 6
1
T~ 1
*j1 jT
1 *lations thereof. However,
working 6 days, 7 days,
^
^
w employees found in the
other classifications. The heading “ 6 days and 7 days alternately”
indicates that the plants were running 7 days and 6 nights or 6 days
and 7 nights each week, being shut down for one day or one night each
week, or that the employees were relieved one turn every two weeks
while the plant itself was in continuous operation and that the em
ployees reported under this heading worked 7 turns one week and 6
turns the next.
A study of Table B (3) will show some material changes between
1920 and 1922. In 1920 in selected occupations, all districts combined,
25 per cent worked 6 days per week, while in 1922 the per cent of
employees working 6 days had increased to 53. In 1920, 42 per cent
worked 6 days and 7 days alternately, while in 1922 only 17 per cent
worked these turns. The per cent of employees who worked 7 days
per week had decreased from 30 in 1920 to 23 in 1922. When the
total employees for all occupations combined are considered, the
percentages under each heading are practically the same as they
were for selected occupations alone. When each district is studied
separately some marked changes appear in the 7-day workers be
tween the years 1920 and 1922, but when taken as a whole the changes
are not so great.
T able B
(3) .— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O C U S T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M
B E R O F D A Y S P E R W E E K IN E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D , 1910 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S —
O P E N -H E A R T H FURNACES .
fFor explanation of this table, see p . 15.]
Number of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
District.
Year.
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
5 days
5
and
plants. ploy
ees.1 days. 6 days
alter
nately.
6
days.
5 days 6 days
ana
and
7 days 7 days
alter alter
nately. nately.
6 days,
6 days,
ana
7 days
in ro
tation.
6 days,
7 days,
and
7 days
in ro
tation.
Per cent of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
7
days.
5 days 6 days
5 days
and
and
and
5
6
days 7 days
6
days
days. alter days. 7alter
alter
nately. nately.
nately.
6 days,
6 days,
and
7 days
in ro
tation.
6 days,
7 days,
and
7
7 days days.
in ro
tation.
§
•
E A ST ER N .
Selected occupations..........
A ll occupations...................
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1020
1922
4
4
4
4
6
6
2
3
4
5
583
477
471
. 490
491
516
299
326
451
692
1914
1915
1920
1922
6
6
4
5
1,064
1,116
955
1,241
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
5
5
5
5
6
6
3
5
6
5
1,491
1,432
1,452
1,571
1,532
1,409
588
1,796
1,994
1,580
207
83
55
62
16
252
282
296
am
248 i............
262 !______
1
213
288
416
24
26
26
28
154
149
88
99
127
228
2
12
635
655
630
699
215
225
202
412
100
2
1
13
18
33
84
86
94
99
89
104
111
14
17
15
18
33
214
229 (a)
80
96 •(2)
3
36
17
12
13
33
(a)
(2)
1
43
59
63
61
51
51
3
65
64
60
60
59
66
56
1
4
6
6
6
31
29
29
30
1............
28 1
33
20 1
20
<*)
21
33
4
5
14
18
20
20
18
20
37
4
4
2
2
3
20
21
8
8
m
%
W
£
s
*}
W
a
<3
&
tei
co
PITTSBURGH.
Selected occupations..........
32
343
558
225
121
375
316
259
389
394
753
32
837
636
873
879
697
668
192
1,360
1,409
567
3
20
60
10
3
50
9
136
i27
12
311
171
331
461
450
425
128
47
64
112
2
23
39
16
8
24
22
44
22
20
48
2
56
44
60
56
45
47
33
76
71
36
('*)
1 The figures in this column for the years 1910 to 1917 represent the number of jobs and for the years 1919,1920, and 1922 the actual number of men em ployed.
2 bess than 1 per cent
1
4
1
(V)
^3
2
9
6
1
21
12
23
29
29
30
22
3
3
7
cn
Per cent of em ployees whose customary working time per
week was—
Number of employees whose customary working tim e per
week was—
District.
Year.
Num
Num ber of
ber of em
plants. ploy-
5 days
and
5
6
days
days. alter
nately.
5 days 6 days 6 days,
days,
and
and 6 and
6
7
days 7 days
days. alter
7
days
alter
nately. nately. in ro
tation.
6 days,
7 days,
and
7 days
in ro
tation.
7
days.
6 days,
5 days 6 days 6 days,
5 days
and
and
and
6
5
7 days 7 days 7and
days days.
days. 6alter
alter alter indays
ro
nately. nately. tation.
nately.
6 days,
7 days,
and
7 days days.
in ro
tation.
Pittsburgh—concluded.
A ll occupations.
1914
1915
1920
1922
6
6
6
5
2,149
2,013
3,190
2,554
468
404
670
1,104
852
814
2,049
944
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
6
6
6
6
7
7
5
7
6
9
* 975
941
1,073
1,171
1,069
1,122
953
1,796
1,828
2,046
340
461
477
422
394
405
695
526
50
1,086
63
263
182
168
274
304
1914
1915
1920
1922
7
7
6
9
1,632
1,755
3,067
3,678
751
846
214
1,848
311
356
793
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
292
223
250
266
333
311
239
188
100
86
126
163
126
227
16
819
795
244
264
22
20
21
43
40
40
64
37
35
49
45
36
37
36
73
29
3
53
7
28
17
14
26
27
' 46
372
217
414
566
401
413
258
948
1,205
806
153
570
553
2,060
1,565
46
48
7
50
104
65
88
72
130
135
64
45
34
47
49
41
10
226
7
1
38
39
8
10
2
59
23
39
48
38
37
27
53
66
39
4
35
32
67
43
<*)
9
G REAT LAK ES A N D MIDDLE
W EST.
Selected occupations.
#
A ll occupations.
322
573
15
108
112
1
18
31
5
19
20
26
3
SOUTHERN.
Selected occupations.
58
70
62
34
50
171
6
6
6
68
26
28
23
10
16
72
2
2
2
36
29
35
27
39
43
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
B ( 3 ) .— NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUM
BER OF DAYS PER WEEK IN EACH DISTRICT AND ALL DISTRICTS COMBINED 1910 TO 1922, BY YEARS—
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES— Concluded.
able
60
T
70880°— 24-
A ll occupations.
1919
1920
1922
2
3
3
354
695
460
486
279
166
1
2
1914
1915
1920
1922
3
3
3
3
570
539
958
825
269
226
655
484
38
58
1
4
1910
19U
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
J7
17
17
17
22
22
13
17
19
22
3,341
3,073
3,246
3,498
3,425
3,358
2,079
4,272
4,968
4,778
1914
1915
1920
1922
22
22
19
22
5,415
5,423
8,170
8,298
9
3
188
208
179
70
61
254
252
302
337
47
42
68
59
47
<*)
30
39
(a)
2
1
7
11
<a)
(a)
45
47
32
41
TOTAL.
Selected occupations,
cn
2 Less than 1 per cent.
100
1
2
1
2
12
1,123
1,401
1,084
1,970
1,180
1,110
954
1,128
1,218
2,534
2,123
2,131
2,169
4,135
16
32
13
924
983
1,151
1,137
1,159
1,171
451
1,947
2,110
797
1,416
1,453
3,045
1,360
3
20
75
10
9
56
9
244
10
3
338
145
91
9
3
245
202
6
4
2
2
1,071
539
927
1,198
1,070
1,077
565
1,197
1,494
5
(a)
1,112
1,857
1,829
2,262
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
1
34
46
33
28
34
33
46
26
25
53
39
39
27
50
28
32
36
33
34
35
22
46
42
17
(*)
26
27
37
16
(*)
1
2
(*)
(*)
3
2
32
18
29
34
31
32
27
28
30
23
3
2
34
34
33
27
2
(*)
(*)
5
(a)
(a)
(*)
(*)
4
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES,
All occupations.
207
115
55
62
C*
62
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table C (3) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual working time, actual earnings per pay period, and earn
ings per hour of employees in 22 open-hearth furnace plants in 1922,
by occupations and districts. In addition, for each occupation are
shown the number of positions and the number of employees actually
working during the pay period and also the time and earnings of the
same employees during the same period at occupations other than
the occupation specified.
Referring to the occupation of melters’ first helpers byw ay of illus
tration: In 22 plants the 454 positions were filled by 622 men during
the pay period scheduled. The average customary full time of the
men working in the positions was 6.3 turns per week, 11.4 hours per
turn, and 71.4 hours per week. In the distribution of the customary
working time of the 622 actual employees, 289, the largest number in
any one group, were found under tne heading “ 72 hours.” The next
highest number, 198, came under the classification “ Over 72 and
under 84.” The average hourly earnings of melters’ first helpers
ranged from 63.4 cents in the eastern district to 83.9 cents in the
Pittsburgh district, with an average of 77.5 cents for all districts
combined. The range of average full-time weekly earnings was
from $48.31 in the eastern district to $60.58 in the Pittsburgh dis
trict, with an average for all districts of $55.34.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the employees worked in
more than one occupation during the pay period and in order to
give the complete hours and earnings for such employees, separate
figures are shown which cover all occupations at which they worked.
While 622 men working as melters’ first helpers averaged 108.9
hours per pay period, they also averaged 28.3 hours at other work,
making a total of 137.2 average hours per pay period in specified
(melters’ first helpers) and other occupations. During the 108.9
hours they worked as melters’ first helpers they earned an average
of $84.32, or 77.5 cents per hour. When the work of these men in all
occupations is considered they earned $100.10— that is, $15.78 was
earned in some occupation or occupations other than melters’ first
helpers.
The average earnings per hour in the principal productive occupa
tions in this department ranged from 27.9 cents for door operators to
77.5 cents for melters’ first helpers, and the average actual hours
worked per pay period ranged from 66.7 for laborers to 124.4 for
charging-machine operators. Employees who worked as laborers
averaged the highest number of hours at other occupations (47.4),
while melters’ second helpers received the largest earnings for work
in addition to their regular occupation ($20.07). Locomotive en
gineers worked the smallest number of hours outside their regular
occupation (9.2) and likewise received the smallest earnings ($4)
for work in addition to their regular occupation.
T
able
C (3).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES.
[For explanation of this table see p. 16.]
Employees workingin scheduled pay period.
Positions.
Num
Occupation and district. ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Stockers:
Eastern.........................
Pittsburgh....................
G. L. and M. W ............
Southern........................
Total...........................
Stock cranemen:
Eastern.........................
P ittsburgh...................
G. L. and M. W ............
Southern;......................
Total...........................
Charging-machine oper
ators:
Eastern...................... .
Pittsburgh....................
G. L. and M. W ............
Southern........................
Total..........................
5
Average customary
full time of employ
ees in the positions.
Number whose customary full-tim e
hours per week were—
Num
ber.
Turns H ours H ours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
19
26
48
74
19
26
126
81
122
183
33
419
6.1
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.4
12.0
11.9
11.1
12.0
11.6
73.7
75.5
72.0
79.3
73.9
116
192
287
52
647
5
5
8
2
23
40
42
4
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.0
11.9
11.9
10.9
10.0
74.5
75.8
70.5
70.0
33
68
72
5
21
3
20
109
6.4
11.4
73.3
178
24
5
5
9
3
20
30
46
11
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.6
12.0
11.4
11.2
10.9
74.5
70.9
72.2
72.0
22
36
59
16
6
12
3
22
107
8.4
11.4
72.2
133
Door operators:
Pittsburgh....................
G. L. and M. W ............
Southern........................
4
9
3
62
97
20
6.1
6.5
6.6
11.3
11.0
10.4
69.0
71.3
68.0
88
158
42
Total..........................
16
179
6.4
11.0
70.1
288
48
and
un
der.
9
3
22
5
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
60
Over
60
and
un
der
72.
4
17
17
6
10
16
9
17
15
57
15
15
41
57
Over
72
and
un
der
84.
77
5
77
27
186
35
139*
16
17
51
28
21
..
72
174
44
G8
6
10
20
27
8
41
85
23
108
30
22
22
84
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week.
Specified occupation.
Aver
Aver
age
age
hours
earn
w orked. ings.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver
Aver
Aver
age
age
earn
age
ings
earn
hours
per
worked. ings.
hour.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
91
25
116
$26.46
30.12
28.44
22.05
28.07
104.6
100.0
96.2
111.9
100.1
$37.56
39.89
38.01
31.05
37.93
$0,359
.399
.395
.278
.379
127.3
132.7
132.5
147.9
132.9
$45.62
52.09
52.01
42.14
50.09
$0,358
.393
.392
.285
.377
23
2
30.77
36.08
33.49
29.19
107.6
87.7
90.2
141.8
44.49
41.74
42.85
59.12
.413
.476
. 475
.417
139.5
114.5
131.7
166.1
59.17
53.77
60.95
70.05
.424
.470
.463
.422
25
33.85
93.9
43.1*
.460
127.5
58.13
.456
20
5
42.39
49.42
45.34
38.16
141.3
123.4
121.9
112.5
80.47
85.96
76.58
59.68
.569
.697
.628
.530
152.9
141.0
147.5
143.9
87.56
95.41
90.77
76.11
.573
.677
.616
.529
25
45.09
124.4
77.73
.625
146.2
89.73
.614
41
4
16.77
21.60
19.11
100.7
84.3
68.7
24.48
25.57
19.28
.243
.303
.281
128.4
129.5
104.4
39.72
45.34
33.56
.300
.350
.320
45
19.76
87.1
24.32
.279
125.5
41.90
.334
O
►
d
H
3
W
H
►
W
H
tu
<1
P>
O
a
to
o*
CO
C (3).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES— Concluded.
able
Occupation and district.
Num
ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Average customary
full-tim e o f employ
ees in the positions.
N umber whose customary full-time
hours per week were—
Num
ber.
Turns H ours H ours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
48
and
un
der.
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
M e te ’s helpers, first:
Eastern.........................
Pittsburgh....................
O. L. and M. W ............
Southern........................
Total..........................
9
3
22
70
152
192
40
454
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.6
6.3
12.0
11.7
11.0
10.6
11.4
76.2
72.2
69.7
68.2
71.4
93
203
266
60
622
20
58
17
95
M etes’ helpers, second:
Eastern.........................
Pittsburgh....................
G. L . and M. W ............
Southern........................
Total...........................
5
5
9
3
22
70
152
192
39
453
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.3
12.0
11.6
10.8
10.7
11.3
75.1
71.9
69.7
68.8
71.2
99
216
313
76
704
25
65
20
110
M e te s' helpers, third:
Eastern.........................
Pittsburgh....................
G .L . and M. W ...........
Southern.......................
Total..........................
5
5
9
3
22
64
150
280
56
550
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.4
6.3
11.9
11.6
11.3
11.7
11.5
73.6
71.5
73.2
74.3
72.9
112
247
511
110
980
Stopper setters:
Eastern.........................
Pittsburgh....................
G: L . and M. W ............
Southern.......................
Total..........................
2
3
9
3
17
4
16
31
7
58
6.3
6.1
6.5
6.7
6.4
11.7
11.9
10.8
10.3
11.1
73.3
72.2
70.5
68.6
70.9
5
22
48
8
83
5
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
60
Over
60
and
un
der
72.
72
Over
72
and
un
der.
84.
23
76
156
34
289
61
107
21
9
198
31
35
71
187
46
339
43
68
24
10
145
37
20
79
45
47
141
7
106
256
83
384
9
—
27
73
[ 100
9
21
52
--- ---
73
2
6
6
8
3
11
10
10
22
3
27
188
3
12
15
81
Aver
age
full
tim e
earn
ings
per
week.
Specified occupation.
A ver Aver
age
age
earn
hours
w orked. ings.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver
A ver
age
earn
age
ings
hours
per worked.
hour.
Averageearnings.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per .
hour.
$48.31
60.58
54.44
52.51
55.34
118.8
108.3
108.2
98.3
108.9
$75.29
90.85
84.43
75.71
84.32
$0,634
.839
.781
.770
.775
151.8
137.1
132.9
134.3
137.2
$91.42
107.31
98.64
95.68
100.10
$0,602
.783
.742
.713
.730
37
36.20
43.64
39.03
33.92
39.50
106.8
99.2
90.9
72.3
93.7
51.42
60.18
50.88
35.65
52.16
.482
.607
.560
.493
.557
144.2
132.8
135.3
130.5
135.3
68.73
78.21
72.01
60.75
72.23
.477
.589
.532
.466
.534
182
20
202
29.15
36.39
31.04
24.52
31.44
89.1
88.1
85.2
88.4
86.7
35.29
44.83
36.15
29.17
37.46
.396
.509
.424
.330
.432
132.0
124.4
130.6
131.6
129.3
52.43
62.35
55. 52
43.29
55.52
.397
-501
.425
.329
.429
12
2
14
32.55
42.38
39.13
40.54
39.73
121.5
110.1
101.7
130.5
107.9
53.99
64.70
56/47
77.18
60.50
.444
.587
.555
.591
.561
144.7
147.3
144.5
146.3
145.4
61.75
85.98
78.21
.87.13
80.14
.427
.584
.541
.596
.551
31
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
64
T
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES,
66
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table D (3) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for melters' first helpers and ladle crane
men in 1922, by districts, and for all districts combined.
The average earnings per hour of meltere' first helpers ranged be
tween 30 cents and $1.25. Sixty-three per cent, however, of the 622
employees earned 60 and under 90 cents per hour. The largest num
ber in any one group, 137, or 22 per cent of the total, earned from 60
to 70 cents per hour; and 125, or 20 per cent, earned “ 70 and under
80 cents.” The average for all employees was 77.5 cents per hour.
Ladle cranemen in all districts earned an average of 59.1 cents per
hour, and the range in classification— from 40 to 90 cents per hour—
is not so wide as that for melters’ first helpers. The largest number
in any one group, 68, or 44 per cent of the total, earned “ 60 and under
70 cents” per hour.
T a b l e D (3).—A V E R A G E AN D CLASSIFIED EARN IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1922, B Y D ISTR ICTS —O P E N H E A R TH
FURNACES .
[For explanation of this table see p. 17. J
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Num Aver
ber of age
45
35
40
50
60
30
70
80
90
Occupation and district. em earn
and and and and and and and and cents $1
ploy ings
under under under under mider and and
under
under
under
per
ees. hour.
35
45
50
40
60
70
80
90 under under
cents. cents. oents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. $1. $1.25.
MELTERS’ HELPERS, FIRST.
Eastern.............................
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle
W est...........................
Southern...........................
266
60
.781
.770
1
T otal.......................
622
.775
1
Eastern.............................
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle
W est..............................
Southern...........................
30
41
66
T otal.......................
153
93 $0,634
203
.839
16
3
28
3
48
34
8
33
5
49
41
27
1
6
4
13-
22
2
52
3
64
20
61
14
35
7
20
1
35
g
55
137
125
129
83
48
.560
.582
8
5
5
28
13
.602
.597
6
5
18
30
14
7
51
68
7
1
1
LADLE CRANEMEN.
16
.591 .........i..........
)
2
14
12
1
11
*
1
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours per
week of those employees in the open-hearth furnace department who
regularly worked 7 days per week regardless of the length of turn, or a
turn of 12 or more hours regardless of the number of days per week,
either all or part of their time, are presented in detail in Table E (3).
As stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17), data are
presented only for those employees whose customary working time
remained the same throughout the pay period although they may
have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown
for each district and for all districts combined.
O PEN -H EARTH FURNACES.
67
E (3).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
TU R N OF EM PLO YEES W HO W O R K E D 7 TURNS PE R W EEK
O R 12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — OPE N-H EA RT H FURNACES.
T able
[This table includes only employees who worked but one com bination of custom ary days and hours
during pay periods. (F or explanation see p. 17.)]
D A Y TU RNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts.
Night turns.
Day turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Great
Turns Mon-;
Turns Mon
East Pitts Lakes
per
and South Total.
per
burgh.
day
Satern.
Sat
Per week. to | ur- Sun Per
Middle ern.
week. day
ur Sun
to
day. week.
W est.
Fri day. day. week.
Fri day.
day.
day.
13*
13
131
13
13*
13
12
12
12
12
12
10
Hi
m
}}*
11
11
11
10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
}0*
10
10
10
10
10
10
9*
9
8*
9*
9
8*
8
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
} 0*
IQ
10
10
10
10
10
8
9
8*
8
12
12
12
6
8
12
11
94*
91
84
82
8»
77
77 } .........
66
1
1
6
2
3
3
7
1
1
48
6
2
22
1
69
3
5
32
21
18
181
1
i
73*
70
70 j .........
60
70
60
60
65
63
59*
56
72
71
72
18
9
99
1
9
43
6
6
6
6
2
2
10
4
5
H
9
l
58
17
9
18
12
63
11
2
7
1
54
i
24
!
66
2
1
1
i
!
NIGHT TU RN S.
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
12*
12
11 *
8*
12
13
12 *
12
11 *
8*
12
14
13*
13
13
12 *
12
11*
8*
12
14
J3*
13
13
12
12
12
91
87*
84
80*
56
72
84
81
78
73
72
1
1
4
1
8
1
25
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
9
29
i
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
D A Y AND NIGHT TU RNS—A LTE R N A TIN G W EE K LY .
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
12
12
12
12
11 *
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
11*
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
9
8*
7*
5*
12
12
12
12
11*
11*
11
11
11
11
8*
5
11
11
11
12
84
84
84
84
80*
77
77
77
77
77
74*
71
75
74*
73*
72*
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
11*
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
H*
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
11*
13“
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
84
32
84
72 /\.........
72
201
80*
91
91
4
78 IJ
78
78
4
78
78
14
78
78
78
78
8
344
141
6
2
203
6
164
4
7
150
2
60
7
146
1
1
6
5
11
525
6
2
98
1
14
1
6
5
11
68
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
E (3).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
TU R N OF E M PLO Y E E S W HO W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K
O R 12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — O P E N -H EA RT H F URN ACES — Continued.
T able
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY—Continued.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
Number of employeesi who worked
eocu s|iwiu«u cuinumai/ion oi cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts.
Night turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
East
per
per
Sat Sun Per
day Sat Sun Per
ern.
week. day
ur
ur day. week. week. to
to
Fri day.
Fri day. day- week.
day.
day.
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
11
11
101
5
5
7
7
7
7
101
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
101
101
101
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
7
8
•7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
6
ii
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
0
6
12
11
101
72
71
6
13
13
13*
13*
13*
14
14
14
14
7
10
14
14
13
13
6
6.
6
11
11
14
14
14
14
66
7
7
8
7
5
9
s
74*
69
72
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
60
70
60
70
60
70
60
70
60
70
65
67
56
8
8
56
6
7
8
8
8
8
12
12
11
56
48
72
72
71
72
72
72
7
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
12
T
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
66
66
67
66 *
ID?
66
66
11
11
51
: 65
! 64
J 67
' 66
! 66
: 66
j 66
65
65
65
64*
64
64
63*
63
61*
61
60*
hi
60*
9
9
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
81
8
9
12
11
12
11
11
13
13
13*
13*
13*
12 *
14
14
78
78
94*
81
81
94
98
98
84
70
84
91
84
98
78
91
72
84
98
84
78
91
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
6
.•
I7
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
0
6
13*
12
14
14
10
11
X
*k
10
14
13
14
14
13
13
18
14
14
13
13
14
13
14
14
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
13
13
g
g
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
13
13
8
g
g
16
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
8
g
8
g
8
12
12
12
12
i2
13
13
13
13
15
13
13
13
13
13
13
10
7
14
13
10
13
13
13
13
13
8
13
13
13
13
13
13
84
84
56
56
48
56
64
4
39
Pitts
burgh.
Great
Lakes South
and
Total.
Middle ern.
West.
18
4
246
5
IS
4
255
39
229
3
245
6
2
13
)
J
20
20
2
{
4
18
4
4
18
(
2
337
337
28
2S
6
6
92
92
2
2
22
8
22
8
7
7
312
<
>.........
{
72
72
72
72
72
72
78
78
78
78
93
78
62
78
78
78
91
78
75
72
79
78
75
78
78
78
78
73
78
78
91 1
78 I(.........
78
6
2
98
25
25
3
184
216
25
63
1
42
2
2
10
33
190
4
4
5
1
27
306
410
142
125
3
326
216
25
188
1
27
348
2
2
10
33
252
4
4
5
1
3
82
28
3
62
28
2
2
4
I
37
37
4
1
1
1
109
44
109
44
2
20
2
20
45
35
42
45
35
42
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES.
69
T able
E ( 3 ) .— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K
O R 12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T OF T H E T IM E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — O P E N -H EA R T H FURNACES— Concluded.
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING WEEKLY—Concluded.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Night turns.
Par turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
per
per
Sat Sun Per week. day Sat
week. day
ur
ur day. week.
to
to
Fri day.
Fri day.
day.
day.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
G
G
6
6
G
a
10i
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
101
10"
10
10
10
10
30
9
8
fit
6
8
8
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts.
10
10
8
8
8
63
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
55i48
48
48
48
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
13J
14
12
14
14
13
14
14
14
12
8
7
7
6
7
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
13
16
8
8
8
Great
Pitts Lakes
and South
burgh. Middle
ern.
West.
East
Sun Per
day. week.
13|
14
12
15
14
13
14
12
14
12
8
81
84
72
99
98
91
84
82
84
72
64
8
8
8
8
56
56
48
56
ern.
Total.
193 I
2
20
7
15
53
8
88
27
171
171
86
50
SUMMARY.
Item.
Total open-hearth furnace employees............
Employees who worked—
One combination of days and hours only.........
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or
more hours all or part of the time.................
7-day week all of the time..................................
7-dav week part of the time...............................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours
all of the time..................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours
part of the time...............................................
7-day week and straight or average day of 12
or more hours all of the time..........................
East
ern
dis
trict.
Great
South
Pitts Lakes
and
burgh Middle
ern
dis
dis
West
trict.
trict.
dis
tricts.
Per cent of
employees
who worked
but one
Total. combina
tion of
days and
hours.
1,154
2,440
3,554
806
7,954
995
2,033
3,092
691
6,811
100
870
69
343
1,845
211
956
2,538
1,459
167
590
297
8
5,843
2,036
1,474
86
30
22
582
878
1,888
455
3,803
56
245
836
27
47
82
1,001
162
1,108
16
1,292
19
Of the total number of open-hearth furnace employees, 6,811
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. Of these
6,811 employees, 6,843, or 86 per cent, regularly worked a 7-day week
or a straight average day of 12 or more hours all or part of the time,
476 working days only, 54 working nights only, and 5,313 alternating
between day and night work. Thirty per cent (2,036) had a 7-day
week all of the time and 56 per cent (3,803) worked a straight or
average day of 12 or more hours all of the time. Nineteen per cent
(1,292) regularly worked a 7-day week and a straight or average day
of 12 or more hours all of the time.
PUDDLING MILLS.
The 1922 survey includes 13 representative puddling mills which
employed 2,758 men in all occupations. Of the total number of
employees reported 2,316 are found in the principal productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Wages and hours
of labor in this department were first obtained for the year 1914
and comparative figures are presented for the years 1914 to 1922.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, the
average full-time hours per week of employees in 1922 were 7 per
cent less than in 1920 and 4 per cent less than in 1914. Again com
paring the same years, average hourly earnings show a decline of
44 per cent since 1920, but the 1922 figure is still 55 per cent greater
than that for 1914. Average full-time weekly earnings show a
reduction of 48 per cent in 1922 as compared with 1920, and are 54
per cent greater than the 1914 average. The average hourly earnings
for the department as a whole, including all occupations, were 49.6
cents in 1922 as compared with 88.5 cents in 1920.
The puddling mill produces wrought iron by oxidizing and remov
ing most of the silicon, carbon, manganese, and phosphorus con
tained in pig iron, the operation being conducted on the hearth of a
reverberatory furnace. On account of the intense heat and heavy
labor involved in the puddling operation fewer workmen than
formerly are taking up the puddling trade, as men can earn as much
money in other skilled occupations and work under more favorable
conditions. This shortage of apprentices has been mainly respon
sible for the combination “ level-handed ” which is reflected in the
number of furnaces in operation.
In the last few years rapid progress has been made along the lines
of developing mechanical puddling devices to counteract conditions
which have led to the shortage of puddlers. As yet, however, no
such method has been devised that will produce wrought iron in
large quantities with uninterrupted success.
The work of bushelers is practically the same as that of puddlers
except that scrap iron instead of pig iron is charged into the furnace.
The most significant facts concerning average hours and average
earnings in each of the principal productive occupations of pud
dling mills are presented in Table A (4). Rollers and their crews
are not shown for every plant reported. This is due to the fact
that in some plants the money for total tonnage rolled was paid in a
lump sum to the roller who was responsible for the work, and in
a few of such instances it was impossible to get reliable data as to
wages paid individuals in the rolling crew.
Considering the 20 selected occupations separately (21 occupations
are shown for all years except 1922, no bushelers level-handed, with
helpers, being reported for that year) and comparing 1922 with 1920,
16 show a decrease in average full-time hours per week ranging from
8.5 hours for hook-ups to 0.7 hour for puddlers^helpers. The remain
ing 4 occupations show only slight increases. Nine of the 16 occupa1 No data were collected for the years 1916,1917,1918, or 1921.
70
PUDDLING MILKS.
71
tions which reported decreases show a smaller full-time average in
1922 than for any year covered by this bureau. Hook-ups in 1914
worked an average of 54.4 hours per week, which decreased to 51.8
in 1919. This average increased to 56.5 in 1920, but again decreased
to 48 in 1922.
Average hourly earnings decreased perceptibly in all selected
occupations when 1922 is compared with 1920 and 1919, but the 1922
averages still show a considerable increase over those for 1914 and
1915. While all 10 departments show a decrease in average hourly
earnings in 1922 as compared with 1920, the greatest reduction is
found in the puddling-mill department. For example, puddlers,
level-handed, received an average of 41.6 cents per hour in 1914,
which decreased to 39.2 cents in 1915. Owing to war conditions the
average advanced to $1,101 per hour in 1919 and continued to $1,227
in 1920. In 1921, however, wages declined and in 1922 employees
received an average of 62.9 cents per hour.
Average full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the course
of average earnings per hour as full-time hours per week on the whole
varied but little.
Puddling mills are usually in operation 6 days and 5 nights per
week, the nours per turn (day) varying anywhere from 7 to 12 hours,
with an average of about 9 hours, and Table A (4) shows that the
hours worked by these employees as a whole were quite generally
less than those worked in other departments. Only one occupa
tion, that of roll engineers, shows any employees working over 72
hours per week in 1922. Twenty-one per cent of the employees in
that occupation worked 84 hours in 1920, with 8 per cent in the group
“ over 72 and under 84,” but in 1922 no 84-hour-week work was re
ported and only 14 per cent were classified as “ Over 72 and under 84.”
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (4).
These are simply percentages computed from the averages presented
in the table, using the average for 1914 as the base, or 100 per cent.
The index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occu
pations combined) are shown on page 4.
T able A
(4).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y
F U L L -T IM E H O U R S
PER
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1914 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P U D D L IN G M IL L S .1
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Stockers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
28
28
11
15
13
300
304
141
407
214
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
cent of employees whose
Index numbers. Per
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100.)
were—
Aver
Aver
age
age
earn time
Full
Over
Over
Over
ings weekly Full Earn time 48
72
60
48
per
time ings week and and
and
earn
60 un 72 and 84
hour. ings. hours per
un
ly
per hour. earn
der
der
der. der
week.
84.
72.
60.
ings.
57.6 $0,205 $11.78
58.1
11.85
59.9
29.11
61.3
.504 31.30
58.9
.396 23.64
100 100 100 12
101 100 101 10
11
237
247
266
1
246
102 193 201 8
104
106
1This table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
* Less than 1 per cent.
1
30
34
1
2
61
55
3
53 (8)
72
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
A (4).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1914 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P U D D L IN G M IL L S — C on tinu ed.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Puddlers:
1914
1915
. .
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Puddlers, level
handed:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920.. .
1922...........
P u d d l e r *s
helpers:
1914
1915
1919 . . ..
1920
___
1922 ........
Bushelers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919
1 9 2 0 ..................
1922 . . . .
Bushelers,
level handed:
1914...........
1915...........
1919
1920...........
1922...........
Bushelers,
level handed
(w ith help
ers):
1914...........
1915 ___
1919
1920
1922 3 . . . .
Busheler ’ s
helpers:
1914
1915 . .
1919 .
1920...........
1922 .
Heaters:
1914 . . ..
1915
1919.........
1920
1922 . . ..
Heaters’ help
ers:
1914...........
1915
___
1919. . ..
1920. .
1922 . .
Num
Num ber
of
ber
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver
age
fiflltim e
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
full
time
weekly
earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
tim e
hours
per
week.
Full
Earn tim e
ings week
per
ly
hour. earn
ings.
Per cent of emp loyees whose
average full-tim e 1lours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
48..
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un un
un
un
der. der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
100
96
93
90
89
100
94
271
315
165
100
90
252
284
147
2
2
31
37
44
98
98
69
63
56
20.37
18.60
53.73
62.25
29.22
100
97
99
103
95
100
94
265
295
151
100
91
264
306
143
49
65
26
23
59
51
35
74
77
40
.241
.224
.695
.859
.421
13.25
11.78
35.17
42.37
20.59
100
96
92
89
88
100
93
288
356
175
100
89
265
320
155
2
2
33
30
37
98
98
67
70
63
50.4
53.6
46.0
44.8
45.7
.462
.413
.987
1.104
.818
23.14
22.03
45.40
49.46
37.46
100
106
91
89
91
100
89
214
239
177
100
95
196
214
162
33
16
63
95
96
67
84
37
5
4
98
67
197
179
206
47.1
45.7
41.4
41.4
43.4
.418
.419
1.573
1.894
.739
20.07
19.37
65.12
77.85
32.71
100
97
88
88
92
100
100
97
100
376 , 324
388
453
163
177
53
64
99
96
86
47
36
1
4
14
9
9
1
1
274
246
24
55
43.4
44.9
42. 7
42.7
.565
.523
1.547
1.786
23.97
23.16
66.06
76.26
100
103
98
98
100
93
274
316
100
97
276
318
12
12
5
3
6
112
96
82
49
77
49.0
50.0
42.6
43.5
44.0
.264
.246
.626
.754
.522
12.79
12.09
26.67
32.76
23.09
100
102
87
89
90
100
93
237
286
198
100
95
209
256
181
50
42
82
98
83
50
53
18
.709
.730
1.165
1.426
.915
35.28
36.37
64.08
88.13
48.38
100
100
108
121
105
100
103
164
201
129
100
103
182
250
137
48
44
44
48
100
50
SO
.311
.308
.577
.546
.450
15.63
15.63
31.74
31.12
23.99
100
100
105
109
105
100
99
186
176
145
100
99
203
199
153
50
46
29
35
100
100
100
13
13
7
g
9
458 54.8 $0,416 $22.76
422 52. 4 .390 20.45
176 50.9 1.126 57.31
187 49.2 1.311 64.69
.687 33.49
203 48.5
17
17
9
H
12
896
924
512
860
936
49.3
48. 0
48.8
50.8
47.0
.416
.392
1.101
1.227
.629
15
15
9
9
9
475
456
190
209
153
55.2
52.8
50.6
49.4
48.7
4
4
4
2
4
18
19
41
22
25
6
6
6
4
8
9
9
1
1
2
25
27
2
4
8
51.0
50.9
55.0
61.8
53.8
8
8
1
48
52
2
18
25
52.3
52.3
55.0
57.0
54.7
1
2
8 None reported in 1922.
i
81
19
71 .29
100
100
5
2
17
8
8
100
13
12
8
8
PU D D LIN G M ILLS,
73
T a b l e A (4).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y
F U L L -T IM E ' H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1914 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P U D D L IN G M ILLS— Concluded.
Num Aver
age
! Num- ber' full
ber
of time
em hours
| of
iplants. ploy
per
ees. week.
1
Oceupation
and year.
|
Bloom boys:
1914...........
1915...........
1919........... ;
1920........... ,'
1922...........
R oll engineers: j
1914........... j
1915........... !
1919........... •
1920........... i
1922........... ;!
Rollers:
i
1914........... !
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Roughers:
1914...........
1915......... .
1919...........
1920........... ;
1922...........
Catchers:
1914........... j
1915........... i i
1919........... !!
1920........... 11
1922........... !I
Hook-ups:
1
1914........... !!
1915........... ’!
1919........... !1
1920...........1[
1922........... !!
■RyiII
han/le !
other:
Hotbed men:
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922...........
Shearmen:
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922...........
Shearmens’
helpers:
!
25
25
11
13
10
77
68
26
38
32
54.3
53.9
52.9
53.2
51.0
.201
.199
.656
.656
.365
10.79
10.62
34.70
34.79
18.20
100 , 100 100 j!
23
23
12
12
13
47 J 66.9
45 i 66.9
25 65.2
24 72.5
28 65.4
.239
.242
.535
.674
.425
15.92
16.14
34.88
48.79
27.87
100
24
24
12
12
12
66
64
38
31
33
53.1
52.4
47.0
50.8
48.4
.573 29.38
.583 29.89
1.843 86.62
2.197 108.15
.899 42.95
100
20
20
8
io
10
71
69*
25
33
43
51.9
51,8
45.2
49.7
47.2
.436
1 . 126
! 1.298
! 1.407
' .587
22.17
21.69
58.67
68.75
27.69
27
12
13
13
91
88
34
42
55
53.4
52.8
48.2
50.7
47.9
.362
.363
1.269
1.291
. 572
18.99
18.89
61.17
64.07
27.28
27
27
12
13
12
97
94
34
37
50
54.4
53.8
51.8
56.5
48.0 1
.251
.233
.862
.868
.457
13.58
12.10
44.65
49.64
21.57
17
14
51.9
53.6
50.7
51.5
51.6
.286
.295
.624
.946
.469
14.75
15.86
31.64
48.94
24.00
....................
317
....................
112
___________.
56. .
81
....................
67
54.2
54.2
52.0
57.0
50.3
.245
.243
. 655
....................
43
....................
39
....................
28
....................
45
38
2 7
t
!
100
100
101
97 1 224
282
108
178
100
102
322
383
157
96
91
100 i 100
100
87
96
91
I 98
i 298
j 323
j 135
100
100
99
90
95
90
100
351
357
158
100
100
99 - 93
95 ! 343
104 | 346
182
88
100
16
98 ii 18
322
27
! 34
41
73
5
68
3
54
53 ’ 8*
28 16
6
12
19
5
16
100
9
9
16
11
11
4
4
4
45
40
32
29
54
6
9
101
23
25
53
29
52
68
63
47
68
42
3
3
100
98
265
310
125
39
41
64
39
47
44
45‘
36
48
47
3
3
21
22
47
33
45
69
68
53
62
51
19
19
32
8
78
60
61
50
59
18
18
21
45
27
33
82
64
55
73
40
21
22
27
GO
59
54
57
69
30
*4*
3
16
21
16
27
7
7
2
42
60
56
57
71
39
21
18
18
18
8
19
26
18
9
11
60
58
53
30
42
9
9
14*
6
31
33
35
54
29
36
49
22
9
31
42
35
14
33
35
21
16
56
22
34
100
100
99
322
337
144
100
91
329
366
159
100
106 .
100
100
.416
13.10
12.98
34.06
38.21
20.91
57.3
57.8
57.6
55.2
52.4
.239
.247
.528
.662
.455
13.70
14.40
30.41
36.73
23.75
too
20
110
109
20
9
57
70
10
13 j: 8i
58.0
58.1
57.6
60.9
55.1
.192
.196
.473
.527
.385
11.23
11.50
27.24
32.24
21.09
100 j 100
100 ; 102
24
24
59.5
57.5
64,1
65.3
59.2
.173
.167
.436
.457
.305
10.35
9.66
27.95
30.41
18.44
100
97
108
110
11
15
15
12
1 5
a
322
303
236
440
382
.666
tOO ; 99
96 I 267
105 272
93 j 170
301
101
96
91
100
103
221
277
190
99
246
105 I 274
201
95
100
97
252
264
176
7
102
295
368
146
108
215
332
163
.1
!
i .........
219
12
306 I
14
175
100
103
218
331
164
i
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920........... i
1922........... [
!
99 j 99
97
326
98 , 326
94 , 182
103
98
99
99
. . . .
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922...........
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
cent of employees whose
Index numbers. I•Peraverage
full-tim e hours per week
0913=100.)
; were—
Aver
age
fu ll
Over
tim e TTnll
Over
Over
I
48
60
weekly Sme Earn- time 48
72
earn hours* ings week" and and 60 and 72 and
un
un un
ings. ^er i *?er ^
un 84
der
der
~£5r ‘ h0ar ' earn" der. der
60.
72.
84.
,
; ings.
99
260
292
160
100
105
222
268
173
100
102
243
287
188
100
93
270
294
178
12
24
3
3
6
14
12
12
7
4
5
5
6
5
4
4
.4
5
4
18
16
18
27
14
27
3
4
8
21
74
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON
AND
STEEL INDUSTRY.
The number of employees reported in 1922 includes some duplica
tions, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation of
Table B (p. 15). Of the 2,412 employees reported in selected occu
pations for all districts combined there were 96 duplications, leaving
2,316 actually engaged, and the total of 2,859 employees shown for
all occupations represents 2,758 individuals.
The gross number of employees reported, together with the net num
ber of actual employees in selected occupations and in all occupations
in each district and all districts combined, are shown in Table 11.
T able 11.—NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES REPO RTED, NUM BER OF DUPLICATIONS, AND
ACTU AL NUMBER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND IN A L L OCCU
PATION S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS —P UDPLING MILLS.
Employees in selected occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Eastern............................................
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.......
Southern..........................................
774
798
487
353
30
24
20
22
744
774
467
331
874
874
599
512
30
25
22
24
844
849
577
488
Total......................................
2,412
96
2,316
2,859
101
2,758
The customary working time per week of employees in the puddlingmill department for the years 1914 to 1922 has been classified, and
the number and per cent of employees coming under each classifica
tion are shown in Table B (4).
Puddling mills are most commonly operated 6 days and 5 nights
per week, as shown by the percentages in the column “ 5 days and
6 days alternately ” in Table B (4).
Forty-nine per cent of the employees in selected occupations
worked these turns in 1922 as compared with 65 per cent in 1920.
Eighteen per cent came under the classification “ 5 days77 per week
in 1922, as compared with less than 1 per cent in 1920.
When all employees in all occupations are considered, 47 per cent
worked 5 days and 6 days alternately, as compared with 60 per cent
in 1920.
The largest percentage of 5-day workers in 1922 was reported in
the Eastern district, while the greatest percentage of 6-day workers
was shown in the Southern district.
PUDDLING MILLS,
75
T a b l e B (4).— N U M B E R
A N D P E R C E N T OF E M P L O Y E E S W HO
C U S T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S
P E R W E E K , IN E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D ,
1914 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — PUDOLING MILLS.
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
Number of employees whose cus
tomary working time per week
was—
District.
Num
Num ber of
Year. ber of em
plants. ploy
ees.1
5
days
5 and 6
days. days
alter
nate
ly.
i
i
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary working time per week
was—
6
days
df ’
5
days,! 6 and 7 7
and 6 days, days days. days.
alter
days j
nate
rota-i
lytio n .1
o
days
and 6
days
alter
nate
ly-
o
6
days,
days
5
days, 6 ana 7 7
and 6 days. days days.
alter
days
in
nate
rota
lytion.
EA ST ER N .
3 i! 474
4 ! 589
5 i 774
1
314
312
525
345
1914
1915
1920
1922
9
9
4
5
1,656
11,506
618
!I 874
388
882
1
340
987
402
542
365
Selected oc 1919
cupations. 1920
1922
3
5
3
614
928
798
1
1
580
797
518
7 1,580
7 1,640
5 1,099
874
3
Selected oc 1919
cupations. 1920
1922
4
3
2
713
730
487
1914
1915
1920
1922
8
8
3
2
Selected oc 1919
cupations. 1920
1922
A ll occupa
tions.
Selected oc- 1919
eupations. 1920
1922
A ll occupations.
PITTSBURGH.
A ll occupa
tions.
1914
1915
1920
1922
142
2
3
30
3
10
15
5
239
200
71
154
16
16
8
51
187
23
77
86
3
7 1,342
5 1,265
6
920
1
538
36
204
53
190
174
147
114
123
4
2
6
4
254
255
221
304
275
235
155
191
23
2
2
l
2
913
850
997
599
6
4
446
453
337
327
329
293
377
235
132
98
267
29 1
6
6
2
2
8
2
2
3
3
277
472
353
122
200
189
100
73
278 i.........
129 |.........
5
2
72
40
28
26
59
37
5
5
3
3
457
476
649
512
205
206
3
135
114
118
216
107 !
136
1 50 ._______
413
246 j
3
i
2
2
17
21
25
25
33
30
32
64
48
454 264
8
326 606
2
422 353 !
2
365 681 1 26
497 595 ! 24
430 865 1 2
425 552 i
9
2
11
10
(23
)
41
4
26
6
4
11
17
17
6
22
89
45
14
13
11
18
60
27
88
42
1
1
(2)
1
2
1 (*)
1
1
(2)
94
86
65
5
23
11
<*>1
85
77
84
62
2
12
5
22
11
9
10
14
1
1
1
1
1
36
35
45
43
38
48
1
1
49
53
34
55
36
34
38
39
2
6
G. L. & M . w .
A ll occupa
tions.
66
13
60
115
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
4
8
(2)
3
(2)
(2)
14
12
27
5
1
1
SO U THERN .
1914
1915
1920
1922
4
TOTAL.
Selected oc 1919
cupations. 1920
1922
A ll occupa
tions.
1914
1915
1920
1922
12 2,078
15 2.719
13 2,412
29
29
15
13
4 1,346
8 1,766
441 1,184
4,606 ! 600
4,472 11,093
3,363 j 36
480
2,859
2,889
2,238
2,015
1,337
45
25
35
56
21
18
13
24
<8
65
65
49
63
50
60
47
22
12
17
8
11
13
15
1
(2)
1
13
8
22
15
15
13
26
19
4
(2)
l
l
(2)
(2;
l
l
1
2
1 The figures in this column for the years 1914 and 1915 represent the number of jobs, and for the years
1919, 1920, and 1922 the number of men employed.
3 Less than 1 per cent.
76
WAGES A N D H O U R S OF DAB OR---- IRON A N D STEED IN D U ST R Y .
Table C (4) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual : working time, actual earnings per pay period, and earn
ings per hour of employees in puddling mills, by occupations and
districts, for the year 1922. In addition, for each occupation are
shown the number of positions and the number of employees actu
ally working during the pay period and also the time and earnings
of the same employees during the same period at occupations other
than the occupation specified.
Referring to the occupation of puddlers, level handed, by way of
illustration: Seven hundred and twenty-five positions were filled by
a total of 936 men during the pay period scheduled. The average
customary full time of the men working in these positions was 5.4
turns per week, 8.7 hours per turn, and 47 hours per week. In the
distribution of the customary working time of the 936 actual employ
ees, 554, or 59 per cent, worked 48 hours per week or under, and 374,
or 40 per cent, worked over 48 and under 60 hours per week. Only
8 employees worked over 60 hours per week. The average full-time
hours per week of roll engineers were higher than those oi any other
occupation.
The average hourly earnings of heaters were 91.5 cents, the high
est of any selected occupation. The average hourly earnings for
puddlers, level handed, were 62.9 cents for all districts combined,
and ranged from 52 cents in the Eastern district to 79.6 cents in the
Great Lakes and Middle West district. The range for average full
time weekly earnings in the same occupation was from $25.32 in the
Eastern district to $36.78 in the Great Lakes and Middle West dis
trict.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the employees worked in
more than one occupation during the pay period and in order to
give the complete hours and earnings for such employees, separate
figures are shown for each occupation, covering all occupations in
which the employees wrere engaged. For example, 214 stockers av
eraged 80.5 hours during the pay period and also averaged 24.7
hours in other occupations, making a total of 105.2 hours per pay
period in specified (stocker) and other occupations.
During the 80.5 hours they earned an average of $31.91, or 39.6
cents per hour. When the work of these men in all occupations is
considered, they earned $41.25— that is, $9.34 vras earned in some
other occupation than stocker.
The average earnings per hour in this department ranged from
30.5 cents for laborers to 91.5 cents for heaters. The average earn
ings per hour for all selected occupations combined were 52.8 cents.
T
able
C (4).—AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—PUDDLING MILLS.
[For explanation of this table see p. 16.J
Positions.
Occupation and district.
Num
ber
of
plants. Num
ber.
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions.
Hours
per
turn.
Hours
per
week.
Num
ber.
48
and
un
der.
Over
48
and
un
der.
60.
60
Stockers:
■Eastern...................................
Pittsburgh..............................
G. L . and M. W .....................
Southern................................
5
3
2
3
49
42
48
16
5.6
5.8
5.5
5.8
9.2
9.9
11.6
9.5
51.3
63.0
64.1
55.7
58
51
88
17
17
41
12
15
1
Total....................................
13
155
5.7
10.2
58.9
214
17
68
15
Puddlers:
Eastern...................................
Pittsburgh..............................
Southern................................
5
1
3
91
4
23
52
5.5
5.2
9.6
8.5
8.3
49.9
46.8
43.4
168
6
29
61
6
22
107
Over
60
and
un
der.
72.
72
1
$19.55
26.59
25.06
21.44
83.8
97.1
66.3
92.7
$31.95
40.97
25.91
35.66
$0,381
.422
.391
.385
92.2
109.4
111.5
104.7
$34.71
45.89
43.17
39.73
$0,377
.419
.387
.379
1
23.64
80.5
31.91
.396
105.2
41.25
.392
7
32.48
37.21
38.54
49.4
61.4
45.2
32.16
48.80
40.12
.651
.795
.888
81.6
72.2
60.8
49.84
56.12
47.55
.611
.778
.781
33.49
49-2
33.79
.687
78.4
49.70
.634
8
25.32
30.19
36.78
31.04
55.3
68.0
79.7
76.9
28.73
44.34
63.47
50.15
.520
.652
.796
.652
77.7
68.8
79.7
81.6
43.07
44.90
63.47
53.49
.554
.653
.796
.655
8
29.22
65.6
41.31
.629
72.8
45.95
.631
Total...................................
9
118
5.2
9.3
48.5
203
89
114
Puddlers, level handed:
Eastern...................................
Pittsburgh.............................
G .L .a n d M. W ....................
Southern— .........................
5
3
1
3
162
457
48
58
5.2
5.5
5.4
5.5
9.4
8.5
8.6
8.6
48.7
46.3
46.2
47.6
266
577
50
63
33
427
42
52
233
130
Total...................................
12
725
5.4
8.7
47.0
936
554
374
Aver
Specified and other
Specified occupation.
age
occupations.
full
time
earn
Over ings
Aver
Aver
per
Aver Aver
72
age
Aver Aver
age
and week.
age
age
earn
age
age
earn
hours. earn
un
ings
hours earn
ings
worked. ings.
per worked. ings.
der.
per
84.
hour.
hour.
Number whose customary full-time
hours per week were—
14
25
88
13
11
PUDDLING MILLS,
Turns
per
week.
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
able
C (4).—AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—PUDDLING MILLS—Continued.
Puddler’s helpers:
Eastern....................
Pittsburgh...............
Southern.................
Total.....................
119
18
Bushelers, level handed:
Eastern....................
Pittsburgh..............
0 . L . ana M. W —
Southern.................
Total....................
104
Bushelers’ helpers:
Eastern....................
G .L .a n d M. W . . . .
Southern.................
Total.....................
Turns
per
week.
5.2
5.5
52
Bushelers:
Eastern....................
Southern.................
Total.....................
Average customary full
time of employees in
the positions.
48
Hours
per
turn.
9.6
Hours
per
week.
Number whose customary full-time
hours per week were—
Num
ber.
Over
48
48
and and
un un
der. der.
60.
Over
60
and
un
der.
72.
72
AverSpecified occupation.
time
earn
Over ings
per
72
Aver Aver
and week.
age
age
un
hours earn
der.
worked. ings.
84.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver
age
Aver Aver
earn
age
age
earn
ings
hours
per worked. ings.
hour.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
$20.49
24.80
20.09
69.6
62.3
47.2
$28.50
32.98
21.84
$0,409
.530
.463
78.3
69.3
$32.52
36.42
22.96
$0,415
.525
.463
20.59
65.2
27.46
.421
72.7
30.93
.425
37.90
35.11
67.7
70.5
47.58
55.64
.824
.789
87.1
70.5
63.10
55.64
.724
.789
24
37.46
59.8
48.87
.818
81.5
61.91
.733
143
21
2
14
19
143
2
27.41
44.01
32.62
25.92
36.2
18.2
45.7
56.0
21.29
16.68
34.90
36.28
.587
.915
.764
.648
83.6
88.9
45.7
56.0
44.97
68.55
34.90
36.28
.538
.771
.764
.648
206
178
32.71
41.2
0.41
.739
57.6
40.30
.700
22.23
23.74
18.33
64.6
45.3
70.5
30.86
25.18
29.08
.477
.556
.412
90.2
45.3
70.5
41.92
25.18
29.08
.465
.556
.412
23.09
51.4
26.78
.522
57.7
29.51
.512
8.5
8.3
50.1
46.8
43.4
119
5.2
9.3
48.7
153
4.8
5.3
9.7
8.4
46.0
44.5
4.9
9.4
45.7
25
5.1
5.5
5.3
46.7
48.1
42.7
40.0
40
5.0
9.3
8.8
8.0
8.0
5.3
8.2
3.4
4.8
5.3
5.3
9.8
8.0
8.4
46.6
42.7
44.5
5.2
8.6
44.0
6
28
77
56
64
97
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Occupation and district.
Num
ber
of
Num
plants. ber.
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
78
T
PUDDLING MILLS.
CD
able
C (4).—AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—PUDDLING MILLS—Concluded.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRO N AND STEEL, INDUSTRY.
80
T
S h e a rm e n ’ s h e lp e rs :
E a s t e r n ..............................................
P it t s b u r g h ................... „ .................
G . L . a n a M . W ...........................
S o u t h e r n ...........................................
5
3
2
3
20
16
16
7
5 .6
5 .5
5 .5
5 .6
8 .9
9 .8
11 .6
9 .9
49.4
5 3 .5
6 4 .0
54 .7
29
21
24
10
18
2
T o t a l ...............................................
13
59
5 .5
10.0
5 5 .1
84
20
L a b o re rs:
E a s t e r n ..............................................
P i t t s b u r g h .......................................
G . L . a n d M . W ...........................
S o u t h e r n ...........................................
4
3
2
3
60
31
52
70
5 .9
6 .0
5 .5
5 .9
9 .3
10.1
11.7
9 .9
5 4 .6
6 0 .0
6 4 .7
5 8 .6
91
51
119
121
1
T o t a l ...............................................
12
213
5. 8
1 0 .2
5 9 .2
382
i
2 6 .1 1
3 4 .6 5
3 0 .3 2
1 7 .2 8
.3 8 3
.4 5 2
.3 7 6
.2 5 2
8 5 .1
8 7 .9
104 .8
9 6 .3
3 2 .3 4
3 8 .7 2
3 9 .5 1
2 3 .61
.3 8 0
.4 4 0
.377
.2 4 5
5
5
5
24
2 1 .0 9
7 3 .8
2 8 .3 9
.385
9 2 .8
3 4 .9 4
.3 7 7
81
10
1 7 .6 4
2 1 .7 2
2 3 .3 6
12. 83
6 7 .3
72. 6
5 5 .5
6 6 .5
2 1 .7 2
2 6 .2 9
20.01
14 .6 0
.323
.3 6 2
.361
.219
101 .6
104. 4
118 .3
8 2 .6
3 5 .34
3 8 .8 6
4 4 .74
1 9 .82
.3 4 8
.3 7 2
.3 7 8
.2 4 2
18. 44
6 4 .1
19.54
.3 0 5
101.0
33. 82
.335
51
119
39 1
120
82
133
129
|
PUDDLING MILLS.
7 6 .6
8 0 .6
6 8 .5
24
35
68.1
1 8 .9 2
2 4 .1 8
2 4 .0 6
1 3 .7 8
11
19
00
82
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRON A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
Table D (4) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for puddlers, level handed, and rollers,
in 1922, by districts, and for all districts combined.
The range of hourly earnings for puddlers, level handed, was from
35 cents to $1, with an average of 62.9 cents for all districts com
bined. The largest number of employees in any one group, 414, or 44
per cent, is shown in the classification “ 60 and under 70 cents.”
In the occupation of rollers the average hourly earnings for the 33
employees shown were 90 cents. The distribution of earnings ranged
from 50 cents to $1.50.
T able D (4).— A V E R A G E AN D CLASSIFIED E A RN IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TWO SELECTED
M IL L S .
OCCUPATIONS,
1922,
BY
D ISTR IC TS—P UD D LIN G
[For explanation of this table see p. 17.]
Occupation and district.
Number of employees whose earning per hour were—
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
40
50
60
35
45
90
80
70
em
$1.25
and and and and and and and cents $1
ings
ploy
under under under under under under under and and and
per
ees.
under
under
60
hour.
50
70
40
45
90 under
80
cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. $1. $1.25. $1.50.
PUDDLERS, LEVEL
HANDED.
266 $0.520
557
.650
.796
50
.652
63
936
.629
Eastern...............................
Pittsburgh..........................
G. L. and M. W ................
Southern.............................
14
9
6
4
Total.........................
33
Eastern...............................
Pittsburgh..........................
G. L. and M. W ................
Southern.................... ........
Total.........................
26
79
3
108
148
1
80
17
17
1
2
25
2
1
2
51
323
8
32
2
6
2
2
32
84
258
414
115
30
1
.675
1.065
1.088
.981
2
9
1
1
2
1
1
.900
2
5
1
ROLLERS.
9
2
2
7
2
2
1
2
11
3
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours per
week of those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week regard
less of the length of turn, or a turn of 12 or more hours regardless of
the number of days per week, either all or part of their time, are pre
sented in detail in Table E (4) for the puddling-mills department. As
stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17) data are pre
sented only for those employees whose customary working time
remained the same throughout the pay period although they may
have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown
for each district and for all districts combined.
PU D D LIN G M ILLS.
83
E (4).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S P E R W E E K O R
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — P U D D L IN G M IL L S .
T able
[This table includes only employees who worked but one combination of customary days and hours during
pay period. For explanation of table see p. 17.]
D A Y TURNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
Night turns.
Hours.
Turns Mon
per
Sat
week. day
ur
to
Fri day.
day.
«
7
7
7
7
?
7
.7
7
6
6
5
Hours.
Great
|
Turns Mon
East Pitts Lakes
per
and South
Sat Sun Per ern. burgh. Middle
ern. Total.
Sun Per week. day
ur
to
week.
day. week.
day.
West.
Fri day.
day.
12
12
12
12
12
7
lli
lli
Hi
lOi
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of custo
mary turns and hours, by districts.
9
10
10
10
10
9
7
12
10
10
8
6
5
5
7
84
79
80i
674
70
68
66
65
64
64
72
70
60
4
2
2
2
i
4
4
1
7
1
2
3
1
4
1
4
1
12
1
4
1
1
1
10
1
2
1
4
1
5
12
3
1
1
1
NIGHT TURNS.
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
13
12
12
10
12
12
12
11
12
13
12
12
10
13
12
6
10
18
12
8
13
91
84
78
70
78
72
68
68
60
4
6
1
2
2
2
1
48
4
1
6
3
2
2
49
D A Y AND NIGHT T U R N S - ALTERN ATING W EEKLY.
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
12
12
12
11
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
10
12
11
12
12
12
13
10
8
12
10
10
8
6
11
10
81
8
10
11
12
12
12
12
10
8
84
84
84
80
70
56
72
70
70
68
66
66
65
63i
63
60
60
55
/
6
5
6
7
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
6
5
4
12
12
12
13
14
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
14
12
13
12
14
12
12
12
14
8
12
13
14
84
72
60
77
98
48
60
72
60
60
60
60
78
60
60
84
60
52
4
4
2
2
1
7
2
9
2
4
6
6
2
1
7
2
9
i
1
1
4
4
2
6
4
2
43
129
4
4
18
19
2
43
133
4
4
4
4
18
2
19
4
84
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRO N A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
T able
E (4 ).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
TU R N OF EM PLO YE ES W HO W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — P U D D L IN G M IL L S — C oncluded.
SUM M ARY.
/
Item.
i
!
Great
South
East Pitts Lakes
and
burgh
ern
ern
Total.
district. district. Middle
West district.
district.
Total puddling mill employees......................
Employees who worked—
ji
One combination of days and hours only......... |
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or
more hours all or part of the time__________
7-day week all of the tim e..................................
7-day week part of the tim e...............................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours
all of the tim e...................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours
p artof the tim e........................... ............
7-day week and straight or average day of 12
or more hours all of the tim e..........................
844
849
802
43
11
4
577
488
2,758
817
446
457
2,522
48
17
1
200
0
4
103
22
2
394
50
11
Per cent of
employees
who
worked
but one
combi
nation of
days and
hours.
100
16
2
(x)
29
16
4
79
128
5
14
23
196
6
239
9
11
8
0
4
23
1
1 Less than 1 per cent.
Of the total number of puddling-mill employees reported, 2,522
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. Of these
2,522 employees, 394, or 16 per cent, regularly worked a 7-day week
or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of the
time, 46 working days only, 73 working nights only, and 275 alter
nating between day and night work. Two per cent (50) worked, a
7-day week all of the time, and 5 per cent (128) worked a straight or
average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
BLOOMING M ILLS.
T h e 1922 s u r v e y i n c lu d e s 24 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e b lo o m i n g m il ls w h i c h
e m p l o y e d 4,132 m e n in a ll o c c u p a t io n s .
O f th e to ta l n u m b e r o f
e m p lo y e e s r e p o r t e d , 1,675 a r e f o u n d in t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o d u c t i v e
o c c u p a t i o n s f o r w h i c h s e p a r a t e f ig u r e s a r e g i v e n .
D a t a w e r e f ir s t
o b t a i n e d f o r t h is d e p a r t m e n t in 1910 a n d c o m p a r a t i v e f ig u r e s a r e
p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e y e a r s 1910 t o 1922.1
A v e r a g e f u l l - t i m e h o u r s p e r w e e k in a ll s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s c o m
b in e d h a v e i n c r e a s e d t o s o m e e x t e n t w h e n 1922 is c o m p a r e d w i t h 1920,
b u t a v e r a g e e a r n in g s p e r h o u r a n d p e r w e e k , a s in a ll o t h e r d e p a r t
m e n t s , h a v e d e c r e a s e d d u r in g t h a t t im e . W h i l e a v e r a g e f u l l - t i m e h o u r s
in 1922 a r e 4 p e r c e n t h ig h e r t h a n in 1920, t h e y a r e s t i l l le s s t h a n t h e
a v e r a g e fo r a n y o th e r y e a r fo r w h ic h d a t a a re p r e s e n te d .
E a r n in g s
p e r h o u r i n 1921 b e g a n t o d e c lin e a n d in 1922 w e r e 28 p e r c e n t le s s
t h a n in 1920 a n d 23 p e r c e n t le s s t h a n in 1919. W h e n a ll o c c u p a t i o n s
a r e c o n s id e r e d , a v e r a g e e a r n in g s p e r h o u r d e c r e a s e d f r o m 65.9 c e n t s
i n 1920 t o 47.2 c e n t s m 1922.
The most significant facts concerning average hours and average
earnings in each of the principal productive occupations of blooming
mills are shown in Table A (5). Of the 12 occupations presented afi
show increases in average full-time hours per week when 1922 is
compared with 1920, with the exception of laborers whose average
decreased from 71.1 to 70.7 hours. Increases ranged from 1.9 hours
for shearmen's helpers to 6.2 hours for pit cranemen. The average
full-time hours per week of pit cranemen in 1922 were 68.6 hours,
which is the highest average oi any year in this occupation since 1913,
when employees worked an average of 69.3 hours.
Again comparing 1922 with 1920, all selected occupations show
decreases in average hourly earnings ranging from 16 cents for shear
men's helpers to 36.7 cents for heaters. In 1910 heaters received an
average of 52.1 cents per hour and until 1917 the average fluctuated
betwreen 50 and 60 cents. In 1917 earnings advanced to an average
of 75.6 cents and the increase continued to $1,271 in 1920. Earn
ings declined to 90.4 cents per hour in 1922.
Average full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the
course of average hourly earnings, as the variations in average
full-time hours per week were very slight as compared to the
changes in hourly earnings.
T h e i n c r e a s e i n c u s t o m a r y w o r k i n g t i m e in t h is d e p a r t m e n t in 1922
a s c o m p a r e d w i t h 1920 is e a s i l y s e e n f r o m a s t u d y o f t h e c la s s if ic a t io n
o f e m p lo y e e s b y a v e r a g e f u l l - t i m e h o u r s p e r w e e K s h o w n i n t h i s t a b l e .
T h e h e a t i n g c r e w a n d r o l l e n g in e e r s h a v e b e e n t h e m o s t a f f e c t e d b y
th e in c re a s e .
T h e r o l lin g c r e w w e r e a ls o a f f e c t e d , b u t t h e o u t s t a n d i n g
f a c t s h o w n a s t o t h e m is t h e c h a n g e o f e m p lo y e e s f r o m t h e g r o u p
“ 48 a n d u n d e r " t o t h e g r o u p “ O v e r 48 a n d u n d e r 60." T h e a v e r a g e
f u l l - t i m e h o u r s o f la b o r e r s a c t u a l l y d e c r e a s e d , o n l y 1 p e r c e n t w o r k i n g
84 h o u r s in 1922 a s c o m p a r e d w i t h 15 p e r c e n t in 1920.
I n d e x n u m b e r s f o r f u l l - t i m e h o u r s p e r wre e k , e a r n in g s p e r h o u r ,
a n d f u l l - t i m e wTe e k l y e a r n in g s a r e a ls o c o n t a in e d i n T a b l e A (5).
T h e s e a re s im p ly p e rc e n ta g e s c o m p u te d fr o m th e a v e r a g e s p re se n te d
in t h e t a b l e , u s i n g t h e a v e r a g e f o r 1913 a s t h e b a s e , o r 100 p e r c e n t .
T h e i n d e x n u m b e r s f o r t h is d e p a r t m e n t a s a w h o le (a ll s e l e c t e d o c c u
p a t i o n s c o m b in e d ) a r e sh o w Tn o n p a g e 15.
1 No data were collected for the years 1916,1918, and 1921.
85
86
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
T able A
(5).— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E
HOURS P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B L O O M IN G M IL L S .1
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Pit cranemen:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Heaters:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Heaters’ help
ers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............ .
1919............
1920............
1922............
Bottom mak
ers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Bottom mak
ers’ helpers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Roll engineers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
18
18
18
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
11
11
11
10
10
10
3
13
14
17
16
16
16
15
20
20
11
99
95
97
115
124
119
71
138
138
156
Index numbers
(1913=100).
Aver
Aver
age
age
full
Full
time earn time Full
hours ings weekly time Earn time
per
week
ings
per
earn hours
per
ly
week. hour. ings. per
earn
week. hour.
ings.
Aver-
SSL
69.6 $0.315 $21.41
.309 21.01
.328 22.33
.369 25.39
66.6
.357 23.29
66.7
.375 24.44
66.0
.546 35.02
67.2
.816 54.84
62.4
.871 54.07
68.6
.611 42.00
68 .8
68.7
69.3
99
99
100
96
96
95
97
90
99
85
84
89
100
97
102
148
221
236
166
88
100
92
96
138
216
213
165
73.4
73.3
72.9
71.2
63.9
69.9
65.7
68.7
64.8
68.9
.521
.512
.552
.594
.542
.584
.756
1.191
1.271
.904
37.88
37.50
40.14
41.86
37.03
40.06
49.85
81.82
81.92
62.18
103
103
88
86
102
100
93
34
34
50
52
43
39
15
62
77
90
73.4
73.5
67.9
64.6
64.0
62.1
59.2
64.1
60.3
65.6
.344
.363
.352
.359
.337
.369
.611
.818
.828
.654
24.62
26.71
23.63
22.76
20.95
22.48
37.66
52.43
49.37
43.51
114
114
105
101
98
108
117
104
100
100
100
99
96
92
99
93
102
94
103
170
228
231
182
92
99
165
230
217
191
60
55
58
62
79
76
38
104
70.5
70.8
70.9
71.9
.335
.331
.347
.367
.370
.389
.497
.833
.890
.602
23.26
23.24
24.44
26.32
24.68
25.77
34.59
57.81
56.50
40.22
98
98
99
91
90
95
93
100
100
101
64.6
69.6
.251
.243
.257
.263
.273
.269
.384
.659
.654
.463
70.9
7a 9
68.4
68.5
65.6
65.4
63.8
64.1
60.9
63.3
.392
.385
.437
.471
.447
.471
.678
.971
1.017
.751
6 8.6
122
21
119
6 6 .6
12
12
13
13
17
17
9
13
14
21
47
46
50
65
70
76
44
112
135
188
70.3
70.3
70.6
72.0
69.8
70.5
71.3
18
18
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
23
42
40
46
52
60
59
37
60
63
78
6 8 .8
97
98
92
96
91
97
100
91
98
127
201
214
152
96
Over
Over
Over
48
60
48
72
and and 60 and
and
un un
un 72 un 84
der. der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
84
83
51
49
55
79
89
84
47
94
106
.115
68.5
70.8
69.4
63.2
16
17
100
Per cent of emp loyees whose
average full-tim e 1lours per week
were—
5
5
21
6
12
6
6 *2
5
2
90
• 90
96
100
88
96
119
195
196
149
19
11
7
7
60
5
5
88
88
100
94
98
131
4
4
220
8
93
215
153
16
7
17.23
16.83
17.95
18.72
18.45
18.46
26.74
45.34
43.05
32.33
98
98
98
100
97
98
99
96
90
97
95
92
98
100
104
102
146
251
249
176
92
90
96
100
99
99
143
242
230
173
27.12
26.66
28.79
30.96
28.30
29.81
41.20
62.24
61.68
47.72
104
104
100
100
96
95
93
94
89
92
83
82
93
100
95
100
144
206
216
159
88
21
2
1
37
51
42
19
20
....
....
10
25
24 ‘ Y
13
13
9
8
8
7 ....
8 ....
13 . . . .
100
12
91
96
133
201
199
154
20
20
32
18
12
10 * 3
10
3
5
4
8
23
49 * 3
35 15
51
49
46
52
44
44
56
46
33
18
4 61
8 51
7 * 60
1
1
6
38
46
42
55
49
33
32
4
6
6
16
16
22
8
12
7
23
16
24
9
15
23
28
26
18
8
4
10
26
29
3
5
5
6
80
67
69
48
39
38
53
63
25
29
5
3
2
16
11
7
1
9
4
10
13
9
S
3
2
3
3
12
17
79
65
60
51
44
38
59
43
28
21
45
38
24
37
43
46
38
37
22
18
16
11
10
4
3
1
14
17 ” *6
14
37 " g
35
35
32
19
14
26
13
40
12
12
8
8
9
9
7
8
13
88
1
6
10
12
14
18
21
19 ” 3
86
5
5
2*
9
13
9
93
12
11
12
9
9
30
40
35 ” 9 *
46 10
16
1 This table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
*2 *
13
15
29
23
11
15
19
5
19
24
10
11
10
10
106
135
227
243
164
95
95
98
97
18 . . . .
19
19
16
17 " T
20
3
9
24
36 . . . .
3
25
12
31
33
15
27
6
9
9
26
28
33
26
14
22
20
18
15
11
10
4
11
2
5
18
26
18
2
2
3
***6
....
*0
7
7
7
10
5
3
5
4
20
18 "* 9
9
11
4
24
9
31
4
34
39
5
9
18
17
13
29
40 *‘ *5
4
17
20
33
29
17
15
14
15
9
4
3
3
22
12 “ 7
17 . . .
4
13
87
BLOOMING MILLS.
T
A (5 ). — A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K jA Y E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B L O O M IN G M /L L S — C oncluded.
able
Occupation
and year.
Rollers:
1910............
1911............
1 9 1 2 ...;...
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Manipulators:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917 . . . .
1919............
1920............
1922............
Table men:
1910............
1911. 1........
1912..........
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917..........
1919............
1920............
1922............
Shearmen:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917............
1919............
1920............
1922............
S h e a rm e n 's
helpers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1917 . ..
1919............
1920............
1922............
Laborers:
1910
..
1911
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915 . .
1917..........
1919............
1920............
1922............
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Index numbers. Per cent o f empioyees whose
average full tim e!lours per week
(1913=100.)
Aver Aver
were—
age
age
i
earn full
Full
Over
Over
Over
ings time Full Earn time 48
72
48
60
weekly
time
per
ings week and and 60 and
72 and 84
hour. earn hours per
un un
un
un
ly
ings. per
hour. earn der. der
der
der
week.
ings.
60.
72.
84.
102
101
100
100
96
96
94
95
87
92
86
83
90
100
98
99
130
198
210
168
89
86
90
100
94
96
124
193
188
159
13
7
13
13
17
17
35
29
38
7
7
15
13 ___
13
17 *4*
4
17
9
14 ___
17
5
41
7
11
15
13
13
6
4
24.21
23.26
24.92
26.86
23.95
25.81
37.75
58.34
53.80
42.58
105
104
102
100
96
97
96
96
90
94
85
81
90
100
91
97
148
217
215
161
90
87
93
100
89
96
141
217
200
159
12
6
12
10
19
15
35
26
32
7
6
13
12
20
19
20
9
18
16
39
___
....
...
3
3
13
17
12
13
5
3
‘ *6*
5
3
2
9
.271
.254
.285
.316
.314
.327
.414
.663
.687
.505
18.03
17.05
19.00
20.95
19.36
19.94
25.51
41.30
40.31
31.56
102
101
101
100
94
93
93
92
87
90
86
80
90
100
99
103
131
210
217
160
86
81
91
100
92
95
122
197
192
151
8
70.0
69.4
69.8
67.2
65.0
65.9
65.9
64.9
59.4
62.8
.303
.306
.319
.370
.345
.362
.523
.816
.813
.599
20.85
20.96
21.93
24.23
21.84
23.09
33.41
52.96
48.27
37.89
104
103
104
100
97
98
98
97
88
93
82
83
86
100
93
98
141
221
220
162
100
96
99
111
113
114
29
159
168
218
70.9
69.5
70.2
69.5
68.4
68.5
68.1
68.8
62.7
64.6
.218
.217
.230
.267
.256
.258
.412
.610
.619
.459
15.15
14.90
15.93
18.17
17.23
17.35
27.60
41.97
38.95
29.76
102
100
101
100
98
99
98
99
90
93
449
363
396
352
267
290
388
440
439
682
74.1
73.7
73.8
73.4
71.7
72.3
74.3
70.0
71.1
70.7
.162
.163
.164
.184
.187
.187
.287
.469
.511
.350
11.97
12.02
12.13
13.53
13.39
13.49
21.28
32.83
36.43
24.84
101
100
101
100
98
99
101
95
97
96
18
18
19
19
23
23
12
18
20
24
46
41
46
46
54
53
34
51
65
71
67.6 $0,605 $40.00
66.6
.585 38.49
.632 40.53
65.9
66.2
.701 44.98
.684 42.44
63.6
63.5
.697 43.26
62.4
.912 55.64
62.6 1.389 86.95
57.9 1.473 84.73.
60.9 1.175 71.31
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
52
48
49
60
62
60
34
65
82
88
68.4
67.9
66.8
65.3
62.4
63.4
62.4
62.4
58.7
61.6
.365
.350
.388
.431
.394
.420
.639
.935
.926
.692
13
13
13
12
14
14
4
9
14
15
36
35
35
31
36
34
13
33
53
57
69.3
68.7
68.7
68.0
63.6
63.1
63.1
62.3
59.1
61.1
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
48
46
52
56
65
62
30
59
78
90
18
18
18
18
20
20
10
19
19
23
19
19
19
19
22
22
11
19
18
23
4
3
11
11
17
17
13
3
3
24
34
7
8 ....
17
17
19
17 'V
18
6
46
21
13 '*6 '
39
5
86
87
91
100
90
95
138
219
199
156
6
7
6
16
14
10
20
24
31
13
6
7
6
5
14
15
10
10
21
23
....
____
3
' 3
8
13
12
11
8
6
3
4
3
5
14
82
81
86
100
96
97
154
228
232
172
83
82
88
100
95
95
152
231
214
164
3
3
88
89
89
100
102
102
156
255
278
190
88
89
90
100
99
100
157
243
269
184
17
18
5
3
3
10
8
16
2
9 ....
9
9
8
11 *5*
11
5
10
10
18 *2*
26
4
1
1
1
1
0)
(1)
13
12
1
....
3
(l)
10
2
4
3
3
4
2
5
1
3
14*
6
4
7
8
15
14
9
2
2
7
7
20
13
9
10
16
17
16
14
10
5
63
59
52
48
57
58
44
45
28
18
7
5
9 ___
13 . . . .
56
50
49
42
53
58
4-4
43
39
33
6
10
10
15
56
49
49
55
58
56
38
42
36
21
6
11
11
13
58
61
65
50
62
66
57
53
38
29
12
4
9
15
*4
8
4
4
12
6 "3
5 ....
8
11
6
6
15
6
8
21 . . . .
13
8
9
4
8
4
18 . . . .
13
7 ” 3
3 ....
16 . •••
56
58
65
56
80
78
66
65
48
30
10
13
10
22
54
59
57
54
69
66
66
43
38
35
6
9
11
12
5
13
28
16
22
34
14
2
2
2 ___
14
6 *‘ *5
8 ___
18
24
18
18
14
4
3
1
It
15
1
'8 8
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
The number of employees reported in 1922 is not always the actual
number of employees, as the totals in most cases contain some dupli
cations, or repeated employees, as has been explained in the general
explanation of Table B (p. 15). Of the 1,908 employees reported
in selected occupations for all districts combined 1,675 are actually
engaged and the 4,411 employees shown in all occupations represent
4,132 actual employees.
The number of employees reported, together with the net number
of actual employees for selected and all occupations, in each dis
trict and for all districts combined, are shown in Table 12.
T able 1 2 .—N U M B ER
OF E M P LO Y E E S R E P O R T E D , N U M BER OF D U P L IC A T IO N S,
A N D AC T U A L N U M BER OF EM P LO YE E S IN SEL E C T E D OCCUPATIONS A N D A L L
OCCU PATIO N S, 1922, B Y D IST R IC T S.—BiO O JtfLVU M I L L S .
Employees in selected
occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Eastern................................................
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.......
Southern..............................................
310
826
678
194
22
135
71
5
Total..........................................
1,908
233
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
288
691
507
189
630
1,716
1,610
455
32
150
90
7
598
1,566
1,520
448
1,675
4,411
279
4,132
Actual
number.
Actual
number.
The customary working time per week of employees in the bloomingmill department for the years 1910 to 1922 has been classified, and the
number and per cent of employees coming under each classification
are shown in Table B (5):
Practically all employees in the blooming-mill department work
6 days, 7 days, or 6 days and 7 days alternately, the largest per
centage working 6 days. The heading “ 6 days and 7 days alternately”
indicates that the plants were running 7 days and 6 nights or 6 days
and 7 nights each week, being shut down for one day or one night
each week, and that the employees reported under this heading
worked 7 turns one Week and 6 turns the next. Employees working
on continuous operations and who are relieved one turn every two
weeks are also included under this heading.
When employees for selected occupations in all districts combined
are considered, the percentage working 6 days per week in 1922 is 53,
which is the lowest for any year data are presented. There was a
slight increase in 1922 in the number of employees working 6 days
and 7 days alternately, the percentage for that year being 22 as com
pared with 19 in 1920.
Fifty-six per cent of the employees in all occupations worked 6
days per week in 1922 as compared with 67 per cent in 1920 and
74 per cent in 1914.
The greatest change in 7-day workers in the selected occupations
took place in the Pittsburgh district. In 1922,14 per cent were found
regularly working a week of this length as compared with 3 per cent
in 1920. The percentage of employees in selected occupations in all
districts combined wrorking 7 days per week remained the same
in 1922 as in 1920.
T a b l e B (5).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O C U S T O M A R I L Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R
OR D A Y S P E R W E E K I N E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B I N E D , 1910 T O 1922. B Y Y E A R S — B L O O M I N G
M IL L S .
[For explanation of this table, see p. 15.]
Number of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
District.
Year.
Per cent of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
Num
Num
6 days, 6 days,
6 days, 6 days,
ber of
6 days 6 days, 7 days,
6 days
5 days
5 days
ber of
em
and 7 and 7 ana 7
and 6
and 7 6 days,
and 6
plants. ployees.1
and
7
»
5 days. days 6 days. days days in days in 7 days. 5 days. days 6 days. days days in days in 7 days.
alter
alter
alter
alter
rota
rota
rota
rota
nately. tion.
nately.
nately. tion.
nately.
tion.
tion.
A ll occupations. - T. TT, , , r. T. T
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
5
110
97
95
95
94
86
24
98
107
310
1914
1915
1920
1922
3
3
3
5
248
239
248
630
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
8
8
8
8
10
10
5
7
8
8
522
480
493
490
524
546
438
580
636
826
70
52
46
46
18
10
6
10
14
12
45
45
23
4
20
88
59
194
42
52
40
1
50
38
8
41
4
88
27
27
9
13
13
13
4
4
25
22
22
24
29
31
23
23
23
25
64
54
48
48
19
12
6
10
15
13
48
52
90
55
63
17
29
8
13
14
14
4
5
100
24
18
89
10
3
7
21
4
6
128
118
155
346
10
11
29
156
18
20
16
86
17
22
16
(3)
20
16
3
7
52
49 !
63
55
4
5
12
25
426
355
354
303
371
365
281
391
370
376
83
83
92
64
61
89
103
28
225
165
6
3
3
13
39
47
48
29
29
9
47
17
112
1
11
82
74
72
62
71
67
64
67
58
46
16
18
19
13
12
16
24
5
35
20
10
3
2
BLOOMING MILLS.
EASTERN.
Sfilp.nlp,d occupations
7
8
6
14
|
i
PITTSBURGH.
Selected occupations__ , r_
69
60
60
54
114
20
76
14
11
11
12
20
3
9
The figures in this column for the years 1910 to 1917 represent the number of jobs, and for the years 1919,1990, and 1922 the actual number of men omployed.
1
1
1
3
8
10
10
6
5
1
8
3
14
00
O
B
( 5 ).—
— B L O O M IN G
M IL L S
Number of employees whose customary working time per
week was-—
Num
Num
ber of
ber of
em
plants. ployees.
District.
Year.
All occupations...............................
1914
1915
1920
1922
10
10
8
8
1,216
1,364
1,750
1,716
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
6
6
6
6
7
7
4
7
6
8
1914
1915
1920
1922
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
6 days, 6 days,
5 days
6 days
6 days 6 days, 6 days,
5 days
days, 7 days,
and 7 6and
and 6
and 7 »
and 6
7 ana 7
7
ad
n
Y
?’
5 days. days 6 days. days
7 days. 5 days. days 6 days. days days in days in 7 days.
days
in
days
in
alter
alter
alter
alter
rota
rota
rota
rota
nately.
nately.
nately. tion.
nately.
tion.
tion.
tion.
879
966
1,154
383
129
193
397
287
346
296
328
360
354
355
208
569
447
578
205
188
209
259
307
293
208
356
293
295
2
24
22
56
16
20
7
7
6
8
744
792
1.266
1,610
652
672
811
870
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
86
75
72
74
86
79
110
130
195
194
1
3
9
184
69
69
21
78
3
3
A ll occupations................................
72
71
66
51
11
14
23
17
1
8
7
16
5
6
9
136
133
168
272
6
12
7
18
139
84
97
45
18
12
122
9
139
48
27
47
19
18
31
24
100
66
59
64
64
72
87
83
100
63
66
51
28
34
81
254
6
12
27
70
7
18
19
56
51
56
328
360
88
85
64
54
GREAT LAKES AND MIDDLE WEST.
Selected occupations......................
Per cent of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
(8)
(2)
1
11
1
11
10
10
16
2
3
2
5
40
28
30
13
5
3
21
2
24
8
6
8
3
4
5
4
22
11
4
4
6
16
1
2
2
4
1
2
2
3
7
7
26
22
6
5
1
5
(*)
(*)
SOUTHERN.
Selected occupations......................
•
i
l
\
61
49
55
66
76
74
58
45
145
151
12
12
6
5
1
44
$
22
13
25
13
4
2
5
4
8
85
29
21
i
l
71
65
76
89
88
94
53
35
74
78
16
17
8
6
1
40
4
11
7
29
17
6
3
6
5
7
65
15
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
N
UW
MB
E
RA
ND
PC
EH
RC
E
N
TRO
FT
EM
PL
OA
YL
EL
ESDW
H
O
C
U
SC
TO
O
M
A
R
IE
LD
Y,W
O
R
K
E
D19
E
A
C
H
SP
E
C
IR
FS
IEDNUMBER
OFDAY
S
P
E
R
E
E
K
I
N
E
A
D
I
S
T
I
C
A
N
D
I
S
R
I
C
T
S
M
B
I
N
1
9
1
0
T
O
2
2
,
B
Y
Y
E
A
—
Concluded.
able
90
T
A ll occupations.
1914
1915
1920
1922
3
3
3
3
268
204
388
455
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
19
19
19
19
23
23
12
19
20
24
1,064
948
988
1,019
1,058
1,066
780
1,377
1,385
1,908
27
27
23
1914
1915
1920
1922
23
23
20
24
2/476
2,659
3,652
4,411
42
52
41
4
184
174
333
354
79
85
31
58
5
5
8
16
43
29
32
69
66
86
78
2
2
2
9
66
64
64
63
76
73
71
64
63
53
10
15
15
15
8
10
22
11
19
22
7
6
7
6
12
4
6
74
73
67
56
7
9
14
17
3
3
2
3
8
4
13
TO TA L.
Selected occupations.
All occupations.
70
52
46
46
18
10
8
108
698
602
632
640
799
777
556
880
867
1,016
50
38
17
225
1,843
1,930
2,453
2,453
110
6
10
21
171
150
260
415
69
66
72
45
162
60
123
19
18
40
186
149
161
108
56
49
8
166
149
206
172
243
515
740
75
81
64
148
10
21
19
65
284
294
543
776
144
148
150
82
110
7
6
5
5
2
1
(*)
(a)
3
3
2
2
2
1
(2)
1
6
2
1
(2)
5
18
16
16
1
1
2
1
1
2
(2)
1
1
1
11
5
5
1
12
11
11
11
11
15
18
BLOOMING MILLS.
2 Less than 1 per cent.
1
1
92
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table 0 (5) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual working time, actual earnings per pay period, and earn
ings per hour of employees in the selected occupations in blooming
mills in 1922, by occupations and districts. In addition, for each
occupation are shown the number of positions and the number of
employees actually working during the pay period and also the time
and earnings of the same employees during the same period at occu
pations other than the occupation specified.
Referring to the occupation of pit craneman by way of illustration:
In the 24 plants reported there were 133 positions. Some employees
worked short or broken time during the pay period scheduled and
156 men were required to fill these positions.
The number of turns per week for all employees in the different
occupations for all districts combined ranged from 6 to 6.3 per week.
The heating crew and roll engineers had a slightly higher average
number of turns than the rolling crew, as the heating crew often
worked on gas or repair turns when the mill was not producing.
The average* hours per week for rollers were lower than those for
any occupation (60.9), while those for laborers were the highest
(70.7). In the occupation of bottom makers 11 employees out of a
total of 119 worked 84 hours per week regularly. This is the largest
number in any occupation who worked 84 hours.
Rollers received the highest average hourly earnings in this de
partment, ranging from $1,143 in the Great Lakes and Middle West
district to $1,225 in the Eastern district. The average for all dis
tricts combined was $1,175. Earnings for laborers were the lowest,
the range being from 28.3 cents in the Southern district to 37.4 cents
cents per hour in the Great Lakes and Middle West district. The
average for all districts combined was 35 cents.
Average hours actually worked per pay period ranged from 71.2
for laborers to 121.5 for pit cranemen. Average earnings per pay
period for selected occupations ranged from $24.93 for laborers to
$118.23 for rollers.
Owing to the fact that many of the employees worked at more
than one occupation during the period reported, separate figures
which include the data for all occupations at which such employees
worked are shown for each occupation. For example, the 115 heat
ers averaged 105.4 hours and earned $95.22, or an average of 90.4
cents per hour. During the same period of time they averaged 30.4
hours at other occupations, giving them a total average of 135.8
hours and $117.60 in earnings, or an average of 86.6 cents per hour.
T
able
€
RD
AG
ENC
SE
TO
A
R
YR,FU
IY
ME
H
O
U
STIW
OS
RK
E
D
N
ET
RS
AGEACTUALEARNIN
PA
EV
RE
IO
A
DUP
RM
H
O
U
19L
2L
2,-T
B
OC
C
U
PR
A
ON
A
N
DA
D
ID
STA
RV
IC
.GSPERPAY
( 5 ) ,—
— B L O O M IN G M IL L S
,6880i
[For explanation of this table see p. 16.]
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
Occupation and district.
Num
ber
of
plants. Num
ber.
Average customary
full time of em
ployees in the
positions.
Number whose customary full-time hours
per week were—
Num
ber.
Total..............
24
133
Heaters:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh........
G. L. and M. W
Southern............
T o t a l ..,........
24
85
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W.
Southern............
Total,.:............
17
61
6.3
6.2
6.3
6.9
11.6
11.2
10.4
10.9
73.6
69.6
66.0
69.5
6.3
10.9
68.6
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.3
12.0
11.1
10.4
12.0
74.8
68.2
65.9
76.0
6.3
11.0
68.9
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.2
11.6
9.1
9.9
12.0
71.8
57.4
64.8
74.2
6.3
10.4
65.6
156
Over
48
and
and
un under
der. 60
39
60
Over
60
and
under
72
Over
72
and
under
84
28
58
20
115
90
26
37
15
32
26
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week.
84
10
Specified occupation.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver Aver Average Average Aver Average
age
earn
age
age
earn
hours
earn ings per worked. earn ings per
hours
ings.
hour.
hour.
worked. ings.
$42.76
43.71
40.00
44.13
149.9
116.6
116.6
116.8
$87.08
73.19
70.70
74.18
$0,581
.628
.606
.635
157.2
126.3
136.6
138.6
$90.28
78.78
80.59
85.59
$0,574
.624
.590
.618
42.00
121.5
74.27
.611
136.7
82.05
.600
74.20
63.49
55.16
69.01
143.7
106.2
98.4
142.56
87.15
88.84
89.37
.992
.931
.837
.908
151.0
131.5
133.0
145.6
145.73
116.06
107.47
127.05
.965
.883
.808
.873
62.18
105.4
95.22
.904
135.8
117.60
39.56
41.44
42.06
58.17
126.2
77.4
84.2
83.8
69.56
55.90
54.62
65.75
.551
.722
.649
.784
144.8
104.7
132.0
146.0
77.05
74.41
76.66
100.85
.532
.711
.581
.691
43.51
91.1
59.61
.654
129.0
79.34
.615
BLOOMING MILLS
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
Pit cranemen:
Eastern.............
Pittsburgh........
G. L. and M. W
Southern............
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
CD
CO
able
C
(5
AV
E
R
AG
CU
S
TU
O
M
U
LL
-T
M
E
H
U
RS
SA
W
O
RK
E
DTA
D
N
N
GS
PE
R).—
IOD
A
N
D
PE
ER
H
O
R
,A
1R
92Y
2,FB
Y
O
CIC
U
PA
TO
IO
N
N
D
D
IS
RN
IC
TA
SVERAGEACTUALEARC
oIn
clu
deP
d.ERPAY
94
T
— B L O O M IN G M I L L S —
Occupation and district.
Num
ber
of
plants. Num
ber.
Average customary
full time of em
ployees in the
positions.
Number whose customary full-time hours
per week were—.
Num
ber.
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
Bottom makers:
"RnstAm
3
TMtishnrgh
G . L .a n a M . W
Southern...................... ,.
7
3
T otal...........................
21
Bottom makers’ helpers:
8
14
36
25
6.2
6.0
11.1
10.7
10.4
8
6.3
6.4
12.0
83
6.2
10.8
11.7
69.0
63.9
Over
48
48
and and
un under
der. 60
60
24
4
2
76.5
66.6
119
8
28
2
30
58
71
29
17
3
23
9
5
17
35
5
7
4
7
Eastern...................
3
19
38
46
23
6.4
6.1
11.0
7
3
6.2
10.4
6.5
12.0
75.7
66.9
64.8
78.3
Total.............................
21
126
6.3
11.1
69.6
188
R oll engineers:
Eastern............................
Pittsburgh......................
G. L .a n d M . W .............
Southern..........................
4
10
21
22
6.1
8
8
65.5
60.6
63.3
70.6
30
27
9
11
3
5
4
5
10.7
9.7
9.8
11.1
3
3
6.5
6.4
Total.............................
23
58
6.3
10.0
63.3
78
3
27
12
6.2
72
12
12
2
Over
72
and
under
84
Aver
age
full
time
earnings
per
week.
84
Specified occupation.
Aver
age
hours
worked.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver Average Average Aver Average
earn
age
age
earn
hours
earn ings per worked. earn ings per
hour.
ings.
hour.
ings.
116.7
92.1
90.5
87.5
$56.55
66! 34
48.81
46.65
80.485
.720
.539
.533
128.0
123.9
124.8
156.8
861.09
85.24
64.74
77.83
80.477
2
833.47
46.01
35.57
40.77
11
40.22
94.5
56.86
.602
128.9
74.31
.576
14
27
14
28
6
9
31.49
36.39
29.68
31.55
99.7
83.7
81.1
128.3
41.47
45.51
37.13
51.65
.416
.544
.458
.403
121.7
114.5
117.2
159.3
48.48
60.31
52.46
64.85
.398
.527
.448
.407
40
75
9
32.33
92.1
42.65
.463
123.6
56.16
.454
3
51.61
46.60
45.64
52.46
115.8
85.2
113.8
90.2
91.17
65.57
82.02
67.06
.788
.769
.721
.743
129.8
111.9
132.3
123.6
98.97
77.31
90.83
87.47
.762
.691
.686
.708
3
47.71
100.4
75.38
.751
123.1
86.49
.703
11
8
Pittsburgh...................
G. L .a n a M . W ___
Southern..........................
8
Over
60
and
under
72
17
49
38
15
66.0
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
6
8
15
11
9
4
4
13
35
22
7
14
12
9
5
6
2
2
6
4
9
14
10
1
.688
.519
.497
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
BLOOMING MILLS,
CO
%
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRON A N D ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
Table D (5) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for heaters and roll engineers in 1922,
b y districts, and for all districts combined.
The range of hourly earnings for roll engineers was 45 cents to
$1.25 and for heaters 40 cents to $1.50. The highest average hourly
earnings for both heaters and roll engineers were found in the
Eastern district, while the lowest for both occupations were found in
the Great Lakes and Middle West district.
T a b l e J> (5).—A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED EA RN IN G S P E R H O U R F O R
TW O SELECTED
M ILLS.
OCCUPATIONS, 1922,
BY
D ISTR ICTS — BLOOM ING
[For explanation of this table see p. 17.)
Number of em ployees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation and district.
Num - Average
ber o f earnings 40
45
50
60
70
80
90 $1.00 $1.25
per
em
and and and and and and and
and and
ployees. hour. under under under under under under under
under under
60
45
70
90
50
80
$1.25.
$
1
.0
0
.
$1.50.
cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents.
H E ATER S.
2
2
1
10
Eastern.....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.
Southern..................................
15
46
44
$0,992
.931
.837
Total..............................
115
.904
Eastern.....................................
Pittsburgh...............................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.
Southern..................................
12
30
27
9
.788
.769
.721
.743
1
5
5
Total..............................
78
.751
3
10
4
7
5
2
4
2
4
8
13
3
10
12
3
12
5
2
3
3
6
28
28
23
8
1
1
6
8
2
3
10
5
5
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
12
17
18
8
10
1
6
1
5
3
4
ROLL EN G IN EE R S.
1
2
1I
4 i
3 i
2I
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours per
week of those employees who regularly work 7 days per week regard
less of the length of turn, or a turn of 12 or more hours regardless
of the number of days per week, either all or part of their time, are
presented in detail in Table E (5) for the blooming-mills department.
As stated in the general explanation of this tame (p. 17), data are
presented only for those employees whose customary working time
remained the same throughout the pay period although they may
have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown
for each district and for all districts combined.
BLOOM ING M ILLS.
97
E (5) — C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
TU R N OF EM PLOYEES WHO W O RK ED 7 TURNS PER W EEK
O R 12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — B L O O M IN G M IL L S .
T able
|This table includes only employees who worked but one com bination of customary days and hours
during pay period. For explanation o f table see p . 17.]
DAY TURNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
Number of employees who worked
each specified^ com bination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts*8
1
0
7
Night turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
East
per
per
Sat Sun Per week.
day Sat Sun Per era.
week. day
ur day. week.
ur
to
to
Fri day.
Fri day. day- week.
day.
day.
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
51*
11
11
10|
10
10
10
10
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
9!
11
11
10
10!
10
10
10
10
10
8
12
.12
12
11
12
6
5
i?
5
10
10!
14
10
10
8
3
S
12
11
84
78
77
75*
77'
71
75
73!
74 \.........
70 /
70
68
63
56
72
71
72
71
14
Pitts
burgh.
Great
Lakes South
Total.
and
Middle ern.
W est.
2
22
32
1
4
1
3
8
4
4
1
59
1
12
3
2
30
1
1
1
23
1
85
1
30
50
3
l
32
8
8
4
2
4
31
1
1
l
24
1
174
1
NIGHT TURNS.
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
14
13
12
10
12
12
12
14
13
12
10
12
14
13
12
11
12
12
98
91
84
71
72
72
60
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING WEEKLY.
7
7
6
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
g
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
10!
io|
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
8
11
11
11
10
10
10
10!
10!
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
10
4
12
11
11
11
6
11
10!
5
11
10
10
10
10
84
84
84
72
84
72
82
76
80
77
77
77
71
76
65
73!
68
71
70
70
70
A
A
OU
70
60
7
6
6
7t
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
6
74
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
11
11
11
13!
10!
10
14
13
14
14
14
14
12
12
13
13!
14
13
14
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
12
12
12
12
13!
io f
11*
14
13
14
14
14
14
84
72
72
84
72
72
72
72
72
91
78
77
67
67
67
94!
63
61
98
91
84
98
84
84
36
90
>.........
}
11
11
16
19
i
>.........
2
>.........
{
} .........
69
61
126
1
2
9
7
2
5
27
8
17
17
2
10
3
1
4
4
54
17
6
6
95
233
160
8
11
2
5
11
77
10
19
10
3
3
4
4
149
17
6
6
98
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
E (5 ).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P LO YE E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S PER W E E K
O R 12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E ,
1922, B Y D I S T R I C T S — B L O O M I N G M I L L S — Continued.
D AY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY—Continued.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts.
Night turns.
Day turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Great
Turns Mon
Turns MonEast Pitts Lakes
and South
per
per
ern. burgh. Middle
Sat- Sun- Per week. day Sat Sun Per
ern. Total.
week. day
ur- day. week.
ur day. week.
to
to
West.
Fri- day.
Fri day.
day.
day.
7
7
7
7j
7
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
8
10
7
5
3
12
70
67
65
63
60
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
56
56
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
8
56
7
8
8
5
53
7
8
8
4
52
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
lli
ir
It
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10i
10i
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
9
10
11
11
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10i
io i
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
54
54
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
69
674
66*
ii
11
66
! 67
! 66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
65
65
65
65
65
10i
63
63
60
60
10
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
574
554
554
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6'
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
5
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
6
5
to
14
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1U
13”
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
11
11
11
13
12
11
134
134
14
10
14
10
10
10
10
14
10
14
10
12
10
14
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
12
10
12
134
134
14
12
14
14
10
10
10
12
8
8
8
8
7
8
12
2
6
60
84
60
60
48
48
56
56
56
56
48
55
48
50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
5
4
15
22
3
2
14
14
24
6
12
72
72
84
72
72
12
72
60
12
694
13
91
78
13
78
13
13
91
13
78
13
77
16
81
15
80
13
78
12 • 77
12
67
12
77
12
68
13
78
12
72
12
67
944
134
81
15
99
62
14
98
74
10
12
72
11
71
10
70
14
84
62
70
12
62
60
6
2
21
22
85
12
12
12
15
85
22
” 56
31
181
4
83
168
22
15
56
110
181
151
6
5
19
7
2
32
3
12
19
4
17
84
19
5
8
2
26
4
34
8
2
5
2
116
10
6
47
9
53
4
4
4
1
99
BLOOMING M ILLS.
T
E (5 ).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S P E R W E E K
O R 12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T OF T H E T IM E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — B L O O M IN G M IL L S — Concluded.
able
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY—Concluded.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
Number of employees who worked
each specified com bination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by districts.
Night turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Great
Turns Mon
Turns Mon
East Pitts Lakes South
per
per
and
Total.
Sat Sun Per week. day Sat Sun Per
ern. burgh.
week. day
Middle ern.
ur day. week.
ur day. week.
to
to
W
est.
Fri day.
Fri day.
day.
day.
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
. 8
8
8
8
14
14
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
8
6
8
8
8
8
7
8
61
62
54
56
56
56
56
48
55
48
6
6
6
24
24
6
6
GO
SUMMARY.
Item.
Total bloom ing-m ill employees......................
Employees who worked—
One combination of days and hours only.........
7-day week, or a straight or average day of 12 or
more hours, all or part of the tim e...............
7-day week all o f the tim e..................................
7-day week part of the tim e...............................
Straight or average day o f 12 or more hours all
of the tim e........................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or m ore hours
part of the tim e...............................................
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 or
more hours all o f the tim e...............................
Per cent of
Great
employees
Lakes South
Pitts
who
worked
Eastern burgh
and ern dis
but one
district. district. Middle trict. Total.
combina
West
tion of days
district.
and hours.
598
1,566
1,520
448
4,132
558
1,361
1,310
405
3,634
109
384
81
142
867
214
291
1,046
311
300
290
51
38
2,587
657
771
71
18
21
296
541
894
251
1,982
55
72
167
7
5
251
7
69
154
264
33
520
14
Of the total number of blooming-mill employees reported, 3,634
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. Of these
3,634 employees, 2,587, or 71 per cent, regularly worked 7 days per
week or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of
the time, 346 working days only, 21 working nights only, ana 2,220
alternating between day and night work. Fifty-five per cent (1,982)
worked a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
PLATE MILLS.
The 1922 survey includes 12 representative plate mills, which
employed 3,545 men in all occupations. Of the 12 plants reported 7
operated sheared-plate mills in which the edges of the plates are not
rolled and must be sheared off, 2 operated universal mills in which
the edges of the plates are rolled and therefore only the ends need be
cut, and 3 operated both sheared-plate and* universal mills. Of the
3,545 employees reported 1,655 are found in the principal productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Data were first
obtained for this department in 1910 and comparative figures are
presented for the period 1910 to 1922.1
The average earnings per hour for the principal productive occupa
tions combined in 1922 were 30 per cent less than in 1920, 20 per cent
less than in 1919, and 84 per cent greater than in 1914. Average full
time hours per week have declined 4 per cent since 1920 and are now
at the lowest point of any year for which data are presented. Average
full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the course of hourly
earnings and decreased 34 per cent in 1922 as compared with 1920
and 26 per cent as compared with 1919. When all employees in all
occupations are considered average hourly earnings decreased from
67.1 in 1920 to 47.6 in 1922.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the principal productive occupations of plate mills
are shown in Table A (6).
The customary working time of employees shows a reduction in 15
of the 16 selected occupations in 1922 as compared with any other
year for which data are presented. The average full-time hours of
heaters’ helpers were at the same level in 1922 as in 1911, although in
all other years they were greater than the average for these two years.
The rolling crew in universal mills, the shear crew, and laborers were
most affected by the decrease from the working hours of 1920, the
heating crew and rolling crew in sheared-plate mills showing very
little change.
Earnings show reductions in all selected occupations when 1922 is
compared with 1920 and 1919, but the average hourly earnings in 1922
are greater than those for any other year for wThich data are pre
sented. The reductions from the 1920 figures range from 11.7 cents
for heaters’ helpers to 43.2 cents per hour for rollers, sheared-plate
mills. The earnings of the rolling crew for universal mills were not
affected by the reductions to such a large extent as were the earnings
of the sheared-plate rolling crew. Rollers, sheared-plate mills, in
1920 received an average of $1,558 per hour as compared with $1,372
for rollers, universal mills, while in 1922 rollers, sheared-plate mills,
were reduced to $1,126 per hour as compared with $1,187 for rollers,
universal mills.
Full-time weekly earnings were reduced approximately the same
percentage as hourly earnings, since changes in full-time hours were
very slight.
'N o data were collected for 1916, 1918, and 1921.
100
PLATE M ILL S.
101
In the distribution of employees according to their full-time hours
per week, 25 per cent or more of the employees in each selected occu
pation in 1922 worked 60 hours per week or less, except heaters and
heaters9helpers. Five per cent of the heaters are shown in the group
“ 48 and under” and 13 per cent of the heaters9 helpers reported are
shown in the two groups “ 48 and under 60 ” and “ 60 ” hours per week.
In former years only a very small percentage of those in selected
occupations were reported 60 hours or under.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (6). These
are simply percentages computed from the averages presented in the
table, using the average for 1913 as the base, or 100 per cent. The
index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occupations
combined) are shown on page 4.
T able A
( 6 ).— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
FO R , 1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P L A T E M IL L S A
[For explanation ot this table see p. 15.]
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Occupation
and year.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
full
time
weekly
earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Per cent of employees whose av
erage full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Full
Over
Over
Earn time 48
72
48
60
ings week and and 60 and 72 and 84
per
un
un
un un
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
60.
84.
72.
ings.
i
Chargingc r a n e and
chargingmachine op
erators:
1910...........
1911...........
1 912
1 91 3
.
.
1914 - ___
1915.........
1917...........
191 9
.
1920 . . . .
1922...........
Heaters:
1 91 0
.
.
1911...........
1912 .......
1913
_____
1914...........
1915...........
1917 .......
1919 .......
1920...........
1922 . ..
Heaters’ help
ers:
1910 .
1911.........
1912 . ..
1913 . . .
1914 . .
1 91 5
..
1917 .
1919. . ..
1920...........
1922...........
9
9
10
10
12
12
7
11
10
12
41
39
42
46
52
54
30
71
63
72
71.6 $0,303 $21.85
69.4
.283 19.70
.315 21.98
69.6
.339 24.07
70.7
70.2
.306 21.69
70.3
.329 23.39
70.4
.480 33.85
.799 57.13
71.5
70.0
.798 56.18
.563 37.88
66.9
101
98
98
100
99
99
100
101
99
95
89
83
93
100
90
97
142
236
235
166
91
82
91
100
90
97
141
237
233
157
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
56
55
55
54
64
61
30
66
84
75
71.0
69.1
69.9
71.7
70.5
70.6
70.4
70.7
68.5
67.6
.508
.468
.513
.562
.529
.557
.771
1.202
1.189
.852
36.35
32.46
36.02
40.59
37.63
39.73
54.35
84.98
81.55
57.03
99
96
97
100
98
98
98
99
96
94
90
83
91
100
94
99
137
214
212
152
90
80
89
100
93
98
134
209
201
141
10
10
10
10
12
12
6
10
10
11
111
108
113
107
112
109
36
129
140
132
69.5
67.3
68.7
68.7
67.7
67.6
67.4
71.1
68.9
67.3
.243
.227
.243
.252
.247
.264
.469
.601
.620
.503
16.98
15.31
16.74
17.50
16.68
18.04
31.67
42.73
42.74
34.36
101
98
100
100
99
98
98
103
100
98
96
90
96
100
98
105
186
238
246
200
97
87
%
100
95
103
181
244
244
196
5
5
19
6
17
2
4
4
4
5
1 This table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
3
4
3
7
1
6
34
33
33
35
42
41
20
18
38
32
56
56
33
39
31
30
80
76
19
3
39
38
36
39
48
49
20
27
60
55
54
55
33
26
23
21
80
70
26
15
67
66
61
64
76
76
56
23
73
52
28
30
25
23
9
8
44
74
17
29
26
27
30
10
3
6
37
29
7
2
27
35
22 " 6
23
7
3
11
25
8
12
15
16
3
9
30
5
1
4
*5
102
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
A (6.)— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E
HOURS PE R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
F O R , 1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P L A T E M I L L S — C ontinued.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Roll engineers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912___ ...
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Ro llers ,
shearedplate mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Screw
men,
shearedplate mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Table opera
tors, shearedplate mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
H o o k men,
shearedplate mills:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of time
ber
of
em
plants. ploy hours
per
ees. week.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn time
Full
ings weekly Full
time 48
time Earn
per
week
earn
and
ings
hour. ings. hours
un
per
ly
per hour.
earn
der.
week.
ings. ]
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
37
36
38
39
20
43
39
46
71.5 $0,300 $21.45
70.8
.290 20.55
72.5
.287 20.93
72.8
.309 22.63
70.2
.307 21.55
69.7
.309 21.58
70.9
.444 31.63
72.7
.744 54.09
71.6
.774 55.98
69.6
.538 37.74
98
97
100
100
96
96
97
100
98
96
97
94
93
100
99
100
144
241
250
174
95
91
92
100
95
95
140
239
247
167
9
9
9
9
11
11
7
9
10
10
28
28
27
26
28
28
18
30
35
33
68.4
68.1
68.7
68.5
68.0
67.9
69.4
70.8
68.1
66.5
.712 48.18
.607 41.46
.711 48.93
.718 49.21
.703 47.94
.734 49.89
1.011 70.32
1.530 108.32
1.558 106.60
1.126 74. 34
100
99
100
100
99
99
101
103
99
97
99
85
99
100
98
102
141
213
217
157
98
84
99
100
97
101
143
220
217
151
9
9
9
9
10
10
7
9
9
8
28 68.8
28 68.6
29 69.0
29 69.0
28 68.7
26 68.3
22 69.9
32 71.3
39 68.4
29 66.2
.421
.393
.435
.482
.434
.474
.702
1.117
1.115
.863
28. 75
26.95
30.00
33.36
30.08
32.61
49.15
79.64
76.23
56.42
99
99
100
100
100
99
101
103
99
96
87
82
90
100
90
98
146
232
231
179
86
81
90
100
90
98
147
239
229
169
9
9
9
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
26
28
30
31
31
32
20
45
42
36
68.4
68.1
68.3
68.2
67.6
67.5
68. 5
70.6
67.6
65.6
.318
.300
.334
.363
.317
.332
.510
.825
.870
.635
21.64
20.44
22.85
24.87
21.73
22.63
35.02
58.25
58.80
42. 25
100
88
100
83
92
100
100
100
99
87
99
91
100
140
104
227
99 ; 240
96
175
87
82
92
100
87
91
141
234
236
170
9
9
9
9
11
11
6
9
10
10
73
72
72
76
74
76
49
89
100
80
68.3
68.1
68.5
68.4
68.2
68.0
69.6
71.0
67.6
65.8
.262
.246
.276
.313
.294
.314
.476
.780
.813
.585
17.88
16.81
18.90
21.55
20.27
21.57
33. 25
55.38
55.02
38.20
100
100
100
100
100
99
102
104
99
96
83
78
88
100
94
100
154
257
255
177
36
Per cent of employees whose av
erage full-time hours per week
were—
84
79
88
100
94
100
152
249
260
187
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
and 60 and 72 and
un
un
un 84
der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
11
17
22
22
16
15
26
28
34
32
33
45
51
30
19
31
26
61
37
27
31
34
28
60
67
33
13
6
6
71
54
48
50
57
57
33
23
51
39
29
43
52
50
43
43
67
77
34
15
9
18
28
64
46
41
45
50
54
27
16
51
31
36
50
55
55
50
46
73
84
44
21
21
22
5
8
69
57
53
55
61
63
40
29
55
31
31
43
47
45
39
38
60
71
40
28
11
s
9
68 32
58 42
53 47
57 43
57 43
58 42
29 71
22 78
55 37
35 30
6
5
4
21
4
3
5
20
23
17
6
14
14
5
a
10
14
13
17
6 ___
PLATE M ILLS.
103
A (6).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
F O R , 1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P L A T E M IL L S — Continued.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Num
Num ber
of
ber
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
R o ll h a n d s,
other,shearedplate m ills:
6
14
1910...........
1911...........
6
14
1912...........
6
16
7
20
1913
....................
9
24
1914
....................
1915...........
9
24
5
16
1917...........
1919...........
8
28
8
33
1920...........
1922...........
10
56
R ollers, u n i
versal m ills:
4
8
1910...........
4
7
1911...........
4
6
1912...........
4
6
1913...........
5
8
1914...........
5
8
1915...........
5
9
1919...........
4
9
1920...........
1922...........
5
11
S crew m en ,
m ain rolls,
u n iv e r s a l
mills:
4
8
1910...........
4
7
1911...........
1912...........
4
7
4
7
1913...........
5
9
1914...........
5
9
1915...........
11
1919...........
5
4
9
1920...........
11
1922...........
5
S crew m en,
sid e r o lls ,
u n iv e r s a l
mills:
4
1910...........
10
9
4
1911...........
1912...........
9
4
4
8
1913...........
1914...........
5
10
5
1915...........
10
1919...........
5
10
1920...........
4
13
1922...........
12
5
R oll h a n d s,
oth er, u n i
versal m ills:
2
1910...........
6
2
4
1911...........
1912...........
5
3
3
8
1913...........
1914...........
5
10
9
5
1915...........
19
1919...........
5
10
4
1920...........
1922...........
17
5
Shearmen:
70
11
1910...........
11
66
1911...........
11
69
1912...........
11
69
1913...........
13
73
1914...........
13
73
1915...........
42
1917...........
7
11
97
1919...........
11
92
1920...........
12
1922...........
106
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Index numbers.
(1913—100.)
Aver Aver
age
age
earn full
FuHtime Full Earn time
ings weekly
time ings week
per
earn hours
hour. ings. per per
ly
week. hour. earn
ings.
68.0 $0,263 $17.71
68.9
.242 16.64
69.3
.269 18.54
69.1
.265 18.28
67.4
.257 17.42
67.4
.268 18.12
69.1
.401 27.74
71.0
.676 48.00
68.3
.668 45.76
65.5
.480 31.70
98
100
100
100
98
98
100
103
99
95
99
91
102
100
97
101
151
255
252
181
97
91
101
100
95
99
152
263
250
173
Per cent of employ ees whose av«
erage full-time h ours per week
wore—
Over
Over
Over
48 48
60
72
and and 60 and
and 84
72
un
un un
un
der
der. der
der
72.
60.
84.
69.5
68.4
67.8
69.8
68.8
68.8
70.7
70.0
64.8
.636
.584
.581
.672
.590
.676
1.371
1.372
1.187
44.22
40.31
39.78
47.81
41.08
47.10
96.93
98.32
75.26
100
98
97
100
99
99
101
100
93
95
87
86
100
88
101
204
204
177
92
84
83
100
86
99
203
206
157
69.5
66.6
66.6
70.1
69.2
69.2
70.9
69.4
64.0
.470
.421
.407
.460
.386
.451
1.015
1.174
.813
32.75
28.23
27.38
32.66
26.96
31.51
71.96
83.35
50.80
99
95
95
100
99
99
101
99
91
102
92
88
100
84
98
221
255
177
100
86
84
100
83
96
220
255
156
69.2
66.3
66.3
68.6
68.1
6a 1
70.8
69.6
65.3
.314
.296
.271
.294
.271
.332
.713
.738
.606
21.77
19.80
18.12
20.56
18.69
22.83
50.48
57.38
39.04
101
97
97
100
99
99
103
101
95
107
101
92
100
92
113
243
251
206
106
96
88
100
91
111
246
279 ____
190
70.0
72.0
69.6
70.3
69.5
69.2
71.4
69.5
65.5
.299
.299
.277
.261
.266
.310
.605
.687
.502
20.93
21.55
19.41
18.50
18.48
21.46
43.20
48.41
32.18
100
102
99
100
99
98
102
99
93
115
115
106
100
102
119
232
263
192
113
116
105
100
100
116
234
262
174
67.5
68.0
68.3
68.8
68.4
68.2
69.7
70.8
68.0
64.1
.378
.356
.384
.415
.406
.436
.638
.977
1.016
.666
25.69
24.45
26.48
2a 81
27.97
29.68
44.74
69.17
69.44
43.10
98
99
99
100
99
99
101
103
99
93
91
86
93
100
98
105
154
235
245
160
89
85
92
100
97
103
155
240
241
150
16
6
9
14
17
18
18
29
29
18
27
22
22
17
17
71
43
38
50
67
58
37
21
64
43
29
57
63
50
33
42
63
79
30
32
50
29
33
33
50
50
22
56
36
50
57
50
67
50
50
78
22
27
50
29
29
29
44
44
18
22
36
50
43
43
71
56
56
82
78
18
60
44
44
50
60
60
20
46
50
40
33
33
50
40
40
80
54
17
33
20
12
i
1
1
24
3
6
7
*3
24
1
1 ’ *8*
27 10
25
40
44
11
40
24
22
67
1
100
80 ____i___
75
60
56
89
60
41
64 33
42 52
j
38 55
39 59
45 53
44 52 ....... i
i
10 67
l
21 78
45 47 ....... L . . .
i
29 33
104
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
A (6 ;.— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
F O R , 1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — P L A T E M IL L S — Concluded.
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Occupation
and year.
S h e a rm e n ’ s
helpers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Index numbers.
(1913*100.)
Aver
age
full
time
Full
weekly Full Earn tim e
earn time ings week
hours
ings. per per
ly
week. hour. earn
ings.
Per cent of employees whose av
erage full-tim e hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
48
72
60
and and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un un
un
der. der
der
der
72.
60.
84.
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
460
429
432
425
408
406
248
630
623
678
68.4 $0.215 $14.71
68.4
.206 14.20
68.6
.223 15.42
68.7
.250 17.25
68.2
.243 16.71
6S.4
.260 17.89
69.0
.400 27.60
71.1
.630 44.79
68.2
.665 45.56
64.9
.455 29.73
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
103
99
94
86
82
89
100
97
104
160
252
266
182
85
82
89
100
97
104
160
260
264
172
(2)
(2)
(2) *,T
20
(2)
23
3
7
11
11
11
11
12
12
5
10
8
10
355
274
339
349
216
208
197
587
348
493
66.8
66.2
68.9
69.3
67.6
66.7
70.3
69.5
67.9
64.0
96
96
99
100
98
96
101
100
98
92
88
87
89
100
96
96
162
249
275
186
85
83
89
100
94
92
164
248
275
172
6
17
3
12
8
20
25
26
22
22
21
19
10
2
12
43
.159
.158
.161
.181
.174
.174
.294
.450
.498
.336
10.68
10.51
11.17
12.62
11.85
11.66
20.67
31.28
34.66
21.65
2
4
3
57
41
39
42
48
46
10
20
44
25
42
56
58
57
52
50
70
80
52
45
58
52
36
36
30
29
10
18
31
32
27
19
87
62
66
29
21
4
4
2
(s)
1
3
6
3
13
13
6
1
35
37
3
3
1
10
3
"i
3
* Less than 1 per cent.
3 Including 3 per cent whose full-tim e hours per week were 91.
*The number of employees reported in 1922 includes some duplica
tions, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation of
Table B (p. 15). Of the 1,838 employees reported in selected occupa
tions for all districts combined there were 183 duplications, leaving
1,655 actually engaged, and the total of 3,766 employees shown for afl
occupations represents 3,545 individuals.
-.
The gross number of employees, together with the net number of
actual employees in selected occupations and in all occupations in
each district and all districts combined, are shown in Table 13.
T able 1 3 .—NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES R E PO R TE D , NUM BER OF DU PLICATION S, AND
ACTU AL NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND A L L OCCUPA
TION S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS —PLA TE MILLS.
Employees in selected occupations.
District.
Eastern............................................
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes-and Middle W est___
Total......................................
1
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
631
708
499
76
89
18
555
619
481
1,838 jI
183
1,655
Actual
number.
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
1,218
1,498
1,050
86
107
28
1,132
1,391
1,922
3,766 i!
221
3,545
Actual
number
PLATE M ILL S.
105
The customary working time per week of employees in the platemiHs department for the years 1910 to 1922 has been classified, and
the number and per cent of employees coming under each classi
fication are shown in Table B (6).
Nearly all of the employees worked 6 days, or 5 days and 6 days
alternately. The largest number in all occupations in 1922,2,257,
or 60 per cent, is shown under “ 6 days.” The heading “ 5 days and
6 days alternately” indicates that the plants were running 6 days
and 5 nights each week, being shut down approximately 36 hours
each week, and that the employees reported under this heading
worked six turns one week and 5 turns the next.
In-selected occupations in all districts combined 28 per cent worked
5 days and 6 days alternately in 1922 as compared with 20 per cent
in 1920. The percentage of six-day workers decreased considerabfy
in 1922 when compared with either 1919 or 1920. In 1922 the
percentage was 66.
The changes in the percentages of employees in all occupations
who worked 6 days, and 6 days and 5 days alternately were almost
the same as in selected occupations.
The greatest change in 6-day workers was reported in the Pittsburgh
district. Employees in selected occupations in that district de
creased from 89 per cent in 1920 to 60 per cent in 1922. Employees
who worked 5 days and 6 days alternately increased from 9 per cent
in 1920 to 33 per cent in 1922.
T a b l e B (6 ) .— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O CU S
T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S P E R
W E E K IN E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — P L A T E M IL L S .
[For explanation of this table see p . 15.]
1
District.
Number of employees whose cus
tomary working tim e per week
was—
Num
Num ber of
Year. ber of em
plants. ploy
ees.1
5 days
5 6and
days 6 days
days alter
nately.
6
days
and
7
days
alter
nate
ly-
Percent of emp loyees whose customary work ing tim e per week
was—
6.
6
6 days,
5
days,
days
days
7
and
days,
and days,
and
7
5
6
6
and
7
7
7 days days days days days 7 days
alter
days
alter days
in
nate
nate in
rota
ly- rota
lytion.
tion.
.
EASTERN.
Selected oc
cupations.
A ll occupa
tions.
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
3
4
343
343
333
339
378
390
87
498
455
631
1914
1915
1920
1922
3
3
3
4
707
699
937
1,218
1
3
84
268
242
287
295
337
82
217
109
185
253
75
86
45
80
49
5
279
346
395
475
516
278
344
184
131
591
680
6
27
25
78
73
85
78
86
94
44
24
29
74
22
26
13
21
13
6
56
76
63
46
47
68
150
67
74
30
28
26
19
63
56
5
7
3
3
(2)
2
24
2
2
44
(2)
2
2
2
1
1
(2)
4
4
(2)
(2)
4
7
7
7
12
1 The figures in this column for the years 1910 to 1917 represent the number of jobs, and for the years
1919,1920, and 1922 the actual number of men em ployed.
s Less than 1 per cent.
106
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
(6).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O CU S
T O M A R I L Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S P E R
W E E K IN E A C H D I S T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D ,
1910 TO 1922, B Y Y E A R S — P L A TE M IL L S — Concluded.
T able B
i
District.
Number of employees whose cus
tomary working time per week
was—
Num
Num ber of
Year. ber of em
plants. ploy
ees.
5 days
5 6and
days
days alter
nately.
Per cent of employees whose cus
tomary working time per week
was—
6
6
6 days,
5
6 dap,
days
days
days
and days.
and
and days,
and
6
7
7
5
6
7
and
7
6 days days
7 days days days days days 7
days
alter
alter days
alter j da£s
nate in
nate
nate in
ly- rota
lyly- rota
tion.
tion.
PITTSBURGH.
Selected oc- 1910
cupations. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
5
5
5
5
6
6
3
5
5
1914
1915
1920
1922
6
6
5
Selected oc 1910
cupations. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
All occupa
tions.
4
4
■
709
621
696
668
585
576
367
953
657
708
8
1,139
1,131
1,572
1,498
61
231
665
492
526
490
379
371
365
919
586
428
23
38
57
86
78
26
32
2
34
3
26
* 172
174
128
576
817
807
1,397
778
71
59
18
33
79
81
29
111
90
91
91
95
93
81
86
8
2
16
5
4
4
1
1
134
96
172
121
97
142
125
121
187
419
253
382
130
106
180
148
306
294
537
799
174
421
411
460
512
542
168
217
304
512
1,090
688
709
677
584
541
557
1,617
1,185
1,205
20
7
50
777
796
586
1,068
1,307
1,232
2,525
2,257
81
77
18
95
62
78
78
124
124
6
2
6
22
56
49
7
1
1
(2)
5
9
1
12
12
4
9
33
94
79
76
73
65
64
99
96
89
60
15
16
8
38
72
72
89
52
7
5
1
2
7
7
2
7
32
38
42
38
42
39
32
4
1
6
2
2
2
1
34
19
62
51
44
57
56
59
68
94
65
77
29
25
25
14
67
69
74
76
13
35
33
37
43
46
23
11
20
28
82
57
57
54
49
46
77
85
79
66
1
(2)
34
35
18
28
57
55
78
60
3
3
1
3
10
11
12
21
22
3
10
9
6
1
4
(2)
1
3
4
G . L . 4 M .W .
4
278
239
219
249
222
206
273
445
389
499
1914
1915
1920
1922
4
4
3
4
455
425
721
1,050
Selected oc 1910
cupations. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
11
11
11
11
13
13
7
11
11
12
1,330
1,203
1,248
1,256
1,185
1,172
727
1,896
1,501
1,838
All occupa
tions.
13
13
11
12
2,301
2,245
3,230
3,766
All occupa
tions.
3
22
19
1
6
3
3
6
2
18
20
3
3
3
10
18
18
6
4
4
84
TOTAL.
1914
1915
1920
1922
2 Less than 1 per cent,
30
19
1
3
1
9
9
6
2
14
24
56
49
6
3
3
5
5
1l
60
62
95
89
30
36
2
42
5
71
131
132
101
345
<2)
3
2
(2)
(2)
(2>
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
2
5
4
5
1
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
^3
5
8
7
3
3
K)2
(2)
4
(2)
(2)
3
9
6
9
PLATE M ILLS.
107
Table C (6) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual working time, actual earnings per pay period, and earn
ings per hour of employees in the plate-mill department for the year
1922, by occupations and districts. In addition, for each occupa
tion are shown the number of positions and the number of em
ployees actually working during the pay period and also the time
and earnings of the same employees during the same period at occu
pations other than the occupation specified.
Rollers in sheared-plate mills are reported for 10 plants and rollers
in universal mills for 5 plants. Apparency data were obtained
from 15 plants, instead o f 12 as shown in Table 7. This seeming
inconsistency is due to the fact that 3 of the plants reported
have both sheared-plate and universal plate mills.
Referring to the occupation of charging-crane and chargingmachine operators by way of illustration: The 12 plants reported
had 58 positions to be filled under normal working conditions.
However, 72 men occupied these positions during the pay period
scheduled. The average customary full time of these men was 6
turns per week, 11.2 hours per turn and 66.9 hours per week. In the
distribution of the customary working time of the 72 actual employees,
23, or 32 per cent, worked, over 60 and under 72 hours per week,
and 21, or 29 per cent, worked over 72 hours per week.
The average hourly earnings for charging-crane and chargingmachine operators in all districts combined were 56.3 cents, and the
full-time weekly earnings ranged from $31.39 in the Eastern district
to $41.57 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the employees worked in
more than one occupation during the pay periodf and in order to
give the complete hours and earnings for them, separate figures
including all occupations at which such employees worked are given
for each occupation. While 72 men working as charging-crane and
charging-machine operators averaged 99.5 hours per pay period,.they
also averaged 16.3 hours at other work, making a total of 115.8
hours per pay period in specified (charging-crane and chargingmachine operators) and other occupations.” During the 99.5 hours
they worked as charging-crane and charging-machine operators they
earned an average of $56.01, or 56.3 cents per hour. When the work
of these men in all occupations is considered they earned $62.87—
that is, $6.86 was earned in some occupation other than that of
charging-crane and charging-machine operators.
The average earnings per hour in this department ranged from
33.6 cents for laborers to $1,187 for rollers, universal mills, and the
average actual hours worked per day period ranged from 45.1 for
laborers to, 107.9 for roll engineers.
Of the 16 selected occupations reported in this table only four had
any employees regularly working as much as 84 hours per week, and
the percentage of employees in these occupations in only one case
was as much as 10 per cent. The highest average customary hours
per week of all employees was 69.6 for roll engineers.
able
C (6).—AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— PL A TE MILLS.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
[For'explanation of this table see p. 16.J
108
T
68802
PLATE MILLS.
109
Occupation *n4 district.
Num
ber
of
plants. Num
ber.
Average customary
full time of em
ployees in the
positions.
Number whose customary full-time hours Average
Specified and other
Specified occupation.
occupations.
per week were—
full
time
earn
Num
ings per
ber.
week.
Over
Average
Over
Over
Average
48
48
72
60
Average Average earn Average Average earn
Turns Hours Hours
60
and and
ings
72
84
and
per
per
per
hours
earn
and
ings
hours
earn
under under
per
under
under
week. turn. week.
worked ings.
worked. ings.
per
60.
72.
84.
hour.
hour.
Screw men. main rolls, uni
versal mills:
Eastern........................
Pittsburgh
G. L. and M. W ............
2
.i
2
3
2
4
6.2
6.5
6.0
10.9
10.1
11.0
67.1
55.5
66.0
4
2
5
2
Total...........................
5
9
5.9
10.8
64.0
11
2
Screw men, side rolls, uni
versal plate mills:
Eastern
Pittsburgh
___
G. L.andM . W ............
2
1
2
5
2
3
6.3
5. 5
6.0
10.8
10.1
11.3
67.7
55.5
68.0
6
2
4
2
10
6.1
10.8
65.3
12
Total..........................
5
2
$41.74
65.60
52.14
93.3
111.0
89.6
$57.96
131.15
70.79
$0,622
1.182
.790
125.0
111.0
108.8
$70.62
131.15
88.66
$0,565
1.182
.815
2
50.81
94.8
77.10
.813
115.1
89.82
.780
2
38.25
45.90
36.79
103.3
111.0
92.0
58.38
91.85
49.82
.565
.827
.541
103.3
111.0
109.2
58.38
91.85
63.60
.565
.827
.582
2
39.04
100.8
61.10
.606
106.6
65.70
.616
*7
4
35.03
34.08
30.80
93.3
111.0
61.1
48.71
68.15
27.70
.522
.614
.453
121.8
111.0
91.7
62.24
68.15
40.26
.511
.614
.4)39
7
32.18
74.5
37.40
.502
101.1
48.71
.482
4
3
3
4
6
2
R qII hands, other, univer
sal mills:
Eastern
....................
Pittsburgh _
....
G. L. and M. W ............
2
1
2
3
2
6
6.2
5.0
6.0
10.9
10.1
11.3
67.1
55.5
68.0
4
2
11
2
Total..........................
5
11
6.0
11.0
65.5
17
2
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
2
2
6
4
4
4
4
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOK— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
110
T able C (6).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— PL A TE MILLS— Concluded.
Shearman:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh........
G. L. and M. W.
4
4
4
29
27
24
5. 8
5. 7
5.8
10.9
10.9
11.4
63. 2
62. 7
66.9
36
37
33
16
13
1
8
2
1
11
25
3
Total...............
12
80
5.8
11.0
64.1
106
30
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W.
4
4
4
146
172
188
5.8
5. 8
5.8
10.9
11.5
63.1
64.1
66.9
187
260
231
89
69
Total...............
12
506
5.8
11.1
64.9
678
158
47
167
4
4
2
*66
6.0
145 i.........
229 .........
119 .........
46
53
64
153
14
!
i
10
185 ;
493 .........
99
Laborers:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W.
Total.
9.9 ' 59.7
10.4 [ 62.2
72.0
6.0
6.0
12.0 [
6.o ! 10. 7
I
64.0
!
45
2
142
25
l
34. 25
51. 35
43. 49
94. 9
83. 5
99.5
68. 39
64. 72
. 542
. 819
.650
112. 6
129! 2
59. 87
83. 00
8L96
. 522
. 737
*.634
43.10
92.4
61.49
.666
118.5
74. 82
.632
146
160
25.43
32,37
30.24
91.1
76.1
108.2
36. 70
38, 42
48. 93
. 403
. 505
! 452
110. 3
90. 0
12 2 ! 0
43. 98
44. 25
54. 55
. 399
. 491
! 447
306
29.73
91.2
41.52
.455
106.5
47. 68
.448
95. 4
101.3
31. 20
42. 90
40. 34
.327
.424
.360
38. 84
.380
35
21
2
1
l
10
4
17. 91
22. 21
25.13
49. 7
34.4
60.0
14. 91
12. 28
20. 93
.300
.357
.349
io
4
21.65
45.1
15.15
.336
119
217
21
142 !
51. 45
114. 6
112.2
102.2
1
PLATE MILLS.
I ll
l
69 i
50 i
11.1
28
1
16
19
112
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table D (6) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for screw men, sheared-plate mills, and
shearmen, in 1922, by districts and for all districts combined.
There was a wide range of earnings in the Pittsburgh district for
both occupations, while the range for screw men, sheared-plate mills,
in the Great Lakes and Middle West district was very slight, all em
ployees earning between 90 cents and $1.25. The highest average
hourly earnings for screw men, sheared-plate mills, are shown in the
Great Lakes and Middle West district, and those for shearmen in the
Pittsburgh district. In all districts combined the average hourly
earnings of screw men, sheared-plate mills, was 86.3 cents per hour
and for shearmen 66.6 cents.
T a b l e D (6).—A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TW O SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1922, B Y D ISTR IC TS— P L A T E M I L L S .
(For explanation of this table see p. 17.]
Num
ber
of
Occupation and district. em
ploy
ees.
Number of employees
Average
30
35
40
45
earn
ings Un and and and and
un un un
per
der un
hour. 30 der der der der
50
40
35
45
cts. cts.
cts. cts. cts.
whose earnings per hour were—
50
60
70
and and and
un un un
der der der
60
70
80
cts. cts. cts.
80
90
$1 $1.25
and cts. and
un and un and
un
der un
90 der der der
cts. $1. $1.25. $1.50
SCREW M E N , SHEAREDPLATE MILLS.
Eastern.............................
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle
West
T otal.......................
9 $0.617
11
.902
9
1.028
29
.863
36
37
.542
.819
33
.650
2
1
1
1
6
2
3
8
3
3
3
5
4
5
7
6
2
2
SH E ARM EN .
Eastern.............................
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle
West..............................
Total.......................
106 | .666
1
j
1
2
2
3
1
4
5
2
4
10
6
13
5
4
9
2
1
6
4
4
13
3
2
6
12
20
22
17
12
4
6
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours per
week of those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week regard
less of the length of turn, or a turn of 12 or more nours, regardless of
the number of days per week, either all or part of their time, are
presented in detail in Table E (6) for the plate-mill department. As
stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17) data are presented
only for those employees whose customary working time remained
the same throughout the pay period although they may have been
engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown for each
district and for all districts combined.
PLATE M ILLS.
113
T able E
(6) .--C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S P E R W E E K O R 12
O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E , 1922, B Y
D IS T R IC T S — P L A T E M IL L S .
IThis table includes only employees who worked but one com bination of customary days and hours during
pay period. For explanation of table see p. 17. J
D AY TURNS.
Number of employees who
worked each specified com
bination of customary turns
and hours, b y districts.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Night turns.
Day turns.
Hours.
Turns
per
Mon
week. day to Satur Sun
day. day.
day.
y
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
12
12
11
11
10
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
10
5
8
12
12
6
18
12
18
11
10
5
4
12
Hours.
Turns
per
Mon
Per week. day to Satur Sun
Fri
week.
day. day.
day.
Per
week.
East
em.
Pitts
burgh.
1
8
90
84
84
77
70
60
52
72
72
66
5
7
2
1
1
Great
Lakes
and Totail.
Mid
dle
W est.
1
7
15
15
1
1
8
1
6
7
2
1
7
30
1
NIGHT TURNS.
7
7
6
6
5
13
12
12
14
12£
13
12
12
13
12
12
14
91
84
72
84
62£
1
1
D AY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY.
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
114
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
E (6).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S P E R W E E K O R 12
O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922, B Y
D IS T R IC T S — P L A TE M IL L S — Concluded.
SUMMARY.
Item .
Total plate m ill em ployees..................................................
Employees who worked—
One com bination of days and hours on ly .....................
7-day week or a straight or average day of 12 or more
hours all or part of the tim e.....................; .....................
7-day week all of the tim e................................................
7-dav week part of the tim e.............................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the
tim e.................................................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours part of the
tim e.................................................................................
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 or more
hours all of the tim e......................................................
Great
Per cent of
employees
Pitts Lakes
and
who worked
burgh Middle
Total.
but one
Dis
West
com bina
trict.
Dis
tion of days
trict.
and hours.
East
ern
Dis
trict.
1,132
1,391
1,022
3,545
984
1,229
940
3,153
100
539
116
36
555
96
31
657
59
37
1,751
271
104
56
9
3
166
461
630
1.257
40
342
93
15
450
14
73
59
225
7
91
1
Of the total number of plate-mill employees reported, 3,153 worked
but one combination of customary days and hours. Of these 3,153
employees, 1,751, or 56 per cent, regularly worked 7 days per week
or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of the time,
64 working days only, 7 working nights only, and 1,680 alternating
between day and night work. Of the 1,751 employees, 72 per cent
(1,257) worked a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of
the time, while 13 per cent (225) employees had a 7-day week and a
straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
STANDARD RAIL MILLS.
The 1922 survey includes 4 representative standard rail mills
which employed 1,270 men in all occupations. Of the total number
of employees reported 661 are shown in the principal productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Wages and hours
of labor were first obtained for this department in 1910 and com
parative figures are presented for the years 1910 to 1922.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, the
average full-time hours per week of employees in 1922 were lower than
in any other year for which data are available, or 3 per cent less than
in 1920, the previous low mark in customary working time in this
department. Earnings have also declined but show reductions only
when compared with 1919 and 1920, as the wages received in all other
rears are lower than in 1922. Earnings per hour were 23 per cent
ower in 1922 than in 1920, but are 96 per cent higher than in 1913.
Full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the course of hourly
earnings, as the changes in full-time hours were very slight as com
pared with those in hourly earnings.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the 21 selected occupations are summarized in
Table A (7). While selected occupations as a whole show a decrease
in full-time hours in 1922 as compared with 1920, when the various
occupations are considered separately only 12 show decreases, the
other 9 reporting increases. Table lever men and table men, however,
are the only occupations in which 1922 shows an increase over 1919
and all occupations show reductions when 1922 is compared with any
other year.
Earnings per hour and per week show a material reduction in
each occupation since 1920, and are lower in most instances in 1922
than in 1919, but the earnings in 1922 represent a large increase over
all the other years presented.
For example, in 1910 table lever men received an average of 45.4
cents per hour, with possible full-time earnings of $28.25 per week.
Wages during the next few years declined slightlv and in 1914 they
received 32.4 cents per hour and $20.49 per week;, the low point of
earnings in this occupation. In the following year, 1915, there was
only a slight upward trend, but by 1919 the effect of speeding up
production for war emergencies is noticed, earnings for that year
averaging 82.5 cents per hour, with a corresponding increase in full
time weeklv earnings to $49.91. The movement in earnings was
still upward in 1920, averaging $1,052 per hour and $54.77 per week.
Wage reductions were made in 1921, and in 1922 earnings had de
clined to 58 cents per hour and $35.86 per week. Table A (7) shows
like figures for the other occupations as well.
In 1922 there was no 84-hour week work reported in any occupation,
and in only one occupation, roll engineers, was there any employees
shown in tne group “ Over 72 and under 84.” All other occupations
had a maximum full-time of 72 hours per week, with a large percentage
in the lower groups of 60 hours per week and under.
}
xN o data collected for the years 1916,1917, 1918, and 1921.
115
116
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRO N A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y ,
Index numbers for average full-time hours per week, average earn
ings per hour, and average full-time weekly earnings are also contained
in Table A (7). These are simply percentages computed from the
averages presented in the table, using the average for 1913 as the
base, or 100 per cent. The index numbers for this department as a
whole (all selected occupations combined) are shown on page 4.
T
A ( 7 ) .— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
F O R , 1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — S T A N D A R D R A I L M IL L S A
able
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
©ceupation
and year.
Aver
Num
age
Num ber
full
of
ber
time
em hours
of
plants. ploy per
ees. week.
Charging-ma■chine operators:
WHO ........
1911 ........
1912 . .
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Reheaters:
1910............
1911............
1912___ . . .
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
R e h e a te rs’
helpers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Roll engineers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Rollers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Per cent of emp loyees whose
Index numbers.
average full-time 1lours per week
(1913== 100.)
were—
Aver
age
full
Over
Over
Over
Full
time
60
72
weekly Full Earn time 48
48
earn time ings week and and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un
un
un
ings. hours per
ly
per hour. earn
der
der. der
der
week.
72.
60.
84.
ings.
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
22
22
22
22
22
22
19
13
13
72.0 10.234 $16.87
.232 16.72
72.0
.244 17.58
72.0
.255 18.39
72.0
72.0
.280 20.17
72.0
.226 16.27
72.0
.512 36.86
.802 51.65
64.4
59.3
.530 31.43
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
89
82
92
91
96
100
110
89
201
315
208
92
90
95
100
110
88
200
281
171
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
23
23
23
14
14
12
17
17
7
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
47.7
49.2
.429
.421
.410
.382
.336
.385
.843
1.101
.752
31.00
30.28
29.50
27.53
24.18
27.70
60.70
52.52
37.00
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
66
68
112
110
107
100
88
101
221
288
197
113
110
107
100
88
101
220
191
134
3*
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
24
24
24
23
20
20
14
18
14
71.3
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
48.0
51.9
.280
.264
.304
.345
.354
.254
.517
.788
.614
19.95
18.98
21.87
24.87
25.49
18.27
37.22
37.82
31.87
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
67
72
81
77
88
100
103
74
150
228
178
80
76
88
100
102
73
150
152
128
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
4
4
42
43
48
32
32
30
26
22
14
77.4
75.8
74.1
74.9
73.5
72.5
69.7
74.7
68.6
.310
.277
.304
.323
.317
.322
.821
.753
.525
24.30
21.14
22.44
24.16
23.33
23.30
57.22
55.82
36.10
103
101
99
100
98
97
93
100
92
96
86
94
100
98
100
254
233
163
101
88
93
100
97
97
237
231
149
5
6
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
12 * 2 .3
14 72.2
14 72.2
14 72.6
14 71.1
13 71.5
12 68.0
11 61.8
8 61.1
.624
.591
.646
.690
.649
.603
1.222
1.414
1.076
45.09
42.67
46.65
50.18
46.16
43.09
83.10
87.58
65.91
100
99
99
100
98
98
94
85
84
90
90
86
85
94
93
100
100
94 - 92
87
86
177
166
205
175
156
131
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
31
54
91
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
43
9
57
50
100
71
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
29
14
42
38
25
12
23
29
48
42
58
63
88
80
88
32
64
17
14
14
21
50
83
86
86
79
86
92
83
18
25
14
8
17
45
1 This table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1923.
69
46
36
25
38
16
4
13
13
20
7
45
s t a n d a r d r a il m il l s ,
1157
T able
A (7 ).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
F O R , 1910
TO
1922,
BY
O C C U P A T IO N S — S T A N D A R D
R A IL
M ILLS— Continued.
1
Occupation
and year.
Rollers' helpers:
iQlfl
1911
1Q12
1913.
1914
191/J
1Q1Q
192ft
1922
Table l e v e r
men:
191ft-- 1911 .
1912
1913........
1914 1913
1919
192ft
1922
Table men:
191ft 1911 1912
1913
1914
T913
1919
H»2ft
1922
Guide setters:
1910 ..
1911-. ..
1912........
1913- 1914
1913
1919 .
1920
1922-Hot-saw men:
1910
1911-1912. 1913
1914
1913.1919-1920 - 1922
Hot-saw mens'
helpers:
1910........
1911-. -1912........
1913-- .
1914- 1915.
1919-- -1920
1922............
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
of
ber
time
em
of
hours
plants. ploy per
ees.
week.
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
6
6
4
4
2
2
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
5
4
4
74
69
80
80
62
53
44
43
29
4
5
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn
time
ings weekly
per
hour. earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Over
Over
Over
Full
72
60
48
Earn time 48
ings week and and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un
un
un
per
ly
der
der
hour. earn der. der
72.
84.
60.
ings.
72.0 10.561 $40.39
.284 20.56
72.7
72.6
.304 21.98
. 323 23.61
73.3
.468 33.66
72.0
.407 29.30
72.0
72.0
.531 38.23
.977 46.90
48.0
63.0
.766 48.43
98
99
99
100
98
98
98
65
86
174
88
94
100
145
126
164
302
237
171
87
93
100
143
123
162
199
205
64.0
67.1
67.1
64.0
65.0
60.5
51.5
62.0
.454
.422
.392
.416
.324
.366
.825
1.052
.580
28.25
26.08
26.52
27.51
20.49
22.92
49.91
54.77
35.86
98
95
100
100
95
97
90
77
92
109
101
94
100
78
88
198
253
139
103
94
96
100
75
83
181
199
130
5
4
4
1
1
1
26 72.0
27 72.4
30 72.0
30 72.0
32 ! 70.4
28 71.1
4 48.0
5 48.0
6 51.0
.279
.262
.324
.354
.356
.336
.482
.526
. 519
20.06
18.97
23.32
25.47
24.92
23.68
23.14
25.25
26.47
100
101
100
100
98
99
67
67
71
79
74
92
100
101
95
136
149
147
79
74
91
100
98
93
91
99
104
5
7
7
4
5
5
5
4
4
20
27
30
17
21
21
29
21
18
66; 8
66.8
67.3
67.9
68.6
68.6
67.9
55.9
58.8
.440
.336
.346
.394
.394
.417
.835
1.110
.689
29.26
22.20
23.14
26.49
27.11
28.45
56.70
63.23
40.59
98
98
99
100
101
101
100
82
87
112
85
88
100
100
106
212
282
175
110
84
87
100
104
107
214
239
153
6
7
7
7
7
7
4
4
4
19
16
20
20
17
17
11
13
17
72.0
72.0
72.0
72.0
71.6
71.6
67.6
59.8
58.3
.289
.251
.260
.283
.263
.272
.580
.721
.487
20.79
18.10
18.69
20.36
18.86
19.52
39.21
43.00
28.36
100
100
100
100
99
99
94
83
81
102
89
92
100
93
96
205
255
172
102
89
91
100
92
96
193
211
139
6
7
7
6
7
7
5
4
4
64
66
73
60
56
61
47
27
38
72.4
72.1
72.1
72.1
71.3
71.8
68.9
57.9
56.7
.165
.168
.169
.197
.197
.189
.485
. 551
.410
11.92
12.10
12.20
14.16
14.08
13.56
33.42
31.50
23.43
100
100
100
100
99
100
96
80
* 79
84
85
86
100
100
96
246
280
208
84
85
86
100
99
96
236
222
165
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
100
33
33
50
100
100
100
67
67
50
100
29
43
32
35
23
23
16
9
29
26
48
81
19
41
41
29
3
3
17
100
96
100
100
25 75
14 86
100
100
8
59
65
75
75
55
64
52
4-
100
15
11
10
18
15
22
20
14
14
17
52
4
3
48
11
61
6
6
18
46
23
18
65
11
5
13
59
21
32
....
11
8
70
41
47
82
86
86
83
22
20
28
100
100
100
100
94
94
82
31
18
97
88
89
87
89
82
87
30
39
3
12
11
13
13
118
T
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRO N A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
A (7 ).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
F O R , 1910 T O
1922,
BY
O C C U P A T IO N S — S T A N D A R D
R A IL
M IL L S — C on tin u ed .
able
Occupation
and year.
Hotbed lever
men:
1910............
3911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Hotbed men:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Straighteners,
gag press:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Straighteners’
helpers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Chippers:
1911............
1912............
1933............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Drillers and
punchers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915..........
1919............
1920............
1922............
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber of time
of em
plants. ploy hours
per
ees. week.
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
4
4
6
7
7
6
7
7
4
3
4
34
31
35
36
32
29
31
28
26
44
47
48
56
43
49
22
20
44
74.1
72.1
72.1
72.1
71.6
71.8
67.4
62.7
60.6
73.6
72.0
72.2
72.0
71.7
71.9
67.6
55.5
60.1
5
6
7
7
6
6
4
4
4
106
94
110
101
84
85
57
45
60
59.0
56.9
59.1
59.2
53.7
56.2
67.8
51.5
51.7
5
6
7
7
6
6
5
3
4
5
6
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
139
120
146
131
102
118
69
38
80
114
91
113
103
54
58
78
48
55
72.1
69.9
70.2
70.0
71.7
71.4
67.8
56.4
61.9
72.1
70.2
70.2
70.0
70.8
70.9
69.2
62.4
61.9
5
152
133
203
179
100
90
143
77
92
76.7
70.6
70.5
70.5
71.2
71.0
67.8
62.4
62.1
6
7
7
6
6
5
3
4
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Aver Aver
age
age
earn full
time
ings
Full
per weekly time
hour. earn hours
ings. per
week.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-timellours per week
were—
Full
Over
Over
Over
Earn time 48
60
48
72
ings week and and 60 and 72 and
per
un un
un
un 84
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
60.
72.
ings.
84.
10.209 $15.64
.195 14.06
.195 14.07
.213 15.36
.213 15.21
.209 14.94
.548 36.94
.577 36.48
.415 24.82
103
100
100
100
99
100
93
87
84
98
92
92
100
100
98
257
271
195
102
92
92
100
99
97
240
238
162
.176
.176
.180
.188
.185
.174
.502
.636
.391
12.95
12.65
12.98
13.54
13.30
12.54
33.94
36.45
23.12
102
100
100
100
100
100
94
77
83
94
94
96
100
98
93
267
338
208
96
93
95
100
98
93
251
269
171
18
80
25
.564
.526
.514
.576
.571
.612
1.112
1.357
1.079
32.41
29.91
30.45
34.06
30.59
34.22
75.39
69.88
56.35
100
96
100
100
91
95
115
87
88
98
91
89
100
99
106
193
236
187
95
88
89
100
90
100
221
205
165
62
60
51
50
75
64
18
82
63
.205
.205
.211
.253
.226
.219
.527
.627
.479
14.55
14.05
14.54
17.28
16.12
15.47
35.73
36.19
30.0
103
100
100
100
102
102
97
81
88
81
81
83
100
89
87
208
248
189
84
81
84
100
93
89
207
209
174
.231
.233
.224
.267
.270
.301
.747
.810
.605
16.78
16.44
15.79
18.76
19.07
21.31
51.69
50.36
37.55
103
100
100
100
101
101
99
89
88
87
87
84
100
101
113
280
303
227
89
88
84
100
102
114
276
268
200
.220
.218
.214
.249
.251
.280
.668
.661
.483
16.78
15.35
15.05
17.45
17.80
19.67
45.29
42.21
30.08
109
100
100
100
101
101
96
89
88
88
88
86
100
101
112
268
265
194
96
88
86
100
102
114
260
242
173
6
3
19
39
31
39
35
15
86
100
96
100
5 95
2 98
82
20
14 55
7
6
6.
5
6
18
17
18
15
17
5
8
17
53
18
47
58
11
11
2
2
14
12
46
25
14
18
18
4
19
17
. 38
31
16
13
11
17
39
33
82
74
77
78
94
97
81
21
19
16
17
2
12
16
35
20
18
26
23
22
14
4
11
34
44
44
25
36
82
18
18
..21
66
83
85
83
95
92
83
17
14
54
80
81
83
81
83
88
17
27
22
34
84
83
87
88
84
83
26
48
53
STANDARD RAIL M ILLS,
119
A (7 ).— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E
FOR,
1910
TO
1922,
BY
O C C U P A T IO N S —S T A N D A R D
RAIL
M IL L S — Concluded.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Cold-saw men:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913 . . .
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Cold-saw mens"
helpers:
191 0 ..........
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Inspectors:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913..........
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Laborers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Per cent of empiloyees whose
Index numbers.
average full-time 1lours per week
(1913=100.)
were—
Aver
Aver
Aver
age
age
age
full earn
full
time
Over
Over
Over
ings time Full Earn FuU48
72
hours
time 48
60
per weekly
time ings week
earn hours
and and 60 and
and
per
72
hour.
week.
un un
un
ings.
un 84
per
ly
per
earn
der
der
week. hour. ings. der. der
72.
60.
84.
5
6
6
6
7
7
4
4
3
18
19
22
23
16
13
13
16
18
74.7 $0.191 $14.21
69.3
.194 13.43
.213 15.50
71.8
72.3
.233 17.04
71.3
.217 15.46
73.4
.218 15.99
62.8
.499 31.34
62.7
.578 38.00
52.9
.413 22.14
103
96
99
100
99
102
87
87
73
82
83
91
100
93
94
214
248
177
83
79
91
100
91
94
184
223
130
3
4
7
6
7
7
5
3
2
30
36
54
52
48
52
52
37
55
76.0
72.0
73.3
73.8
70.5
74.3
69.2
68.1
60.3
.171
.172
.183
.197
.186
.185
.479
.525
.375
12.98
12.38
13.56
14.70
13.09
13.82
33.15
36.08
22.89
103
98
99
100
96
101
94
92
82
87
87
93
100
94
94
243
266
190
88
84
92
100
89
94
226
245
156
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
4
4
68
68
76
73
62
80
59
53
48
75.5
70.9
71.0
70.5
70.5
71.5
67.5
63.1
60.6
.225
.230
.228
.258
.236
.239
.581
.649
.447
16.77
16.25
16.12
18.11
1665
17.11
39.22
40.91
26.99
107
101
101
100
100
101
96
90
86
87
89
88
100
91
93
225
252
173
93
90
89
100
92
94
217
226
149
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
4
4
501
382
417
377
222
339
425
319
179
76.0
71.9
71.9
70.5
69.9
71.0
65.6
69.8
64.5 !
.163
.169
.168
.193
.185
.182
.478
. 531
.354
12.31
12.12
12.07
13. 61
12.99
12.95
31.36
37.02
22.82 :
108
102
102
100
99
101
93
99
91
84
88
87
100
96
94
248
275
183
90
89
89
100
95
95
230
272
168
|
i
'
i
:
33
6
8
38
25
72
42
36
35
13
8
50
22
4
8
8
12
11
31
17
26
44
13
4
4
7
5
4
3
13
4
26
3
32
9
5
7
7
11
5
4
6
2
1
11
37
27
26
75
62
62
25
6
56
21
18
17
67
100
81
85
8 83
8 54
88
46 43
69
9
8
10
24
8
38
21
4
15
13
10
16
6
2
1
44
87
88
84
71
81
80
23
31
18
22
6
23
33
15
15
31
43
8
42
45
60
12
8
57
6
16
1
82
73 ....... I
89
3
67
89
65
The number of employees reported in 1922 is not always the actual
number of employees, as the totals in most cases contain some dupli
cations, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation
of Table B (p. 15). O f the 662 employees reported in selected oc
cupations for all districts combined, 661 are actually engaged and
the 1,308 shown in all occupations represent 1,270 actual employees.
The number of employees reported, together with the net number
of actual employees for selected occupations and for all occupations
in each district and all districts combined, are shown in Table 14.
120
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRO N A N D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
T able 1 4 .—N U M B E R OF E M P LO Y E E S R E P O R T E D , N U M BER OF D U PL IC AT IO N S, A N D
AC T U A L N U M B E R OF EM P LO Y E E S IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS A N D A L L OCCU
P A T IO N S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS— 8 T A N D A R D R A I L M I L L S .
Employees in selected
occupations.
Employees in all occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Pittsburgh..........................................
Great Lakes and Middle West.......
377
285
1
376
285
633
675
3
35
630
640
Total..........................................
662
1
661
1,308 |
38
1,270
The customary working time per week of employees in the standard
rail mill department for the years 1910 to 1922 has been classified,
and the number and per cent of employees coming under each classi
fication are shown in Table B (7).
In 1922, 99 per cent of the employees in selected occupations in
standard rail mills worked 6 days per week, the remainder working
7 days all or part of the time.
Nearly all employees in selected occupations have worked 6 turns
per week: since 1911. In 1919, 100 per cent worked 6 turns per
week, while in 1920 and 1922,98 and 99 per cent, respectively^worked
a week of this length.
When employees in all occupations for all districts combined are
considered, the per cent of employees working 6 days per week in
1922 is somewhat lower than in selected occupations alone. This
decrease was absorbed by an increase in 7-day workers.
T a b l e (B ) (7).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O
C U S T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S
P E R W E E K IN E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D
1910 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — S TA NDARD R AIL MILLS .
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.J
Number of employees whose cus
tomary working time per week
was—
District.
5
Num 5
dajs,
Num ber of
Year. ber of em days
and
days,
plants. ploy
6
ees.1 days and
6
aldays
terin
nate- rota
ly . tion.
Per cent of employees whose
customary working time per.
week was—
6
5
6
5
6 dajs,
6 days,
days da;p,
days
days
and days,
and days,
and
7 day?,
7
6
7
6
6
7
da^ys and
days and
dajys and
days
7 days
7
6
days
days
aldays
ter- days
ter- days
terin
in
nate- in
nate- rota
nate- rota
rota
iy- tion.
iy- tion.
iy- tion.
EASTERN.
Selected oc 1913
cupations. 1914
1915
1
2
2
199
303
322
88
69
9
18
199
206
235
All occupa
tions.
2
2
430
481
117
89
9
18
298
368
1914
1915
.6
6
29
21
3
6
100
68
73
27
19
2
4
69
77
1
1
1 The figuresvfor-this column for the years 1910 to 1915 represent the number of jobs and for the years
1919,1920 and 1922 the actual number of men employed.
STANDARD RAID M ILLS,
121
T a b u s . (B ) (7).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W H O
C U S T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S
P E R W E E K IN E A C H D I S T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D
1910 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — S T A N D A R D R A IL M IL L S — Concluded.
Number of employees whose cus
tomary working time per week
was—
District.
5
Num 5
Num ber of days da^s,
Year. ber of em
plants. ploy and days,
6
ees. days and
6
ter- days
in
nate- rota
iy- tion.
Per cent of employees whose
customary working time per
wrcek was—
6
5
6
5 dajs,
|
da^s,
days
days
and
and days,
days,
7
6
6
6
7
and
da^ys and
days
days
7
days days 6
aldays
days
terterin
nate- in
naterota
rota
iy. tion.
iy . tion.
6
6 days,
days
and days,
7
7
da^ys and
7
days
days
ternate- in
rota
iy- tion.
P IT T S B U R G H .
6
62
7
7
21
5
19
6
4
83
96
96
93
99
94
100
98
99
Selected oc- 1910
cupations. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
374
447
431
507
356
452
618
454
377
312
430
412
473
351
427
618
444
373
1914
1915
1920
1922
2
2
2
2
548656
654
633
503
567
585
579
14
14
31
24
3
4
31
75
35
26
92
86
89
91
3
2
5
4
Selected oc 1910
cupations. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1 161
*908
1,026
920
398
420
556
246
285
727
796
900
904
398
420
553
241
280
8
52
76
6
27
27
27
3
399
33
23
7
1
6
7
1
1914
1915
1920
1922
3
3
2
2
747
808
695
675
718
779
662
541
All occupa
tions.
10
12
13
4
17
2
2
4
1
4
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
6
11
5
4
(2)
G .L . A M . W .
All occupa
tions.
3
5
1
4
63
88
88
98
100
100
99
98
98
8
4
6
4
5
29
21
25
123
96
96
95
80
1,039
1,226
1,312
1,377
955
1,082
1,171
685
653
8
62
88
19
27
27
27
3
6
3
11
1
461
40
30
28
5
19
4
4
4
68
91
90
97
90
91
100
98
99
1,519
1,714
1,247
1,120
14
22
35
30
7
9
66
102
60
149
2
3
3
(2)
1
2
(2)
34
4
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
18
1
5
6
1
2
2
2
(2)
30
3
TOTAL.
Selected oc 1910
cupations. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
4
4
1,535
1,355
1,457
1,427
1,057
1 194
l! 174
700
662
All occupa
tions.
7
7
4
4
1,725
1,945
1,349
1,308
1914
1915
1920
1922
* Less than 1 per cent.
88
69
117
89
9
18
9
18
8
6
7
5
1
2
1
1
88
88
92
86
1
(2)
^2
(2 )
1
1
3
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
5
4
11
122
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRO N AN D STEEL IN D U ST R Y .
The most significant facts concerning customary and actual work
ing time, actual earnings per pay period, and earnings per hour of
employees in 4 standard rail mills, for the year 1922, by occupa
tions and districts, are shown in Table C (7). In addition, for each
occupation are shown the number of positions and the number of
employees actually working during the pay period and also the
time and earnings of the same employees during the same period at
occupations other than the occupation specified.
Referring to the occupation of guide setters, for example, there
were 13 positions in the 4 plants reported and 18 men worked in
these positions during the pay period scheduled. These men aver
aged 6 turns per week, 9.8 hours per turn, and 58.8 hours per week.
The longest hours per turn in any occupation were 10.9 for roll en
gineers, and the shortest were 8 for reheaters.
The occupation of rollers shows that the employees who filled
these positions worked regularly, as the eight positions required in
these plants under normal operations were worked full time by the
same number of employees as there were positions.
In no selected occupation were there any employees working 84
hours per week, and only 1 employee in 1 occupation worked over
72 hours per week.
In this department the highest average hourly earnings were
$1,079 for straighteners, gag press, followed by $1,076 for rollers,
while the lowest were 35.4 cents for laborers.
Employees in most occupations frequently work also at other oc
cupations. This is the case in every selected occupation in this de
partment with the exception of roll engineers. Separate figures are
therefore given showing the total average hours and earnings for
such employees at all occupations in which they were engaged. In
many instances the secondary occupations were those paying lower
rates than the chief occupation of the employee-^—this is especially
true in the more skilled occupations. For example, straighteners,
gag press, averaged $1,079 per hour at their regular occupation,
but when their average hourly earnings at all occupations were con
sidered they earned 93.2 cents. For unskilled occupations the aver
age hourly earnings at all occupations is often higher than that of
their regular occupation, due to their being advanced to more skilled
work when such employees are not available. Thus, while laborers
averaged 35.4 cents per hour, the same employees averaged 45.9
cents when their total time and earnings are considered.
T abl e
(C )
(7).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S W O R K E D A N D A V E R A G E A C T U A L E A R N IN G S P E R P A Y
P E R IO D A N D P E R H O U R, 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S A N D D IS T R IC T S — S T A N D A R D B A IL M IL L S .
[ For explanation of this table see p. 16.]
Occupation and district.
Num
ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Average customary
full time of employ
ees in the positions.
Hours
per
turn.
Hours
per
week.
Aver
Specified and other occu
age
Specified occupation.
pations.
full
time
earn
ings
Aver
Aver
Over
per
Aver
Average Aver
72
age
age
week. Average
age
age
hours
hours
earn
earn
and
worked. earn ings per worked. earn ings per
under
ings.
ings.
hour.
84,
hour.
Number whose customary full-time
hours per week were—
Num
ber.
Over
48
48
and and
un under
der.
60.
60
Over
60
and
under
72.
72
Charging-machine operators:
Pittsburgh......................
Total.............................
8.0
27
87.4
53.62
.614
97.6
58.60
37.22
34.06
130.0
137.9
67.21
74.36
.517
.539
130.0
137.9
.517
.539
36.10
132.8
9.76
.525
132.8
67.21
74.36
19.76
125.1
129.9
147.75
126.71
1.181
.976
127.1
129.9
148.50
126.71
61.1
71.80
60.02
65.91
127.5
137.23
1.076
128.5
137.60
1.168
.976
1.071
10.1
12.0
60.8
72.0
48.21
48.96
97.7
77.5
77.45
52.74
.793
.680
111.6
.787
.541
10.5
63.0
48.43
91.9
70.39
.766
123.9
87.85
83.52
86.61
10.5
62.7
60.0
62.0
12
36.55
34.32
127.5
101.7
.583
.572
127.6
134.6
35.86
119.5
.580
129.7
74.36
70.23
73.08
.583
.522
12
74.34
58.23
69.34
51.9
7.1
12.
9.2
72.0
63.2
6.4
10.9
68.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.1
10.3
60.8
61.5
10.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
13
31.87
8.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
10.3
14
10
14
20
29
12
154.5
.525
.563
123
Reheaters:
Pittsburgh.........................
Reheaters’ helpers:
Pittsburgh.........................
Roll engineers:
Pittsburgh.........................
O. L. and M. W ...............
Total...............................
Rollers:
Pittsburgh.........................
G. L. and M. W ...............
Total. ......................
Rollers’ helpers:
Pittsburgh.........................
O. L .an d M .W ...............
Total...............................
Table lever men:
Pittsburgh.......................
G. L.andM . W ...............
STANDARD RAIL MILLS.
Turns
per
week.
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
Employees working in scheduled pay period»
Positions.
(C) (7).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—STANDARD RAIL MILLS—Concluded.
able
2 2 4 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T
Straighteners, gag press:
Pittsburgh................
G. L .a n d M .W .......
Total......................
6.0
6.0
44
Straightened helpers:
Pittsburgh................
G. L .a n d M .W .......
Total......................
51
Chippers:
Pittsburgh................
G. L .a n d M .W .......
42
8.1
48.6
57.0
38
6.0
8.6
51.7
6.0
6.0
10.9
9.3
65.2
56.0
6.0
10.3
61.9
80
14
6.0
6.0
10.7
9.8
64.3
58.7
°,2
14
55
14
60
6.0
6.0
11.9
9.2
71.3
55.2
30
Total......................
6.0
10.4
62.1
30
Cold-saw men:
Pittsburgh................
G. L. and M. W .......
6.0
6.0
11.4
8.4
68.0
50.2
G.O
8.8
52.9
6.0
6.0
11.3
8.0
68.0
48.0
10.1
60.3
6.0
6.0
10.4
9.9
62.2
59.5
6.0
10.1
60.6
48
6.0
6.0
10.8
10.7
64.6
64.0
132
47
6.0
10.7
64.5
179
Total......................
26
Inspectors:
Pittsburgh................
G. L .a n d M .W .......
Total......................
38
Laborers:
Pittsburgh................
G. L .a n d M .W .......
Total......................
11
17
15
55
76.07
.999
1.194
1.079
79.8
104.1
9.5
73.15
98.87
83.44
917
.949
.932
32.21
25.37
60.3
77.5
29.80
35.14
.494
.453
98.4
98.6
49.11
42.65
.499
.433
30.07
65.7
31.47
.479
«.5
47.10
.478
37.94
36.98
90.3
81.8
53.29
51.52
.590
.630
116.8
117.2
63.19
66.74
.541
.570
52.58
.605
117.0
64.61
.552
37.55
36.08
25.45
102.8
85.4
52.01
39.33
.506
.461
130.4
116.6
62.24
53.31
.477
.457
30.18
93.1
44.98
.483
122.8
57.29
.467
13
26.52
20.88
38.3
79.0
14.91
32.84
.390
.416
131.3
112.1
50.38
53.95
.384
.481
13
22.14
9.9
28.86
.413
116.3
53.16
.457
17
24,48
19.34
39.2
47.5
14.09
19.16
.360
.403
111.5
76.0
43.92
32.54
.394
.428
38
22.89
41.7
.375
100.5
40.40
.402
10
29.42
25.53
111.0
96.3
52.53
41.37
.473
.429
122.9
124.4
56.95
54.28
.463
.436
26.9
101.8
45.55
.447
123.9
55.28
.446
22.67
23.23
29.8
32.0
10.45
11.63
.351
.363
86.1
106.2
40.96
44.83
.476
.422
22.82
30.4
10.76
.354
91.4
41.98
18
18
70.5
69.34
86.16
17
21
59
18
10
44
15
115
125
43
46
69.4
72.2
STANDARD RAIL MILLS.
61.9
13
56.35
17
10.3
Total......................
11
46
6.0
Cold-saw men’s helpers:
Pittsburgh................
G. L .a n d M .W .......
48.55
68.06
14
Drillers and punchers:
Pittsburgh................
G. L. and M. W .......
Total......................
11
126
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table D (7) shows the number o f employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for guide setters and straighteners, gag
press, in 1922, b y districts and ml districts combined.
The range of classified earnings for guide setters was from 50 to
90 cents, with an average of 69.1 cents. The range for straighteners,
gag press, was from 35 cents to $1.75, with an average o f $1,084.
In the occupation of guide setters there is very little difference in
the average hourly earnings for employees in the two districts, but for
straighteners, gag press, there is a difference of 20.4 cents.
T a b l e D (7).—A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIE D E A RN IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TW O
SELECTED
OCCUPATIONS,
D ISTR ICTS —ST A N D A R D
1922, B Y
R A IL MILLS .
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation and district.
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
35 40
50
and and and
em
ings
un
un
un
ploy
per der der der
ees. hour.
40 50 60
cts. cts. cts.
60
and
un
der
70
cts.
70
and
un
der
80
cts.
80
and
un
der
90
cts.
90
cents $1 $1.25 $1.50
and and and and
un under under under
der $1.25. $1.50. $1.75.
$1.
GUIDE SETTEES.
Pittsburgh....................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
11
7
.690
.691
1
1
4
4
5
1
1
1
Total..................................
18
.691
2
8
6
2
Pittsburgh...................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est..
36
24
.999
1.203
1
3
2
3
7
5
9
2
2
6
9
8
3
Total..................................
60
1.084
1
3
2
3
12
11
8
17
3
STRAIGHTENERS, GAG PRESS.
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-tim e hours per
per week o f those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week
regardless o f the length o f turn, or a turn o f 12 or more hours regardless
of the number of days per week, either all or part of the time, are
presented in detail in Table E (7) for the standard rail m ill depart
ment. As stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17)
data are presented only for those employees whose custom ary work
ing time remained the same throughout the pay period although
they may have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details
are shown for each district and for all districts combined.
127
STANDARD RAIL MILLS,
T able E (7).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF EM PLO YE ES WHO W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K O R
12 O R M ORE H O U RS P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T OF TH E TIM E, 1922,
B Y D ISTR ICTS —S TANDARD RAIL MILLS .
[This table includes only those employees who worked but one combination of customary days and hours
during pay period. For explanation of table see p. 17.]
DAY TURNS.
Number of employees
who worked each
specified combination
of customary turns
and hours, by districts.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Night turns.
Day turns.
I
Hours.
Turns
per
week.
7
7
7
6
Mon
day to Satur Sun
Friday. day. day.
12
10
8
12
12
10
8
12
Per
week.
12
6
8
Turns
per
week.
Hours.
Mon Satur Sun
day to
Friday. day. day.
Per
week.
1 Great
Pitts | Lakes
and
Total.
burgh. Middle
West.
............ i_______
1
............ !
2 j
.........i*
|
1
1
1............
84
66
56
72
1
2
1
1
D AY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY.
7
7
7
7
7
12
12
10
8tj
8
12
12
10
8t?
8
12
12
10
8
8
84
84
70
59.156
7
8
8
8
56
7
7
8
8
8
7
8
8
56
55
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
12
12
9
9
11
10
9
9
8
10
10
72
72
69
69
66
65
64
64
63
60
60
i
7
6~
7
7
12
12
14
&&
7
6
6
6
6i
6 !
6
6
6
(j
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
12
13
14
14
12
12
14
i 8
8
; 8
|
1 s
8
12
12
14
12
84
72
98
59i
56
56
48
48
48
48
48
72
72
74
72
78
78
78
72
78
102
84
14
8
8
8
8
8
12
14
12
13
13
13
12
13
18
14
41
3
1
4
42
c
O
41
3
23
4
42
e
O
3
3
3
165
165
14
3
138
16
2
2
4
10
22
78
22
} ..........
\
f ..........
1
/
o
6
14
3
138
16
2
2
4
10
22
78
SUMMARY.
Per cent
of em
ployees
who
worked
but one
combina
tion of
days and
hours.
Pitts
burgh
district.
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West
district.
Total standard rail m ill employees.......... ..............................
630
640
1,270
Employees who worked—
One combination of days and hours only.............................
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or more hours
all or part of the time...........................................................
7-day week all of the time........................................................
7-day week part of the time.....................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours part ofthe tim e...
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 hours or more
all of the time........................................................................
500
604
1,104
100
317
24
25
153
159
266
90
11
211
583
114
36
364
159
53
10
3
33
14
22
43
65
6
tern.
Total.
12 8
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRON A N D ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
Of the total number of standard rail mill employees reported, 1,104
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. Of these
1,104 employees, 583, or 53 per cent, regularly worked 7 days per
week or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of
the time, 5 working days only, and 578 alternating between day and
night work. Thirty-three per cent (364) worked a straight or average
day of 12 or more hours all of the time. Six per cent (65) regularly
worked 7 days per week and a straight or average day of 12 or more
hours all of the time.
BAR MILLS.
The 1922 survey includes 25 representative bar mills which em
ployed 6,399 men in all occupations. Of the total number of em
ployees reported 4,664 are included in the principal productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Data were first
obtained for this department in 1907 and comparative figures are
presented for the years 1907 to 1922.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, the
average full-time hours per week of employees in 1922 are lower than
in any year since 1907 or 1 per cent less than in 1920, the previous
low mark in customary working time in this department. The
trend of earnings has been in the opposite direction. Average earn
ings per hour, while 19 per cent lower in 1922 than in 1919 and 31
per cent lower than in 1920, were still much higher than in any other
year reported. Hourly earnings were 73 per cent greater in 1922
than in the base year, 1913. Full-time weekly earnings followed
very closely the course of hourly earnings, as the changes in full-time
hours per week were very slight as compared with the variations in
earnings per hour. The average earnings per hour in 1922 for the
department as a whole, including all selected occupations and others,
were 48.6 cents, or 32 per cent less than in 1920.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the 18 selected occupations are summarized in
Table A (8).
While the customary working time of employees in selected occu
pations as a whole was less in 1922 than in any other year reported,
when each occupation is considered separately the number of full
time hours per week in 11 of the 18 occupations was smaller than in
any other year for which data were obtained, in 1 occupation it was
smaller than in any year except 1920, when it was the same, and in 6
occupations it was only slightly larger than the smallest number
shown for any year, the increases ranging from 0.2 hours per week
for stockers and heaters to 2 hours per week for laborers. Hours per
week in 1922 ranged from 56.6 hours for stranders to 69.1 hours for
roll engineers.
Average earnings per hour in all of the 18 selected occupations, while
high in 1922 as compared with any year for which data are presented
from 1907 to 1915, were somewhat smaller than the hourly earnings in
1919 and 1920. The peak in earnings was reached in 1920, and de
creases since that time ranged from 17.3 cents per hour for bundlers to
53.3 cents for rollers. The earnings per hour of bundlers ranged from
17.4 cents in 1908 to 55.5 cents in 1920. In 1922 they received 38.2
cents per hour. Rollers were paid an average of $1,416 in 1922 as
compared with $1,949 in 1920 and 98.5 cents in 1913. Average full
time weekly earnings decreased in each selected occupation in about
the same proportion as average hourly earnings.
In only two occupations in 1922 was there reported any 84-hour
week work, according to the classification of the full-time hours of
1 N o data available for 1916,1917,1918. a n d 1921.
129
130
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
employees in Table A (8). For laborers there was less than 1 per
cent reported and in roll engineers only 3 per cent o f the employees
were on that basis. Nearly all employees custom arily worked. 72
hours per week or less.
Index numbers for full-tim e hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-tim e weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (8). These
are simply percentages com puted from the averages presented in the
table, using the average for 1913 as the base, or 100 per cent. The
index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occupa
tions combined) are shown on page 4.
Table
A (8 ) .— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BA B M IL L S .1
[For explanation of tins table see p. 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Stockers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Heaters:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
mo........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
H e aters'
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Aver
age
full
Fulltime Full
weekly, time Earn time
earn- '
ings week
ings. hours
ly
per per
week. hour. earn
ings.
8
8
8
13
15
15
31
41
41
15
22
22
93
90
88
170
211
217
374
603
582
298
458
352
64.4 $0,178 $11.43
64.1
.167 10.72
64.2
.168 10.79
59.0
.250 14.24
60.9
.217 12.94
60.9
.231 13.79
.216 12.89
60.2
.199 12.00
60.4
.198 11.91
60.2
63.7
.524 33.38
61.5
.612 37.69
59.2
.420 24.90
107
106
107
98
101
101
100
100
100
106
102
98
82
77
78
116
100
107
100
92
92
243
283
194
89
83
84
110
100
107
100
93
92
259
292
193
15
35
15
25
26
26
44
57
57
23
24
23
121
112
112
217
184
199
295
409
392
209
213
169
63.9
63.9
64.0
62.9
62.7
62.4
59.7
59.9
60.1
61.7
60.1
59.9
32.35
29.66
31.06
31.73
31.87
29.84
34,74
32.49
33.50
70.77
70.73
45.50
107
107
107
105
105
105
100
100
101
103
101
100
86
79
83
86
86
82
100
93
95
194
199
129
14
14
14
24
25
25
42
54
54
21
23
25
167
153
151
295
293
319
467
582
570
323
435
326
65.3
65.1
65.0
62.6
62.7
62.2
60.5
60.9
60.3
60.7
59.5
59.1
•246 15.77
.227 14.50
.234 14.87
.273 16.77
.259 15.94
.260 16.01
.269 16.21
.265 16.09
.272 16.37
.655 39.76
.744 44.16
.517 30.56
108
108
167
103
104
103
100
101
100
100
98
98
.508
,467
*488
.507
.510
.482
.500
.548
.562
1.147
1.176
.759
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Over
48
60
48
72
and and 60 and 72 and
un un
un
un 84
der. der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
70
66
78
51
34
31
36
43
39
51
51
34
9
14
3
5
18
13
1
4
4
9
8
10
4
16
13
12
4
2
1
1
7
11
9
9
11
9
9
9
4
25
19 21
17 27
25 34
33 18
9
46
9 31
26
7
40
5
93
85
89
91
92
86
100
94
96
204
204
131
2
8
3
8
10
9
10
9
9
13
13
9
13
18
18
13
17
22
37
34
35
1
27
34
2
2
2
7
1
1
1
1
70
61
70
58
60
57
46
52
52
60
52
51
10
15
4
10
9
91
3
2
3
8
2
4
2
2
2 i 2
2
i
1
i
1 > i
2
i
2 (a>
1
i
91
97
89
84
92
87
101
103
96
98
99
97
100
100
99
99
101
101
243 245
277 ; 272
189
192
2
2
12
16
16
11
13
23
42
36
32
1
30
52
65
56
74
52
55
50
44
52
50
46
46
38
16
21
1
11
10
9
4
g
5
10
2
3
2
16
16
14
8
6
11
24
14
6
1 This table was published in the Monthly Labor Review for June, 1023.
* Less than 1 percent.
(*)
17
2
....
2
3
3
8
2
2
2
1
(a)
17
5
....
5
2
....
....
4
.
3 ....
4 .
1 i
3 ....
1 ...
(*>
(«>
(*) (*>
I
3 ••••
131
BAR MILLS,
A (8 ) . — A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 T O 1922 B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B A R M IL L S — Continued.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Chargers and
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Drag-downs:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Roll engineers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Rollers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Roughers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
of
ber
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
12
12
12
18
19
19
31
41
41
14
19
21
11
11
11
19
20
20
33
45
45
18
20
20
13
13
13
22
22
22
41
52
52
21
22
22
13
13
13
22
23
24
42
56
56
23
25
25
15
15
15
25
26
26
26
57
57
23
25
25
3 Less than 1 per cent.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
cent of employees whose
Index numbers. Per
average full-time hours per week
(1913=100.)
Aver
were—
age
full
tim e
FuHOver
Over
Over
weekly Full Earn time 48
72
48
60
earn time ings week and and
and 72 and 84
hours
60
ings.
un
un
per
un
un
ly
per
der
der. der
der
week. hour. earn
ings.
72.
60.
84.
104 65.5 $0.173 $11.34
65.6
.161 10.56
102
107 65.9
.161 10.60
179 65.3
.192 12.40
185 64.8
.184 11.90
182 65.0
.192 12.45
.226 14.00
262 62.5
.219 13.47
346 61.9
.2 2 2
13.56
333 61.7
189 62.4
.561 35.01
328 61.9
.636 39.45
293 61.2
.427 26.24
105
105
105
104
104
104
77
71
71
85
81
85
81
75
76
89
85
89
100
100
99
99
100
99
98
97
98
248
281
189
96
97
250
282
187
64.4
82 63.9
83 64.0
132 65.1
127 64.7
130 64.3
186 60.8
265 60.7
256 61.1
131 64.9
205 60.6
161 59.7
.271
.246
.250
.269
.262
.253
.282
.277
.280
.696
.725
.470
17.31
15.58
15.93
17.44
16.78
16.12
16.98
16.58
16.96
45.17
43.33
27.98
106
105
105
107
106
106
96
87
89
95
93
90
102
100
100
100
100
100
58 72.3
56 71.4
56 71.5
99 72.0
95 70.4
97 70.0
153 69.2
183 6 8 .8
178 68.9
94 70.2
109 69.7
69.1
100
.226
16.29
15.76
15.52
16.46
16.07
16.05
17.06
16.97
16.77
39.17
45.65
32.75
104
103
103
104
1.013 6 6 .8 8
.878 57.88
.917 60.40
.928 58.21
.873 54.65
.863 53.60
.985 58.85
.936 56.13
.944 56.75
1.821 111. 62
1.949 116.13
1.416 82.35
86
65
63
63
124
65.5
65.7
65.5
62.4
62.0
120
128 61.6
173 59.3
216 59.6
215 59.4
108 61.3
141 59.5
119 58.4
252
242
243
425
403
408
407
385
386
202
319
288
.2 2 1
.217
.229
.228
.229
.247
.247
.246
.558
.657
.478
61. 6 .434
62.5
.343
62.4
.368
.402
61.0
60.5
.377
60.2
.389
59.8
.436
58.8
.436
58.9
.438
60.7
.933
57.8 1.034
57.3
.709
100
107
100
98
102
101
100
2 2 .6 8
91
89
88
93
92
93
99
99
100
100
100
101
101
100
226
266
194
110
111
110
103
89
93
94
89
105
105
104
100
101
100
88
100
95
96
103 ' 185
100
198
98
144
26.28
103
21.35
105
22.72 ; 104
102
24.51
23.36
26.00
25.41
25.76
56.63
59.46
40.41
98
99
247
257
167
101
101
100
98
98
102
97
96
100
79
84
92
86
89
100
100
100
214
237
163
92
94
103
99
95
10
10
9
7
8
6
14
13
27
32
27
5
4
4
9
17
5
6
9
98
6
100
5
3
17
7
266
255
165
95
92
91
96
94
94
114
98
103
99
93
91
101
82
87
94
87
90
100
98
99
218
229
155
(2)
5
2
2
3
3
1
6
2
2
10
5
4
15
3
___
12
17
19
19
16
17
13
13
13
22
8
6
6
2
3
13
12
100
95
96
190
197
140
2
1
19
24
24
18 *3*
24
25
38 * Y
38 ___
36 ___
3 11
2
16
52
4
7
100
99
98
230
268
192
10
28
36
5
5
4
7
3
3
22
11
5
26 9
56
49
51
4 *2 i*
26 16
3
61
13
20
10
10
23
23
17
18
18
20
8
24
25
46
•65
62
3
3
10
io
6
2
2
21
16
9
44
58
5
5
5
1
1
68
66
75
59
59
61
63
62
62
55
60
38
15
7
18
18
3
1
2
10
5
18
19
23
4
19
53
50
54
40
57
53
45
47
49
31
39
43
9
18
44
40
57
46
46
45
43
32
36
46
36
27
5
20
60
52
70
57
55
54
44
49
51
62
59
32
43
44
52
47
43
38
43
51
49
42
37
25
2
20
20
19
7
6
7
1
1
1
3
“ i
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
21
6
8
11
26
14
12
16
26
27
35
31
29
32
23
24
28
22
11
12
2
23
39
19
18
19
16
5
5
12
7
4
4
7
2
2
4
4
2
15
3
3
12
15
16
1
8
11
5
17
22
6
9
9
9
4
13
3
6
2
1
132
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR— -IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
A
( 8 ) .— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — BA R M IL L S — Continued.
T able
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
of
em
plants. ploy hours
per
ees. week.
Occupation
and year.
Catchers:
1907............
1908............
1909............
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
11
11
11
20
20
20
108
107
107
104
103
103
293
296
187
217
191
62.5 $0,442 $27.68
62.0
.381 23.57
61.9
.400 24.93
60.2
.419 25.45
59.9
.392 23.70
59.7
.399 23.92
58.1
.445 25.73
58.6
.430 25.03
.432 25.35
58.8
60.6
.936 56.72
57.9 1 .0 2 2 58.68
57.2
.725 41.33
42
56
56
23
25
25
175
174
174
272
262
266
491
635
615
381
525
474
59.5
59.7
59.7
60.6
59.8
59.6
58.3
58.4
58.1
59.5
57.6
56.6
.334
.277
.297
.301
.272
.283
.345
.318
.326
.762
.849
.577
19.45
16.25
17.34
17.85
16.03
16.62
20.15
18.57
18.99
45.34
48.79
32.31
10
10
10
65
63
63
65.9
66.4
.309
.279
.300
.323
.313
.328
.350
.341
.352
.766
44
57
57
23
25
25
69
70
70
115
111
110
222
Stranders:
1907............
1908............
1909............
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Finishers:
1907............
1908............
1909............
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
H ook-ups:
1907............
1908............
1909............
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
B oll h a n d s ,
other:
1907............
m s ...........
1909............
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915........
1919............
1920............
1922............
* Less than
1
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
cent of emt►loyees whose
Index numbers. Per
average fun-tim e Jlours per week
(1913=100.)
were—
Aver
age
full
tim e FuHFuUOver
Over
Over
weekly time Earn time 48
48
60
72
earn hours ings week and and
and 72 and
60
84
ings.
un un
per
un
un-‘
ly
per
der. der
der
der
week. hour. earn
ings.
60.
72.
84.
13
13
13
21
22
22
123
177
165
64.0
62.8
62.0
59.6
60.0
59.8
61.6
60.0
57.9
.638
20.45
18.53
19.85
20.48
19.60
20.29
20.77
20.42
20.95
47.19
52.05
36.56
92
84
82
174
154
177
227
262
245
156
277
213
63.9
65.3
65.7
63.2
63.0
61.9
59.6
59.8
60.3
59.6
57.7
59.0
.268
.225
.241
.272
.250
.254
.291
.268
.270
.641
.771
.516
17.30
14.70
15.82
17.13
15.66
15.74
17.32
16.03
16.25
38.20
43.83
30.17
9
9
9
97
6 6 .8
94
67.0
94
6 6 .8
18
180
177
176
199
240
235
174
352
353
62.8
62.5
62.7
63.2
63.2
62.6
62.1
60.7
59.5
.278
.255
.266
.295
.273
.287
.316
.285
.291
.684
.758
.545
17
19
21
40
54
54
22
24
25
12
12
12
20
21
22
36
47
47
21
24
25
18
18
24
37
37
18
20
20
per cent
111
121
137
182
223
222
66.2
.8 6 6
99
90
108
92
97
99
92
93
100
101
101
100
100
97
97
97
99
104
210
220
230
163
228
161
102
102
102
97
80
97
81
86
86
22
22
22
104
103
87
79
82
89
80
82
18
18
18
100
100
100
98
86
90
94
88
102
100
100
100
102
221
99
97
246
167
111
111
111
88
92
94
92
94
225
242
160
107
105
104
92
89
94
98
89
96
99
94
98
100
101
100
100
100
97
98
101
101
103
101
97
107
80
86
13
14
14
3
2
2
23
19
10
26
14
9
1
42
46
46
35 ‘ T
39
39
63
60
60
11 * y
38
i
59
36
34
54
40
41
40
33
38
38
46
38
17 i i
17 i i
17 i i
16 14
27
8
28
8
64
57 'ii'
77
13 " s '
i
46
65
34 15
32 17
42
7
40 13
34 13
33 13
1
35
31 (2)
23 (2)
44
9
3
36
12
14
12
11
219
247
182
227
251
176
16
9
92
77
83
93
100
10
4
4
16
14
10
13
13
7
20
31
63
43
48
13
34
56
3
5
5
87
85
91
99
90
91
100
100
101
100
100
100
92
93
93
94
220
221
22
20
97
99
265
177
253
174
18
15
35
46
18.53
16.97
17.65
18.35
16.97
17.97
106
106
106
99
99
99
88
93
85
8&
92
85
90
2 0 .0 2
100
100
100
100
90
92
216
240
172
212
17.92
18.23
42.48
45.99
32.36
110
110
106
106
104
99
98
96
94
86
81
84
93
86
91
12
6
4
6
0
4
22
10
22
20
13
13
24
90
91
230
162
6
14
24
46
48
41
4
21
26
17
5
13
10
41
46
14
11
10
9
7
7
....
1
13
5
1
9
17
22
20
20
7
7
7
1
13
4
9
20
6
48
49
26
27
68
55
45
38
35
55
51
46
44
25
10
15
17
13
2
11
7
9
52
42
57
43
44
36
48
52
59
32
37
28
26
33
24
25
23
40
40
70
44
42
44
76
79
74
* 2 * 60
45
(2)
30
45
45
15
10
11
6
8
’ l3 '
1
4
4
4
4
2
2
20
5
13
9
12
20
20
20
11
9
12
133
BAR MILLS,
T able A
(8).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E
HOURS
PER
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1907 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — B AR M IL L S — Concluded.
Occupation
and year.
Hotbed men:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Shearmen:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911.,.......
1912.1.......
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
S h ea rm en ’ s
helpers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
JDU11U1C1o«
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
of
em
plants. ploy hours
per
ees. week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
full
time
weekly
earn
ings.
15
15
15
25
26
26
43
56
56
23
24
25
302 63.3 $0.189 .111.98
299 63.2
.174 10.93
286 63.3
.180 1 1 .0 0
500 62.9
.2 0 0
12.46
. 188 11.61
450 61.9
46l 61.7
.192 11.80
600 60.3
.217 13.06
714 60.3
.213 12.77
721 60.0
.216 12.83
. 545 32.37
497 59.4
727 58.8
.618 36.46
755 58.3
.439 25.48
15
15
15
25
25
24
41
54
54
94
92
93
156
151
156
218
263
264
145
216
178
64.8
65.1
65 3
63.3
62.5
62.4
60.2
60.5
60.5
60.9
58.2
59.2
201
65.9
.174
.168
.169
.187
.178
.184
.209
22
25
24
15
15
15
23
23
23
35
48
48
19
22
23
5
5
5
172
185
355
359
358
418
487
471
399
507
610
6 6 .2
67.3
64.7
63.8
63.9
62.7
62.7
62 3
62.3
60.8
60.8
88
100
98
100
100
98
98
248
279
195
4
4
4
11
12
12
7
5
14
27
9
7
97
84
100
100
100
101
100
100
100
100
5
4
104
226
268
187
105
231
263
184
11
11.46
11.07
11.32
105
106
107
103
83
80
81
89
85
88
.2 0 1
.203
.513
.615
.415
.153
.153
.150
.160
.159
.160
.169
.173
.173
.443
.506
.316
13
13
6
10
10
102
100
100
100
92
84
84
95
89
90
89
77
80
94
90
89
68.3
64.8
67.8
67.8
65.5
65.0
62.5
63.3
62.9
66.1
65.1
64.5
12
87
80
83
92
87
108
108
108
105
104
104
10
296
10
227
10 324
15
511
17
390
21
536
42
891
54 1,039
54 1,029
21 1,058
20
816
23
806
7
7
105
105
105
104
103
.249 16.20
. 216 14.10
. 225 14.72
.264 16.40
.254 15.55
.251 15.40
.281 16.74
.280 16.78
.293 17.56
.634 38.61
.752 43.99
.526 30.79
62.0
62.0
61.4
63.9
64.4
68.8
60.9
57.8
6
Full
Over
Over
Over
Earn time 48
48
60
72
ings week and and 60 and 72 and
un un
per
un
un 84
ly
hour. earn der. der
der
der
ings.
60.
72.
84.
i
251.
285
.174
.186
.207
.197
.193
.218
.203
.208
.529
.555
.382
66.9
66.9
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Per cent of emp loyees whose
average full-tim erlours per week
were—
99
98
97
41
41
41
77
131
132
178
178
210
115
151
161
6 6 .8
6 6 .1
Index numbers.
(1913-100.)
.2 0 2
1 2 .0 2
11.28
11.74
12.98
12.57
1 2 .6 6
31.96
37.39
25.27
13.53
1 1 .6 8
12.42
13.69
1 2 .2 0
11.94
13.38
12.97
13.38
36.40
33.80
22.29
10.44
9.93
10.17
10.86
10.40
10.38
10.66
11.00
10.91
29.28
33.12
21.54
97
98
102
102
100
100
99
99
97
97
109
109
109
108
101
101
100
202
88
100
96
97
245
294
199
93
80
85
95
90
89
85
87
93
87
90
100
97
98
246
288
195
16
18
18
14
6
10
6
13
13
13
4
3
13
14
3
g
9
24
24
12
10
10
6
6
10
20
10
10
10
15
14
4
7
17
7
6
12
10
9
9
6
8
4
4
6
9
3
40
47 . . . .
87
93
91
89
94
93
95
243
255
175
97
100
272
253
167
109
104
108
108
105
104
100
101
101
106
104
103
91
91
89
95
94
95
100
102
102
262
299
187
98
93
95
102
98
97
100
103
102
275
311
202
43
35
54
43
48
45
45
47
43
41
41
28
51
46
59
46
45
43
41
46
47
46
37
25
19
21
5
12
9
3 ....
11
4
4
8
9
4
8
18
21
3
10
11
12
2
3
5
4
4
1
1
8
3
10
62
59
59
45
50
46
61
63
60
55
48
35
20
76
76
24
24
3 ....
1
17
4
5
16
22
6
18
18
3
5
7
12
1
10
3
2
....
1
1
(2)
3 ....
100
100
102
100
99
16
6
24
5
26
2
43
2
42
34
15 *8 *
45 (2)
56
101
100
104
105
112
14
19
15
14
15
15
15
16
23
24
42
38
31
23
42
58
88
98
93
92
21
21
22
1
4
6
1
34
35
27
55
58
37
27
28
17
41
23
29
27
15
47
48
42
25
45
43
33
33
31
27
18
11
13
42
41
45
35
31
66
2
65
71
43
37
2
65
68
(2)
11
1
2
9
(2)
1
1
2
6
2
23
26
18
22
9
20
29
*2 *
2
4
57
3
25
8
27
36
18
18
2
7
8
18
27
23
8
2
2
2
4
5
1
34
1
1
1
5 (2)
1
1
1 (2)
2
5
1
1 >)
* Less than 1 per cent.
8 Including 1 per cent whose full-tim e hours per week were 84$, and less than 1 per cent whose full-time
hours per week were 91
134
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL IN DU STR Y.
The number oi employees reported in 1922 includes some duplica
tions, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation of
Table B (p. 15). Of the 4,950 employees reported in selected occupa
tions for all districts combined there were 286 duplications, leaving
4,664 actually engaged, and the total of 6,717 employees shown for
all occupations represents 6,399 individuals.
The gross number of employees reported, together with the net
number of actual employees, for selected occupations and for all
occupations, in each district and all districts combined, are shown
in Table 15.
T able 15.—NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES R E PO RTE D , NUM BER OF DUPLICATIONS, AND ,
ACTU AL NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND A L L OCCUPA- .
TION S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS—BAB MILLS.
Employees in selected occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Actual
number.
Eastern............................................
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.......
Southern..........................................
779
2,072
1,450
649
22
107
139
18
757
1,965
1,311
631
968
2,624
2,218
907
22
118
160
18
946
2,506
2,058
889
T otal.....................................
4,950
286
4,664
6,717
318
6,399
The customary working time per week of employees m the bar-m ill
department has been classified, and the number and per cent of
employees coming under each classification for the years 1907 to
1922 are shown in Table B (8).
The working time of employees in the bar-m ill department shows
a wide variation of days or turns per week— 5 days, 6 days, and 7
days, with the many combinations thereof. However, in 1922, 47 j
er cent of all employees worked 6 days and 35 per cent worked 5
ays and 6 days alternately.
When 1922 is compared with 1920, there were only a few slight
changes in the working time of employees in selected occupations in
this department.
The greatest changes in the working time are shown in the Eastern
district, where, in 1922, 1 per cent of all employees worked 5 days
per week as compared witn 14 per cent in 1920. The per cent of
employees working 5 days and 6 days alternately shows a decrease
from 45 to 30 during the same years. The per cent working 6 days
per week increased from 30 in 1920 to 57 in 1922.
S
T a b l e B (8).— NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUM
BER OF DAYS PER WEEK IN EACH DISTRICT AND ALL DISTRICTS COMBINED, 1907 TO 1922, BY YEARS—BAR
MILLS.
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
Per cent of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
Number of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
District.
Year.
5
Num
days,
Num ber of
5
ber of em
5 days days,
plants. ploy
5 6and
ees.1 days.
days and
6
alter
nately. days
in
rotar
tion.
5
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
days, days,
5
6
5
days, days,
days,
days, days,
6
days days
7
5
6
6
days days
days
6
7
6
and and days, days,
and days, days,
days,
and and days, days,
7
and and
7
7
and and
6
7
7
6
5
and
6
and and
7
7
6
7
days.
days. days days
6
days. days days
7
7
6
days. days. days
alter alter days days
alter days days
alter alter days days
days
in
in
nate nate in
in
nate in
nate nate in
in
rota
ly.
ly.
ly . rota rota
ly. rota rota
ly. rotar rota
tion. tion.
tion. tion.
tion. tion.
tion.
BAB M ILLS.
EASTERN.
Selected occupations___
A ll occupations..............
1907
1903
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
1914
1915
1920
1922
6
313
355
357
iio
831
946
1,387
1,562
1,543
636
867
779
1
1
1
157
1
14
57
64
63
216
110
7
242
290
290
323
455
588
912
1,144
1,130
259
404
245
100
108
15
15
6
6
1,851
1,876
950
968
69
70
133
9
1,207
1,211
425
292
100
112
3
3
3
8
8
S
12
15
15
4
6
70
64
3
3
3
66
406
375
344
410
349
348
161
248
419
554
573
287
553
4
2
3
2
2
5
11
12
5
7
10
2
(2)
(2)
(2)
18
(2)
2
4
4
4
34
13
1
77
82
81
36
55
62
66
73
73
41
47
31
12
14
4
4
14
l
65
65
45
30
11
12
(2)
(2)
(2)
22
18
19
46
45
36
30
22
23
25
29
54
30
31
30
5 ..
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
1
1
1
1 The figures in this column for the years 1907 to 1915 represent the number of jobs and for the years 1919,1920, and 1922 the actual number of men employed.
*Less than 1 per cent.
K) 1
(2)
7
135
(2)
Per cent of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
Number of employees whose customary working time per
week was—
District.
5
Num
days,
Num ber of
5
5 days days,
Year. ber of em
and
plants. ploy
5
and
ees. days. 6 days
6
alter
days
nately. in
rota
tion.
6
6
5
6
6
5
5
days, days,
6
6
days, days,
5
5
days, days,
6
days,
7
6
6
days
days days
5
6
days days
6
and and days, days,
and days, days,
days,
and and days, days,
7
and and
7
and and
7
7
5
6
6
and and
6
and
7
7
days.
7
7
7
7 days. days. days
6
days. days days
6
6
lays. days days
alter alter days days
alter days days
alter alter days days
days
in
in
in
nate nate in
nate in
in
nate nate in
rota rota
rota
ly . rota rota
ly .
ly .
ly . rota rota
ly .
tion. tion.
tion. tion .
tion. tion.
tion.
P IT T S B U R G H .
Selected occupations___
All occupations__ T___
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
g
g
g
10
10
10
11
14
14
4
7
7
1 £ .5
1*060
1*163
2* 185
2*096
2* 193
2*380
2,833
1,845
1 534
2* 372
2*072
32
58
26
18
33
37
115
100
88
1914
1915
1920
1922
14
14
7
7
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
g
42
42
42
45
42
42
42
42
42
56
13
561
455
465
676
806
967
1,154
1,388
1,439
417
792
896
3,250
3 366
3*167
2,’ 624
162
122
69
22
1,461
1 549
*958
1,057
42
42
850
801
795
1,017
997
975
1,279
10
12
4
421
335
346
227
429
420
457
521
479
579
1,403
1,188
1 120
*700
890
1,242
1,032
957
647
4
g
4
4
4
4
4
11
34
16
18
14
16
14
54
38
18
57
47
21
297
349
12
9
12
459
477
35
16
349
12
460
477
38
16
1,128
1,562
1,458
949
4
4
11
64
56
153
75
336
385
356
651
5497
454
621
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
24
8
10
22
14
12
17
g
29
25
7
9
9
14
4
28
15
2
3
6
2
1
2
2
5
4
3
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
46
43
40
31
39
44
48
49
51
27
33
43
28
15
20
28
5
4
2
1
45
46
30
40
1
1
9
9
11
76
6
6
21
1
2
1
50
42
44
22
43
43
36
43
45
50
64
57
51
29
31
44
67
40
31
(2)
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
1
35
46
46
36
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
2
5
3
40
48
45
64
50
47
49
1
1
1
1
1
1
(2)
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
12
12
(2)
19
23
11
(2)
15
18
(*)
(2)
1
1
(2)
1
1
'(*)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
1
(2)
(2)
1
1
1
G R E A T L A K E S A N D M ID
*
DLE W E ST.
occiYnatinns
MvivvvvuU
vvU^CtvlUliO*•••
q
g
7
s
g
12
4
4
11
90
64
48
48
49
45
53
49
10
10
1
(2)
1
7
8
6
6
5
5
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
2
WAGES AND HOTJKS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
B (8).— NUMBER AN D PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHO CUSTOMARILY WORKED EACH SPECIFIED NUM
BER OF DAYS PER W EEK IN EACH DISTRICT AND ALL DISTRICTS COMBINED, 1907 TO 1922, BY YEARS— BAR
M ILLS— Concluded.
able
136
T
Ail occupations.
7
7
2
o
15
15
34
36
36
32
39
2
2
11
10
40
40
41
47
17
8
12
1
5
3
3
5
1
(2)
54
55
56
41
42
5 1
3 I
li
48
23
6
25
3
3
1
(2)
48
50
37
37
4
3
10
1
1
1
4
1
26
22
24
6
4
8
32
27
20
26
21
20
42
51
56
68
75
71
(2)
1
2
9
15
14
11
18
21
23
3
6
22
17
19
20
55
59
77
72
(2)
1
927
928
1,001
2,460
2,060
1,918
2,066
2,363
2,752
2,284
2,118
2,102
38
22
42
22
26
36
70
45
25
59
54
57
26
15
40
105
13
15
31
34
15
40
20
8
2
3
1
4
1
1
7
5
5
7
4
1
52
49
48
30
43
48
48
53
54
42
36
38
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
3,325
3,715
3,197
3,188
90
83
182
157
98
62
37
73
6
6
3
1
47
48
33
35
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
19
19
11
7
7
2,207
2,113
2,125
1,509
1,450
63
62
111
13
4
1,189 ': 111
1,152 ! 67
1,195
619 . 172
610
49
49
49
226
212
755
762
756
478
572
31
1914
1915
1920
1922
19
19
7
7
2,694
2,484
2,079
2,218
77
76
13
6
1,284
1,246
759
829
120
70
200
49
49
233
230
1,0S5
989
846
1,035
15
15
22
73
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
9
*9
9
4
5
5
795
721
719
494
582
649
207
156
172
31
21
49
252
195
146
128
120
130
335
369
400
335
435
464
2
5
1914
1915
1920
1922
9
9
5
5
1,007
1,006
787
907
215
229
21
50
219
172
147
179
558
591
606
651
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1922
15
15
15
25
26
26
44
57
57
23
25
25
2,378
2,216
2,315
4,092
3,924
4,114
5,841
7,323
7,220
4,789
5,330
4,950
43
71
31
175
38
55
390
383
385
358
200
73
1,224
1,080
1,101
1,226
1,690
1,975
2,775
3,916
3,867
1,999
1,935
1,881
272
108
64
48
48
49
45
53
52
52
49
49
226
212
1914
1915
1920
1922
57
57
25
25
8,802
8,732
6,983
6,717
523
497
236
87
4,171
4,178
2,289
2,357
162
112
300
112
52
53
233
230
10
10
10
3
3
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
00
1
( 2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
(2)
2
1
1
1
3
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
1
1
(2)
SOUTHERN.
Selected occupations—
All occupations...............
(2)
(2)
(2)
00
1
TOTAL.
Selected occupations—
All occupations.
42
42
42
45
42
42
132
153
109
10
310
359
12
9
12
459
477
35
16
359
22
460
477
38
19
12
5
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
39
42
43
60
63
47
35
32
38
48
40
42
2
1
4
2
1
1
3
3
38
43
48
47
1
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
00
00
00
00
(2)
(2)
00
00
00
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
(2)
5
5
(2)
(2)
1
1
1
9
10
00
00
1
1
3
2
BAR
1
1
1
o
00
4
(2)
7
oo
(2)
1
(2)
1
(2)
00
00
1
1
(2)
(2)
1
1
1
1
2Less than 1 per cent.
CO
->r
138
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table C (8) presents the most significant facts relative to customary
and actual working time, actual earnings per pay period, and earnings
per hour of employees in 25 bar mills for the year 1922, by occupa
tions and districts. In addition, for each occupation are shown
the number of positions and the number of employees actually
working during the pay period and also the time and earnings of
the same employees during the same period at occupations other than
the occupation specified.
Kef erring to the occupation of heaters, by way of illustration,
143 positions were filled by 169 actual employees during the pay
period scheduled. The average turns per week of the employees
working in these positions were 5.8, the average length of these turns
were 1Q.4 hours, and the average full-time hours per week were 59.9.
Of the 169 actual employees who worked as heaters 73, or 43 per
cent, customarily worked under 60 hours per week, 87, or 51 per
cent, worked “ over 60 and under 72 ” hours, while only 9 employees
worked “ 72 and under 84 ” hours per week. The average hourly
earnings for heaters ranged from 66.1 cents in the Eastern district
to 83.9 cents in the Pittsburgh district, while the average for all
districts combined was 75.9 cents. The range for average full-time
weekly earnings was from $39.07 for the Eastern district to $49.38)
in the Southern district. While heaters in the Pittsburgh district]
have the highest average hourly earnings, they have next to the
lowest full-time weekly earnings, due to the fact that their average
full-time weekly hours are the lowest for any of the four districts
reported.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the employees worked
in more than one occupation during the pay period and in order
to give the complete hours and earnings for them, separate figures
are shown which include all occupations at which they worked. >
While 169 men were working as heaters, they averaged 94.3 hours
per pay period and also averaged 12.4 hours at other work, making
a total of 106.7 average hours per pay period in specified (heaters)
and other occupations. During the 94.3 hours they worked as
heaters they earned $71.64, or 75.9 cents per hour. When the work
of these men in all occupations is considered they earned $78.01—
that is, $6.37 was earned in some other occupation than that of heater.
Average earnings per hour in this department ranged from 31.6
cents for laborers to $1,416 for rollers, and the average actual hours
worked ranged from 55.3 for laborers to 119.2 for roll engineers.
In only 2 occupations, that of roll engineers and laborers, were any
employees shown working 84 hours per week regularly and only 6,
employees in the 2 occupations combined worked these hours.
Koll engineers worked the highest customary full-time hours per
week of 69.1.
T able C (8),— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY
PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS— BAB MILLS.
[For explanation of this table see p. 16.]
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
Num
Occupation and district. ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Total................
22
Total..............
23
Total................
25
48
and
un
der.
10.2
10.0
10.8
10.3
57.8
56.9
60.7
61.3
84
84
132
52
24
5.7
10.4
59.2
352
37
5.6
5.9
6.0
5.8
10.5
9.8
11.3
11.1
59.1
57.5
67.4
64.3
143
5.8
10.4
59.9
169
59
106
32
27
5.8
6.0
5.7
5.8
10.2
9.8
10.3
10.9
58.7
57.9
60.0
63.5
87
163
42
34
224
5.9
10.1
59.1
326
257
187
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.9
10.8
10.0
11.4
11.2
61.3
57.4
64.4
66.4
32
122
117
22
5.8
10.7
61.2
293
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
142
15
60
19
Over
60
and
un
der
72.
118
72
125
18
106
112
Aver
Aver
age
age
earn
hours
worked. ings.
Specified and other
occupations.
AverAver
. age
age
earn
hours
ings
worked.
per
hour.
Aver
age
earn
ings.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
$24.45
24.75
27.86
18.33
86.9
71.8
77.6
82.9
$36.78
31.26
35.65
24.76
$0,423
.435
.459
.299
94.4
93.2
90.8
86.0
$40.72
39.84
41.87
25.47
$0,432
.428
.461
.296
36
24.90
79.2
33.26
.420
91.5
38.69
.423
39.07
48.24
48.66
49.38
91.2
88.1
128.5
100.2
60.26
73.92
92.68
76.97
.661
.839
.722
.768
98.9
103.3
138.9
115.4
64.13
82.01
96.32
85.27
.648
.794
.694
.739
45.50
94.3
71.64
.759
106.7
78.01
.731
27.88
32.71
33.30
23.75
71.9
71.9
93.2
90.0
34.16
40.58
51.72
33.65
.475
.565
.555
.374
90.6
96.9
109.3
101.5
42.81
52.95
60.12
38.91
.472
.547
.550
.383
30.56
76.0
39.26
.517
96.6
49.33
.511
.345
.438
.450
.416
.430
87
170
84
Specified occupation.
16
5
,15
27
123
12
8
21
Over
72
and
un
der
84.
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week.
10
20.72
25.03
28.72
27.76
79.0
70.5
72.0
97.4
26.71
30.77
32.09
40.74
.338
.436
.446
.418
105.7
94.4
97.3
107.5
36.43
41.34
43.80
44.75
26.24
74.0
31.60
.427
97.8
42.04
139
Total................
Chargers and helpers:
Eastern................
Pittsburgh..........
G. L. and M. W ..
Southern..............
Num
ber.
5.6
5.7
5.6
6.0
Heaters:
Eastern................
Pittsburgh...........
G. L .an dM . W ..
Southern..............
Heaters’ helpers:
Eastern...............
Pittsburgh..........
G. L .an dM . W ..
Southern..............
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
Number whose customary full-time
hours per week were—
BAR MILLS.
Stockers:
Eastern..............
Pittsburgh..........
G. L .an dM . W ..
Southern..............
Average customary
full time of employ
ees in the positions.
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
140
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
BAR MILLS,
P E R IO D A N D P E R H O U R , 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S A N D
Occupation and district.
Num
ber of
plants. Num
ber.
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Average customary
full time of employ
ees in the positions.
Shearmen’s helpers:
Eastern............................
P it t s b u r g h ...,.,....,,,.
G. L . and M. W .............
Southern............ . . . . . . .
Total........................ .
Num
ber.
48
and
un
der.
5
7
7
4
36
128
122
34
5.8
5,8
5.8
5.8
10.2
10.0
11.0
11.1
57.3
57.5
64.3
64.2
50
291
217
52
24
23
320
5.8
10.5
60.8
610
36
12
Over
48
and
un
der
60.
60
Over
60
and
72
72.
18
222
31
14
20
' 69
105
20
285
214
AverSpecified occupation.
time
earn
ings
per
week.
84
Aver
Aver
age
age
hours
earn
worked. ings.
Specified and other
occupations.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
hours
worked.
Aver
age
earn
ings.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
$22.23
24.44
27.78
22.41
71.9
45.5
68.2
82.2
$27.90
19.33
29.51
28.71
$0,388
.425
.432
.349
105.2
78.1
95.6
86.2
$41.79
33.08
40.50
30.00
$0.397
.423
.424
.348
17
25.27
58.9
24.45
.415
87.2
36.17
.415
i i
4 1
!..........
23.18
22.08
28.22
14.83
89.2
66.3
27.9
121.6
34.35
25.56
11.55
30.34
.385
.386
.415
.250
108.4
93.0
73.4
121.6
41.83
36.31
27.51
30.34
.386
.390
.375
.250
5 '..........
22.29
67.3
25.70
.382
93.9
36.23
.386
40
18
17
58 1
i
!
2
4
2
2
10
83
2
3
5.7
5.6
5.8
5.7
10.6
10.3
11.8
10.6
60.2
57,2
68.0
59.3
12
139
7
3
8
100
1
2
Total.............................
10
98
5,6
10.3
57.8
161
109
2
45
Laborers:
Eastern............................
Pittsburgh......................
G. L . anaM . W .............
Southern..........................
6
6
7
4
73
112
81
99
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.8
10.4
11.3
10.2
10.4
6 ?.l
67.4
68.9
59.5
137
307
214
148
11
63
94
23
53
19
66
32
155
86
23
365
5.9
10.6
64.5
806
19
233
105
Over
72
and
un
der
84.
S
Bundlers:
Eastern............................
Pittsburgh......................
G. L . and M. W .............
Southern..........................
T otal.,.......................... j
. . . .
I
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
Number whose customary full-time hours
per week were—
Turns Hours Hours
per
per
per
week. turn. week.
M I L L S — Concluded.
8
4
38
3
253
162
14
9
8
3
19.44
24.13
24.94
13.21
63.0
46.0
49.2
76.6
19.71
16,47
17.83
17.00
.313
.358
.362
.222
96.6
91.9
105.2
86.4
34.40
37.63
40.51
19.28
.356
.410
.385
,223
185
8
3
21.54
55.3
17.48
.316
95.2
34.48
.362
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Positions.
D IS T R IC T S — B A R
142
T a b l e C (8).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S W O R K E D A N D A V E R A G E A C T U A L E A R N IN G S P E R P A Y
BAR M ILLS.
143
Table D (8) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for roughers and hotbed men, in 1922, by
districts and all districts combined.
Of the 288 roughers, 261, or 91 per cent, earned 50 cents per hour,
or more, and 27, or 9 per cent, earned less than that amount. The
Pittsburgh district shows the widest range of hourly earrings, from
30 cents to $1.25.
The average hourly earnings for the 755 hotbed men were 43.9
cents. Seventy-six per eent (571) earned less than 50 cents per
hour, and 184, or 24 per cent, earned 50 cents or over.
Table D
(8 ).— A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIE D E A RN IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1922, B Y D IST R IC T S— B A R M ILLS.
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-tim e hours
per week of those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week
regardless of the length oi turn, or a turn of 12 or more hours regard
less of the number of days per week, either all or part of their time,
are presented in detail in Table E (8) for the bar-m ill department.
As stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17) data are
presented only for those employees whose customary working time
remained the same throughout the pay period although they m ay
have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown
for each district and for all districts combined.
144
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
T able E
(8 ).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M PLO Y E E S W HO W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K O R
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B A R M IL L S .
[This table includes only employees who worked but one combination of customary days and hours
during pay period. For explanation of table, see p . 17.]
D A Y TU R N S.
N IG H T T U R N S.
12
12
10
13
12
12
12
12
12
13
12*
12
12
6
10
12
12
9
9
12
12
10
13
12
12
12
84
78
70
78
72
72
72
69
69
65
62]
60
4
1
1
1
6
8
26
3
1
3
1
1
2
6
2
8
6
2
33
4
1
1
1
6
8
29
2
6
12
3
42
BAR MILLS,
145
T a b l e E (8).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
TU R N OF EM PLOYEES WHO W O RK ED 7 TURNS PER W EEK OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — B A R M IL L S — Continued.
DAY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING WEEKLY.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
Night turns.
Hours.
Hours.
Turns Mon
per
week. day
to
Fri
day.
12
12
12
12
12
li4
11
10*
10*
10*
10
10
10
10
?
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11*
il4
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Sat
ur
day.
Turns Mon
per
Sun Per week. day Sat
ur
to
day. week.
Fri day.
day.
12
12
12
12
12
H
4
11
10*
10*
8
12
12
12
6
11*
12
11
12
10*
9
6
10
10
i4
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
9*
10
12
8
12
10
9
9
9
8
6
!4
11
11
11
11
10
10
I4
i
lo f
10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
io
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
Number of employees who worked
each specified combination of cus
tomary turns and hours, by dis
tricts.
12
84
84
84
84
78
80*
78
77
75
73*
67*
70
70
69*
69
69
56
72
72
72
70
72
72
72
72
71
70
70
69
69
69
68
66
66
65*
66
66
66
66
65
65
63*
63
62*
64*
63
63
63
63
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
48
'
7
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
5
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
5
5
5
6
7
6
6
5
6
6
5
5
5
6
7
7
6
5
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
12
12
12
12
12
12*
12*
13
12
13*
12
14
10
14
10
11
8
$
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12*
12*
11
13
13
12*
13
13
13
12
13
12
13*
12*
12*
12
14
14
13
13
10
10
10
8
8
12
12
Sun Per
day. week.
12
12
12
12*
13
i3*
12
14
8
12
6
12
12
12
12
13*
6
14
10
14
10
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
9
11
12
12*
11
13
13
13
12
12
13*
12*
12
13*
12*
12*
8
ii
14
15*
13
11
10
11
8
8
11
11
10
8
East
ern.
84
72
72
60
72
75
62*
78
60
94*
78
98
60
84
60
55
56 \ ..........
48 /
72
78
84
72
72
72
72
60
4
72
72
60
72
69
60
60
4
60
208
62*
75
77
78
78
62*
6
78*
77
65
60
65
72
94*
87*
75
60
92
84
80*
78
72
71
71
56 \ ..........
48
Pitts
burgh.
Great
Lakes South
and
ern. Total.
Middle
W est.
11
11
4
10
1
4
10
4
15
2
4
4
3
2
4
4
1
8
30
5
1
8
5
7
1
7
31
31
11
2
68
3
1
30
11
92
1
4
15
12
2
13
220
18
24
7
4
1
206
340
303
2
12
206
2
13
426
167
195
110
68
7
4
1
206
340
303
4
7
1
6
3
3
9
5
3
10
10
5
6
8
2
8
2
1
8
2
5
82
57
27
7
15
5
396
208
6
1
8
2
11
3
7
1
11
35
117
57
27
7
15
3
7
1
5
5
146
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
E ( 8 ).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S P E R W E E K O R
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E . 1922,
B Y D IS T R I C T S — B AR M IL L S — Concluded.
T able
SU K K A ST.
Item .
Total bar m ill em ployees.
Employees who worked one combination o f days
and hours only........................................................
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or
more hours.........................
A ll or part of the tim e..........
7-day week all of the tim e...
7-dav week part o f the tim e. ______________
Straight or average day o f 12 or more hours all
of the tim e.
Straight
of the tim e.
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 or
more hours all of the tim e.,
P ercent
Great
of em
Lakes
ployees
who
South
itts
and ern
Eastern P
worked but
Total.
burgh
dis
district. district. Middle
one
com
bi
trict.
West
nation o f
district.
days and
hours.
946
2,506
2,058
889
6,399
906
2,215
1,870
864
5,855
100
439
1,224
1,123
492
3,278
56
2
0
23
475
20
76
17
8
62
559
i
10
15
198
437
477
1,127
19
422
546
682
12
1,662
28
0
8
19
16
37
1
Of the total number of bar-mill employees 5,855 worked but one
combination of customary days and hours. Of these 5,855 employees,
3,278, or 56 per cent, regularly worked 7 days per week or a straight
or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of the time, 398 work
ing days only, 115 working nights only, and 2,765 alternating be
tween day and night work. Nineteen per cent (1,127) worked a
straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time, and
only 1 per cent (37) regularly worked 7 days per week and a straight
or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
SH EET
M IL L S .
The 1922 survey includes 14 representative sheet mills which
employed 9,242 men in all occupations. Of the total number of
employees reported, 5,785 are included in the principal productive
occupations for which separate figures are given. Data were first
obtained for this department in 1910 and comparative figures are
presented for the period 1910 to 1922.1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, aver
age full-time hours per week in 1922 were 1 per cent greater than in
1920, 3 per cent less than in 1917, the highest point of customary
working time in this department, and the same as in 1913. Average
hourly earnings in 1922, while still high as compared with any year
from 1910 to 1915, have decreased 36 per cent from the earnings of
1920, 24 per cent from those of 1919, and 18 per cent from those of
1917. Full-time weekly earnings followed very closely the course of
hourly earnings, as full-time hours per week were subject to only
slight variations. The average earnings per hour in 1922 for the
department as a whole, including all occupations, were 69.4 cents, or
33 per cent less than in 1920.
The most significant facts concerning average hours and average
earnings for each of the 18 principal productive occupations in this
department are shown in Table A (9). Comparative figures are
presented for 13 of the occupations for the years 1910 to 1922,
the other 5 occupations having been added at different times during
that period. The custom of level-handed work (two employees
dividing the work and pay of one or more occupations evenly) has
been increasing in recent years, and sheet heaters, level handed, were
included in the bureau’s reports for 1913. In 1920 rollers, level
handed, and openers, level handed, were also added. However, not
all of the level-handed work in selected occupations has been included,
as there are many working combinations which are of local interest
only and not general to the industry. As hot-mill crews in sheet
mills work in 8-hour shifts, 3 shifts per day, and usually either 5,
5 and 6, or 5, 6, and 6 days per week in rotation, the average full-time
hours per week of employees in selected occupations in this depart
ment has been subject to but slight variation, since the large majority
of the employees are hot-mill workers.
Average earnings per hour in each of the 18 selected occupations
were higher in 1922 than in any year from 1910 to 1915, but in most
instances have decreased considerably from th§ earnings of 1917,
1919, and 1920. In 1910 the average hourly earnings for laborers
were 16.4 cents, as compared with 19 cents in 1913, 33.1 cents in
1917,46.2 cents in 1919, and 53.6 cents in 1920. In 1922 the average
dropped to 35.6 cents, or 34 per cent less than in 1920. The move
ment in full-time weekly earnings was approximately the same as in
hourly earnings, as the variations in full-time hours were very slight
as compared with the fluctuations in earnings per hour.
1 N o data a vailable for 1916,1918, a n d 1921.
147
148
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
In 15 of the 18 selected occupations the employees in 1922 all cus
tomarily worked 48 hours per week or less, and in 12 of those 15
occupations the full-time hours were never more than 48 hours per
week in any year from 1910 to 1922. No 84-hour week work has
been reported in any selected occupation since 1915.
Index numbers for full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and
full-time weekly earnings are also contained in Table A (9). These
are simply percentages computed from the averages presented in the
table, using the average for 1913 as the base, or 100 per cent. The
index numbers for this department as a whole (all selected occupa
tions combined) are shown on page 4.
T able A
(9).— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,1
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — SH E ET M IL L S .1
[For explanation o f this table, see p . 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
Pair heaters:
9
1910...........
210
1911...........
9
255
9
1912...........
249
1913...........
13
336
1914...........
15 399
1915...........
354
15
8
276
1917...........
11
1919...........
382
521
13
1920...........
14
1922...........
576
Rollers:
9
215
1910...........
1911...........
9
259
9
252
1912...........
13
335
1913...........
1914...........
15
394
1915...........
348
15
8
1917...........
276
11
1919...........
342
464
1920...........
13
1922...........
501
14
R ollers, level
handed:
5
44
1920...........
3
39
1922...........
Rollers, help
ers or finish
ers:
1912...........
6
115
1913
....................
171
8
264
1914
....................
10
1915...........
233
10
1919...........
271
10
11
437
1920...........
1922...........
487
11
Roughers:
9
215
1910...........
1911...........
9
255
1912...........
9
252
1918...........
13
336
1914...........
15 399
1915...........
15
353
8
276
1917...........
11
1919...........
367
1920...........
528
13
590
1922...........
14
Aver
age
full
tim e
hours
per
week.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn time
ings weekly Full Earn Full
time 48
per
time ings week
and
hour. earn
un
per
ings. hours
ly
per hour.
earn
der.
week.
ings.
42.7 $0,466 $19.89
.502 21.42
42.7
.517 22.06
42.7
.543 23.23
42.8
42.8
.540 23.10
.518 22.17
42.8
43.7 1.038 45.48
43.4 1.046 45.40
43.4 1.386 60.13
43.3
.880 37.84
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
86
92
95
100
99
95
191
193
255
162
86
92
95
100
99
95
195
195
259
163
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
1.242 52.98
1.380 58.89
1.416 60.41
1.476 63.21
1.431 61.20
1.280 54.80
2.591 113.47
2.536 110.32
2.976 129.10
1.895 82.01
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
84
93
96
100
97
87
175
172
202
128
84
93
96
100
97
87
180
175
204
130
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
42.7
44.5
1.516
1.069
64.73
42.57
42.7
42.7
42.9
42.9
43.0
42.8
42.9
.474
.503
.555
.461
1.010
1.092
.721
20.21
21.48
23.77
19.77
43.43
46.80
30.90
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
94
100
110
92
201
217
143
94
100
111
92
202
218
144
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
.558 23.82
.603 25.71
.616 26.29
.642 27.49
.648 27.73
.619 26.51
1.285 56.27
1.289 56.07
1.584 68.69
.994 42.83
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
87
94
96
100
101
96
200
201
247
155
87
94
96
100
101
96
205
204
250
156
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
i This table was published in the M onthly Labor Review for A pril, 1923.
Over
Over
Over
60
72
48
and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un
un
der
der
der
72.
60.
84.
>
1 49
SHEET MILLS,
T able A
(9).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S
PER
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — SH EET M ILLS— Continued.
Occupation
and year.
Catchers:
1910
1911...........
1912 .........
1913.........
1914.........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920 .........
1922
___
Matchers:
1910
___
1911
___
1912
1913 .......
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922 .......
Doublers:
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
. .
1917
1919
1920
1922
Sheet heaters:
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
Sheet heaters.
level handed:
1913
1914
1915
1919
1020
1922
Sheet heaters’
helpers:
1Q10
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1017
1010
1920
1922...........
Index numbers. Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e 1lours per week
(1913=100.)
were—
Aver
AverAver
Num
age
Num ber
age
full
&
earn time
of
ber
Full
Over
Over
Full Earn time 48 Over
of
em time ings weekly
60
48
72
per
plants. ploy hours
time
and
ings
week
earn
and
and
and
ees. per hour. ings. hours per
un un 60 un 72 un 84
week.
ly
per
der. der
der
der
week. hour. earn
60.
72.
84.
ings.
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
215
258
252
336
399
350
276
407
552
589
42.7 $0,544 $23.19
42.7
.587 25.03
42.7
.603 25.71
42.8
.629 26.92
42.8
.636 27.23
.595 25.49
42.8
1.256
54,92
43.7
43.6 1.199 52.28
1.532
43.4
66.43
.961 41.54
43.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
87
93
96
100
101
95
200
191
244
153
86 100
93 i 100
96 100
100 100
101 100
95 100
204 100
194 100
247 100
154 100
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
210
255
249
336
399
354
276
398
642
743
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
.387
.418
.429
.448
.484
.475
.946
.981
1.225
.791
16.53
17.83
18.30
19.16
20.70
20.34
41.39
42.67
53.12
34.04
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
86
93
96
100
108
106
211
219
273
177
86
93
96
100
108
106
216
223
277
178
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
210
252
246
336
399
354
276
437
658
731
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.4
43.4
43.3
.372
.401
.412
.429
.462
.453
.906
.921
1.206
.775
15.86
17.10
17.58
18.34
19.75
19.42
39.57
39.97
52.32
33.42
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
101
101
101
87
93
96
100
108
106
211
215
281
181
86
93
96
100
108
106
216
218
285
182
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
9
9
9
12
14
14
8
11
13
14
215
259
253
307
364
324
276
332
424
499
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
.883
.911
.949
,993
.966
.868
1.879
1.849
2.151
1.381
37.68
38.88
40.51
42.50
41.34
37.19
82.36
80.43
93.29
59.26
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
102
101
101
89
92
96
100
97
87
189
186
217
139
89
91
95
100
97
88
194
189
220
139
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2
2
2
3
8
7
14
56
34
15
94
90
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
43.0
43.3
.707
.762
.686
1.316
1.661
.995
30.17
100
32.65
100
29.27
100
100
56.19
71.45 - 101
41.33
101
100
108
97
186
235
141
100
108
97
186
237
137
100
100
100
100
100
100
8
8
8
10
13
13
6
11
12
13
174
215
208
230
309
275
216
286
367
454
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.9
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.1
42.7
42.8
.377
.436
.439
.483
.485
.458
.859
.926
1.140
.727
16.07
18.59
18.71
20.70
20.73
19.60
37.21
39.91
48.68
31.13
78
90
91
100
100
95
177
192
236
151
78 100
90 100
90 100
100 100
100 100
95 100
180 100
193 100
235 100
150 100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
100
i
i
150
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T able
A (9).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T IM E H O U R S
PER
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — SH EET M IL L S — Concluded.
Occupation
and year.
Shearmen:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
. 1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
S h e a r m e n 's
helpers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1 9 1 3 .......
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Openers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
O^eners^ level
1920..*........
1922...........
Picklers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Feeders:
1920...........
1922...........
Laborers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1917...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num
Num ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour.
Aver
age
full
tim e
weekly
earn
ings.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Full
time
hours
per
week.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e hours per week
were—
Over
Over
Full
Over
Earn time 48
60
72
48
ings week and and 60 and 72 and 84
per
un
un
un
un
ly
der
der
hour. earn der. der
60.
ings.
72.
84. }
7
7
7
8
10
10
7
11
8
12
85
104
105
114
136
115
149
221
122
190
46.0 $0,689 $30.79
.722 32.86
44.9
44.9
.768 34.67
.814 34.90
42.9
42.9
.860 36.84
.827 35.48
43.0
43.5 1.399 60.90
43.3 1.463 63.35
43.5 1.891 82.22
43.3 1.175 50.90
107
105
105
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
85
89
94
100
106
102
172
180
232
144
8S
94
99
100
106
102
175
182
236
146
86
90
90
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
14
10
10
6
6
6
7
9
9
6
11
.7
12
62
83
77
111
128
146
120
196
155
265
46.4
44.9
45.1
42.9
42.9
43.8
43.2
43.7
43.7
43.4
.261
.308
.290
.251
.282
.242
.533
.682
.983
.642
11.99
13.59
12.88
10.77
12.09
10.59
23.06
29.80
42.91
27.69
108
105
105
100
100
102
101
102
102
101
104
123
116
100
112
96
220
272
392
256
111
126
120
100
112
98
214
277
398
257
84
90
90
100
100
95
100
98
100
100
16
10
10
7
7
7
6
9
9
6
10
6
11
138
167
180
168
200
180
175
266
198
415
46.0
45.2
45.8
45.4
42.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
44.0
43.5
.274
.275
.289
.279
.282
.273
.662
.656
1.188
.732
12.57
12.35
13.04
12.56
12.06
11.93
28.70
28.60
52.13
31.27
101
100
101
100
94
96
95
96
97
96
98
99
104
100
101
98
237
235
426
262
100
98
104
100
96
95
229
228
415
249
86
89
87
88
100
96
100
99
100
100
1
4
40
45
42.7
42.7
1.114
.607
47.57
25.30
4
5
5
8
9
9
7
7
11
50
58
39
71
121
126
67
65
106
70.8
71.2
71.7
68.1
69.6
69.8
68.3
51.5
65.9
.181
.177
.186
.216
.211
.209
.600
.792
.508
12.75
12.54
13.23
14.49
14.55
14.44
40.98
41.13
33.51
5
8
41
119
56.8
61.4
.704
.500
39.39
30.64
347 63.1
361 63.6
354 63.5
351 64.9
378 65.9
394 65.0
656 61.8
270 64.5
866 59.5
808 65.2
.164
.166
.169
.190
.188
.188
.331
.462
.536
.356
10.35
10.54
10.72
12.28
12.37
12.21
20.46
29.80
32.01
23.06
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
9
11
13
2
....
3
2
2
....
14
11
13
12
2
1
100
100
104
105
105
100
102
102
100
76
97
84
82
86
100
98
97
278
367
235
88
87
91
100
100
100
283
284
231
11
7
6
77
8
41
32
97
98
98
100
102
100
95
99
92
100
86
87
89
100
99
99
174
243
282
187
84
86
87
100
101
99
167
243
261
188
)
31
39
30
9
12
13
25
26
13
32
30
26
13
11
8
16
16
15
28
26
18
2
28
22
32
1
8
17
42
7
20
10
64
53
54
37
26
32
73
8 51
10 20
29 31
6
4
5
4
17
10
10
32
90
69
56
73
81
84
70
2
5
10
9
13
7
4
3
24
5
7
16
15
8
8
6
7
15
1
4
3
8
5
....
3
2
....
2
1
....
151
SHEET M ILLS.
The number of employees reported in 1922 is not always the actual
number of employees, as the totals in most cases contain some dupli
cations, or repeated employees, as has been explained in the general
description o f Table B (p. 15). Of the 6,082 employees reported in
selected occupations for all districts combined, 5,785 were actually
engaged, and the 9,661 employees shown in all occupations repre
sents 9,242 actual individuals.
The number of employees reported, together with the net number of
actual employees for selected and all occupations in each district
and all districts combined, are shown in Table 16.
T able 16.— NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES R E PO RTE D , NUM BER OF DUPLICATIONS, AND
ACTU AL NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND A LL OCCU
PATION S, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS —SHEE T MILLS.
Employees in selected occupations.
District.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est___
3,528
2,554
176
121
Total......................................
6,082
297
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
3,352
2,433
5,798
3,863
250
169
5,548
3,694
5,785
9,661
419
9,242
Actual
number
Actual
Number.
The customary working time per week of employees in the sheetmill department has been classified, and the number and per cent
of employees coming under each classification, for the years 1910 to
1922, are shown in Table B (9).
In all of the plants covered in the sheet-mill department the regu
lar-turn employees, comprising the employees in most of the selected
occupations, were divided into three crews, each working eight hours
per turn. The employees shown under the heading “ 5 days, 5 days,
and 6 days in rotation” work five turns per week, Monday to Friday,
inclusive, with one crew working an extra turn Saturday morning.
Each crew advances one turn each week, thus giving to each the
extra Saturday turn every third week. Those working 5 days,
6 days, and 6 days in rotation follow the same plan, except that two
turns are worked on Saturday instead of one.
Considering the selected occupations alone, considerable change is
seen in the later years in the percentage of employees working in the
various groups. These changes are due to a change of custom in
a few plants; that is, working two shifts on Saturday instead of only
one, as in the earlier years.
Laborers and other unskilled employees in sheet mills frequently
work six days regularly. This fact is reflected in the percentage of
employees shown in this column for all occupations.
When the percentage of employees working each specified number
of turns per week in 1922 is compared with like data for 1920, there
are only slight changes noted, the greatest change being in the per cent
of employees in the selected occupations of the Great Lakes and
Middle West district who regularly work 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days
in rotation. In 1920, 56 per cent of the employees worked these
turns, as compared with 62 per cent in 1922.
M ILLS.
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR— IKON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
[For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
152
T able B (9).— N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T OF E M P L O Y E E S W H O C U S T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R
O F D A Y S P E R W E E K IN E A C H D IS T R IC T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M B IN E D , 1910 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — SHEET
TOTAL.
Selected occupations.............
A ll occupations......................
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1917
1919
1920
1922
9
9
9
13
15
15
8
11
13
14
2,346
2,781
.2,716
3,545
4,345
3,940
3,248
4,257
5,317
6,082
1914
1915
1920
1922
15
15
13
14
6,304
5,736
8,738
9,661
2
27
46
40
46
10
10
48
69
10
42
36
1,907
2,326
2,281
2,887
3,623
3,145
1,593
2,877
3,337
3,862
15
32
52
153
119
150
244
240
3,665
3,173
3,825
4,344
2
2
36
2
4
3|
195
216
252
999
1,037
1,039
1,103
380
400
370
385
465
452
587
295
865
981
2
11
13
13
15
27
37
31
55
(2)
18
216
252
1,366
1,429
1,987
1,833
2,921
2,993
57
51
68
72
245
245
262
430
(2)
4
17
2
1
1
81
84
84
81
83
8Q
49
68
63
63
5
6
31
24
20
18
16
14
14
11
11
11
18
7
16
16
2
3
3
2
58
55
44
45
3
4
16
15
32
32
33
31
(2)
2
(*)
1
2
(2)
1
(*)
(2)
1
(2)
(2)
1
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
2
6
x
1
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
1
1
(2)
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
3
4
1 The figures in this column for the years 1910 to 1917 represent the number of jobs and for the years 1919,1920, and 1922 the actual number of men em ployed.
* Less than 1 per cent.
SHEET M ILLS.
153
154
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Table C (9) shows by districts for each of the principal productive
occupations the number of employees, the customary full time, and
the actual working time and earnings of employees in 1922, together
with the additional time and earnings of the same employees at
occupations other than the one specified.
Referring to the occupation of roughers as an illustration: In the
14 plants reported there were 438 positions under normal operating
conditions. On account of employees working short or broken time
590 men were required to fill these 438 positions. The customary
working time of the men in these positions vras 5.4 turns per week,
8 hours per turn, and 43.3 hours per week.
During the pay period scheduled they worked an average of 61.7
hours as roughers, and earned $61.30, or 99.4 cents per hour. During
the same time they worked an average of 21.4 hours at other occupa
tions, for which they received an average of $20.38 additional pay.
In the distribution of customary full-time hours per week there were
only three occupations, pieklers, feeders, and laborers, that had any
employees working over 48 hours per week. The average customary
full-time hours per week of these three occupations ranged from 61.4
for feeders to 65.9 for pieklers.
The range of average hourly earnings in this department was from
35.6 cents for laborers to $1,895 for rollers, while the average earnings
per pay period for the same occupations were $24.04 and $133.29,
respectively.
Rollers, level-handed, worked 34.1 hours per pay period which is
the lowest average actual hours worked in any of the selected occupa
tions. In 1920 this occupation in this department appeared in the
Pittsburgh district only, but in 1922 working conditions had changed
and this occupation was reported in the Great Lakes and Middle West
district only. Rollers’ helpers and finishers show the least variation
in average full-time weekly earnings between the two districts, the
average for the Pittsburgh district being $31.13 and that for the Great
Lakes and Middle West district $30.64.
The average hourly earnings for combined selected occupations in
this department were 89.6 cents, which is higher than that for any
other department. Likewise the average hourly earnings of 69.4
cents for all occupations combined were higher than in any other
department.
T
able
C (9).—AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY PERIOD
AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—SHEET MILLS.
SHEET M IIX S .
155
AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—SHEET MILLS—Concluded.
Average customary
full time of employees
in the positions.
Number whose customary
full-time hours per week were—
Num
ber.
Turns
per
week.
Hours
per
turn.
Hours
per
week.
48 Over
48
and
and
un under
der.
60.
60
Over
60
and
under
72.
72
Over
72
and
under
84.
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week.
Specified occupation.
Aver
age
hours
worked.
Specified and other
occupations.
Average
Aver Average
earn Average Average earn
age
earn
ings
hours
ings
earn
per
worked. ings.
per
ings.
hour.
hour.
Catchers:
Pittsburgh............................
G. L .an d M . W
9
5
252
180
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.2
335
254
335
254
$44.35
37.84
63.8
60.5
$65.24
53.03
$1,022
.876
80.0
78.3
$79.15
70.24
$0,989
.897
Total...................................
14
432
5.4
8.0
43.3
589
589
41.54
62.4
59.98
.961
79.3
75.31
.950
9
5
255
178
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.3
394
349
394
349
35.81
32.04
54.6
42.1
45.07
31.15
.825
.740
78.4
69.8
63.18
51.39
.805
.736
14
433
5.4
8.0
43.3
743
743
34.04
48.7
38.53
.791
74.4
57.64
.775
9
5
255
178
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.3
410
321
410
321
35.11
31.26
52.9
43.6
42.81
31.45
.809
.722
75.9
69.0
61.02
49.51
.804
.717
14
433
5.4
8.0
43.3
731
731
33.42
48.8
37.82
.775
72.9
55.96
.768
61.93
56.81
68.9
66.6
98,27
87.57
1.427
1.315
83.9
77.9
111.21
97.24
1.326
1.248
59.76
67.9
93.75
1.381
81.4
105.31
1.294
Matchers:
Pittsburgh.......................
ftnoM . W
Total
Doublers:
‘Pittsburgh .
G L and M . W
Total
.
............................
Sheet heaters:
Pittsburgh............................
G . L .an d M . W
Total
.............
Sheet heaters, level handed:
Pittsburgh
__
G L andM . W
Total
- ___
— -
••• •~ ........ “
“
9
5
234
180
5.4
5.4
8.0
8.0
43.4
43.2
288
211
288
211
14
414
5.4
8.0
43.3
499
499
5
2
38
14
5.3
5.6
8.0
8.0
42.7
45.0
47
43
47
43
45.13
37.17
68.4
27.1
72.28
22.36
1.057
.826
82.1
80.5
86.68
84.06
1.056
1.044
7
52
5.4
8.0
43.3
90
90
41.33
48.6
48.43
.996
81.3
85.42
1.051
_____
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Occupation and district.
Num
ber
of
plants. Num
ber.
Scheduled pay period (15 days).
Employees working in scheduled pay period.
Positions.
156
T able C (9 )—AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER PAY PERIOD
SHEET MILLS.
157
W AGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR— IRON A N D ST EEL IN D U ST R Y .
158
Table D (9) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour for rollers and matchers in 1922, by dis
tricts and all districts combined.
The classified earnings per hour for rollers ranged from 70 cents to
$3, with an average of $1,894. The largest number of employees
(170) were shown in the group “ $1.75 ana under $2.”
The classified earnings of matchers covers a very wide range, ex
tending from 25 cents to $1.75 per hour, with an average of 79.1 cents
for both districts combined.
B ( 9 ).— A V E R A G E AN D CLASSIFIED* EA R N IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1922, B Y D ISTR IC TS—S H E E T M ILLS.
T able
[For explanation of this table see p . 17.]
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Aver
Num
age
ber of earn
$2 $2.25 $2.50 $2.75
80
$1.25 $1.50 $1.75
70
Occupation and district. em
$1
ings and
and and and and and and and and and
ployees. per under under under
under under under under under under under
hour.
80ets. 90cts. $1.25. £1.50. $1.75. $2. $2.25. $2.50. $2.75. $3.
HOLLERS.
295 $1,960
Pittsburgh........................
Great Lakes and Middle
W est...............................
Total.......................
5
9
56
113
06
29
206
1.790
1
1
10
38
53
57
31
74
501
1.894
1
1
15
47
109
170
97
43
15
2
15
3
1
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation and
district.
Aver
Num
age
35
25
40
50
60
80
30
70
ber of earn and and
$1
and and and and and and 90
em
ings un un un un un un un un and and
un
un
ployees. per
der der der der der der der
der
hour. der
35
50
60
90 der $1.25.
30
40
70
80
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. $1.
$1.25
and
un
der
$1.50.
$1.50
and
un
der
$1.75.
MATCHEKS.
Pittsburgh...............
Great Lakes and
Middle W est.........
Total..............
394 $0,825
2
1
7
14
52
112
118
52
31
349
.741
4
4
7
13
49
76
112
64
15
5
743
.791
6
4
8
20
63
128
224
182
67
36
2
3
2
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-time hours per
week of those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week regard
less of the length of turn, or a turn of 12 or more nours regardless of
the number of days per week, either all or part of their time, are pre
sented in detail m Table E (9) for the sheet-mill department. As
stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17) data are pre
sented only for those employees whose customary working time re
mained the same throughout the pay period although they may-have
been engaged in more than one occupation. Details are shown for
each district and for all districts combined.
S H E E T M ILLS,
159
T a b l e E (9 ) .— C U S T O M A R Y
TU R N S P E R W E E K A N D HOURS P E R
TU R N OF EM PLOYEES WHO W O RK ED 7 TURNS PER W EE K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — S H E E T M IL L S .
[This table includes only employees who worked but one combination of customary days and hours
during pay period. For explanation of table see p. 17.]
DAY TURNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Number of employees who
worked each specified
combination of customary
turns and hours, by dis-
-----------------------------------;----------------------------------------------------Day turns.
Night turns.
Hours.
Turns
per
week.
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
Hours.
Mon
day
Sat Sun
to
Fri urday. day.
day.
12
12
12
12
12
10
12
10
10
in
Hi
11
11
104
10
10
i?
io|
10
10
10
9
9
11
12
10
12
10
10
10
13
12
12
10
li
94
104
10
6
5
84
5
Per
week.
Turns
per
week.
Mon
day
Sat Sun
to
Fri urday. day.
day.
Pitts
burgh.
Per
week.
5
1
1
1
84
82
80
804
77
74
73J
70
66
65
674
64
76
72
70
62
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West.
47
1
a
3
1
11
3
1
3
1
7
52
1
1
2
3
3
4
12
3
1
101
1
6
1
Total.
95
1
101
1
1
102
6
1
NIGHT TURNS.
7
7
Q
7
7
6
7
7
______ 1______
6
6
6
6
5
5
124
124
124
12“
12
12
12
104
15
13
12|
124
124
12“
12
12
12
104
4
12
12
12
8
104
15
13
124
12
124
12
124
874
874
75 } ...............
84
7
84
72 } ...............
6
80
734
1
90
1
78
1
75
72
34
92
' 60
1
1
1
2
9
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
4
48
5
82
1
93
69
26
16
o
A
82
37
48
o
A
3
3
4
26
7
9
U
32
1
624
12
1
1
D A Y AN D N IG H T T U R N S --A L T E R N A T IN G W E E K L Y .
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1
12
12
11
11
11
11
10£
10
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
10
10
9
12
12
11
11
11
11
It
10
10
8
12
84
84
77
77
7
6
7
6
66
7
77
764
70
70
56
6
6
72
72
72
72
72
70
70
69
7
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
5
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
84
72
91
78
91
11
66
13
14
78
98
72
48
48
72
84
72
11
13
14
12
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
12
12
12
8
8
12
12
12
6
12
6
6
66
60
• 72
66
66
13
11
32
\
/ ...............
\
/
4
26
7
3
3
20
12
4
108
5
7
321
11
9
12
1
12
9
12
13
13
11
429
5
160
T
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
E (9).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D H O U R S P E R
T U R N OF E M P LO YE E S W H O W O R K E D 7 T U R N S P E R W E E K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E ,
1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S — S H E E T M I L L S — Concluded.
able
D A Y A N D N IG H T T U R N S —A L T E R N A T IN G W E E K L Y —Concluded.
Per cent
of em
ployees
who
worked
but one
combina
tion of
days and
hours.
Pitts
burgh
district.
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
W est
district.
Total sheet-m ill em ployees...................................................
5,548
3,694
Employees who worked one combination of days and hours___
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or more hours
all or part of the tune............................................................
7-day week all of the tim e........................................................
7-day week part of the tim e.....................................................
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the tim e ..
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours part o f the tim e..
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 or more hours
all of the tim e........................................................................
5,117
3,513
8,630
100
673
216
33
385
160
777
141
40
677
91
1,450
357
73
1,062
251
17
4
1
12
3
83
135
218
3
Item .
Total.
9,242
Of the total number of sheet-mill employees reported, 8,630
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. O f these
8,630 employees, 1,450, or 17 per cent, regularly worked 7 days per
week or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of
the tim e, 294 working days only, 202 working nights only, and 954
alternating between day and night work. Twelve per cent (1,062)
worked a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the time,
and 3 per cent (251) worked a straight or average day of 12 or more
hours part of the time.
TIN-PLATE MILLS.
The 1922 survey includes 9 representative tin-plate mills, and
covers 8,992 employees in all occupations. Of the total number of
employees reported, 4,613 are found in the principal productive occu
pations for which separate figures are given. Data were first ob
tained for this department in 1910 and comparative figures are pre
sented for the period 1910 to 1922 1
Considering the principal productive occupations as a whole, aver
age full-time hours per week in 1922 were 1 per cent less than in
1920 and 6 per cent less than in 1913. Average hourly earnings,
while 75 per cent greater in 1922 than in 1913, were 20 per cent less
than in 1919 and 31 per cent less than in 1920. Average full-time
earnings per week followed very closely the course of hourly earnings,
as changes in full-time hours were very slight as compared with the
variations in hourly earnings. The average earnings per hour of all
employees in all occupations were 65 cents in 1922 as compared with
94.9 cents in 1920.
The most significant facts concerning average earnings and average
hours in each of the principal productive occupations of tin-plate
mills are shown in Table A (10). The customary working time of all
occupations in the heating and rolling crews remained the same, 42.7
hours per week, throughout the entire period 1910 to 1922. The
other occupations, consisting of the shearing crew, tinning depart
ment, and laborers, show various changes in full-time hours per
week from year to year. The change in full-time hours of these em
ployees in 1922 as compared with 1920 ranged from a decrease of 7.2
hours per week for openers, male, to an increase of 2.7 hours for
branners, male. The occupation of redippers showed no change, and
openers, female, branners, female, and assorters, male, are shown for
the first time in this report, hence no comparison is possible for these
three occupations. The full-time hours of openers, male, during the
period 1910 to 1915 were subject to only slight variations, the hours
in 1910 being 57.5 as compared with 57.2 in 1915. In 1919 the work
ing time dropped to 52.3 hours per week but advanced again in 1920
to 56.2. In 1922 the average was 49 hours.
Average earnings per hour have decreased in each of the selected
occupations in which comparative figures are available when 1922 is
compared with 1920 or 1919, but in each instance the 1922 figures
are higher than those in any other year for which data are presented.
The decreases in 1922 when compared with 1920 ranged from 9.7
cents per hour for openers, male, to 84.1 cents for rollers. For ex
ample, the average earnings per hour of openers, male, were 22.1
cents in 1910. Earnings advanced during the next two years to
29.6 cents per hour. The movement of wages in 1913, 1914, and
1915 was in the opposite direction, the hourly earnings for those
years being 27.4, 26.6, and 24.7 respectively. The average of 80
cents per hour in 1919 was influenced to a large extent by war con
ditions. Earnings decreased to 72.8 cents per hour in 1920 and 63.1
cents in 1922.
Average full-time weekly earnings decreased in each selected occu
pation in about the same proportion as average hourly earnings.
1 N o d ata w ere collecte d for th e years 1916,1917,1918, a n d 1921.
161
162
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
The distribution of employees according to average hours per
week shows no change from year to year for the heating and the roll
ing crews, all appearing in the group “ 48 and u n d er/' The em
ployees in the other principal productive occupations worked 60
hours per week or less m 1922, except branners, m ale, and laborers*
Twenty-five per cent of the branners, male, are shown in the group
“ Over 72 and under 84 ” and 38 per cent worked “ Over 60 and under
7 2 /' Nine per cent of the laborers are shown in the group “ Over 60
and under 7 2 /'
Index numbers for average full-tim e hours per week, average earn
ings per hour, and average full-tim e weekly earnings are also con
tained in Table A (10). These are simply percentages computed
from the averages presented in the table, using the average for 1913
as the base, or 100 per cent. The index number for this department
as a whole (all selected occupations combined) is shown on page 4.
T able
A
(10).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T I M E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — T I N -P L A T E M IL L S . 1
[For explanation o f this table see p. 15.]
Occupation
and year.
Rollers:
1 9 1 0 ...........
1911...........
1912
__ .
1913.............
1914
1915 . . .
1919...........
1920
1922
Rollers, level
banded:
1919 . . .
1920. . . .
1922...........
Roughers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912- - 1913
1914...........
1915...........
1919.........
1920........
1922- . . .
Catchers:
1 9 1 0 .........
1911
--1912 - - 1913
1914
1915..........
1919...........
1920
' 1922
Screw boys:
Num
1mum ber
ber
of
of
em
plants. ploy
ees.
5
6
6
9
10
10
9
9
9
Aver
age
fuUtime
hours
per
week.
Index numbers. Per cent of employees whose
average full-tim e 1lours per week
(1913=* 100.)
were—
Aver Aver
age
age
fuUFuUOver
Over
Over
earn time
72
60
48
ings weekly FuUtim e 48
time Earn
ings
week
per
and
and
and
and
hours per
un un 60 un 72 un 84
hour. earn
ly
per
ings.
der
der
der. der
week. hour. earn
72.
60.
ings.
84.
174 42.7 $1,025 $43.73
201 42.7 1.109 47.33
229 42.7 1.097 46.82
356 42.7 1.139 48.59
345 42.7 1.115 47.59
349 42.7 1.106 47.17
410 42.7 2.248 95.99
476 42.7 2.542 108.54
400 42.7 1.701 72.56
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
. 100
100
90
97
96
100
98
97
197
223
149
90
97
96
100
98
97
198
223
149
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
7
7
3
46
212
138
42.7
42.7
42.7
1.362
1.599
.924
58.16
6a 29
3a 62
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
174
196
216
380
367
366
447
502
429
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
32.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.425
.507
.513
.533
.560
.562
1.193
.363
.893
ia i4
21.63
21.89
22.73
23.87
23.96
50.94
58.21
3a 08
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
256
168
80
95
96
100
105
105
224
256
168
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
10
11
11
9
9
9
174
198
239
354
347
361
507
541
456
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.427
.487
.403
.463
.468
.489
1.014
1.217
.817
18.23
20.79
17.20
19.74
19.95
20.87
43.30
51.95
34.83
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
92
105
87
100
101
106
219
263
176
92
105
87
100
101
106
219
263
176
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
174 42.7
.308 13.15
6
.345 14.72
198 42.7
6
.352 15.03
221 42.7
1913
10 387 42.7
.366 15.64
1914.........
11
384 42.7
.385 16.43
1915...........
11 '372 42.7
.389 16.59
9
466 42.7
1919...........
.818 34.93
9
585
42.7
.973
41.54
1920...........
1922...........
9
476 42.7
.676 2a 65
1 This table was published in the M onthly Labor
1910...........
1911
1912
100
100
100
100
84
84 100
100
94
94 100
100
96
96 100
100 100
100 100
100
105
105 100
106 100
100 106
100 223
223 100
266 100
100 266
100
185
183 100
R eview for M arch, 1923.
TIN -PLATE MILLS,
163
A
(10).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T I M E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — T I N -P L A T E M IL L S — Continued.
T able
Occupation
and year.
Doublers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Doublers, level
handed:
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Doublers’ help
ers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Heaters:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Heaters, level
handed:
1913...........
1914............
1915............
1919...........
1920............
1922...........
Heaters’ help
ers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914...........
1915............
1919...........
1920...........
1922............
Shearmen:
1910............
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922............
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
em
of
plants. ploy hours
per
ees. week.
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Per
av
wc
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn time
ings weekly Full Earn Full
time 48
per
time ings week
and
hour. earn
un
ings. hours
per
ly
per hour.
der.
earn
week.
ings.
5
6
6
10
10
10
8
9
9
174
205
247
341
324
322
352
330
322
42.7 $0,632 $26.97
42.7
.706 30.13
42.7
.677 28.90
42.7
.740 31.58
42.7
.734 31.32
.718 30.63
42.7
42.7 1.408 60.12
42.7 1.655 70.69
42.7 1.046 44.80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
85
95
91
100
99
97
190
224
141
85
95
92
100
99
97
190
224
142
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4
5
5
5
8
7
46
-54
62
84
382
284
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
,567
.559
.561
1.114
1.290
, 866
24.20
23.84
23.92
47.57
55.09
36.81
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
196
228
153
100
99
99
197
228
152
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
10
10
10
9
9
8
174
191
193
344
330
324
406
384
345
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.324
.351
.370
.362
.387
.402
.888
1.014
.686
13.82
14.97
15.81
15.43
16.49
17.17
37.92
43.28
28.94
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
97
102
100
107
111
245
280
190
90
97
102
100
107
111
246
280
188
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
174
215
314
312
142
211
288
182
149
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.648
.714
.675
.679
.752
.725
1.458
1.722
1.170
27.63
30.47
28.78
28.99
32.10
30.95
62.26
73.51
49.84
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
95
105
99
100
111
107
215
254
172
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
6
6
6
7
9
9
414
430
294
272
756
656
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.595
.622
.611
1.273
1.465
1.001
25.38
26.53
26.08
54.36
62.57
42.70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
103
214
246
168
100
105
103
214
247
168
100
100
100
100
100
100
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
165
166
109
147
127
202
241
230
135
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
.348 14.84
.436 18.60
.396 16.92
.430 18.36
.476 20.32
.455 19.43
1.052 44.92
1.174 50.14
.847 36.02
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
197
81
101
92
100
111
106
245
273
196
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
6
6
9
9
8
6
6
8
58 52.7
65 52.8
72 51.8
126 56.5
116 56.9
112 57.3
140 48.3
103 44.1
118 44.6
.497
.555
.573
.485
.486
.514
1.368
1.280
.915
93
93
92
100
101
101
85
78
79
102
114
118
100
100
106
282
264
189
94
105
106
100
101
108
242
207
148
53
54
60
6
3
25.68
28.72
29.00
27.34
27.61
29.55
66.07
56.52
40.52
56
80
83
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
and 60 and 72 and
un
un
un 84
der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
i
12 34
11 35
10 31
82 13
84 14
86 14
44
20
17
164
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
T able
A (1 0).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T I M E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L
T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — T I N - P L A T E M I L L S — Continued.
Occupation
and year.
S h e a r m e n 's
helpers:
1910............
1911............
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1919............
1920............
1922............
Openers, male:
1910...........
1911...........
1912............
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920............
1922............
Openers, fe
male:
1922...........
Tinners:
1910...........
1911............
1912............
1913...........
1914............
1915...........
1919............
1920............
1922............
Redippers:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Risers: 1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Branners,male:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Branners, fe
male:
1922...........
Num
Num ber
ber
of
em
of
plants. ploy
ees.
2
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
7
7
7
5
4
6
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Index numbers.
(1913*100.)
Aver Aver
age
age
earn full
Full
Over
time
Over
Over
ings weekly Full Earn time
48 48
60
72
per
time ings week and
earn
and
and
and
hour. ings. hours per
un un 60 un 72 un 84
ly
per
der. der
week. hour. earn
ings.
25 61.8 10.118
.118
31 59.7
35 57.6
.136
43 55.8
.165
42 55.3
.168
33 56.5
.150
29 53.9
.539
22 49.5
.731
33 49.4
.413
$7.31
7.02
7.71
9.13
9.18
8.51
29.05
36.18
20.40
I ll
107
103
100
99
101
97
89
89
72
72
82
100
102
91
327
443
250
80
77
84
100
101
93
318
396
223
.221
.266
.296
.274
.266
.247
.800
.728
.631
12.72
15.24
16.86
15.58
15.14
14.13
41.84
40.55
29.08
101
101
100
100
100
101
92
99
86
81
97
108
100
97
90
292
266
230
82
98
108
100
97
91
269
260
187
94
84
93
210
201
227
235
204
186
57.5
57.3
56.9
56.9
56.8
57.2
52.3
56.2
49.0
1
4
44.0
.476
20.94
4
5
5
8
8
8
8
9
6
224
283
294
484
486
487
683
702
410
42.9
43.0
43.4
43.6
43.5
43.3
43.0
42.9
43.3
.402
.429
.444
.433
.442
.442
.977
1.114
.795
17.27
18.48
19.28
18.84
19.22
19.13
42.01
47.85
34.20
98
99
100
100
100
99
99
98
99
93
99
103
100
102
102
226
257
184
92
98
102
100
102
102
223
254
182
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
14
17
10
26
23
19
29
27
33
46.2
47.2
55.0
53.0
53.0
51.4
46.9
43.1
43.1
.570
.619
.592
.536
.538
.563
1.272
1.538
1.027
26.56
29.32
32.58
28.03
28.55
28.81
59.66
66.26
44.26
87
89
104
100
100
97
88
81
81
106
115
110
100
100
105
237
287
192
95
105
116
100
102
103
213
236
158
2
3
34
42
30
34
48
41
46
41
54
44.1
44.8
50.1
45.1
51.3
49.5
47.4
43.2
42.9
.262
.275
.239
.279
.268
.288
.642
.791
.528
11.51
12.30
11.98
12.59
13.70
14.16
30.43
34.12
22.65
98
99
111
100
114
110
105
96
95
94
99
86
100
96
103
230
284
189
91
98
95
100
109
112
242
271
180
12
20
16
37
41
34
60
48
32
67.8
67.7
67.7
63.7
64.1
65.4
61.3
62.4
65.1
.170
.170
.170
.190
.198
.203
.452
.624
.455
11.52
11.50
11.51
12.14
12.69
13.22
27.71
38.68
28.98
106
106
106
100
101
103
96
98
102
89
89
89
100
104
107
238
328
239
95
95
95
100
105
109
228
319
239
6 42.0
.287
12.05
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6
1
3 Less than 1 per cent.
Per cent of employees whose
average full-time hours per week
were—
der
72.
der
84.
20
25
100
TIN -PLATE MILLS,
165
T able
A (10).— A V E R A G E C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T I M E H O U R S P E R
W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G F F U L L T I M E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E F O R ,
1910 T O 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S — T I N - P L A T E M I L L S — Concluded.
Occupation
and year.
Assorters,male
1922...........
Assorters, fe
male:
1910...........
1911...........
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1919...........
1920 .........
1922 .
Laborers:
1910 .........
1911
1912...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915.........
1919...........
1920...........
1922...........
Num Aver
age
Num ber full
ber
of time
of
em
plants. ploy hours
per
ees. week.
2
21
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
6
101
120
127
171
172
208
279
295
230
4
5
6
9
9
9
6
8
9
191
238
276
575
469
444
418
271
231
Index numbers.
(1913=100.)
Per cent of emp loyees whose
average fu ll-tim e!lours per week
were—
Aver Aver
age
age
earn full
time
ings weekly Full Earn Full
time 48
per
tim e
week and
hour. earn hours ings
un
ings. per per
ly
der.
week. hour. earn
ings.
49.3 $0.619 $30.66
Over
Over
Over
48
60
72
and 60 and 72 and 84
un
un
un
der
der
der
60.
72.
84.
29
71
49.7
50.7
51.4
53.7
53.3
55.4
48.5
46.9
43.3
.128
.138
.145
.163
.153
.162
.417
.465
.365
6.41
7.03
7.39
8.75
8.26
8.98
20.22
21.83
15.84
93
94
96
100
99
103
90
87
81
79
85
89
100
94
99
256
285
224
73
80
84
100
94
103
231
249
181
60.6
61.0
61.6
61.6
62.4
61.6
64.3
60.5
59.4
.165
.164
.167
.189
.189
.190
.461
.533
.359
9.97
10.01
10.32
11.64
11.78
11.72
29.64
32.19
21.28
98
99
100
100
101
100
104
98
96
87
87
88
100
100
101
244
282
190
86
86
89
100
101
101
255
277
183
46
38
37
25
27
23
44
43
98
1
54
62
63
75
73
77
56
57
53
37
30
24
12
33
13
62
72
2
24
38
43
18
16
16
36
13
19
23
1
24
25 (2)
1 (2)
58 (2)
72
(2)
51
(2)
32 ‘ i2*
2 *3
21
5
9
2 Less than 1 per cent.
The number of employees reported in 1922 is not always the actual
number of employees, as the totals in most cases contain some dupli
cations, or repeated employees, as stated in the general explanation
of Table B . Of the 4,695 employees reported in selected occupations
for all districts combined 4,613 were actually engaged, and the 9,166
employees shown in all occupations represent 8,992 actual employees.
The number of employees reported, together with the net number
of actual employees for selected occupations and for all occupations
in each district and in all districts combined, are shown in Table 17.
T a b l e 17.—NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES R E PO R TE D , NUM BER OF DU PLICATION S, AND
ACTUAL NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS AND A L L OCCUPA
TIONS, 1922, B Y DISTRICTS— T I N - P L A T E M I L L S .
Employees in selected occupa
tions.
Districts.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
Pittsburgh.......................................
Great Lakes and Middle W est.......
3,339
1,356
72
10
T otal......................................
4,695
82
Employees in all occupations.
Number
reported.
Number
of dupli
cations.
3,267
1,346
6,073
3,093
105
69
5,968
3,024
4,613
9,166
174
8,992
Actual
number.
Actual
number.
The customary working time per week of employees in the tin
plate department has been classified, and the number and per cent of
employees coming under each classification for the years 1910 to 1922
are shown in Table B (10).
166
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-----IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
The working time of practically all of the employees in the tin
plate department was either “ 5 days, 5 days, and 6 days in rotation,”
or 6 days. In all of the plants covered the regular turn employees,
comprising m ost of the employees in the selected occupations, were
divided into three crews, each working eight hours per turn, five
turns per week, Monday to Friday, inclusive, with one crew working
an extra turn Saturday morning. Each crew advanced one turn*
each week, thus giving to each the extra Saturday turn every third
week. Most of the employees reported in the unclassified occupa
tions were largely mechanics or laborers, and usually worked 6 days
per week.
T a b l e B (10).— N U M B E R
A N D P E R CE N T OF EM PLO YEES W HO
C U S T O M A R IL Y W O R K E D E A C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S
P E R W E E K IN E A C H D I S T R I C T A N D A L L D IS T R IC T S C O M
B IN E D , 1910 T O 1922, B Y Y E A R S — T IN -P L A TE M IL L S .
(For explanation of this table see p. 15.]
TIK'-FLATE M ILLS.
167
Table C (10) shows by districts for each of the principal productive
occupations in 9 tin-plate mills, the number of employees, the cus
tomary full time, ana the actual working time and earnings in 1922,
together with the additional tim e and earnings of the same employees
at occupations other than the one specified.
Referring to the occupation of catchers, for example: In the 9
plants scheduled 321 positions were filled during the pay period by
456 actual employees. The customary working time was 5.3 turns
per week, 8 hours per turn, and 42.7 hours per week, which is also
the average for the entire heating and rolling crews. In the distri
bution of the customary full-tim e hours per week for the heating and
rolling crews no employee regularly worked over 48 hours.
During the period scheduled the 456 men who worked as catchers
averaged 55 hours and earned $44.86, or 81.6 cents per hour. Dur
ing the same time they worked an average of 14.2 hours at other
occupations and received an average of $7.74 additional pay.
Members of the shear crew, some occupations in the tinning de
partment, and laborers regularly worked more hours per week than
did the heating and rolling crews. The occupation of branners,
male, was the only one in which any employees regularly worked
as much as 72 hours per week.
Data for openers, female, and assorters, male, in 1922 are here
presented. No data for the former has been shown since 1913, and
for the latter since 1912. Branners, female, are presented for the
first time in this report.
Rollers, level-handed, working at tnat occupation only, earned
92.4 cents per hour, but when working at other occupations in addi
tion to their regular occupation they earned $1,344 per hour. The
difference, amounting to 42 cents, is the greatest earned in this
manner in any occupation and is accounted for by reason of the
work other than that of roller, level-handed, being work as straight
roller.
W ith out one exception, that of sheet mills, the average houny
earnings for selected occupations in this department show a wider
range than that for selected occupations of any other department,
the range being from $1,701 for rollers to 28.7 cents for branners,
female.
Openers, iemale; oranners, female; and assorters, male, did no
work other than that at the specified occupation.
able
C
( 1 0 ) .— A V E R A G E
C U S T O M A R Y F U L L -T I M E H O U R S W O R K E D
P A Y P E R IO D A N D P E R H O U R , 1922, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S A N D
ACTUAL
E A R N IN G S
TIN-PLATE MILLS.
PER
f
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
Total.
AND AVERAGE
D IS T R IC T S —
168
T
TIN-PLATE MILLS.
169
PAY PERIOD AND PER HOUR, 1922, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS—TIN-PLA TE MILLS—Concluded.
Occupation and district.
Openers, male:
Pittsburgh.........
G.
L. and M. W.
Total..............
Openers, female:
Pittsburgh..___
Tinners:
Pittsburgh........
G. L. and M. W.
Total.
Redippers:
Pittsburgh.........
Risers:
Pittsburgh.........
Branners, male:
Pittsburgh.........
G. L. and M. W.
Total.
170 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
T a b l e C (10).— AVERAGE CUSTOMARY FULL-TIME HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE ACTUAL EARNINGS PER
Branners, female:
Pittsburgh...................................
1
6
5.3
7.9
42.0
6 I
1
1
6
15
6.0
6.0
10.0
7.5
60.0
45.0
6
15
15
Total......................................
2
21
6.0
8.2
49.3
21
15
Total.........................................
Laborers:
Pittsburgh................................ ■
G. L. and M. W .........................
74.1 | 21.26 | .287
74.1
21.26
.287
120.0
62.9
72.00
39.87
.600
.634
79.2
49.05
.619
j
6
36.00
28.53 j
120.0
62.9
72.00
39.87
.600
.634
6 1.........
30.66 1
79.2
49.05
.619 :
,
4!
2 i
169
30
5.7
6.0'
7.5 i
7.6
42.9
45.6
190
40
186
40
4
15.83
15.87
76.1
70.5
28.08
24.54
.369
.348
79.0
70.5
28.92
24.54
.366
.348
6 i
199
5.8
7.5 i
43.3
230
226
4
15.84
75.2
27.47
.365 ,
77.6
28.15
.363
109.7
41.06
92.9 • 35.17
.374
.379
100.7
.376
3
83
74
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.8 .
59.9
58.9
107
124
46
45
120 !.........
16
4
21.56 !
21.03 1
87.2
66.1
|
;
31.38 ! .360
23.63 ! .357 ;
9
157
6.0
9.9 ;
59.4
231
166
20
21.28 |
75.9
27.22
6
45
.359 j
37.89
171
12.05 |
TIN-PLATE MILLS.
Total......................................
|
j
Assorters, male:
Pittsburgh................................
G. L. and M. W .........................
i
Assorters female:
Pittsburgh................................
G. L. and M. W .........................
1
61
172
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL IN DU STR Y.
Table D (10) shows the number of employees and the average and
classified earnings per hour, for heaters and doublers, and the number
of employees whose average earnings fell in each group of classified
rate per hour in 1922, b y districts and all districts com bined.
The classified earnings per hour for heaters ranged from 60 cents
to $1.75, with an average of $1.17 for all employees. Of the 149
heaters 113 earned from $1 to $1.50 per hour, 3 earned over $1.50,
and 33 earned less than $1.
The average hourly earnings for the 322 doublers were $1,045.
The range in earnings was from 40 cents to $2, with the largest num
ber in any group, 141 or 44 per cent, shown under the classification
of “ $1 to $1.25.
T a b l e D (10).—A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED EARN IN G S P E R H O U R FO R
TWO SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, 1922, BY DISTRICTS — T I N - P L A T E
M IL L S .
[For explanation of this table, see p. 17.]
Occupation and district.
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Num Aver
age
ber of earn
90
em
40
60
70
50
80
$1 $1.25 $1.50 $1.75
and and and and and cts. and and and and
ploy ings
per
and
ees. hour. under under under mider under under under under under under
50 cts. 60 cts. 70 cts. 80 cts. 90 cts.
$1.25. $1.50. $1.75. $2.
$1.
H E AT ER S.
Pittsburgh.......................
Great Lakes and Middle
West..............................
116
33
$1.211
1.010
Total.......................
149
1.170
Pittsburgh.......................
Great Lakes and Middle
West..............................
227
1.076
Total.......................
322
4
6
7
44
1
1
3
7
5
11
7
13
12
55
58
3
12 8
2 ......
17
8
103
55
4
5
19
38
3
14
22
27
52
3
6 ......
D O U B LER S.
95
8
.983 ........
1.045
8
8
38
58
1
1 ......
5
1
Customary turns per week, hours per turn, and full-tim e hours
per week oi those employees who regularly worked 7 days per week
regardless of the length oi turn, or a turn of 12 or more hours regard
less of the number of days per week, either all or part of their time,
are presented in detail in Table E (10) for the tin-plate mills depart
ment. As stated in the general explanation of this table (p. 17),
data are presented only for those employees whose custom ary work
ing time remained the same throughout the pay period although
they m ay have been engaged in more than one occupation. Details
are shown for each district and for all districts combined.
1 73
TIN -PLATE MILLS,
T a b l e E (10).— C U S T O M A R Y
TU RN S PE R W EE K A N D HOURS PER
T U R N OF E M PLO YE E S W H O W O R K E D 7 TU R N S P E R W E E K OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T IM E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — T IN -P L A TE M IL L S.
[This table includes only employees who worked but one combination of customary days and hours during
pay period. For explanation of table see p. 17.]
D AY TURNS.
Customary turns and hours worked.
Day turns.
Number of employees who
worked each specific com
bination of customary
turns and hours, by dis
tricts.
Night turns.
1
Hours.
Hours*
Turns
per
Mon
week. day to Satur Sun
Fri
day. day.
day.
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
11
11
11
10*
10
10
10
10
9
8
12
12*
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
11
9
10*
10
10
10
10
9
8
12
11*
12
11
10*
10
12
16
11
9
10*
10
5
12
9
8
12
?
8
Turns
per
Mon
Per week. day to Satur Sun
Fri
day. day.
week.
day.
Pitts
burgh.
Per
week.
84
84
77
73
73*
70
65
72 \ ..........
60 / ...........
63
56
72
74
72
71
70*
70
69*
69
68
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
52
2
6
1
1
1
6
Great
Lakes
and
Middle
West.
3
5
1
2
9
5
8
Total.
3
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
2
1
1
61
7
6
9
1
1
6
NIGHT TURNS.
7
7
6
6
6
6
13
12
12
12
12
12
6*
12
12
13
12
12
12
10
6
84*
84 .
72
72
70
66 .
D AY AND NIGHT TURNS—ALTERNATING W EEKLY.
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
6
11
10
5
8
84
84
72
84
84
78
77
70
65
56
7
8
8
8
56
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
10*
10
9*
12
72
72
72
72
72
71
71
71
70*
70
69*
69
69
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
9
9
70889°— 24------12
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
4
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
14
10
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
6
14
8
8
8
8
12
12
6
12
12
12
12
12
13
14
5
8
12
12
12
6
10*
12
12
12
84
72
84
72
72
78
78
98
55
56
48
48
48
72
72
72
66
60
72
66
60
70*
72
72
72
48
2
}
9
16
17
} ..............
} ..............
19
263
3
28
55
20
5
14
2
2
2
2
68
3
4
2
3
39
7
8
5
2
12
3
16
9
2
2
2
17
2
6$
3
16
23
2
m
39
10
26
3
5
2
67
3
29
$
174
T
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY,
a b l e E (10).— C U S T O M A R Y T U R N S P E R W E E K A N D
HOURS PE R
TU RN OF EM PLOYEES WHO W O RK ED 7 TURNS PER W EEK OR
12 O R M O R E H O U R S P E R D A Y A L L O R P A R T O F T H E T I M E , 1922,
B Y D IS T R IC T S — T IN -P L A T E M IL L S — Concluded.
D A Y A N D N I G H T T U R N S — A L T E R N A T I N G W E E K L Y — Concluded.
SUMMARY.
Great
Pitts Lakes
and
burgh
district. Middle
West
district.
Item.
Total tin-plate mill employees.
Employees w h o worked one combination of days and hours only.
7-day week or straight or average day of 12 or more hours all
or part of the time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-day week all of the time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-dav week part of the time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Straight average day of 12 or more hours all of the time. . .
Straight or average day of 12 or more hours part of the time..
7-day week and straight or average day of 12 or more hours all
of the time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Per
cent of
em
ployees
who
Total. worked
but 1
combi
nation
of days
and
hours.
5,968
3,024
8,992
5,661
829
30
26
483
336
21
2,818
239
28
79
55
101
18
8,479
1,063
58
105
538
437
39
100
13
1
1
6
5
(*)
f o r k e d 18 hours on Friday night.
8 Less than 1 per cent.
O f the total number of tin-plate-m ill employees reported, 8,479
worked but one combination of customary days and hours. O f these
8,479 employees, 1,063, or 13 per cent, regularly worked a 7-day
week or a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all or part of
the time, 115 working days onlv, 17 working nights only, and 936
alternating between day and nignt work. Six per cent (538) worked
a straight or average day of 12 or more hours all of the tim e, while ^
less than 1 per cent (39) worked 7 days per week and a straight or*
average day of 12 or more hours all of the time.
o
@FedFRASER