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U. S, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \
BUREAU OF LABOR ST A T IS T IC S /
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
\T
A CO
• • • • fl|Oe
LABOR
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN
THE HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR
INDUSTRIES, 1907 TO 1926
OCTOBER, 1927
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON
1927
ADDITION AL COPIES
OP THIS
PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
Id CENTS PEE COPY
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction and sum m ary_______________________________________________
1-20
Average hours and earnings, 1907 to 1926____________________________ 2-11
Average hours and earnings, 1926, by States_________________________11-14
Average and classified earnings per hour, 1926_______________________ 15-17
Full-time hours per week, 1913 to 1926_______________________________ 18, 19
Days on which employees worked, 1926_____________________________
20
Overtime__________________________________________________________________ 20, 21
Bonus systems, 1926______________________________________________________
22
Time workers and piece workers, 1926____________________________________ 23-28
Index numbers of employm ent and pay rolls, 1922 to 1926_______________ 28, 29
Importance of knit-goods industry, 1849 to 1925__________________________ 29, 30
Explanation of scope and m ethod_________________________________________30-33
General tables_____________________________________________________________33-66
T able A.— Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent
of full time worked, and average earnings per hour, 1926, by occu
pation, sex, and State______________________________________________ 34-44
T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified
occupations, 1926, by sex and State_______________________________ 45-50
T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 speci
fied occupations, 1926, by sex and State___________________________ 51-54
T able D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State___________ 55-60
T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11
specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State______________________ 61-66
Appendix.— Definitions of occupations____________________________________ 67-72
III
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
no. 482
WASHINGTON
october, 1927
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR
INDUSTRIES, 1907 TO 1926
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a study of wages and hours of
labor in the hosiery and underwear industries in 1926 and covers
45,594 wage earners, including 10,250 males and 20,296 females in the
hosiery industry and 2,860 males and 12,188 females in the underwear
industry.
Index numbers of average full-time hours per week, average earn
ings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week are presented
in Table 1, for hosiery and underwear combined, for each year from
1910 to 1926 in which the bureau has made studies of these indus
tries, with the 1913 averages as the base, or 100. These index num
bers for the two industries combined are computed as explained on
page 3. It will be noted that the full-time hours per week show a
steady and gradual decrease from an index of 104.2 in 1910 to 91.3
in 1924. The 1926 index, however, increased 1.2 per cent over that
in 1924 but is still 7.6 per cent less than in 1913.
Earnings per hour show a great increase from an index of 100 in
1913 to 266.6 in 1926. Full-time earnings per week, while increasing
greatly from period to period, have not progressed in quite the same
proportion as earnings per hour, the difference being due entirely
to the reduction in the full-time hours per week. The increase in
the full-time earnings, however, from 1910 to 1926, was steady and
continual, the 1926 figures representing an increase of 145.6 per cent
over those for 1913.
As the time between different studies has varied materially and as
conditions have changed greatly in short periods of time* it would
seem that the best comparison can be made by using the figures for
the periods 1910 to 1914, 1914 to 1919, and 1919 to 1924.
The greatest reduction in average full-time hours per week occurred
between 1910 and 1914, amounting to 5.3 per cent. Hours decreased
4.6 per cent between 1914 and 1919 and 3.1 per cent between 1919
and 1924.
Average earnings per hour increased from an index of 82 in 1910
to 266.6 in 1926, increasing 76.9 per cent between 1914 and 1919,
34.4 per cent between 1919 and 1924, and 26.2 per cent between
1910 and 1914.
As average full-time hours decreased from an index of 104.2 in
1910 to 92.4 in 1926 and as average earnings per hour increased from
82 in 1910 to 266.6 in 1926, very naturally full-time earnings per
week follow very closely the trend in earnings per hour. Average
full-time earnings per week increased from an index of 85.2 in 1910 to
245.6 in 1926, increasing 69.5 per cent between 1914 and 1919, 29.6
per cent between 1919 and 1924, and 19.7 per cent between 1910
and 1914.
1
2
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1907 TO 1926
Table 2 presents for each industry and occupation average full
time hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full
time earnings per week for each of the specified years from 1907 to
1926 for which data are available. Index numbers based on the
1913 averages are also presented for each occupation for which the
1913 averages are shown.
Prior to 1926 the figures for occupations common to both industries
were combined. For 1926, however, figures for all occupations in the
hosiery and the underwear industries are presented separately, thus
giving a clearer and more distinctive picture of the work and occupa
tions in each industry. The industry figures are shown at the end
of the table.
Average full-time hours per week in 1926 in the hosiery industry
are 52.6 for males, 51.5 for females, and 51.9 for males and females
combined; and in the underwear industry are 51 for males, 50.1 for
females, and 50.3 for males and females combined. The average
full-time hours for males in all occupations in hosiery and under
wear combined for each of the years 1924, 1922, and 1914, are 51.6
per week in 1924, 52.4 in 1922, and 55.5 in 1914. The average fulltime hours for all females are 50.4 in 1924 and in 1922, and 54.5 per
week in 1914, and for both sexes or all employees in both industries,
50.7 in 1924, 51 in 1922, and ‘54.8 per week in 1914.
Average earnings per hour in 1926 in the hosiery industry are 67.5
cents for males, 35.8 cents for females, and 47.2 cents for males and
females combined, and in the underwear industry are 47.7 cents for
males, 35.2 cents for females, and 37.8 cents per hour for males and
females combined. Males in all occupations in hosiery and under
wear combined earned 55.8 cents per hour in 1924, 44.1 cents in 1922,
and 21.4 cents in 1914. Females in all occupations in hosiery and
underwear earned an average of 35.6 cents in 1924, 31.7 cents in 1922,
and 15.6 cents in 1914.
Average full-time earnings per week in 1926 in the hosiery in
dustry are $35.51 for males, $18.44 for females, and $24.50 for males
and females combined, and in the underwear industry are $24.33
for males, $17.64 for females, and $19.01 for males and females com
bined. Average full-time earnings per week for males in all oc
cupations in hosiery and underwear combined are $28.79 in 1924,
$23.11 in 1922, and $11.88 in 1914; and for females, $17.94 in 1924,
$15.98 in 1922, and $8.50 in 1914.
Average full-time hours per week in 1926 in the hosiery industry,
by occupations, for males range from 51 for knitters, footers, fullfashioned, to 54.4 for knitters, lady hose, and for females range from
50 for boarders to 52.6 for inspectors. In the underwear industry
full-time hours per week for males range from an average of 49.9
for machine fixers to 55.7 for winders, and for females range from 49
for cutters, power, to 50.5 for button sewers.
Average earnings per hour in 1926 in the hosiery industry, by
occupations, for males range from 33.6 cents for knitters, transfer, to
$1,511 for knitters, footers, full-fashioned, and for females range
from 29.2 cents for inspectors to 56.3 cents for toppers, full-fashioned.
In the underwear industry average earnings per hour for males range
from 39.2 cents for press hands to 71.7 cents for machine fixers, and
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS
3
for females range from 28.7 cents for press hands to 43.2 cents for
cutters, power.
Average full-time earnings per week in 1926 in the hosiery industry,
by occupations, for males range from $18.18 for knitters, transfer, to
$77.06 for knitters, footers, full-fashioned, and for females range from
$15.36 for inspectors to $28.32 for toppers, full-fashioned. In the
underwear industry average full-time earnings per week for males
range from $19.72 for press hands to $35.78 for machine fixers, and
for females range from $14.24 for press hands to $21.17 for cutters,
power.
The index numbers of average full-time hours per week, average
earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week were
computed for each of these items from the combined data for hosiery
and underwear and are presented in Table 1 to aid in making easy
comparison of the figures for each item from year to year. The
numbers are for both industries combined, because averages for each
industry are not available for any of the years prior to 1926.
For each of the years from 1910 to 1913 and for 1919 data for these
industries were collected for certain specified occupations only. In
1914, 1922, 1924, and 1926 data were collected for all occupations,
including the miscellaneous group of “ other employees.”
The indexes for both industries combined for the years from 1910
to 1914 and 1919, were computed from the averages of the combined
data for the specified occupations only, with the 1913 average as the
base, or 100. For the years 1922, 1924, and 1926 the combined fig
ures for all occupations, including the miscellaneous group of “ other
employees,” were used in computing the indexes, the index numbers
for 1914 selected compared with 1913 selected being increased or de
creased in proportion to the increases or decreases in the averages
for all occupations as between the average for 1914 and the average
for 1922, 1924, or 1926.
Index numbers cail not, of course, be given for the several occupa
tions for which 1913 data are not available.
T a b l e 1.— Index numbers of average full-time hours, o f average earnings 'per week
and of average full-time earnings per hour, 1910 to 1926> by specified year
[1913=100]
Index numbers of—
Year
Selected occupations:
1910............................
1911...........................
1912...........................
1913...........................
1914............................
1919...........................
All occupations:
1922............................
1924............................
1928...........................
Average
full-time
hours per
week
Average
earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
earnings
per week
104.2
103.8
102.0
100.0
98.7
94.2
82.0
83.7
89.0
100.0
103.5
183.1
85.2
87.1
90.6
100.0
102.0
172.9
91.9
91.3
92.4
213.0
246.1
266.6
195.0
224.1
245.6
The index numbers in Table 2, are for those occupations only for
which data for 1913 are available. They are simple percentages with
the 1913 average taken as the base, or 100.
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
4
T a b le 2 .— Average hours and earnings and index numbers of average hours and
earnings, 1907 to 1926, by occupation, sea;, and year
Occupation and sex
Boarders, hosiery:
Male---------------------------------------
Index numbers of—
Aver
Aver
age
Num Num age Aver
age
full
ber of
full
Full
Year estab ber of time earn time Full Earn time
em
earn
ings
time ings
lish ployees hours per
earn
ings hours per
ments
per
ings
per
per
week hour week
per
week hour
week
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
8
8
8
33
32
41
41
46
29
41
49
82
203
210
220
808
869
1,153
1,172
1,206
760
933
1,118
1,598
Female________________________ 1919
1922
1924
1926
Buttonhole makers, underwear:
Female________________________ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
Button sewers, underwear:
Female________________________ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
im
1926
Cutters, hand,layers-'dp,and markers,
underwear:
Male_________ ________________ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
8
20
26
32
75
264
313
483
52.0
50.2
50.4
50.0
.316
.376
.442
.479
16.43
18.88
22.28
23.95
21
27
28
28
42
24
49
66
73
178
191
196
226
330
203
349
404
364
57.8
58.0
57.0
54.9
54.5
51.6
50.4
50.2
50.2
.162
.164
.168
.199
.199
.317
.321
.357
.354
21
27
28
28
41
26
49
65
69
159
171
183
223
308
242
345
2S0
365
58.1
58.2
57.2
54.6
54.5
52.5
50.7
12
18
18
17
32
17
37
35
43
130
138
162
169
301
86
266
217
229
Female________________________ 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
Cutters, power, underwear:
Male________ - _____ ________ __ 1924
1926
1924
1926
Female
____________
58.4 $0,218 $12.73
58.1
.211 12.26
58.2
.204 11.87
57.0
.193 10.97
56.9
.189 10.74
55.8
.215 11.92
55.8
.219 12.15
55.3
.230 12.65
52.5
.450 23.63
51.3
.462 23.70
51.9
.531 27.56
53.4
.481 25.69
104.7
104.1
104.3
102.2
102.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
94.1
91.9
93.0
95.7
99.5
96.3
93.2
88.1
86.3
98.2
100.0
105.0
205.5
211.0
242.5
219.6
104.8
100.9
97.7
90.3
88.4
98.1
100.0
104.1
194.5
195.1
226.8
211.4
9.41
9.53
9.55
10.91
10.87
16.36
16.18
17.92
17.77
105.3
105.6
103.8
100.0
99.3
94.0
91.8
91.4
91.4
81.4
82.4
84.4
100.0
100.0
159.3
161.3
179.4
177.9
86.3
87.4
87.5
100.0
99.6
150.0
148.3
164.3
162.9
50.5
.149
.146
.147
.175
.178
.276
.301
.336
.338
8.66
8.50
8.42
9.54
9. 71
H.-S
15.26
16.90
17.07
106.4
106.8
104.8
100.0
99.8
96.2
92.9
92.1
92.5
85.1
83.4
84.0
100.0
101.7
157.7
172.0
192.0
193.1
90.8
89.1
88.3
100.0
101.8
151.9
160.0
177.1
178.9
59.3
58.6
58.6
55.5
55.6
53.3
51.7
50.9
50.3
.217
.227
.210
.254
.243
.369
.431
.483
.513
12.82
13.26
12.32
14.11
13.50
19.67
22.28
24.58
25.80
106.8
105.6
105.6
100.0
100.2
96.0
93.2
91.7
90.6
85.4
89.4
82.7
100.0
95.7
145.3
169.7
190.2
202.0
90.9
94.0
87.3
100.0
95.7
139.4
157.9
174.2
182.8
4
4
4
10
14
12
13
20
22
25
50
52
82 58.6
90 57.9
98 . 58.0
182 56.5
161 56.4
193 54.7
242 54.8
265 54.4
586 50.4
400 48.9
655 49.8
429 50.2
.144
.157
.145
.137
.139
.152
.169
.171
.313
.372
.363
.367
8.44 106.9
9.09 105.7
8.41 105.8
7.79 103.1
7.85 102.9
99.8
8.33
9.24 100.0
9.33
99.3
15.78
92.0
89.2
18.19
90.9
18.08
18.42
91.6
85.2
92.9
85.8
81.1
82.2
89.9
100.0
101.2
185.2
220.1
214.8
217.2
91.3
98.4
91.0
84.3
85.0
90.2
100.0
101.0
170.8
196.9
195.7
199.4
46
61
129
121
51.0
50.8
.543
.550
27.69
27.94
11
12
29
31
49.0
49.0
.463
.432
22.69
21.17
50.3
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS
5
T a b l e 2* — Average hours and earnings and index numbers of average hours and
earnings, 1907 to 1926, by occupation sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Finishers, underwear:
Female------------------------------------
Folders, hosiery and underwear:
Female________________________
Folders, hosiery:
Female___________ __ __________
Folders, underwear:
Female________________________
Hemmers, underwear:
Female_______ ______ - _________
Inspectors and folders, hosiery and
underwear:
Female------ --------- :-------------------
Inspectors, hosiery:
Female_______ ;________________
Inspectors, hosiery and underwear:
Female____________________
Inspectors, underwear:
Female________________________
Knitters, cuff and ankle, underwear:
Male_________________________
Female...........................................
Knitters, full-fashioned, footers, ho
siery:
Male__________________________
Knitters, full-fashioned, hosiery:
Male...............................................
Index numbers of—
Aver
Aver
age
Num Num age Aver
age
full
full earn
ber of
Full
time Full
of time
Year estab ber
time
earn
time Earn
em
ings
ings earn
lish ployees hours per
ings
hours
per
per
ments
ings
per
per
week hour week
per
week hour week
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
5
5
5
23
27
29
29
44
28
49
67
84
555
516
533
1,443
1,533
1,808
2,303
3,878
2,715
3,112
3,295
3,221
58.7 $0.158
.151
58.6
58.7
.148
57.9
.150
57.9
.148
.154
57.0
54.7
.184
54.5
.180
51.9
.297
50.2
.327
49.8
.377
50.3
.358
1924
118
1,116
50.8
.346
17.58
1926
82
803
52.2
.343
17.90
1926
61
463
50.4
.365
18.40
1926
43
223
49.2
.379
18.65
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
47
52
56
bv
75
50
103
1,241
1,311
1.411
1' 513
1,977
2,690
3,017
57.7
57.6
56.7
55.1
54.9
52.5
50.5
.126
.126
.130
.146
.149
.266
.302
7.25
7.26
7.37
8.03
8.15
13.97
15.25
1926
100
1,988
52.6
.292
15.36
1924
134
2,459
50.4
.322
16.23
107.3
107.1
107.3
105.9
105.9
104.2
100.0
99.6
94.9
91.8
91.0
92.0
85.9
82.1
80.4
81.5
80.4
83.7
100.0
97.8
161.4
177.7
204.9
194.6
92.1
87.9
86.3
86.5
85.3
87.3
100.0
97.1
153.0
163.1
186.4
178.8
104.7
104.5
102.9
100.0
99.6
95.3
91.7
86.8
86.3
89.0
100.0
102.1
182.2
206.8
90.3
90.4
91.8
100.0
101.5
174.0
189.9
100.0
99.5
93.8
96.0
91.7
100.0
104.4
164.1
220.8
281.8
100.0
103.8
154.0
212.0
258.3
1926
80
1,056
50.0
.306
15.30
1926
1926
32
5
55
6
50.2
50.2
.550
.376
27.61
18.88
1926
27
696
51.0
1. 511
77.06
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
9
9
5
15
26
465
507
377
1,196
1,728
55.1
54.8
51.7
52.9
50.5
.390
.407
.640
.861
1.099
21.49
22.31
33.09
45.55
55.50
28
1,897
51.1
1.286
65.71
16
973
51.7
.355
18.35
12
12
16
16
17
18
24
36
235
220
324
307
313
437
382
564
57.6
57.4
55.7
56.0
55.4
$1.5
53.2
54.4
.175
.175
.188
.193
.198
.373
.421
.448
10.03
10.04
10.45
10.80
10.98
19.21
22.40
24.37
102.9
102.5
99.5
100.0
98.9
92.0
95.0
97.1
90.7
90.7
97.4
100.0
102.6
193.3
218.1
232.1
92.9
93.0
96.8
100.0
101.7
177.9
207.4
225.6
12
12
12
12
12
20
17
24
277
260
328
282
125
231
191
272
56.2
56.2
55.2
55.3
54.2
51.0
50.2
51.6
.154
.156
.189
.164
.179
.347
.413
.399
8.62
8.70
10.43
9.05
9.67
17.70
20.73
20.59
101.6
101.6
99.8
100.0
98.0
92.2
90.8
93.3
93.9
95.1
115.2
100.0
109.1
211.6
251.8
243.3
95.2
96.1
115.2
100.0
106.9
195.6
229.1
227.5
Knitters, full-fashioned, leggers, ho
siery:
Male__________________________ 1926
Knitters’ helpers, full-fashioned, ho
siery:
Male.................... ......................... 1926
Knitters, lady hose or string work,
hosiery:
Male............................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
Female...........................................
$9.27
8.85
8.69
8.71
8.59
8.79
10.07
9.78
15.41
16.42
18.77
18.01
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
6
HOSIERY AND UNDEBWEAB INDUSTRIES
T a b le %•— Average hours and earnings and index numbers of average hours and
earnings, 1907 to 1926, by occupation, sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Index numbers of—
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num Num age
age
full
ber of
full earn
of time
time Full Earn Full
Year estab ber
time
time
em
earn
ings
lish
hours per
earn
ings hours ings
ments ployees per
per
ings
per
hour
per
week
per
week week hour week
Knitters, rib, hosiery:
Male............................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
17
21
21
21
25
24
34
43
55
92
102
110
126
108
123
152
56.6 $0,199 $11.23
57.3
.189 10.81
56.8
.194 10.99
56.4
.203 11.40
55.7
.195 10.79
52.1
.326 16.98
53.1
.435 23.10
53.6
.365 19.56
100.4
101.6
100.7
100.0
98. S
92.4
94.1
95.0
98.0
93.1
95.6
100.0
96.1
160.6
214.3
179.8
98.5
94.8
96.4
100.0
94.6
148.9
202.6
171.6
Female............................................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
Knitters, transfer, hosiery:
Male.......... — ________ _________ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1S19
1922
1924
1926
14
13
16
16
13
22
21
27
49
45
68
60
56
103
121
76
57.4
57.1
55.9
55.4
54.9
50.8
52.0
51.4
.130
.147
.141
.157
.167
.336
.346
.352
7.45
8.43
7.92
8.69
9.12
17.07
17.99
18.09
103.6
103.1
100.9
100.0
99.1
91.7
93.9
92.8
82.8
93.6
89.8
100.0
106.4
214.0
220.4
224.2
85.7
97.0
91.1
100.0
104.9
196.4
207.0
208.2
4
12
14
14
16
10
15
18
27
152
172
257
314
305
122
.136
.147
.156
.150
.151
.298
.334
7.88
8.43
8.96
8.67
8.45
16.18
175
330
58.2
57.8
57.7
58.0
56.3
54.3
52.5
51.1
54.1
90.9
97.2
103.3
100.0
97.5
186.6
202.3
.336
18.18
100.3
90.7
99.7
98.0
99.5 104.0
100.0 100.0
97.1 100.7
93.6 !t 198.7
90. 5 ! 222.7
88.1 |
; 29i. o
93.3 224.0
Female.......................... ........... 1907
3
3
3
154
175
145
58.1
58.1
58.1
.123
.134
.133
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
Knitters, web or tube, underwear:
Male............ .
1926
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
Female..................................... 1907
1908
1909
1910
19*1
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
32
33
37
37
37
21
46
55
72
137
1,851
2,174
2,891
2,905
2,800
57.5
57.2
56.1
56.0
54.9
1,095
53.0
50.7
50.8
52.5
4
4
4
14
22
22
22
35
18
41
55
67
101
107
110
212
253
261
250
386
200
399
58.5
58.3
58.5
58.0
393
51.8
51.3
52.0
3
3
3
16
19
19
15
21
22
25
34
47
101
113
109
58.5
2,143
2,939
3,058
454
245
57.9
57.0
55.4
55.7
52.9
58.3
58.4
57.4
56.9
55.4
216
181
183
237
55.1
263
290
275
49.3
49.0
49.6
295
54.4
51.7
i i. ut
. 437 22.33
.121
.135
.139
.149
.150
.272
.293
.344
.298
.219
.209
.213
.201
.211
.227
.249
.229
.407
.448
.528
.534
.143
.145
.132
.172
.162
.135
.143
.147
.289
.346
.390
.379
7.73
6.98
7.71
7.77
8.33
8.24
14.42
14.86
17.48
15.65
103.7 89.3
102.7 81.2
102.1 90.6
100.2 93.3
100.0 100.0
98.0 100.7
94.6 182.6
90.5 196.6
90.7 230.9
93.8 200.0
103.7
103.7
82.6
89.9
12.81
12.18
12.46
11.69
12.24
12. 97
13.74
12.74
21.53
23.21
27.09
27.77
105.6
105.2
105.6
88.0
83.9
85.5
80.7
84.7
91.2
100.0
92.0
163.5
|179.9
212.0
7.15
7.79
104.7
104.5
102.9
100.0
100.5
95.5
93.5
92.6
93.9 214.5
i 160.0
8.34 105.8 1
8.47 106.0 101.4
7.72 106.2 92.3
9.59 104.2 120.3
9.23 103.3 113.3
7.49 100.5 94.4
7.88 100.0 100.0
8.00 98.7 102.8
93.8 202.1
14.94
17.06 89.5 242.0
19.11 88.9 272.7
18.80 90.0 265.0
257-6
209. f
85.8
93.5
92.8
83.6
92.6
93.3
100.0
98.9
173.1
178.4
209.8
187.9
93.2
88.6
90.7
85.1
89.1
94.4
100.0
92.7
156.7
168.9
197.2
202.1
105.8
107.5
98.0
121.7
117.1
95.1
100.0
101.5
189.6
216.5
242.5
238.6
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS
T a b le
7
— Average hours and earnings and index numbers of average hours and
earnings, 1907 to 1926, by occupation, sex, cmd year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Loopers, hosiery:
Female...........................................
Machine fixers, hosiery:
Male.......................... ........... .......
Machine fixers, hosiery and under
wear:
Male__________________________
Machine fixers, underwear:
Male__ ____ __________________
Menders, hosiery:
Female________________________
Menders, hosiery and underwear:
Female...........................................
Index numbers of—
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num Num age
age
full
full earn
ber of
time Full Earn Full
of time
time
Year estab ber
earn
time
em
ings
hours per
earn
lish
ings hours ings
per
ings
ments ployees per
per
per
hour
week
per
week week hour week
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
9
9
9
43
44
49
49
49
29
63
80
101
610
637
603
2,013
2,089
2,524
2,542
2,626
1,499
2,194
2,832
3,753
1926
97
871
.713
126
736
51.1
.706
36. 08
73
229
49.9
.717
35.78
1926
98
1,362
50.8
.389
19.76
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1922
1924
8
8
8
30
30
35
39
39
59
126
259
266
238
1,089
1,127
1,108
1; 174
1,176
1,084
1,598
58.4
58.1
58.1
57.1
57.0
56.2
56.0
55.0
50.6
50.6
.126
.129
.129
.126
.133
.141
.142
*149
.328
.367
7.36
7.49
7.49
7.14
7.55
7.92
7.97
8.17
1G. CO
18.57
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
57
246
50.3
.311
15.64
80
1,301
51.8
.358
18.54
7
7
7
34
33
39
39
49
30
53
69
15
25
33
32
35
40
155
151
204
202
214
115
243
190
188
230
141
59.3
59.2
59.1
£8.0
57.7
56.9
56.0
55.6
53.8
51.4
51.0
50.3
48.9
49.1
.191
.167
.171
.177
.187
.185
.208
.213
.415
.372
.448
. 287
.311
.347
11.33
9.89
10.11
10.23
10.75
10.45
11. 57
11.82
22.33
19.12
22.85
14.44
is! 21
17.04
38
50
92
236
50.3
50.3
.455
.346
22.89
17.40
11
11
41
60
53.2
53.4
.346
.500
18.41
26.70
2
2
2
13
13
10
14
18
8
18
20
100
107
115
207
208
207
240
261
82
118
140
58.0
.119
58.0
.118
58.0
.106
57.7
.119
57.5
.118
55.8
.120
54.2 * .150
54.1
.151
50.1
.276
50.5
.281
49.5
.351
6.90
6.84
6.15
6.83
6.80
6.70
8.17
8.17
13.83
14.19
17.37
11
20
22
118
50.3
49.6
19.72
14.24
.392
.287
104.3
103.9
103.9
102.3
102.0
100.2
100.0
97.9
93.2
90.7
90.7
93.6
93.3
85.3
92.7
88.7
89.3
97.3
100.0
104. 7
197.3
218.0
256.0
247.3
97.7
89.0
96.7
90.7
91.9
98.1
100.0
102.6
184.6
198.4
233.1
232.3
104.3
103.8
103.8
102.0
101.8
100.4
100.0
98.2
90.4
90.4
88.7
90.8
90.8
88.7
93.7
99.3
100.0
104.9
231.0
23?, 5
92.3
94.0
94.0
89.6
94.7
99.4
100.0
102.5
208.3
233.0
105.9
91.8
105.7
80.3
82.2
105.5
103.6
85.1
103.0
89.9
101. 6 ' 88.9
100. 0 100.0
99.3 102.4
96.1 199.5
91.8 178.8
91.1 215.4
97.9
85.5
87.4
88.4
92.9
90.3
100.0
102.2
193.0
165.3
197.5
107.0
107.0
107.0
106.5
106.1
103.0
100.0
99,8
92.4
93.2
91.3
84.5
83.7
75.3
83.6
83.2
82.0
100.0
100.0
169.3
173.7
212.6
38. 22
1924
Press hands, underwear*
Male...................... ........................ 1926
Female........................................... 1926
53.6
1926
Menders, underwear:
Female........................................... 1926
Pairers or maters, hosiery:
Female........................................... 1926
Pressers, hosiery and underwear:
Male..........................................— 1907
1808
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
Female___________________ ____ 1919
1922
1924
Pressers, underwear:
Male............................................... 1926
Female........................................... 1926
Press hands, hosiery and underwear:
M ale.............................................. 1922
1924
Female...........................................
58.4 $0,140 $8.18
7.45
.128
58.2
8.09
58.2
.139
57.3
.133
7.59
57.1
.134
7.69
56.1
.146
8. 21
56.0
.150
8.37
54.8
.157
8.59
52.2
.296 15.45
50.8
.327 16.61
50.8
.384 I 19.51
.371 19.44
52.4
79.3
78.7
70.7
79.3
78.7
80.0
100.0
100.7
184.0
187.3
234.0
8
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
T a b l e 2 . — Average hours and earnings and index numbers of average hours and
earnings, 1907 to 1926, by occupation, sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Index numbers of—
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num Num age
full
age
full earn
ber of
of time
time Full Earn Full
Year estab- ber
time
em
earn
ings
time
lishhours per
earn
ings hours ings
ments ployees per
per
ings
per
hour
per
week
per
week week hour week
Seamers, full-fashioned, hosiery:
Female............................................ 1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
Seamers, underwear:
Female............................................ 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
Toppers, full-fashioned, hosiery:
Female........................................... 1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
Welters, hosiery:
Female........................................... 1926
Welters, hosiery and underwear:
Female........................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
Winders, hosiery:
Male_____________________ ____ 1926
Female________________________ 1926
Winders, hosiery and underwear:
Male__________________________ 1919
1922
1924
Female....... - .............—.................. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
Winders, underwear:
Male___________________ —____ 1926
Female________________________ 1926
Other employees, hosiery:
Male............ — .................... ........ 1926
Female________________________ 1926
Other employees, hosiery and under
wear:
Male__ . . ______ . . . . . __________ 1914
1922
1924
Female_______. . . ____ _____ ____ 1914
1922
1924
Other employees, underwear:
Male__________________________ 1926
Female________________________ 1926
55.1 $0,170
54.4
.173
.395
50.7
50.5
.484
.515
50.5
$9.38
9.41
20.03
24.44
26.01
100.0
98.7
92.0
91.7
91.7
100.0
101.8
232.4
284.7
302.9
100.0
100.3
213.5
260.6
277.3
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.8
58.1
57.2
54.5
54.1
51.3
50.3
50.3
50.2
.144
.156
.158
.143
.141
.149
.176
.183
.287
.325
.372
.374
8.44
9.13
9.26
8.26
8.22
8.52
9.57
9.91
14.72
16. 35
18.71
18.77
107.5
107.3
107.5
106.1
106.6
105.0
100.0
99.3
94.1
92.3
92.3
92.1
81.8
88.6
89.8
81.2
80.1
84.7
100.0
104.0
163.1
184.7
211.4
212.5
88.2
95.4
96.8
86.3
85.9
89.0
100.0
103.6
153.8
170.8
195.5
196.1
448
528
477
1,166
1,372
55.1
54.4
51.7
50.6
50.3
.152
.152
.450
.472
.563
8.41
8.29
23.27
23.88
28.32
100.0
98.7
93.8
91.8
91.3
100.0
100.0
296.1
310.5
370.4
100.0
98.6
276.7
283.9
336.7
102.9
102.5
100.2
100.0
98.4
92.5
90.9
91.3
83.4
87.6
99.3
100.0
111.7
200.7
202.8
245.5
85.8
90.1
99.1
100.0
110.0
186.0
184.7
224.6
107.5
107.3
107.1
106.0
105.7
103.1
100.0
99.1
95.6
91.0
91.4
89.7
104.5
97.4
82.7
83.3
89.1
100.0
98.7
173.7
222.4
257.7
96.6
112.3
104.6
88.1
88.5
92.4
100.0
98.1
166.3
202.8
235.9
9
9
17
26
28
293
306
460
563
927
5
5
5
23
27
29
29
29
36
50
67
84
390
426
439
1,181
1,280
1,321
1,561
1,589
1,562
2,192
2,200
2,377
6
9
9
26
28
39
219
52.2
.325
16.97
23
23
23
26
36
17
36
57
250
288
303
334
379
334
351
263
57.6
57.4
56.1
56.0
55.1
51.8
50.9
51.1
.121
.127
.144
.145
.162
.291
.294
.356
6.95
7.30
8.03
8.10
8.91
15.07
14.96
18.19
19
84
114
1,069
53.5
50.9
.406
.378
21.72
19.24
9
20
21
46
147
86
53.4
54.1
53.8
.352
.386
.410
18.80
18.42
22.06
6
6
6
38
45
53
53
61
41
80
106
266
276
262
1,020
1,001
1,099
1,225
1,555
1,256
1,249
1,315
58.8
58.7
58.6
58.0
57.8
56.4
54.7
54.2
52.3
49.8
50.0
.140
.163
.152
.129
.130
.139
.156
.154
.271
.347
.402
8.23
9.57
8.91
7.51
7.54
7.87
8.52
8.36
14.17
17.28
20.10
17
62
38
859
55.7
50.0
.458
.398
25.51
19.90
102
102
3,055
3,613
52.7
50.3
.397
.279
20.92
14.03
82
107
138
5,358
4,918
4,682
55.6
53.8
51.9
.193
.354
.379
10.70
19.05
19.67
82
105
143
4,877
4,382
5,993
54.6
50.3
50.5
.128
.283
.292
7.00
14.23
14.75
82
84
1,681
1,919
51.0
49.8
.420
.314
21.42
15.64
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS
9
T a b l e 2 . — Average hours and earnings and index numbers of average hours and
earnings, 1907 to 1926, by occupation, sex, and year— Continued
ALL OCCUPATIONS
Occupation and sex
Index numbers of—
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num Num
age
full
age
ber of
full earn
time Full Earn Full
of time
Year estab ber
time
earn
em
time
ings
lish
hours per
earn
ings time ings
per
ments ployees per
ings
per
per
week hour week
per
week hour
week
Hosiery and underwear:
Male............................ ................... 1914
1922
1924
82
107
143
8,313
8,912
10,146
55.5 $0,214 $11.88
52.4
.441 23.11
51.6
.558 28.79
F e m a le ........... . . . . . . . . . . . _____ 1914
1922
1924
82
107
143
21,318
23,266
28,403
54.5
50.4
50.4
.156
.317
.356
8.50
15.98
17.94
1914
1922
1924
82
107
143
29,631
32,178
38,549
54.8
51.0
50.7
.172
.354
.409
9.43
18.05
20.74
Hosiery:
Male................................................ 1926
Female____ . . . __ - ____ . . . ______ 1926
105
105
10,250
20,296
52.6
51.5
.675
.358
35.51
18.44
Total________________________
Total_________________________ 1926
105
30,546
51.9
.472
24.50
Underwear:
Male................................................ 1926
Female_____________ _____ __ __ 1926
85
85
2,860
12,188
51.0
50.1
.477
.352
24.33
17.64
TotaL________________ _______ 1926
85
15,048
50.3
.378
19.01
The 1926 study covers 105 hosiery and 85 underwear mills. The
hosiery mills were in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana,
Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee,
Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. According to the 1923 Census
of Manufactures, 94 per cent of the total number of wage earners
in the hosiery industry were in these States. Underwear mills were
in Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and Wisconsin. According to the 1923
Census of Manufactures, 93 per cent of the wage earners in the
underwear industry were in these States.
The 1926 data for hosiery were taken from the September records
of 11 establishments, the October records of 68 establishments, the
November records of 23 establishments, and the December records
of 3 establishments; and for underwear were taken from the Septem
ber records of 5 establishments, the October records of 60 establish
ments, the November records of 18 establishments, and the Decem
ber records of 2 establishments. The great majority of the data for
the establishments and in each of the industries are, therefore, as of
October and November, 1926, and representative of the conditions
at that time.
A number of the mills for which data are presented were engaged
in the manufacture of articles other than hosiery and knit under
wear. The departments making these articles were minor ones and
the employees in them were not included in the study. All of the
10
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
figures in the report relate to conditions of only such employees as
were engaged in the manufacture of hosiery and knit underwear.
During the years from 1890 to 1913 wages and hours of labor for
hosiery and underwear were presented under the title “ hosiery and
knit goods,” but as data were for establishments whose principal
products were hosiery and underwear, the reports beginning with
1914 were published under the title “ hosiery and underwear.”
Between 1919 and 1923, according to the Census of Manufactures,
the number of wage earners in hosiery and knit goods increased 11.7
per cent in the New England States, 16.1 per cent in the North
Atlantic States, 16.8 per cent in the North Central States, and 35.9
per cent in the Southern States. Between 1919 and 1923 production
in the New England States decreased 34.9 per cent; in the North
Atlantic States decreased 6.3 per cent; in the North Central States
increased 12.6 per cent, and in the Southern States increased 55.6
per cent. The 1926 quota of employees for each State was based
on the 1923 census.
Since 1922 data have been collected for hosiery and underwear
every other year. Between 1922 and 1924 average earnings per
hour increased 15.5 per cent, and between 1924 and 1926, 8.3 per cent.
Full-time hours per week decreased 0.7 per cent between 1922 and
1924 and increased 1.2 per cent between 1924 and 1926. The in
crease in average earnings per hour of only 8.3 per cent between 1924
and 1926 indicates a considerable decrease in the upward trend of
wages when compared with the increase of 15.5 per cent between 1922
and 1924.
Although average earnings per hour increased 8.3 per cent and
full-time earnings per week increased 9.6 per cent between 1924 and
1926, the increases were not due to any general increase in wages in
the industries, but in the main to the inclusion of a much greater
number of full-fashioned hosiery employees in 1926 than in 1924.
Full-fashioned hosiery has become more popular since the war,
resulting in increased production and in the number of wage earneis
in mills of that type. It was therefore necessary, in order to make
the 1926 study representative of conditions, to cover more fullfashioned employees in 1926 than in other years. The earnings are
generally much higher in full-fashioned mills, especially for knitters,
than in seamless mills. The great increase in the number of fullfashioned employees in 1926, therefore, accounts to a great extent
for the increase in the average earnings in the industry as compared
with the increase in seamless mills. In 1913, the first year in which
figures were shown for full-fashioned knitters as a specified occupa
tion, 465 such employees were included in the report. The number
increased to 1,728 in 1924 and to 2,593 in 1926, or approximately five
and one-half times, or 550 per cent of the number in 1913. Other
knitters increased from 3,978 in 1913 to 4,452 in 1926, or only 12
per cent.
Production figures in the hosiery industry as reported by the
United States Census of Manufactures also tend to show the great
increase in the number of full-fashioned employees. These figures
, are especially enlightening when compared with the small increase
in production in seamless mills. Data as to production of full-fash
ioned hose are not available prior to 1919. Between 1919 and 1923
the production of full-fashioned hosiery increased 48.4 per cent and
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS
11
83.7 per cent between 1919 and 1925. Production of seamless hosiery
increased only 11.8 per cent between 1919 and 1923 and only 16.5
per cent between 1919 and 1925. The value of full-fashioned hosiery,
according to the census, increased 94.3 per cent between 1919 and
1923 and 122.7 per cent between 1919 and 1925. The value of seam
less hose increased only 3 per cent between 1919 and 1923 and 8.7
per cent between 1919 and 1925.
In addition to the large increase in the number of full-fashioned
employees in 1926 over those covered in 1924, it will be observed
that average earnings per hour for knitters, full-fashioned, increased
from 86.1 cents in 1922 to $1,345 in 1926, an increase of 56.2 per cent.
Seamers, full-fashioned, increased from 39.5 cents in 1922 to 51.5
cents in 1926, an increase of 30.4 per cent, and toppers, full-fashioned,
increased from 45 cents in 1922 to 56.3 cents in 1926, an increase of
25.1 per cent. These figures explain to a very great extent the
increase in earnings per hour and full-time earnings per week in the
hosiery industry.
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1926, BY STATES
Average full-time hours per week, average earnings per hour, and
average full-time earnings per week are presented in Table 3 for males,
for females, and for both sexes combined in the hosiery and the
underwear industries for each State covered in the 1926 study.
Average full-time hours per week for males in the hosiery industry
in 1926 range from 48.5 for the 215 in New Hampshire and Vermont
combined and the 371 in New Jersey to 57.1 for the 269 in Illinois.
The average for males in all States is 52.6 hours per week. The aver
ages for females range from 47.1 hours per week for the 640 in New
Jersey to 55.2 for the 1,932 in North Carolina. The average for all
females in all States in hosiery is 51.5 hours per week. The averages
for all males and females combined range from 47.6 for the 1,011 in
New Jersey to 55.2 for the 3,190 in North Carolina. The average
for the 30,546 males and females, or the total number covered in 1926,
is 51.9 hours per week.
Average earnings per hour for males in the hosiery industry range
from 28.6 cents for the 255 in Alabama and Louisiana combined to
$1,268 for the 371 in New Jersey. The average for all males in all
States is 67.5 cents per hour. The averages for females range from
19.2 cents per hour for the 906 in Alabama and Louisiana to 52.1
cents for the 677 in New York. The average for all females in the
hosiery industry is 35.8 cents per hour. The averages for all males
and females combined range from 21.5 cents per hour for the 1,161
in Alabama and Louisiana to 79.7 cents per hour for the 1,011 in
New Jersey. The average for all males and females combined, in
all States, in the hosiery industry is 47.2 cents per hour.
Average full-time earnings per week in the hosiery industry for
males range from $15.70 for the 255 in Alabama and Louisiana to
$61.50 for the 371 in New Jersey. The average for all males in all
States is $35.51 per week. The averages for females in the hosiery
industry range from $10.56 for the 906 in Alabama and Louisiana to
$25.53 for the 677 in New York. The average for all females in all
States is $18.44 per week. The averages for all males and females
combined, or for the industry, range from $11.83 for the 1,161 in
12
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
Alabama and Louisiana to $37.94 for the 1,011 in New Jersey. The
average for all employees in all States, or for the industry, is $24.50
per week.
The averages for males, for females, and for both sexes combined,
in underwear and in both industries combined may be read in like
manner.
T a b le 3.— Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 1926, by sex and State
HOSIERY
Number
of
establish
ments
State
Number
of
employees
Average
full-time
hours per
week
255
467
269
462
321
34
215
371
328
1,258
41
4,146
38
1,091
165
789
10,250
54.9
55.0
57.1
50.3
48.7
53.3
48.5
48.5
49.3
55.0
51.4
52.4
51.8
54.7
52.8
50.3
52.6
$0.286
.348
.412
.713
.449
.563
.495
1.268
1.172
.404
..586
.829
.453
.377
.347
.858
.675
$15.70
19.14
23.53
35.86
21.87
30.01
24.01
61.50
57.78
22.22
30.12
43.44
23.47
20.62
18.32
43.16
35.51
906
1,222
701
642
688
272
541
640
677
1,932
174
6,825
198
2,572
652
1,654
20,296
55.0
55.0
53.9
49.5
48.0
50.4
48.3
47.1
49.0
55.2
49.9
50.2
51.5
54.0
52.1
49.4
51.5
$0.192
.229
.284
.415
.323
.352
.355
.506
.521
.276
.330
.442
.319
.249
.216
.434
.358
$10.56
12. 60
15.31
20.54
15.50
17.74
17.15
23.83
25.53
15.24
16.47
22.19
16.43
13.45
11.06
21.44
18.44
55.0
55.0
54.8
49.9
48.2
50.7
48.4
47.6
49.1
55.2
50.2
51.0
51.6
54.2
52.2
49.7
51.9
$0.215
.264
.324
.542
.367
.378
.400
.797
.748
.328
.382
.598
.345
.290
.246
.580
.472
$11.83
14.52
17.76
27.05
17.69
19.16
19.36
37.94
36.73
18.11
19.18
30.5Q
17.80
15.72
12.84
28.83
24.50
Average
earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
earnings
per week
Males
Alabama and Louisiana_________________
Georgia________________________________
Tllinnis
__
Indiana .
_
Massachusetts_________________________
Michigan..
..
..... ..... ....
Nf>w Hampshire! »T)f| Vermont
,
New Jersey____________________________
New York_____________________________
North Carolina_________________________
O h io ....,.......................................................
Pennsylvania
■Rhnrtfi Island
_
.
Tftnnftssp.fi _
.
Virginia_______________________________
Wisconsin_____________________________
Total____________________________
4
7
6
2
3
3
6
4
4
15
3
23
3
14
3
5
105
Females
Alabama and Louisiana_________________
Georgia_______________________________
Illinois...........................................................
Indiana________________________________
Massachusetts_________________________
Michigan______________________________
New Hampshire and Vermont___________
____________________________
New Jersey
New York _____________________________
North Carolina .
- _
Ohio____ ____ _________________________
Pennsylvania__________________________
Rhode Island____ ______________________
Tennessee_____________________________
Virginia_________________ _____________
Wisconsin_____________________________
Total____________________________
4
7
6
2
3
3
6
4
4
15
3
23
3
14
3
5
105
Males and Females
Alabama and Louisiana_________ - ______
Georgia________________________________
Illinois________________________________
Indiana________ - ____ __ _________ _____
Massachusetts____________________ _____
Michigan______________________________
New Hampshire and Vermont___________
New Jersey____________________________
New York_____________________________
North Carolina, ^ T.
Ohio...............................................................
Pennsylvania,.,............
Rhode Island___ _____ ^ T
Tennessee_____________________________
Virginia_______________________________
Wisconsin..................- ..................................
Total___________ _________________
4
7
6
2
3
3
6
4
4
15
3
23
3
14
3
5
105
1,161
1,689
970
1,104
1,009
306
756
1,011
1,005
3,190
215
10,971
236
3,663
817
2,443
30,546
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS
13
T a b le 3 *— Number o f establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERWEAB
Number
of
establish
ments
State
Number
of
employees
Average
full-time
hours per
week
Average
earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
earnings
per week
Males
Connecticut______________ _____________
Georgia___ ____________________________
Illinois._______________________________
Tnrimrm_______ ________________
Massachusetts..._________ ;_____________
Michigan........... - ...
___________ ___
Minnesota and Wisconsin_______________
New Hampshire and Vermont_______ ___
New York_____________________________
Ohio______ __ _________________________
Pennsylvania__________________________
Rhode Island__________________________
Tennessee_____________________________
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
29
3
22
2
3
73
28
67
112
271
57
198
146
1,260
98
306
48
196
51.1
58.0
48.9
50.2
48.3
51.7
50.1
49.6
50.8
51.8
52.5
50.8
55.1
$0,500
.229
.526
.500
.566
.477
.517
.'482
.480
.431
. 448
.475
.375
$25.55
13.28
25.72
25.10
27.34
24.66
25.90
23.91
24.38
22.33
23.52
24.13
20.66
Total...................................................
85
2,860
51.0
.477
24.33
Females
Connecticut..................................................
Georgia............................... —.......................
Illinois-............................... ........................
Indiana....................- ....................................
Massachusetts.............................................
Michigan.......................................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin...........................
New Hampshire and Vermont....................
New York.......... ..............- ..........................
Ohio....................................... ......................
Pennsylvania................................................
Rhode Island...... .........................................
Tennessee---------------------------------------------
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
29
3
22
2
3
364
121
185
484
1,386
668
970
634
4,111
373
1,844
387
661
51.3
56.7
45.8
47.6
48.0
51.8
48.5
49.4
49.8
49.5
51.9
51.2
54.1
$0,361
.189
.453
.355
.405
.294
.413
.354
.357
.344
.326
.360
.266
$18.52
10.72
20:75
16.90
19.44
15.23
20,03
17.49
17.78
17.03
16.92
18.43
14.39
Total....................................................
85
12,188
50.1
.352
17.64
Males and Females
Connecticut..................................................
Georgia.........................................................
Illinois................. ................. ....................
Indiana.........................................................
Massachusetts........ ....................................
Michigan......................................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin...........................
New Hampshire and Vermont....................
New York.....................................................
O h io ...................................... ....................
Pennsylvania................................................
Rhode Island................................................
Tennessee...............................—...................
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
29
3
22
2
3
437
149
252
596
1,657
725
1,168
780
5,371
471
2,150
435
857
51.3
56.9
46.6
48.1
48.1
51.8
48.8
49.4
50.0
50.0
52.0
51.1
54.3
$0,386
.197
.476
.386
.434
.309
.433
.381
.390
.364
.347
.375
.293
$19.89
11.21
22.18
18.57
20.88
16.01
21.13
18.82
19.50
16.02
18.04
19.16
15.91
Total....................................................
85
15,048
50.3
.378
19.01
58003°— 27-------2
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
14
T a b l e 3 . — Number o f establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR
Number
of
establish
ments
State
Number
of
employees
Average
full-time
hours per
week
Average
earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
earnings
per week
Males
Alabama and Louisiana...............................
Connecticut..................................................
Georgia..........................................................
Illinois.................................. ........................
Indiana...... ..................................................
Massachusetts..............................................
Michigan....................... .............................
Minnesota and Wisconsin...........................
New Hampshire and Vermont....................
New Jersey...................................................
New York_____________________________
North Carolina.............................................
Ohio............................................................
Pennsylvania................................... ..........
Rhode Island................................................
Tennessee.....................................................
Virginia.........................................................
4
4
9
9
4
7
7
9
9
4
33
15
6
45
5
17
3
255
73
495
336
574
592
91
987
361
371
1,588
1,258
139
4,452
86
1,287
165
54.9
51.1
55.1
55.5
50.3
48.5
52.3
50.3
48.9
48.5
50.5
55.0
51.7
52.4
51.2
54.8
52.8
$0,286
.500
.341
.434
.669
.499
.510
.788
.490
1.268
.622
.404
.475
.803
.465
.377
.347
$15.70
25.55
18.79
24.09
33.65
24.20
26.67
39.64
23.96
61.50
31.41
22.22
24.56
42.08
23.81
20.66
18.32
Total...................................................
190
13,110
52.2
.633
33.04
4
Alabama and Louisiana_________________
906
55.0
4
364
Connecticut____________________________
51.3
9
Georgia________________________________
1,343
55.1
9
886
52.2
Illinois________________________________
Indiana._______ _______________ ___ ____
4
1,126
48.7
M assachusetts_________________________
2,074
7
48.0
M ich igan..___________________________
7
940
51.4
Minnesota and Wisconsin_______________
9
2,624
49.1
9
New Hampshire and Vermont___________
1,175
48.9
4
640
New Jersey____________________________
47.1
New York_____________________________
4,788
33
49.7
North Carolina_________________________
15
1,932
55.2
6
Ohio__ ______________________________
547
49.6
45
8,669
Pennsylvania__________________________
50.6
5
585
Rhode Island__________________________
51.3
17
Tennessee_____________________________
3,233
54.0
652
3
52.1
Virginia____ - _____________________ - ___
$0.192
.361
.225
.316
.390
.376
.311
.427
.355
.506
.381
.276
.339
.418
.346
.252
.216
$10.56
18.52
12.40
16.50
18.99
18.05
15.99
20.97
17.36
23.83
18.94
15.24
16.81
21.15
17.75
13.61
11.25
51.0
.356
18.16
Females
Total....................................................
190
32,484
Males and Females
Alabama and Louisiana_________________
Connecticut____________________________
Georgia____ - __________________________
Illinois_____ _____ __ __ ____ ____ _______
Indiana____ __ ___ ______ __ ___ ___ ___ _
Massachusetts_____________________ - ___
Michigan __
Minnesota and Wisconsin__________ ____
New Hampshire and Vermont___________
New Jersey____________________________
New York_____________________ ________
North Carolina___*_____ _______________
Ohio ________________________________
Pennsylvania__________________________
Rhode Island___ ______ _________________
Tennessee____ ___ _____ ________________
Virginia______ ____ ____________________
4
4
9
9
4
7
7
9
9
4
33
15
6
45
5
17
3
1,161
437
1,838
1,222
1,700
2,666
1,031
3,611
1,536
1,011
6,376
3,190
686
13,121
671
4,520
817
55.0
51.3
55.1
53.1
49.2
48.1
51.5
49.4
48.9
47.6
49.9
55.2
50.0
51.2
51.3
54.2
52.2
$0,215
.386
.258
.352
.489
.407
.330
.533
.390
.797
.443
.328
.370
.560
.364
.291
.246
$11.83
19.80
14.22
18.69
24.06
19.58
17.00
26.33
19.07
37.94
22.36
18.11
18.50
28.67
18.67
15.77
12.84
Total_________ ___________________
190
45,594
51.3
.443
22.73
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS
15
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1926
Average and classified earnings per hour are presented in Table
4 for boarders, knitters (transfer), loopers, and menders for each of
the specified years from 1913 to 1926, and for knitters, footers, fullfashioned, and for knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, in the hosiery
industry for 1926. These figures are also presented for knitters,
web or tube, and for seamers for each of the specified years from
1913 to 1926, for folders for 1924 and 1926, and for buttonhole makers
and pressers for 1926 only. These occupations are the most impor
tant in the hosiery and the underwear industries.
The figures in the hosiery industry are only for males in 2 occupa
tions, only for females in 2, and for both sexes in 2. The 4,521 males
in these occupations represent 44 per cent of the total number of
males and the 8,656 females represent 43 per cent of the total number
of females in the hosiery industry in 1926. The figures in the under
wear industry are for males and females in 2 occupations and only
for females in 3 occupations. The 485 males in these occupations
represent 17 per cent of the total number of males and the 3,715
females represent approximately 30 per cent of the total number of
females in the underwear industry in 1926. Employees in these
occupations are also classified by average earnings per hour and by
States in Table B, pages 45 to 50; by average full-time hours per week
in Table 5 and in Table C, pages 51 to 54; by number of days on
which employees worked in one week in Table 6; by number of hours
worked in one week in Table D, pages 55 to 60; and by earnings in
one week in Table E, pages 61 to 66.
The classification made is a percentage distribution of the em
ployees in each occupation by average earnings per hour.
The classified average earnings per hour in the occupations in
hosiery for which figures are shown for the specified years show that
more than 60 per cent of the boarders, male; more than 95 per cent
of the knitters, transfer, female; loopers, female; and menders, female,
earned under 25 cents per hour in 1913 and 1914, as compared with
less than 20 per cent of the boarders, 45 per cent of the transfer
knitters and the loopers, and 30 per cent of the menders who earned
less than 25 cents per hour in any of the years from 1919 to 1926.
The 1913, 1914, 1922, and 1924 figures for menders are for hosiery
and underwear combined and may be compared one year with another
but not with those for 1926, which are for hosiery only. No data
are shown for menders for 1919 because in that year the figures
included menders, inspectors, and folders.
In 1913, 67 per cent of the boarders, male, earned less than 25
cents per hour compared with 63 per cent in 1914, approximately
9 per cent in 1919, 16 per cent in 1922, 5 per cent in 1924, and 15
per cent in 1926. Average earnings per hour for boarders, male,
increased from 21.9 cents in 1913 to a maximum of 53.1 cents in
1924, and then dropped to 48.1 cents in 1926. The figures in the table
for the occupations in underwear may be read in the same manner
as have those in hosiery.
T a b l e 4*— Average and classified earnings per hour oj employees in 11 specified occupations, 1918 to 1926, by sex and year
HOSIERY
Knitters, footers, full fashioned:
Male.....................................
Knitters, loggers, full fashioned:
Male____________________
Loopers:
Female..
Menders:7
Female.
1,897
1.286
1926
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
27
36
37
21
46
55
72
2,905
2,800
1,095
2,143
2,939
3,058
.149
.150
.272
.293
.344
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
49
49
29
63
80
101
2,542
2,626
1,499
2,194
2,832
3,753
.150
.157
.296
.327
.384
.371
126
98
1,174
1,176
1,084
1,598
1,362
.142
.149
.328
.367
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
*1
8‘
9
11
114
119
*25
3 20
8
9
5
1
2
(•)3
5
(•)
1.511
27
1926
8
5
$0,219
.230
.450
.462
.531
.481
.479
(•)
4
19
16
*4
4
3
4
17
13
>4
(»)
14
11
1
(')1
2
2
2
(•)
4 21
(•)
< 19
10
7
10
8
(•)
(•)
5
12
11
(•)
18
3829
329
(,)i
2
1
12
12
U
11
331
329
12
12
8
332
12
11
*
12
* 16
13
9
* 13
9
9
(»)
(»)
J
J
(•)
INDUS'
Knitters, transfer:
Male____________________
Female.____ _____________
1,172
1,206
760
933
1,118
1,598
UNDERWEAR
Female__________________
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1926
Boarders:
M ale..
AND
Year
HOSIERY
Occupation and sex
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Num
Aver
age
ber of Number
50,
OVj
35,
60,
earn Un
18.
estab of em
cents
underj unc(er under under untier under under under A
lish, ployees ings per der uncfer uncfer linger uncfer
12
14
hour
10
Id 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 and
ments
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents over
UNDERWEAR
Buttonhole makers:
Female..................................................
$0,354
<*>
1
1
2
4
10
14
18
16
15
10
8
3
1924
1926
118
61
1,116
463
346
.365
(5)
1
(»)
2
1
3
2
3
2
14
9
14
15
16
17
15
19
12
13
g
8
g
10
2
3
22
35
18
41
55
67
47
250
386
200
399
454
393
275
.249
.229
.407
.448
.528
.534
.379
2
6
5
6
5
4
6
9
Female..................................................
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1926
31
29
4
4
2
1
7
25
27
8
9
3
2
11
l 22
* 12
339
*20
5
5
20
5
9
20
* 35
* 28
14
12
19
8
9
9
14
26
29
31
9
7
23
20
2
3
6
7
(5)
Pressers:
Male......................................................
Female..................................................
1926
1926
38
50
92
236
.455
.346
13
8
14
12
31
11
13
22
g
12
7
25
10
4
1
1
2
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
29
29
50
67
84
1,561
1,589
2,192
2,200
2,377
.176
.183
.325
.372
.374
14
14
4
2
2
22
25
15
9
10
7
8
17
13
13
12
>3
335
15
15
16
15
* 17
15
15
11
11
5
10
12
Knitters, web or tube:
Male......................................................
Seamers:
Female..................................................
2
3
1
1
1
(5)
5
5
(*)
(*)
(5)
9
7
(5)
(*)
(*)
13
10
1
1
1
14
14
1
1
2
15
15
3
2
1
(5)
1
(*)
1
1
1
1
4
4
«
5
!
1
3
3
(5)
(5)
1
1
(5)
1
EARNINGS
* Tabulated in former reports as “ 30 cents and over.”
2 Tabulated in former reports as “ Under 14 cents.”
* Tabulated in former reports as “ 30 and under 40 cents.”
* Tabulated in former reports as “ 40 and under 50 cents.”
* Less than 1 per cent.
* Tabulated in former reports as “ 30 cents and over,” and is less than 1 per cent.
7 Tabulated as “ Menders, hosiery and underwear,” 1913 to 1924.
* Tabulated as “ Folders, hosiery and underwear” in 1924.
2
4
(&\
V
/
0)
CLASSIFIED
364
AND
73
AVERAGE
1926
Folders: >
Female___________________________
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
18
FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1913 TO 1926
The regular or normal hours of a hosiery or underwear establish
ment are the hours when the establishment is working its recognized
standard of hours as established by the regular time of beginning or
of quitting work less the regular time off duty for eating, and with
no overtime and no loss of time for any cause.
Table 5 shows the per cent of employees in each of 6 specified
occupations in hosiery and of 5 in underwear at each group of full
time hours per week for each of the specified years from 1913 to 1926
for which data are shown.
Reading the figures for boarders, male, in hosiery in explanation
of the table it is seen that the full-time hours of only 1 per cent of the
total number of males covered in 1913 and of only 7 per cent of those
covered in 1914 were under 54 per week. Average full-time hours
for boarders, male, decreased from 55.8 per week in 1913 to 51.3 in
1922, when the full-time hours of 6 per cent were “ under 48” per
week; of 27 per cent were “ 48” ; and of 26 per cent were “ over 48 and
under 54.” The average increased from 51.3 per week in 1922 to 51.9
in 1924, and to 53.4 in 1926, when the full-time hours of 2 per cent
were “ under 48” ; of 11 per cent were “ 48” ; and of 29 per cent were
“ over 48 and under 54” per week.
T able
5.— Average and classified full-time hours per week of employees in 11
specified occupations, 1913 to 1926, by sex and year
HOSIERY
Occupation and sex
Boarders:
Male_____ . ___ ____________
Year
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
estab em
time
Over
Over 57,
lish ployees hours Un
48,
54,
per der 48 un 54 un un
ments
60 Over
60
week 48
der
der der
54
57 60
55.8
55.3
52.5
35
51.3 "h~ 27
24
51.9
53.4
2 11
1
7
19
26
37
29
27
43
13
9
7
7
46
29
13
32
29
39
14
16
li
75
264
313
483
7
52.0
50.2
50.4 " 9”
50.0
6
21
57
28
26
25
19
49
52
....
39
24
7
15
8
8
27
696
51.0
7
35
27
5
25
1926
28
1,897
51.1
7
34
31
3
19
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
14
16
10
15
18
27
314
305
122
137
175
330
58.0
56.3
54.3
52.5
51.1
54.1
18
4
1
3
7
41
69
31
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
37
37
21
46
55
72
2,905
2,800
1,095
2,143
2,939
3,058
56.0
54.9
53.0
50.7
50.8
52.5
'2 l‘
28
17
11
2
22
22
46
59
45
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
41
46
29
41
49
82
1,172
1,206
760
933
1,118
1,598
1919
1922
1924
1926
8
20
26
32
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned:
Male_______________________
1926
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned:
Male.........................................
Female________ ____________
Knitters, transfer:
Male____. . . . . . . _____ _______
Female_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i Less than 1 per cent.
1
.... ’ 29"
3
0)
«
4
1
12
6
10
1
3
5
1
0)
---
6
8
23
16
26
6
5
16 36
22 44
23 11
9
17
53 4
40
8
7
15
37
18
6
3
5
9
50 24
20 16 4
4 13
23
13 4
15 .... 1
35
2
2
1
7
6
4
FULL-TIM E HOURS PER WEEK
19
T a b le 5*— Average and classified full-time hours per week of employees in 11
specified occupations, 1918 to 1926, by sex and year— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation and sex
Loopers:
Female _
Menders: 8
Female.
Year
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
1913
1914
1922
1924
1926
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
Num Num
age
full
ber of
of time
Over
Over
estab ber
em
48,
hours Un
lish ployees
54,
Over
per der 48 un 54 un
ments
60
week 48
der
der
57
54
49
49
29
63
80
101
126
2,542
2,626
1,499
2,194
2,832
3,753
56.0
54.8
52.2
50.8
50.8
52.4
1,174
1,176
1,084
1,598
1,362
56.0
55.0
50.6
50.6
50.8
UNDERWEAR
Buttonhole makers:
Female...............
Folders: *
Female..
Knitters, web or tube:
Male_____ ______
Female.
Pressers:*
Male...
Female..
Seamers:
Female..
54.9
54.5
51.6
1 18
43
50.4
50.2 " T 37
4 37
50.2
39
30
33
36
72
78
28
14
19
16
11
12
9
12
6
7
50.8
50.4
5 28
3 34
40
36
11
16
16
10
250
386
200
399
454
393
55.4
55.7
52.9
51.8
51.3
52.0
5 32
37
3 39
2 35
6
19
22
27
56
50
22
21
20
13
22
25
13
17
6
10
13
10
7
1
2
3
4
11
17
3
6
7
15
21
22
25
34
47
183
237
295
263
290
275
55.1
54.4
51.7
49.3
49.0
49.6
2
2 14
2 54
4 56
5 43
58
78
23
2
3
9
20 20
12 8
16
8
2
4
2
45
33
36
39
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
39
49
30
53
69
38
202
214
115
243
190
92
56.0
55.6
53.8
51.4
51.0
50.3
6 13
2 33
3 29
2 41
5
13
21
36
32
31
36
10
14
17
14
39 12
31 20
35 14
29 0)
12
1
9
2
18
8
10
1919
1922
1924
1926
15
25
33
50
188
230
141
236
50.3
48.9
49.1 ' T
3
50.3
40
69
47
33
38
23
41
36
19
1
4
27
3
6
4
0)
1
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
29
29
36
50
67
84
1,561
1,589
1,562
2,192
2,200
2,377
10
10
6
7
4
4
9
0)
47
27
34
34
81
90
22
18
19
19
2
1
1
1
1
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
28
42
24
49
66
73
226
330
203
349
404
364
1924
1926
118
61
1,116
463
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
22
35
18
41
55
67
1913
1914
1919
1922
1924
1926
54.5
54.1
51.3
50.3
50.3
50.2
(i)
2 19
0 47
1 40
3 39
17
8
4
1
1
1
C1)
i Less than 1 per cent.
* Tabulated as “ Menders, hosiery and underwear,” 1913 to 1924.
* Tabulated as “ Folders, hosiery and underwear” in 1924.
' Tabulated as “ Pressers, hosiery and underwear,” males, 1913 to 1924; females, 1919 to 1924.
(i)
1
1
3
4
4
3
2
3
20
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
DAYS ON WHICH EMPLOYEES WORKED, 1926
Table 6 shows for 6 of the most important occupations in the ho
siery industry and for 5 in the underwear industry average and speci
fied number of days on which employees worked in one week in 1926.
Days on which employees worked means the number of calendar
days or parts of days on which an employee did any work. In
compiling this table any part of a day was counted as a day.
The 1,598 male boarders of the 82 hosiery establishments covered
in 1926 worked an average of 5.4 days in one week. Twenty, or
1 per cent of them, worked on 1 day only; 30, or 2 per cent, worked
on 2 days; 45, or 3 per cent, worked on 3 days; 95, or 6 per cent,
worked on 4 days; 388, or 24 per cent, worked on 5 days; and 1;020,
or 64 per cent, worked on 6 days.
T a b le
Q.— tfurriber and per cent of employees in 11 specified occupations who
worked each specified number o f days in one weeky 1926, by sex
HOSIERY
Average Number of employees in occu Per cent of employees in occu
pation who in one week
pation who in one week
Num
days
worked—
worked—
ber of Num
worked
Occupation and estab ber of by em
em ployees
sex
lish
1
4
1
2
3
2
4
5
6
3
5
6
ments ployees in one day
days days days days days day days days days days days
week
Boarders:
Male....... .
Female..........
Knitters, footers,
full-fashioned:
Male..............
Knitters, leggers,
full-fashioned:
Male..............
Knitters, transfer:
M a le ....____
Female..........
Loopers:
Female..........
Menders:
Female..........
82
32
1,598
483
5.4
5.5
20
3
30
10
45
14
95
35
27
696
5.8
2
2
3
9
388 1020
84 337
71
1
1
609 (0
0)
341 1476 (*)
0)
28
1,897
. 5.7
6
6
30
38
27
72
330
3,058
4.9
5.3
14
60
12
63
24
119
35
195
104 141
837 1784
4
2
101
3,753
5.3’ 32
87
184
290 1056 2104
1
98
1,362
5.4
33
37
1
19
89
2
2
277
907
3
3
0)
6
7
24
17
64
70
1
10
88
2
2
18
78
7
4
11
6
32
27
43
5S
2
5
8
28
56
2
3
7
20
67
1
3
12
26
5T
2
6
13
25
54
1
1
4
11
9
23
19
64
67
4
2
UNDERWEAR
Buttonhole mak
ers:
Female..........
Folders:
Female..........
Knitters, web or
tube:
Male..............
Female______
Pressers:
Male_______
Female..........
Seamers:
Female..........
73
364
5.4
__
3
12
44
96
209
61
463
5.2
3
9
26
59
115
251
1
67
47
393
275
5.5
5.5 ”’ 2’
2
4
12
43
25
91
53
253
183
"T
38
50
92
236
5.5
5.4
2
1
6
2
14
7
15
14
45
67
155
0)
3
2
6
8
6
15
19
73
66
84
2,377
5.2
10
44
131
335
618 1239 0)
2
6
14
26
52
2
» Less than 1 per cent.
OVERTIME
Overtime in a hosiery or an underwear establishment is any time
worked in excess of the regular standard of hours per day or per week
as established by a fixed time of beginning work in the morning and
of quitting in the afternoon less the regular time off duty for lunch
or dinner.
Table 7 shows that 18 of the 105 hosiery establishments and 5 of
the 85 underwear establishments covered in 1926 paid all or part of
their employees extra for overtime.
21
OVERTIME
Eighty-seven hosiery and 80 underwear establishments paid all
employees the same rate for overtime as for regular working time.
In the hosiery industry 1% times the regular rate was paid to all
employees of 6 establishments, to all time workers of 2, to the male
time workers of 1, to the male time workers of 1 for any time worked
in excess of 50 hours per week, to the male time workers of 1 after
55 hours per week, and to all male time and piece workers except
knitters, full-fashioned, of 1 establishment.
One and one-quarter times the regular rate was paid to all employees
of 1 establishment and to the time workers of another after one
hour’s work over the regular basic hours per day.
The knitters in 1 establishment were paid 10 cents extra per hour
for any time worked before the established time of beginning work
on any day.
All employees in 1 establishment were paid 35 cents extra per day
for any time worked after 6.30 p. m.
The inspectors in 1 establishment were paid 5 cents per hour extra
for overtime.
The time workers in 1 establishment were paid V/i times the regular
rate, and knitters, footers, full-fashioned, and knitters, leggers, fullfashioned, were paid $1 per day extra for overtime.
In the underwear industry lj^ times the regular rate was paid to
all employees of 1 establishment and to the time workers of 2 estab
lishments. One and one-quarter times the regular rate was paid to
all employees of 1 establishment, and 1XVV times the regular rate
was paid to all the employees in the dye and the bleaching depart
ments and 1% times the regular rate was paid for overtime to all
other employees of another establishment.
T a b le 7.—Number of establishments paying extra for overtime, 1926
HOSIERY
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Employees entitled to pay for overtime
Pay for overtime
6 All_____________________________________
1 ____do___________________________________
1 Male time workers_______________ ________
1 ___ do____________________________________
2 Time workers-___________________________
1 Male time workers_______________________
1 Knitters_________________________________
1
1
1
1
1
1H times regular rate.
1M times regular rate.
1% times regular rate after 50 hours per week.
1H times regular rate after 55 hours per week.
\y%times regular rate.
Do.
10 cents extra per hour for work earlier than the
regular time of beginning work on any day.
All______________________________________ 35 cents extra per day to each employee for any
time after 6.30 p. m.
Inspectors_______ _______________________ 5 cents per hour for overtime.
[Male time workers_______________________ 1M times regular rate.
•{Male piece workers, except knitters, full- IK times regular or basic hourly rate when work
l fashioned.
ing as time or day workers.
Time workers____________________________ 1% times regular rate—only paid after one hour's
work over basic hours per day.
(Time workers____________________________
times regular rate.
\Knitters, full-fashioned___________________ $1 per day for overtime.
UNDERWEAR
Time workers___ ______________ _________
/A ll except dye and bleaching departments..
\Dye and bleaching departments.:________
IU times regular rate.
times regular rate.
1M times regular rate.
Do.
times regular rate.
22
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
BONUS SYSTEMS, 1926
A bonus system in a hosiery or an underwear establishment means
that the earnings of the employees at the time or piece rates will,
when the employees fulfill certain conditions such as attendance,
efficiency, production, or service, be increased by the addition of a
specified amount or percentage. Example: An establishment pays
each wage earner who works full time during a pay period a bonus
of 5 per cent of his earnings. An employee in this establishment
who worked full time and earned at his time rate $40 was paid $42,
including a bonus of $2.
Attendance bonus.—In the hosiery industry 7 of the 105 establish
ments covered in 1926 paid an attendance bonus to certain wage
earners. One of them also paid to certain other employees an effi
ciency bonus and to still another group a production bonus, and 3
also paid a production bonus. Example: One establishment paid a
bonus of 15 per cent of earnings during pay period to each night
machine fixer who worked full time during the pay period, 10 per
per cent of earnings to each knitter and winder who worked full time
at night during pay period, and 10 per cent of earnings to each boarder
who did not lose more than one day during the pay period.
Efficiency bonus.—Twelve hosiery establishments paid an efficiency
bonus to certain wage earners. Four of them also paid to certain
employees a production bonus; 1 also paid to certain other employees
an attendance bonus and to still another group a production bonus;
and 1 also paid to certain employees a production bonus and to still
another group a service bonus. The efficiency bonus in 5 of the 12
establishments was a percentage of the earnings and in 7 a specified
amount for various production units, with a specified minimum of
defective work. When defects exceed the fixed minimum there is no
bonus. Penalties were assessed in 3 establishments when imperfec
tions exceeded an established standard. Machine fixers in several
establishments were paid an efficiency bonus based on minimum
amount of defective work on machines repaired by them.
Production bonus.—Fourteen hosiery establishments paid a pro
duction bonus to certain employees. Four of them also paid to
certain other employees an efficiency bonus; 1 also paid to certain
other employees an attendance bonus and to still another group an
efficiency bonus; 3 also paid to certain other employees an attend
ance bonus; 1 also paid to certain other employees an efficiency
bonus and also to another group a service bonus; and 1 also paid to
certain other employees a service bonus.
Service bonus.—Three hosiery establishments paid a service bonus.
One of these also paid to certain other employees a production bonus,
and 1 also paid to certain other employees an efficiency bonus and
also to another group a production bonus. The service bonus was
paid at the end of the year by 2 establishments and weekly by 1
establishment.
All or part of the employees in 4 establishments in the underwear
industry were paid their earnings at time or piece rates and also paid
an attendance bonus. Certain employees in 3 establishments were
paid an efficiency bonus and in 2 were also paid a production bonus.
TIME WORKERS AND PIECE WORKERS
23
TIME WORKERS AND PIECE WORKERS, 1926
The wage data presented in the various tables of this report are
for both time workers and piece workers. A “ time worker” is one
who is paid by the hour, day, or week, and a “ piece worker” is one
who is paid a piece rate, the unit of pay being a specified operation
or group of operations on stockings or underwear. Complete data
for piece workers of establishments in which the time worked by piece
workers is not ordinarily of record on pay rolls or time-clock cards
were obtained by arrangements with the establishments to keep a
special day-by-day record of the time worked by such employees for
a one-week pay period.
Table 8 shows for 6 representative occupations in the hosiery
; industry and for 5 in the underwear industry the number of time
workers and of piece workers in each State during the 1926 weekly
pay period for which data are presented.
The proportion or percentage of piece workers in the 6 specified
occupations in the hosiery industry ranges by States from 65.9 per
' cent for Ohio to 100 per cent for Rhode Island. The percentage of
piece workers for New Hampshire and Vermont combined is 82.4
1per cent. The percentage for the other 13 States, including Minne
sota and Wisconsin combined, ranges from 91.7 for Michigan to 98.7
for Illinois and North Carolina.
The percentage of piece workers in the 6 specified occupations in
the hosiery industry ranges from 72 per cent for menders, to 99.7 for
knitters, footers, full-fashioned. The 382 menders who are time
workers represent 62.5 per cent of the 611 time workers in the 6
specified occupations in the hosiery industry, and the percentage of
piece workers in this occupation by States ranges from 11.1 per cent
for Ohio to 100 per cent for Rhode Island.
Male piece workers in the 6 specified occupations in the hosiery
industry represent 98.4 per cent of all males in these occupations, and
female piece workers represent 93.8 per cent of all females.
The percentage of piece workers in the 5 specified occupations in the
underwear industry ranges from 64.4 for those in Connecticut to
96.6 per cent for those in Tennessee. The 50 piece workers in Illinois
represent 74.6 per cent of the total number in the 5 specified occupa
tions in that State in 1926.
The percentage of piece workers by occupations ranges from 58.2
for female and 59 for male knitters, web or tube, to 98.1 per cent for
buttonhole makers and for seamers. The 161 male and 115 female
time workers in the occupation of knitters, web or tube, represent 56.4
per cent of the 489 time workers in the 5 specified occupations in the
underwear industry in 1926. The piece workers in the 5 occupations
represent 88.4 per cent of the total number of employees in the 5
occupations. Excluding knitters, web or tube, the piece workers
represent 94 per cent of the total number in these occupations. Male
piece workers in these 5 occupations represent 60 per cent of the total
number of males, and female piece workers represent 92 per cent of
the total number of females.
24
HOSIEBY AND UNDERWEAH INDUSTRIES
T a b l e 8 . — Number o f time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occu pation
during the period covered by this study, 1926} by State and sex
HOSIERY
State, occupation, and sex
Number
of es
tablish
ments
Number
of em
ployees
Number
of time
workers
Alabama and Louisiana:
Boarders, male___ •_...... .................................
Boarders, female________ . ________________
Knitters, transfer, male,.................................
Knitters, transfer, female____ _____________
Loopers, female......................... ......................
Menders, fem ale....______________________
3
1
2
3
4
4
67
33
27
297
121
27
12
2
Total,.................... ......................................
4
7
1
Georgia:
Boarders, male___________________________
Boarders, female............ ........... ........... ..........
Knitters, transfer, male______ ____________
Knitters, transfer, fem ale.............................
Loopers, female__________________________
Menders, female_______________ . _________
7
7
Piece workers
Number
Per cent
1
12
16
55
31
27
296
103
11
82.1
93.9
100.0
99.7
90.1
40.7
572
43
529
92.5
125
19
15
302
295
40
3
5
4
12
122
19
15
297
291
28
97.6
100.0
100.0
98.3
98.6
70.0
24
772
97.0
100.0
95.0
100.0
99.4
95.2
Total— ........................................................
7
796
Illinois:
Boarders, male............................................ .
Boarders, female......................_......................
Knitters, transfer, female................................
Loopers, female______ ____________________
Menders, female*.................... ........... .........
4
4
3
5
5
48
20
85
162
63
1
3
48
19
85
161
60
Total...................... ......................................
6
378
5
373
98.7
Indiana:
Boarders, m ale...............................................
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male............
Knitters, loggers, full-fashioned, male............
Knitters, transfer, female...............................
Loopers, female_________ _________________
Menders, female________________________ _
2
1
1
1
2
2
65
27
85
34
115
78
1
30
65
27
85
34
114
48
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
61.5
2
404
31
373
92.3
2
3
2
3
3
49
25
102
128
36
2
5
47
25
102
128
31
95.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.1
Total.............................................................
Michigan:
Boarders, male. ..............................................
Boarders, female.............................................
Knitters, transfer, male.................................
Knitters, transfer, female................................
Loopers, female_______ . . . ________________
Menders, female...............................................
3
340
7
333
97.9
2
2
2
3
2
3
5
U
6
61
25
12
4
5
5
10
6
57
25
7
100.0
90.9
100.0
93.4
100.0
58.3
Total.............................................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin:
Boarders, male-................ ........... .................
Boarders, female....................... ......................
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male............
Knitters, loggers, full-fashioned, male_______
Knitters, transfer, male___________________
Knitters, transfer, female................................
Loopers, female............... ................................
Menders, female...___________ •___________
3
120
10
no
91.7
5
4
3
3
2
5
5
5
102
125
65
239
18
136
256
174
1
27
8
26
101
125
65
238
18
109
248
148
99.0
m o
100.0
99.6
100.0
80.1
96.9
85.1
Total.............................................................
New Hampshire and Vermont:
Boarders, male.................................................
Knitters, transfer, male. . . __ __
_.
Knitters, transfer, female__________________
Loopers, female__________________________
Menders, female__________________________
5
1,115
63
1,052
94.3
6
1
6
6
4
56
4
122
127
67
7
4
38
49
87.5
. 17
84
127
50
68.9
100.0
74.6
6
=====
376
66
310
82.4
Total.............................................................
Massachusetts:
Boarders, male............................. ...................
Boarders, female.................... ......... ................
Knitters, transfer, female__ ________ ____ _
Loopers, female............... ........................ ......
Menders, female...______. ________________
Total..............................................................
1
1
1
TIM E WOBKEBS AND PIECE WOBKEBS
25
T a b l e 8 . — Number of time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1926, by State and sex— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
States, occupation, and sex
New Jersey:
Boarders, male___________________________
Boarders, female.......................... ................ . .
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male______
TTnittora, loggers, full-fashionfid, male.
Loopers, female........................ . .... _..............
Menders, female_______________ __________
Number
of es
tablish
ments
Number
of em
ployees
1
3
4
4
4
4
12
48
64
216
102
70
T otal..___ ________- ___________________
4
512
New York:
Boarders, male____ ______________________
Boarders, female_________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male______
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male______
Loopers, female_________________ _______
Menders, female____________ _____________
1
3
4
4
4
3
4
44
58
171
81
81
Total.................. .........................................
4
439
North Carolina:
Boarders, male____ ______________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male______
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male______
Knitters, transfer, male___________________
Knitters, transfer, female____ . __________ _
Loopers, female_____ ___ __ ______________
Menders, female_____________ ____________
13
2
2
6
10
14
13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ ____
Ohio:
Boarders, male___________________________
Boarders, female____________ _____________
Knitters, transfer, female_________________
Loopers, female__________________________
Menders, female___________ . _____________
Number
of time
workers
Piece workers
Number
Per cent
29
12
48
64
216
102
41
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
58.6
29
483
94.3
7
4
44
58
169
81
74
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.8
100.0
91.4
9
430
97.9
372
25
90
79
293
566
80
20
372
25
90
79
293
566
60
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
16
1,505
20
1,485
98.7
2
1
3
3
3
12
2
65
26
18
6
20
16
6
2
45
26
2
50.0
100.0
69.2
100.0
11.1
3
123
42
81
65.9
Pennsylvania:
Boarders, male____ . . . . . ___________ ______
Boarders, female____________ ___________ _
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male______
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male______
Knitters, transfer, male________________ __
Knitters, transfer, female_________________
Loopers, female__________________________
Menders, female___________ __ ___________
16
7
13
14
2
12
22
23
363
106
457
1,096
6
671
1,015
372
5
21
2
5
3
2
99
358
85
455
1,091
6
668
1,013
273
98.6
80.2
99.6
99.5
100.0
99.6
99.8
73.4
137
3,949
96.6
Tota
Total._____________________________ _
2
T o ta l................................... ........................
23
4,086
Rhode Island:
Boarders, male_____________ ___ . . . . . _____
Knitters, transfer, fem ale....._____________
Loopers, female_________ _____ ____________
Menders, fem ale...... . . . . . . . ___ . . . . . . _____
3
3
3
3
10
62
37
14
10
62
37
14
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
T o ta l___ ___ ___ . . . . . __ _______________
3
123
123
100.0
12
2
7
11
14
14
264
41
135
637
553
187
76
247
41
131
632
553
HI
93.6
100.0
97.0
99.2
100.0
59.4
14
1,817
102
1,715
94.4
Tennessee:
Boarders, male_________ _________________
Boarders, female______ . . . ___ ...____ ______
Knitters, transfer, male____. . . . . __ ______ —
Knitters, transfer, female______'1____ . . . ___
Loopers, female __ _________;____________
Menders, female____________________ - ____
Total.............................................................
17
4
5
26
HOSIEBY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
T a b l e 8 . — Number o f time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1926, by State and sex— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
Number
of es
tablish
ments
State, occupation, and sex
Number
of em
ployees
Virginia:
Boarders, male___________________________
Boarders, female_________________________
Knitters, transfer, male___________________
Knitters, transfer, female_________________
Loopers, female__________________________
Menders, female__________________________
3
1
2
3
3
3
44
9
40
191
144
43
Total__________________________________
3
All States:
Boarders, male___________________________
Boarders, female_________________________
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned, male______
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned, male....... ....
Knitters, transfer, male___________________
Knitters, transfer, female_________________
Loopers, female__________________________
Menders, female__________________________
Total__ _______________________________
Number
of time
workers
Piece workers
Number
Per cent
21
44
9
40
189
144
22
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
100.0
51.2
471
23
448
95.1
82
32
27
28
27
72
101
98
1,598
483
696
1,897
330
3,058
3,753
1,362
53
25
2
8
8
105
28
382
1,545
458
694
1,889
322
2,953
3,725
980
96.7
94.8
99.7
99.6
97.6
96.6
99.3
72.0
105
13,177
611
12,566
95.4
4
3
2
4
2
2
4
7
8
2
22
3
4
44
1
7
2
13
6
1
85.7
12.5
4
5
9
3
40.9
100.0
39
88.6
4
90
32
58
64.4
2
1
2
1
1
2
4
4
5
1
1
36
2
4
4
3
1
100.0
100.0
60.0
100.0
2
51
3
3
2
3
1
1
1
3
7
10
6
5
1
2
36
6
5
1
2
3
3
67
17
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
16
17
15
14
2
15
108
2
187
2
UNDERWEAR
Connecticut:
Buttonhole makers, female___
Folders, female.........................
Knitters, web or tube, male__.
Knitters, web or tube, female..
Pressers, m ale....................... .
Pressers, female........................
Seamers, female........................
Total..
Georgia:
Buttonhole makers, female..
Folders, female____________
Knitters, web or tube, male.
Pressers, male........................
Pressers, female.....................
Seamers, female.....................
Total..
Illinois:
Buttonhole makers, female___
Folders, female.........................
Knitters, web or tube, male__.
Knitters, web or tube, female..
Pressers, male...........................
Pressers, female........ ................
Seamers, female.......................
TotalIndiana:
Buttonhole makers, female___
Folders, female.........................
Knitters, web or tube, m ale...
Knitters, web or tube, female..
Pressers, male......................... .
Pressers, female........................
Seamers, fem ale..................... .
Total..
1
36
100.0
48
94.1
7
10
100.0
100.0
33
91.7
50
74.6
4
8
10
1
2
5
16
13
7
4
1
13
103
100.0
76.5
46.7
28.6
60.0
86.7
95.4
30
157
84.0
TIME WORKERS AND PIECE WORKERS
27
T a b l e 8 . — Number o f lime workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1926, by State and sex— Continued
U N DERW EAR—Continued
Number
of es
tablish
ments
State, occupation, and sex
Number
of em
ployees
Massachusetts:
....... ..............
Buttonhole makers, female
Folders, female..... .............. . ......................
Knitters, web or tube, male , ...................
Knitters, web or tube, female.,......................
Pressers, male ............... .
..... ................
Pressers, female...............................................
Seamers, female__________________________
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
21
45
37
34
5
34
209
Number
of time
workers
Piece workers
Number
Per cent
17
1
21
45
37
17
4
34
209
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
Total.............................................................
4
385
18
367
95.3
Michigan:
Buttonhole makers, female................... .........
Folders, female................................................
Knitters, web or tube, male......... ..................
Knitters, web or tube, female..... .................
Pressers, female...............................................
Seamers, female...... . .......................................
3
1
3
3
3
4
13
4
7
27
36
127
1
1
4
8
8
13
3
6
23
28
119
100.0
75.0
85.7
85.2
77.8
93.7
22
192
89.7
32
14
16
33
24
181
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.3
66.7
100.0
300
95.5
24
14
4
9
13
7
114
100.0
73.7
12.1
100.0
92.9
100.0
100.0
Total.............................................................
4
214
Minnesota and Wisconsin:
Buttonhole makers, female...... ......................
Folders, female_______ ______ ____________
Knitters, web or tube, male...........................
Knitters, web or tube, female.........................
Pressers, female...............................................
Seamers, female______________ ___________
4
2
3
4
4
4
32
14
16
35
36
181
Total.............................................................
4
314
New Hampshire and Vermont:
Buttonhole makers, female___ ____ _____ . . .
Folders, female................................................
Knitters, web or tube, male_______________
Knitters, web or tube, female________ ____ _
Pressers, male___________________________
Pressers, female_____________ ____________
Seamers, female__________________________
3
3
2
1
2
2
3
24
19
33
9
14
7
114
2
12
14
5
29
1
Total.............................................................
3
220
35
185
84.1
New York:
Buttonhole makers, female________________
Folders, female................................................
Knitters, web or tube, male__........................
Knitters, web or tube, female....................... .
Pressers, male____ ______ _________________
Pressers, female.......................... ......... ...........
Seamers, female ................... ............ ..............
28
27
22
10
21
11
28
139
161
159
38
54
36
895
2
40
52
13
21
8
7
137
121
107
25
33
28
888
98.6
75.2
67.3
65.8
61.1
77.8
99.2
Total.............................................................
29
1,482
143
1,339
90.4
Ohio:
Buttonhole makers, female.............................
Folders, female................................................
Knitters, web or tube, male_______________
Knitters, web or tube, female______________
Pressers, male............... ..................................
Pressers, female.................................. ............
Seamers, female _.............................................
3
3
2
3
1
3
3
16
20
11
17
2
8
77
1
1
8
15
1
3
15
19
3
2
2
7
74
93.8
95.0
27.3
11.8
100.0
87.5
96.1
Total........................_................ .... ..............
3
151
29
122
80.8
Pennsylvania:
Buttonhole makers, female.............................
Folders, female......................... .................... .
Knitters, web or tube, male_______________
Knitters, web or tube, female..... .............. .
Pressers, male_______________________ ____
Pressers, female................................. _...........
Seamers, female...... . . . . . . . ...... .......................
13
9
18
14
5
14
22
50
81
61
60
9
39
374
3
11
40
22
8
18
11
47
70
21
38
1
21
363
94.0
86.4
34.4
63.3
11.1
53.8
97.1
22
674
113
561
83.2
Total____________________ ___
_______
28
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
T a b l e 8 .— Number oj time workers and piece workers in 11 specified occupations
during the period covered by this study, 1926, by State and sex— Continued
UNDERWEAR—Continued
State, occupation, and sex
Number
of es
tablish
ments
Number
of em
ployees
Number
of time
workers
Rhode Island:
Buttonhole makers, female________________
Folders, female......................... ____________
Knitters, web or tube, m a le ...................... ...
Knitters, web or tube, female.........................
Pressers, female________ ________ __________
Seamers, female__________________________
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
24
11
14
14
58
11
14
Total________________. . . _______________
2
128
Tennessee:
Buttonhole makers, female.............................
Folders, female_________ _________________
Knitters, web or tube, male_______________
Pressers, male____________________ ____ _
Pressers, female_____ _____________________
Seamers, female______ *«.__________________
3
3
3
1
2
3
28
56
30
1
4
118
3
Total_________ ________ . . . . _____ ____
All States:
Buttonhole makers, female________________
Folders, female__________________________
Knitters, web or tube, male________ _______
Knitters, web or tube, female........................
Pressers, male_______;_____________ _______
Pressers, female_____________. _____ _____ __
Seamers, female...............................................
Total________ _______ _____ __________
Piece workers
Number
Per cent
7
24
100.0
100.0
14
58
100.0
M 0
25
103
80.5
2
2
4
28
56
28
1
2
114
100.0
100.0
93.3
100.0
50.0
96.6
237
8
229
96.6
73
61
67
47
38
50
84
364
463
393
275
92
236
2,377
7
69
161
115
33
58
46
357
394
232
160
59
178
2,331
98.1
85.1
59.0
58.2
64.1
75.4
98.1
85
4,200
489
3,711
88.4
INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS, 1922
TO 1926
The index numbers in Table 9 represent the trend in the volume
of employment and in the amount of the pay rolls in the “ hosiery
and knit goods” industry in the United States by months and years
from July, 1922, to December, 1926.
The numbers in the table are as published by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in monthly reports on “ Employment in Selected Manufac
turing Industries.” In computing the numbers the monthly figures
and average for each of the years from 1923 to 1926 were used, with
the average employment and average pay rolls for 1923 taken as the
base or 100 per cent.
While the numbers are for “ hosiery and knit goods” and the
figures in the other tables in this report are for “ hosiery and under
wear,” it is believed that the numbers accurately represent the
trend in employment and in pay rolls in hosiery and underwear,
because data for these two industries constitute the great majority
of the statistical material included by the United States Census of
Manufactures under “ Knit goods.”
Employment as shown in the table decreased by years from an
index of 100 in 1923 to 90.7 in 1924, increased to 98.1 in 1925, and
then dropped to an index of 97.9 in 1926. July, 1924, with an
index of 77 was lower, and April, 1923, with an index of 103.1, was
higher in employment than any other month since July, 1922.
IMPORTANCE OF KNIT-GOODS INDUSTRY
29
The amount of pay rolls decreased by years from an index of 100
in 1923 to 90.9 in 1924, increased to 105.6 in 1925, and to an index of
109.6 in 1926. July, 1924, with an index of 68.6 was lower, and
March, 1926, with an index of 115, was higher in amount of pay
rolls than any other month since July, 1922.
One of the significant factors shown by the table is the increased
difference between the indexes for employment and the indexes for
pay rolls, especially since the latter part of 1924. Employment
increased from an index of 89.2 in November, 1924, to 102.2 in
November, 1925, an increase of nearly 15 per cent, and then dropped
to 98.8 in November, i926. Pay rolls increased from an index of
92 in November, 1924, to 114.2 in November, 1925, an increase of
about 24 per cent, and then dropped to an index of 113.9 in Novem
ber, 1926.
T able
9.— Index numbers of employment and of pay-roll totals, July, 1922, to
December, 1926, by months and years
[Average for 1923=100]
Index numbers of—
Employment
Month
January......................
February...................
March............ ...........
April..........................
M a y .......................
June..........................
J u l y ........... .
August.......................
September___ . . . ___
October......................
November..................
December.................
Pay-roll totals
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
95.7
99.8
96.6
98.7
99.1
99.9
99.7
100.9
102.5
103.1
103.0
101.8
97.8
98.2
97.2
98.2
99.2
98.4
97.7
99.1
100.3
98.6
94.6
90.0
77.0
79.8
83.9
86.8
89.2
91.2
92.4
96.5
98.4
98.9
98.4
97.6
96.0
96.3
98.1
101.1
102.2
101.6
100.6
101.6
101.7
100.2
98.4
97.1
91.2
93.6
95.0
98.0
98.8
98.8
100.0
90.7
98.1
97.9
Average............
1922
83.5
89.9
85.5
92.4
95.0
95.2
1923
1924
1925
1926
92.1
98.1
103.0
105.7
107.8
104.1
94.0
95.0
96.7
100.2
101.4
103.0
97.8
103.0
103.6
101.3
94.9
87.3
68.6
75.1
80.2
88.5
92.0
98.0
96.4
104.1
107.5
104.8
106.4
103.1
98.7
103.9
101.8
112.2
114.2
114.3
108.2
114.4
115.0
1114
111.2
108.0
98.1
104.4
103.7
113.7
113.9
113.6
100.0
90.9
105.6
109. a
IMPORTANCE OF KNIT-GOODS INDUSTRY, 1849 TO 1925
The figures used in compiling Table 10 were taken from the reports
of the United States Census of Manufactures. They show the
growth of the knit-goods industry since 1849 and of hosiery and
underwear between 1923 and 1925. Until 1923 data are for “ all
classes” o f '“ knit goods” combined. In 1923 and 1925 the Census
of Manufactures in its reports divided knit goods into four parts,
two of them covering hosiery and underwear.
Data are presented in the table for the entire “ knit goods” in
dustry or for “ all classes,” including hosiery, and underwear for
each of the years from 1849 to 1925 and also for hosiery and for
underwear separately for 1923 and 1925. This is done in order that
comparisons of like data may be made one year with another.
According to Table 10 the number of knit-goods establishments
increased from 85 in 1849 to 1,987 in 1925, and capital increased
from $545,000 in 1849 to $516,458,000 in 1919, the last year in
which this item was reported. The cost of materials increased
58003°—27----- 3
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
30
from $415,000 in 1849 to 1484,020,000 in 1923 and then dropped
to $453,926,000 in 1925, and the value of products increased from
$1,028,000 in 1849 to $848,177,000 in 1923 and then dropped
to $809,960,000 in 1925. In 1925 the average number of wage
earners was 186,668, or approximately eighty times the number in
1849. The amount paid to wage earners increased from $360,000
in 1849 to '$168,683,000 in 1925. Average yearly earnings of wage
earners increased from $155 in 1849 to $904 in 1925.
Between 1923 and 1925 there has been a decided decrease in the
number of hosiery and underwear establishments. This decrease,
however, is not reflected in the average number of wage earners.
The number of hosiery establishments decreased from 721 in 1923 to
683 in 1925, or 5.3 per cent, and the number of wage earners in the
industry increased from 96,957 in 1923 to 103,930 in 1925, an increase
of 7.2 per cent. The number of underwear establishments decreased
from 326 in 1923 to 298 in 1925, a decrease of 8.6 per cent, and the
number of wage earners decreased from 48,552 in 1923 to 48,328 in
1925, or less than one-half of 1 per cent.
In the hosiery industry the amount paid to wage earners increased
18.6 per cent Average yearly earnings of wage earners increased
10.7 per cent. In the underwear industry the increase in the amount
paid to wage earners was negligible, or only one-half of 1 per cent,
and average yearly earnings increased only 1 per cent.
10.—Number of establishments, capital, cost of material, value of products,
wage earners, and earnings, in the knit-goods industry, by year and class
T able
Class
Year
All classes.._
....... do..........
....... do..........
....... do..........
....... do..........
..... d o ___. . .
....... d o .......
....... do..........
....... do..........
....... do..........
....... do..........
___do..........
1923...................... ■Hosiery.......
Underwear..
All classes...
1925...................... ■(Hosiery____
Underwear..
1849......................
1859......................
1869 i....................
1879......................
1889......................
1899___ *__ *........
1904......................
1909............ . ........
1914......................
1919...................
1921......................
Amount
Value
Cost of
Average paid to Average
Number Capital materials
of all
yearly
wage
number
of estab (in thou (in thou products
wage earners earnings
lishments sands)
thou of
of wage
(in
thou
sands) (in
earners
sands)
earners
sands)
85
197
248
398
824
1,006
1,144
1,374
1,622
2,050
2,078
2,323
721
326
1,987
683
298
$545
4,036
10,931
15,732
50,686
82,066
106,943
163,641
215,826
516,458
(’ )
(’)
(2)
(*>
(2)
(2)
«
$415
3,202
9,836
15,450
35,950
51,195
76,789
110,241
146,687
427,096
360,458
484,020
222,411
106,760
453,926
228,142
110,773
$1,028
7,281
18,412
29.614
67; 447
95,834
137,076
200,143
258,913
713,140
634,074
848,177
390,273
182,355
809,960
421,180
188,570
2,325
9,103
14,788
30,699
59,774
83,691
104,092
129,275
150,520
152,572
161,880
194,244
96,957
48,552
186,668
103,930
48,328
$360
1,662
4,429
6,839
16,614
24,434
31,615
44.740
59,758
125,200
132,190
168,272
78,762
39,932
168,683
93,383
40,145
$155
183
299
223
278
292
304
346
397
725
817
866
812
822
904
899
831
1 The financial figures for 1869 are given in currency, which at that time was worth only about 80 cents
gold to the dollar. For strict comparison, therefore, these figures should be reduced about 20 per cent.
2 Not reported.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD
The averages for each occupation in the tables in this report were
computed from the combined data of time workers and piece
workers. The majority of the employees in hosiery and underwear
are paid piece rates. The earnings of all piece workers and of all
persons working at time rates were reduced to equivalent time rates.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD
31
Average earnings per hour of employees in each occupation as
presented in the various tables in this report were computed by
dividing the combined earnings of all employees in the occupation
during the pay period covered by the combined hours worked by all
employees in the occupation.
Average full-time hours per week of all employees in each occupa
tion were computed by dividing the combined full-time hours per
week of all employees in the occupation by the number of employees
in the occupation during the pay period covered. The full-time hours
per week of each employee were used in arriving at this average,
even though some employees worked more or less than full time on
account of overtime, sickness, disability, or other cause.
Average full-time earnings per week of employees in each occupa
tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour
of all employees in the occupation by the average full-time hours per
week. This is on the assumption that the earnings for full time
would have been at the same average rate per hour as for the time
that was actually worked in the one week covered by the study.
Figures relative to wages and hours are shown separately for the
most important occupations in the two industries, or 17 in hosiery
and 16 in underwear. Data are shown only for males in 4 of the 17
occupations in hosiery, only for females in 8, and for both sexes in 5.
Data are shown only for males in 1 occupation in the underwear
industry, only for females in 8, and for both sexes in 7 occupations.
The occupations are arranged in alphabetical order as follows:
Hosiery
Boarders.
Folders.
Inspectors.
Knitters (footers), full-fashioned.
Knitters (ledgers), full-fashioned.
Knitters, helpers, full-fashioned.
Knitters, “ lady hose” or string work.
Knitters, rib.
Knitters, transfer.
Loopers.
Machine fixers.
Menders.
Pairers or maters.
Seamers, full-fashioned.
Toppers, full-fashioned.
Welters.
Winders.
Underwear
Buttonhole makers.
Button sewers.
Cutters, hand, layers-up, and markers.
Cutters, power.
Finishers.
Folders.
Hemmers.
Inspectors.
Knitters, cuff and ankle
Knitters, web or tube.
Machine fixers.
Menders.
Pressers.
Press hands.
Seamers.
Winders.
All employees not included in any of the selected occupations are
shown under the miscellaneous group of “ other employees.”
The report includes data for establishments whose product consists
entirely or chiefly of hosiery or of underwear. In selecting establish
ments from which to obtain data for the report the bureau endeavored
to represent all States in which the manufacture of hosiery or under
wear is of material importance. The importance of the industry in
a State was determined by the number of wage earners in each industry
in the State as reported by the Census of Manufactures for 1923, the
latest year for which census figures are available.
In hosiery, in the 18 States included, data were obtained from 105
establishments and for 30,546 wage earners, or approximately 32 per
32
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
cent of the total number in the hosiery industry in 1923. In under
wear, in the 15 States included, data were taken from 85 establishments
and for 15,048 wage earners, or approximately 31 per cent of the total
number of wage earners in the underwear industry in 1923.
The number of establishments from which data "have been obtained
during the period, 1907 to 1926, has varied as follows:
Year
Number
1907-1910............................................................ ................... ...................15
1911-1912......... — ________ ____________ ________________ — _____ _62
191 3
.................- ................................................... .................... . . . 69
191 4
__________ ______________________ ___________ . . . . 82
1919........... — ....................... .................................................................. ..51
1922............. ................................. ........ .......... ..................... ...................107
1924......................
.............. ........................................ 143
................ - ........................- ......... —.................. 105
1926 Underwear________________________________________
_ 85
In order not to reveal the identity of any individual establishment
it was necessary in hosiery to combine data for establishments in
Alabama and Louisiana and for those in New Hampshire and Ver
mont, and in underwear to combine data for establishments in Min
nesota and Wisconsin and for those in New Hampshire and Vermont.
Data for a few large establishments are for only a part of the total
number of employees for such establishments, as the inclusion of the
total number of employees in these large establishments would have
tended to impair the representative character of the averages for the
States in which such establishments were located.
In 1922 and 1924 data were shown for inspectors, male, and
folders, male. As the great majority of the wage earners in these
occupations are female and the number of males in them is becoming
less at each subsequent study, data for males in these occupations
are included with the miscellaneous group of “ other employees.”
Pressers, press hands, and pairers, male, in the hosiery industry were
so few in number that they were also included with “ other employees.”
The census figures for the past several years in the hosiery and under
wear industry indicate a trend toward the South. The last two cen
suses for which data are available, 1921 and 1923, show an increase
of 11.7 per cent in the number of employees in 5 New England
States, 16.8 per cent in the North Central States, 16.1 per cent in
the North Atlantic States, and 35.9 per cent in the 5 Southern States.
It was, therefore, necessary greatly to enlarge the scope of the work
in number of wage earners in the South in order that the 1926 figures
be representative of the conditions in that section and in the country
as a whole.
Another change in the hosiery industry has affected not only the
proportion of wage earners in the various States but also the kind
and type of worker in some of the States. This is the tremendous
increase since the war in the production of full-fashioned hosiery.
According to the Census of Manufactures, 7,566,741 dozen pairs of
full-fashioned hose were produced in 1919 and 13,899,973 dozen pairs
were produced in 1925, or an increase of 83.7 per cent. Between
1919 and 1925 the production of seamless hose increased only 16.5
per cent. Full-fashioned hose increased in value from $66,539,105
in 1919 to $148,151,061 in 1925, or an increase of 122.7 per cent.
The value of seamless hose increased from $242,123,272 in 1919 to
$263,215,331 in 1925, or an increase of only 8.7 per cent. Based on
GENERAL TABLES
33
these figures, it is seen that it was necessary to increase materially
the number of full-fashioned hosiery employees as compared with
the increase for seamless employees.
Table 11 shows the number of wage earners in the hosiery industry
and in the underwear industry in each State in 1923, as reported by
the Census of Manufactures, and the number of establishments and
wage earners covered in the 1926 study:
11.— Number of wage earners in 1923 as reported by the United States
Census of Manujactures and the number of establishments and of wage earners
for which 1926 data are presented in the report, by States
T able
Number of wage earners
reported in 1923 census
Hosiery
Underwear
State
Hosiery
Alabama............
Louisiana..........
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Illinois................
Indiana............ .
Massachusetts . .
Michigan...........
Minnesota.........
Wisconsin..........
New Hampshire
Vermont_______
New Jersey.......
New York.........
North Carolina.
O h io..-....... ......
Pennsylvania__
Rhode Island__
Tennessee______
Virginia________
Total____
(0
0)
210
5,116
3,424
3,326
3,572
1,075
0)
8,165
2,124
(»)
3,273
1,767
9,702
605
33,860
939
10,987
0)
*96,957
Underwear
Establish
ments
0)
0)
1,562
0)
0)
Wage
earners
1,161
437
149
252
596
1,657
725
1,168
1,689
970
1,104
1,009
306
2,443
0)
4,951
0)
0) 866
0)1,048
0)
19,048
780
756
1,011
1,005
3,190
215
10,971
236
3,663
817
2,201
0)7,406
0)
2,810
0)
s 48,552
Establish
ments
105
30,546
5,371
471
2,150
435
857
85
15,048
i Not reported separately by the crnsus.
* This total includes items not reported above and employees in still other States not listed.
GENERAL TABLES
In addition to the text tables already shown five general tables
are presented. In these tables the presentation of separate data for
hosiery and underwear is continued.
T a b l e A.—Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent
of full time worked, and average earnings per hour, 1926, by occu
pation, sex, and State.
T a b l e B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 11 specified
occupations, 1926, by sex and State.
T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11
specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State.
T a b l e D.—Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State.
T a b l e E.—Average and classified actual earnings in one week in
11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State.
A study of Table A shows, first of all, the average number of days
on which employees worked in one week. This average is secured
by adding together the days worked by each employee in a given
34
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
occupation and dividing this amount by the number of employees in
the said occupation.
Average full-time hours per week, average hours actually worked
in one week, and per cent of full time worked are shown in juxta
position. The presentation of these averages in parallel columns is
for the purpose of comparing the regular hours during which it was
possible for employees in an occupation to work with the hours
actually worked. The first of the three columns dealing with hours
shows the possible hours for work under normal conditions, while the
second shows the hours actually worked during one week, by all the
employees in that occupation. The third column shows the per
centage that the hours actually worked were of the full-time hours.
The last three columns of this table show the average earnings per
hour and the average full-time earnings per week in comparison with
the average actual earnings in one week.
Average full-time earnings per week are hypothetical earnings based
on the theory that if all employees worked full time these figures
would represent the earnings they would make and are obtained by
multiplying the average earnings per hour by the average full-time
hours.
Tables B, C, D, and E are limited to 11 specified occupations, six
in hosiery and five in underwear. These 11 occupations are used in
the tables as being representative or typical of the two industries.
A.—Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State
T a b le
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia......................................
Illinois--...................................
Indiana.............. ......................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina.........................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin................................ Other States..............................
All States...............................
Boarders, female:
Illinois.-_____________ ______
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
New Jersey................................
New York..................................
Pennsylvania.— ......................
Tennessee..................................
Wisconsin..................................
Other States..............................
AH States...............................
Aver
age
Num Num number
of
days
ber
ber
on
of
of
which
estab em
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Aver Aver
Aver Aver
age
age
Per
Aver age
age
hours
age
full actual
cent
full
earn
time
of
actu
earn
time
ally
full
ings earn ings
hours worked
in
per
ings
time
per
one
per
one worked hour
week in
week week
week
3
7
4
2
2
2
6
13
2
16
3
12
3
5
2
82
67
125
48
65
49
5
56
372
12
363
10
264
44
102
16
1,598
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.1
5.3
5.2
5.3
6.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.4
54.4
55.1
56.3
49.7
46.0
50.2
48.5
55.4
50.0
53.6
51.0
54.1
53.0
50.2
46.5
53.4
49.9
91.7 $0,266 $14.47
.318 17.52
49.6
90.0
45.2
.343 19.31
80.3
45.2
.629 31.26
90.9
47.5
103.3
.450 20.70
47.3
94.2
.672 33.73
.513 24.88
43.8
90.3
49.1
88.6
.385 21.33
.404 20.20
44.2
88.4
.745 39.93
47.6
88.8
49.2
96.5
.480 24.48
46.7
86.3
.356 19.26
46.3
87.4
.320 16.96
47.4
94.4
.578 29.02
43.6
93.8
.755 35.11
47.7 ! 89.3
.481 ' 25.69
4
3
2
3
3
7
2
4
4
32
20
25
11
48
44
106
41
125
63
483
5.9
5.4
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.4
5.0
5.6
5.1
5.5
53.1
48.0
51.1
47.8
48.0
47.9
53.8
49.7
54.5
50.0
49.6
40.7
43.6
46.1
46.1
43.5
43.6
43.3
43.7
44.1
93.4
84.8
85.3
96.4
96.0
90.8
81.0
87.1
80.2
88.2
.251
.357
.507
.570
.635
.621
.293
.529
.194
.479
13.33
17.14
25.91
27.25
30.48
29.75
15.76
26.29
10.57
23.95
$13.26
15.75
15.50
28.43
21.35
31.77
22.44
18.91
17.87
35.51
23.64
16.61
14.78
27.40
32.89
22.93
12.48
14.56
22.09
26.32
29.26
27.02
12.79
22.90
8.49
21.10
GENERAL TABLES
35
T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent o f full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Folders, female:
Alabama, and Lnnisia/na
Georgia_____________________
Illinois___ ____ _____________
Indiana_______ - _________-__
Massachusetts, .........................
New Hampshire and VermontNew Jersey___________ _____ _
New York__________________
North Carolina______________
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island________________
Tennessee______________ ____
Virginia____________________
Wisconsin___ ____ ___________
Other States_____ ___________
Aver
age
number
Num Num
of
days
ber
ber
on
of
of
which
em
estab
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
age
full
cent
full hours
of
earn time
time actu
ally
ings earn
full
hours worked time
ings
per
per
one worked hour
per
week in
week
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
85.2 $0,211 $11.42
.193 10.58
88.7
76.0
.267 15.57
.362 17.81
94.7
.440 21.12
93.3
96.5
.375 18.11
96.7
.516 24.82
99.0
.514 24.62
92.6
.296 16.43
.432 22.38
87.1
.356 18.01
90.5
90.4
.262 14.23
94.3
.248 12.67
97.9
.409 19.84
100.4
.232 11.81
$9.75
9.36
11.83
16.87
19.68
17.46
23.98
24.34
15.23
19.51
16.33
12.89
11.95
19.42
11.87
4
7
2
2
2
5
4
3
12
18
2
13
3
3
2
37
61
17
77
18
19
47
16
105
211
7
116
29
31
12
82
803
5.6
52.2
47.4
90.8
.343
17.90
16.25
4
7
6
2
3
3
6
3
4
14
3
21
3
14
3
4
93
171
138
75
37
63
22
89
295
14
461
14
328
61
72
5.2
5.4
5.7
5.5
4.9
5.7
4.8
6.0
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.3
5.1
5.6
5.8
55.0
55.0
54.1
49.7
48.0
50.9
48.3
48.0
49.1
55.3
49.9
50.9
51.4
54.1
52.6
49.6
45.6
47.6
48.4
47.4
38.6
48.7
40.8
47.5
44.3
48.8
43.7
' 47.9
3a 2
42.0
46.7
43.0
82.9
86.5
89.5
95.4
80.4
95.7
84.5
99.0
90.2
88.2
87.6
94.1
74.3
77.6
88.8
86.7
.158
.207
.272
.394
.301
.276
.347
.422
.393
.238
.309
.367
.270
.231
.206
.471
8.69
11.39
14. 72
19.58
14.45
14.05
16.76
20.26
19.30
13.16
15.42
18.68
13.88
12.50
10.84
23.36
7.18
9.85
13.15
18.67
11.64
13.48
14.15
20. 05
17.39
11.58
13.51
17.61
10.32
9.70
9.62
20.29
All States_________________
Knitters, transfer, male:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia___________________ _
Michigan___________________
North Carolina______________
Pennsylvania_______________
Tennessee__________________
Virginia____________________
Wisconsin__________________
Other States________________
100
1,988
5.4 ! 52.6
46.1
87.6
.292
15.36
13.44
2
3
2
6
2
7
2
2
1
27
15
6
79
6
135
40
18
4
4.9
4.9
5. 2
4. 5
5.8
4.8
5.8
4.7
6.0
55.1
54.7
58.8
55.2
53.4
54.3
! 51.4
52.3
48.0
41.4
41.7
58.8
42.1
54.7
46,4
52.7
47.0
67.9
75.1
76.2
100.0
76.3
102.4
85.5
102.5
89.9
141.5
.192
.252
.537
.375
.509
.274
.378
.570
.583
10.58
13.78
31.55
20.70
27.18
14.88
19.43
29.81
27.98
7.94
10.54
31.55
15.80
27.83
12.69
19.91
26.77
39.55
All States_________________
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia______________ ______
Illinois____ _______ __________
Massachusetts_______________
Michigan............... ...................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina______________
Ohio_______________ ;________
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee____________ ______
Virginia....... - _______________
Wisconsin__________________
Other States________________
27
330
4.9
54.1
46.2
85.4
.336
18.18
15.54
3
7
3
2
3
6
10
3
12
3
11
3
5
1
297
302
85
102
61
122
293
65
671
62
637
191
136
34
5.1
5.2
4.8
5.3
5.7
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.6
5.7
5.3
55.3
55.0
51.6
48.0
50.6
48.0
55.8
49.9
50.8
50.8
53.9
51.4
49.6
49.5
44.7
46.4
40.1
44.2
49.1
44.6
47.3
43.9
47.2
44.7
46.6
46.4
46.8
43. a
80.8
84.4
77.7
92.1
97.0
92.9
84.8
88.0
92.9
88.0
86.5
90.3
94.4
87.5
.197
.212
.267
.297
.394
.368
.263
.333
.425
.318
.236
.226
.417
.325
10.89
11.66
13.78
14.26
19.94
17.66
14.68
16.62
21.59
16.15
12.72
11.62
20.68
16.09
8.83
9.81
10.72
13.14
19.33
16.43
12.44
14.59
20.06
14.21
11.01
10.46
19.53
14.05
All States_______ ____ _
72
3,058
5.3
52.5
46.1
87.8
.298
15.65
13.77
All States____________ ;____
Inspectors, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia______________ ______
Illinois_____________________
Indiana._____________________
Massachusetts_______________
Michigan___________________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey_________________
New York__________________
North Carolina_________ - ___
Ohio_______________________
Ppnnsylvania
....... .
Rhode Island________ - - _____
Tennessee......... .................... .
Virginia____________________
Wisconsin__________________
55
54.1
54.8
58.3
49.2
48.0
48.3
48.1
47.9
55.5
51.8
50.6
54.3
51.1
48.5
50.9
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.9
6.0
5.5
5.4
5.9
5.7
5.9
5.7
5.8
j
1
!
:
;
46.1
48.6
44.3
46.6
44.8
46.6
46.5
47.4
51.4
45.1
45.8
49.1
48.2
47.5
51.1
36
HOSIERY AND UNDEBWEAB INDUSTRIES
Average number of days on which employees worked; average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T a b l e A .—
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned,
male:
New Jersey_________________
New York__________________
North Oarnlina, „
.....
P«nn sylvan if).
Wisconsin____ ______________
Other States_____________ ___
All States__
_
Aver
age
number
Num Num
days
ber of on
ber
of
of
estab em which
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Aver age
Per
age
hours
age
full
cent
full
earn time
of
time actu
ally
ings
earn
fun
hours worked
per
ings
time
per
one worked hour
per
week in
week
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
100.4 $1.656 $78.33
95.5 1.549 76.37
98.7
.747 34,66
96.2 l.«541 80.59
95.8 1.522 75.64
98.6 1.210 59.90
$78.65
73.01
34.26
77.57
72.52
59.10
4
4
2
13
3
1
64
58
25
457
65
27
6.0
5.8
5.2
5.9
5.8
5.9
47.3
49.3
46.4
52.3
49.7
49.5
47.5
47.1
45.8
60.3
47.6
48.8
27
696
5.8
51.0
49.3
96.7
1.511
77.06
74,54
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned,
male:
New Jersey_________________
New Y o rk ...________________
North Carolina._____________
Pftntisylvania ... _
_,T.
Wisconsin__________________
Other States________________
4
4
2
14
3
1
216
171
90
1,096
239
85
6.8
5.9
5.2
5.7
5.6
5.5
48.9
48.6
47.8
52.5
60.9
49.0
47.7
49.3
45.9
63.4
60.3
47.3
97.6
101.4
96.0
101.7
98.8
96.5
1.427
1.413
.534
1.313.
1.265
1.102
69.78
68.67
25.63
68.93
64.39
54.00
68.07
69.76
24.51
70.10
63.63
52.14
All States...............................
28
1,897
5.7
51.1
51.3
100.4
1.286
65.71
66.05
Knitters, helpers, full-fashioned,
male:
New Y o rk .......... .....................
Pennsylvania_______________
Other States_______ ____ ____
3
12
1
50
905
18
5.7
5.8
5.3
48.8
52.1
43.3
47.0
52.9
44.6
96.3
101.5
103.0
.367
.352
.631
17.91
18.34
22.99
17.25
18.61
23.65
All States_________________
16
973
5.8
51.7
52.4
101.4
.355
18.35
18.63
Knitters, “ lady hose” or string
work, male:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia_____________________
Indiana_____________________
Massachusetts..,. .......... .........
New Hampshire and VermontNorth Carolina______________
Pennsylvania_______________
Tennessee............ .............. ......
Wisconsin__________________
Other States............................
2
5
2
2
3
8
2
6
3
3
8
65
43
88
43
143
73
58
19
24
4.8
5.4
4.8
5.3
5.8
5.3
4.7
3.7
5.3
5.5
51.3
54.4
49.9
50.1
48.5
68.0
54.0
57.2
63.6
64.5
44.9
64.3
44.0
47.7
64.8
56.0
47.8
35.7
63.0
60.1
87.5
99.8
88.2
95.2
113.0
96.6
88.5
62.4
98.9
93.2
.324
.385
.734
.424
.496
.402
.485
.333
.731
.385
16.62
20.94
36. 63
21.24
24.06
23.32
26.19
19.05
39.18
24.83
14.54
20.93
32.28
20.21
27.18
22.51
23.15
11.92
38.70
23.13
All States_________ ________
36
564
5.1
64.4
60.3
92.5
.448
24.37=
22.5
10.69
20.80
13.92
21.93
15.91
I
Knitters, “ lady hose” or string
work, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Pennsylvania_______________
Tennessee__________________
Wisconsin__________________
Other States___________ _____
2
7
5
4
6
11
116
55
52
38
5.7
5.4
5.5
5.9
5.6
52.0
50.4
52.7
49.9
66.1
60.7
43.1
48.4
49.0
49.5
97.5
85.5
91.8
98.2
88.2
.211
.483
.287
.448
.321
10.97
24.34
15.12
22.36
18.01
All States____. . . . . . . . . . . ___
24
272
5.6
61.6
46.5
90.1
.399
20.59 | 18.53
Knitters, rib, male:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia________ ____ ________
Massachusetts_______________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina______________
Pennsylvania_______________
Tennessee___________ _______
Virginia_________ . . . . . . _____
Other States_____________ _
2
6
2
6
8
3
10
3
4
22
16
4
13
20
8
48
8
13
4.9
4.8
6.0
6.5
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.9
6.8
55.1
55.4
48.0
48.2
56.0
52.0
64.1
52.8
52.4
45.6
43.6
53.4
48.5
63.1
52.0
53.0
55.1
53.3
82.8
78.7
111.3
100.6
94.8
100.0
98.0
104.4
101.7
.266
.248
.623
.465
.264
.586
.365
.287
.522
14.66
13.74
29.90
22.41
14.78
30.49
19.75
15.15
27.35
12.14
10.83
33.23
22.55
13.98
30.49
19.34
15.82
27.83
All States...............................
43
152
5.5
53.6
50.7
94.6
.366
19.56
18.47
GENERAL TABLES
37
Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
T a b l e A .—
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Knitters, rib, female:
Georgia......................................
Illinois......................................
Michigan...................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................
Other States..............................
All States...............................
Loopcrs, female:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia......................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana....................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
North Carolina.........................
O h io ........................................
Pennsvlvania............................
Rhode* Island............................
Tennessee.................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin.................................
All States..............................
Machine fixers, male:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia......................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.. .................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Hampshire and VermontNew Jersey...............................
New York.................................
North Carolina.........................
O h io .......................................
Pennsylvania...........................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee.................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin.................................
All States...............................
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia......................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan..................................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
North Carolina.........................
O h io .......................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee.................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin.................................
All States...............................
Aver
age
Num Num number
of
days
ber
ber
on
of
of
which
estab em
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
2
2
3
3
8
5
4
27
8
2
5
3
29
7
22
76
4
121
7
295
162
5
2
115
3
128
2
25
127
6
4
102
4
81
14
566
3
26
22 1,015
3
37
14
553
144
3
5
256
101 i 3, 753
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
hours
cent
age
full
full
of
earn time
time actu
ings
ally
full
earn
hours worked time
per
ings
per
per
week in one worked hour
week
week
5.3
6.0
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.6
54.0
49.2
51.0
49.8
50.2
49.1
53.4 :
51.4 j
47.1
87.2 $0.226 $12.20
54.2
110.2
.382 18.79
94.1
.349 17.80
48.0
96.4
.306 15.24
48.0
96.8
48.6
.410 20.58
94.7
46.5
.480 23.57
49.2
92.1
.287 15.33
48.5 ! 94.4
.352 18.09
5.5
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.7
5.9
4.9
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.5
4.9
4.7
5.3
5.6
5.3 |
!
54.9
55.3
55.6
49.8
48.0
45.4
48.4
46.2
49.3
55.7
49.9
51.3
51.9
54.2
51.8
49.5
52.4 i
48.0
43.3
41.5
44.7
45.9
43.8
41.4
42.8
43.2
49.3
38.7
44.0
34.7
36.8
45.3
43.5
43.5
87.4
78.3
74.6
89.8
95.6
96.5
85.5
92.6
87.6
88.5
77.6
85.8
66.9
67.9
87.5
87.9
83. 0
55.1
54.7
59.7
49.9
49.3
51.7
48.6
48.6
50.0
56.5
49.9
53.1
51.0
54.4
53.4
50.3
53.6
53.9
55.4
58.9
48.1
48.9
52.4
58.2
48.6
50.0
58.1
47.3
52.2
54.9
52.8
63.2
52.3
53.8 |
97.8
101.3
98.7
96.4
99.2
101.4
119.8
100.0
100.0
102.8
94.8
98.3
107.6
97.1
118.4
104.0
100.4
54.7
54.4
52.5
49.8
48.0
51.4
48.4
46.4
47.9
55.5
49.9
50.0
51.0
54.1
50.6
49.7
50.8 !
46.3
46.7
48.4
49.0
26.0
46.6
39.0
44.2
43.5
47.6
44.2
46.1
35.0
45.7
47.4
47.5
45.4
84.6
85.8
92.2
98.4
54.2
90.7
80.6
95.3
90.8
85.8
88.6
92.2
68.6
84.5
93.7
95.6
89.4
4
33
' 5.8
7
5.6
66
4
45
5.9
37
5.3
2
48
5.3
3
3
11
6.0
5.9
6
21
8
3
6.0
4
5.9
12
14
5.6
122
7
5.7
2
5.7
20
199
3
6
6.0
14
173
5.5
3
6.0
22
5.9
5
61
97 | 871
5.7
i
4!
27
5.3
6;
5.7
40
5
63
5.6
5.7
2
78
3
36
3.7
3
12
5.5
4
67
4.7
4
5.9
70
3
81
5.3
13
80
5.2
3
18
5.3
23
372
5.5
3
14
5.0
14
187
5.2
5.7
3
43
5 1 174
5.8
98 |1,362 | 5.4
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
$10.63
20.71
16. 75
14.70
19.91
22.33
14.11
17.08
.230 12.63
.268 14.82
.283 15.73
.485 24.15
.352 16.90
.518 23.52
.365 17.67
.521 24.07
.537 26.47
.283 15. 76
.403 20.11
.478 24.52
.365 18.94
.276 14.96
.226 11. 71
.498 24.65
.371 19.44
11.07
11.57
11.75
21.66
16.15
22.70
15.12
22.30
23.22
13. 93
15. 61
21.03
12.70
10.16
10.25
21.65
16.15
.442
.537
.551
1.130
.663
.653
.643
1.296
1. 753
.625
. 839
.872
.723
.566
.519
.941
.713
24.35
29.37
32.89
56.39
32.69
33.76
31.25
63.00
87.58
35. 31
41.87
46.30
36.87
30.79
27. 71
47.33
38.22
23.81
29.74
32.42
54.31
32.38
34.23
37.42
63.00
87.58
36.31
39.66
45.56
39.73
29.90
32.82
49.23
38.35
.176
.238
.302
.452
.271
.411
.326
.568
.621
.243
.275
.485
.375
.216
.190
.430
.389
9.63
12.95
15.86
22. 51
13.01
21.13
15.78
26.36
29.75
13.49
13. 72
24.25
19.13
11.69
9.61
21.37
19.76
8.17
11.13
14.61
22.13
7.05
19.19
12.73
25.14
27.00
11.54
12.14
22.37
13.12
9.87
9.03
20.43
17.64
38
HOSIERY AND "UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T able
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Pairers or maters, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia_____________________
Illinois_____________________
Indiana____________________
Massachusetts_______________
Michigan___________________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York__________________
North Carolina______________
Ohio__ ______ ______________
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee__________________
Virginia____________________
Wisconsin___________ l ______
Other States.............. .......... .
All Stacies_________________
Seamers, full-fashioned, female:
New Jersey_________________
New York__________________
North Carolina...__ _________
Pennsylvania_______________
Wisconsin__________________
Other States_____ - - _________
All States_________________
Toppers, full-fashioned, female:
New Jersey_________________
New Y o r k ..________________
North Carolina______ _______
Pennsylvania_______________
Wisconsin____ ____ ____ _____
Other States...____ . . . _______
All States....................... ......
Welters, female:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia_____________________
Illinois_____________________
Massachusetts____ __________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina................. ........
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee__________________
Wisconsin__________________
Other States________ ________
All States____________ ____
Winders, male:
New Hampshire and VermontNorth Carolina______________
Pennsylvania_______________
Tennessee____ ______________
Other States________________
All States... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aver
age
number
Num Num of days
ber
ber
on
of
of
estab em which
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
4
46
83
30
52
57
26
Aver Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
age
age
full actual
cent
full hours
actu
of
earn
time
earn
time
ally
ings earn ings
full
hours worked
time
per
ings
in
per
worked
in
one
hour
per
one
week week
week week
54.9
54.9
50.3
49.8
48.0
51.2
48.0
50.7
55.2
49.8
51.0
53.3
54.2
54.2
49.7
44.0
47.6
47.8
45.9
43.9
38.0
49.7
38.8
47.7
51.8
38.9
45.2
31.3
45.7
49.5
47.0
43.0
86.7 $0.216 $1 1.86
87.1
.2 1 0
11.53
91.3
.379 19.06
.389 19.37
8 8 .2
.329 15.79
79.2
97.1
.381 19.51
80.8
.361 17.33
94.1
.363 18.40
93.8
.286 15.79
78.1
.431 21.46
.419 21.37
8 8 .6
58.7
.456 24.30
84.3
.301 16.31
91.3
.215 11.65
.411 20.43
94.6
.575 25.30
97.7
1
12
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.7
5.0
5.9
4.6
5.7
5.7
4.5
5.4
5.1
5.4
5.8
5.8
5.8
80
1,301
5.5
51.8
46.3
89.4
.358
18.54
16.57
4
4
81
93
26
616
46.5
49.4
55.0
51.2
49.8
49.2
45.0
41.7
50.6
47.1
44.0
47.5
96.8
84.4
92.0
92.0
88.4
96.5
.542
.548
.332
.524
.503
.419
25.20
27.07
18.26
26.83
25.05
20.61
24.38
22.85
16. 77
24.66
22.17
19.92
6
4
2
3
3
11
2
2
12
2
35
179
19
450
2
11
2
5
6
8
106
15
185
$10.28
10.05
17.42
17.09
12.50
18.93
14.01
17.29
14.82
16.79
18.92
14.26
13.78
10.64
19.32
24.73
1
45
5.9
5.1
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.8
28
927
5.5
50.5
46.3
91.7
.515
26.01
23.83
114
116
46
896
141
59 j
5.9
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.6
46.9
49.2
44.8
51.3
49.7
49.4
46.0
44.2
46.0
49.7
47.3
46.0
98.1
89.8
102.7
96.9
95.2
93.1
.553
.631
.455
.573
.507
.515
25.94
31.05
20.38
29.39
25.20
25.44
25.44
27.89
20.94
28.45
23.98
23.73
2
14
3
4
4
2
14
3
1
66
28
1,372
5.7
50.3 | 48.4
96.2
.563
28.32
27.24
2
6
21
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.3
4.8
5.2
5.5
5.7
48.9
50.8
42.6
40.2
44.2
45.3
42.2
30.9
48.7
37.2
50.3
94.0
S2.9
85.2
83.8
92.1
82.4
82.9
58.9
91.2
74.5
93.8
.260
.269
.425
.332
.425
.268
.437
.433
.249
.463
.237
13.52
14.71
21.25
15.94
20.40
14.74
22.24
22.73
13.30
23.10
12.70
12.71
13.64
18.11
13.33
18.77
12.17
18.41
13.37
5.7
52.0
54.7
50.0
48.0
48.0
55.0
50.9
52.5
53.4
49.9
53.6
3
2
3
2
9
10
20
4
32
51
4
44
4
18
39
219
5.4
52.2
45.4
87.0
.325
16.97
14.76
2
12
7
3
5
17
46
16
23
5.6
5.4
5.0
3.8
4.8
49.7
60.6
51.6
56.8
52.0
49.5
60.5
47.5
36.5
49.4
99.6
99.8
92.1
64.3
95.0
.404
.463
.426
.216
.414
20.08
28.06
21.98
12.27
21.53
m oo
28.04
20.24
7.86
20.47
19
114
4.9
53.5
48.5
90.7
.406
21.72
5
9
2
5
2
2
6 .0
12.11
17.22
11.95
1
19.69
GENERAL TABLES
39
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T able
HOSIER Y—C ontinued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
number
Num Num of days
ber
ber
on
of
of
estab em which
em
lish ploy ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
age
cent
full
full hours
of
earn time
time actu
ally
full
ings earn
hours worked
time
per
ings
per
one worked hour
per
week in
week
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
Winders, female:
Alabama and Tennis??vpa
Georgia________________ ____
TTHnoif*
Indiana__________________ __
M assachusetts____________ __
Michigan...................................
New Hampshire and Vermont
New Jersey_________________
New York__________________
North Carolina________ ;_____
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee_________ _________
Virginia_________________ ___
Wisconsin_________ _________
Other States________________
3
4
3
2
3
3
6
4
4
10
22
3
10
2
4
1
17
46
20
29
110
20
56
50
55
61
428
22
103
21
25
6
4.5
5.1
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.2
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.6
4.9
5.6
5.7
5.3
53.8
54.6
50.2
49.8
48.0
51.2
48.2
47.7
48.1
55.3
50.8
52.6
54.6
53.3
49.5
50.0
39.1
49.4
43.9
49.0
44.7
48.2
43.4
45.8
47.5
53.2
47.0
48.6
42.0
49.8
47.1
45.1
72.7 $0,173
.281
90.5
87.5
.336
98.4 .437
93.1
.361
94.1
.258
90.0
.315
96.0
.466
98.8 .490
96.2
.388
92,5
.427
92.4
.294
76.9
.226
93.4
.271
95.2
.382
90.2
.368
$9.31
15.34
16.87
21.76
17.33
13.21
15.18
22.23
23.57
21.46
21.69
15.46
12.34
14.44
18.91
18.40
$6.76
13.89
14.76
21.40
16.11
12.43
13.67
21.36
23.28
20.65
20.08
14.28
9.50
13.50
18.00
16.57
All States_________________
84
1,069
5.5
50.9
46.5
91.4
.378
19.24
17.57
Other employees, male:
Alabama and Louisiana______
Georgia_____________________
Illinois______________ _______
Tntjianfl._____________________
Massachusetts______________
Michigan___________________
New Hampshire and VermontNew Jersey_________________
New York_______________ __
North Carolina______________
O h io ........................................
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee__________________
Virginia____________________
W isconsin ______________ ____
4
7
6
2
3
3
6
4
3
15
3
22
2
14
3
5
98
180
148
200
123
9
66
71
33
372
20
993
15
397
51
279
5.7
5.6
5.9
5.7
5.5
6.1
5.3
6.0
5.9
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.7
5.8
5.8
55.5
55.1
55.4
51.3
48.2
54.5
48.3
49.2
52.5
55.6
52.9
51.9
51.6
55.1
53.4
49.7
55.4
51.2
51.0
50.5
48.2
55.2
48.0
49.4
54.1
52.6
50.7
49.5
49.5
52.6
52.9
50.2
99.8
92.9
92.1
98.4
100.0
101.3
99.4
100.4
103.0
94.6
95.8
95.4
95.9
95.5
99.1
101.0
.267
.293
.388
.445
.381
.460
.439
.523
.387
.300
.610
.453
.381
.349
.266
.467
14.82
16.14
21.50
22.83
18.37
25.07
21.20
25.73
20.32
16.68
32.27
23.51
19.66
19.23
14.20
23.21
14.81
15.01
19.80
22.46
18.37
25.37
21.10
25.80
20.91
15.81
30.94
22.42
18.85
18.35
14.09
23.44
All States_________________
102 3,055
5.7
52.7
50.8
96.4
.397
20.92
20.15
Other employees, female:
Alabama and Louisiana__ ___
Georgia_____________________
Illinois_____________________
Indiana_____________________
Massachusetts______________
Michigan___________________
New Hampshire and VermontNew Jersey_________________
New York__________________
North Carolina______________
Ohio...... ...................................
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee__________________
Virginia____________________
Wisconsin__________________
4
207
7
173
6
130
2
68
3
163
3
45
56
6
3
94
4
67
249
13
3
30
23 1,403
3
28
14
395
3
125
5
380
5.1
5.4
5.3
5.8
5.3
5.6
5.2
5.7
5.7
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.8
5.5
5.4
5.6
55.0
54.9
54.2
49.3
48.0
50.9
48.9
48.6
49.4
55.2
49.9
47.4
51.9
54.0
53.2
48.6
44.7
47.0
42.6
48.9
41.6
45.2
42.7
44.1
44.8
49.2
46.0
43.7
45.8
46.1
45.9
44.6
81.3
85.6
78.6
99.2
86.7
88.8
87.3
90.7
90.7
89.1
92.2
92.2
88.2
85.4
86.3
91.8
.169
.223
.262
.301
.277
.314
.354
.348
.367
.246
.276
.302
.247
.242
.192
.338
9.30
12.24
14.20
14.84
13.30
15.98
17.31
16.91
18.13
13.58
13.77
14.31
12.82
13.07
10.21
16.43
7.55
10.47
11.13
14.74
11.52
14.17
15.13
15.33
16.46
12.11
12.70
13.21
11.30
11.13
8.80
15.07
5.4
50.3
44.8
89.1
.279
14.03
12.51
All States_________________
102
3,613
40
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
T a b l e A . — Average
number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
UNDERWEAR
« .... -—.JV. : , i . . ...—..
.......■==
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
number
Num Num
of
days
ber
ber
on
of
of
which
estab em
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Aver Aver
Aver Aver
Per
age
Aver age
age
age
hours
cent
age
full actual
full
earn time earn
of
time actu
full
ally
ings earn ings
hours worked
time
per
ings
in
per in one worked
hour
per
one
week week
week week
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia......................................
Illinois-................................... .
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan..................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and VermontNew Y ork...............................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............—.............
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee................. -..............
4
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
28
3
13
2
3
7
4
7
16
21
13
32
24
139
16
50
7
28
5.4
6.0
4.6
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.4
5.6
5.0
4.9
5.0
51.3
56.6
45.8
47.4
48.0
51.2
48.6
49.5
49.8
49.8
52.2
52.3
64.1
45.7
56.6
34.4
41.5
43.3
47.8
44.4
45.2
41.9
41.7
40.6
43.0
46.1
89.1 $0,440 $22.57
100.0
.232 13.15
75.1
.483 22.12
87.6
.322 15.26
90.2
.464 22.27
93.4
.347 17.77
91.4
.385 18.71
91.3
.348 17.23
84.1
.374 18.63
83.7
.306 15.24
77.8
.303 15.82
82.2
.394 20.61
85.2
.246 13.31
$20.09
13.15
16.62
13.37
20.10
16.62
17.12
15.70
15.65
12.79
12.31
16.95
11.36
All States...............................
73
364
5.4
50.2
42.9
85.6
.354
17.77
15.16
Button sewers, female:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia......................................
Illinois...... ................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
3
2
3
2
4
3
4
3
26
3
11
2
3
6
5
8
16
29
22
29
26
134
10
47
5
28
5.7
6.0
3.3
5.1
4.7
5.7
5.7
5.3
5.3
5.6
5.2
5.8
4.9
49.8
58.2
45.9
47.8
48.0
52.3
47.9
49.5
50.2
49.6
52.9
51.6
54.1
45.0
58.2
24.0
40.3
38.8
50.7
42.3
42.6
41.9
35.8
44.9
49.7
44.5
90.4
100.0
52.3
84.3
80.8
96,9
88.3
86.1
83.5
72.2
84.9
96.3
82.3
.432
.195
.498
.339
.405
.253
.375
.369
.357
.407
.291
.309
.251
21.51
11.37
22.86
16.20
39.44
13.23
17.96
18.27
17.92
2a 19
15.39
15.94
13.58
19.44
11.37
11.94
13.63
15.72
12.84
15.83
15.72
14.96
14.59
13.09
15.33
11.17
All States...............................
69
365
5.3
50.5
42.6
84.4
.338
17.07
14.38
Cutters, hand; layers-up, and
markers, male:
Massachusetts...........................
New Hampshire and VermontNew York.................................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania...........................:
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee................... ..............
Other States..............................
3
3
18
2
7
2
2
6
23
12
127
7
18
4
14
24
4.7
5.4
5.6
6.0
5.7
5.5
4.1
5.7
48.0
49.8
49.4
51.4
55.3
51.0
54.6
50.3
39.7
48.9
47.2
47.4
52.3
47.1
39.8
49.8
82.7
98.2
95.5
92.2
94.6
92.4
72.9
99.0
.685
.407
.536
.456
.421
.380
.392
.482
32.88
20.27
26.48
23.44
23.28
19.38
21.40
24.24
27.22
19.91
25.34
21.62
22.03
17.92
15.63
23.98
All States............................ .
43
229
5.4
50.3
46.8
93.0
.513
25.80
24.01
Cutters, hand; layers-up, and
markers, female:
Connecticut..............................
Illinois-.....................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and VermontNew York.................................
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............ *..............
Tennessee..................................
Other States..............................
3
2
2
4
4
3
2
5
2
19
2
3
1
20
2
32
73
41
67
10
26
19
95
18
21
5
5.5
5.5
5.8
4.3
5.8
5.4
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.2
4.6
4.7
5.4
51.7
46.2
49.3
48.0
50.9
48.5
48.6
49.7
49.4
52.0
51.3
54.1
54.0
48.3
43.8
47.9
34.0
50.2
43.0
49.1
44.2
44.7
43.4
39.1
43.4
49.1
93.4
94.8
97.2
70.8
98.6
88.7
101.0
88.9
90.5
83.5
76.2
80.2
90.9
.369
.379
.347
.405
.313
.445
.358
.352
.329
.355
.382
.289
.280
19.08
17.51
17.11
19.44
15.93
21.58
17.40
17.49
16.25
18.46
19.60
15.63
15.12
17.82
16.59
16.65
13.78
15.74
19.13
17.57
15.57
14.72
15.42
14.93
12.55
13.74
All States...............................
52
429
5.2
50.2
43.1
85.9
.367
18.42
15.81
GENERAL. TABLES
41
Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T able
UNDERWEAR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Cutters, power, male:
Connecticut.............. ...............
Illinois-....................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts......................... .
Michigan..................................
New Hampshire and VermontNew York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
Other States..............................
All States...............................
Cutters, power, female:
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
Pennsylvania............................
Other States..............................
All States..............................
Finishers, female:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia.— .............................. .
Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan..................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island..... ......................
Tennessee..................................
All States...............................
Folders, female:
Connecticut..............................
Illinois......................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts.......... ...............
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
Other States..............................
All States...............................
Inspectors, female:
Connecticut..............................
Illinois.-...................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan. .......... ......................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.............................. .
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania.........................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
Other States..............................
All States...............................
Aver
age
number
Num Num of days
ber
ber
on
of
of
estab em which
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
4
2
2
2
3
3
23
2
13
2
3
2
61
4
4
2
7
4
16
• 46
4
21
4
6
3
121
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
cent
age
full
full hours
of
earn time
time actu
ally
full
ings earn
hours worked
time
per
ings
per
one worked hour
per
week in
week
week
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.7
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.0
4.7
5.7
51.0
45.4
48.5
48.0
52.0
49.8
50.8
49.5
52.6
51.0
54.0
52.8
50.8
50.8
47.8
51.4
53.1
63.9
48.9
48.1
50.1
51.0
47.8
47.5
40.8
49.5
5.4
6.0
5.6
5.6
48.0
51.8
48.6
49.0
44.2
49.4
45.8
45.9
92.1
95.4
94.2
93.7
4
117
2
41
3
40
2
74
4
426
4
151
4
200
3
223
28 1,089
3
72
22
523
2
73
3
192
84 3,221
5.3
5.9
5.0
5.3
4.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.6
5.1
4.8
5.1
5.2
51.4
57.2
45.8
47.3
48.0
52.5
48.6
49.4
49.8
49.0
52.4
51.8
53.9
50.3
44.0
55.9
39.1
41.8
37.3
48.2
43.2
43.5
41.7
41.9
42.9
40.1
45.7
42.3
3
2
2
3
2
3
27
3
9
2
3
2
61
8
10
17
45
14
19
161
20
81
24
56
8
463
5.4
5.0
5.7
5.3
5.5
5.9
5.5
5.3
5.0
4.3
4.6
5.9
5.2
50.9
45.2
48.6
48.0
49.7
48.9
49.7
49.5
51.8
51.5
54.4
51.5
50.4
4
3
2
4
4
4
3
27
3
20
2
' 3
1
80
28
23
36
114
42
92
70
384
18
145
25
74
5
1,056
5.4
4.9
5.2
4.6
5.3
5.7
5.3
5.2
5.8
5.2
5.2
5.0
5.8
5.2
51.9
45.9
45.7
48.0
52.1
48.3
49.5
49.6
49.3
52.5
49.7
54.0
54.0
50.0
2
3
7
12
8
5
18
31 !
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
99.6 $0.652 $33.25
105.3
.606 27.51
.539 26.14
106.0
.813 39.02
110.6
122.9
.582 30.26
.533 26.54
93.2
94.7
.525 26.67
.520 25.74
101.2
97.0
.569 29.93
93.7
.558 28.46
88.0
.351 18.95
77.3
.338 17.85
97.4
.550 27.94
$33.11
28.92
27.69
43.20
37.15
26.04
25.24
26.05
29.04
26.63
16.68
13.77
27.22
.407
.391
.454
.432
19.54
20.25
22.06
21.17
17.99
19.28
20.78
19.81
85.6
97.7
85.4
88.4
77.7
91.8
88.9
88.1
83.7
85.5
81.9
77.4
84.8
84.1
.361
.191
.471
.411
.401
.293
.429
.355
.374
.347
.324
.371
.279
.358
18.56
10.93
21.57
19.44
19.25
15.38
20.85
17.54
18.63
17.00
16.98
19.22
15.04
18.01
15.87
10.69
18.39
17.20
14.93
14.10
18.54
15.44
15.61
14.56
13.89
14.89
12.73
15.15
45.1
42.8
48.0
39.6
41.4
48.1
42.8
39.4
40.2
33.3
42.7
49.5
41.9
88.6
94.7
98.8
82.5
83.3
98.4
86.1
79.6
77.6
64.7
78.5
96.1
83.1
.344
.369
.382
.458
.395
.375
.380
.337
.335
.423
.288
.248
.365
17.51
16.68
18.57
21.98
19.63
18.34
18.89
16.68
17.35
21.78
15.67
12.77
18.40
15.50
15.80
18.33
18.13
16.35
18.05
16.29
13.25
13.47
14.06
12.31
12.27
15.30
45.8
33.0
39.2
35.6
45.6
45.2
42.6
40.9
43.0
44.6
42.2
44.9
49.7
41.8
88.2
71.9
85.8
74.2
87.5
93.6
86.1
82.5
87.2
85.0
84.9
83.1
92.0
83.6
.331
.363
.321
.391
.263
.413
.269
.281
.304
.310
.297
.211
.202
.306
17.18
16.66
14.67
18.77
13.70
19.95
13.32
13.94
14.99
16.28
14.76
11.39
10.91
15.30
15.17
11.97
12.60
13.94
11.97
18.70
11.49
11.49
13.06
13.84
12.53
9.50
10.01
12.78
42
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and
—Continued
T able
UNDER WE AR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
number
Num Num of days
ber
ber
on
of
of
estab em which
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Knitters, cuff and ankle, male:
Connecticut..............................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
New Y ork ................................
Ohio..................... ....................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee ..................................
Other States..............................
3
2
3
14
2
3
2
3
3
6
10
22
3
4
3
4
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.8
6.0
6.0
4.7
5.5
All States...............................
32
55
5.7
Aver
Aver
Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
cent
age
full
full hours
of
earn time
time actu
ally
full
ings
earn
hours worked time
per
ings
per
one worked hour
per
week in
week
week
99.2 $0,657 $33.97
113.5
.517 26.47
95.0
.622 29.86
100.4
.568 28.57
95.8
.427 22.50
.514 25.55
98.8
84.1
.443 24.23
91.5
.459 22.22
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
51.7
51.2
48.0
50.3
52.7
49.7
54.7
48.4
51.3
58.1
45.6
50.5
50.5
49.1
46.0
44.3
50.2
49.7
99.0
.550
27.61
27.34
.376 '| 18.88
16.57
$33.71
30.04
28.36
28.68
21.59
25.20
20.37
20.34
1
Knitters, cuff and ankle, female:
All States..................................
5 !
6
5.2
50.2
44.1
87.8
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia......................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan.......... ......... ..............
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and VermontNew York....... ............ ............
O hio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
2I
22 |
2
18
2
3
2
5
6
15
37
7
16
33
159
11
61
11
30
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.3
4.7
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.7
5.9
5.0
49.5
57.2
48.1
53.6
49.0
54.3
54.9
49.8
51.0
52.2
54.7
52.4
55.0
50.0
57.2
49.7
53.0
42.3
59.7
56.7
49.8
50.8
49.7
53.8
52.5
50.0
101.0
100.0
103.3
98.9
86.3
109.9
103.3
100.0
99.6
95.2
98.4
100.2
90.9
.404
.251
.542
.529
.641
.431
.520
.524
.597
.382
. 401
.467
.436
20.00
14.34
26.07
28.35
31. 41
23.40
28.55
28.11
30.45
19.94
25.22
24.47
23.98
20.20
14.34
26.94
28.00
27.07
25.69
29.44
26.11
30.35
19.02
24.84
24.54
21.81
67 | 393
5.5
52.0
50.9
97.9
.534
27.77
27.18
22
14
34
27
35
38
17
60
14
14
5.5
5.5
5.1
5.7
5.1
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.9
5.9
51.5
47.9
48.0
52.4
48.6
49.1
48.4
50.7
48.4
48.2
46.1
45.7
42.7
51.2
39.8
45.7
46.6
45.9
47.7
48.6
89.5
95.4
89.0
97.7
81.9
93.1
96.3
90.5
98.6
100.8
.361
.441
.451
.388
.405
.414
.291
.345
.344
.304
18.59
21.12
21.65
20.33
19.68
20.33
14.08
17.49
16.65
14.65
16.63
20.16
19.26
19.87
16.11
18.93
13.56
15.86
16.41
14.76
47
275
5.5
49.6
45.5
91.7
.379
18.80
17.24
4
2
2
4
4
4
3
29
3
12
2
3
1
7
9
12
23
15
25
9
79
9
24
5
11
1
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.4
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
52.0
47.0
48.3
48.0
51.1
49.8
49.6
49.4
50.4
51.1
50.4
54.4
59.3
50.6
47.7
53.9
44.6
53.2
50.0
49.7
51.0
49.4
51.4
50.4
51.9
59.8
97.3
101.5
111.6
92.9
104.1
100.4
100.2
103.2
98.0
100.6
100.0
95.4
100.8
.702
.758
.698
.730
.660
.733
.733
.761
.654
.655
.805
.582
.502
36.50
35.63
33.71
35.04
33.73
36.50
36.36
37.59
32.96
33.47
40.57
31.66
29.77
35.53
36.14
37.67
32.54
35.10
36.66
36.48
38.84
32.31
33.64
40.57
30.22
30.00
73
229
5.9
49.9
50.4
101.0
.717
35.78
36.15
All States...............................
Knitters, web or tube, female:
Connecticut—_______________
Indiana____ _____ ___________
Massachusetts_______________
Michigan___________________
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New York______ _____ ______
Ohio-----------------------------------Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island________________
Other States________________
All States___ *____________
Machine fixers, male:
Connecticut_________________
Illinois_____________________
Indiana.______ _______ . _____
Massachusetts............... ...........
Michigan.................. ................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York_________ *________
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania...____________
Rhode Island_______________
Tennessee________________—
Other States________________
All States-.-______________
4
2
3
3
4
10
3
14 1
2 i
2 !
GENERAL TABLES
43
A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T a b le
UNDER W EAR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num Num
ber
ber
of
of
estab em
lish ploy
ments ees
Aver
age
number
of days
on
which
em
ployees
worked
in one
week
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
hours
full
cent
age
full
of
earn time
time actu
full
ally
earn
ings
hours worked time
ings
per
per
per
one worked hour
week in
week
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
$14.73
14.95
14.42
10.53
12.40
13.49
12.99
15.39
12.82
12.84
Menders, female:
Connecticut— ____ .____ *____
Illinois--------------------------------Massachusetts_______________
Michigan___________________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York__________________
Ohio___ ____________________
Pennsylvania..!_____________
Rhode Island________________
Other States..-______________
4
2
4
2
3
23
2
11
2
4
24
3
27
12
10
86
7
31
25
21
5.0
4.7
4.7
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.2
5.5
51.6
46.0
48.0
49.7
49.6
49.8
49.7
51.8
52.3
51.3
41.7
36.0
37.1
43.2
44.6
44.8
43.7
44.6
46.5
47.4
80.8 $0,353 $18.21
78.3
.415 19.09
77.3
.389 18.67
86.9
.244 12.13
89.9
.278 13.79
.301 14.99
90.0
87.9
.297 14.76
86.1
.345 17.87
88.9
.276 14.43
92.4
.271 13.90
All States_______ -_________
57
246
6.3
50.3
43.8
87.1
.311
15.64
13.64
Pressers, male:
Connecticut— *_____________
Indiana_____________________
Massachusetts_______________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York__________________
Pennsylvania___ ____________
Other States_________________
2
2
2
2
21
5
4
3
2
5
14
54
9
5
5.7
6.0
3.6
6.0
5.5
6.0
5.2
53.3
48.5
48.0
49.9
50.1
52.2
52.2
47.2
50.0
30.7
47.3
45.8
48.7
45.6
88.6
103.1
64.0
94.8
91.4
93.3
87.4
.636
.355
.389
.412
.481
.380
.424
33.90
17.22
18.67
20.56
24.10
19.84
22.13
30.00
17.74
11.93
19.48
22.03
18.49
19.33
All States___________ ______
38
92
5.5
50.3
45.6
90.7
.455
22.89
20.77
Pressers, female:
Connecticut_________________
Indiana_____________________
Massachusetts__________ —
Michigan___________________
Minnsota and Wisconsin_____
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York__________________
Ohio----------------------------------Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island________________
Tennessee__________________
Other States________________
2
2
3
3
4
2
11
3
14
2
2
2
4
15
34
36
36
7
36
8
39
14
4
3
6.0
5.9
4.3
5.9
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
4.9
6.0
5.7
49.5
47.6
48.0
52.9
49.0
50.0
49.7
49.8
52.3
51.9
53.3
48.5
49.5
48.9
33.7
51.4
43.2
46.0
43.7
43.2
44.5
40.5
52.5
47.0
100.0
102.7
70.2
97.2
88.2
92.0
87.9
86.7
85.1
78.0
98.5
96.9
.429
.390
.366
.304
.341
.298
.398
.401
.305
.34?
.370
.306
21.25
18.56
17.57
16.08
16.71
14.90
19.78
19.97
15.95
17.80
19.72
14.84
21.25
19.04
12.31
15.63
14.76
13.72
17.35
17.34
13.56
13.88
19.44
14.40
All States_________________
50
236
5.4
50.3
44.0
87.5
.346
17.40
15.20
Press hands, male:
New York_____ ____________
Other States________________
10
1
20
2
5.5
6.0
50.3
50.0
47.3
50.0
94.0
100.0
.391
.400
19.67
20.00
18.50
20.00
All States_______________ _
11
22
5.5
50.3
47.6
94.6 j .392
19.72
18.63
13
2
5
76
12
30
5.5
5.0
4.5
49.4
53.1
48.7
40.5
41.9
37.1
82.0
78.9
76.2
.276
.225
.343
13.63
11.95
16.70
11.21
9.44
12.73
118
5.2
49.6
39.8
80.2
.287
14.24
11.42
44
4
2
36
36
3
108
2
209
4
4
127
4
181
114
3
28
895
77
3
374
22
2
58
118
3
84 2,377
5.1
5.8
5.0
5.5
4.5
5.4
5.6
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.0
4.9
4.7
5.2
50.8
57.4
45.7
47.9
48.0
51.6
48.7
49.4
49.9
49.7
52.0
50.9
54.3
50.2
40.2
54.6
37.0
44.0
37.0
46.8
43.8
42.2
41.5
41.9
41.7
41.3
43.3
42.0
79.1
95.1
81.0
91.9
77.1
90.7
89.9
85.4
83.2
84.3
80.2
81.1
79.7
83.7
.393
.191
.562
.381
.420
.321
.443
.401
.378
.375
.352
.366
.273
.374
19.96
10.96
25.68
18.25
20.16
16.56
21.57
19.81
18.86
18.64
18.30
18.63
14.82
18.77
15.80
10.41
20.81
16.77
15.56
15.03
19.41
16.92
15.70
15.69
14.68
15.12
11.81
15.67
Press hands, female:
New York............. ...................
Pennsylvania............................
Other States..............................
All States.-............................
Seamers, female:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia......................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts..........................
M ichigan....................... . ........
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.*..................... .........
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee.*.................... .........
All States...............................
44
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, per. cent of full time worked, and average
earnings per hour, 1926, by occupation, sex, and $£ate—Continued
T a b l e A .—
UNDERWEAR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Num Num number
of
days
ber
ber
on
of
of
which
estab em
em
lish ploy
ployees
ments ees worked
in one
week
Aver
Aver Aver
age
Per
Aver age
age
full
hours
cent
age
full
earn time
of
time actu
earn
ally
ings
full
hours worked time
per
ings
per
one worked hour
per
week in
week
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
one
week
Hemmers, female:
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Other States..............................
4
3
2
2
19
2
8
3
40
12
30
24
61
11
30
15
6.1
5.4
5.4
6.0
5.4
5.5
5.1
5.8
48.0
49.7
48.2
49.3
50.4
50.0
51.1
45.1
41.3
46.2
42.0
44.8
42.3
42.1
39.2
44.1
86.0 $0,430 $20.64
.307 15.26
93.0
87.1
.416 20.05
90.9
.366 18.04
.339 17.09
83.9
84.2
.373 18.65
.328 16.76
76.7
97.8
. 513 23.14
$17.77
14.19
17.45
16.39
14.33
15.71
12.86
22.59
All States...............................
43
223
5.4
49.2
42.3
86.0
.379
18.65
16.01
Winders, male:
New York.................................
Pennsylvania..... ......................
Other States..............................
8
2
7
21
6
11
5.3
5.3
5.0
56.7
50.8
56.6
54.1
45.6
55.6
95.4
89.8
98.2
.473
.342
.482
26.82
17.37
27.28
25.59
15.61
26.80
24.36
All States...............................
17
38
5.2
55.7
53.2
95.5
.458
25.51
Winders, female:
Connecticut..............................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana. ...................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York__.............................
O hio._.......................................
Pennsylvania. .........................
Rhode Island.............................
Tennessee.................- ..............
4
2
2
3
4
4
3
25
2
9
2
2
35
7
33
153
46
22
25
352
17
75
52
42
5.1
5.4
5.7
5.3
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.2
5.6
3.9
51.2
45.9
48.9
48.0
52.2
48.8
49.5
49.9
50.0
50.8
51.5
53.7
43.1
45.1
48.8
43.7
44.7
42.3
45.5
45.5
43.5
44.0
48.0
39.3
84.2
98.3
99.8
91.0
85.6
86.7
91.9
91.2
87.0
86.6
93.2
73.2
.336
.533
.334
.408
.322
.354
.458
.428
.424
.342
.432
.288
17.20
14.48
24.08
24.46
16.33 ' 16.32
17.84
19.58
16.81
14.39
17.28
14.97
22.67
20.83
21.36
19.48
18.45
21.20
17.37
15.06
22.25
20.76
15.47
11.32
All States...............................
62
859
5.3
50.0
44.8
89.6
.398
19.90
17.82
Other employees, male:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia......................................
Illinois. .....................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan..................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York..................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island...........................
Tennessee..................................
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
29
3
19
2
3
48
17
45
69
163
23
147
60
732
61
163
23
130
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.7
4.8
5.4
5.9
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.1
51.0
57.7
50.0
49.9
48.1
51.9
49.6
49.3
51.0
52.2
51.7
50.1
55.2
44.9
55.1
49.2
49.9
41.5
49.6
50.6
50.3
50.3
51.6
50.8
51.6
50.0
88.0
95.5
98.4
100.0
86.3
95.6
102.0
102.0
98.6
98.9
98.3
103.0
90.6
.443
.198
.471
.450
.494
.375
.479
.438
.412
.400
.405
.411
.341
22.59
11.42
23.55
22.44
23.76
19.46
23.76
21.59
21.01
20.88
20.94
20.59
18.82
19.88
10.91
23.17
22.44
20.48
18.61
24.26
22.06
20.72
20.61
20.56
21.22
17.07
All States...............................
82
1,681
5.6
51.0
49.4
96.9
.420
21.42
20.74
Other employees, female:
Connecticut..............................
Georgia.....................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana. ...................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio-.........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
28
3
22
2
3
48
19
40
99
160
132
210
73
628
77
276
69
88
5.0
5.7
5.1
5.7
4.9
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.7
5.2
4.7
4.8
51.2
55.9
45.9
47.0
48.0
51.3
48.4
49.2
49.6
49.8
51.0
51.0
54.3
41.4
52.9
39.7
43.2
37.8
48.0
45.2
44.7
43.9
42.8
42.5
38.1
44.9
80.9
94.6
86.5
91.9
78.8
93.6
93.4
90.9
88.5
85.9
83.3
74.7
82.7
.347
.147
.397
.285
.380
.239
.390
.343
.305
.316
.300
.319
.251
17.77
8.22
18.22
13.40
18.24
12.26
18.88
16.88
15.13
15.74
15.30
16.27
13.63
14.39
7.79
15.78
12.31
14.37
11.49
17.64
15.34
13.39
13.53
12.78
12.18
11.26
All States..............................
84
1,919
5.3
49.8
43.4
87.1
.314
15.64
13.62
T a b le B .—
Average and classified earnings per hour, in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State
68003°—27-------- 4
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
Num Num Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
estab em
Un
lish ploy ings
der
per
ments ees
10
hour
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana___
Georgia.................................
Illinois...................................
Indiana.................................
Massachusetts......................
Michigan..............................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina.....................
Ohio......................................
Pennsylvania........................
Rhode Island........................
Tennessee.............................
Virginia.................................
Wisconsin.............................
Other States.........................
67 $0.
125
48
65
49
5
56
372
12
363
10
264
44
70, 80, 90, 100,
u n -! un un un
der der der der
80
90 100 125
45, 50,
un un
der der
50
60
10
!
9 i 16 ! 49
3 I 21 7
56
55 !
__
43 j 46
10
"V ~ .
’ "m il"
"it
16
82 ! 1,598
.481
Boarders, female:
Illinois...................................
Massachusetts......................
Michigan...............................
New Jersey...........................
New York.............................
Pennsylvania........................
Tennessee.............................
Wisconsin.............................
Other States.........................
25
11
48
44
106
41
125
.251
.357
.507
.570
.635
.621
.293
. 529
.194
483
.479
25, 30, 35,
un un un
der der der
30
40
14, 16,
un un
der der
18
16
102
All States...........................
All States..........................
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
32
5
11
26
43 I 137
126
148
169
163 I 151
13
25
11
91 I 59
37
18 j 16
13
132
12
'5 T "i3
6
230
16
26
35
37
40
78
33
20
47
i
47
125, I 150,
un-1 un
der dor
150 175
175 200
un and
der over
200
T a b le
B . — Average and classified earnings per hour, in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
102
72
61
122
293
65
671
62
637
191
136
34
3,058
64
58
25
457
65
27
27
10
13
26
16
10
47
12
35
26
331
281
20
45
14
92
24
26
137
198
189
414
385
377
220
3
11
4
46
1.656
1.549
.747
1.541
1.522
112
15
1.210
1.511
175, 200
un and
der over
200
10
.197
.212
.267
.297
.394
.333
.425
.318
.236
.226
.417
.325
.298
150,
un
der
175
INDUSTRIES
297
302
85
$0.192
.252
.537
.375
.509
.274
.378
.570
.583
.336
125,
un
der
150
UNDERWEAR
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned,
male:
New Jersey..............................
New York...................- ........... .
North Carolina........................ .
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin................................ .
Other States..............................
All States...............................
27
90, 100,
18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70,
un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der
90 100 125
45
70
35 40
50 60
25
30
10, 12, i4,
Un un
un
der der un
der der
10 12
14
16
ANB
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana......... .
Georgia......................................
Illin ois.-................................. .
Massachusetts—...................... .
Michigan........ ........................
New Hampshire and Vermont
North Carolina........................ .
Ohio........ ................................. .
Pennsylvania.... .......................
Rhode Island______ ________
Tennessee..................................
Virginia......... ..........................
Wisconsin............ .....................
Other States—....... ................. .
All States...............................
27
15
6
79
6
135
40
18
4
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
HOSIERY
Knitters, transfer, male:
Alabama and Louisiana..........
Georgia.....................................
Michigan..................................
North Carolina........................
Pennsylvania...........................
Tennessee.................................
Virginia.............. .....................
Wisconsin....... ........................
Other States............... ..............
All States..............................
Num Num Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
estab em
ings
lish ployper
ments
hour
10
13
17
10
12
158
19
5
4
11
129" ’ 93’
6
36
5
1
124
212
40
216
171
90
1,096
239
86
1.427
1.413
.534
1.313
1.265
1.102
All States_____ ____________
28
1,897
1.286
4
7
5
2
3
2
a
4
4
14
3
22
3
14
3
5
121
296
162
115
128
25
127
102
81
666
26
1,015
37
553
144
256
.230
.268
.283
.485
.352
.518
.365
.521
.537
.283
.403
.478
. 365
.276
.226
.498
101
3,753
Menders, female:
Alabama a»d Louisiana...........
Georgia.____ ______ __________
Illinois__ _________________
Indiana....................... ...............
Massachusetts....... ...................
Michigan....................................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey.................................
New York......... ........ ................
North Carolina____ _____ ____
Ohio............................................
Pennsylvania________________
Rhode Island__________ _____
Tennessee...................................
Virginia_____________________
Wisconsin.............. ....................
4
6
5
2
3
3
4
4
3
13
3
23
3
14
3
5
All States__________________
98
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia.................................. .
Illinois_____ . _______________
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts......... ............... .
Michigan....................................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey.................................
New York.____ ______________
North Carolina_______ _______
Ohio........................ ................
P enn sy lv a n ia......... . . . . ____
Rhode I s la n d ......_________ T_
Tennessee______ ____________
Virginia... _____ _
Wisconsin_____ ________ _____
All States___ ____ _________
2
4
3
3
3
2
7
~----- ------ _— _ = = ====::
4
8
4
9
3
15
1
1
7
15
4
14
25
8
14
18
8
37
60
39
2
2
9
1
2
26
2
35
7
2
2
27
6
13
15
238
98
23
133
39
8
58
2
m
19 18
10
42
53
58 93 130 517 480 237 104
------ - ------ =
===========
=====
. ...... . ===== ===== =
121
7
2
23
9
4
10
13
7
24
a
113
1
21
1
39
9
1
25
5
9
13
29
5
15
3
227
8
16
1
30
42
27
10
1
345
277
396
230
96
55
11
8
17
1
20
3
1
4
29
23
1
1
1
5
14
7
10
4
7
2
2
4
94
2
2
35
1
32
12
3
50
23
7
19
1
4
3
43
14
1
22
16
32
22
9
1
30
18
19
2
39
10
1
.371
59
48
84
no
146
151
451
437
434
27
40
63
78
36
12
67
70
81
80
18
372
14
187
43
174
.176
.238
.302
.452
.271
.411
.326
.568
.621
.243
.275
.485
.375
.216
.190
.430
1
2
7
1
1
2
5
3
3
7
1
1
2
3
3
4
12
15
1
10
1
2
2
3
10
3
7
15
2
3
4
7
1
4
15
7
10
2
17
10
6
7
26
5
13
2
54
4
3
1
12
8
29
4
25
2
7
3
12
4
38
3
14
2
20
1,362
.389
159
129
152
1
1
1
7
17
1
24
6
8
14
10
5
13
6
10
21
38
40
35
44
2
27
19
1
4
2
17
5
24
20
5
18
11
5
25
6
127
3
40
6
31
3
1
59
2
7 51
1
62 319
17
65
11
23
17
27
2
15
19
1
5
11
9
16
54
38 20
40 40
14
1
12 11
19
30 32
1
1
12 ‘ ”i9‘ 26
11
2
4
1
8
8
105 90
68
1
5
5
58
80 114
7
5
7
72
75 51
25
7
7
17 31
16
16
2
6
103
2
40
1
95
30
11
23
5
4
3
67
8
6
39
18
12
6
3
,
3
2
7
36
8
2
78
43
8
8
8
2
415
3
15
11
2
2
9 “
1
1
17
2
1
2
11
g
io '
12
1
8
4
1
1
’ ~3S" 39 36
2 . . . . . —. . .
9
3
37
33 40
136
127
117
13
4
3
2
17
20
2
1
125
2
3
2
28
6
205
65
2
9
Q
1
2
5
2
4
47
38
6
4
4
T-~~~
TABLES
4
4
2
14
3
1
GENERAL
male:
New Jersey................................
New York............................. . . .
North Carolina______________
Pennsylvania............... ............
Wisconsin....................._...........
Other States...............................
T a b l e B . — Average
and classified earnings per hour, in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERWEAR
Occupation, sex, and State
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut......... —............ .
Georgia..................................
Illinois-................................
Indiana..................................
Massachusetts......................
Michigan................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York....... ........... .........
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania........................
Rhode Island........................
Tennessee.............................
35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 ,
un un un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der der der
45
40
50 60
70
90 100 125
un
der
25
73
.354
35
51
65
71
81
53
37
28
.344
10
17
45
14
19
161
20
81
24
56
8
.395
.375
.380
.337
.335
.423
463
.365
150,
un
der
175
175, 200
un
der and
200 over
INDUSTRIES
61
364
125,
un
der
150
UNDERWEAR
16,
un
der
18
7 $0,440
4
.232
.483
7
.322
16
.464
21
13
.347
32
.385
24
.348
.374
139
.306
16
.303
50
7
.394
28
.246
Folders, female:
Connecticut______________
Illinois........... .....................
Indiana.................................
Massachusetts......................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and Vermont .
New York.............................
Ohio......................................
Pennsylvania.......................
Rhode Island........................
Tennessee.............................
Other States.........................
All States............................
10, 12,
Un un
der der un
der
10
12 14
AND
All States..........................
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
HOSIERY
Num Num Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
estab em
ings
lish ployper
ments
hour
16
8
8
40
90
58
46
12
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut...........................
Georgia...................................
Illinois...................................
Indiana..................................
Massachusetts......................
Michigan................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and VermontNew York.............................
Ohio,.....................................
Pennsylvania.................
Rhode Island........................
Tennessee.............................
All States...........................
67
2
5
6
15
37
7
16
33
159
11
61
11
30
.404
.251
.542
.529
.641
.431
.520
.524
.597
.382
.461
.467
.436
393
.534
47
275
Pressers, male:
Connecticut..........................
Indiana..................................
Massachusetts......................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York..............................
Pennsylvania_____________
Other States______________
All States..... ..................... .
92
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
3
4
4
4
14
3
14
12
1
8
1
5
3
8
11
1
6
33
41
1
10
4
5
2
55
19
9
2
4
5
1
29
13
34
48
35
123
77
3
10
1
9
5
5
5
3
3
8
6
4
7
1
15
2
9
1
2
3
3
8
4
9
5
3
54
51
2
2
6
1
3
1
11
3
1
3
6
4
18
2
1
20
11
23
2
1
3
1
.379
2
3
20
30
56
4
4
8
10
8
9
2
____
1
.412
.481
3
1
2
1
6
3
1
7
11
10
4
1
1
1
1
6
4
_____
26
26
5
1
=
.355
.455
2
3
4
1
4
6
7
15
3
10
5
1
" - ■=
5
18
1
2
1
3
12
1
2
9
.361
.441
.451
.388
.405
.414
.291
.345
.344
.304
3
1
4
8
1
1
1
4
11
2
11
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
==========
1
------ ------ ------ = =
3
1
1
4
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
TABLES
All States...........................
1
GENERAL
Knitters, web or tube, female:
Connecticut................... .
Indiana™.............................
Massachusetts-.....................
Michigan— ..........................
Minnesota and Wisconsin..
New Y ork........................ ...
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania........................
Rhode Island........................
Other States..........................
1
=
CD
T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour, in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State
Continued
UNDERWEAR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Number of employees whose average earnings in cents per hour were—
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200
Un un
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and
der der un
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over
10
40 45
60
70 80 90 100 125 150 175 200
50
25
30 35
14 16
18 20
12
•
Pressers, female:
$0 429
.390
.366
.304
.341
.298
.398
401
.305
. 343
370
.306
All States................................
50
236
.346
PVia/Ia Tolovi/’i
Tennessee................... - .............
All .Qtofaa
2
2
84
44
36
36
108
209
127
181
114
895
77
374
58
118
2,377
.393
. 191
[ 562
. 381
.420
.321
.443
.401
.378
.375
.352
.386
273
. 374
2
2
10
2
2
5
4
4
1
5
3
1
4
13
1
2
1
1
2
4
=====
2
7
7
5
2
2
4
2
19
5
3
1
11
4
1
1
9
4
8
4
6
12
6
9
16
39
34
46
1
5
8
5
4
1
5
4
3
1
1
4
1
2
11
..........
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
30
22
16
2
13
12
10
9
1
3
1
1
2
11 ” 12’ 20 ' ‘ IB' 16
34
4
27
28
30
12
21
28
33
10
,5
8
14
34
33
8
15
16
15
10
94 116 125 137 143
22
15
2
10
15
56
55
64
52
48
12
19
5
5
13
29 20
13
6
10
2
5
4
7
40
11
31
16
87
9
35
3
7
18
15
42
4
47
21
98
4
24
1
6
7
1
3
1
2
7
7
30
1
13
1
8
15
1
2
252
279
73
21
12
1
1
1
3
14
14
16
1
8
2
10
5
1
5
5
2
■
—~
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
28
3
22
2
3
1
2
31
238
32
300
74
349
364
348
2
1
24
2
1
1
2
3
INDUSTRIES
Seamers, female:
/T.AAHWIA
Tllinni.Q
TiiHianQ.
M o gooohn Qflttc
ATiVhicron
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New Hampshire and Vermont.
Ma\» Vnrlr
OhiA
1
2
-UNDERWEAB
4
15
34
36
38
7
36
8
39
14
4
3
AND
o qqq 11
\f I/iViirror»
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and Vermont.
\J/>nr V
Ohio
PonnQtrKranift.
PHaHa Tclona
Tan nAQQ^a
Other States...............................
2
2
3
3
4
2
11
3
14
2
2
2
HOSIEKY
Num Aver
age
ber of ber of earn
estab em
ings
lish ploy
per
ments ees
hour
GENERAL TABLES
T able
51
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tionst 1926, by sex and State
HOSIERY
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber
ber
full
of
Over 57,
Over
Over
of
time
Occupation, sex, and State estab
55,
50,
48,
em hours Un
lish ployees
60 Over
un 60 un 54 55 un un
48
der
per
ments
der der
der
der
week 48
57 60
50
54
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisi
ana--------------------- —
Georgia------- ------------Illinois---------------------Indiana-------------------Massachusetts........—
Michigan................. —
New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
North Carolina---------Ohio------------------------Pennsylvania...............
Rhode Island------------Tennessee____________
Virginia_____________
Wisconsin----------------Other States-------------All States________
3
7
4
2
2
2
67
125
48
65
49
5
54.4
55.1
56.3
49.7
46.0
60.2
6
13
2
16
3
12
3
5
2
56
372
12
363
10
264
44
102
16
48.5
55.4
50.0
53.6
51.0
54.1
53.0
50.2
46.5
All States------------
32
Knitters, transfer, male:
Alabama and Louisi
ana________________
Georgia--------------------Michigan.............. .......
North Carolina......... .
Pennsylvania...............
Tennessee________ - —
Virginia_____________
Wisconsin___________
Other States-------------All States________
53.4
82
Boarders, female:
Illinois---------------------Massachusetts----------Michigan......................
New Jersey--------------New York----------------Pennsylvania-----------Tennessee____________
Wisconsin___________
Other States...:______
20
25
11
48
44
106
41
125
53.1
48.0
51.1
47.8
48.0
47.9
53.8
49.7
54.5
483
50.0
27
15
6
79
6
135
40
18
4
55.1
54.7
58.8
65.2
53.4
54.3
51.4
52.3
48.0
3
7
3
2
3
297
302
85
102
61
55.3
55.0
51.6
48.0
50.6
6
10
3
12
3
11
3
5
1
122
293
65
671
62
637
191
136
34
48.0
55.8
49.9
50.8
50.8
53.9
51.4
49.6
49.5
All States________
72
3,058
52.5
52
12
340
13
33
71
247 109 543
76
80
30
24 176
77* 142
130
74
25
33
50
29 124
33
54
76
54.1
27
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisi
ana-----------------------Georgia--------------------Illinois______________
Massachusetts............
Michigan------ ----------New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
North Carolina______
Ohio—..........................
Pennsylvania--------- Rhode Island________
Tennessee----------------Virginia_____________
Wisconsin___________
Other States_________
12
12
13
16
13
176
38
18
13
53
102
30
119
49
244
18
510
43
21 349
158 301
903 165
176
56
49
52
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
T a b le
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tions, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber
ber
full
of
of
Over
Over
Over 57,
Occupation, sex, and State estab
time
em hours Un
55,
48,
50,
lish ployees
60 Over
per ; der 48 un 50 un 54 55 un un
ments
60
week 48
der
der
der der
60
57
50
54
Knitters, footers, full-fash
ioned, male:
New Jersey...................
New York.....................
North Carolina_______
Pennsylvania____ ____
Wisconsin.....................
Other States.................
4
4
2
13
3
1
64
58
25
457
65
27
47.3
49.3
46.4
52.3
49.7
49.5
All States...................
27
696
Knitters, leggers, full-fash
ioned, male:
New Jersey...................
New York.....................
North Carolina.............
Pennsylvania................
Wisconsin____________
Other States........... ......
51.0 ! 50 i242
i
4
4
2
14
3
1
216
171
90
1,096
239
85
All States__________
28
1,897 |
! 51.1
124
— :653
i
4
7
5
2
3
2
121
54.9
295 '! 55.3
162 i 55.6
115 j 49.8
128 48.0
25 45.4
17
48.9
48.6
47.8
52.5
50.9
49.0
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana
Georgia.........................
Illinois...........................
Indiana............... .........
Massachusetts________
Michigan......................
New Hampshire and
Vermont______ ____
New Jersey...................
New York___________
North Carolina______
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania________
Rhode* Island_________
Tennessee......................
Virginia_______ ______
Wisconsin____________
6
4
4
14
3
22
3
14
3
5
127
102
81
566
26
1,015
37
553
144
256
48.4
46.2
49.3
55. 7
49.9
51.3
51.9
54.2
51.8
49.5
All States...................
101
3,753
52.4
4
6
5
2
3
3
27
40
63
78
36
12
54.7
54.4
52.5
49.8
48.0
51.4
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana
Georgia.........................
Illinois...........................
Indiana.........................
Massachusetts..............
Michigan......................
New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
New Jersey...................
New York.....................
North Carolina.............
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania................
Rhode Island................
Tennessee________ ___
Virginia.........................
Wisconsin.....................
4
4
3
13
3
23
3
14
3
5
All States__________
98
67
70
81 !
SO .
18 i
372 |
14 '
187 j
43 !
174 |
1,362
18 17 29
13 32
19
193 i 18
34 "3l’
1 27
13
108 31
4
1 172
52
21
52
!
34 1 5
|
2
J
110 38
1
____1____
46 107
5 1____ 1 7 ! 20
55 |
478’ ”32’
| 152 36 i! 3 280
1
125 ’ 59’
55
!
62
23
S2ft Il02 ! 1S2
53 I 78 280
i
; 51
58
I u
!
“89" 148
6 24 i 15
55 eo
128
4
21 I
!!104
! 23 1
47 ji 7 "48'
1 1
|46
18
!____
JU !
.....
477
!
21" ;
20 !24R 25 77 , 622 23
24 i
i
1 13
269 55 ! 85
I 71 ' 26
I 47
8 i___
1---- 108 140 i
113 !563
247 416 : 948 209 808
i
1
25
36
48.4
46.4
47.9
55.5
49.9
50.0
51.0
54.1
50.6
49.7
52
32 6
18 63
50.8
56 367
6 203
7
!
4
8
7
\zi
41 ■ 7
i
53 !
1 10 1
2
i
i
15
i
i
’ ’ 32’
1
!
.....
1
’ Is"
5 : 4 1 146 1 8
1
1
! 7
I
. 95 i 15
' 36 ! 2
1
87 i 87 1
1
!
i
172
i
" l ' i ........
115 !
10
1
1
!
1
116 I
10
i
!
1
!
i
i
58
100
•
58
i!
28
61 1
1
1
---- 1------
144
i.......
i.......
i
330 ! 61 ■ -|
15
2
15
!
!
1
2
!
!
!.......
!"""“
1
1
1
! 69
!
i
t
: 35
! 5
154 251 : 264 ! 61 ! 124f
i
1
i
lil»
7
1
4 1
1
42
!
1
I
!
661
4l ! ___
I
GENERAL TABLES
T a b l e Q>.—
53
Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tions, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERWEAR
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber
ber
full
of
Over
Over
Over 57,
Occupation, sex, and State estab
of
time
48,
50,
55,
em horns Un
lish
un 50 un 54 55 un un 60 Over
der
48
ployees
per
60
ments
der
der
week 48
der der
50
54
57 60
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut__________
Georgia______________
Illinois________ ____ _
Indiana______________
Massachusetts__ . ____
Michigan____________
Minnesota and Wis
consin_____________
New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
New Y o r k ...______
Ohio____ ______ . _____
Pennsylvania________
Rhode Island_________
Tennessee. __ ______
All S tates....*.........
1
4
2
3
2
3
3
7
4
7
16
21
13
51.3
56.6
45.8
47.4
48.0
51.2
4
32
48.6
21
3
28
3
13
2
3
24
139
16
50
7
28
49.5
49.8
49.8
52.2
52.3
54.1
6
82
2
2
2
73
364
50.2
14 136
3
2
2
3
8
10
17
45
50.9
45.2
48.6
48.0
10
4
7
7
21
Folders, female:
Connecticut__________
Illinois...........................
Indiana,,
..............
Massachusetts________
Minnesota and Wis
consin______________
New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
New York__ . . . . . ____
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania________
Rhode Island___ ___ _
Tennessee____. . . . . . . . .
Other S ta te s ......__ _
2
14
49.7
3
27
3
9
2
3
2
19
161
20
81
24
56
8
4& 9
49.7
49.5
51.8
51.5
54.4
51.5
10
86
5
1
10
All S t a t e s ............
61
463
50.4
14 157
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
5
6
15
37
7
49.5
57.2
48.1
53.6
49.0
54.3
3
2
1
54.9
2
22
2
18
2
3
33
159
11
61
11
30
49.8
51.0
52.2
54.7
52.4
55.0
4
86
All States..................
67
393
52.0
6 136
4
2
3
3
22
14
34
27
51.5
47.9
48.0
52.4
4
10
3
14
2
2
35
38
17
60
14
14
48.6
49.1
48.4
50.7
48.4
48.2
47
275
49.6
3
7
4
3
18
19
14
15
16
86
6
3
9
33
15
44
18 123
34
33
7
3
5
9
12
29
57
24
10
2
2
11
28
10
19 11
14
11 35
4
27
76
6
48
1
2
3
—¥
5
3
4
5
29
14 8
4
30
8
.....
3 " i 5 _ 21 ” 6~
8
6
7 14
6
3
3
83
3
12
4
6
22
22
14
12
13
11
15 117
20
5
2
20
1
2 ~y
34
2
5
3
8
1
10
2
13
4
16
All States__________
5
45
3
2
9
3
Knitters, web or tube,
male:
C on n ecticu t.........__
Georgia____ . . . . ____ _
Illinois_______________
Indiana.................. . . . .
Massachusetts__ . . . . . .
Michigan.......................
Minnesota and Wis
consin........................
New Hampshire and
Vermont_______ . . . .
New York....................
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania________
Rhode Island________
Tennessee____________
Knitters, web or tube, fe
male:
Connecticut__________
Indiana_____________ _
Massachusetts________
Michigan......................
Minnesota and Wis
consin_____ ________
New York........... .........
Ohio_______ _________
Pennsylvania________
Rhode Islan d...___ . . .
Other States__ . . . . . . . .
4
22
17
2
2
11
5
1
3
17
25
10
9
71
33
7
4
2
12
3
29
52
5
3
3
6
3
1
1
2
1
9
8
6
3
13
27
13
54
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
T able
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 11 specified occupa
tions, 1926, by sex and State—Continued
UNDERW EAR—Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num Num Aver
age
ber
full
ber
of
Over 57,
Over
Over
Occupation, sex, and State estab
of
time
55,
50,
48,
em
hours
lish ployees per Un
48 un 50 un 54 55 un un
60 Over
der
60
ments
der der
der
week 48
der
57 60
54
50
Pressers, male:
fJnnrieoticut...... .........
Indiana...... ...... .........
Massachusetts________
New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
New York___________
Pennsylvania
.........
Other States_________
2
2
2
3
2
5
53.3
48.5
48.0
2
21
5
4
14
54
9
5
49.9
50.1
52.2
52.2
All States__________
38
92
50.3
2
2
3
3
4
15
34
36
49.5
47.6
48.0
52.9
1
1
1
5
1
32
1
12
1
2
1
1
2
1
13
6
5
2
2 |38
28
1
13 Il 6
2
2
27
Pressers, female:
Connecticut— ___ ____
Indiana______________
Massachusetts________
Michigan......................
Minnesota and Wis
consin_____________
New Hampshire and
Vermont___________
New York___________
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania________
Rhode Island________
Tennessee.___________
Other States_________
4
36
49.0
13
19
4
2
11
3
14
2
2
2
7
36
8
39
14
4
3
50.0
49.7
49.8
52.3
51.9 1
53.3
48.5
21
1
3
5
2
7
5
7
8
2
All States............ ......
50
236
50.3
8
77
30
42
4
2
3
2
4
4
44
36
36
108
209
127
50.8
57.4
45.7
47.9
48.0
51.6
4
32
36
38
2
6
1
1
2
2
9
34
7
Seamers, female:
Connecticut______ ___
Georgia______________
Illinois_______________
Indiana______________
Massachusetts________
Michigan......................
Minnesota and Wis
consin.........................
New Hampshire and
Vermont....................
New Yoft:___________
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania________
Rhode Island...............
Tennessee________ ___
4
181
48.7
109
3
28
3
22
2
3
114
895
77
374
58
118
49.4
49.9
49.7
52.0
50.9
54.3
36
All States...................
84
2,377
50.2
74 931
2
36
21
46
26
78
13 138
66
96
I
99 527
8
13
70
209
11
30
30
8 |
17 i1
1 1
9
2i 2
! 1!
i
1
1 4 !|64
10
!
23
!
14
56
11 227
140
22
93
28
28
15
68
187 |445 |91 .......
23 . . . . .......
T able
D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State
QOSIGRT
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
Number
age
Num hours
ber of ber of actu
24, 28, 32, 36,
estab
ally Un 20, un
em
lish ployees
un un un
worked der un
der
der der
ments
der
in one 20 24 28 der
32
36 40
week
67
125
48
65
49
5
56
372
12
363
10
264
44
102
16
49.9
49.6
45.2
45.2
47.5
47.3
43.8
49.1
44.2
47.6
49.2
46.7
46.3
47.4
43.6
All States________ _________
82
1,598
47.7
Boarders, female:
Illinois____ _________________
Massachusetts.______________
Michigan___________ ________
New Jersey________ ____ ____
New York..................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee............................... .
Wisconsin....... ................ ..........
Other States...................... .......
4
3
2
3
3
•7
2
4
4
20
25
11
48
44
106
41
125
63
49.6
40.7
43.6
46.1
46.1
43.5
43.6
43.3
43.7
All States................................
32
483
44.1
1
4
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
4
2
2
1
2
3
x
1
6
7
5
4
1
7
7
1
16
2
8
7
3
48
2
4
"~27"
4
17
1
5
2
5
1
7
3
9
2
4
8
1
3
1
5
1
10
1
2
1
11
6
4
1
16
32
44
52
86
79
102
130
104
1
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
3
5
10
4
2
2
1
10
1
19
4
8
7
1
1
2
2
4
8
1
10
3
4
2
7
2
5
4
23
2
3
8
8
40
32
24
38
42
44
15
2
1
20
2
4
1
3
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
2
13
12
5
13
1
5
X
22
5
1
13
6
4
15 ‘ ■34'
13
14
2
12 ""14’
3
1
25
20
4
6
2
27 “"75' "‘ §4’
1
2
8 21
3
3
1
2
10
7
1
9 ""25_
5
2
12
4
3
30
46
Over
Over 52,
48,
50,
un 50 un un
der
der der
54
50
52
1
5
2
33
2
3
7
1
3
24
4
1
8
1
1
1
29
38
132
22
2
58
3
27
80
117
75
3
2
1
3
16
3
3
1
11
3
%
28
Over
Over 58,
55, un
64,
un 55 un der
der
der 60
68
55
22
1
2
1
2
24
3
27
2
4
5
38
9
64
2
3
3
1
3
43
4
43
39
53
46
42
4
4
1
17
5
I
1
13
1
2
4
26
17
2
27
3
2
3
197
68
26
15
1
157
91
g
2
1
2
1
1
Over
60
%
I
5
3
10
2
1
1
60
1
9
5
U
42
4
54
23
1
2
1
2
1
9
12
1
4
2
15
27
4
16
TABLES
3
7
4
2
2
2
6
13
2
16
3
12
3
5
2
40, 42, 44, 46,
un un un un
der der der der
42 44 46 48
GENERAL
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana.,.......
Georgia........ ...................... .
Illinois.......................... ...........
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts_______________
Michigan............ .......................
New Hampshire and VermontNorth Carolina................. ........
Ohio............................................
Pennsylvania.................... ........
Rhode Island— , , ........... ..........
Tennessee......... ........................
Virginia................. ....................
Wisconsin............ .....................
Other States.. ____________
of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—
T a b l e D . — Average
and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY—'Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
41.4
41.7
58.8
42.1
54.7
46.4
52.7
47.0
67.9
2
1
1
1
6
14
6
2
1
330
46.2
24
297
302
85
102
61
122
293
65
671
62
637
191
136
34
44.7
24
46! 4
13
0
40.1
2
44 2
49*. 1 . . . . .
44.6
21
47.3
4
43.9
7
47! 2
2
44! 7
26
46 6
4
46! 4
3
46.8
1
43.3
10
7
4
1
Vircrinisi
WicAAticin
Other States...............................
3
7
3
2
3
6
10
3
12
3
11
3
5
1
All States................................
72
3,058
46.1
122
48
4
4
2
64
58
25
47.5
47.1
45! 8
..
All States_________________
Georgia____________ ______ . _
Illinois.-------------------------------A4*inVii(T<iTl
New Hampshire and Vermont.
\Tai41i Pornlinfl
AUi' a
DAnYicifltrQ'nia
T}Tclanri
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned,
male:
VTaht
North Carolina_______—_____
5
1
9
1
1
3
6
1
3
9
16
13
4
9
5
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
9
1
8
5
9
15
9
6
12 11
13
8
10 10 11
3
11
3
3
1
1
2 .....
1 .....
2
6
. . . .. . . . . .
3
6
8
3 .....
2
4
6
10 37
19
19
1
3
4
7
.....
20 30 13 27
3
1
11
9
9
5
2 11
2
5
72
mu
68
_____
100
1
104
1
..
112
“" 1”
5
1
3
2
5
1
12
13
2
1
4
5
22
9
31
2
35
5
1
12 44
14
5
3
23
1
9
8
6
1
1 41
51
1
6
5
. . . . . "52'
6
5 "’ 29
4
1
2
5
24 159 ’ ”7l"
14
1
1
2 27
40
26
6
33
4
9
15
19
1
2
4
3
2
14
11
5
53
14
3
1
13
24
14
8
5
9
8
24
3
1
3
44
20
8
14
3
3
6
8
35
30
25 51 202
1 .....
3
158
88
19 51
3
63
210
152
328
139
15
2
29
1
3
11
1
1
4
1
1
2
6
1
2
2
1
5
6
3
4
1
22
6
9
163
199
233
2
6
18
5
7
8
17
4
436
2
54
Over 58,
Over
54,
55, un
un 55 un der
der
der
60
58
55
1
1
3
2
32
____
2
12
1
13
18
107
7
8
1
2
5
3
1
1
1
27
13
29
15
-----J ------
3
18
1
4
3
61
21
3
7
5
8
6
62
2
12
1
2
1
108
5
3
5
1
16
1
8
4
60 Over
60
1
6
4
5
105
29
30
1
34
20
311
153
4
10
1
3
3
INDUSTRIES
27
4
Knitters, transfer, female:
3
1
Over 1 52,
Over
50, un
48,
48 un 50 un der
der 54
der
52
50
UNDERWEAR
27
15
6
79
6
135
40
18
4
40, 42, 44, 46,
un un un un
der der der der
44 46 48
42
AND
XTHf
r nl i nf t
xxurmtv^'ciiuiiuc*.....
...........
*Patin<5vlvan ia
Tennessee
______ ______ __
Virjrinm
1QAAT) Tl
Other States...............................
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
2
1
of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—
HOSIERY
Knitters, transfer, male:
Number
AverNum Num hours
ber of
of actu
24, 28, 32, 36,
estab ber
ally
Un 20, un un
em
un un
lish ployees
worked der un
der
der der der
der
ments
in one 20 24 28
32 36 40
week
Pennsylvania........................... .
Wisconsin.................... .........
Other States________________
All States................................
457
65
27
27
Knitters, leggers, full-fashioned,
male:
New Jersey................. ..............
New York................................ .
North Carolina_____________ _
Pennsylvania........................... .
Wisconsin__________________
Other States________________
All States_________________
28
3,753
43.5
27
40
63
78
36
12
67
70
81
80
18
372
14
46.3
46.7
48.4
49.0
26.0
46.6
39.0
44.2
43.5
47.6
44.2
46.1
35.0
74
134
34
221
42
35
223
18
52
4
16
70
10
16
14
28
57
41
44
12
5
1
46
7
18
3
57
6
40
2
46
3
23
30
24
19
10
200
46
159
246
238
229
20
76
213
28
75
32
97
236
285
96
295
1
24
1
13
5
1
248
20
28
35
26
34
87
50
215
234
221
137
370
53
344
74
TABLES
48.0
43.3
41.5
44.7
45.9
43.8
41.4
42.8
43.2
49.3
38.7
44.0
34.7
36.8
45.3
43.5
32
3
16
51.3
121
101
10
47.7
49.3
45.9
53.4
50.3
47.3
295
162
115
128
25
127
102
81
566
26
1,015
37
553
144
256
57
GENEKAL
All States.............................. .
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana......... .
Georgia..................................... .
Illinois...................................... .
Indiana..................................... .
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan.................................. .
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey................................
New York.................................
North Carolina........................ .
Ohio................................... .......
Pennsylvania_______ «_........
Rhode Island_________ ______
30
49.3
216
171
90
.,096
239
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana......... .
Georgia......................................
Illinois_____ _____ __________
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan.................... - ........... .
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey.............................. .
New Y ork................................
North Carolina......... ...... .........
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island........................... .
Tennessee.................................
Virginia.................................... .
Wisconsin......... ........................
50.3
47.6
48.8
36
10
15
16
27
76
Cn
T a b l e D . — Average
CT
QQ
and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
187
43
174
45.7
47.4
47.5
17
1
4
1
2
1
98
1,362
45.4
62
22
8
1
29
40, 42, 44, 46,
un un un un
der der der der
42
44
46 48
9
2
3
2
5
13
12
2
7
1
8
22
54
76
61
65
117
74
1
1
11
2
142
Over 52,
Over
50,
48,
un 50 un un
der
der
der 54
52
50
54
Over 58,
Over
55,
54,
un 55 un un
der der
der
60
58
55
6
8
66
4
17
28
1
13
17
4
16
7
74
152
120
79
174
26
51
28
15
3
60 Over
60
%
5
2
:
UNDERWEAR
6
2
4
48
ANB
States___ ___ __________
1
14
3
5
of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—
UNDERWEAR
All States
Folders, female:
Connecticut
Illinois
Indiana
!Massach usetts
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and VermontNew York..................................
4
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
28
3
13
2
3
7
4
7
16
21
13
32
24
139
16
50
7
28
45.7
56. 6
34. 4
41. 5
43.3
47.8
44. 4
45.2
41.9
41.7
40.6
43.0
46.1
73
364
42.9
3
2
2
3
2
3
27
8
10
17
45
14
19
161
45.1
42. 8
48.0
39.6
41.4
48.1
42.8
2
1
1
1
2
2
7
4
2
1
2
17
1
3
1
1
5
4
1
1
1
13
2
i
1
1
6
2
12
1
4
1
1
9
3
8
7
2
1
1
8
2
1
23
2
1
1
3
11
5
3
3
3
13
1
10
1
26
32
35
23
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
21
16
3
1
1
7
19
2
6
3
3 """s"
2
3
4
15
1
6
4
3
1
35
2
2
1
4
3
8
2
5
1
1
1
28
8
1
9
4
20
1
2
2
47
1
2
4
2
1
3
4
4
6
1
13
1
2
1
9
10
2
1
1
6
3
12
22
22
7
9
2
2
15
2
1
13
1
1
17
4
1
10
15
3
8
2
2
9
7
24
2
2
1
5
INDUSTRIES
Buttonhole makers, female:
C onneeticut
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
M!assachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and W isconsin
New Hampshire and Vermont.
N pw York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
5
8
3
8
HOSIERY
Menders, female—Continued.
Aver
Number
age
Num Num hours
ber of
of actu
24, 28, 32, 36,
estab ber
Un 20, un
em
ally
lish ployees
un un un
worked der un
der der
der
der
ments
in one 20 24 28 der
32 36 40
week
2
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
Other States....... .......................
All States—...........................
All States________ _______
39.4
40.2
33.3
42.7
49.5
61
463
41.9
2
22
2
18
2
3
2
5
6
15
37
7
16
33
159
11
61
11
30
50.0
57.2
49.7
53.0
42.3
59.7
56.7
49.8
50.8
49.7
53.
52.5
50.0
67
50.9
4
2
3
3
4
10
3
14
2
2
All States..............................
47
Pressers, male:
Connecticut_________________
Indiana_____________________
Massachusetts_______________
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York—__ ^_________ ____
Pennsylvania_______________
Other States________________
2
2
2
2
21
5
4
3
2
5
14
54
47.2
50.0
30.7
47.3
45.8
48.7
45.6
38
92
45.6
A ll States____ ______________
22
14
34
27
35
38
17
60
14
14
46.1
45.7
42.7
51.2
39.8
45.7
46.6
45.9
47.7
48.6
45.5
5
1
11
30
1
14
22
28
12”
27
48
27
49
34
22
21
16
13
18
19
3
3
22
12
10
1
13
IQ
5
53
30
28
3
1
12"
11 . . . .
11
8
12 —j"
8
1
“ 2'
IQ
12
i
19
’ ii"
10
22
18
36
19
11
1
10
1
3
%
Z
I
XQ
%
12
17
19
42
TABLES-
Knitters, web or tube, female:
Connecticut..............................
Indiana.................... ...... ...........
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan.................................. .
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New York....... ........................ .
Ohio............. ........................... .
Pennsylvania.......... ............... .
Rhode Island—......................
Other States....... .................
5
14
GENERAL
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut............................. .
Georgia.................... . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois-.............. ......................
Indiana.................... ............ .
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan................................ .
Minnesota and Wisconsin___
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.............................
O hio..........................................
Pennsylvania-................... .......
Rhode Island................... ........
Tennessee.................................
20
81
24
56
10
32
10
12
Oi
QD
T a b l e D . —Average
and classified hours actually worked in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERWEAR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
42,
un
der
44
46,
un
der
48
48
22
19
Over
Over
48,
50,
un 50 un
der
der
52
50
54
44.0
44
36
36
108
209
127
181
114
895
77
374
58
118
40.
54.
37.
44.
37.
46.
43.
42.
41.
41.
41
41.
43.
2,377
42.0
10
13
15
15
19
30
35
10
39
31
55
90
125
199
212
217
167
139
196
250
118
137
44
124
169
INDUSTRIES
84
236
60 Over
UNDERWEAR
All States_______________
Over 58,
Over
55,
54,
un 55 un un
der
der der
58
55
AND
49.
48.
33.
51.
43.
46.
43.
43.
44.
40.
52.
47.
Seamers, female:
Connecticut______________
Georgia------- --------------------Illinois------ ----------------------Indiana___________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan------ -----------------------Minnesota and Wisconsin-----New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York________________
Ohio-------------------------------Pennsylvania__________ —
Rhode Island_____________
Tennessee-------------------------
32,
un
der
36
HOSIERY
Pressers, female:
Connecticut---------------------Indiana___________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan-------------- ----------Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York________________
Ohio-------- -----------------------Pennsylvania_____________
Rhode Island______________
Tennessee________________
Other States______________
A ll States________________
Number of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—
Aver
age
Num Num hours
ber of ber of actu
estab em
ally Un
lish ploy* worked
der
ments
in one 20
week
T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926} by sex and State
HOSIERY
58003°—27-
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Num Num earn
ber of ber of ings
estab em
actu
$4, $6, $8,
lish ploy ally re Un un un un
ments ees
ceived der der der der
in one $4 $6 $8 $10
week
67
125
48
65
49
5
56
372
12
363
10
264
44
102
16
$13.26
15.75
15.50
28.43
21.35
31.77
22.44
18.91
17.87
35.51
23.64
16.61
14.78
27.40
32.89
1
12
1
6
8
9
5
All States................................
82
1,598
22.93
27
32
Boarders, female:
Illinois........................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan....................................
New Jersey................................
New York..................................
Pennsylvania.............................
Tennessee..................................
Wisconsin..................................
Other States...................... ........
4
3
2
3
3
7
2
4
4
20
25
11
48
44
106
41
125
63
12.48
14.56
22.09
26.32
29.26
27.02
12.79
22.90
8.49
2
1
All States................................
32
483
21.10
1
?,
3
2
6
2
2
4
2
1
13
14
2
.....
$12,
un
der
$14
$14,
un
der
$16
$16,
un
der
$18
$18,
un
der
$20
$20,
un
der
$22
12
22
10
1
2
10
19
4
9
9
10
6
6
4
2
5
1
8
2
4
5
9
5
4
47
2
7
1
31
4
1
1
5
45
2
12
1
23
3
5
1
125
2
10
2
20
1
4
1
3
20
1
4
1
19 ! 25
4
3
2
25
6
1
22
8
2
4
51
3
8
1
23
3
3
33
67
103
94
112
119
118
5
1
2
2
2
6
3
3
4
1
1
3
1
6
6
1
10 "13"
4
7
1
16
3
2
11
8
1
3
3
1
1
4
1
9
1
1
2
2
2
2
6
1
9
2
1
4
2
3
3
5
4
9
9
18
33
19
27
24
27
31
6
1
16
2
1
9
29
4
37
3
7
5
9
2
2
.....
$22,
un
der
$24
$26, $28, $30, $32, $34,
un un un un un
der der der der der
$28 $30 $32 $34 $36
2
6
7
9
2
1
2
4
7
4
6 5
11
1
5
4
1 ..... 1
4
4
6
34 34 20 10
1
19 22 27
11
1 2
2
2
26
10
7 11
1
1
1
3
6
15 16 18
1
1 ....
115
3
6
2
g
6
14
5
19 ""l7’
1
52
$24,
un
der
$26
36
109
95
1 ....
3
3
4
3
3
5
5
2
15 15~
32
28
83
$36, $38, $40,
un un un
der der der
$38 $40 $45
$45, $50, $55,| $60
un un un-1
der der der and
$50 $55 $60 over
1
2
1
9
2
6
1
4
1
9
1
10
1
1
3
17
26
23
12
2
3
3
1
17
2
5
2
7
5
1
1
1
2
1 -----
1
59. .49
23
35
78 23
2
3
2
2
3
9
7
14
2
4
3
57
2
32
5
1
2
1
67
22
18
0
0
16
[
is
J
.O 1
g
1
1
4
I
2
1
6
3
1
15
TABLES
3
7
4
2
2
2
6
13
2
16
3
12
3
5
2
$10,
un
der
$12
GENERAL
Boarders, male:
Alabama and Louisiana...........
Georgia.......................................
Illinois........................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan.......... ........................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina..........................
Ohio..........................
Pennsylvania............... ............
Rhode Island.............................
Tennessee..................................
Virginia......................................
Wisconsin......................
Other States...............................
Number of employees whose earnings in one week were—
1
4
4
6
1
9
7
3
6
1
9
3
4
4
2
4
0
....
3
2
1
25
26
14
14
8
6
05
T a b l e E .—
Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIERY—Continued
18
4
All States...............................
72
297
302
85
102
61
122
293
65
671
62
637
191
136
34
8.83
9.81
10.72
13.14
19.33
16.43
12.44
14.59
20.06
14. 21
11. 01
10.46
19.53
14. 05
3,058
13.77
$32,
un
der
$34
$38,
un
der
$40
$40,
un
der
$45
$45, |$50, $55, $60
un- un un
and
der der der over
$50 $55
13
18
30
311
348
27
25
INDUS'
All States................................
$7.94
10.54
31.55
15.80
27.83
12.69
19.91
26.77
39.55
15.54
Knitters, transfer, female:
Alabama and Louisiana......... .
Georgia..................................... .
Illinois______ _______________
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan............ ......................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
North Carolina........................ .
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania........................... .
Rhode Island........................... .
Tennessee. ................... .........
Virginia____ ________________
Wisconsin............ ....................
Other States............... ............ .
$30,
un
der
$32
UNDEKWEAE
27
15
6
70
6
135
40
$14,
$18, $20, $22, $24, $26,
un un un un un un un
der der der der der der der
$24 $26 $28
$18 $20
$10,
un un un
der der der
$10 $12
AND
Knitters, transfer, male:
Alabama and Louisiana......... .
Georgia......................................
Michigan..................................
North Carolina........................ .
Pennsylvania_______________
Tennessee_____ ________ ____ _
Virginia....................................
Wisconsin................................ .
Other States..............................
Number of employees whose earnings in one week wore-
HOSIEKY
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Num Num earn
ber of ber of ings
actu
estab em
lish ploy ally re Unments ees ceived der
in one $4
week
165
208
327
265
289
285
228
227
177
108
55
28
Knitters, footers, full-fashioned,
male:
New Jersey...............................
New York................................
North Carolina........................
Pennsylvania...........................
Wisconsin.................................
Other States.............................
All States.............................
64
58
25
457
65
27
27
Knitters leggers. full-fashioned,
male:
New Jersey. .............................
New York..... ........... ...............
North Carolina............ ............
Pennsylvania...........................
Wisconsin____ ______________
Other States.............................
Menders, female:
Alabama and Louisiana......... .
Georgia..................................... .
Illinois...................................... .
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts........................ .
Michigan..... ........... ................ .
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New Jersey................................
New York................................ .
216
171
90
1,096
239
85
28
17
15
68.07
69.76
24. 51
70.10
63.63
52.14
121
102
81
566
3 !
26
22 | 1,015
3 i
37
553
144
256
101 3,753
=1=
43
26
140
104
94" '716
159
19 31
8
30
10
66.05
295
162
115
128
25
127
561
21
17
14
21
17
19
23
21
47
25
110 143 202 1,149
16
11.07
11.57
11.75
21.66
16.15
22.70
15.12
22.30
23.22
13.93
15.61
21.03
12.70
10.16
10.25
21.65
16.15
8.17
11.13
14.61
22.13
7.05
19.19
12.73
25.14
27.00
TABLES
All States.............................. .
10
74.54
GENERAL
All States..............................
Loopers, female:
Alabama and Louisiana.........
Georgia.....................................
Illinois.......................... ...........
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan....... ........... ..............
New Hampshire and Vermont
New Jersey................. ..............
New York__________________
North Carolina......................
Ohio.— ....................................
Pennsylvania........................... .
Rhode Island........................... .
Tennessee..................... ............
Virginia.................................... .
Wisconsin..................................
58
44
1
387
57
14
78.65
73.01
34.26
77.57
72.52
59.10
10
21
189
161
263
312
315
374
280
220
12
151 157
20
92
27
77
26
14
1
7
7
2
2
2
2
2
5 !" T
CO
T able
E .— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
HOSIER Y—Continued
$11.54
12.14
22. 37
13.12
9.87
9.03
20.43
98
1, 382
17.64
3
5
x
1
2
4
17
17
1
1
2
1
51 i 43
i
14
1
3
43
14
1
94
18
3
10
1
g
4
18
17
8
5
6
2
5
1
34
43
36
24
25
29 "30" ’ " 14 ’
1
2
3
1
2
10
1
10
5
27
1
16
9
7
2
6
3
2
7
1
10
2
14
23
21
27
32
20
90
96
131
130
119
102
93
85
102
2
2
2
1
1
1
$50,
un
der
$55
$55, $60
un and
der over
$60
1
!
46 31
1
1 i
$45,
un
der
$50
111
11
14
14
7
5
18
19
9
12
3
UNDERWEAR
All States....................
3
5
80
18
372
14
187
43
174
13
23
3
14
I|
$38, $40,
un-; un
der der
$40 $45
AND
Menders, female—Continued
North Carolina.................
Ohio........................... .
Pennsyl vani a___...............
Rhode Island.................
Tennessee........................ .
Virginia_____ ____ ______
Wisconsin........................ .
$36,
un
der
$38
1
G3 48
1 3
1
26
23
1
4
4
UNDERWEAR
All States......................
INDUSTRIES
Buttonhole makers, female:
Connecticut...................... .......
Georgia......................................
Illinois...................................... .
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts.........................
Michigan.......... ...... .................
Minnesota and Wisconsin----New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York........................
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania...................
Rhode Island...................
Tennessee........................
|
4
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
Oft
40
3
13
2
3
73
7
4
7
16
$20.09
13.15
16. 62
13. 37
21
2 0 .1 0
13
32
24
1QQ
lui7
16
50
7
28
16. 62
17.12
15.70
15. 65
12.79
12.31
16.95
11.36
364
15.16
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
10
1
!
i
1
1
2
4
1
4
1
2
1
1
3
4
2
2
10
2
7
13
25
2
7
6
5
2
3
55
2
5
5
1
7
7
21
30
39
1
4
2
1
6
9
23
1
5
1
2
1
2
1
7
4
22
1
1
]
7
3
6
2
1
14
1
6
2
1
1
1
1
54
50
42
■
1
(j
1
3
1
2
7
----3
29
HOSIERY
Occupation, sex, and State
Number of employees whose earnings in one week were—
Average
Num Num earn
ber of ber of ings
actu
$4, $6 , $8 , $10 , $12, $14, $16, $18, $20 , $22 , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34,
estab em
un un un un un un un un un un un un un- un un un
lish ploy ally re Un
der
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
der
ceived
ments ees
$14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24 $26 $28 $30; $32 $34 $36
$8
$10
$12
in one $4 $6
week
i
1
2
2
7
1
2
8
1
1
1
1
1
18
6
10
1
1
Folders, female:
Connecticut.............................
Illinois........................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York..................................
Ohio....................... ...................
Pennsylvania.............................
Rhode Island.............................
Tennessee..................................
Other States...............................
3
2
2
3
2
3
27
3
9
2
3
2
8
10
17
45
14
19
161
20
81
24
56
8
15.50
15.80
18.33
18.13
16.35
18.05
16.29
13.25
13.47
14.06
12.31
12.27
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
463
15.30
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
22
2
18
2
3
2
5
6
15
37
7
16
33
159
11
61
11
30
20.20 .......
14.34
26.94
28.00
27.07
25.69
29.44
26.11
30.35
19.02
24.84
24.54
21.81
All States................................
67
393
27.18
Knitters, web or tube, female:
Connecticut..............................
Indiana......................... ............
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin........
New York..................................
O h io.........................................
Pennsylvania.............................
Rhode Island.............................
Other States...............................
4
2
3
3
4
10
3
14
2
2
22
14
34
27
35
38
17
60
14
14
16.63
20.16
19.26
19.87
16.11
18.93
13.56
15.85
16.41
14.76
All States................................
47
275
17.24
2
2
2
2
21
3
2
5
14
54
30.00
17.74
11.93
19.48
22.03
6
____
9
12
1
10
3
22.
44
1
1
3
18
7
11
3
11
1
52
57
74
54
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
17
5
8
5
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
2
9
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
5
25
2
15
9
7
1
1
1
2
8
6
2
2
1
7
1
1
2
1
3
6
13
1
1
3
4
1
11
4
2
3
4
1
28
16
1
3
9
11
2
2
3 .....
1
1
3
2
5
1
5
1
2
4
14
19
8
56
1
1
7
1
2
6
1
4
15
10
2
1
21
8
1
1
1
10
1
2
7
4
2
9
5
3 .....
5
1
2
4
2
8
1
4
3
2
2
2
4
3
1
14
1
1
3
1
2
c
1
1
11
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
12
23
1
1
3
1
1
25
2
2
34
17
1
8
53
1
1
1
1
3 ....
3
1
2
1
11
14
20
42
16
1
1
2
1
1 ....
1
6 ___
1
1
1
2
8
1
1
1
2
40
5
4
2
5
1 ..... ..... .....
7
4
4
2
5
4
8
1
3
4
16
5
2
6
2
3
4
8
10
7
1
7
1
5
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
1
2 2
10
2
1
15
10 28 ' T “T
1
6
4
5
5
2
l
1
....
4
1 "T
"T
43
42
1
1
7
12
1
10
2
3
31
49
21
1
1
8
1
1
34
39
1
7
1
2
2
32
10
5
6
1
9
1
4
2
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
8
2
1
15
12
4
1 ....
11
6
3
1
2
1
15
11
4
1
1
1---|
1 ___
1
1
1
3 ___
1
1
1
1
1
TABLES
61
2
1
2
GENERAL
All States................................
Knitters, web or tube, male:
Connecticut...............................
Georgia.......................................
Illinois........................................
Indiana.......................................
Massachusetts...........................
M ichigan..................................
Minnesota and Wisconsin____
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York..................................
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania.............................
Rhode Island.............................
Tennessee..................................
Pressers, male:
Connecticut...............................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.......... ......................
1
1
1
1
7
1
T able
E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 11 specified occupations, 1926, by sex and State— Continued
UNDERW EAR—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
22
2
3
84
44
36
36
108
209
127
181
114
895
77
374
58
118
2,377
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
11 '
1
2
4
1
1
6
2
5
3
x
3
4
3
7
1
2
r>’
16
1
4
7
5
13
3
1
1
8
11 111
28
45
1
4
8
5
6
2
26
3
g
5
2
6
15.80
1
4
9
a 1
12
---10.41
1
3
5
2
20.81
3
1
g
7 10
13
16. 77
(5
7
2
22
15 28 41
15. 56
1 2
18 22
15.03
10 21
3
5
2 ----2
9 23
19.41
5
7
9
17
11
16.92
73 101 128 110
15.70 ~~30” 18 37
1
4
9
2
12 15
15.69
59 53
32
14.68
15 18 18 30
1
5
g
11
15.12
10
11.81
“ IE' " 2i ‘ 25 7 8 12
15.67
33 68 105 192 254 318 305
6
3
1
13
2
12
2
9
12
6
1
7
2
2
1
5
2
2
2
7
5
1
11
3
2
16
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
5
11
$28,
un
der
$30
$30,
un
der
$32
$32,
un
der
$34
$34,
un
der
$36
$36,
un
der
$38
4
2
4
1
1
IT”.
1
3
1
11
1
IT
2
5
2
1
4
4
7
3
3
1
3
19
11
22
21
19
17
7
17
10
21
27
27
11
15
13
91
96 112
7
10
10
53 28
35
7
2
8
8
8
10
269 273 225
1
3
1
2
8
15
4
24
12
69
4
13
5
1
158
4
4
10
6
19
8
20
3
8
1
3
89
1
2
1
2
12
3
11
2
1
4
$55, $60
un and
der
$60 over
$45,
un
der
$50
$50,
un
der
$55
___
__ 1___
!i
1
11
26
1
$40,
un
der
$45
2
1
8
1
11
39
$38,
un
der
$40
____
1
2
1
2
....
3
1
7
5
4
2
2
1
1
2
37
21
nr ~ T
3
2
~T
~T
INDUSTRIES
4
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
28
3
1
2
1
5
$26,
un
der
$28
UNDERWEAR
236
21.25 1
19.04
12.31
15. 63
14. 76
13.72
17.39
17.34
13.56
13.88
19.44
14.40
15.20
1
1
$24,
un
der
$26
AND
$18.40
19.33
20. 77
earnings in one week were—
HOSIERY
Pressers, male—Continued.
Pennsylvania............................
Other States..............................
All States...............................
Pressors, female:
Connecticut..............................
Indiana.....................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan............... ...................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania...........................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee..................................
Other States..............................
All States...............................
Seamers, female:
Connecticut......... ....................
Georgia......................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana......................................
Massachusetts...........................
Michigan............... ...................
Minnesota and Wisconsin.......
New Hampshire and Vermont.
New York.................................
Ohio...........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
Tennessee...........- .....................
All States...............................
Aver
Number of employees whose
age
Num Num earn
ber of ber of ings
$4, $6, $8, $10, $12, $14, $16, $18, $20, $22,
estab emactu
un un un un un un un un un un
lish ploy- ally re Un
der der der der der der der der der der
ceived der
ments
$6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24
in one $4
week
APPENDIX.— DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
HOSIERY
Boarders receive the hose from the dyehouse in a damp condition and place
them on either wooden or metal forms which are shaped to the outline of the leg
and foot. When the hose are placed on wooden boards, they are afterwards
piled on racks in a hot box or drying kiln, and when dry are removed and the
hose stripped, that is, taken off the boards. The more common practice to-day
is the use of steam-heated aluminum forms which stand upright in a row on a
long table with the flat sides facing the boarder, each boarder usually working
about 2 dozen forms. A boarder usually works on enough forms so that the
first hose boarded by him will be dry by the time the last is covered, so that
he may immediately return to the head of his line of forms and begin stripping.
The interval between placing hose on the form and stripping depends on the
weight and kind of yarn and the degree of moisture in the hose.
In recent years an automatic boarding machine has been placed in use whereby
the boarder, instead of walking up and down the line of forms, stays in one posi
tion and draws the hose over the metal forms as they pass by, after which they
travel slowly through a heated kiln or drying oven and upon emerging therefrom
are automatically stripped. The boarder draws a hose over one of the forms,
matches the position of the heel and the foot, of the heel splicings at the ankle, of
the beginning of the rib or welt, and the line that the top of the welt makes across
the form, with points marked on the form.
Folders fold hosiery in pairs for packing in cardboard boxes. In some estab
lishments they also do the work of another occupation, such as inspector, mater,
or boxer.
Inspectors draw each hose over a flat patern or board elevated above a table
which is fixed at one end so that it may be revolved. They examine hose for
defects in knitting, looping, and seaming, cut off loose ends of thread, and decide
whether defective hose shall be mended or rejected. In some mills they also
do the mending or folding.
#
Knitters, full-fashioned, are of two kinds, “ leggers” and “ footers,” and are
the most skilled and highest paid of the wage earners in the industry.
Full-fashioned hosiery differs from seamless hosiery in that the fabric for the
full-fashioned hosiery is seamed down the back of the leg from the top to the
heel and on the bottom of the foot from the heel to the toe. The fabric is knitted
on flat-bed machines of 18 to 28 sections, the number of sections determining
the number of stockings (18 to 28) knitted at one time. The knitting is done in
two successive operations by differently adjusted machines, the leg in one opera
tion and the foot in the other. Only male employees are in these occupations.
(See also Knitters, full-fashioned, footers; Knitters, full-fashioned, leggers.)
Knitters, full-fashioned, footers, operate the same type of machine as leggers,
receive the fabric after it has been put on the transfer bars by the toppers, and
complete the hose by knitting the foot. Their duties consist of supervising
toppers, in placing the stocking legs in the footing machines, measuring the
fabric from time to time to insure the proper length of the foot, detaching the
stockings from the machine when the foot is completed, removing empty cones
and replacing with full ones, adjusting, replacing, and straightening defective
needles, and watching the fabric for defects of any kind.
Knitters, full-fashioned, leggers, knit the first section of the hose or leg, includ
ing the top or hem, which is knitted first. As the knitting progresses the fabric
is automatically narrowed at certain points by transferring stitches from the end
needles on both sides of the machine toward the center.
Employees in this occupation thread each section of the machine, measure
the fabric to determine the proper length of the welt, reset the first line of stitches
on the needles holding the last line knit, thus forming the hem or welt, examine
the fabric from time to time to see that the narrowing points come in the correct
places, remove the fabric when knitted to the proper length, adjust, replace, and
straighten defective needles, keep the machine supplied with cones of yarn, and
watch the fabric for defects of any kind.
68
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
Knitters, “ lady hose” or string work, operate automatic knitting machines
which knit hose complete from top to toe. The machine shapes the heel or
toe by knitting in a reciprocal manner, that is, backward and forward, starting
on one-half of the needles only and narrowing down one loop on each oscillation
until only one-third of the needles in the half arc are employed. This process
is reversed for widening. Most of the machines are equipped so as to auto
matically knit the welt. These operators remove empty cones and replace
with full cones of yarn, tie broken yarn, and watch for defects in the knitted
fabric.
Knitters, rib, operate machines which knit the ribbing or tops for seamless
hosiery by alternating single and double lines of web. The double lines are
called ribs. The operators place cones of yarn in the machine, thread the
machine or join the ends of the thread from the cone to the end of the thread
extending from the rib already in the machine, remove empty cones and replace
with full cones, and watch the ribbing for defects. The ribbing is knit in the
form of a long cylinder or tube, and the machine is so adjusted as to drop stitches
at regular intervals to indicate where the ribbing is to be cut in lengths for tops
of hose. The machine automatically spreads or opens a row of the stitches for
the transfer knitter to set up 011 the transfer ring.
Knitters, transfer.— The term is very descriptive of the work in this occupa
tion for the reason that the rib tops, which are made on rib machines or toppers
and cut in lengths, are transferred to the needles of the knitting machine and
the balance of the leg and foot is knit onto this top. This rib section may be
but 3 or 4 inches long for the tops of men's or children's hose, or it may be a full
leg length for children's hose. The operator impales the stitches of the rib top,
stitch by stitch, on the quills of a cylinder or transfer ring. The hollow quills
of this transfer ring are equal in number to the needles of the knitting machine
and are so shaped that they sheathe the needles of the latter when placed over
them, so that the stitches when being transferred slip evenly over the knitting
needles. After the transfer ring has been placed in the knitting machine the
knitter slides the rib top from the quills of the transfer ring onto the needles
of the knitting machine. The machine then automatically knits onto the rib
top the remainder of the leg and the foot of the hose. The knitter removes
empty cones and inserts full ones, ties broken yarn, and watches for defects in
the fabric.
In some establishments the topping, or in other words, the placing of the rib
tops onto the quills of the transfer ring, is performed by a topper or helper.
Loopers.—In knixting the foot an opening is left across the toe of seamless and
across the toe and heel of full-fashioned hosiery. Loopers operate a machine
which closes the opening, making the hose appear as one piece.
The operator impales or transfers the stitches of the loose course at the end of
the toe or at the heel to the points of quills which project horizontally from the
looping machine, placing opposite or corresponding stitches from the two edges
of the opening on the same quill. The machine is thoroughly automatic and is
constantly revolving, the operator placing the stitches on the quills as the machine
is moving. When the hose reaches a certain point on the machine the two edges
are automatically fastened together and an automatic cutting attachment
removes all the excess fabric. Only women are employed in this occupation.
Machine fixers.— As the production in the hosiery establishment depends to a
great extent upon the serviceability of the various machines and to their proper
upkeep, the occupation of machine fixer is an important one. He must have a
thorough knowledge of the mechanical operations of the machines in his depart
ment and must be able to adjust and repair machines so as to cause a minimum
amount of delay.
Their usual duties consist of changing or replacing needles, making adjust
ments, supervising the oiling and cleaning of machines, adjusting machines for
changes in knitting—yarn, style, size, etc.—and supervising the repairing of
broken parts and the reassembling of machines that have been repaired. Only
men are employed in this occupation.
Menders.— Mending is a hand operation and is generally divided into two parts,
called rough mending and fine mending. The rough menders are sometimes
called first menders or gray menders, as the work is performed before the hose
is dyed. Fine mending is always performed after the hose has been dyed. Needle,
yarn, and shears are the usual implements employed.
The duties of these employees consist in repairing dropped stitches and defec
tive looping, sewing up small holes, cutting off loose ends, or remedying any other
slight defect that can be done easily. Stockings containing large holes, serious
DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
69
defects in the fabric, etc., are put aside for a more drastic mending or else re
turned to the backwinder to be unraveled and the yarn again wound on a cone.
Menders usually average 40 dozen pairs per day. In some establishments this
. work is coupled with some other occupation such as inspecting or pairing.
Only women are employed in this occupation.
Pairers or maters.— This is a hand operation and consists in the careful pairing
or mating of hose in pairs so that they correspond in size, color, and texture.
This is made necessary by the inequalities caused by the knitting, boarding, or
dyeing. It occasionally happens that in the dyeing process some of the hose
take the dye or bleaching preparation deeper than others, and it is for the pur
pose of obtaining two hose of the same shade for each pair that maters or pairer
are usually employed.
The usual procedure in pairing is to lay a number of stockings out flat on a
table, placing one stocking on top of another so that about an inch of each is
left exposed. The pairer then compares other stockings, one by one, with those
spread on the table and selects from the stack on the table the one which matches
perfectly in color and the one which corresponds to the one in her hand in length
of leg, length of foot, length of heel splicing or reinforcement, and length of rib
or welt. At the same time she observes each pair for imperfections of any
kind, laying imperfect ones aside to be sent to the menders. An experienced
pairer who does no other work can pair about 80 dozen pairs per day. Practi
cally all of the employees in this occupation are females.
Seamers, full-fashioned.— This is a sewing-machine operation and is always
performed by women. These employees operate a power sewing machine which
joins together the two edges of a stocking after the toe and heel have been looped.
They seam or stitch together the two edges of the bottom of the foot starting at
the toe and stopping at the point in the heel where the looping begins then seam
or stitch together the two edges of the leg, beginning at the top of the heel where
the looping ends and continuing to the top of the hose. They also rip and
reseam hose which were improperly seamed.
In seaming the leg care must be taken to match the two edges of the hose
at certain points, such as the point where the high-spliced reinforcement on
the heel stops, the point where narrowing begins, and the point where the rein
forcement of the welt begins. An experienced seamer can seam from 35 to 50
dozen pairs per day.
Toppers, full-fashioned.— Near the lower edge of each stocking leg as it comes
from the legger is a loose course of stitches which the employee sets up, stitch
by stitch, on the quills of a transfer bar which is fastened upright on her table.
She then ravels off the knitting which extends beyond this course and slips a
similar bar down over the needles of the stationary bar, drawing the stitches
from the stationary bar over the needles of the movable bar and placing the
latter in a stationary rack on the side of her table. When she has a complete
set topped she carries the bars to the footing machine and assists the footer
in placing a transfer bar over the needles of each section, slipping the stitches
over these needles, after which the transfer bar is removed. Usually there are
two toppers to each footing machine, and an experienced hand will top about 20
dozen pairs per day. Women alone are employed in this occupation.
Welters.— These employees operate power sewing machines, and women are
always employed on this operation. The welter turns in the top of a lady’s
hose and sews a welt or hem on a machine which uses an over-lock stitch. This
is done to strengthen the hose and at the same time prevent the ends from ravel
ing. This method is not so much used now as formerly, as the later type of
knitting machines are equipped with a device which automatically knits the
welt or hem.
Winders.— Winding is the first operation in the hosiery mill and is the prepara
tion of the yarn for the knitting machine by transferring it from bobbins or
other form in which it is received from the yarn mill to evenly wound cones.
This is really a process of examining the yarn while it is being rewound, as the
proper winding of the yarn on the cones is a very important step in the produc
tion of hosiery, and care must be exercised by the winder to see that the yarn is
free from knots, lumps, “ slugs,” etc.
Winding is automatic, the operation being performed on a spindle-driven
machine which requires but little attention from the operator. The machines
vary in size from 6 to 48 spindles and are adjusted to wind the cone from 4 to 6
inches in diameter, usually about 15 to 17 inches high and holding from 2 to 3JH!
pounds of yarn each. During the process of winding the yarn is moistened by
passing over a trough containing a solution of soap and water or other solution,
70
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
or over wax, etc., in order to soften the natural gum therein thus giving the
yarn greater strength. Tensions are so regulated as to cause the yarn to break
in places where it is weak and to wind as tightly at the top or small part of the
cone as at the base or large part. Continuous winding is possible because of
the fact that each spindle is independent, making each cone independent of the
others, so that when the cone is filled it may be stopped, removed, and another
started in its place without interfering with or stopping any of the other cones.
The chief duties of a winder, usually a woman, are to tie broken ends, replace
empty bobbins, and remove the cones when filled.
Badly knitted hose which can not be economically mended are returned to
the winding department, there to be unraveled and rewound, employees engaged
on this work being called “ ravelers” or “ rewinders.”
UNDERWEAR
Buttonhole makers use special power machines which cut the buttonholes at
the same time they are being worked. In some mills the places for working the
buttonholes are marked by employees other than the buttonhole maker, but the
more modern practice is the use of a spacing gauge which engages each preceding
buttonhole. Only women are found in this occupation.
Button sewers operate special power machines. The buttons are placed in the
machine by the operator and the power is then applied, the machine sewing the
buttons on and cutting off the thread. In some plants the place for the button is
marked on the garment by employees other than the button sewers, but the
more general practice is for the button sewer to attach the buttons on predeter
mined centers with the use of a spacing gauge that engages each preceding button.
Women alone are employed in this occupation.
Cutters {hand) , layers-up, and markers.— The fabric comes to the cutters in the
form of a long flat tube or cylinder. These employees use hand shears, bench
knives, or slot knives to cut the web into the required lengths. These lengths
are then carefully spread out and placed in a stack or pile containing several
dozen thicknesses. A wooden or cardboard form or pattern corresponding to
the size of garment desired is then placed on top of the pile and an outline of this
pattern is drawn with pencil or crayon on the top piece of fabric. In a few
establishments these employe.es, in addition to cutting to length, laying-up, and
marking, also cut out the garment. In some establishments cutters, hand,
cut out the small pieces such as sleeves, cuffs, gussets, patches, etc. Both men
and women are found in this occupation.
Cutters, power, use an electric-power, hand-controlled, portable machine having
a revolving knife or disk cutter or a band knife which is operated through a slot
in the table, the knives moving up and down through this slot while the web or
fabric is being forced against it.
The duties of these employees are to take the stack or pile of fabric which has
been cut to length, stacked, and marked by the cutters (hand), layers-up, and
markers and cut out the garments according to the marking on the top of the
pile. In a few establishments these employees do their own laying-up and marking
in addition to cutting out the garment. In some establishments power knives or
disk cutters are used to cut out the small pieces, such as sleeves, cuffs, gussets, etc.
Both men and women are employed in this occupation, although men greatly
predominate.
Finishers.— After a garment has been sewed together by the seamer it is ready
for the finisher. These employees use power sewing machines to perform various
kinds of sewing to strengthen or ornament the garment. Such employees may be
known as tackers, reinforcers, facers, edgers, crocheters, collarette sewers,
budders, stayers, double seaters, toppers, eyeleters, lace sewers or lacers, strap
pers, merrowers, shell finishers or shellers. Women alone are employed in this
occupation.
Folders.—This operation, which consists of folding the garments and at the
same time giving them a final inspection, is done both before and after the pres
sing operation. The work includes folding and pinning the garments in shape
for packing. Men are seldom found in this occupation.
Hemmers use power sewing machines. This work is performed on shirts, draw
ers, and union suits; but the occupation is not found so often as formerly, the work
now being largely combined with the finishing operations. The occupational
term describes the nature of the work. On shirts the bottoms are turned back
and stitched. On some types of drawers a hem is placed on the top, while in
some instances the sleeves of shirts and union suits are finished with a hem.
Only women are employed in this operation.
DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
71
Inspectors examine the finished garment for imperfections in the knitting, such
as dropped stitches, and to see that all of the seams are joined properly. Defective
garments are rejected and returned for correction or are classified as “ seconds.”
Clipping the ends of threads and buttoning up are usually included in the work
of inspectors. In some plants inspecting and folding are done by the same
employees. Women generally are employed in this occupation.
Knitters, cuff and ankle, operate rib-top or ribbing machines. These machines
are single-feed, automatic, and with two banks of needles (dial and cylinder)
designed especially for making rib tops. The rib is knit in a continuous cylinder
or tube having any desired number of welts, stitches being dropped at intervals
to indicate where the rib is to be cut later in lengths for use. Ribbed fabric, being
more elastic, is better adapted for cuffs and ankles than flat fabric would be. In
some establishments this ribbed fabric is knit on circular machines of practically
the same circumference as the garment and later is cut and fashioned into cuffs
and ankles.
The duties of these employees are to remove empty cones and replace with full
cones of yarn, adjust the knitting needles, tie broken threads, and examine the
fabric for any defects in the knitting. Both men and women are employed in
this occupation.
Knitters, web or tube, operate either latch or spring needle machines which are
cylindrical in shape and which vary in size from 6 to 36 inches, according to the
size of the garment to be made. There are two kinds of fabric knitted for under
wear, known as ribbed and flat. Both kinds of fabric can be made on either the
spring or latch needle machines. For making the finer fabrics spring-needle ma
chines are generally used, but for knitting coarse and medium-gauged fabrics
latch-needle machines are decidedly preferable owing to their greater productive
capacity. The advantage of a spring-knitted fabric is that it has more elasticity
and will revert to shape better, but it is more expensive because the spring-needle
machine is much slower in operation.
The term “ ribbed” applies to fabric made with a double set of needles. The
term “ flat” refers to fabric made with a single set of needles. The products of
the circular knitting machines, both ribbed and flat, are subdivided into balbriggan, jersey, and fleeces.
The duties of these employees are to take off the empty cones and replace
With full cones of yarn, adjust the needles, tie broken threads, watch the fabric
to insure the production of a smooth, even piece of cloth, and remove the rolls
Of knitted fabric when completed. Both men and women are employed in this
occupation.
Menders repair defects which come largely from defective operations on the
garment, and in the main, therefore, most of their work consists in repairing
defective seams and welts and is performed on power sewing machines. This is
the main difference between underwear and hosiery menders. In hosiery prac
tically all of the mending is due to defective knitting, while in underwesr most
of the mending is caused by defective seaming or finishing. Women are always
employed in this occupation.
Pressers.— There are several types of presses, the old-style hydraulic press,
mangles, spring-bed presses, steam-heated power presses, and electric hand
irons, both with and without steam connection. The character of the press
ig decided by the fabric and type of garment being made, the main consideration
being to secure a superior finish without impairing the elasticity or reducing the
thickness of the fabric. Garments made from ribbed fabric are usually not
given much pressure and are generally pressed after folding, while garments made
from flat fabric are usually placed under considerable pressure and generally
are pressed before folding, as it imparts a better finish. Electric hand irons are
generally used for women's garments where the entire garment is not pressed.
Both men and women are employed, although men predominate.
Press hands are generally found only in establishments operating the old-style
hydraulic press. In this type of pressing stacks of alternating garments and
pressing boards are placed in the machine, the power is applied, and when suffi
ciently pressed the pile is taken out and the procedure repeated. The duties
of the press hands are to make these piles or stacks out of alternate garments and
pressing boards and pass the same to the presser. After the garments have been
kept in the machine a sufficient length of time they are taken out by the presser
and returned to the press hands, who then remove the boards from between the
garments. Both men and women are employed in this occupation.
Seamers.— This occupation includes both seamers and cover seamers. These
employees use special power sewing machines. The seamer receives the various
72
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES
parts of the garment from the cutter and stitches them together. The cover
seamer then takes the garment and with a double-needle machine, which flattens
the seams and binds them down, runs over the same seam. This latter opera
tion covers and strengthens the seams. The latest type of machine does both the
seaming and the cover-seaming in one operation. Women alone are found in
this operation.
Winders,— Winding is the first operation in the underwear mill. It is the
preparation of the yarn for the knitting machine by transferring it from skeins,
cops, or other form in which it is received from the yarn mill to evenly wound
cones. Without good winding it is impossible to obtain good knitting, hence
the winding operation may be regarded as the key to knitting.
Winding is automatic, the operation being performed on a spindle-driven
machine which requires but little attention from the operator. The winding
machine is usually fitted with an automatic lubricating apparatus, which consists
of a trough containing a lubricant, in which a roller is rotated, carrying a small
portion of the liquid on its outer surface, over which the yarn passes. This is
done in order to soften the natural gum in the yarn thus giving greater strength
to the yarn, and making it more plastic and preventing dropped stitches and
imperfect knitting.
Tensions are so regulated as to cause the yarn to break in places where it is
weak and to wind as tightly at the top or small part of the cone as at the base
or large part. Continuous winding is possible because of the fact that each
spindle is operated independently, making each cone independent of the others,
so that when the cone is filled it may be stopped, removed, and another started
in its place without interfering with or stopping any of the other cones.
The duties of a winder, usually a woman, are to examine the yarn while it is
being rewound to see that it is free from knots, lumps, “ slugs,” etc., to tie
broken ends, replace empty bobbins, and remove the cones when filled.
LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1921, as well as the bulle
tins published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*)
are out of print.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
*No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade in its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
♦No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York
City. [1914.]
*No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.]
No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
No. 448. Trade agreements, 1926.
Cooperation.
No. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
No. 314. Cooperative credit societies in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Employment and Unemployment.
♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States.
[1913.]
No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
*No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
No. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., Janu
ary, 1916.
♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10,1916.
No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
♦No. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,
1917.
No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
♦No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
Foreign Labor Laws.
*No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.]
Housing.
*No. 158. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
No. 263. Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
No. 295. Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
No. 368. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1923.
No. 424. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1924 and] 1925.
No. 449. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1925 and] 1926.
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
♦No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene in the painters’ trade. [1913.]
♦No. 121. Dangers to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting
of buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation-insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
(i)
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene—Continued.
*No. 207. Causes of death by occupation. [1917.]
*No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
♦No. 236. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers
Committee. [1919.]
♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 270. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
No. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1916 to 1919.
No. 306. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in
hazardous occupations. [1922.]
No. 339. Statistics of industrial accidents in the Unite,d States. [1923.]
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 425. Record of industrial accidents in the United States to 1925.
No. 426. Deaths from lead poisoning. [1926.]
No 427. Health survey in the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.,
July 14-16, 1926.
Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions. ■
No. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
No. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
No. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
No. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
No. 380. Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
No. 383. Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
No. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920 to 1924.
No. 399. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.]
Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
No. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
No. 285. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States. [1921.]
No. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
No. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
No. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
No. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
No. 408. Labor laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
No. 417. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1925.
No. 434. Labor legislation of 1926.
No. 444. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926.
Proceedings of Annual Conventions of Association of Government Labor Officials of the United States
and Canada.
No. 266. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15,1920.
No. 307. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
♦No. 323. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26,1922.
No. 342. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
No. 389. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
No. 411. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15,1925.
No. 429. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Com
missions.
*No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916.
No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918.
♦No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26,1919.
No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921.
No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 9-13, 1922.
No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26,1923.
No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20,1925.
No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926.
(II)
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of International Association of Public Employment Services.
No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20, 1913; Second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,
1914; Third, Detroit, July 1 and 2, 1915.
No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21, 1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y .f September 7-9, 1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925,
Productivity of Labor.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes. [1924.]
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1925.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
*No. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
*No. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
*No. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
No. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
No. 357. Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
No. 369. The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
No. 418. Retail prices, 1890 to 1925.
No. 445. Retail prices, 1890 to 1926.
Safety Codes.
No. 331. Code of lighting factories, mills, and other work places.
No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
No. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor
vehicles.
No. 351. Safety code for the construction and use of ladders.
No. 364. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus.
No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operation.
No. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants.
No. 382. Code of lighting school buildings.
No. 410. Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
No. 430. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
No. 433. Safety code for prevention of dust explosions.
No. 436. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.
No. 447. Safety code for rubber mills and calendars. (In press.)
Vocational and Workers* Education.
*No. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.]
•No. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
No. 199.: Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1916.]
No. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1926.]
Wages and Hours of Labor.
*No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
*No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
No. 204. Street railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries. [1915.]
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1926.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes. [1924.]
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 374. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1924.
No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
No. 407. Labor cost of production, and wages and hours of labor in the paper and box-board industry,
1925.
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 413. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 421. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1925.
No. 422. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1925.
No. 431. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May i3, 1926.
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Wages and Hours of Labor—Continued.
No. 434. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1926.
No. 438. Wages and hours of labor in the motor vehicle industry, 1925.
No. 442. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1925.
No. 443. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1925.
No. 446. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1926.
Welfare work.
♦No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
♦No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.]
Wholesale Prices.
No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.]
No. 440. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1926.
Women and Children in Industry.
No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected indus
tries in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
*No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.]
♦No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.]
♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
♦No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of women and child wage earners in the United
States. [1915.]
♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass.
[1916.]
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial em
ployment of women and children. [1918.]
No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in lead industries. [1919.]
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
♦No. 102. British National Insurance act, 1911.
♦No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. [1912.]
No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
No. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association
of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,
1916.
No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and
1918.
No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
3STo. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1920.
No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925.
No. 423. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada. 11926.]
Miscellaneous Series.
♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to
May 1,1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
No. 299. Personnel research agencies. A guide to organized research in employment management,
industrial relations, training, and working conditions. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization.
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. The cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 420. Handbook of American trade-unions. [1926.]
No. 439. Handbook of labor statistics, 1924-1926.
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