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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \
M
£A A
BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T I S T I C S /.................... l l O . 3 U 4
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN
THE HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR
INDUSTRIES, 1907 TO 1928
DECEMBER, 1929
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1929
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
-
Price 15 cents
CONTENTS
Introduction and summary__________________________________________
Average hours and earnings, 1907 to 1928, by occupation______________
Average hours and earnings, 1926 and 1928, by sex and State__________
Average and classified earnings per hour, 1913 to 1928, by occupation___
Full-time hours per week, 1913 to 1928, by occupation_________________
Changes in full-time hours since September 1, 1926____________________
Changes in wage rates since September 1, 1926________________________
Bonuses, 1928______________________________________________________
Pay for overtime, 1928______________________________________________
Days wage earners worked in one week, 1928_________________________
Time workers and piece workers, 1928________________________________
Index numbers of employment and pay rolls, 1923 to 1928_____________
Scope and method__________________________________________________
Importance of knit-goods industry, 1849 to 1927______________________
General tables:
T able A.—Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per
week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full
time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State____
T able B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified
occupations, 1928, by sex and State________________
T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11
specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State________
T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week
in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State___
T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11
specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State________
Appendix.— Definitions of occupations_______________________________
Hosiery_______________________________________________________
Underwear____________________________________________________
m
?ag6
1
2
9
13
17
21
22
23
29
29
30
35
36
38
42
55
61
65
71
77
77
80
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
No. 504
WASHINGTON
De c e m b e r , 1929
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR
INDUSTRIES, 1907 TO 1928
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This bulletin presents the results of the 1928 study by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of wages and hours of labor of wage earners in the
hosiery and underwear industries in the United States. The figures
in the report are for 28,445 wage earners in 108 representative hosiery
mills in 19 States and for 15,056 wage earners in 84 representative
underwear mills in 15 States.
Summaries of average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and of average full-time earnings per week are presented in
Table 1 for the employees in all the hosiery and underwear mills
combined for each of the years from 1910 to 1928 in which the bureau
has made studies of these industries. The reason for the combina
tion in this table is that segregation of wage figures for each industry
was not made by the bureau prior to 1926. Index numbers of these
averages with the 1913 average taken as the base, or 100 per cent,
are also shown in the table.
Between 1926 and 1928 there was no change in average full-time
hours per week for the two industries combined, the average for each
year being 51.3 per week. Average earnings per hour increased
from 44.3 cents in 1926 to 44.4 cents in 1928 and average full-time
earnings per week increased from $22.73 in 1926 to $22.78 in 1928.
The averages in the tables for the specified years from 1910 to
1919 are for the employees in the selected occupations only in the two
industries and are therefore directly comparable one year with another.
Those for the specified years from 1914 to 1928 are for the employees in
all occupations in the industries and are also comparable one year
with another. Comparison, however, should not be made between
the averages for employees in all occupations and those for employees
in selected occupations.
The index numbers in the table are for the purpose of furnishing
continuous and comparable data, one year with another, over the
entire period from 1910 to 1928. The index for any specified year
from 1910 to 1919 is the percentage that the average for the year is
of the average for 1913. The index for any specified year from 1922
to 1928 was computed by increasing or decreasing the 1914 index
for the employees in the selected occupations in proportion to the
increase or decrease in the average for each year as compared with
the average for all employees in 1914.
1
2
HOSIERY AND UNDSRWEAB INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
Average full-time hours per week decreased from an index of 104.2
in 1910 to 91.3 in 1924, or 12.4 per cent; and increased to 92.4 in 1926
and 1928, an increase of 1.2 per cent over the 1924 index. The
decrease between 1913 and 1928 was 7.6 per cent.
Average earnings per hour increased from an index of 82 in 1910 to
267.2 in 1928 or 225.9 per cent, increased 113 per cent between 1913
and 1922, and 167.2 per cent between 1913 and 1928.
Average full-time earnings per week increased from an index of 85.2
in 1910 to 246.1 in 1928 or 188.8 per cent, as compared with an in
crease of 225.9 per cent in average earnings per hour. Average full
time earnings per week increased 95 per cent between 1913 and 1922
and 146.1 per cent between 1913 and 1928. Full-time earnings per
week did not increase in the same proportion as average earnings per
hour, because of the change from year to year in average full-time
hours per week.
T
able
1.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, 1910 to 1928
Year
Selected occupations:
191 0
191 1
191 2
191 3
1914 i.....................
1919_______ _____
All occupations:
19141____________
1922........................
1924........................
1926.......................
1928.......................
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Index numbers (1913=100) of—
Average Average Average
Number full-time
full-time
earnings
of wage
earnings
hours
Earnings Full-time
earners per week per hour per week Full-time
hours
earnings
per week per hour per week
15
62
62
69
82
51
13,132
13,885
16,249
18,198
19,396
16,073
57.6
57.4
56.4
55.3
54.6
52.1
$0,141
.144
.153
.172
.178
.315
82
107
143
190
192
29,631
32,178
38,549
45,594
43,501
54.8
51.0
50.7
51.3
51.3
.172
.354
.409
.443
.444
$8.10
8.28
8.62
9.51
9.70
16.44
104.2
103.8
102.0
100.0
98.7
94.2
82.0
83.7
89.0
100.0
103.5
183.1
85.2
87.1
90.6
100.0
102.0
172.9
9.44
18.05
20.74
22.73
22.78
91.9
91.3
92.4
92.4
213.0
246.1
266.6
267.2
195.0
224.1
245.6
246.1
1 T w o sets of averages are shown for 1914 for the industry—one for selected occupations and the other
for all occupations in the industry. The averages from 1910 to 1919 for selected occupations only are com
parable one year with another, as are those for all occupations one year with another from 1914 to 1928.
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1907 TO 1928, BY OCCUPATION
The data in Table 2 are average full-time hours per week, earnings
per hour, full-time earnings per week, and index numbers of these
averages with the 1913 average as the base or 100 per cent. The
averages and index numbers are for the wage earners in each of 18
occupations in the hosiery industry and for 16 in the underwear
industry for each of the specified years from 1907 to 1928 for which
such data are available. Each of these occupations is of sufficient
importance in number of wage earners to warrant separate tabula
tion. Averages are also shown in the table for the employees in the
group tabulated as “ other employees” for each of the specified years
from 1914 to 1928. This group includes all employees in all other
occupations other than those tabulated separately as an occupation,
the number of employees in no occupation in the group being suffi
cient to warrant separate tabulation. The number of wage earners
in the group of “ other employees” in the hosiery industry in 1928
was 20 per cent of the total included in the study of the industry
in that year and 22 per cent of the total in the underwear industry.
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
3
Data for “ other employees” were not collected prior to 1914 nor
in 1919.
Prior to 1926 the averages for the employees in each of the occu
pations that are common to both hosiery and underwear were for
the combined data for each such occupation in the two industries.
The 1926 and 1928 averages for each such occupation are shown
separately. For example, the 1907 to 1924 averages in the table
for “ menders” are for “ menders, hosiery and underwear” com
bined, and those for 1926 and 1928 are for “ menders, hosiery” and
for “ menders, underwear.” The averages for occupations in hosiery
and underwear, except “ pressers” and “ press hands,” are presented
under hosiery and precede those for underwear. All averages for
pressers and press hands are shown under underwear. They are
selected occupations in that industry.
Average full-time hours per week for males in the hosiery industry
in 1928 ranged by occupation from 50.1 for knitters, full-fashioned,
footers, to 55.8 for automatic knitters. Those for females ranged
from 49.8 for full-fashioned seamers to 53.5 for mock seamers. Prior
to 1928 mock seamers were included with the group designated
“ other employees.” In 1928 the number of females in the occupa
tion was sufficient to warrant tabulation as an occupation.
Average earnings per hour for males in the hosiery industry in
1928 ranged by occupation from 31.7 cents for transfer knitters to
$1,546 for knitters, full-fashioned, footers. Those for females ranged
from 29.4 cents for transfer knitters to 56.1 cents for full-fashioned
toppers.
Average full-time earnings per week for males in the hosiery in
dustry in 1928 ranged by occupation from $17.05 for transfer knitters
to $77.45 for knitters, full-fashioned, footers; and for females ranged
from $15.61 for transfer knitters to $27.99 for full-fashioned toppers.
In the underwear industry average full-time hours per week for
males in 1928 ranged from 49.7 for cuff and ankle knitters to 52.8
for winders, and for females ranged from 48.9 for hemmers to 50.7
for button sewers.
Average earnings per hour for males in underwear in 1928 ranged
from 36.5 cents for winders to 72.8 cents for machine fixers and for
females ranged from 27.8 cents for inspectors to 46.9 cents for cuff
and ankle knitters.
Average full-time earnings per week for males in underwear in
1928 ranged from $19.27 for winders to $36.47 for machine fixers,
and for females ranged from $13.93 for inspectors to $23.31 for cuff
and ankle knitters.
4
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T able 2.— Average hours and earnings with index numbersy 1907 to 1928, by
occupation, sex, and year
Occupation and sex
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num N um age
age
full
ber of ber of full
earn time
Year estab em
time
earn
lish ploy hours ings
per
ings
ees
ments
per
hour
per
week
week
Boarders, hosiery:
M ale.....................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Female___________________________ 1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Folders, hosiery and underwear:
Female............................... ................. 1924
Folders, hosiery:
Female........................................ ........ 1926
1928
Inspectors and folders, hosiery and un
derwear:
Female................................................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
Inspectors, hosiery and underwear:
Female...............................................
1924
Inspectors, hosiery:
Female................................................. 1926
1928
Knitters, automatic, hosiery:
M ale.......... .......................................
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
Female................................................. 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
Knitters, full-fashioned, hosiery:
M ale..................................................... 1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
Knitters, full-fashioned, footers, ho
siery:
M ale____ _________ ____ _
1926
1928
Knitters, full-fashioned, loggers, ho
siery:
M ale..................................................... 1926
1928
Knitters’ helpers, full-fashioned, ho
siery:
1926
xm
8
8
8
33
32
41
41
46
29
41
49
82
81
8
20
26
32
38
203
210
220
808
869
1,153
1,172
1,206
760
933
1,118
1,598
1,433
75
264
313
483
516
58.4 $0.218 $12.73
58.1
.211 12.26
58.2
.204 11.87
57.0
.193 10.97
56.9
.189 10.74
55.8
.215 11.92
55.8
.219 12.15
55.3
.230 12.65
52.5
.450 23.63
51.3
.462 23.70
51.9
.531 27.56
53.4
.481 25.69
53.8
.521 28.03
52.0
.316 16.43
50.2
.376 18.88
50.4
.442 22.28
50.0
.479 23.95
50.0
.486 24.30
118
1,116
50.8
.346
17.58
82
76
803
595
52.2
52.4
.343
.337
17.90
17.66
47
52
56
59
75
50
103
1,241
1,311
1,411
1,513
1,977
2,690
3,017
57.7
57.6
56.7
55.1
54.9
52.5
50.5
.126
.126
.130
.146
.149
.266
.302
7.25
7.26
7.37
8.03
8.15
13.97
15.25
Index numbers of—
Full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Full
time
hours
per
week
Earn
ings
per
hour
104.7
104.1
104.3
102.2
102.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
94.1
91.9
93.0
95.7
96.4
99.5
96.3
93.2
88.1
86.3
98.2
100.0
105.0
205.5
211.0
242.5
219.6
237.9
104.8
100.9
97.7
90.3
88.4
98.1
100.0
104.1
194.5
195.1
226.8
211.4
230.7
104.7
104.5
102.9
100.0
99.6
95.3
9 .7
86.3
86.3
89.0
100.0
102.1
182.2
206.8
90.3
90.4
91.8
100.0
101.5
174.0
189.9
134
2,459
50.4
.322
16.23
100
106
1,988
1,897
52.6
52.3
.292
.313
15.36
16.37
12
12
16
16
17
18
24
36
42
12
12
12
12
12
20
17
24
30
235
220
324
307
313
437
382
564
640
277
260
328
282
125
231
191
272
291
57.6
57.4
55.7
56.0
55.4
51.5
53.2
54.4
55.8
56.2
56.2
55.2
55.3
54.2
51.0
50.2
51.6
52.1
.175
.175
.188
.193
.198
.373
.421
.448
.414
.154
.156
.189
.164
.179
.347
.413
.399
.359
10.03
10.04
10.45
10.80
10.98
19.21
22.40
24.37
23.10
8.62
8.70
10.43
9.05
9.67
17.70
20.73
20.59
18.70
102.9
102.5
99.5
100.0
98.9
92.0
95.0
97.1
99.6
101.6
101.6
99.8
100.0
98.0
92.2
90.8
93.3
94.2
90.7
90.7
97.4
100.0
102.6
193.3
218.1
232.1
214.5
93.9
95.1
115.2
100.0
109.1
211.6
251.8
243.3
218.9
92.9
93.0
96.8
100.0
101.7
177.9
207.4
225.6
213.9
95.2
96.1
115.2
100.0
106.9
195.6
229.1
227.5
206.6
9
9
5
15
26
465
507
377
1,196
1,728
55.1
54.8
51.7
52.9
50.5
.390
.407
.640
.861
1.099
21.49
22.31
33.09
45.55
55.50
100.0
99.5
93.8
96.0
91.7
100.0
104.4
164.1
220.8
281.8
100.0
103.8
154.0
212.0
258.3
27
39
696
749
51.0
50.1
1.511
1.546
77.06
77.45
28
39
1,897
1,911
51.1
50.7
1.286
1.329
65. 71
67.38
16
33
973
1.231
51.7
51.1
.355
.346
18.35
17.68
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
able
5
2.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, 1907 to 1928, by
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Index
Aver Aver Aver
age
N um N um age
full
age
ber of ber of full earn time Full
time
Year estab em
ings
earn time
lish ploy hours
per
ings hours
per
ees
ments
per
hour
per
week
week week
Knitters, rib, hosiery:
M ale..................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
Female................................................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
Knitters, transfer, hosiery:
M ale..................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Female................................................. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Loopers, hosiery:
Female......................... ....................... 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Machine fixers, hosiery and under
wear:
M ale_______________________ _____ 1924
Machine fixers, hosiery:
M ale................................... ................. 1926
1928
Menders, hosiery and underwear:
Female................................................. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
numbers of—
Earn
ings
per
hour
Full
time
earn
ings
per
week
56.6 $0.199 $11.23
.189 10.81
57.3
.194 10.99
56.8
.203 11.40
56.4
.195 10.79
55.7
52.1
.326 16.98
53.1
.435 23.10
.365 19.56
53.6
54.0
.333 17.98
57.4
.130
7.45
57.1
.147
8.43
55.9
.141
7.92
8.69
55.4
.157
54.9
.167
9.12
50.8
.336 17.07
52.0
.346 17.99
51.4
.352 18.09
51.5
.342 17.61
100.4
101.6
100.7
100.0
98.8
92.4
94.1
95.0
95.7
103.6
103.1
100.9
100.0
99.1
91.7
93.9
92.8
93.0
98.0
93.1
95.6
100.0
96.1
160.6
214.3
179.8
164.0
82.8
93.6
89.8
100.0
106.4
214.0
220.4
224.2
217.8
98.5
94.8
96.4
100.0
94.6
148.9
202.6
171.6
157.7
85.7
97.0
91.1
100.0
104.9
196.4
207.0
208.2
202.6
.136
.147
.156
.150
.151
.298
.334
.437
.336
.317
.123
.134
.133
.121
.135
.139
.149
.150
.272
.293
.344
.298
.294
7.88
8.43
8.96
8.67
8.45
16.18
17.54
22.33
18.18
17.05
7.15
7.79
7.73
6.96
7.71
7.77
8.33
8.24
14.42
14.86
17.48
15.65
15.61
100.3
99.7
99.5
100.0
97.1
93.6
90.5
88.1
93.3
92.8
103.7
103.7
103.7
102.7
102.1
100.2
100.0
98.0
94.6
90.5
90.7
93.8
94.8
90.7
98.0
104.0
100.0
100.7
198.7
222.7
291.3
224.0
211.3
82.6
89.9
89.3
81.2
90.6
93.3
100.0
100.7
182.6
196.6
230.9
200.0
197.3
90.9
97.2
103.3
100.0
97.5
186.6
202.3
257.6
209.7
196.9
85.8
93.5
92.8
83.6
92.6
93.3
100.0
98.9
173.1
178.4
209.8
187.9
187.4
.140
.128
.139
.133
.134
.146
.150
.157
.296
.327
.384
.371
.385
8.18
7.45
8.09
7.59
7.69
8.21
8.37
8.59
15.45
16.61
19.51
19.44
20.41
104.3
103.9
103.9
102.3
102.0
100.2
100.0
97.9
93.2
90.7
90.7
93.6
94.6
93.3
85.3
92.7
88.7
89.3
97.3
100.0
104.7
197.3
218.0
256.0
247.3
256.7
97.7
89.0
96.7
90.7
91.9
98.1
100.0
102.6
184.6
198.4
233.1
232.3
243.8
104.3
103.8
103.8
102.0
101.8
100.4
100.0
98.2
90.4
90.4
88.7
90.8
90.8
88.7
93.7
99.3
100.0
104.9
231.0
258.5
92.3
94.0
94.0
89.6
94. 7
99.4
100.0
102.5
208.3
233.0
17
21
21
21
25
24
34
43
40
14
13
16
16
13
22
21
27
20
55
92
102
110
126
108
123
152
120
49
45
68
60
56
103
121
76
74
4
12
14
14
16
10
15
18
27
18
3
3
3
32
33
37
37
37
21
46
55
72
58
152
172
257
314
305
122
137
175
330
205
154
175
145
1,851
2,174
2,891
2,905
2,800
1,095
2,143
2,939
3,058
2,483
58.2
57.8
57.7
58.0
56.3
54.3
52.5
51.1
54.1
53.8
58.1
58.1
58.1
57.5
57.2
56.1
56.0
54.9
53.0
50.7
50.8
52.5
53.1
9
9
9
43
44
49
49
49
29
63
80
101
105
610
637
603
2,013
2,089
2,524
2,542
2,626
1,499
2,194
2,832
3,753
3,607
58.4
58.2
58.2
57.3
57.1
56.1
56.0
54.8
52.2
50.8
50.8
52.4
53.0
126
736
51.1
.706
36.08
97
99
871
810
53.6
53.7
.713
.760
38.22
40.81
8
8
8
30
30
35
39
39
59
126
259
266
238
1,089
1,127
1,108
1,174
1,176
1,084
1,598
58.4
58.1
58.1
57.1
57.0
56.2
56.0
55.0
50.6
50.6
.126
.129
.129
.126
.133
.141
.142
.149
.328
.367
7.36
7.49
7.49
7.14
7.55
7.92
7.97
8.17
16.60
18.57
O
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T able 2.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, 1907 to 1928,
occupation sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Menders, hosiery:
Female....................................
Pairers or maters, hosiery:
Female............... ......................
Seamers, full-fashioned, hosiery:
Female___________ ________ _
Seamers, mock, hosiery:
F em ale............ ........................ .
Toppers, full-fashioned, hosiery:
Female.......................................
Welters, hosiery and underwear:
Female......................................
Welters, hosiery:
Female...........
Winders, hosiery and underwear:
M ale............................................
Female..
Winders, hosiery:
M ale.................
Female..
Other employees, hosiery and under
wear:
M ale........................................
Female..
Other employees, hosiery:
M ale................................
Female..
Index numbers of—
Aver Aver Aver
age
N um N um age
full
age
ber of ber of full
Full
time Full
Year estab em
time earn earn
Earn time
time
lish ploy hours ings
ings
earnr
per
ings hours
ments
ees
per
per
ings
per
per
week hour
per
week week hour
week
1926
1928
98
103
1,362
1,294
50.8 $0.389 $19.76
51.4
.387 19.89
1926
1928
80
82
1,301
1,219
51.8
52.2
.358
.367
18.54
19.16
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
9
9
17
26
28
40
293
306
460
563
927
954
55.1
54.4
50.7
50.5
50.5
49.8
.170
.173
.395
.484
.515
.504
9.38
9.41
20.03
24.44
26.01
25.10
1928
39
336
53.5
.306
16.37
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
6
9
9
26
28
39
448
528
477
1,166
1,372
1,512
55.1
54.4
51.7
50.6
50.3
49.9
.152
.152
.450
.472
.563
.561
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
23
23
23
26
36
17
36
57
250
288
303
334
379
334
351
263
57.6
57.4
56.1
56.0
55.1
51.8
50.9
51.1
1926
1928
39
30
219
144
1919
1922
1924
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
9
20
21
6
6
6
38
45
53
53
61
41
80
106
1926
1928
1926
1928
100.0
98.7
92.0
91.7
91.7
90.4
100.0
101.8
232.4
284.7
302.9
296.5
100.0
100.3
213.5
260.6
277.3
267.6
8.41
8.29
23.27
23.88
28.32
27.99
100.0
98.7
93.8
91.8
91.3
90.6
100.0
100.0
296.1
310.5
370.4
369.1
100.0
98.6
276.7
283.9
336.7
332.8
.121
.127
.144
.145
.162
.291
.294
.356
6.95
7.30
8.03
8.10
8.91
15.07
14.96
18.19
102.9
102.5
100.2
100.0
98.4
92.5
90.9
91.3
83.4
87.6
99.3
100.0
111.7
200.7
202.8
245.5
85.8
90.1
99.1
100.0
110.0
186.0
184.7
224.6
52.2
53.4
.325
.316
16.97
16.87
46
147
86
266
276
262
1,020
1,001
1,099
1,225
1,555
1,256
1,249
1,315
53.4
54.1
53.8
58.8
58.7
58.6
58.0
57.8
56.4
54.7
54.2
52.3
49.8
50.0
.352
.386
.410
.140
.163
.152
.129
.130
.139
.156
.154
.271
.347
.402
18.80
18.42
22.06
8.23
9.57
8.91
7.51
7.54
7.87
8.52
8.36
14.17
17.28
20.10
107.5
107.3
107.1
106.0
105.7
103.1
100.0
99.1
95.6
91.0
91.4
89.7
104.5
97.4
82.7
83. i
89.1
100.0
98.7
173.7
222.4
257.7
96.6
112.3
104.6
88.1
88.5
92.4
100.0
98.1
166.3
202.8
235.9
19
19
84
84
114
121
1,069
691
53.5
53.1
50.9
51.4
.406
.337
.378
.366
21.72
17.89
19.24
18.81
1914
1922
1924
1914
1922
1924
82
107
138
82
105
143
5,358
4,918
4,682
4,877
4,382
5,993
55.6
53.8
51.9
54.6
50.3
50.5
.193
.354
.379
.128
.283
.292
10.70
19.05
19.67
7.00
14.23
14.75
1926
1928
1926
1928
102
106
102
103
3,055
2,181
3,613
3,431
52.7
52.6
50.3
51.5
.397
.411
.279
.258
20.92
21.62
14.03
13.29
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
able
7
2.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, 1907 to 1928, by
occupation sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Buttonhole makers, underwear:
Female.................................................
Aver Aver
N um Num age
age
ber of ber of full earn
time
Year estab em
lish ploy hours ings
per
ments
ees
per
hour
week
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Button sewers, underwear:
Female................................................. 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Cutters, hand, layers-up, and markers,
underwear:
M ale..................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Female......................................... .
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Cutters, power, underwear:
M ale..................................................... 1924
1926
1928
Female................................................. 1924
1926
1928
Finishers, underwear:
Fem ale................................................. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Folders, underwear:
Female____ ________________ _____ 1926
1928
Hemmers, underwear:
Female____________ . . . . . . . .
1926
1928
Aver Index
age
full
time Full
earn time
ings hours
per
per
week week
numbers of—
Earn
ings
per
hour
Full
time
earn
ings
per
week
21
27
28
28
42
24
49
66
73
76
178
191
196
226
330
203
349
404
364
369
57.8 $0.162
58.0
.164
.168
57.0
54.9
.199
54.5
.199
.317
51.6
50.4
.321
.357
50.2
50.2
.354
50.1
.340
$9.41
9.53
9.55
10.91
10.87
16.36
16.18
17.92
17.77
17.03
105.3
105.6
103.8
100.0
99.3
94.0
91.8
91.4
91.4
91.3
81.4
82.4
84.4
100.0
100.0
159.3
161.3
179.4
177.9
170.9
86.3
87.4
87.5
100.0
99.6
150.0
148.3
164.3
162.9
156.1
21
27
28
28
41
26
49
65
69
76
159
171
183
223
308
242
345
380
365
376
58.1
58.2
57.2
54.6
54.5
52.5
50.7
50.3
50.5
50.7
.149
.146
.147
.175
.178
.276
.301
.336
.338
.302
8.66
8.50
8.42
9.54
9.71
14.49
15.26
16.90
17.07
15.31
106.4
106.6
104.8
100.0
99.8
96.2
92.9
92.1
92.5
92.9
85.1
83.4
84.0
100.0
101.7
157.7
172.0
192.0
193.1
172.6
90.8
89.1
88.3
100.0
101.8
151.9
160.0
177.1
178.9
160.5
12
18
18
17
32
17
37
35
43
48
4
4
4
10
14
12
13
20
22
25
50
52
54
130
138
162
169
301
86
266
217
229
284
82
90
98
182
161
193
242
265
586
400
655
429
455
59.3
58.6
58.6
55.5
55.6
53.3
51.7
50.9
50.3
51.1
58.6
57.9
58.0
56.5
56.4
54.7
54.8
54.4
50.4
48.9
49.8
50.2
50.4
.217
.227
.210
.254
.243
.369
.431
.483
.513
.448
.144
.157
.145
.137
.139
.152
.169
.171
.313
.372
.363
.367
.344
12.82
13.26
12.32
14.11
13.50
19.67
22.28
24.58
25.80
22.89
8.44
9.09
8.41
7.79
7.85
8.33
9.24
9.33
15.78
18.19
18.08
18.42
17.34
106.8
105.6
105.6
100.0
100.2
96.0
93.2
91.7
90.6
92.1
106.9
105.7
105.8
103.1
102.9
99.8
100.0
99.3
92.0
89.2
90.9
91.6
92.0
85.4
89.4
82.7
100.0
95.7
145.3
169.7
190.2
202.0
176.4
85.2
92.9
85.8
81.1
82.2
89.9
100.0
101.2
185.2
220.1
214.8
217.2
203.6
90.9
94.0
87.3
100.0
95.7
139.4
157.9
174.2
182.8
162.2
91.3
98.4
91.0
84.3
85.0
90.2
100.0
101.0
170.8
196.9
195.7
199.4
187.7
46
61
68
11
12
12
129
121
157
29
31
41
51.0
50.8
50.8
49.0
49.0
50.0
.543
.550
.510
.463
.432
.356
27.69
27.94
25.91
22.69
21.17
17.80
5
5
5
23
27
29
29
44
28
49
67
84
84
555
516
533
1,443
1,533
1,808
2,303
3,878
2,715
3,112
3,295
3,221
3,175
58.7
58.6
58.7
57.9
57.9
57.0
54.7
54.5
51.9
50.2
49.8
50.3
50.2
.158
.151
.148
.150
.148
.154
.184
.180
.297
.327
.377
.358
.341
9.27
8.85
8.69
8.71
8.59
8.79
10.07
9.78
15.41
16.42
18.77
18.01
17.12
107.3
107.1
107.3
105.9
105.9
104.2
100.0
99.6
94.9
91.8
91.0
92.0
91.8
85.9
82.1
80.4
81.5
80.4
83.7
100.0
97.8
161.4
177.7
204.9
194.6
185.3
92.1
87.9
86.3
86.5
85.3
87.3
100.0
97.1
153.0
163.1
186.4
178.8
170.0
61
66
463
488
50.4
50.3
.365
.343
18.40
17.25
43
46
223
209
49.2
48.9
.379
.376
18.65
18.39
8
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T a b le
2.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, 1907 to 1928,
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Inspectors, underwear:
Female................................................
Knitters, cuff and ankle, underwear:
M ale_____________________ _______
Female.................................................
A ver Index numbers of—
Aver
Aver
age
N um N um age
full
age
ber of ber of full
Full
earn
Full
time
Year estab em
time
time
earn time Earn
lish ploy hours ings
ings
earn
per
ings
hours
ments
ees
per
per
ings
per
per
week hour
per
week week hour
week
1926
1928
80
83
1,056
1,314
1926
1928
1926
1928
32
28
5
8
55
42
6
9
50.2
49.7
50.2
49.7
.550
.538
.376
.469
27.61
26.74
18.88
23.31
4
4
4
14
22
22
22
35
18
41
55
67
73
3
3
3
16
19
19
15
21
22
25
34
47
35
101
107
110
212
253
261
250
386
200
399
454
393
446
101
113
109
245
216
181
183
237
295
263
290
275
198
58.5
58.3
58.5
58.0
57.9
57.0
55.4
55.7
52.9
51.8
51.3
52.0
52.2
58.3
58.4
58.5
57.4
56.9
55.4
55.1
54.4
51.7
49.3
49.0
49.6
49.7
.219
.209
.213
.201
.211
.227
.249
.229
.407
.448
.528
.534
.490
.143
.145
.132
.172
.162
.135
.143
.147
.289
.346
.390
.379
.378
12.81
12.18
12.46
11.69
12.24
12.97
13.74
12.74
21.53
23.21
27.09
27.77
25.58
8.34
8.47
7.72
9.59
9.23
7.49
7.88
8.00
14.94
17.06
19.11
18.80
18.79
73
74
229
223
40.9
50.1
.717
.728
35.78
36.47
57
65
246
282
50.3
50.3
.311
.298
15.64
14.99
7
7
7
34
33
39
39
49
30
53
69
15
25
33
32
35
40
155
151
204
202
214
115
243
190
188
230
141
59.3
59.2
59.1
58.0
57.7
56.9
56.0
55.6
53.8
51.4
51.0
50.3
48.9
49.1
.191
.167
.171
.177
.187
.185
.208
.213
.415
.372
.448
.287
.311
.347
11.33
9.89
10.11
10.23
10.75
10.45
11.57
11.82
22.33
19:12
22.85
14.44
15.21
17.04
38
43
50
46
92
84
236
235
50.3
50.9
50.3
50.3
.455
.401
.346
.376
22.89
20.41
17.40
18.91
11
11
2
2
2
13
13
10
14
18
8
18
20
41
60
100
107
115
207
208
207
240
261
82
118
140
53.2
53.4
58.0
58.0
58.0
57.7
57.5
55.8
54.2
54.1
50.1
50.5
49.5
.346
.500
.119
.118
.106
.119
.118
.120
.150
.151
.276
.281
.351
18.41
26.70
6.90
6.84
6.15
6.83
6.80
6.70
8.17
8.17
13.83
14.19
17.37
Knitters, web or tube, underwear:
M ale.................................................... 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Female................................................. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
Machine fixers, underwear:
M ale__________ _____ ____________ 1926
1928
Menders, underwear:
Female_______ ___________________ 1926
1928
Pressers, hosiery and underwear:
M ale........ .......................................... 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
Female____ _____ ________________ 1919
1922
1924
Pressers, underwear:
M ale_____________________________ 1926
1928
Female................................................. 1926
1928
Press hands, hosiery and underwear:
M ale________________ _____ ______ 1922
1924
Female.................................................. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
by
50.0 $0.306 $15.30
.278 13.93
50.1
105.6
105.2
105.6
104.7
104.5
102.9
100.0
100.5
95.5
93.5
92.6
93.9
94.2
105.8
106.0
106.2
104.2
103.3
100.5
100.0
98.7
93.8
89.5
88.9
90.0
90.2
88.0
83.9
85.5
80.7
84.7
91.2
100.0
92.0
163.5
179.9
212.0
214.5
196.8
100.0
101.4
92.3
120.3
113.3
94.4
100.0
102.8
202.1
242.0
272.7
265.0
264.3
93.2
88.6
90.7
85.1
89.1
94.4
100.0
92.7
156.7
168.9
197.2
202.1
186.2
105.8
107.5
98.0
121.7
117.1
95.1
100.0
101.5
189.6
216.5
242.5
238.6
238.5
105.9
105.7
105.5
103.6
103.0
101.6
100.0
99.3
96.1
91.8
91.1
91.8
80.3
82.2
85.1
89.9
88.9
100.0
102.4
199.5
178.8
215.4
97.9
85.5
87.4
88.4
92.9
90.3
100.0
102.2
193.0
165.3
197.5
107.0
107.0
107.0
106.5
106.1
103.0
100.0
99.8
92.4
93.2
91.3
79.3
78.7
70.7
79.3
78.7
80.0
100.0
100.7
184.0
187.3
234.0
84.5
83.7
75.3
83.6
83.2
82.0
100.0
100.0
169.3
173.7
212.6
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
able
9
9.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, 1907 to 1928, by
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Press hands, underwear:
M ale............................ ................. .
Female...............................................
Seamers, underwear:
Female.....................................
Winders, underwear:
M ale.....................................................
Female.................................................
Other employees, underwear:
M ale................................................. ..
Female.................................................
Aver Index
Aver
Aver
age
Num Num age
age
full
ber of ber of full
earn
time
Full
Year estab em
time
earn time
lish ploy hours ings
per
ings
hours
ments
ees
per
per
per
week hour
week week
1926
1928
1926
1928
11
10
20
17
22
29
118
112
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
5
5
5
23
27
29
29
29
36
67
84
84
390
426
439
1,181
1,280
1,321
1,561
1,589
1,562
2,192
2,200
2,377
2,425
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.8
58.1
57.2
54.5
54.1
51.3
50.3
50.3
50.2
50.2
.144
.156
.158
.143
.141
.149
.176
.183
.287
.325
.372
.374
.355
8.44
9.13
9.26
8.26
8.22
8.52
9.57
9.91
14.72
16.35
18.71
18.77
17.82
1926
1928
1926
1928
17
13
62
60
38
37
859
731
55.7
52.8
50.0
49.3
.458
.365
.398
.354
25.51
19.27
19.90
17.45
1926
1928
1926
1928
82
83
84
82
1,681
1,503
1,919
1,832
51.0
50.1
49.8
48.2
.420
.396
.314
.282
21.42
19.84
15.64
13.59
r>o
numbers of—
Earn
ings
per
hour
Full
time
earn
ings
per
week
50.3 $0.392 $19.72
50.9
.408 20.77
49.6
.287 14.24
49.1
.294 14.44
107.5
107.3
107.5
106.1
106.6
105.0
100.0
99.3
94.1
92.3
92.3
92.1
92.1
81.8
88.6
89.8
81.2
80.1
84.7
100.0
104.0
163.1
184.7
211.4
212.5
201.7
88.2
95.4
96.8
86.3
85.9
89.0
100.0
103.6
153.8
170.8
195.5
196.1
186.2
............
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1926 AND 1928, BY SEX AND STATE
The figures in Table 3 are the 1926 and 1928 average hours and
earnings for all males, for all females, and also for both sexes com
bined m all occupations included in the study of hosiery and of under
wear in each State or group of two States in each year. It was
necessary, in order to avoid publishing figures for one mill in a State
and possibly reveal its identity, to combine the data for mills in the
hosiery industry in Alabama and Louisiana, Maryland and West
Virginia, Minnesota and Wisconsin, and in New Hampshire and
Vermont; and for those in the underwear industry in Connecticut
and Rhode Island, Minnesota and Wisconsin, and in New Hamp
shire and Vermont.
The purpose of this table is to make easy the comparison of aver
age hours and earnings, one State with another, and also one year
with another.
In computing the averages in this and other tables in the report,
only the wage data for a representative portion of the employees in
a few large mills were used. The inclusion of wage data for all em
ployees in such mills would have tended to overweight and possibly
impair the averages for each of the States in which the large mills
were located.
The data for 1926 are for 10,250 male and 20,296 female wage
earners, or a total of 30,546 in the hosiery industry; and the data for
J.928 are for 9,401 males and 19,044 females, or a total of 28,445. In
10
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
the underwear industry the 1926 data are for 2,860 males and 12,188
females, or a total of 15,048 wage earners, and the 1928 data are for
2,805 males and 12,251 females, or a total of 15,056 wage earners.
Average full-time hours per week of males in the hosiery industry
ranged by States in 1926 from 48.5 for the States with the lowest to
57.1 for the one with the highest average, and in 1928 from 48.5 to
55.9, and of females ranged from 47.1 to 55.2 in 1926 and from 47.4
to 55.5 in 1928. The averages for males and females combined, or
the industry, ranged by States from 47.6 to 55.2 in 1926 and from 48.1
to 55.6 in 1928. The averages for all males in all States were 52.6
in 1926 and 52.4 in 1928, and for females were 51.5 in 1926 and 51.9
in 1928, and for all males and females combined were 51.9 in 1926
and 52.1 in 1928.
Average earnings per hour of males in the hosiery industry in 1926
ranged by States from 28.6 cents to $1,268 and in 1928 from 34.7
cents to $1,247, and of females ranged from 19.2 cents to 52.1 cents
in 1926 and from 20.4 cents to 54.1 cents in 1928. The averages for
both sexes combined, or the industry, ranged by States from 21.5 to
79.7 in 1926 and from 22.2 to 80.2 cents in 1928. The averages for
all males in all States were 67.5 cents in 1926 and 72.4 cents in 1928,
and for all females were 35.8 cents in 1926 and 36.0 cents in 1928,
and for all males and females combined were 47.2 cents in 1926 and
48.8 cents in 1928. It is seen that average earnings per hour of males
in Massachusetts increased from an average of 44.9 cents in 1926 to
$1,152 in 1928. The increase was due almost entirely to change by
mills in that State from the manufacture of seamless to full-fashioned
hosiery.
Agents of the bureau, when assigned to the work of collecting wage
data from hosiery mills* in a State, were instructed to make careful
inquiry as to the relative importance of the various kinds of hosiery
manufactured and to collect wage figures from mills that would be
fairly representative of the industry in the State. For example, in a
State where practically all hosiery manufactured was full-fashioned,
data were collected from mills of that type only. The 1926 averages
in the table for Massachusetts were computed from wage data for
seamless hosiery only, and in 1928 for full-fashioned hosiery only.
The difference between the averages in Massachusetts in 1926 and
1928 is due very largely to the difference in earnings of knitters of
seamless hosiery and of knitters of full-fashioned hosiery. In 1926
the 88 male automatic knitters of seamless hosiery, included in the
study in Massachusetts, earned an average of 42.4 cents and male
rib knitters of seamless hosiery earned an average of 62.3 cents. In
1928 the 70 male knitters, full-fashioned, footers, included in the
study in Massachusetts, earned an average of $1,636 per hour and the
207 male knitters, full-fashioned, leggers, earned an average of $1,473
per hour. There are no female full-fashioned knitters, but earnings
per hour of females in Massachusetts increased from 32.3 cents in
1926 to 43.6 cents in 1928 because earnings in full-fashioned mills
are generally higher than in seamless mills. The increase in average
earnings per hour resulted in an increase of average full-time earnings
per week of males in Massachusetts from $21.87 in 1926 to $55.87 in
1928, and of females from $15.50 in 1926 to $20.93 in 1928. Between
1926 and 1928 a considerable number of mills in other States, changed
from the manufacture of seamless to full-fashioned hosiery,
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
11
Average full-time earnings per week of males in the hosiery in
dustry in 1926 ranged by States from $15.70 to $61.50 and in 1928
from $19.22 to $61.73, and of females ranged from $10.56 to $25.53
in 1926 and from $11.14 to $26.02 in 1928. The averages for both
sexes combined, or the industry, ranged by States from $11.83 to
$37.94 in 1926 and from $12.12 to $38.98 in 1928. The averages for
all males in all States were $35.51 per week in 1926 and $37.94 in
1928, and for all females were $18.44 in 1926 and $18.68 in 1928, and
for all males and females combined were $24.50 in 1926 and $25.42
in 1928.
Averages for employees in the underwear industry are also shown
in the table. The explanation of the figures for hosiery also applies
to the figures for the employees in the underwear industry.
T able 3. — Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earningsj 1926 and 1928, by sex and State
HOSIERY
Number
of establish
ments
State
1926
1928
Number of
employees
1926
1928
Average full
time hours
per week
1926
1928
Average
earnings per
hour
1926
1928
Average full
time earnmgs
per week
1926
1928
Males
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia........................................
Illinois..........................................
Indiana........................................
Maryland and West Virginia,.
Massachusetts............................
M ichigan.....................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey.................................
N ew Y ork ...................................
North Carolina..........................
O hio.............................................
Pennsylvania.............................
Rhode Island..............................
Tennessee....................................
V irginia......................................
T otal.................................
4
7
6
2
0)
3
3
*5
6
4
4
15
3
23
3
14
3
105
4
7
6
3
4
7
3
6
6
4
4
14
0)
24
0)
13
3
255
467
269
462
0)
321
34
* 789
215
371
328
1,258
41
4,146
38
1,091
165
108 10,250
85
54.9
54.4 $0. 286 $0.359 $15. 70
353
55.0
55.4
.348
.347 19.14
57.1
55.9
.412
327
.451 23.53
267
50.3
49.9
.713
.731 35.86
53.2
130
.374
(»)
0>
0)
437
48.7
48.5
.449 1.152 21.87
62
53.3
53.8
.563
.563 30.01
772 250.3
50.8 *.858
.745 243.16
99
48.5
52.4
.495
.482 24.01
48.5
382
49.2 1.268 1.184 61.50
275
49.3
49.5 1.172 1.247 57.78
.420 22.22
58.0
55.8
.404
1,330
51.4
30.12
.586
0)
0)
0)
52.4
.829
.869 43.44
3,846
51.4
51.8
23.47
.453
0)
0)
0)
54.7 . 54.6
.377
923
.403 20.62
52.8
53.1
.347
.370 18.32
113
9,401
52.6
52.4
.675
.724
$19. 53
19.22
25.21
36.48
19.90
55.87
30.29
37.85
25.26
58.25
61.73
23.44
0)
44.67
(l)
22.00
19.65
35.51
37.94
54.6 $0,192 $0,204 $10.56
55.1
.229
.207 12.60
54.1
.284
.300 15.31
.415
.412 20.54
49.6
.238
53.6
0)
0)
48.0
.323
.436 15.50
50.8
.352
.369 17.74
.408 *21.44
49.7 *.434
50.1
.355
.334 17.15
47.4
.506
.531 23.83
48.1
.521
.541 25.53
.276
.286 15.24
55.5
.330
16.47
(l)
0)
.442
50.5
.453 22.19
.319
16.43
(')
(»)
54.1
.249
.248 13.45
52.8
.216
.217 11.06
$11.14
11.41
16.23
20.44
12.76
20.93
18.75
20.28
16.73
25.17
26.02
15.87
C1)
22.88
0)
13.42
11.46
Females
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia........................................
Illinois..........................................
Indiana........................................
Maryland and West Virginia. _
Massachusetts............................
M ichigan.....................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Jersey.................................
N ew Y ork ...................................
North Carolina..........................
Ohio.............................................
Pennsylvania..............................
Rhode Island..............................
Tennessee....................................
Virginia........................................
T otal.......... .......................
4
7
6
2
0)
3
3
25
6
4
4
15
3
23
3
14
3
105
i No data in this year.
906
4
7 1,222
701
6
642
3
4
0)
688
7
272
3
6 *1,654
541
6
640
4
677
4
14 1,932
174
(>)
24 6,825
198
(!)
13 2,572
652
3
646
1,055
701
570
527
717
271
1,580
324
615
505
2,568
0)
6,089
(l)
2,484
392
55.0
55.0
53.9
49.5
0)
48.0
50.4
*49.4
48.3
47.1
49.0
55.2
49.9
50.2
51.5
54.0
52.1
108 20,296 19,044
51.5
51.9
.358
.360
1Data for Wisconsin only.
18.44
18.68
12
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T able 3. — Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 1926 and 1928, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY— Continued
State
Number
of establish
ments
Number of
employees
1926
1926
1928
Average full
time hours
per week
1928
1926
1928
Average
earnings per
hour
1926
1928
Average full
time earnings
per week
1926
1928
Males and Females
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia............................. - .........
Illinois............................ ...........
In d ia n a ..------------------------------Maryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts- .........................
M ichigan_______ ______ _____
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey.......................... .......
N ew Y o r k .................................
North C a rolin a ........................
Ohio............................................
Pennsylvania.............................
Rhode Isla n d ............................
Tennessee....................................
Virginia........................................
T otal..................................
4
7
6
2
0)
3
3
25
6
4
4
15
3
23
3
14
3
4 1,161
7 1,689
970
6
3 1,104
4
0)
7 1,009
3
306
6 22,443
6
756
4 1,011
4 1,005
14 3,190
215
0)
24 10,971
236
(*)
13 3,663
3
817
105
731
55.0
1,408
55.0
1,028
54.8
837
49.9
657
0)
1,154
48.2
333
50.7
2,352 2 49.7
423
48.4
997
47.6
780
49.1
3,898
55.2
50.2
0)
9,935
51.0
51.6
0)
3,407
54.2
505
52.2
108 30,546 28,445
54.6 $0.215 $0,222 $11.83
55.1
.264
.244 14.52
54.6
.324
.352 17.76
49.7
.542
.518 27.05
53.5
.268
0)
0)
48.2
.367
.722 17.69
51.4
.378
.414 19.16
50.0 *.580
.528 228.83
50.6
.400
.373 19.36
48.1
.797
.796 37.94
48.6
.748
.802 36.73
55.6
.328
.334 18.11
.382
19.18
0)
0)
.598
50.8
.625 30.50
.345
17.80
0)
0)
54.3
.290
.292 15.72
52.8
.252 12.84
.246
$12.12
13.44
19.22
25.74
14.34
34.80
21.28
26.40
18.87
38.29
38.98
18.57
0)
31.75
(»)
15.86
13.31
51.9
52.1
24.50
25.42
$27.06
0)
24.59
25.05
28.03
26.52
26.11
25.20
22.09
19.01
0)
23.57
18. 55
21.56
.472
.488
UNDERWEAR
Males
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Georgia............. ................... .......
Illinois.........................................
Indiana........................................
Massachusetts............................
M ichigan____________________
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y o r k .................................
N orth Carolina..........................
O hio............. ................. - ..........
Pennsylvania.............................
Tennessee....................................
Virginia...................................... .
6
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
29
0)
3
22
3
0)
T otal.................................
85
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
0)
19
5
3
5
121
28
67
112
271
57
198
146
1,260
0)
98
306
196
0)
97
0)
86
86
191
66
127
113
1,191
162
(*)
323
257
106
51.0
58.0
48.9
50.2
48.3
51.7
50.1
49.6
50.8
0)
51.8
52.5
55.1
(>)
50.2 $0,490 $0.539 $24.99
.229
13.28
0)
0)
46.4
.526
.530 25.72
50.7
.500
.494 25.10
48.5
.578 27.34
.566
51.0
.477
.520 24.66
48.9
.517
.534 25.90
49.6
.482
.508 23.91
49.3
.480
.448 24.38
54.3
.350
0)
0)
.431
22.33
C1)
0)
53.2
.448
.443 23.52
55.2
.375
.336 20.66
52.2
.413
C1)
0)
83
2,860
2,805
51.0
50.6
.477
24.33
22.92
50.9
). 361 $0,356 $18.48
.189
10.72
.453
.446 20.75
.355
.367 16.90
.405
.370 19.44
.294
.297 15.23
.424 20.03
.413
.354
.400 17.49
.357
.315 17.78
$18.12
0)
.453
Females
Connecticut and Rhode Is
land..........................................
Georgia........................................
Illinois.........................................
Indiana...... .................................
Massachusetts............................
M ichigan.....................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork ...................................
North Carolina..........................
Ohio.............................................
Pennsylvania.............................
Tennessee....................................
Virginia.......................................
0)3
22
3
0)
Total..................................
85
0)3
1No data in this year.
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
0)19
5
3
751
121
185
484
1,386
512
0358
)
0)
307
1,371
461
932
501
4,111
478
0)
1,869
1,034
317
668
970
634
4,111
373
1,844
661
(0
84 12,188 12,251
51.2
56.7
45.8
47.6
48.0
51.8
48.5
49.4
49.8
0)
0)
45.6
49.4
45.9
51.4
48.6
49.3
48.7
54.0
0)
0)
.222
0)
0)
52.0
54.8
51.6
.344
.326
.266
50.1
49.1
49.5
51.9
54.1
V)
0)
16.48
14.25
13.47
17.64
16.38
0)
0)
.317
.260
.261
17.03
16.92
14.39
.352
.329
1Data for Wisconsin only.
(»)
20.34
18.13
16.98
15.27
20.61
19.72
15.34
11.99
(l)
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
13
T able 3. — Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 1926 and 1928, by sex and State— Continued
U N D E R W E A R —Continued
State
Number
of establish
ments
Number of
employees
1926
1926
1928
1928
Average full
time hours
per week
1926
1928
Average
earnings per
hour
1926
1928
Average full
time earnings
per week
1926
1928
M ales a n d F em ales
Connecticut and Rhode Is
la n d ...................... ..................
Georgia............................... ........
Illinois..........................................
Indiana...... ..................................
Massachusetts............... ...........
Michigan..... ............. .................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and VermontNew York...................................
North Carolina...........................
Ohio.................................... ........
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee....................................
Virginia........................................
6
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
29
0)
3
22
3
0)
T o ta l.................................
85
609
0)
444
393
1,562
527
1,059
614
5,302
640
0)
2,192
1,291
423
51.2
56.9
46.6
48.1
48.1
51.8
48.8
49.4
50.0
0)
50.0
52.0
54.3
0)
50.8 $0. 381 $0,390 $19.51
.197
11. 21
0)
0)
45.8
.465 22.18
.476
49.7
.386
.397 18.57
46.2
.434
.398 20.88
51.4
.309
.327 16.01
48.6
.438 21.13
.433
49.4
.381
.422 18.82
48.8
.390
.350 19.50
54.1
.257
0)
0)
16.02
.364
0)
0)
52.2
.347
.337 18.04
54.9
.276/ ( 15.91
.293
51.8
.301
0)
0)
$19.81
0)
21.30
19.73
18.39
16.81
21.29
20.85
17.08
13. V0
(')
17.59
15.15
15.59
84 ;15,048 15,056
50.3
50.0
.354 ! 19.01
1
17.70
6
0)
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
0)
19
5
3
872
149
252
596
1,657
725
1,108
780
5,371
0)
471
2,150
857
0)
.378
* N o data in this year.
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1913 TO 1928,
BY OCCUPATION
The data in Table 4 are average earnings per hour and a percentage
distribution or classification by average earnings per hour of the
employees in 6 representative occupations in hosiery and in 5 rep
resentative occupations in underwear. The figures are for each of
the specified years from 1913 to 1928 in which data are available for
each of these occupations and represent the trend and the spread of
average and classified earnings per hour of the employees in all
occupations in all the mills included in the various studies of the
industries by the bureau. Average and classified figures for the
employees in these occupations are also shown in Tables 5 and 11, and
in General Tables B, C, D, and E.
The figures in the table for the employees in the occupations in
hosiery are for 4,298 males or 45.7 per cent of all males, for 7,900
females or 41.5 per cent of all the females, and for the males and
females combined or 42.9 per cent of the total number of employees in
all occupations in the mills that were included in the 1928 study.
The 530 males in the 5 occupations in underwear represent 18.9 per
cent of all males, the 3,715 females represent 30.3 per cent of the
females, and the males and females together represent 28.2 per cent
of the total number of wage earners in all occupations in the mills
that were included in the 1928 study.
It is seen that data are shown in the table for each of the specified
years from 1913 to 1928 for only boarders, male; transfer knitters,
female; loopers, female; and for menders, female, in hosiery; and also
for web or tube knitters, male, and for seamers, female, in underwear.
61333°— 29-------2
14
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-192S
(Data for each of the other occupations in the table are only for each
of the years of the period in which classified average earnings per hour
have been made.) By the classification of the employees in these
occupations, it can readily be observed that between the early years
(1913 and 1914) and the late years (1919 to 1928) of the period there
has been a very great decrease in the per cent of employees at earnings
in the low classified groups of “ under 10 cents” to “ 25 and under 30
cents” and an increase in the high groups of “ 30 and under 35 cents”
to “ 80 cents and over” per hour. Examples: In 1913 only 14 per
cent of the boarders, male, earned an average of 30 cents or more per
hour and 86 per cent earned less than 30 cents per hour, 1 per cent
having earned under 10 cents, 4 per cent 10 and under 12 cents, etc.
In 1914 only 19 per cent earned 30 cents or more. In 1919 only 16
per cent earned an average of less than 30 cents per hour, 21 per
cent earned 40 and under 50 cents, 22 per cent earned 50 and under
60 cents, 14 per cent earned 60 and under 70 cents, 3 per cent earned
70 and under 80 cents, and less than 1 per cent earned an average of
80 cents and over per hour. Average earnings per hour of boarders,
male, increased from 21.9 cents in 1913 to 23 cents in 1914, to 45
cents in 1919, to 46.2 cents in 1922, to 53.1 cents in 1924, decreased
to 48.1 cents in 1926, and increased to 52.1 cents in 1928, when ap
proximately 17 per cent earned less than 30 cents, 11 per cent 35
and under 40 cents, 11 per cent 40 and under 45 cents, 8 per cent 45 and
under 50 cents, 14 per cent 50 and under 60 cents, 7 per cent 70 and
under 80 cents, and 14 per cent earned an average of 80 cents and
over per hour.
T
able
4 .—
Average and classified earnings per hour of employees in 11 specified occupations, 1913 to 1928, by sex and year
HOSIERY
Boarders:
M ale...... ... .................................................
For footnotes, see next page.
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
39
39
59
126
98
103
1,174
1,176
1,084
1,598
1,362
1,294
$0.219
.230
.450
.462
.531
.481
.521
.479
.486
1.511
1.546
1.286
1.329
.336
.317
.149
.150
.272
.293
.344
.298
.294
.150
.157
.296
.327
.384
.371
385
.142
.149
.328
.367
.389
.387
1
2
2
09
(*)
4
2
1
(8)
(*)
(8)
1
1
8
5
21
1
09
(s)
09
1
1
13
8
1
1
1
1
09
3
09
11
9
1
2
1
2
0s)
3
2
9
11
1
2
09
3
1
5
1
21
26
5
7
3
9
6
7
7
21
19
7
7
4
8
9
3
5
1 14
119
3 25
320
8
9
10
5
09
09
3
11
13
2
1
14
13
2
1
3
2
14
15
2
1
3
2
16
13
1
1
1
1
1
20
15
1
2
2
1
___
09
2
(*)
14
11
1
(»)
1
1
4
5
19
16
*4
4
3
4
3
17
13
24
2
2
2
2
23
17
2
1
3
2
2
1
17
16
3
4
4
4
5
15
13
4
2
2
3
2
14
17
2
1
3
3
3
3
17
14
5
5
4
6
7
14
12
5
4
3
4
3
11
17
2
3
3
4
4
5
10
13
7
6
4
6
6
10
12
6
5
3
4
4
7
10
4
3
3
3
14
16
11
13
25
17
13
14
15
12
17
18
15
10
12
12
10
11
14
12
12
12
(5)
15
20
1
1
22
15
12
13
14
2
4
18
14
10
12
12
1
1
19
17
9
11
(5)
18
16
09
09
329
3 29
12
12
13
11
i1
3 31
3 29
12
12
13
10
11
11
7/
11
(&
)
\)
(5)
g
12
9
8
8
13
22
14
17
14
14
18
16
14
12
12
8
8
16
14
2
I
(*)
11
12
10
1
(*)
1
09
8
10
(»)
*#7
s
<5
4 13
11
9
11
9
7
5
1
2
9
5
3
(')
13
11
13
4 12
4 16
13
9
8
11
7
8
3
7
10
11
10
(*>
14
11
12
12
10
9
4 13
9
9
9
9
9
10
8
11
15
15
1
09
09
»32
12
11
11
4 21
4 19
11
10
11
(5)
09
1
1
2
2
Q
O
g
O
0
0
3
3
8
10
6
7
7
4
2
4
Q
O
(«)
5
12
10
14
7
8
O
Q
VO
«r*
QO
oV
5
87
1
0
1
1
2
1
(5)
3
6
6
1
(*)
1
2
3
(5)
(5)
(*)
(5)
a
2
55.
7
1
2
a
1
i
4
3
(\
2
2
1907-1928
M en ders:?
Female___________ ___________________
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1,172
1,206
760
933
1,118
1,598
1,433
483
516
696
749
1,897
1,911
330
205
2,905
2,800
1,095
2,143
2,939
3,058
2,483
2,542
2,626
1,499
2,194
2,832
3,753
3,607
INDUSTRIES,
Loopers:
Female.....................................................
41
46
29
41
49
82
81
32
38
27
39
28
39
27
18
36
37
21
46
55
72
58
49
49
29
63
80
101
105
tTNDERWEAR
Female.......................................................
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1926
1928
1926
1928
1926
1928
1926
1928
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
AND
Female____ __________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned:
M ale...........................................................
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned:
M ale...........................................................
Knitters, transfer:
M ale________________________________
Year
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour were—
N um
Aver
ber of N um
age
ber
of
U
n
12,
16,
10,
18,
20,
14,
25,
30,
35,
45,
40,
50,
60,
70,
80
estab
earn
em
lish
ings per der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents
ployees
12
10
14
16
18
25
20
35
30
45
40
60
50
70
80
and
ments
hour
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents over
HOSIERY
Occupation and sex
T a b le 4 .— Average and classified earnings per hour of employees in 11 specified occupations, 1913 to 1988, by sex and year— Continued
UNDERWEAR
73
76
364
369
$0.354
.340
Folders: 8
Female______________________________
1924
1926
1928
118
61
66
1,116
483
488
.346
.365
.343
Knitters, web or tube:
M ale—
250
. 249
Pressers:
Male
___ - _—_________ ________
_
_ _
__ __
Female
1913
22
1Q14
Q
OC
O
ooo
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1926
1928
18
41
55
67
73
47
35
200
399
454
393
446
275
198
1926
1928
1926
1928
38
43
50
46
92
84
236
235
1
(5)
in
in
in
in
former reports
former reports
former reports
former reports
as
as
as
as
“
“
“
“
1,561
1,589
2,192
2,200
2,377
2,425
30 cents and over.”
Under 14 cents.”
30 and under 40 cents.”
40 and under 50 cents.”
2
2
4
4
10
12
14
19
18
16
16
12
15
15
10
6
8
8
3
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
3
3
2
2
14
9
11
14
15
19
16
17
16
15
19
16
12
13
14
9
8
10
8
10
6
2
3
1
2
2
Q
6
A
%
! 407
. 448
,
5
(j
5
4
6
9
31
29
4
4
2
1
2
7
7
25
27
8
9
3
2
4
11
12
l 22
i 12
3 39
3 20
5
5
6
20
21
5
9
13
20
19
4 35
* 28
14
12
14
19
14
8
9
15
9
12
14
26
29
31
27
9
1
7
23
20
13
2
1
1
3
6
7
5
(5)
1
6
13
11
8
8
14
8
12
20
31
19
18
113
18
22
18
9
17
12
11
7
9
25
10
10
13
4
6
1
1
2
2
1
a
14
14
4
2
2
3
22
25
15
9
10
12
7
s
17
13
13
14
12
13
3 35
15
15
16
16
15
14
11
11
10
5
10
12
9
i
a
%
%
2
oa
1
(5)
.528
.534
. 490
.379
.378
(5)
1
1
2
.455
.401
.346
.376
(f>
5
. 176
9
r
O
•1Q
looQ
.325
.372
.374
.355
1
(5)
(5)
(8)
(5)
0 )T
(5)
(•)
1
(5)
13
Trt
Ilf
1
1
1
1
14
14
1
2
2
15
15
3
2
1
2
11
« 17
15
15
12
ia
«Less than 1 per cent.
,,
, . .
.
.
#Tabulated in former reports as 30 cents and over, a n d isless than 1 per cent*
7 Tabulated as “ Menders, hosiery and underwear, 1913 to* 1924.
* Tabulated as “ Folders, hosiery and underwear m 1924..
1
0
(5)
0)
(5)
(5)
1
(5)
1
1
1
1
4
4
2
(5)
5
1
(*)
(\
(5)
19 0 7 -1 9 2 8
i Tabulated
J Tabulated
• Tabulated
4 Tabulated
29
29
50
67
84
84
1
2
(5)
(5)
fieamers:
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
1928
1
2
INDUSTRIES,
Female
-----------
(5)
TTNDERWEAR
1926
1928
1
Buttonhole makers:
Female
AND
Year
HOSIERY
Occupation and sex
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour were—
N um Aver
age
ber of
ft0
70,
60,
45,
50,
40,
35,
30,
20, | 25,
18,
16,
earn
U n
14,
10, 1 12,
em
per der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents
ployees ings
and
80
70
60
45
50
35
40
30
20
25
18
14
16
hour
12
10
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents over
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
17
FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1913 TO 1928, BY OCCUPATION
The regular or customary full-time hours of a hosiery or under
wear mill are the hours of operation when the mill is working its
recognized standard of full time as established by the regular time of
beginning work in the morning and of closing in the afternoon, less
the regular time off duty for midday lunch or dinner.
Table 5 shows the per cent of employees in each of 6 representative
occupations in hosiery and of 5 in underwear at each classified group
of full-time hours per week; it also shows the average full-time hours
per week for each of the specified years from 1913 to 1928 for which
data are available.
In 1913, when the average full-time hours of the 1,172 boarders,
male, in the occupation in that year were 55.8 per week, the regular
or customary hours per week of only 1 per cent of them were over
48 and under 54, of 27 per cent were 54, of 46 per cent were over 54
and under 57, of 14 per cent were 57 and under 60, and of 12 per
cent were 60. The average full-time hours per week decreased to
55.3 in 1914, to 52.5 in 1919, and to 51.3 in 1922, when the hours of
6 per cent of the 933 included in that year were under 48 per week,
of 27 per cent were 48, of 26 per cent were over 48 and under 54, of
9 per cent were 54, of 32 per cent were over 54 and under 57 and of
only 1per cent were 60. The average full-time hours per week increased
to 51.9 in 1924, to 53.4 in 1926, and to 53.8 in 1928, when the hours of
13 per cent were 48, of 26 per cent were over 48 and under 54, of 7
per cent were 54, of 38 per cent were over 54 and under 57, of 9 per
cent were over 57 and under 60, of 7 per cent were 60, and of less than
1 per cent were over 60. This explanation of the figures for boarders,
male, may also be used in reading the average and classified hours
for the other occupations in the table.
18
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T able 5. — Average and classified full-time hours per week of employees in 11
specified occupations, 1913 to 1928, by sex and year
HOSIERY
Occupation and sex
Boarders:
M ale______ . . . . . . . ___________
Female___________ __________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned:
M ale............................................
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned:
M ale.............................................
Knitters, transfer:
M ale_________________________
Female_____________ ________
Loopers:
Fem ale______________________
M enders:1
Fem ale______________________
i Less than 1 per cent.
Year
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
Num N um
age
ber of
full
ber of
estab
Over
time
Over
em
Un
lish
48,
54, 57,
ployees hours der
per
ments
48 un 54 un un 60 Over
60
week 48
der
der der
54
57 60
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
41
46
29
41
49
82
81
8
20
26
32
38
1,172
1,206
760
933
1,118
1,598
1,433
75
264
313
483
516
35
27
24
11
13.
21
57
28
26
37
1 27
7 43
19 13
26
9
37
7
29
7
26
7
25 . . . .
19
49
8
52
39 ” 4"
46 14
29 16
13 11
32
29
39 ' T
38
9
39
8
24
7
15
1
12
1926
1928
27
39
696
749
51.0
50.1
7
3
35
43
27
42
5
10
25
1
1926
1928
28
39
1,897
1,911
51.1
50.7
7
5
34
41
31
28
3
10
19 . . . .
11
6
4
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
14
16
10
15
18
27
18
37
37
21
46
55
72
58
314
305
122
137
175
330
205
2,905
2,800
1,095
2,143
2,939
3,058
2,483
58.0
1
56.3
54.3
i'29 '
52.5 " I" 18
51.1
4
3
54.1
1
53.8
56.0 0 ) 1___
54.9 (*)
~2l"
53.0
50.7
28
50.8
4 17
1 11
52.5
53.1
2
7
3
7
41
69
31
42
2
22
22
46
59
45
36
8
23
16
26
6
5
9
15
37
18
6
3
5
11
16 36
22 44
23 11
9
17
53
4
3
40
50 24
20 16
4
23
4
13
15
35 " 2
41
2
40
8
7
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
49
49
29
63
80
101
105
2,542
2,626
1,499
2,194
2,832
3,753
3,607
56.0
54.8
52.2
50.8
50.8
52.4
53.0
1
10
24
39
48
43
36
24
53
18
6
7
6
8
43 20
19 12
13
8
19
15
23 ' T
8
30
11
4
5
1913
1914 •
1922
1924
1926
1928
39
39
59
126
98
103
1,174
1,176
1,084
1,598
1,362
1,294
1
56.0
55.0 ’ e y
2 i’ 29’
50.6
50.6
3 27
4 27
50.8
51.4
3 ; 28
I
2
6
50
49
49
40
20
46
5
9
4
6
42 22
30 12
14
10
10 " T
15
6
13
5
55.8
55.3
52.5
51.3 " T
51.9
53.4 ~~2
53.8
7
52.0
50.2 .. ...
50.4
6
50.0
8
50.0
__
1
1
4
3
1
>"32"
35
26
15
14
12
6
10
1
3
5
7
0)
0)
1
1
7
6
2
5
9
4
13
4
(l)
1
2
V)
1
2
3
1 0)
1
* Tabulated as “ Menders, hosiery and underwear,” 1913 to 1924.
.....
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
19
T able 5. — Average and classified full-time hours per week of employees in 11
specified occupations, 1918 to 1928, by sex and year— Continued
UNDERWEAR
Occupation and sex
Buttonhole makers:
Female__ . . . ____________ ___
Folders: 3
Female______________________
Knitters, web or tube:
M ale_________________________
Female______________________
Pressers:*
M ale_____ ____________ ______
F e m a le .---— _______________
Seamers:
Female....................................
Year
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
N um N um
age
full
ber of ber of
estab
Over
time
Over
em
lish
hours Un
48,
54, 57,
ments ployees per der 48 un 54 un un 60 Over
60
der
week 48
der der
54
57 60
54.9
54.5
51.6
1
50.4
50.2 " T
50.2
4
50.1
7
18
43
37
37
33
39
30
33
36
44
72
78
28
14
19
16
7
11
12
9
12
6
7
5
50.8
50.4
50.3
28
34
32
40
36
40
11
16
10
16
10
7
45
33
36
39
53
56
50
22
21
20
13
10
58
78
23
2
3
9
5
22
25
13
17
6
10
9
20
12
16
8
2
4
4
13
33
29
41
35
40
69
47
33
36
5
13
21
36
32
37
38
23
41
36
41
31
36
10
14
17
14
7
19
1
4
27
18
39 12
31 20
35 14
29 (i)
12
1
9
2
13
3 ~ r
6
4
0)
2
(l)
18
8
10
10
10
6
7
4
4
3
0)
47
27
34
34
43
81
90
22
18
19
19
11
9
19
47
40
39
34
2
1
1
1
3
1
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
28
42
24
49
66
73
76
226
330
203
349
404
364
369
1924
1926
1928
118
61
66
1,116
463
488
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
22
35
18
41
55
67
73
15
21
22
25
34
47
35
250
386
200
399
454
393
446
183
237
295
263
290
275
198
55.4
55.7
52.9
5 32
51.8 . . . . 37
51.3
39
2 35
52.0
52.2
3 29
55.1
54.4
2
51.7
2 14
2 54
49.3
4 56
49.0
49.6
5 43
49.7 10 29
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
39
49
30
53
69
38
43
15
25
33
50
46
202
214
115
243
190
92
84
188
230
141
236
235
56.0
55.6
53.8
6
51.4
2
51.0
3
50.3
2
50.9
2
50.3
48.9
49.1 " T
50.3
3
50.3
2
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1928
29
29
36
50
67
84
84
1,561
1,589
1,562
2,192
2,200
2,377
2,425
54.5
54.1
51.3
50.3
50.3
50.2
50.2
5
3
6
0)
2
0)
1
3
5
6
19
22
27
31
17
8
4
1
1
1
4
(l)
1
1
0)
4
13
10
7
1
2
3
6
20
8
1
4
4
11
4
17 . . . . .
3
2
6
3
7
4
8
2
1
3
6
1
* Less than 1 per cent.
8 Tabulated as “ Folders, hosiery and underwear” in 1924.
* Tabulated as “ Pressers, hosiery and underwear/' male, 1913 to 1924; female, 1919 to 1924.
Regular or customary hours of operation per week and per day,
Monday to Friday, and Saturday, in 1928, and the number of mills
in each State at each specified number of such hours are shown in
Table 6 for hosiery and also for underwear. In a comparatively
few mills the hours of a small per cent of the employees or the em
ployees in a few occupations vary from the hours of a majority of the
employees in such mills. The hours in the table for such mills are
the prevailing hours of the majority of the employees.
20
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-192S
The hours per week in the 108 hosiery mills in 1928 ranged from
44 to 60, and per day, Monday to Friday, from 8 to 11, and on Satur
day, in 104 mills ranged from 3% to 9. Four mills, 3 in Pennsylvania
and 1 in Tennessee, with 1,240 wage earners, were 5-day week estab
lishments with no work on Saturday. In 27 mills, or 25 per cent of
the total number, hours per week were 48. The hours in 1 mill
were 8 per day, Monday to Friday, and 4 Saturday, or 44 per week;
in 18 were 8% Monday to Friday and 4% Saturday, or 48 per week;
in 22 were 10 Monday to Friday and 5 Saturday, or 55 per week;
and in 1 were 11 Monday to Friday and 5 Saturday, or 60 per week.
The hours per week in the 84 underwear mills ranged from 45
to 60; per day, Monday to Friday, ranged from 8 to 11, and on Satur
day in 82 ranged from 4 to 5
Two mills in New York with 347
employees were 5-day week establishments with no work on Saturday.
T a b le
6 .—
Classification of establishments in each State, by full-time hours per
week and per day, 1928
HOSIERY
Full-time hours
per day
44—
47—
47%48.
m
m
SH
SVio
8U
88/10
8H
9%
8U
m
W /1 2
48K48% .
49H50. . .
51____
51*4-
52*$-5 3 - - ..
53Hw53%.
54.
55—
55H5 6 .-.
57_._
57%.
58__.
59—
60—
9K
m
9M
m
10H
9
9H
%
m
m
9h
m
9H
10
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
10
m
10
10
10
10
10
ion
10U ion
ion ion
10
10
101 M2
101 M2
ii
|
| Wisconsin
| West Virginia
|
Virginia
( Vermont
| Tennessee
| Pennsylvania
|
|
Carolina
| North
| New York
| New Jersey
|
j
Hampshire
| New
| Minnesota
|
| Massachusetts
J
3
9
18
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2 —
4H
1
1
1
1 ...
1
4
1
1
1
—
1
1 ...
1
6
1
1
5
5H . . .
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
5
4
5
3
5
1
5
H 1
6
5
H
5M
5H —
1
11
4
1
1
1
3 ...
1
1
2 ...
1
2
1
3
1
1
6
3
2
2
7
3
1
5
4
4
14
2
2
2
2
22
1
1
3
1
1
1
7
1
1
2
1
9
5^2
5
3
10
9
1
1
1
1
1
5H
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
hours on M onday.
2
5
1
4H
0
m
>5
| Michigan
|
| Louisiana
| Indiana
2
4H
5
5
2
2
2
2
4H
9H
1
1
1
8Mo 4$4o
4H
m
4
8Mo
SH 3%
0
9^2
9
0
mi 4H
0
9H
10
11
| Illinois
4
H
4
9
9
T o ta l
1
4
10
10H
j Maryland
j
|
|
| Alabama
E
H
S►
»
| Georgia
Full-time
hours per
week
|
Number of establishments in—
24
13
1
3
2
5
108
21
HOSIEBT AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T a b le
6 . — Classification
of establishments in each Statey by full-time hours per
week and per day, 1928— Continued
UNDERWEAR
Full-time hours
per day
46H47___
48_
49__.
49H-
49%50—
50M50%_
51—
51** —
5 2 H -53H —
53% —
53%-
9K
9M
9-Mo
5 5
57........
10
10
9H
10
10
Total..
Wisconsin
Vermont
Virginia
Tennessee
Rhode Island
[ Pennsylvania
York
| North
Caro1
lina
[ New
I New
Hamp1
shire
1
1
1
4
1
9
1
16
1
1
3
6
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
5
2
13
1
4^0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
4%
m H 5H
10H 4K
10H 11
5
11
Michigan
1
4^
4%
4
5
| Minnesota
Massachusetts
2
1
1
9H 45 ‘
9H 4
?4
9%
5
9%
9
H
9H
m
m 9U 5h
m 9H 5
m
954
10
5 4
9H
9H
9Yio
Total
1
5
0
8H 8H 4
8H 8H 4H
8% 8H 4%
8%
4H
4
8H 4%
9
4
9
4^
9
9
9
9
4%
9
9
5
9*4 OH 4
45.
| Indiana
Connecticut
>3>3H
5
0
&
Sg
s
| Illinois
Full-time
hours per
week
Number of establishments in—
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
5
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
4
3
2
1
27
4
19
2
5
2
3
2
84
CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS SINCE SEPTEMBER 1, 1926
Full-time hours per week of all or part of the employees in 7 hosiery
and in 12 underwear mills were changed between September 1, 1926,
and the period of the 1928 study of these industries. There was no
change in the hours of any of the employees in the other 101 hosiery
and 72 underwear mills for which data are shown in this report.
In 1 hosiery mill the hours of knitters, knitters’ helpers, and machine
fixers were increased from 44 to 50 per week, and of toppers were
increased from 44 to 49^ per week. The hours of the other employees
in this mill were not changed. In 1 underwear mill the hours of all
employees were increased from 48 to 49^ per week. In 6 hosiery and
in 11 underwear mills the hours of all or part of the employees were
reduced as shown in the following table.
22
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T able 7.— Change in regular or customary full-time hours per week since Septem
ber 1, 1926
HOSIERY
Hours per week
Number of establish
ments
Employees whose hours were changed
........................
(■Knitters, knitters’ helpers, and machine fixers......................
1
Before
change
A ll employees___________________________________________
____ d o......................... ..................................................................
____ d o......... ....................................................................................
Night workers in full-fashioned department______________
A ll females. ..................................................................................
Knitters and machine fixers______________________________
44
44
48M
54
55
50
54
60
After
change
50
49X
48
52H
50
48
49H
55
UNDERWEAR
........................
1_.......................
........................
1........................
.....................
........................
.....
.
....
.
.....
........................... ......... ...................
.... ............. .....................................
................ ........ ........ .
1
A ll employees..........
....................................... ...................
____ d o
.............. ............................
................................
3 ....................................... ____ d o
____ d o
2
____ d o
...................................
1
A ll fem ales_____________________________________________
2 ..................................... ____ d o __________________________________________________
1
____ d o............................................................ ......... :
.
— .........
48
54
54
50
50
54
54
48
49%
50H
49
49H
45
m
49H
145
1 For 6 months each year.
CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE SEPTEMBER 1, 1926
Between September 1, 1926, and the period of the 1928 study the
wage rates of all or part of the employees in 18 hosiery and in 21
underwear mills were decreased or increased. During this period
there was no change in the wage rates of any of the employees in 90
of the hosiery mills nor in 63 of the underwear mills included in the
1928 study.
As shown in Table 8, wage rates were decreased in 16 and increased
in 2 hosiery mills. The decreases ranged from 1 per cent in the rates
of boarders and loopers in 1 mill to 40 per cent in the rates of full-fash
ioned knitters in 1 mill. The rates of all employees in the knitting de
partments in 1 mill were increased 6}^$ per cent and of 6 employees in
another mill who were paid weekly rates were increased 20 per cent.
In 1 mill the rates of full-fashioned knitters, leggers, were reduced
ll}/2 Per cent, of full-fashioned knitters, footers, were reduced
per
cent, and of full-fashioned toppers were reduced 13^ per cent.
The wage rates of all employees in 17 underwear mills were reduced
10 per cent, of all employees in 1 mill were reduced 5 per cent, and of
seamers and finishers in 1 mill were reduced 3 per cent. In 1 mill
wage rates of all employees who were paid weekly rates were changed
to hourly rates. The change made a reduction of one-half hour’s
pay per week based on full-time work. In 1 mill the full-time hours
were changed from 48 per week for 12 months to 48 per week for 6
months and 45 per week for 6 months. In this mill the rates of all
female time workers were increased by the payment of the same rate
for 45 hours as was paid for 48 hours.
23
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T a b le
8 . — Changes
in wage rates since September 1, 1926
H O S IE R Y
Number of establish
ments that made rate
changes.
1.........................................
3 .........................................
2....................................... .
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
1.........................................
Per cent of change
Employees whose rates were changed
Decrease
Full-fashioned knitters...............................................................
All employees...............................................................................
All productive employees________ ____ _________ ________
Full-fashioned knitters, leggers, and footers, knitters’ help
ers, and toppers.
Pieceworkers...............................................................................
........d o .............................. ............ .......... .......................
Full-fashioned knitters, leggers, and footers...........................
........d o..........................................................................................
........d o ...........................................................................................
Boarders and loopers...... ................. ............... *_______
(Full-fashioned knitters, leggers.................................................
« Full-fashioned knitters, footers..........................................
(.Full-fashioned toppers..................................... ........ ..............
[Boarders........................................ ..................... ........ ...........
-{Full-fashioned knitters, footers................................ ............
1Full-fashioned knitters, leggers.................................................
[Automatic and transfer knitters...............................................
<Loopers_____________ ________ __________ ________ _____
ISeamers...................................................... ..................................
Six employees who were paid weekly r a t e ........................
All employees in knitting departm ent...................................
Increase
40
10
10
10
m
6
5
4
3H
1
11H
5n
IH
10
m
m
m
15H
20
6H
U N D E RW E AR
17....................................... All employees__________________________________________
........do......................................................................... ..................
Seamers and finishers____________________________________
All female time workers___ _____ ________________________
All employees who were paid weekly rates__________ ____
10
5
3
(2)
0)
» Hours reduced for 6 months from 48 to 45 per week. Paid same amount for 45 as for 48 hours.
* One-half hour's pay per week due to change from weekly to hourly rates.
BONUSES, 1928
A bonus is an arrangement by which the earnings of a certain part
or all of the employees in a hosiery or in an underwear mill at piece
or time rates would, for attendance, efficiency, length of service, or
production, be increased by the addition of a stated amount or a
specified per cent of earnings. In several of the mills earnings were
increased by the addition of two or more bonuses based on two or
more of the conditions listed above.
Bonuses were paid in 1928 by 24 of the 108 hosiery and by 14 of
the 84 underwear mills included in the data used in compiling this
report.
Table 9 shows the basis or kind of bonus in each mill, the employees
entitled, the amount, and the conditions or requirements necessary
to get each bonus.
Hosiery mill No. 1, line 1 in the table, paid to knitters a production
bonus of 1 cent for each dozen pairs of hosiery produced at or above
the rated capacity of the knitting machine. No employee of this
mill other than knitters was entitled to receive a bonus.
Hosiery mill No. 2 paid to boarders a production bonus and also
an attendance bonus. The production bonus was for the boarding
of a sufficient number of pairs of hose to earn at the piece rates paid
for such work $25 or more in a pay period of one-half month. A
bonus of $1.80 was paid for an earning of $25 in the half month. The
24
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-192S
amount of the bonus was increased for each additional increase of $5
per half month in earnings to a bonus of $10 for an earning of $50
or more in the half month. A bonus of 10 per cent of earnings was
also paid to boarders for full-time attendance in the half month. To
illustrate, a boarder who earned at his piece rates $25 was also paid
a production bonus of $1.80 and an attendance bonus of $2.50, or a
total of $29.30 in the half month. Loopers of this establishment were
paid a bonus of 5 per cent of their earnings for full-time attendance
in the half month, regardless of the amount of such earnings. No
employee in the mill other than boarders was entitled to the produc
tion bonus or other than boarders and loopers was entitled to receive
the attendance bonus.
Underwear mill No. 1 paid a bonus of 9 to 20 per cent of earnings
to all employees in service over 8 years. An employee who in one
week at piece or time rates earned $20 and by years of service was
entitled to the minimum bonus of 9 per cent of the $20 was paid a
bonus of $1.80. An employee who in one week at piece or time rates
earned $20 and by years of service was entitled to the maximum
bonus of 20 per cent of the $20 was paid a bonus of $4.
Underwear mill No. 13 paid a production bonus to all pieceworkers
who worked on heavy-weight garments. The bonus was 50 per cent
of all earnings over $10 per week. To earn a bonus it was necessary
for a pieceworker to complete the work required of him or her on a
sufficient number of pieces to earn at piece rates more than $10 in
one week. A pieceworker who earned $11 in one week was paid a
bonus of 50 per cent of $1 or 50 cents, thus making a total of $11.50
in the week.
The explanation of the bonuses in hosiery mills Nos. 1 and 2 and in
underwear mills Nos. 1 and 13 apply to those for the other mills in
the table.
T
able
9.— Bonus systems of 24 hosiery and 14 underwear mills, 1928
H O S IE R Y
ro.
1
Employees entitled
Knitters!
4
5
6
7
$8.10. ..................................
do_.
kLoopers_
Knitters.
____ d o _ _ ........................
Inspectors.....................
Boarders........................
K n itte r s ......................
Loopers..........................
Looper-machine fixers.
9
Machine fixers.
Boarders.
10
13
1907-1928
11
12
Inspectors, final................................
K nitters. ...........................................
Machine fixers..................................
^Menders; inspectors, gray stock;
\ and pairers or menders.
[Boarders and loopers.......................
[Knitters, transfer.............................
A ll except supervisory and dye
house.
80 per cent of earnings on ladies’ h o s e ....................
.70 per cent of earnings on m en’s hose........................
3 cents per d o z e n ..........................................................
1 hour’s pay extra............................................ ...........
5 cents per d ozen.................. ........................................
1 cent per d ozen ....................... ............................... .
10 per cent of earnings...................... ........ ...................
7 per cent of earnings....................................................
4 per cent of earnings.............. .....................................
60 cents per 100 dozen half h o s e ................................
$1 per 100 dozen plain hose........ ................................
$1.20 per 100 dozen fancy hose.....................................
15 per cent of earnings...................................................
10 per cent of earnings...................................................
.5 per cent of earnings...................................................
$4.50 per 100 dozen ladies’ h o s e .................................
l$4 per 100 dozen ladies’ hose........ ...........................
1 cent per dozen....... ................... ................................
'K of 1 per cent to 24 per cent on 260-needle m achine.
}A of 1 per cent to 24 per cent on 300-needle machine.
15 per cent of earnings................ ..................................
.Penalty of 15 per cent of earnings.............................
5 per cent premium on piecework..............................
10 per cent premium on piecework..... .......................
N ot reported..................................................................
INDUSTRIES,
8
$10............,_______
10 per cent of earnings..
5 per cent of earnings..
Varies. ............................
Production at capacity of machine.
M ust earn $25 per pay period of one-half month.
M ust earn $30 per pay period of one-half month.
M ust earn $35 per pay period of one-half month.
M ust earn $40 per pay period of one-half month.
M ust earn $45 per pay period of one-half month.
M ust earn $50 per pay period of one-half month.
Full-time attendance.
D o.
Graduated scale for different styles and number of dozens pro
duced.
For all over 1 dozen pairs produced in 36 minutes.
For all over 1 dozen pairs produced in 30 minutes.
For all over 130 dozen pairs per week.
For each 10 dozen pairs over a set weekly standard.
For production over a set standard per day.
If 99.2 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 99 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 98 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 97 per cent of work passes inspection.
Less 1 cent for each dozen pairs of seconds.
Do
Do
I f 99 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 98 per cent of work passes inspection.
I f 97 per cent of work passes inspection.
I f not more than 1 mender (defective hose) in 4 dozen pairs is passed.
If more than 1 mender (defective hose) in 4 dozen pairs is passed.
If not more than 1 mender (defective hose) per dozen pairs.
Based on 15^ per cent to 5 per cent of waste and seconds.
Based on 20 per cent to 9H per cent of waste and seconds.
If 98.3 per cent of work passes inspection.
If less than 98.3 per cent of work passes inspection.
A ll doing good work in foreman’s judgment.
Do
A fixed standard of individual production based on time studies
of previous pay periods.
UNDERWEAR
3
1 cent per dozen.............
$1.80................................
$2.70.................................
$4.70.................................
$6.50.................................
Conditions
AND
Boarders.
2
Amount of bonus
HOSIERY
[ill
to
Oi
T
able
9 .—
Bonus systems of 24 hosiery and 14 underwear mills, 1928— Continued
to
o
H O S IE E Y —Continued
K ind of bonus
Employees entitled
Inspectors of pairing.
Efficiency..
Pairers..
_do_
Attendance___
5 per cent of earnings....................................................
do..............................................................................
.d o..
___ d o . .....................
Tim e workers........
Toppers_________
fl machine fixer___
[2 machine fixers. _
fKnitters at night..
IMachine fixers___
|___ d o ......................
H of 1 per cent of earnings..
Yz hour’s pay........................
2 cents per dozen....... ..........
Yi cent per dozen legs..........
3% mills per dozen legs.......
^5 per cent of earnings..........
.do..
[3 cents per dozen .
2 cents per dozen..
[1 cent per dozen...
Efficiency___ _
IKnitters.
23
P rod u ction ..
Loopers_.
2 cents per dozen..
A ttendance.
Productive e m p loy ees____ ______
Knitters,
loopers,
inspectors,
menders, winders, and day
laborers.
Finishers.............................................
5 per
1 per
2 per
3 per
1 per
Service.........
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
of earnings..
of earnings..
of earnings..
of earnings..
of earnings..
For additional production of more than 20 dozen pairs per day.
Full-time attendance.
D o.
For each dozen pairs produced.
D o.
Full-time attendance.
If 98 per cent of the product of the machines passes inspection.
If 99 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 98 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 97 per cent of work passes inspection.
For production above 440 dozen pairs per pay period of 2 weeks.
If mill operates less than full time, bonus is based on over 40
dozen pairs per day.
Full-time attendance.
In service 1 year.
In service 2 years.
In service 3 years and over.
In service 1 year and over.
{
1907-1928
L oopers...
Seamers...
Loopers...
N ot reported.
For each dozen pairs having no menders (defective hose).
For each dozen pairs having more than 1 mender (defective hose).
Based on sliding scale extending from 76 per cent to 90 per cent
ol work without menders.
Full-time attendance.
D o.
Full-time attendance and production of 20 dozen pairs per day.
INDUSTRIES,
Attendance____
___ d o ........... .
Attendance and
production.
Production____
A ttendance____
[___ d o . _ ............
1Production.......
Knitters, transfer..... ...................
Loopers......... ...............................
Knitters, transfer, and loopers..
For imperfect work found.
If 99 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 98 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 97 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 96 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 95 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 94 per cent of work passes inspection.
UNDERWEAR
_do_
10 cents per d o z e n .......................................................
25 per cent of earnings....... ..........................................
15 per cent of earnings..................................................
Penalty of 5 per cent of earnings...............................
Penalty of 10 per cent of earnings..............................
Penalty of 15 per cent of earnings.............................
Penalty of 20 per cent of earnings and 5 per cent
additional penalty for each 1 per cent under 94
. that passes inspection.
N ot reported..................................................................
fl cent per dozen......... ..................................................
\Penalty of 1 cent per dozen......... ...............................
5 to 10 per cent of earnings..........................................
AND
14
Conditions
Amount of bonus
HOSIERY
M ill
N o.
’----- d o __________
For each day tardy in month.
Full-time attendance in month.
Attendance on all days except 1 in m onth.
Attendance on all days except 2 in month.
For each day tardy in month.
If 98H per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 97H per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 9 6^ per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 95H Per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 99 per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 98^ per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 98 per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 97H per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 99 per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 98H per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 98 per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 97H per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 99 % per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 99 H per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 99 per cent ol work is satisfactory.
If 98% per cent of work is satisfactory.
If 99^ per cent of work passes inspection.
If 99H per cent of work passes inspection.
II99J4 per cent of work passes inspection.
If 99 per cent of work passes inspection.
M ust earn efficiency bonus.
D o.
At the discretion of the forelady.
Full-time attendance.
(
For very unsatisfactory work or for machine breakage when
fault of employee.
1 9 0 7 -1 9 2 8
Penalty of 25 cents...............................
[$4 per m onth........................................ .
$2 per m onth........................................ .
$1 per m onth.........................................
Penalty of 25 cents ............................. .
$4 per m onth........................................ .
$3 per m o n th ..:................................... .
Inspectors..
$2 per month........................................ .
$1 per m onth........................................ .
$8 per month........................................ .
$6 per m onth....... ................................ .
Loopers and seamers..
$4 per m onth........................................ .
$2 per m onth........................................ .
$4 per m onth........................................ .
$3 per m onth............................... .........
Menders.,
$2 per month........................................ .
$1 per month........................................ .
$4 per m onth........................................ .
$3
per m onth........................................ .
Toppers..
$2 per month........................................ .
$1.25 per m onth................................... .
$8 per month........................................
$6 per m o n t h ......................................
Knitters, leggers, and footers..
$4 per month.........................................
$2 per month.........................................
Knitters, leggers, and footers_____ Varies................ ................................... .
First legger’ s helper.......................... 50 per cent of leggers’ bonus............. .
$4, $3, $2, o r $ l ....................................
W inders. ............................................ 2% hours pay at their hourly rates...
M ale employees in the machine Penalty, but amount not reported..
cleaning, boarding, shipping,
winding, and finishing depart
ments.
INDUSTRIES,
Full-time attendance in month.
Attendance on all days except 1 in m onth.
Attendance on all days except 2 in month.
UNDERWEAR
Production....... .
Attendance-------
$6 per m onth........................................
$4 per m onth........................................
$2 per m onth.........................................
Inspectors (examining depart
ment) second leggers’ helpers,
menders, toppers, winders, other
employees in topping and wind
ing departments.
.. .d o .
AND
Efficiency..
In service 1 year and under 5 years.
In service 5 and under 10 years.
In service 10 years and over.
HOSIERY
A ttendance.
10 per cent of earnings....................... .
20 per cent of earnings.... ................... .
25 per cent of earnings.........................
A ll em ployees............. ......................
tO
T able 9. — Bonus systems of 24 hosiery and 14 underwear mills, 1928— Continued
UNDERW EAR
K ind of bonus
A ll in service over 8 years____
A ll except salaried employees..
K nitters. .....................................
Cutters.........................................
9 to 20 per cent of earnings.
5 per cent of earnings--------10 per cent of earnings.........
1 cent per dozen....................
50 per cent of earnings over $10 per week..
[$3.50 per week.
$2.50 per week..
[$1.50 per week..
For first and second week of service.
For third and fourth week of service.
For fifth and sixth week of service.
1907-1928
Service..
Piece workers on heavy weight
garments.
A ll employees of less than 6 weeks
service.
If absent not over 2 hours during 2-week pay period.
If absent over 2 hours during 2-week pay period.
If absent not over 2 hours during 2-weeks pay period.
If absent 2 hours but not over 4 hours during 2-week pay period.
I f absent over 4 hours during 2-week pay period.
For production in excess of a specified amount.
D o.
For production in excess of the standard set for a day.
For production each day during the month in excess of the stand
ard set for a day.
For production at piece rates sufficient to earn over $10 per week.
INDUSTRIES,
____d o...
Knitters.
In service over 8 years.
Ten years’ continuous service.
If all work passes inspection.
For cutting a set standard or more from a specified quantity of
cloth.
If all work passes inspection.
If work passes inspection with only 1 error during the week.
If work passes inspection with only 2 errors during the week.
If work passes inspection with only 3 errors during the week.
If work passes inspection with only 4 errors during the week.
Based on per cent Of work passed b y inspection.
/M axim um bonus if inspection is entirely satisfactory.
\The amount is decreased to minimum b y graduated scale.
D o.
Full-time attendance during week.
UNDERWEAR
[$1.25 per week................................
$1 per week................. ..................
$0.75 per week................................
$0.50 per week................................
[$0.25 per week_________________
____d o ................................................... 10,15, or 20 per cent of earnings.
-do..
Inspectors............................................ 20 per cent or less of earnings___
_do..
. . . . d o ................................................. ........d o..............................................
___d o ...........
Finishing, pressing, cutting, and 10 per cent of earnings..................
Attendance.
knitting employees.
20 per cent of earnings................
Tim e workers................................... . 5 per cent of earnings..................
........ d o ..................
25 per cent of earnings................
10 per cent of earnings................
Piece workers.
■5 per cent of earnings....... ..........
Productive.......................................... Varies.............. ........... .................
Production.
____ d o ............................................... . . . . . d o ............................................
____d o ______
A ll except cutters, packers, and /R a te and half...............................
------ d o --------\5 per cent of m onthly earnings _
shippers.
Efficiency..
Conditions
AND
Service...........
___ d o .............
/E fficien cy___
\Cloth saving.
Amount of bonus
Employees entitled
HOSIERY
M ill
N o.
29
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
PAY FOR OVERTIME, 1928
Thirteen of the 108 hosiery and 2 of the 84 underwear mills included
in the 1928 study paid to a specified part (time workers, female
time workers, or full-fashioned knitters, etc.) of the employees in
each of the mills one and one-half times the regular rate or a stated
amount ($1, 25 or 15 cents) for each hour of overtime. One hosiery
mill with regular hours of 50 per week paid time workers the regular
rate for each hour up to and including 55 and one and one-half times
the regular rate for each hour after 55.
Table 10 shows the number of mills in which overtime was paid,
the part of the employees in each mill that was paid extra for over
time, the rate or amount of pay for each hour of overtime and the
regular hours per week and per day, Monday to Friday and Saturday,
of the employees who were paid extra for overtime.
T
able
10.— Pay for overtime, employees entitledt and rate, 1928
H O S IE R Y
Regular hours per—
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Times regular rate or
extra for each hour of
overtime
Employees paid extra rate
D ay
Week
M onday
to Friday
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Tim e workers______________________
.d o .....................................................
_ .d o _____________________________
_ .d o .....................................................
.d o ___ _ _______ _____________
Female time workers _____________
Full-fashioned knitters__________
All except shipping-room employees.
All pieceworkers except boarders,
folders, and pairers.
1 Boarders, folders, menders, pairers,
winders, turners, stock-room em
ployees, boxers, labelers, stamp
ers, workers on “ seconds,” and
case packers.
(Tim e workers
___ - __ . . . . .
IFull-fashioned knitters
1
IT o p p e r s _______. . . . _____ ____ ____
.......................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
Satur
day
m i
1H ............................. - ..........
1^
m ..........................................
m
m
ih
in
1H
50
50
49H
48
55
48
48
48
48
9
9
9
m
10
m
8%
8U
8%
5
5
m
m
5
4H
3H
4H
4H
1H..........................................
48
am
0
.........................
m
$1 extra for each hour of
overtime.
25 cents extra for each hour
of overtime.
iKnitters___ _
__________________ ........ d o ...................................
1 \A11pieceworkers other than knitters . 15 cents extra for each hour
of overtime.
1 All employees............................... ........ 35 cents extra for overtime
of more than 1H hours.
47%
8%
4
50
9
5
50
9
5
49H
45
9
9
4H
0
UNDERW EAR
1
1
.........................
Tim e workers
. . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . __ m
All employees........................................ 1H ..........................................
i After 55 hours.
* M onday to Thursday; Friday, 9 hours.
DAYS WAGE EARNERS WORKED IN ONE WEEK, 1928
Table 11 shows for the employees in 6 of the representative occu
pations in the hosiery industry and for 5 in the underwear industry
average and specified number of days worked in one week in 1928.
61333°— 29------ 3
30
HOSIERY.AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
Days on which an employee worked means the number of calendar
days or parts of days in one week on which any work was done. A
full day or any part of a day was counted as a day.
The average number of days worked by employees in the occupation
is a simple average obtained by dividing the aggregate number of
days on which any work was done by the total number of employees
in the occupation.
The 1,433 male boarders in 81 of the establishments covered in 1928
worked an average of 5.5 days in one week. Less than 1 per cent
of them worked on 1 day only, 2 per cent on 2 days, 3 per cent on
3 days, 6 per cent on 4 flays, 22 per cent on 5 days, and 67 per cent
worked on 6 days.
T a b le
11.— Number of days on which employees in 11 specified occupations worked
in one week, 1928, by sex
HOSIERY
Occupation and sex
Boarders:
M ale_______ . . _________ - _____ ___
Female________________________ ___
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned:
M ale_________________________ ____
Knitters, leggeirs, full-fashioned:
M ale______________________________
Knitters, transfer:
M ale_________ ________________
..
Female____________________________
Loopers:
Female_______ ____________________
Menderis:
Female____ - _____________ . _______
Average
N um
days
N um
ber
ber of worked
of
by
em
em
estab
lish ployees ployees
i
n
i
ments
week
Per cent of employees in occupation
who in 1 week worked—
1
day
2
days
3
days
4
days
5
days
2
2
3
3
6
7
22
28
67
60
0)
1
4
15
80
0)
1
5
18
75
6
7
22
13
39
24
27
51
6
days
1,433
516
5.5
5.4
39
749
5.7
39
1,911
5.7
18
58
205
2,483
4.7
5.1
2
2
105
3,607
5.3
1
1
4
10
31
53
103
1,294
5.4
1
2
3
6
23
64
81
38
(*)
0)
0)
4
3
UNDERW EAR
Buttonhole makers:
Female_____________ ______________
Folders:
Female____________________________
Knitters, web or tube:
M ale______________________________
Female____________________________
Fressers:
M ale___________ - _________________
Female___ — _____________________
Seamers:
F e m a l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _________
76
369
5.2
1
1
5
10
41
43
66
488
5.1
1
3
4
13
30
49
73
35
446
198
5.3
5.6
1
2
1
4
1
7
4
34
27
52
67
43
„ 46
84
235
5.5
5.3
1
1
1
1
3
4
12
26
35
67
49
84
2,425
5.2
1
3
12
39
44
0)
0)
i Less than 1 per cent.
TIME WORKERS AND PIECE WORKERS, 1928
Table 12 shows for each State or group of 2 States the number of
time workers and of piece workers of each sex in each of the 6 repre
sentative occupations in the hosiery industry and in 5 representative
occupations in the underwear industry, and also the per cent that
piece workers are of the total.
A time worker is an employee who is paid an hourly, daily, or weekly
wage rate, and a piece worker is an employee who is paid a piece rate,
the unit of pay being a specified operation on hosiery or on underwear,
such as boarding, knitting the foot or the leg of hosiery, etc.
31
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
Piece workers form a vast majority of the wage earners in hosiery
and in underwear. Reading the summary figures in the table it is
seen that 11,692 or 95.9 per cent of the 12,198 employees in the 6
representative occupations in hosiery are piece workers and that only
506 or 4.1 per cent are time workers; also that 3,598 or 84.8 per cent
of the 4,245 in the 5 representative occupations in underwear are piece
workers and that only 647 or 15.2 per cent are time workers. Males
in the 6 occupations in hosiery who are paid piece rates represent
98.4 of all males, and females who are paid piece rates represent 94.5
per cent of all females in these occupations. Males in the 5 occupa
tions in underwear who are paid piece rates represent 52.6 per cent
of all males, and females who are paid piece rates represent 89.3 per
cent of all females in these occupations.
In Alabama and Louisiana 100 per cent of the boarders, 99.6 per
cent of transfer knitters, 100 per cent of the loopers, 72.2 per cent of
the menders, and 98.6 per cent of all employees in these occupations
are piece workers. The percentage of piece workers in the 6 occupa
tions in hosiery range by States from 88.6 for those in Minnesota and
Wisconsin to 99.3 per cent for those in Georgia, and in underwear
range from 59.2 per cent for those in Connecticut and Rhode Island
to 94.7 per cent for those in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
T able 12.— Number of time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1928, by State and sex
HOSIERY
State, occupation, and sex
Alabama and Louisiana:
Boarders, m ale__ ____________ ___ ________
Boarders, female __________________________
Knitters, transfer, fem ale__________________
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female____________________________
Number
Number
Number
of estab of em ploy of time
lishments
ees
workers
2
1
4
4
4
37
20
244
112
18
Piece workers
N um ber
Per cent
5
37
20
243
112
13
100.0
100.0
99.6
100.0
72.2
6
425
98.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.1
1
Total_______________ ______ ______________
Georgia:
Boarders, male__ __________________________
Boarders, female___________________________
Knitters, transfer, m a le ____________________
Knitters, transfer, female___________________
Loopers, female_____________________________
Menders, female.'___________________________
4
431
7
1
1
6
7
7
136
4
4
285
263
46
5
136
4
4
285
263
41
Total...................................................................
7
738
5
733
99.3
Illinois:
Boarders, m ale_____________________________
Boarders, female___________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, m a le ............
Knitters, loggers, full-fashioned, male_______
Knitters, transfer, female___________________
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, fe m a le .__________________________
3
3
1
1
2
5
5
50
18
4
18
51
133
85
2
1
1
48
18
4
18
51
132
84
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
98.8
6
359
4
355
98.9
97.8
27.8
88.9
88.2
100.0
100.0
94.2
92.5
Total_________________ ________ __________
Indiana:
Boarders, male_____________________________
Boarders, female____________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male_______
Knitters, loggers, full-fashioned, male_______
Knitters, transfer, female___________________
Loopers, female_____________________________
Menders, female____________________________
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
46
18
9
34
27
105
69
1
13
1
4
4
45
5
8
30
27
105
65
Total__________ ______________________ —__
3
308
23
285
32
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T able 12.— Number of time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1928, by State and sex— Continued
HOSIERY —Continued
State, occupation, and sex
M aryland and West Virginia:
Boarders, male - ____ _____ ___ _____
Knitters, transfer, male .............. .......
Knitters, transfer, female ____ ___ ____
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female____________________________
Num ber
Number
Num ber
of estab of em ploy of time
lishments
ees
workers
2
1
4
3
3
40
6
163
68
37
Total_________ . . . __ ——_________________
Massachusetts:
Boarders, male_____________________________
Boarders, female___________________________
Knitters, footers, fnll-fashionfid, male
Knitters, taggers, full-fashioned, male.
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female____________________________
4
314
5
2
7
7
7
5
38
15
70
207
87
46
Total_____________________________________
7
463
2
2
Piece workers
N um ber
Per cent
9
40
6
163
68
28
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.7
9
305
97.1
2
3
13
36
12
70
207
87
33
94.7
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
71.7
18
445
96.1
1
3
3
6
12
1
18
44
5
1
6
12
1
17
44
4
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.4
100.0
80.0
T o t a l.._______ ____________________ ______
Minnesota and Wisconsin:
Boarders, m ale_____________________________
Boarders, female_______ ____ _______________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male_______
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male_______
Knitters, transfer, m a le ____________________
Knitters, transfer, female___ _______________
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female___________________________
3
86
2
84
97.7
6
6
4
4
1
5
6
6
48
133
85
241
3
143
257
124
2
2
6
25
20
11
52
46
131
79
216
3
123
246
72
95.8
98.5
92.9
89.6
100.0
86.0
95.7
58.1
T o t a l................................. ................................
6
1,034
118
916
88.6
N ew Hampshire and Vermont:
Boarders, male_____________________________
Knitters, transfer, female. _________________
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female____________________________
6
5
6
6
18
49
73
38
14
18
49
73
24
100.0
100.0
100.0
63.2
Total...................................................................
N ew Jersey:
Boarders, male_____________________________
Boarders, female____________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, m a l e ._____
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male ____
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female_________ ___ ______________
6
178
14
164
92.1
1
3
4
4
4
4
12
55
62
205
85
80
46
12
51
62
205
85
34
100.0
92.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.5
Total...................................................................
N ew York:
Boarders, male_____________________________
Boarders, female___________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, m a l e . _____
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male_______
Loopers, female________________________ ___
Menders, female__________________________...
4
499
50
449
90.0
2
4
4
4
4
3
7
52
39
141
51
51
4
7
51
39
141
51
47
100.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.2
Total................................................................. .
N orth Carolina:
Boarders, male_____________________________
Boarders, female___________________________
Knitters, transfer, male_____________________
Knitters, transfer, female___________________
Loopers, female____________________________
Menders, female___________________________
4
341
5
336
98.5
12
1
6
7
14
14
375
16
42
211
829
115
13
3
362
16
42
211
829
112
96.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.4
Total_________________________ ___________
14
1,588
16
1,572
99.0
Michigan:
Boarders, m ale_____________________________
Boarders, female___________________________
Knitters, transfer, male___________________
TTnitt-firs, transfer, female ... .........
Loopers, female
...... .......
Menders, female___________________________
1
1
4
1
33
HOSIERY AND tJNDEItWEAft INDUSTRIES, 1007-1028
T a b l e 1 2 . — Number
of time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1928, by State and sex— Continued
H O S IE R Y —Continued
State, occupation, and sex
Pennsylvania:
Boarders, male....................................... .
Boarders, female..................................
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male.
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male
Knitters, transfer, female.....................
Loopers, female...................................... .
Menders, female....................................
Number
Number
Number
cf estab of em ploy ot time
lishments
ees
workers
16
10
18
18
11
23
24
392
136
480
1,065
677
874
379
Total......................................................
Tennessee:
Boarders, male........................................
Boarders, female....... .............................
Knitters, transfer, male.........................
Knitters, transfer, female......................
Loopers, female.......................................
Menders, female.................................... .
24
Number
Per cent
1
2
125
379
111
480
1,065
676
872
254
96.7
81.6
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.8
67.0
4,003
166
3,837
95.9
12
2
7
9
13
13
203
35
137
516
546
187
1
3
1
60
202
35
137
513
545
127
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.8
67.9
Total......................................................
13
1,624
65
1,559
96.0
Virginia:
Boarders, male.......................................
Boarders, female................ ..................
Knitters, transfer, male.........................
Knitters, transfer, female....................
Loopers, female......................................
Menders, female.................................... .
3
1
1
3
3
3
25
2
12
99
80
14
5
25
2
12
99
80
9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
64.3
3
232
5
227
97.8
81
38
39
39
18
58
105
103
1,433
516
749
1,911
205
2,483
3,607
1,294
34
48
7
29
26
15
347
1,399
468
742
1,882
205
2,457
3,592
947
97.6
90.7
99.1
98.5
100.0
99.0
99.6
73.2
108
12,198
506
11,692
95.9
5
5
5
5
3
4
6
10
19
13
34
5
12
49
4
13
29
1
1
10
10
15
100.0
78.9
5
4
11
39
14.7
80.0
91.7
79.6
Total........................................
Illinois:
Buttonhole makers, fem ale.. .
Folders, female..........................
Knitters, web or tube, male__
Knitters, web or tube, female.
Pressers, male............................
Seamers, female ........................
6
142
58
84
59.2
3
3
3
2
1
3
11
23
8
9
2
60
5
8
9
2
5
11
18
100.0
78.3
55
91.7
Total........................................
3
113
29
84
74.3
Indiana:
Buttonhole makers, fem ale.. .
Folders, female............... .........
Knitters, web or tube, male__
Knitters, web or tube, female.
Pressers, male...........................
Pressers, fem ale........................
Seamers, female.......................
3
3
3
1
2
2
3
9
12
18
6
4
8
50
9
9
8
100.0
75.0
44.4
2
8
48
100.0
96.0
Total........................................
3
107
25
82
76.6
Total......................................................
All States:
Boarders, male.......................................
Boarders, female___________________ _
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male
Knitters, transfer, male........................
Knitters, transfer, female.....................
Loopers, female......................................
Menders, female....................................
Total...................................................
13
25
Piece workers
UNDERW EAR
Connecticut and Rhode Island:
Buttonhole makers, fem a le...
Folders, female..........................
Knitters, web or tube, m a le ..
Knitters, web or tube, female.
Pressers, male............................
Pressers, female.........................
Seamers, female ........................
3
10
6
4
34
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T a b l e 1 2 , — Number
of time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1928, by State and sex— Continued
U N D E R W E A R —Continued
Number
Number
Number
of estab of em ploy of time
lishments
ees
workers
State, occupation, and sex
Massachusetts:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female...................... ..............................
Knitters, web or tube, m ale________________
Knitters, web or tube, female__________ ____
Pressers, male______________________________
Pressers, female____________________________
Seamers, female___________________ ____ ___
4
3
3
1
1
4
4
26
40
42
13
2
31
257
6
26
Piece workers
N um ber
Per cent
20
14
42
76.9
35.0
100.0
8
83
2
23
174
100.0
74.2
67.7
275
66.9
13
Total...................................................................
4
411
136
Michigan:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female_________ _____ __ _______ __
Knitters, web or tube, m ale________________
Knitters, web or tube, female_______________
■prftjwers,' female__
’
......
Seamers, female
__
. _ ___ _
3
3
2
3
3
3
8
16
2
19
11
88
6
2
6
3
1
8
10
100.0
62.5
13
8
87
68.4
72.7
98.9
Total...................................................................
3
144
18
126
87.5
Minnesota and Wisconsin:
4
25
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
3
45
Folders, fe m a le .................... .............. ........
3
________________
Knitters, web or tube,
male 9
4
30
Knitters, web or tube^ female_______________
4
52
Pressers, female____________________________
4
178
Seamers, female__________________ _________
2
4
7
5
25
45
7
26
45
173
100.0
100.0
77.8
86. 7
86.5
97.2
18
321
94.7
100.0
80,0
28.9
71.4
100.0
97.8
Total...................................................................
4
339
N ew Hampshire and Vermont:
3
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
3
Folders, female___ _ __ ___________________
3
________________
Knitters, web or tube,
m ale
3
Pressers, m ale.. ___________________________
1
Pressers, female____________________________
3
Seamers, female____________________________
17
15
38
7
8
93
2
17
12
11
5
8
91
Total...................................................................
3
178
34
144
80.9
N ew York:
Buttonhole makers, female____________ - ___
Folders, female_____________________________
Knitters, web or tube, m ale_______ ________
Knitters, web or tube, female__ ____________
Pressers, male______________________________
Pressers, female....... ............................................
Seamers, female____________________________
27
25
23
8
20
11
27
153
158
152
29
43
39
868
3
23
46
5
23
7
9
150
133
108
24
20
32
859
98.0
85.3
69.7
82.8
46.5
82.1
99.0
3
27
2
Total...................................................................
27
1,440
116
1,324
91.9
North Carolina:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female___ ____ ____________________
Knitters, web or tube, m ale________________
Knitters, web or tube, female_______________
Pressers, male______________________________
Pressers, female____ . _______________________
Seamers, female.......................... ........................
3
4
4
2
3
1
4
20
27
25
4
8
1
105
3
3
8
2
5
1
1
17
24
17
2
3
85.0
88.9
68.0
50.0
37.5
104
99.0
T otal...................................................................
4
190
23
167
87.9
Pennsylvania:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female__________ __________________
Knitters, web or tube, male_________________
Knitters, web or tube, female_______________
Pressers, male______________________________
Pressers, female____________________________
Seamers, female_____- ______________________
13
6
17
9
5
13
19
36
50
75
54
5
67
367
11
72
39
3
24
36
39
3
15
2
43
367
100.0
78.0
4.0
27.8
40.0
64.2
100.0
19
654
149
505
77.2
Totftl
.... ..... ..........................
,
35
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T a b l e 1 2 . — Number
of time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1928, by State and sex— Continued
UNDERWEAR— Continued
State, occupation, and sex
Number
Num ber
Number
of estab of em ploy of time
lishments
ees
workers
Piece workers
Number
Per cent
Tennessee:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female_____________________________
TTnitt.prs, wfth or tube, male
Pressers, male______________________________
Pressors, female____________________________
Seamers, female________ ____ ______________
5
5
4
2
3
5
44
71
49
5
6
237
1
9
3
4
11
44
70
40
2
2
226
100.0
98.6
81.6
40.0
33.3
95.4
384
93.2
10
12
7
100.0
85.7
46.7
T otal...................................................................
5
412
28
Virginia:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female. ___________________________
Knitters, web or tube, male________________
Pressers, male______________________________
Seamers, female___________ ________________
3
3
3
3
3
10
14
15
3
73
2
8
3
73
100.0
Total...................................................................
3
115
13
102
88.7
All States:
Buttonhole makers, female_________________
Folders, female. ___________________________
Knitters, web or tube, male________________
Knitters, web or tube, female_______________
Pressers, male______________________________
Pressers, female_____________________________
Seamers, female____________ _______________
76
66
73
35
43
46
84
369
488
446
198
84
235
2,425
12
87
205
113
46
55
129
357
401
241
85
38
180
2,296
96.7
82.2
54.0
42.9
45.2
76.6
94.7
Total_____________________________________
84
4,245
647
3,598
84.8
INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS, 1923 TO 1928
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in “ hosiery and
knit goods” are presented in Table 13 for each month and for each
of the years 1923 to 1928, with the 1926 average number of employees
and the 1926 average amount of pay rolls taken as a base or 100 per
cent. The figures in this table are published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics in monthly reports on “ Trend of Employment.”
The figures in all other tables in this bulletin are for “ hosiery
and underwear.” Those in this table are for “ hosiery and knit
goods.” It is believed that the numbers in this table represent
the trend of employment and of pay rolls in hosiery and underwear
because data for these two industries constitute a vast majority of
the material included by the United States Census of Manufactures
under “ knit goods.”
During the period 1923 to 1928 the monthly volume of employ
ment index was highest (105.3) in April, 1923, and lowest (78.7) in
July, 1924, and pay rolls were lowest (62.6) in July, 1924, and highest
(106.8) in October, 1927.
Employment decreased from an index of 100 in 1926 to 94.7 in
1928, or 5.3 per cent, and pay rolls decreased from 100 in 1926 to
97.3 in 1928, or 2.7 per cent. Between 1927 and 1928 employment
decreased 4.3 per cent and pay rolls decreased 4.8 per cent.
36
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
able
13.— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1928, in hosiery
and knit goods, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100.0]
Index numbers of—
M onth
January...............
February............
M arch.................
A pril....................
M a y ....................
June.....................
July.....................
August................
September..........
October...............
Novem ber..........
December______
Average.
Employment
Pay-roll totals
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
101.8
103.1
104.7
105.3
105.2
104.0
99.9
100.3
99.3
100.3
101.3
100.5
99.8
101.2
102.5
100.7
96.6
91.9
78.7
81.5
85.7
88.7
91.1
93.2
94.4
98.6
100.5
101.0
100.5
99.7
98.1
98.4
100.2
103.3
104.4
103.8
102.8
103.8
103.9
102.3
100.5
99.2
93.2
95.6
97.0
100.1
100.9
100.9
99.8*
100.4
100.3
100.4
99.7
99.3
93.0
94.6
98.6
100.2
101.6
99.9
97.8
99.1
98.3
96.1
94.8
94.0
88.9
89.8
92.5
94.3
95.6
95.2
84.0
89.5
94.0
96.4
98.4
95.0
85.8
86.7
87.3
91.4
92.5
94.0
89.2
94.0
94.5
92.4
86.6
79.7
62.6
68.5
73.2
80.7
83.9
89.4
88.0
95.0
98.1
95.6
97.1
94.1
90.1
94.8
92.9
102.4
104.2
104.3
*98.7
104.4
104.9
101.4
101.5
98.5
89.5
95.3
94.6
103.7
103.9
103.6
99.8
105.0
106.3
104.7
105.6
102.2
90.2
95.5
98.8
106.8
106.1
105.7
100.1
102.4
101.5
95.9
96.4
96.2
85.1
90.0
94.1
102.4
101.0
101.9
102.1
92.6
100.2
100.0
99.0
94.7
91.3
82.9
96.4
100.0
102.2
97.3
SCOPE AND METHOD
The figures for each occupation in the tables of this report were
computed from the combined data of time workers and piece workers
and are for all classes of employees in hosiery and in underwear except
officials; supervisory, clerical, and powerhouse employees; watchmen;
teamsters or chauffeurs hauling to and from the mills; janitors who
clean offices, wash rooms, etc.; and mechanics who construct new or
repair old buildings. The earnings of all time and piece work em
ployees were reduced to equivalent time rates.
Average earnings per hour of employees in each occupation as
presented in the various tables in this report were computed by divid
ing the combined earnings of all employees in the occupation during
the pay period covered by the combined hours worked by all em
ployees in the occupation.
Average full-time hours per week of all employees in each occupation
were computed by dividing the combined full-time hours per week of
all employees in the occupation by the number of employees in the
occupation during the pay period covered. The full-time hours per
week of each employee were used in arriving at this average, even
though some employees worked more or less than full time on account
of overtime, sickness, disability, or other cause.
Average full-time earnings per week of employees in each occupa
tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of
all employees in the occupation by the average full-time hours per
week. This is on the assumption that the earnings for full time would
have been at the same average rate per hour as for the time that was
actually worked in the one week covered by the study.
Data relative to wages and hours are shown separately for the most
important occupations in hosiery and in underwear. Employees not
included in any of the specified occupations are included in the mis
HOSIERY AND TJNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
37
cellaneous group of “ other employees.” The occupations for each
industry are arranged in alphabetical order as follows:
Hosiery
Boarders.
Folders.
Inspectors.
Knitters, automatic.
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned.
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned.
Knitters' helpers, full-fashioned.
Knitters, rib.
Knitters, transfer.
Loopers.
Machine fixers.
Menders.
Pairers or maters.
Seamers, full-fashioned.
Seamers, mock.
Toppers, full-fashioned.
Welters.
Winders.
Underwear
Buttonhole makers.
Button sewers.
Cutters, hand, layers-up, and markers.
Cutters, power.
Finishers.
Folders.
Hemmers.
Inspectors.
Knitters, cuff and ankle.
Knitters, web or tube.
Machine fixers.
Menders.
Pressers.
Press hands,
Seamers.
Winders.
A number of the mills included in the report were engaged in the
manufacture of articles other than hosiery and knit underwear. The
departments making the articles were of little importance and the
employees in them were not included in the study. Therefore, all of
the figures in the report relate to conditions of only such employees as
were engaged in the manufacture of hosiery and of knit underwear.
In selecting mills from which to obtain data the bureau endeavored
to represent all States in which the manufacture of hosiery or of under
wear is of material importance. This was determined by the number
of wage earners as reported by the Census of Manufactures. Accord
ing to the 1925 census 96 per cent of the total number of wage earners
in hosiery and 95 per cent of the wage earners in underwear were
employed in the States included in the report. The great mass of the
1928 data were collected from the records of the various mills included
in the report for a pay period in September, October, November, or
December, and therefore are representative of the conditions in those
months.
In the 19 States included in hosiery, data were obtained from 108
mills for 28,445 wage earners, or 27 per cent of the total number in
hosiery in 1925, the latest year for which census figures are available.
In the 15 States included in underwear, data were obtained from. 84
mills for 15,056 wage earners, or 31 per cent of the total number in
underwear in 1925. The majority of the mills in hosiery and in under
wear pay employees every week. Data for those that pay every two
weeks or half month were so taken as to make it possible to present
figures for one week for all mills.
Data for a few large mills are for only a part of the total number of
the wage earners in such mills, as the inclusion of data for all employees
in them would have tended to overweight and possibly impair the
averages for the States in which the large mills are located.
Since 1924 folders, male, and inspectors, male, have become so few
in number that they have been included with the miscellaneous group
of “ other employees.”
38
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
Table 14 shows the number of wage earners in hosiery and in under
wear in each State in 1925, as reported by the Census of Manufac
tures, and the number of establishments and wage earners included in
the 1928 study.
14,— Number of wage earners in 1925 as reported by the United States
Census of Manufactures and the number of establishments and of wage earners
*for which 1928 data are presented in the report, by States
T able
N um ber of wage earners
reported in 1925 census
Establishments and employees for which data
are shown b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Hosiery
State
Hosiery
Underwear
Establish
ments
Alabama...................................
Louisiana.................... - ..........
Connecticut.............................
R hode Island______________
Georgia....................................
Illinois............. ........................
Indiana...................................
M aryland__________________
West Virginia______________
Massachusetts_____________
__________________
M innesota.............................
Wisconsin__________________
N ew Hampshire___________
Verm ont___________________
N ew Jersey___ ____________
N ew Y ork_________________
North Carolina____________
Pennsylvania____________
Tennessee__________________
Virginia________ - __________
Total..............................
0)
(*)
(0
1,424
834
(l)
4,945
0)
3,152
V)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(!)
(l)
4,454
3,820
1,125
Michigan0 )
0)
0)
8,170
2,019
(*)
1,087
170
3,301
0)
1,668
18,010
11,452
0)
7,898
37,529
11,500
(*)
1,786
739
0)
(0
0)
*103,930
Underwear
* 48,328
Establish
ments
Wage
earners
731
}
\
J ..................
7
6
3
>
Wage
earners
;
3
I
6
I
1
A
6
*
4
14
24
13
3
A
108
6
609
1,408
1,028
837
657
3
3
444
393
1,154
333
4
3
2,352
423
997
4
3
1,562
527
1,059'
780
3,898
9,935
3,407
505
27
4
19
5
3
5,302:
640:
2,192.
1,291
423
28,445
84
15,056.
614
* N ot reported separately.
* Includes items not reported above and employees in other States not listed.
IMPORTANCE OF KNIT-GOODS INDUSTRY, 1849 TO 1927
Table 15 shows the growth of all classes of knit goods, including
hosiery and underwear, between 1849 and 1927, and also of hosiery
and of underwear separately between 1923 and 1927 in number of
establishments, capital, cost of materials, value of products, average
number of wage earners, Imd in amount paid to wage earners. The
figures are as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures..
Average per capita yearly earnings of wage earners, as computed by
the bureau, are presented in the table.
According to the reports of the Census there has, since 1919, been
a great increase in the production of full-fashioned hosiery in the
United States. Production increased from 7,566,741 dozen pairs in
1919 to 11,230,867 dozen pairs in 1923 or 48.4 per cent; to 13,899,973
dozen pairs in 1925, an increase of 83.7 per cent; and to 21,070,445
dozen pairs in 1927, or an increase of 178.5 per cent in 8 years. In
1927 the production of full-fashioned hosiery was 19.2 per cent of
the total production of all hosiery. In 1927 the production of seam
less hosiery was 88,935,470 dozen pairs or 80.8 per cent of the total
of all hosiery. Seamless hosiery decreased 1 per cent between 1925
and 1927, compared with an increase of 51.6 in full-fashioned hosiery*
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
39
All classes of knit-goods establishments, including hosiery and un
derwear, increased from 85 in 1849 to 2,323 in 1923 and then decreased
to 1*987 in 1925 and to 1,869 in 1927. The 1,869 establishments in
1927 included 672 hosiery and 285 underwear mills.
Capital invested in all classes of knit goods, including hosiery and
underwear, increased from $545^000 in 1849 to $516,458,000 in 1919.
No figures for this item are available for any year since 1919.
Cost of materials used in the manufacture of all classes of knit
goods, including hosiery and underwear, increased from $415,000 in
1849 to $484,020,000 in 1923 and decreased to $453,926,000 in 1925
and to $424,099,000 in 1927. The $424,099,000 in 1927 included
$229*940,000 for hosiery and $90,728,000 for underwear.
The value of all classes of manufactured knit goods, including
hosiery and underwear, increased from $1,028,000 in 1849 to $713,140,000 in 1919; decreased to $634,074,000 in 1921; increased to
$848,177,000 in 1923; decreased to $809,960,000 in 1925; and increased
to $816,620,000 in 1927. Hosiery products increased in value from
$390,273,000 in 1923 to $421,180,000 in 1925 and to $456,913,000 in
1927. Between 1925 and 1927 the value of full-fashioned hosiery
increased 57.2 per cent and seamless hosiery decreased 16.2 per cent.
Underwear products increased in value from $182,355,000 in 1923 to
$188,570,000 in 1925 and decreased to $173,423,000 in 1927.
Wage earners in all classes of knit-goods establishments, including
hosiery and underwear, increased from 2,325 in 1849 to 172,572 in
1919; decreased to 161,880 in 1921; increased to 194,244 in 1923; de
creased to 186,668 in 1925; and increased to 190,283 in 1927. The
number of wage earners in hosiery increased from 96,957 in 1923 to
103,930 in 1925 and to 112,842 in 1927, and in underwear decreased
from 48,552 in 1923 to 48,328 in 1925 and to 46,227 in 1927.
The amount paid to wage earners in all classes of knit-goods estab
lishments increased from $360,000 in 1849 to $188,163,000 in 1927.
The amount in 1927 included $114,678,000 paid to those in hosiery
and $39,183,000 to those in underwear.
Wage earners in all classes earned a yearly average of $155 in 1849
and $989 in 1927; in hosiery earned an average of $812 in 1923, $899
in 1925, and $1,016 in 1927; and wage earners in underwear earned
a yearly average of $822 in 1923. $831 in 1925, and $848 in 1927.
Between 1925 and 1927 cost of materials in hosiery increased 0.8
per cent; value of products increased 8.5 per cent; wage earners
increased 8.6 per cent; amount paid in wages increased 22.8 per
cent; and average yearly earnings increased 13 per cent.
Between 1925 and 1927 the cost of material in underwear decreased
18.1 per cent; the value of products decreased 8 per cent; the number
of wage earners decreased 4.3 per cent; the amount paid to wage
earners decreased 2.4 per cent; and average yearly earnings increased
2 per cent.
40
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
able
15.— Number of establishments, capital, cost of material, value of products,
wage earners, and earnings, in the knit-goods industry, by year and class
Year
Class
All classes...
____ d o...........
........d o...........
........do______
........d o...........
........d o...........
____ d o...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........ d o...........
____ do...........
___ d o ...........
1923........................ •{Hosiery____
Underwear..
All classes...
1925........................ •Hosiery____
Underwear..
(All classes__
1927........................ •(Hosiery____
[Underwear..
1849........................
1859........................
1869 i......................
1879........................
1889........................
1899........................
1904....................
1909........................
1914....................
1919........................
1921........................
Number
of estab
lish
ments
85
197
248
398
824
1,006
1,144
1,374
1,622
2,050
2,078
2,323
721
326
1,987
683
298
1,869
672
285
Value
Cost of
Average
Capital materials
of all
(in thou (in thou products number
of wage
(in thou earners
sands)
sands)
sands)
$545
4,036
10,931
15,732
50,686
82,066
106,943
163,641
215,826
516,458
(2)
(2)
(2)
(A
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$415
3,202
9,836
15,450
35,950
51,195
76,789
110,241
146,687
427,096
360,458
484,020
222,411
106,760
453,926
228,142
110,773
424,099
229,940
90,728
$1,028
7,281
18,412
29,614
67,447
95,834
137,076
200,143
258,913
713,140
634,074
848,177
390,273
182,355
809,960
421,180
188,570
816,620
456,913
173,423
2,325
9,103
14,788
30,699
59,774
83,691
104,092
129,275
150,520
172,572
161,880
194,244
96,957
48,552
186,668
103,930
48,328
190,283
112,842
46,227
Amount Average
paid to
yearly
wage
earnings
earners
of
wage
(in thou earners
sands)
$360
1,662
4,429
6,839
16,614
24,434
31,615
44,740
59,758
125,200
132,190
168,272
78,762
39,932
168,683
93,383
40,145
188,163
114,678
39,183
$155
183
299
223
278
292
304
346
397
725
817
866
812
822
904
899
831
989
1,016
848
1 The financial figures for 1869 are given in currency, which at that time was worth only about 80 cents
gold to the dollar. For strict comparison, therefore, these figures should be reduced about 20 per cent,
* N ot reported.
GENERAL TABLES
In addition to the preceding text tables data are also shown by
occupations and States in five general tables as follows:
T a b l e A —Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1928, by occu
pation, sex and State.
This table shows for each occupation in hosiery and in underwear
and for each, State or group of two States all of the various averages
which have been computed from the data collected in 1928. The
averages are days on which employees actually worked in one week,
full-time hours per week, hours actually worked in one week, earn
ings per hour, and full-time and actual earnings in one week. The
table also shows the per cent that the hours actually worked in one
week is of full-time hours per week.
The 37 boarders, male, of the 2 hosiery mills in Alabama and
Louisiana, as shown in the table, worked an average of 5.3 days or
parts of days in one week. Their average full-time hours per week
were 54.0, and they actually worked an average of 43.4 hours in
one week or 80.4 per cent of their average full-time hours per week.
They earned an average of 30.0 cents per hour and $12.99 in one
week. Had they worked full-time in the week at the same average
earnings per hour as was earned in the 43.4 hours they would have,
earned $16.20. This explanation applies to data in this occupation
for other States and also to other occupations in the table.
T a b le B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified
occupations, 1928, by sex and State.
T a b le C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11
specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State.
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
41
T a b le D.—Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State.
T a b le E.—Average and classified actual earnings in one week in
11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State.
Tables B, C, D, and E are limited to the employees in 11 repre
sentative occupations—6 in hosiery and 5 in underwear.
42
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per houri and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State
able
H O S IE R Y
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
Aver
age
N um N um ber of
Per
age
age
age
age
full
ber of ber of days on full
hours
cent
actual
which time actually of full earn time earn
estab em
earn
ings
lish ploy
em
hours worked time
ings
per
ings
ments
ees ployees per
in one worked hour
one
per in
worked week week
week
week
in one
week
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia_______________________
Illinois_______________ ______ _
Indiana.......................... .............
Maryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts________________
Michigan................................... _
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey___________________
N ew York....................................
North Carolina——___________
Pennsylvania_________________
Tennessee____________________
Virginia______________________
2
7
3
2
2
5
2
6
6
1
2
12
16
12
3
37
136
50
46
40
38
6
48
18
(0
7
375
392
203
25
5.3
5.3
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.6
0)
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.7
54.0
55.0
57.4
50.0
53.6
48.0
51.5
50.3
51.1
0)
50.8
55.8
52.5
54.5
53.6
43.4
46.0
53.1
49.9
44.3
47.0
48.3
48.5
48.9
0)
49.7
49.4
48.7
47.7
47.5
80.4 $0.300 $16.20
83.6
.313 17.22
92.5
.335 19.23
99.8
.659 32.95
82.6
.484 25.94
97.9
.744 35.71
93.8
.718 36.98
96.4
.507 25.50
95.7
.493 25.19
0)
0)
0)
97.8
.504 25.60
88.5
.433 24.16
92.8
.776 40.74
87.5
.358 19.51
88.6
.292 15.65
$12.99
14.40
17.82
32.90
21.41
34.91
34.73
24.60
24.12
0)
25.06
21.40
37.78
17.06
13.87
All States..................................
81
1,433
5.5
53.8
48.2
89.6
.521
28.03
25.12
Boarders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia______________________
Illinois....................... ..................
Indiana______________________
Massachusetts____ ___________
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Jersey______________ _____
New Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina_______ _____ __
Pennsylvania____ ____________
Tennessee____________________
Virginia........................................
1
1
3
2
2
2
6
3
4
1
10
2
1
(*)
0)
18
18
15
12
133
55
52
0)
136
35
0)
0)
0)
5.9
5.7
6.0
5.2
5.6
5.6
5.4
0)
5.2
5.6
0)
0)
(l)
51.7
49.2
48.0
50.8
49.7
47.0
47.9
0)
49.7
54.1
0)
0)
0)
50.4
47.9
48.0
30.9
42.2
40.6
42.3
0)
41.2
37.8
0)
0)
0)
97.5
97.4
100.0
60.8
84.9
86.4
88.3
0)
82.9
69.9
0)
0)
(9
.285
.323
.387
.549
.483
.667
.568
0)
.564
.257
0)
0)
0)
14.73
15.89
18.58
27.89
24.01
31.35
27.21
0)
28.03
13.90
0)
0
0)
14.35
15.49
18.58
16.99
20.37
27.04
24.05
(0
23.22
9.72
0)
A ll States___________________
38
516
5.4 | 50.0
42.0
84.0
.486
24.30
20.40
Folders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia_______________________
Illinois_______________________
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West V irginia..
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Jersey...................................
New Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina________ _____ _
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee............... .....................
Virginia______________________
3
5
3
3
1
1
3
5
4
1
3
10
20
12
2
15
36
22
24
0)
(0
20
37
15
0)
12
109
176
92
9
5.0
5.5
5.9
5.2
0)
(l)
5.9
5.6
4.7
0)
5.8
5.1
5.5
5.2
5.2
54.4
54.2
55.8
49.8
0)
0)
51.2
49.8
49.0
0)
48.4
55.4
50.6
54.4
55.6
42.2
48.5
53.6
42.1
0)
(9
45.6
44.9
37.4
0)
47.6
48.9
47.0
45.9
46.2
77.6
89.5
96.1
84.5
0)
0)
89.1
90.2
76.3
0)
98.3
88.2
92.9
84.4
83.1
.244
.203
.252
.368
0
0)
.240
.363
.316
0)
.481
.325
.423
.273
.187
13.27
11.00
14.06
18.33
0)
(*)
12.29
18.08
15.48
0)
23.28
18.01
21.40
14.85
10.40
10.30
9.87
13.49
15.48
0)
0)
10.91
16.32
11.83
0)
22.91
15.92
19.89
12.52
8.62
76
595
5.4
52.4
46.7
89.1
.337
17.66
15.73
All States__________________
i Data included in total.
43
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
A,— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per weekt average earnings per houry and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
H O S IE R Y —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Inspectors, female:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia..........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West Virginia. _
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey..................................
New Y ork ....................................
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
All States..................................
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
4
7
6
3
4
7
3
6
6
3
4
14
23
13
3
106
Knitters, automatic, male:
Georgia........................................
Illinois............................. ............
Indiana.........................................
Michigan______________ ______
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and VermontNorth Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania....... .................. .
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
All States......... ........................
6
1
42
Knitters, automatic, female:
Georgia.........................................
Illinois...........................................
Michigan..................... ...............
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Hampshire and VermontN orth Carolina...... .....................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee........ ............................
5
4
1
1
5
4
12
3
Aver
age
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
Aver
age
Per
age
age
N um ber of
age
age
full
ber of days on full
hours
actual
cent
earn time
which time actually of full
em
earn
ings
earn
ploy
hours {worked time
ings
em
ings
in one worked per
ees ployees per
hour
per in one
week
week
worked
week week
in one
week
68
108
70
92
69
53
49
170
32
30
67
274
456
300
59
1,897
56
63
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.4
4.8
5.8
5.5
5.6
5.2
5.8
5.3
5.1
5.4
5.5
5.8
5.4
55.1
55.2
54.2
49.8
53.3
48.0
50.5
49.7
51.2
46.5
48.1
55.6
50.7
54.2
52.7
5.3
5.4
56.1
55.7
(9
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
45
17
309
19
96
5.5
5.6
5.1
4.5
5.1
52.3
48.0
47.3
46.3
47.9
43.6
45.8
42.3
45.0
45.6
44.9
42.6
47.1
44.9
49.4
51.2
46.4
52.4
50.5
87.1 $0.174
85.7
.190
85.4
.295
96.2
.407
81.8
.228
95.4
.453
83.8
.281
90.5
.355
89.1
.316
96.6
.573
88.6
.419
84.7
.267
88.6
.413
91.1
.224
97.2
.171
88.7
.313
$9.59
10.49
15.99
20.27
12.15
21.74
14.19
17.64
16.18
26.64
20.15
14.85
20.94
12.14
9.01
16.37
$8.33
9.01
13.67
19.51
9.92
20.74
11.88
15.97
14.40
25.72
17.83
12.55
18.55
11.06
8.75
14.51
93.4
90.7
.331
.504
18.57
28.07
*17.36
25.43
99.3
97.9
89.8
90.6
92.2
.423
.488
.394
.576
.344
23.01
28.30
22.10
30.64
19.44
22.86
27.71
19.85
27.73
17.91
(0
0)
<»)
0)
0)
0)
54.4
58.0
56.1
53.2
56.5
54.0
56.8
50.4
48.2
52.1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(»)
0)
0)
0)
V)
0)
640
5.2
55.8
51.3
91.9
.414
23.10
21.23
2
2
3
6
4
3
5
5
4
21
25
54
23
38
45
81
5.3
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.4
5.1
4.8
5.1
55.8
58.1
51.8
49.9
50.3
55.0
48.8
52.7
49.5
50.3
45.2
46.9
45.8
48.6
41.7
47.9
88.7
86.6
87.3
94.0
91.1
88.4
85.5
90.9
.264
.339
.449
.384
.470
.311
.419
.291
14.73
19.70
23.26
19.16
23.64
17.11
20.45
15.34
13.07
17.06
20.26
18.01
21.50
15.09
17.49
13.91
A ll States......... .........................
30
291
5.2
52.1
46.6
89.4
.359
18.70
16.74
Knitters, full-fashioned, footers,
male:
Illinois..........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.... ..................... ^_
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork......................... ..........
Pennsylvania_________ _______
A ll States..................................
1
1
7
4
4
4
18
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
Knitters, full-fashioned, leggers,
male:
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Jersey..................................
N ew Y ork...................................
Pennsylvania____________ ____
A ll States___________________
1Data included in total.
h
70
85
62
39
480
0)
0)
5.6
5.9
5.9
6.7
5.7
48.2
49.6
48.5
48.9
50.7
50.1
39
749
5.7
1
1
7
4
4
4
18
0)
0207
)
0)
05.8
)
241
205
141
1,065
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.5
48.8
50.3
49.8
49.5
51.3
39
1,911
5.7
50.7
0)
0)
45.8
48.7
47.8
46.9
50.1
49.2
95.0
98.2
98.6
95.9
98.8
98.2
0)
0
)
48.3
0
)
99.0
49.7
50.1
48.6
51.1
50.3
98.8
100.6
98.2
99.6
99.2
0)
0)
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
1.636
1.190
1.618
1.816
1.577
78.86
59.02
78.47
88.80
79.95
74.87
58.00
77.33
85.18
78.98
1.546
77.45
76.10
(*)
0)
1.473
1.008
1.361
1.563
1.354
1.329
0)
0)
71.88
50.70
67.78
77.37
69.46
67.38
(*>
0)
71.18
50.11
68.14
75.94
69.23
66.87
44
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
A,— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sexf and State— Continued
able
H O S IE R Y —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Aver Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
age
Num N um ber of
age
Per
age
age
age
full
ber of ber of days on full
hours
cent
actual
earn
time
which
time actually of full
estab em
earn
ings
earn
lish ploy
em
hours worked time
ings
ings
in one worked per
ments
ees ployees per
hour
per in one
worked week week
week
week
in one
week
Knitters’ helpers, full-fashioned,
male:
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
M assachusetts............................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork....................................
Pennsylvania............. .................
A ll States..................................
1
1
6
4
1
3
17
33
Knitters, rib, male:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia..........................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana.........................................
M aryland and West V irginia..
M ichigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
0
0
50
989
1,231
0
0)
5.6
5.7
0)
5.9
5.7
5.7
48.5
49.8
0
49.4
51.6
51.1
51.1
2
5
1
1
4
1
1
3
6
5
8
3
9
16
0)
<1)
6
0
0
9
17
12
35
9
5.7
5.3
0)
0)
5.7
0)
0
4.1
5.2
5.5
4.8
5.9
56.0
55.6
(l>
0
54.2
0
0
54.8
55.0
50.8
53.6
53.0
55.4
46.9
0
0
52.5
0)
0
37.1
49.8
47.7
45.2
52.7
98.9
84.4
0
0)
96.9
0)
0
67.7
90.5
93.9
84.3
99.4
.258
.241
0
0
.284
0
0
.476
.278
.444
.343
.344
14.45
13.40
0
0
15.39
0)
0
26.08
15.29
22.56
18.38
18.23
14.30
11.32
0)
(0
14.90
0
0
17.63
13.86
21.18
15.53
18.15
120
5.2
54.0
47.8
88.5
.333
17.98
15.95
5
5
22
19
0)
0
0
0
6.0
4.4
5.0
4.9
0
0
0)
0)
49.9
49.7
50.4
53.2
0
0
0)
0
47.7
36.7
42.9
42.4
0
0
0
0)
95.6
73.8
85.1
79.7
0
0
0
0
.376
.304
.438
.290
0)
0
0
0)
18.76
15.11
22.08
15.43
0
0
0
0)
17.90
11.16
18.78
12.29
15.10
A ll States..................................
40
Knitters, rib, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
Illinois..........................................
Maryland and West V irginia..
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
1
1
1
1
4
3
6
3
84
74
0
0)
0)
0
0
8
846.4
48.5
0
49.6
51.9
0
0
0
95.7 $0,349 $16.93
97.4
.396 19.72
0
(0
CO100.4
.331 ie. 85
.344 17.75
100.6
100.0
.346 17.68
8
All States................................._
20
74
5.2
51.5
44.2
85.8
.342
17.61
Knitters, transfer, male:
Georgia..........................................
Maryland and West Virginia..
Michigan....... .............................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
North Carolina............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
1
1
1
1
6
7
1
0)
0)
0
0)
42
137
0
0
0
0)
0
4.5
4.7
0
0
0)
0
0
55.0
53.9
0
0
0)
0)
0
8
0)
45.5
46.5
0
80 )
8
0
8
0
8
$16.21
19.22
0)
16.43
17.86
17.67
0
s
82.7
86.3
0
.322
.306
0
17.71
16.49
0
0
14.68
14.21
0
All States..................................
18
205
4.7
53.8
46.0
85.5
.317
17.05
14.58
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
M aryland and West V irginia..
Michigan............. ........................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontNorth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania_______ _________
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
4
6
2
1
4
1
5
5
7
11
9
3
244
285
51
0
163
0)
143
49
211
677
516
99
5.3
5.1
5.5
0
4.7
0
5.6
4.4
5.4
4.9
5.0
5.4
55.0
55.3
51.7
0
54.3
0)
49.7
49.6
55.2
51.6
53.7
53.4
48.6
45.6
47.1
0
43.0
0
45.5
38.0
49.7
44.3
44.2
46.6
88.4
82.5
91.1
0)
79.2
0
91.5
76.6
90.0
85.9
82.3
87.3
.218
.199
.266
0
.279
0
.395
.343
.240
.399
.257
.218
11.99
11.00
13.75
0
15.15
0
19.63
17.01
13.25
20.59
13.80
11.64
10.60
9.07
12.52
0)
11.98
0
17.97
13.02
11.90
17.68
11.37
10.13
A ll States..................... ............
58
2,483
5.1
53.1
45.4
85.5
.294
15.61
13.35
i Data included in total.
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
45
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation} sex, and State— Continued
able
H O S IE R Y —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
Aver
age
age
N um Num ber of
age
Per
age
age
full
ber of ber of days on full
hours
cent
actual
earn
time
which time actually of full
earn
estab em
ings
earn
hours worked time
lish ploy
em
ings
ings
in one worked per
ees ployees per
ments
in one
hour
per
week
week
worked
week
week
in one
week
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana..........................................
Maryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
4
7
5
3
3
7
3
6
6
4
4
14
23
13
3
112
263
133
105
68
87
44
257
73
85
51
829
874
-546
80
5.8
5.1
5.1
5.7
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.6
5.1
5.5
5.8
5.1
5.3
5.3
5.7
54.5
55.2
55.7
49.8
52.8
48.0
50.8
49.7
50.3
47.2
48.2
55.7
51.4
54.2
52.8
51.1
43.6
38.4
46.9
45.6
40.8
30.5
42.7
43.5
38.7
45.5
45.2
43.1
46.8
50.1
93.8 $0.211 $11.50
.250 13.80
79.0
68.9
.256 14.26
94.2
.487 24.25
.291 15.36
86.4
.540 25.92
85.0
60.0
.550 27.94
85.9
.459 22.81
.366 18.41
86.5
.639 30.16
82.0
94.4
.651 31.38
.330 18.38
81.1
83.9
.521 26.78
.285 15.45
86.3
94.9
.241 12.72
$10.79
10.91
9.81
22.86
13.28
22.03
16.77
19.60
15.96
24.72
29.65
14.93
22.45
13.35
12.05
All States..................................
105
3,607
5.3
53.0
44.3
83.6
.385
20.41
17.03
Machine fixers, male:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West V irginia..
Massachusetts...................... .......
Michigan.....................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Jersey...................................
New Y o r k .. .................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
4
7
5
2
4
5
3
6
6
3
4
13
22
13
2
20
60
49
38
17
10
14
75
17
7
10
157
129
195
12
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.9
6.0
5.7
5.6
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.8
5.8
6.0
55.0
55.1
55.9
49.5
53.5
48.2
52.9
52.2
52.1
49.1
49.3
55.9
51.7
54.4
52.5
55.8
54.2
53.8
57.1
57.8
49.4
55.9
51.0
60.4
49.1
49.3
56.0
51.9
54.9
54.0
101.5
98.4
96.2
11.5.4
108.0
102.5
105.7
97.7
115.9
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.4
100.9
102.9
.558
.575
.577
.994
.486
1.188
.620
.855
.674
1.855
1.625
.668
1.079
.638
.567
30.69
31.68
32.25
49.20
26.00
57.26
32.80
44.63
35.12
91.08
80.11
37.34
55.78
34.71
29.77
31.10
31.16
31.08
56.76
28.07
58.64
34.68
43.57
40.69
91.15
80.07
37.41
56.02
35.01
30.65
A ll States........................... .......
99
810
5.7
53.7
54.3
101.1
.760
40.81
41.25
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia.........................................
Illinois-........................................
Indiana.............. .........................
Maryland and West Virgin ia ..
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey..................................
N ew York....................................
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
4
7
5
3
3
5
3
6
6
4
3
14
24
13
3
18
46
85
69
37
46
5
124
38
80
51
115
379
187
14
4.7
4.5
5.5
5.6
5.4
5.7
4.2
5.4
5.1
5.9
5.4
4.8
5.5
5.4
5.9
53.8
54.9
52.8
49.7
54.2
48.0
50.7
49.5
49.8
47.4
47.9
55.9
50.2
54.1
51.2
41.9
40.5
47.5
47.6
47.8
45.6
29.1
42.5
42.1
45.0
42.5
44.8
47.3
47.6
49.7
77.9
73.8
90.0
95.8
88.2
95.0
57.4
85.9
84.5
94.9
88.7
80.1
94.2
88.0
97.1
.214
.235
.398
.419
.198
.434
.505
.400
.329
.500
.694
.257
.483
.220
.194
11.51
12.90
21.01
20.82
10.73
20.83
25.60
19.80
16.38
23.70
33.24
14.37
24.25
11.90
9.93
8.97
9.52
18.93
19.94
9.45
19.77
14.69
16.99
13.83
22.49
29.46
11.52
22.88
10.45
9.63
A ll States.............................. —
103
1,294
5.4
51.4
45.8
89.1
.387
19.89
17.72
Pairers or maters, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia. .......................................
Illinois..........................................
I n d ia n a ........................ ...........
Maryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts............. ...............
3
7
5
2
1
3
22
77
53
74
0)
32
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.8
0)
5.2
54.3
54.3
56.0
49.9
0)
48.0
44.8
47.5
49.4
52.1
0)
41.1
82.5
87.5
88.2
104.4
0)
85.6
.219
.207
.302
.407
0)
.462
11.89
11.24
16.91
20.31
0)
22.18
9.78
9.81
14.90
21.21
0)
18.96
1Data included in total.
61333°— 29-------1
46
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1§28
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
H O S IE R Y —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
Aver
Aver
num Aver Aver
age
Aver
Per
age
age
N um ber of
age
full
age
hours
cent
ber of dayson full
earn time actual
earn
which time actually of full
em
ings earn
em
ploy
hours worked time
ings inings
per
one
in one worked hour
ees ployees per
per
worked week week
week week
in one
week
Pairers or maters, female—Contd.
Michigan.................. ...................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Jersey...................................
N ew York....................................
North Carolina...........................
Penn sylvania.............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
3
5
1
2
3
11
22
11
3
14
148
0
21
29
204
403
113
20
5.8
5.7
0
5.8
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.1
5.9
51.1
49.7
0
46.3
48.5
55.6
51.3
53.8
52.4
45.3
44.3
0
46.0
46.8
50.7
48.7
45.9
50.6
88.6 $0,394 $20.13
89.1
.416 20.68
0
0
0
99.4
.451 20.88
96.5
.458 22.21
91.2
.301 16.74
94.9
.437 22.42
85.3
.273 14.69
96.6
.274 14.36
All States..................................
82
1,219
5.6
52.2
48.0
92.0
.367
19.16
17.62
Seamers, full-fashioned, female:
Illinois...........................................
In d ian a.. ....................................
Massachusetts.............................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Jersey...................................
New Y o r k ....................................
Pennsylvania..... .........................
1
2
7
4
4
4
18
0
62
99
63
87
62
587
0
5.5
5.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.5
0
50.0
48.0
49.3
47.2
48.2
50.6
0
48.1
40.8
43.8
44.4
46.7
47.0
0
96.2
85.0
88.8
94.1
96.9
92.9
0
.403
.504
.439
.562
.522
.511
0)
20.15
24.19
21.64
26.53
25.16
25.86
0
19.38
20.53
19.22
24.97
24.35
23.90
$17.83
18.46
0
20.74
21.43
15.26
21.28
12.52
13.85
40;
954
5.6
49.8
45.9
92.2
.504
25.10
23.13
Seamers, mock, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
G eorgia........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.. .....................................
Maryland and West Virginia. _
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
2
3
4
1
2
2
5
7
7
5
1
10
41
21
0)
9
13
35
98
37
64
0
6.0
5.3
5.9
0
5.0
4.9
5.4
5.0
4.8
5.7
(l)
55.5
55.4
53.5
0
52.2
50.2
49.8
55.1
50.4
54.1
0
48.4
47.1
46.5
0
44.1
35.2
40.6
44.7
37.2
50.1
0
87.2
85.0
86.9
0
84.5
70.1
81.5
81.1
73.8
92.6
0)
.263
.226
.331
0
.321
.372
.381
.294
.462
.260
0
14.60
12.52
17.71
0)
16.76
18.67
18.97
16.20
23.28
14.07
0
12.71
10.67
15.41
0)
14.15
13.10
15.48
13.17
17.18
13.02
0
All States..................................
39
336
5.3
53.5
44.5
83.2
.306
16.37
13.63
Toppers, full-fashioned, female:
Illinois. ........................................
Indiana. .......................................
Massachusetts.............................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Jersey-.................................
N ew York.............. ....................
Pennsylvania..............................
1
1
7
4
4
4
18
0
0)
150
170
118
75
£68
0
0
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.6
0
0)
48.0
49.6
48.4
48.2
50.6
0)
0
44.6
46.2
46.8
48.0
48.9
0
0
92.9
93.1
96.7
99.6
66.6
0
0
.499
.437
.585
.674
.583
0
0
23.95
21.68
28.31
32.49
29.50
0
0
22.26
20.22
27.37
32.36
28.52
39 | 1,512
5.7
49.9
48.1
96.4
.561
27.99
26.99
5.0
4.7
5.6
0)
0)
6.0
5.6
5.0
4.4
5.4
0
55.5
53.3
56.4
0
0
49.6
50.0
56.9
49.5
53.0
0
19.0
39.1
39.6
0)
0
44.4
45.0
41.7
33.4
47.5
0
34.2
73.4
70.2
0
0
89.5
90.0
73.3
67.5
89.6
0
.189
.265
.516
0
0
.344
.432
.277
.398
.312
0)
10.49
14.12
29.10
0
0
17.06
21.60
15.76
19.70
16.54
0
3.60
10.38
20.47
0
0
15.24
19.44
11.55
13.29
14.81
0
5.1
53.4
42.2
79.0
.316
16.87
13.35
All States..................................
All States.................................
Welters, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia.........................................
Illinois..........................................
M aryland and West Virginia,.
M ichigan............ ......... ..............
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina.................... .......
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
All States......... .........................
1Data included in total.
2
3
2
1
1
3
2
4
5
6
1
30 1
3
9
7
0)
0)
6
5
34
18
43
0
144
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
47
A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
H O S IE R Y —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Winders, male:
Illinois...........................................
Maryland and West V irgin ia N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y o r k „ _ ...............................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
All States..................................
Winders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia.........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana................ .........................
Maryland and West Virginia. .
Massachusetts------------ -----------Michigan.................... ..................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and VermontNew Jersey...................................
New Y ork....... ............................
North Carolina—........................
Pennsylvania—...........................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
Aver
age
Aver
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
age
Per
age
N um N um ber of
age
age
age
full
hours
ber of ber of days on full
cent
actual
earn
time
which time actually of full
earn
estab em
ings
earn
lish ploy
hours worked time
em
ings
per
ings
in one worked hour
in one
ments
ees ployees per
per
week
worked week
week
week
in one
week
1
1
1
1
8
5
2
0)
0
0
0
41
52
6
0)
0
0)
0)
4.3
5.5
4.2
0
0
0
0)
56.1
50.1
57.0
0)
0
0
0
45.0
48.9
41.4
0
0
0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(1)
80.2 *$0,442
$24.80
97.6
.296 14.83
72.6
.331 18.87
39
121
4.9
53.1
47.3
89.1
0
0
0
0
$19.92
14.47
13.70
.337
17.89
15.94
17.30
13.89
11.90
17.06
9.81
20.68
12.05
15.75
12.78
18.44
26.28
16.29
19.01
12.14
16.18
2
6
2
2
4
6
3
5
6
2
4
11
20
9
2
3
17
21
22
24
56
22
65
22
36
17
135
168
75
8
5.7
5.5
4.5
5.7
4.7
5.6
5.8
5.4
5.2
5.7
5.5
5.0
5.4
5.3
5.3
55.3
54.1
50.9
50.0
52.9
48.0
51.1
49.5
49.5
48.0
47.9
55.2
49.8
55.0
52.5
53.7
49.3
37.1
47.7
43.6
44.3
48.7
43.4
43.0
40.2
45.9
46.4
45.1
47.6
42.1
97.1
91.1
72.9
95.4
82.4
92.3
95.3
87.7
86.9
83.8
95.8
84.1
90.6
86.5
80.2
.319
.282
.321
.357
.225
.467
.247
.363
.297
.459
.572
.351
.421
.255
.385
17.64
15.26
16.34
17.85
11.90
22.42
12.62
17.97
14.70
22.03
27.40
19.38
20.97
14.03
20.21
All States.................................
Other employees, male:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia....... ............. ........... .......
Illinois _________________ ____
Indiana.................... ...................
Maryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts____ ___________
Michigan______ ______________
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey........... .......................
New Y o r k ... ........... .................
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania—...........................
Tennessee____ ______ ________
Virginia........................................
84
691
5.3
51.4
45.1
87.7
.366
18.81
16.53
3
7
6
3
4
7
3
6
6
4
4
14
24
12
3
19
81
129
118
54
28
34
200
35
64
27
389
708
251
44
6.0
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.4
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.1
5.9
5.9
5.3
5.6
5.4
5.8
53.9
55.6
54.9
50.0
52.7
48.1
53.1
51.0
50.4
47.9
49.8
55.6
51.1
54.5
53.3
54.9
49.8
50.1
51.7
48.0
45.9
51.7
49.7
43.7
47.4
48.5
49.5
50.0
50.2
50.8
101.9
89.6
91.3
103.4
91.1
95.4
97.4
97.5
86.7
99.0
97.4
89.0
97.8
92.1
95.3
.284
.251
.400
.478
.310
.438
.537
.467
.358
.558
.617
.328
.472
.318
.362
15.31
13.96
21.96
23.90
16.34
21.07
28.51
23.82
18.04
26.73
30.73
18.24
24.12
17.33
19.29
15.62
12.48
20.05
24.73
14.90
20.18
27.75
23.18
15.65
26.46
29.95
16.23
23.62
15.97
18.42
All States..................................
Other employees, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia................ .........................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana______________________
Maryland and West V irginia..
Massachusetts-_______ _______
Michigan_____ _______________
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
106
2,181
5.5
52.6
49.8
94.7
.411
21.62
20.48
3
7
5
2
4
7
3
6
5
4
4
13
24
13
3
125
161
179
51
130
173
47
180
60
90
89
505
1,143
413
85
5.3
5.1
5.3
5.9
4.4
5.4
5.5
5.3
4.9
5.9
5.6
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.6
53.4
55.1
53.3
48.9
54.1
48.0
51.2
49.6
50.2
46.9
47.7
55.3
48.9
55.1
51.7
45.5
45.1
45.8
47.5
39.5
43.0
41.1
42.2
42.2
46.7
45.2
46.6
45.6
49.5
45.6
85.2
81.9
85.9
97.1
73.0
89.6
80.3
85.1
84.1
99.6
94.8
84.3
93.3
89.8
88.2
.170
.137
.262
.355
.167
.280
.351
.347
.247
.359
.393
.213
.300
.192
.212
9.08
7.55
13.96
17.36
9.03
13.44
17.97
17.21
12.40
16.84
18.75
11.78
14.67
10.58
10.96
7.72
6.18
11.98
16.85
6.59
12.04
14.42
14.64
10.43
16.74
17.77
9.92
13.66
9.50
9.66
103
3,431
5.3
51.5
45.6
88.5
.258
13.29
11.75
All States______________ ____
1Data included in total.
48
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per ccnt
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Aver
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
age
age
Per
age
age
N um Num ber of
full
age
hours
ber of ber of days on full
actual
cent
earn time earn
which time actually of full
estab em
earn
ings
lish ploy
hours worked time
em
per
ings inings
one
ments
in one worked hour
ees ployees per
per
worked week week
week week
in one
week
All employees, male:
............
Georgia.........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West Virginia—
Massachusetts.................- ..........
Michigan......... ...........................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont
N ew Jersey..................................
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania.............................Tennessee.—...............................
Virginia........................................
All States..................................
All employees, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West Virginia—
Massachusetts.... ............ - ..........
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey..................................
N ew Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
All States..................................
A ll employees, male and female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia........... ..............................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Jersey___________________
N ew York....................................
N orth Carolina_______________
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee____________________
Virginia.........................................
All States..................................
4
85 and
Alabama
7
353
327
6
3
267
4
130
7
437
3
62
772
6
6
99
4
382
4
275
14 1,330
24 3,846
13
923
3
113
108 9,401
4
646
7 1,055
6
701
3
570
4
527
7
717
3
271
6 1,580
324
6
4
615
4
505
14 2,568
24 6,089
13 2,484
3
392
108 19,044
4
7
6
3
4
7
3
6
6
4
4
14
24
13
3
731
1,408
1,028
837
657
1,154
333
2,352
423
997
780
3,898
9,935
3,407
505
108 28,445
54.4
Louisiana
5.6
55.4
5.3
5.5
55.9
5.5
49.9
53.2
5.5
5.8
48.5
5.8
53.8
5.7
50.8
5.3
52.4
5.9
49.2
5.8
49.5
5.3
55.8
51.4
5.6
5.3
54.6
5.8
53.1
92.1 $0.359 $19.53
88.6
.347 19.22
92.7
.451 25.21
102.8
.731 36.48
90.2
.374 19.90
97.5 1.152 55.87
.563 30.29
99.3
.745 37.85
98.0
93.7
.482 25.26
98.4 1.184 58.25
98.2 1.247 61.73
.420 23.44
90.0
.869 44.67
98.6
91.6
.403 22.00
93.6
.370 19.65
.724 37.94
95.6
$17.98
17.05
23.32
37.50
17.97
54.49
30.11
37.09
23.70
57.29
60.64
21.06
44.10
20*14
18.40
36.28
5.5
52.4
50.1
49.1
51.8
51.3
48.0
47.3
53.4
49.8
49.1
48.4
48.6
50.2
50.7
50.0
49.7
50.1
5.3
5.2
5.4
5.6
4.7
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.0
5.8
5.6
5.2
5.4
5.3
5.6
5.4
54.6
55.1
54.1
49.6
53.6
48.0
50.8
49.7
50.1
47.4
48.1
55.5
50.5
54.1
52.8
51.9
47.4
45.3
45.4
48.1
43.0
43.3
40.7
43.9
42.3
44.0
45.1
46.7
45.8
47.0
47.9
45.7
86.8
8a 2
83.9
97.0
80.2
90.2
80.1
88.3
84.4
92.8
93.8
84.1
90.7
86.9
90.7
88.1
.204
.207
.300
.412
.238
.436
.369
.408
.334
.531
.541
.286
.453
.248
.217
.360
11.14
11.41
16.23
20.44
12.76
20.93
18.75
20.28
16.73
25.17
26.02
15.87
22.88
13.42
11.46
18.68
9.65
9.37
13.63
19.84
10.25
18.87
15.02
17.90
14.10
23.40
24.40
13.38
20.77
11.68
10.40
16.46
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.6
4.9
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.0
5.8
5.7
5.2
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.4
54.6
55.1
54.6
49.7
53.5
48.2
51.4
50.0
50.6
48.1
48.6
55.6
50.8
54.3
52.8
52.1
47.7
46.3
47.4
49.1
44.0
44.8
43.1
45.8
43.9
45.7
46.3
47.9
47.7
47.8
48.3
47.1
87.4
84.0
86.8
98.8
82.2
92.9
83.9
91.6
86.8
95.0
95.3
86.2
93.9
88.0
91.5
90.4
.222
.244
.352
.518
.268
.722
.414
.528
.373
.796
.802
.334
.625
.292
.252
12.12
13.44
19.22
25.74
14.34
34.80
21.28
26.40
18.87
38.29
38.98
18.57
31.75
15.86
13.31
10.62
11.30
16.71
25.47
11.78
32.36
17.83
24.20
16.35
36.38
37.18
16.00
29.80
13.97
12.19
.488
25.42
23.01
50.5
45.7
49.6
48.0
51.1
48.6
39.1
43.9
41.3
42.3 ,,
45.9
42.2
77.4 $0,438 $22.12
96.1
.598 27.33
83.3
.378 18.75
88.1
.387 18.58
89.8
.336 17.17
.412 20.02
86.8
$17.13
26.26
15.62
16.39
15.41
17.37
UNDERWEAR
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island _
Illinois ...........................................
Indiana______________________
Massachusetts______ _________
Michigan......... ............................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
5
3
3
4
3
4
10
11
9
26
8
25
4.7
5.6
5.6
5.1
5.4
6.3
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
49
A,— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupationf sex, and State—'Continued
able
UNDERWEAR—Contitiu&l
Occupation, sex, and State
Buttonhole makers, female—Con
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
Aver
age
A ter- AVW-'
num Aver Aver
Aver
agf
N um N um ber of
Per
age
age
full
age
ber of ber of days on full
hours
cent
JB a
estab* em
which time actually of full earn time earn-*
earn
ings
lish- ploy
ingg
em
hours worked time
per
ings
ments
in one worked
one'
ees ployees per
per in
hour
week
worked week week
week
in one
week
3
27
3
13
5
3
17
153
20
36
44
10
5.6
5.1
5.1
5.5
5.0
4.9
49.8
48.6
53.9
52.5
54.9
51.1
44.9
38.2
44.9
46.5
47.2
39.6
90.2 $0,435 $21.66
.321 15.60
78.6
.211 11.37
83.3
88.6
.340 17.
86.0
.259 14.22
77.5
.381 19.47
All States..................................
Button sewers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and Verm ont.
New Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
76
369
5.2
50.1
41.8
83.4
.340
17.03
14.20
5
3
3
3
3
4
3
27
4
13
5
3
11
8
7
18
12
18
17
142
23
41
63
16
4.5
6.0
6.0
5.1
5.4
5.3
5.0
5.2
5.0
5.7
5.1
4.4
51.9
45.8
49.4
48.0
52.5
48.5
49.4
48.7
54.0
52.5
54.9
50.3
38.6
43.4
41.6
42.2
44.5
41.1
40.9
38.2
42.6
49.2
47.4
36.7
74.4
94.8
84.2
87.9
84.8
84.7
82.8
78.4
78.9
93.7
86.3
73.0
.367
.506
.400
.406
.245
.407
.373
.298
.218
.302
.233
.311
19.05
23.17
19.76
19.49
12.86
19.74
18.43
14.51
11.77
15.86
12.79
15.64
14.17
21.96
16.61
17.17
10.92
16.71
15.23
11.38
9.27
14.84
11.03
11.44
All States................................
Cutters, hand, layers-up, and
markers, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.............. ..................... .
M assachusetts...........................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
76
376
5.2
50.7
42.0
82.8
.302
15.31
12.67
3
1
3
1
1
2
20
3
8
5
1
6
52.3
0)
50.8
h
50.0
49.1
54.2
52.7
55.4
0)
50.3
0)
46.5
0)
0)
47.6
46.1
45.7
52.4
48.7
0)
96.2
0)
91.5
0)
<*>
20
133
23
26
44
0)
5.3
0)
5.4
(9
0)
5.7
5.5
5.2
5.9
5.2
0)
0)
95.2
93.9
84.3
99.4
87.9
0)
.432
C1)
.500
0)
0)
.452
.502
.349
.447
.329
0)
22.59
0)
25.40
0)
(»)
22.60
24.65
18.92
23.56
18.23
0)
21.71
0)
23.28
C>
0)
21.52
23.15
15.94
23.38
16.02
0)
All States..................................
Cutters, hand, layers-up, and
markers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illin ois --.......................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y ork ....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
48
284
5.4
51.1
47.0
92.0
.448
22.89
21.08
5
2
2
4
3
4
1
5
2
19
4
3
36
8
17
100
29
61
0)
20
5
114
40
19
5.0
5.3
5.9
4.8
5.3
5.3
0)
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.2
5.3
50.3
46.6
49.3
48.0
51.0
48.6
0)
49.0
55.0
52.1
54.5
51.9
42.0
40.9
47.7
40.2
45.4
44.2
0)
41.5
48.7
47.5
48.6
46.0
83.5
87.8
96.8
83.8
89.0
90.9
0)
84.7
88.5
91.2
89.2
88.6
.354
.426
.363
.378
.302
.457
0)
.297
.142
.319
.265
.249
17.81
19.85
17.90
18.14
15.40
22.21
(0
14.55
7.81
16.62
14.44
12.92
14.86
17.3917.3$
15.20'
13.72:
20.21
0)
12.33
6.92:
15.13
12.89
11.43
All S ta te s..................... - ........
Cutters, power, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois ..........................................
Indiana..... ..................... . ............
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan.....................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ontN ew Y ork...................... .............
54
455
5.2
50.4
44.5
88.3
.344
17.34
15.33
5
2
3
3
2
3
3
24
9
2
4
9
4
4
9
63
5.7
5.5
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.5
50.0
45.8
50.5
48.0
52.5
49.5
49.1
49.0
48.6
44.7
55.5
47.2
52.4
48.1
50.0
45.6
97.2
97.6
109.9
98.3
99.8
97.2
101.8
.538
.656
.480
.773
.484
.637
.541
.544
26.90
30.04
24.24
37.10
25.41
31.53
26.56
2M 6
26.12
29.28
26.63
36.48
25.40
30.60
27.04
24.79
' * Data included in total.
0)
8
$19.52
12.26
9.46
16.80
12. 2$
15.0#
50
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-192S
A,— Average number of days on which employees worked* average fulUtime
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings pet hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
able
U N D E R W E A R —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
AVer*
age
num
N um N um ber of
ber of ber of days on
which
estab em
lish ploy
em
ees ployees
ments
worked
In one
week
Aver Aver
Aver
Per
age
age
age
hours
cent
full
earn*
time actually of full
ings
hours worked time
per
per
in one Worked hour
week week
Cutters, power, male—Continued.
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
2
14
5
2
5
31
13
4
6.0
5.9
5.2
6.0
53.0
54.0
55.3
51.0
41.0
53.2
51.3
52.1
Aver Aver^
age
age
full
time actual
eamearn
iiigs
ings
per in tine
week
week
77.4 $0,367 $19.45
98.5
.459 24.79
92.8
.315 17.42
102.2
.409 20.86
$15.05
24.45
16.16
21.29
All S t a t e s ............................
68
157
5.6
50.8
48.6
95.7
.510
25 91
24.75
Cutters, power, female:
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
1
2
1
1
6
1
0)
11
0)
0)
9
0)
0)
5.6
0)
0)
5.8
0)
0)
48.0
0)
0)
52.3
0)
0)
45.8
0)
0)
50.8
0)
0)
95.4
0)
(l)
97.1
0)
0)
.381
0)
0)
.358
0)
0)
18.29
0)
0)
18.72
0)
0)
17.47
0)
0)
18.16
0)
A ll States..................................
12
41
5.7
50.0
47.3
94.6
.356
17.80
16.86
Finishers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois. ................................. .......
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew York....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia...... ..................................
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
177
75
64
280
86
217
184
1,084
147
586
220
55
4.5
5.6
5.8
5.1
5.5
5.2
4.9
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.1
4.7
51.5
45.6
49.3
48.0
51.7
48.7
49.4
48.7
53.6
52.1
54.6
51.0
37.6
40.1
43.3
42.0
46.8
41.7
40.1
37.3
43.6
46.7
48.0
37.9
73.0
87.9
87.8
87.5
60.5
85.6
81.2
76.6
81.3
89.6
87.9
74.3
.359
.497
.399
.392
.290
.434
.414
.325
.235
.322
.279
.325
18.49
22.66
19.67
18.82
14.99
21.14
20.45
15.83
12.60
16.78
15.23
16.58
IS. 50
19.94
17.26
16.47
13.60
18.10
16.58
12.11
10.25
15.04
13.39
12.34
All States.................................
84
3,175
5.1
50.2
41.4
82.5
.341
17.12
14.12
Folders, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois. .........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan........... ..........................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennes;ce...... ..............................
Virginia.........................................
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
25
4
6
5
3
19
23
12
40
16
45
15
156
27
50
71
14
3.3
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.4
4.7
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.4
5.1
4.6
52.5
45.3
50.8
48.0
51.5
48.3
49.1
48.8
54.2
51.6
54.8
50.7
25.5
42.0
43.0
44.5
45.1
38.0
42.0
40.9
49.0
45.2
47.1
36.8
48.6
92.7
84.6
92.7
87.6
78.7
85.5
83.8
90.4
87.6
85.9
72.6
.397
.420
.399
.412
.259
.426
.393
.361
.235
.307
.268
.318
20.84
19.03
20 27
19.78
13.34
20.58
19.30
17.62
12.74
15.84
14.69
16.12
10.13
17.68
17.19
18.33
11.71
16.19
16.48
14.77
11.51
13.86
12.64
11.71
All States__________________
66
488
5.1
50.3
42.3
84.1
.343
17.25
14.49
Hemmers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illin ois--.......................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts—..........................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania..................... ........
Tennessee.....................................
3
1
2
4
2
3
3
17
2
8
1
5
0)
r.
35
3
29
12
90
3
17
0)
5.4
0)
6.0
4.8
5.7
5.1
5.0
5.3
5.0
5.6
0)
50.0
0)
47.3
48.0
50.3
48.5
48.7
48.6
53.3
52.4
0)
45.7
0)
45.7
39.9
48.2
37.7
40.6
39.0
43.2
48.5
0)
91.4
0)
96.6
83.1
95.8
77.7
83.4
80.2
81.1
92.6
0)
.379
0)
.476
.410
.457
.417
.419
.338
.243
.353
0)
18.95
0)
22.51
19.68
22.99
20.22
20.41
16.43
12.95
18.50
0)
17.31
0)
21.75
16.36
22.04
15.74
16.99
13.21
10.47
17.12
0)
All S ta t e s ...............................
46
209
5.2
48.9
40.6
83.0
.376
18.39
15.26
1Data included in total.
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
51
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week} average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
UNDERWEAR —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
Aver
age
Per
age
age
N um Num ber of
age
age
full
hours
ber of ber of days on full
cent
actual
which time actually of full earn time earn
estab em
ings
earn
lish ploy
em
hours worked time
ings
per
ings
in one worked hour
ments
ees ployees per
per in one
worked week week
week
week
in one
week
Inspectors, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island
Illinois..........................................
Ind ia n a ........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan........... ................. ........
Minnesota and W isconsin........
New Hampshire and VermontNew Y ork....................................
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee...................................
Virginia...... ..................................
All States. ................................
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
18
5
3
Knitters, cuff and ankle, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois................... ......................
I n d ia n a ......................................
Massachusetts................ ............
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
New Y ork........... .........................
North Carolina...........................
Tennessee...... ..............................
Virginia...... ..................................
All States..................................
2
1
1
2
2
16
1
2
1
83
40
74
34
95
21
95
43
482
31
182
154
63
1,314
4.9
5.6
5.9
5.1
5.4
5.5
4.3
5.2
4.9
5.6
5.1
4.7
50.2
45.6
49.9
48.0
51.7
48.5
49.4
48.6
55.2
52.5
54.6
52.0
40.7
44.4
49.2
42.8
46.5
42.8
35.4
40.0
44.4
46.6
46.5
38.7
5.2
50.1
42.6
3
5.0
0
0
5.7
6.0
5.4
0
5.5
0
5.4
50.0
0
0
48.0
50.0
48.7
0
55.5
0
49.7
40.7
0)
0
46.1
51.7
47.8
0
49.0
0
48.5
81.4
0)
0
96.0
103.4
98.2
0)
88.3
0)
97.6
.566
0
0)
.636
.536
.534
0
.493
0
.538
28.30
0
0
30.53
26.80
26.01
0
27.36
0)
26.74
23.00
0
0)
29.29
27.71
25.56
0
24.15
0
26.09
0
0
6.0
0
0
6.0
5.9
0)
0
50.0
0
0
51.8
49.7
0)
0
49.8
0
0
51.3
48.7
0
0
99.6
0
0
99.0
98.0
0)
0)
.496
0)
0
.360
.469
0)
0
24.80
0
0
18. 65
23. 31
0
0
24.66
0
0
18.43
22.85
5.2
6.0
5.8
5.1
5.5
5.3
5.0
5.3
5.2
5.6
5.2
4.5
5.3
51.8
46.2
50.5
50.3
72.0
52.5
49.4
50.0
57.4
55.4
55.8
51.7
52.2
45.5
59.7
51.3
46.2
72.0
48.1
44.2
46.7
50.6
55.1
49.1
39.3
.449
.561
.504
.580
.558
.679
.493
.535
.353
.430
.414
.480
.490
23.26
25.92
25.45
29.17
40.18
35.65
24.35
26.75
20.26
23.82
23.10
24.82
25.58
20.43
33.47
25.88
26.79
40.20
32.70
21.82
24.96
17.85
23.71
20.34
18.85
48.6
87.8
129.2
101.6
91.8
100.0
91.6
89.5
63.4
88.2
99.5
88.0
76.0
93.1
19
30
29
4
54
5.5
5.9
0)
0
5.6
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.6
49.5
45.2
0)
0
51.5
48.8
48.6
55.0
51.4
45.9
48.6
0
0
47.7
47.7
45.4
49.1
48.0
92.7
107.5
0)
0)
62.6
97.7
93.4
89.3
93.4
.359
. 393
0
0
.370
.452
.427
.144
.325
17.77
17.76
0
0
19.06
22.06
20.75
7.92
16.71
16.46
19.10
0
0)
17.63
21.55
19.38
7.10
15.62
198
5.6
49.7
46.8
94.2
.378
18.79
17.69
0)
0
3
5
24
0
2
0
28
42
Knitters, cuff and ankle, female:
Indiana______________________
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................... ...........
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Y ork ....................................
Pennsylvania...............................
All States.......... .......................
1
1
2
1
1
2
8
2
9
Knitters, wet or tube, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan.....................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontNew Y ork ....................................
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
A ll States..................................
5
3
3
3
2
3
3
23
4
17
4
3
13
8
18
42
2
9
38
152
25
75
49
15
73
. 446
Knitters, wet or tube, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois.......... ...............................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................... ............
Minnesota and W isconsin........
New Y o r k ..................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
5
2
1
1
3
4
8
2
9
All States..................................
35
i Data included in total.
0
0
0
0
2
34
9
0
0
81.1 $0.338 $16.97
97.4
.344 15.69
98.6
.345 17.22
89.2
.361 17.33
89.9
.277 14.32
88.2
.404 19.59
71.7
.367 18.13
82.3
.224 10.89
80.4
.172
9.49
88.8
.308 16.17
85.2
.233 12.72
74.4
.211 10.97
85.0
.278 13.93
$13.74
15.26
16.96
15.45
12.87
17.31
12.97
8.94
7.65
14.36
10.82
8.19
11.83
23.82
52
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIE^, ii>07-1928
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued.
able
UNDERWEAR-Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
Aver
age
N um N um ber of
age
age
Per
age
age
full
ber of ber of dayson full
hours
cent
actual
estab em
which time actually of full earn time earn
earn
ings
lish ploy
em
hours worked time
ings
per
ings
ees ployees per
ments
in one worked
one
hour
per in
worked week week
week
week
in one
week
M achine fixers, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois..........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
5
2
2
4
3
3
3
26
4
14
5
3
13
12
8
22
10
12
13
77
13
23
14
6
5.9
6.2
6.0
5.6
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.5
6.0
5.9
5.8
50.2
46.1
48.1
48.0
50.4
48.5
49.7
49.2
55.7
52.3
54.9
51.2
50.7
50.9
49.2
45.8
50.5
47.4
48.8
51.5
53.4
52.6
54.6
49.7
101.0 $0,795 $39.91
110.4
.678 31.26
102.3
.815 39.20
95.4
.876 42.05
100.2
.775 39.06
97.7
.798 38.70
98.2
.763 37.92
104.7
.723 35.57
95.9
.550 30.64
100.6
.708 37.03
99.5
.584 32.06
97.1
.718 36.76
$40.29
34.49
40.11
40.10
39.14
37.83
37.25
37. ?7
29.38
37.20
31.90
35.68
A ll States..................................
74
223
5.8
50.1
50.7
101.2
.728
36.47
36.94
Menders, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois..........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan.................... .................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
4
3
3
4
3
4
2
24
3
10
2
3
30
11
19
18
22
22
7
80
28
37
2
6
4.1
5.6
5.6
5.1
5.9
5.2
5.4
5.3
5.0
5.8
6.0
5.2
51.9
46.4
51.4
48.0
52.0
48.8
48.9
48.3
53.0
52.8
53.8
51.2
34.8
46.0
47.6
42.5
50.7
43.3
48.5
43.2
43.8
49.5
51.3
42.4
67.1
99.1
92.6
88.5
97.5
88.7
99.2
89.4
82.6
93.8
95.4
82.8
.284
.420
.260
.412
.260
.400
.323
.270
.232
.321
.254
.203
14.74
19.49
13.36
19.78
13.52
19.52
15.79
13.04
12.30
16.95
13.67
10.39
9.88
19.30
12.38
17.49
13.17
17.31
15.70
11.64
10.13
15.91
13.00
8.62
282
5.3
50.3
44.3
88.1
.298
14.99
13.19
5
7
43
8
5
5
3
4.6
0
5.8
0)
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.7
50.2
0
52.5
0)
49.7
49.7
56.6
52.9
54.0
52.3
38.2
0
50.3
0
46.6
47.8
54.1
50.7
52.5
49.6
76.1
0
95.8
0
93.8
96.2
95.6
95.8
97.2
94.8
.490
0
.316
0
.480
.422
.258
.338
.320
.486
24.60
0
18.17
0)
23.86
20.97
14.60
17.88
17.28
25.42
18.70
0
17.40
0
22.38
20.15
13.97
17.11
16.80
24.09
A ll States..................................
65
Pressers, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois.......................................~
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts........................... .
New Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork ....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
3
1
2
1
3
20
3
5
2
3
0
0
4
A ll States....................................
43
84
5.5
50.9
47.9
94.1
.401
20.41
19.18
Pressers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y ork ....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
4
2
4
3
4
1
11
1
13
3
12
* 8
31
11
52
0
39
0
67
6
5.2
5.9
4.7
5.6
5.2
0
5.2
0
5.7
4.5
52.3
48.9
48.0
52.7
48.3
'0
48.9
0)
52.7
56.0
43.9
47.6
38.3
49.8
42.9
0
40.9
0
45.9
43.3
83.9
97.3
79.8
94.5
88.8
0)
83.6
0
87.1
77.3
.379
.450
.398
.286
.411
0
.392
0
.344
.347
19.82
22.01
19.10
15.07
19.85
0
19.17
0)
18.13
19.43
16.63
21.41
15.22
14.22
17.62
0
16.05
0
15.80
15.02
A ll States.....................................
46
235
5.3
50.3
43.2
85.9
.376
18.91 | 16.24
Press hands, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
N ew York....................................
Virginia.........................................
1
8
1
0
25
0)
(l)
5.7
0
0
50.5
0)
0)
47.8
0
0)
94.7
0
0)
.415
0
0
20.96
0)
0
19.87
0
A ll States___________________
10
29
5.3
50.9
45.3
89.0
.408
20.77
18.51
1Data included in total.
53
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average fvM-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
T able
U N D E R W E A R —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Press hands, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois..........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Virginia.........................................
All States..................................
Seamers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island .
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
M ich ig a n ....................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
All States..................................
Winders, male:
Indiana.........................................
M ichigan.....................................
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina...................... .....
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
A ll States..................................
W inders, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois.............................. - ..........
Indiana........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan................ .....................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
N ew Hampshire and VermontN ew Y ork..................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
A ll States..................................
Other employees, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island .
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan................ - ...................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
New Hampshire and Verm ontN ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
All States..............................
i Data included in total.
Aver
age
Aver Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
age
Num Num ber of
age
Per
age
age
full
age
hours
cent
ber of ber of days on full
actual
earn
time
which time actually of full
estab em
earn
ings
earn
lish ploy
hours worked time
em
ings
ings
in one worked per
ments
ees ployees per
hour
per in one
worked week week
week
week
in one
week
1
1
1
2
1
1
8
1
1
(9
(9
(9
10
(9
68
(9
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
6.0
(9
(9
(9
0)
48.6
(9
(9
(9
(9
46.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
0)
5.3
48.9
17
112
5.3
49.1
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
84
49
60
50
257
88
178
93
868
105
367
237
73
49.9
45.4
49.8
48.0
51.5
48.5
49.5
48.7
54.2
52.6
54.8
51.6
2,425
5.1
5.4
5.5
4.9
5.6
5.2
4.8
5.2
5.0
5.7
5.1
4.5
5.2
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
2
13
<9
(9
(9
16
(9
(9
(l)
(9
(9
(9
4.1
(9
(9
(9
6
2
3
4
3
4
3
24
1
7
2
1
38
17
27
151
36
23
33
323
(9
(9
(9
(9
60
731
5.2
5
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
47
58
40
101
49
101
20
658
86
161
129
53
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.0
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.5
5.3
5.7
5.5
5.1
83
1,503
5.5
12
37
48
31
2.9
50.2
(9
(9 .
52.9
(9
P
(9
42.3
(9
(9
95.3
0)
86.5
(9
(9
(9
0)
0)
0)
$0,410
(9
.258
(9
(9
(9
0)
h
$19.93
0)
12.62
(9
0)
0)
14.44
0)
(9
(9
$18.97
(9
10.91
(9
(9
(9
43.3
88.2
.294
42.0
40.6
43.1
40.0
47.8
41.7
40.7
39.4
44.2
49.0
47.2
37.7
42.5
84.2
89.4
86.5
83.3
92.8
86.0
82.2
80.9
81.5
93.2
86.1
73.1
17.32
25.24
17.88
18.86
16.27
23.28
21.73
16.85
12.68
18.41
15.56
13.93
14.57
22.56
15.47
15.71
15.11
20.04
17.88
13.64
10.35
17.16
13.39
10.16
84.7
.347
.556
.359
.393
.316
.480
.439
.346
.234
.350
.284
.270
.355
17.82
15.08
(0
(9
(9
39.1
(9
(9
<l)
(9
(9
0)
73.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.407
(9
0)
0)
(l)
0)
0)
21.53
0)
0)
(l)
(9
(9
(9
15.90
(9
(9
(9
4.0
53.5
52.8
5.4
5.4
5.7
5.3
5.8
5.6
5.2
5.0
50.1
45.7
49.8
48.0
51 2
48.9
49.1
48.8
46.0
43.1
49.1
42.2
48.5
45.3
43.1
41.2
5.6
4.9
52.2
54.9
48.4
47.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
24.4
35.4
45.6
12.75
67.0
.305
.365
16.32
19.27
7.45
12.95
91.8
94.3
98.6
'87.9
94.7
92.6
87.8
84.4
.356
.522
.355
.341
.349
.389
.442
.358
17.84
23.86
17.68
16.37
17.87
19.02
21.70
17.47
16.37
22.48
17.43
14.40
16.95
17.64
19.05
14.75
92.7
86.2
.338
.224
17.64
12.30
16.37
10.60
(0
0)
(9
(9
(0
0)
0)
49.3
43.4
88.0
.354
17.45
15.33
49.5
46.6
51.4
48.0
49.9
48.6
49.7
49.0
53.2
52.3
55.0
51.8
50.9
48.4
52.0
42.2
50.6
47.1
43.4
47.4
. 49.0
50.1
51.8
44.3
102.8
103.9
101.2
87.9
101.4
96.9
87.3
96.7
92.1
95.8
94.2
85.5
.509
.496
.452
.482
.471
.484
.398
.375
.325
.409
.284
.392
25.20
23.11
23.23
23.14
23.50
23 52
19.78
18.38
17.29
21.39
15.62
20.31
25.92
23.99
23.50
20.34
23.82
22.78
17.27
17.77
15.91
20.49
14.70
17.37
50.1
48.0
95.8
.396
19.84
19.02
0)
(*)
(9
(9
54
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per weekf average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1928, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
U N D E R W E A R —Continued
Occupation, rsx, and State
Aver
age
Aver
num Aver Aver
Aver
Aver
age
N um N um ber of
Per
age
age
age
age
full
ber of ber of days on full
hours
cent
actual
estab em
which time actually of full earn time earn
earn
ings
lish ploy
em
hours worked time
ings
per
ings
ments
ees ployees per
in one worked hour
per in one
worked week week
week
week
in one
week
Other employees, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y o rk ....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.........................................
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
17
5
3
50
57
41
288
106
114
61
559
77
258
164
57
5.2
5.4
5.9
5.0
5.4
5.2
4.8
5.1
5.1
5.4
5.1
4.7
51.0
45.7
.47.8
48.0
50.9
48.9
49.3
48.6
53.8
50.3
55.1
52.7
44.3
41.6
46.7
41.6
45.1
41.0
39.6
40.4
45.1
45.5
49.0
41.1
86.9 $0.367 $18.72
.375 17.14
91.0
97.7
.331 15.82
86.7
.312 14.98
88.6
.263 13.39
83.8
.332 16.23
80.3
.298 14.69
83.1
.292 14.19
83.8
.210 11.30
90.5
.247 12.42
88.9
.239 13.17
.209 11.01
78.0
A ll States..................................
82
1,832
5.0
48.2
41.5
86.1
A ll employees, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Hampshire and V erm ont.
N ew Y ork ....................... ...........
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee................................... .
Virginia........................................
5
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
97
86
86
191
66
127
113
1,191
162
323
257
106
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.2
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.3
5.7
5.4
4.8
50.2
46.4
50.7
48.5
51.0
48.9
49.6
49.3
54.3
53.2
55.2
52.2
48.8
49.5
51.2
43.8
51.5
47.2
46.0
47.2
49.1
51.6
51.0
41.6
A ll States..................................
83
2,805
5.5
50.6
A ll employees, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y ork....................................
N orth Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee.....................................
V irgin ia ......................................
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
512
358
307
1,371
461
932
501
4,111
478
1,869
1,034
317
4.8
5.5
5.7
4.8
5.5
5.3
4.9
5.1
5.0
5.5
5.1
4.7
84 12,251
A ll States..................................
A ll employees, male and female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Michigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont .
N ew York....................................
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee................. ..................
Virginia........................................
All States__________________
$16.29
15.58
15.46
12.97
11.86
13.61
11.80
11.81
9.47
11.24
11.71
8.59
.282 j 13.59
11.72
97.2
106.7
101.0
90.3
101.0
96.5
92.7
95.7
90.4
97.0
92.4
79.7
.539
.530
.494
.578
.520
.534
.508
.448
.350
.443
.336
.413
27.06
24.59
25.05
28.03
26.52
26.11
25.20
22.09
19.01
23.57
18.55
21. 56
26.29
26.25
25.30
25.27
26.74
25.21
23.38
21.18
17. 21
22.87
17.15
17.19
48.0
94.9
.453
22.92
21.76
50.9
45.6
49.4
45.9
51.4
48.6
49.3
48.7
54.0
52.0
54.8
51.6
40.1
42.2
45.6
39.6
46.8
42.1
40.3
39.4
44.7
47.2
47.6
39.1
78.8
92.5
92.3
86.3
91.1
86.6
81.7
80.9
82.8
90.8
86.9
75.8
.356
.446
.367
.370
.297
.424
.400
.315
.222
.317
.260
.261
18.12
20.34
18.13
16.98
15.27
20.61
19.72
15.34
11.99
16.48
14.25
13.47
14.26
18.82
16.74
14.66
13.92
17.83
16.14
12.41
9:89
14.98
12.39
10.20
5.2
49.8
42.3
84.9
.329
16.38
13.89
609
444
393
1,562
527
1,059
614
5,302
640
2,192
1, 291
423
4.9
5.6
5.8
4.9
5.6
5.3
5.0
5.2
5.1
5.6
5.2
4.7
50.8
45.8
49.7
46.2
51.4
48.6
49.4
48.8
54.1
52.2
54.9
51.8
41.5
43.6
46.8
40.1
47.4
42.7
41.4
41.1
45.8
47.9
48.3
39.7
81.7
95.2
94.2
86.8
92.2
87.9
83.8
84.2
84.7
91.8
88.0
76.6
.390
.465
.397
.398
.327
.438
.422
.350
.257
.337
.276
.301
19.81
21.30
19.73
18.39
16.81
21.29
20.85
17.08
13.90
17.59
15.15
15.59
16.18
20.26
18.61
15.96
15.52
18.71
17.47
14.38
11.75
16.14
13.34
11.95
84 15,056
5.2
50.0
43.4
86.8
.354
17.70
15.36
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
T
able
B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State
H O S IE R Y
.521
20,
un
der
25
25,
un
der
30
1
1
1
3
2
5
1
10
28
6
7
34
12
1
i
1
1
1
3
4
0)
0)
18
18
15
12
133
55
52
0)
136
35
0)
0)
0)
.285
.323
.387
.549
.483
.667
.568
(r>
.564
.257
0)
10
38
516
.486
]
1
3
6
2
8
5
29 ^ 15
7
7
1
2
7
1
4
11
5
2
4
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
70
6
2
3
7
3
6
4
8
17
4
1
1
13
2
8
3
10
2
70,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
90
1
16
2
1
8
3
3
90, 100, 125, 150, 175,
un un un un un 200,
der der der der der and
100 125 150 175 200 over
8
3
3
1
6
1
4
5
2
4
14
4
1
25 " s i '
8
8
21
33
42
5
3
2
81 ‘ 134 147
65
2
40
4
153
2
77
10
37
3
164
56
21
15
1
2
77
49
14
1
1
11
53
1
4
62
65
42
65
7
120
201
108
102
77
46
71
7
3
2
2
16
3
6
1
2
3
2
19
8
15
1
1
4
32
5
3
4
21
21
3
5
6
2
5
3
1
2
4
1
4
1
9
g
1
17
11
6
4
1
2
1“
1
1
3
2
2
2
6
3
4
1
10
2
1
40,
un
der
45
8
1
2
6
35,
un
der
40
5
1
2
1
30,
un
der
35
"
7
5
5
1
1
2
4
3
3
2
5
2
8
10
1
4
5
19
2
2
8
4
1
9
12
7
34
3
2
8
4
19
3
9
3
10
1
36
23
9
25
36
57
50
67
84
72
22
1907-1928
1,433
18,
un
der
20
INDUSTRIES,
i Data included in total.
81
37 $0,300
136
.313
50
.335
46
.659
40
.484
38
.744
6
.718
48
.507
18
.493
0)
0)
7
.504
375
.433
392
.776
203
.358
25
.292
16,
un
der
18
UNDERWEAR
All States____________________
2
7
3
2
2
5
2
6
6
1
2
12
16
12
3
14,
un
der
16
AND
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana..............
Georgia............................................
Illinois.............................................
In d ia n a .-.......................................
M aryland and West V irginia.-M assach usetts......................... .....
M ichigan.........................................
Minnesota and W isconsin..........
N ew Hampshire and V erm on tN ew Jersey.....................................
N ew Y ork ______ ...........................
N orth Carolina________________
Pennsylvania—..............................
Tennessee........ ...............................
Virginia...........................................
A ll S ta te s ..................................
Boarders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana..............
Georgia............................................
Illinois_________________________
Indiana............................................
Massachusetts...............................
M ichigan........................................
Minnesota and W isconsin..........
New Jersey.....................................
N ew Y ork.......................................
North Carolina..............................
Pennsylvania....... - .......................
Tennessee.......................................
Virginia.......... ..................... ..........
12,
un
der
14
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
N um ber of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
N um Num Averber of ber of earnestab em
10,
lish ploy ings U n un
per
der
ees
ments
der
hour
10
12
Ol
T a b le
B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
Oi
C*
HOSIERY—Continued
footers,
12,
un
der
14
10,
un
der
12
14,
un
der
16
16, 18,
un un
der der
18
20
20,
un
der
25
25,
un
der
30
30,
un
der
35
35,
un
der
40
40,
un
der
45
1
3
50,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
80
1
1
19
1
1
3
3
3
1
K
6
2
0)
(9
fi)
(9
* 70 $1. 636
«5 1.190
62 1. 618
39 1.816
480 1. 577
j
1 1
39
749
1.546
1
1
7
4
4
4
18
(9
(9
207
241
205
141
1,065
(9
(9
1.473
1.008
1.361
1.563
1.354
i
1
1
39
1,911
1. 329
1
2 1
9
1
1
1
1
1
(9
0)
(l)
(9
42
137
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.322
.306
(9
18
205
.317
__________
Knitters, transfer, male:
Georgia
M aryland and West V irgin ia ...
Michigan
Minnesota and Wisconsin
N orth Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
1
1
3
2
1
8
9
19
9
2
47
13
38
15
4
102
16
9
19
14
142
,.17
7
7
4
85
11
4
11
14
69
9
11
5
30
14
15
86
155
205
120
109
8
3
62
1
44
8
21
2
2
49
11
15
9
5
85
12
13
13
7
117
54
42
72
34
229
30
36
58
22
188
21
28
24
16
134
29
7
12
29
74
39
1
15
24
127
1
16
2
29
116
91
125
162
441
349
228
151
206
11
2
1
5
3
7
11
17
6
26
8
23
4
18
6
11
1
11
1
4
1
2
2
11
2
6
10
32
40
33
24
20
17
6
2
—
INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
______________
A ll States
90, 100, 125, 150, 175,
un un un un un 200,
and
der der der der der
100 125 150 175 200 over
UNDERWEAR
1
1
7
4
4
4
18
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned,
male:
I l l i n o i s . . ____
.
_________
Indiana
Massachusetts
M innesota and W iscon sin.. _
N ew Jersey__
___
N ew Y o r k ___
__________
Pennsylvania
All States___
80,
un
der
90
full-fashioned,
Indiana - Massachusetts
Minnesota and W isconsin_____
N ew Jersey
N ew York
Pennsylvania
__
All States___
45,
un
der
50
AND
Knitters,
male:
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
N um N um Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
estab em
Un
ings
lish ploy
der
per
ees
ments
10
hour
2,483
18
46
85
69
37
46
5
124
.214
.235
.398
.419
.198
.434
.505
.400
.329
.500
.694
.257
.483
.220
.194
51
115
379
187
14
1,294
.385
.387
10
117
162
13
27
152
380
132
311
85
2
3
"22_
16
35
82
114
137
423
297
273
237
—1
1907-1928
.211
.250
.256
.487
.291
.540
.550
.459
.366
.639
.651
.330
.521
.285
.241
19
26
109
INDUSTRIES,
103
61
112
263
133
105
68
87
44
257
73
85
51
829
874
546
80
3,607
26
35
UNDERWEAR
.218
.199
.266
0)
.279
0)
.395
.343
.240
.399
.257
.218
AND
1Data included in total.
244
285
51
0)
163
0)
143
49
211
677
516
HOSIERY
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana.......... . .
Georgia......... .................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana....... ...................................
M aryland and W est V irginia..
M ichigan........... ............................
M innesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina............................
Pennsylvania................................
Tennessee......................................
Virginia.........................................
A ll States......... .........................
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia...........................................
Illinois............................................
Indiana*........................ ............. .
M aryland and West V irginia..
Massachusetts............. ...............
M ichigan........................ .............
M innesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
New Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork .....................................
N orth Carolina.*..........................
Pennsylvania__________________
Tennessee......................................
Virginia..........................................
A ll States...................................
M enders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana_______
Georgia........................................
Illinois........................................... .
Indiana....... ....................... ...........
Maryland and W est Virginia.
Massachusetts................... ..........
M ichigan______ ________________
M innesota and W isconsin........ .
N ew Hampshire and Verm ontN ew Jersey................................... .
N ew Y o r k ................................. .
N orth Carolina— ........................
Pennsylvania........................... ..
Tennessee........ ..............................
Virginia.....................................
A ll States............................. ......
ol
23
33
47 i 40
149
140
142
116
122
124
193
86
34
11
Ol
Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERW EAR
76
369
.340
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
25
4
6
5
3
19
23
12
40
16
45
15
156
27
50
71
14
. 397
.420
.399
.412
.259
.426
. 393
.361
. 235
.307
. 268
.318
All States....................................
66
488
.343
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois
Indiana............................................
5
3
3
13
8
18
.449
.561
.504
18,
un
der
20
4
2
2
5
1
3
4
8
3
2
1
2
1
2
7
8
9
25,
un
der
30
1
1
13
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
10
1
7
15
35,
un
der
40
40,
un
der
45
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
70
3
5
2
2
2
2
6
2
6
1
18
2
2
1
10
2
7
1
20
3
3
4
20
3
5
11
1
4
33
1
5
7
1
43
69
58
2
3
1
1
1
30,
un
der
35
1
3
2
4
1
30
6
12
8
1
1
1
1
4
20,
un
der
25
4
1
2
2
3
15
6
5
15
5
8
52
1
2
2
1
5
5
2
25
9
15
24
91
70,
un
der
80
80,
un
der
90
90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200,
un un un un un and
der der der der der over
100 125 150 175 200
6
6
4
1
4
8
2
1
2
5
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
43
54
23
30
6
6
3
4
8
4
7
1
13
5
3
1
2
15
3
24
1
2
1
1
7
1
17
7
2
6
16
9
4
1
4
3
7
1
6
3
34
2
9
6
3
80
79
68
51
4
1
2
3
3
1
1
.....
3
4
4
26
4
4
2
2
i
5
1
1
28
5
2
1
5
5
10
1
1
1
2
1
1
1907-1928
A ll States....... .............................
Folders, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois
Indiana
M assachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and W isconsin..........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont .
N ew Y ork
N orth Carolina
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
16,
un
der
18
INDUSTRIES,
3
10 $0.438
11
. 598
9
.378
.387
26
.336
8
.412
25
.435
17
.321
153
.211
20
36
.340
44
.259
.381
10
14,
un
der
16
UNDERWEAR
M assachusetts
M ichigan
M innesota and W isconsin_____
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont ~
N ew Y ork
N orth Carolina *
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
5
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
3
13
12,
un
der
14
AND
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut and R hode Island.
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
N um N um Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
10,
estab em
Un un
lish ploy ings
der der
per
ments
ees
10
hour
12
34
9
0)
0)
5
.490
0)
.346
0)
.480
.422
.258
.338
.320
.486
4
0)
7
43
8
5
5
84
46
235
3
3
56
68
121
2
2
8
4
13
1
6
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
12
2
2
2
23
2
1
1
2
2
7
1
1
2
5
5
2
3
6
1
7
1
3
4
1
3
9
10
13
17
10
4
1
2
13
24
41
38 | 27
23
25
2
1
2
1
1
3
4
2
4
1
5
2T
8
2
2
5
. 376
4
6
1
2
1
39
1
1
3
3
59
2
1
7
5
1
1
14
1
3
16
5
.379
.450
.398
.286
.411
(*)
.392
0)
.344
.347
21
1
2
21
38
3
19
5
14
11
3
61
6
11
5
13
13
1
1
.401
1
6
20
4
23
3
8
2
<
l Data included in total.
8
7
2
25
6
7
1
2
8
i
1
2
1
8
.....
1
11
1
1
4
1
1
17
15
15
9
8
4
1
6
2
1
3
3
5
16
3
10
1
2
1
3
4
6
4
7
5
4
10
1
11
9
2
3
4
1
1
1
=====
4
8
2
7
4
1
1
11
2
7
2
19
6
7
11
3
1
1
1
1
3
26
18
45
43
41
22
30
6
1907-1928
0)
39
0)
2
8
2
INDUSTRIES,
.378
0)
All States................................... .
Pressers, female.
Connecticut and Rhode Isla n d .
Indiana...........................................
Massachusetts...............................
M ichigan...................................... .
M innesota and W isconsin.........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont..
N ew Y o r k .....................................
N orth Carolina.............................
Pennsylvania................................
Tennessee______ - ______________
All States....................................
198
6
3
4
2
5
1
1
UNDERWEAR
35
.359
.393
0)
0)
.370
.452
.427
.144
.325
1
AND
AH States................................... .
Pressers, male.
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois. ......................................... .
Indiana..........................................
Massachusetts_________________
N ew Hampshire and V erm ontN ew Y ork ......................................
N orth Carolina............................ .
Pennsylvania............................... .
Tennessee...................................... .
Virginia........ ................................ .
73
152
25
75
49
15
446
.580
.558
.679
.493
,535
.353
.430
.414
.480
.490
HOSIERY
Massachusetts.......................... .
M ichigan.......................... .........
Minnesota and W isconsin___
N ew Hampshire and V erm ont.
N ew Y ork .....................................
North Carolina............................ .
Pennsylvania............................... .
Tennessee........ .............................
Virginia......................................... .
All States....................................
Knitters, web or tube, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois.............................................
Indiana.......................................... .
Massachusetts...............................
M ichigan.......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........ .
N ew Y ork ..................................... .
North Carolina............................ .
Pennsylvania.................................
Ol
CD
T a b le
B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
O
UNDERWEAR—Continued
* Data included in total.
14,
un
der
16
16, 18,
un un
der der
20
18
20,
un
der
25
25,
un
der
30
30,
un
der
35
35,
un
der
40
40,
un
der
45
45,
un
der
50
50,
un
der
60
60,
un
der
70
70,
un
der
80
3
13
13
6
28
7
7
10
5
121
20
47
34
14
5
6
9
34
12
15
18
117
7
60
43
12
6
3
4
46
8
24
14
103
1
5
6
66
10
35
15
63
6
19
4
31
2
56
18
59
2
3
3
5
21
13
9
1
155
24
58
36
9
14
2
13
20
18
12
18
144
19
80
40
16
1
23
9
22
16
3
20
7
18
57
23
1
35
9
19
1
76
289
344
396
338
289
245
214
71
80,
un
der
90
90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200,
un un un un un and
der der der der der over
100 125 150 175 200
6
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
4
19
5
3
84
49 $0,347
.556
60
.359
60
257
.393
.316
88
178
.480
.439
93
.346
868
105
.234
367
.350
.284
237
73
.270
2,425
.355
2
2
10
4
4
3
2
7
3
17
5
25
13
1
8
4
18
19
46
57
2
2
16
8
1
4
2
7
6
15
6
INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
- „
12,
un
der
14
UNDERWEAR
All States
10,
un
der
12
AND
Seamers, female.
Connecticut and Rhode Island—
Illinois
Indiana
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and W isconsin_____
N ew Hampshire and Vermont
N ew Y ork
N orth Carolina
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
N um N um Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
estab •em
Un
ings
lish ploy
per
der
ments
ees
10
hour
61
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
able
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tions, 1928, by sex and State
HOSIERY
N umber of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
Aver
N um N um age
ber of ber of full
Over
Occupation, sex, and State estab em
time
Over
Over
lish ploy heurs Un
48,
50,
55, 57,
der 48 un 50 un 54 55 un un 60 Over
ees
ments
per
60
der
der
week 48
der der
54
50
57 60
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana
Georgia_______________
Illinois________________
Indiana........................
Maryland and West
_________
Virginia
Massachusetts________
Michigan_____________
Minnesota and Wis
consin..... .
N ew Hampshire and
Verm ont____________
N ew Jersey___________
N ew Y ork____________
North Carolina_______
Pennsylvania_________
Tennfissftft ,
Virginia_______________
All States___________
Boarders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana
Georgia_________ _____
Illinois
___ . . . __
Indiana_______________
M assachusetts______
M ichigan___
Minnesota and Wis
consin______________
N ew Jersey
New Y ork ____________
North Carolina______
Pen n sy lv a n ia_____
Tennessee___________
2
7
3
2
37
136
50
46
54.0
55.0
57.4
50.0
2
5
2
40
38
6
53.6
48.0
51.5
6
48
50.3
1
6
1
2
12
16
12
3
18
(l)
7
375
392
203
25
51.1
0)
50.8
55.8
52.5
54.5
53.6
7
i
81
1,433
53.8
183
22 147
|
1
1 3
5 !
3
13
i
i
........ 9
!
46
i
13
38
20
11
2
29
8
37
3
2
4 I
121
1
7
23
12
33
8
310
12 53
46 ' 59
” 96"
25
102
18 '23"
-42- 18
13
4
210 3100 405
(l)
0)
51.7
49.2
48.0
50.8
6
3
4
1
10
2
1
133
55
52
0)
136
35
(0
49.7
47.0
47.9
49.7
54.1
(0
1
All States______ ____
Knitters, footers, full-fash
ioned, male:
Illinois_______ ________
Indiana_______________
M assachusetts________
Minnesota and Wis
consin_____________
N ew Jersey___________
N ew Y o r k -- , _. . . . . . . .
P e n n s y lv a n ia ..........
38
516
50.0
40 189
1
1
7
0)
(0
70
0)
0)
48.2
62
8
4
4
4
18
85
62
39
480
49.6
48.5
48.9
50.7
6
48
19 14
1 189
31
44
14
70
1
141
26
78
All States___________
Knitters, leggers, full-fash
ioned, male:
Illinois__________ _____
Indiana_____________ _
Massachusetts________
Minnesota and Wis
consin______________
New Jersey______ ____
New Y ork ____ . . . . . . _
P e n n s y lv a n ia ..........
39
749
50.1
20 319
109
68
141
4 84
1
1
7
0)
0)
207
0)
(0
48.8
4
4
4
18
241
205
141
1,065
50.3
49.8
49.5
51.3
39
1,911
50.7
! 15
2
8
14" 41
21 30
52
0)
139 125 101
12
10
73
1
92
55
89
22
13
22
57
22
22
42
22 I
!
1
i
*11
4 !
4
|
i Data included n total.
a “ Over 54 and under 55.”
*Including 3 “ Over 54 and under 55.”
61333°—29-----5
3
4
(0
0)
18
18
15
12
A ll States__ . . . . . . . . .
30
41
38
1
1
3
2
2
2
Virginia.______________ __
24
15
30
1
164
25
25
88 95
32
148
”75" 40
3 13
21 405 " z i 148' "8 7 " 190
96 782
144 309
87 5203
18 1
33 j
4 |
144 |
55 | 144 |18
4 Including 6 “ Over 54 and under 55.”
8Including 13 “ Over 54 and under 55."
25
9
39
73
1
62
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
able
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
t i o n s 1928, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
Aver-
Occupation, sex, and State
Knitters, transfer, male:
___________
Georgia
M aryland and West
Virginia ___________
Michigan______ ______
Minnesota and Wiscon-
_
T^nnfissftA
Virginia...........................
All Statfis_..............
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana.
Georgia_______________
THinnis____ . . „ __
Tndijvna
Maryland and West
Virginia_____________
Michigan
Minnesota and W iscon
sin__________________
N ew Hampshire and
Vermont____________
North Carolina_______
Pennsylvania_________
Tennessee________ .____
Virginia_______________
All States___________
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana.
Georgia_______ ______ _
Illinois_________ ______
Indiana.... ......................
Maryland and West
Virginia......... .............
Massachusetts...............
M ichigan.. ....................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.... ............................
New Hampshire and
Vermont____________
New Jersey.....................
New York.......................
North Carolina_______
Pennsylvania.................
Tennessee........................
Virginia...........................
,,,
.... .
A ll States....................
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana.
Georgia............................
Illinois.............................
Indiana. ..........................
Maryland and West
Virginia_______ ____
Massachusetts. .............
M ichigan. ......................
Minnesota and Wiscon
sin.................................
N ew Hampshire and
Verm ont.....................
N ew Jersey.....................
N ew Y ork......................
North Carolina..............
Pennsylvania.................
Tennessee........................
Virginia...........................
A ll States.....................
1Data included in total.
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
ber of ber of full
Over
Over
estab em
time
48,
50,
lish ploy hours U n
48
un
50
un
der
ments
ees
per
der
der
week 48
54
50
1
0)
0)
1
1
0)
0)
(*)
(l)
1
6
7
1
18
0)
42
137
(*)
205
0)
55.0
53.9
0)
53.8
4
6
2
1
?44
?85
51
0)
55.0
55.3
51.7
«
4
1
163
0)
54.3
0)
5
143
49.7
9
5
7
11
9
3
58
49
211
677
516
99
33
16
33 1117
312
247
2,483
49.6
55.2
51.6
53.7
53.4
53.1
4
7
5
3
112
263
133
105
54.5
55.2
55.7
49.8
3
7
3
68
87
44
52.8
48.0
50.8
6
257
49.7
17
71 169
6
4
4
14
23
13
3
73
85
51
829
874
546
80
50.3
47.2
48.2
55.7
51.4
54.2
52.8
34
68
18
10
105
3,607
53.0
4
7
5
3
' 18
46
85
69
53.8
54.9
52.8
49.7
3
5
3
37
46
5
54.2
48.0
50.7
3
54
55
49
19
42
35
7
11
34
49
19
81
7
11
19
20
38
97
179
23
CO 172
18
140
652
22
51
27
’ 25"
9
202
215
46 155
33
261 806
28
224
35
83
55
51
24
44
62
9 1
I-------
54
81
97
30
87
17
23
128
68
1
70
24
38
82 155
8
57,
un
Over
der 60 60
60
16
13
64
Over
55,
un
der
57
14
38
30
8
31
695
~3§i~ ’ 213''
48 90
273
38
30
177 342 765 285 971
26 108
247" ” 82“
49 496
51
63
6
7
11
11
8
6
1
8
135
12
118 296 i o T
10
13
6
23
31
46
2
a
124
49.5
15
6
4
3
14
24
13
3
38
80
51
115
379
187
14
49.8
47.4
47.9
55.9
50.2
54.1
51.2
20
68
28
103
1,294
51.4
12
23
191
57
3
52
7
34
11
93
98
11
41 368
93 190
234
90
8
33
1
79 164
46
61
10
17
2
25 ~83~ 17
■
■
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
T
able
63
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tions, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERW EAR
Number
Aver
N um N um age
ber of ber of full
time
Occupation, sex, and State estab em
lish ploy hours Un
der 48
ments
ees
per
week 48
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode
__________
Island
M ichigan........................
Minnesota and Wis
consin
....... ...........
New Hampshire and
Pennsylvania. ___ _
Tennessee
__ . . . ..
Virginia...........................
All States___________
Folders, female:
Connecticut and Rhode
Island . ____ _
Illinois
____
Indiana
__ Massachusetts___
M ichigan........................
Minnesota and Wis
consin
. _ _ ___
New Hampshire and
Vermont
____ _
N ew York
___ ____
North Carolina
Pennsylvania____ _
Tennessee ______ ___
Virginia____ __________
A ll States___________
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut and Rhode
Island _______ _
Illinois________________
Indiana_______________
Massachusetts _____
Michigan
Minnesota and Wis
consin ___________
N ew Hampshire and
Vermont____________
New Y ork ______ ___ _
North Carolina_____
Pennsylvania_________
Tennessee ______ _
Virginia ___ ____
All States___________
Knitters, web or tube, fe
male:
Connecticut and Rhode
Island_______________
Illinois_________ ___ __
Indiana______ _____ __
Massachusetts________
M ichigan........................
Minnesota and Wis
consin _____ __ ____
N ew Y ork ____________
N orth Carolina_______
Pennsylvania_________
A ll States___________
1Data included in total.
Over
Over
48,
50,
un 50 un
der
der
50
54
2
5
3
3
4
3
10
11
9
26
8
50.5
45.7
49.6
48.0
51.1
4
25
48.6
3
27
3
13
5
3
76
17
153
20
36
44
10
369
5
3
3
3
3
19
23
12
40
16
52.5
23
45.3
2
50.8
48.0
51.5 . . . . .
3
45
48.3
36
9
7
66
64
11
3
3
of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
54
55
2
2
1
5
I __
1
26
19
4
1
4
2
•15
2
49.8
10 68
54 >8
48.6
53.9
9
52.5
54.9
51.1 ........ 5
24 123 | 64 39 1
50.1
13
15
21
9
61
Over
55,
un
der
57
57,
un
Over
der 60 60
60
3
3
2
6
9 13
4
1
24 | 18
13
! 13
3
i
3
25
4
a
5
3
66
15
156
27
50
71
14
488
49.1
48.8
54.2
51.6
54.8
50.7
50.3
5
3
3
3
2
13
8
18
42
2
51.8
46.2
50.5
50.3
72.0
3
9
52.5
3
23
4
17
4
3
73
38
152
25
75
49
15
446
49.4
50.0
57.4
55.4
55.8
51.7
52.2
5
2
1
1
3
34
9
C1)
0)
19
49.5
45.2
0)
(i)
51.5
4
8
2
9
30
29
4
54
48.8
48.6
55.0
51.4
35
198
6
2
_
40
5
7
K
8
8
2
1
8
7
51
2
i
5
23
8
31 157 |
I! 80
10
12
17
14
15
63
3
3
6
4
6
13
16
4
49
6
6
18
22
2
35
fw
1
1
8
1
4
34
1
5
27
11
70 ""40" 12
12
6
60 j| 37
41
16
1
7
4
18
11
10
5
2
5
44
14
1
49.7 |
1 19
" 4’
35
8
4
58
23
2
10
3
23
3
20
2
3
25
45 { 36
7
4
9
27
1
3
9
3
10
17 ” 22
6
7
15 128
4
~ !1
7 1
7
26
10
6
10
5
8
36
17
64
T
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
able
C#— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tions, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
U N D E B W E A R —Continued
Number
Aver
N um N um age
ber of ber of full
time
Occupation, sex, and State estab em
lish ploy hours Un
der 48
ees
ments
per
week 48
Pressers, male:
Connecticut and Rhode
Island
.
r , rr.
Illinois________________
Indiana,
Massachusetts...............
N ew Hampshire and
Vermont____________
N ew Y ork____________
North Carolina_______
Pennsylvania.................
Tennessee_____________
Virginia_____ . . . . _____
A ll States___ . . . ____
Pressers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode
Island...........................
Indiana.................... .......
Massachusetts________
M ichigan........................
Minnesota and W is
consin...........................
N ew Hampshire and
Vermont......................
N ew Y ork_____ ______
3
1
2
1
5
4
50.2
0)
52.5
3
20
3
5
2
3
7
43
8
5
5
3
49.7
49.7
56.6
52.9
54.0
52.3
43
84
50.9
4
2
4
3
12
8
31
11
52.3
48.9
48.0
52.7
4
52
48.3
1
11
1
0)
48.9
0)
52.7
56.0
0)
0)
1
23
55
2
1
2
2
Over
55,
un
der
57
57,
un 60 Over
der
60
60
235
50.3
5
6
3
3
4
3
49
60
50
257
88
49.9
45.4
49.8
48.0
51.5
60
10
48.5
3
27
4
19
5
3
93
868
105
367
237
73
49.5
48.7
54.2
52.6
54.8
51.6
All S t a t e s ................
84
2,425
50.2
4
3
1
2
2
8
13
2
1
1
5
10
1
1
1
2
4
3
3
1
6
9
5
2
8
31
46
178
29
3
A ll States____ ______
4
6
2
1
2
3
Seamers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode
Island_______ ____ _
Illinois____ ___ __ ____
Indiana_______________
Massachusetts..... ..........
M ichigan_____ ____
Minnesota and Wis
consin...........................
N ew Hampshire and
V erm ont.....................
N ew Y ork ......................
North C arolin a............
Pennsylvania.................
Tennessee........................
Virginia_____ ____ ____
8
1
13
54
0)
Pennsylvania_________
Tennessee____ ________
1 Data incuded in total.
Over
Over
48,
50,
un 50 un
der
der
54
50
2
(l)
39
<*)
67
6
North C a r o l i n a - -......
of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—
1
1
3
42
9
1
10
26
i.
85
37
16
7
7
2
10
30
26
26
34
43
18
2
4
4
1
4
4
4
36
257
133
29
25
36
9
24
69
51 365 '334' 31
1
81
87
61
162
52
30
122 825
406 235
396
34
31
13
123
68
40
37
3
80
269
79
80
13
T
able
D,— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State
H O S IE R Y
38
0)
0)
18
18
15
12
133
55
52
C1)
136
35
(l)
516
0)
0)
50.4
47.9
48.0
30.9
42.2
40.6
42.3
0)
41.2
37.8
0)
42.0
( ,) 7
375
392
203
25
2
3
1
1
36,
un
der
40
40,
un
der
42
42,
un
der
44
1
2
1
2
8
1
2
1
6
5
2
5
2
8
1
5
1
7
1
1
2
1
6
5
6
5
9
12
6
11
9
8
26
31
44
46,
un
der
48
12
1
1
19
1
9
2
9
8
2
8
1
2
2
1
5
6
1
3
1
1
1
6
9
15
9
1
1
17
29
25
2
97
1
25
8
6
1
14
13
3
1
43
2
2
44,
un
der
46
10
15
11
2
65
48
81
48
2
Over
48,
un
der
50
1
6
1
2
9
28
17
1
93
3
2
3
53
5
1
85
8
16
9
6
61
Over 52,
50,
un un
der der
54
52
1
1
11
5
5
1
1
7
2
2
2
7
1
14
50
13
1
19
5
3
1
65
11
18
3
1
42
54
3
15
3
18
7
7
3
3
3
3
1
2
4
1
Over
54,
un
der
55
55
2
1
2
1
1
1
6
4
132
49
6
g
1
5
34
24
34
1
Over
55,
un
der
58
58,
un
der
60
1
11
10
11
2
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
8
3
1
14
3
1
3
1
8
2
5
3
3
3
3
4
9
7
14
15
10
20
7
22
1 ‘ “ 3"
44
6
4
4
2
4
1
20
3
5
1
11
3
2
6
14
5
24
7
9
1
4
2
2
5
13 ! 10
24
23
38
72
55
16
71
14
6
45
19
51
18
55
2
11
15
g
5
1
2
1 "i.48
18
1
10
4
10 ” 92"
1
32
8
32 .........
17
1
14
5
70
65
1
8
1
1
Over
60
1
1
181
1
15
3
1
2
1
127
= =
1
60
1
1
2
13
17
1607-1928
1
1
3
2
2
2
6
3
4
1
10
2
1
1,433
43.4
46.0
53.1
49.9
44.3
47.0
48..3
48.5
48.9
0)
49.7
49.4
48.7
47.7
47.5
48.2
32,
un
der
36
INDUSTRIES,
2
2
5
2
6
6
1
2
12
16
12
3
81
37
136
50
46
40
38
6
48
18
28,
un
der
32
UNDERWEAR
JData included in total.
2
7
3
24,
un
der
28
AND
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
M aryland and W est V irginia..
Massachusetts.............................
M ichigan......... ............................
Minnesota and W isconsin____
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork ____________ ________
N orth Carolina_______________
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia........................................
A ll States..................................
Boarders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana............
Georgia..........................................
I llin o is ........................................
Indiana..........................................
Massachusetts.............................
M ichigan.......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Jersey...................................
N ew Y ork .....................................
North Carolina..................... .
Pennsylvania...............................
Tennessee....................................
Virginia................. ......................
A ll States...................................
Num ber of employees whose hours actually worked in 1 week were—
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
N um N um Averber
ber
hours
of
of
20,
estab em actually Un un
worked
lish ploy
der der
in 1
ments
20
ees
24
week
2
T a b l e D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State
Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
XTaitit Ta i *g a v
1
1
7
4
4
18
(?))
\
70
85
62
39
480
O')
(i)
45.8
48.7
47.8
46.9
50.1
2
39
749
49.2
2 1
4
Pennsylvania...............................
All States
1
2
1
Over
48,
un
der
50
Over
50, 52,
un un
der der
54
52
46,
un
der
48
3
1
8
2
6
2
6
12
1
1
7
7
30
11
70
7
32
1
6
33
10
32
16
28
137
79
5
1
2
1
4
2
22
1
1
74
18
27
111
12
90
91
141
1
28
28
127 "4 9 " ’ "35’
_
90
173
42,
un
der
44
1
1
3
3
2
3 .....
9
19
48
50
54
Over
54,
un
der
55
55
Over 58,
55, un
un der
der 60
58
60
Over
60
I
1
|
i
5
3
1
19
5
4
24
1
1
2
1
2
16
26
1
45
9
1
14
69
3
31
2
7
199
1
52
18
33
213
54
18
1
1
1
18
30
3
104
1
118
13
21
4
64
1
179
64
1
22
7 ____
35
23
90
119
121
36
118
181
73
46
47
1
13
1
1
37
9
1
16
5
7
5
5
1
19
1
38
9
1
21
7
5
7
4
3
full-fashioned,
TII iy i /yig
T n H io n o
1
V. )
Massachusetts___ - .......... .........'Ki’lTlflA
C A fo QT
1/1
ICPATICIT"!
JVXlIlI16SOL«
a>H
Cl \X
YY7"lo
tU U lo lIl............
\Taw TArcatt
New York
__________ _____
Pennsylvania.................... - .........
7
4
4
4
18
(l)
207
241
205
141
1,065
(l)
48.3
49.7
50.1
48.6
51.1
1
12
All States...................................
39
1,911
50.3
1
Tennessee______ _____________
Virginia______________________
1
1
6
7
1
v)
'V
V/
\)
42
137
0)
A ll States___________________
18
205
Knitters, transfer, male:
iviaryiana anu w voi v n gm id ..
TV/Ti/Vhiircin
1
2
1
1
7
12
1
3 "4 9 "
2
10
5
4
9
3
10
6
1
31
13
10
16
7
51
21
12
20
51
119
419
45.5
46.5
0)
3
3
1
2
5
1
2
7
5
2
6
7
10
13
2
5
3
46.0
8
3
2
12
6
9
20
15
7
8
3
168
12
1
( l)
fi')
0
0 )/
V
lh: ...... ....
4
i 907-1928
44,
un
der
46
40,
un
der
42
36,
un
der
40
INDUSTRIES,
leggers,
32,
un
der
36
full-fashioned,
Minnesota and W isconsin-------
Bilitters,
male:
28,
un
der
32
UNDERWEAR
footers,
24,
un
der
28
AND
Knitters,
male:
Number of employees whose hours actually worked in 1 week were—
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
A ver
N um N u m
age
ber
ber
hours
of
of
actually Un 20,
em worked
estab
un
der der
lish
p loy
in 1
20
ees
ments
24
week
2,483
133
105
68
3,607
103
51
115
379
187
14
1,294
48
51.1
43.6
38.4
46.9
45.6
40.8
30.5
42.7
43.5
38.7
45.5
45.2
43.1
46.8
50.1
44.3
126
106
124
156
40
1
17
8
142
51
17
4
415
230
9
3
13
35
5
36
4
15
13
2
29
45
189
30
50
3
4 __ 2_
1
10
1
3
1
21
25
1
4
3
5
5
10
47
24
31
50
65
60
72
46
11
2
82
72
43
1
_ 20 '
30
4
9
16
26
24
3
4
35
7
7
99
152
19
336
26
119 I
17
27
1
9
316~
26
4
1
25
21
2
17
36
1
24
26
50
51
11
7
1
1
13
7
20
12
40
132
5
74
2
116
109
233
321
1
2
11
1
2
3
6
16
3
1
43
4
5
1
10
~~87~
1
30
5
77
51
22
49
194
43
161
46_ 100
24
8
279 155
12
14
15
11
11
10
19
29
10
1
45
12
28
" ~ T
153
41.9
40.5
47.5
47.6
47.8
45.6
29.1
42.5
42.1
45.0
42.5
44.8
47.3
47.6
49.7
45.8
2
28
186
32
16
32
41
1
3
34
1
12
3
43 121
18
21
5 __ 2_
178 160
54
12
185
2
25
10
ICO | 32
18
15
2
16
1
4
23
7
2
84
22
4
1
2
5
6
78
2
4
7
1
~70~
2
1
33
2
12
2
1907-1928
18
46
85
69
37
46
5
124
62
20
15
1
1
12
INDUSTRIES,
87
44
257
73
85
51
829
874
546
24
36
1
UNDERWEAR
58
48.6
45.6
47.1
(0
43.0
0)
45.5
38.0
49.7
44.3
44.2
46.6
45.4
AND
1 Data included in total.
244
285
51
0)
163
0)
143
49
211
677
516
HOSIERY
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana____
Georgia__________ __________
Illinois......................................
Indiana...................................
M aryland and West Virginia. .
M ichigan......................................
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Vermont
North Carolina..........................
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee____________________
Virginia.......... ............................
All States..
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana.......... .
Georgia.........................................
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Maryland and West Virginia..
M assachusetts............................
M ich igan....................................
Minnesota and W isconsin____
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Jersey................................. .
N ew Y ork ................................... .
North C arolina..........................
Pennsylvania............................. .
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia....................................... .
All States..
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia........................................ .
Illinois........................................ .
Indiana......... .............................. .
M aryland and West Virginia..
Massachusetts.............................
M ichigan............. ....................... .
Minnesota and W isconsin____
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey................................. .
N ew Y ork.................................. .
North Carolina...........................
Pennsylvania............................. .
Tennessee.....................................
Virginia.......... ............................ .
A ll States..................................
14 i
a>
•<1
T
able
D . — Average
and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERW EAR
A ll States......................... .........
76
369
Folders, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois________________________
Indiana_______________________
Massachusetts_______ _________
M ichigan............................ ...........
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and V erm ont.
N ew Y ork ____________________
North Carolina_______________
Pennsylvania_________________
Tennessee_____________________
Virginia_______________________
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
25
4
6
5
3
A ll States___________________
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Illinois________________________
Indiana..........................................
1
1
1
1
4
15
1
1
1
41.8
6
18
19
23
12
40
16
45
15
156
27
50
71
14
25.5
42.0
43.0
44.5
45.1
38.0
42.0
40.9
49.0
45.2
47.1
36.8
10
1
1
1
66
488
42.3
5
3
3
13
8
18
45.5
59.7
51.3
1
7
15
1
1
1
2
9
20
1
27
43
32
1
3
2
1
1
2
13
42,
un
der
44
44,
un
der
46
17
3
7
4
35
46
41
23
1
1
4
8
2
1
2
1
1
2
28
3
16
14
2
1
1
4_
3
1
36
2
1
12
Over 52,
50,
un un
der der
54
52
4
1........
!
1
i
1
3
3
11
!
1
1
7
23
1
2
1
13
10
1
2
7
61
55
Over 58,
55,
un un
der der
60
58
60 Over
60
2
3
36
24
7 1 20
2
1
1
6
1
3 1
1
1
|
i
2
i
6
13
10
9
1
22
Over
54,
un
der
55
54
11
1
1
1
2 I
50
1
2
15
2
11
1
1
19
Over
48,
un
der
50
2
1
2
1 .....
7
3
14
1
48
3
1
18
1
9
1
1
9
2
7
46,
un
der
48
22
48
9
1
4
1
13
1
8
4
1
2
1
11
1
40,
un
der
42
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
4
3
14
1 .....
1
.....
3
” 16’
2
1
1
4
.....
13
17
10 ”i(T
1
2
3
9
1
1
3
2
2
7
2
2
1
2
3
2
5
36,
un
der
40
3
11!
2
1
2 i
6 i........
!1
1
2
1
8
7
4
24
2
1
5
2
10
.....
2
4
” l6"
1
18
45
30
3
2
1
1
5
5
17
2
8
18 ;| 24
15
1
1
4
3
1
3
41
1
1
10
4
1
2
3
it>07—1928
39.1
43.9
41.3
42.3
45.9
42. 2
44.9
38.2
44.9
46.5
47.2
39.6
32,
un
der
36
INiDUSTRIES,
10
11
9
26
8
25
17
153
20
36
44
10
28,
un
der
32
UNDERWEAR
5
3
3
4
3
4
3
27
3
13
5
3
24,
un
der
28
AND
B utton hole makers, female:
Connecticut and R hode Island.
Illinois............................................
Indiana_______ ________________
Massachusetts________________
M ichigan______ _______________
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y ork ____________________
North Carolina_______________
Pennsylvania_____ ____________
Tennessee_____________________
Virginia____ __________________
N um ber of employees whose hours actually worked in 1 week were—
3
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
N um N um A ver
age
ber
ber
hours
of
of
actually Un 20,
estab em worked
der un
lish p loy
in 1
20 der
ments
ees
24
week
1
1
3
23
4
17
4
3
7
2
29
12
48.6
12
20
55
23
45.9
48.6
19
30
29
4
54
47.7
47.7
45.4
49.1
48. C
1
12
4
35
198
46. i
31
3
1
5
1
3
20
3
5
2
0)
11
1
13
46
5
19
36
23
1
10
"Is "
22
31
20
13
1
8
5
19
4
3
4
W7
43
8
5
5
3
84
4
2
4
3
4
1
11
12
34
9
2
1
1
16
3
1
11
2
47.9
12
8
31
1
"T
11
52
0)
39
0)
67
6
235
5
"T
"T
43.2
18
"T
28
2
1
3
1
2
....
‘T
.... ....
2
18
10
1
4
7
1907-1928
1 Data included in total.
30
7
INDUSTRIES,
A ll States,.
152
25
75
49
15
UNDERWEAR
All States..................................
Pressers, female:
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Indiana..........................................
Massachusetts.... ........................
M ich ig a n ................................... .
Minnesota and W isconsin____
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork....................................
North Carolina— ____________
Pennsylvania________ ________
Tennessee.___ _______________
3
AND
A ll States..............................
Knitters, web or tube, female:
Connecticut and Rhodelsland.
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts........................
M ichigan.................................
Minnesota and W isconsin. _
New Y ork................................
North Carolina____________
Pennsylvania______________
All States..
Pressers, male:
Connecticut and Rhode Island
Illinois...........................................
Indiana.........................................
Massachusetts..............................
N ew Hampshire and Vermont.
N ew Y ork............. ......................
North Carolina_______________
Pennsylvania........... ...................
Tennessee................... ............... .
Virginia____ —_______________
2
42
2
HOSIERY
Massachusetts______________
M ichigan................................... .
Minnesota and W isconsin........
N ew Hampshire and Verm ont.
N ew Y ork ................... ...........
N orth Carolina_____________
Pennsylvania________ ______
Tennessee..................... ..........
Virginia____________________
‘Y
" if
” 4'
" 2"
21
2
17
23
8
25
11
T a b le
D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928 , by sex and State— Continued
UNDERWEAR—Continued
42.0
40.6
43! 1
40.0
47! 8
41.7
40.7
39.4
44! 2
49.0
47.2
37.7
All States___________________
84
2,425
42.5
Massachusetts____ ____________
Minnesota and W isconsin------New Hampshire and Verm ont.
XTAn? V A flr
X T P .o rA liH Q
P atiticvIvquio
5
3
l
1
1
4
o&
12
1
O
g
1
1
3
7
1
4A
4
54
3
39
55
2
2
i
46
3
5
5
13
93
1
6
2
5
3
6
82
49
93
40,
un
der
42
42,
un
der
44
44,
un
der
46
2
11
3
“ is"
120
5
6
26
4
13
27
41
8
6
3
1
22
9
115
4
11
45
7
2
2
58
4
9
4
2
56
50
16
4
4
5
25
5
18
7
47
17
102
3
19
12
3
144
208
123
255
263
4
8
6
3
67
1
3
5
5
18
1
2
84
33
46,
un
der
48
1
8
2
11
9
9
48
Over
48,
un
der
50
50
13
6
3
1
19
19
3
5
2
1
11
1
56
54
174
2
26
4
4
9
2
3
3
72
36
21
22
2
247
125
73
—.. .....
.....
121
54
Over
54,
un
der
55
55
Over 58,
55, un
un der
der 60
58
60
1
20
6
11
Over 52,
50, un
un der
der 54
52
24
7
6
2
13
1
102
47
2
51
50
7
178
127
7
Over
60
17
1
2
6
18
3
6
1907-1928
4
2
2
2
32, 36,
un un
der der
40
36
INDUSTRIES,
Virginia.........................................
19
5
3
49
60
50
257
88
178
93
868
105
367
237
73
28,
un
der
32
UNDERWEAR
if
0
g
3
A
3
4
3
27
24,
un
der
28
AND
Seamers, female:
Connecticut and R hode Island.
Num ber of employees whose hours actually worked in 1 week were—
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
ver
N um N um Aage
ber
ber
hours
of
of
20,
actually
estab em worked Un un
der der
lish p loy
in
1
20
ees
ments
24
week
T a b l e E . — Average
and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State
HOSIERY
Aver-
Num ber of employees whose earnings in one week were—
0)
<»)
14.35
15.49
18.58
16.99
20.37
27.04
24.05
0)
23.22
9. 72
(l)
516
20.40
4
3
4
2
1
1
1
2
7
9
2
1
11
1
2
5
1
16
24
1
3
15
•4
1
8
17
5
....
1
3
4
1
11
4
44
12
9
18
3
74
2
1
2
6
1
1
5
25
4
1
2
7
28
4
3
19
10
1
’ "4" 6
1
1
3
3
1
3
7
3
3
3
4
2
5
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
15 21 "46" 49 45
9 10 13
9 12
21 33 28 25 25
2
3
2
4
1
84 115 133 109 109
5
3
8
1
1
4
1
1
7
4
1
5
5
5
1
1
2
2 ’ "5"
1
2
4
4
4
3
2
4
3
5
2
1
1
37
16
8
1
93
1
31
12
11
25
12
9
1
22
20
4
27
15
2
10
13
1
6
22
3
14
3
18
1
1
63
79
71
63
54
38
40
29
30
1
1
1
10
9
1
12
10
1
10
7
3
2
3
1
1
4
1
1 ” 2"
1
1
2
1
3
4
12
2
6
2
3
2
1
12
1
8
2
2
4
1
17
9
2
"2"
3
1
1
1
’Y
7
1
1
3
12
1
3
18
2
8
12
2
6
1
6
V
1
1
1
5
4
4
3
2
5 ” 4" ” 4’
2
1
2
4
12
3
1
1
2
69
16
14
15
9
1
86 | 72
17
15
17
9
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
4
3
’’I
3
1
1
2
1
1 ” 5’
3
10
2
6
9
4
5
4
8
1
14
1
19
1
18
1
9
1
8
5
3
2
6
4
6
3
8
3
8
23
20
32
38
39
45
57
56
34
34
33
24
9
13
6
8
4
12
6
10
1907-1928
(l)
0)
18
18
15
12
133
55
52
0)
136
35
0)
2
1
1
INDUSTRIES,
1Data included in total.
38
37 $12.99
136 14.40
50 17.82
46 32.90
40 21.41
38 34.91
6 34.73
48 24.60
18 24.12
0)
C1)
7 25.06
375 21.40
392 37.78
203 17.06
25 13.87
25.12
V
$90,
un $100,
der and
$100 over
UNDERWEAR
All States.....................
2
7
3
2
2
5
2
6
6
1
2
12
16
12
3
$16, $18, $20, $22, $24, $26, $28, $30, |$32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80,
un un un un un un un un un .u n un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
$18 $20 $22 $24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90
AND
Boarders, male:
Alabama and L a ____
Georgia...................... .
Illinois........................
Indiana....................
M aryland and W . V a—
Massachusetts............
M ichigan.....................
M innesota and Wis__
N ew Hampshire and V t.
N ew Jersey......................
N ew Y ork ........................
N orth Carolina........ ......
Pennsylvania..................
Tennessee........ ...............
Virginia............................
A ll States—..................
Boarders, female:
Alabama and L a ............
Georgia.............................
Illinois.................. ............
Indiana...................... ......
Massachusetts................
M ichigan..........................
M innesota and W is.......
N ew Jersey......................
N ew Y ork........................
North Carolina...............
Pennsylvania..................
Tennessee_____ _______
Virginia............ ...............
$14,
un
der
$16
HOSIERY
N um N um
ings
ber of ber of actu
Occupation, sex, and State estab em$4, $6, $8, $10, $12,
ally Un un
lish ployun un un un
der der der
re
ments
der der der
ceived $4 $6
$8 $10 $12 $14
in 1
week
T a b le
E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928 , by sex and State—Continued
to
HOSIERY—Continued
A ll States..
$38, $40,
un un
der der
$40 $45
$45,
un
der
$50
$50,
un
der
$55
$55,
$70, $80,
$100,
un un un un un and
der der der der der over
$100
$60 $70 $80
ee
0)
0)
0)
70 $74. 87
85 58.00
62 77. 33
39 85.18
480 78.98
39
749
76.10
0)
0)
207
241
205
141
1,065
0)
0)
71.18
50.11
68.14
75. 94
69.23
1,911
66. 87
80 )
C1)
42
137
0)
(»)
0)
(9
0)
14.68
14. 21
0)
205
14. 58
19
19
24
41 111
147
68
7
1
XL
7
67
90
94
I
22
1
13
10
31
15
18
20
29
13
19
73
40
32
136 180 172 289 223 174
35
“ 21
20
72
18
147
128
219
1907-1928
A ll States....................
Knitters, transfer, male:
Georgia______ _________
M aryland and W . Va_.
M ichigan_______ _____
Minnesota and W is___
N orth Carolina.............
Tennessee____________
Virginia..........................
$24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36,
un un*! un- un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der
$12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24
$28 $30 $32 $34 $36
INDUSTRIES,
A ll States.
Knitters, leggers, full-fash
ioned, male:
Illinois________________
Indiana............................
Massachusetts...............
Minnesota and Wis___
N ew Jersey.....................
N ew Y ork ......................
Pennsylvania.................
$8
$10, $12,1$14, $10, $18, $20,
UNDERWEAR
Knitters, footers, full-fash
ioned, male:
Illinois_________________
Indiana............................
Massachusetts...........
Minnesota and W is___
N ew Jersey......................
N ew Y ork.......................
Pennsylvania..................
un
der
AND
N um
ber of
Occupation, sex, and State estab
lish
ments
N um ber of employees whose earnings in one week w ere-
HOSIERY
A ver
age
N um earn
ings
ber of actu
em
ally Unploy
re
der
ceived $4
in 1
week
1
4.
1
5
5
7
11
9
3
58
244
285
51
0)
163
0)
143
49
211
677
516
99
2,483
112
103
18
46
85
69
37
46
5
124
38
80
51
115
379
187
14
1,294
18
22
22
43
2
32
58
5
42
57
9
41
44
4
24
31
9
33
13
15
18
8
5
10
6
1
8
2
1
1
1
3
7
24
27
33
25
13
11
7
6
4
17.97
13.02
11.90
17.68
11.37
10.13
13.35
2
3 ___
3 10 16 20 18 14 15 20
2
3
3
5
4
8
9
8
5
1
6
9 32 32 41 26 18 21 14 ' 8
2
6
5 20 16 47 68 62 109 117 108 51
32 51 84 85 58 57 45 30 23 22 16
3
9 17 24 19
7 12
4
3
1
95 153 277 302 302 276 242 235 212 173 101
0)
10.79
10.91
9.81
2
17
10
22.86
8
21
15
25 16
36 47
29 24
1
7 13
___ ___
2
3
5 15
___
3
20
43
19
5
10
3
13
20
6
17
32
11
4
11
16
4
25
11
13.28
1
22.03
1 ___
16.77
19.60
1
1
15.96
4
2
24.72
29.65 ------- ___ ___
1
5
14.93
8 24 50 91 139 107
22.45
2
4 11 28 33 42
13.35
20 30 57 79 70 71
12.05 ------- 5 15 14
9 11
17.03
65 111 238 334 395 362
8.97
3
9.52
8
18.93
1
19.94
9; 45
1
19.77
1
14.69
16.99
1
13.83
1
22.49 ____
29.46
11.52
3
22.88
2
10.45
6
------17.72
27
1
2
5
5
4
5
3
3
3
1 ___
3
3
6 13
___
_ ___
2
1
3
3
4
1
2
3
___ ___ ___
13
9
2
4
23 30
----- 4
57 71
2
10
4
4
8
7
12
8
10
9
3
2
34 10
6 10
13
3
4
3
6
7 13
8
7
7
6
4
15
7 ___
7
2
5
5
22 25 ’ 21“ 24
7 13 11
3
2
2
8 11
2
3
2
1
96 89 60 57
77 85 86 99
59 36 40 28
9
8
3
3
361 309 263 265
3
5
6
9
4
3 ”
23
6
3
1
22 21 ‘ 15"
3 12 15
22 44 22
3
5
1
83 138 115
1
4
7
7
4"
"2
5
3
2
4
14 16
4
5
3 14
2
2
13
6
22 44
19 10
1
101 113
2 ....
15
1
1
. 1
1
1
27 22
5
6
4
2
11
1
3
1
2
51
18
8
2
33
2
1
2
1 ----- ----- ----- ___ ___ ___ ___ . . . . ____
2
4
1
2
10 16 14
7
8
1
....
1
9 ”T
~~2
3
2
1
2
3
26 16 19 16 ’ i r
2
1
9
1
16 19
6 11
4
2
5
1
6
5
30 25 21 15
8
71 73 58 50 37
16 17
7
5
7
2
1 ___
195 179 141 117 82
1
2
7
6
1
14
8
10
8
4
4
4
11
4
15
2
3
26
6
11
1
11
2
5
40
4
8
3
2
6
4
43
1
87 101
89
11
8
6
5
5
2
4
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
6
2
1
8
36
2
2
3
1
21
2
2
2
1
18
3
1
9
60
37
26
18
31
14
2
1
5
3
2
4
1
5 " T ” 4" " T
1
1.
■
=
i=
4
4
1
1
1
5
3
26
8
1
1
1
4
1
5
5
1
50
10
7
4
3
13
5
2
3
1
2
5
25
27
33
9
5
5
5
6
1
91
61
49
59
14
8
7
7
12
1
2
1
2 ___
1
1907-1928
105
263
133
105
68
87
44
257
73
85
51
829
874
546
80
3,607
10.60
9.07
12.52
0)
11.98
INDUSTRIES,
2
UNDERWEAR
1Data included in total.
6
AND
M ich ig a n .^ ___________
Minnesota and W is____
N ew Hampshire and Vt_
N ew Jersey_____
N ew Y ork______
N orth Carolina..
Pennsylvania__
Tennessee_____ ________
Virginia____ ___________
A ll States____________
Menders, female:
Alabama and La.
Georgia.................
Illinois_________________
Indiana.............................
M aryland and W . V a__
Massachusetts............... .
M ichigan...... ................. .
Minnesota and W is___
N ew Hampshire and Vt.
N ew Jersey.... ................ .
N ew Y ork........................
N orth Carolina________
Pennsylvania.... ........ .
Tennessee....................... .
Virginia............ ............. .
All States____________
4
HOSIERY
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and L a ............
Georgia............... ..............
Illinois________________
Indiana.............................
M aryland and W . V a_.
M ichigan........................ .
Minnesota and W is___
N ew Hampshire and V t.
N orth Carolina...............
Pennsylvania____ _____
Tennessee____ ________
Virginia.............. .............
AJl States_____ ______
Loopers, female:
Alabama and L a __........
Georgia__________ _____
Illinois_________________
Indiana............................
M aryland and W . Va_.
CO
T
able
£•—
Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State— Continued
•<1
UNDERW EAR
10
76
14.20
19
23
12
40
16
45
15
156
27
50
71
14
10.13
17.68
17.19
18.33
11.71
16.19
16.48
14.77
11.51
13.86
12.64
11.71
1
4
1
1
12
1
6
14
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
2
2
1
20
3
5
5
1
8
1
21
8
2
2
1
3
2
23
4
7
12
2
33
36
58
2
2
1
2
18
5
4
1 ” 1"
1
1
1
1
3 'T
6
4
1
1
5 "l2~
3
8
.1
4
i ~ T 14
i
4
8
13 1 27
44
1
1
1
2
1
1
5 "~8~
1
2"
" 2 "16" 2 3
1
1
2
3
20 12
8 13
3
5
6
7
1
5
2
1
3
3
2
44
46
40
30
1
4
1
8
2
” 2" 7
1
1
21 27
4
7
14
5
13 21
1
2
2
8
3
22
2
10
7
1
63
79
62
2
2
1
1
1
2
3 ”
1
3
1 ” 2"
1
27
15
1
1
”3" 3
4
6
1
3
3
3 12
5 "<T
1
3
9
1
6
6
1
5
"26’ 25 ’ l3" 6
1
2
9 ” 5’ 2
1
4
4
2
4
58
62
36
25
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4’
1
1
1
2
I
1
11
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2 -----
1
1
1
1
2 -----
1 1i 1
1
1907-1928
All States____________
20
36
44
2
j
7
2
INDUSTRIES,
Folders, female:
Connecticut and R . I __
Illinois ..............................
I n d ia n a .........................
Massachusetts_________
M ichigan..........................
Minnesota and W is___
N ew Hampshire and Vt.
N ew Y ork ........................
N orth Carolina...........
Pennsylvania__________
Tennessee_____________
Virginia............ ...............
8
25
17
153
26.26
15.62
16.39
15.41
17.37
19.52
12.26
9.46
15.80
12.23
15.08
UNDERWEAR
A ll States____________
10 $17.13
11
9
26
AND
Button-hole makers, female:
Connecticut and R . I __
Illinois _ .......................
Indiana........................
Massachusetts...........
M ichigan.....................
Minnesota and Wis__
N ew Hampshire and V t.
N ew Y ork ...................
North Carolina..........
Pennsylvania.... ........
Tennessee___________
Virginia_____________
$90, $100,
un
der and
$100 over
HOSIERY
N um
ber of
Occupation, sex, and State estab
lish
ments
Number of employees whose earnings in one week were—
A verage
earn
N um
ber of ings
actu
em$4, $6, $8, $10, $12, $14, $16, $18, $20, $22, $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80,
ally U n un
un un un- un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
ployder
re
der der dei der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
ceived $4 der $8
$6
$10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90
in 1
week
5
3
3
3
2
3
3
23
4
17
4
3
13
8
18
42
2
9
38
152
25
75
49
15
20.43
33.47
25.88
26.79
40.20
32.70
21.82
24.96
17.85
23.71
20.34
18.85
3
1
1
1
5
2
1
1
3
4
8
2
9
34
9
16.46
19.10
1
19
30
29
4
54
8
17.63
21.55
19.38
7.10
15.62
A ll States____________
35
198
17.69
Pressers, male:
Connecticut and R . I __
Illinois............................. .
Indiana..........................._
Massachusetts.................
N ew Hampshire and V t.
N ew Y ork_____ ________
N orth Carolina________
Pennsylvania__________
Tennessee_____________
Virginia________________
3
1
2
1
3
20
3
5
2
3
5
( ,)7
43
8
5
5
3
18.70
0)
17.40
0)
22.38
20.15
13.97
17.11
16.80
24.09
A ll States......................
43
84
19.18
1
Pressers, female:
Connecticut and R . I __
Indiana.............................
Massachusetts...........
M ichigan..........................
Minnesota and W is____
4
2
4
3
4
12
8
31
11
52
16.63
21.41
15.22
14.22
17.62
1 ....
1
4
6
1
59
1
3
9
3
7
2
2
15
14
32
28
37
36
4
1
8
13
3
3
1
4
1
3
2 ....
6
3
4
1
5
7
3
5
2
1
4
2
2
3
2
2
55
1
4
8
9
6
9
9
3
4
6
13
16
30
39
29
17
16
1 -----
1
2
1
2
2
5
1
3
1
1 ....
1
5
1
1
10
3
4
1
3
1
1
1
5
1
1
12
14
11
11
4
4
1
“Y
4 ” o“ 7
2
2
1
5 , 9 12
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
5
2
1 ....
1
1
2
11
2
1
2
7
4
3
4
2
2
1
3
6
7 *23’
1
1
4
4
2
1
31
1
6
8
14
1
1
2
40
27
14
1
1
1 ----1
6 ....
2
2 ....
1 ....
1
8
3
2
1
6 ....
5
1 ....
1
1
1
1
1
17
5
7
13
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
3
21
2
19
4
2
7
2
6
9
4
3
4
4
1
16
4
5 "13" 13
2
3
3
5
7
5
12
6
7
3
3
1
2
5
2
2
2
2 -----
T
2
1
2
6
3
3
5
3 -----
5
3
1
1
13
10
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
3
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
4
1
i
1907-1928
23.82
1
7
3
1
4
1
3 ‘T
2
5
INDUSTRIES,
446
1
5
2 ----2
1
UNDERWEAR
73
1
2
1
1
2 ....
2
AND
A ll States____________
Knitters, web or tube, fe
male:
Connecticut and R . I __
Illin o is --______ ________
Indiana..... ................ .......
Massachusetts_________
M ichigan..........................
Minnesota and W is ____
N ew Y ork ........................
N orth Carolina________
Pennsylvania__________
8
2 -----
1
HOSIERY
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut and R . I __
Illinois_________________
Indiana____________ ____
M assachusetts_________
M ichigan______________
Minnesota and W is____
N ew Hampshire and V t.
N ew Y ork ............. ..........
N orth Carolina________
Pennsylvania__________
Tennessee______________
Virginia.............................
1
9 )3
3
1
1Data included in total.
Ot
T a b le
E .— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1928, by sex and State
<1
Continued
UNDERWEAR—Continued
1
1
11
1
1
13
3
(i)
m
39 $16.05
/n
VV
w
67 15.80
6 15.02
All States____________
46
235
* Data included in total.
2
0K
o
U
7
5
2
g
1
4
5
0
4
11
14
1
12
A
4
6
2
A
16
OA
Z\)
Q
611
90
OO A.0
Ol
11
13
22
1
1
1
j;
1
1
84
49
60
50
257
88
178
93
868
1lUO
f\K
367
237
73
2,425
1
14.57
2
22.56
9
15.47
1
1
15. 71
15.11
20.04
17.88
13.64
33
1A. 60
Off
oit
1U
17.16
1
13.39 . . . . .
10.16
15.08
51
7•
l
o
o
#>
Z
IQ
lo
o
6
C
0
OA
ZO
Q
O
Q
O
45 8o
K 17
XI
0
95
OA
zo
16
13
2
6
14
OA
ZK>
OA
oO
6
6
7i
i
X
1l o0
A
O
OQ
Zo
10
IU
O
o
1A
ID
OA
14
g
6
5
tt
o
g
OK
OX
g
6
2
4
1
11
9
g
5
4
2
40
7
18
g
14
31
21
8
36
6
19
14
OR
<60
42
14
1
H
20
17 17
19 19
A
C 113 106 im
95
11
3
21
20
Cft.
A AO
K7 C
39 Aa 01
oft
oo
OQ
20
Z
u
6Z
00
9
2
8
6 12
A
13
A qie QAQ
v v olo ouy
78 161 223 253 ZOQ
OOQ
10
4
24
4
15
2
1
1
1
13
3
g
6
1
10
3
25
7
23
3
8
1
5
3
194
1Q7 lo?
xo#
90
38
32
13
5
g
2
3
i
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
i
11
6
3
3
4
3
4A
3
27
4
19
5
3
$90, $100,
un and
der over
$100
1
4
2
3
1
3
1
•-
1
5
3
1907-1928
A ll States______
2
A
O
o
Z
$55, $60, $70, $80,
un un un un
der der der der
$60 $70 $80 $90
INDUSTRIES,
8 eamers, female:
Connecticut and R . I . . .
Illinois...............................
Indiana.................... .........
Massachusetts...........
M ichigan...................... —
Minnesota and W is-----N ew Hampshire and V t.
N ew Y ork .............
N orth C arolin a...
Pennsylvania____
Tennessee*_______
Virginia__________
16.24
1
$28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $§0,
un un un un un un un un under der der der der der der der ! der
$30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55
UNDERWEAR
Pressers, female—Con.
N ew Hampshire and V t.
N ew Y ork .............
N orth C arolin a...
Pennsylvania____
Tennessee___ - ___
$20, $22, $24, $26,
un un un un
der der der der
$22 $24 $26 $28
AND
earnN um N um ings
ber of ber of actu
$4, $6, $8, $10, $12, $14, $16, $18,
Occupation, sex, and State estab em
ally U n un un un un un un un un
lish ploy
der der der der der der der der der
re
ees ceived
ments
$4 $6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20
in 1
week
HOSIERY
N um ber of employees whose earnings in one week were—
Aver-
APPENDIX.—DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
HOSIERY
Boarders receive the hose from the dyehouse in a damp condition and place
them on either wooden or metal forms which are shaped to the outline of the leg
and foot. When the hose are placed on wooden boards, they are afterwards
piled on racks in a hot box or drying kiln, and when dry are removed and the
hose stripped, that is, taken off the boards. The more common practice to-day
is thp use of steam-heated aluminum forms which stand upright in a row on a
long table with the flat sides facing the boarder, each boarder usually working
about 2 dozen forms. A boarder usually works on enough forms so that the
first hose boarded by him will be dry by the time the last is covered, so that
he may immediately return to the head of his line of forms and begin stripping.
The interval between placing hose on the form and stripping depends on the
weight and kind of yarn and the degree of moisture in the hose.
In recent years an automatic boarding machine has been placed in use whereby
the boarder, instead of walking up and down the line of forms, stays in one posi
tion and draws the hose over the metal forms as they pass by, after which they
travel slowly through a heated kiln or drying oven and upon emerging therefrom
are automatically stripped. The boarder draws a hose over one of the forms,
matches the position of the heel and the foot, of the heel splicings at the ankle, of
the beginning of the rib or welt, and the line that the top of the welt makes across
the form, with points marked on the form.
Folders fold hosiery in pairs for packing in cardboard boxes. In some estab
lishments they also do the work of another occupation, such as inspector, mater,
or boxer.
Inspectors draw each hose over a flat pattern or board elevated above a table
which is fixed at one end so that it may be revolved. They examine hose for
defects in knitting, looping, and seaming, cut off loose ends of thread, and decide
whether defective hose shall be mended or rejected. In a number of mills
employees in the various departments, such as knitting, boarding, seaming, etc.,
inspect the hose in the process of manufacture. In some mills they also do the
mending or folding.
Knitters, automatic, operate automatic knitting machines which knit hose
complete from top to toe. The machine shapes the heel or toe by knitting in
a reciprocal manner, that is, backward and forward, starting on one-half of the
needles only and narrowing down one loop on each oscillation until only onethird of the needles in the half arc are employed. This process is reversed
for widening. Most of the machines are equipped so as automatically to knit
the welt. These operators remove empty cones and replace with full cones
of yarn, tie broken yarn, and watch for defects in the knitted fabric. Both
men and women are employed in this occupation.
Knitters, full-fashioned, are of two kinds, “ leggers” and “ footers, ” and are
the most skilled and highest paid of therwage earners in the industry.
Full-fashioned hosiery differs from seamless hosiery in that the fabric for the
full-fashioned hosiery is seamed down the back of the leg from the top to the
heel and on the bottom of the foot from the heel to the toe. The fabric is knitted
on flat-bed machines of 18 to 28 sections, the number of sections determining
the number of stockings (18 to 28) knitted at one time. The knitting is done in
two successive operations by differently adjusted machines, the leg in one opera
tion and the foot in the other. Only male employees are in these occupations.
(See also Knitters, full-fashioned, footers; Knitters, full-fashioned, leggers.)
Knitters, full-fashionedy footers, operate the same type of machine as leggers,
receive the fabric after it has been put on the transfer bars by the toppers, and
complete the hose by knitting the foot. Their duties consist of supervising
toppers, in placing the stocking legs in the footing machines, measuring the
fabric from time to time to insure the proper length of the foot, detaching the
stockings from the machine when the foot is completed, removing empty cones
and replacing with full ones, adjusting, replacing, and straightening defective
needles, and watching the fabric for defects of any kind.
61333°— 29------ 6
77
78
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
Knitters, full-fashioned, leggersy knit the first section of the hose or leg, includ
ing the top or hem, which is knitted first. As the knitting progresses the fabric
is automatically narrowed at certain points by transferring stitches from the end
needles on both sides of the machine toward the center.
Employees in this occupation thread each section of the machine, measure
the fabric to determine the proper length of the welt, reset the first line of stitches
on the needles holding the last line knit, thus forming the hem or welt, examine
the fabric from time to time to see that the narrowing points come in the correct
places, remove the fabric when knitted to the proper length, adjust, replace, and
straighten defective needles, keep the machine supplied with cones of yarn, and
watch the fabric for defects of any kind.
Knitters1 helpers, full-fashioned, assist the full-fashioned knitters (footers and
leggers) and work under their direct supervision. After successfully serving the
required training period competent helpers are qualified for the position of fullfashioned knitters. Only male employees are found in this occupation.
Knitter8f rib, operate machines which knit the ribbing or tops for seamless
hosiery by alternating single and double lines of web. The double lines are
called ribs. The operators place cones of yarn in the machine, thread the machine
or join the ends of the thread from the cone to the end of the thread extending
from the rib already in the machine, remove empty cones and replace with full
cones, and watch the ribbing for defects. The ribbing is usually knit in the
form of a long cylinder or tube, and the machine is so adjusted as to drop stitches
at regular intervals to indicate where the ribbing is to be cut in lengths for tops
of hose. In some mills the rib is knit flat. The machine automatically spreads
or opens a row of the stitches for the transfer knitter to set up on the transfer ring.
Knitters, transfer.— The term is very descriptive of the work in this occupa
tion for the reason that the rib tops, which are made on rib machines or toppers
and cut in lengths, are transferred to the needles of the knitting machine and
the balance of the leg and foot is knit onto this top. This rib section may be
but 3 or 4 inches long for the tops of men’s or children’s hose, or it may be a full
leg length for children’s hose. The operator impales the stitches of the rib top,
stitch by stitch, on the quills of a cylinder or transfer ring. The hollow quills
of this transfer ring are equal in number to the needles of the knitting machine
and are so shaped that they sheathe the needles of the latter when placed over
them, so that the stitches when being transferred slip evenly over the knitting
needles. After the transfer ring has been placed in the knitting machine the
knitter slides the rib top from the quills of the transfer ring onto the needles
of the knitting machine. The machine then automatically knits onto the rib
top the remainder of the leg and the foot of the hose. The knitter removes
empty cones and inserts full ones, ties broken yarn, and watches for defects in
the fabric.
In some establishments the topping or, in other words, the placing of the rib
tops onto the quills of the transfer ring is performed by a topper or helper.
Loopers.— In knitting the foot an opening is left across the toe of seamless and
across the toe and heel of full-fashioned hosiery. Loopers operate a machine
which closes the opening, making the hose appear as one piece.
The operator impales or transfers the stitches of the loose course at the end of
the toe or at the heel to the points of quills which project horizontally from the
looping machine, placing opposite or corresponding stitches from the two edges
of the opening on the same quill. The machine is thoroughly automatic and is
constantly revolving, the operator placing the stitches on the quills as the machine
is moving. When the hose reach a certain point on the machine the two edges
are automatically fastened together and an automatic cutting attachment
removes all the excess fabric. Only women are employed in this occupation.
Machine fixers.— As the production in the hosiery establishment depends to a
great extent upon serviceability of the various machines and to their proper
upkeep, the occupation of machine fixer is an important one. He must have a
thorough knowledge of the mechanical operations of the machines in his depart
ment and must be able to adjust and repair machines so as to cause a jninimum
amount of delay.
Their usual duties consist of changing or replacing needles, making adjust
ments, supervising the oiling and cleaning of machines, adjusting machines for
changes in knitting— yarn, style, size, etc.— and supervising the repairing of
broken parts and the reassembling of machines that have been repaired. Only
men are employed in this occupation.
Menders.— Mending is a hand operation and is generally divided into two parts,
called rough mending and fine mending. The rough menders are sometimes
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
79
called first menders or gray menders, as the work is performed before the hose
is dyed. Fine mending is always performed after the hose has been dyed. Needle,
yarn, and shears are the usual implements employed.
The duties of these employees consist in repairing dropped stitches and defec
tive looping, sewing up small holes, cutting off loose ends, or remedying any other
slight defect that can be done easily. Stockings containing large holes, serious
defects in the fabric, etc., are put aside for a more drastic mending or else re
turned to the backwinder to be unraveled and the yarn again wound on a cone.
Menders usually average 40 dozen pairs per day. In some establishments
this work is coupled with some other occupation such as inspecting or pairing.
Only women are employed in this occupation.
Pairers or maters.— This is a hand operation and consists in the careful pair
ing or mating of hose in pairs so that they correspond in size, color, and texture.
This is made necessary by the inequalities caused by the knitting, boarding,
or dyeing. It occasionally happens that in the dyeing process some of the hose
take the dye or bleaching preparation deeper than others, and it is for the pur
pose of obtaining two hose of the same shade for each pair that maters or pair
ers are usually employed.
The usual procedure in pairing is to lay a number of stockings out flat on a
table, placing one stocking on top of another so that about an inch of each is
left exposed. The pairer than compares other stockings, one by one, with those
spread on the table and selects from the stack on the table the one which
matches perfectly in color and the one which corresponds to the one in her hand
in length of leg, length of foot, length of heel splicing or reinforcement, and
length of rib or welt. At the same time she observes each pair for imperfections
of any kind, laying imperfect ones aside to be sent to the menders. An experi
enced pairer who does no other work can pair about 80 dozen pairs per day.
Practically all of the employees in this occupation are females.
Seamers, full-fashioned.— This is a sewing-machine .operation and is usually
performed by women. These employees operate a power sowing machine which
joins together the two edges of a stocking after the toe and heel have been looped.
They seam or stitch together the two edges of the bottom of the foot, starting
at the toe and stopping at the point in the heel where the looping begins, then
seam or stitch together the two edges of the leg, beginning at the top of the
heel where the looping ends and continuing to the top of the hose. They also
rip and reseam hose which were improperly seamed.
In seaming the leg care must be taken to match the two edges of the hose at
certain points, such as the point where the high-spliced reinforcement on the
heel stops, the point where narrowing begins, and the point where the reinforce
ment of the welt begins. An experienced seamer can seam from 35 to 50 dozen
pairs per day.
Seamers, mock.— This is a sewing-machine operation and is always performed
by women. These employees operate a power machine which sews a seam on
the back of seamless hose starting at the reinforcement of the heel and continu
ing to the top of the hose. This is done to give the seamless hose the appear
ance of a full-fashioned hose.
Toppers, full-fashioned.— Near the lower edge of each stocking leg as it comes
from the legger is a loose course of stitches which the employee sets up, stitch by
stitch, on the quills of a transfer bar which is fastened upright on her table. She
then ravels off the knitting which extends beyond this course and slips a similar
bar down over the needles of the stationary bar, drawing the stitches from the
stationary bar over the needles of the movable bar and placing the latter in a
stationary rack on the side of her table. When she has a complete set topped
she carries the bars to the footing machine and assists the footer in placing a
transfer bar over the needles of each section, slipping the stitches over these
needles, after which the transfer bar is removed. Usually there are two toppers
to each footing machine, and an experienced hand will top about 20 dozen pairs
per day. Men are seldom found in this occupation.
Welters.— These employees operate power sewing machines, and women are
always employed on this operation. The welter turns in the top of a seamless
hose and sews a welt or hem on a machine which uses an over-lock stitch. This
is done to strengthen the hose and at the same time prevent the ends from ravel
ing. This method is not so much used now as formerly and is only found in
seamless mills. The later type of knitting machines is equipped with a device
which automatically knits the welt or hem.
Winders.— Winding is the first operation in the hosiery mill and is the prepa
ration of the yarn for the knitting machine by transferring it from bobbins or
80
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
other form in which it is received from the yarn mill to evenly wound cones.
This is really a process of examining the yarn while it is being rewound, as the
proper winding of the yarn on the cones is a very important step in the produc
tion of hosiery, and care must be exercised by the winder to see that the yarn
is free from knots, lumps, “ slugs,” etc.
Winding is automatic, the operation being performed on a spindle-driven ma
chine which requires but little attention from the operator. The machines vary
in size from 6 to 48 spindles and are adjusted to wind the cone from 4 to 6 inches
in diameter, usually about 15 to 17 inches high and holding from 2 to 3}{ pounds
of yarn each. During the process Qf winding the yarn is moistened by pass
ing over a trough containing a solution of soap and water or other solution,
or over wax, etc., in order to soften the natural gum therein thus giving the
yarn greater strength. Tensions are so regulated as to cause the yarn to break
in places where it is weak and to wind as tightly at the top or small part of the
cone as at the base or large part. Continuous winding is possible because of
the fact that each spindle is independent, making each cone independent of the
others, so that when the cone is filled it may be stopped, removed, and another
started in its place without interfering with or stopping any of the other cones.
The chief duties of a winder, usually a woman, are to tie broken ends, replace
empty bobbins, and remove the cones when filled.
Badly knitted hose which can not be economically mended are returned to
the winding department, there to be unraveled and rewound, employees engaged
on this work being called “ ravelers” or “ rewinders.”
UNDERWEAR
Buttonhole makers use special power machines which cut the buttonholes at
the same time they are being worked. In some mills the places for working the
buttonholes are marked by employees other than the buttonhole maker, but the
more modern practice is the use of a spacing gage which engages each preceding
buttonhole. Only women are found in this occupation.
Button sewers operate special power machines. The buttons are placed in the
machine by the operator and the power is then applied, the machine sewing the
buttons on and cutting off the thread. In some plants the place for the button is
marked on the garment by employees other than the button sewers, but the
more general practice is for the button sewer to attach the buttons on predeter
mined centers with the use of a spacing gage that engages each preceding
button. Women alone are employed in this occupation.
Cutters (hand), layers-up, and markers.— The fabric comes to the cutters in the
form of a long fiat tube or cylinder. These employees use hand shears, bench
knives, or slot knives to cut the web into the required lengths. These lengths
are then carefully spread out and placed in a stack or pile containing several
dozen thicknesses. A wooden or cardboard form or pattern corresponding to
the size of garment desired is then placed on top of the pile and an outline of this
pattern is drawn with pencil or crayon on the top piece of fabric. In a few
establishments these employees, in addition to cutting to length, laying-up, and
marking, also cut out the garment. In some establishments cutters, hand,
cut out the small pieces such as sleeves, cuffs, gussets, patches, etc. Both men
and women are found in this occupation.
Cutters, power, use an electric-power, hand-controlled, portable machine having
a revolving knife or disk cutter or a band knife which is operated through a slot
in the table, the knives moving up and down through this slot while the web or
fabric is being forced against it.
The duties of these employees are to take the stack or pile of fabric which has
been cut to length, stacked, and marked by the cutters (hand), layers-up, and
markers and cut out the garments according to the marking on the top of the
pile. In a few establishments these employees do their own laying-up and
marking in addition to cutting out the garment. In some establishments power
knives or disk cutters are used to cut out the small pieces, such as sleeves, cuffs,
gussets, etc. Both men and women are employed in this occupation, although
men greatly predominate.
Finishers.— After a garment has been sewed together by the seamer it is ready
for the finisher. These employees use power sewing machines to perform various
kinds of sewing to strengthen or ornament the garment. Such employees may be
known as tackers, reinforcers, facers, edgers, crocheters, collarette sewers,
budders, stayers, double seaters, toppers, eyeleters, lace sewers or lacers, strap
pers, merrowers, shell finishers or shelters. Women alone are employed in this
occupation.
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
81
Folders.— This operation, which consists of folding the garments and at the
same time giving them a final inspection, is done both before and after the press
ing operation. The work includes folding and pinning the garments in shape
for packing. Men are seldom found in this occupation.
Hemmers use power sewing machines. This work is performed on shirts,
drawers, and union suits; but the occupation is not found so often as formerly,
the work now being largely combined with the finishing operations. The
occupational term describes the nature of the work. On shirts the bottoms are
turned back and stitched. On some types of drawers a hem is placed on the
top, while in some instances the sleeves of shirts and union suits are finished
with a hem. Only women are employed in this operation.
Inspectors examine the finished garment for imperfections in the knitting, such
as dropped stitches and to see that all of the seams are joined properly. Defec
tive garments are rejected and returned for correction or are classified as “ sec
onds.” Clipping the ends of threads and buttoning up are usually included in
the work of inspectors. In a number of mills employees in the various depart
ments, such as knitting, seaming, cutting, and finishing inspect the garment in
the process of manufacture. In some plants inspecting and folding are done by
the same employees. Women are generally employed in this occupation.
Knitters, cuff and ankle, operate rib-top or ribbing machines. These machines
are single-feed, automatic, and with two banks of needles (dial and cylinder)
designed especially for making rib tops. The rib is knit in a continuous cylinder
or tube having any desired number of welts, stitches being dropped at intervals
to indicate where the rib is to be cut later in lengths for use. Ribbed fabric, being
more elastic, is better adapted for cuffs and ankles than flat fabric would be. In
some establishments this ribbed fabric is knit on circular machines of practically
the same circumference as the garment and later is cut and fashioned into cuff's
and ankles.
The duties of these employees are to remove empty cones and replace with full
cones of yarn, adjust the knitting needles, tie broken threads, and examine the
fabric for any defects in the knitting. Both men and women are employed in
this occupation.
Knitters, web or tube, operate either latch or spring needle machines which are
cylindrical in shape and which vary in size from 6 to 36 inches, according to the
size of the garment to be made. There are two kinds of fabric knitted for under
wear, known as ribbed and flat. B|(oth kinds of fabric can be made on either the
spring or latch needle machines. For making the finer fabrics spring-needle
machines are generally used, but for knitting coarse and medium-gaged fabrics
latch-needle machines are decidedly preferable owing to their greater productive
capacity. The advantage of a spring-knitted fabric is that it has more elasticity
and will revert to shape better, but it is more expensive because the spring-needle
machine is much slower in operation.
The term “ ribbed” applies to fabric made with a double set of needles. The
term “ flat” refers to fabric made with a single set of needles. The products
of the circular knitting machines, both ribbed and flat, are subdivided into
balbriggan, jersey, and fleeces.
The duties of these employees are to take off the empty cones and replace
with full cones of yarn, adjust the needles, tie broken threads, watch the fabric
to insure the production of a smooth, even piece of cloth, and remove the rolls
of knitted fabric when completed. Both men and women are employed in this
occupation.
Machine fixers must have a thorough knowledge of the operations of the knit
ting, sewing and other power machines in their department, and must be able to
make all necessary adjustments and repairs. Only men are employed in this
occupation.
Menders repair defects which come largely from defective operations on the
garment, and in the main, therefore, most of their work consists in repairing
defective seams and welts and is performed on power sewing machines. This is
the main difference between underwear and hosiery menders. In hosiery prac
tically all of the mending is due to defective knitting, while in underwear most
of the mending is caused by defective seaming or finishing. Women are always
employed in this occupation.
Pressers.— There are several types of presses, the old-style hydraulic press,
mangles, spring-bed presses, steam-heated power presses, and electric hand
irons, both with and without steam connection. The character of the press
is decided by the fabric and type of garment being made, the main consideration
being to secure a superior finish without impairing the elasticity or reducing the
82
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES, 1907-1928
thickness of the fabric. Garments made from ribbed fabric are usually not
given much pressure and are generally pressed after folding, while garments made
from flat fabric are usually placed under considerable pressure and generally
are pressed before folding, as it imparts a better finish. Electric hand irons are
generally used for women’s garments where the entire garment is not pressed.
Both men and women are employed, although men predominate.
Press hands are generally found only in establishments operating the old-style
hydraulic press. In this type of pressing stacks of alternating garments and
pressing boards are placed in the machine, the power is applied, and when suffi
ciently pressed the pile is taken out and the procedure repeated. The duties
of the press hands are to make these piles or stacks out of alternate garments and
pressing boards and pass the same to the presser. After the garments have been
kept in the machine a sufficient length of time they are taken out by the presser
and returned to the press hands, who then remove the boards from between the
garments. Both men and women are employed in this occupation.
Seamers.— This occupation includes both seamers and cover seamers. These
employees use special power sewing machines. The seamer receives the various
parts of the garment from the cutter and stitches them together. The cover
seamer then takes the garment and with a double-needle machine, which flattens
the seams and binds them down, runs over the same seam. This latter opera
tion covers and strengthens the seams. The latest type of machine does both the
seaming and the cover-seaming in one operation. Women alone are found in
this operation.
Winders.— Winding is the first operation in the underwear mill. It is the
preparation of the yarn for the knitting machine by transferring it from skeins,
cops, or other form in which it is received from the yarn mill to evenly wound
cones. Without good winding it is impossible to obtain good knitting, hence
the winding operation may be regarded as the key to knitting.
Winding is automatic, the operation being performed on a spindle-driven
machine which requires but little attention from the operator. The winding
machine is usually fitted with an automatic lubricating apparatus, which consists
of a trough containing a lubricant, in which a roller is rotated, carrying a small
portion of the liquid on its outer surface, over which the yarn passes. This is
done in order to soften the natural gum in the yarn, thus giving greater strength
to the yarn and making it more plastic and preventing dropped stitches and
imperfect knitting.
Tensions are so regulated as to cause the yarn to break in places where it is
weak and to wind as tightly at the top or small part of the cone as at the base
or large part. Continuous winding is possible because of the fact that each
spindle is operated independently, making each cone independent of the others,
so that when the cone is filled it may be stopped, removed, and another started
in its place without interfering with or stopping any of the other cones.
The duties of a winder, usually a woman, are to examine the yarn while it is
being rewound to see that it is free from knots, lumps, “ slugs,” etc., to tie broken
ends, replace empty bobbins, and remove the cones when filled.
LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau only the latest bulletins on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins
published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*)
are out of print.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
*No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of N ew York City. [1914.]
N o. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of N ew York City.
[1914.]
♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National W ar Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.]
No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining b y actors. [1926.]
No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927.
N o. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]
Cooperation.
N o. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
N o. 314. Cooperative credit societies in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
N o. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Employment and Unemployment.
♦No.
No.
♦No.
♦No.
N o.
109.
172.
183.
195.
196.
♦No. 202.
No. 206.
No. 227.
No.
♦No.
No.
No.
N o.
235.
241.
247.
310.
409.
Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.]
Unemployment in N ew York City, N . Y . [1915.]
Regularity of employment in the wom en’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, M inn., Jan
uary 19 and 20,1916.
Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held M ay 10,1916.
The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and
3,1917.
Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N . Y ., M ay 9-11, 1918.
Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
Foreign Labor Laws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries.
N o. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay.
[1914.]
Housing.
♦No. 158.
N o. 263.
N o. 295.
N o. 469.
N o. 500.
Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries.
Housing of employers in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1927.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in 1928.
[i]
[1914.]
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
♦No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
N o. 120. Hygiene of the painter’s trade. [1913.]
♦No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.J
♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
N o. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting
of buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
♦No. 207. Causes of death, b y occupation. [1917.]
♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
♦No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦No. 231. M ortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
♦No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
N o. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
N o. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition W orkers'
Committee. [1919.]
♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
N o. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
N o. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
N o. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.J
No. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
N o. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
N o. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
No. 306. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz
ardous occupations. [1922.]
N o. 339. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States. [1923.]
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
N o. 425. Record of industrial accidents in the United States to 1925.
N o. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
N o. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D . C.
July 14-16,1926.
N o. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
N o. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
Industrial Relations and labor Conditions.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
No.
N o.
N o.
N o.
237.
340.
349.
361.
380.
383.
384.
399.
Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.}
Labor relations in the Fairmont (W . Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.J
Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States.
[1925.]
Labor Laws of the United States (inclnding decisions of courts relating to labor).
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
No.
N o.
No.
N o.
N o.
211.
229.
285.
321.
322.
343.
370.
408.
444.
486.
Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926.
Labor legislation of 1928.
[n ]
Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Associat'on of Governmental Labor Officials of the United
States and Canada. (Name changed in 1928 to Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of
the United States and Canada.)
♦No.
No.
No.
No.
*No.
♦No.
No.
N o.
No.
266.
307.
323.
352.
389.
411.
429.
455.
480.
Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
Eighth, N ew Orleans, La., M a y 2-6,1921.
Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., M ay 22-26,1922.
Tenth, Richmond, Va., M a y 1-4, 1923.
Eleventh, Chicago, HI., M a y 19-23,1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925.
Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., M a y 31 to June 3, 1927.
Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., M ay 15-24,1928.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
No.
N o.
No.
♦No.
No.
No.
N o.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
210.
238.
264.
273.
281.
304.
333.
359.
385.
395.
406.
432.
456.
485.
Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28,1916.
Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
Fifth, Madison, W is., September 24-27,1918.
Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919.
Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24, 1920.
Eighth, Chicago, HI., September 19-23, 1921.
Ninth, Baltimore, M d., October 9-13, 1922.
Tenth, St. Paul, M inn., September 24-26,1923.
Eleventh, Halifax, N ova Scotia, August 26-28, 1924.
Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925.
Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926.
Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29, 1927.
Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14, 1928.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Public Employment Services.
No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20, 1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25, 1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915.
N o. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N . Y ., July 20 and 21,1916.
N o. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N . Y ., September 7-9,1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D . C., September 11-13, 1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
N o. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, HI., M a y 19-28,1924.
N o. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N . Y ., September 15-17, 1925.
N o. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, M ich., October 25-28, 1927.
N o. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928.
Productivity of Labor.
N o.
No.
No.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
356.
360.
407.
412.
441.
474.
475.
Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
Tim e and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes. [1923.]
Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry. [1926.]
Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry. [1925.]
Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.]
Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1928]
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
♦No.
♦No.
N o.
No.
N o.
N o.
N o.
121.
130.
164.
170.
357.
369.
495.
Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
Foreign food prices as affected b y the war. [1915.]
Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
Retail prices, 1890 to 1928.
Safety Codes.
♦No.
N o.
N o.
No.
No.
No.
No.
N o.
N o.
331.
336.
350.
351.
375.
378.
382.
410.
430.
Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places.
Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor vehicles.
Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
Safety code for woodworking plants.
Code for lighting school buildings.
Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
Im]
Safety Codes—Continued.
No.
No.
No.
N o.
N o.
433.
436.
447.
451.
463.
Safety
Safety
Safety
Safety
Safety
codes for the prevention of dust explosions.
code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.
code for rubber mills and calenders.
code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
Vocational and Workers, Education.
*No.
♦No.
No.
No.
N o.
159.
162.
199.
271.
459.
Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.]
Vocational-education survey of Richm ond, Va. [1915.]
Vocational-education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]
Wages and Hours of Labor.
*No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of N ew York City. [1914.]
♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
N o. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
N o. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
•No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
N o. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
N o. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
N o. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
N o. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Tim e and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
N o. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
N o. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
N o. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry. [1925.]
N o. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
N o. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
N o. 438. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1925.
No. 442. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1926.
N o. 452. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1926.
N o. 454. Hours and earnings in bituminous-coal mining, 1922,1924, and 1926.
N o. 471. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1927.
N o.
No.
No.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
N o.
No.
No.
N o.
472.
476.
482.
484.
487.
492.
497.
498.
499.
502.
503.
Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat packing industry, 1927.
Union scales of wages and hours of labor, 1927. [Supplement to Bui. No. 457.]
Union scales of wages and hours of labor, M ay 15, 1928.
Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1928.
Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928.
History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928.
Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928. [In press.]
Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1928. [In press.]
Welfare Work.
♦No.
N o.
♦No.
No.
123.
222.
250.
458.
Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States.
Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.
[1919.]
Wholesale Prices.
N o. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
N o. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927.
N o. 493. Wholesale prices, 1913 to 1928.
[1921.]
Women and Children in Industry.
No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
N o. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.]
N o. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
N o. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and
garment factories. [1914.]
♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
[IV]
W omen and Children in Industry—Continued.
*No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of women and child wage earners in the United States.
[1915.]
♦No. 176* Effect of minimum-wage determination in Oregon. [1915.]
♦No. 180* The boot and shoe industry in ’Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. [1916.]
N o. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
N o. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity o f industrial em ploy
ment of women and children. [1918.]
No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Qreat Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. W omen in the lead industries. [1919.]
W orkmen's Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦No. 101. Care of tuberculosis wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
♦No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911.
N o. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.]
N o. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
N o. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called b y the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissioners, Washington, D . C., December 5-9, 1916.
♦No. 243. W orkmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and 1918.
N o. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
N o. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
N o. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925.
N o. 423. W orkmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of July 1, 1926.
N o. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States and Europe. [1928.]
N o. 496. W orkmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January, 1929.
W ith text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.
Miscellaneous Series.
♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to M ay
1,1915.
N o. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
N o. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
N o. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D . C. [1921.]
No. 299. Personnel research agencies: A guide to organize research in employment, management, indus
trial relations, training, and working conditions. [1921.]
N o. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[1923.]
N o. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.J
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 420. Handbook of American trade-unions. [1926.]
No. 439. Handbook of labor statistics, 1924 to 1926.
No. 461. Labor organization in Chile. [1928.]
N o. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.]
N o. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.]
N o. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
N o. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
N o. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. [1929.]
N o. 491. Handbook of labor statistics, 1929 edition.
Iv]
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