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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . N. DOAK, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Com m issioner
BU LLETIN OF T H E U NITED ST A T E S \
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S / ......................... IlOe
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
CO £
O L iD
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY
1910 TO 1929
JANUARY, 1931
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1931
For sale by the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, W ashington, D. C.
-
-
-
Price 15 cents
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction and summary__________________________________________
Hours and earnings by State and sex_________________________________
Average and classified earnings per hour, 1929, by occupations_______ >_
Full-time hours per week and per day, 1929__________________________
Changes in wage rates between July 1, 1927, and period of this study___
Bonus systems___ _____________________ ____________________________
Pay for overtime___________________________________________________
Days worked in one week___________________________________________
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1929______ ____
Importance of the industry__________________________________________
Scope and method__________________________________________________
Occupations in the industry_________________________________________
General tables_____________________________________________________
T able A.— Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1929, by occu
pation, sex, and State________________________________________
T able B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified
occupations, 1929, by sex and State____________________________
T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven
specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State_____________________
T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week
in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State____________
T able E.—Average and classified actual earnings in one week in
seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State______________
Appendix.— Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classifica
tion by Bureau of Labor Statistics__________________________ _
hi
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5
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11
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20
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48
54
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON
NO. 526
January, 1931
WAGES AND HOURS IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This report presents the results of the study made in 1929 by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of hours and earnings and other wage
conditions in the furniture industry in the United States. Similar
studies were made of this industry in each of the years 1910 to 1913
and in 1915.
The 1929 figures in the report are for 41,912 males and 2,958
females employed by 312 representative furniture factories in 17 of
the most important furniture manufacturing States. Summaries of
average hours and earnings in each year, and also index numbers of
such averages with the 1913 average the base, or 100, are presented
in Table 1 for the industry as a whole and for each occupation.
Average full-time hours per week of wage earners in all occupations,
or the industry, were 51.9 in 1929, as compared with 57.4 in 1915.
Average earnings per hour were 49 cents in 1929 and 21.4 cents in
1915. Average full-time earnings per week were $25.43 in 1929 and
$12.24 in 1915. Between 1915 and 1929, average full-time hours per
week of wage earners in all occupations decreased 9.6 per cent, average
earnings per hour increased 129 per cent, and average full-time
earnings per week increased 107.8 per cent. Average full-time
earnings per week did not increase in the same proportion as average'
earnings per hour because of the decrease of 9.6 per cent in average
full-time hours per week.
Average full-time hours of males in 1929 ranged by occupation
from 48.6 for hand carvers to 52.8 for craters and packers, and sprayers,
and of females ranged from 49.4 for sewers to 52.5 for polishers and
rubbers. Average earnings per hour of males ranged from 30.4 cents
for helpers to 95.6 cents for hand carvers, and of females ranged from
22.4 cents for helpers to 47.5 cents for spring setters. Average full-time
earnings per week of males ranged from $15.93 for helpers to $46.46
for hand carvers, and of females ranged from $11.65 for helpers to
$23.61 for spring setters.
The averages in the table for the years 1910 to 1915 are for wage
earners in the selected occupations only and are directly comparable one
year with another. Those for the years 1915 and 1929 are for wage
earners in all occupations in the industry and are also comparable.
Averages of wage earners in the selected occupations should not be
compared with the averages in all occupations.
The index numbers in the table are for the purpose of making easy
comparison one year with another over the period from 1910 to 1915
and for 1929. The index for any year from 1910 to 1915 for selected
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
occupations is the percentage that the average for the year is of the
average for 1913. Those for all occupations in 1929 were computed
by increasing or decreasing the 1915 index for the selected occupations
in proportion to the increase or decrease in the averages in 1929 as
compared with the averages for all occupations in 1915.
Average full-time hours per week for the industry increased from an
index of 101.4 in 1910 to an index of 101.7 in 1911, decreased to 101.4
in 1912, to 99.5 in 1915, and then to 89.9 in 1929. Average earnings
per hour decreased gradually from an index of 98.6 in 1910 to 97.3
in 1912. Increases were made to an index of 100.0 in 1913, to 103.2
in 1915, then to 236.3 in 1929.
The indexes of average full-time earnings per week showed the same
general trend as those for earnings per hour, but the increase between
1915 and 1929 was not so large, due to the shorter full-time hours
per week. Indexes are also shown for each of the occupations in the
table for which 1913 averages are available.
T a b le
1.— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1929, by
occupation, sex, and year
THE INDUSTRY
Number of—
Index numbers
(1913 average=100)
Average-
Full Full
Full
Fulltime time Earn time
Estab Wage time Earn
earn hours
ings earn
lish earners hours ings
per
per
ings
ings
per
per
ments
hour per
per week
week hour week
week
Occupation
Year
Selected occu pation s.........................
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
128
199
231
232
1240
9,398
13,299
16,390
16,723
16,691
58.2 $0,217 $12.56
58.4
.216 12.50
.214 12.41
58.2
57.4
.220 12.58
.227 12.88
57.1
101.4
101.7
101.4
100.0
99.5
98.6
98.2
97.3
100.0
103.2
99.8
99.4
98.6
100.0
102.4
All occupations__ __ __ __ ____ ____
1915
1929
1240
312
25,576
44,870
57.4
51.9
.214
.490
12.24
25.43
89.9
236.3
212.8
58.0 $0,228 $13.22
58.3
.230 13.41
58.1
.223 12.96
57.2
.227 12.98
57.1
.235 13.42
52.1
.560 29.18
.317 16.07
50.7
101.4
101.9
101.6
100.0
99.8
91.1
100.4
101.3
98.2
100.0
103.5
246.7
101.8
103.3
99.8
100.0
103.4
224.8
101.6
101.8
102.0
100.0
100.5
88.0
98.7
98.4
98.7
100.0
101.6
301.6
100.2
99.8
100.7
100.0
102.4
268.2
BY OCCUPATIONS
Assemblers and cabinetmakers:
Male *..............................................
Female______. . . . . . . . ______ ____
Carvers, hand:
Male................................................
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1929
112
169
199
171
203
302
13
1,966
2,682
3,392
3,373
3,767
5,735
54
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
65
76
82
80
97
91
315
367
350
352
321
295
56.1
56.2
56.3
55.2
55.5
48.6
.313
.312
.313
.317
.322
.956
17.36
17.28
17.44
17.32
17.73
46.46
55
138
91
394
56.6
51.1
.286
.765
16.12
39.09
288
34
1,931
132
52.8
50.3
.435
.331
22.97
16.65
Carvers, machine:
Male___________________________ 1915
1929
Craters and packers:
Male________________. . . ________ 1929
Female............................................. 1929
12 sets of averages are shown for this year—1 for selected occupations and 1 for all occupations in the
industry. The 1910 to 1915 averages for selected occupations are comparable 1 year with another, as are
those for all occupations 1 year with another for 1915 and 1929.
8In reports prior to 1929 data were published separately for “ cabinetmakers” and “ chair assemblers.”
In this report the figures are for the 2 occupations combined because of the similarity of the work and
the failure of some factories to make a dear-out distinction between the work of a cabinetmaker and of an
assembler.
3
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b le
1.— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1929, by
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
B Y OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Number of—
Occupation
Cushion and pad makers:
Male__________________________
Female. ......
.........................
Cutters, upholstering materials:
Male__________________________
Fftmftlfi __
__
Finishers:
Male................................................
Year
A verage-
Full Full
Full
Fulltime time Earn time
Estab Wage time Earn
earn
ings
ings
earn
lish
hours per
per
ings hours
ings
per
ments earners per
per
week hour per
week hour week
week
1929
1929
68
17
184
57
50.0 $0.571 $28.55
50.6
.353 17.86
1929
1929
72
42
253
135
50.0
50.1
.647
.409
32.35
20.49
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
Female_________________________ 1929
Gluers, rough stock:
Male__________________________ 1929
Helpers, excluding apprentices:
1929
Female___ . . . . . . ________________ 1929
Laborers:
Male__________________________ 1929
Machine hands:
Male................................................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
Female............ .................... ........... 1929
Polishers and rubbers: a
Male__________________________ 1929
Female_________________________ 1929
Sanders, hand:
Male___________________________ 1929
Female_________________________ 1929
Sewers:
Male___________________________ 1929
Female_________________________ 1929
Sprayers: 3
Male__________________________ 1929
Female_________________________ 1929
Spring setters:
Male_______________________ ___ 1929
Fem ale________________________ 1929
Trimmers:
Male__________________________ 1929
Female-._______________________ 1929
Upholsterers:
Male............... ................................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
Female_________________________ 1929
Veneerers:
Male................................................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
Female___________ _____________ 1929
Other employees:
Male__________________________ 1915
1929
Female_________________________ 1915
1929
128
192
228
219
238
297
59
3,182
4,407
5,290
5,132
5,300
3,164
251
58.5
58.5
58.2
57.3
56.9
52.0
50.5
.195
.194
.197
.206
.208
.505
.371
11.40
11.31
11.44
11.79
11.80
26.26
18.74
206
583
52.5
.460
24.15
288
30
3,658
153
52.4
52.0
.804
.224
15.93
11.65
102.1
102.1
101.6
100.0
99.3
90.8
94.7
94.2
95.6
100.0
101.0
245.1
96.7
95.9
97.0
100.0
100.1
222.7
101.6
101.7
101.2
100.0
99.5
90.7
97.7
97.2
97.2
100.0
102.8
235.9
99.2
98.9
98 5
100.0
102.0
214.8
281
2,693
52.2
.378
19.73
121
192
226
223
232
296
13
3,151
4,855
6,212
6,686
5,817
8,567
30
58.7
58.8
58.5
57.8
57.5
52.4
51.1
.212
.211
.211
.217
.223
.512
.293
12.39
12.35
12.30
12.49
12.74
26.83
14.97
247
14
1,897
33
52.7
52.5
.507
.300
26.72
15.75
249
61
2,283
653
52.5
51.6
.419
.268
22.00
13.83
19
100
40
932
49.8
49.4
.670
.408
33.03
20.16
270
10
1,155
22
52.8
52.0
.627
.386
27.83
20.07
71
5
557
57
50.0
49.7
.507
.475
25.35
23.61
215
18
991
89
52.2
50.9
.506
.814
26.41
15.98
38
49
54
43
62
151
13
501
558
583
493
755
2,523
49
55.0
55.8
56.4
56.2
55.3
50.1
50.3
.297
.300
.291
.295
.312
.724
.403
16.20
16.55
16.33
16.46
17.12
36.27
20.27
97.9
99.3
100.4
100.0
98.4
89.1
100.7
101.7
98.6
100.0
105.8
245.4
98.4
100.5
99.2
100.0
104.0
220.4
58
94
123
117
124
145
22
333
430
563
687
640
1,165
107
58.8
58.7
58.3
57.3
57.0
52.5
51.5
.200
.206
.213
.217
.218
.454
.290
11.75
12.10
12.36
12.43
12.34
23.84
14.94
102.6
102.4
101.7
100.0
99.5
91.6
92.2
94.9
98.2
100.0
100.5
209.2
94.5
97.3
99.4
100.0
99.3
191.8
240
292
33
53
8,560
3,844
325
204
58.2
51.6
54.1
50.3
.191
.516
.145
.343
11.14
26.63
7.83
17.25
•From 1910 to 1915, inclusive, these workers were included with finishers.
Index numbers
(1913 average=100)
4
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
HOURS AND EARNINGS BY STATE AND SEX
The figures in Table 2 show the average full-time hours per week,
earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week of all of the wage
earners covered in each State in 1929.
Average full-time hours per week for males in 1929 ranged by
States from 47 to 56.9; for females the hours ranged from 45.4 to 55
and for both sexes combined, or the industry, from 46.9 to 57.
Average earnings per hour for males in 1929 ranged by States from
29 to 64.6 cents; for females the range was from 14. 5 to 49. 2 cents,
and for both sexes combined it was from 28. 9 to 62 cents.
For males average full-time earnings per week in 1929 ranged by
States from $15.98 to $31.20 while for females they ranged from
$7.98 to $22.34, and for both sexes combined from $15.92 to $30.07.
T a b l e 2 .— Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 1929, by sex and State
Sex and State
Males:
California...................
Number Number Average Average Average
of estab of wage full-time
earnings full-time
per per
earnings
lishments earners hours
hour per
week
week
Illinois........................
Indiana.......................
Kentucky..................
Maryland. .................
Massachusetts............
Michigan....................
Missouri.....................
New Jersey.................
New York..................
North Carolina_____
Ohio...........................
Pennsylvania.............
Tennessee.........- ........
Virginia......................
Wisconsin..................
15
5
30
39
4
12
18
23
13
6
55
17
24
26
4
8
13
1,606
643
4,947
4,701
708
763
1,904
5,158
642
509
6,526
3,951
2,266
2,978
716
1,351
2,543
47.0
55.1
50.0
52.6
56.9
51.1
48.3
51.2
51.9
49.0
51.4
55.0
53.6
53.2
54.4
55.0
53.7
$0,599
.290
.608
.443
.453
.516
.646
.555
.477
.619
.566
.333
.493
.474
.348
.298
.459
$28.15
15.98
30.40
23.30
25.78
26.37
31.20
28.42
24.76
30. 33
29.09
18.32
26.42
25.22
18.93
16.39
24.65
Total.......................
312
41,912
52.1
.499
26.00
Females:
California...................
Georgia.......................
Illinois........................
Indiana.......................
Kentucky..................
Maryland....... ...........
Massachusetts............
Michigan....................
Missouri.....................
New Jersey.................
New York..................
North Carolina..........
Ohio........ — - ............
Pennsylvania.............
Tennessee..................
Virginia......................
Wisconsin..................
10
1
12
21
1
9
15
17
8
3
32
5
14
16
3
2
11
132
0)
462
255
0)
71
201
563
49
11
326
54
184
101
165
26
333
45.4
0)
50.0
52.9
0)
50.0
47.7
51.4
50.0
46.2
48.8
55.0
49.8
50.8
55.0
55.0
50.0
.492
0)
.427
.272
0)
.387
.356
.340
.319
.404
.389
.189
.374
.363
.161
.145
.315
22.34
(0
21.35
14.39
0)
19.35
16.98
17.48
15.95
18.66
18.98
10.40
18.63
18.44
8.86
7.98
15.75
Total.......................
180
2,958
50.5
.345
17.42
Males and females:
California...................
Georgia..... .................
Illinois........................
Indiana.......................
Kentucky...................
Maryland...................
Massachusetts............
Michigan....................
15
5
30
39
4
12
18
23
1,738
663
5,409
4,956
713
834
2,105
5,721
46.9
55.1
50.0
52.6
57.0
51.0
48.2
51.2
.591
.289
.593
.434
.453
.505
.620
.535
27.72
15.92
29.65
22.83
25.82
25.76
29.88
27.39
1Data included in total
5
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b le 2 .— Number of establishments and of wage earners and average hours and
earnings, 19Z9, by sex and State— Continued
Sex and State
Average Average Average
Number Number full-time
earnings full-time
of estab of wage
earnings
per per
hour per
lishments earners hours
week
week
Males and females—Continued.
Missouri. __________________________________
New Jersey__________________________________
New York___________________________________
North Carolina.
,
_ . _
Ohio.......................................................................
Pennsylvania________________________________
Tennessee___________________________________
Virginia___ _________________________________
Wisconsin___________________________________
13
6
55
17
24
26
4
8
13
691
520
6,852
4,005
2,450
3,079
881
1,377
2,876
51.8
48.9
51.2
55.0
53.3
53.1
54.5
55.0
53.3
$0,467
.615
.558
.331
.485
.471
.313
.296
.445
$24.19
30.07
28.57
18.21
25.85
25.01
17.06
16.28
23.72
Total....................................................................
312
44,870
51.9
.490
25.43
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1929,
BY OCCUPATIONS
Table 3 shows for the males and the females in each of seven
representative occupations in the furniture industry, the number of
establishments, number of employees, average earnings per hour,
and the per cent of employees earning each classified amount per
hour in 1929. The 22,210 males in these occupations represent 53
per cent of all males; the 1,858 females, 62. 8 per cent of all females;
and both sexes combined represent 53. 6 per cent of all wage earners
included in the 1929 study. The data in the table, although for only
seven occupations in the industry, represent the average and classified
earnings per hour of the employees in all occupations in the factories
included in this report.
The 5,735 assemblers and cabinet makers, male, earned an average
of 56 cents per hour and the 54 females earned an average of 31. 7
cents per hour. The distribution or classification of the males in this
occupation by individual average earnings per hour shows a very
great spread extending from 14 and under 16 cents to SI.40 and over
per hour. There was less than 1 per cent of them at these extremes.
Based on percentage the important groupings are 5 per cent, 30 and
under 35 cents; 7 per cent, 35 and under 40 cents; 10 per cent, 40 and
under 45 cents; 11 per cent, 45 and under 50 cents; 23 per cent, 50
and under 60 cents; 20 per cent, 60 and under 70 cents; 11 per cent,
70 and under 80 cents; 5 per cent, 80 and under 90 cents. The earn
ings of females ranged from an average of 16 and under 18 to 50 and
under 60 cents per hour, with 44 per cent at 30 and under 35 cents
per hour.
T
able
3 . — Average earnings per hour and per cent of employees earning each classified amount, in seven specified occupations, 1929y by sex
Number of—
Occupation and sex
8,567
30
.512
.293
247
14
1,897
.507
.300
249
61
2,283
653
.419
19
40
932
.670
.408
151
13
2,523
.724
.403
145
1,165
107
.454
.290
100
22
(9
12
(9
(9
25
(9
19
(9
(9
12
5
.....
(9
<9
(9
<9
<9
18
4
20
(9
(0
4
14
3
15
1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
LABOB
296
13
(9
0)
OF
1.560
.317
HOURS
5,735
54
45,
30,
35,
40,
50,
100, 120, 140,
Un
70,
90,
12,
18,
der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and
30
40
18
20
25
35
45
50
140 over
70
90
100
120
12 14
80
AND
i Less than 1 per cent.
302
13
Per cent of wage earners whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
WAGES
Assemblers and cabinetmakers:
Male................. ...................
Female__________ ____ ___
Machine hands:
Male............. ......................
Female.................................
Polishers and rubbers:
Male............................ ........
Female....................... .........
Sanders, hand:
Male....... .........................
Female..............................
Sewers:
Male.......... ..........................
Female............. ...................
Upholsterers:
Male............ ........................
Female.................................
Veneerers:
Male.......... .........................
Female__________________
Estab Wage
lish
ments
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
05
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
7
FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK AND PER DAY, 1929
Full-time hours of each factory are the regular hours of operation
as established by a regular time of beginning work in the morning and
of closing in the afternoon, less the regular time off duty for lunch or
dinner, with no overtime, and without deducting time lost for any
cause. The full-time hours per week as presented in this table,
therefore, do not indicate the amount of employment or unemploy
ment. They are the hours that would have been worked had all
employees worked no more nor less than the established full-time
hours.
Table 4 shows for each of seven representative occupations and for
each of the years 1910 to 1929 for which comparable data are avail
able, the number of establishments, the number of employees, average
full-time hours per week, and the per cent of employees wrorking each
classified number of full-time hours per week.
Average full-time hours per week of assemblers and cabinetmakers,
male, increased from 58 in 1910 to 58.3 in 1911, decreased gradually
from year to year to 57.1 in 1915, and than dropped to 52.1 in 1929.
In 1910 the full-time hours per week of 55 per cent of the 1,966
employees in this occupation were 60 and over; 16 per cent were 57
and under 60; 15 per cent were over 54 and under 57; 8 per cent were
exactly 54, and 6 per cent were less than 54 hours per week. In 1929
the hours of only 1 per cent of the employees in tins occupation were
60 and over per week; 2 per cent were 57 and under 60; 3 per cent
were over 55 and under 57; 30 per cent were exactly 55; 1 per cent
were over 54 and under 55; 9 per cent were 54; 5 per cent were 52%;
1 per cent were over 50 and under 52K; 34 per cent were 50; 4 per
cent were 49K hours; 6 per cent were 48; 1 per cent were over 44 and
under 48; and 3 per cent were 44 hours per week. In 1910 the hours
of 71 per cent of the employees in this occupation were 57 and over,
as compared with only 3 per cent in this group in 1929.
T
able
4 . — Average full-time hours per week and per cent of employees working each classified number of hours, in seven specified occupations,
00
1910 to 1929, by sex and year
Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were-
Number of—
Occupation and sex
247
14
1,897
33
1929
1929
249
61
1929
1929
19
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1929
1929
1929
121
6,212
6,686
50
Over
50
and
under
52H
52H
6
2
(3)
4
2
34
74
1
13
5
215
14
*19
' 29
212
1
i2
12
13
12
13
1
3
4
2
3
23
22
9
13
213
213
217
28
2 14
1
1
1
3
5
(3)
4
34
60
i
7
5
3
52.7
52.5
2
1
3
4
3
0
3
3
29
27
1
4
6
2,283
653
52.5
51.6
1
7
4
( 3)
2
7
30
48
1
2
9
2
40
932
49.3
49.4
15
100
3
21
3
15
50
36
1
5
49
54
43
62
151
13
501
558
583
493
755
2,523
49
55.0
55.8
56.4
56.2
55.3
50.1
50.3
13
1
0
7
2
4
5
15
20
3
2
8
29
...... 1......
__ ___
36 j
24 I
0
4
Over
54
and
under
55
8
4
3
27
24
9
!
......... 1_____
(3)
54
if>
16
16
14
i7
(3)
I
1
3
Over
52^
and
under
54
30
2
1
4
2
1
7
18
31
31
15
(3)
20
20
15
16
13
1
216
212
2 15
211
216
0
60
62
52
48
46
1
3
3
9
12
43
42
32
34
47
1
10
21
20
26
19
15
1
4
( 3)
1 15
19
17
18
18
2
55
57
52
41
40
1
4
1 1 34
6
3
3
7
16
19
20
19
17
2
32
10
14
48
2
Over 57
60
55
and and and
under under
over
60
57
i............
(3)
(3)
7
55
LABOR
5,817
8,567
30
58.7
58.8
58.5
57.8
57.5
52.4
51.1
192
226
223
232
296
13
m /2
33
20
13
5
15
5
3
I
10
OF
Female..
3,151
4,855
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1929
112
Over
48
and
under
493^
48
HOURS
Female................
Polishers and rubbers:
Male....................
Female.................
Sanders, hand:
Male....................
Female.................
Sewers:
Male....................
Female.................
Upholsterers:
Male....................
58.0
58.3
58.1
57.2
57.1
52.1
50.7
169
199
171
203
302
13
Over
44
and
under
48
AND
Female........ .
Machine bands:
Male............ .
1,966
2,682
3,392
3,373
3,767
5,735
54
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1929
44
WAGES
Assemblers and cabinetmakers:
Male.....................................
Year
Avertge full
time
Es- Wage hours Un
tabder
per
lish- earn
week
44
ments ers
Veneerers:
M a le -
Female..
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1929
58
94
123
117
124
145
22
333
430
563
687
640
1,165
107
12
i1
12
(»)
(>)
1
32
34
9
13
2 20
2 21
2 28
29
2 12
1
5
34
3
11
20
•23
17
14
16
1
59
56
53
43
37
(3)
INDUSTRY,
1910
TO
1929
68.7
58.3
57.3
57.0
52.5
51.5
FURNITURE
1 Grouped “ under 54” in previous reports.
* Grouped as “ over 54 and under 57” in previous reports.
* Less than 1 per cent.
68.8
CD
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
The full-time hours per week and per day, Monday to Friday, and
on Saturday, as shown in Table 5, were the regular or customary full
time hours per week and per day of the 312 establishments covered
in the 1929 study. They were the regular hours of operation of each
establishment as a whole without giving any weight to any overtime
or to any lost time. In a few establishments in which there was a
variation of hours as between different departments, groups of em
ployees, or occupations the prevailing hours of each factory were used
in compiling this table.
Full-time hours per week of the 312 factories in the report ranged
from 44 in 14 to 60 in 1. The hours of 94, or 30.1 per cent, were 50
per week, and of 81, or 26 per cent, were 55 per week.
The regular hours per day, Monday to Friday, of the 312 factories
covered in 1929 ranged from 8 in 17 to 10fn hours in 1. The hours on
Saturday of 309 factories ranged from 4 in 19 to 10 in 1. The 5-day
week was in effect in 3 factories, there being no work on Saturday.
There were 306 factories that had a shorter working-day on Saturday
than on Monday to Friday.
T
able
5 . — Number
of establishments in each State at each specified full-time
hours per week and per day, 1929
Full-time
hours per day
Full
time
hours
per
week
Number of establishments i n -
TO^
pifc
o
s
8
8
8
9
8H
8%
m
18%
9
9
9
9Ma
9Mo
10
m
m
m
m
m
m
9
9^2
m
9
m
m
4 4
44H -4 5
45___
47^—
4 8
4 9
49H5 0
5 1
52..__
52^__
53___
54— .
10
m
10
10
10
10^
10H
10H
lOHs
10
10
54^.
55___
55M--
55H— -
56.
56H-
57
58.
59.
60
Total.
4
4U
5
0
5
4H
4H
4\i
4
4H
5
4^2
4H
0
8H
m
4%
5
4H
5
8
5M2
5
9
5%
5
4Ve
4
5
5
5H
5H
5H
5H
5U
5H
9
10
i
i 8}§ hours on Friday.
14
1
2
1
1
1
it:
1
1
4
....
16
1
4
13
87
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
39
2
1
1
1
16
4
9
1
17
8
T
11
l" 2
2
81
1
5
2
3
1
1
2
1
15
30
39
4 : 12
18
23
13
6 j 55
17
24
26
312
11
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
CHANGES IN WAGE RATES BETWEEN JULY 1, 1927, AND
PERIOD OF THIS STUDY
Of the 312 establishments included in this report, only 20 reported
changes in wage rates between July 1, 1927, and the period of the 1929
study. Rates were increased in 3 factories and were decreased in 16,
and were decreased and then increased in 1 factory. In 12 of the 20
factories the changes affected all employees, in 2 pieceworkers only,
and in 6 the changes affected specific groups of workers in certain
departments.
Table 6 shows the number of establishments, class of employees
affected, and the per cent of increase or decrease in each factory.
T
able
6 . — Changes in wage rates between July 1, 1927, and period of the 1929
study
Per cent of change
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Employees whose rates were changed
Decrease Increase
1
1
1
1
6
2
2
1
2
Pieceworkers__________ ____ ________________________________________
Finishing, sewing, and upholstering departments. _____________________
Pieceworkers________________________________________________________
Pieceworkers in cutting, sewing, and upholstering departments__________
All_________________________________________________________________
____do______________________________________________________________
____do.............. ................................................................. .......... .....................
fTJpholsterers___ ___________ __________ _______________________ ______
IApprentices............ —____ ____ _____ ______ __________ ________________
Upholsterers’ helpers and upholsterers’ apprentices______ ____ __________
[Finishing and cabinet room workers___________________________________
1 •1Rubbing room pieceworkers_________________________________________
[Machine room and dayworkers_______________________________________
1 All.....................................................................................................................
1 — _.do................................ , ..............................................................................
i Feb. 1, 1928.
20
6-20
15
10-20
10
15
8
20
10
7K
10-20
110
10
12H
2
28
‘ Aug. 1, 1929
BONUS SYSTEMS
Table 7 shows the kind of bonus in each factory in which such a
system was in operation at the time of the 1929 study of the industry;
tne employees entitled to receive the bonus payments, consisting
of either all or part of the time saved in completing a task or unit of
work in less than the time allocated to the same; and the conditions
or requirements necessary to earn the bonus.
Of the 312 establishments covered in the 1929 study, only 48
had bonus systems in operation at that time. Production was the
basis of the bonus in 46 factories, and attendance was the basis in 2
factories.
12
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b le
Estab*
lishment
No.
1
— Bonus systems of 48 establishments in the furniture industry in 1929
Kind of
bonus
Employees entitled
Bonus—portion of time
saved paid for and rate or
per cent of earnings
Production— All except shipping and
a s s e m b lin g depart
ments: Direct labor..... Three-fourths of time saved
at regular rate.
Indirect labor............ One-fourth of time saved at
regular rate.
All of time saved at regular
rates.
....... do_..................................
One-half of time saved at
regular rate.
2 ....... d o ......... All in cabinet and ma
chine departments.
3 ....... do_____ All pieceworkers__
4 ....... do.......... Cabinetmakers, finishers,
san ders, m a c h in e
hands, upholsterers and
a specified part of the
laborers.
5 ....... do_____ T rim m e rs and uphol
sterers.
6 ....... do.......... Machine hands, veneerers, trimmers, and all
helpers on bonus pay
ing jobs.
7 ....... do.......... Cabinetmakers, finishers,
veneerers, and machine
hands.
8 ....... do_........ Certain part of the ma
chine hands.
9 ....... d o ......... All productive employees.
10 ....... do.......... Assemblers, cabinetmak
ers, finishers, machine
hands, sanders (hand),
and veneerers.
11 ....... do.......... Cabinetmakers, finishers,
machine hands, pack
ers, craters, and up
holsterers.
12 ....... do_____ All in cabinetmaking,
c a r v in g ,
finishing,
packing, machine, up
holstering, and veneer
ing departments.
13 ....... do.......... Cabinetmakers, finish
ers, and machine hands,
packers, and craters.
14 ....... d o ......... All....................................
15 ....... do_____
16 ....... do_____
17 ....... do..........
18 ....... do..........
19 ....... do..........
20 ....... do_____
21 ....... do..........
22 ....... do..........
23 ....... do_____
24 ....... do..........
25 ------ do..........
26 ....... do..........
27 ....... do..........
Conditions
Must complete specific
task, number of units,
job, etc., in less than al
lotted time.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
Varies; some only part,
others all of time saved at
regular rate.
Do.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
Do.
Do.
Do.
One-half of time saved at
regular rate.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
Do.
Do.
Machine hands 90 per cent
of time saved, others all of
time saved at regular rate.
Do.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
*
Do.
Machine hands 90 per cent of
Do.
time saved, others all of
time saved at regular rates.
All of time saved at regular
Do.
rates.
Machine hands, packers, ....... do....................................
Do.
and veneerers.
All in machine depart
do....................................
Do.
ment.
All except carvers, eleva
Do.
tor men, hand decor
ators, and laborers.
All except cutters, up One-third of time saved at
Do.
holsterers and dryregular rates.
house employees.
Craters, finishers, ma All of time saved at regular
Do.
chine hands, sanders
rates.
(hand), and veneerers.
All except straw bosses ....... do....................................
Do.
and yard employees.
All except carvers, special Three-fourths of time saved
Do.
parts men, and foremen.
at regular rate.
All in machine depart One-half of time saved at
Do.
ment.
regular rates.
Cabinetmakers, machine All of time saved at regular
hands, and veneerers.
rate.
All except parvers, com ....... do....................................
Do.
position workers, pack
ers, pieceworkers, and
salaried and mainte
nance men.
Cabinetmakers, machine All of time saved at regular Must complete specific
hands, and all in cut
rate.
job in less than allotted
ting room.
time.
All in finishing and ship ....... do....................................
Do.
ping departments.
All in packing depart ____ do.....................................
Do.
ment.
13
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T
able
7 . — Bonus systems of 48 establishments in the furniture industry in 1929—
Continued
Estab
lish
ment
No.
28
Employees entitled
Bonus—portion of time
saved paid for and rate or
per cent of earnings
Finishers and machine
hands.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
Kind of
bonus
Production.
___ do........ . Rubbers in finishing room
___ do......... All in finishing depart
ments of chairs and
mantels.
....... do.......... All except unskilled la
borers, helpers, and
inspectors.
___ do........ . All pieceworkers..............
___ do........ . Assemblers, cabinetmak
ers, craters, packers,
fin ish ers, m ach in e
hands, machine hands’
helpers, and laborers.
....... do........ . Machine hands.............—
.do..
One-half of time saved at
regular rate.
Conditions
Must complete specific
job in less than allotted
time.
Do.
Do.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
Do.
.do..
One-half of time saved at
regular rate.
Do.
Do.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
....... do........ . Assemblers, craters, pack ___ do....................................
ers, cushion and padmakers, finishers, ma
chine hands, machine
hands’ helpers, sanders
(hand), sprayers, spring
setters, upholsterers,
veneerers, and a speci
fied part of the group of
other employees.
....... do........ . Machine hands................ All of production in excess of
fixed standard paid for at
basic rate.
37 ....... do_____ All except 8 female piece ----- do....................................
workers in finishing
department.
....... do......... (A) Foremen of cabinet, A varying per cent of the
machine, and finishing
value of every article man
ufactured.
rooms.
(B) All in cabinet, ma All of production in excess of
chine, sanding, trim
fixed standard paid for at
ming, and veneering
basic rate.
departments.
..d o ......... Assemblers, cabinetmak One-half of production in ex
ers, and machine-room
cess of fixed standard, paid
employees.
for at basic rate.
All
productive employees Three-fourths of production
__do.........
40
in excess of fixed standard
paid for at basic rate.
....... do..
All employees.................. One-half of time saved at
___ do..
regular rate.
Do.
Da
Must produce at least 75
per cent of machine
capacity.
Must produce in excess of
a fixed standard of
units per hour.
Value of finished article.
Must produce in excess of
fixed standard of units
per hour.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Must complete specific
job in less than allotted
time.
Do.
All of time saved at regular
rate.
All except upholsterers Three-fourths of time saved
Do.
at regular rate.
and pattern makers.
....... do......... All................................... . 5 per cent of earnings and 1 Must produce at least 70
per cent of earnings extra
per cent of a fixed
for each 1 per cent pro
standard.
duced in excess of the 70
per cent standard.
....... do.......... Assemblers, cabinetmak All of time saved at regular Must complete specific
job in less than allotted
ers, finishers, helpers,
rate.
time.
machine hands, polish
ers and rubbers, sand
ers, hand sprayers, and
upholsterers.
Must work in excess of
Attendance All.................................... 10 per cent of earnings..
100 hours during half
month pay period.
Must work in excess of 54
7 per cent of earnings..
.do..
___ do..........
hours per week.
....... do.........
All except 22 laborers-----
....... do........
8 3 4 8 ° — 3 1 ---------2
14
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
PAY FOR OVERTIME
Time worked in excess of the regular full-time hours per day and
per week is overtime. Work on Sunday and holidays is extra time
only when worked by employees whose regular hours per day do not
provide for work on those days. Such hours of overtime or extra time
were paid for at higher rates than for regular working time in 38 of
the 312 factories included in the 1929 study. In 18 factories all
employees, and in 20 only specified groups of employees, were paid
more for overtime or extra time than for regular working hours.
Table 8 shows the number of establishments, the employees affected,
and the rate of pay for overtime on week days and for work on
Sunday and holidays.
T a b l e 8 . — Pay for overtime, employees entitled, and rate, 1929
Times regular rate
for each hour of
overtime on—
Num
ber of
Employees paid extra rate
lishments
Week
days
Females...........................
Sewers and upholsterers.
All.
Upholsterers..
11
.do..
_do.
.do..
All except piece workers and salaried employees.............................
___ do..................................................................................................
All except piece workers, salaried men, and maintenance workers..
All except piece workers and salaried employees............................
Piece workers, sweepers, and salaried employees.............................
Time workers............................................................ - .......................
Shipping department employees.......................................................
All except piece workers....................................................................
_do.
All.
_do..
Cabinet, finishing, and milling departments........................................ .
Time workers in service four months or more...................................... .
All except laborers, repairers, veneerers, dryers, tapers, and redryers..
Hourly workers not on bonus system.....................................................
Sunday
and
holidays
IX
1; '
1m
lX
r '
i
nx
ix
i
n x
IX
1IX
IX
1%
m
im
IX
IX
i After 60 hours per week have been worked.
* After 9 hours rate changes to IX» After 9X hours rate changes to 1M<5 cents per hour more than regular rate for each hour in excess of regular full-time hours per week.
DAYS WORKED IN ONE WEEK
Table 9 shows for the employees in 7 of the representative occupa
tions in the industry the average and actual number of days on which
employees worked in a representative week in 1929. Days on which
an employee worked means the number of calendar days, or parts of
days, on which any work was done. Each full day or any part of a
day on which an employee did any work was counted as a day.
The 5,735 male assemblers and cabinetmakers, the first occupa
tion of the table, worked an average of 5.7 days in one week, and 81
15
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
per cent of them worked on 6 days, 12 per cent on 5 days, 4 per cent
on 4 days, 1 per cent on 3 days, 1 per cent on 2 days, and 1 per cent
worked on only 1 day in the week.
The 54 females in this occupation worked an average of 5.6 days in
one week, and 87 per cent of the number worked on 6 days in the week.
One per cent or less of the males in 6 of the 7 occupations in the
table worked on 7 days of the week.
T a b l e 9 . — Per cent of employees working each specified number of days in one week,
in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex
Per cent of employees who worked
Aver
age
num
Esof
1
2
4
3
6
5
7
tab- Wage ber
days day days days
days days days days
lish- earners worked
ments
Number of—
Occupation and sex
Assemblers and cabinetmakers:
Male ...........
Female______ . . . . . . . . . . . _____
Machine hands:
Male____ __. . . . . . . _. . . . . . . _
Female_____ ________________
Polishers and rubbers:
Male____ ___________________
Female______________________
Sanders, hand:
Male________________________
Female_____________________
Sewers:
Male____ ___________________
Female_____________________
Upholsterers:
Male________________________
Female_____________________
Veneerers:
Male_______________________
Female______________________
302
13
6,735
54
6.7
6.6
1
2
1
2
1
4
4
2
12
4
81
87
(>)
296
13
8,567
30
5.7
5.1
1
1
1
10
4
20
12
23
81
47
<0
247
14
1,897
33
5.5
5.5
1
2
4
6
18
12
12
75
70
(0
249
61
2,283
653
5.5
5.5
1
2
2
1
2
4
6
7
15
17
74
70
0)
19
100
40
932
5.6
5.6
1
1
5
2
5
6
13
19
78
72
151
13
2,523
49
6.5
5.3
1
4
1
3
2
8
16
20
14
67
63
1
145
22
1,165
107
5.8
5.7
1
1
1
3
4
12
15
83
80
1
0)
1 Less than 1 per cent.
INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS,
1923 TO 1929
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the furniture
industry are presented in Table 10 for each of the months and years
from January, 1923, to December, 1929. The figures in this table
are as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics m monthly reports
on “ Trend of Employment.” In computing the numbers from aver
ages for each month and year, average number of employees and
average amount of the pay rolls in 1926 were used as the base, or 100
per cent. During the period, 1923 to 1929, the monthly volume of
employment index was tdghest (104.8) in November, 1925, and lowest
(87.1) in June, 1928, and pay rolls were highest (111.5) in October,
1929, and lowest (77.4) in July, 1924. Index numbers of employment
by years was highest (100.4) in 1923 and lowest (92.5) in 1928, and pay
rolls were highest (100.0) in 1926 and lowest (90.7) in 1924.
16
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b le
10. — Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January, 1923, to
December, 1929, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100]
Employment
Pay-roll totals
Month
1924
1925
99.8 96.5
101.4 99.0
101.8 99.1
101.1 97.2
100.4 93.7
99.2 89.8
99.4 88.3
100.5 89.5
99.4 93.1
100.8 96.7
101.1 98.5
99.6 101.2
100.4
102.1
102.0
99.2
95.4
93.1
92.3
95.3
98.3
102.2
104.8
103.7
1923
January..........
February____
March............
April............. .
M ay...............
June.............. .
J u ly ..............
August.......... .
September___
October—.......
November___
December.......
Average. 100.4
95.2
1926
1927
100.9 97.4
102.6 97.7
102.4 97.3
100.3 94.8
96.3 92.7
94.4 92.0
93.9 92.0
96.8 94.5
101.0 97.5
104.7 100.1
104.1 100.1
102.6 96.6
99.1 100.0
96.1
1928
1929
1923
1924
1925
1926
92.4 94.2 89.7 88.6 93.5 96.8
93.2 95.4 92.4 96.0 98.5 102.4
93.5 94.6 94.8 95.0 99.5 102.5
90.7 92.9 S95.1 93.5 93.4 99.2
87.7 91.7 | 94.8 88.2 90.4 94.1
87.1 92.0 1 93.1 83.9 87.6 93.1
87.3 94.3 1 92.1 77.4 83.9 88.4
90.5 98.2 I 92.1 84.4 91.0 96.6
94.1 102.1 ! 93.5 88.5 94.3 101.7
97.7 104.3 1 98.0 95.6 103.7 108.4
98.4 99.9 , 98.1 96.3 106.4 109.8
97.5 91.7 |96.1 100.8 105.4 107.3
92.5
95:9 ! 94.2
90.7
95.6 100.0
1927
1928
96.1 89.1
101.0 95.5
101.5 94.8
98.3 88.9
95.0 85.6
93.0 87.1
90.1 83.4
96.3 90.4
99.5 96.3
104.6 103.3
103.1 103.6
99.5 99.8
98.2
93.2
1929
92.0
97.0
96.7
94.9
93.0
92.9
90.6
100.0
105.6
111.5
101.1
88.4
97.0
i
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY
The basic figures in Table 11 were drawn from the United States
Census of Manufactures, 1927, and show the importance of the
furniture industry in the United States as a whole in each of the
specified years from 1919 to 1927 in number of establishments, aver
age number of wage earners, amount paid in wages, cost of materials,
value of products, and in value added by manufacture. Like figures
are also shown in the table for each of the 17 principal furniture
manufacturing States and for “ All other States.” Averages, per
wage earner, for each item and each year, and the per cent that wages
were of the value added by manufacture, computed by the bureau
from the basic figures, are also presented in the table.
Average annual wages of employees in all States combined in
creased from $1,021 to $1,159, or $138, between 1919 and 1921; from
$1,159 to $1,217, or $58, between 1921 and 1923; from $1,217 to
$1,245, or $28, between 1923 and 1925; and from $1,245 to $1,267,
or $22, between 1925 and 1927. Averages ranged by States in 1927
from $775 to $1,572.
Wages were 45.6 per cent of the value added by manufacture in
1919; 48.6 per cent in 1921; 47.1 per cent in 1923; 46.6 per cent in
1925, and 48.2 per cent in 1927. The per cent that wages were of
the value added by manufacture ranged by States from 32.5 to 56.1
per cent.
T a b le 11,
Number of establishments, wage earners, wages,
0/ materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in the
furniture industry, 1010 fo
$143,152,217
144,148,061
204,566,063
225,297,743
236,109,312
$265,725,010
253,706,187
342,442,530
384,875,068
389,389,595
$579,906,396
550,413,020
776,846,732
868,719,971
879,706,306
$314,181,386
296,706,833
434,404,202
483,844,903
490,316,711
$1,021
1,159
1,217
1,245
1,267
$1,895
2,040
2,036
2,126
2,090
$4,135
‘ 4,426
4,620
4,799
4,722
$2,240
2,386
2,583
2,673
2,632
45.6
48.6
47.1
46.6
48.2
California............................ ................................
Georgia......................... ........................ ..............
Illinois. ................. ......... .............................
Indiana......................................... .....................
Kentucky........................... ................. ..............
241
31
364
210
33
7,589
2,148
20,010
17,800
2,173
11,014,943
1,760,949
30,163,914
19,136,491
2,086,745
18,777,962
3,345,349
49,040,371
38,487,376
3,639,244
41,181,934
6,970,962
110,618,359
78,649,183
7,722,695
22,403,972
3,625,613
61,577,988
40,161,807
4,083,451
1,451
820
1,508
1,075
960
2,474
1,557
2,451
2,162
1,675
5,427
3,245
5,528
4,418
3,554
2,952
1,688
3,077
2,256
1,879
49.2
48.6
49.0
47.6
51.1
Maryland........................ ....................................
Massachusetts__________ ________ ___________
Michigan...................... ........................... ...........
Missouri........... ...................................................
55
194
174
89
2,343
8,077
21,337
3,083
2,729,068
11,027,153
28,612,181
4,101,968
4,373,384
16,682,116
37,154,297
6,350,298
10,009,988
36,796,137
94,220,740
15,393,4S8
5,636,604
20,114,021
57,066,443
9,043,190
1,165
1,365
1,341
1,331
1,867
2,065
1,741
2, C60
4,272
4,556
4,416
4,993
2,406
2,490
2,675
2,933
48.4
54.8
50.1
45.4
New Jersey......................... ................... ............
New York.......... ..............................................
North Carolina____________ _______ ____ ____
Ohio...... ........................................................... .
67
586
143
174
2,439
26,985
14,821
10,322
3,832,983
41,368,866
12,417,590
13,910,491
5,437,785
63,881,047
27,702,378
21,457,748
13,371,389
157,446,548
53,551,220
51,821,451
7,933,604
93,565, 501
25.848,842
30,363,703
1,572
1,533
838
1,348
2,230
2,367
1,869
2,079
5,482
5,835
3,613
5,020
3,253
3,467
1,744
2,942
48.3
44.2
48.0
45.8
Pennsylvania..... ..............................................
Tennessee.................................. ........................ .
Virginia................................................................
269
45
48
12,474
3,514
5,399
15,578,267
2,722,392
4,306,839
14,345,703
23,831,286
5,368,986
10,649,296
23,564,902
53,771,084
11,156,331
23,909,756
49,150,009
29,939,798
5,787,345
13,260,460
25,585,107
1,249
775
798
1,292
1,910
1,528
1,972
2,122
4,311
3,175
4,429
2,400
1,647
2,456
2,304
32.5
56.1
All other States.................................................
383
14,685
16,987,769
29,645,770
63,965,032
34,319,262
1,157
2,019
4,356
2,337
49.5
mi
Wisconsin..........................................................
116
11,103
4,427
52.0
47.0
1929
140,252
124,362
163,157
181,016
186,302
Value of
products
TO
3,279
3,038
3,047
3,239
3,222
United States:
1919............................................ ...................
1921_ ............................................ ..................
1923__.................................... ........................
1925__................. ......... ............. ....................
1927__............................ .............................
Cost of ma
terials
1910
Amount paid
in wages
State and year
INDUSTRY,
Average
number
of wage
earners
FURNITURE
Value
cent
Annual Cost of Value of added Per
wages
by
Value added
wages material products
are of
by manufacture per wage per wage per wage manu
value
facture
earner
earner earner per
wage added
earner
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
18
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
SCOPE AND METHOD
The wage figures used in compiling this bulletin were obtained
from representative furniture factories in 17 States. The principal
products of the factories were wooden household furniture, including
bedroom, dining-room, sitting-room, and parlor suites, library and
hall pieces, tables, chairs, radio cabinets, and office furniture, such
as desks, tables, chairs, etc. Data were not taken from factories
whose principal products were metallic, reed, or fiber furniture, mat
tresses, bed springs, refrigerators, furniture for schools, churches,
theaters, etc., nor from those engaged in the manufacture of expen
sive made-to-order pieces of furniture.
The wage figures that were used in compiling this report were for
one representative pay period in the fall of the year 1929, mainly
in October and November, and were taken directly from pay rolls
or other records of the factories by agents of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Data for only a representative part of the total number of employees
of a few large factories were used in the reports, as the inclusion of
data for all wage earners in them would have tended to overweight
and possibly impair the representative character of the averages for
the States in which the large factories were located.
A very large per cent of the factories in the industry pay employees
every week. Data for those that pay every two weeks or half-month
were so taken as to make it possible to show wage figures for all
employees in all factories for one week.
The average e
1
employees in each occupation
were computed
earnings of all employees in
the occupation, during the period covered in the study, by the total
hours worked by such employees.
Average full-time hours per week for employees in each occupation
were computed by dividing the total full-time hours per week of all
employees in the occupation by the total employees in the occupation
during the pay period covered.
Average full-time earnings per week for employees in each occupa
tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of
all employees in the occupation by the average full-time hours per
week. This assumes that the earnings for full time would have been
at the same average rate per hour as for the time that was actually
worked in the week covered by this study.
Table 12 shows the number of establishments and wage earners
in the furniture industry in each State in 1927, as reported by the
Census of Manufactures, and the number for which 1929 wages and
hours of labor are presented in this report. Based on the 1927
census figures, the wage earners in the 17 States represent 92.1 per
cent of the total number in the industry in that year, and the 44,870
included in the 1929 study represent 26.1 per cent of the total number
employed in the 17 States, and 24.1 per cent of the total in the United
States.
19
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b l e 12.— Number of wage earners in the furniture industry in 1927 and number
of establishments and wage earners for which 1929 data are shown, by State»
E sta b lish m e n ts and
wage earners for which
Number of
1929 data are shown in
wage earn
this
report
ers reported
by United
States Cen
sus Bureau Number of Number of
establish wage earners
for 1927
ments
State
California______________ ______ _____
Georgia____________________________
Illinois___________________ ______ __
Indiana____________________________
Kentucky__________________________
Maryland__________________________
Massachusetts______________________
Michigan__________________________
Missouri___________________________
New Jersey___________ _________ ___
7,689
2,148
20,010
17,800
2,173
2,343
8,077
21,337
3,083
2,439
15
5
30
39
4
12
18
23
13
6
1,738
663
5,409
4,956
713
834
2,105
5,721
691
520
New York.......................................... .
North Carolina.....................................
Ohio................ ......................................
Pennsylvania................ .............. .........
Tennessee ............................ ..................
Virginia____________________________
Wisconsin............. ...............................
Other States________________ _______
26,985
14,821
10,322
12,474
3, 514
5,399
11,103
14,685
55
17
24
26
4
8
13
6,852
4,005
2,450
3,079
881
1,377
2,876
Total........................................... . . .
186,302
312
44,870
OCCUPATIONS IN THE INDUSTRY
Wage figures are presented in this bulletin for each occupation in
the furniture industry in which wage earners are of enough importance
in number to warrant showing separately. Wage figures for employ
ees in other occupations have been combined and are included in the
miscellaneous group of “ other employees.” The occupations as pub
lished in the tables in this bulletin in alphabetical order are as follows:
Assemblers and cabinetmakers.
Carvers, hand.
Carvers, machine.
Craters and packers.
Cushion and pad makers.
Cutters (upholstering materials).
Finishers.
Gluers, rough stock.
Helpers (excluding apprentices).
Laborers.
juaDorers.
Machine hands.
Polishers and rubbers.
Sanders, hand.
Sewers.
Sprayers.
Spring setters.
Trimmers.
Upholsterers.
Veneerers.
All occupations found in the industry are defined in the Appendix.
GENERAL TABLES
In addition to the text tables already shown, wage figures are also
presented by occupation, sex, and State in five general tables as
follows:
T a b l e A.—Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1929, by occu
pation, sex, and State.
20
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
The 580 male assemblers and cabinetmakers of the 30 establish
ments in Illinois for which data are shown on the third line in this
table worked an average of 5.8 days or parts of days in one week in
1929. Their average full-time hours per week were 50.3. In one
week they actually worked an average of 49.9 hours or 99.2 per cent
of their average full-time hours per week. They earned an average
of 69.2 cents per hour and $34.54 in one week. Had they worked
their full time of 50.3 hours per week at the same average earnings
per hour as were earned in the 49.9 hours, they would have earned
$34.81 in the week. This explanation applies to data in this occu
pation for males in other States, to data for males and for females in
other occupations and States, and also to data for males and for
females in all occupations or the industry in each State at the end
of the table, pages 29 and 30.
Average full-time hours per week and average hours actually worked
in one week are shown in parallel columns in the table, thus making
easy comparison of the hours that were worked in one week with those
that would have been worked in the week had all employees in the
occupation and State worked no more nor less than full time in the
week.
T a b l e B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in seven spec
ified occupations, 1929, by sex and State.
T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in
seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State.
T a b l e D.—Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State.
T a b l e E.—Average and classified actual earnings in one week in
seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State.
T a b l e A ,— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
Num number
ber of of days
wage
earners worked
in one
week
Per
of Aver
Aver Aver cent
full
age
age
age full hours
time
time actually hours earn
ings
hours worked
actually per
per
one worked
week in
week • in one hour
week
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
Assemblers and cabinetmakers,
male:
California___ ___________
Georgia_________________
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Kentucky __ ____________
Maryland. ____________
Massachusetts___________
Michigan_______________
Missouri__ _____________
New Jersey______________
New Y o r k ..____________
North Carolina__________
Ohio..................... ..............
Pennsylvania____________
Tennessee._ ____________
Virginia.. ______________
W isconsin_______________
15
5
30
38
4
10
15
23
13
6
55
i?
22
24
4
8
13
187
72
580
669
113
72
321
784
101
99
904
497
278
450
87
171
350
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.6
4.9
5.7
5.9
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.5
5.9
47.3
55.1
50.3
52.6
57.1
51.5
48.1
51.2
51.9
49.0
51.8
55.0
53.7
53.2
54.3
55.0
53.8
47.3
52.7
49.9
50.3
44.4
53.0
47.9
50.3
50.4
47.4
51.0
53.6
51.8
50.0
54.4
52.2
55.1
100.0
95.6
99.2
95.6
77.8
102.9
99.6
98.2
97.1
96.7
98.5
97.5
96.5
94.0
100.2
94.9
102.4
$0.652
.351
.692
.535
.533
.533
.707
.608
.510
.664
.609
.387
.546
.528
.431
.338
.494
$30.84
19.34
34.81
28.14
30.43
27.45
34.01
31.13
26.47
32.54
31.55
21.29
29.32
28.09
23.40
18.59
26. 58
$30.81
18.52
34.54
26.93
23.66
28.25
33.87
30.56
25.70
31.45
31.07
20.73
28.26
26.40
23.44
17.64
27.20
Total...............................
302
5,735
5.7
52.1
50.8
97.5
.560
29.18
28.44
21
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b l e A , — Average number of days on which, employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Assemblers and cabinetmakers,
female:
Indiana............................
Missouri__ _____________
New York_______ _______
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania____ _______
Wisconsin......................... -
1
1
3
2
2
4
Total...............................
Aver
age
Num number
ber of of days
wage
earners,’ worked
in one
week
Per
Aver Aver cent of Aver
age
full
age full hours
age
time
time actually hours
earn
hours worked
ings
actually per
per
one worked
week in
week in one hour
week
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
4
27
6
12
• 0)
0)
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.2
0)
0)
49.9
£0.0
51.3
50.0
0)
0)
47.5
48.8
49.6
42.5
0)
0)
95.2
97.6
96.7
85.0
0)
0)
$0.367
.321
.318
.322
0)
0)
$18.31
16.05
16.31
16.10
0)
J 1)
$17.43
15.68
15.77
13.72
13
54
5.6
50.7
47.5
S3. 7
.317
16.07
15.05
5
20
10
10
2
21
6
9
1
8
95
14
41
48
2
58
9
17
0)
5.6
5.4
5.1
5.2
5.7
6.0
5.1
5.4
5.3
0)
47.0
49.2
53.1
42.8
50.4
48.0
47.6
50.5
52.6
0)
51.2
44.3
47.0
41.5
49.0
45.9
40.3
47.4
47.2
0)
108.9
80.0
88.5
97.0
97.2
95.6
84.7
£3.9
89.7
0)
.938
.916
.633
1.336
.918
.790
1.003
.869
.756
0)
44.09
45.07
33.61
57.18
46.27
37.92
47.74
43.38
39.77
0)
48.0C
40.57
29.74
55.52
45.04
36.25
40.40
40.72
35.68
0)
Total................................
91
295
5.4
48.6
44.6
91.8
.956
46.46
42.66
Carvers, machine, male:
California...........................
Georgia...............................
Illinois................................
Indiana___ ‘____________ _
Maryland......... ............ .
Massachusetts....................
Michigan________ ____ . . .
Missouri________________
New Jersey.................... . . .
New York..................... .
North Carolina.................
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania____________
T ennessee..____________
Virginia....... ................... .
Wisconsin______ ________
8
2
21
17
5
4
15
2
1
19
9
10
11
2
5
7
14
5
94
40
11
11
88
2
0)
49
19
13
20
4
10
13
5.6
3.6
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.5
5.9
6.0
0)
5.8
5.8
5.5
5.7
6.0
5.3
5.9
46.6
55.0
49.5
52.9
49.9
43.8
51.0
55.0
(0
£0.6
65.0
63.3
63.3
54.4
55.0
55.2
45.5
31.6
51.6
52.8
51.2
42.7
62.2
56.3
0)
50.3
55.9
49.3
51.0
54.4
51.5
56.4
97.6
57.5
104.2
99.8
1C2.6
97.5
102.4
102.4
0)
99.4
101.6
92.5
95.7
100.0
£3.6
102.2
.737
.762
.772
.707
.729
1.320
.881
.526
0)
.866
.398
.726
.635
.537
.400
.641
34.34
41.91
38.21
37.40
36.38
57.82
44. S3
28.93
0)
43.82
21.89
38.70
33.85
29.21
22.00
35.38
33.50
24.09
39.82
37.29
37.30
66.40
45.98
29.57
0)
43.55
22.27
35.80
32.37
29.19
20.58
36.14
Carvers, hand, male:
California........... .............. .
Illinois............................ .
Indiana_________________
Massachusetts___________
Michigan ......... .
New Jersey................... .
New York............. .............
Ohio__ _________________
Pennsylvania..........
Wisconsin...........................
0)
0)
133
394
5.7
51.1
51.3
100.4
.765
39.09
39.22
Craters and packers, male:
California...........................
Georgia__________ _______
Illinois______________ ___
Indiana_________________
Kentucky.............. .... ........
Maryland.. ____________
Massachusetts.. __ ___ _
Michigan_______________
Missouri........ ...... ..............
New Jersey______________
New York.......... ...............
North Carolina...................
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee............ ..............
V irgin ia..___________ _
Wisconsin________ ______
14
5
29
37
4
8
17
23
13
4
49
17
19
24
4
8
13
41
40
147
233
36
44
61
224
36
16
265
267
87
154
54
95
131
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.8
5.4
5.6
5.6
5.1
5.6
5.8
46.9
55.0
50.0
52.7
56.9
52.4
48.7
51.8
52.1
49.0
51.8
55.0
63.9
£3.3
54.6
55.0
53.9
50.8
63.6
50.9
51.9
50.0
54.2
49.5
51.4
49.9
49.0
51.6
50.7
50.6
50.1
48.4
54.8
52.1
108.3
97.5
101.8
98.5
87.9
103.4
101.6
99.2
95.8
100.0
99.6
S2.2
93.9
94.0
88.6
99.6
96.7
.542
.220
.600
.420
.390
.361
.509
.505
.463
.565
.514
.316
.439
.426
.306
.277
.439
25.42
12.10
30.00
22.13
22.19
18.92
24.79
26.16
24.12
27.69
26.63
17.38
23.66
22.71
16.71
15.24
23.66
27.55
11.81
30.53
21.79
19.49
19.58
25.19
25.98
23.09
27.70
26.55
16.04
22.22
21.36
14.83
15.17
22.85
Total................................
288
1,931
5.7
52.8
51.3
97.2
.435
22.97
22.34
1
0)
0)
0)
11
3
52.2
5.3
Illinois__________________
3
7
4.7
64.0
31
5.4
48.0
7
0)
45.3
41.2
42.5
0)
86.8
76.3
88.5
0)
.317
.245
.344
0)
16.55
13.23
16.51
0)
14.35
10.10
14.62
Total....... ...................
Craters and packers, female:
Georgia_________________
Indiana_________________
Massachusetts....................
1Data included in total.
22
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOB
T a b l e A , — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Craters and packers, female—
Continued.
Michigan....... .....................
Missouri........ .....................
New York..........................
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania.....................
Wisconsin...........................
3
2
6
2
1
6
Total................................
34
Cushion and pad makers, male:
California...........................
Georgia...............................
Illinois.-.............................
Indiana.............. ................
Maryland...........................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan............................
Missouri.............................
New Jersey.........................
New York..........................
North Carolina..................
Ohio...................................
Pennsylvania.....................
Wisconsin..... .....................
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
31
53.0
49.3
49.1
50.0
0)
50.0
46.8
38.0
48.0
50.0
0
45.0
88.3
77.1
97.8
100.0
0
90.0
$0. 282
.321
.349
.352
0
.372
$14.95
15.83
17.14
17.60
(0
18.60
$13.20
12.18
10.77
17. 61
(0
16.75
132
5.3
50.3
43.7
86.9
.331
16.65
14.43
8
1
7
5
8
6
3
1
1
13
3
7
3
2
17
0)
65
11
13
11
11
0
0
21
4
17
4
4
5.8
0
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.5
0
0
5.9
5.5
5.1
5.5
6.0
46.2
0
49.4
51.5
49.9
49.3
51.4
0
0)
49.6
55.0
51.9
52.5
53.8
47.2
0
48.0
50.1
49.5
50.4
46.0
0
0
48.6
50.8
44.4
51.9
55.1
102.2
0)
97.2
97.3
99.2
102.2
89.5
0
0
98.0
92.4
85.5
98.9
102.4
.622
0
.520
.560
.443
.749
.626
0
0
.696
.312
.626
.520
.519
28.74
0)
25.69
28.84
22.11
36.93
32.18
0
0
34.52
19.36
32.49
27.30
27.92
29.37
0
24.96
28.02
21.92
37.80
28. 81
0
0
33.87
17.89
27.75
26.98
28.60
184
5.7
50.0
48.3
96.6
.571
28.55
27.62
5
16
47.2
52.3
<*)
0
0
49.2
49.9
0)
50.0
45.7
53.8
96.8
102.9
22.94
16.59
8
0
48.4
47.4
0
44.0
8
0
98.4
95.0
0
88.0
.502
.308
0
0
0
.512
.340
0)
.256
23.69
16.11
5
6.0
6.0
0
0
0
6.0
5.8
0
5.4
8
0)
25.19
16. 97
0
12.80
8
0
24.78
16.15
0)
11.24
57
5.8
50.6
49.4
97.6
.353
17.86
17.53
17
50
9
19
2
7
5.8
0)
5.8
5.3
5.6
5.8
5.3
5.7
0
5.7
5.6
5.4
4.0
6.1
45.8
0
49.0
52.1
49.8
49.2
53.8
49.0
0
49.0
55.0
52.2
50.0
53.6
47.7
0
51.0
45.6
52.7
50.1
46.3
47.3
0
50.4
52.0
48.1
33.4
53.6
104.1
0
104.1
87.5
105.8
101.8
86.1
96.5
0
102.9
94.5
92.1
66.8
100.0
.629
0
.675
.443
.505
1.058
.506
.679
0
.731
.434
.660
.990
.541
28.81
0
33.08
23.08
25.15
52.05
27.22
33.27
0
35.82
23.87
34.45
49. 50
29.00
29.99
0
34.41
20.18
26.62
53.01
23.41
32.08
0
36.85
22.55
31.73
33.06
29.02
253
5.7
50.0
49.6
99.2
.647
32. 35
32.09
19
5.5
0
5.7
6.0
6.0
0
5.8
45.1
0)
50.3
51.1
50.0
0)
51.4
41.2
0)
52.8
49.7
50.0
0
49.6
91.4
0
105.0
97.3
100.0
0)
96.5
.519
0)
.401
.422
.400
0
.369
23.41
0)
20.17
21. 56
20.00
0
18.97
21.37
0
21.14
20. 90
20.00
0
18.31
Total................................
68
3
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
Total.............................. .
17
Cutters (upholstering mate
rials), male:
California...........................
Georgia...............................
Illinois................................
Indiana...............................
Maryland...........................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan............................
Missouri.............................
New Jersey.........................
New York..........................
North Carolina..................
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania....................
Wisconsin....... ..................
8
1
9
6
6
8
2
2
1
13
4
7
2
3
T o ta l-............................
72
Cutters (upholstering mate
rials), female:
California...........................
Georgia...............................
Illinois...............................
Indiana...............................
Maryland...........................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan...........................
8
1
3
4
2
1
4
Per
cent of Aver
Aver Aver
full
age
age full hours
age
time
time
hours earn
hours actually
ings
per worked actually
per
one worked
week in
week in one hour
week
5.3
5.3
5.8
6.0
0
5.7
Cushion and pad makers, fe
male:
California...........................
Illinois................................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan............................
M issouri..-.......................
New York..........................
Ohio........ ...........................
Tennessee................. .........
Wisconsin...........................
1Data included in total.
Aver
age
Num number
ber of of days
wage
earners worked
in one
week
16
3
9
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
8
71
36
19
13
4
3
40
9
3
17
23
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Occupation, sex, and State
Cutters (upholstering mate
rials), female—Continued.
Missouri................... .......
New Jersey.......................
New York.........................
North Carolina.................
Ohio........... ......................
Pennsylvania...................
1
1
7
2
5
1
1
Aver
age
Num number
ber of of days
wage
earners worked
in one
week
0
0
14
2
10
0
0
5.7
6.0
5.9
0)
0)
0
0
0
Per
Aver Aver ceDt of Aver
full
age
age full hours
age
time
time
hours earn
hours actually■actually
ings
worked
per
per
week in one worked hour
week in one
week
0)
0)
49.4
55.0
48.7
0
0
0
45.6
55.0
48.0
0
0
<*}
0
0
92.3
100.0
98.6
0
0
0
- (1 )
$0.402
.293
.453
0
0
0
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
0
0
$19.86
16.12
22.06
0
0
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
0
0
$18.35
16.09
21.75
0
0
Wisconsin..
1
0
0)
Total..
42
135
5.8
50.1
49.2
98.2
.409
20.49
20.10
15
5
30
38
4
5
17
23
13
5
101
36
338
277
86
17
160
468
68
52
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.9
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.8
47.8
55.1
50.2
52.4
58.0
53.2
46.4
50.9
51.9
49.1
49.2
51.5
51.4
50.1
43.6
53.5
44.9
49.0
48.3
48.0
.629
.231
.597
.436
.479
.431
.712
.565
.476
.659
54
558
275
5 .7
5 .5
5 .7
5 .4
102.9
93.5
102.4
95.6
75.2
100.6
96.8
96.3
93.1
96.8
97.7
93.6
99.6
30.07
12.73
29.97
22.85
27.78
22.93
33.04
28.76
24.70
32.69
28.90
16.72
30.94
11.88
30.68
21.82
20.91
23.07
31.93
27.66
23.01
31.65
28.23
Finishers, male:
California...........
Georgia..............
Illinois-—..........
Indiana..............
Kentucky...........
Maryland..........
Massachusetts—
Michigan............
Missouri.............
New Jersey........
New York_____
North Carolina..
Ohio____ ______
Pennsylvania__
Tennessee...........
Virginia..............
Wisconsin..........
17
21
25
Total..
297
3
1
4
1
Total..
*Data included in total.
95.4
97.8
98.9
.2 9 2
.462
24.90
24.61
3,164
5 .6
5 2 .0
5 0 .0
96.2
.5 0 5
2 6 .2 6
2 5 .2 8
.5 5 8
2 5 .7 8
2 2 .0 0
0
(1L
10.22
0
0
5 .2
46.2
39.5
0
5 1 .1
47.2
92.4
.200
0
0
0
0
5.9
5.4
5 .4
0
0
0
0
0
9 5 .9
48.8
5 1 .3
5 5 .0
5 5 .0
8
63
5 .7
49.9
251
5 .6
5 0 .5
21
5 .7
7
104
11
6
4
82
5 .7
5 .7
5 .7
5 .1
6 .0
6 .0
5 .6
9
5 .3
93
68
5 .9
5 .5
9
25
25
17
30
20
5 .7
5 .6
6 .1
5 .4
206
583
8
0
98.1
89.4
87.9
5 .6
5 .7
5 .8
9
17
4
8 5 .5
46.9
45.6
43.5
5
3
2
14
0
47.8
51.0
49.5
5 0 .0
61
5 1 .6
5 .2
0
18
5 .9
5 .4
20
8
41
i
5
0
5 4 .1
33
5
12
21
4
6
4
1 5 .6 5
2 5 .9 1
2 2 .7 8
53.8
10
29
4
2 5 .9 9
24.99
5 3 .3
2
7
4
9 1 .2
.5 6 0
.304
.483
.468
.342
5 5 .0
12
22
Virginia__
Wisconsin.,
53.6
48.7
53.9
18
54
59
Gluers, rough stock, male:
California.
Georgia..............
Illinois................
Indiana..............
Kentucky_____
Maryland......... .
Massachusetts...
Michigan...........
Missouri........... .
New York.........
North Carolina..
Ohio...................
Pennsylvania....
5 0 .4
51 '. 5
53.8
53.4
0)
5 .6
5 .8
5 .8
44
82
7
1
8
2
5 1 .6
5 5 .0
0)
167
4
Finishers, female:
California_____
Illinois..............
Indiana............
Maryland------Massachusetts..
Michigan.........
Missouri...........
New Jersey......
New York........
Ohio..................
Pennsylvania—.
Tennessee.........
Virginia............
Wisconsin.........
T otal.....
138
297
8
13
(0
46.8
43.4
46.6
53.6
1 8 .5 0
1 6 .0 6
0
.393
.464
18.79
23.66
.2 6 1
1 2 .9 2
0)
0
17.64
1 5 .7 2
0
9.42
0
18.43
2 1 .1 2
1 1 .3 5
0
19.18
34.15
.5 0 7
.1 8 8
.1 5 8
10.34
8.69
46.9
86.8
90.8
97.5
92.7
94.0
.393
.683
.3 2 3
1 6 .1 2
1 5 .1 8
47.0
93.1
.371
18.74
17.45
5 1 .0
47.4
46.6
98.3
5 5 .0
5 0 .0
5 2 .4
5 1 .8
9 4 .2
5 0 .3
5 2 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .2
5 5 .7
5 1 .5
5 0 .0
44.9
56.4
1 0 9 .5
.5 2 0
5 2 .4
104.8
97.9
89.7
.5 7 1
5 1 .7
5 2 .2
5 0 .6
5 2 .6
5 3 .3
5 2 .0
5 2 .0
46.8
5 5 .0
5 4 .0
5 4 .1
5 2 .3
54.6
80.6
1 0 1 .3
94.5
96.3
96.7
5 7 .5
1 0 5 .3
5 .9
5 5 .0
5 3 .0
49.1
54.8
89.3
103.4
5 .7
5 2 .5
51. 5
98.1
2 6 .0 1
.617
2 9 .2 5
.2 7 0
.573
14.85
28.65
.4 1 2
2 1 .5 9
.316
17.60
26.78
.5 0 7
2 8 .5 5
2 6 .2 1
.439
2 2 .9 2
.5 1 0
.3 1 2
26.83
17.16
24.89
24.07
.461
.4 4 5
.343
1 8 .7 3
.468
14.63
24.80
.460
2 4 .1 5
.2 6 6
18.41
29.62
23. 64
1 0 .0 9
8.07
28.77
1 4 .0 0
28.83
21.43
1 4 .2 1
29.35
2 9 .9 0
2 5 .6 5
2 0 .5 2
2 7 .1 7
16.24
23.98
2 3 .2 6
19.69
1 3 .0 6
2 5 .6 5
2 3 .6 7
24
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b l e A ,— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tinje
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and
— C o n t in u e d
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
!
Per
Aver- | Aver Aver cent of Aver
full
Num age 1age full-: age
age
time
ber of number time 1 hours
earn
wage of days hours actually hours
ings
worked
worked
actually
earners
per
per
in one worked hour
in one week
week
week in one
week
Helpers, male:
14
5
26
37
4
Kentucky_______________
12
___________
Massachusetts
15
23
Missouri________________
13
4
New Jersey____________
New York_____ _________
51
North Carolina________
17
18
Pennsylvania...................
24
Tennessee...... ....................
4
Virginia. .......................
s
Wisconsin.........................
13
Georgia_________________
Illinois_________________
Total_______________
Helpers, female:
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Kentucky______________
Massachusetts..............
Michigan____________
Missouri______________
New York___________
__________________
Ohio
Pennsylvania.....................
Tennessee............... ...........
Wisconsin.......................
Total............................
Laborers, male:
California...........................
Georgia_______________
Illinois_____________ ____
Indiana_____________
Kentucky___________
Maryland___________
Massachusetts___________
Michigan______________
Missouri _____________
New Jersey......................
New York_____________
North Carolina...............
Ohio...... ........... .................
Pennsylvania............... .
Tennessee_____________
Virginia________ ________
Wisconsin.......................
Total...........................
Machine hands, male:
California ___________
Georgia_______________
Illinois___________ ______
Indiana________________
Kentuckv_____________
Maryland________ ______
Massachusetts___________
Michigan______________
Missouri________________
New Jersey______________
New York........ ........... ......
North Carolina__________
1Data included in total.
288
166
85
297
429
57
103
104
408
57
40
480
524
170
239
86
162
251
5.4
5.1
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.5
5. 5
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.3
5. 7
5.6 I
5.8 !
47.6
55! 2
50 1
52.1
56.1
51.0
48.7
50.9
52.6
49.1
52.0
55.0
54.2
53.3
54. 2
55 0
53.0
3, 658
5.6 !
52.4
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
44.9
46. 5
49.0
49. 6
49.3
48.2
45.8
49.4
46.9
44.8
49.8
52.2
51. 6
47.6
53.1
51.9
52.6
94.3 . $0. 378 $17.99
84.2
. 170
9.38
.368
18.44
97.8
95.2
.288
15.00
] 309
87.9
17.33
. 269
13. 72
94.5
.312
15.19
94.0
17. 46
97.1
.343
.323
89.2
16.99
18.22
.371
91. 2
95.8
18.15
.349
12. 54
.228
94.9
.312
16.91
95. 2
.302
89.3
16.10
11.82
.218
98.0
94.4
.216
11.88
18.82
99.2
.355
49.7
94.8
.304
15.93 | 15.13
103.1
89.4
.303
. 197
15.67 1 16.18
10.05
8.99
0)
0)
i
2
5
i
1
1
2
4
3
1
4
1
2
5
6.0
5. 6
(0
0)
3
34
5
0)
20
39
19
6.0
5.3
5. 4
0)
5.3
0)
5. 4
5. 2
153
5.4
81
50
269
380
55
43
i 151
! 343
!
37
!
22
i
278
! 255
i
141
175
i
103
i
87
| 193
5.3
5.3
5.8
5. 5
5. 3
5. 3
5. 7
5. 7
5. 2
5.4
5.8
5. 7
5.6
5.3
5. 7
5.3
5.9
(*)
30
11
5
28
37
3
11
16
22
12
5
50
15
18
23
4
8
13
3
25
j
!
i
i
281 j 2,693 !
!
53.3
45.6
0)
1
0)
52.0
i
!
$16.97
7.90
18.03
14.25
15.22
12.94
14.32
16.93
15.16
16.64
17.39
11.93
16.07
14.36
11.58
11.30
18.69
1
51. 7
51.0
48.0 !
52. 0
51. 9
0) !
50.0 1
0)
55.0
50.0
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
48.0
45. 7
42. 7
0)
44.2
0)
49.4
43.1
100.0
87.9
82.3
0)
88.4
0)
89.8
86.2
46.2
88.8
1 47.1
46.4
55.1
48. 7
50. 3
51.0
52. 4
49. 6
56. 3
47. 2
51.0
46. 6
48. 4
47.4
1 51.1
49.6
1 52.6
45. 2
49. 4
46.0
51. 2
51.3
! 55.0
53.5
1 53.8 j 51.0
52. 4 | 47.6
54. 6
53. 6
55.0
49.1
53.8
53.2
.250
.286
.282
0)
.311
0)
. 120
.250
(l)
12.00
14.87
14.64
0)
15.55
0)
6. 60
12. 50
i
!
!
0)
12.00
13.08
12.04
0)
13. 74
0)
5.93
10.80
. 224 ! 11.65
10.37
98.5
88.4
101.4
94. 7
83.8
91.4
97.9
97.1
85.9
93.1
100.2
97.3
94.8
CO. 8
98.2
89.3
£8.9 '
. 426
.229
. 456
.347
.349
.327
.412
.414
. 352
.489
. 466
.256
.395
.396
.247
.264
.391
20.06 '
12. 62
22.94
18. 18
19. (5
16. f8
19.94
21.16
18. 52
24.16
23.86
14.08
21. 25
20. 75
13. 49
14. 52
21.04
19.77
11.12
23. 24
17.24
16.50
15.25
19. 56
20. 52
15.89
22.48
23.90
13. 71
20.14
18.85
13. 28
12. 98
20.80
5.6
52. 2
50.2
96.2
.378
19. 73
18. 97
5.4
5.5
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.7
5.8
5. 7
5.5
5.9
5.8
5.7
47.8
55.2
50.2
52.8
56.3
51.9
49.0
51.4
52.2
49.1
52.1
55.0
40.4
50. 7
50.1
51.5
47. 6
50.9
49.4
51.0
48.0
48.7
51.5
53.9
97.1
91.8
99.8
97. 5
84.5
98.1
100.8
99.2
92.0
99.2
98.8
98.0
.649
.300
. 630
.458
31.02
16. 56
31. 63
24.18
25.34
26. 42
28. 76
30.07
26.20
33.49
28.86
20.35
30.09
15.23
31. 57
23.58
21.40
25. 92
29.00
29.82
24.07
33.16
28. 54
19.91
i
307 I
15
5 i 158 !
30 ! 933 !
38 ! 974 i
4
114 i
9
105
422
15
23 1,023
11
166
6
118
52 1,280
17 i 781 i
.
450
. 509
. 587
.585
.502
.682
.554
. 370
25
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Machine hands, male—Con.
Ohio................................ Pennsylvania....................
Tennessee...........................
Virginia..............................
Wisconsin...........................
Total................................
Machine hands, female:
Indiana. .............................
i/Iichigan......................... .
Missouri_______ ____ ____
New York............. ............
Ohio........... ........................
Pennsylvania.....................
Tennessee...........................
Wisconsin...........................
Total............................ .
Hum
ber of
estab
lish
ments
22
24
4
8
13
Per
Aver Aver Aver cent of Aver
age age full age
full
Num number
age
hours
time
ber of of days time
actually hours earn
wage worked hours worked
ings
actually per
per
earners in one
in one worked hour
week week
week in one
week
489
631
154
291
621
296 8,567
i
Aver Aver
age
age
full
actual
time
earn
earn
ings inings
one
per
week
week
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.9
54.1
53.3
54.5
55.0
53.7
50.9
51.5
55.4
53.8
54.4
94.1
96.6
101.7
97.8
101.3
$0,502
.508
.420
.335
.460
$27.16
27.08
22.89
18.43
24.70
$25.56
26.12
23.26
18.03
24.99
5. 7
52.4
51.4
98.1
.512
26.83
26.30
5.6
4.4
0)
0)
4.0
0)
50.4
52.3
0)
0)
48.3
(0
47.3
42.1
(»)
0)
33.7
0)
93.8
80.5
0)
0)
69.8
0)
.296
.354
0)
0)
.274
0)
14.92
18.51
0)
0)
13.23
14.00
14.92
0)
(')
9.22
0)
(0
(0
43.4
86.8
(0
0)
.281
14.05
0)
12.21
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
7
7
0)
<»>
3
0)
<»>
7
5.0
50.0
0)
0)
0)
13
30
5.1
51.1
44.4
86.9
.293
14.97
13.01
Polishers and rubbers, male:
California-............ .............
Georgia........................ ......
Illinois..............................
Indiana_________________
Kentucky.................... ......
Maryland................. .........
Massachusetts___________
Michigan............... .............
Missouri______________ _
New Jersey.........................
New York______________
North Carolina---- — ___
Ohio_______________ ____
Pennsylvania____ _______
Tennessee___ _____ ______
Virginia................. ............
Wisconsin................. .........
5
5
27
32
3
5
13
22
9
3
45
13
17
23
4
8
13
27
20
158
160
60
16
58
251
22
37
375
227
94
191
29
86
86
5.5
5.7
5.6
5.4
4.2
5.7
6.0
5.5
5.4
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.4
5.0
5.6
5.6
47.7
55.0
50.2
53.4
57.9
53.1
47.0
50.7
52.2
49.2
52.6
55.0
53.9
53.1
54.2
55.0
54.9
46.4
48.2
50.0
48.8
32.4
49.9
47.6
48.2
46.1
49.4
51.7
50.8
52.5
47.4
46.6
51.7
53.3
97.3
87.6
99.6
91.4
56.0
94.0
101.3
95.1
88.3
100.4
98.3
92.4
97.4
89.3
86.0
94.0
97.1
.778
.347
.607
.455
.509
.460
.721
.5C0
.504
.631
.580
.348
.426
.500
.348
.299
.503
37.11
19.09
30. 47
24.30
29. 47
24.43
33.89
28. 39
26.31
31.05
30. 51
19.14
22. 96
26.55
18.86
16.45
27.61
36.14
16.73
30.35
22.18
16.47
22.97
34.35
26.99
23.28
31.18
30.02
17. 67
22.37
23.69
16.18
15.45
26.80
Total................................
247
1,897
5.5
52.7
49.4
93.7
.507
26.72
25.01
Polishers and rubbers, female:
Illinois.......................... .
Indiana_____ _______ ____
Kentucky..........................
Massachusetts.......... .........
Michigan...........................
New York........ ..................
Ohio____ ______ _________
Pennsylvania.....................
Tennessee............ ............ .
Virginia_______ _________
Wisconsin....... ...................
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
6.0
5.7
51.5
51.8
51.5
49.8
100.0
96.1
19. 52
19.58
19.53
18.83
0)
14.15
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(')
0)
13.58
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
Total........... ...................
Sanders, hand, male:
California_____ _________
Georgia_________ ____ ___
Illinois..............................
Indiana............................ .
Kentucky____ ______ ____
Maryland__________ ____
Massachusetts____ ______
Michigan___________ ____
Missouri________________
New Jersey_______ ____ _
New York.......... ...............
North Carolina.................
1 Data included in total.
0)
0)
15
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
5.8
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
54.0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
51.9
i1)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
96.1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
.379
.378
0)
0)
.262
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
14
33
5.5
52.5
48.6
92.6
.300
15.75
14.59
10
5
26
31
4
3
8
21
8
5
47
16
97
37
218
291
59
9
35
255
17
17
374
282
5.2
5.4
5.8
5.4
5.0
6.0
4.9
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
47.7
55.0
50.5
52.3
57.6
54.4
49.1
51.1
51.7
48.4
51.6
55.0
42.9
49.1
52.0
48.9
41.9
55.2
40.4
49.2
49.6
46.7
49.6
51.8
89.9
89.3
103.0
93.5
72.7
101.5
82.3
96.3
95.9
96.5
96.1
94.2 1
.506
.243
.583
.372
.510
.321
.533
.439
.364
.402
.488
.296
24.14
13.37
29.44
19.46
29.38
17.46
26.17
22.43
18.82
19.46
25.18
16.28
21. 72
11.92
30. 31
18.20
21.37
17. 72
21. 54
21. 60
18.05
18.74
24.16
15.34
(9
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
26
T
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Per
Aver Aver Aver cent of Aver
full
age age full age
Num number
age
hours
time
earn
ber of of days time actually hours
wage !worked hours worked actually ings
earners in one
per
per
one worked
week in
week in one hour
week
week
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
Sanders, hand, male—Con.
Ohio____________ ____ __
Pftrmsylvania
TVnnp.ssfifl
.
Virginia
Wisconsin_______________
19
23
4
8
11
117
255
50
94
76
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.8
54.1
53.5
53.7
55.0
52.8
52.8
48.9
49.5
51.2
51.5
97.6
91.4
92.2
93.1
97.5
$0.417
.405
.286
.270
.426
$22.56
21.67
15. 36
14.85
22.49
$22.00
19.79
14.15
13.81
21.95
Total................................
249
2,283
5.5
52.5
49.5
94.3
.419
22.00
20.77
0)
52
22
238
12
39
39
14
30
66
16
121
0)
5.2
5.8
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.2
5.7
5.4
5.3
0)
54.2
48.0
51.3
50.4
49.3
55.0
50.0
50.4
55.0
55.0
49.8
<9
0)
(0
Virginia.................... .........
Wisconsin________ ______
1
8
3
15
3
10
2
2
6
3
2
6
.217
.273
.308
.248
.387
.137
.425
.284
.136
.142
.306
11.76
13.10
15.80
12.50
19.08
7.54
21.25
14.31
7.48
7.81
15.24
Sanders, hand, female:
Tllinnis.
Indiana____ ___
Massachusetts___________
Michigan_______________
Missouri________________
New York______________
North Carolina_________
Ohio__________ _________
Pennsylvania
Tfinnftssftft
......
45.4
45.3
46.0
45.7
45.8
54.4
48.1
43.8
53.7
51.8
41.5
83.8
94.4
89.7
90.7
92.9
98.9
96.2
86.9
97.6
94.2
83.3
<9
0)
9.85
12.35
14.17
11.33
17.72
7.45
20.44
12.44
7.29
7.34
12.71
T o ta l..............................
61
653
5.5
51.6
46.5
90.1
.268
13.83
12.47
Sewers, male:
California___ . __________
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Maryland_______________
Massachusetts._________ _
New York______________
North Carolina__________
Ohio...................................
Pennsylvania____________
Wisconsin_______________
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
18
3
6
6.0
5.7
6.0
4.8
45.3
48.3
54.8
50.0
50.3
46.5
56.0
44.8
0)
111.0
96.3
102.2
89.6
.719
.752
.414
.608
32.57
36.32
22.69
30.40
36.18
34.97
23.17
27.19
Total................................
19
40
Sewers, female:
California......... ..................
Georgia________ ______ __
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Maryland_______________
Massachusetts___________
Michigan_______________
Missouri________________
New Jersey______________
New York______________
North Carolina__________
Ohio............................... ....
Pennsylvania___ ________
Tennessee_______________
Wisconsin_______________
10
1
U
9
g
9
7
2
3
19
3
9
4
1
4
76
0)
302
76
59
60
52
6
8
178
10
57
10
Total_________________
100
932
U
36
14
89
147
20
23
37
136
28
5
139
Sprayers, male:
California_______________
Georgia..... ..........................
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Kentucky_______________
Maryland______________
Massachusetts................ .
Michigan__________ _____
Missouri_________ ____ __
New Jersey______________
New York...........................
1Data included
in total.
5
27
34
4
9
11
23
11
5
43
(0
0)
0)
2
0)
0)
0)
17
(*)
0)
(0
5.5
(0
0)
(0
0)
0)
52.5
0)
0)
0)
45.2
0)
(l)
0)
0)
86.1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
.598
(i)
0)
0)
(!)
0)
0)
(9
(!)
'0)
0)
31.40
(i)
27.04
(9
0)
0)
5.6
49.3
49.5
100.4
.670
33.03
33.19
5.4
45.1
0)
49.8
52.0
49.8
47.1
50.9
48.5
45.7
48.4
55.0
49.6
51.4
41.0
.505
0)
.443
.352
.359
.379
.383
.425
.373
.389
.397
.393
.480
22.78
0)
22.06
18.30
17.88
17.85
19.49
20.61
17.05
18.83
21.84
19.49
24.67
0)
0)
39.5
90.9
(>)
98.6
86.2
95.6
90.9
85.5
78.6
88.8
93.8
93.3
87.1
97.9
(l)
79.0
.359
17.95
20.70
(9
21.74
15.75
17.10
16.21
16.67
16.22
15.12
17. 67
20.32
17.01
24.14
(9
14.16
5.6
49.4
46.0
93.1
.408
20.16
18.79
5.7
5.5
5.9
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.6
6.0
fi.8
47.5
55.0
50.1
53.0
56.4
52.5
49.7
51.6
52.3
48.9
52.4
47.5
51.7
52.7
51.2
48.4
53.7
51.6
50.9
49.4
48.9
52.2
100.0
94.0
105.2
96.6
85.8
102.3
103.8
98.6
94.5
100.0
99.6
.811
.280
.654
.496
.551
.556
.589
.575
.572
.690
.598
38.52
15.40
32.77
26.29
31.08
29.19
29.27
29.67
29.92
33.74
31.34
38.51
14.51
34.43
25.38
26. 66
29.88
30.38
29.22
28.26
33.74
31.21
(9
5.7
5.2
5.6
5.8
5.2
4.7
5.4
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.8
0)
5.2
50.0
0)
49.1
44.8
47.6
42.8
43.5
38.1
40.6
45.4
51.3
43.2
50.3
0)
0)
27
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 19X0 TO 1929
T
A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per weekf average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
able
Occupation, sex, and State
Sprayers, male—Continued.
North Carolina__________
....................................
Pennsylvania____________
Tennessee
m
Virginia_________________
Wisconsin_______________
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
17
21
Ohio
24
4
8
13
Aver
age
Num number
ber of of days
wage worked
earners in one
week
Per
cent of Aver
Aver Aver
full
age
age full hours
age
time
time
hours earn
hours actually
ings
worked
actually
per
per
week in one worked hour
week in one
week
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
151
75
106
?4
40
85
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.9
5.8
5.9
55.0
54.0
53.2
54.6
55.0
54.1
54.9
54.5
50.2
54.6
54.6
56.1
99.8
100.9
94.4
100.0
99.3
103.7
$0.369
.537
.555
.387
.333
.518
$20.30
29.00
29.53
21.13
18.32
28.02
$20.26
29.23
27.85
21.13
18.20
29.06
1,155
5.8
52.8
52.4
99.2
.527
27.83
27.63
6
56.3
0
0
49.4
0
0
50.0
46.4
0
0
33.3
(i)
0
49.5
82.4
0
0
67.4
0
0
99.0
.222
0
0
.453
0
0
.451
12.50
(i)
0
22.38
0
0
22.55
10.31
0
0
15.09
0
(»)
22.30
Total................................
270
Sprayers, female:
Indiana_________________
Kentucky_______________
Michigan________________
Missouri________________
Ohio____________________
Pennsylvania____________
Wisconsin_______________
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
4.8
(i)
(i)
4.3
0
0
6.0
Totai________ _________
10
22
5.2
52.0
43.8
84.2
.386
20.07
16.92
Spring setters, male:
California_______________
Georgia_________________
Illinois________________
Indiana_________________
Maryland___________ ___
Massachusetts___________
Michigan.. _ _ _ . __....... .
Missouri________________
New Jersey______________
New York______________
North Carolina__________
....................................
Pennsylvania____________
Wisconsin_______________
7
1
6
9
6
5
5
1
2
15
1
8
Ohio
1
4
71
0
146
49
20
37
21
0
27
81
0
64
0
15
5.0
0
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.6
5.3
0
5.4
5.6
0
5.4
0
5.5
45.6
0
49.5
52.3
50.0
50.0
51.2
0
48.0
49.8
0
52.4
0
54.3
38.7
0
46.4
45.3
52.0
45.2
43.9
0)
42.5
44.6
0
46.5
0
48.4
84.9
0)
93.7
86.6
104.0
90.4
85.7
0
88.5
89.6
0
88.7
.446
0
.521
.385
.607
.546
.602
0)
.510
.629
0
.460
0
.348
20.34
0
25.79
20.14
30.35
27.30
30.82
0
24.48
31.32
0
24.10
0
18.90
17.25
0)
24.14
17.42
31.59
24.66
26.42
0
21.69
28.06
0
21.41
0
16.84
71
557
5.4
50.0
45.1
90.2
.507
25.35
22.86
Total_________ _____
Spring setters, female:
California_______________
Illinois__________________
Massachusetts_______ ___
New York_______________
0)
0
0
0
6
1
2
1
1
43
(i)
(i)
0
5.3
0
0
0
50.0
0
(i)
0
46.8
0
0
0
93.6
0)
0
0
.505
0
0
0
25.25
0
0
0
23.65
(i)
0
5
57
5.3
49.7
44.5
89.5
.475
23.61
21.13
Missouri________________
New Jersey................. ........
New York________ ______
North Carolina____ ______
Ohio_________ __________
Pennsylvania________ •___
Tennessee_______________
Virginia..............................
Wisconsin________ . . . ___
6
3
24
33
4
3
7
20
7
2
36
13
18
19
3
7
10
25
7
163
147
31
10
30
160
13
16
104
78
62
58
29
49
5.2
5.0
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.5
5.9
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.8
47.5
55.0
49.8
52.3
58.0
55.0
48.1
51.2
53.4
49.4
52.5
55.0
53.8
54.3
54.2
55.0
54.4
47.9
46.4
51.2
52.5
45.6
49.5
48.3
49.7
52.9
46.8
52.5
54.0
53.1
50.7
51.9
55.2
56.2
100.8
84.4
102.8
100.4
78.6
90.0
100.4
97.1
99.1
94.7
100.0
98.2
98.7
93.4
95.8
100.4
103.3
.593
.256
.557
.449
.517
.574
.706
.563
.488
.662
.582
.372
.489
.456
.409
.295
.442
28.17
14.08
27.74
23.48
29.99
31.57
33.96
28.83
26.06
32.70
30.56
20.46
26.31
24.76
22.17
16.23
24.04
28.38
11.90
28.52
23.54
23.59
28.41
34.11
27.99
25.79
30.99
30.59
20.10
26.00
23.14
21.24
16.30
24.84
Total................................
215
991
5.7
52.2
51.5
98.7
.506
26.41
26.07
Total
______
Trimmers, male:
California_______________
Georgia_________________
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Kentucky_______________
Maryland................. .........
Massachusetts___________
Michigan
........................
1Data included in total
0
9
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Trimmers, female:
California...........................
Illinois................................
Indiana...............................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan....................... .
Missouri.................. ...........
New Y ork .......................
Pennsylvania-............... .
Virginia-......................... .
Wisconsin...........................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
1
1
1
6
1
3
1
2
1
1
Per
Aver Aver Aver cent of Aver
age age full age
full
Num number
age
hours
time
ber of of days time actually
hours earn
wage worked hours worked actually
ings
per
earners in one
per
one worked
week in
week in one hour
week
week
0
0
0
6
( 1)
0)
54
5.0
0
5.4
3
0
4.0
0)
0
0
0)
0)
( l)
(l)
0
0
55.1
0
51.9
0)
0)
80.2
0
90.0
0
49.7
0
0
0
0
44.2
0
46.7
0
0
33.0
0)
0
0)
0)
0)
66.4
0)
0)
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
0
0)
0)
0
0
$0,190
0
.341
0
0
.523
$10.47
0
17.70
0
0
25.99
0
0)
(9
(l)
( l)
$8.40
0
15.91
0
0
17.27
0
0
Total................................
18
89
5.3
50.9
46.0
90.4 ji
.314
15.98
14.46
Upholsterers, male:
California...........................
Georgia....................... ........
Illinois................................
Indiana...............................
Maryland...........................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan...........................
Missouri.............................
New Jersey.........................
New Y ork..........................
North Carolina................. .
Ohio............. ......................
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee...........................
Virginia.............................
Wisconsin...........................
13
2
19
12
9
12
10
4
4
26
7
12
9
1
3
8
235
55
581
183
178
226
126
29
24
410
79
193
85
0
6
98
5.7
5.3
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.5
4.3
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.1
5.4
0
5.8
5.8
45.3
55.0
49.8
52.1
50.0
48.8
51.7
48.6
48.4
48.8
55.0
51.8
51.7
55.0
54.2
43.0
47.4
46.7
48.5
47.4
46.1
47.1
33.6
45.0
45.4
51.6
43.3
47.3
0
54.8
54.0
94.9
86.2
93.8
93.1
94.8
94.5
91.1
69.1
93.0
93.0
93.8
83.6
91.5
0
99.6
99.6
.735
.454
.731
.617
.744
.864
.721
.797
.876
.830
.494
.687
.651
0
.366
.574
33.30
24.97
36.40
32.15
37.20
42.16
37.28
38.73
42.40
40.50
27.17
35.59
33.66
0
20.13
31.11
31.64
21.48
34.12
29.90
35.30
39.78
33.98
26.80
39.36
37.65
25.52
29.78
30.78
0
20.06
31.03
2,523
5.5
50.1
46.5
92.8
.724
36.27
33.61
4
6.0
0
5.9
5.0
5.4
47.0
0
48.0
52.5
49.8
0
0
50.0
106.4
0
95.8
80.8
89.2
0
0
.583
0
.317
.454
.418
0
0
27.40
46.0
42.4
44.4
0
15.22
23.84
20.82
29.16
0
14.58
19.26
18.55
(l)
Total................................
151
Upholsterers, female:
California.... .......................
Indiana...............................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan............................
New York.......... ................
Pennsylvania.................. .
Wisconsin.........................
2
1
4
2
2
1
1
Total................................
13
49
5.3
50.3
42.0
83.5
.403
20.27
16.93
2
18
26
3
1
3
17
2
2
22
9
9
7
115
156
24
0
6
247
4
13
184
133
54
6.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
0
6.0
5.7
5.0
5.9
5.9
5. 7
48.0
50.1
63.1
55.0
0
45.3
50.3
54.5
49.4
52.1
55.0
54.2
54.1
52.0
53.3
56.2
0
46.3
49.7
51.0
48.6
54.8
55.5
112.7
103.8
100.4
102.2
.641
.543
.420
.390
0
.910
.530
.518
.596
.493
.310
.440
.425
30.77
27.20
22.30
21.45
34.66
28.25
22.38
21.95
0
42.11
26.32
26.40
28.97
27.00
17.17
22.45
21.60
Veneerers, male:
California............................
Illinois.................................
Indiana...............................
Kentucky...........................
Maryland....... ...................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan............................
Missouri...... .......................
New Jersey.........................
New York..... .....................
North Carolina...................
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania.....................
Tennessee...........................
Virginia..............................
Wisconsin...........................
Total................................
1Data included in total.
0
7
8
16
0
0
0)
0
16 114
1 0
64
7
39
7
145 1,165
5.5
5.5
0
5.7
6.0
5.8
53.7
0)
55.0
56.1
52.5
0)
0)
51.1
50.8
0
0)
102.2
98.8
93.6
98.4
105.2
100.9
84.3
94.6
0
98.5
54.2
57.4
102.3
52.7
100.4
0)
0)
0
0)
41.22
26.66
28.23
29.44
25.69
17.05
23.85
22.82
0
0
.311 17.11
.453 25.41
.454 23.84
0)
0
0
16.83
25.96
23.93
29
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Veneerers, female:
Tndjfvna
__
Michigan _ _ . ___ _
New York_______________
Ohio................ ...................
Pennsylvania_
\Vrisrrvnsin
_ _____
6
8
3
1
2
2
Per
Aver Aver Aver cent of Aver
full
age age full age
age
Num number
hours
time
ber of of days time actually
hours earn
ings
wage worked hours worked actually
per
earners in one
per
one worked
week in
week
week in one hour
week
Aver
age
actual
earningsin one
week
5
12
5.7
5.7
6.0
0
4.8
5.9
54.2
51.1
50.0
0
51.9
50.0
50.4
48.7
49.0
0
41.5
49.3
93.0
95.3
98.0
0
80.0
98.6
$0,227
.313
.351
0
.353
.270
$12.30
15.99
17.65
0
18.32
13.50
$11.46
16.24
17.19
(i)
14.66
13.29
?5
44
4
0
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Total................................
22
107
5.7
51.5
49.0
95.1
.290
14.94
14.21
Other employees, male:
California.............. .............
Georgia................................
___
Illinois ,r .
Indiana _____
Kentucky_______________
Maryland_______________
Massachusetts___________
Michigan.. . .
Missouri________________
New Jersey______________
New York_______________
North Carolina__________
Ohio.................... ..............
Pennsylvania.
Tennessee_______________
Virginia_________________
Wisconsin_______________
14
5
28
38
3
12
18
22
11
3
52
17
21
23
4
8
13
145
42
m
441
42
64
174
479
47
16
820
291
219
151
39
104
334
5.8
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.1
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.6
6.0
46.5
55.1
50.0
52.8
57.0
51.3
48.6
51.2
51.4
48.5
50.0
55. 0
53.2
53.0
54.9
55.0
53.6
48.3
49.0
49.2
50.5
45.7
50.9
46.1
51.8
49.4
45.0
49.0
54.6
51.6
51.7
64.6
53.8
54.9
103.9
88.9
98.4
95.6
80.2
99.2
94.9
101.2
96.1
92.8
98.0
99.3
97.0
97.5
99.5
97.8
102.4-
.542
.319
.551
.450
.464
.517
.586
.619
.426
.435
.680
.380
.526
.495
.350
.307
.481.
25.20
17.68
27.55
23.76
26.45
26.52
28.48
31.69
21.90
21.10
29; 00
20.90
27.98
26.24
19.22
16.89
25,78
26.20
15.64
27.08
22.76
21.21
26.32
27.04
31.98
21.23
19.68
28.44
2a 73
27.14
25.60
19.09
16.64
26.39
Total________ ____ ____
292
3,844
5.7
51.6
50.7
98.3
.516
26.63
20.18
3
4
10
29
12
46.5
49.7
54.4
0
50.0
48.0
50.4
48.5
0
50.0
52.0
65. 0
55. 0
49.8
45.7
52.2
46.8
0
46.2
45.0
45.5
37.9
0
47.4
48.3
52.6
49.4
48.1
98.3
105. 0
86.0
0
92.4
93.8
90.3
78.1
0
94.8
92.9
95.6
89.8
96.6
.437
.393
.309#
0
.295
.394
.452
.348
0
.386
.305
. 156
.141
.316
20.32
19.63
16.81
0
14.75
18.91
22.78
16.88
0
19.30
15.86
8.58
7.76
15.74
19.97
20.63
14.46
7
18
4
31
5.9
6.7
5.2
0
5.5
6.7
5.4
4.7
0
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.5
5.9
13.63
17.74
20.66
13.20
0
18.32
14.73
8.20
6.96
15.21
204
5.6
50.3
47.1
93.6
.343
17.25
16.17
1,606
643
4,947
4,701
708
763
1,904
5,158
642
6
509
55 6,526
17 3,951
24 2,266
26 2.978
4
716
8 1,351
13 2,543
5.5
5.4
5. 7
5.6
5.3
5.6
5. 7
5.6
5.5
5.8
5. 7
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.7
5.6
5.9
47.0
55.1
50.0
52.6
56. 9
51.1
48.3
51.2
51.9
49.0
51.4
55.0
53.6
53.2
54.4
55.0
53.7
45.9
49.6
49.7
50. 5
45.1
50.1
47.3
50.1
47.9
47.2
50.4
52. 9
50.8
49. 7
53.3
52.8
54.1
97.7
90.0
99.4
96.0
79.3
98.0
97.9
97.9
92.3
96.3
98.1
96.2
94.8
93.4
98.0
96.0
100.7
.599
.290
. 608
.443
.453
.516
.646
. 555
.477
.619
. 566
.333
.493
.474
.348
.298
.459
28.15
15.98
30.40
23.30
25. 78
26.37
31.20
28.42
24.76
30.33
29.09
18.32
26.42
25.22
18.93
16.39
24.65
27.48
14.40
30.21
22.33
20.44
25.84
30.53
27.78
22.82
29.26
28.49
17.61
26.04
23.54
18.66
15.75
24.80
312 41,912
5.6
52.1
50.3
96.5
.499
26.00
25.12
Other employees, female:
California_______________
Illinois__________________
Indiana________ _________
Kentucky_______________
Maryland_______________
Massachusetts___________
Michigan_______________
New York_______________
North Carolina__________
Ohio___________________
Pennsylvania..... ................
Tennessee_______________
Virginia_________________
Wisconsin___________ ___
3
2
2
9
Total................................
63
All occupations, male:
California_______________
Georgia_________________
Illinois__________________
Indiana__________ _______
Kentucky_______________
Maryland_______________
Massachusetts_____ _____
Michigan_______________
Missouri..............................
New Jersey_____________
New Y.ork_____ _________
North Carolina...................
Ohio........ ..........................
Pennsylvania____ ____ __
Tennessee...........................
Virginia..............................
W isconsin..,................. .
Total................................
1 Data included in total.
8348°— 31------- 3
a
i
2
5
6
6
(,)«
46
18
11
3
(,)7
1
15
5
30
39
4
12
18
23
13
0)
30
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1929, by occupation, ssx> and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
’ Per
Aver- j cent of Aver
i
1 age
Num
fullage
ber of
hours I time
• tune actually!
estab ber o f .
hours earn
lish wage fo rk e d hours iworked factually ings
per
ments
in one jworked
' s x \ & \ week in one hour
i week
_ i
i
i
l
Ii
All occupations, femnle:
California............................
Georgia...............................
Illinois. ..............................
Indiana...............................
Kentucky......... .................
Maryland...........................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan............................
Missouri..............................1!
New Jersey......................... (i
New York...........................•
North Carolina.................. !
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania..................... s
Tennessee......................... Virginia..............................
Wisconsin........................... '
10
1
12
21
1
9
15
17
8
3
32
5
14
16
3
2
U
Total................................
* Data included in total.
462
255
:
<*)
71
201
563
49
11
326
54
184
101
165
26
333 !
5.5 j 45.4 !
(>) i!
5. 7 | 50.0
5.3 i 52.9
0)
0)
5.6
50.0
5.7
47.7
5.4
51.4
5.3
50.0
5.5
4 6 .2 ;i
5.7
48.8 j
5.6 1 55.0 1
5.6 j 49.8
5.1 i 50.8
5.7 j 55.0
5.5 : 55.0
5. o i 50.0
(9
2, QoS ;
5.5 js
50.5
1,73$
663
5, *109
4,956
713
834
2,105
5,721
691
520
6,852
4.005
2,450
3,079
881
1,377
2,876
i
!
5.5
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.6 j
5.7 jj
5.6 I1
5.5
5.8 !
5.7
5.6
5.0
5.5
5*7
5.6
i
58
46.9
55.1
50.0
52.6
57.0
51.0
4S.2
51.2
51.8
48.9
51.2
55.0
53.3
53.1
54.5
55.0
53.3
312 44,870 j
5.6
Total................................ | 180
All occupations, male and fe
male:
California. _........................ |
Georgia............................... j
Illinois................................ |
Indiana...............................
Kentucky........................... !
Maryland........................... i
j
Michigan............................ S
Missouri.............................. j
New Jersey.........................
New York........................... 1
North Carolina................... 1
Ohio.................. ................. 1
Pennsylvania...................... |
Tennessee...........................
Virginia..............................
Wisconsin........................... I
132
(>)
15
5
30
39
4
12
18
23
13
6
55
17
24
26
4
8
13
!
1
S
41.9
92.3
0>
C1)
49.6
46.1
0)
47.7
43.9
46.1
42.6
42.5
45.4
52.9 j
46.1
43.4
52.8
51.0 |
43.8 I!
99.2
87.1
0 )
95.4
92.0 .
89.7
85.2
92.0
93.0
96.2
92.6
85.4
96.0
92.7
87.6
46.4 | 91.9
$0,492
(l>
Aver
age
m il
time
earn
ings
per
week
$22.34
0)
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in one
week
$20.58
P)
.427
.272
(*)
.387
.356
.340
.319
.404
.389
.189
.374
.363
.161
.145
.315
21.35
14.39
(*)
19.35
16.98
17.48
15.95
18.66
18.98
10.40
18.63
18.44
8.86
7.98
15.75
21.17
12.53
(>)
18.45
15.63
15.67
13.57
17.18
17.66
10.00
17.25
15.73
8.53
7.39
13.83
.345
17.42
16.03
45.6
49.7
49.7
50.2
i 45.1
49.9
: 46.9
i 49.7
47.5
j 47.1
i 50.1
; 52.9
! 50.4
1 49.5
! 53.2
! 52.7
| 52.9
97.2
90.2
99.4
95.4
79.1
97.8
97.3
97.1
91.7
96.3
97.9
96.2
94.6
93.2
97.6
95.8
99.2
.591
.289
.593
.434
.453
.505
.620
.535
.467
.615
.558
.331
.485
.471
.313
.296
.445
27.72
15.92
29.65
22.83
25.82
25.76
29.88
27.39
24.19
30.07
28.57
18.21
25.85
25.01
17.06
16.28
23.72
26.95
14.36
29.44
21.83
20.42
25.22
29.11
26.59
22.17
29.00
27.97
17.50
24.46
23.29
16.68
15.59
23.53
51.9 | 50.1
96.5
.490
25.43
24.52
T a b le
B . — Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State
N u m b e r of
O c c u p a tio n , s e x , a n d
S ta te
E s ta b
lis h
m e n ts
A s s e m b le r s
and
12
20,
25,
12,
30,
35,
1 40
60.
j| 7 0 ,
18,
45,
80,
90,
100,
120, ! 140,
14,
16,
| 50,
u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r iu n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r a n d
14
30
25
35
40
45
16
20
50
60
70
8090
100
140
over
18
120
T o t a l ____________________________
15
5
187
72
580
669
113
$ 0 .6 5 2
.3 5 1
30
38
4
10
15
23
72
321
784
.5 3 3
.7 0 7
13
6
55
17
22
24
4
8
13
101
99
904
497
278
450
87
171
350
302
5, 73 5
1
6
3
.6 9 2
.5 3 5
. 533
3
1
1
.6 0 8
.5 1 0
.6 6 4
.6 0 9
.3 8 7
2
9
1
6
21
10
29
4
7
5
2
1
1
8
7
10
57
85
25
81
22
52
42
3
91
169
29
10
53
189
41
16
259
60
40
84
77
129
12
37
40
18
21
53
13
2
65
24
5
123
556
616
66
5
6
8
32
5
1
1
1
15
. 546
.5 2 8
.4 3 1
.3 3 8
.4 9 4
5
3
8
1
4
. 560
3
7
35
7
10
49
7
13
1
53
11 0
11
141
309
426
8
3
12
5
7
92
9
10
3S
55
21
4
63
14
8
17
84
23
8
37
58
20
1
1 ,3 2 0
57
1
35
12
1
6
1
199
155
61
38
8
31
15
38
154
26
10
8
26
218
9
146
3
36
220
5
13 8
42
79
1
30
28
1
29
13
2
6
1
12
14
3
2
14
66
2
16
6
81
12
59
1
23
15
12
12
8
1
2
2
1
2
.
3
36
1 ,1 4 5
7
3
4
643
273
113
138
5
c a b in e tm a k e r s ,
f e m a le :
I n d i a n a ____________________________
M i s s o u r i __________________________
N e w Y o r k _________________ _•_____
1
1
84
0)
27
6
12
0)
.3 6 7
.3 2 1
.3 1 8
.3 2 2
13
54
.3 1 7
15
5
30
38
4
9
15
23
307
158
933
974
114
105
422
1 ,0 2 3
11
166
.6 4 9
.3 0 0
. 630
. 458
. 450
.5 0 9
. 587
. 585
.5 0 2
O h i o ________________________________
P e n n s y l v a n i a ....... ................................
W i s c o n s i n __________________ ______
3
2
2
4
T o t a l ____________________________
0)
(9
(0
0)
1
1
6
4
1
1
1
2
14
24
8
9
3
54
11
*
26
5
1
2
1
1
M a c h in e h a n d s , m a le :
C a l i f o r n i a _________________________
G e o r g i a ____________________________
I l l i n o i s _____________________________
I n d i a n a ____________________________
K e n t u c k - y ______________________ .
M a r y l a n d ____ ___________ ________
M a s s a c h u s e tt
...............................
M i c h i g a n _________________________
M i s s o u r i ............ ..................... ..................
1Data included in total.
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
3
..
1
1910
34
3
89
27
20
13
60
16
3
7
I N D U S T R Y .
O h i o ______________________________ _
P e n n s y l v a n i a ____________________
T e n n e s s e e ..............................................
V i r g i n i a ___________________________
W i s c o n s i n _________________________
and
N u m b e r o f w a g e e a r n e r s w h o s e e a r n in g s ( i n c e n ts ) p e r h o u r w e r e —
U n
der
F U R N I T U R E
i s s o u r i _____________ ______ ______
e w J e r s e y ................................ .............
e w Y o r k ________________________
o r t h C a r o l i n a _ ......................... ..
A s s e m b le r s
A v e r
age
e a rn
in g s
per
hour
c a b in e tm a k e r s ,
m a le :
C a l i f o r n i a - . ....................... .. ...................
G e o r g i a ____________________ ________
Illin o is
-____
I n d i a n a ____________________________
K e n t u c k y _________________________
M a r y l a n d ______________ ______ ____
M a s s a c h u s e t t s . ................. ................
M i c h i g a n ............................................. .
M
N
N
N
W age
e a rn
e rs
7
3
2
2
3
1
1
2
7
19
21
11
2
93
11
5
16
13
9
117
12
16
38
38
19
14
10
5
79
9
84
1
61
1
35
4
1
10
17
51
169
16
15
47
78
15
70
169
14
18
63
92
22
232
271
32
21
99
266
86
14
198
29
4
30
18
15
47
279
18
10
39
54
2
2
2
11
8
5
138
11
55
2
11
2
308
69
1
1
T able
B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State— C o n t in u e d
N u m b e r of
O c c u p a tio n , s e x , a n d S ta te
E s ta b
lis h
W age
e a rn
m e n ts
e rs
M a c h in e h a n d s , m a le — C o n .
N e w J e r s e y ______ ____________
N e w Y o r k ............. .................. .........
118
A v e r
T o t a l _____
8 ,5 6 7
.5 1 2
der
12
120,
100,
50,
60,
80,
90,
30,
35,
45,
70,
18,
20,
25,
16,
40,
u n12da e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r u n d e r
120
140
100
60
90
40
50
70
80
. 35
45
25
30
14
18
20
16
3
33
2
5
7
1
2
1
1
3
6
18
6
3
161
74
19
445
65
48
269
12
58
11 7
19
30
136
55
113
17
11 5
173
31
72
77
21
121
12
138
48
1 ,0 8 1
1 ,0 2 8
2 ,1 1 8
1 ,3 4 7
2
99
27
13
167
77
163
136
163
50
5
12
51
48
28
61
10 3
810
37
1
50
4
26
23
76
53
15 1
249
578
32
11
.2 9 6
.3 5 4
0)
9
3
45
13
17
23
4
8
13
2
1
1
11
4
1
3
7
8
1 ,8 9 7
.5 0 7
3
3
.7 7 8
3
1
1
45
1
13
6
5
1
5
1
36
24
2
4
58
7
18
7
35
33
11
4
3
12
1
10
6
44
1
6
4
y ^ = s
-
1
20
L = ^ =
90
183
10
14
141
12
! ...............
!
1...............
...
1
1
105
.............. i ................
I
6
.3 4 7
.6 0 7
.4 5 5
.5 0 9
.4 6 0
.7 2 1
.5 6 0
.5 0 4
.6 3 1
.5 8 0
.3 4 8
.4 2 6
.5 0 0
.3 4 8
.2 9 9
.5 0 3
241
=
( l)
1
76
4
=
6
0)
2
3
2
2
2
1
0)
.2 7 4
6
2
2
0)
0)
0)
375
227
94
191
29
86
86
737
=
3
18
2
14
10
1
2
18
1
1
46
49
15
1
11
26
4
4
3
23
8
2
31
20
15
1
1
54
34
23
3
14
116
8
11
99
9
4
3
65
12
16
2
9
48
4
13
138
4
21
7
6
24
2
2
13
1
4
2
5
8
9
33
8
3
7
38
3
8
3
6
5
2
2
3
1
39
14
14
31
2
1
36
15
64
11
23
28
13
1
207
207
482
352
142
LABOR
13
22
27
20
158
160
60
16
58
251
22
37
2
•
.2 9 3
5
5
27
32
3
5
1
1
15
17
1
1
OF
T o t a l. .
1
0)
0)
.2 8 1
T o t a l.
Polishers and rubbers, male:
California___ ____ ______
Georgia.............................
Illinois...................... ........
Indiana........................... .
Kentucky........................
Maryland______ _______
Massachusetts..................
Michigan........................ .
Missouri...........................
New Jersey......................
New Y ork........................
North Carolina................
Ohio..................................
Pennsylvania...................
Tennessee.........................
Virginia.............................
Wisconsin..... ...................
1
35
46
4
12
HOURS
8a
1
10
29
2
13
=
M a c h in e h a n d s , fe m a le :
I n d i a n a ............... ...................
M i c h i g a n .................. ..........
M i s s o u r i ...............................
N e w Y o r k ............. .............
O h i o _____________________
P e n n s y l v a n i a _________
T e n n e s s e e ______________
W i s c o n s i n ............................
116
140,
and
over
AND
291
621
U n
WAGES
V i r g i n i a ____
W is c o n s in . .
$ 0 ,6 8 2
.5 5 4
.3 7 0
.5 0 2
.5 0 8
.4 2 0
.3 3 5
.4 6 0
1 ,2 8 0
781
489
631
154
N o r t h C a r o l i n a ...........................
O h i o ........................................................
P e n n s y l v a n i a ...............................
N u m b e r o f w a g e e a r n e r s w h o s e e a r n in g s ( i n c e n ts ) p e r h o u r w e r e —
age
e a rn
in g s
per
ho ur
1
1
2
2
1
■■ ---------
coco
291
59
9
35
255
17
17
374
11
249
2 ,2 8 3
.4 1 9
1
8
0)
52
22
0)
.2 1 7
.2 7 3
.3 0 8
.2 4 8
2
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
------------ 1
2
2
5
3
17
!
.5 0 6
.2 4 3
.5 8 3
.3 7 2
.5 1 0
.3 2 1 .
.5 3 3
.4 3 9
.3 6 4
.4 0 2
.4 8 8
.2 9 6
.4 1 7
.4 0 5
.2 8 6
.2 7 0
.4 2 6
11
(0
.3 0 0
282
117
255
50
94
76
2
I
2
2
1
2
21
1
1
4
3
5
8
8
18
2
2
1
3
1
52
6
5
70
5
5
30
9
45
8
58
7
29
36
1
4
32
10
3
12
4
34
31
2
1
12
1
25
48
2
3
33
58
13
24
4
1
19
8
4
46
16
2
2
2
7
1
4
6
2
35
3
12
5
5
107
9
19
14
34
2
79
32
3
1
2
2
2
7
14
4
128
241
370
4
1
1
10
1
2
29
6
49
5
2
2
8
76
4
6
3
1
26
33
12
51
6
52
24
21
16
45
2
3
84
15
22
40
--------
66
2
11
29
1
12
1
59
20
4
82
5
9
27
3
1
23
1
1
2
3
2
2
49
20
1
1
16
2
7
1
2
65
16
1
11
9
12
22
8
12
3
297
324
247
346
207
0
0)
1
1
15
9
5
3
9
5
7
3
5
4
3
3
1
4
2
1
1
10
5
3
15
3
10
2
2
6
3
2
6
61
238
12
39
.3 8 7
39
14
30
66
16
121
.1 3 7
.4 2 5
.2 8 4
.1 3 6
.1 4 2
.3 0 6
653
.2 6 8
1
28
4
1
37
2
6
4
42
1
1
1
1929
1
1
TO
*Date included in total.
97
37
218
16
19
23
4
8
1
(9
1910
Total..............................
10
5
3
8
1
1
INDUSTRY,
Total.............................
Sanders, hand, female:
Illinois---.........................
Indiana.............................
Massachusetts.................
Michigan..........................
Missouri...........................
New York........................
North Carolina...... .........
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania...................
Tennessee.........................
Virginia............................
Wisconsin.......... ..............
33
21
8
5
47
0>
.2 6 2
0)
(*>
<*)
0)
(» )
0)
14
31
4
2
1
0)
1
1
1
1
1
1
26
.3 7 9
.3 7 8
FURNITURE
Total_________ _______
Sanders, hand, male:
California________ _____
Georgia.............. .............
Illinois.................. ...........
Indiana........................ .
Kentucky.........................
Maryland..... .............. .
Massachusetts.................
Michigan..................... .
Missouri...........................
New Jersey........... ..........
New York................... .
North Carolina.-............
Ohio............ .....................
Pennsylvania...................
Tennessee....... .................
Virginia............................
Wisconsin........................
2
2
1
1
2
O'
Polishers and rubbers, female:
Illinois..............................
Indiana.............................
Kentucky.........................
Massachusetts.................
Michigan..........................
New York........................
Ohio..................................
Pennsylvania...................
Tennessee.........................
Virginia....... .....................
Wisconsin.................... .
1
5
34
9
5
1
7
10
4
4
3
9
1
6
2
1
27
35
42
26
14
35
128
4
4
3
6
3
38
17
11
9
6
1
143
69
79
38
23
16
4
1
T a b le
B . — Average
N u m b e r of
O c c u p a tio n , s e x , a n d S ta te
E s ta b
lis h
m e n ts
W age
e a rn
e rs
1
3
59
6
8
178
10
57
O h i o -------------------------P e n n s y lv a n ia - . .
T e n n e s s e e ________
W i s c o n s i n ________
10
0)
:
!
i
0)
0)
2
3
1
1
1
(0
12
5
in
10
j
7
j
13
2
. 73f
.4 5 4
i
19
12
235
55
581
!
J
-!
_
9
12
10
1
2
2
1
5
9 !
7
8 |
1
9
7
10
10
17
15 !
3
1
1
0)
33
19
7
11
0)
40
12
8
0)
47
10
11
11
(9
35
14
28
61
6
3
9
10
2
24
183
178
226
.7 3 1
.6 1 7
.7 4 4
.8 6 4
126
.7 2 1
32
6
13
2
2
42
3
12
1
2
1
6
19
1
6
10
1
3
3 I
1 1
1_______ ■
!
1
1
2
54
129
160
155
114
77
141
52
.............. . . . . . .
1
9
2
7
8
37
33
7
1
J
2
5
i
11
8
6
84
5 i!
93 !
56
31
2
2
4
13
19
16
4
16
6
30
30
28
1
i
10
2
3
i
C>
!
4
C
.............i ..............
16
22
1
0)
28
11
5
12
8
11
9
17
21
17
3
2
!
1 i
2 !
7
0)
0)
............... ..............
5
34
3
9
1
7
8
4
1
1
1
2
1
4
9
9
4
7
2
2
4
1
1
_______ | ________
0)
1
!
0)
.4 0 3
I
3
10
1
1
.3 5 9
U p h o l s t e r e r s , i n a '.e :
C a l i f o r n i a .................
1
"(f)
.3 9 3
.4 8 0
932
0)
0)
(>)
1
. 505
100
T o t a l-
2
1
|
LABOR
60
52
i c h i g a n _________
i s s o u r i ....................
e w J e r s e y ----------e w Y o r k ...............
o r t h C a r o lin a .
1
0)
(')
0)
.4 4 3
.3 5 2
.3 5 9
.3 7 9
.3 8 3
.4 2 5
.3 7 3
.3 8 9
.3 9 7
l"
OF
I n d i a n a .......................
M a r y l a n d ________
M a s s a c h u s e tts ..
1
6
0)
C1)
302
76
4
1
1
140,
and
over
HOURS
76
0)
3
2
2
1
.6 7 0
T o t a l - - .................
120,
100,
90,
70,
80,
60,
35,
45,
50,
30,
40,
18,
25,
12,
20,
16,
14,
under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under
120
140
100
80
90
60
70
45
50
35
40
20
14
25
30
10
18
0)
(0
0)
(0 s
0)
S e w e r s , fe m a le :
C a l i f o r n i a ________
G e o r g i a -------------------I l l i n o i s ____________
d i a n a .......................
a r y l a n d -------------a s s a c h u s e tts ..
i c h i g a n ..................
U n
der
12
. 598
O h i o _______________
P e n n s y lv a n ia .. .
W i s c o n s i n ................
In
M
M
M
ho ur
AND
0)
(0
0)
N e w Y o r k ...............
N o r t h C a r o lin a .
G e o r g i a ....................
I l l i n o i s .........................
age
e a rn
in g s
per
0. 719
.7 5 2
.4 1 4
.6 0 8
I l l i n o i s _____________
M
M
N
N
N
N u m b e r o f w a g e e a r n e r s w h o s e e a r n in g s ( i n c e n ts ) p e r h o u r w e r e —
A v e r
WAGES
S e w e r s , m a le :
C a l i f o r n i a . . ............
I n d i a n a ....................
M a r y l a n d .................
M a s s a c h u s e tts ..
00
and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State— Continued
1
34
4
1
19
27
1
132
41
36
2
92
14
"*4 8
(52
____ ___
— ___
7
1
.
34
28
34
3
15
34
29
2
16
44
19
13
23
12
19
8
151
2,523
2
1
4
2
2
1
1
4
7
8
16
0)
0
Total............................ ......
Veneerers, male:
California_________________
Illinois_______________ ____
Indiana.............................. „
Kentucky________________
Maryland_________________
Massachusetts___ ________
Michigan_________________
M issouri..________________
New Jersey_______________
New Y o r k .......... ................
North Carolina____________
Ohio_______ ____ ______ .
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee_________________
Virginia—______ __________
Wisconsin________________
13
49
2
18
26
3
1
3
17
2
2
22
9
9
16
1
7
7
Total...................... ...........
Veneerers, female:
Indiana___________________
Michigan_________________
New York___ ____ ________
•Ohio_____________________
Pennsylvania___ ____ _____
Wisconsin.............................
145
T otal-.................................
22
* Data included in total.
6
8
3
1
2
2
0
7
115
156
24
0)
6
247
4
13
184
133
54
114
0
64
39
i
!
.724 _____L
i
i
1
!
i
I
10
2
2
5
16
31
17
13
34
73
121
147
400
425
406
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
4
4
(0
0
4
2
1
5
1
1
25
2
5
12
.227
.313
.351
0)
.353
.270
107
.290
2
0)
9
I
11
16
30
1
3
29
9
11
10
16
9
20
41
14
8
32
63
3
7
72
3
14
18
47
45
2
5
46
1
1
31
6
9
23
12
17
19
9
5
4
10
4
4
1
16
1
183
156
279
108
1
2
3
3
130
5
1
8
3
3
19
1
2
10
1
4
5
0
0
1
i
2
121
16
1
10
39
Cn
0
2
2
20
0)
1
11
0
5
3
21
3
5
2
20
3
i
l
!
!i
1
1
I
!
1
2
1
1
l
9
1
2
i
1 1
46 i
1
\
!
1
2 |
1 i
i
I.........
1 !i-------
2
1
0
1
12
!
2
24
9
81
53
!
9 |
1
4
46
28
2
0
33
276
1 i
13
16
6
1
2
342 i 211
2
15
23
5
0
0
2
i
!
1
i.........
5
39
6
5
5
7
21 i
4 i
1
!
i
i
0
9
17 i
4
|
i
i
.........1
.........!
1
25
3
0
17
.311
.453
11
I
|
i
2
| 22
1
!
0
0
<i
3
7(5
—
0
5
2
3!
i
43 i
i
!
7
2
3
0
.454
0
10
0
1,165
44
4
1
3
0
3
3
75
1
20
12
0
4
2
52
4
21
12
0
2
1
2
3
7
4
69
18
38
16
0
5
3
3
3
.641 _____i_____
1
.543
|
.420
j
.390
.........1.........
0)
.910 .........1
.530
: li —
.518
i
.596
1
.493
1
.310
i
.440
.425
1
3
54
19
40
12
0
1
1
1
0)
1
10
7
14
9
0
1
13
0
1
1
5
13
13
6
2
10
4
7
1
1
|
.583
0
i
.317
i
.454
i
.418
i
0
.........!
0
.403
i
i
1
„ 1L------l I
14
1929
Total-__________________
Upholsterers, female:
California_________________
Indiana..-________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan____ _____________
New York......... ........... .......
Pennsylvania................... .
Wisconsin---------------------
.797
.876
.830
.494
.687
.651
0
.366
.574
1
6
1
1
5
"
i,
I!
1
1
'
.
1910 TO
29
24
410
79
193
85
0
6
98
INDUSTRY,
4
4
26
7
12
9
1
3
8
FURNITURE
Missouri................................
New Jersey_______________
New York________________
North Carolina.-.................
Ohio............ — ................... .
Pennsylvania........................
Tennessee_______ _________
Virginia-...............................
Wisconsin_______ _________
i
T able
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 192.91 by sex and State
Occupation, sex, and State
Illinois
52.1
C1)
(*)
0)
0)
4
27
12
49.9
50.0
51.3
50.0
Total.............................................................
13
54
50.7
Machine hands, male:
P oli fnm lft
Oftnrffia
Illinois
Indiana
- _________
Kentucky........................................................
15
5
30
38
4
307
158
933
974
114
47.8
55.2
50.2
52.8
56.3
6
11
141
20
3
Over
48,
under 49H
49H
78
3
38
2
22
116
Over
Over
50,
52M,
under 52H under
54
52H
12
8
42
71
31
14
8
436
293
11
41
167
627
154
31
27
216
43
39
1
2
198
12
18
4
86
15
17
32
131
24
1,961
6
30
5
43
2
23
419 j1.........
17
30
61
297
27
524
Over
60,
55,
and
under under
60 over
57
55
61
11
146
54
22
102
14
59
100
26
1
i
1
i
72
497
149
139
63
171
202
|1
1,702
1
20
8
107
362
Over
54,
under
55
54
6
37
21
7
76
50
I
j
1
43
19
44
45
3
33
176 i1 106
48
(0
30
1
1
26
231
37
3
1
(0
2
27
1
12
5
1
40
7
48
21
709
411
11
i
!
I
1
4
95
63
206
77
131
10
10
91
62
18
34
17
63
43
37
2
LABOR
1
1
3
2
2
4
5,735
29
48
OF
Assemblers and cabinetmakers, female:
Indiana
Missouri
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
"Wisconsin
302
47.3
55.1
50.3
52.6
57.1
51.5
48.1
51.2
51.9
49.0
51.8
55.0
53.7
53.2
54.3
55.0
53.8
Over
44,
under
48
HOURS
T otal............................................................
187
72
580
669
113
72
321
784
101
99
904
497
278
450
87
171
350
44
AND
Kentucky
Maryland
]Vtassachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
W isconsin
15
5
30
38
4
10
15
23
13
6
55
17
22
24
4
8
13
Number of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—
WAGES
Assemblers and cabinet makers, male:
Aver
Num Num age
full
ber of ber of
time
estab wage hours
Un
lish
der
per
ments earners week
44
8 3 4 8 ° — 31-
Total.............................
296
51.9
49.0
51.4
52.2
49.1
52.1
55.0
54.1
53.3
54.5
55.0
53.7
8,567
52.4
0) '
0)
3
1
12
15
' 151
76
92
51
1
32
3
118
67
23
320
52.7
33
176
31
80
459
2,902
1
2
55
573
27
1
27
27
47
733
19
1
63
8
1
24
14
4
7
39
3
1
10
30
5
8
300
15
36
2
116
106
0)
18
2
1
1
4
118
58
1
9
6
1
12
1
!
3
84
3
62
16
6
20
220
61
3
8
52
4
4
8
37
9
12
80
547
224
3
10
6
4
260
19
l
23
17
10
48
6
43
18
5
7
12
13
2,777
8
24
10
29
41
65
0)
0)
3
104
781
302
196
123
291
375
4
0)
7
1
69
3
16
10
31
227
56
70
20
86
56
4
22
638
75
1929
47.7
55.0
50.2
53.4
57.9
53.1
47.0
50.7
52.2
49.2
52.6
55.0
53.9
53.1
54.2
55.0
54.9
42
15
20
1
TO
27
20
158
160
60
16
58
251
22
37
375
227
94
191
29
24
7
131
39
153
35
1910
51.1
5
302
6
3
50.0
Polishers and rubbers, male:
California........................
Georgia.!—......................
Illinois........... .................
Indiana.......................... .
Kentucky........................
Maryland...... ................ .
Massachusetts.................
Michigan.........................
Missouri.................. .......
New Jersey............... ......
New York._....................
North Carolina...............
Ohio................................
Pennsylvania-................
Tennessee...... .................
V irginia..-..................... .
Wisconsin...................... .
5
50
312
789
186
456
V)
30
247
55
5
25
50.4
52.3
0)
0)
48.3
(*)
Total.............................
Total............................
11
55
IN D U S T R Y ,
Machine hands, female:
Indiana............. ..............
Michigan................. .......
Missouri..........................
New York............... .......
Ohio................................
Pennsylvania..................
Tennessee_____________
Wisconsin........................
105
422
1,023
166
118
1,280
781
489
631
154
291
621
FURNITURE
1
Maryland........................
Massachusetts.................
Michigan.........................
Missouri..........................
New Jersey......................
New York....... ................
North Carolina....... ........
Ohio........... - ..................
Pennsylvania..................
Tennessee........................
Virginia...........................
Wisconsin........................
15
64
10
1 Data included in total
CO
T a b le
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1929,
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
Num Num age
full
ber of ber of
time
estab wage hours
lish
per
ments earners
2,283
Over
under 49*6
49H
2
2
Over 57,
60,
55,
and
under under
over
60
57
Over
54
under
55
55
1
0)
(0 !.........
.........i.........
.........j.........
15
0)
0)
0)
0)
C1)
I
!
0)
3
1
1
4
90
1
5
11
2
i
4
5 !
71 !
i
I
2
12
3
6
9
4
11
1
i
22
7
2
9
1
2
16
i
3
52.5
Over
Over
50,
52H,
under 52H under
54
52H
50
167 !
159
159
1
1
29
214
1
76
26
43
695
13
11
9
9
15
87
27
21
195
168
3
8
13
3
208
1
45
20
8
42
i
10
39
16
3
5
7
30
7
io
4
34
16
36
13
1
t
23
282
67
88
23
94
38
13
32
743
88
21
-j
i
50
21
LABOR
249
48
OF
97
37
218
291
59
9
35
255
17
17
374
282
117
255
50
94
76
Over
44,
under
48
1
51.
51.
0)
0)
54.
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
33
Banders, hand, male:
California.............
Georgia.................
Illinois..................
Indiana.................
Kentucky.............
Maryland.............
Massachusetts___
Michigan..............
Missouri...............
New Jersey..........
New York............
North Carolina...
Ohio......................
Pennsylvania.......
Tennessee.............
Virginia................
Wisconsin.............
Total..
44
HOURS
Total-
Un
der
44
AND
3
3
0)
0)
15
0)
0)
(*)
0)
0)
0)
Number of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—
WAGES
Polishers and rubbers, female:
Illinois.................................
Indiana................................
Kentucky............................
Massachusetts.....................
Michigan.............................
New York...........................
Ohio.....................................
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee............................
Virginia:..............................
Wisconsin............................
by sex and State— Continued
Total........................ .
Total........................ .
Sewers, female:
California.................. .
Georgia______ _______
Illinois______________
Indiana_____________
Maryland........... .........
Massachusetts_______
Michigan.....................
Missouri.......... ............
New Jersey.......... .......
New York___________
North Carolina______
O h io............................
Pennsylvania........ ......
Tennessee....................
Wisconsin___________
INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
Sewers, male:
California_____ _____ _
Illinois..........................
Indiana______ _______
Maryland........... .........
Massachusetts_______
New York___________
North Carolina______
Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania...............
Wisconsin.................
FURNITURE
Sanders, hand, female:
Indiana.........................
Illinois.................... . . .
Massachusetts____. . . .
Michigan__________ _
Missouri_____ _____ ..
New Y ork .,_________
North Carolina______
Ohio.................... .........
Pennsylvania________
Tennessee________ . . . .
Virginia................ .......
Wisconsin____ _______
Total.........................
* Data included in total.
00
to
T a b le
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1989, by sex and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
37
1
30
7
14
11
6
9
10
1
48
8
Over
Over
50,
52H,
under 52H under
54
52H
50
71
12
12
328
70
129
159
82
1
54
1
Over
54,
under
55
3
55
Over 57, | 60,
55, under, and
under 60 over
57
54
1
46
26
...............
!
1
1
!
44
1
4
93
18
26
28
24
3
11
.............. I . .............
1
19
57
79
44
29
1
1
i
_____ 1 ..............
!
0)
1
=====
183
50.3
1
7
115
156
24
0)
48.0
50.1
53.1
55.0
0)
45.3
<9
119
22
18
19
202
49
0)
9
34
1
7
8
16
65
53
3
33
47.0
0)
48.0
52.5
49.8
0)
(»)
(0
56
Over
48,
under Am
49^
121
368
49
208
920
6
66
30
11
170
58
21
3
383
1
1
27
1
|
-------------
3
0)
7
3
14
5
2
0)
0)
10
7
4
2
14
12
2
12
96
62
2
5
5
8
8
5
13
30
24
0)
27
.
8
LABOR
50.1
48
OF
Veneerers, male:
California.........
Illinois..............
Indiana.............
Kentucky.........
Maryland.........
Massachusetts-
2, 523
114
Over
44,
under
48
HOURS
Total.
45.3
55.0
49.8
52. 1
50.0
48.8
51. 7
48.6
48.4
45.8
55.0
51.8
51.7
0)
55.0
54.2
44
AND
Total.
Upholsterers, female
California...........
Indiana________
Massachusetts...
Michigan--------New York_____
Pennsylvania....
Wisconsin_____
235
55
581
183
178
226
126
29
24
410
79
193
85
0)
6
Number of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—
WAGES
Upholsterers, male:
California......... .
Georgia.......... ...
Illinois...............
Indiana________
Maryland_____
Massachusetts..
Michigan______
Missouri_______
New Jersey____
New York_____
North Carolina.
Ohio____ ______
Pennsylvania.. .
Tennessee_____
V irginia............
Wisconsin..........
Aver
Num Num age
full
ber of ber of time
estab wage
hour Un
lish
per
der
ments earners week
44
Michigan..........
Missouri...........
New Jersey......
New York____
North Carolina.
Ohio..... ............
Pennsylvania...
Tennessee.........
Virginia............
Wisconsin____
17
2
2
22
9
9
16
1
7
7
247
4
13
184
133
54
114
0)
64
39
Total.............
145
1,165
50.3
54.5
49.4
52.1
55.0
54.2
53.7
0)
55.0
56.1
j
52.5
25
44
4
0)
5
12
54.2
51.1
50.0
0)
51.9
50.0
Total.............
107
51.5
27
475
32
49
109
13
401
12
0)
12
1929
16
INDUSTRY, 1910 TO
1Data included in total.
12
133
36
48
0)
64
29
87
FURNITURE
Veneerers, female:
Indiana_______
Michigan..........
New York____
Ohio__________
Pennsylvania...
Wisconsin____
225
T able
D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State
Aver
age
hours
actu
ally Un 12, 16, 20,
work der un un un
ed in 12 der der der
one
16 20 24
week
Total........................... __
302
5,735
50.8
Assemblers and cabinetmak
ers, female:
Indiana.__ ____ _
Missouri
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
1
1
3
2
2
4
0)
W4
27
6
12
0)
(i)
47.5
48.8
49.6
42.5
1
13
54
47.5
1
15
5
307
158
46.4
50.7
10
1
Total
Machine hands, male:
California:__________ „__
Georgia..............................
?
47.3
52.7
2
1
4
49.9
3
5
50.3
44.4
1
1
53.0
2
47.9
5
2
50.3
50.4
1
1
47.4
2 11
51.0
3
2
53.6
1
51.8
50.0 "~6~
1
54.4
1
52. 2
I
1
55.1
1
32
28
1
3
1
1
1
9
3
3
6
3
4
1
3
1
1
5
g
1
1
12
1
5
1
1
2
3
2
"I"
29
29
T
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
40
32,
un
der
36
36,
un
der
40
2
7
9
10
11
17
21
5
1
8
1
1
~~4~ 2
8~ 22 11
2 .... 1
1
6 10 14
7 11 2
1 15
4 10 "29"
1
1
’T
1
40,
un
der
44
Over
Over
Over
44,
48,
49H,
44 un 48 un 49M un
der
der
der
50
48
49y2
15
15
1
2
35
3
23
6
29
1
14 ~67_
3
72
2
7
2
2
27
31
12 . . . . .
15
16
3
14
6
37 108 114 297
128
9
8
71
2 .....
"is
40
1
55
9
2
1
1
5
22
4
65
1
29
10
8
2
6
1
18
69
79 33
20
2
24
7
3
1
43
3
1
2
2
5
1
19
6
4
11
357
267
106
50
Over
Over
Over
54,
50,
52M,
un 52M un 54 un
der
der
der
54
55
52^
2
9
3
22 "38'
14
20
2
5
9
171
159
2
13
82
314
2
2
79
30
15
70
4
12
88
*36
9
17
46
3
10
3
196
16 1,057
191
1
36
16
2
4
1
4
2
30
65
27
’ i
2
11
1
2
2
3
4
3
5
1
14
11
68
140
5
5
8
36
14
26
90
5
15
6
113
12
10
11
1
5
1
1
2
57
233
44
52
22
39
61
70
54
42
51
15
32
73
88
70
37
29
15
26
70
78
771
705
535
14
1
23
1
3
6
1
5
1
2
1
1
17 33
2
14
12
12
12
61
15 . . . . .
2
5
18
10
2
5
4
7
168
140
306
5
2
31
2
(i)
1
1
1
2
2
6
1
6
2
4
7
8
5
3
5
1
2
5
21
8
16 1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
73
30
71
11
1
2
0)
0)
1
1
1
26
5
2
1
Over
55,
60,
un ana
der over
60
1
28
47
76
m
7
3
46
9
2
2
24
14
194
9
15
4
1
2
7
55
5
_
31
6
1
19
16
8
4
14
7
3
5
4
1
6
2
41
20
41
38
5
LABOR
187
72
580
669
113
72
321
784
101
99
904
497
278
450
87
171
350
28,
un
der
32
OF
15
5
30
38
4
10
15
23
13
6
55
17
22
24
4
8
13
24,
un
der
28
HOURS
Assemblers and cabinetmak
ers, male:
California____ . . . . , .
Georgia________________
Illinois_______________ .
Indiana.______________ .
Kentucky_____ ___
Maryland____________ _
Massachusetts__________
Michigan_______________
Missouri______ _ __
New Jersey
New York____________ .
North Carolina________
Ohio............................ .....
Pennsylvania___ _______
Tennessee__________
Virginia ___ - Wisconsin______
Occupation, sex, and State
Number of wage earners whose hours actually worked in one week were
AND
Num
ber of
wage
earn
ers
WAGES
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
30
Total...........................
296
Total...........................
7
7
47.3
42.1
C)
0)
33.7
3
0)
0)
13
46.4
48.2
50.0
48.8
32.4
49.9
47.6
48.2
46.1
49.4
51.7
50.8
52.5
47.4
46.6
51.7
53.3
37
375
227
94
191
247
1,897
9
13
57
52
2
47
47
21
6
1
1
10
47
40
118 141
47
78
49.4
10
1
50
5
1
11
116
3
7
22
19
1
’ io"
19
5
2
51
6
13
13
.....
11
2
546
290
29
4
323
187
4
26
124
366
1
6
35
87
34
2
11
218
'T
6
13
72
25
2
5
1
5
12
” 44"
159
76
2
24
105
7
66
100
6
174
59
33
2
27
185
12
3
24 1,671
317
328
23
31
2
5
8
60
10
1
3
24
59
19
5
45
9
3
1
51 l i o ’
22
9
17
12
16
5
"” 57’
360
113
80
44
81
106
2
215
58
62
18
13
60
11
95
249
2
35
111
18
48
132
” '6
31
127
1
71
57
57
104
35
60
128
118
27
46
36
47
132
113 1,135 1,0
1
3
0
0)
“o '
" ( O '
C1)
(»)
3
1
36
13
2
3
11
11
12
7
17
1
20
13
1
1
17
35
5
9
~W
7
3
8
3
4
11
6
18
28
23
22
25
51
131
4
27
5
20
5
37
3
8
11
16
3
10
2
2
20
39
1
22
127
54
35
48
6
247
3
8
2
12
1
11
....
2
2
1
19
9
5
15
2
2
8
....
27
7
11
5
2
5
"l2
114
5
9
1
21
23
1
21
7
....
3
73
46
11
17
11
5
155
30
236
5
1
47
41
.....
1
19
1
28
2
43
"’ si
20
8
15
12
14
2
2
7
11
257
139
1929
27
22
"ii"
2
17
2
8
44.4
20
19
75
90
43.4
30
158
160
60
16
58
251
4
20
1
34
27
14
2
34
78
5
1
41
26
22
TO
51.4
22
1910
1 Data included in total.
8,567
0)
«
Polishers and rubbers, male:
California_____________
Georgia_______________
Illinois___ ______ _____
Indiana_______________
Kentucky____________
Maryland____________
Massachusetts................
Michigan........................
Missouri____________ __
New Jersey___________
New York____________
North Carolina________
Ohio................................
Pennsylvania_________
Tennessee____________
Virginia..........................
Wisconsin____________
Total_______________
50.1
51.5
47. 6
50.9
49.4
51.0
48.0
48.7
51.5
53.9
50.9
51.5
55.4
53.8
54.4
INDUSTRY,
Machine hands, female:
Indiana...........................
Michigan..... ..................
Missouri.......... ..............
New York......................
Ohio................................
Pennsylvania.................
Tennessee.......................
W isconsin..—................
974
114
105
422
1,023
166
118
1,280
781
489
631
154
291
621
FURNITURE
Illinois...........................
Indiana........ ..................
Kentucky.......................
Maryland.......................
Massachusetts...............
Michigan........................
Missouri.........................
New Jersey.....................
New York__________
North Carolina..............
Ohio...............................
Pennsylvania.................
Tennessee.......................
Virginia..........................
Wisconsin......................
T a b le D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
14
33
48.6
97
37
218
291
59
9
35
255
17
17
374
282
117
255
50
94
76
42.9
49.1
52.0
48.9
41.9
55. 2
40.4
49.2
49. 6
46. 7
49.6
51. 8
52.8
48.9
49.5
51.2
51.5
2,283
49.5
10
5
26
31
4
3
g
21
8
5
47
16
19 |
I
23
4
8
11
249
36,
un
der
40
40,
un
der
44
44
Over
Over
Over
48,
44,
49&
un 48 un 49^ un
der
der
der
50
48
49H
50
Over
Over
Over
54,
50,
un 52H un 54 un
der
der
der
54
55
52%
1
1
1
2
Over
60,
55,
un ana
der over
60
55
1
(9
1
(9
1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
i
2
3
1
5
4
3
1
2
5
1
4
1
3
4
1
1
4 ~~2
1
4
1
1
2
1
25
8
25
3
2
1 2
1 1
1
5 "16
1 1
4
1 6
2 11 1 2
1 3i 7
11
10 10
7 8
17
5
3
1 ~~2
2
12
4
3
6
3
3
1
3 ....
1
31
24
1
4
4
1
7
2
4
1
37
61
3
5
4
6
(9
21
1
2
1
1
7
1
1
8
1
1
7
4
1
7
10
3
(9
1
18
1
3
1
1
1
5
2
1
13
19
3
26
1
1
3
4
10
4
3
2
2
18
1
1
15
1
1
1
26
16
6
13
4
6
4
1
. 1
25
13
12
16
1
8
3
69
138
39
135
3
1
2
3
41
1
1
1
2
1
84
3
7
11
2
1
2
1
1
42
2
1
5
3
1
4
8
7
3
1
2
8
1
2
40
6
2
3
2
3
6
40
48
1
1
14
81
1
1
19
32
3
39
1
11
20
3
6
12
16
1
1
26
5
321
1
10
1
9
3
1
6
1
10
3
1
1
11
12
28
15
16
3
1
3
27
31
27
9
3
14
7
45
319
283
175
7
9
3
5
10
3
21
5
6
19
11
1
4
43
16
10
5
77
2
4
5
1
1
11
4
1
6
2
112
41
123
100
1
1
1
6
35
13
133
19
26
3
19
19
3
4
10
1
46
55
2
1
42
1
1
25
15
17
34
8
16
9
1
6
4
1
1
1
14
LABOR
Total...............................
51.5
49.8
(9
(9
51.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
32,
un
der
36
OF
Sanders, hand, male:
California
___
Georgia
_
___
Illinois . _____ ________
Indiana_________________
Kentucky
Maryland
M assachusetts
Michigan_______________
Missouri
New Jersey
__ _ _
New York______________
North Carolina
Ohio
.............................
Pennsylvania___________
Tennessee
_____ ____
Virginia__________
Wisconsin. ___________
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
(9
(9
15
(9
<9
(9
(9
(9
0)
28,
un
der
32
HOURS
_ ___________
2
2
1
1
24,
un
der
28
AND
Total .
Num
ber of
wage
earn
ers
WAGES
Polishers and rubbers, fe
male:
Illinois .. .
Indiana
.
,
Kentucky______________
Massachusetts ____
Michigan
New York
_____
Ohio . .
_________
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
Wisconsin
Number of wage earners whose hours actually worked in one week were—
Aver
age
hours
actu
ally Un 12, 16, 20,
un un un
work der
ed in 12 der der der
one
16 20 24
week
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
1
3
15
3
10
2
2
6
3
2
6
Total...................
61
52
0)
22
238
12
16
121
45.4
0
45.3
46.0
45.7
45.8
54.4
48.1
43.8
53.7
51.8
41.5
653
46.5
14
30
Total...................
19
40
Sewers, female:
California...............
10
76
0)
302
76
59
60
52
Total.........................
100
2
0
0
178
10
57
10
0
17
10
9
11 I 19
70
9
2
"2
2
7
7
9
20
10
17
148
20 ! 18
8
46
0
0
0
0
JL
0
49.5
.!
41.0
0
49.1
44.8
47.6
42.8
43.5
38.1
40.6
45.4
51.3
43.2
50.3
0
39.5
23
0)
24
16
2
4
7
16
13
107
4
0) . . . . .
29
19 . . . . .
3
26
4
10 . . . . .
10
"2
38
112
17
1
1
34
1!
12
12
25
47
1
4
0
28
2
0)
37
5
2
0
24
1
8
~ 8~
"2
25 ~_45'
2 .....
11
‘Y
2
0
26
53
22
4
~T
3
50.3
46.5
56.0
44.8
0
0
0
45.2
46.0
41
14
"2
"2
8
4
18
1
0)
0
1929
Indiana.........................
M aryland..................
Massachusetts_______
Michigan....................
Missouri.................... .
New. Jersey__________
New York___________
North Carolina............
Ohio............. ................
Pennsylvania...............
Tennessee.....................
Wisconsin....................
11
9
8
9
7
2
3
19
3
9
4
1
4
0
0
0
10
2
5
11
5
1
2
1
17
.....
TO
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
18
3
6
1
2
0
8
32
INDUSTRY, 1910
Sewers, male:
California...... ........
Illinois...................
Indiana.................
Maryland..............
Massachusetts.......
New York..............
North Carolina___
Ohio.......................
Pennsylvania........
Wisconsin..............
0
29
1
FURNITURE
Sanders, hand, female:
Indiana............. .
Illinois....................
Massachusetts____
Michigan...............
Missouri................
New York.............
North Carolina___
Ohio.......................
Pennsylvania........
Tennessee..............
Virginia..................
Wisconsin..............
~y
T
0
35
67
41
53
13
1Data included in total.
Oi
T able D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Veneerers, male:
California - -.
Illinois_____
Indiana........
Kentucky...
Maryland...
2
13
26
3
1
4
7
8
16
50.0
0
46.0
42.4
44.4
0
0
49
42.0
7
115
156
24
0
54.1
60.0
53.3
56.2
0
0
0
0
33
Over
54,
un
der
55
55
Over
55,
un and
der over
12
10 , 40
2
13
23
20
2
22
8
14
7
8
9 .......
85 ; 33
,!
16 I 12
23
22 i 39
74 H09 148 i 238 ; 138
294 I 170
16
1
83 ! 74 | 80
136 \ 61
6
8
2
3
2
8
2
17
0)
01
1!
i i i
7
12
10
26
22 | 121
91 ! 108
0
1 L
-i
i
0
4|
3 —
ti:
6 • 6
14 j
16 ;
2 !.
5 ....... L
i , 3i
3 • io ;.
2
19
0
11
- 21 j
23 j
7
0) 1
14
31
3
LABOR
Total..
2,523 | 46.5
24
Over
Over
50,
52H,
un 52H un
der
der
54
52H
OF
2
1
4
2
2
1
1
43.0
47.4
46.7
48.5
47.4
46.1
47.1
33.6
45.0
45.4
51.6
43.3
47.3
0
54.8
54.0
50
HOURS
Upholsterers, female:
California.............
Indiana.................
Massachusetts___
Michigan..............
New York............
Pennsylvania.......
Wisconsin............
151
235
55
581
183
178
226
126
29
24
410
79
193
85
0)
6
98
Over
Over
Over
44,
48,
49^,
un 48 un 49H un
der
der
der
48
50
49H
AND
Total.
13
2
19
12
9
12
10
4
4
26
7
12
9
1
3
8
44
WAGES
Upholsterers, male:
California...........
Georgia...............
Illinois.-............
Indiana............. .
Maryland......... .
Massachusetts...
Michigan.......... .
Missouri.............
New Jersey....... .
New York..........
North Carolina.
Ohio.................. .
Pennsylvania.—.
Tennessee......... .
Virginia..............
Wisconsin......... .
Number of wage earners whose hours actually worked in one week were—
Aver
age
Num Num hours
ber of ber of actu
ally
estab
lish, earn work
ed in
ments ers
one
week
Massachusetts.............
Michigan......................
Missouri________ ____
New Jersey...................
New York________ _
North Carolina............
Ohio............. ................
Pennsylvania...............
Tennessee.....................
Virginia______________
Wisconsin.....................
3I
6
17
247
2
4
2
13
184
22
9
133
54
9
16
114
1
0)
7
64
7
39
46.3
49.7
51.0
48.6
54.8
55.5
51.1
50.8
0)
54.2
57.4
52.7
25
44
4
0)
5
12
50.4
48.7
49.0
(»)
41.5
49.3
Total...........................
107
49.0
1 Data included in total.
12
2
2i 1
1 1
1 4
1
20 ;
39
2
19
2
50
78
17
19
23
204
3
5
1
14
<9
"O f
1
u
6
55
17
25
64
44
34
23
13
26
17
3
17
0)
4
9
187
151
191
4
51
21
27
10 j 37
2
1
1
2
2
3
8
18
2
18
10
“ ii”
47
INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
145 ! 1,165
1
12
2
FURNITURE
Total— .....................
Veneerers, female:
Indiana..^.....................
Michigan......................
New York....................
Ohio........... ...................
Pennsylvania...............
Wisconsin......................
1
13
ft
T a b le
£•— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State
Number of wage earners whose actual earnings in one week were-
Number of—
Occupation, sex, and State
Average
amount
actually
$4, $6, $8,
Estab Wape earned Un un
unlish earners in one der der un
cer
week $4 $6 der
ments
$8 $10
2
2
2
1
1
9
1
10
5
3
3
9
i 4
i 2
4
5,735
28.44
0)
0)
0)
0)
17.43
15. 68
15. 77
13. 72
1
15.05
1
2
7
30.09
15.23
1
31.57
23.58 "io"
1
8
2
9
5
11
2
9
23
5
9
2
17
103
1
4
1
23
6
3
2
14
3
9
17
5
30
11
4
5
11
2
10
35
12
17
2
30
1
10
61
17
26
8
32
12
5
7
2
40
2
3
8
21
17
2
20
CO
16
24
8
19
19
164
260
273
8
10
6 I 3
16
7
67
71
9
13
5
5
29
23
48
38
11
10
1
2
59
58
61
68
12
19
31
37
13
10
12
25
34 42
410
453
13 ! 17
4 ' 2
32
40
72 68
32
19
7 i 3
26 20
55
55
8
15
7
9
67
79
56
50
25
21
53
48
8
10
6
4
36
48
507
518
17
7
1
45 ” 45’
20
17
12
3
66
13
5
1
43
11
4
4
1
19
4
3
3
1
10
6
11
39
1
71
9
8
7
1
5
6
3
2
10
£4
1
6
16
6
20
87
3
11
93
1
17
17
34
17
1
9
5
1
4
2
1
1
1
6
5
3
365 ' 248 ! 221 ! 354
193
66
26
22
17
1
80 ” 37'
14
6
10
1
15
1
4
18
16
19
13
3
40 ” 69" ” 67" "72
52
45
37
51
6
2
3
5
4
4
4
9
13
18
17
17
73 85 108 62
8
5
11
6
11
8
13
10
68 92
75
73
2
15
16
10
26
27
25
16
25
26 43
32
1
5
10
3
1
1
3
47
30 29
19
419
472
469
3
8
40
1
10
64
1
14
13
1
13
1
1
18
cabinet
...
Total
Machine hands, male:
California
______ _
Georgia
Illinois____ ____________
Indiana............................
1
1
3
2
2
4
4
27
a
12
13
54
15
5
30
38
307
158
933
974
0)
1
1
—
0)
0)
i
i
1
I —2 j-
-I 3 1 1
4
4
1
9i
3
19
3
7
3
37
5
13
0)
0)
3
7
4
5
7
2
3
6
7
19
12
6
6
22
4
19
8
9
5
33
10
10
9
55
14
11
14
81
6
I
j.......
1
1
....... 1____
____ I____
1
13
9
43
124
2
1
14
9
67
155
16
7
67
139
1
24
2
94
127
12
4
83
53
30
2
109
47
31
1
93
35
24
1
86
22
|
22
13
73
11
38
4
3
1
LABOR
1 4 I 3
!
1 1
i
j 1 2
2
9
1 ! l "Y
6 12 14
1 4
3 : 3
4
2
3 7 j 8
1
1 4
2
3 i 1 i 13
2 ----- 1
; 2
21 25 22 51 i|77
1
7
2
9
1
OF
Assemblers and
makers, female:
Indiana
Missouri
New York
Ohio
Pennsyl vania
W isconsin
302
1
1
2 1.
1 3
2
HOURS
Total..................... ......
187 $30.81
72
18. 52
580
34.54
(5(59 26. 93
113
23.66
72
28. 25
321
33. 87
784
30. 56
101
25. 70
99
31.45
104
31.07
497
20. 73
278
28. 26
450
26.40
87
23. 44
171
17. 64
350
27.20
$28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55,
' $14, $16, $18, $20, ! $22, $24,
un un un un un un un- un un un un un un un un un un Over
der der der der der der oer der der der der der der der der der der $60
|$16 $18 $20 $22 $24 $26 , $28 $30 532 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60
AND
Illinois........................... .
Indiana ..... ... .
Kentucky
Maryland................. ......
Massachusetts
Michigan______________
i
M issouri
__
New Jersey
i
New York_____________ 1
North Carolina
i
!
Ohio
_
Pennsylvania..................
i
' Tennessee
Virginia
i
W isconsin...................... j
15
5
30
38
4
10
15 !
23 i
13
6
55
17
22
24
4
8
13
$12,
un( er
$14
WAGES
Assemblers and cabinet
makers, male:
California.........................
$10,
un
der
$12
Total................... ........
296
Total...........................
7
7
14.00
14.92
0)
0)
9.22
0)
0)
3
0)
0)
13
27
36.14
16.73
30.35
22.18
16.47
22.97
34.35
26.99
23.28
31.18
30.02
17.67
22.37
23.69
16.18
15.45
26.80
20
22
37
375
227
94
191
29
247
3
2
1
7
1
34
25. 01
50
6
73
247
14
5
19
31
16
14
45
85
30
1
5
31
11
76
8
8 10 16
1
"'49" 105
"IB"
61 110 105 85
33
25 43 41
52 52
19 25
17
16
11
13
29
34
36 47
12
40
120
277
448
125
44
71
17
26
81
564
726
920
10
4
18
1
1
1
7
14
6
2
1
18
5
3
37
26
17
30
13
17
24
9
144
61
38
89
11
21
84
20
14
34
108
25
5
167
45
52
79
13
10
73
1
3
3
32
67
13
16
137
26
36
47
12
3
44
29
97
7
15
105
18
32
44
12
13
145
44
29
591
608
575
6
20
6
19
115
18
84
4
30
26
12
32
26
7
10
2
2
18
71
2
15
61
3
8
23
2
1
2
9
33
1
4
13
12
4
43
1
15
24
2
2
8
43
1
15
3
26
15
1
1
26
’T
8
2
'l6"
430
326
20
2
16
4
191
148
2
1
(9
(9
1
2
1
22
4
2
2
10
5
38
1
1
4
14
2
10
55
4
29
4
5
5
15
1
77
78
20
(9
~W
(9
1
22
7
1
4
1
5
1
....
48
5
5
5
18
'T
18
8
2
16
7
16
2
118
121
13
20
13
15
1
7
8
113
21
19
2
3
5
38
3
4
37
13
9
21
1
1
20
11
184
3
1
10
7
2.
1
2
2
11"
....
1
3
9
56
2
2
17
22
25
7
49
2
11
22
15
6
“
5"
48
1
2
11
”
4’
34
2
3
1
7
4
1
1
21
4
15
1
23
....
3
2
16
6
176
1
11
1929
13. 01
10
77
18
10
7
40
10
12.21
30
158
160
60
16
58
251
4
13
4
21
16
TO
26.30
5
11
1910
JData included in total.
8,567
0)
0)
Polishers and rubbers, male:
California.......................
Georgia...........................
Illinois............................
Indiana..........................
Kentucky.......................
Maryland................. .
Massachusetts...............
Michigan.......... .............
Missouri.................... .
New Jersey—.................
New York____________
North Carolina........ .
Ohio__________ _______
Pennsylvania-...............
Tennessee......... .............
Virginia..........................
Wisconsin......................
Total..........................
21.40
25.92
29.00
29.82
24.07
33.16
28.54
19.91
25.56
26.12
23.26
18.03
24.99
INDUSTRY,
Machine hands, female:
Indiana...........................
Michigan.......................
Missouri........................
New York......................
Ohio_________ ________
Pennsylvania................
Tennessee......................
Wisconsin......................
114
105
422
1,023
166
118
1,280
781
489
631
154
291
621
FUENITURB
Kentucky.............. ........
Maryland____________
Massachusetts...............
Michigan.......................
Missouri._____________
New Jersey___________
New York..... ................
North Carolina..............
Ohio_________________
Pennsylvania-...............
Tennessee....... ...............
Virginia..........................
Wisconsin......................
178
136
94
65
53
23
T able
E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State— Continued
Number of wage earners whose actual earnings in one week were—
Number of—
Occupation, sex, and State
Average
amount
actually
Estab Wage earned Un
lish
in one der
ments earners week $4
3
3
0)
(0
15
$19.53
18.83
0)
0)
13.58
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
14.59
Total.............................
97
37
218
291
59
9
35
255
17
17
374
282
117
255
50
94
76
21.72
11.92
30.31
18.20
21.37
17.72
21.54
21.60
18.05
18.74
24.16
15.34
22.00
19.79
14.15
13.81
21.95
Total.........................
249
2,283
20.77
12
18
25
29
LABOR
10
5
26
31
4
3
8
21
8
5
47
16
19
23
4
8
11
OF
Sanders, hand, male:
California........................
Georgia............................
Illinois........ .....................
Indiana............................
Kentucky........... ............
Maryland........................
Massachusetts....... - .......
Michigan.........................
Missouri..........................
New Jersey......................
New York.......................
North Carolina......... ......
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania..................
Tennessee........................
Virginia............................
Wisconsin___ . . . . . . . ___
0)
HOURS
0)
0)
$50, $55,
$28, $30, $32, $34,
$38, $40,
un un un un un un un un un un un un un Over
der der der der der der der der der der der der der $60
$24 $25
$30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55
$22, $24,
AND
8
8
un un un
der der der
$12 $14 $16
WAGES
Polishers and!rubbers, female:
Illinois.............................
Indiana............................
Kentucky........................
Massachusetts.................
Michigan.........................
New York_____________
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania..................
Tennessee........................
Virginia...........................
Wisconsin......... . ............
$18, $20,
un un
der der
$20 $22
$10, $12, $14,
17
25
49
97
178
183
273 215
261
196
204
128
87
72
57
53
Total..................
<9
16
121
653
12.47
238
12
14
30
66
61
1
3
(9
2
30
4
3
18
5
2
6
(9
28
1
9
5
5
7
3
5
2
4
3
4
3
3
5
15
18
12
8
4
3
3
68 109
108
63
50
52
20
16
10
1
2
1
2
<9
(9
1
1
2
4
6
1
20
2
3
1
3
1
1
3
5
I
2
2
4
1
1
<9
(9
0)
27.04
1
8
40
33.19
76
20.70
(9
302
76
52
6
8
178
10
57
10
(9
100
(9
2
1 ____
21.74
1
15.75
1
17.10
1
16.21
16.67
16.22 . . . .
15.12
17.67
2
20.32
17.01
24.14
1
1
1
2
1
(9
17
14.16
932
18.79
7
6
1
4
2
1
3
2
(9 <9
5
8
4
2
4
1
13
8
7
16
3
2
4
1
3
(9
3
8
1
30
8
4
6
8
9
21
30
8
6
1
13
6
30
4
11
0
(9
(9
4
1
105
112
131
106
1
2
1
32
68
4
3
1
27
3
9
1
2
1
3
6
9
7
3
1
3
2
28
3
3
6
4
2
17
2
2
25
12
10
4
1
1
19
9
8
1
3
5
1
1
1
6
1
2
3
1
1
37
39
19
12
0)
35
13
9
3
2
2
21
2
4
3
7
(9
24
9
5
5
12
1
3
1
2
1
3
(9
93
1
1
1
1
(9
(9
(9
29
9
9
4
6
8
(9
23
14
9
10
8
16
2
1
(9
(9
<9
19
2
1
1
1
1
4
7
1
9
4
4
9
2
1
. l
TO 1929
99
1
6
73
6
3
1910
JData included in total.
34
7
3
7
12
25
5
38
2
4
4
36.18
34.97
23.17
27.19
Sewers, female:
California-----------Georgia..................
Illinois__________
Indiana_________
Maryland..............
Massachusetts......
Michigan..... .........
Missouri_________
New Jersey...........
New York............ .
North Carolina___
Ohio.......................
Pennsylvania........
Tennessee..............
Wisconsin_______
Total..................
15
12
3
15
4
1
4
INDUSTRY,
Sewers, male:
California..............
Illinois.................. .
Indiana_____ ____
Maryland..............
Massachusetts___
New York............ .
North Carolina___
Ohio.......................
Pennsylvania____
Wisconsin..............
Total................. .
(9
3 4 3
9.85
2
12.35
8
14.17 " T ‘ T
11.33
1
17.72 . . . . i
4 27
7.45
20.44
1 2 2
12.44
2 13 36
7.29
7.34
1 1 6
7 14
5
12.71
52
22
FURNITURE
Sanders, hand, female:
Illinois...................
Indiana..................
Massachusetts.......
Michigan________
Missouri_______ _
New York.......... . .
North Carolina___
Ohio.......................
Pennsylvania........
Tennessee_______
Virginia................ .
Wisconsin_______
1
1
-
2
1
1
9
5
1
49
68
15
5
10
Oi
T a b le
Cn
E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in seven specified occupations, 1929, by sex and State— Continued
Number of wage earners whose actual earnings in one week were—
Number o f-
Occupation, sex, and State
Average
amount
actually
$4, $6,
Estab- Wage earned Un un un
lish- earners in one der der der
week $4 $6
ments
151
2,523
7
8
16
)
0)
0
0)
12
29.16
0)
14.58
19.26
18.55
0)
0)
7
115
156
24
0)
34.66
28.25
22.38
21.95
0)
42.11
2
17
'0 T
10
78
38
85
139
155
177
0)
0)
0)
16.93
Total................... .
Veneerers, male:
California................
Illinois.....................
Indiana........ ...........
Kentucky..............
Maryland...............
Massachusetts........
22
.....
0)
182
148
164
196
113
59
LABOR
4
0)
7
26
OF
Total..................
Upholsterers, female:
California...............
Indiana____ ______
Massachusetts....... .
Michigan................
New York________
Pennsylvania........ .
Wisconsin.............. .
14
$31.64
21.48
34.12
29.90
35.30
39.78
33.98
20.80
39.36
37.65
25. 52
29.78
30.78
0)
20.06
20.82
HOURS
235
55
581
183
178
226
126
29
24
410
79
193
85
0)
6
98
$38, $40, $45, $50, $55.
$30, $32, $34,
un un un un un un un un un Over
der der der der der der der der der $60
$32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60
I $18, $20, $22, $24, $26,
, un un un un un
i (ler der der der der
$20 $22 $24 $26 $28
AND
13
2
19
12
9
12
JO
4
4
26
7
12
9
1
3
8
$10, $12, $14, $16,
1un un un- under der ier der
$12 $14 $16 $18
WAGES
Upholsterers, male:
California........ .......
Georgia............... ..
Illinois....................
Indiana__________
Maryland________
Massachusetts____
Michigan________
Missouri...............
Now Jersey______
New York_______
North Carolina___
Ohio_____________
Pennsylvania_____
• Tennessee________
Virginia.................
Wisconsin..............
to
0)
>8*88
>
>
1
Michigan.......... .............
Missouri____ _________
New Jersey....... .............
New York............ ..........
North Carolina...............
Ohio.................................
Pennsylvania................. .
Tennessee......... .............
Virginia................ ..........
Wisconsin____________ _
145
1 Veneerers, female:
Indiana............................
Michigan............. ..........
New York...................... .
Ohio........... ................... .
Pennsylvania_________
Wisconsin.......................
1Data included in total.
23.93
25
44
4
0)
5
12
11.45
15.24
17.19
0)
14.66
13.29
4
17
1
(V)" 0
107
14.21
15
1
20
1
26
4
4
21
5
12
22 '
9
5
18
11
4
61
79
5
5
34
15
"
8
15
35
1
21
16
"3l"
8
10
12
0)
2
2
0)
1
1
17
15
92
23
9
13
10
22
....
....
~I4~
15
7
18
1
2
19
7
22
3
4
5
0)
’ 13'
1
14
1
76
50
43
.....
2
128
140
2
2
(0
0)
116
67
24
15
23
1910 TO
1929
22
1,165
27
1
10
INDUSTRY,
Total............ ..............
26.32
26.40
28.97
27.00
17.17
22.45
21.60
0)
16.83
25.96
FURNITURE
Total........................... .
247
4
13
184
133
54
114
0)
64
Ol
CO
APPENDIX
Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics
Antiquers__
Apprentices..
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Back assemblers.........
Back drivers.,............
Back makers...............
Band-saw markers___
Bed makers............... .
Bench hands..............
Benders, hand clamps
Benders, machine___
Bit sharpeners...........
Blenders.....................
Blockers.....................
Box makers................
Box nailers.................
Bull workers..............
Burlapers...................
Brushmen..................
Cabinetmakers..........
Car loaders.............
Carpenters..............
Carpenter’s helpers
Carvers, hand........
Carvers, machine.
54
Special process of shades reproduced on new furniture to
represent antiques.
Learn the work of a particular occupation or trade under a
contract ta serve a specified number of years.
The various parts of wood which have been cut and
dressed in the machine department are united to form
sections or completed units of furniture. The joints of
the various pieces are usually coated with glue, assembled
and held in place by clamps until dry. Nails and screws
are also used to hold these joints in place. The term in
cludes those who assemble parts or complete sections,
and fit and adjust uneven joints; cabinetmakers, cabinet
repairers, and patchers; sample workers, chair blockers,
and assemblers; frame assemblers, bench hands, door
makers, bed makers, table makers; joint, case, cabinet,
and small part gluers; case and clamp men, drivers up,
door and panel framers, dowel drivers, and case, drawer,
and door fitters.
(See Back makers)............................................................... .
(See Back makers)............................................................... .
Assemble parts to form backs of chairs or pieces of furniture.
Mark the materials for band sawyers...................................
Assemble and glue or nail together parts to form complete
sections of beds. Includes head, end, and rail makers.
Assemble by glueing or nailing together the various pieces
to form a section or complete piece of furniture.
Bend by hand, pieces of wood, such as are used for backs of
chairs.
Bend by the use of a machine, pieces of wood such as are
used for backs of chairs.
(See Millwrights)...................................................................
Paint color designs of blended shades on pieces of furniture.
Glue together with aid of hand clamps, blocks which are
later turned, to produce table legs or similar pieces.
(See Crate builders)..............................................................
Nail covers on boxes which have been packed for shipment.
Carry frames or pieces of furniture from one department
to another; handle bales of excelsior, hair, moss, etc., and
do other heavy work about factory.
Tack burlap over springs (when this work is not done by
spring setters).
Apply the varnish, shellac, etc. by hand with a brush.......
Assemble the parts that have been cut and dressed in the
machine department. They are sometimes designated
as “ bench hands/' “ case fitters/' etc. Their work is
necessarily done by hand, though in some cases clamps or
other devices are used for forcing joints up tight. These
joints are held together with glue or iron braces screwed
to each section at point of union. The work consists in
fitting together the parts that form a complete piece of
furniture.
Load furniture into lailroad cars..........................................
Do various kinds of repair work, usually in a nonproduc
tive capacity.
Do unskilled work under supervision of carpenters............
Carve and fashion ornamental designs on such parts as
arms and backs of chairs, panels, table legs, feet, etc. The
work is done with high tempered steel chisels. The
machine-carved pieces are usually finished by hand
carvers.
This machine usually holds several new pieces and the
pattern. The operator traces the pattern with an at
tachment of the machine and thus reproduces several
carved pieces of the same design with one operation of
the machine. Spindle carvers who are free hand workers
are also included as carvers, machine.
Finishers.
Other employees.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Other employees.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Do.
Other employees.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
Finishers.
Gluers, rough stock.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Do.
Laborers.
Other emplofees.
Finishers.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Laborers.
Other employees.
Do.
Carvers, hand.
Carvers, machine.
55
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued
Carving gluers
tackers.
or
Case clamp men..
Case fitters...........
Chair assemblers..
Chair blockers___
Chair drivers........
Choppers, veneer.
Clamp men...........
Clipper, veneer.........
Coaters......................
Color mixers..............
Compo gluers or tack
ers.
Compo mounters____
Compo workers..........
Composition workers..
Conveyormen_______
Crate builders_______
Crate sawyers.............
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Cushion an d p a d
makers.
Cushion filler............ .
Cushion sewers______
Cushion stuffer.........
Cutters (upholstering
materials).
Cutters, veneer______
Decorators..................
D o.........................
Dippers.......................
Door fitters.................
Door framers...............
Door hangers..............
Door makers...............
Dovetail operators___
Dowel drivers.............
Drawer fitters.............
Drawer liners.—........
Drawer makers...........
Drivers-up..................
Dryers (veneer)..........
Dry kiln laborers........
Dry kiln men..............
Glue or nail to doors, drawers, panels, or other parts of
furniture, thin compo or carved parts, representing de
signs for decorative purposes.
Fit and adjust clamps to hold in proper place until dry,
glue joints of sections or cases.
Shave or trim the uneven parts so that the joints fit prop
erly when united.
After all parts of the chair have been shaped and fitted in
the machine department, the dowel pins are driven in
and the different pieces are assembled and put together
and placed in a press or clamp which holds them firmly
in place until the glue has had time to harden. In the
case of flush joints the chair assembler shaves or trims
the parts forming the joint until it is quite smooth.
(See Chair assemblers)..........................................................
(See Chair assemblers)..........................................................
(See Cutters, veneer)............................................................
(See Case clamp men)...................................................... ....
Trimmers.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Veneerers.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
(See Cutters, veneer)........................................................... . Veneerers.
Apply stains, etc., by hand with a brush............................ Finishers.
Mix paints, stains, etc................................................... —
Other employees.
Glue or nail to doors, drawers, panels, or other parts of fur Trimmers.
niture, thin compo parts, representing carvings or fancy
designs, for decorative purposes.
Fasten to doors, panels, etc., of furniture, thin pieces of
Do.
“ compo,” which represent carvings of various designs
for decorative purposes.
(See Composition workers)................................................... Other employees.
Do.
Press into molds a pastelike mixture of glue and other ma
terials, to form designs of carvings, known as “ overlays”
or “ compo carving.”
Attend to, and place materials on or take them off the con
Do.
veyor.
Nail together the parts to form a crate or box in which Craters, packers, and
pieces of furniture are shipped.
wrappers.
Operate cut-off saws which trim boards into specified Machme hands.
lengths. These pieces are used for building crates.
Build crates, arrange burlap, excelsior, or paper around Craters, packers, and
pieces of furniture for shipment. Includes box nailers,
wrappers.
box makers, crate builders.
Stuff the moss, hair, or other filling into the various pads Cushion and pad
and cushions used in upholstered furniture.
makers.
Do.
(See Cushion and pad makers)________________________
Sew up seams of cushions..................................................... Sewers.
(See Cushion and pad makers)............................................ Cushion and pad
makers.
Cut by hand or machine the leather or fabric materials Cutters (upholster
ing materials).
which are used for making cushions, pads, etc., and
upholstering furniture.
Cut veneer to specified lengths or widths with band or Veneerers.
circular saw or shears.
Glue or nail to doors, drawers, or other parts of furniture, Trimmers.
thin compo or carved pieces, representing fancy carved
designs, for decorative purposes.
Paint by hand with a brush, floral, or other designs on Finishers.
pieces of furniture.
Dip low grade chairs and other small pieces into a vat of
Do.
stain or varnish.
Plane or shave the edges or make other necessary adjust Assemblers and cabi
ments to make doors open and close easily.
netmakers.
(See Door makers)..............................................................__
Do.
Put on hinges and fit doors so as to open and close easily___
Do.
Assemble and glue or nail together parts to form complete
Do.
doors.
Run woodworking machine that makes dovetail cuts......... Machine hands.
(See Chair assemblers).......................................................... Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Do.
Plane or shave the edges to make drawers slide easily.......
Glue velveteen, or other lining materials to silver drawers Trimmers.
of buffets.
Assemble and glue or nail together parts to form a com Assemblers and cabi
plete drawer.
net makers.
(See Cabinetmakers).............................................................
Do.
Dry veneer and thin panels that are to be veneered..,....... Other employees.
Load the kiln with lumber, and take it out after being Laborers.
treated.
Supervise the placing of lumber in the kiln and taking out Other employees.
of the same; also look after the heat of the kiln.
56
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued
These workers apply the final operation, when a dull effect
is desired; the piece is gone over with a rag and crude oil,
or ordinary wax may be applied by hand with fine sand
paper.
Make pads or rolls which are attached to davenports, sofas,
Edge rollers..
etc.
Repair defects or make necessary changes in the wiring of
Electricians..
lights or ignition about the factory.
Electrician’s helpers... Work under supervision of electricians................................
Elevator operators----- Run freight and passenger elevators....................................
(See Case clamp men).........................................................
End clamp men___
Dullers..
Feeders, glue spreader
(vent
Fillers.
(See Glue spreaders (veneer))..............................................
Finishers.
Cushion and pad
makers.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Veneerers.
Rub into the pores of the wood (with the aid of a brush or Finishers.
rag), a solution of pyrite, rotten stone or pulverized lava,
and burnt oil, or other mineral filling.
Use a brush by hand to apply filler, varnish, lacquer and
Do
Finishers..
stains of various kinds. Also do high lighting, dull
finishing, graining and dipping. Include antiquers,
blenders, brushmen, decorators (stain), dippers, dullers,
fillers, grainers, high-lighters, painters (furniture), patchers (stains), repairers (stains), shaders, etc.
Put on metal parts such as knobs, locks, etc....................... Trimmers.
Fitters-up.........
Assemble skeleton or frames of a case, mirror or chair. Assemblers and cabi
Frame makers.
Ends are glued and driven up and held in place by means
netmakers.
of clamps.
(See Frame makers)—...........................................................
Do.
Framers..........
Qimp t ackers.
Fasten with nails a narrow strip of leather or cloth over the Trimmers.
places where the upholstering materials join.
Cut glass to fit various pieces of furniture........... ............... Other employees.
Glass cutters~
Fit glass in china closets, mirrors into frame; attach Trimmers.
Glass fitters.~
hardware to unite frames and mirrors.
Fit glass in china closets, mirrors into frame; attach
Do.
Glass setters..
hardware to unite frames and mirrors.
Use a brush by hand to glue blocks of wood on the inside Assemblers and cabi
Gluers, block..
netmakers.
comer of cases to give added strength; also glue on draw
er strips or slides.
Apply glue by hand with a brush to the joints of the vari
Do.
Gluers, cabinet..
ous parts or sections which form a cabinet.
Glucers, case............... (See Gluers, cabinet)........................................................ .
Do.
Gluers, joint............... (See Gluers, cabinet)............................................................
Do.
Glue-machine feeders (See Glue spreaders)............................................................ Veneerers.
(veneer).
Glue sizers................ Apply by hand with a brush, a coating of glue................... Other employees.
Gluers (small parts)... Apply glue by hand with a brush to the joints of the parts Assemblers and cabi
which are to be united.
netmakers.
Glue spreaders (ve Pass the pieces of veneer into a machine between 2 rollers, Veneerers.
the lower roller revolving in a pan of glue, thus coating
neer).
each piece as it passes through the machine.
Glue wheel hands___ Glue together edge to edge, boards that have been planed Gluers, rough stock.
to fit together. This is a clamping operation performed
on a glue wheel. These wide pieces are used for table,
desk tops or other wide surfaces. The glue hardens as
the wheel revolves. Pieces are held in place by clamps
until glue hardens.
Feed the pieces which are to be grained into a machine con Finishers.
Grainers.
sisting of two rollers, one of which is made of gelatin with
its surface so prepared that it prints an imitation grain
upon the part coming in contact with it. Irregular sur
faces and edges are grained by being held against the roller.
Take the hair from the bales and tear or pull it apart and Other employees.
Hair pickers.
remove any sticks, burrs or other foreign substances that
would cause unevenness in cushions or other upholstered
parts of furniture.
May be expected to do all manner of work from common
Handy men..
Do.
labor to work requiring considerable skill.
Helpers.........
Include those who assist around machines, in spray booths, Helpers.
etc., off-bearers, tail boys, and other general helpers
throughout the factory. (Do not include real appren
tices.)
High-lighters.
Use steel wool or similar material to scrape or reduce the Finishers.
color in specified sections of the pieces of furniture which
have been stained and are to receive this process. Shad
ows are thus produced when the next coat of stain or
varnish is applied. On light colored wood, dark stains
are sprayed to produce the desired shades.
Inspectors..........
Inspect the various pieces for defective work..................... . Other employees.
Jointer operators
Run woodworking machines known as jointers................. . Machine hands.
Knife grinders...
(See Machinists)................................................................... Other employees.
57
FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1929
Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued
Laborers .
Lathe turners.
Layers-on (veneer)___
Lindermen operators..
Loaders.......................
Luggers.......................
Lumber handlers or
pilers.
Machine hands...........
Machine repairmen...
Machine repairman’s
helpers.
Machine setters..........
Machinists..
Perform general unskilled work about factory. Include
sweepers, stock handlers and pilers, lumber handlers and
pilers, car loaders, yard labor, truckers, truck loaders
and unloaders, furniture movers, dry kiln and shipping
labor, luggers, etc.
Press the revolving stock in the lathe against set knives of
the machine or press hand chisels against the revolving
stock. The former operation is known as automatic
lathe (back-knife lathe or full automatic lathe) turning
and the latter as hand turning.
Receive the pieces of veneer as they come from the glue
spreading machine, place each on the piece to which it is
to be glued. The next base is then placed on top of
this, ready to receive the next piece of veneer.
Run woodworking machines which tongues, grooves, and
glue the edges of boards together to form a wider piece.
Load furniture into railroad cars__......................................
Transfer pieces of furniture to various parts of factory___
Perform general work about lumber yard such as stacking
lumber and getting out stocks of lumber for machine
department.
Operate the various woodworking machines, such as the
boring machine, dovetailer, equalizer, jointer, or facer,
lathe turning (hand and automatic), molding machine,
mortiser, planer, router, sander (belt, drum, spindle, etc.),
saw (band, cut-off, jig, miter, rip, etc.), scraper, sticker,
tenoner, turning lathe, universal woodworker, linderman, etc. Only workers who actually operate machines
should be included.
Tear down, make necessary repairs, set up, and adjust any
kind of machine tools needing repair.
Assist in the repair of machines..................... ....................
Set up and adjust machines which are to be operated by
other workmen.
Skilled and experienced employees who repair, adjust, or
set machine tools to be operated by other workmen;
grind tools, file, and set saws.
Work under supervision of machinists.................................
Mark the materials for band sawyers...................................
Laborers.
Machine hands.
Veneerers.
Machine hands.
Laborers.
Do.
Do.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Do
Machinist’s helpers...
Do.
Markers (for band
Do.
saw).
Marquetry workers... Inlay ornamental woods of different tints so as to form Veneerera.
designs or shapes, these small pieces being fixed in with
glue. Designs are usually built up of wide pieces
veneered together, the outer edge forming the design.
This is sliced off with a thin saw into many repeats of
the same design.
Arrange the pieces of veneer so that when united they will
Matchers, veneer..
Do.
form figures and designs of the wood, or show uniform
grain.
Experienced power-transmission men who are capable of Other employees.
Millwrights..........
up-setting and aligning machinery under unfavorable
conditions, set and file saws, sharpen tools, and fre
quently repair machines.
Millwright’s helpers. Work under supervision of millwrights----------------- --------Do.
Mirror frame makers. (See Frame makers)............................ ......................... ....... Assemblers and cabi*
netmakers.
Mortisers................... Operate a machine which cuts a recess or a mortise into a Machine hands.
piece of wood for the reception of the tenon of another
piece.
Moss pickers..
Feed moss into “ gin” which combs it and removes dirt Other employees.
and impurities.
Movers................
Transfer furniture to various parts of factory...................... Laborers.
Multiple carvers.
Operate machines which produce several carvings by one Carvers, machine.
operation.
Nash sanders..
Special machines used for smoothing surfaces.................... Machine hands.
Off bearers___
Take away materials from the back of machines................ Helpers.
Oilers..............
Oil shaft bearings, motors and other parts of the factory Other employees.
power-transmission equipment.
Other employees.
Include apprentices, band-saw markers, benders (hand
Do.
clamps), bit sharpeners, burlapers, carpenters, carpen
ter’s helpers, color mixers, compo workers, composition
workers, conveyormen, dry-kiln men, electricians, elec
trician’s helpers, elevator operators, glass cutters, glue
sizers, hair pickers, handy men, inspectors, knife grinders,
machinists, machine repairmen, machine repairman’s
helpers, machinist’s helpers, machine setters, markers
(for band saw), millwrights, millwright’s helpers, moss
pickers, oilers, pattern makers, repairers (machines),
saw filers, saw filer’s helpers, set-up men, stock chasers,
tool setters, tow pickers, and all others not shown as
selected occupations.
58
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued
Overlay gluers
tackers.
or
Packers....................
Glue or nail to doors, drawers, panels or other parts of furni
ture, thin compo or carved parts, representing fancy
carved designs for decorative purposes.
Put pieces of furniture in crates for shipment.....................
Stuff the hair, moss, etc., into the pads and cushions which
form the movable parts of upholstered furniture.
Painters..................... . Apply paint or other stains by hand with a brush.............
Panel frames............... (See Frame makers)..............................................................
Pad makers............ .
Patchers (cabinet Repair defective or broken parts which require cabinet
work.
work).
Patchers (varnish, Repair defective or marred surfaces.....................................
shellac, etc.).
Patchers (veneer)----- Repair defective or broken veneered parts...........................
Pattern makers_____ Make wood patterns for various parts of furniture.............
Pilers, lumber_______ Unload and stack lumber in y a rd .......................................
Pleat sewers.............. . Stitch pleats in cushions or other upholstered articles or
parts.
Polishers and rubbers Rub the varnished surfaces with oil, or water and rotten
stone to produce the desired polish. This is done be
tween the various coats of varnish. Includes both hand
and machine workers.
Pressmen (veneer)___ Place in power presses the piles of glued veneer, press them
down, damp and remove these clamped piles to stacks
where they remain until thoroughly dry.
Run woodworking machines which cut recesses in the edge
Rabbet operators.
of pieces of stock for the reception of the lip of other pieces.
(See Bed makers)..................................................................
Bail makers-------Refinishers..................
Repairers
(cabinet
work).
Repairers (machines).
Repairers (upholster
ing).
Repairers (varnish,
shellac, etc.).
Repairers (veneer)___
Retouchers..................
Rubbers......................
Sample makers..
Sanders, hand...
Sanders, machine........
Saw filers.....................
Saw filer’s helpers.......
Sawyers, veneer..........
Seat makers (uphol
stering materials).
Set-up m e n ..... ..__ _
Sewers........................
Sewing machine op
erators.
Shaders........................
Shellackers (b ru s h
work).
Shellackers (spray ma
chine).
Side-rail makers_____
Sprayers......................
Spindle carvers______
Spring lacers...............
Trimmers.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Cushion and pad
makers.
Finishers.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Do.
Finishers.
Veneerers.
Other employees.
Laborers.
Sewers.
Polishers and rub
bers.
Veneerers.
Machine hands.
Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Repair spoiled surfaces........................................................ . Finishers.
Repair defective or broken parts which require cabinet Assemblers and cabi
work.
netmakers.
(See Machine repairmen)...................................................... Other employees.
Repair defective or broken sections of upholstering........... Upholsterers.
Repair defective or marred surfaces....................................
Finishers.
Repair defective or broken veneered parts......................... . Veneerers.
Repair spoiled surfaces........................................................ . Finishers.
(See Polishers and rubbers).................................................. Polishers and rub
bers.
Assemble with extreme care, complete pieces of furniture Assemblers and cabi
to be used in sample rooms.
netmakers.
These workers use sand or emery paper by hand. In the Sanders, hand.
cabinet department they smooth the rough joints or sur
faces which have not been properly cared for in the ma
chine department. In the finishing department, the
surface is gone over after it has been filled and stained,
and sometimes after the coat of shellac, depending on the
finish desired.
Operate sanding machines for smoothing various surfaces._ Machine hands.
Sharpen saws for woodworking machines............................ Other employees.
Work under supervision of saw filers................. ......... .......
Do.
(See Cutters, veneer)_________________________________ Veneerers.
Adjust hair, moss or other material in place to form the Upholsterers.
seat, pull and fasten the leather or tapestry over these
materials and tack them in place.
(See Machine setters)________ ____ _______________ _____ Other employees.
Stitch by hand or machine, the seams of the cushions and Sewers.
pads; also the false pleats that form part of the fronts of
various articles of upholstered furniture.
(See Sewers)_______ _______________________________ . . .
Do.
(See High-lighters)____________________________________ Finishers.
Apply the shellac by hand with the aid of a brush.............
Do.
Apply the shellac with a spray machine.................... .........
(See Bed makers)_________________________ ___________ Assemblers and cabi
netmakers.
Apply shellac, varnish, or other materials by use of a Sprayers.
spraying machine.
The object to be carved is held against the revolving tools of Carvers, machine.
this high speed spindle. It is highly skilled, free hand
carving.
(See Spring tiers)................................................................... Spring setters.
FURNITURE INDUSTRY,
59
1910 TO 1929
Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued
Factory term
Spring setters.
Set the springs, tie and lace them in place with cord so that
they will form an even surface. A canvas covering is
then placed over them and tacked around the edges.
The proper lacing of these springs is the most difficult
part of the work.
Lace and tie the springs in place with cord so that they will
Spring tiers......... .
form an even surface.
Unload and pile lumber in yard...........................................
Stackers, lumber..
Pile the veneer into stacks....................................................
Stackers, veneer...
Stainers................
Dip the pieces into a vat of stain, or apply the stain by the
aid of a brush.
Run a woodworking machine which dresses moldings____
Sticker operators..
(See
Sewers)..........................................................................
Stitchers...............
Stock chasers-----Go about the factory in search of missing parts of specified
orders.
Stock cutters____
Operate swing saws in cutting to length or to width the
stock of specified dimensions.
Stock handlers............ Load or unload stock..... .......................................................
Stock assemblers or Stack lumber and get out stocks of lumber for machine de
partment.
pilers.
Stock m overs............ Transfer parts or completed pieces of furniture about the
factory.
Stock-room men..
Have charge of supplies, such as paints, stains, etc., trim
mings, and upholstery materials.
(See Decorators)....................................................................
Stripers, hand.
Sweepers..........
Clean up factory (not office nor wash-room workers)_____
Assemble and glue or nail together parts to form sections or
Table makers..
complete tables.
Take away materials from the back of machines................
Tail boy s..........
Unite with a paper taping machine the matched pieces of
Tapers, veneer..
veneer.
Bun a machine which cuts a tenon on the end of a piece of
Tenoner hands..
wood to fit into the mortise of another piece.
(See Machine setters)............................................................
Tool setters..
Open the bales, pull the material apart, remove any foreign
Tow pickers..
substances that would cause unevenness in cushions or
upholstered parts.
Trimmers..
Put on metal parts such as handles, knobs, locks, rollers,
connecting parts for beds, set glass, paste linings in draw
ers, tack gimp or leather binding on upholstering, tack or
glue on carvings, overlays or compo.
Load or unload trucks________ ________________________
Truck loaders.........
Push loaded or empty trucks about factory_________ ____
Truckers, hand___
Turners,, automatic - — (See Lathe turners)_____ ______ _________ _____________
Turners, hand........
(See Lathe turners)...............................................................
Upfltters_________
Put on metal parts such as knobs, locks, etc.......................
Usually receive the frame with the springs set and covered
Upholsterers______
with canvas. They adjust the hair, moss or other mate
rials in place, pull and fasten with tacks the leather or
tapestry over these materials. Some upholsterers spe
cialize on certain parts, such as arms or backs of chairs.
Varnishers (brush Apply the varnish by hand with the aid of a brush_______
work).
Varnishers (spray ma Apply the varnish with a spray machine.............................
chine).
Veneerers___________ Include cutters, joiners, glue spreaders, layers-on,
matchers, marquetry workers, pressmen, tapers, and re
pairers of veneer.
Waxers..... ................. . Rub the pieces of furniture with wax to produce a polished
surface.
Welt sewers............... Stitch welts or false pleats into a cushion.............................
Wrappers.................... Arrange paper around pieces of furniture for shipment..
Classified by bureau
as—
Spring setters.
Do.
Laborers.
Veneerers.
Finishers.
Machine hands.
Sewers.
Other employees.
Machine hands.
Laborers.
Do.
Do.
Other employees.
Finishers.
Laborers.
Assemblers and cabi
net makers.
Helpers.
Veneerers.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
Do.
Trimmers.
Laborers.
Do.
Machine hands.
Do.
Trimmers.
Upholsterers.
Finishers.
Sprayers.
Veneerers.
Polishers and rub
bers.
Sewers.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issuedprior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins
published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are
out of print.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
*No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
*No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
♦No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.]
♦No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927.
No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928].
Cooperation.
No. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
No. 314. Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Employment and Unemployment.
♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices. [1913.]
No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
♦No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
No. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., January
19 and 20,1916.
♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass., held
May 10,1916.
No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
♦No. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,
1917.
No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
♦No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.[
No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
♦No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
No. 520. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1929.
Foreign Labor Laws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries.
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. 11929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.]
Housing.
♦No. 158.
No. 263.
No. 295.
No. 524.
[1914.]
Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1929.
w
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
*No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
♦No. 120. Hygiene of painters’ trade. [1913.]
*No. 127. Danger to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
*No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
•No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
*No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting
of buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
♦No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
♦No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers*
Committee. [1919.]
No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine-building. [1919].
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye-intermediates. [1921.1
•No. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
No. 306. Occupational hazard and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz
ardous occupations. [1922.]
No. 392. Survey of hygiene conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorous necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.,
July 14—
16, 1926.
No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
No. 507. Causes of death by occupation. [1929.]
Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions.
No. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
No. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
No. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
No. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
No. 380. Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
No. 383. Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
No. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
No. 399. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States.
[1925J
Labor Laws o f the United States (including decisions o f courts relating to labor).
No. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
No. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
No. 285. Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
No. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
No. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
No. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
No. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
No. 408. Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
No. 444. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926.
No. 486. Labor legislation of 1928.
No. 517. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1927-28.
In]
Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the
United States and Canada. (Name changed in 1928 from Association of Governmental Labor Officials
of the United States and Canada.)
No. 266. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
No. 307. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
No. 323. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922.
•No. 352. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
•No. 389. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
•No. 411. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925.
No. 429. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
•No. 455. Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927.
No. 480. Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928.
No. 508. Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7, 1929.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28,1916.
No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25, 1927.
No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918.
•No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919.
No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24, 1920.
No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23, 1921.
No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 9-13, 1922.
•No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26, 1923.
No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28, 1924.
No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925.
No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926.
•No. 456. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29, 1927.
No. 485. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14, 1928.
No. 511. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11, 1929.
Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Public Employment Services.
No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915.
No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-18,1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4r-7,1923.
No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925.
No 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 25-28, 1927.
No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928.
Productivity of Labor.
No. 356 Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. U924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.1
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. ri928.]
No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.]
Retail prices and Cosl of Living.
•No. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
•No. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
•No. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
No. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
No. 357. Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
No. 369. The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
No. 495. Retail prices, 1890 to 1927.
Safety Codes.
•No. 331. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places.
No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
No. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor
vehicles.
•No. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
No. 382. Code of lighting school buildings.
[m]
Safety Codes—Continued.
No. 410. Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
No. 430. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
No 433. Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions
No. 436. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.
No. 447. Safety code for rubber mills and calenders.
No. 451. Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
No. 463. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
No. 509. Textile safety code.
No. 512. Code for identification of gas-mask canisters.
No. 519. Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised 1930.
Vocational and Workers’ Education.
♦No. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.]
♦No. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
♦No. 199. Vocational education survey in Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
No. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
No. 459. Apprenticeship-in building construction. [1928.]
Wages and Hours of Labor.
♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and waist
industry of New York City. [1914.]
•No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
•No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 472. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1927.
No. 476. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, 1927. [Supplement to Bulletin 457.]
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
No. 487. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
No. 492. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
No. 497. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1928.
No. 498. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928.
No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928.
No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 503. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1928.
No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1928.
No. 513. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1929.
No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in wage
negotiations in 1927.
No. 515. Union scales of wages, May 15, 1929.
No. 516. Hours and earnings in bituminous-coal mining, 1929.
No. 522. Wage and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1929.
No. 523. Hours and earnings in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929.
No. 525. Wages and hours of labor in the Portland cement industry, 1929. [In press.]
Welfare Work.
♦No. 123. Employer’s welfare work. [1913.]
No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
♦No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States.
No. 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.
Wholesale Prices.
No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927.
No. 621. Wholesale prices, 1929.
[IV ]
[1919.]
(1921.]
Women and Children in Industry.
No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.J
*No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working day for women and young persons. 11913.]
No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
*No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
*No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.]
*No. 167. Minimum wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
♦No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of women and child wage earners in the United States
[1915.]
♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. [1916. |
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ
ment of women and children. [1918.]
♦No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Qreat Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.]
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
♦No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911.
No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.]
No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
♦No. 212. Proceedings of the conference of social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916.
♦No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and
1918.
No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925.
No. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States and Europe. [1929.]
No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January, 1929.
(With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.)
Miscellaneous series.
♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May
1, 1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. 11919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical infor mation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[1922.]
No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 461. Labor organization in Chile. [1928.]
No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.]
No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.]
No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. [1929.]
No. 491. Handbook of labor statistics, 1929 edition.
No. 505. Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [1929.]
No. 506. Handbook of American trade-unions: 1929 edition.
No. 518. Personnel research agencies: 1930 edition.
[V]
@FedFRASER