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U. S. D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
B U L L E T IN O F T H E U N IT E D STATES \
BU R EAU OF LABO R S T A T IST IC S /
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
' ‘
/W H O L E
• lN U M B E R
SERIES:
No.
150
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE COTTON,
WOOLEN, AND SILK INDUSTRIES
1907 TO 1913
MAY 11, 1914
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914
CONTENTS
Page.
Cotton-goods manufacturing and finishing.................................................................. 5-91
Summary..................................................................................................................... 5-19
Explanation of scope and m ethod......................................................................... 19-31
Description of principal productive occupations............................................... 31-38
Cotton-goods manufacturing:
Table I.—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the United
States, b y years, 1907 to 1913..................................................................... 39-44
Table I I .—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each year,
b y States, 1912 and 1913............................................................................... 45-50
Table I I I .—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
State, b y years, 1912 and 1913.................................................................... 51-55
Table IV .—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913............................................... 56-61
Table V .—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
each year, b y States, 1912 and 1913......................................................... 61-67
Table V I.—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
each State, b y years, 1912 and 1913.......................................................... 67-72
Table V II.— Average full-time hours of work per week and average
full-time weekly earnings, b y States, 1912 and 1913............................ 73-76
Cotton-goods finishing:
Table V I I I .— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the
United States, by years, 1911 to 1913...................................................... 76, 77
Table I X .—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
year, by States, 1912 and 1913.................................................................... 78-80
Table X .— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
State, b y years, 1912 and 1913.................................................................... 81, 82
Table X I .— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
the United States, b y years, 1911 to 1913............................................... 83, 84
Table X I I .— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
each year, b y States, 1912 and 1913......................................................... 85-87
Table X I I I .—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
each State, by years, 1912 and 1913......................................................... 88, 89
Table X I V .— Average full-time hours of work per week and average
full-time weekly earnings, b y States, 1912 and 1913............................ 90, 91
Woolen and worsted goods manufacturing................................................................ 92-141
Sum m ary.................................................................................................................. 92-101
Explanation of scope and m ethod..................................................................... 101-106
Description of principal productive occupations.......................................... 106-114
Table I.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the United
States, b y years, 1907 to 1913......................................................................... 114-119
Table I I .—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each year, by
States, 1912 and 1913....................................................................................... 120-123
Table I I I .—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each State,
b y years, 1912 and 1913..................................................................................... 124-126
3
4
CON TENTS.
Woolen and worsted goods manufacturing— Concluded.
Page.
Table IV .—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
the United States, b y years, 1907 to 1913.......... ......................................... 127-132
Table V .—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each
year, b y States, 1912 and 1913....................................................................... 132-136
Table V I.—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each
State, b y years, 1912 and 1913....................................................................... 136-139
Table V II.—Average full-time hours of work per week and average fu ll
time weekly earnings, in each year, by States, 1912 and 1 9 1 3 .......... . 139-141
Silk-goods manufacturing........................................................................................... 142-177
General summary................................................................................................... 142-148
Explanation of scope and m ethod..................................................................... 148-152
Description of principal productive occupations............................................ 152-159
Table I.—Average rate of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earnings,
and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in the United
States, b y years, 1907 to 1913............................................................................ 159-167
Table II .—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time w eekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
each year, b y States, 1912 and 1913........................................................... 168-172
Table I I I .— Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly
earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in
each State, by years, 1912 and 1913............................................................. 173-175
Table IV .—Average full-time hours of work per week, and average and
classified rates of wages per hour, by States, 1913.......................................... 176,177
Appendix.— Relative full-time hours per week and relative rates of wages per
hour in cotton, woolen and worsted, and silk goods manufacturing, 1890 to
1912
178-185
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
W H O LE N O . 150.
WASHINGTON.
MAY 11, 1914.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE COTTON,
WOOLEN, AND SILK INDUSTRIES, 1907 TO 1 9 1 3 .
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING AND FINISHING.
SUMMARY.
This report, based on information obtained from representative
establishments, shows the full-time weekly earnings, the full-time
hours of labor per week, and the rates of wages (or earnings) per
hour in the principal occupations of the cotton-goods industry of
the United States. Figures relating to full-time hours of labor per
week and rates of wages (or earnings) per hour are presented for
the years 1907 to 1913, inclusive, and for full-time weekly earnings
for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive, for cotton-goods manufacturing.
For cotton-goods finishing such data were obtained only for the years
1911 to 1913.
Earlier reports of this Bureau have presented wages and hours of
labor in the industry from 1890 to 1912.1
Briefly summarized, the average full-time weekly earnings of
employees engaged in cotton-goods manufacturing in 1913 were 1.4
per cent higher than such earnings in 1912, 14.7 per cent higher than
in 1911, and 15.3 per cent higher than in 1910. The full-time hours
of labor per week in this industry showed no appreciable change
between 1912 and 1913. They were, however, 1.7 per cent lower in
1913 than in 1910 and 1911, the average hours being the same in
1910 and 1911. Rates of wages, or earnings per hour, in cotton-goods
manufacturing in 1913 were 0.7 per cent higher than in 1912, 10.7
per cent higher than in 1911, and 11.4 per cent higher than in 1910.
In cotton-goods finishing full-time weekly earnings in 1913 were
0.5 per cent lower than in 1912, but 1.2 per cent higher than in 1911.
Full-time hours of labor per week in cotton-goods finishing were 0.2
per cent lower in 1913 than in 1912 and 0.9 per cent lower than in
1 Previous reports of wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing and finishing have been
published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Report, covering 3890 to 1903; Bulletin No. 59
(July, 1905), covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and 1905; Bulletin No. 71
(July, 1907), covering 1905 and 1906; Bulletin No. 77 (July,. 1908), covering 1906 and 1907; and Bulletin
No. 128 (August, 1913), covering 1907 to 1912, inclusive.
6
BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE STATISTICS.
1911. Rates of wages, or earnings per hour, were 1.3 per cent lower
in 1913 than in 1912, and 2.1 per cent higher than in 1911.
The most significant facts concerning the several occupations cov
ered by this report are summarized in the table below. The data for
the years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911. Owing to the difficulty
of finding establishments having records extending back for a period
of years, and also owing to the amount of work involved, data for
1907 to 1909 were secured from a smaller number of establishments—
some of them, perhaps, less representative— than have furnished data
for the later years. The figures for identical establishments are
grouped together by brackets.
The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the period ending
nearest May 15 being selected, except for a very few establishments
in which conditions in May were abnormal.
The figures for the years 1907 to the first presentation for 1912 are
reproduced from Bulletin No. 128, except the average full-time weekly
earnings for 1910 to 1912, which figures have been computed for this
Bulletin from data gathered for those years. Average full-time weekly
earnings have not been computed for the period 1907 to 1910, owing
to the lack of funds. It will be observed that the average full-time
weekly earnings are not exactly the same as the product of the average
rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours per week.
This difference is explained and illustrated on page 23.
AV E R AG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K AND RATES OF
W AGES PER HOUR, AND A V E R A G E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF
THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN COTTON-GOODS M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1907 TO 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
Per cent of employees
whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
Aver
Num age
age
ber of full
Occupation, sex, and
rofp nf
ldl/C U1
number of establish Year. em time
Over 57
wages
ploy hours
ments.
54
per
ees. per
and and
Over hour.
week. 54 un un- 60
60
der 60
57
Card strippers, male:
Per cent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of Aver
wages per hour.
age
full
time
12
10
week
Un and and 14
ly
der un un cts. earn
10
der der and ings.
cts. 1 2
14 over.
cts. cts.
[1907
36 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
.
284
289
287
318
59.8 . . . . . .....
59.3 ..... .....
59.3
57.8 ....... 52.2
59 establishments. /1910
\1911
523
515
58.4
47.8 23.1 13.0 16.0
58.3 ....... 49.1 23.9 11.7 15.3
.1220
26.4 56.4
9.5 26.2 57.9
88 establishments. /1911
\1912
786
800
58.3
39.9 32.4 16.0 11.6
57.1 ’ 35*5 4.6 31.4 27.4 1.1
.1209
.1339
2.1
7.2 28.6 58.7 5.5
18.9 31.6 47.5
7.02
7.62
88 establishments. /1912
\1913
804 57.1 35.3
845 ' 57.2 34.1
.1338
.1375
1.9 19.3 31.5 47.3
1.4 15.4 29.0 54.2
7.62
7.83
58.5
64.4
61.0
24.5
19.0 2 2 . 6 $0.1314 12.7 8.5 38.7 40.1
24.2 11.5 .1240 1 1 . 8 2 0 . 8 51.2 16.2
28.6 10.4 .1207 1 1 . 2 26.8 56.8 5.2
16.4 6.9 .1235 5.9 26.1 61.6 6.3
4.6 31.2 27.7
4.4 33.6 27.1
1 Not computed.
1.1
.8
.1199
10.8
(x)
8
C)
1
6.5 $6.95
6.4 7.08
7
W A G E S AND HOURS OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON,
A V E R AG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K AND RATES OF
WAGES PE R HOUR, AND AV E R AG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF
THE PRIN CIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN COTTON-GOODS M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1907 TO 1913—
Continued.
Num
Occupation, sex. and
ber of
numb er o f establish Year. emments.
pLy-
Aver
age
fulltime
hours
week.
Drawing tenders, male:
Percent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of Aver
wages per hour.
Aver
age
age
full
rate of
time
wages
12
10
week
per Un and and 14
ly
Over hour. der un un cts. earn
60
60
10 der der and ings.
cts. 12
14 over.
cts. cts.
Per cent of emnlovees
whose full-time hours
per week were—
Over
54
54 and
un
der
57
.....
57
and
un
der
60
51.1
47.0
51.0
*44." 7 13.4
11.9
40.2
35.2
30.8
37.1 $0.0997
12.8 .0976
13.8 .0985
11.1 .0975
f1907
11908
34 establishments. 11909
11910
21$
234
253
253
60.4
59.7
59.7
58.5
56 establishments. /1910
\1911
436
457
33.0 12.4 25.5 29.1
59.5
59.7 ....... 32.2 9.8 26.3 31.7
.0962 59.1 28.9 10.8
.0974 61.3 21.7 15.3
1.1 $5.70
1.8 5.78
84 establishments. /1911
\1912
750
723
28.1 17.3 31.3 23.2
59.5
57.9 27.6 5.4 17.3 48.1 2.3
.0968 59.6 25.6 12.0
.1080 29.5 35.8 25.4
2.8
9.3
5.73
6.22
(1912
82 establishments. \1913
Drawing tenders, female:
11907
19 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
727
624
57.9 26.8
58.0 26.3
.1077 30.2 35.4 25.3 9.2
.1094 28.0 35.4 25.5 11.2
6.20
6.31
234
232
249
233
60.2
59.3
59.4
58.1
11910
27 establishments. \1911
359
344
58.2
57.7
37.9 38.7 15.6
42.4 42.2 10.8
7.8
4.7
.0898 71.0 27.3
.0940 62.6 27.6
1.4
9.6
.3
.3
5.20
11911
45 establishments. <1912
[1913
Trimmers or inspec
tors, female:
11907
30 establishments. J1908
11909
[1910
502
525
594
34.3 50.8! 11.2
57.8
57.0 *36.2 1.7 44.0 15.6
37.2 1.9 44.6 ! 16.3
56.8
3.8
2.5
.0946 60.8 30.1 9.0
.1095 19.9 62.3 13.1
.1143 11.2 59.3 19.9
.2
4.8
9.6
5.46
6.23
6.48
251
261
285
297
60.4
60.0
59.6
58.1
/1910
46 establishments. \1911
408
474
58.3
58.7
11911
75 establishments. \1912
712
703
31.7 28.4 28.8 11.2
58.7
58.0 *29.6 3.1 27.6 37.8 2.4
11912
77 establishments. \1913
708
687
57.7 28.8
57.9 26.9
5.4 17.2 48.4
5.9 12.0 54.6
50.0
56.0
51.4
*28*8 47.2
.....
.....
2.3
1.1
27.4 22.6
37.1 6.9
42.2 6.4
21.0 3.0
40.6 27.9 31.4
39.5 46.0 14.6
40.4 I 51.6 8.1
*42*8 25.6 24.6 7.0
39.5 24.5 26.7 9.3
35.2 25.1 27.0 12.7
3.1 27.4 38.3
4.5 25.6 39.3
2.4
3.6
.0926
.0932
.0905
.0893
39.3
47.0
48.3
50.1
53.7
59.9
61.4
71.2
.1018 42.3
. 1008 58.6
. 0994 ; 60.8
. 1007 50.1
33.8
36.3
36.8
32.0
24.7
15.0
13.8
15.8
2.3
1.7
1.2
2.0
(D
C)
1
C)
1
C)
1
42.7 3.4
0)
23.3 16.8
31.7 6.8
8
26.2 2.1 **‘ .*4 C)
1
36.7 9.6 11.6
18.8 11.1 11.4
28.4
.7 10.3
40.4
9.5
.0994 51.5 39.0
.1018 46.3 37.3
1.5
6.8
5.41
C)
1
8
C)
8.1
9.4
5.78
5.94
.1031 44.9 33.1 12.5 9.3
.1123 27.7 36.6 21.1 14.7
6.02
6.45
.1117 29.0 35.9 20.5 14.7
.1111 23.8 41.2 23.3 11.8
6.41
6.39
12
14
Un and and 16
der un un cts.
12 der der and
cts. 14
16 over.
cts. cts.
Fine speeders, male:
11907
J1908
16 establishments. 11909
11910
201
224
258
249
63.9
61.1
61.2
61.0
..... .....
11910
32 establishments. 11911
426
396
61.4
61.4
64.1 35.9
....... ....... 61.4 38.6
11911
62 establishments. \1912
623
666
61.2
.5
59.7 “ 7*5 .......
(1912
61 establishments. \1913
680
745
59.7
59.8
7.4
5.2
100.0
76.3 23.6
75.6 24.4
77.1 22.8
.1157
.1225
.1286
.1306
57.8
54.1
38.9
36.9
25.9 9 0
25.9 a 9
30.6 20.2
28.9 17.3
7.5
11.2
10.5
16.9
0)
C)
(D
(D
.1310 37.5 27.0 16.2 19.3
.1351 32.5 29.8 16.9 21.0
8.03
8.29
2.7 76.1 20.7
1.8 87.2 3.5
.1350 31.7 27.0 22.5 18.8
.1421 20.9 29.7 23.3 26.3
8.24
8.47
1.8 87.5
.5 92.8
. 1429 19.3 29.9 24.4 26.3
.14461 19.8 25.2] 28.5 26.6
8.52
8.72
1 Not computed.
3.4
1.5
|
8
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
AV E R AG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND R A TE S OF
WAGES P E R HOUR, AND A V E R AG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF
THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1913—
Continued.
Per cent of employ
Per cent of employees
ees earning each
whose full-time hours
classified rate of
per week were—
Aver
wages per hour.
Aver
Num age
age
ber of fullOccupation, sex, and
rate of
number of establish Year. em time
Over 57
wages
12
14
ploy hours
ments.
54
per Un and and 16
ees.
and and 60 Over hour. der un un cts.
week. 54 un un
12 der der and
60
der der
cts. 14
16 over.
60
57
cts. cts.
Fine speeders, female:
64.2 21.2 14.7 SO.1390
....... 63.1 30.0 6.9 .1377
63.4 30.8 5.7 .1345
*54*6 23.1 17.9 4.4 .1338
Aver
age
full
time
week
ly
earn
ings.
11907
35 establishments. J1908
11909
(1910
721
694
714
800
59.3
59.1
59.1
57.6
/1910
57 establishments. \1911
1,175
1,189
57.8
57.9
51.2 26.6 14.0
50.2 26.2 13.9
8.1
9.7
. 1334 25.5 35.1 27.7 11.5 $7.68
.1353 25.4 29.6 32.6 12.4 7. 80
/1911
82 establishments. \1912
1,753
1,784
45.7 31.2 14.7
57.9
56.6 43.9 5.9 29.8 18.4
8.4
2.0
.1362 24.3 28.8 33.6 13.3
.1490 16.0 16.0 33.2 34.8
7. 86
8.42
/1912
80 establishments. \1913
Spinners, frame, male:
11907
25 establishments. J1908
11909
(1910
1,791
1,855
56.7 43.8
56.7 42. 9
7.5 28.1 18.7
5.1 32.2 18.5
2.0
1.3
.1484 16.2 16.1 33.2 34.7
.1513 12.3 17.0 34.7 35.9
8.38
8.55
184
214
188
188
59.4
58.8
58.9
57.2
.1238
.1193
.1173
.1192
0)
11910
36 establishments. \1911
261
420
57.2
57.0
11911
46 establishments. 11912
700
679
57.2
57.4 32.6
56.2 52.0
39.6
11912
49 establishments. \1913
Spinners, frame, fe
male:
11907
36 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
564
530
2,317
2,114
2,408
2,500
61.0
59.9
59.8
58.5
11910
59 establishments. \1911
3,704
3,735
59.0
59.1
11911
88 establishments. \1912
11912
88 establishments. \1913
66.3 12.0 21.7
1.9
....... 63.6 34.6 6.4
71.8 21.8
*58."6 25.0 16.5
.5
61.3 20.3 16.9
69.3 19.3 9.3
21.6
27.0
22.9
25.1
49.5
54.3
50.5
47.3
24.4
24.2
34.5
35.8
17.4
23.8
27.7
33.0
33.6 20.5
26.7 22.1
34.5 8.1
27.1 12.1
12.5 20.6
13.1 8.9
12.2 9.6
11.2 8.5
G)
0)
C)
0)
C)
0)
0)
1.5
2.1
.1198 42.8 40.2 9.6
.1247 33.4 43.8 18.6
7.3
4.0
6.83
7.08
7.4
6.5
2.6
1.9
.1257 35.4 39.7 19.0 5.7
.1484 21.9 18.0 24.9 35.2
7.18
8.30
56.7 42.0
47.7 8.0
56.9 38.5 ‘ *3*2 35.1 22.3
2.3
.9
.1442 25.2 19.1 26.6 29.1
.1425 26.8 20.8 22.1 30.4
8.14
8.07
.1103
.1073
.1063
.1119
0
0
0
43.2
42.4
46.0
*40*8 17.7
13.2
43.7
39.5
31.4
22.7 12.4
22.0 8 . 8
23.8 7.7
23.9 12.6
5.8
4.0
1.6
3.7
0)
35.4 16.8 29.3 18.4
34.4 17.3 28.2 20.0
.1083 62.8 22.9 11.0
.1105 60.7 23.9 11.6
3.4
3.8
6.33
6.48
5,981
6,214
26.6 27.4 30.3 15.7
59.1
58.0 25.3 3.1 26.8 41.3 3.5
.1110 61.0 25.0 10.9
.1232 44.9 21.0 25.6
3.1
8.5
6.51
7.11
6,364
6,561
58.0 26.5
57.9 26.5
.1240 44.4 20.7 25.3 9.5
.1268 42.3 18.2 25.3 14.2
6.98
7.29
3.0 26.2 40.9
2.9 26.6 42.1
43.7
14.0
14.5
10.1
3.4
1.9
59.0
65.0
67.0
59.9
)
)
)
12
16
Un and and 20
der un un cts.
12 der der and
cts. 16
20 over.
cts. cts.
Weavers, male:
.....
11907
36 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
2,769
2,848
3,123
3,037
60.3
59.6
59.8
58.3
/1910
58 establishments.. \1911
5,334
5,012
58.8
58.8
41.1 13.2 27.0 18.8
41.3 13.4 24.4 20.9
.1509 21.0 42.1 26.9 9.9 8.83
.1549 16.7 42.5 29.1 11.7 i 9.07
11911
88 establishments. |\1912
8,855
9, 751
58.6
35.3 26.7 24.8 13.2
57.5 30.1 7.9 23.8 36.8 1.4
.1556 16.0 40.8 31.7 11.5! 9.08
.1688 11.8 30.9 34.7 22.5 9.67
11912
88 establishments. l\1913
9,775 57.5 30.0
9,3161 57.71 27.3
.....
50.5
50.0
47.9
*49*6 11.1
1Not
18.1 31.4
35.3 14.6
37.0 15.0
30.5 9.4
7.8 23.8 37.0
6.5 23.6 41.7
computed.
1.4
.8
.1609
.1596
.1506
.1544
19.8
20.1
23.0
19.2
29.0
31.5
39.8
39.9
33.5
30.1
26.5
28.3
17.6 0 )
18.2 0)
10.8 0)
12.6 1 0 )
.1687 12.0 31.0 34.6 22.4
.1691 12.5 29.7 34.4 23.3
9.67
9.71
9
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— COTTON,
A V E R AG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PE R W EE K AND RATES OF
W AGES P E R HOUR, AND AVE R AG E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF
THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN COTTON-GOODS M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1907 TO 1913—
Continued.
Per cent of employees
whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
Aver
Num age
age
ber of full
Occupation, sex, and
rate of
number of establish Year. em time
Over 57
wages
ploy hours
ments.
54
per
ees. per
and and
week. 54 un un 60 Over hour.
60
der der
60
57
Weavers, female:
f 1907
38 establishments. i11908
1909
(1910
3,724
3,903
3,930
3,905
59.5
59.0 ----59.1
57.6
*52*9
59 establishments. /1910
\l911
6,334
6,242
57.8
57.8
60.9
63.4
60.1
26.9
21.7 17.4 80.1514
30.7 5.9 .1521
34.2 5.7 .1438
16.0 4.1 .1508
50.7 26.5 13.4 9.5
51.2 25.5 13.3 10.0
88 establishments. /1911 10,792
\1912 10,980
57.9
39.1 41.2 13.2
56.9 *35.’ 4 5.7 40.7 17.2
6.6
88 establishments. /1912 10,998
\1913 11,105
56.9 35.4
56.8 37.9
1.0
5.7 40.6 17.3
5.1 39.2 16.9
1.0
.9
Per cent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of Aver
wages per hour.
age
full
time
12
16
week
Un and and 20
ly
der un un cts. earn
12 der der and ings.
cts. 16
20 over.
cts. cts.
20.9
20.7
23.9
23.3
36.3
39.7
47.7
47.7
35.6
32.9
24.2
24.5
.1471 25.1 47.5 23.1
.1440 23.5 48.2 23.3
7.2
6.9
4.2
4.5
G)
G)
C
1)
G)
4.4 $8.47
4.9 8.31
.1479 21.0 44.9 28.1 6.1
.1631 13.5 33.7 36.6 16.2
8.54
9.26
.1630 13.7 33.6 36.5 16.3
.1638 13.0 33.4 36.4 17.2
9.26
9.29
14
18
Un and and 25
der un un cts.
14 der der and
cts. 18 25 over.
cts. cts.
Slashers, male:
48.4
47.5
49.1
20.5
18.2 33.3
43.7 8.8
43.7 7.2
31.3 4.8
29.6
27.9
25.8
22.3
56.6 3.8
41.2 15.2
49.1 9.0 G)
52.4 5. 4 G)
(1907
35 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
159
158
167
166
60.3 .......
59.6
59.4
58.1
*43A
57 establishments. (1910
\1911
276
303
58.4 ....... 42.0 19.2 26.1 12.7
40.3 18.2 26.7 14.9
58.5
.1780 26.1 15.9 54.7
.1776 24.1 19.1 53.8
85 establishments. /1911
11912
455
447
58.5
32.7 31.6 23.3 12.3
57.4 '3L3 3.8 34.2 29.3 1.3
. 1937 18.4 18.0 48.6 14. 9 11.26
.2153 12.8 20.6 43.6 20.3 12. 28
85 establishments. /1912
\1913
449
472
57.4 31.2
57.6 28.0
.2163 10.2 20.5 46.3 22.9 12. 34
.2115 10.6 26.7 39.8 22.9 12.12
3.8 34.1 29.6
3.2 32.6 35.2
1.3
1.0
.1829
.1828
.1795
.1808
10.1
15.9
16.2
19.8
3.3 10.33
3.0 10.32
18
16
Un and and 25
der un un cts.
16 der der and
cts. 18
25 over.
cts. cts.
Loom fixers, male:
(1907
36 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
631
619
680
728
60.8
59.7
59.8
58.3
43.9
44.9
44.7
‘ 44*4 18.3
.2069
.2020
.1973
.2022
25.6
12.2
11.9
10.5
11.9
25.0
28.5
24.0
39.8
44.4
47.2
43.0
22.7
18.3
12.4
22.4
G)
8
G)
41.7 18.3 23.1 16.8
43.7 17.2 22.5 16.6
.1998 18.5 18.9 48.5 14.0 11.64
.2031 17.1 18.0 49.9 15.0 11.81
2,200
2,273
33.1 30.0 24.7 12.2
58.6
57.7 *24."9 8.4 30.8 33.5 2.4
.2026 15.7 18.1 54.4 11.7 11.80
.2244 5.9 21.0 35.8 37.2 12.91
2,290
2,321
57.7 24.7
57.6 25.9
59 establishments. /1910
\1911
1,267 -58.7
1,314 58.6
(1911
88 establishments. \1912
(1912
8S establishments. \1913
16.6 39.5
43.6 11.5
42.1 13.3
28.4 8.9
8.3 30.6 34.0
7.7 29.8 34.9
1 Not computed.
2.3
1.8
.2239
.2258
6.5 21.0 35.6 36.9 12.84
3.0 22.2 33.1 41.7 12.93
10
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
AV E R AG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W ORK PER W E E K AND RATES OF
W AGES P E R HOUR, AND A V E R AG E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF
THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATINOS IN COTTON-GOODS M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1907 TO 1913—
Concluded.
Per cent of employees
whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
Num age
Occupation, sex, and
ber of funnumber of establish Year. em time
Over 57
ments.
ploy hours
54 and
ees. per
week. 54 and un 60 Over
un der
60
der 60
57
Spinners, mule, male:
Per cent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of Aver
wages per hour.
age
Aver
fufiage
rate of
time
20
wages
week
25
per Un and and 30
ly
hour. der un un cts. earn
20 der der and ings.
cts. 25
30 over.
cts. cts.
[1907
11908
11 establishments. 11909
(1910
199
193
156
131
58.6 ..
58.4
58.5
56.8 ....... 67.9
14 establishments. /1910
\1911
222
207
57.0
52.7 43.2
57.0 ....... 53.1 42.5
4.1
4.3
.2192 25.8 62.6 10.8
.2247 22.2 64.3 11.6
[1911
16 establishments. <1912
[l913
288
266
258
56.8
62.2 34.7
55.7 *44*4 24.1 31.6
55.6 47.3 23.3 29.5
3.1
.2546 16.0 51.0 10.8 22.2 14.44
.2789 9.8 35.7 28.6 25.9 15.48
.2813 8.9 32.9 58.1
15.5S
69.3 30.7
81.9 18.1
75.6 24.4
25.2 6.9
$0.2343
.2249
.2209
.2181
17.1
18.6
19.9
29.8
53.8 27.1 2.0
58.0 23.3 .......
67.9 12.2
61.1 8.4
.8
0)
G)
(!)
0)
1.0 $12.50
1.9 12.82
1Not computed.
AVERAG E AND, CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND R A TE S
OF W AGES PER HOUR, AND A V E R AG E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH
OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN COTTON-GOODS F IN IS H IN G , 1911 TO 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
Per cent of employees
whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
Aver
Num age
age
Occupation, sex, and
ber of full
rate of
number of establish Year. em time
Over 57
wages
ments.
ploy hours
54
per
ees. per Un
and and
week. der 54 un un 60 hour.
54
der der
60
57
Per cent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of Aver
wages per hour.
age
fufitime
12
10
week
Un and and 14
ly
der un un cts. earn
10 der der and ings.
cts. 12
14 over.
cts. cts.
Knotters, female:
0911
19 establishments . \1912
281
296
56.9 ..
65.1 18.9 16.0 $0.1158 25.6 46.6 8.2 19.6 $6.59
56.1 ....... *28.’ 4 45.6 13.5 12.5 .1212 22.6 36.8 19.3 21.3 6.78
0912
19 establishments . \1913
300
274
56.5
55.9
25.3 39.3 13.3 22.0
38.7 34.7 16.1 10.6
.1212 16.7 44.7 17.7 21.0
.1176 14.6 45.6 21.5 18.3
6.82
6.54
12
14
Un and and 16
der un un cts.
12 der der and
cts. 14
16 over.
cts. cts.
Calendrers, male:
11911
20 establishments . \1912
.. ..
412
409
57.9
57.8
0912
20 establishments . \1913
Lab or ers, b leach house,
male:
0911
19 establishments . \1912
422
395
58.1
57.8
688
748
57.5
57.2 .......
0912
19 establishments. 11913
714
787
57.7
57.7
28.6 48.8 22.6
3.2 26.9 49.1 20.8
...
..
.1487
.1513
4.1 19.2 51.7 25.0
6.8 14.2 44.0 34.9
8.61
8.73
1.4 22.5 47.6 28.4
3.8 24.1 48.9 23.3
.1502
.1530
6.9 15.4 46.2 31.5
15.2 51.6 33.2
8.72
8.85
52.9 18.6 28.5
8.7 45.3 25.0 21.0
.1327 21.4 41.1 29.9 7.6
.1368 12.4 43.2 32.6 11.8
7.63
7.82
1.3 43.3 26.2 29.3
2.4 38.9 29.5 29.2
.1365 10.7 45.8 32.8 10.7
.1420 9.0 40.0 35.5 15.5
7.88
8.20
..
..
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON,
11
AVERAG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W ORK PER W EE K AND RATES
OF WAGES P E R H OU R, AND A V E R AG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH
OF THE PR IN C IPA L OCCUPATIONS IN ' COTTON-GOODS FINISHING, 1911 TO 1913—
Concluded.
Per cent of employees
whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
Aver
Num age
age
ber of full
Occupation, sex, and
rate of
number of establish Year. em time
Over 57
wages
ploy hours
ments.
54 and
per
ees. per Un
week. der 54 and un 60 hour.
un der
54
der 60
57
Laborers, color mix
ing, male:
/1911
12 establishments. \1912
263
270
57.7
57.4
40.3 34.2 25.5 $0.1464
”14."4 23.7 38.1 23.7 .1473
Per cent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of Aver
wages per hour.
age
full
time
week
12
14
Un and and 16
ly
der un un cts. earn
12 der der and ings.
cts. 14
16 over.
cts. cts.
0.4 30.0 53.2 16.3 $8.45
1.1 26.7 56.3 15.9 8.45
17.7 42.4 39.9
14.6 43.1 42.3
.1448
.1490
1.2 34.6 53.5 10.7
.4 25.2 56.5 17.9
8.46
8.73
57.7
57.2
33.8 46.8 19.4
2L 4 11.7 51.2 15.8
.1443
.1529
5.0 30.0 46.9 18.1
3.2 12.4 43.4 41.1
8.32
8.75
57.4
57.4
17.7 10.7 55.0 16.5
18.7 11.6 51.3 18.4
.1538
.1530
2.0 13.6 42.2 42.2
2.7 18.8 36.4 42.2
8.83
8.77
/1912
12 establishments. \1913
Laborers, dyehouse,
male:
/1911
30 establishments. \1912
243
246
58.4
58.6
1,229
1,268
/1912
27 establishments. \1913
1,179
1,120
..
20
25
Un and and 30
der un un cts.
20 der der and
30 over.
cts. 25
cts. cts.
Folders, male;
/1911
19 establishments. \1912
268
277
57.4
57.2
/1912
19 establishments. \1913
276
250
57.7
57.1
....
..
59.0 14.2 26.9
' 8."3 45.8 24.5 21.3
.2300 33.2 35.1 21.6 10.1 13.16
.2464 22.3 23.5 39.0 15.1 14.06
3.6 39.9 24.6 31.9
17.2 40.8 13.6 28.4
.2433 22.0 29.7 33.0 15.1 13.99
.2501 9.2 38.0 39.6 13.2 14.20
30
50
40
25
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
40
50
60
30
cts. cts. cts. cts.
Printers, male;
/1911
12 establishments. \1912
156
164
56.9
56.7
/1912
12 establishments. \1913
137
133
57.4
57.1
.....
.. ..
.4890 9.6
.4867 11.0
3.2
5.5
38.0 48.2 13.9
42.1 48.1 9.8
.4720 13.1
.4695 15.8
6.6 16.1 64.2 27.04
6.0 8.3 69.9 26.78
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
Engravers, male:
/1911
12 establishments. \1912
179
166
55.8 17.9
40.2 41.9
55.4 17.5 2L7 18.7 42.2
11 establishments. /1912
\1913
123
107
55.8 23.6
55.9 30.8
..
8.3 78.8 27.79
7.9 75.6 27.54
8.3
8.5
55.1 36.5
"13."4 40.2 37.8
....
.8
18.7 56.9
17.8 34.6 16.8
40
50
and and 60
un un cts.
der der and
50
60 over.
cts. cts.
.4790
.4834
5.0 63.7 30.2
3.6 56.6 38.6
1.1 26.68
1.2 26.75
.4882
.4840
.8 63.4 34.1
2.8 65.4 2 9 .9
1.6 27.20
1.9 27.01
12
B U L L E T IN
OE T H E
BUEEAU
OE L A B O E
S T A T IS T IC S .
According to the plan of the table direct comparisons; which have
been indicated by grouping the years within brackets, can be made
properly only between two or more successive years where the data
are for identical establishments.
In 1913 the average full-time weekly earnings of males engaged in
cotton-goods manufacturing; represented by 8 occupations; varied
from $6.31 for drawing tenders to $15.58 for mule spinners. The
average full-time weekly earnings of females, represented by 5 occu
pations in this branch of the industry, varied from $6.39 for trimmers
or inspectors to $9.29 for weavers. The full-time hours of labor per
week in 1913 varied from 54 to 66 in the different establishments,
the average being somewhat less than 58.
In cotton-goods finishing the full-time weekly earnings of males
in 1913 varied from $8.20 for bleach-house laborers to $27.01 for the
skilled occupation of engravers. Data were obtained for the wages of
females in cotton-goods finishing for only one occupation—-knotters—
in which the average full-time weekly earnings in 1913 were $6.54.
The hours of labor in this branch of the industry do not vary materi
ally from the hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing.
Wages and hours of labor differ in different establishments; hence
the inclusion or exclusion of an establishment in the group, if the
wages and hours therein differ considerably from the average,
may raise or lower the average for the group. In the above
table it is seen that data are presented for 88 establishments for
the years 1911 and 1912, and for 88 establishments for the years
1912 and 1913. These are not 88 identical establishments, how
ever. Three establishments included in the first group are not
included in the second group, and three establishments included
in the second group are not included in the first group. The
figures for 1912 vary to some extent in the two groups of estab
lishments. In the occupation of trimmers, or inspectors, for instance,
it is seen that the average full-time weekly earnings increased from
$6.02 in 1911 to $6.45 in 1912 in a group of 75 establishments, and
hi a group of 77 establishments they decreased from an average of
$6.41 in 1912 to $6.39 in 1913. As the two groups of establishments
do not show exactly the same earnings for 1912, it would not be a
correct comparison to state that earnings increased from $6.02 in
1911 to $6.39 in 1913. The movement from one year to another is
indicated with the greater degree of certainty by the figures for identi
cal establishments. The difference between $6.02 and $6.45 represents
the change between 1911 and 1912, and the difference between $6.41
and $6.39 represents the change between 1912 and 1913, as nearly
as can be determined from the data available. In the table the
comparable data for identical establishments are bracketed together.
Owing to a change in the number of establishments from year to
year, it is difficult to make a comparison of the actual data over a
WAGES AND HOURS OF IiABOR, 1907 TO 1913— COTTON.
13
period of several years, which will give an exact measure of the
changes. To aid in the making of such a comparison, relative (or
index) numbers have been computed from the averages in the preced
ing table for full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and
full-time weekly earnings for each occupation for the years 1910 to
1913, inclusive. These relative numbers are simply percentages, in
which the figures for 1913 are taken as the base or 100 per cent. The
relative for each year is the per cent that the average in that year
was of the average for 1913, as determined by the method explained
on page 25. Thus in the table below full-time weekly earnings of
card strippers in 1910 were 88 per cent of the full-time-weekly earn
ings in 1913.
It will be observed that the general tendency of the several occupa
tions is toward a reduction of working hours and an increase in rates
of wages per hour and of earnings per full week. No data are avail
able to show the amount of work afforded employees each year or
the variation from year to year. The relative full-time hours per
week indicate the change in the hours of labor of employees working
full time, but do not reflect in any way the greater or less amount of
full-time work afforded. This point is further discussed on page 22.
R E LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EE K , RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND FULL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN COTTON-GOODS
MANUFACTURING AND COTTON-GOODS FINISHING, 1910 TO 1913.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
( 1 9 1 3 = 1 0 0 .0 .)
Card strippers, male.
R ela
Year.
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
1910........................................
1911........................................
1912........................................
1913........................................
102.1
101.9
99.8
100.0
R ela
Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
86.3
87.9
97.3
100.0
88.0
89.7
97.3
100.0
Drawing tenders, male. Drawing tenders, female.
R ela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
102.2
102.6
99.8
100.0
R ela
Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
87.2
88.2
98.4
100.0
89.3
90.5
98.3
100.0
Fine speeders, male.
1910.........................................
1911.........................................
1912.........................................
1913.........................................
Fine speeders, female.
102.3
102.3
99.8
100.0
102.1
102.3
100.0
100.0
91.0
93.9
98.8
100.0
92.1
95.1
97.7
100.0
Slashers, male.
1910.........................................
1911.........................................
1912.........................................
1913.........................................
101.4
101.6
99.7
100.0
92.2
92.0
102.3
100.0
93.5
93.4
101.8
100.0
88.4
89.7
98.1
100.0
90.1
91.5
98.0
100.0
Spinners, frame, male.
101.8
101.4
99.6
100.0
82.3
85.7
101.2
100.0
84.2
87.3
100.9
100.0
R ela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
102.6
101.8
100.4
100.0
Rela R ela
tive
tive
rate of full
time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
79.1
82.8
95.8
100.0
81.0
84.3
96.1
100.0
Loom fixers,:male.
101.9
101.7
100.2
100.0
8 8 .i :
89.5 :
99.2
100.0
89.5
90.8
99.3
100.0
Spinners, frame, female.
101.9
102.1
100.2
100.0
86.4
88.1
97.8
100.0
85.6
87.7
95.7
100.0
14
BULLETIN OE TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
RELATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EE K , RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND F U L L
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUAPTIONS IN COTTON-GOODS
MANUFACTURING AND COTTON-GOODS FINISHING, 1910 TO 1913—Concluded.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G — Concluded.
( 1 9 1 3 = 1 0 0 .0 .)
Spinners, mule, male.
Year.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
102.2
102.2
100.2
100.0
Trimmers or inspectors,
female.
Rela
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
/wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
week.
ings.
88.3
90.5
99.1
100.0
90.4
92.7
99.4
100.0
100.2
100.9
99.7
100.0
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
90.1
92.3
100.5
100.0
Weavers, male.
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full rate of
time wages
hours
per
per
week. hour.
91.1
93.6
100.3
100.0
101.6
101.6
99.7
100.0
89.6
92.0
99.8
100.0
Weavers, female.
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
full
time
time
weekly hours
earn
per
ings. week.
89.6
92.1
98.0
100.0
101.9
101.9
100.2
100.0
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
92.2
90.2
99.5
100.0
93.7
91.9
99.7
100.0
C O T T O N -G O O D S F IN I S H I N G .
Engravers, male.
Calendrers, male.
1911..
1912..
1913..
100.7
100.5
100.0
96.5
98.2
100.0
97.2
98.5
100.0
Laborers, bleach house,
male.
1911..
1912..
1913..
100.5
100.0
100.0
93.2
96.1
100.0
93.8
96.1
100.0
100.5
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.9
100.0
Folders, male.
100.4
100.7
100.0
Laborers, color mixing,
male.
100.2
99.7
100.0
96.6
97.2
100.0
96.9
96.9
100.0
101.4
101.1
100.0
90.8
97.3
100.0
Knotters, female.
92.2
98.5
100.0
Laborers, dyehouse,
male.
100.9
100.0
100.0
94.9
100.5
100.0
95.7
100.7
100.0
102.5
101.1
100.0
98.5
103.1
100.0
101.4
104.3
100.0
Printers, male.
100.9
100.5
100.0
101.0
100.5
100.0
101.9
101.0
100.0
A like table of relative numbers is next shown for the industry as a
whole, as determined by a combination of the data for the several
occupations covered. Data were obtained for-the principal occupa
tions of the industry, but not for all occupations. The method of
computing this table is explained on page 26.
RELATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K , RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND FULL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING AND IN COTTONGOODS FINISHING, 1911 TO 1913.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
( 1 9 1 3 = 1 0 0 .0 .)
Year.
1910...................................
1911...................................
1912...................................
1913...................................
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
101.7
101.7
100.0
100.0
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
89.8
90.3
99.3
100.0
Relative
full-time
weekly
earnings.
87.0
87.5
98.9
100.0
C O T T O N -G O O D S F IN I S H I N G .
1911...................................
1912...................................
1913...................................
100.9
100.2
100.0
97.9
100.3
100.0
98.8
100.5
100.0
WAGES AND H O U R S O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
15
From the table it is seen that the relative or index number for full
time hours per week in cotton-goods manufacturing decreased from
101.7 in 1910 to 100.0 in 1913; or, in other words, full-time hours per
week were 101.7 per cent in 1910 of what they were in 1913. The
relative or index number for rate of wages per hour increased from
89.8 in 1910 to 100.0 in 1913. The increase in full-time weekly earn
ings was somewhat more than the increase in wages per hour, the
increase being from an index of 87.0 in 1910 to 100.0 in 1913.
In examining the relative or index numbers for the several occu
pations and for the industry as a whole, on pages 13 and 14, it will be
observed that they have been computed with 1913 taken as the base
or 100 per cent. In the preceding reports of the Bureau relating to
this industry relative numbers for rates of wages per hour and for
hours of labor per week were presented back to 1890, and the base,
or 100 per cent, was not the average rate of wages per hour or the
average full-time hours per week in any one year, but the average rate
of wages per hour and the average full-time hours per week for the
10-year period 1890-1899. The tables of such relative numbers for
the years 1890 to 1912 appear in the appendix, page 178.
There are several reasons for changing the base to the most recent
year.
The primary reason for changing the base to the last available year
is that as the scope of the inquiry has been enlarged in recent years,
it has seemed necessary in order to represent the industry adequately
to include additional occupations. As no data were available for
these occupations for 1890 to 1899, no relatives or index numbers
could be computed for them with such period as a base. By using
the last year as a base, however, it is possible to compute relatives
for such additional occupations.
Again, relative or index numbers are most frequently used to com
pare the present year with different preceding years, and generally
with the few years immediately preceding. Probably comparison
between 1913 and 1912 will be made more often than between any
other two years, and a comparison of any relative number with 100
conveys a clearer idea than a comparison with any other number.
For example, the ratio 99.4: 100 is more clearly grasped than the
equal ratio 154.4: 155.4.
A third reason for a change of base from 1890-1899 to 1913 is that
imperfections, if any (due, for example, to a small number of estab
lishments), in the index in earlier years are continued when additions
are made from year to year to an old series of index numbers. The
data for 1913 are the most comprehensive and satisfactory that have
been gathered in any year, and the data back to 1910 are more satis
16
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R
S T A T IS T IC S .
factory than in the earlier years. This reason for the change of base
is further explained on page 23.
For this Bulletin relative numbers have been computed back to the
year 1910 on the basis of 1913 equal to 100 per cent. They were not
computed for earlier years because data were available from a con
siderably smaller number of establishments, and, further, because of the
large amount of work involved. The relative numbers for the several
occupations were computed in both the old and the new series by the
same process, which is explained on page 25. The relative numbers
for the occupations shown in the new series here presented differ
from those of the old series, shown in preceding reports, because of
the change of the base; but the ratio existing between any two years is
the same in both series. The relative numbers for the industry as a
whole have likewise been recomputed with 1913 as the base.
In addition to making a change of the base year, a change has also
been made in the method of computing the industry relatives, and
because of this change the relatives for the industry as a whole here
presented not only differ from the relatives computed by the old
method, but show a slightly different ratio of change from year to
year. In Bulletin No. 128 the relative numbers for this industry
were averages of the relative numbers of the several occupations.
For each year, for example, the relative rate of wages per hour of
each occupation was multiplied (weighted) by the number of employ
ees in that occupation. The products thus computed for the several
occupations were added and the sum of the products for all occupa
tions divided by the total employees in all occupations.
In computing the relative numbers from 1910 to 1913 for the
industry as a whole as presented in this Bulletin, a combination was
made, not of the relative numbers for the several occupations, but of
the actual hours and wages of the several occupations. For each
year the average hours and wages were computed for all employees
in all occupations and the average for each preceding year was com
pared with the average for 1913 to determine the index. It was
deemed necessary to make this change in method* because by com
puting the industry relative by averaging the occupation relatives, a
change in the industry is not always accurately reflected by the rela
tive thus computed. This reason is more fully explained on page 26.
In addition to the relative numbers shown for the several occupa
tions and for the industry, three tables are here presented showing
the per cent of increase or decrease in full-time hours of labor per
week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings in 1913
as compared with each preceding year back to 1910. The figures of
these tables are computed from the relative numbers shown on pages
17
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- C O T T O N ,
13 and 14 and simply reverse the method of comparison. Each of the
three tables also shows the increase or decrease in 1912 as compared
with 1911, and in 1911 as compared with 1910.
Referring to the first line of the first table, it is seen that the full
time hours of labor of card strippers in 1913 were 2.1 per cent lower
than in 1910; 1.9 per cent lower than in 1911; and 0.2 per cent higher
than in 1912. Further, it is seen that the full-time hours of labor in
this occupation were 2.1 per cent lower in 1912 than in 1911 and 0.2
per cent lower in 1911 than in 1910. The other figures of the table
are read in like manner.
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , 1913 COM
PARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in
1913 than in—
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower (—) in—
Occupation and sex.
1910
1911
1912 than
in 1911
1912
Card strippers, male.....................................
Drawing tenders, male.................................
Drawing tenders, female..............................
Fine speeders, male......................................
Fine speeders, female....................................
Loom fixers, male.........................................
Slashers, male................................................
Spinners, frame, male..................................
Spinners, frame, female...............................
Spinners, mule, male....................................
Trimmers or inspectors, female...................
Weavers, male...............................................
Weavers, female............................................
-2 .1
- - 2 .2
—2.5
-2 .2
—2.1
—1.9
—1.4
—1.8
—1.9
-2 .2
- .2
—1.6
- 1 .9
-1 .9
-2 .5
—1.8
—2.2
-2 .2
—1.7
—1.6
—1.4
-2 .1
- 2 .2
- .9
—1.6
-1 .9
The industry.......................................
- 1 .7
- 1 .7
+0.2
+ .2
— .4
+ .2
(9
—
+
+
—
—
.2
.3
-4
.2
.2
+ i3
+ .3
— .2
—2.1
—2.7
—1.4
—2.4
—2.2
—1.5
—1.9
—1.8
—1.9
-2 .0
—1.2
—1.9
-1 .7
1911 than
in 1910
—0.2
+ .4
— .8
(9
(9
(9
(9
-1 .7
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
C O T T O N -G O O D S F IN I S H I N G .
Calendrers, male............................................
Engravers, male............................................
Folders, male.................................................
Knotters, female...........................................
Laborers, bleach house, male......................
Laborers, color mixing, male.......................
Laborers, dyehopse, male...........................
Printers, male...............................................
(9
(2)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
-0 .7
- .5
-1 .4
- 2 .4
- .5
- .2
- .9
- .9
The industry.......................................
(9
-
1 No change.
43944°—Bull. 150—14----- 2
.9
-
.5
- 0 .2
- .7
- .3
-1 .4
- .5
- .5
- .9
- .4
-
.2
-
-0 .5
+ .2
-1 .1
-1 .1
(9
+ .3
(9
2 No data.
.7
+
—
+
—
+
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
+ .7
18
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUBEAU
OF L A B O B
S T A T IS T IC S ,
PEB CENT OF INCBEASE OB DECBEASE IN B A T E S O F W A G E S P E R H O U R , 1913 COM
PARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y EA R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W IT H 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W IT H 1910.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in
1913 than in—
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in—
Occupation and sex.
1910
1911
1912
1912 than
in 1911
1911 than
in 1910
Card strippers, male.....................................
Drawing tenders, male.................................
Drawing tenders, female...............................
Fine speeders, male......................................
Fine speeders, female...................................
Loom fixers, male.........................................
Slashers, male...............................................
Spinners, frame, male...................................
Spinners, frame, female................................
Spinners, mule, male....................................
Trimmers or inspectors, female...................
Weavers, male...............................................
Weavers, female............................................
+15.9
+14.7
+26.4
+ 9.9
+ 13.1
+13.5
+ 8.5
+21.5
+ 15.7
+13.3
+11.0
+ 11.6
+ 8.5
+13.8
+13.4
+20.8
+ 6.5
+11.5
+11.7
+ 8.7
+16.7
+13.5
+10.5
+ 8.3
+ 8.7
+10.9
+2.8
+1.6
+4.4
+1.2
+1.9
+ •8
- 2 .2
- 1 .2
+2.2
+ .9
- .5
+ .2
+ .5
+10.7
+11.6
+15.7
+ 5.2
+ 9.4
+10.8
+11.2
+18.1
+11.0
+ 9.5
+ 8.9
+ 8.5
+ 10.3
+1.9
+1.1
+4.7
+ 3.2
+1.5
+1.6
- .2
+4.1
+ 2.0
+2.5
+2.4
+2.7
- 2 .2
The industry.......................................
+11.4
+10.7
+ .7
+10.0
+ .6
C O T T O N -G O O D S F IN IS H IN G .
Calendrers, male............................................
Engravers, male............................................
Folders, male.................................................
Knotters, female............................................
Laborers, bleach house, male......................
Laborers, color mixing, male.......................
Laborers, dyehouse, male...........................
Printers, male...............................................
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
+ 3.6
0)
+10.1
+ 1.5
+ 7.3
+ 3.5
+ 5.4
- 1.0
+1.8
- .9
+2.8
- 3 .0
+4.1
+2.9
- .5
- .5
+1.8
+ .9
+7.2
+4.7
+3.1
+ •6
+5.9
- .5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
The industry.......................................
(2)
+ 2.1
-1 .3
+3.5
(2)
i No change.
a No data.
PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN F U L L -T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , 1913 COM
P ARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W IT H 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower (—) in
1913 than in—
Per cent higher (+ ) or
lower ( —) in—
Occupation and sex.
1910
1911
1912
1912 than
in 1911
1911 than
in 1910
Card strippers, male.....................................
Drawing tenders, male.................................
Drawing tenders, female...............................
Fine speeders, male.......................................
Fine speeders, female...................................
Loom fixers, male.........................................
Slashers, male...............................................
Spinners, frame, male...................................
Spinners, frame, female .............................
Spinners, mule, male...................................
Trimmers or inspectors, female...................
Weavers, male...............................................
Weavers, female............................................
+13.6
+12.0
+23.5
+ 8.6
+ 11.0
+11. 7
+ 7.0
+18.8
+ 16.8
+ 10. 6
+ 9.8
+11. 6
+ 6.7
+11.5
+10.5
+18.6
+ 5.2
+ 9.3
+10.1
+ 7.1
+14.5
+14.0
+ 7.9
+ 6.8
+ 8.6
+ 8.8
+2.8
+1.7
+4.1
+2.4
+2.0
+ .7
- 1 .8
- .9
+4.5
+ .6
- .3
+2.0
+ .3
+ 8.5
+ 8.6
+14.0
+ 2.7
+ 7.1
+ 9.4
+ 9.0
+15.6
+ 9.1
+ 7.2
+ 7.2
+ 6.4
+ 8.5
+1.9
+1.3
+4.1
+3.3
+ 1.6
+ 1.5
- .1
+3.7
+2.5
+2.5
+2.7
+2.8
-1 .9
The industry.......................................
+ 15.3
+ 14.7
+ 1.4
+ 13.1
+ .6
19
WAGES.AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN F U L L -T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S , 1913 COMP A R E D W IT H EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W IT H 1910—Concluded.
C O T T O N -G O O D S F IN IS H IN G .
Per cent higher (+ ) or lower (—) in
1913 than in—
Per cent higher (+ ) or
lower ( —) in—
Occupation and sex.
1910
Calendrers, male............................................
Engravers, male............................................
Folders, male.................................................
Knotters, female............................................
Laborers, bleach house, male......................
Laborers, color mixing, male.......................
Laborers, dyehouse, m a le ...........................
Printers, male...............................................
The industry.......................................
i No data.
1912 than
in 1911
1912
1911
0)
0)
+2.9
- .4
+8.5
- 1 .4
+6.6
+3.2
+4.5
- 1 .9
+1.5
- .7
+ 1.5
-4 .1
+4.1
+3.2
- .7
-1 .0
0)
+1.2
-
0)
0)
0)
0)
C1)
0)
.5
+1.3
+ .3
+6.8
+2.9
+2.5
(2)
+5.2
- .9
+1.7
1911 than
in 1910
0)
C1)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
2 No change.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This report includes establishments manufacturing cambrics,
chambrays, checks, converters’ goods, colored goods, combed goods,
cotton flannel, crepe, damask, denims, drills, foulardines, ginghams,
lawns, madras, napped fabrics, organdies, percales, print cloths,
sateens, sheetings, shirtings, stripes, tickings, twills, etc. Mills
making mixed cotton and silk goods are not included.
All of the establishments from which data were secured both spin
and weave. The textile directory for 1912-13 shows 520 establish
ments manufacturing exclusively the type of goods above indicated
and doing both spinning and weaving. The present report includes
data from establishments in which are located 33 per cent of the spin
dles and 33 per cent of the looms in establishments engaged in the
exclusive manufacture of such cotton goods and doing both spinning
and weaving. Some of the establishments furnishing data concerning
cotton manufacturing have finishing departments, for which data
were obtained at the same time. In addition, data were obtained
from several establishments engaged exclusively in finishing cotton
goods.
All information in this report was secured from pay rolls of the
various establishments by agents of the Bureau. The number of
establishments for which data were secured vary considerably during
the period included in this report, as follows:
Cotton-goods manufacturing.
1907 to 1910....................................................................................... 36 identical establishments.
1910 and 1911.....................................................................................59 identical establishments.
1911 and 1912.....................................................................................88 identical establishments.
1912 and 1913.....................................................................................88 identical establishments.
20
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
Cotton-goods finishing.
1911 and 1912.......................................................30 identical establishments.
1912 and 1913...................................................... 27 identical establishments.
As before stated, the data for 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911,
and the number of establishments included for the full period from
1907 to 1910, inclusive, was limited, owing to the difficulty of finding
establishments that had preserved complete records for those years
and also owing to the large amount of work involved. Data were not
secured from a greater number of establishments in the more recent
years because of the limited funds available for the purpose.
The establishments vary from year to year, as establishments go
out of business or cease to be representative and new establishments
must be substituted in the wage study. Occasionally occupations
are dispensed with in a mill, or new occupations are introduced, and
sometimes data are not available for all occupations desired from a
mill. Data for a group of establishments in any year will not be pre
cisely the same as for a different group in the same year, even though
nearly all of the establishments may be common to both groups. In
using the actual figures in this report, comparison from year to year
should be made only between data coming from identical establish
ments. In the tables the data from identical establishments are
bracketed together. Data from an establishment are not included
in the report unless the information for at least two years is available.
In selecting establishments from which to secure data, the Bureau
undertook to represent all States in which cotton-goods manufac
turing and finishing are of material importance, the measure of
importance being the number of employees as reported by the United
States Census of Manufactures. The table which follows shows by
States the number of employees in cotton-goods manufacturing as
reported by the United States Census Office for 1910; the total num
ber on the pay roll in the establishments from which the Bureau
secured data for 1913; and the number in the selected occupations
for whom data for 1913 are shown.
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
21
TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING AND NUM
BER OF EMPLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FOR WHICH DATA A R E SHOWN FOR
1913.
Establishments for which data are
shown by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1913.
State.
Number of
employees
reported
by United
Number of employees—
States
Census Of Number of
establish
fice 1910.
For whom
On pay
ments.
data are
roll.
shown.
21,442
108,018
18
Massachusetts.....................................................................
5,204
12
47,231
North Carolina
...................................................................
45,454
13,894
21
South Carolina...................................................................
13
27,750
7,817
Georgia...............................................................................
25,365
3
3,553
Rhode Island.....................................................................
22,265
5
17,595
New Hampshire.................................................................
14,634
5
4,425
Maine
............................................................................
14,289
12
i 929
Connecticut
...................................................................
i1
13,988
Pennsylvania.....................................................................
i 780
12,731
7
4,232
Alabam a............................................................................
10,359
i1
N ew Y ork...........................................................................
1353
2 29,098
Other States2......................................................................
Total.........................................................................
371,182
88
11,046
2,084
5,410
3,056
1,852
7,946
2,113
i 433
i 314
1,471
i 188
80,224
35,913
1 Hours of pieceworkers not being a matter of record in most establishments causes small representation.
2 Includes States having less than 6,500 employees in 1910.
According to the census of 1910, more than 92 per cent of the total
number of employees in the industry are found in the States in which
the establishments furnishing information to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics are located. The number of employees in the establish
ments from which the Bureau obtained 1913 data was equal to 21.6
per cent of the total in the industry in 1910, and the number of such
employees for which the Bureau presents detailed information for
1913 was equal to 9.7 per cent of the total in the industry in 1910.
The number of employees in cotton-goods finishing for whom
data for 1913 are shown is as follows:
Massachusetts..............................................................................................
Rhode Island..............................................................................................
Connecticut.................................................................................................
New Hampshire.........................................................................................
New Jersey..................................................................................................
New Y o rk ....................................................................................................
Maine............................................................................................................
Pennsylvania..............................................................................................
Other States....................................................................................................
955
872
420
378
199
180
140
139
29
Total.................................................................................................. 3,312
The pay rolls copied usually cover one week. For weavers and
a few other pieceworkers— about one-half of all employees for whom
data are shown— pay rolls for two, or in some instances four, con
secutive weeks were taken for each employee. This was considered
necessary to obtain a fair average. Weavers are not paid for work
22
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R
S T A T IS T IC S .
until the cloth is taken from the loom, and a part of the work of one
week is often paid for in the succeeding week. In some cases where a
bonus or premium is paid the bonus is based on four weeks’ work and
it is necessary to take the earnings for the entire period in order to
get the employee’s real earnings.
The pay-roll period taken each year was that nearest May 15,
except in a very few establishments where abnormal conditions made
it desirable to take a pay roll for some other time of the year.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables of the
report are the regular full-time hours of work of the occupation
under normal conditions in the establishment, or if any establish
ment was running under unusual working time, because of rush work
or of slack work, the hours to which both employer and employee
expect to return when conditions become normal. The working time
is the hours on duty including intervals of waiting for work. The
full-time hours per week and the relatives based thereon do not in
any way indicate the extent of unemployment. Employees may
work overtime, or broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary reduction
may be made in working hours without such change affecting the
full-time hours per week as presented in this Bulletin.
The rates of wages per hour appearing in the tables include the
wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers. All time
rates by the day or week have been reduced to rates per hour, and
the earnings of pieceworkers or of persons working at both time and
piece rates have been reduced to rates per hour by dividing the
earnings by the hours worked. The time workers and pieceworkers
of each occupation are combined as one group. Where there was
no record regularly kept by the establishment of the actual time
worked by pieceworkers the firms at the request of the Bureau kept
a special record for the pay period taken. The importance of such
a record for factory purposes is causing a greater number of firms
each year to keep a record of time worked by all employees.
A change in the earnings per hour of pieceworkers does not of
necessity indicate a change in piece rates. Without a change in piece
rates, a change in methods or of machinery, a speeding up, or more
steady work resulting from greater volume of business may increase
the hourly earnings; or, on the other hand, changes in methods, a
slowing down in speed, or a lull in business may reduce the hourly
earnings. Varying intervals of waiting for work while on duty may
also affect hourly earnings.
The full-time weekly earnings are the earnings per week of employ
ees working full time, or the earnings on broken time reduced to equiva
lent earnings for a full week. In considering changes in full-time
earnings per week notice should also be taken of changes in full-time
hours of labor per week. A reduction in the hours of a pieceworker
W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
23
may reduce his earnings in a week and leave his earnings per hour
unchanged, while a reduction of hours for a week worker will, if his
weekly rate remains the same, increase his rate per hour.
The averages of full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are computed by adding the data for
each individual employee and dividing the total by the number of
employees.
It will be observed that the average full-time weekly earnings
generally is not exactly the same as the result that would be obtained
by multiplying the average rate per hour by the average hours
per week, owing to the fact that hourly rates for individual employees
are based on varying hours per week, which has the effect of changing
the relative weighting of the wages of the several employees. A
hypothetical illustration shows the difference:
Employees.
Full-time
hours per
week.
Rate of
wages per
week.
Rate of
wages per
hour.
1.......................................
1.......................................
1..........., ..........................
1.......................................
48
54
54
60
$15.00
14.00
16.00
12.00
$0.3125
.2593
.2963
.2000
Total (4)...............
216
57.00
1.0681
Average...........................
54
14.25
.2670
The product of $0.2670 multiplied by 54 is $14.42, while the average
earnings per week are $14.25.
The change of the basis of comparison in computing the relative
or index numbers from the average of 1890-1899 to 1913 is in part
explained on page 15.
One of the reasons for the change of the base from 1890-1899 to
the last year is that any imperfections in the data for earlier years
are continued and compounded in the relative numbers when addi
tions are made from year to year to an old series of relative numbers.
The data for the period 1890-1899 were obtained mostly in 1901
from old and incomplete pay rolls, and it was sometimes difficult
to classify the employees into the several occupations. For the
10-year period, 1890-1899, data were obtained from only 26 estab
lishments, while data were obtained for 1912 and 1913 from 88
establishments. The number of establishments varied in the inter
vening years. While the average of 26 establishments possibly
might have been a fairly acceptable base, the average of more than
three times as many establishments recently canvassed becomes
more nearly representative of the industry, and thus a more satis
factory base. Data are available from 88 establishments for 1911
and 1912 and from 59 establishments for 1910 and 1911.
24
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O B S T A T IS T IC S .
Were the relative numbers for the occupations recomputed back
to 1890 with 1913 as the base, any imperfections in the data for the
earlier years would of course be carried into the relative numbers
for those years, but would not appear in the relative numbers for
the later years. With either period as the base, the relative numbers
would show with the same degree of accuracy the trend from one
year to the next. With 1890-1899 as the base, however, any fault
in the relative number for the early years is continued and the rela
tive for 1913 will be at fault. But with the last year as the base,
the relative number for any of the recent years is as nearly accurate
and representative as the data collected for such years, and does not
contain in itself any imperfections which may have been in data
gathered in the earlier years. In one series, the relative number, if
beginning in fault, continues in fault even though the data of later
years be entirely satisfactory. In the other series with the data for
1913 as the base, any imperfections of earlier years do not appear
except in such years.
To illustrate the change in the relatives produced by the change
of base, relative full-time hours of labor and relative rates of wages
per hour of female weavers for the years 1910 to 1913 are given in
the table following, computed with 1913 as the base, and with the
average 1890-1899 as the base, so that the relative numbers com
puted on the two bases may be compared.
RELATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR OF
FEMALE W EAVERS COMPUTED ON TWO BASES, AVERAG E 1890-1899=100, AND
1913=100.
Relative full-time hours Relative rate of wages
per week.
per hour.
Year.
1910..............
1911..............
1912..............
1913..............
Relative,
Relative,
Relative,
average
average
1913
1890-1899 equals 100. 1890-1899
equals 100.
equals 100.
95.6
95.6
93.9
93.7
101.9
101.9
100.2
100.0
135.9
133.0
146. 7
147.4
Relative,
1913
equals 100.
92.2
90.2
99.5
100.0
The first column of relative numbers indicates that the hours per
week in 1910 were 95.6 per cent of the average hours in the period
1890-1899, while the next column shows the hours in 1910 to be
101.9 per cent of the hours in 1913. Both series of relatives indicate
practically the same change from 1910 to 1913, the first making a
decrease of 1.99 per cent, and the other of 1.86 per cent. Allowing
for decimals dropped in computing the relatives, the results would
be identical. The first series of relative wages per hour shows an
increase from relative 135.9 in 1910 to relative 147.4 in 1913, an
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
25
increase of 8.46 per cent. The second series shows an increase from
92.2 in 1910 to 100 in 1913, an increase of 8.46 per cent, or identically
the same per cent of increase as in the other series. The relative
rates of wages per hour and the relative full-time hours per week
from 1890 to 1912 on the basis of 1890-1899 equaling 100, published
in Bulletin No. 128, are reproduced in this Bulletin in the Appendix,
page 178.
Relative or index numbers for the several occupations and for
the industry as a whole from 1910 to 1913 are presented on pages
13 and 14.
The method of computing such relative or index numbers for an
occupation can best be explained by an illustration. The rates of
wages per hour of female weavers are taken as an example.
Number
of
identical
establish
ments.
(
Rate of wages per liour.....................
Relative rates of wages per hour computed therefrom.
Rate of wages per hour in identica1 establishments
envflnnpf the full four vears...... . ..
Relativfi ratfis of waerea r>er hour comnuted therefrom.
1
1
Year.
1910
1911
1912
59
88
88
$0.1471
$0.1440
.1479
92.2
90.2
$0.1631
.1630
99.5
$0.1638
100.0
57
$0.1472
91.5
$0.1441
89.6
$0.1586
98.6
$0.1608
100.0
1913
The rate per hour for 1913 is taken as the base (100.0) then $0.1630
divided by $0.1638 equals 99.5, the relative for 1912. The ratio of
1911 to 1912 is $0.1479 divided by $0.1631. The relative for 1912
just determined, 99.5, multiplied by $0.1479 divided by $0.1631
equals 90.2, the relative for 1911. The ratio of 1910 to 1911 is $0.1471
divided by $0.1440. The relative for 1911, 90.2, multiplied by
$0.1471 and divided by $0.1440 equals 92.2, the relative for 1910.
The method of computing relative numbers over a period of years
illustrated above is used because of the changes which occur in the
number of establishments. A method of computing a series of
relative numbers should take into account changes in establishments
from year to year, as changes naturally occur, some establishments
discontinuing operations or ceasing to be representative, and new
establishments entering the field. The method explained above,
bringing in the new establishments, has been followed in computing
the relatives in this report. Otherwise no use could have been made
in the index of the data from the additional establishments obtained
for the later years.
Of the 59 establishments reporting data for 1910-11 only 57
reported for the entire period. The average rate of wages per hour
for the 57 establishments reporting for the entire period is shown
26
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
also in the above table, with relatives computed therefrom. As
might be expected, these relatives differ from the relatives based
on the greater number of establishments. Presumptively they
are not so nearly representative as are the relatives based on the
greater number of establishments, but they are given here as
an illustration of the difference shown by relatives based on dif
ferent amounts of data.
Data concerning rates of wages and
hours of labor for the period 1907 to 1910, being available from a
preceding Bulletin, are here reproduced, but, as before stated, owing
to the small number of establishments in that period and limited
funds, it has not been deemed advisable to compute relative numbers
therefor, and average full-time weekly earnings have not been com
puted for that period.
A word of caution is given as to the use of relative numbers. The
per cent of increase or decrease from one year to another is not the
difference between the relative numbers for the years. Thus in the
table above the relative rate of wages per hour increased from 92.2
in 1910 to 100 in 1913, an increase in the relative of 7.8 over the
relative 92.2, making an increase of 8.5 per cent.
While the base for the computation of the relative numbers for the
several occupations has been changed from the average of 1890-1899
to 1913, the method of computation has remained the same.
The relative numbers for the industry as a whole, however, have
been computed for this Bulletin not only with a change of base, but in
a different manner than for preceding Bulletins, and hence may be
expected to show some variations in results. The change is referred
to on page 16. The relative numbers for the industry published in
Bulletin No. 128 were computed from the relative numbers of the
several occupations. The relative numbers for the industry here
presented, covering 1910 to 1913, are computed directly from the
average hours of labor, rates of wages per hour, and weekly earnings
of all employees in all occupations combined into one group. In
other words, the relatives for the industry as a whole have been com
puted for this report in the same manner as the relatives for each
occupation. It was deemed necessary to make this change in method
because, by computing the industry relative from the relatives of the
occupations, the change in the industry is not accurately reflected by
the relative thus computed.
The following table for a hypothetical industry illustrates how a
change in the industry as a whole may not be reflected by a combi
nation of the relatives of the occupations.
27
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— COTTON.
Actual wages.
1912
Occupation.
1913
Rate of
wages
per day.
Occupation A ...............................................
Occupation B ...............................................
20
20
$1.20
3.60
Total...................................................
Average.........................................................
Relative........................................................
40
Em
ployees.
Rate of
wages
per day.
$24.00
72.00
30
10
$1.33£
4.00
96.00
2.40
120.0
Em
ployees.
40
Aggre
gate.
Aggre
gate.
$40.00
40.00
80.00
2.00
100.0
1
Relative wages.
Occupation A ...............................................
Occupation B ...............................................
20
20
Total...................................................
Average.........................................................
40
90
90
1,800
1,800
30
10
3,600
90.0
40
100
100
3,000
1,000
4,000
100.0
In this hypothetical table it is assumed that there were two occu
pations, A and B. Each occupation received an advance of wages in
1913, but there was a change in the number of employees in the two
occupations, a larger proportion of lower-skilled employees being
employed. The average rate of wages of both occupations combined
in 1912 was $2.40, and in 1913 it was $2. Taking 1913 as the base,
the relative for the industry for 1912 would be 120. On the other
hand, computing the relative for each occupation, combining the rela
tives, and making the average thereof, the relative for 1912 is 90 as
against 100 for 1913. Computed from occupation relatives, the rela
tive rate of wages for the industry appears to increase from 90 to
100, while the relative for the industry as a whole, computed from
the average rates, because of the change in number of employees in
the occupations, actually decreased from 120 to 100.
The general tendency of many industries is toward an increase in
the proportion of unskilled or low-skilled employees to highly-skilled
employees, because of specialization and the increasing efficiency of
machinery.
Even if it were possible to cover the same number of establishments
each year, it would not be possible to cover identical establish
ments for a considerable number of years, as firms go out of busi
ness or for some reason it becomes impossible to get acceptable data
from some firms. The desire of the Bureau is to enlarge the scope of
the study from time to time by covering a larger number of estab
lishments. In computing the relative from year to year, it is neces
sary therefore to use the method described on page 25, grouping the
data for identical establishments in groups of two or more years as
available. This method is necessary whether the industry relative
28
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUBEAU
OF
LABOB
S T A T IS T IC S .
be computed from the actual average wages and hours of all occupa
tions or an average, of the relatives of all occupations.
In the necessary use of the method described a material statistical
error may result if the industry relative is computed from the relatives
of the occupations instead of the average for the industry. If the
establishments should remain identical through a period of a few years
and wages and hours in a later year return to the same wages and
hours as in a preceding year, industry relatives computed from actual
averages will be the same for the same averages occurring in the dif
ferent years. If, however, the industry relative be computed from the
relatives of the several occupations, like averages will not be repre
sented by like relatives.
The subject is illustrated in the table below showing a hypothetical
industry of three occupations, A, B, and C, of one employee each.
1912
1911
Occupation.
Employ Bate of
ees.
wages per
day.
(2)
(1)
(3)
Belative Bate of Belative Bate of
wage, as
wage, as
Belative
compared wages per compared wages per
wage.
day. with 1913.
day.
with 1912.
(4)
Occupation A .............................
Occupation B .............................
Occupation C ............................................
1
1
1
$1.00
2.00
3.00
100.00
80.00
66.67
Total..................................
3
1
6.00
2.00
246.67
82. 22
A v e r a g e ..
......................
Belative computed from occupation relatives by
method described. 1913 equals 100........................
Belative, average rate 1911 ($2) compared with
average rate 1912 ($2.66§)............................................
Belative computed from average rate of all occupa
tions. 1913 equals 100................................................
1913
102. 78
(5)
$1.00
2.50
4.50
8.00
2.66§
(7)
(8)
100.00
125. 00
150. 00
$1.00
2.00
3.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
375.00
125.00
6.00
2.00
300.00
100. 00
(6)
125.00
100.00
133.33
100.00
75.00
100.00
In this table column 7 shows the wages of each employee in 1913
and the average wages, $2. Columns 3 and 5 show the detailed wages
and average wages in 1911 and 1912, respectively. Column 8 shows
the relative wages with 1913 as the base (100). Column 6 shows the
relative wage of each occupation as compared with 1913 and the aver
age of such relatives, namely, 125. Column 4 shows the relatives
for 1911 as compared with 1912 and the average of such relatives
based on 1912, namely, 82.22.
Below the line of the average is the relative for the industry as com
puted from the averages of the several occupation relatives by the
method explained on page 25, with 1913 = 100: The relative for 1912
is 125 as compared with 1913. Computing 82.22 per cent of 125
produces the relative 102.78, the relative for 1911 on the basis of
1913 = 100. Thus the relatives for the industry computed from the
relatives of the occupations beginning with 1913 as 100 and working
back to 1911 are: 1913, 100; 1912, 125; 1911, 102.78.
29
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
The actual average wages, however, are $2, $2.66 §, and $2. Thus
the same average wage for the industry is not represented by the
same relative.
Comparing $2.66§, the average rate for 1912, with $2, the average
rate for 1913, the relative is found to be 133.33. Comparing the
average rate for 1911 ($2) with the average rate for 1912 ($2.66§) the
relative is 75, and 75 per cent of 133.33, the relative for 1912, is 100;
the relative for 1911 on the basis 1913 = 100, as computed by the
described method from the average wages of the industry.
Thus the illustration shows that the industry relative computed
from the average wages for the industry by the described method in
identical establishments gives like industry relatives for like industry
averages, but that if the industry relative be computed from the rela
tives of the several occupations the industry relative may not be the
same for the same average wages for the industry in another year.
The industry relatives given in this Bulletin have been computed from
the actual average full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings for all employees reported for the
industry in the same manner as for each separate occupation.
While this method always produces like relatives to represent like
actual wages and hours when applied to the data for two groups of
establishments, both having one and the same average for any year, it
must not be understood that the like relatives will appear for the
same concrete numbers where the relatives are computed from data
where different groups of establishments show different averages for
one and the same year. Thus, on page 25 it is shown that the rela
tive rate per hour in 1910, as computed through successive pairs of
comparable data, is 92.2, although $0.1471, the average rate for 1910
in 59 establishments, is 89.8 per cent of $0.1638, the average rate
shown for 1913 in 88 establishments.
The relative numbers for the cotton-manufacturing industry com
puted by both methods are brought into comparison in the table
given below. It will be observed that the results obtained by the two
methods differ to some extent.
EELATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN
THE COTTON-MANUFACTURING IN DU STRY COMPUTED ON TWO BASES : 1913=100,
AND AVERAGE 1890-1899=100.
Method used in this report, 1913
equals 100.
Year.
1910.................................................................
1911.................................................................
1912.................................................................
1913.................................................................
Method used in preced
ing report, average
1890-1899 equals 100.
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative | Relative
rates of 1 full-time
wages per
weekly
hour.
earnings.
101.7
101.7
100.0
100.0
1 Not computed.
89.8
90.3
99.3
100.0
87.0
87.5
98.9
100.0
Relative
rates of
wages per
hour.
94.1
94.1
92.4
6)
147.7
149.1
164.1
0)
30
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R
S T A T IS T IC S .
The figures computed according to the present method show a
decrease of relative hours of labor from 101.7 in 1910 to 100 in 1912,
a decrease of 1.7 per cent. The figures by the other method show a
decrease of relative hours from 94.1 in 1910 to 92.4 in 1912, or 1.8
per cent.
Relative rates of wages per hour computed by the present method
show an increase from relative 89.8 in 1910 to 99.3 in 1912, an
increase of 10.6 per cent. According to the figures by the other
method, the increase was from 147.7 in 1910 to 164.1 in 1912, an
increase of 11.1 per cent. Relative full-time weekly earnings were
not computed by the other method.
In addition to the text tables presented in the summary, 14 general
tables are given, namely:
C O T T O N -G O O D S M AN U FACTU RIN G.
Table I.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the
United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table II.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table III.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table IV .— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table V.— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table V I.— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in each State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table V II.— Average full-time hours of work per week, and aver
age full-time weekly earnings, by States, 1912 and 1913.
C O T T O N -G O O D S FIN ISH IN G .
Table V III.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the
United States, by years, 1911 to 1913.
Table IX .— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table X .— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table X I .— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in the United States, by years, 1911 to 1913.
Table X I I .—Average and classified full-time hours of work per
week in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table X I I I .— Average and classified full-time hours of work per
week in each State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table X IV .— Average full-time hours of work per week, and aver
age full-time weekly earnings, by States, 1912 and 1913.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— COTTON.
31
In Tables I, IV, V III, and X I, in addition to actual data, percent
ages computed therefrom are given. The data from these tables are
summarized in the text table on pages 6 to 11.
When sufficient data for a State are available to warrant presenta
tion, such data are presented by States in Tables II, III, V, VI, IX ,
X , X II, and X III. Tables III, V I, X , and X I I I repeat the data for
the several States given in Tables II, V, IX , and X II, respectively,
rearranged for the convenience of the reader.
DESCRIPTION
OF PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE
OCCUPATIONS.
The occupations included in this report for 1913 are:
Cotton-goods manufacturing:
Card strippers.
Drawing tenders.
Fine speeders.
Loom fixers.
Slashers.
Spinners, frame.
Spinners, mule.
Trimmers or inspectors.
Weavers.
Cotton-goods finishing:
Calendrers.
Engravers.
Folders.
Knotters.
Laborers, bleach house.
Laborers, color mixing.
Laborers, dyehouse.
Printers.
Brief descriptions of the work done by employees in each of these
occupations follow:
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
C A R D S T R IP P E R S .
Carding machines are used to disentangle and straighten the cotton
fiber and remove foreign substances, receiving the cotton from other
machines on which this process is begun.
The carding machines are fitted with fine wire teeth mounted on
backing, called card clothing. Card strippers feed the cotton lap as
it comes from the lapping machine to the carding machine, strip or
clean the card clothing as it becomes clogged, and deliver the sliver or
carded cotton in cans to the drawing tender. The sliver or drawing
comes from the machine a soft strand from one-fourth to one-half
inch in diameter and is coiled in a can. The strands from several
cards may be combined on a “ railway” before being deposited in
the receiving can. In automatic card stripping, which prevails in
most mills, the card strippers strip the card by hand twice a day,
and perhaps oftener if the stock is running bad. In mills where
automatic machines are not used to strip cards, card strippers strip
by hand every quarter or half hour, and do not deliver the drawings
to the drawing tenders, as boys are employed to deliver the cans
containing the drawings to the drawing tenders instead. Card strip
ping is done by males on a time or piece basis.
32
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
D R A W IN G T E N D E R S .
Several strands of sliver are combined and passed through the
drawing frame to continue the process of parallelizing the fibers and
reducing the sliver to uniform strength. In the machine the sliver
goes through several sets of rolls, each set geared higher than the
preceding. Drawing tenders attend these drawing frames. When
the carding and drawing machines are located close together and
there are railways attached to the card so that the drawings are
deposited in cans only a few steps from the drawing machines, the
drawing tenders remove the cans from the cards to the drawing
machines and replace them with empty ones. Under these condi
tions the workers are called railway and drawing tenders. The work
is done by males or females and generally on a time basis.
FIN E S P E E D E R S .
The sliver or strand of drawn-out cotton fiber, after leaving the
drawing frame, generally passes through a stubbing frame and an
intermediate frame where it is drawn out further and given a slight
twist. The product is now known as roving.
The roving is taken to speeding machines which further combine,
draw to smaller size, and twist it. The roving passes from perpendic
ular rows of bobbins on top of the speeder to bobbins arranged in a
perpendicular row in front, the separate strands passing through
small rolls. The rovings from two separate bobbins wind on one
bobbin, making one strand. The fine speeder tends the machine
and the duties are to watch the strands and, when they break, take
the end that drops as it passes through the steel rolls and place it
against the rolls, where the ends unite as the rolls, which stopped
automatically, are again set in motion. A regular speeder generally
runs two machines and the earnings of the operator depend upon the
number of bobbins to a machine and the fineness of the speeding;
that is, the finer the drawings are reduced by continued speeding the
higher the rate of wages. In some mills fine speeders are called
fly-frame tenders and fine-frame tenders, where the machine is the
same as the fine speeder. In other mills fine frames and fly frames
are constructed on principles somewhat different from the fine
speeder, but they accomplish the same results. Employees tending
fine speeders, fine frames, and fly frames are all classed in this report
as fine speeders. In a few mills jacks are used to produce a particu
larly fine yarn that could not be produced through the use of fine
speeders, fine frames, or fly frames. Data for jack tenders are not
given in this report. The work of fine speeding is done by males or
females, generally on a piece basis.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
33
L O O M F IX E R S .
Loom fixers make necessary repairs on looms, and besides being
repairmen must understand weaving. On an average, a loom fixer
will have the care of 96 common looms or 85 Draper or automatic
looms. The work is done by males on a time or piece basis, generally
on a time basis.
SLASHERS.
Warp yarn comes to the slashing machine wound on beams or
rolls. A sufficient number of beams to provide the number of warp
ends for the desired pattern are unrolled simultaneously. The yarn
as it unwinds enters the size box, where it passes between rolls
revolving in liquid sizing, and then between squeezer rolls which
remove the surplus sizing. The warp is dried by passing between
coils of steam pipes or over a heated cylinder. The purpose of the
sizing is to stiffen and strengthen the yarn and make it smoother for
weaving. After being dried, the warp, as the yarn is now called,
passes through separators to separate the strands of yarn. It is
then wound on one beam known as a warp beam, to be taken to
the weaving room. The slasher either performs or directs the work
required on the machine, which consists of placing and removing the
beams, and often of mixing the sizing. The slasher generally has a
helper. The work is done by males working on a time basis.
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E .
Frame spinners operate machines called spinning frames-. Each
frame has two sides. Spools containing roving are placed in hori
zontal position on both sides of the frame. Ends of the roving strand
are drawn through small metal rolls and attached to bobbins which
are placed on a single row of perpendicular spindles on each side of
the frame, at a distance of approximately 3 feet from the roving
spools, so that the roving spins from the roving spool to the bobbin
on a downward incline. On an average there are 72 bobbins on
each side of a frame. The machines on which frame spinning is done
are placed in rows with passages between the ways. For operative
purposes each side is virtually a separate machine. A spinner
attends several sides. A frame spinner’s duty is to place the roving
spools on the frame and to tie roving that breaks in spinning. The
bobbins are placed on and taken off the frame by doffers. Frame
spinning is done by males or females, generally females, and on a
time or piece basis, usually time.
43944°— Bull. 150— 14-----3
34
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
S P IN N E R S , M U LE .
A spinning mule is a combination of drawing rollers and a spinning
jenny. It is a machine from 25 to 160 feet in length which has a
stationary frame and a movable frame or carriage. The carriage
travels on an iron track a distance of about 64 inches and returns.
Spools of roving are placed on spindles on the stationary frame.
From the bobbins the roving passes between pairs of rolls on the
frame and then to spindles on the carriage. During the outward
movement of the carriage the rolls operate and attenuate the thread
as in frame spinning, but the spindles on the carriage do not revolve.
The carriage having traveled its distance, the rolls on the frame stop
and the spindles on the carriage rotate, and as the carriage returns
toward the frame the yarn is wound on bobbins on the spindles of
the carriage.
The mule is a complicated machine, and skill is required to keep it
adjusted properly. Men are almost always employed as mule
spinners. No. 1 cotton yarn measures 840 yards per pound; No. 2
yarn measures 1,680 yards, etc., each additional number measuring
a multiple of 840 yards. The mule spinner, besides operating the
machine, must see that the mule is regulated to produce the desired
number of yarn. When back boys, or piecers, are not employed, the
mule spinners piece broken ends of roving or yarn in the same man
ner as fine speeders piece ends together. The spools of roving and
the bobbins are placed on and taken off of the mules by boys. The
work of mule spinning is done by males on a piece or time basis,
generally on a piece basis.
T R IM M E R S O R IN S P E C T O R S .
Trimmers trim the cloth as it runs from a beam or roll at the
back of a trimming machine over the top of the machine, which is
square and box like, and comes down on an inclined board like a
slanting desk, passing over it and winding on a roll at the bottom of
the machine in front. The rolls are driven by a belt, the speed of which
may be regulated by the trimmer at will. The trimmer uses a
burling irdn, a small flat piece of steel about half an inch in width,
bent double, with a space of about 2 inches between the ends, which
are sharpened to a fine edge to. pick out knots. Besides the burling
iron, the trimmer uses a short, fine-toothed steel comb to “ scratch
ou t” — comb out— imperfections in the cloth. When there are
pieces of cloth on which there is grease or dirt, the trimmer makes
a stitch with a piece of colored thread to mark the spot where the
cloth is to be washed. If there is a poor section of cloth, it is marked
in the same way to be cut out. Besides drawing the cloth over an
inclined surface, another method is to lay the cloth on a table, and
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
35
examine it for knots to be picked out, and imperfections to be marked
or to be combed out. The result of the work is the same, but the em
ployees working under the first system are called trimmers and under
the second system, inspectors. The work is done by males or females,
usually females, on a time or piece basis, generally time.
W EAVERS.
From a bobbin box at the right of their loom or looms, weavers
take bobbins wound with filling yarn, place them on a spindle inside
a wooden shuttle, and draw the end of the yarn on the bobbin through
a hole in the side of the shuttle thus “ threading the shuttle,” and
then place the shuttle in a shuttle box at the right of the loom, drawing
the yarn through the shuttle hole to a sufficient length to throw it
between two harnesses of the loom containing the warp. The weaver
then moves a clutch located at the right of the loom near the shuttle
box to start the loom. A picker stick strikes the end of the shuttle,
driving it through the warp and unwinding the yarn from the bobbin
the length of its passage and passing the shuttle into a corresponding
shuttle box at the left of the loom. Here it is hit by another picker
stick, which returns the shuttle to the first shuttle box, the yarn
unwinding as before, this process continuing until the yarn is used
off the bobbin, when the loom is stopped and another full bobbin
substituted. Some weavers can change bobbins without stopping
the loom, but this practice is not encouraged, as a shuttle is likely to
slip and cause damage. After the shuttle passes from right to left a
warp harness drops down and a frame the length of the loom with
fine small perpendicular steel teeth, through which the warp passes,
presses up so that the side of the frame wire presses the filling yam
into place. Then a second warp harness drops down and the first
harness comes up, the picker stick strikes the shuttle at the left of
the loom and the yarn from the bobbin passes through the warp,
whose threads are thus crossed first above and then below the filling
yarn, and the frame with the fine teeth comes up and again presses the
filling yarn into the web. If a filling or warp yarn breaks, a drop wire
stops the loom and the weaver ties the broken ends and again starts
the loom. The number of harnesses on a loom depends on the style
or pattern of a cloth. Each time the filling yarn passes from one side
to the other of the loom, through the warp, it is called a pick. Hence
when the yarn starts from the right-hand shuttle box, goes to the
left-hand shuttle box and returns, two picks have been made. As
the picks form in the warp, weaving the cloth, the cloth winds upon a
horizontal wooden roll or spool at the bottom of the loom, and the
cloth filling this roll or spool constitutes a cut or cuts, a cut being a
stated number of yards. Besides those looms in which the weaver
inserts the bobbin by hand there are looms that are automatic.
36
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
One automatic loom has a circular holder the length to hold a bobbin
(top) in which bobbins up to 24 can be placed. Starting the loom, a
bobbin drops from the holder into a shuttle in the shuttle box of the
loom, and is held by a spring, the yarn of the bobbin threading auto
matically, and the shuttle passing from the right shuttle box to the
left, and back and forth, until the yarn is woven off the bobbin.
Then a plunger throws the empty bobbin out of the shuttle into a
box on the floor, and a full bobbin from the circular holder takes its
place in the manner described. If a thread breaks in weaving, a drop
wire, through which the warp runs drops down and throws off a
switch, stopping the loom for the weaver to “ mend the thread” —
tie the broken ends. Weavers on common looms run from 4 to 8
looms, and on automatic, from 12 to 24.
Still another loom of automatic construction is used for weaving
goods of different colors, particularly gingham goods. The looms are
constructed so that filling of different colors is inserted at predeter
mined intervals. The looms are equipped with a bobbin holder, called
a magazine or battery, in which four bobbins wound with filling of one
color are arranged in a groove, the bobbins resting lengthwise under
each other from the top bobbin down. There will be from two to three
other similar rows of bobbins, each row of a different colored filling
yarn. This fills the bobbin holder with either 12 or 16 bobbins. The
construction of the loom gives practically a continuous weave of
alternating colors. The average number of looms of this style run
by a weaver is 14.
Weaving is done by males or females and generally on a piece
basis.
CO TTO N -G OO D S FINISHING (BLEACHING, DYEING, AND PRIN TING).
CALENDRERS.
Calendrers run the cloth between steel rolls to give it finish or
gloss. In the trade it is called “ getting the right hand” — the proper
finish. The rolls are generally hot, but at times cold rolls are used.
The process might be termed “ ironing.” The work is done by males
on a time basis.
ENGRAVERS.
Engravers embrace sketch makers, machine engravers, roll en
gravers, plate cutters, dye makers, clampers, and etchers. With
the exception of clampers, the occupation name explains the nature
of the work done. The clamper takes the engraving, after it is made
on hard steel, and clamps it against soft steel of the same surface
space, and secures an impress of the pattern or figure engraved on
the hard steel, making what is known to the engraving trade as a
“ female.” The “ female” is kept as a copy of the engraving, to
make another like pattern or figure, if desired, after the original plate
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
37
is worn out or destroyed. A great many establishments do not
have engravers for each special kind of engraving work mentioned,
but have a few engravers doing all the work enumerated. Some
establishments have only one engraver, and if there is more work
than the one engraver can do, have the extra work done outside.
The work is done by males on a time basis.
FOLDERS.
Folders fold cloth into webs or pieces, and count and mark the
number of yards in a web or piece. They also reject and leave out
of the web or piece being folded any cloth that is damaged or not
of standard grade. Folding is handwork. It ik done by males on a
time basis.
KN OTTERS.
After the cloth has been folded, girls run a thread or small string
through at the end of each side of the web or piece, and tie the thread
or small string together in a knot across the ends, to keep the cloth
in folds. The occupation is also called sewing. The work is done
by females on a time basis.
L A B O R E R S , B LEA C H H O U S E .
From the gray room or the opening room, in which the bales of
cotton cloth to be finished are opened and a number of cuts of cloth
sewed together, the cloth is conveyed on conveyors to the bleach
house. In the bleach house the cloth moving rapidly on conveyors,
passes through a vat filled with a solution of lime or caustic, generally
lime, the vat being called the lime or caustic machine. It is then
conveyed to a water vat, called the souring machine, to “ sour.” This
partly washes off the lime or caustic solution, and the cloth is then
passed between rolls to have the remaining liquid squeezed out. From
the conveyors the cloth goes into kiers or bins, where it is packed,
and is steamed from 6 to 10 hours. The work is all the work of
common labor; watching the cloth to see that it runs on conveyors
properly is designated floor work; watching the lime or caustic
machines and souring machines, machine work; placing the cloth in
kiers or bins, plating down or piling; and steaming the cloth, boil
ing. But all establishments where the work is done call the em
ployees doing the work bleach-house laborers, or laborers, bleach
house. Placing the cloth in kiers or bins is to a large extent the
work of boys or young men. The work in the bleach house is done
by males on a time basis.
L A B O R E R S , C O L O R M IX IN G .
A color mixer selects the colors to be mixed for use on the rolls of
the printing machine. Laborers mix these colors as directed by the
color mixer. These laborers convey the colors to the printing ma
38
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
chine, bring the empty containers back to the coloring department,
and clean all receptacles used in preparing and conveying color. The
work is done by males on a time basis.
LABO RERS, DYEH O U SE.
A dyer selects the dyes to be used. Laborers under his direction
place the dye in vats, kettles, or dyeing machines, place the cloth in
some one of these appliances, and attend to the dyeing. In addition
to the dyeing machines there are other machines in the dyehouse for
washing and drying the goods.
The work of the dyehouse is performed by males working on a time
basis. It varies from the common labor to the tending of a machine
which may require some technical skill.
The laborers of the three departments given— bleach house, color
mixing, and dyehouse-—
get the same rate of wages as paid in the
starching, drying, and soaping departments, and to tentering machine
tenders, and well represent all these classes of work.
P R IN T E R S .
Printers have charge of the printing machines, under the super
vision of the superintendent or overseer of printing. It is their duty
to see that the rolls on which the cloth is wound to be printed and the
rolls on which it is wound after printing are properly placed and
taken off the machine; that the color feeds on to the print roll evenly,
and is properly distributed over the engraved rolls or plates; that
the rolls or plates are properly secured, and that the speed of the
printing machine is right. The work is done by males on a time
basis.
39
WAGES AND H O U R S O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N ,
T a b l e I . — A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES
OF W AGES P E R
IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913.
H OUR
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUMBER.
Num Aver
age
ber full
Occupation, sex,
of
and number of Year. em time
hours
establishments.
ploy per
ees. week.
Cjard strippers,
male:
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Aver
age
6
10
rate
7
8
9
1 14 16 18 20
2
of Un and and and and and and and and and and 25
wages der un un un un un un un un un un cts.
per
6 der der der der der der der der der der and
14
hour. cts. 7 8
16
18
20
9 10 12
25 over.
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
[1907
J1908
11909
ll910
284
289
287
318
59. 8 m . 1314
59.3 .1240
59.3 .1207
57.8 .1235
/1910
\l911
523
515
58.4
58.3
.1199
. 1220
/1911
[1912
786
800
58.3
57.1
.1209
.1339
11912
\1913
804
845
57.1
57.2
.1338
.1375
[1907
34 establish J1908
11909
ments.
[1910
219
234
253
253
60.4
59.7
59.7
58.5
.0997
.0976
.0985
.0975
17
8
7
13
56 establish /1910
[1911
ments.
436
457
59.5
59.7
.0962
.0974
84 establish /1911
[1912
ments.
750
723
59.5
57.9
82 establish J1912
[1913
ments.
Drawing tenders,
female:
[1907
19 establish J1908
[1909
ments.
[1910
27 establish [1910
[1911
ments.
[1911
45 establish 0912
ments.
(l913
Fine
speeders,
male:
[1907
16 establish J1908
11909
ments.
11910
32 establish /1910
[1911
ments.
62 establish /1911
[1912
ments.
61 establish 11912
[1913
ments.
Fine
speeders,
female:
[1907
35 establish 1908
1909
ments.
; [1910
57 establish 71910
[1911
ments.
82 establish /1911
[1912
ments.
80 establish /1912
ments.
[1913
727
624
ments.
Drawing tenders,
male:
3
2
2
3
33
32
30
110
148
163
196
98
40
15
19
16
7
1
6
24
60
77
83
1
1
28
20
27
28
138
135
295
298
29
28
5
5
1
26
6
30
10
225
151
461
253
37
344
6
36
1
6
4
10
7
155
130
253
245
344
375
36
73
22
18
23
9
17
36
211
34
13
19
24
18
17
29
47
53
54
35
35
40
5
4
3
5
15
15
15
22
46
37
58 124
90 116
126
99
47
70
5
8
.0968
.1080
31
7
22
12
83 125 186
84 39 71
192
259
90
184
19
51
2
14
2
57.9
58.0
.1077
.1094
7
8
12
3
91
69
38
15
71
79
257
221
184
159
51
55
14
12
2
3
234
232
249
233
359
344
502
525
594
60.2
59.3
59.4
58.1
58.2
57.7
57.8
57.0
56.8
.0926
.0932
.0905
.0893
.0898
. 09401
.0946
.1095
.1143
19
18
19
14
14
16
16
4
2
8
13
12
6
26
11
19
12
8
20
40
38
39
40
43
47
4
7
38 41
43 25
54 30
56 51
71 104
59 86
68 155
26 58
10 40
100
54
79
61
98
95
151
327
352
8
39
17
5
i
i
5
i
33
45^ l
69
20
118
43
4
11
1
3
201
224
258
249
426
396
623
666
680
745
63.9
61.1
61.2
61.0
61.4
61.4
61.2
59.7
59.7
59.8
.1157 1 2
.1225
.1286
.1306
1
.1310
.1351___
. 1350'___
.1421 . . . .
.1429
.1446
12
10 12
6 14
4 10
4 11
4 23
1 20
5 30
5, 19
5 19
3
2
721
694
714
800
1,175
1,189
1,753
1,784
1,791
1,855
59.3
59.1
59.1
57.6
57.8
57.9
57.9
56.6
56.7
56.7
.1390
.1377
.1345
.1338
.1334
.1353
.1362
.1490
.1484
.1513
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
2
7
8
1
10
11
7
13
2
2
7 *.
4
85
93
81
63
17
77
24
19
66
14
63
26 107
20
87
32 131
16 ■ 97
92
15
26 116
26 25
25 36
13 31
26 39
36 59
29 62
38 89
26 60
26 . 60
12 36'
95
118
119
125
194
202
283
195
198
1811
1
10
!
!
52
58
79
72
115
118
168
198
203
188
18
20
52
43
69
67
140
155
166
212
10
12
21
32
60
45
66
106
107
116
5
5
4
8
19
35
46
60
63
53
8
2
2
3
3
5
9
9
27
2
176
168
246
286
413
352
505
286
288
316
242
185
246
217
326
388
589
593
595
643
123
100
51
64
99
106
169
429
429
472
19
51
5
29
31
34
53
149
149
138'
6
3
2
4
6
5
8
39
39
54
*2
3
3
3
3
40
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e I . — AV ER A G E
AND C LA SSIFIED R A TES OF WAGES P E R H OUR
IN THE U N ITE D STATES, B Y Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
CO TTO N -G O O D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
N U M B E R — Continued.
Num Aver
age
ber full
Occupation, sex,
of
and number of Year. em time
establishments.
ploy hours
per
ees. week.
Loom
male:
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Aver
age
12
6
10
14
7
9
16
rate
18
20
8
of Un and and and and and and and and and and 25
wages der un un un un un un un un un un cts.
per
6 der der der der der der der der der der and
hour. cts. 7
8
14
20
25 over.
18
16
9 10 12
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
fixers,
f1907
36 establish- 1908
11909
ments.
[l910
631
619
680
728
60.8 SO.2069
59.7 .2020
59.8 .1973
58.3 .2022
59 establish- /1910
\1911
ments.
1,267
1,314
58.7
58.6
88 establish- J1911
\1912
ments.
2,200
2 , 273
88 establish- 11912
ments.
\1913
Slashers, male:
11907
35 establish- 1908
11909
ments.
(1910
2
16
7
9
9
144
69
70
68
75
155
194
175
29 222
69 206
87 .234
100 213
143
113
84
163
.1998
.2031
14
12
221
213
240
236
111
112
503
544
178
197
58.6
57.7
.2026
.2244
12
335
135
398
478
144 1,054
152 662
257
846
2,290
2,321
57.7
57.6
.2239
.2258
148
69
480
516
154
170
662
599
846
967
159
158
167
166
60.3
59.6
59.4
58.1
.1829
.1828
.1795
.1808
57 establish 11910
\1911
ments.
276
303
58.4
58.5
.1780
.1776
85 establish 11911
\1912
ments.
455
447
58.5
57.4
.1937
.2153
85 establish 11912
ments.
\1913
Spinners, frame,
male:
11907
25 establish 11908
ments.
11909
1.1910
449
472
57.4
57.6
.2163
.2115
184
214
188
188
59.4
58.8
58.9
57.2
.1238
.1193
.1173
.1192
3
4
4
1
4
3
16
11
15
10
9
1
8
7
5
4
36 establish 11910
ments.
\1911
261
420
57.2
57.0
.1198
.1247
1
2
15
6
3
1
46 establish 11911
\1912
ments.
700
679
57.2
56.2
.1257
.1484
2
6
1
49 establish 11912
ments.
11913
Spinners, frame,
female:
11907
36 establish 11908
ments.
11909
(l910
564
530
56.7
56.9
.1442
.1425
2,317
2,114
2,408
2,500
61.0
59.9
59.8
58.5
.1103
.1073
.1063
.1119
58
56
47
45
59 establish 11910
ments.
\1911
3,704
3,735
59.0
59.1
88 establish 11911
ments.
\1912
5,981
6,214
88 establish 11912
ments.
\1913
Spinners, mule,
male:
11907
11 establish 11908
ments.
11909
[l910
14 establish 11910
ments.
\1911
2
1
30
12
10
9
16
32
33
28
7
17
21
20
9
8
6
13
8
29
34
38
82
36
48
49
6
24
15
9
9
10
63
63
28
38
16
20
79
82
72
81
9
9
10
8
68
36
56
58
26
34
110
13
111
195
68
103
10
25
36
25
58
91
34
35
13
16
195
172
103
108
29
10
25
32
32
82
36
40
32
51
52
62
23
28
23
21
31
15
6
10
2
4
12
6
5
5
14
34
23
54
95
105
184
25
78
13
11
6
6
1
6
17
5
52
23
171
114
278
122
133
169
33
103
6
104
1
32
3
6
12
5
19
23
23
108
85
108
110
150
117
85
75
64
59
15
27
224
197
166
147
202
208
176
164
174
147
182
191
367
156
406
274
343
612
634
674
527
466
5.73
597
287
186
185
316
92
59
38
84
42
5
1
8
1
22
.1083
.1105
93 288 298 339 449
34 218 286 369 488
861
871
847
891
406
434
107
124
14
20
2
59.1
58.0
.1110
.1232
55 300 378 594 767 1,557 1,498 649
16 159 322 325 512 1,452 1,304 1,591
150
397
28
121
5
15
6,364
6,561
58.0
57.9
.1240
.1268
16 155 312 345 524 1,477 1,317 1,610
12 192: 308 365 450 1,442!1,194 1,662
415
643
161
212
32
81
199
193
156.
131
58.6
58.4
58.5.
56.8
. 2343
. 22491
. 22091
. 2181
1
2
4
1
8
13
10
11
23
21
17
27
107
112!
106>
8l
C
58
45
19
12
g
11
6
43[ 13Si
331 1331
26
28
222: 57.0
207 57.0
. 2192
.2247
6
2!
2
1
5
41
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON
A V E R A G E AN D C LA SSIFIED R A TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN T H E U N ITE D STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
T able I . —
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G — Continued.
N U M B E R —Concluded.
E m p l o y e e s e a r n in g e a c h c la s s ifie d r a t e o f w a g e s p e r h o u r .
A ver A ver
Num
age
age
ber
O c c u p a tio n , s e x ,
6
fu ll
ra te
of
U n and
and num ber of Y ea r.
tim e
of
em
e s t a b li s h m e n t s .
hours w ages d er u n
p lo y
per
d er
6
per
ees.
w e e k . h o u r . c ts .
7
c ts.
7
and
un
d er
8
c ts.
8
and
un
der
9
c ts.
10
9
and and
un un
der d e r
10
12
c ts. c ts.
12
and
un
der
14
c ts.
14
and
un
der
16
c ts.
16
and
un
der
18
c ts.
18
and
un
der
20
c ts.
20
and
25
u n c ts.
der
and
25
over.
c ts.
S p in n e r s , m u l e ,
m a l e — C o n c ld .
f 1911
<{1912
[1913
288
266
258
5 6 .8 $ 0 .2 5 4 6
5 5 .7
.2 7 8 9
5 5 .6
.2 8 1 3
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
1907
1908
' 1909
1910
251
261
285
297
6 0 .4
6 0 .0
5 9 .6
5 8 .1
7
1018
.1 0 0 8
.0 9 9 4
.1 0 0 7 ” " i
26
13
5
4
31
41
45
40
2
22
15
16
40
77
108
88
92
49
81
120
46
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 0
(1911
408
474
5 8 .3
5 8 .7
.0 9 9 4
.1 0 1 8
4
4
10
12
49
56
38
27
109
121
75
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 1
(1 9 1 2
712
703
5 8 .7
5 8 .0
.1 0 3 1
.1 1 2 3
11
12
6
90
61
62
66
77 e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
W e a v e r s , m a le :
/1 9 1 2
(1 9 13
708
687
5 7 .7
5 7 .9
.1 1 1 7
.1 1 1 1
6
4
74
73
16
e s t a b lis h m e n ts.
2
1
5
1
6
5
9
33
20
13
147
95
85
24
29
2
24
15
21
21
5
15
7
5
1
2
159
177
6
32
25
41
6
3
2
145
61
236
257
89
148
48
53
16
41
2
7
1
3
65
45
60
41
254
283
145
160
53
56
41
23
7
2
3
149
113
147
129
333
418
517
430
433
462
573
581
372
437
671
632
474
40 2
534
542
454
45 6
293
318
415
479
303
348
72
40
33
32
845 1 ,1 1 9 1 ,1 2 5
612 i 961 1 ,1 6 9
900
90 2
535
556
491
540
41
45
1 .1 3 3
945
1 ,5 4 5 1 ,9 1 1
67
286
1 ,5 3 7 1 ,9 0 6
1 ,5 0 9 1 ,9 1 3
28 6
264
95
145
150
T r im m e r s or in sp e c to rs,
em a le :
30
36
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
f 1907
11908
1190 9
11910
2 ,7 6 9
2 ,8 4 8
3 ,1 2 3
3 ,0 3 7
6 0 .3
5 9 .6
5 9 .8
5 8 .3
. 1609
.1 5 9 6
.1 5 0 6
.1 5 4 4
6
1
5
1
61
40
47
24
58
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 0
(19 11
5 ,3 3 4
5 ,0 1 2
5 8 .8
5 8 .8
.1 5 0 9
.1 5 4 9
8
4
59
51
211
172
88
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 1
(19 12
8 ,8 5 5
9 ,7 5 1
5 8 .6
5 7 .5
. 1556
.1 6 8 8
9
90
50
88 e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
W e a v e r s , f e m a le :
/1 9 1 2
(19 13
9 ,7 7 5
9 ,3 1 6
5 7 .5
5 7 .7
. 1687
. 1691
49
34
278 1 ,0 4 8 1 ,7 0 9 1 .9 0 4 1 .6 7 2
90 0 1 .4 5 2 1 .5 6 5 1 .8 3 9
203
l
921 1 ,4 4 5 1 ,5 8 0 1 ,8 5 0
201
205
923 1 ,3 4 5 1 ,4 2 5 1 ,6 9 7
84
59
69
45
165
151
181
162
1
36
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
(1907
1908
11909
[ l9 1 0
3 ,7 2 4
3 ,9 0 3
3 ,9 3 0
3 ,9 0 5
5 9 .5
5 9 .0
5 9 .1
5 7 .6
.1 5 1 4
.1 5 2 1
. 1438
. 1508
59
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 0
(1911
6 ,3 3 4
6 ,2 4 2
5 7 .8
5 7 .8
.1 4 7 1
.1 4 4 0
88
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 1
(1 9 1 2
1 0 ,7 9 2
1 0 ,9 8 0
5 7 .9
5 6 .9
.1 4 7 9
.1 6 3 1
88
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 2
(1 9 1 3
1 0 ,9 9 8
1 1 ,1 0 5
5 6 .9
5 6 .8
.1 6 3 0
. 1638
8
257
252
153
166
11
16
13
10
498
437
267
292
13
14
619
438 1 ,6 8 9 2 ,3 8 1 2 ,4 6 0 1 ,9 2 9 1 ,1 0 0
283 1 ,1 0 9 1 ,6 1 1 2 ,0 8 1 2 ,2 2 2 1 ,7 9 8 1 ,6 4 7
40
138
94
54
12
505
48 6
228
292
124
91
3
7
821
796
725
664
1
960
96 278 1 ,2 1 3 1 ,4 2 3 1 ,5 8 3
74 , 268 1 ,1 1 8 1 ,4 8 2 1 ,5 3 1 1 ,0 1 9
12
3
j
1
284 1 ,1 2 4 1 ,6 1 0 2 ,0 8 6 2 ,2 1 8 1 ,7 9 7 1 ,6 4 7
249 1 ,1 3 0 1 ,6 4 8 2 ,0 7 1 2 ,2 5 1 1 ,7 8 6 1 ,7 6 4
138
144
516
593
689
704
707
646
779
768
863 1 ,0 0 9
851 1,0 11
PER CENT.
Card
s t r ip p e r s ,
m a le :
e s t a b lis h
m en ts.
J1908
11909
(1910
284
289
287
318
59
e s t a b li s h
m e n ts.
/1910
(1911
523
515
58. 4
58.3
.1 2
20
88
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
(1911
(1912
786
800
58.3
57.1
.1209
.1339
88
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
/1912
(1913
804
845
57.1
57.2
. 1338
.1375)....
8.5 38.7 34.5 5.6
2 .8 51.2 13.8 2. 4
0
.7 10.5 26.8 56.8 5.2
.9 5.0 26.1 61.6 6.0 .3
.
59. 8 SO 1314
59.3 .1240
59.3 .1207
57.8 .1235
(1907
36
.1199
1.1 11.6
.7 11.1
0.2 5.4
.2 3.9
5.2 26.4 56.4
5.4 26.2 57.9
5.5
5.4
.1 3.3 3.8 28.6 58.7
.8
4.7
1.3 18.9 31.6 43.0
1.2 19.3 31.5 42.8
” .‘ i
'.5
.8
15.4 29.0, 44.4
1.0
1.0
.8
4.5
4.5
8.6
i.2
42
T
B U L L E T IN
able
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
I . —AV ER A G E AND CLA SSIFIED R A TE S OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN TH E U N ITE D STATES, B Y Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
CO TTO N -G O O D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
P E R C E N T —Continued.
E m p l o y e e s e a r n in g e a c h c la s s ifie d r a t e o f w a g e s p e r h o u r .
A ver A ver
Num
age
age
ber
6
fu ll
O c c u p a tio n , s e x ,
ra te
of
U n and
an d n u m b e r of Y e a r .
t im e
of
em
e s t a b li s h m e n t s .
h ou rs w ages der u n
p lo y
d er
per
per
6
ees.
7
w e e k . h o u r . c ts .
c ts.
7
and
un
der
8
c ts.
8
and
un
der
9
c ts .
9
10
and and
un un
der d e r
12
10
c ts. c ts.
12
and
un
der
14
c ts.
14
and
un
der
16
c ts.
16
and
un
der
18
c ts .
18
and
un
der
20
c ts.
20
a n d I 25
u n - j c ts.
der and
25 jo v e r .
c ts.
D r a w in g te n d e rs,
m a le :
34
e s t a b lis h m e n ts.
11907
11908
11 90 9
U 910
219
234
253
253
6 0 .4 $ 0 .0 9 9 7
5 9 .7 '.0 9 7 6
5 9 .7
.0 9 8 5
5 8 .5
.0 9 7 5
7 .8 1 0 .0 7 .8
3 .4 7 .7 1 5 .4
2 . 8 9 .1 8 .3
5 .1 3 . 6 1 3 .4
56
e s t a b lis h m e n Is.
/1 9 1 0
\1911
436
457
5 9 .5
5 9 .7
.0 9 6 2
.0 9 7 4
84
e s t a b lis h m e n ts.
/1 9 1 1
\1912
750
723
5 9 .5
5 7 .9
e s t a b lis h - /1 9 1 2
m e n ts.
\1913
D r a w in g te n d e rs,
f e m a le :
f 1907
19 e s t a b li s h 11908
m en ts.
11 9 0 9
[ l9 1 0
727
624
82
5 .9 7 .8
8 . 1 1 2 .4
9 . 5 1 8 .6
7 .1 2 0 .9
3 3 .8
3 6 .3
3 6 .8
3 2 .0
2 4 .7
1 5 .0
1 3 .8
1 5 .8
2 .3
1 .7
1.2
2.0
3 .4
3 .3
3 . 4 1 0 . 6 1 3 .3 2 8 .4
4 . 8 8 . 1 1 9 .7 2 5 .4
2 8 .9
2 1 .7
1 0 .8
1 5 .3
1.1
1.8
.0 9 6 8
.1 0 8 0
4 .1
2 . 9 1 1 . 1 1 6 .7 2 4 .8
1 .7 1 1 . 6 5 .4 9 . 8
2 5 .6
3 5 .8
1 2 .0
2 5 .4
2 .5
7 .1
0 .3
1 .9
" o .’ s
5 7 .9
5 8 .0
.1 0 7 7
.1 0 9 4
1.0
1 .3
1 .7 1 2 .5
.5 11.1
3 5 .4
3 5 .4
2 5 .3
2 5 .5
7 .0
8 .8
1 .9
1 .9
.3
.5
23 4
232
249
233
6 0 .2
5 9 .3
5 9 .4
5 8 .1
.0 9 2 6
.0 9 3 2
.0 9 0 5
.0 8 9 3
8.1
7 .8
7 .6
6 .0
3 . 4 8 .5
5 . 6 1 7 .2
4 . 8 1 5 .3
2 . 6 1 6 .7
1 7 .5
10 .8
1 2 .0
2 1 .9
4 2 .7
2 3 .3
3 1 .7
2 6 .2
3 .4
1 6 .8
6.8
2.1
.4
.2
.5
1.0
5 .2 9 .8
2 . 4 1 2 .7
1 6 .2
1 8 .5
2 1 .7
2 4 .0
27
e s t a b li s h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 0
\1911
359
344
5 8 .2
5 7 .7
.0 8 9 8
.0 9 4 0
3 .9
4 .7
7 . 2 1 1 . 1 1 9 .8 2 9 .0
3 . 2 1 2 .5 1 7 .2 2 5 .0
2 7 .3
2 7 .6
1 .4
9 .6
.3
.3
45
e s t a b lis h
m e n ts .
f 1911
-11912
[1913
50 2
525
594
5 7 .8
5 7 .0
5 6 .8
.0 9 4 6
.1 0 9 5
.1 1 4 3
3 .2
.8
.3
3. 8
2 .3
1 .3
9. 4 1 3 .5 3 0 .9
. 8 5 .0 1 1 .0
1 . 2 1 .7 6 . 7
3 0 .1
6 2 .3
5 9 .3
9 .0
1 3 .1
1 9 .9
.2
3 .8
7 .2
.8
1 .9
11907
11908
1 1 90 9
[1910
201
224
25 8
249
6 3 .9
6 1 .1
6 1 .2
6 1 .0
.1 1 5 7
.1 2 2 5
.1 2 8 6
.1 3 0 6
1.0
6.0
e s t a b li s h
m en ts.
5 .0
2 .7
1 .6
1.6
6 . 0 8 .5
6 .3 1 0 .7
3 . 9 7 .4
4 .4 5 . 6
3 1 .3
3 4 .4
2 5 .6
2 5 .3
2 5 .9
2 5 .9
3 0 .6
2 8 .9
9 .0
8 .9
20.2
1 7 .3
5 .0
5 .4
8.1
1 2 .9
2 .5
2 . 2 ‘ *3.*6
.8
1.6
3 .2
.8
e s t a b lis h
m en ts.
/1 9 1 0
\1911
426
39 6
6 1 .4
6 1 .4
.1 3 1 0
.1 3 5 1
.9
.3
5 .4
5 .1
6.1
5 .1
2 5 .1
22.0
2 7 .0
2 9 .8
1 6 .2
1 6 .9
1 4 .1
1 1 .4
4 .5
8.8
.7
e s ta b lis h
m en ts.
/1 9 1 1
\ 1912
623
666
6 1 .2
5 9 .7
.1 3 5 0
. 1421
.8
.8
4 .8
2 .9
5 .1
2 .4
21.0
1 4 .6
2 7 .0
2 9 .7
2 2 .5
2 3 .3
1 0 .6
1 5 .9
7 .4
9 .0
.8
1 .4
61 e s t a b lis h
m en ts.
T in e
sp eeders,
fe m a le :
/1 9 1 2
\1913
680
745
5 9 .7
5 9 .8
. 1429
.1 4 4 6
.1
.7
.3
2.8
2.2
3 .5
1 3 .5
1 5 .6
2 9 .9
2 5 .2
2 4 .4
2 8 .5
1 5 .7
1 5 .6
9 .3
7 .1
1 .3
3 .6
(1 9 0 7
j 1 9 08
11909
11910
721
694
714
800
5 9 .3
5 9 .1
5 9 .1
5 7 .6
.1 3 9 0
.1 3 7 7
.1 3 4 5
.1 3 3 8
.3
e s t a b li s h
m e n ts.
1.0
1.2
.1
1 .3
3 .6
3 .6
1 .8
1 3 .2
1 7 .0
1 6 .7
1 5 .6
2 4 .4
2 4 .2
3 4 .5
3 5 .8
3 3 .6
2 6 .7
3 4 .5
2 7 .1
1 7 .1
1 4 .4
7 .1
8.0
2 .6
7 .3
3.3
3 .5
5 .2
4 .3
4 .9
3 .6
.5
e s t a b li s h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 0
\1911
1 ,1 7 5
1 ,1 8 9
5 7 .8
5 7 .9
.1 3 3 4
.1 3 5 3
3 .1
2 .4
5 .0
5 .2
1 6 .5
1 7 .0
3 5 .1
2 9 .6
2 7 .7
3 2 .6
8 .4
8 .9
2.6
2 .9
.5
* *2
.9
.6
.4
**.2
e s t a b li s h
m e n ts.
/1 9 1 1
\ 1912
1 ,7 5 3
1 ,7 8 4
5 7 .9
5 6 .6
.1 3 6 2
.1 4 9 0
.2
.7
.1
5 .1
3 .4
1 6 .1
1 0 .9
2 8 .8
1 6 .0
3 3 .6
3 3 .2
9 .6
2 4 .0
3 .0
8 .4
.5
.1
2.2
1 .5
2 .2
.2
.2
8 0 e s t a b lis h
m en ts.
L o o m fix ers,
m a le :
/1 9 1 2
\ 191 3
1 ,7 9 1
1 ,8 5 5
5 6 .7
5 6 .7
.1 4 8 4
.1 5 1 3
.1
.1
1 .5
3 .4
1 .9
11.1
9 .8
1 6 .1
1 7 .0
3 3 .2
3 4 .7
2 4 .0
2 5 .4
8 .3
7 .4
2.2
2 .9
.2
.2
11907
J 19 08
1 1 90 9
[19 10
631
619
680
728
6 0 .8
5 9 .7
5 9 .8
5 8 .3
.2 0 6 9
.2 0 2 0
.1 9 7 3
.2022
.3
2 .5
22 .8
e s t a b li s h
m en ts.
.3
1 .3
1.2
1 0 .3
9 .3
1 1 .9
2 5 .0
2 8 .5
2 4 .0
1 2 .8
1 3 .7
e s t a b lis h
m en ts.
/1 9 1 0
\1911
1 ,2 6 7
1 ,3 1 4
5 8 .7
5 8 .6
.1 9 9 8
.2 0 3 1
1.1
17. 4
1 6 .2
1 8 .9
1 8 .0
F in e
speeders,
m a le :
16
32
62
35
57
82
36
59
" ’ .’ 4
” .’ 2
.4
.6
1.1 11.1
.9
.7
.8
0 .3
.8 .......
.4
.3
4.6 3 5 .2 22.7
11.1 33.3 1 8 .3
34.4 12.4
2 9 .3 22.4
8.8 39.7 14.0
8 .5
41.4 15.0
43
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N ,
T
I . — A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN TH E U N IT E D STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
able
C O TTO N -G O O D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
P E R C E N T — Continued.
Num Aver
age
ber full
Occupation, sex,
of
and number of Year. em time
establishments.
ploy hours
per
ees. week.
L o o m fi x e r.s ,
male—Concld.
88 establish- /1911
ments.
\1912
2,200
2 ,273
88 establish- /1912 2,290
ments.
\1913 2 ,321
Slashers, male:
(1907
159
35 establish- 11908
158
ments.
11909
167
(1910
166
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Aver
age
12
6
14
16
7
8
rate
10
18
20
9
Un and and and and and and and and and and 25
of
wages der un un un un un un un un un un cts.
6 der der der der der der der der der der and
per
14
8
hour. cts. 7
16
20
25 over.
18
9 10 12
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
0.5 15.2 18.1
5.9 21.0
6.5 47.9 11.7
6.7 29.1 37.2
6.5 21.0
3.0 22.2
58.6 $0.2026
57.7 .2244
6.7 28.9 36.9
7.3 25.8 41.7
57.7
57.6
.2239
.2258
60.3
59.6
59.4
58.1
.1829
.1828
.1795
.1808
0.6 18.9 10.1 4.4
7.6 20.3 10.8
6.0 19.8 12.6
5.4 16.9 12.0
3.3 22.8 10.1
3.3 20.8 12.5
5.8 28.6 26.1
6.6 27.1 26.7
2.2 14.9 12.3
1.8 8.1 13.0
5.7 24.2 24.4 14.9
7.6 2.9 43.6 23.0
2.2
5.3
7.6
7.4
5. 7 5.0 51.6 3.8
5.1 18.4 22.8 15.2
3.6 20.4 28.7 9.0
7.8 22.9 29.5 5.4
57 establish- /1910
ments.
\1911
276
303
58.4
58.5
.1780
.1776
85 establish- /1911
\l912
ments.
455
447
58.5
57.4
.1937
.2153
85 establish f 1912
ments.
\1913
449
472
57.4
57.6
.2163
.2115
(1907
25 establish 11908
ments.
11909
11910
184
214
188
188
59.4
58.8
58.9
57.2
. 1238 1.6 2.2 8.2 4.3
.1193 1.9 1.4 4.7 3.3
.1173 2.1 8.5 4.8 2.7
.1192 .5 5.9 .5 2.1
36 establish /1910
ments.
\1911
261
420
57.2
57.0
.1198
.1247
.4 5.7 1.1 1.9 13.0 20.7 40.2 9.6
.4 1.4 .2 3.3 5.5 22.6 43.8 18.6
46 establish /1911
\1912
ments.
700
679
57.2
56.2
.1257
.1484
.2
49 establish /1912
ments.
\1913
Spinners, frame,
female:
(1907
36 establish 11908
ments.
11909
(.1910
564
530
56.7
56.9
.1442
.1425
2,317
2,114
2, 408
2,500
61.0
59.9
59.8
58.5
.1103
.1073
.1063
.1119
59 establish /1910
ments.
\1911
3,704
3,735
59.0
59.1
.1083 2.5 7.8 8.0 9.2 12.1 23.2 22.9 11.0
.1105 .9 5.8 7.7 9.9 13.1 23.3 23.9 11.6
2.9
3.3
.4
.5
.1
88 establish /1911
\1912
ments.
5,981
6,214
59.1
58.0
.1110
.1232
.9 5.0 6.3 9.9 12.8 26.0 25.0 10.9
.3 2.6 5.2 5.2 8.2 23.4 21.0 25.6
2.5
6.4
.5
1.9
.1
.2
88 establish /1912
\1913
ments.
Spinners, mule,
male:
(1907
11 establish 11908
11909
ments.
[l910
6,364
6,561
58.0
57.9
.1240
.1268
.3 2.4 4.9 5.4 8.2 23.2 20.7 25.3
.2 2.9 4.7 5.6 6.9 22.0 18.2 25.3
6.5
9.8
2.5
3.2
.5
1.2
199
193
156
131
58.6
58.4
58.5
56.8
.2343
.2249
.2209
.2181
.5
1.0
2.6
.8
4.0
6.7
6.4
8.4
11.6
10.9
10.9
20.6
14 establish /1910
\1911
ments.
222
207
57.0
57.0
.2192
.2247
1.0
1.4
2.4
5.0 19.4 62.6 11.7
2.9 15.9 64.3 13.5
(1911
16 establish <1912
ments.
11913
288
266
258
56.8
55.7
55.6
.2546
.2789
.2813
.7
.4
1.7
2.1 11.5 51.0 33.0
1.9 7.5 35.7 54.5
3.5 5.0 32.9 58.1
Spinners, frame,
male:
1.3
15.8
4.7
13.3
17.0
17.4
38.3
19.1
21.3
8.0 12.9
5.3 19.3
17.4
23.8
27.7
33.0
12.5 16.8
13.1 7.0
12.2 3.2
11.2 5.3
5.0
2.6
2.9 43.4 22.9
3.4 36.4 22.9
1.1
1.9
6.4
3.2
2.7
2.3
1.4
.......
.1 2.4 7.4 24.4 39.7 19.0 4.7
.9
.9 . 7 3.4 16.8 18.0 24.9 15.2 15.3
.1
4.7
1.1 .9 4.1 19.1 19.1 26.6 15.1 11.3
.6 2.3 3.6 4.3 16.0 20.8 22.1 14.2 11.1
2.5
2.6
2.0
1.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
5.1
.9
.1
9.7
9.3
6.9
5.9
8.7
9.8
7.3
6.6
7.5
7.0
7.6
7.6
15.8
7.4
16.9
11.0
14.8
28.9
26.3
27.0
22.7 12.4
22.0 8.8
23.8 7.7
23.9 12.6
1.0
.....
4.0 1.8
2.8
.2 " i . ’ o
1.6
3.4 ’ ".'3
53.8 29.1
58.0 23.3
67.9 12.2
61.1 9.2
44
B U L L E T IN
OE T H E
BUREAU
OE L A B O R
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e I . —A V E R A G E
AND C LA SSIFIED R A TE S OF W AGES P E R H O U R
IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Concluded.
CO TTO N -G O O D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
P E R CENT—Concluded.
Num- Average
Occupation, sex,
fulland number of Year. cm time
establishments.
ploy- hours
per
week.
Trimmers or inspectors, female:
Employees earning each classified rate of wages
Average
12
9
10
14
rate
6
7
8
16
18
of Un- and and and and and and and and and
wages der un un un un un un un un un
per
6 der der der der der der der der der
hour. cts. 7
14
8
9 10 12
16
18
20
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
f1907
1908
1909
11910
251
261
285
297
60.4 $0.1018 2.8 10.4 12.4 0.8 15.9
60.0 .1008
5.0 15.7 8.4 29.5
1.8 15.8 5.3 37.9
59.6 .0994
58.1 .1007 .3 1.3 13.5 5.4 29.6
46 establish /1910
\1911
ments.
408
474
58.3
58.7
.0994 1.0 2.5 12.0 9.3 26.7 39.0
.1018 .8 2.5 11.8 5.7 25.5 37.3
75 establish /1911
ments.
\1912
712
703
77 establish J1912
\1913
ments.
Weavers, male:
f 1907
36 establish 11908
11909
ments.
[1910
36.7 9.6
18.8 11.1
28.4
.7
40.4 .......
per hour.
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25
cts. over.
9.6
5.7
7.4
7.1
2.0
5.7
2.5 ’ *4.’ 4
1.7
•
7
1.5
6.8
6.1
8.6
1.5
.6
.5
58.7
58.0
.1031 1.5 1.7 12.6 8.7 20.4 33.1 12.5
.1123
.9 8.7 9.4 8.7 36.6 21.1
6.7
7.5
2.2
5.8
.3
.1
708
687
57.7
57.9
.1117
.1111
.8 10.5 9.2 8.5 35.9 20.5
.6 10.6 6.6 6.0 41.2 23.3
7.5
8.2
5.8
3.3
1.0
.4
2,769
2,848
3,123
3,037
60.3
59.6
59.8
58.3
.1609
.1596
.1506
.1544
58 establish 11910
ments.
\1911
5,334
5,012
58.8
58.8
88 establish 11911
\1912
ments.
8,855
9, 751
88 establish 11912 9,775
ments.
\1913 9,316
Weavers, female:
11907 3,724
36 establish J1908 3,903
ments.
11909 3,930
11910 3,905
30 establishments.
5.4
4.0
4.7
4.2
12.0
14.7
16.6
14.2
15.6
16.2
18.3
19.1
13.4
15.3
21.5
20.8
1.0
.4
.3
17.1 16.4 15.0
14.1 16.0 16.8
17.1 9.4 9.7
17.8 10.5 11.5
2.6
1.4
1.1
1.1
.1509
.1549
.1 1.1 4.0 15.8 21.0 21.1 16.9 10.0 9.2
.1 1.0 3.4 12.2 19.2 23.3 18.0 11.1 10.8
.8
.9
58.6
57.5
.1556
.1688
.1 1.0 3.1 11.8 19.3 21.5 18.9 12.8 10.7
.5 2.1
9.2 14.9 16.0 18.9 15.8 19.6
.8
2.9
57.5
57.7
.1687
.1691
.5 2.1
.4 2.2
9.4 14.8 16.2 18.9 15.7 19.5
9.9 14.4 15.3 18.2 16.2 20.5
2.9
2.8
59.5
59.0
59.1
57.6
.1514
.1521
.1438
.1508
6.9
6.5
3.9
4.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
6,334
6,242
57.8
57.8
. 1471
.1440
1.5 4.4 19.2 22.5 25.0 15.2
.1 1.2 4.3 17.9 23.7 24.5 16.3
4.2
.2
.2
88 establish 11911 10,792
\1912 10,980
ments.
57.9
56.9
.1479
.1631
.1 1.1 4.1 15.7 22.1 •22.8 17.9 10.2 5. 7
.8 2.6 10.1 14.7 19.0 20.2 16.4 15.0
.4
1.3
88 establish 11912 10,998
ments.
\1913 11,105
56.9
56.8
.1630
.1638
.9 2.6 10.2 14.6 19.0 20.2 16.3 15.0
.5 2.2 10.2 14.8 18.6 20.3 16.1 15.9
1.3
1.3
59 establish 11910
ments.
\1911
.2 2.2
1.4
*'.*2 1.5
.8
**0*2
"(Y)'
.3 2.3
.1 1.5
1.8
1.2
....
"."i
4.4
3.9
4.6
4.1
13.9
15.2
17.5
18.0
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
17.3
19.7
22.0
21.8
19.0
20.0
25.7
25.9
22.0 13.6
20.4 12.5
18.4 5.8
17.0 7.5
7.9
7.0
45
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
T able I I . —
A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
C A R D S T R I P P E R S : M a le.
Num Num
ber of ber of
Year and State.' estab em
lish ploy
ments . ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees earning each classilied rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate of
6
7
wages Un and and
per der un un
hour. 6 der der
8
cts. 7
cts. cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
1912.
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
7
2
13
5
18
21
22
69
51
279
62.4 $0.1053
58.0 .1380
60.0 . 1184
58.0 . 1312
54.0 . 1437
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
5
12
3
21
2
175
40
37
102
8
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.5
.1432
.1082
.1493
. 1116
.1374
Total........
88
804
57.1
.1338
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
7
2
•3
1
5
18
21
21
68
53
283
61.9
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
.1063
.1384
.1179
. 1330
.1489
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
5
12
3
21
2
207
38
37
109
8
58.0
69.0
56.0
60.0
55.5
.1445
.1171
.1495
.1165
.1529
Total........
88
845
57.2
.1375
4
9
2
4
33
7
1
32
3
21
29
42
81
1
1
5
9
172
19
138
1
9
5
5
15
3
1
72
1
35
6
13
22
1
6
10
155
253
344
4
3
11
2
20
29
43
52
1
4
6
186
4
38
6
1 42
24
13
! 11
20
68
11 2
149
14
1
11
16
2
15
1
1
2
130| 245
375
73
10
2
36i . . . .
1
1913.
35
1
4
1
4
7
1
D R A W IN G T E N D E R S : M a le .
19 12.
Alabama............
Georgia..............
M aine...............
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
5
13
5
16
4
36
91
35
190
67
62.3 $0.0871
60.0 .0976
58.0 .1108
51.0 .1245
58.0 .1237
North Carolina..
Rhode Island. . .
South Carolina..
Other States___
12
' 3
21
3
90
39
151
28
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.3
.0980
.1255
.0902
.1112
Total........
82
727
57.9
. 1077
7
8
7
6
4
3
15
1
6
6
7
43
17
44
33
3
13
11
89
22
1
i
22
8
10
3
1
1
3
9
9
8
1
24
75
5
30
3
3
25
12
6
9
7
4
14
2
2
64
20 16
5, 10!
12
91
38
71
257
184
51
2
19
3
3
9
4
10
24
5
42
10
27
3
4
13
14
74
9
2
1
23
10
8
1
2
19 13.
Alabama............
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
29
5
13 - 86
5
34
159
16
4
23
61.0 :
60.01
58.0
54.0
58.0
.0870
.1002
.1088
.1267
.1377
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States.. . .
12
3
21
3
82
37
151
23
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.1
.0994
.1300
. 0954
.11841
1
47
1
9
78
3
45
8
21
17
7
11
6
3
2
26
4
Total........
82
624
58.0
.1094
3
69
15
79
221
159
'
55j
12
2
8
3
....I
1
...
!
3
i.......!........
46
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
T able I I . —
CO TTO N -G O O D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
D R A W I N G T E N D E R S : F e m a le .
Num Num
ber of ber of
Year and State. estab em
lish ploy
ments . ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate of
6
7
wages Un and and
per der un un
hour. 6 der der
cts. 7
8
cts. cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
4
5
16
10
10
10
1
18
9
5
33
18
146
119
6
5
1
32
30
1
10
6
4
1
2
1
4
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
1
1912.
1
Alabama............
Georgia..............
M aine...............
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
Other States—
6
9
4
15
5
6
40
53
45
190
177
20
62.0 SO.0802
60.0 .1033
58.0 .0998
54.0 .1166
58.0 .1128
57.3 .1111
4
Total........
45
525
57.0
.1095
4
12
4
26
58
327
69
20
Alabama............
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
Other States___
6
9
4
15
5
6
30
62
51
220
204
27
60.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
57.4
.0854
.1069
.1041
.1172
.1206
.1103
2
8
2
4
1
2
5
23
10
3
49
48
8
15
24
4
1
7
3
Total........
45
594
56.8
.1143
2
12
4
1
1913.
5
9
1
12
43
25
155
108
9
10
40
352
118
43
11
3
5
8
7
3
.......
F IN E S P E E D E R S : M a le.
1912.
Alabama............
Georgia..............
North Carolina..
South Carolina..
Other States___
6
12
12
21
10
54
112
123
329
62
62.6 SO.1218
60.0 .1425
60.0 .1466
60.0 .1438
54.8 . 1500
1
Total........
61
680
59.7
.1429
1
A labam a..........
Georgia..............
North Carolina..
South Carolina..
Other States___
6
12
12
21
10
57
167
120
358
43
61.2
60.0
60.0
60.0
54.4
.1277
.1422
.1502
.1454
.1538
1
1
Total........
61
745
59.8
.1446
2
2
1
2
6
1
1
9
2
2
2
6
5
15
20
9
42
6
19
27
29
100
28
3
32
37
89
5
3
18
24
54
8
3
10
13
25
12
1
2
5
1
5
19
15
92
203
166
107
63
9
1
7
9
4
6
19
30
11
49
7
18
32
27
92
19
5
57
36
113
1
3
25
18
67
3
2
9
12
20
10
1
5
9
9
3
1
1
1
3
26
116
188
212
116
53
27
2
1913.
]
1
F IN E S P E E D E R S : F e m a le .
1912.
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
M aine................
Massachusetts...
7
2
12
5
18
80
38
115
133
755
62.4 SO.1085
58.0 .1433
60.0 .1283
58.0 .1509
54.0 .1560
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island...
South Carolina..
Other States___
5
7
3
19
2
332
43
106
132
57
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.0
.1590
.1166
.1621
.1288
.1235
1
80 1,791
56.7
.1484
2
Total........
1
1
1
2
8
20
2
2
8
2
5
29
1
39
7
27
16
15
31
20
84
5
20
24
61
315
2
7
33
234
3
6
74
1
2
14
2
2
4
3 10
1
4 *9
4
2
20
13
2
37
23
42
10
7
48
15
97
3
45
17
8
101
2
34
12
4
52
1
9
4
13
1
60
198
288
595
429
149
39
26
8
1
3
47
W A G E S AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON,
T able
II.— V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R HO U R
A
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AN D 1913— Continued.
CO TTO N -G O O D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
F IN E S P E E D E R S : F e m a le — Concluded.
Year and State.
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments . ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate of
7
wages Un and and
un un
per der
hour. 6 der der
8
cts. 7
cts. cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
12
9
10
and and and
un un un
der der der
12
14
10
cts. cts. cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
18
20
and and and 25
un u n un cts.
der der der and
18
20 25 over.
cts. cts. cts.
1913.
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
7
2
12
5
18
77
39
130
173
773
61.7 $0.1220
58.0 .1339
60.0 .1325
58.0 .1552
54.0 .1576
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island...
South Carolina..
Other States___
5
7
3
19
2
364
44
95
117
43
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.0
.1591
.1239
.1654
.1276
.1439
80 1,855
56.7
.1513
Total........
3
11
2
13
13
40
78
307
1
3
5
47
239
131
3
2
10
2
1
..
3
102
1
3
4
1
8
21
21
4
643
472
31
10
23
102
3
78
6
172
5
12
9
39
36
316
2
17
1
138
54
3
60
35
141
25
1
7
15
24
95
258
10
1
36
300
200
329
85
5
21
35
7
170
480
154
662
846
15
15
44
101
170
11
1
40
425
184
329
161
967
1
27
8
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
1912.
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
7
2
13
5
18
133
25
201
132
558
62.3 $0.1740
58.0 .2466
60.0 .1750
58.0 .2398
54.0 .2592
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
5
12
3
21
2
529
128
191
370
23
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.6
.2485
.1684
.2652
.1733
.1846
88 2,290
57.7
.2239
148
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
7
2
13
5
18
137
26
211
141
595
61.7
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
.1771
.2444
.1826
.2407
.2608
11
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island ...
South Carolina..
Other States___
5
12
3
21
2
513
125
178
378
17
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.8
.2485
.1695
.2663
. 1757
.1989
Total........
88
2 ,321
57.6
.2258
Total........
1913.
33
40
4
120
1
54
1 ...
1
78
126
191
1
89
7
17
44
9
69
516
170
599
1
4
6
102
30
45
66
S L A S H E R S : M a le.
19 12.
Alabama
Georgia
Maine
Massachusetts__
7
13
5
17
18
45
30
138
61.8 $0.1451
60.0 .1535
58.0 .2061
54.0 .2295
5
111
58.0
60.0
60.0
56.6
.2833
.1415
.1530
.2269
57.4
.2163
New Hampshire
North Carolina
South Carolina..
Other States___
10
21
7
33
43
31
Total........
85
449
2
2
12
6
3
19
2
14
2
26
5
2
21
4
13
4
1
10
36
58
34
2
26
1
2
2
17
7
13
195
103
48
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED R A TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
T able I I . —
CO TTO N -G O O D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
S L A S H E R S : M a le —Concluded.
Year and State.
1913.
Alabama............
Georgia
.........
Afain e
Massachusetts__
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
South Carolina..
Other States___
Total
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ploy
ments . ees.
7
13
5
17
5
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
2
0
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate of
6 7
wages Un and and
per der un un
hour. 6 der der
c.ts. 7
8
cts. cts.
7
61
29
130
113
33
57
29
472
9
10 12
and and and
un un un
der der der
10 12 14
cts. cts. cts.
2
10
61.2 80.1439
60.0 . 1460
58.0 .2054
54.0 .2345
58.0 .2865
60.0 .1507
60.0 .1376
56.7 .2210
85
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
57. 6 .2115
10
21
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
3
7
18
2
0
and and 25
un un cts.
der der and
2 25 over.
0
cts. cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
13
29
1
2
11
4
4
7
1
25
90
45
4
13
11
' 25
19
4!
4
13
4
1
25
25
911
35
16
21
38
49
9
71
76
40
24
12
51
30
4
64
6
6
10
1
2
33
15
1
12
9
172
108
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M a le .
19 12.
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
South Carolina..
Other States.......
14
5
13
17
237
228
39
60
54.0 80.1555
58.0 .1468
60.0 .1130
59.9 .1102
Total........
49
564
56.7
14
5
13
17
203
177
10
0
50
54.0
58.0
60.0
58.8
49
530
56.9
5
43
15
29
23
108
108
150
85
i3
3
10 10
2 27
41
9
2 7
61
24
18
7
39
59
34
35
.1425
19
23
3
2 4
1 8
3 12
1
4
13
3
2 2
6 5
.1525
.1522
.1099
.1322
Total........
3
.1442
19 13.
Massachusetts__
New Hampshire
South Carolina..
Other States___
1
85
110
11
8
17
1
5
31
4
22
6
15
2
75
59
27
13
2
2
8 2
8 0
5
36
1
2
2
8
4
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : F e m a le .
19 13.
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Ainine ..............
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States......
Total........
19 13.
Alabama............
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Maine.................
Massachusetts__
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island...
South Carolina..
Other States —
Total........
468
7
2 77
13
701
5
351
18 1,668
5 1,184
12 426
3
192
21 1,222
2 75
8 6,364
8
62.6 $0.0991
4
58.0 .1443
60.0 .1072
3
58.0 .1330
54.0 .1457
58.0 .1436
60.0 .0951
56.0 .1208 " 9
60.0 .1015
56.9 .1169
58.0
.1240
374
7
2 93
13
788
5
368!
18 1,714
5 1,208
12 437
193I
21 1,288|
2 98
61.8
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.0
.0968
.1378
.1036
.1413
.1490
. 1478
8 6,561
8
57.9
. 1268
34
72
22
91
57
55
41
4
63
2
6
22
4 15
32 73 48 56
9
3 17 2
0
23 104 203 230
5!
19
148
19
209
94
172
142'
168
34
465
26
8
8
13
204
121
393
242
43
38
174
1
9
21
59
67
754
649
4
32
8
41
219
91
1
28
10 11
5
3
16 155 3121 345 524 1,477 1,317 1,610
i___
415
7
6
29
40
5 105
53
4
69
3
79
17
2
14
34
.1212
12
26
30
178
103
309
190
26
25
96
717
651
50
209
13
1
10
7
3
161
32
4
5
28
108
49
35
35
3
39
14
13
3
192 308 365 450 1,442 1,194 1,662
643
212
76 35
5
4
58 129 157
5
.1439
.1023
117
15
188
50
180
125
196
26
488
57
18
17
58
335
159
1
.1010
59
4
91
4
4
7
22
201
4
8
6
6
6
8
1
10
1
2
l! . .
8
;.......
3 8 ... .
is L
13
1
81
49
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON,
T able
II.— V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H OUR
A
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
SPINNERS. M ULE: Male.
A ver
N um Num age
ber of ber of full
Year and State. estab em time
lish p loy hours
per
ments . ees.
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
A ver
age
rate of
6
7
wages Un and and
per der un un
hour.
6 der der
cts. 7
8
cts. cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
12
14
16
20
18
10
and and and and and and 25
un un un un un un cts.
der der der der der der and
25 over.
12
16
18
14
20
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
1913.
3
6
M a in e .................
Massachusetts ..
N ew Hampshire
R hode Is la n d ...
Other States___
2
T o t a l........
16
2
3
49
111
20
64
22
4
1
4
7
13
27
2
43
10
28
84
16
16
1
5
20
95
145
2
58.0 $0.2510
54.0 .3392
58.0 .2502
56.0 .2313
66.7 .2018
9
1
25
93
14
17
1
150
8
1
1
266 . 55.7
.2789
6
40
117
2
21
3
2
20
58.0
54.0
58.0
56.0
57.0
. 2472
.3351
.2542
.2360
.1996
1
6
2
1
4
23
6
41
11
16
258
55.6
.2813
1
9
13
85
1
1913.
M a in e .................
Massachusetts ..
N ew Hampshire
R hode Isla n d ...
Other States___
T o t a l........
60
1
TRIMMERS OR INSPECTORS: Female.
1913.
A la b a m a ............
Georgia...............
M a in e .................
Massachusetts ..
N ew Hampshire
6
9
5
17
4
36
62
88
198
94
61.2 $0.0918
60.0 .0951
58.0 .1123
54.0 .1254
58.0 .1415
North C arolina..
R hode Island__
South Carolina..
Other S tates___
9
3
20
4
31
22
159
18
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.7
.0941
.1627
.0832
.1196
T o t a l........
77
708
57.7
.1117
A la b a m a ............
Georgia...............
M a in e .................
Massachusetts ..
N ew Hampshire
6
9
5
17
4
56
61
85
178
77
62.4
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
.0995
.1025
.1059
.1278
.1412
North Carolina..
R hode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
9
3
20
4
26
31
152
21
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.7
.0969
. 1344
.0839
. 1177
3
T ota l.........
77
687
57.9
.1111
4j
3
6
7
11
17
5
1
2
2
7
38
72
81
11
2
1
5
80
40
35
14
23
3
1
4
4
3
8
4
2
9
3
1
10
8
3,
63
6
3
44
27
3
13
1
25
6
74
65
60
254
145
53
41
7
5
1
9
14
8
31
25
82
71
10
5
18
3
69
31
35
16
3
18
2
15
2
36
11
2
22
5
2
283
160
56
23
1913.
43944°— Bull. 150— 14------ 4
1
' 3
5
1
65
30
18
73
45
41
10
2
50
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
T a b l e I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED R A TE S OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
W E A V E R S : M a le.
Year and State,
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
per
ees.
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate of
6
7
wages Un and and
per der un un
hour. 6 der der
cts. 7
8
cts. cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
12
14
16
18
2Q
and and and and and and 25
un un un un un un cts.
der der der der der der and
12
14
16
20
25 over
18
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
1912.
22
2
1
7
62.1 $0.1412
58.0 .1826
60.0 .1431
58.0 .1967
54.0 .1797
10
Massachusetts ..
7
388
2
97
13
768
5
384
18 2,903
88
4
142
1 1 15
23 118
84
4
195
21
251
69
15
146
39
415
62
16
107
61
722
33
21
71
57
606
18
35
37
154
680
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
5 1,825
12
855
3
766
21 1,739
2
50
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.3
.1902
.1439
.1917
.1400
.1744
4
8
73
221
70
523
3
173
231
79
402
11
307
187
117
257
14
469
44
131
98
7
676
17
233
48
8
89
T otal.......
88 9,775
57.5
.1687
49 201
921 1,445 1,580 1,850 1,537 1,906
286
61.4
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
.1437
.1866
.1452
.1990
.1818
32
56
7
37
M aine...............
Massachusetts ..
7
343
2
69
13
850
5
349
18 2,512
11
Georgia
” *8
192
17
92
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
5 1,762
12
801
3
607
21 1,976
2
47
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.7
.1911
2
2
8
16
116
T otal.......
88 9,316
57.7
Alabama...........
Connecticut___
Georgia,
Maine
...
1
10 *53
8
25
9
58
2
15
56
121
38
337
2
35
88
59
1
1
3
1913.
Alabama, . _ _
Connecticut
1
1
1
54
10
144
33
369
53
10
126
43
634
36
18
92
55
556
24
25
55
154
605
83
171
41
589
8
149
262
48
349
7
295
446
61
102
139
4
3
1
6
30
79
1 10 93
673
25
211
132
9
59
.1953
.1430
.1736
.1691
1 34 205 923 1,345 1,425 1,697 1,509 1,913
264
.1 4 6 5
1 10
47
74
3
191
16
169
29
370
3
148
88
287
13
77
6
3
W E A V E R S : F e m a le .
1913.
Alabama
Connecticut
Georgia
Maine
Massachusetts ..
7
279
2
133
583
13
5
739
18 3,813
62.1 $0.1245
58.0 .1479
60.0 .1306
58.0 .1627
54.0 .1668
19
2
21
2
29
2
47
17
35
73
15
163
48
241
83
29
167
112
476
47
19
45
28
96
54
183 183
757 1,066
8
9
24
101
783
1
2
10
83
422
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island.
South Carolina..
Other States —
5 3,408
12
410
3
626
746
21
2
261
58.0
60.0
56.01
60.0
56.8
.1799
. 1305
.1705
.1272
.1461
10
16
1
18
5
39
28
23
43
21
135
100
49
257
43
302
116
66
219
40
539
105
124
129
61
614
39
99
60
56
717
5
113
17
20
975
T otal.......
88 10,998
56.9
. 1630
94 284 1,124 1,610 2,086 2,218 1,797 1,647
Alabam a...........
Connecticut
Georgia
__ .
Mai np
.
Massachusetts ..
7
320
2
134
556
13
5
782
18 4,123
61.5
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
.1282
.1391
.1329
.1668
. 1663
New Hampshire
North Carolina..
Rhode Island__
South Carolina..
Other States___
5 3,275
378
12
3
571
719
21
2
247
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.7
.1796
.1341
.1733
.1296
. 1562
T ota l.......
88 11,105
56.8
.1638
139
3
12
1
1
10
33
77
1
12
3
138
1913.
1
15
1
22
4
23
9
44
10
42
112
22
139
56
295
60
39
148
92
503
53
28
40
14
104
57
203 139
859 1,148
18
9
22
131
751
19
141
465
6
60
2
7
31
14
13
48
15
140
92
39
205
30
301
136
87
251
31
486
87
67
129
43
696
5
106
18
30
963
3
134
13
26
57
1
13
1
2
249 1,1301,648 2,071 2,251 1, 786j 1,764
144
7
3
8
!5
4
599
40
112
47
67
4
51
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OE L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
T able I I I . — A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913.
C O TTO N -G O O D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
CARD STRIPPERS: Male.
Aver
Num age
State and num
ber of full
ber of estab Year. em time
lishments.
ploy hours
ees.
per
week.
Alabama:
7 establish
ments.
Connecticut:
2 establish
ments.
Georgia:
13 establish
ments.
Maine:
5 establish
ments.
Massachusetts:
18 establish
ments.
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments.
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments.........
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.........
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
7
of
wages Un- and and
der un un
per
6
hour. cts. der der
8
7
cts. cts.
/1912
\1913
21
21
/1912
\1913
22
21
58.0
58.0
69
68
60.0
60.0
.1184
.1179
(1912
\1913
51
53
58.0
58.0
.1312
.1330
/1912
(1913
279
283
54.0
54.0
.1437
.1489
• 175
\1913
207
58.0
58.0
.1432
.1445
/1912
\1913
40
38
60.0
60.0
.1082
.1171
/1912
(.1913
37
37
56.0
56.0
.1493
.1495
/1912
\1913
102
109
60.0
60.0
4
3
.1116
.1165
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
.1380
.1384
/1912
\1913
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
4
4
62.4 $0.1053
61.9 .1063
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
(1912
9
11
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
1
3
2
1
21
20
9
6
4
81
52
172
186
19
38
35
42
138
149
1
14
32
13
6
24
13
11
3
4
5
4
1
1
1
29
29
7
1
2
1
1
42
43
2
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
9
11
15
15
72
68
22
20
5
16
1
1
2
1
1
33
35
6
1
D R A W IN G T E N D E R S : M ale.
Alabama:
5 establish
ments.........
Georgia:
13 establish
ments.........
Maine:
5 establish
ments.........
Massachusetts:
16 establish
ments.........
New Hampshire:
4 establish
ments.........
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments.........
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments.........
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.........
(1912
\1913
36
29
62.3 $0.0871
61.0 .0870
/1912
\1913
91
86
60.0
60.0
.0976
.1002
(1912
\1913
35
34
58.0
58.0
.1108
.1088
19,0 54.0
159 54.0
.1245
.1267
(1912
\1913
/1912
\1913
67
23
58.0
58.0
90
82
60.0
60.0
39
37
56.0
56.0
151
151
60.0
60.0
.0902
.0954
1
3
9
9
7
5
3
4
4
2
15
19
6
3
8
4
43
42
13
13
6
1
10
17
10
11
14
24
24
44
27
89
74
22
23
10
8
1
3
33
3
22
9
8
10
3
1
1
75
78
3
5
3
25
21
9
11
2
30
45
12
17
7
6
.1255
.1300
(1912
(1913
3
.0980
.0994
(1912
\1913
6
.1237
.1377
(1912
\1913
7
8
3
2
9
2
2
1
64
47
20
9
16
26
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
52
T able
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
I I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED RA TES OF W AGES P E R H OUR
IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
DRAWING TENDERS: Female.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
State and num
ber of estab Year. em time
lishments.
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Alabama:
6 establish
ments.........
Georgia:
9 establish
ments.........
Maine:
4 establish
ments.........
Massachusetts:
15 establish
ments.........
New Hampshire*
5 establish
ments.........
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
7
of
wages Un and and
der un un
per
6
hour. cts. der der
8
7
cts. cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
4
4
10
2
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
5
12
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
/1912
\1913
40
30
62.0 $0.0802
60.0 .0854
/1912
\1913
53
62
60.0
60.0
.1033
.1069
5
1
10
5
33
43
5
10
(1912
\1913
45
51
58.0
58.0
.0998
.1041
16
10
23
18
25
1
3
/1912
\1913
190
220
54.0
54.0
.1166
.1172
1 146
155
32
49
10
5
1
1
/1912
\1913
177 58.0
204 5J8.0
.1128
.1206
119
108
30
48
6
24
2
7
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
1
3
4
2
12
8
4
2
1
5
18
9
1
3
F IN E S P E E D E R S : M a le.
Alabama:
6 establish
ments.........
Georgia:
12 establish
ments.........
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments.........
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.........
/1912
\1913
54
57
62.6 $0.1218
61.2 .1277
1
2
6
1
2
7
15
19
19
18
3
5
3
3
3
2
1
/1912
\1913
112 60.0
167 60.0
.1425
.1422
1
1
2
9
20
30
27
32
32
57
18
25
10
9
/1912
\1913
123
120
60.0
60.0
.1466
.1502
2
1
1
1
6
4
9
11
29
27
37
36
24
18
13
12
2
9
/1912
\1913
329
358
60.0
60.0
.1438
.1454
1
9
1
5
6
42
49
100
92
89
113
54
67
25
20
5
9
20
11
29
32
16
13
5
13
3
1
1
15
17
20
13
1
1
5
2
2
1
F IN E S P E E D E R S : F e m a le .
Alabama:
7 establish
ments.........
Connecticut:
2 establish
ments.........
Georgia:
12 establish
ments.........
Maine:
5 establish
ments.........
Massachusetts:
18 establish
ments.........
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.........
North Carolina:
7 establish
ments.........
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments.........
South Carolina:
19 establish
ments.........
/1912
\1913
80 62.4 $0.1085
77 61.7 .1220
1
1
8
3
/1912
\1913
38
39
58.0
58.0
.1433
.1339
2
1
1
4
/1912
\1913
115
130
60.0
60.0
.1283
.1325
2
3
8
5
39
28
31
43
24
40
7
10
3
1
1
/1912
\1913
133
173
58.0
58.0
.1509
.1552
2
2
2
1
7
6
20
29
61
78
33
47
6
8
2
2
/1912
\1913
755
773
54.0
54.0
.1560
.1576
5
3
27
33
84
94
315 234
307 239
74
70
14
25
2
2
/1912
\1913
332
364
58.0
58.0
.1590
.1591
2
4
3
20
15
42
56
97
102
101
131
52
39
13
17
1
1
/1912
\1913
43
44
60.0
60.0
.1166
.1239
3
1
10
4
13
14
10
15
3
9
2
1
1
/1912
\1913
106
95
56.0
56.0
.1621
.1654
1
i ::::
2
1
7
7
45
39
34
27
9
12
8
9
/1912
\1913
132
117
60.0
60.0
.1288
.1276
4
1
37
44
48
30
17
21
12
8
4
5
1
1
9
8
W AGES AND
53
HOTJKS O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913---- C O T T O N .
T able I I I . — A V E R A G E
A N D C LASSIFIE D R A T E S OF W A G E S P E R H O U R
IN EAC H STA TE, B Y Y E A R S , 1912 A N D 1913— Continued.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
LOOM F IXE R S: Male.
Aver
Num age
State and num
ber of full
ber of estab Year. em time
lishments.
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Alabama:
7 establish
ments.........
Connecticut:
2 establish
ments.........
Georgia:
13 establish
ments.........
Maine:
5 establish
ments.........
Massachusetts:
18 establish
ments.........
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.........
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments.........
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments.........
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.........
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
7
of Un and and
wages der un un
per
6
hour. cts. der der
7
8
cts. cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
60
78
31
11
62.3 $0.1740
61.7 .1771
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
35
33
7
15
/1912
\1913
133
137
/1912
\1913
25
26
58.0
58.0
.2466
.2444
/1912
\1913
201
211
60.0
60.0
.1750
.1826
/1912
\1913
132
141
58.0
58.0
.2398
.2407
/1912
\1913
558
595
54.0
54.0
.2592
.2608
258 300
170 425
/1912
\1913
529
513
58.0
58.0
.2485
.2485
200
184
329
329
/1912
\1913
128
125
60.0
60.0
.1684
.1695
/1912
\1913
191
178
56.0
56.0
.2652
.2663
21
17
170
161
/1912
\1913
370
378
60.0
60.0
.1733
.1757
15
15
141
126
102
120
23
4
78
54
172
191
25
40
95
101
11
24
44
1
10
10
36
40
3
1
85
89
35
44
1
4
2
4
4
26
25
6
7
102
90
30
33
45
45
66
66
S L A S H E R S : Male.
Alabama:
7 establish
ments.
Georgia:
13 establish
ments.
Maine:
5 establish
ments.
Massachusetts:
17 establish
ments.
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.
North Carolina:
10 establish
ments.
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.
/1912
\1913
18
20
<1912
\1913
45
61
60.0
60.0
30
29
58.0
58.0
138
130
54.0
54.0
111
113
58.0
58.0
33
33
60.0
60.0
43
57
60.0
60.0
. 1530
. 1376
19
29
14
11
. 1415
. 1507
<1912
\1913
3
7
.2833
.2865
<1912
\1913
2
2
.2295
.2345
/1912
\1913
12
13
.2061
.2054
<1912
\1913
2
3
6
10
.1535
. 1460
/1912
\1913
2
2
61.8 $0.1451
61.2 . 1439
i
1
26
4
2
13
1
1
2
25
4
4
5
11
21
19
13
13
1
1
2
1
I
SPINN ERS, F R A M E : Male.
Massachusetts:
14 establish
ments.
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.
South Carolina:
13 establish
ments.
!
<1912
\1913
237
203
<1912
\1913
228
177
58.0
58.0
39
100
60.0
60.0
.1130
.1099
*3
2
3
4
3
13
5
10
21
10
38
61
71
39;
34
51
401
31’
10
15
1
2
.1468
.1522
<1912
11913
1
54.0 80.1555
54.0 .1525
43
27
49
24
76
59
30
35
24
22
5
8
4
9
15
41
9
18
1
11
1
4
2
54
T able
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
I I I . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912 AND 1913—Continued.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
SPINNERS, FRAM E: Female.
Aver
Num age
State and num
ber of full
ber of estab Year. em time
lishments.
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Alabama:
7 establish
ments.
Connecticut:
2 establish
ments.
Georgia:
13 establish
ments.
Maine:
5 establish
ments.
Massachusetts:
18 establish
ments.
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments.
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments^
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.
(1912
\1913
468
374
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
7
of
wages Un and and
per der un un
6
hour. cts. der der
8
7
cts. cts.
62.6 $0.0991
61.8 .0968
\1913
77
93
58.0
58.0
/1912
11913
701
788
60.0
60.0
.1072
.1036
(1912
\1913
351
368
58.0
58.0
1,668
1,714
54.0
54.0
1,184
1,208
58.0
58.0
426
437
60.0
60.0
.0951
.1010
(1912
\1913
192
193
56.0
56.0
. 1208
.1439
/1912
\1913
1,222
1,288
60.0
60.0
.1015
.1023
91
69
148
117
88
26
9
26
1
2
3
19
15
13
30
21
25
13
10
7
4
2
2
55
53
41
91
63
79
209
188
204
178
59
66
8
17
5
2
1
4
4
6
17
94
50
121
103
67
96
41
58
18
28
8
4
22
22
172
180
393
309
754
717
219
335
88
108
20
38
15
142
125
242
190
649
651
91
159
36
49
5
18
72
40
.1436
.1478
/1912
\1913
22
59
4
34
29
.1457
.1490
/1912
\1913
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
4
4
7
.1330
.1413
/1912
\1913
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
.1443
.1378
(1912
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
8
and
un
der
9
cts.
3 57
5 105
1
4
2
14
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
32
9
73
76
48
35
56
34
168
196
43
86
4
8
1
1
1
1
9
3
5
17
4
20
7
34
26
38
50
32
35
28
39
2
14
23 104 203 230
58 129 157 201
465
488
174
209
10
35
11
10
2
2
8
9
13
4
28
25
1
27
23
84
93
1
2
6
16
14
4
2
43
41
16
17
3
2
1
13
1
S P IN N E R S , M U L E : M a le.
Maine:
3 establish
ments.
Massachusetts:
6 establish
ments.
New Hampshire:
2 establish
ments.
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments.
(1912
\1913
49
40
58.0 $0. 2510
58.0 .2472
\1913
/1912
111
117
54.0
54.0
. 3392
.3351
11912
\1913
20
21
58.0
58.0
.2502
.2542
/1912
\1913
64
60
56.0
56.0
.2313
.2360
1
1
1
T R I M M E R S O R I N S P E C T O R S : F e m a le .
Alabama:
6 establish /1912
ments......... \1913
Georgia:
9 establish /1912
ments......... \1913
Maine:
5 establish 11912
ments......... \1913
Massachusetts:
17 establish /1912
ments......... \1913
New Hampshire:
4 establish
ments.........
North Carolina: i
f
9 establish- | 1912
ments........ ii\1913
36
56
61.2
62.4
7
31
62
61
60.0
60.0
38
25
85
58.0
58.0
72
82
198
178
54.0
54.0
81
71
35
35
3
94
77
58.0
58.0
11
10
14
16
23
18
31
26
60.0
60. 0
13
15
1
10
55
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
T able
I I I . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912 AND 1913—Concluded.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
Concluded.
TRIM M ERS OR INSPECTORS: Female—
Aver
Num age
State and num
ber of full
ber of estab Year. em time
lishments.
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments.........
South Carolina:
20 establish
ments.........
/1912
\1913
22
31
/1912
\1913
159
152
Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages
per hour.
Aver
age
rate
7 18
6
of
wages Un and and and
per der un un un
6
hour. cts. der der der
9
7
8
cts. cts. cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
1
2
56.0 $0.1627
56.0 .1344
60.0
60.0
.0832
.0839
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
3
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and 25
un cts.
der and
25 over.
cts.
4
22
3
5
8
2
4
2
27
18
25
36
22
32
88
56
84
74
69
54
62
53
33
36
18
24
2
3
” ’i
63
65
44
30
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
4
1
4
3
15
10
16
10
21
18
35
25
1
1
W E A V E R S : M a le.
Alabama:
7 establish
ments.........
Connecticut:
2 establish
ments.........
Georgia:
13 establish
ments.........
Maine:
5 establish
ments.........
Massachusetts:
18 establish
ments.........
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments.........
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments.........
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments........
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments.........
/1912
\1913
388
343
11912
\1913
97
69
/1912
\1913
62.1 W. 1412
61.4 .1437
10
11
58.0
58.0
.1826
.1866
1
768
850
60.0
60.0
.1431
. 1452
10
7
53
37
142
192
195
191
146
144
107
126
71
92
37
55
7
6
11912
\1913
384
349
58.0
58.0
.1967
. 1990
1
1
1
15
17
21
16
39
33
61
43
57
55
154
154
35
30
/1912
\1913
2,903
2,512
54.0
54.0
.1797
.1818
23
8
118
92
251
169
415
369
722
634
606
556
680
605
88
79
(1912
\1913
1,825
1,762
58.0
58.0
.1902
.1911
4
2
8
8
56
47
73
83
173
149
307
295
469
446
676
673
59
59
/1912
\1913
855
801
60.0
60.0
.1439
.1465
8
2
25
16
121
116
221
171
231
262
187
148
44
61
17
25
1
/1912
\1913
766
607
56.0
56.0
.1917
. 1953
1
9
10
38
29
70
41
7 1 117
9
88
48
131
102
233
211
89
77
/1912
\1913
1,739
1,976
60.0
60.0
.1400
.1430
15
10
58
93
337
370
523
589
402
349
257
287
98
139
48
132
1
6
19
15
29
23
73
112
83
60
47
53
19
28
8
18
1
2
1
2
9
15
22
29
39
45
40
28
14
9
9
2
1
21
22
47
44
163
139
167
148
96
104
54
57
24
22
10
19
1
2
4
17
10
48
56
112
92
183
203
183
139
101
131
83
141
10
6
35
42
241
295
476
503
757 1,066
859 1,148
783
751
422
465
33
60
1
W E A V E R S : F em a le.
Alabama:
7 establish
ments........
Connecticut:
2 establish
ments........
Georgia:
13 establish
ments........
Maine:
5 establish
ments........
Massachusetts:
18 establish
ments........
New Hampshire:
5 establish
ments ........
North Carolina:
12 establish
ments........
Rhode Island:
3 establish
ments........
South Carolina:
21 establish
ments........
(1912
\1913
279
320
62.1 $0.1245
61.5 .1282
/1912
\1913
133
134
58.0
58. 0
.1479
. 1391
/1912
\1913
583
556
60.0
60.0
.1306
. 1329
(1912
\1913
739
782
58.0
58.0
.1627
.1668
/1912
\1913
3,813
4,123
54.0
54.0
.1668
.1663
/1912
\1913
3,408
3,275
58.0
58.0
.1799
. 1796
10
2
39
31
135
140
302
301
539
486
614
599
717
696
975
963
77
57
(1912
\1913
410
378
60. 0
60.0
. 1305
. 1341
16
28
14
100
92
116
136
105
87
39
40
5
5
3
1
1
(1912
(1913
626
571
56.0
56.0
.1705
. 1733
1
23
13
49
39
66
87
124
67
99
112
113
106
139
134
12
13
(1912
\1913
746
719
60.0
60.0
.1272
.1296
18
7
43
48
257
205
219
251
129
129
60
47
17
18
3
13
7
1
4
56
BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS,
T a b l e I V . — A V E R A G E AN D CLASSIFIED F U LL-TIM E H O U R S O F W O R K
P E R W E E K IN T H E U N IT E D STATES, B Y Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1913.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G — Continued.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUMBER.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Aver
age
Num
full
ber of
Year.
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
66
Card strippers, male:
1907
36 establishments.......... ‘ 1908
1909
1910
284
289
287
318
59.8
59.3
59.3
57.8
54
70
82
52
24
166
166
186
175
78
4
10
9
8
36
23
21
14
/
59 establishments.......... \ 1910
1911
523
515
58.4
58.3
250
253
121
123
63
60
12
12
19
19
53
48
1 11
88 establishments.......... / 1912
l
786
800
58.3
57.1
284
314
37
255
251
126
219
12
22
1
57
8
/ 1912
88 establishments.......... \ 1913
Drawing tenders, male:
[ 1907
1908
34 establishments.......... i1 1909
l 1910
804
845
57.1
57.2
284
288
- 37
37
251
284
223
229
1
1
8
6
219
234
253
253
60.4
59.7
59.7
58.5
26
94
89
78
42
113
112
110
129
34
1
9
12
10
38
21
23
18
56 establishments.......... / 1910
\ 1911
436
457
59.5
59.7
144
147
54
45
111
120
62
62
17
23
48
60
84 establishments.......... j 1911
\ 1912
750
723
59.5
57.9
211
39
130
125
235
348
62
195
28
4
84
12
82 establishments.......... j 1912
\ 1913
Drawing tenders, female:
1907
1908
19 establishments.......... ‘ 1909
1910
727
624
57.9
58.0
195
164
39
37
125
75
352
341
4
4
12
3
234
232
249
233
60.2
59.3
59.4
58.1
64
86
105
49
16
67
117
130
128
110
37
16
16
7
27 establishments.......... / 1910
\ 1911
359
344
58.2
57.7
136
146
139
145
56
37
28
16
r 1911
45 establishments.......... j 1912
l 1913
Fine speeders, male:
[ 1907
16 establishments.......... J 1908
i 1909
l 1910
502
525
594
57.8
57.0
56.8
172
9
11
255
231
265
56
82
97
19
13
201
224
258
249
63.9
61.1
61.2
61.0
171
195
192
f 1910
{ 1911
426
396
61.4
61.4
273
243
62 establishments.......... / 1911
\ 1912
623
666
61.2
59.7
50
17
12
474
581
61 establishments.......... f 1912
{ 1913
680
745
59.7
59.8
50
39
12
4
595
691
1907
1908
1909
1910
721
694
714
800
59.3
59.1
59.1
57.6
153
208
220
143
30
437
463
438
453
185
22
5
1
3
53
43
40
32
57 establishments.......... / 1910
\ 1911
1,175
1,189
57.8
57.9
602
597
313
311
165
165
21
36
12
10
62
70
82 establishments.......... / 1911
\ 1912
1,753
1,784
57.9
56.6
801
106
547
531
258
328
36
784
16
5
95
30
80 establishments.......... / 1912
\ 1913
1,791
1,855
56.7
56.7
784
795
134
95
503
597
335
343
5
6
30
91
32 establishments..........
Fine speeders, female:
35 establishments........
190
221
96
3
10
24
24
29
95
29
39
28
41
63
52
35
60
55
41
88
23
23
11
57
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1901 TO 1913— COTTON,
T able
I V . — A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIE D FU LL-TIM E H OU RS OF W O R K
PER W E E K IN T H E U N IT E D STATES, B Y Y E A R S 1907 TO 1913— Con.
C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G — Continued.
NUMBER—Continued.
Aver
age
Num
full
Year. ber of
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Loom fixers, male:
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
60
66
105
270
286
207
95
323
277
278
304
133
21
13
23
17
133
58
67
48
528
574
232
226
293
296
56
60
46
46
112
112
566
729
191
659
701
543
762
60
51
4
158
49
566
600
191
178
701
692
779
811
4
4
49
36
60.3
59.6
59.4
58.1
29
69
73
52
25
72
77
75
82
34
7
1
1
1
21
13
11
7
276
303
58.4
58.5
116
122
53
55
72
81
14
25
4
4
17
16
/ 1911
\ 1912
455
447
58.5
57.4
140
149
17
144
153
106
131
25
6
1
25
5
/ 1912
\ 1913
449
472
57.4
57.6
140
132
17
15
153
154
133
166
1
2
5
3
25 establishments...
f 1907
1908
i 1909
[ 1910
184
214
188
188
59.4
58.8
58.9
57.2
22
74
41
31
1
1
109
122
136
135
47
14
3
11
1
.36 establishments . ..
r 1910
\ 1911
261
420
57.2
57.0
160
291
53
81
44
39
3
1
9
46 establishments...
/ 1911
\ 1912
700
679
‘57.2
56.2
353
402
228
269
52
44
18
13
f 1912
\ 1913
564
530
56.7
56.9
237
204
17
269
186
45
118
13
5
36 establishments...
f 1907
1908
i 1909
1 1910
2,317
2,114
2,408
2, 500
61.0
59.9
59.8
58.5
305
923
951
784
327
17
1,020
1,000
896
1,107
442
113
61
84
98
572
217
266
156
59 establishments...
f 1910
\ 1911
3, 704
3, 735
59.0
59.1
1,313
1,285
621
646
1,087
1,053
140
181
186
181
357
389
88 establishments...
f 1911
\ 1912
5,981
6,214
59.1
58.0
1,590
192
1,639
1,667
1,811
2,566
181
1,572
209
23
551
194
/ 1912
\ 1913
6,364
6,561
58.0
57.9
1,688
1,739
192
193
1,667
1,742
2,600
2, 763
23
19
194
105
11 establishments...
f 1907
1 1908
i 1909
( 1910
199
193
156
131
58.6
58.4
58.5
56.8
89
138
158
118
33
61
35
38
9
14 establishments...
/ 1910
\ 1911
222
207
57.0
57.0
117
110
96
88
9
9
1911
1912
[ 1913
288
266
258
56.8
55.7
55.6
179
64
60
100
84
76
9
36 establishments...
f 1907
1 1908
i 1909
1 1910
631
619
680
728
60.8
59.7
59.8
58.3
59 establishments—
/ 1910
\ 1911
1,267
1,314
58.7
58.6
88 establishments...,
/ 1911
\ 1912
2,200
2,273
58.6
57.7
88 establishments...,
f 1912
\ 1913
2,290
2,321
57.7
57.6
35 establishments__
f 1907
1 1908
i 1909
1 1910
159
158
167
166
57 establishments__
/ 1910
\ 1911
85 establishments__
Slashers, male:
85 establishments...
Spinners, frame, male:
49 establishments. . .
Spinners, frame, female:
88 establishments...
Spinners, mule, male:
16 establishments...
(
{
118
122
26
58
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T able
I V . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK
PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Con.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
N U M BE R —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Trimmers or
female:
Aver
age
Num
full
Year. ber of
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
66
inspectors,
30 establishments,
1907
1908
1909
1910
251
261
285
297
60.4
60.0
59.6
58.1
46 establishments,
1910
1911
408
474
58.3
58.7
75 establishments.
/ 1911
\ 1912
712
703
58.7
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
708
687
57.7
57.9
2,769
2.848
77 establishments
Weavers, male:
7
6
9
39
31
17
12
161
167
100
119
109
128
4
9
12
14
22
37
204
226
22
202
194
205
266
9
19
51
17
204
185
22
31
194
176
271
270
5
17
20
1,489
1,397
1,424
1,497
337
502
1,006
1.156
925
321
115
76
81
147
119
473
222
323
167
2,190
2,069
703
670
1,440
1,225
299
434
272
236
430
378
434
244
2
487
134
2
3
134
78
36 establishments,
f
I
1
l
3,037
60.3
59.6
59.8
58.3
58 establishments.
/ 1910
\ 1911
5,334
5,012
58.8
58.8
88 establishments,
/ 1911
t 1912
8,855
9, 751
58.6
57.5
2,937
3,129
766
2,366
2,322
2,195
3,590
/ 1912
\ 1913
9,775
9,316
57,5
57.7
2,937
2,539
766
607
2,322
2,200
3,614
3,889
36 establishments.
[ 1907
I 1908
1 1909
l 1910
3, 724
3,903
3,930
3,905
59.5
59.0
59.1
57.6
809
1,197
1,345
625
172
31
2,065
2,267
2,473
2,363
1,052
185
29
34
37
291
173
188
126
59 establishments.
1910
1911
6,334
6,242
57.8
57.8 ..........
3,210
3,198
1,676
1,590
849
830
189
236
130
120
280
268
88 establishments.
1911
1912
10,792
10,980
57.9
56.9
3,890
4,216
626
4,442
4,464
1.422
1,890
236
149
24
327
86
88 establishments.
1912
1913
10,998
11,105
56.9
56.8
3.890
4,206
626
571
4,464
4,355
1,908
1,877
24
34
86
62
19.0
24.2
28. 6
16. 4
8.5
1.4
3.5
3.1
2.5
12.7
8.0
7.3
4.4
88 establishments.
Weavers, female:
1907
1908
1909
1910
70
120
147
73
40
127
102
103
115
76
3 ,123
PE R CENT.
Card strippers, male:
36 establishments..
1907
1908
1909
1910
284
289
287
318
59.8
59.3
59.3
57.8
52.2
58. 5
64. 4
61.0
24.5
59 establishments..
1910
1911
523
515
58.4
58.3
47.8
49.1
23.1
23.9
13.0
11.7
2.3
2.3
3.6
3.7
10.1
9.3
88 establishments..
1911
1912
786
800
58.3
57.1
39.9
4.6
32.4
31.4
16.0
27.4
1.5
35.5
2.8
.1
7.3
1.0
88 establishments..
Drawing tenders, male:
1912
1913
804
845
57.1
57.2
35.3
34.1
4.6
4.4
31.2
33.6
27.7
27.1
.1
.1
1.0
.7
1907
1908
1909
1910
219
234
253
253
60. 4
59. 7
59. 7
58.5
44.7
51.1
47.0
51.0
13.4
11.9
40. 2
35. 2
30.8
.5
3.8
4. 7
4.0
17.4
9.0
9.1
7.1
34 establishments..
19.2
59
W AGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913 ---- COTTON,
T able
IV.—
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK
PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Con.
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
PER CENT—
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Aver
age
Num
full
Year. ber of
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Drawing tenders, male—
Concluded.
56 establishments.........
1910
1911
436
457
1911
1912
750
723
59.5
57.9
82 establishments.........
Drawing tenders, female:
1912
1913
727
624
57.9
58.0
19 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
234
232
249
233
27 establishments
1910
1911
45 establishments
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
54
59.5
59.7
84 establishments.........
Continued.
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
66
33.0
32.2
12.4
9.8
25.5
26.3
14.2
13.6
3.9
5.0
11.0
13.1
27.0
28.1
5.4
17.3
17.3
31.3
48.1
8.3
3.7
.6
11.2
1.7
26.8
26.3
5.4
5.9
17.2
12.0
48.4
54.6
.6
.6
1.7
.5
60.2
59.3
59.4
58.1
27. 4
37.1
42.2
21.0
6.8
28.8
50.0
56.0
51.4
47.2
15.8
6.9
6.4
3.0
359
344
58.2
57.7
37.9
42.4
38.7
42.2
15.6
10.8
7.8
4.7
1911
1912
1913
502
525
594
57.8
57.0
56.8
34.3
1.7
1.9
50.8
44.0
44.6
11.2
15. 6
16.3
3.8
2.5
16 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
201
224
258
249
63.9
61.1
61.2
61.0
76. 3
75.6
77.1
32 establishments.
1910
1911
426
396
61.4
61.4
64.1
61.4
62 establishments.
1911
1912
623
666
61.2
59.7
7.5
2.7
1.8
76.1
87.2
1912
1913
680
745
59. 7
59.8
7.4
5.2
1.8
.5
87. 5
92.8
1907
1908
1909
1910
721
694
714
800
59.3
59.1
59.1
57.6
54.6
64.2
63.1
63. 4
23.1
21.2
30.0
30. 8
17.9
4.2
35 establishments.
3.1
.7
.1
.4
7.4
6.2
5. 6
4.0
57 establishments,
1910
1911
1,175
1,189
57.8
57.9
51.2
50.2
26.6
26.2
14.0
13.9
1.8
3.0
1.0
.8
5.3
5.9
* 82 establishments.
1911
1912
1,753
1,784
57.9
56.6
45.7
5.9
31.2
29.8
14.7
18.4
2.1
43.9
.9
.3
5.4
1.7
80 establishments.
Loom fixers, male:
1912
1913
1,791
1,855
56.7
56.7
43.8
42.9
7.5
5.1
28.1
32.2
18.7
18.5
.3
.3
1.7
1.0
1907
1908
1909
1910
631
619
680
728
60.8
59.7
59.8
58.3
44.4
43.9
44.9
44. 7
18.3
16.6
43.6
42.1
28.4
15.1
36 establishments.
3.3
2.1
3.4
2.3
21.1
9.4
9.9
6.6
59 establishments
1910
1911
1,267
1,314
58.7
58.6
41.7
43.7
18.3
17.2
23.1
22.5
4.4
4.6
3.6
3.5
8.8
8.5
88 establishments
1911
1912
2,200
2,273
58.6
57.7
33.1
8.4
30.0
30.8
24.7
33.5
2.7
24.9
2.3
.2
7.2
2.2
88 establishments
1912
1913
2,290
2,321
57.7
57.6
24.7
25.9
8.3
7.7
30.6
29.8
34.0
34.9
.2
.2
2.1
1.6
4.4
.6
.6
.6 1
13.2
8.2
6.6
4.2
Fine speeders, male:
61 establishments.
Fine speeders, female:
36.2
37.2
.5
Slashers, male:
35 establishments
1907
1908
1909
1910
159
158
167
166 1
60.3
59.6
59.4
58.1 .
.
43.4
48.4 I 18.2
43. 7
47.5
49.1
43. 7
20.5 J 31.3
47.8
5.0
10. 7
9.3
11.6
47.3
12.9
15.1
11.2
9.6
15.9
12.2
8.8
14.1
13.9
6.6
14.1
3.5
3. 4
1.5
15.7
60
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS,
T able
I Y .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK
PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Con.
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
P E R CENT—Continued.
Average
Num
full
Year. ber of
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Slashers, male—Concluded
57 establishments......... / 1910
\ 1911
276
303
455
447
58.5
57.4
/ 1912
85 establishments......... \ 1913
Spinners, frame, male:
f 1907
25 establishments......... i1 1908
1909
l 1910
449
472
57.4
57.6
184
214
188
188
36 establishments__
j
1910
\ 1911
46 establishments...
54
58.4
58.5
/ 1911
85 establishments......... \ 1912
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Over
57
54
and
and
under under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and
under under
66
63
66
42.0
40.3
19.2
18.2
26.1
26.7
5.1
8.3
1.4
1.3
6.2
5.3
31.3
32.7
3.8
31.6
34.2
23.3
29.3
5.5
1.3
.2
5.5
1.1
31.2
28.0
3.8
3.2
34.1
32.6
29.6
35.2
...........
.2
.4
1.1
.6
59.4
58.8
58.9
57.2
12.0
34.6
21.8
16.5
14.1
58.0
66.3
63.6
71.8
25.0
.5
.5
7.6
1.4
5.9
.5
261
420
57.2
57.0
61.3
69.3
20.3
19.3
16.9
9.3
1.1
.4
2.1
j
1911
\ 1912
700
679
57.2
56.2
57.4
52.0
32.6
39.6
7.4
6.5
2.6
1.9
J 1912
\ 1913
564
530
56.7
56.9
42.0
38.5
3.2
47.7
35.1
8.0
22.3
2.3
.9
36 establishments. . .
f 1907
1908
i 1909
l 1910
2,317
2,114
2,408
2,500
61,0
59.9
59.8
58.5
43.2
42.4
46.0
13.2
43.7
39.5
4 0 .8
1 7 .7
3 1 .4
59 establishments__
/ 1910
\ 1911
3,704
3,735
59.0
59.1
35.4
34.4
16.8
17.3
88 establishments...
/ 1911
\ 1912
5,981
6,214
59.1
58.0
25.3
26.6
3.1
88 establishments_
_
Spinners, mule, male: .
/ 1912
\ 1913
6,364
6,561
58.0
57.9
26.5
26.5
11 establishments. . .
1907
1908
1909
1910
199
193
156
131
14 establishments.. .
/ 1910
\ 1911
16 establishments........
\
49 establishments...
Spinners, frame, female:
14.1
.8
4.9
2.9
3.5
3.9
24.7
10.3
11.0
29.3
28.2
3.8
4.8
5.0
4.8
9.6
10.4
27.4
26.8
30.3
41.3
3.0
3.5
.4
9.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
26.2
26.6
40.9
42.1
.4
.3
3.0
1.6
58.6
58.4
58.5
56.8
67.9
69.3
81.9
75.6
25.2
30.7
18.1
24.4
6.9
222
207
57.0
57.0
52.7
53.1
43.2
42.5
4.1
4.3
f 1911
1912
l 1913
288
266
258
56.8
55.7
55.6
62.2
24.1
23.3
34.7
31.6
29.5
3.1
f
I
i
l
1907
1908
1909
1910
251
261
285
297
60.4
60.0
59.6
58.1
42.8
40.6
39.5
40.4
25.6
27.9
46.0
51.6
24.6
15.9 1
30 establishments.
2.7
2.1
3.0
15.5
11.9
6.0
4.0
46 establishments.
/ 1910
t 1911
408
474
58.3
58.7
39.5
35.2
24.5
25.1
26.7
27.0
1.0
1.9
2.9
3.0
5.4
7.8
75 establishments.
/ 1911
\ 1912
712
703
58.7
58.0
31.7
3.1
28.4
27.6
28.8
37.8
1.3
2.7
29.0
7.2
2.4
/ 1912
\ 1913
708
687
57.7
57.9
28.8
26.9
3.1
4.5
27.4
25.6
38.3
39.3
.7
2.4
2.9
2,769
2,848
3,123
3,037
60.3
59.6
59.8
58.3
49.0
50.5
50.0
47.9
11.1
18.1
35.3
37.0
30.5
2.7
2.8
4.7
3.9
17.1
7.8
10.3
5.5
Trimmers or inspectors, fe
male:
77 establishments.
Weavers, male:
36 establishments.
f
J
■1
l
1907
1908
1909
1910
44.4
47.3
11.6
4.0
6.2
WAGES AND H O U RS OF LABOR,
61
1907 TO 1913----COTTON,
T able I V . — AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK
PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Con.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
P E R C E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Weavers, male—Concluded.
58 establishments.........
Aver
age
Num
full
time
Year. ber of
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
1910
1911
5,334
5,012
1911
1912
8,855
9,751
58.6
57.5
88 establishments
Weavers, female:
/ 1912
t 1913
9,775
9,316
57.5
57.7
1907
1908
1909
1910
3,724
3,903
3,930
3,905
/ 1910
\ 1911
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
54
58.8
58.8
88 establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
36 establishments
59 establishments
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
66
41.1
41.3
13.2
13.4
27.0
24.4
5.6
8.7
30.1
35.3
7.9
26.7
23.8
24.8
36.8
4.9
30.0
27.3
7.8
6.5
23.8
23.6
37.0
41.7
C
0 )
)
1.4
.8
59.5
59.0
59.1
57.6
52.9
60.9
63.4
60.1
26.9
21.7
4.6
30.7
.8
34.2
16.0 ..........
5.0
.7
.9
.9
7.8
4.4
4.8
3.2
6,334
6,242
57.8
57.8
50.7
51.2
26.5
25.5
13.4
13.3
3.0
3.8
2 .1
1.9
4.4
4.3
1911
1912
10,792
10,980
57.9
56.9
39.1
5.7
41.2
40.7
13.2
17.2
2 .2
35.4
1.4
3.0
.8
/ 1912
\ 1913
10,998
11,105
56.9
56.8
35.4
37.9
5.7
5.1
40.6
39.2
17.3
16.9
{
88 establishments,
88 establishments
60
5.1
4.7
8.1
7.5
2 .8
5.5
1.4
C1)
.2
.8
.6
.2
.3
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
T a b l e V . —AV ER A G E
AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
CO TTO N -G OO D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
C A R D S T R I P P E R S : M a le.
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
19 12.
Alabama..............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts......................
7
2
13
5
18
21
22
69
51
279
62.4
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
New Hampshire..................
North Carolina....................
Rhode Island.......................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
5
12
3
21
2
175
40
37
102
8
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.5
5
Total..........................
88
804
57.1
284
Year and State.
Over 57 and
54 and under
under
60
57
54
22
51
60
12
Over
60 and 63 and
under under
66
63
66
1
8
1
8
69
279
175
40
37
3
37
251
102
223
B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS,
62
T a b l e V . — AV ER A G E AND
CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
CO TTO N -G OO D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
C A R D S T R I P P E R S : M a le — Concluded.
Year and State.
Alabama,
1913.
.....
Connecticut.........................
Georgia.................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts......................
N p,w Hampshire.....
North Carolina....................
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina...............
Other States........................
Total..........................
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
7
2
13
21
21
68
53
283
61.9
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
5
12
3
21
2
207
38
37
109
8
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.5
5
88
845
57.2
288
5
18
Over 57 and
54 and under
under
60
57
54
Over
60 and 63 and
under under
66
63
60
66
1
6
229
1
6
20
91
4
12
352
4
12
22
86
4
3
'4
3
14
21
53
68
283
207
38
37
3
37
284
109
D R A W I N G T E N D E R S : M a le .
1913.
G e o r g i a ...............................................
M a i n e ...................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e .........................
5
13
5
16
4
36
91
35
190
67
62.3
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
N o r t h C a ro lin a ,..............................
R h o d e I s l a n d ..............................
S o u t h C a r o lin a ..............................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
12
3
21
3
90
39
151
28
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.3
5
T o t a l ......................................
82
727
57.9
195
5
13
61.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
1913.
35
190
67
A l a b a m a ............................................
G e o r g i a .....................................
M a i n e ...................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e .........................
16
4
29
86
34
159
23
N o r t h C a r o lin a .............................
R h o d e I s l a n d ................................
S o u t h C a r o lin a .............................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
12
3
21
3
82
37
151
23
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.1
82
624
58.0
164
23
39
5
T o t a l ......................................
5
90
39
125
34
159
151
23
82
37
151
18
37
75
341
D R A W I N G T E N D E R S : : Fem ale.
1913.
A l a b a m a ............................................
G e o r g i a ...............................................
M a in e ...................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ..........................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
6
9
4
15
5
6
40
53
45
190
177
20
62.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
57.3
190
T o t a l .......................................
45
525
57.0
190
A l a b a m a ............................................
G e o r g i a ...............................................
M a i n e ...................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t ts
.........................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ..........................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
6
9
4
15
5
6
30
62
51
220
204
27
60.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
57.4
220
1
11
204
10
5
T o t a l ......................................
45
594
56.8
221
11
265
97
27
53
9
177
9
2
9
231
82
1913.
13
45
30
62
51
13
63
1907 TO 1913---- COTTON,
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR,
T a b l e V . — AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED
FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
F IN E S P E E D E R S : M a le .
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
6
12
12
21
10
54
112
123
329
62
62.6
60.0
60.0
60.0
54.8
50
12
Total..........................
61
680
59.7
50
12
1913.
Alabama...............................
Georgia.................................
North Carolina.....................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
6
12
12
21
10
57
167
120
358
43
61.2
60.0
60.0
60.0
54.4
39
4
Total..........................
61
745
59.8
39
4
Year and State.
1912.
Alabama..............................
Georgia................................
North Carolina................. '
South Carolina.....................
Other States.....................
Over
54 and 57 and
under under
60
57
54
60
Over
60 and 63 and
under under
66
63
66
31
112
123
329
23
595
23
46
167
120
358
11
691
11
F IN E S P E E D E R S : F e m a le .
1912.
Alabama..............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia.................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts.....................
7
2
12
5
18
80
38
115
133
755
62.4
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
New Hampshire..................
North Carolina....................
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
5
7
3
19
2
332
43
106
132
57
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.0
29
28
Total..........................
80
1,791
56.7
784
134
1913.
Alabama..............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts.....................
New Hampshire.................
North Carolina....................
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
7
2
12
5
18
5
7
3
19
2
77
39
130
173
773
364
44
95
117
43
61.7
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58 0.
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.0
80
1,855
56.7
Total............................
45
133
5
30
335
5
30
52
6
19
343
6
19
80
38
4
49
4
49
115
755
332
43
106
132
503
39
173
773
364
95
2
2
795
21
95
597
130
44
117
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
19 1 2 .
Alabama..............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts.....................
New Hampshire..................
North Carolina....................
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
7
2
13
5
18
5
12
3
21
2
133
25
201
132
558
529
128
191
370
23
62.3
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.6
Total..........................
88
2, 290
57.7
25
132
201
558
529
128
191
370
8
566
15
191
701
779
BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB STATISTICS,
64
T able
V . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK
PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued.
CO TTO N -G OO D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
LOOM F IX E R S : Male—Concluded.
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber of
estabr
lishments.
Year and State.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
7
2
13
5
18
137
26
211
141
595
61.7
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
5
3
21
2
513
125
178
378
17
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.8
5
88
2,321
57.6
600
Over 57 and
54 and under
under
60
57
54
60
Over
60 and 63 and
under under
66
63
66
1913.
Alabama..............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia.................................
Maine
.......................
Massachusetts.....................
New Hampshire..................
North Carolina....................
Rhode Isla n d .................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
Total.......................
12
36
811
4
36
1
5
133
1
5
15
61
141
4
12
45
26
2
3
2
3
97
211
595
513
125
178
12
178
692
378
SLASHERS: Male.
1912.
A labam a
7
13
5
17
18
45
30
138
61.8
60.0
58.0
54. 0
5
10
21
7
111
33
43
31
58.0
60.0
60.0
56.6
2
17
12
85
449
57.4
140
17
153
Maine....................................
Massachusetts......................
7
13
5
17
20
61
29
130
61.2
60.0
58.0
54.0
N ew H a m p sh ire.....................
N orth Carolina.........................
South Carolina
O ther S ta te s ......................... .
5
10
21
7
113
33
57
29
58.0
60.0
60.0
56.7
2
15
12
Total...........................
85
. 472
57.6
132
15
154
Georgia.................................
......................
Maine.
M a ssa ch u setts.........................
N e w H a m p s h ir e ..
N orth Carolina
.
___
South Carolina....................
O ther S ta te s __
Total...........................
30
138
111
33
43
1913.
A labam a.....................................
G eorgia.......................................
29
130
113
33
57
166
SPINNERS, FRAME: Male.
1912.
Massachusetts......................
N ew Hampshire..................
South Carolina.....................
Other States........................
14
5
13
17
237
228
39
60
54.0
58.0
60.0
59.9
237
Total...........................
49
564
56.7
237
14
5
13
17
203
177
100
50
54.0
58.0
60.0
58.8
203
1
17
9
100
18
5
49
530
56.9
204
17
186
118
5
228
41
39
6
269
45
13
____
13
1913.
Massachusetts......................
New Hampshire..................
South Carolina....................
Other States__
. .
Total
177
65
WAGES AND HOTJES OP LABOR, MO1 TO 1913---- COTTON.
?
T
V . —A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED FU LL-TIM E H OURS OF W O R K
P E R W EE K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AN D 1913— Continued.
able
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
SPINNERS, FRAME: Female.
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
1912.
Alabama...............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia.................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts......................
7
2
13
5
18
468
77
701
351
1,668
62.6
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
New Hampshire..................
North Carolina.....................
Rhode Island.......................
South Carolina....................
Other States........................
5
12
3
21
2
1,184
426
192
1,222
75
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.9
20
Total...........................
88
6,364
58.0
1,688
1913.
Alabama..............................
Connecticut.........................
Georgia................................
Maine...................................
Massachusetts......................
7
2
13
5
18
374
93
788
368
1,714
61.8
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
New Hampshire.................
North Carolina.....................
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina....................
Other States.......................
5
12
3
21
2
1,208
437
193
1,288
98
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.0
25
Total..........................
88
6,561
57.9
1,739
Year and State.
Over 57 and
54 and under
under
60
57
54
60
251
Over
60 and 63 and
under under
66
63
66
351
1,668
23
134
2,600
23
194
250
77
19
105
19
10
701
1,184
426
192
1,222
55
192
1,667
93
788
368
1,714
1,208
437
193
1,288
73
193
1,742
2,763
SPINNERS, MULE: Male.
!
1913.
Maine ................................
Massachusetts......................
New Hampshire..................
Rhode Island......................
Other States__
3
6
2
3
2
49
111
20
64
22
58.0
54.0
58.0
56.0
56.7
Total..........................
16
266
55.7
3
6
2
3
2
40
117
21
60
20
58.0
54.0
58.0
56.0
57.0
16
258
55.6
1913.
Maine
............................. i
Massachusetts......................
New Hampshire..................
Rhode Island......................
Other States..............
Total...........................
49
111
64
118
20
15
7
64
84
40
117
21
60
5
122
15
60
76
TRIMMERS OR INSPECTORS: Female.
1913.
A labama.
.........................
Georgia,
Maine
.........................
M assachn setts
N e w H am p sh ire.....................
6
9
5
17
4
36
62
88
198
94
43944°—Bull. 150— 14-----5
61.2
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
19
62
88
198
94
17
B U L L E T IN
66
T
OF
THE
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
V . — A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
able
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
TRIMMERS OR INSPECTORS: Female—Concluded.
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
1912.
North Carolina
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina..
Other States.....................
9
3
20
4
31
22
159
18
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.7
6
Total...........................
77
708
57.7
204
1913.
Alabama...............................
Georgia___
Maine....................................
Massachusetts
New Hampshire...........
6
9
5
17
4
56
61
85
178
77
62.4
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
North Carolina.
Rhode Island......................
South Carolina___
Other States........................
9
3
20
4
26
31
152
21
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.7
7
Total..........................
77
687
57.9
185
Year and State.
Over 57 and
54 and under
under
60
57
54
Over 63 and
60 and! under
under
66
63
66
31
* 22
12
22
60
194
159
271
31
61
17
5
20
270
5
20
252
2
134
2
134
85
178
77
26
31
14
31
176
152
WEAVERS: Male.
1912.
A l a b a m a ............................................
C o n n e c t i c u t .....................................
G e o r g i a ...............................................
M a i n e ....................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e .........................
N o r t h C a r o lin a ..............................
R h o d e I s l a n d .................................
S o u t h C a r o lin a ..............................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
T o t a l ......................................
38 8
97
768
384
2 ,9 0 3
6 2 .1
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 8 .0
5 4 .0
1
2
3
2
1
2
8
8
1 ,8 2 5
85 5
76 6
1 ,7 3 9
50
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .0
6 0 .0
5 5 .3
34
9 ,7 7 5
5 7 .5
2 ,9 3 7
7
343
69
85 0
349
2 ,5 1 2
6 1 .4
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 8 .0
5 4 .0
7
2
13
5
18
5
97
76 8
384
2 ,9 0 3
1 ,8 2 5
85 5
76 6
1 ,7 3 9
16
766
2 ,3 2 2
3 ,6 1 4
1913.
A l a b a m a ............................................
C o n n e c t i c u t .....................................
G e o r g i a ...............................................
M a in e ....................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ................................
13
5
18
N e w H a m p s h i r e ..........................
N o r t h C a r o lin a ..............................
R h o d e I s l a n d .................................
S o u t h C a r o lin a ..............................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
1
2
3
2
1
2
1 ,7 6 2
801
607
1 ,9 7 6
47
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .0
6 0 .0
5 5 .7
27
88
9 ,3 1 6
5 7 .7
2 ,5 3 9
T o t a l .......................................
2
5
26 2
3
78
3
78
24
86
69
850
34 9
2 ,5 1 2
1 ,7 6 2
801
607
1 ,9 7 6
20
607
2,200
3 ,8 8 9
WEAVERS: Female.
19 12.
Alabama...............................
Connecticut..........................
Georgia.................................
Maine....................................
Massachusetts......................
7
2
13
5
18
279
133
583
739
3,813
62.1
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
,133
739
3.8i§
169
583
67
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
T
V .—A V E R A G E AND C LA SSIFIED FU LL-TIM E H OURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AN D 1913— Continued.
able
CO TTO N -G O O D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
WEAVERS: Female—Concluded.
Y e a r a n d S ta t e .
N u m b e r o f e m p l o y e e s w h o s e f u l l -t i m e h o u r s p e r
w eek w ere—
Num
ber of
esta b
lis h
m e n ts.
Num
ber of
em
p lo y
e e s.
A ver
age
fu ll
tim e
h ours
per
w eek.
5
3 ,4 0 8
410
626
746
261
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .8
77
1 0 ,9 9 8
5 6 .9
3 ,8 9 0
32 0
134
55 6
782
4 ,1 2 3
6 1 .5
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 8 .0
5 4 .0
3 ,2 7 5
378
571
71 9
247
5 8 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .7
83
1 1 ,1 0 5
5 6 .8
4,206
54
O ver
54 a n d
u nder
57
57 a n d
u nder
60
O ver
63 a n d
60 a n d
under
u nder
63
60
6
6
6
6
1912,
N e w H a m p s h i r e ..........................
N o r t h C a r o lin a ..............................
R h o d e I s l a n d .................................
S o u t h C a r o lin a ..............................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
1
2
3
2
1
2
8
8
T o t a l ......................................
3 ,4 0 8
410
62 6
74 6
184
4 ,4 6 4
1 ,9 0 8
24
8
6
224
62 6
34
62
1913.
A l a b a m a ............................................
C o n n e c t i c u t .....................................
G e o r g i a ...............................................
M a in e ....................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ................................
13
5
18
N e w H a m p s h i r e ..........................
N o r t h C a r o lin a ..............................
R h o d e I s l a n d ____ I .....................
S o u t h C a r o lin a ..............................
O t h e r S t a t e s ...................................
1
2
3
2
1
2
7
2
5
88
T o t a l .......................................
Table
134
55 6
782
4 ,1 2 3
3 ,2 7 5
378
571
•
719
164
571
4 ,3 5 5
34
1 ,8 7 7
62
V I .—A V E R A G E
A N D C L A S S IF IE D F U L L -T IM E H O U R S O F W O R K
P E R W E E K I N E A C H S T A T E , B Y Y E A R S , 1912 A N D 1913.
CO TTO N -G O O D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
CARD STRIPPERS: Male.
State, and number of estab
lishments.
Alabama:
7 establishments...........
Connecticut:
2 establishments...........
Georgia:
13 establishments.........
Maine:
5 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
18 establishments.........
New Hampshire:
5 establishments...........
North Carolina:
12 establishments.........
Rhode Island:
3 establishments...........
South Carolina:
21 establishments.........
Num
ber
of em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
fuHtime
hours
per
week.
/ 1912
\ 1913
21
21
62.4
61.9
/ 1912
\ 1913
22
21
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
69
68
60.0
60.0
( 1912
\ 1913
51
53
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
279
283
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
1 1913
175
207
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
40
38
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
37
37
56.0
56.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
102
109
60.0
60.0
Number of employees whose fuH-time hours per
week were—
Year.
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
Over
63
60
and
and under
under . 66
63
60
12
14
22
21
1
1
i
69
68
51
53
279
283
175
207
40
38
37
37
i
102
109 i..........
66
8
6
68
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e V I . — AV ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED
FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Contd.
CO TTO N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G — Continued.
D R A W IN G ! T E N D E R S : M a le.
State, and number of estab
lishments.
Alabama:
5 establishments...........
Georgia:
13 establishments.........
Maine:
5 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
16 establishments.........
New Hampshire:
4 establishments...........
North Carolina:
, 12 establishments.........
Rhode Island:
3 establishments...........
South Carolina:
21 establishments.........
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Num
ber
of em
ploy
ees.
Aver-.
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
/ 1912
\ 1913
36
29
62.3
61.0
20
22
/ 1912
\ 1913
91
86
60.0
60.0
91
86
( 1912
\ 1913
35
34
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
190
159
54.0
54.0
J 1912
\ 1913
67
23
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
90
82
60.0
60.0
( 1912
\ 1913
39
37
56.0
56.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
151
151
60.0
60.0
Year.
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
66
4
4
12
3
35
34
190
159
67
2390
82
39
37
151
151
i
i
D R A W I N G T E N D E R S : F em a le .
Alabama:
6 establishments. . . . . . .
Georgia:
9 establishments...........
Maine:
4 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
15 establishments.........
New Hampshire:
5 establishments...........
1
/ 1912
\ 1913
40
30
62.0
60.0
27
30
/ 1912
\ 1913
53
62
60.0
60.0
53
62
/ 1912
\ 1913
45
51
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
190
220
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
177
204
58.0
58.0
13
45
51
190
220
177
204
F IN E S P E E D E R S : M a le.
Alabama:
6 establishments.
Georgia:
12
establishments
North Carolina:
12 establishments
South Carolina:
21 establishments
r 1912
\ 1913
54
57
62.6
61.2
31
46
/ 1912
\ 1913
112
167
60.0
60.0
112
167
/ 1912
\ 1913
123
120
60.0
60.0
123
/ 1912
\ 1913
329
358
60.0
60.0
329
358
120
23
11
W A G E S A N D H O U B S O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N ,
69
T able
V I .—AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
PE R W EE K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Contd.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
FIN E S P E E D E R S : F em a le.
Number
of em
ploy
ees.
/ 1912
\ 1913
80
77
62.4
61.7
/ 1912
\ 1913
38
39
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
115
130
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
133
173
58.0
58.0
\
/ 1912
1913
755
773
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
332
364
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
43
44
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
106
95
56.0
56.0
f 1912
1913
132
117
60.0
60.0
State, and number of estab
lishments.
Year.
Alabama:
Connecticut:
2 establishments...........
Georgia:
12 establishments.........
Maine:
5 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
18 establishments..........
New Hampshire:
5 establishments...........
North Carolina:
7 establishments...........
Bhode Island:
3 establishments...........
South Carolina:
19 establishments..........
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
\
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
66
63
66
30
19
5
6
45
52
38
39
115
130
133
173
755
773
|
332
364
43
44
1 .
.
106
95
!
132
117
I
L O O M F I X E R S : M ale.
Alabama:
7 establishments..
Connecticut:
2 establishments..
Georgia:
13
establishments.
Maine:
5 establishments..
Massachusetts:
18 establishments.
New Hampshire:
5 establishments..
North Carolina:
12 establishments.
Bhode Island:
3 establishments..
South Carolina:
21 establishments.
/ 1912
\ 1913
133
137
62.3
61.7
/ 1912
\ 1913
25
26
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
201
211
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
132
141
58.0
58. 0
/ 1912
\ 1913
558
595
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
529
513
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
128
125
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
191
178
56.0
56.0
1 1912
\ 1913
370
378
4
4
80
97
49
36
25
26
201
211
'
132
141
558
595
529
513
i
s........
60.0
60.0 .......
1
128
125
191
178
370378
i
70
B U L L E T IN
OF TH E
BUREAU
OE L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
T able V I .— AV ER A G E
AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Contd.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING— Continued.
S L A S H E R S : M a le.
State, and number of estab
lishments.
Alabama:
7 establishments..
Georgia:
13 establishments.
Maine:
5 establishments..
Massachusetts:
17 establishments.
New Hampshire:
5 establishments..
North Carolina:
10 establishments.
South Carolina:
21 establishments
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Number
of em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
f 1912
\ 1913
18
20
61.8
61.2
12
15
f 1912
\ 1913
45
61
60.0
60.0
45
61
/ 1912
\ 1913
30
29
58.0
58.0
f 1912
\ 1913
138
130
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
111
113
58.0
58.0
f 1912
\ 1913
33
33
60.0
60.0
33
33
/ 1912
{ 1913
43
57
60.0
60.0
43
57
Year.
54
Over
57
54
and
and
under under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and
under under
66
63
66
1
2
5
3
23
19
194
105
30
29
138
130
111
113
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M a le.
Massachusetts:
14
establishments. /
\
New Hampshire:
/
5 establishments.,
1
South Carolina:
/
13 establishments.
\
1912
1913
237
203
54.0
54.0
1912
1913
228
177
58.0
58.0
1912
1913
39
100
60.0
60.0
237
203
228
177
39
100
S P IN N E R S . F R A M E : F e m a le .
Alabama:
7 establishments.,
Connecticut:
2 establishments.,
Georgia:
13 establishments.
Maine:
5 establishments.,
Massachusetts:
18 establishments.
New Hampshire:
5 establishments.
North Carolina:
12 establishments.
Rhode Island:
3 establishments.,
South Carolina:
21 establishments.
/ 1912
\ 1913
468
374
62.6
61.8
/ 1912
\ 1913
77
93
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
701
788
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
351
368
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,668
1,714
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,184
1,208
58.0
58.0
f 1912
\ 1913
426
437
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
192
193
56.0
56.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,222
1,288
60.0
60.0
251
250
77
93
701
788
351
368
1,668
1,714
1,184
1,208
1
426
437
i
192
193
1,222
1,288
!
I
1
71
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
V I .—AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Contd.
T able
C O TTO N -G O O D S M ANUFACTURING— Continued.
S P IN N E R S , M U L E : M ale.
State, and number of estab
lishments.
Maine:
Massachusetts:
C6Slablishmonts. . . . . . .
New Hampshire:
2 establishments.. . . . . .
Rhode Island:
3 establishments.. . . . . .
Num
ber
of em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
/ 1912
\ 1913
49
40
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
111
117
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
20
21
58.0
58.0
( 1912 i
\ 1913 j
64
60
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
56.0
56.0
Year.
54
Over
57
54
and
and
under under
60
57
60
Over
63
60
and
and
under under
66
63
66
49
40
111
117
20
21
64
60
T R I M M E R S O R I N S P E C T O R S : F e m a le .
Alabama:
6 establishments. . . . . . . / 1912
\ 1913
Georgia:
f 1912
9 establishments........... \ 1913
Maine:
/ 1912
\ 1913
Massachusetts:
/ 1912
17 establishments......... \ 1913
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
4 establishments........... \ 1913
North Carolina:
j 1912
9 establishments........... \ 1913
Rhode Island:
/ 1912
\ 1913
South Carolina:
/ 1912
\ 1913
36
56
61.2
62.4
19
31
62
61
60.0
60.0
62
61
88
85
58.0
58.0
198
178
54.0
54.0
94
77
58.0
58.0
31
26
60.0
60.0
22
31
56.0
56.0
159
152
60.0
60.0
5
17
20
2
3
134
78
88
85
198
178
94
77
31
26
22
31
159
152
W E A V E R S : M ale.
Alabama:
7 establishments.
Connecticut:
2 establishments.
Georgia:
13 establishments.
Maine:
5 establishments.,
Massachusetts:
18 establishments.
New Hampshire:
5 establishments..
/ 1912
\ 1913
388
343
62.1
61.4
/ 1912
\ 1913
97
69
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
768
850
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
384
349
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
2.903
2,512
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,825
1,762
58.0
58.0
252
262
97
69
768
850
384
349
2,903
2,512
1,825
1,762
72
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R
S T A T IS T IC S ,
V I.—AV ERA GE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 913— Concld.
T able
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— C o n t in u e d .
W E A V E R S : M a le — Concluded.
State, and number of estab
lishments.
Year.
North Carolina:
1912
1 establishments......... /\ 1913
2
Rhode Island:
/ 1912
\ 1913
South Carolina:
2 establishments......... /\ 1912
1
1913
Num
ber
of em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
855
801
60.0
60.0
766
607
56.0
56.0
1,739
1,976
Number of employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
60.0
60.0
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
Over
63
60
and
and under
under
6
6
63
60
6
6
855
801
76
6
607
1,739
1,976
W E A V E R S : F em a le.
Alabama:
7establishments..
Connecticut:
2establishments..
Georgia:
13 establishments.
Maine:
5 establishments..
Massachusetts:
18 establishments.
New Hampshire:
5 establishments..
North Carolina:
1 establishments.
2
Rhode Island:
3 establishments.
South Carolina:
2 establishments,
1
/ 1912
\ 1913
279
320
62.1
61.5
/ 1912
\ 1913
133
134
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
583
556
60.0
60.0
1912
\ 1913
739
782
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
3,813
4,123
54. 0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
3,408
3,275
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
410
378
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
626
571
56.0
56.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
746
719
60.0
60.0
J
8
6
24
34
169
224
133
134
62
!
.......... !...........
583
556
739
782
i
3,813
4,123
j
3,408
3,275
i
410
378
|
626
571
I
719
Y3
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- C O T T O N
T a b l e V I I . — A V ERA G E FULL-TIM E H OURS OF W O RK P E R W E E K AND
A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS, B Y STATES,
1913.
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
1912 AND
C A R D S T R I P P E R S : M a le.
1912
State.
Alabama......................................
Connecticut.................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
Total..................................
1913
•
Number
of
establish Number Average Average Number Average Average
ments.
of em full-time full-time
of em full-time full-time
weekly
ployees. hours per earnings. ployees. hours per weekly
week.
week.
earnings.
7
2
2
1
2
2
62.4
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
13
5
18
69
51
279
5
175
40
37
12
0
8
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.5
804
57.1
1
2
3
2
1
2
8
8
2
1
2
1
6
8
61.9
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$6. 59
8 03
.
7. 07
7. 72
8 04
.
8 30
.
6.49
8 36
.
6 69
.
7. 59
207
38
37
109
8
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.5
8 38
.
7. 03
8 37
.
6 99
.
8 46
.
7. 62
845
57.2
7. 83
29
$6. 58
8 00
.
7.10
7. 61
7. 76
'
53
283
D R A W IN G T E N D E R S : M ale.
Alabama......................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
5
13
5
16
4
36
91
35
190
67
62.3
60.0
58. 0
54. 0
58.0
$5. 42
5. 86
6 43
.
6 72
.
7.17
61.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
$5.31
34
159
23
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
1
2
3
2
1
3
90
39
151
28
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.3
5. 88
7. 03
5.41
6 35
.
82
37
151
23
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.1
5.96
7. 28
5. 72
6 74
.
Total..................................
82
727
57.9
6.20
624
58.0
6.31
30
62
51
$5.13
6 42
.
6 04
.
6 33
.
7. 00
6 30
.
6 48
.
8
6
61
.0
6 31
.
6 84
.
7. 98
D R A W IN G T E N D E R S : F em a le .
6
Alabama......................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
Other States................................
9
4
15
5
40
53
45
190
177
$4.98
6 20
.
5. 79
6. 29
6 54
.
6.35
20
2
2
0
62.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58. 0
57. 3
204
27
60.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
57. 4
Total..................................
45
525
57.0
6 23
.
594
56.8
$7. 58
8 55
.
8 80
.
8. 63
8. 21
57
167
10
2
358
43
61.2 j
60.0 !
60.0
60.0
54. 4
8 52
.
745
59.8
6
F IN E S P E E D E R S : M ale.
Alabama.....................................
Georgia........................................
North Calorina............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
Total..................................
6
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
0
123
329
62
62.6
60.0
60.0
60. 0
54. 8
61
680
59.7
54
12
1
1
$7.82
8.53
9. 01
8 73
.
8. 38
8 72
.
74
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
V I I . —AV ERA G E FULL-TIM E HOURS .OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND
A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS, B Y STATES, 1912 AND
1913— Continued.
T able
CO TTO N -G OO D S MANUFACTURING— Continued.
F IN E S P E E D E R S : F e m a le .
1912
State.
Alabama......................................
Connecticut.................................
Georgia ......................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
Number
of
establish Number Average
ments.
of em full-time
ployees. hours per
week.
7
2
1
2
5
18
80
38
115
133
755
1913
Average
Average Average
full-time Number full-time full-time
of em
weekly ployees. hours per weekly
earnings.
week.
earnings.
62.4
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
New Hampshire.........................
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
5
7
3
19
2
332
43
106
132
57
Total..................................
1,791
77
39
130
173
773
61. 7
58. 0
60. 0
58.0
54.0
$7. 45
7. 77
7. 59
9. 00
8 75
.
9.22
9. 08
7. 73
6 91
.
364
44
95
117
43
58.0
60.0
56. 0
60. 0
56.0
9. 23
7. 43
9. 26
7. 66
8 00
.
8. 38
1,855
56.7
8 55
.
137
26
61.7
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$10. 90
14.17
10. 96
13. 96
14.09
14. 41
10. 17
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.0
80
$6. 78
8 31
.
7. 70
8 75
.
8 42
.
56.7
6 99
.
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
Alabama......................................
Connecticut.................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
Total..................................
7
2
133
25
62.3
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$10. 83
14. 30
10.50
14.67
14.00
14.41
1 . 08
0
513
125
14. 85
370
23
58.0
60.0
56. 0
60.0
56.6
178
10. 40
10. 42
378
17
58.0
60.0
56. 0
60.0
56. 8
2,290
57.7
12.84
2,321
57.6
12. 93
13
5
18
21
0
5
529
128
132
558
1
2
3
2
1
2
8
8
191
21
1
141
595
14 . 91
10. 54
11. 29
S L A S H E R S : M a le.
Alabama......................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
7
13
5
17
18
45
30
138
61.8
60.0
58.0
54.0
$8. 95
9. 21
11.96
12. 39
61
29
130
2
0
61.2
60.0
58.0
54.0
$8. 79
8 76
.
11.91
1 . 66
2
New Hampshire.........................
North Carolina............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
1
0
2
1
5
11
1
7
33
43
31
58.0
60.0
60.0
56.6
16. 43
8 49
.
9. 18
12. 83
113
33
57
29
58.0
60.0
60.0
56. 7
16. 71
9. 04
8 26
.
12. 51
Total..................................
85
449
57.4
12. 34
472
57.6
1 .1
22
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M ale.
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
14
5
13
17
237
228
39
60
54.0
58.0
60.0
59. 9
$8. 40
8 51
.
6 78
.
6 61
.
203
177
10
0
50
54.0
58. 0
60. 0
58. 8
$8. 24
8.83
6.60
7.70
Total..................................
49
564
56. 7
8.14
530
56.9
8. 07
W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
75
T able
VII.— ERA G E FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND
AV
AV ER A G E FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS, B Y STATES, 1912 AND
1913— Continued.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING—Continued.
SPINNERS, F R A M E : Female.
1912
1913
Number
of
establish Number Average Average Number Average Average
of em full-time full-time
of em full-time full-time
ments.
weekly
weekly
ployees. hours per earnings. ployees. hours per earnings.
week.
week.
State.
Alabama......................................
Connecticut.................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
7
2
13
5
18
468
77
701
351
* 1,668
62.6
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$6.23
8.37
6. 43
7. 72
7.87
374
93
788
368
1,714
61.8
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$5.97
7.99
6.21
8.19
8.05
5
New Hampshire.........................
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
3
21
2
1,184
426
192
1,222
75
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.9
8.33
5. 71
6. 76
6.09
6.60
1,208
437
193
1,288
98
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
57.0
8.57
6.06
8.06
6.14
6. 87
Total..................................
88
6,364
58.0
6. 98
6,561
57.9
7. 29
12
SPINN ERS, M U LE : Male.
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
Rhode Island..............................
Other States................................
3
6
2
3
2
49
111
20
64
22
58.0
54.0
58.0
56.0
56.7
$14.56
18. 32
14.51
12. 95
11.43
40
117
21
60
20
58.0
54.0
58.0
56.0
57.0
$14.34
18.10
14. 74
13.21
11.36
Total..................................
16
266
55.7
15. 48
258
55.6
15.58
T R IM M E R S O R IN S P E C T O R S : Female.
Alabama......................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
6
9
5
17
4
36
62
88
198
94
61.2
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
$5. 77
5. 71
6. 50
6. 77
8. 20
56
61
85
178
77
62.4
60.0
58.0
54.0
58.0
$6.15
6.19
6.14
6. 90
8.19
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
9
3
20
4
31
22
159
18
60.0
56.0
60.0
56.7
5.64
9.11
4.99
6. 78
26
31
152
21
60.0
56.0
60.0
56. 7
5. 81
7. 53
5. 03
6. 68
Total..................................
77
708
57.7
6.41
687
57.9
6. 39
W EA V E R S: Male.
Alabama
_
__
Connecticut.................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
7
2
13
5
18
388
97
768
384
2,903
62.1
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$8. 75
10. 59
8. 59
11.41
9.70
343
69
850
349
2,512
61. 4
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
$8.80
10.82
8. 71
11. 54
9. 82
New Hampshire......................... '
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
5
12
3
21
2
1,825
855
766
1,739
50
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55.3
11.03
8. 63
10. 74
8. 40
9. 60
1,762
801
607
1,976
47
58.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
55. 7
11.08
8. 79
10. 94
8. 58
9. 63
88
9,775
57.5
9. 52
9,316
57. 7
9. 71
Total..................................
76
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T able
V I I . — AV E R A G E FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W EE K AND
A V ERA G E FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, B Y STATES, 1912 AN D
1913— Concluded.
COTTON-GOOD S M A N U F A C T U R IN G — Concluded.
W E A V E R S: Female.
1913
State.
1913
Number
of
Average
establish Number full-time
of em hours per
ments.
ployees.
week.
Average
Average Average
full-time Number full-time full-time
of em hours per weekly
weekly
earnings. ployees.
week.
earnings.
Alabama......................................
Connecticut.................................
Georgia........................................
Maine...........................................
Massachusetts.............................
7
2
13
5
18
279
133
583
739
3,813
62.1
58.0
60.0
58.0
54.0
87. 72
8.58
7. 83
9.44
9.01
320
134
556
782
4,123
61. 5
58. 0
60. 0
58.0
54.0
87.86
8.07
7.97
9.68
8. 93
New Hampshire.........................
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island..............................
South Carolina............................
Other States................................
5
12
3
21
2
3,408
410
626
746
261
58.0
60. 0
56.0
60.0
56.8
10. 43
7. 83
9. 55
7. 63
8. 29
3,275
378
571
719
247
58.0
60. 0
56. 0
60.0
56. 7
10. 42
8.05
9.70
7. 78
8.90
Total..................................
88
10,998
56.9
9. 26
11,105
56.8
9.29
T able
VIII.—AV E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED R A TES OF WAGES P E R HOUR
IN THE U N ITE D STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1911 TO 1913.
CO TTO N -G OO D S FINISHING.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NU M BER.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish Year. em
ploy
ments.
ees.
Calendrers, male:
f1911
20 establishments. . \1912
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per
hour.
Aver
age
rate
8 10 12
of
wages and and and
un un un
per
hour. der der der
10 12 14
cts. cts. cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
50
and
un
der
60
cts.
60
cts.
and
over.
412
409
57.9 80.1487
57.8 .1513
17
28
79 213 100
58 180 128
2
12
1
3
(1912
20 establishments.. \1913
Engravers, male:
(1911
12 establishments. . \1912
422
395
58.1
57.8
.1502
.1530
29
65 195 124
60 204 114
5
15
4
2
179
166
55.8
55.4
.4790
.4834
9 114
6 94
54
64
2
2
/1912
11 establishments.. \1913
Folders, male:
19 establishments.. /1911
\1912
123
107
55.8
55.9
.4882
. 4840
1
3
78
70
42
32
2
2
268
277
57.4
57.2
.2300
.2464
19 establishments. . /1912
\1913
Knotters, female:
(1911
19 establishments. . \1912
276
250
57.7
57.1
. 2433
.2501
281
296
56.9
56.1
. 1158
.1212
(1912
19 establishments.. \1913
Laborers, bleach house,
male:
jl911
19 establishments. . \1912
300
274
56.5
55.9
688
748
19 establishments. . /1912
\1913
714
787
2
28
28
13
7
46
27
94 58
65 108
27
36
4
2
28
7
11
26
12
82
95
91
99
36
33
4
2
72 131| 23
671 109 57
18
16
32
35
4
6
1
4
2
.1212
.1176
50 134
40 125
16
26
35
23
6
4
1
2
57.5
57.2
.1327
.1368
40 107 283 206
36 57 323 244
32
64
11
10
8
14
1
57.7
57.7
.1365
.1420
26
11
54
75
10
14
12
32
53
59
51 327 234
60 315 279
!
i ' . . J .............
77
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
T able
V I I I . — AV ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OFAVAGES P E R H O U R
IN THE U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1911 TO 1913— Concluded.
CO TTON-GOODS FINISHING -Continued.
N U M B E R — Concluded.
Num
Occupation, sex, and
ber of
number of establish Year. em
ments.
ploy
ees.
Laborers, color mixing,
male:
/1911
12 establishments. . \1912
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per
hour.
Aver
age
rate
8 10 12 14
of
wages and and and and
un un un un
per
hour. der der der der
10 12 14 16
cts. cts. cts. cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
263
270
57.7 $0.1464
57.4
1473
1
3
79 140
72 152
33
32
7
9
58.4
58.6
.1448
.1490
3
1
84 130
62 139
16
28
8
12
57.7
57.2
.1443
56 369 577 202
40 157 550 486
13
25
27 establishments.. /1912
\1913
Printers, male:
12 establishments. . /1911
\1912
1,179
1,120
57.4
57.4
24 160 497 465
27 210 408 443
22
25
156
164
56.9
56.7
12 establishments. . /1912
\1913
137
133
57.4
57.1
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
50
and
un
der
60
cts.
60
cts.
and
over.
2
4
1,229
1,268
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
3
2
243
246
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
<1912
12 establishments. . \1913
La bo rers,
dyehouse,
male:
f 1911
30 establishments.. \1912
5
" 3
7
1
0
|
11
4
15
18
1
4
5
9
13 123
13 124
18
17
9
8
22
11
88
93
PE R CENT.
Calendrers, male:
20 establishments. . /1911
\1912
/1912
20 establishments. . \1913
Engravers, male:
12 establishments. . /1911
11912
/1912
11 establishments.. \1913
Folders, male:
/1911
19 establishments.. \1912
19 establishments. . (1912
\1913
Knotters, female:
19 establishments.. /1911
\1912
/1912
19 establishments. . \1913
Laborers, bleach house,
male:
19 establishments. . /1911
\1912
/1912
19 establishments.. \1913
Laborers, color mixing,
male:
12 establishments.. J1911
\1912
/1912
12 establishments.. \1913
Laborers,
dyehouse,
male:
/1911
.30 establishments.. \1912
27 establishments. . /1912
\1913
Printers, male:
/1911
12 establishments. . \1912
/1912
\1913
12 establishments..
412
409
422
395
179
166
123
107
268
277
276
250
281
296
300
274
57.9 $0.1487
4.1 19.2 51.7 24.3 0.5 0.2
57.8 .1513
6.8 14.2 44.0 31.3 2.9 .7
58.1 .1502
6.9 15.4 46.2 29.4 1.2 .9
15.2 51.6 28.9 3.8 .5
57.8 .1530
5.0 63.7 30.2
55.8 .4790
55.4 .4834
3.6,56.6 38.6
. 8 63.4 34.1
.4882
55.8
55.9 .4840
2.8 65.4 29.9
57.4 .2300
.7 10.4 4.9 17.2 35.1 21.6 10.1
57.2 . .2464
10.1 2.5 9.7 23.5 39.0 13.0 ’ i.*4 "'.7
57.7 .2433
10.1 2.5 9.4 29.7 33.0 13.0 1.4 .7
57.1 .2501
4.4 4.8 38.0 39.6 13.2
56.9 .1158 25.6 46.6 8.2 6.4 11.4 1.4 .4
56.1 .1212 22.6 36.8 19.3 5.4 11.8 2.0 1.4 ".*7
56.5 .1212 16.7 44.7 17.7 5.3 11.7 2.0 1.3 .7
.4
55.9 .1176 14.6 45.6 21.5 9.5 8.4
688
748
714
787
57.5
57.2
57.7
57.7
.1327
.1368
.1365
.1420
263
270
243
246
57.7
57.4
58.4
58.6
.1464
.1473
.1448
.1490
.4 30.0 53.2 12.5
1.1 26.7 56.3 11.9
1.2 34.6 53.5 6.6
.4 25.2 56.5 11.4
2.7 1.1
3.3 .7
3.3 .8
4.9 1.6
_
1,229
1,268
1,179
1,120
156
164
137
133
57.7
57.2
57.4
57.4
56.9
56. 7
57.4
57.1
.1443 .4
.1529
.1538
.1530 "‘ .'3
.4890
.4867
.4720
.4695
4.6 30.0 46.9 16.4
3.2 12.4 43.4 38.3
2.0 13.6 42.2 39.4
2.4 18.8 36.4 39.6
1.1
2.0
1.9
2.2
----
5.8 15.6 41.1 29.9
4.8 7.6 43.2 32.6
3.6 7.1 45.8 32.8
1.4 7.6 40.0 35.5
4.7
8.6
7.6
9.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.9
1.7
4.1
.6
.8
.9
.4
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.9
.1
_
9.6 3.2
11.0 5.5
j
1
;.......
.......
1
8.3 78.8
7.9 75.6;.......
13.1 6.6 16.1 64.2.......
3.0 12.8 6.0 8.3 69.9].......
78
B U L L E T IN
T able
OF T H E
BUREAU
O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
I X . —AV ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
COTTON-GOODS FINISHING— Continued.
CALENDRERS: Male.
Average
fuHtime
hours
per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate
8 10 12 1
4
of
and
wages and and and un
un un un
per der der der der
hour. 10 12 14 16
cts. cts. cts. cts.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts .......
New Jersey..................
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
4
2
7
5
117
55
53
122
75
58.0 SO.1419
57.6 .1370
60.0 . 1583;___
56.9 .1573
59.1 .1555
Total..................
20
422
58.1
. 1502
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
New Jersey..................
Rhode Island..............
Other'States................
2
4
2
7
5
116
50
44
119
66
58.0
57.4
60.0
56.8
58.2
.1478
. 1375
.1616
.1578
.1597
24
29
Total..................
20
395
57.8
.1530
Year and State.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
31
1
26
55
11
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
i
i
i
65 195 124
5
4
|
2i
54
10
2
7
6
1
1
" " i .......
60 204 114
15
2
i
i
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
50
and 60
un cts.
der and
60 over.
cts.
1912.
28
1
29
18
36
6
4
1
38
18
19
59
61
1913.
7
63
21
20
50
50
29
i
E N G R A V E R S : M ale.
19 12.
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts.............
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
3
4
2
14
70
22
17
51.4 SO 5302
.
58.0 .4722
55.0 .4731
51.8 .5390
5
61
11
1
7
9
10
16
2
1
Total..................
11
123
55.8
.4882
1
78
42
2
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
Rhode Island..............
Other States..............
2
3
4
2
15
50
19
23
51.2
55.7
55.3
58.2
.5174
.4833
.4702
.4749
1
5
37
9
19
7
13
8
4
2
2
Total..................
11
107
55.9
.4840
3
70
32
2
19 13.
1
1
F O L D E R S : M ale.
19 13.
Connecticut.....
Massachusetts.............
New Jersey..................
New Y ork...................
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
2
2
6
3
18
56
18
39
110
35
60.0 $0.1821
57.3 .2960
60.0 .1930
60.0 .1919
56.0 .2693
58.7 .1920
22
Total..................
19
276
57.7
.2433
28
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
New Jersey..................
New York...................
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
4
2
2
6
3
18
48
19
34
102
29
60.0
55.5
60.0
57.7
56.0
58.9
.
1878'
.2910
•
1987!....
. ..
2070 ..
. ...
2710
Total..................
19
250
57.1
. 2501j
4
4
1
5
2
3
3
6
13
2
8
23
7
23
21
26
82
7
i
,
7
26
71
13
10
4
!
2
91
36
4
2
19 13.
.2271
i
9
1
12
19
8
8
32 _.
21
2
1
1
1
11
78
12
2
13
1
3
11
12
6
95j 99
33
|
""1 ""
i
79
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
T able I X . — A V E R A G E
AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF W AGES P E R HO UR
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
COTTON-GOODS FINISHING—Continued.
KNOTTERS: Female.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Year and State.
Aver- Aver
age
rate
8 10 12
of
time
hours wages and and and
un un un
per der
per
week. hour. 10 der der
12 14
cts. cts. cts.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
2
4
2
2
3
18
76
14
39
118
35
58.0 $0.1014
54.0 .1445
60.0 .0953
60.0 .1089
55.7 .1206
58.7 .1065
19
300
56.5
2
16
74
15
32
95
42
58.0
54.0
60.0
54.0
55.7
58.7
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
11
28
18
and
un
der
20
and
un
der
20 25
cts. cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
50
and 60
un cts.
der and
60 over.
cts.
1913.
Connecticut...
Massachusetts.,
New Jersey...
New Y ork___
Rhode Island.
Other States..
Total___
6
37
4 ....................................
5
5
7
6
4
2
7 ....................................
50 134
53
16
35
36
14
23
2
1913.
Connecticut...
Massachusetts.
New Jersey...
New Y ork___
Rhode Island.
Other States..
4
2
2
6
3
274
T ota l...
.1005
.1448
.0853
.1175
.1102
.1048
7
9
15
21
18
.1176
57
38
125
1
ii
8
12
4 ....
59
L A B O R E R S , B L E A C H H O U S E : M a le .
1913.
2
3
2
2
7
3
i
19
95
137
52
43
309
78
60.0 $0.1362
57.7 .1338
60.0 .1400
60. 0 .1312 ” i2
56.0 .1381
5
58.5 .1362
2 61 27
20 71 29
6 22
8
1
8 15
22 114 129
51 26
2
5
15
7
24
1
714
57.7
.1365
51 327 234
54
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
New Jersey..................
New Y ork...................
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
3
2
2
7
3
93
167
61
68
306
92
60.0
58.0
60.0
58.3
56.0
58.6
.1374
.1344 ***7
.1384
.1808
4
.1406
. 1391
2
26
1
Total..................
19
787
57.7
.1420
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
New Jersey..................
N ew Y ork...................
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
Total..................
26
3
3
1
6
9
10
12
4
6 **2
15
14
7
32
5
4
2
25
4
1
75
14
32
1
1
4
2
1913.
11
20
11
55 31
93 33
4
39
21
1
84 156
23 54
60 315 279
1
L A B O R E R S , C O L O R M I X I N G : M a le .
1912.
2
40
21
21
32
54
15
29
4
5
4
3
3
3
84 130
16
8
2
.1544
.1473
.1459
.1498
6
13 " * ' 5
5
1
4
6
3
1
3
33
14
12
.1490
1
62 139
12
4
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
3
4
3
41
103
43
56
60.0 $0.1515
58.0 .1444
56.0 .1383
60.0 .1457
3
Total..................
12
243
58.4
.1448
2
3
4
3
48
106
36
56
60.0
58.0
56.0
60.0
246j 58.6
1913.
Connecticut...............
Massachusetts...........
Rhode Island_
Other States_
Total..................
12
36
55
15
33
28
|
1
1
...
I
I
—
I
1
80
B U L L E T IN
T able
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
I.X.—AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES PE R HOUR
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
CO TTO N -G O O D S FINISHING— Continued.
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U SE : M ale.
Year and State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
3
9
3
2
5
5
98
415
394
42
155
75
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
8
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
23 61
8
3
83 220 110
2
15 88 280 11
61 4 31
15 99 27 ’ ""(i
9
18 25
3
22
11
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
50
and 60
un cts.
der and
60 over.
cts.
i
1
1912.
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
New Hampshire.........
New Jersey..................
Rhode Island............
Other States................
Total..................
27
59. GSO 1496
.
56.0 .1498
58.0 .1621
60.0 .1630
56.7 . 1528
59.2 .1357
2
22
1,179
57.4
.1538
24 160 497 465
94
398
340
42
167
79
59.8
55.9
58.0
60.0
56.9
59.1
.1484
.1505
.1634
.1615
.1464 ' " 3
.1350
24 56 11
3
130 151 116
4 66 259 " i i
2
5
3 31
1 30 107 16
8
24 17 25 10
3
1,120
57.4
. 1530
1
6!
1
'
1913.
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts..............
New Hampshire.........
New Jersey..................
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
Total..................
1
r ~
3
9
3
2
5
5
27
2
!
27 210 408 443
1
1
2
1
'
1
___1
___
1
!
I
!
... i .
1
1
1
i
1____
1
"'1 .......
25| 4
1
PR IN T E R S : M ale.
1912.
Connecticut,
............
Massachusetts...........
Rhode Island..............
Other States................
2
3
4
3
20
62
32
23
55.0 SO.5255
58.0 .4291
56.0 .5179
59.7 .4775
IS
1 20
33
30
5
18
Total..................
12
137
57.4
.4720
18! 9
1
22i 8
8
Connecticut.........
Massachusetts . .
2
3
4
3
20
62
28
23
55.0
58.0
56.0
58.1
.5346
.4164
.5177
.4973
4
17
Total...........
12
133
57.1
.4695
4
17
1 9 2
2
1913.
Rhode Island__
Other States............
8
1
8
20
1 32
! 28
10 1
3
11| 93
81
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
T able
X . — AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913.
CO TTO N -G O O D S FINISHING—Continued.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
C A L E N D R E R S: Male.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per
hour.
State, and number of
establishments.
ber of
Year. em
ploy
ees.
Connecticut:
,1912
2
establishments—
\1913
Massachusetts:
/1912
4 establishments_ \1913
New Jersey:
/1912
2 establishments — \1913
Rhode Island:
1912
7 establishments — \1913
117
116
Aver- Aver
age
full rate
8 10 12
of
time
hours wages and and and
un un un
per
per
week. hour. der der der
10 12 14
cts. cts. cts.
58.0 $0.1419
58.0 .1478
28
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
18
24
38
63
31
29
1
1
55
50
57.6
57.4
.1370
.1375
36
29
18
21
60.0
60.0
. 1583
.1616
6
19
20
26
21
1
2
56.9
56.8
.1573
.1578
4
7
59
50
55
54
2
7
50
and 60
un cts.
der and
63 over.
cts.
1
1
122
119
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
1
53
44
25 30
and and
un- undor .der
33 40
cts. cts.
2
1
E N G R A V E R S : Male.
Connecticut:
2 establishments —
Massachusetts:
3 establishments —
Rhode Island:
4 establishments.. .
JI912
\1913
14
15
51.4 $0.5302
51.2 .5174
f1912
\1913
70
50
58.0 . 4722
55.7 .4833
|1912
\1913
22
19
55.0
55.3
1
5
5
7
7
2
2
61
37
1
2
.4731
.4702
9 .......
13'.......
11
9
10
!
8:
F O L D E R S : Male.
Connecticut:
2establishments__ ^
1913
Massachusetts:
4 establishments.. . ^3
New Jersey:
2 establishments. . . /1912
\
1913
New York:
1912
2 establishments. - - \1913
Rhode Island:
,1912
Gestablishments.. . j\l9l3
18
18
60.0 $0.1821
60.0 . 1878
56
48
57.3
55.5
18
19
60.0
60.0
.1930
.1987
39
34
60.0
54.7
.1919
.2070
110
102
56.0
56.0
.2693
. 2710
1
K N O T T E R S : Female.
Connecticut:
1912
2 establishments.. - \1913
Massachusetts:
1912
4 establishments — \1913
New Jersey:
2 establishments.. . /1912
\1913
New York:
/1912
2 establishments.. - {l913
Rhode Island:
/1912
6 establishments. . . |l913
18
16
76
74
14
15
39
32
118
95
43944°—Bull. 150— 14---- 56
1
6
.2960
.2940
4
5
8
12
23
19
2
3
2
3
1
6
9
7
8
26
21
7
8
13 23
1 32
2 21
1 11
71
78
10
4
2
12___ . . . !...........
I
1
82
T able
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
X . —AV E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
COTTON-GOODS FINISHING— Continued.
LABORERS, BLEACH HOUSE: Male.
State, and number of
establishments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
Y ear. em time
ploy hours
per
ees.
week.
Connecticut:
/1912
2 establishments.. \1913
Massachusetts:
1912
3 establishments.. -111913
New Jersey:
1/1912
2 establishments.. *j11913
New York:
1/1912
2 establishments. - • \1913
Rhode Island:
1/1912
7 establishments. - •11913
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per
hour.
Aver
age
rate
8 10 12
of
and
wages un and and
un un
per
hour. der der der
10 12 14
cts. cts. cts.
60.0 SO 136:
.
60.0 .1374
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
.1338
. 1344
.1400
.1384
.1312
.1808
12
53.0
56.0
.1381
.1406
5
4
9
7
61
55
27
31
2
4
20
26
71
93
29
33
5
6
22
39
8
4
15
15
1
1
8
21
15
1
7
14
7
25
22 114 129
20 84 156
24
32
6
5
9
4
25 30 40 50
and and and and
un un un
der der der der
30 40 ro 60
cts. cts. cts. cts.
3
2
6
1
57.7
58.0
60.0
58.3
309
300
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
2
2
60.0
60.0
137
1C7
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
2
3
3
1
2
1
L A B O R E R S , C O L O R M I X I N G : M a le.
Connecticut:
2 establishments. - Massachusttts:
3 establishments__
Rhode Island:
4 establishments__
/1912
\1913
41
48
/1912
11913
103
106
58.0
58.0
/1912
11913
43
36
56.0
56.0
60.0 $0.1515
60.0 .1544
2
3
32
36
1
.1444
.1473
40
33
54
55
4
5
.1383
.1459
21
15
15
1
14
1
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le.
Connecticut:
3 establishments.. .
Massachusetts:
9 establishments.. .
New Hampshire:
3 establishments.. .
New Jersey:
2 establishments.. .
Rhode Island:
5 establishments.. .
/1912
\1913
98
94
/1912
11913
415
398
56.0
55.9
.1498
.1505
/1912
\1913
394
340
58.0
58.0
.1621
.1634
/1912
\1913
42
42
60.0
60.0
.1630 .............
.1615 . . . .
2
/1912
\1913
155
167
56.7
56.9
.1528
. 1464
59.6 $0.1496
59.8 .1484
23
24
61
56
8
11
83 220 110
130 151 116
15
4
3
2
1
6
5
3 3
3 . ...
2
1
88
280 #11
66 259 11
4, 31
3 31
15 99
30 107
27
16
1
1
6
8
6
2
P R I N T E R S : M a le.
Connecticut:
2 establishments.. .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.. .
Rhode Island:
4 establishments.. .
H9i2
[1913
20
20
55.0 SO.5255
55.0 .5346
(1912
[1913
62
62
58.0
58.0
.4291
.4164
1912
[1913
32
28
56.0
56.0
.5179
.5177
20
20
4
18
17
9
8
2
1
33
32
2
30
28
60
cts.
and
over.
W A G E S AND H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
83
XI.— ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
AV
PE R W E E K IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1911 TO 1913.
T able
CO TTO N -G OO D S FINISHING— Continued.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUMBER.
Employees whose full-time hours per week
Aver
were—
age
full
time
Over
57
51
hours Over
Over
48 and and
and
per
54 54 and under
under under
under
60
week.
54
51
57
60
Year.
Num
ber
of em
ploy
ees.
Calendrers, male:
20 establishments.
/ 1911
\ 1912
412
409
57.9
57.8
13
20 establishments,
/ 1912
\ 1913
422
395
58.1
57.8
6
15
Engravers, male:
12 establishments,
/ 1911
\ 1912
179
166
55.8
55. 4
6
6
26
23
/ 1912
11 establishments,
\ 1913
Folders, male:
/ 1911
19 establishments......... \ 1912
123
107
55.8
55.9
6
6
23
27
268
277
57.4
57.2
23
158
127
/ 1912
\ 1913
276
250
57.7
57.1
10
43
110
102
/ 1911
\ 1912
281
296
56.9
56.1
84
183
135
/ 1912
\ 1913
300
274
56.5
55.9
76
106
118
/ 1911
\ 1912
688
748
57.5
57.2
65
/ 1912
19 establishments......... \ 1913
Laborers, color mixing,
male:
/
12 establishments. . . . . \ 1911
1912
714
787
57.7
57.7
263
270
57.7
57.4
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
19 establishments.......
Knotters, female:
19 establishments.......
19 establishments.......
Laborers, bleach house
male:
19 establishments. . . . .
118
110
201
120
364
339
128
187
196
157
9
19
309
306
187
232
209
230
39
106
64
90
103
193
243
246
58.4
58.6
1,229
1,268
57.7
57.2
271
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,179
1,120
57.4
57.4
209
209
/ 1911
\ 1912
156
164
56.9
56.7
22
/ 1912
\ 1913
137
133
57.4
57.1
12 establishments
92
36
/ 1912
12 establishments........ \ 1913
Laborers, dyehouse, male:
f 1911
30 establishments......... \ 1912
27 establishments
Printers, male:
12 establishments
201
201
103
106
97
104
415
148
575
649
230
126
130
649
575
195
206
200
84
BULLETIN OP THE BUBEAU OP LABOB STATISTICS.
X I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W EE K IN TH E UN ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1911 TO 1913—
Concluded.
Table
CO TTO N -G O O D S FINISHING— Continued,
PER CENT.
Employees whose full-time hours per week
Aver
were—
age
full
time
Over
Over
51
57
hours 48 and and
Over
54 and and
54
per
60
under under
under under
60
week.
54
51
57
60
1
Year.
Num
ber
of em
ploy
ees.
Calendrers, male:
1911
20 establishments......... / 1912
\
412
409
57.9
57.8
3.2
28.6
26.9
48.8
49.1
22. 6
20.8
/ 1912
\ 1913
422
395
58.1
57.8
1.4
3.8
22.5
24.1
47.6
48.9
28.4
23.3
/ 1911
\ 1912
179
166
55.8
55.4
3.4
3.6
14.5
13.9
21.7
40.2
18.7
41.9
42.2
/ 1912
\ 1913
123
107
55.8
55.9
4.9
5.6
18.7
25.2
18.7
17.8
56.9
34.6
.8
16.8
/ 1911
\ 1912
268
277
57.4
57.2
8.3
59.0
45.8
14.2
24.5
26.9
21.3
f 1912
t 1913
276
250
57.7
57.1
3.6
17.2
39.9
40.8
24.6
13.6
31.9
28. 4
/ 1911
\ 1912
281
296
56.9
56.1
28.4
65.1
45.6
18.9
13.5
16. 0
12.5
/ 1912
19 establishments.........
\ 1913
Laborers, bleach house,
male:
/ 1911
19 esta b lish m en ts...........
\ 1912
300
274
56.5
55.9
25.3
38.7
39.3
34.7
13.3
16.1
22.0
10.6
688
748
57.5
57.2
8. 7
52.9
45.3
18.6
25.0
28.5
21.0
/ 1912
19 establishments.........
\ 1913
Laborers, color mixing,
male:
1911
12 establishments......... j 1912
\
714
787
57.7
57.7
1.3
2.4
43.3
38.9
26.2
29.5
29.3
29.2
263
270
57.7
57.4
14.4
40,3
23.7
34.2
38.1
25.5
23.7
f 1912
\ 1913
243
246
58.4
58.6
17. 7
14.6
42.4
43.1
39. 9
42.3
/ 1911
\ 1912
1,229
1,268
57.7
57.2
21.4
33.8
11.7
46.8
51.2
18.7
15.8
f 1912
\ 1913
1,179
1,120
57.4
57.4
17.7
18.7
10.7
11.6
55.0
51.3
16.5
18. 4
/ 1911
\ 1912
156
164
56.9
56.7
13.4
55.1
40.2
36.5
37.8
8.3
8. 5
f 1912
\ 1913
137
133
57.4
57.1
38.0
42.1
48.2
48.1
13.9
9.8
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
20 establishments. . . . . .
Engravers, male:
12 establishments.........
11 establishments.........
Folders, male:
19 establishments.........
19 establishments.........
Knotters, female:
19 establishments.........
12 establishments.........
Laborers, dvehouse, male:
30 establishments. . . . . .
27 establishments.........
Printers, male:
12 establishments.........
12 establishments
0.7
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR, 1901 TO 1913---- COTTON.
T able
85
X I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W EE K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
CO TTO N -G OO D S FINISHING— Continued.
C A L E N D R E R S : M a le.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Connecticut..........................
Massachusetts......................
New Jersey..........................
Rhode Island.......................
Other States........................
2
4
2
7
5
117
55
122
75
58.0
57.6
60.0
56.9
59.1
Total...........................
20
422
58.1
2
4
2
7
5
116
50
44
119
66
58.0
57.4
60.0
56.8
58.2
8
395
57.8
15
Year and State.
Over
48 and 51 and
under under
54
51
Over
54 and 57 and
under under
60
57
54
60
1912.
53
117
49
6
95
6
95
35
53
27
40
201
120
1913.
Connecticut..........................
Massachusetts......................
New Jersey. ..
.........
Rhode Island......................
Other States........................
Total..........................
20
ENGRAVERS: Male.
116
43
7
95
95
34
44
24
24
193
92
Over
60
86
B U L L E T IN
OE T H E
BUBEAU
OE L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W EE K IN EACH Y E A R . B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
T able X I I . —
C O TTO N -G O O D S FINISHING— Continued.
K N O T T E R S : F e m a le .
Aver Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
age
full
Over
time
Over
hours 48 and 51 and
54 and 57 and
Over
54
60
per
under under
under under
f0
54
60
week.
51
57
Numher of
estab
lish
ments.
Number of
em
ploy
ees.
Connecticut.........................
Massachusetts......................
New Jersey..........................
New Y ork............................
Rhode Island.......................
Other States........................
2
4
2
2
6
3
18
76
14
39
118
35
58.0
54.0
60.0
60.0
55.7
58.7
Total..........................
19
300
56.5
Connecticut.........................
Massachusetts......................
New Jersey..........................
New Y ork............................
Rhode Island......................
Other States........................
2
4
2
2
6
3
16
74
15
32
95
42
58.0
54.0
60. 0
54.0
55. 7
58.7
32
Total....................... ..
19
274
55.9
106
Year and State.
1912.
18
76
14
39
118
76
2
2
13
40
118
66
1913.
16
74
15
95
'
95
28
14
44
29
L A B O R E R S , B L E A C H H O U S E : M a le .
1912.
Connecticut
......
Massachusetts.........
New Jersey...........
New York............
Rhode Island..........
Other States..........
Total...........
2
3
2
7
3
95
137
52
43
309
78
6 0 .0
5 7 .7
6 0 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .0
5 8 .5
19
714
5 7 .7
2
3
2
7
3
93
167
61
68
306
92
6 0 .0
5 8 .0 '
6 0 .0
5 8 .3
5 6 .0
5 8 .6
19
787
5 7 .7
2
95
9
128
52
43
30 9
______ 1_______
59
9
309
19
187
209
1913.
Connecticut...........
Massachusetts....... ..
New Jersey...........
New York............
Rhode Island..........
Other States
Total...........
2
93
167
61
49
19
306
.............i
I
1
19
L A B O R E R S , C O L O R M I X I N G : M a le .
30 6
65
27
232
230
87
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- COTTON.
T a b l e X I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
CO TTO N -G OO D S FINISHING— Continued.
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le.
Aver Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
age
full
time
Over
Over
hours 48 and 51 and
54 and 57 and
Over
54
60
per
under under
under under
60
54
60
week.
51
57
Numher of
estab
lish
ments.
Number of
em
ploy
ees.
Connecticut..........................
Massachusetts......................
New Hampshire..................
New Jersey..........................
Rhode Island.......................
Other States........................
3
9
3
2
5
5
98
415
394
42
155
75
59.6
56.0
58.0
60.0
56. 7
59.2
Total..........................
27
1,179
57.4
Connecticut.........................
Massachusetts......................
New Hampshire..................
New Jersey..........................
Rhode Island......................
Other States.........................
3
9
3
2
5
5
94
398
340
42
167
79
59.8
55.9
58.0
60.0
56.9
59.1
...
Total..........................
27
1,120
57.4
209
Year and State.
1912.
18
206
394
209
80
31
42
29
44
649
195
11
189
340
83
126
209
126
1913.
209
130
130
35
42
37
44
575
206
B U L L E T IN
88
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e X I I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913.
CO TTO N -G O O D S FINISHING— Continued.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
C A L E N D R E R S : M a le.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
/ 1912
\ 1913
117
116
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
55
50
57.6
57.4
/ 1912
\ 1913
53
44
60.0
60.0
f 1912
\ 1913
122
119
56.9
56.8
State, and number of
•establishments.
Connecticut:
2 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
4 establishments...........
New Jersey:
2 establishments...........
Rhode Island:
7 establishments...........
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Year.
Over
48 and 51 and
under under
54
51
i Over 57 and
54 and
under under
60
57
54
Over
60
60
117
116
49
43
6
7
53
44
95
95
27
24
E N G R A V E R S : M a le.
Connecticut:
2 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
3 establishments...........
Rhode Island:
4 establishments...........
J
1912
\ 1913
14
15
51.4
51.5
/ 1912
\ 1913
70
50
58.0
55. 7
/ 1912
\ 1913
22
19
55.0
55.3
6
6
1
1
7
8
70
37
13
22
18
1
F O E D E R S : M a le.
Connecticut:
2 establishments
Massachusetts:
4 establishments
New Jersey:
2 establishments.
New York:
2 establishments.
Rhode Island:
6 establishments,
f 1912
\ 1913
18
18
60.0
60.0
f 1912
\ 1913
56
48
57.3
55.5
/ 1912
\ 1913
18
19
60.0
60.0
( 1912
\ 1913
39
34
60.0
57.7
/ 1912
\ 1913
110
102
56.0
56. 0
18
18
10
30
46
18
18
19
39
21
13
110
102
!
K N O T T E R S : F e m a le .
Connecticut:
f 1912
\ 1913
18
16
/ 1912
\ 1913
76
74
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
14
15
60.0
60.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
Rhode Island:
/ 1912
6 establishments........... \ 1913
39
32
60.0
54.0
118
95
55.7
55.7
18
16
58.0
58.0
Massachusetts:
4 establishments...........
New Jersey:
2 establishments...........
New York:
76
74
14
15
39
32
118
95
W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N
89
T able
X I I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
CO TTO N -G OO D S FINISHING— Continued.
L A B O R E R S , B L E A C H H O U S E : M a le.
State, and number of
establishments.
Year.
Connecticut:
•2 establishments........... / 1912
1 1913
Massachusetts:
f 1912
\ 1913
New Jersey:
2 estaulishments. . . . . . . / 1912
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
2 establishments. . . . . . . \ 1913
Rhode Island:
7 establishments........... / 1912
\ 1913
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
95
93
60.0
60.0
137
167
57.7
58.0
52
61
60.0
60.0
43
68
60.0
58.3
309
306
Employees whose full-time hours per week were—
56.0
56.0
Over
48 and 51 and
under under
54
51
Over
54 and 57 and
under under
60
57
54
Over
60
60
95
93
9
128
167
52
61
43
49
19
309
306
L A B O R E R S , C O L O R M I X I N G : M ale.
Connecticut:
2 establishments. . . . . . .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments. . . . . . .
Rhode Island:
4 establishments...........
f 1912
\ 1913
41
48
/ 1912
\ 1913
103
106
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
43
36
41
48
60.0
60.0
56.0
56.0
103
106
43
36
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le.
Connecticut:
3 establishments
Massachusetts:
9 establishments
New Hampshire:
3 establishments,
New Jersey:
2 establishments
Rhode Island:
5 establishments
/ 1912
\ 1913
98
94
59.6
59.8
/ 1912
\ 1913
415
398
56.0
55.9
/ 1912
\ 1913
394
340
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
42
42
60.0
60.0
1 1912
\ 1913
155
167
56.7
56.9
80
83
18
11
209
209
206
189
394
340
42
42
126
130
29
37
P R I N T E R S : M ale.
Connecticut:
2 establishments...........
Massachusetts:
3 establishments...........
Rhode Island:
4 establishments...........
/ 1912
\ 1913
20
20
55.0
55.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
62
62
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
32
28
56.0
56.0
20
20
62
62
.......!.......
32
28
!
i
.
.
. i .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
90
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
T a b l e X I V . —A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND
A V ERA G E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN G S, B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
COTTO N -G OO D S FINISHING— Continued.
C A L E N D R E R S : M a le.
1912
1913
Number
of
Average Average
Average Average
establish Number full-time full-time Number full-time full-time
of em
of em
ments.
weekly
hours
weekly
hours
ployees. per week. earnings. ployees. per week. earnings.
State.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Jersey.................................. 1
Rhode Island..............................
Other States...............................
Total..................................'
2
4
2
7
5
117
55
53
122
75
58.0
57.6
60.0
56.9
59.1
$8.23
7.88
9.50
8.94
9.18
116
50
44
119
66
58.0
57.4
60.0
56.8
58.2
$8.57
7.90
9.70
8.96
9.27
20
4-22
58.1
8.72
395
57.8
8.85
E N G R A V E R S : M a le.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts.............................
Rhode Island..............................
Other States................................
2
3
4
2
14
70
22
17
51.4
58.0
55.0
51.8
$27.26
27.39
28.02
27. 88
15
50
19
23
51.2 :
55.7 ,
55.3 '
58.2
$26.46
27.30
26.01
27.57
Total..................................
11
123 |
55.8
27.20
107
55.9 |
27.01
F O E D E R S : M a le.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Jersey..................................
New York................................... i
Rhode Island.............................. 1
Other States................................!
2
4
2
2
6
3
18
56
18
39
110
35
60.0
57.3
60.0
60.0
56.0
58.7
$10.92
16.99
11.58
11.51
15.09
11.32
18
48
19
34
102
29
60.0
55.5
60.0
57.7
56.0
58.9
$11.27
16.20
11.92
11.96
15.18
13.39
Total..................................|
19
276
57.7
13.99
250
57.1
14.20
K N O T T E R S : F e m a le .
Connecticut.................................
.............................
New Jersey..................................
New Y ork....................................
Rhode Island..............................
Other States................................
Total..................................
2
18
4
Massachusetts 76
2
14
2
39
118
6
35
3
58.0
54.0
60.0
60.0
55.7
58.7
$5.88
7.80
5.72
6.53
6.72
6.25
16
74
15
32
95
42
58.0
54.0
60.0
54.0
55.7
58.7
$5.83
7. 82
5.12
6.35
6.14
6.14
300
56.5
6.82
274
55.9
6.54
19
L A B O R E R S , B L E A C H H O U S E : M a le.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Jersey..................................
New York...................................
Rhode Island..............................
Other States................................
2
3
2
2
7
3
95
137
52
43
309
78
60.0
57.7
60.0
60.0
56.0
58.5
$8.17
7.73
8.40
7.87
7. 74
7.97
93
167
61
68
306
92
60.0
58.0
60.0
58.3
56.0
58.6
$8.24
7.80
8.31
10.54
7.87
8.14
Total..................................
19
714
57.7
7.88
787
57.7
8.20
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----C O T T O N .
91
T a b l e X I V . —A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK P E R W E E K AND
AV ERA G E FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, B Y STATES, 1912 AND
1913—Concluded.
CO TTO N -G O O D S FINISHING— Concluded.
L A B O R E R S , C O L O R M I X I N G : M a le.
1912
State.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts............................
Rhode IsJand..............................
Other States............................
Total..................................
1913
Number
of
Average Average
Average
establish Number full-time fuU-time Number full-time Average
fuil-time
ments.
of em
of em
hours
weekly ployees.
hours
weekly
ployees. per week. earnings.
per week. earnings.
3
41
103
43
56
60.0
58.0
56.0
60.0
$9.09
8.37
7.74
8. 74
48
106
36
56
60.0
58.0
56.0
60.0
$9.27
8.54
8.17
8.99
12
243
58.4
8.46
246
58.6
8. 73
2
3
4
1
L A B O R E R S , D Y EH O TTSE: M a le.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts.............................
New Hampshire.........................
New Jersey..................................
Rhode Island..............................
Other States................................
3
9
3
2
5
5
98
415
394
42
155
75
59.6
56.0
58.0
60.0
56.7
59.2
$8.92
8.37
9.40
9. 78
8.66
8.02
94
398
340
42
167
79
59.8
55.9
58.0
60.0
56.9
59.1
$8. 87
8.39
9.48
9.69
8.32
7.97
Total..................................
27
1,179
57.4
8.83
1,120
57.4
8. 77
P R I N T E R S : M a le.
Connecticut.................................
Massachusetts.............................
Rhode Island..............................
Other States................................
2
3
4
3
20
62
32
23
55.0
58.0
56.0
59.7
$28.90
24.89
29.01
28. 48
20
62
28
23
55.0
58.0
56.0
58.1
$29.40
24.18
28. 99
28.87
Total..................................
12
137
57.4
27.04
133
57.1
23.78
WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS MANUFACTURING.
SUMMARY.
This report, based on information obtained from representative
establishments, shows the full-time weekly earnings, the full-time
hours of labor per week,, and the rates of wages (or earnings) per hour
in the principal occupations of the woolen and worsted industry of
the United States. Figures relating to full-time hours of labor per
week and rates of wages (or earnings) per hour are presented for
the years 1907 to 1913, inclusive, and for full-time weekly earnings
for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive.
Earlier reports 1 of this Bureau have presented wages and hours of
labor in the industry from 1890 to 1912.
Briefly summarized, the full-time weekly earnings of employees in
woolen and worsted mills were 2.2 per cent lower in 1913 than in
1912, and 7.8 per cent higher than in 1911 and 8.1 per cent higher
than in 1910.
Regular full-time hours of labor per week in 1913 were 0.2 per cent
lower than in 1912, 1.8 per cent lower than in 1911, and 1.6 per cent
lower than in 1910. The slight reduction in full-time hours of labor
makes the changes in rates of wages per hour somewhat different from
the changes in full-time weekly earnings. Rates of wages per hour
in 1913 were 2.1 per cent lower than in 1912, but compared with 1911
they were 9.8 per cent higher and with 1910, 9.3 per cent higher.
The most significant facts concerning the several occupations cov
ered by this report are summarized in the following table. The data
for the years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911. Owing to the difficulty
of finding establishments having records extending back for a period
of years and also owing to the amount of work involved, data for
1907 to 1909 were secured from a smaller number of establishments,
some of them perhaps less representative than have furnished data
for the later years. The figures for identical establishments are
grouped together by brackets.
The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the period ending
nearest May 15 being selected, except in a very few establishments
in which conditions in May were abnormal.
The figures for the years from 1907 to the first presentation for
1912 are reproduced from Bulletin No. 128, except the average full
1 Previous reports of wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing have been
published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Neport, covering 1890 to 1903; Bulletin No. 59
(July, 1905), covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and 1905; Bulletin No. 71
(July, 1907), covering 1905 and 1906; Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), covering 1906 and 1907; and Bulletin No.
128 (August, 1913), covering 1907 to 1912, inclusive.
92
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907 TO
1913-----W O O L E N .
93
time weekly earnings, for 1910 to 1912 which figures have been com
puted for this Bulletin from data gathered for those years. Average
full-time weekly earnings have not been computed for the period 1907
to 1910, owing to the lack of funds. It will be observed that the aver
age full-time weekly earnings are not exactly the same as the productof the average rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours
per week. This difference is explained and illustrated on page 23.
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W E E K AND RATES
OF WAGES PE R HOUR, AND A V E RAG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH
OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS MANU
FACTURING, 1907 TO 1913.
[The figures sat opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish Year. em
ployments.
ees.
Burlers, female:
Per cent of employ
ees whose full-time
hours per week
were—
Aver
age
fulltime
hours
per
week.
57
and
un
der
60
60
29.8 $0.1224 15.0 48.6 17.5
18.6; .1160 13.0 51.6 23.1
19.8
. 1231 14.2 44.5 18.0
16.6
.1238
47.8 18.9
|
1 9-1
.1296' 8.2 35.3 26.6
9.3 9.6
7.8 13.1
.1273 10.0 34.2 31.7
1907
1
1908
18 establishments.. 11909
U910
611
494
582
598
/1910
26 establishments.. [1911
1,034
1,010
/1911
43 establishments.. \1912
1,516
1,471
56.5.......
56.6........
1
56.8
55.9 '48*4
64.6 26.7
16.5 28.0
8.7
7.1
/1912
44 establishments.. \1913
Carding-machine tend
ers, male:
[1907
J1908
19 establishments.. 11909
[1910
1,562
1,635
55.9 46.4 17.2 29.8
55.6 44.8 28.4 24.3
6.7
2.4
145
136
134
133
58.6
58.6
58.4
57.3
9.0
9.6
9.7
51.9
42.8
43.4
35.1
21.8
.1255
.1210
.1237
. 1250
/1910
\1911
201
196
56.9
56.9
65.7 19.9 14.4
67.9 18.4 13.8
[1911
40 establishments.. U912
[1913
Combers, female:
[1907
4 establishments... J1908
11909
[1910
320
412
329
55.0 35.0 10.0
57.1
56.4 35.7 18.4 33.3 12.6
56.3 32.2 24.0 36.2 7.6
lOl!
117
111
110
55.7
55.8
55.8
55.4
78.2 17.8
77.8 17.1
76.6 19.8
96.4
4.0
5.1
3.6
3.6
.0989
. 0986
.1019
.1103
6 establishments... /1910
\1911
129
118
55.5
55.4
96.9
96.6
3.1
3.4
.1105 24.8 53.5
.1086 11.9 76.3
6.2 15.5
9.3 2.5
6.13
6.02
[1911
7 establishments... U912
[1913
Twisters, female:
[1907
7 establishments... J1908
11909
[1910
139
150
163
55.8
82.0 15.1
55.8
82.0 13.3'
56.1 ” i.*2 75.5 15.3
2.9
4.7
8.0
.1092 10.1 79.9 7.9 2.2
.1157 8.7 66.0 15.3 10.0
.1170 8.6 52.8 30.1 8.6
6.10
6.47
6.57
186
138
223
216
57.2
57.6
58.0
57.2
41.9
31.9
22.4
55.6
36.0! 22.0
40.6: 27.5
41. 7 35.9
j
!3.4( 31.0
.1119
. 1136|
.1123'
.1142
G)
G)
G)
G)
10 establishments.. [1910
\1911
332
342
56.9
56.8
68.4
75.4
8. 7 22.9
;
24.6
.1262
.1241
8.4 47.0 27.1 17.4
.3 43.3 43.6 12.7
7.16
7.03
[1911
12 establishments.. <1912
[l9l3
600
751
598
76.0 10.o! 14.0
56.7
55.7 5L3 27.8 4.8 16.1
55.4 45.5 38.0 7.9 8.7
.1308
.1374
.1354
1.1 31.7 26.7 40.6
1.5 21.6 23.3 53.7
.7 12.2 47.5 39.6
7.40
7.62
7.50
26 establishments..
58.3
58.0
58.0
56.9
Over
54
54 and
un
der
57
Per cent of employees earning <ach
e
classified rate of
Aver
wages per hour.
Aver
age
age
fullrate of
time
wages
10
12
per
Un and and 14 weekly
hour. der un un cts. earn
10 der der and ings.
14 over.
cts. 12
cts. cts.
9.3
12.1
12.5
67.6
1
81.1
79.1
60.9
69.2
67.7
15.9
48.3
47.1
55.2
26.3
1 Not computed.
.1296 11.3 31.1
.1472 4.0 10.1
1
.1453! 5.01 12.2
.1462 3.7, 13.8
1
18.8
12.3
23.2
24.2
G)
V)
1
f1)
0)
29.9
24.2
$ 7 .33
28.4 29.2
43.5 42.6
7.36
8.22
42.2 40.6
38.8 43.7
8.25
8.13
9.7| 18.6
11.2 25.0
7.20
55.2 16.6
50. 7 13.2
6.6 23.1 54.5 15.7
4.6 28.6 48.9 18.1
C
1)
.1274
.1414
3.0 24.4 48.8 23.9
2.5 30.6 42.3 24.4
7.25
8.02
.1357
.1354
.1424
2.2 35.9 38.1 23.8
.5 18.4 40.5 40.5
.9 6.7 31.9 60.5
7. 73
7.64
8.01
58.4
56.4
42.3
21.8
10.3
2.9
7.5
12.9
23.8 7.9 9.9
27.4 16.2
37.8 19.8
60.0
18.2
64.5
54.3
55.2
45.8
18.3 7.0
38.4 4.3
30.9 6.2
31.0 10.2
G)
0)
0)
G)
G)
G)
0)
94
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
A VERAG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K AND RATES
OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND A V E R AG E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH
OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN W OOLEN AND W ORSTED GOODS MANU
FACTURING 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
Number of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish- Year. emments.
p i°y ees.
Combers, male:
Aver
age
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Per cent of employ
ees whose full-time
hours per -veek
v
were—
Over
54
54 ' and
un
der
57
57
and
un-
60
60
Per cent of emplovees earning i ach
e
classified rate of
Aver
wages per hour.
Average
age
fullrate of
time
1 14
2
wages
Un and and 16 weekly
per
hour. der un un cts. earn
1 der der and ings.
2
cts. 14
16 over.
cts. cts.
(1907
11908
4 establishments... 11909
11910
52
29
29
42
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.2
75.0 25.0 SO 1330
.
72.4 27.6
.1312
72.4 27.6
.1371
69.0
31.0
.1398
(1910
\1911
106
124
56.5
56.5
87.7
87.1
12.3
12.9
.1393
.1384
(1911
9 establishments... •{1912
[1913
Spinners, frame, male:
(1910
2establishments... \1911
188
181
115
56.5
81.9 9.6 8.5
55.1 "71.8 7.7 12.2 8.3
54.8 77.4 6.1 16.5
.1405
.1555
.1556
114
134
56.0
56.0
(1911
3 establishments... 41912
11913
Spinners, frame, fe
male:
(1907
11908
5 establishments... 11909
[1910
194
244
115
56.0
54.0 ioo.’ o
0 .0
54.0 1 0
323
284
295
286
57.6
57.5
57.5
56.0
15.5 79.3
2 .1 73.2
1
20.3 75.3
94.1
5.3
5.6
4.4
5.9
.1272
.1224
.1241
.1278
(1910
\1911
578
683
56.0
56.0
97.1
98.2
2.9
.1223 51.9 41.3
.1272 30. 8 57.8
1 .2
.1255 39.9 46.8 13.0
.1439 4.8 34.1 52.7
.
.1402 2 2j 41.9, 53.8
6establishments...
8establishments...
(1911
1 establishments.. 41912
0
11913
10
,0 2
1,070
751
10
0 .0
10
0 .0
10
0 .0
1.9 69.2
72.4
65.5
33.3
28.8
24.1
34.5
66.7
3.4
54.7 45.3
39.5
$7.87
7.82
.8 59.7
5.9 57.4 26.6 1 .1
0
1 .0 64.1 24.9
1
7.8 54.8 37.4
.1252 57.9 29.3 14.9
.1287 38.8 35.8 23.9
C
1)
(x)
C
1)
0)
7.94
8.56
8.51
56.4
79.9 18.9
55.2 53.0 32.2 14.1
55.5 43.3 33.6 23.2
.7
7.01
7.21
.1316 30.4 33.0 35.6 1.0
.1580
2.9 82.8 14.3
.1357
.9 74.8 24.3
1.8
.9
1.5
7.37
8.53
7.33
40.5
34.5
22.7
18. 8
23.8 35.6
65.5 [
77.3
67.5 13.6
C
1)
C
1)
C
1)
C
1)
6.7
11 " * ’ ’ 4
.0
6.85
7.17
.3
8.4
7.07
7.92
7. 78
2.0
1 16
2
Un and and 2
0
der un un cts.
32 der der and
cts. 16
2 over.
0
cts. cts.
Menders, female:
(1907
19 8
10
18 establishments.. 11909
[1910
403
341
583
498
58.5
58.4
58.8
58.0
14.1
17.9
12.5
34.1
25 establishments.. (1910
\1911
1,196
1,115
56.8
56.9
72.6
71.8
/1911
44 establishments.. 11912
1,623
1
,B68
56.8
71.5 13.7 14.7
55.7 53.5 20.3 14.1 1 .1
2
.1597
.1890
42 establishments.. (1912
\1913
1,589
1,388
55.6 56.1 19.8 11.5
55.3 57.4 2 2 .6 15.9
12.6
.1929
.1829
39.2
32.8
30.7
23.3
46.7
49.3
56.8
42.6
9.7 17.7
6.7 21.4
4.0
.1448
.1481
.1371
.1479
24.1
30.5
43.7
36.9
,49.6
34.6
28.9
27.9
17.6 8.7:
21.7 13.2
15.6 11.8
22.5 1 .6
2
.1598 24.8 23.4 32.4 19.3
2
.1591 2 .1 28.2 35.5 14.4
2 .1
0
C
1)
C
1)
0)
C
1)
8.41
9.05
31.3 34.5 14.2
9.0 19.4 28.0 43.4
9.07
10.50
5.8 19.4 29.2 45.6
7.1 24.3 33.2 35.3
10. 71
1 .1
01
14
16
Un and and 18
der un un cts.
14 der der and
cts. 16
18 over.
cts. cts.
Card strippers, male:
(1907
18 establishments.. J1908
11909
[1910
1
89
79
80
8
8
58.2
19.1
58.1 ....... 19.0
58.1
16.3
57.7 .. 36.4
42.7
49.4
52.5
34.1
1 Not computed.
38.2
31.6
31.3
29.5
.1447
.1449
.1510
.1512
37.1
40.5
28.8
27.2
44.9
45.6
42.5
46.6
18.0
12.7 *"i.’ 3
23.8 5.0
20.5| 5.6
(*)
C
1)
(x)
C
1)
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- W O O L E N .
95
A VERAG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K AND RATES
OF WAGES PE R H OU R, AND A V E R A G E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH
OF THE PRINICPAL OCCUPATIONS IN W OOLEN AND W OR STE D GOODS MANU
FACTURING, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish Year. em
ployments.
ees.
Card strippers, male—
Concluded.
/1910
27 establishments.. [1911
Aver
age
fulltime
hours
per
week.
162
155
Per cent of employ
ees whose full-time
veek
hours per \
were—
Over
54
54 and
un
der
57
57
and
un
der
60
6
o;
Per cent of employ
ees earning each
classified rate of
wages per hour.
Average
rate of
wages
14
Un and
per
hour. der un
14 der
cts. 16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
Aver
age
full
time
weekly
18 earn
cts. ings.
and
over.
64.2 19.8 16.0 $0.1526 15.4 57.4 22.8 4.3
64.5 2 .6 14.8
0
.1531 12.9 59.4 21.9 5.8
57.0
56.9
[1911
42 establishments.. •{1912
[1913
Laborers, dyehouse,
male:
[1907
1
1908
19 establishments.. 11909
[1910
223
240
238
1
52.0 36.*8 1 .2
57.1
56.9 28.8 15.4 39.2 16.7
56.4 29.0 24.4 42.9 3.8
I
431
385
514
570
58.1
57.8
57.9
56.5
11.5
16.4
16.0
77.9
65.2 23.3j
67.5 16.1 i
63.0 21.0!
12.3 9.8
/1910
27 establishments.. [1911
837
877
56.3
56.5
84.6
82.0
1
6.8 1 .2
[1911
45 establishments.. H912
[1913
1,116
^093
1,033
.1514 18.4 57.0 2 .1 3.5
1
.1634 1.7 32.9 57.1 8.3
22.3 60.9 16.8
. 1670
. 1439
.1395
. 1366
.1420
40.8
70.9
71.4;
34.9
8.7
6.7
.1430 38.5
.1445 29.7
56.6
73.6 17.3
55.5 5L3 24.9 16.9
55.5 46.0 29.2 22.4
9.1
6.9
2.4
.1452 32.4
.1571 7.1
.1587 5.2
$8.69
8.71
8.62
9.29
9.41
.2 G) '
.6
.8 (i)
1.1 (i)
52.1 10.5
.8 8.06
59.0 1 .1 1.1 8.16
0
51.3 15.2 1.1 8.22
.
62.0 28.3 2.6 8 72
61.5 27.2 6.1 8.81
1
54.6
24.4
23.0
59.3
4.4
4.2
4.9
4.7
14
18
Un and and 25
der un un cts.
14 der der and
cts. 18
25 over.
cts. cts.
Weavers, male:
52.6 15.1
49.6 1 .1
2
46.8 15.5
6.4 27.0 55.7 1 .1
1
G)
G)
G)
G)
6.5 23.8 51.9 17.8
6.6 23.4 47.4 22.4
11.79
11.97
1 .0 22.4
0
1 .0 27.4
1
12.2 25.5
[1907
J19C8
19 establishments.. 11909
[1910
1,653
1,409
1,589
1,716
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.8
1 .2
1
44.9 43.9
3.1 60.3 33.7
3.1 63.0 33.9
41.0 27.3 31.7
.2027
.1955
.1994
.1985
(1910
27 establishments.. [1911
2,907
2,563
57.1
57.1
64.7 16.6 18.7
64.5 14.1 21.4
.2068
.2096
[1911
46 establishments.. U912
[1913
Weavers, female:
[1907
11908
19 establishments.. 11909
[1910
4,049
4,476
3,845
60.0 25.5 14.5
57.1
53.3 33.4 28.1 23.6! 14.9
56.1 31.9 31.5 31.7 4.8
1,873
1,882
1,807
2,116
58.0
57.7
57.6
56.4
14.9 63.3 21.7
18.2 69.8 1 .0
2
22.5 64.6 12.9
80.2 7.6 1 .2
2
. 2099' 7.2 21.4
2
. 2367, 3.5 1 .0
. 2324 3.9 14.6
1
l
. 1875112.6 28.0
. 16C3 24.5 41.1
.1660 28.6 33.7
. 1739 21.8 31.9
27 establishments.. /1910
[1911
2,855
2,366
56.3
56.4
84.4
81.3
[1911
46 establishments.. <1912
[1913
3,384
3,586
3,481
63.4 27.9
56.8
55.9 *38."8 27.9 25.3
55.9 31.5 31.9 35.0
6.5 9.0
6.3 12.4
8.7
7.9
1.6
50.1 21.3
44.7 39.6
45.3 36.3
11.97
13.30
13.03
52.9
32.8
31.7
43.5
6.4
1.7
2.9
2.7
G)
G)
G)
G)
. 1799 19.7 30.7 43.7
. 1780, 19.8 34.4 39.8
5.9
6.1
10.14
10.06
. 1843 21.7 32.8 38.6 6.9
2 48.3 19.2
.2057) 9.6 2 . 91
.1969 12.4 27.3 45.0 15.1
1 .0
10
10.47
11.48
20
18
Un and and 25
der un un cts.
18 der der and
cts. 20
25 over.
cts. cts.
Dressers, male:
[1907
11908
19 establishments.. 11909
ll910
119
97
126
126
58.8
58.4
58.3
57.9
..
5.0
7.2
13.5
35.7
47.9
61.9
52.4
29.4
1 Not computed.
47.1
30.9
34.1
34.9
.2236
.2254
.2241
.2282
412 5.9 80.7 9.2
2.5 10.3 74.2 13.4
9.3 1.6 73.8 15.1
. 8 77.8 15.1
6
..
G)
G)
G)
G)
96
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O E S T A T IS T IC S ,
A VERAG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K AND RATES
OF W AGES PER HOUR, AND A V E R AG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH
OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN W OOLEN AND W ORSTED GOODS MANU
FACTURING, 1907 TO 1913—Concluded.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish- Year. emments.
ployees.
Dressers, male—Con.
27 establishments. /1910
11911
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week
were—
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Over
54
54 and
un
der
57
57
and
un
der
60
60
Aver
age
rate of
wages
per
hour.
214
215
57.1 .. 61.2 18.2 20.6 $0. 2418
57.1 .... 63.3 16.3 20.5
.2394
Per cent of employees earning <ach
e
classified rate of
Aver
wages per hour.
age
full
time
2
0
18
Un and and 25 weekly
der un un cts. earn
der der and ings.
18
cts.
2 25 over.
0
cts. cts.
5.6
7.0
1.9 49.5 43.0 $13.80
3.7 46.0 43.3 13.65
[1911
46 establishments. <1912
[1913
Spinners, mule, male:
[1907
11908
19 establishments. 11909
[1910
337
384
346
58.2 27.9 13.9
57.1
56.4 28. i 35.4 25.5 10.9
56.2 28.3 37.3 29.8 4.6
.2429
4.5
.2616
.2614 ' “ i.‘ 7
384
267
297
320
12.5
58.6
58.2 .. 18.0
16.2
58.2
57.5 .... 38.1
38.3 49.2
43.4 38.6
47.1 38.7
39.7 22.2
.2190
.2152
.2226
.2227
14.9
18.7
18.5
11.5
26 establishments. /1910
\1911
529
454
60.9 25.7 13.4
57.0
56.9 ....... 63.0 22.2 14.8
.2242
.2312
11.2
12.75
13.16
[1911
40 establishments. <1912
11913
638
719
759
49.4 37.9 12.7
57.3
56.5 35.5 14.9 38.2 11.4
56.4 34.1 17.4 41.5 7.0
.2238
.2404
.2377
11.0
6.3
1 .1
1
14.9 52.5 21.6 1 . 81
2
10.4 41.7 41.6 13.56
10.4 38.9 39.6 13.39
3.0 45.1 47.5
2.9 36. 7 60.4
2.0 34.7 61.6
19.0
18.0
15.8
18.4
15.3 46.9 26.6
8.3 11.7 46.7 33.2
2
0
Un and
der un
2 der
0
cts.
25
cts.
Loom fixers, male:
45.1 2 .1
1
37.1 26.2
33.7 32.0
41.3 28.8
223
218
242
260
58.0
57.9
58.1
57.0
13.9 62.8 23.3
14.7 69.3 16.1
1 .0 6 .1 21.9
2 6
66.2 13.5 20.4
.2668
.2621
.2629
.2695
1.3 22.9 69.5
1.9 2 . 6 72.0
1
1.7 16.9 76.9
2.0 10.4 81.5
(1910
27 establishments. [1911
429
390
56.6
56.6
78.8
79.2
8.9 12.4
9.5 11.3
.2787
.2779
1.2
[1911
46 establishments. <1912
[1913
Wool sorters, male:
[1907
11908
1 establishments. 11909
1
11910
569
589
578
68.4 23.9 7.7
56.7
55.9 37.7 32.4 21
.2 8.7
40.5 31.5 24.6 3.5
55.7
.2752
.3075
.2977
184
164
186
193
58.0
57.8
57.9
56.5
9.2 78.8 1 .0
2
13.4 78.0 8.5
8.1 83.9 8.1
83.9 4.7 11.4
.2330
.2233
.2393
.2464
(1910
18 establishments. [1911
289
335
56.3 ....
56.3
88.2
4.2
3.9
7.6
6.9
.2465
.2494
[1911
19 establishments. <1912
[1913
444
471
246
56.4
83.1 11.7
55.2 61.4 21.4 14.0
1
55.0 64.6 2 .1 14.2
5.2
3.2
.2405
.2666
. 2806
..
C1)
C1)
C1)
C1)
25
and 30
un cts.
der and
30 over.
cts.
[1907
11908
19 establishments. 11909
11910
89.3
13.85
14.71
14.66
6.3
4.6
4.5
6.2
C1)
C1)
0)
C1)
6.3 76.0 16.6
6.2 77.2 15.4
15. 76
15.70
.5 17.2 62.7 19.5
7.8 49.6 42.6
8.7 54.5 36.6
15.59
17.13
16.56
1.3
'*"'.*2
15.2 44.6 38.6 1.6
67.7 9.8 ....
4.3 62.9 32.8
7.7 24.4 64.8 ‘ Y i
22.6
7.3 21.8 68.5
3.3 23.0 72.5
1 .1
2
4.5
2.8
8
C1)
C1)
2.4
1.2
13.86
14.03
28.8 58.1
.9
17.4 73.5 4.7
4.9 78.5 13.8
13.54
14. 72
15. 43
1 Not computed.
According to the plan of the table direct comparisons, which are
indicated by the grouping of the years within brackets, can be made
properly only between two or more successive years where the data
are for identical establishments.
In 1913 the average full-time weekly earnings of males, repre
sented by 10 occupations, varied from $7.33 for frame spinners to
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
97
$16.56 for loom fixers. The average full-time weekly earnings of
females, represented by 6 occupations, varied from $6.57 for comb
ers to $11 for weavers.
The full-time hours of labor per week in 1913 varied in the mills
from 54 to 60, the average for all employees being about 56.
Wages and hours of labor differ in different establishments. Hence,
the inclusion or exclusion of an establishment in a group, if the wages
and hours therein differ greatly from the average, may raise or lower
the average for the group. Thus, referring to the table above, it is
seen that the average full-time weekly earnings of burlers in 43 estab
lishments increased from $7.36 in 1911 to $8.22 in 1912. In 44
establishments there was a decrease from $8.25 in 1912 to $8.13 in
1913. The including of another establishment changed the average
weekly earnings for 1912 from $8.22 to $8.25. Consequently, it would
not be a correct comparison to state that weekly earnings increased
from $7.36 in 1911 to $8.13 in 1913. The movement from one year
to another is indicated with the greater degree of certainty by the
figures for identical establishments. The difference between $7.36
and $8.22 represents the change between 1911 and 1912, and the
difference between $8.25 and $8.13 represents the change between 1912
and 1913, as nearly as can be determined from the data available.
In the table the comparable data for identical establishments are
bracketed together.
Owing to a change in the number of establishments from year to
year, it is difficult to make a comparison of the actual data over a
period of several years or to get an exact measure of the changes.
To aid in the making of such a comparison, relative (or index) num
bers have been computed from the averages in the preceding table
for full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time
weekly earnings for each occupation for the years 1910 to 1913,
inclusive. These relative numbers are simply percentages in which
the figures for 1913 are taken as the base, or 100 per cent. The
relative for each year is the per cent that the average in that year
is of the average for 1913, as determined by the method explained
on page 25. Thus, in the table following the full-time weekly earnings
of burlers in 1910 were 92.5 per cent of the full-time weekly earnings
in 1913.
It will be observed that the general tendency of each occupation
is toward a reduction of working hours and an increase in rates of
wages per hour and of earnings per full week. No data are available
to show the amount of work afforded employees each year or the varia
tion from year to year. The relative full-time hours per week indi
cate the change in the hours of labor of employees working full time,
but do not reflect in any way the greater or less amount of full-time
work afforded. This point is further discussed on page 22.
43944°— Bull. 150— 14----- 7
98
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EEK, R ATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND FULL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN WOOLEN AND
W ORSTED GOODS M ANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1913.
(1913=100.0.)
Burlers, female.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
1910
1911
1912
1913
102.0
102.2
100.5
100.0
Carding-maehine tend
ers, male.
Rela
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
ings. week.
89.1
87. 5
99.4
100.0
92.5
90.9
101.5
100.0
101.4
101.4
100.2
100.0
Combers, female.
1910
1911
1912
1913
99.7
99.5
99.5
100.0
94.5
92.8
98.5
100.0
95.0
93.3
98.9
100.0
Menders, female.
1910
1911
1912
1913
102.4
102.5
100.5
100.0
89.5
89.1
105.5
100.0
85.0
91.5
105.9
100.0
Twisters, female.
1910
1911
1912
1913
102.5
102.3
100.5
100.0
95.8
96.6
101.5
100.0
100.5
98.7
101.6
100.0
Card strippers, male.
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
87.4
96.6
95.4
100.0
101.4
101.2
100.9
100.0
85.9
95.3
95.1
100.0
101.6
101.6
100.4
100.0
93.9
92.9
100.1
100.0
95.5
94.5
100.3
100.0
101.6
102.0
100.0
100.0
94.3
97.0
116.4
100.0
97.8
100.5
116.4
100.0
101.6
101.6
99.5
100.0
Weavers, male.
101.8
101.8
100.4
100.0
89.1
90.3
101.9
100.0
90.4
90.7
97.8
100.0
91.4
91.6
98.7
100. 0
90.5
91.5
99.0
100.0
92.2
93.3
99.0
100.0
Spinners, frame,
female.
Spinners, frame, male.
103.7
103.7
100.0
100.0
Rela
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
week.
ings.
Laborers, dyehouse,
male.
Dressers, male.
86.1
89.5
102.6
100.0
101.4
101.6
100.0
100. 0
94.6
93.6
104.5
100.0
103.1
103.1
100.5
100.0
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
hour. earn
ings.
90.9
90.3
99.9
100.0
93.9
93.3
100.6
100.0
Loom fixers, male.
101.8
101.8
100.4
100.0
92.7
92. 4
103.3
100.0
94.5
94.1
103.4
100.0
Spinners, mule,
male.
86.8
90.9
101.8
100.0
Weavers, female.
90.5
91.9
102.1
100.0
Combers, male.
101.8
101.6
100.2
100.0
91.3
94.2
101.1
100.0
92.7
95.7
101.3
100.0
Wool sorters, male.
95.9
95.2
104.4
100.0
102.5
102.5
100.4
100.0
84.7
85.7
95.0
100.0
86.7
87.8
95.4
100.0
A like table of relative numbers is next shown for the industry os
a whole, as determined by a combination of the data for the several
occupations covered. Data were obtained for the principal occu
pations of the industry but not for all occupations. The method of
computing this table is explained on page 26.
R E LATIVE FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EE K , RATES OF W AGES PER HOUR AND FU LL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN W OOLEN AND W ORSTED GOODS MANUFACTURING,
1910 TO 1913.
(1913=100.0.)
Year.
1910..................................
1911...................................
1912...................................
1913...................................
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
101.6
101.8
100.2
100.0
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
91.5
91.1
102.1
100.0
Relative
full-time
weekly
earnings.
92.5
92.8
102.3
100.0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
99
From the table it is seen that the relative or index number for fulltime hours per week decreased from 101.6 in 1910 to 100 in 1913, or,
in other words, full-time hours per week in 1910 were 101.6 per cent
of what they were in 1913. The relative or index number for rate
of wages per hour increased from 91.5 in 1910 to 100 in 1913. Owing
to the reduction of hours the increase in full-time weekly earnings
was somewhat less than the increase in wages per hour, the increase
being from an index of 92.5 in 1910 to 100 in 1913.
In examining the relative or index numbers for the several occupa
tions and for the industry as a whole in the tables on the preceding
page it will be observed that they have been computed with 1913 taken
as the base or 100 per cent. In the preceding reports of the Bureau
relating to this industry relative numbers for rates of wages per
hour and for hours of labor per week were presented back to 1890,
and the base, or 100 per cent, was not the average rate of wages per
hour or the average full-time hours per week in any one year, but
the average rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours
per week for the 10-year period, 1890-1899. The table of such
relative numbers appears in the appendix, page 178.
The reasons for changing the base of the relative numbers to the
most recent year are stated on page 15. The relative numbers for
the occupations shown in the new series here presented differ from
those of the old series, shown in preceding reports, because of the
change of the base, but the ratio existing between any two years is
the same in both series. The relative numbers for the industry as
a whole have likewise been recomputed with 1913 as the base.
In addition to making a change of the base year, a change has also
been made in the method of computing the industry relatives, and
because of this change the relatives here presented not only differ
from the relatives computed by the old method, but shows a slightly
different ratio of change from year to year. In Bulletin No. 128,
relative numbers for this industry were averages of the relative
numbers of the several occupations. For each year, for example,
the relative rate of wages per hour of each occupation was multiplied
(weighted) by the number of employees in that occupation, the
products thus computed for the several occupations were added,
and the sum of the products for all occupations divided by the total
employees in all occupations.
In computing the relative numbers from 1910 to 1913 for the
industry as a whole as presented in this Bulletin, a combination was
made, not of the relative numbers for the several occupations, but
of the actual hours and wages of the several occupations. For each
year the average hours and wages were computed for all employees
in all occupations and the average for each preceding year was com
pared with the average for 1913 to determine the index. It was
100
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.
deemed necessary to make this change in method because, by com
puting the industry relative by averaging the occupation relatives,
a change in the industry is not always reflected by the relative thus
computed. This reason is more fully explained on page 26.
In addition to the relative numbers shown for the several occupa
tions and for the industry, three tables are here presented showing the
per cent of increase or decrease in full-time hours of labor per week,
rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings in 1913 as
compared with each preceding year back to 1910. The figures of
these tables are computed from the relative numbers shown on page 98
and simply reverse the method of comparison. Each of the three
tables also shows the increase or decrease in 1912 as compared with
1911, and in 1911 as compared with 1910. Referring to the first fine
of the first table it is seen that the full-time hours of burlers in 1913
were 2 per cent lower than in 1910, 2.2 per cent lower in 1911, and
0.5 per cent lower than in 1912. Further it is seen that the full-time
hours of labor in this occupation were 1.7 per cent lower in 1912 than
in 1911, and 0.2 per cent higher in 1911 than in 1910. The other
figures of the several tables are read in like manner.
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , 1913 COM
PARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y EA R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W IT H 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in
1913 than in—
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in—
Occupation and sex.
1910
Burlers, female..............................................
Carding-machine tenders, male...................
Card strippers, male.....................................
Combers, male...............................................
Combers, female............................................
Dressers, male...............................................
Laborers, dyehouse, male............................
Loom fixers, male.........................................
Menders, female............................................
Spinners, frame, male...................................
Spinners, frame, female................................
Spinners, mule, male....................................
Twisters, female............................................
Weavers, male..............................................
Weavers, female............................................
Wool sorters, male........................................
The industry.......................................
1911
-2 .0
-1 .4
-1 .4
- 3 .0
+ .3
—1. 6
—1. 6
-1 .8
-2 .3
-3 . 6
—1. 6
- 1.8
-2 . 4
- 1.8
-1 . 4
-2 .4
-1.6 :
1 No change.
—2.2
—1.4
-1 .2
—3.0
+ .5
—1. 6
—2.0
—1.8
—2.4
-3 . 6
- 1 .6
- 1 .6
-2.2
-1 .8
— 6
1.
—2. 4
- 1.8
1912
—0.5
— .2
- .9
— .5
+ .5
— .4
1912 than
in 1911
—1.7
—1.2
— .3
—2.5
(9
0)
+ .5
- .2
— .5
—1.2
—2.0
—1.4
—2.0
—3.6
-2 .1
-1 .4
-1 .8
— .4
— 1 .4
C)
1
— .4
— .5
—
1.6
1911 than
in 1910
+0.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
— .2
-
.2
+ .4
+ .1
- .2
— .2
(9
— .4
-2 .0
+ .2
(9
- .2
-1.6
+ .2
0)
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
PER
CENT
PARED
OF
IN C R E A S E
W IT H
EACH
OR
OF
1911 C O M P A R E D W I T H
TH E
DECREASE
3 Y E A R S
IN
R A T E S OF W A G E S P E R H O U R ,
P R E C E D I N G , 19 12 C O M P A R E D W I T H
101
19 13 C O M
1 9 11 , A N D
1910.
Per cent higher (+ ) or lower ( —) in
1913 than in—
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in—
Occupation and sex.
1910
1911
1912
+14.3
+ 0.6
Burlers, female..............................................
+12.2
+16.4
+ 4.9
+ 5.2
Carding-machine tenders, male...................
+ 2.2
+10.6
+10.3
Card strippers, male.....................................
+10.0
+10. 7
Combers, male...............................................
+ .1
+ 5.3
+ 7.2
Combers, female............................................
+ 1.1
+ 6.5
+ 7.6
Dressers, male...............................................
— .1
+10.5
+ 9.3
+ 1.0
Laborers, dyehouse, male............................
+ 7.9
+ 8.2
- 3.2
Loom fixers, male.........................................
+12.2
— 5.2
Menders, female............................................
+ 11. 7
-1 4.1
+ 6.0
+ 3.1
Spinners, frame, male..................................
+16.1
— 2. 5
................................ frame, female +11. 7
Spinners,
+ 6.2
+ 9.5
- 1.1
Spinners, mule, male....................................
+ 4.4
+ 3.5
- 1.5
Twisters, female............................................
— 1.9
+12.2
Weavers, male...............................................
+10.7
+ 6.8
— 4.3
Weavers, female............................................
+18.1
+ 5.3
Wool sorters, male........................................
+16.7
The industry.......................................
P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E
PARED
W IT H
EACH
1911 C O M P A R E D W I T H
+ 9.3
O R D E C R E A S E IN
OF
TH E
3 Y E A R S
+ 9.8
1912 than
in 1911
+13.6
— .2
+ 7.8
+10.6
+ 6.0
+ 7.8
+ 8.2
+11.8
+18.4
+20.0
+14.6
+ 7.3
+ 5.1
+12. 8
+ +11.6
5.7
+10.9
- 2.1
+12.1
F U L L -T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S ,
P R E C E D I N G , 1912 C O M P A R E D
1911 than
in 1910
— 1.8
+10.9
+ .3
— .7
- 1.8
— 1.1
+ 1.1
— .3
— .4
+ 2.9
+ 3.9
+ 3.2
+ .8
+ 1.3
— 1.1
+ 1.2
-
.4
1913 C O M
W I T H 19 11 , A N D
1910.
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) o r lo w e r ( — ) in
1913 t h a n in —
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) or
lo w e r ( — ) in —
O c c u p a t io n a n d s e x .
1911
1910
B u r le r s , f e m a l e ..................................................................
C a r d in g -m a c h in e t e n d e r s , m a l e ............................
C a r d s t r ip p e r s , m a l e ......................................................
C o m b e r s , m a l e ...................................................................
C o m b e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
D r e s s e r s , m a l e ....................................................................
L a b o r e r s , d y e h o u s e , m a l e .........................................
L o o m f ix e r s , m a l e ...........................................................
M e n d e r s , f e m a l e ................................................................
S p in n e r s , f r a m e , m a l e .................................................
S p in n e r s , f r a m e , f e m a le ..............................................
S p in n e r s , m u l e , m a l e ....................................................
T w i s t e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
W e a v e r s , m a l e ...................................................................
W e a v e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
W o o l s o r te r s , m a l e ..........................................................
T h e i n d u s t r y ........................................................
1912 t h a n
in 1911
1912
1911 t h a n
in 1910
+ 8.1
+ 1 4 .4
+ 9 .4
+ 6 .5
+ 5. 8
+ 4. 7
+ 8 .5
+ 5 .8
+17. 6
+ 2 .2
+ 1 5 .2
+ 7 .9
.5
+ 1 0 .5
+ 4 .3
+ 1 5 .3
+ 1 0 .0
+ 3 .5
+ 9 .2
+ 7 .2
+ 7 .8
+ 5 .8
+ 7 .2
+ 6 .3
+ 9 .3
.5
+ 10.0
+ 4 .5
+ 1 .3
+ 8.8
+ 5 .0
+ 1 3 .9
1 .5
+ 4 .8
+ 1 .3
—
.6
+ 1 .5
.3
+ 1.0
3 .3
- 5 .6
— 1 4 .1
1 .8
1 .3
1 .6
2 .1
4 .2
+ 4 .8
+ 1 1 .7
1.2
+ 7 .8
+ 7 .8
+ 6.1
+ 6 .1
+ 6.1
+ 9. 9
+ 15. 7
+ 1 5 .8
+ 12. 0
+ 5 .9
+ 2 .9
+ 1 1 .1
+ 9. 7
+ 8 .7
1 .7
+ 1 0 .5
+
.2
—
.6
— 1.8
1.0
+ 1.2
.4
+ 7 .6
+ 2.8
+ 4 .7
+ 3 .2
1.8
+ 1 .5
—
.7
+ 1 .3
+
+
-
+ 1 0 .2
+
8.1
7 .8
2.2
.3
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This report includes establishments making woolen and worsted
materials for ladies’ wear, including dress goods and cloakings;
materials for men’s wear, including suitings and overcoatings; uniform
goods; flannels; and bed blankets. The textile directory for 191213 shows 460 establishments manufacturing exclusively these kinds
of goods, and the present report includes data from establishments
in which are located 32 per cent of the cards and 35 per cent of the
102
BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.
looms in establishments engaged in the exclusive manufacture of
such goods.
All information in this report was secured from pay rolls of the
various establishments by agents of the Bureau. The number of
establishments from which data were secured has varied consider
ably during the period included in this report, as fellows:
1907 to 1910.......................................................... 19 identical establishments.
1910 and 1911.......................................................27 identical establishments.
1911 to 1913.......................................................... 46 identical establishments.
As before stated, the data for 1907 to 1911 w^ere secured in 1911,
and the number of establishments included for the full period from
1907 to 1910, inclusive, was limited, owing to the difficulty of find
ing establishments that had preserved complete records for those
years and also owing fo the large amount of work involved. Data
were not secured from a greater number of establishments in the
more recent years because of the limited funds available for the pur
pose. The establishments vary from year to year, as establishments
go out of business or cease to be representative, and new establish
ments must be substituted in the wage study. Occasionally occu
pations are dispensed with in a mill, or new occupations are intro
duced, and sometimes data are not available for all occupations in
a mill.
Data for a group of establishments in any year will not be pre
cisely the same as for a different group in the same year, even though
nearly all of the establishments may be common to both groups. In
using the actual figures in this report, comparison from year to year
should be made only between data coming from identical establish
ments. In the tables the data from identical establishments are
bracketed together. Data from an establishment are not included
in the report unless the information for at least two years is available.
In selecting establishments from which to secure data the Bureau
undertook to represent all States in which woolen and worsted goods
manufacturing is of material importance, the measure of importance
being the number of employees as reported by the United States
Census of Manufactures, 1910. The table which follows shows by
States the number of employees in this industry as reported by the
United States Census Office for 1910; the total number on the pay
roll in the establishments from which the Bureau secured data for
1913; and the number in the selected occupations for whom data for
1913 are shown.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
103
TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN WOOLEN AND W ORSTED GOODS MANUFAC
TURING AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FOR WHICH DATA
ARE SHOWN FOR 1913.
State.
Establishments for which data are
shown by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1913.
Number of
employees
reported
by United
Number of employees—
States
Census Of Number of
fice, 1910. establish
For whom
On pay
ments.
data are
roll.
shown.
Massachusetts.....................................................................
Pennsylvania.....................................................................
Rhode Island......................................................................
New Jersey.........................................................................
New Hampshire.................................................................
Maine............................................................................
New Y ork...........................................................................
Connecticut........................................................................
Other States 2.....................................................................
52,564
26,669
24,924
12,394
9,486
8,553
7,559
7,526
13,517
Total.............. ..........................................................
163,192
13
0)
5
3
7
11
2
4
1
46
14,078
(9
5,464
6,810
5,132
2,155
1,514
852
1,500
37,505
6 188
(9
2, 213
1,962
2,335
1,259
’ 666
454
543
15,620
1 Time worked by pieceworkers not a matter of record in the establishments in this State, hence no
data were obtainable.
2 Includes States having less than 2,500 each in 1910.
According to the census of 1910, more than 75 per cent of the total
number of employees in the industry are found in the States in which
the establishments furnishing information to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics are located. The number of employees in the establish
ments from which the Bureau secured 1913 data was equal to 23.0
per cent of the total in the industry in 1910, and the number for which
the Bureau presents detailed information for 1913 was equal to 9.6
per cent of the total in the industry in 1910.
The pay rolls copied usually cover one week. For weavers and a
few other pieceworkers— about one-half of all employees for whom
data are shown— pay rolls for two, or in some instances four, consecu
tive weeks were taken for each employee. This was considered neces
sary to obtain a fair average. Weavers are not paid for work until
the cloth is taken from the loom, and a part of the work of one week
is often paid for in the succeeding week. In some cases, where a
bonus or premium is paid the bonus is based on four weeks’ work
and it is necessary to take the earnings for the entire period in order
to get the employee’s real earnings.
The pay-roll period taken each year was that nearest May 15,
except in a very few establishments where abnormal conditions made
it desirable to take a pay roll for some other time of the year.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables of the
report are the regular hours of work of the occupation under normal
conditions in the establishment, or if the establishment is found
running under unusual working time because of rush work or of
slack work, the hours to which both employer and employee expect
104
B U L L E T IN
OE T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
to return when conditions become normal. The working time is
the hours on duty including intervals of waiting for work.
The full-time hours per week and the relatives based thereon do
not in any way indicate the extent of unemployment. Employees
may work overtime, broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary
reduction may be made in working hours, without such change
affecting the full-time hours per week as presented in this Bulletin.
The rates of wages per hour appearing in the tables include the
wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers. All time
rates by the day or week have been reduced to rates per hour, and
the earnings of pieceworkers or of persons working at both time and
piece rates have been reduced to earnings per hour, by dividing the
earnings by the hours worked. The time workers and pieceworkers
of each occupation are combined as one group. Where there was
no record regularly kept by the establishment of the actual time
worked by pieceworkers, the firms at the request of the Bureau kept
a special record for the one pay period. The importance of such a
record for factory purposes is causing a greater number of firms each
year to keep a record of time worked by all employees.
A change in the earnings per hour of pieceworkers does not of
necessity indicate a change in piece rates. Without a change in
piece rates, a change in methods or machinery, a speeding up, or
more steady work resulting from greater volume of business may
increase the hourly earnings; or, on the other hand, changes in
methods, a slowing down in speed, or a lull in business may reduce
hourly earnings. Varying intervals of waiting for work while on
duty may also affect hourly earnings.
The full-time weekly earnings are the earnings per week of em
ployees working full time, or the earnings on broken time reduced
to equivalent earnings for a full week. In considering changes in
full-time earnings per week, notice should also be taken of changes
in full-time hours of labor per week. A reduction in the hours of a
pieceworker may reduce his earnings in a week and leave his earnings
per hour unchanged, while a reduction of hours for a week worker
will, if his weekly rate remains the same, increase his rate per hour.
The averages of full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are computed by adding the data for
each individual employee and dividing the total by the number of
employees.
In studying the tables, it will be observed that the average full
time weekly earnings are not exactly the same as the result that would
be obtained by multiplying the average rate per hour by the average
hours per week, owing to the change in the relative weight of the
items. This point is illustrated on page 23.
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
105
The change in the basis of comparison in computing the relative
numbers from the average of 1890-1899 to 1913 is referred to on page 99.
A more extended explanation is also given on pages 23 to 25. The
relative rates of wages per hour and the relative full-time hours per
week from 1890 to 1912 on the basis of 1890-1899 equaling 100, pub
lished in Bulletin No. 128, are reproduced in this Bulletin in the
appendix, page 178.
The method used in computing the relative or index numbers for
the several occupations can best be explained by an illustration.
Such an illustration is given on page 25.
A word of caution is given as to the use of relative numbers. The
per cent of increase or decrease from one year to another is not the
difference between relative numbers for the years. Thus, as shown
in the table on page 98, the relative full-time weekly earnings in the
woolen and worsted industry increased from 92.5 in 1910 to 102.3
in 1912, an increase of 9.8 in the relative for 1912 over the relative
for 1910, which number (9.8) is 10.6 per cent of 92.5, thus making
the increase in full-time earnings per week of 10.6 per cent in 1912
over 1910.
The base for the computation of the relative numbers of the several
occupations, as stated above, has been changed from the average
of 1890-1899 to 1913. The same change of base has been made in
computing the relative numbers for the industry as a whole. In
addition to the change of base in computing the relative numbers
for the industry, a change has been made in the method of compu
tation. The relative numbers for the industry here presented,
covering 1910 to 1913, are computed directly from the average
hours of labor, rates of wages per hour, and weekly earnings of all
employees in all occupations combined into one group. In other
words, the relatives for the industry as a whole have been computed
for this report in the same manner as the relatives for each occupa
tion. This change of method is explained and illustrated on pages
26 to 30.
In addition to the text tables presented in the summary, 7 general
tables are given, namely:
Table I.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the
United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table II.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table III.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each
State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table IV .— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table V.— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
106
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
Table V I.— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in each State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table V II.— Average full-time hours of work per week and average
full-time weekly earnings, by States, 1912 and 1913.
In Tables I and IV, in addition to actual data, percentages com
puted therefrom are given. The data from tliese'two tables are sum
marized in the text table on pages 93 to 96.
When data for a State are available in sufficient amount to warrant
presentation, such data are presented by States in Tables II, III,
V, and VI. Tables III and V I repeat the data for the several States
given in Tables II and V, rearranged for the convenience of the
reader.
DESCRIPTION
OF PRINCIPAL
PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS.
The occupations included in the report for 1913 are:
Menders.
Spinners, frame.
Spinners, mule.
Twisters.
Weavers.
Wool sorters.
Burlers.
Carding-machine tenders.
Card strippers.
Combers.
Dressers.
Laborers, dyehouse.
Loom fixers.
Brief descriptions of the work done by employees in each of these
occupations follow:
B U R L E R S.
Burlers remove the knots from cloth. A “ cut of clo th /’ so-called,
is gradually pulled over the flat or slanting top of a burler’s desk.
As the knots are seen or found by the burler in passing her hands
over the cloth she removes them with a “ burling iron,” which is
a flat piece of steel about 6 inches long, bent double, allowing
about an inch between the two ends, which are about hah an inch
wide and sharpened to fine edges. The burler can bring the ends
together and release them at will. As the burler pulls the cloth over
the desk it drops in folds on the floor in front of the desk. The
burler works either standing or sitting, as she elects. The work is
done by females and on either time or piece basis.
C A R D IN G -M A C H IN E T E N D E R S .
Woolen cards (or carding machines) are a combination of three
cylinders or three cards, “ first breaker,” “ second breaker,” and
“ finisher.” Worsted cards are a combination of two cylinders or
two cards, a first and a second breaker. The term carding-machine
tenders embraces all employees in carding rooms outside of superin
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907 TO 1913-----W O O L E N .
107
tendent, overseer, second hand, card grinder, and card stripper. The
names applied to the work done in connection with carding machines
frequently differ from mill to mill. When the stock (that is, the raw
wool) is fed by hand to an endless apron which carries it to the first
breakers, the first card through which the stock goes, and to the
second breakers, the second card through which the stock goes, the
employee in each case is called a “ feeder.” When an automatic ma
chine is attached to the first breaker so as to draw the stock from the
box of the automatic machine, the box being hand filled, the mechan
ism of the machine is such that the stock is weighed and evenly fed
to the endless apron of the card. The employees who place the
stock in the box of the automatic feeders are called “ Bramwell feeds,”
taking their name from the manufacturer of the automatic machine.
W ool stock comes through the first breaker in the form of a sliver
or strand. Wound on a short wooden spool, this sliver is then fed
into the second breaker, and the employee may be called a feeder,
second feeder, or second breaker. Very little of this handwork is
now done. Automatic machines are arranged to convey the sliver
directly from the first breaker to the second breaker. Employees
watch the sliver in passing from the first to the second breaker and
mend it, if it breaks, by twisting the sliver together with their fingers.
The employees doing this watching and mending, from the make of
the automatic machine mentioned, are called “ Apperley feeds.”
Sliver that is to become woolen yarn passes on to a third card known
as a finisher or condenser. Sliver that is to be converted into worsted
yarn does not go to the third card, being converted into worsted
yarn by a combing and twisting process. Whether the sliver is
taken off the cards at the second (and last) worsted cards, or at
the third (and last) woolen cards, it is removed on spools or in cans
in the same general way, though the method varies somewhat from
mill to mill. The sliver winds upon spools attached to the last card
in a horizontal position. As the spool winds full an employee takes
it off and puts an empty spool in its place to be filled. The employee
doing this is called finisher, bailer, or doffer. An automatic machine
run in connection with a row of last cards, taking the sliver from
each card and uniting it in one continuous sliver, conveying it to one
end of the row of cards, and winding it upon a spool in the same
manner as when wound direct from one card on a spool, constitutes
what is called, from the conveying process, a “ railway.” An em
ployee attending a railway must see that the sliver does not break,
must twist it together by hand if it does break, take off the spool
when it is wound full, and place an empty spool in its place.
Sliver from the last card of the set, woolen or worsted, by another
process, runs through what is known as a “ card head,” and coils
into a can. When the can is filled with the sliver it is removed and^
108
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
another put in its place. Employees having charge of the cans are
called head feeds, heading tenders, and card ends.
Card boys are employed in some mills to clean up waste and assist
employees in other occupations. Carding-machine tending is done
by either males or females, generally males, and on a time basis.
C A R D S T R IP P E R S .
The special duty of card strippers is to strip or clean the card
clothing when it becomes clogged and produces a poor sliver. The
card clothing of a carding machine consists of cotton cloth, enforced
with rubber facing, through which fine wires of tempered steel from
f to 1J inches in length are fixed at various pitches to catch and
draw the wool through the rolls of the cards. Card stripping is done
by males and on a time basis.
C O M B E R S (W O R S T E D O C C U P A T IO N ).
Combers place the wooden rolls on which the sliver or roving, as it is
now called, is wound on the combing machines. Eighteen rolls,
“ balls,” as they are called, are provided for on most machines, places
for the rolls being arranged so as to form a complete circle. The rov
ing runs off the various rolls into a continuous strand which passes
around a circle, where fine, metallic teeth comb the short fibers out
of the strand. The short fibers, as they are combed, fall into a can,
or drop through a hole in the floor under the combs to a conveyor, to
be taken away as waste. This waste is known as “ noils,” and is
combed out, as it can not be used in worsted goods. The long-fibered
wool, with the short fibers combed out, comes from the combs in a
long, continuous coil and feeds into tall, round cans, to be drawn or
wound upon spools for spinning. Besides placing the spools on the
comb and removing the empty spools, the comber watches the longfiber strand to see that it does not break as it passes from the comb and
coils into the can. Combers tend from one to two combs. The work
is done by males or females and on a time basis.
DRESSERS.
Dressers “ size” warp yarn by running it through a sizing solution
of starch. The desired number of “ ends” of yarn are run off spools
onto wooden beams 32 to 40 inches long. From these beams the
desired length of warp yarn required for a specified warp is drawn
between rolls revolving in liquid starch and then between rolls to
extract the surplus sizing. From the extractor rolls the yarn goes
between and over a series of coils of steam-heated pipes varying in
number, and in some cases over a drying cylinder to dry. It then
goes through a separator to separate the strands and then is wound
upon a beam. The dresser puts in place and removes the beams at
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
109
both the front and the back of the sizer and arranges the specified
ends of yarn for dressing. The dresser may make the sizing solution,
or an employee designated as size man or starch man may prepare it.
Some mills buy their warp instead of making it, but all mills dress
their warp whether they make or buy it. The work is done by males
and on either a time or a piece basis.
LABORERS, D YEH O U SE .
Employees reported under this head are entered on the pay rolls as
dyehouse laborers in some mills and in other mills as kettle men, pole
men, vat men, reelers, and machine dyers. All get a common labor
er’s rate of pay, which varies a cent or two an hour between kettle men
and pole men, reelers, and machine dyers. But one and all simply
do common labor. All mills speak of them and consider them as
laborers, or dyers, regardless of the pay-roll terms used. For the
purpose of this investigation all are classed as “ laborers, dyehouse.”
Kettle men place the cloth or wool to be dyed in a large copper kettle
containing liquid dye, watch it revolve by automatic force inside the
kettle, and take the material out when dyed as desired. Pole men
and vat men place cloth or wool in wooden vats with liquid dye and
move the material to be dyed about in the vat with long poles at short
intervals and take it from the vats when dyed. A vat filled with
liquid dye, with a large wooden reel or roll in a frame from 2 to 3
feet above the vat, with a similar reel at the bottom, constitutes a reel
for dyeing. A reeler takes a cut or web of cloth, passes it over
the reels and sews the ends together, forming an endless chain, and
starts the machine, and the cloth passes around on the reels through
the dye until it is properly colored, when the reeler removes the cloth
from the reels. Machine dyers place cloth and wool in copper drums
perforated at the sides and ends, and machine power revolves the
drum through vats of liquid dye until the proper color of the material
is secured. The operator then removes the material from the
drums. In some years a mill manufactures less colored goods than
in other years, so that the number of dyers employed varies from
year to year according to the proportion of white and colored goods
produced. The work is done by males and on a time basis.
L O O M F IX E R S .
Loom fixers repair looms when any part of a loom breaks or the
warp or filling runs bad through some defect of the machinery or
because of improper speed. A loom fixer, besides being a machinist,
must understand weaving. The work is done by males on either a
time or a piece basis.
110
BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
M ENDERS.
Menders, sometimes called sewers, take the cloth and handle it on
a desk in the same manner as the burlers, examine it for broken threads
or dropped threads, which they sew in with a needle and thread, and
for torn places or imperfections, which they mend. Sewers stand
or sit at their work, as they elect. The work is done by females and
on either a time or a piece basis.
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E .
Frame spinners operate machines called spinning frames. Each
frame has two sides, on both of which spools containing roving are
placed horizontally. Ends of the roving strand are drawn through
small metal rolls and attached to bobbins which are placed perpen
dicularly in a single row on spindles on each side of the frame, at a
distance of approximately three feet from the roving spools, so that
the roving spins from the roving spool to the bobbin on a downward
incline. On an average there are 72 bobbins on each side of a frame.
The machines on which frame spinning is done are placed in rows
with passageways entirely around each machine. Each of the two
sides of a spinning frame is known as a “ side,” and for operative pur
poses is virtually a separate machine. A frame spinner generally
attends several sides. His duty is to place the roving spools on the
frame and tie roving that breaks in spinning from the spools to the
bobbin, so that it will wind upon the bobbins in a continuous even
yarn. The bobbins are placed on the frames and taken off when full
by doffers. ' Frame spinning is done largely by females and on a time
basis.
S P IN N E R S , M U L E .
The mule spinner operates a mule or a pair of spinning mules.
The mules vary in length from 25 feet to 160 feet, the average length
being approximately 80 feet. The number of spindles varies from
240 to 1,000, according to the yarn produced. Spools on which
sliver has been wound at the cards, or after it has been combed are
placed horizontally on a frame facing the mule carriage. The end
of the strand of sliver from each spool is drawn through a set of small
metal rolls, and between an upper and lower steel wire running the
length of the carriage and is attached to bobbins placed perpendiculaily on spindles on the mule carriage. The mule spinner starts
the mule in operation by moving a clutch that controls the connec
tion between the frame and the carriage. The carriage moves
automatically outward from the frame from 5 to 7 feet, drawing out
and twisting the sliver into yarn. Then the carriage automatically
returns to the mule winding the yarn upon the bobbins. This
drawing out and winding continue until the yarn is spun to the
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LAB OB, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
Ill
required quality. The mill management specifies the fineness of yarn
desired in runs, numbers, or skeins—generally runs or numbers. A
run in woolen spinning is 1,600 yards to 1 pound of wool; in worsted
spinning a run called a number is 560 yards to 1 pound of wool;
hence, if one-run yarn in woolen or No. 1 yarn in worsted is wanted,
the spinner must know the distance the mule carriage draws away
from the frame of the mule and other measurements necessary to
the unit, and figures the number of times the carriage must pass from
and to the frame to secure the unit desired. Each run or number
is a multiple of the first run or number; thus two-run woolen yarn
is 3,200 yards to 1 pound of wool and ten runs 16,000 yards to 1
pound of wool; No 2 worsted yarn is 1,120 yards to 1 pound of wool
and No. 10 worsted yarn 5,600 yards to 1 pound of wool. A frac
tional run or number is the proportion of the main unit— two-andone-fourth-run woolen yarn is 3,600 yards to 1 pound of wool, and
No. 2J worsted yarn is 1,400 yards to a pound. The mule spinner’s
duties are to attend to running the mule and see that the desired run
or number of yarn is produced; he is paid by the run or number of
yarn spun, or pounds of wool spun, based on the run or number
of yarn. A mule spinner in some mills pieces the sliver when it
breaks by joining it by hand, or by placing it between the small
metal rolls, if convenient, at the mule frame where it joins itself.
In most of the mills there are boys who do the piecing work, and
they are called piecers, creelers, or back boys. The spools filled with
the sliver are put on the frames by boys and the bobbins or tops, on
which the yarn is wound from spools to the spindles on the carriage,
are also put on and taken off by boys. The former are called “ roving
hands,” and the latter “ doffers.” In some mills older boys, or young
men, do the roving work, the doffing work, and help the mule spinner
to join the broken ends of sliver or yarn. In this case, they are called
assistant mule spinners. The French system of spinning is by mules,
the same as already described, and, as the work and the wage scale
are the same, the operators are classed as mule spinners. Jacks
formerly were used in place of mules, but they began to go out of
use in 1874. The difference between the operation of a mule and a
jack is that after the mule is once started, it works automatically
until it is stopped, while the jack is operated by a spinner’s turning
a hand jack in the center of the carriage for the carriage to draw
outward from the frame of the jack, walking backwards in advance
of the carriage, and turning the hand jack back for the carriage to
draw in or back to the frame, following the carriage in, and so on
until the yarn is spun. The mule spinner walks back and forth, as
the mule carriage draws out and in, but has no drawing or pushing
to do. Mule spinning has nearly superseded jack spinning, and
frame spinning in worsted is taking the place of mule spinning, as
112
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
frame-spinning machines do not take up as much room as mules,
and the work can be done by boys and girls from 16 to 20 years of
age, while mule spinning is usually done by men. In woolen, frame
spinning is not used, as the texture of the yarn that is desired can not
be secured by frame spinning. The work of mule spinning is done
by males and almost invariably on a piece basis.
T W I S T E R S (W O R S T E D O C C U P A T IO N ).
This is a worsted occupation by which the yarn on what is termed
a doubler’s spool is run into two or more ply yarn or thread. A
twisting machine can be regulated to make from 2 to 40 turns per
inch. The yarn is twisted from the doubler’s spools arranged in
perpendicular rows on the top of the machine to twister bobbins
which are arranged in a lower corresponding perpendicular row.
When the twister bobbins are wound full, the twister breaks the
thread running from the doubler’s spool to the bobbin and ties it to
the frame that holds the bobbins, if the yarn is not all run off of the
doubler’s spool. When empty bobbins are placed on the frame
again, he unties the yarn ends and attaches them to the bobbins,
replacing the filled bobbins. When the twisting machine is in
operation, the operator watches for broken yarn or thread and ties
the ends together to secure a continuous thread for the bobbins.
The work is done by either males or females, but generally by females,
and on a time basis.
WEAVERS.
Weavers take bobbins wound with filling yarn from a bobbin box
at the right side of their looms and place them one at a time on a
spindle inside of a wooden shuttle. They then draw the yarn
through a hole in the side of the shuttle, “ threading the shuttle,” and
place it in the shuttle box at the right of the loom, drawing the yarn
through the shuttle hole, at a length sufficient to throw it between
two harnesses of the loom containing the warp. The weaver then
moves to the left a clutch located at the right, near the shuttle box,
thus starting the loom in motion. A picker stick strikes the end of
the shuttle, driving it with the bobbin through the warp and unwind
ing the yarn from the bobbin the length of its passage and passing
the shuttle into a corresponding shuttle box at the left of the loom.
It is then hit by another picker stick, which returns the shuttle to the
first shuttle box, the yarn unwinding as before, the process continuing
until the bobbin is emptied, when another bobbin is substituted by
stopping and starting the loom, and so on. After the shuttle passes
from the right to the left a warp harness drops down and a frame
reaching the length of the loom with fine, small, perpendicular teeth
through which the warp passes presses up so that the side of the
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
113
frame wire presses the filling yarn into place. Then a second warp
harness drops down and the first harness comes up, the picker stick
strikes the shuttle at the left of the loom, and the yarn from the
bobbin passes through the warp, whose threads are thus crossed first
above and then below the filling yarn and the frame with the fine
teeth comes up and again presses the filling yarn into the web. The
number of harnesses on a loom depends on the style or pattern of the
cloth. Each time the filling yarn passes from one side of the loom
to the other is called a pick. Hence starting from the right-hand
shuttle box and going to the left-hand shuttle box and returning,
two picks have been woven. If a filling or a warp yarn breaks, a
drop wire stops the loom and the weaver ties the broken ends and
again starts the loom. As the picks are formed in the warp, thus
weaving the cloth, the latter winds upon a horizontal wooden roll at
the bottom of the loom, and filling this roll or spool constitutes a cut.
Woolen and worsted weavers are generally paid by the yard, and
one of the important factors in fixing the piece price is the number
of picks per inch. There are broad looms, three-quarter looms, and
narrow looms. The width of a broad loom is approximately 110
inches; of a three-fourths loom, 72J inches; and of a narrow loom, 55
inches; but the width of the goods woven is considerably less, as, for
instance, a double width may be 56 inches, and a single width 28
inches. Margins are allowed on each edge of the cloth to permit of
its being trimmed or shrunk down to standard double and single
widths, according to pattern. The width of looms varies consider
ably in different mills, and even in the same mill. Weavers on broad
and three-quarter looms (there being few three-quarter looms) run
from one to three looms, generally two. Narrow-loom weavers run
from two to eight looms. Pattern weavers are not included in the
weavers given in this report, as they should not be classed with
regular weavers, being employed to get out samples from which
the buyers make selections and give their purchase orders. The
work is done by either males or females, usually on a piece basis.
W O O L SO R TER S.
The wool is delivered in bags to the mills, each bag containing on
an average 250 pounds of wool fleeces. The wool sorter opens a bag
and takes out a portion of the fleeces, and lays them on the floor.
Then, from the number of the fleeces taken out, the sorter takes one
fleece and, standing up, shakes it over the floor to shake out the
“ belly w ool” and “ skirtings” (waste wool). Belly wool, as the name
indicates, comes from the under part of the fleece, and skirtings from
the hips and edges of the fleece. After shaking the fleece the sorter
lays it on a table or bench near the bag from which the sorting is
43944°— Bull. 150— 14------8
114
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
being done and picks or pulls off the loose ends which have not come
off through the shaking process. Then, from his knowledge of wool,
the sorter decides what grade of wool the fleece is, and places it in a
basket for that grade of wool. The work is almost invariably done
by males, although in rare cases it is done by females. It is done on
either a time or a piece basis.
T a b l e I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
THE UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUM BER.
NumOccupation, sex, and
berof
number of establish- Year. emments.
ployees.
Average
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Average
6
8
9 10 12 14 16 18 20
25 30 40
rate
of and and and and and and and and and and and and
wages un un un un un un un un un un un un
per der der der der der der der der der der der der
hour. 8
9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25
30 40 60
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
Burlers, female:
[1907
18 establishments. 1908
1909
[1910
611
494
582
598
26 establishments. /1910
\1911
1,034
1,010
/1911
43 establishments. \1912
/1912
44 establishments. \1913
53
38
68
93
O
58.3 S . 1224
58.0 .1160
58.0 .1231
56.9 .1238
6
3
2
1
40
39
43
19
29
14
31
23
20
6
11
18
11
3
23
11
2
56. 5
56.6
.1296
.1273
2
6
29! 54 365 275 145 100
27j 68 345 320 118 76
38
29
25
20
1
1
1,516
1,471
56.8
55.9
.1296
6
.1472 . ...
49! 116 471 431 209 138 56
12 47 148 640 191 173 100
37
145
2
14
1
1
1
1,562
1,635
55.9
55.6
.1453
.1462 ***3
16
5
63 190 659 197 175 102
53 225 634 209 230 136
145
126
14
12
1
*
2
[1907
11908
19 establishments. 11909
11910
145
136
134
133
58.6
58.6
58.4
57.3
.1255
.1210
.1237
.1250
/1910
26 establishments. \1911
201
196
56.9
56.9
[1911
40 establishments. 41912
[1913
320
412
329
[1907
1
1908
18 establishments. 11909
11910
46
22
38
34
297
255
259
286
107
114
105
113
2
Carding-machine ten
ders, male:
1
3
1
10
10
5
5
27
34
31
38
80
69
73
65
24
17
21
23
1
.1274
.1414
1
2
5
3
49
60
98
83
46
34
1
14
57.1
56.4
56.3
.1357
. 1354
.1424
2
5 115 122 63
2 76 167. 148
2 22 105 170
13
18!
27
1
1
1
89
79
80
88
58.2
58.1
58.1
57.7
.1447
.1449
. 1510
.1512
3
1
27 establishments. /1910
\1911
162
155
57.0
56.9
.1526
.1531
[1911
42 establishments. 41912
[1913
223
240
238
57.1
56. 9
56.4
[1907
4 establishments. . 1908
1909
1910
52
29
29
42
/1910
6 establishments.. 11911
[1911
9 establishments.. fl912
1913
3
5
1
1
1
i
:
Card strippers, male:
30
31
23
23
40
36
34
41
16
10
19
18
1
4
4
1
1
24
20
93
92
37
34
6
8
1
1
. 1514
.1634
.1670
8
33 127 47
4 79 137
53 145
7
13
37
1
7
3
58.5
58.6
58. e
57.2
.1330
.1312
.1371
.1398
1
106
124
56.5
56.5
. 1393
.1384
188
181
115
56.5
55.1
54.8
.1405
. 1555
.1556
1
!
1
14
15
7
10
28
58
74
48
49
If
1
11 108 50
26 116
g 63
1
;
16
21
40
24
3
!
i
Combers, male:
36
21
'
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
T able
115
I.—AV E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
TH E UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
N U M BE R —Continued.
NumOccupation, sex, and
berof
number of establish- Year. emmerits.
ployees.
Combers, female:
Average
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Average
rate
9 10 12 14 16 18 20
25 30 40
6
8
of
and and and and and and'and and and and and and
wages un un un un un un un un un 1 a- un un
:
per der der der der der der der der der der der der
hour. 8
9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25
30 40 C
O
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
f1907
11908
4 establishments.. 11909
11910
101
117
111
110
55.7 $0.0989
55.8 .0986
55.8 .1019
55.4 .1103
fl910
6 establishments.. \1911
129
118
55.5
55.4
(1911
7 establishemnts.. <1912
jl913
139
150
163
55.8
55.8
56.1
119
97
126
126
58.8
58.4
58.3
57.9
214
215
57.1
57.1
(1911
46 establishments. R912
(1913
337
384
346
(1907
11908
19 establishments. i 1909
(1910
8
19
22
23
14
69
90
8
11
20
3
11
23
49
3
15
14
.2236
.2254
.2241
.2282
/1910
27 establishments. \1911
24
32
42
66
.1092
.1157
.1170
(1907
1908
19 establishments. 41909
(1910
26
34
27
15
14 111
13 99
14 86
.1105
.1086
20
30
20
9
9
Dressers, male:
13
2
10
20
4
2
12
8
7
10
2
1
96
72
93
98
11
13
19
19
.2418
.2394
12
15
4
8
106
99
87
90
5
3
57.1
56.4
56.2
.2429
.2616
.2614
15
6
10
11
7
,
152
141
120
155
194
183
5
38
30
434
385
514
570
58.1
57.8
57.9
56.5
.1439
.1395
. 1366
.1420
177 237
273 94
367 118
199 338
19
16
25
27
I
1
2
5
1
2
1
/1910
27 establishments. \1911
837
877
56.3
56.5
.1430
.1445
1 305 436
1 260 517
88
89
6
9
1
1
(1911
<1912
(1913
1,116
1,093
1,033
56.6
55.5
.1452
.1571
.1587
1 360 573 170
3 74 678 309
54 635 281
11
18
52
1
10
11
1
(1907
11908
19 establishments . 11909
(1910
223
218
242
260
58.0
57.9
58.1
57.0
.2668
.2621
.2629
.2695
1
1
2
2
3
4
3
51
47
41
27
155
157
186
212
14
10
11
16
/1910
27 establishments . \l911
429
390
56.6
56.6
.2787
.2779
2
1
3
4
27
24
326
301
71
60
(1911
46 establishments . <1912
(1913
Menders, female:
(1907
J1908
18 establishments . 11909
(1910
569
589
578
56.7
55.9
55.7
.2752
.3075
.2977
3
1
98
46
50
357 111
292 222
315 210
403
341
583
498
58.5
58.4
58.8
58.0
.1448
.1481
.1371
.1479
3
1
/1910
25 establishments . \1911
1,196
1,115
56.8
56.9
.1598
.1591
44 establishments . /1911
11912
1,623
1,668
56.8
55.7
/1912
42 establishments . \1913
Spinners, frame, male:
2 establishments .. /1910
11911
1,589
1,388
(1911
3 establishments.. Il912
(1913
Laborers,
male:
1
dyehouse,
45 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .
Loom fixers, male:
5 5 .5
2
8
44
14
27 68 119
22 71 61
91 117 82
44 125 81
81
57
86
58
29
2
34
35
42
82
31
35
58
43
4
10
11
16
4—
3 25
1 13
78 190 168 113 188 200
52 179 149 165 168 227
194
140
32
16
5
5—
.1597
.1890
1
13
4
74 237 243 264 228 332
27 120 144 180 184 284
200
572
23
124
8
27 ’ "*2
55.6
55.3
.1929
.1829
3
9
11
15
572
377
124
95
27
18
114
134
56.0
56.0
.1252
.1287
194
244
115
56.0
54.0
54.0
.1316
.1580
.1357
37
39
49
30
81 133 174 183 282
72 168 170 208 253
1
6
66
46
30
48
17
32
2
6
53
64 69
7 202
86 28
2
35
1
2
116
BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OE LABOR STATISTICS,
T able I . — AV E R A G E
AN I) CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
THE U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
N U M BER—Concluded.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and
mi mber of establish Year. em
ploy
ments.
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Aver
age
6
8
9 10 12 14 16 18 20
rate
25 30 40
of
and and and and and and and and and and and and
wages un un un un un un un un un un un un
per der der der der der der der der der der der der
hour. 8
9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25
30 40 60
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
Spinners, frame, fe
[1907
male:
Il908
5 establishments.. 11909
(1910
323
284
295
286
57.6 $0.1272
57.5 .1224
57.5 .1241
56.0 .1278
/1910
8 establishments.. \1911
578
683
56.0
56.0
.1223
.1272
[1911
10 establishments. U912
[l913
Spinners, mule, male:
[1907
Il908
19 establishments . 11909
[1910
1,002
1,070
751
56.4
55.2
55.5
.1255
.1439
.1402
384
267
297
320
58.6
58.2
58.2
57.5
.2190
.2152
.2226
.2227
3
4
n.9
10
26 establishments. [1911
529
454
57.0
56.9
.2242
.2312
[1911
638
719
759
57.3
56.5
56.4
.2238
.2404
.2377
40 establishments
{1 9 1 2
ll913
Twisters, female:
12
4
6
1
9
3 116 77 115
4 90 186
2 59 228
53 193 39
22 269 239
4 206 395
39
75
3
10 390 469 130
15 36 365 564
1 16 315 404
3
90
14
1
!
3
3
5 *i
5
1
3
7
3
1
10
15
10
8
41
24
42
27
73
48
47
59
173
99
100
132
78
67
89
87
2
1
2
2
12
5
43
30
81
53
248
212
133
135
8
16
1
1
3
2
7
11
5
8
55
38
68
95
75
79
335
300
295
118
245
223
20
54
77 ' “ i
12
7 120
4
75
1 '*5 123
5 99
34
53
69
67
13
6
11
14
3
2
3
3
5 156 90
1 148 149
23
23
2
7
3
7
30
7
18
44
26
10
6
5
9
1
4
1
[1907
J1908
7 establishments . 11909
11910
186 57.2
138 ' 57.6
223 58.0
216 57.2
.11191
.1136
.1123; "ii
.1142t 23
/1910
10 establishments . [1911
332
342
56.9
56.8
.1262: 23
.1241
[1911
12 establishments L912
[1913
Weavers, male:
[1907
J1908
19 establishments . 11909
[1910
600
751
598
56.7
55.7
55.4
.1308
.1374
.1354
2
5 190 160 205
11 162 175 352
4 73 284 202
1,653
1,409
1,589
1,716
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.8
.2027
.1955i "'*2
.1994
1 4
.1985
4
6
5
1
10
9
9
4
70 82 148 221
38 101 177 208
62 113 193 213
25 79 175 288
281
254
247
393
588
445
497
562
185!
120
172
160
60
43
68
27
4
6
6
2
/1910
27 establishments . [1911
2,907
2,563
57.1
57.1
.2068
.2096
3
6
10
14
52 124 249 443 552
48 102 248 352 383
956
834
393 117
471 101
8
4
[1911
46 establishments . L912
[1913
Weavers, female:
[1907
Il908
19 establishments . 11909
[1910
4,049
4,476
3,845
57.1
56.3
56.1
.2099>___
.2367
.2324 *
L .
8
2
27
6
7
85 170 358 509 619 1,411 703 154
50 104 202 336 474 1,528 1,184 574
53 87 206i 355 460 1,281 942 434
5
16
20
1,873
1,882
1,807
2,116
58.0
57.7
57.6
56.4
.1875
.1663
!
.1660
)
.1739
)
4
4
4
14
11
7
/1910
27 establishments . [1911
2,855
2,366
56.3
56.4
.1799
)
6
.1780 . . . .
)
[1911
46 establishments . <1912
11913
Wool sorters, male:
[1907
J1908
11 establishments . 11909
[1910
18 establishments . /1910
[1911
[1911
19 establishments. <1912
[1913
3,384
3,586
3,481
56.8
55.9
55.9
.1843 . . . .
5
.2057 . . . .
1
.1969 . . . .
)
1
184
164
186
193
289
335
444
471
246
58.0
57.8
57.9
56.5
56.3
56.3
56. 4
55.2
55.0
.2330 . . . .
)
.2233 . . . .
1
5___
.2393
.2464 . . . .
1
.2465
1
.2494 ___
.2405
.2666
. 2806
13 72 148 225^300
18 174 256 370 402
36 215 252 302 362
49 168 234 311 364
419
312
274
428
572
305
298
494
109
27
38
44
11
3
15
11 "
8
7
54 200 293 387 489 542
18 188 255 379 435 402
704
540
131
121
39
20
7
40 267 420 553 557 518 788
41 130 175 317 505 595 1,135
4 130 299 388 563 620 948
3
1
1
2
5
6
8 16
1
2
1
7
1
10i
i 2
0
5 33
i
1
14
82
12 111
5 117
6
47
8
63
3
77'
16i 1281
82!
21
6
» 12!
195 38
496 190
422 102
71
3
16
61
125
6
198i 7
243: 4
258i 4
346i 22
1931 34
‘2
2
1
1
2
4
W AGES
T able
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907
TO
1913-----W O O L E N .
117
I . —AV ER A G E AND- CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
TH E UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
PER CENT.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish Year. em
ploy
ments.
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
6
1 1
0 2
2
0
14 16 18
9
8
and and and and and and and and an d
un un un un un un un un un
d er der der der der der der d e r d er
8
9
14 16 18
25
1 1
0 2
2
0
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
Burlers, female:
25
and
un
der
30
40
and and
un un
der d er
30 40 60
cts. cts. cts.
11907
11908
18 establishments. 1909
(1910
611
494
582
598
if 1910
26 establishments. \1911
1,034
1,010
56.5
56.6
1/1911
43 establishments. •\1912
1,516
1,471
56.8
55.9
11912
44 establishments.:-j
j\1913
Carding-machine tend
ers, male:
11907
! 11908
19 establishments.'•
{
11909
[1910
1,562
1,635
55.9
55.6
1.8 0.3
2.8 1.2 .6
4.0 ‘ "‘ .'3
1.8
.1296 .2 2.8 5.2 35.3 26.6 14.0 9.7 3.7 2.4
.1
.1273 .6 2.7 6 7:34.2 31. 7,11.7 7.5 2.9 2.0 .1
.
.1296 .4 3.2 7. 7!31.1 28.413.8 9.1 3.7 2.4
.1
.1472
0
1
.8 3.2 1 .143.5 13.0 1 .8 6.8 9.9 1.0
.1453
42.2 2 !!.
1.0 4.0 12.21 1 . 61 2 6.5 9.3 .9
.1462 "’.* .3 3.2 13.8 38.8 1 .814.1 8.3 7.7
2
.7
2
145
136
134
133
58.6
58.6
58.4
57.3
.1255 .7 2.1 6.9 18.6 55.2 16.6
.1210
3.8 7.4 25.0 50. 7 12.5
.1237 '" . 7 2.2 3.7 23.1 54.5 15.7
.1250
.8 3.8 28.6 48.9 17.3
11910
26 establishments. \1911
201
196
56.9
56.9
.1274
.1414
11911
40 establishments. <1912
[1913
Card strippers, male:
11907
11908
18 establishments. 11909
[1910
320
412
329
57.1
56.4
56.3
.1357
.1354
.1424
89
79
80
88
58.2
58.1
58.1
57.7
.1447
.1449
.1510
.1512
,1910
27 establishments. \1911
162
155
57.0
56.9
.1526
.1531
11911
42 establishments. 41912
[1913
Combers, male:
11907
J1908
4 establishments.. 11909
[1910
223
240
238
57.1
56.9
56.4
.1514
.1634
. 1670,
3.6 14. 8 57.0|21.1 3.1
1. 7 32. 9 57.1 5. 4
22.3 6 0 .9 15. 5
52
29
29
42
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.2
. 1330'
. 1312
.1371
. 1398
1.9 69.2 28.8
72.4 24.1
65.5 34.5
33.3 66.7
IO 56. 5
C
124 56.5
. 1393'
.1384
.8 59.7 39.5
188
181
115
56.5
55.1
54.8
.1405
.1555
.1556
101
117
111
110
55.7
55.8
55.8
55.4
.0989 12.9 19.8 25.7 23.8 7.9 9.9
.0986 1.7 25.6 29.1 27.4 16.2
.1019
18.0 24.3 37.8 19.8
.1103
8.213.6 60.0
18.2
6
j 1910
establishments..
\1911
[1911
9 establishments. . \ 1912
1.1913
Combers, female:
11907
J1908
4 establishments.. 11909
[l910
58.3 $0.1224
58.0 .1160
58.0 .1231
56.9 .1238
1.0 6.5
.3 7.4 6 44.5 18.0 11.7 5.3 1.9
.5
.2 3.2 5.7 47.8 18.9 15.6 3.8 3.0
129
118
55.5
55.4
.1105
.1086
11911
7 establishments.. <1912
[1913
Dressers, male:
11907
19 establishments. J1908
11909
[1910
139
150
163
55.8
55.8
56.1
.1092
.1157
.1170
119
97
126
126
58.8
58.4
58.3
57.9
. 2236
.2254
.2241
.2282
/1910
27 establishments. \1911
0.1
.1
.1
.1
j
j 1910
\1911
6 establishments..
7.5 48.6 17.5 8.7 4.7 3.3
.6 7.9 4. 5 51.6 23.1 7.7
214' 57.1
215 57.1
.2418
.2394 ___
.5 2.5 24.4 48.8 22.9
.7
.8
.5
.5
1.0 1 30.6 42.3 17.3 7.1
.5
.6 1.635.9 38.1 19.7 4.1
.5 18.4 40.5 35.9 4.4 ".*2
**.*3 .6 6.7 31.9 51.7 8.2 .3 ”
3.4 33.7 44.9 18.0
1.3 39.2 45.612.7 1.3
28.8 42.5 23.8 5.0
1 26.1 46.6 20.5 4.5
.1
.6 14.8 57.4 22. 8
3.7
12.9 59.4:21.9 5.2
\*3
1
.1
.6
.6
.4
2.9:..- .
1.3!____
3. 4 1____
54.7 45.3
5.9 57.4 26.6 1 0 .1
1 .064.1 11.6 13.3
1
.
7.8 54.8 34.8 2 6
7.0 ]|7. 8 53.5 6.2 15.5
11.9 76.3 9.3 2.5
i
s
1
J
1 .179.9 7.9 2.2 i
0
8.7 6 .0 15.3 1 .0
6
0
8.652.8 30.1 8.0
.8 3.4 5.9
2.1 10.3
9.5 1.6
6.3 .8
80. 7 9. 2
74.2 13.4
73.8 15.1
77.8 15.1
5.6 1.9 49.5 40.7 2.3
7.0 3.7 46.0 41.9 1. 41___
118
T able
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
THE UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Continued.
PER CEN T—Continued.*
5
3
2
Aver
Num age
Occupation, sex, and
ber of full
number of establish Year. em time
ploy hours
ments.
ees. per
week.
Dressers, male—Con.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Aver
age
9 10 12 14 16 18 20
6
8
25 30 40
rate
and and and and and and and and and and and and
of
un un un un un un un un un un un un
wages
per der der der der der der der der der der der der
9 . 10 12 14 16 18 20 25
hour. 8
30 40 60
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
f 1911
912
40 establishments. •M
1.1913
Laborers, dyehouse,
male:
(1907
11908
19 establishments. 11909
[l910
337
384
346
57.1 $0.2429
56.4 .2616
56.2 .2614
434
385
514
570
58.1
57.8
57.9
56.5
.1439
.1395
. 1366
.1420
27 establishments. /1910
\1911
837
877
56.3
56.5
(1911
45 establishments. 11912
11913
Loom fixers, male:
(1907
11908
19 establishments. 11909
11910
1,116
1,093
1,033
4.5 3.0 45.1 46.0 1.5
2.9 36. 7 50. 5 9.9
1.7 2.0 34.7 52.9 8.7
.2
.3
.4
.9
.3
.4
.2
.1430
.1445
0.1 36.4 52.1 10.5 .7
. l 29.6 59.0 10.1 1.0
.1
.1
56.6
55.5
55.5
.1452
. 1571
.1587
.1 32.3 51.3 15.2 1.0
.3 6.8 62.0 28.3 1.6
5.2 61.5 27.2 5.0
.1
.9
1.1
.1
223
218
242
260
58.0
57.9
58.1
57.0
.2668
.2621
.2629
.2695
.4 .9
.5 1.4
1.7
.8 1.2
22.9
21.6
16.9
10.4
69.5
72.0
76.9
81.5
/1910
27 establishments. \1911
429
390
56.6
56.6
.2787
.2779
.5 .7
.3 1.0
(1911
I
46 establishments. •1912
(1913
569
589
578
56.7
55.9
55.7
.2752
.3075
.2977
.2
(1907
18 establishments. J1908
11909
[1910
403
341
583
498
58.5
58.4
58.8
58.0
0.5 6.7 16.9 29.5 20.1 9.2 8.4 7.7
.1448
.1481 0.9 2.3 6.5 20.8 17.9 16.7 11.4 10.3 10.3
.1371 .5 7.5 15.6 20.1 14.1 14.8 8.4 7.2 9.9
.1479 .2 2.8 8.8 25.1 16.3 11.6 6.0 16.5 8.6
/1910
25 establishments. \1911
1,196
1,115
56.8
56.9
.1598
.1591
.3 2.1 6.5 15.9 14.0 9.4 15.7 16.7 16.2
.1 1.2 4.7 16.1 13.4 14.8 15.1 20.4 12.6
11911
44 establishments. 11912
1,623
1,668
56.8
55.7
.1597
.1890
.1
.8 4.6 14.6 15.0 16.3 14.0 20.5 12.3
.2 1.6 7.2 8.6 10.8 11.0 17.0 34.3
1.4 .5
7.4 1.6
42 establishments. 11912
\1913
1,589
1,388
55.6
55.3
.1929
.7 5.1 8.4 11.0 11.5 17.7 36.0
.1829 ".*2 ".'6 1.1 5.2 12.1 12.2 15.0 18.2 27.2
7.8 1.7
6.8 1.3
Spinners, frame, male:
11910
2 establishments. . \1911
114
134
56.0
56.0
.1252
.1287
57.9 26.3 14.9
4.5 34.3 35.8 23.9 i.5
(1911
3 establishments. . -11912
[1913
194
244
115
56.0
54.0
54.0
.1316
. 1580
.1357
3.1 27.3 33.0 35. 6 1.0
2.9 82.8 14.3
.9 74.8 24.3
(1907
J1908
5 establishments. . 11909
[1910
323
284
295
286
57. 6
57.5
57.5
56.0
.1272
.1224
.1241
.1278
3. 7 .9 35.9 23.8 35.6
1. 4 1.4 31.7 65.5
2.0 .7 20.0 77.3
18.5 67.5 13.6
.3
8 establishments.. 11910
11911
578
683
56.0
56.0
. 1223
.1272
1.6 3.8 46.5 41.3 6.7
.6 30.2 57.8 11.0!' .'4
(1911
10 establishments. •{1912
[1913
1,002
1,070
751
56.4
55.2
55.5
.1255
.1439
.1402
1.0 38.9 46.8 13.0 .3
1.4 3.4 34.1 52.7 8.4
.1 2.1 41.9 53.8 1.9
Menders, female:
4.4
4.2
4.9
4.7
40.8 54.6
70.9 24.4
71.4 23.0
34.9 59.3
6.3 76.0 16.6
6.2 77.2 15.4
.5 17.2 62.7 19.5
7.8 49.6 37.7 4.9
8.7 54.5 36.3 .3
.9
Spinners, frame, fe
male:
6.3
4.6
4.5
6.2
1
" .'i
1.0
2.9
1.9
3.2 "’ .'8 . . . .
2.7
1.4
.4
.4
.1
....
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
119
T able I . — AV E R A G E
AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R H O U R IN
THE UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Concluded.
PER, CE N T—Concluded.
Number of
Occupation, sex, and
number of establish- Year. emments.
ployees.
Spinners, mule, male:
Average
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour.
Average
6 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 2 25 30 40
0
rate
and and and and and and and and and and and and
of
wages un un un un un un un un un un un un
per der der der der der der der der der der der der
hour. 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 2 25
0
30 40 60
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
0.8 0.8 2.6 10.7 19.0
1.5 2.6 5. 6 9.0 18.0
1.0 3.4 14.1 15.8
f 1907
19 establishments. J1908
11909
11910
384
267
297
320
58.6 $0.2190
58.2 .2152
58.2 .2226
57.5 .2227
26 establishments. /1910
\1911
529
454
57.0
56.9
.2242
.2312
(1911
40 establishments. <1912
[1913
Twisters, female:
(1907
1908
7 establishments.. 11909
(1910
638
719
759
57.3
56.5
56.4
.2238
.2404
.2377
186
138
223
216
57.2
57.6
58.0
57.2
10 establishments. /1910
\1911
332
342
56.9
56.8
.1262 6.9
.1241
(1911
12 establishments. <1912
(1913
Weavers, male:
(1907
1908
19 establishments. 11909
(l910
600
751
598
56.7
55.7
55.4
.1308
.1374
.1354
1,653
1,409
1,589
1,716
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.8
.2027 _
. 1955 .1
.1994 .3
.1985
.2
.4
.3
.1
27 establishments. /1910
\1911
2,907
2,563
57.1
57.1
.2068
.2096
.1
.2
(1911
46 establishments. <1912
11913
Weavers, female:
(1907
19 establishments. J1908
11909
(1910
4,049
4,476
3,845
57.1
56.3
56.1
.2099
. 2367
.2324
.2
0)
1,873
1,882
1,807
2,116
58.0
57.7
57.6
56.4
. 1875
.1663
.1660 ".'2
.1739 .2
.2
.7
.6
.3
11910
27 establishments. \1911
2,855
2,366
56.3
56.4
.1799
.1780
.2
.3
.3
(1911
46 establishments. <1912
(1913
Wool sorters, male:
(1907
J1908
11 establishments. 11909
(1910
3,384
3,586
3,481
56.8
55.9
55.9
.1843
.2057
.1969
184
164
186
193
58.0
57.8
57.9
56.5
.2330
.2233
.2393
.2464
18 establishments. /1910
\1911
289
335
56.3
56.3
. 2465
.2494
(1911
19 establishments. \ 1912
(1913
444
471
246
56. 4
55.2
55.0
.2405
.2666
.2806
20.3 0.8
25.1 1.1
30.0 1.7 '6*3
27.2 1.6
6.5 3.8 64.5 18.3
.1119
.1136
54.3 38.4
2.9
.1123 '4*9 .4 2.2 55.2 30.9
.1142 10.6
2.3 45.8 31.0
45.1
37.1
33.7
.3 2.5 8.4 18.4 41.3
” .‘ 3
#4 .4 2.3 8.115.3 46.9 25.1 1.5
.4 1.1 6 6|11.7 46.7 29.7 3.5
.
‘2
.
.2
.5 1.7 8 614.9 52.5 18.5 3.1
.
.3 . 7 5.3 10. 4 41.7 34.1 7. 5
.9 1.1 9.0 10. 4 38.9 29.4 10.1 ” .’ i
*’ .’ i
1
7.0
i
4.3
4.9 1.3
6.5 .9 'i.'i " L i
1
1
1.5 47.0 27.1 6.9 .6 .9 9.0
.3 43.3 43.6 6.7 2.0 2.0 2.0
.3
.8 31.7 26.7 34.2 3.0
1.5 21.6 23.3 46.9 5.9
.7! 12.2 47.5 33.8 4.3
.6
.6
.6
.2
4.2
2.7
3.9
1.5
1
1.7
.8
.8
!
5.0 9.0 13. 4 17.0
7.2 12.6 14.8 18.0
7.1 12.1 13.4 15. 5
4.6 10.2 16. 8 22.9
.3 1.8 4.3 8.6 15. 219.0
.5 1.9 4.0 9.7 13. 7 14.9
j
.7 2.1 4.2 8.8 12.6 15.3
.1 1.1 2.3 4. 5 7.5 10. 6
.2 1.4 2.3 5.4 9.2 12.0
1
.7 1 3.8 7.9 12.0 16. 0 22. 4
1.0 9.2 13.6 19.7 21. 4 16. 6
2.011.9 13.9 16.7 20.0 15.2
2.3 1 7,9 11.1 14.7 17. 2 20.2
1.9 7.0 10.3 13.6 17.1*19.0
.8 7.9 10.8 16.0 18. 4 17.0
1
1.5
.1
.2
35.6 11.2 3.6
31.6 8.5 3.1
31.3 10.8 4.3
32.8 9.3 1.6
32.9 13.5 4.0
32.5 18.4 3.9
34.8 17.4 3.8
34.1 26.5 12.8
33.3 24.5 11.3
.2
.4
.4
.1
.3
.2
.1
.3
.5
.6
30.5
16.2
16.5
23.3
5.8
1. 4
2.1
2.1
24.7
22.8
4.6 1.4 .1
5.1 .8 C)
1
.2 ".i
.8
. 5 ” .i
.2 1.2 7.9 12.4 16.3 16.5 15.3 23.3 5.8 1.1 (D
1.1 3.6 4.9 8.8 14.1 16. 6 31.7 13.8 5.3 .1
.1 3.7 8.6 11.1 16.2 17.8 27.2 12.1 2.9 .1
'(V)'
".'5
.7
1.6 2.7 3.3
.6 4.9 9.8
1.1 .5
3.6 .5
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
3.5
1.8
7.6
7.3
2.7
3.1
44.6 38.6 1.6
67.7 9.8
62.9 32.8
24.4 64.8 ’ 3.’ i
.3 2.8 21.8 68.5 2.4
.6 . 9 23. 0 72. 5 1. 2
1.1 7.4 3. 6 28. 8 58.1 . 9
4. 5 17. 4 73. 5 4.7
.4
2.4 4.9 78.5 13.8
120
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T able I I . —A V ERA G E
AND CLASSIFIED R A TES OF WAGES P E R H OUR
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
BURLERS: Female.
Year and State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate of 6
9
8
wages and and and
per un un un
hour. der der der
8
9 10
cts. cts. cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
67
16
12
10
57
13
43
9
5
13
27
5
60
5
5
32
38
5
11
2
1
63 190 659 197 175 102
145
14
1
38
48
20
8
19
3
33
35
13
9
33
3
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
47 442
11 50
9 105 87
16
4 18 21
28 44 18
5
53 225 634 209 230 136
126
12
2
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12 14
and and
un-i un
der der
1 16
4
cts. cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
'un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
60
cts.
1912.
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire.
New Jersey........
New Y ork.........
Rhode Island. . .
Other States___
Total........
12
6
3
2
5
16
724
253
186
85
186
128
54.0 $0.1479
58.0 . 1334
57.0 .1198
60.0 .1738
56.0 . 1761
58.3 .1266
2
3
8
3
44 1,562
55.9
. 1453
721
275
291
52
167
129
54.0
57.9
55.4
58.6
56.0
58.0
.1417
.1657
. 1329
. 1674*
. 1658
. 1262
3
44 1,635
55.6
.1462
3
16
5
2
32
3
2
19
43 402
4 205
80 24
6
7
2
7
54 15
91
9
19
14
50
14
1
1913.
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
New Jersey.......
New York.........
Rhode Island...
Other States___
Total
12
6
3
2
5
16
3
12
76
43
35
10
32
13
58
88
22
8
38
16
D R E S S E R S : M a le.
!
19 12.
Massachuset ts............
New Hampshire........
New Jersey................
Rhode Island............
Other States..............
Total................
13
7
3
5
17
627
96
88
112
170
54.2 $0.1572
57.8 .1641
55.1 .1628
56.0 .1566
58.9 .1502
2
1
36 443 142
1 36 57
2 24 43
6 68 33
29 107 34
6
1
8
3
9
1
3
74 678 309
18
10
45 1,093
55.5
.1571
13
7
3
5
17
512
126
131
116
148
54.2
57.8
55.2
56.0
58.0
.1549
.1662
.1712
.1561
.1564
39 392
1 44
35
71
7 93
75
81
48
33
44
39
3
4
9
2
45 1,033
55.5
. 1587
54 635 281
52
11
1
1
1913.
Massachusetts............
New Hampshire........
New Jersey................
Rhode Island.............
..............
Other States
Total................
6
—
121
1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR,
T able I I . — AV ER A G E
AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
LOOM FIXERS: Male.
Year and State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
1912.
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
Rhode Island. . .
Other States___
Total........
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
9
rate of 6
wages and and and
per un un un
hour. der der der
9 10
8
cts. cts. cts.
16
10
and aud| and and
un un un un
der der der der
12 14 16 18
cts. cts. cts. cts.
18 20
25 30
and and and and
un un un un
der der der der
20 25
30 40
cts. cts. cts. cts.
171
54.2 SO.3257
57.9 .2559
56.0 .3196
57.4 .2971
589
55.9
.3075
292 222
250
81
54.2
57.9
56.0
56.7
.3017
.2573
.3219
.2991
162
67
55.7
.2977
315 210
253
76
46
1913.
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
Rhode Island . ..
Other States___
40
and
un
der
60
cts.
86
161
Total........
125
58
30
79
14
29
15
70
21
65
M E N D E R S : F e m a le .
19 12.
.........
Maine. .
Massachusetts. . .
New Y ork..................
Rhode Island............
Other States..............
Total................
19 13.
Maine......................
Massachusetts............
New York
.........
Rhode Island
Other States..............
Total................
10
13
2
5
12
105
892
164
277
151
58.0 $0.1434
54.0 .1981
60.0 .2009
56.0 .1889
57.8 .1951
42 1,589
55.6
96
755
98
281
158
58.0
54.0
57.4
56.0
57.4
.1461
.1773
.2172
.1951
.1884
42 1,388
55.3
.1829
52
50
6
19
6
371
59
103
39
72
24
8
20
18
5
1
3
1
1
11
81 133 174 183 282
572
124
27
2
15
5
59
34 22
77 lie 125
10 11 12
26 27 88
23
32
28
233
39
70
35
23
18
38
16
8
4
1
5
72 168 170 208 253
377
95
18
5
.1929
10
13
2
5
12
2
47
20
11
1
16
85 168
18 16
34 70
30 28
6
3
9
5
3
3
9
15
35
87
4
26
16
35
74
15
26
24
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M a le.
19 12.
Ma s a e usetts_
,s,h
_
New . e s v .....
Tre
Rhode Island
Other States .
.
Total................
19 13.
Massachusetts............
New Jersey_
_
Rhode Island
Other States............
Total................
54.0 $ 0 . 1568
55.2 .1218
56.0 .1361
58.1 .1247
1 12 464
16 81
2
7 129 95
12 143
3
90
15
10 1,070
55.2
.1439
15
36 365 564
90
3
2
3
2
316
82
170
183
54.0
55.2
56.0
57.8
.1460
.1277
.1378
.1377
1
84 232
47 17
85 85
99 70
10
10
751
55.5
.1402
1
16( 315 404
14
3
2
3
2
567
114
231
158
12
4
4
!
1
1
122
T
B U L L E T IN
a b l e
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
I I . — AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PE R H O U R
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
SPIN N ERS, M U LE : M ale.
Year and State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
19 13.
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
Rhode Island...
Other States___
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
9
rate of 6
8
wages and and and
per un un un
hour. der der der
9 10
8
cts. cts. cts.
Total........
139
279
113
65
123
58.0 $0.2251
54.2 .2529
58.0 .2314
56.0 .2483
59.0 .2333
719
11
11
7
4
56.5
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
11
11
7
4
7
153
284
124
79
119
58.2
54.2
58.0
56.0
58.1
40
759
56.4
2
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
83
99
53
25
40
11
31
38
1 ....
10 . . . .
75
300
1
29
13
9
85
106
56
121
28
....
245
.2377
2
5 ___
2/ ___
22
3 11
3
.
30 ! 40
and and
un- un
der ,der
40 |60
cts. cts.
25
129
38
.2175
.2526
.2239
.2427
.2393
Total........
20
and
un
der
20
25
cts. cts.
1 12 13
1 5 16
1 3 23
1 1 6
1 17 17
.2404
19 13.
Maine.................
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire.
Rhode Island. . .
Other States___
18
and
un
der
4
........
2
6
12
1
2 19
16
68
79
3
37
15
295
5
19
1
.....
2
22
26
14
38
31
1
21
1
77
1
T W IS T E R S : Fem ale.
19 12.
Massachusetts............
New Jersey................
New Y ork..................
Rhode Island............
Other States..............
3
2
2
3
2
12
Total................
19 13.
Massachusetts............
New Jersey................
New Y ork..................
Rhode Island............
Other States..............
3
2
2
3
2
12
Total................
385
73
116
136
41
751
55.7
.1374
246
129
78
98
47
54.0
55.1
58.0
56.0
58.0
.1394
.1271
.1141
. 1469
.1493
598
55.4
1
10 37
112
1 7
54.0 80.1481
55.4 .1140
60.0 .1078
56. 0 .1406
58.2 . 1519
.1354
65 297
1
25
4
73 43
22
8 11
16
162 175 352
44
5
__ __ 11
4
4
11
2
52
4
4
110
96
26
39
13
73 284
6
1
6
x
132
13
5
42
15
7
14
4
4
20
2
26
5
4
1
W E A V E R S: M ale.
19 12.
Connecticut...............
Maine.........................
Massachusetts............
New Hampshire........
New Jersey................
New Y ork..................
Rhode Island............
Other States..............
Total................
4
231
410
13 1,823
7
493
3
207
9
359
5
683
1 270
58.3 $0.2486
58.0 .2151
54.4 .2519
57.8 .2142
55.0 .2233
60.0 .2076
56.0 .2504
60.0 .2123
46 4,476
56.3 .2367
-- ----- —
_
- -
11
—
19 13.
Connecticut................
Maine.........................
Massachusetts............
New Hampshire........
New Jersey................
New Y ork..................
Rhode Island............
Other States..............
Total................
4
216
398
13 1,347
7
502
3
279
2 234
5
647
222
58.4
58.2
54.4
57.8
55.0
56.6
56.0
58.0
.2549
.2299
. 2384
. 2122
.2185
.2245
. 2438
.2164
46 3,845
56.1
.2324
11
1
2 7 15 22 71 76 38
8 15 23 61 52 150 80 2
0
24 50 91 151 564 570 336 " i e
8 16 22 47 74 236 84 6
3
8 14 14 24 80
9
1 2 18 50 44 49 123 55 14
58
1 6 10 21 32 63 195 212 143
1
6 11 15 32 39 109 49 8
2 6 50 104 20 336 474 1,528 1,184 574 16
2
1
i
3
1
'
- ■
17
'
—-
1
3
2
1
7
7
24
4
8
1
8
1
53
-
3
9
29
■= =
■
11 16
52 48
6 105 144
6
29 62 83
19 30 49
10 32 41
30 39 55
2 24 24
0
9
23
=
=
64
83
63 45
85 49
374 181
6 g
8
57 27
50 16
196 97
49 11
87 206 355 460 1,281
942 434
11
17
9
9
121
411
235
72
83
212
...
4
A
10
i
x
2
0
W AGES
T
a b l e
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
123
1907 TO 1913-----W O O L E N .
I I . —A V ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR
IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
W E A V E R S : F e m a le .
Y e a r a n d S ta te .
Num
b er of
esta b
lis h
m e n ts.
A ver
N u m age
b e r of f u l l
em
tim e
p lo y hours
per
e e s.
w eek.
N u m b e r o f e m p l o y e e s e a r n in g e a c h c la s s ifie d r a te o f
w ages p er hour.
A verage
r a te o f
w ages and
per
un
h o u r. der
6i
8
and
un
der
1 9
c ts . c ts .
8
11 |a12d 1a14d
0 n n
9
and and
un un
d er der
16
and
un u n un
der der der
14
16
18
c ts . c ts . c ts . c t s . c ts .
1 1
0 2
18
and
H in
der
2
0
c ts .
2
0
and
un
der
25
c ts.
25
30 I 40
a n d la n d a n d
un un un
der der der
30
40 ! 60
c ts . c ts . c ts .
1912.
M a i n e .....................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s .................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ...........
N e w J e r s e y .......................
N e w Y o r k ..........................
R h o d e I s l a n d ..................
O t h e r S t a t e s ....................
T o t a l .......................
1
1
5
5
190
1 ,3 9 0
700
615
94
371
226
5 8 .0 $ 0 .1 9 8 7
5 4 .0
.2 3 1 1
5 7 .9
. 1911
5 5 .0
.1 7 1 8
6 0 .0
.2 1 3 0
5 6 .0
.1 9 5 1
.2 0 8 2
5 9 .7
1 0
2 1 1
17
31
1 1 2
1 1
76
31
83
1
2 6 "2 5
2 8 5
46
3 ,5 8 6
5 5 .9
.2 0 5 7
41
263
1 ,0 7 2
761
722
79
374
5 8 .0
5 4 .0
5 7 .9
5 5 .0
5 8 .2
5 6 .0
5 8 .0
.2 1 0 4
.2 1 5 4
.1 8 4 2
.1 6 9 3
.2 0 2 8
. 1993
.2 1 9 6
5 5 .9
. 1961
13
7
3
2
3
16
54
74
78
9
58
28
27
141
144
93
9
6
6
25
28
173
21 9
71
16
56
32
73
494
188
144
43
113
80
19
317
37
38
14
38
33
4
158
5
1
2
19
130
175
317
505
595 1 ,1 3 5
496
7
13
35
26
58
30
128
58
169
74
411
38
209
30
46
” 2
13
2
1913.
M a i n e .....................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s .................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ...........
N e w J e r s e y .......................
N e w Y o r k ..........................
R h o d e I s l a n d ..................
O t h e r S t a t e s ....................
T o t a l .......................
1
1
13
7
3
2
5
5
46
20
1
3 ,4 8 1
IS
1 1 15 33 125 2 2 193 152
0
2 6 182 126 96 85 106
8
1 2 5 16 17 31
60
17
30
35
11
0
71
1 3 4 13 31 27 73
1 4 13, 29: 388 563 620 948
W OOL, S O R T E R S : M a le.
15
42
S
1
1
6 1
1
1
48
45
422
2
1
i
13
12
0
4
124
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T able III.—AV ER A G E
AND CLASSIFIED
RATES OF WAGES
H O U R IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913.
PER
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
B U R L E R S : F e m a le .
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver Aver
Num age
age
ber of full rate
6
8 19
State, and number Year. em time
of
of establishments.
ploy hours wages and jand and
un un- un
ees.
per
per
week. hour. der der ider
8
9 10
cts. cts. cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
1
8
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30 40
and and
un un
der der
40 60
cts. cts.
i
Massachusetts:
/1912
12 establishments . \1913
New Hampshire:
/1912
6
establishments..
[1913
New Jersey:
/1912
3
establishments..
\1913
New York:
f 1912
2
establishments..
\1913
Rhode Island:
/1912
5 establishments. .[1913
724
721
54.0 $0.1479
54.0 .1417 ” *3
253
275
58.0
57.9
186
291
11
8
2
3
5
12
43 402
47 442
91
76
67
58
43
38
60
33
.1334
.1657
3
2
4 205
11 50
9
43
16
88
9
48
5
35
57.0
55.4
.1198
.1329
8
24
87
19
35
12
22
5
20
5
13
85
52
60.0
58.6
.1738
.1674
3
7
6
16
14
10
10
8
13
8
32
9
1
186
167
56.0
56.0
.1761
.1658
2
4
2
18
7
21
50
32
57
38
27
19
38
33
2
1
1 | 54.6 $0.2776
54
1341 54.6 .2770
19
12
104
100
.2800
.2797
11
13
60
59
32 80
9 105
1
1
1
1
D R E S S E R S : M a le.
Massachusetts:
(19i2
13 establishments.
Rhode Island:
(1912
5 establishments.. L g 13
71
72
56.0
56.0
2 9 ..-21
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le.
Massachusetts:
fl912
13 establishments. [1913
New Hampshire:
[1912
7
establishments..
[1913
New Jersey:
fl912
3
establishments. .
[1913
Rhode Island:
[1912
5 establishments..[1913
627
512
96
126
57.8
57.8
. 1641
.1662
88
131
55.1
55.2
.1628
. 1712
112
116
56.0
56.0
.1566
.1561
36 443 142
39 392 75
54.2 $0.1572
54.2 .1549
6
6
1
1
36
44
57
81
1
2
2
24
35
43
48
8
39
9
9
1
6
7
68
71
33
33
3
3
1
2
1
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
54.2 $0.3257
54.2 .3017
.2
15
76
81
57.9
57.9
.2559
.2573
17
14
89
86
56.0
56.0
.3196
.3219
[1912
[1913
253
250
[1912
[1913
[1912
[1913
125 112
162 70
58
67
1
30
21
59
65
14
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
125
T able
I I I . —A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED
RATES OF WAGES P E R
H O U R IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
MENDERS: Female.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver Aver
Num age
age
ber of full rate
6
8
9 10
State, and number Year. em time
of
of establishments.
ploy hours wages and and and and
per un un un un
ees. per
week. hour. der der der der
8
9 10 12
cts. cts. cts. cts.
Maine:
10 establishments.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New York:
2 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
/1912
\1913
105
96
/"1912
\1913
892
755
54.0
54.0
.1981
.1773
n 912
\1913
164
98
60.0
57.4
f1912
\1913
277
281
56.0
56.0
.1889
.1951
35
34
16
22
50
87
74 85 168
77 116 125
6
4
15
10
18
11
11
5
5
52
35
20
.2009
.2172
1
5
9
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
47
59
6
3
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
2
5
58.0 $0.1434
5S.0 .1461
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
19
26
26
26
34
27
7 202
86 28
35
12 464
84 232
90
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
60
cts.
371
233
72
23
18
8
1
16
12
59
39
24
18
5
4
1
70
88
103
70
8
38
1
1
S P IN N E R S : F R A M E , M a le.
Massachusetts:
/1912
3 establishments.. \1913
244
115
54.0 $0.1580
54.0 .1357
1
S P IN N E R S : F R A M E , F e m a le .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments..
New Jersey:
2 establishments. .
Rhode Island:
3 establishments. .
!
(1912
\1913
567
316
/1912
\1913
114
82
55.2
55.2
.1218
.1277
/1912
\1913
231
170
56. 0
56.0
i
54.0 $0.1568
54.0 .1460
.1361
.1378
15
16
12
81
47
2
17
7 129
85
1
95
85
4
1
S P IN N E R S : M U L E , M ale.
Maine:
11 establishments.
Massachusetts:
11 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments. .
Rhode Island:
4 establishments. .
(1912
(1913
139
153
58.01 2251
W
3
2
58.2 .2175
3
1
3
12
II
13
29
83
85
25
19
5
3
(1912
(1913
279
284
54.2
54.2
.2529
.2526
2
2
1
1
5
4
16
13
99
106
129
121
27
37
(1912
(1913
113
124
58.0
58.0
.2314
.2239
1
2
3
28
23
9
53
56
22
14
11
15
(1912
[1913
65
79
56.0
56.0
.2483
.2427
1
1
6
6
12
25
31
38
1
1
22
T W I S T E R S : F e m a le .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments. .
New Jersey:
2 establishments. .
New York:
2 establishments. .
Rhode Island:
3 establishments..
\1913
385
246
(1912
\1913
73
129
55.4
55.1
.1140
.1271
(1912
\1913
116
78
60.0
58.0
.1078
.1141
(1912
\1913
136
98
56.0
56.0
.1406
.1469
1 65 297
4 no 132
54.0 $0.1481
54.0 .1394
(1912
10
4
1'
. -1
25
96
112
52
—
37
11
4
26
7
2
73
39
1
13
22
5
1
43
42
i
6
5
7\
4
1
1
4
B U L L E T IN
126
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
III.—AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R
H O U R IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
T able
W E A V E R S : M a le.
Num
State, and number Year. ber of
em
of establishments.
ploy
ees.
Connecticut:
4 establishments. .
Maine:
11 establishments.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments. .
New Jersey:
3 establishments. .
New York:
2 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments. .
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
8 9 10
of
wages and and and and
un un un un
per
hour. der der der der
8
9 10 12
cts. cts. cts. cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
2
3
7
9
15
11
22
16
71
64
76
63
38
45 ” *4
61
52
80
85
20
49
4
570 336
374 181
16
10
16 1 18
and and
un un
der der
18 ! 20
cts. :Cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and
un
der
60
cts.
I
(1912
\1913
231
216
58.3 $0.2486
58.4 .2549
/1912
\1913
410
398
58.0
58.2
.2151
.2299
/1912
\1913
1,823
1,347
54.4
54.4
.2519
.2384
/1912
\1913
493
502
57.8
57.8
.2142
.2122
/1912
\1913
207
279
55.0
55.0
.2233
.2185
/1912
\1913
359
234
60.0
56.6
.2076
.2245
/1912
\1913
683
647
56.0
56.0
.2504
.2438
1
1
....
15
9
23
23
52
48
150
121
3
3
17
24
24
29
50 91 151
66 105 144
564
411
2
8
4
16
11
22
29
47
62
74
83
236
235
84
68
6
8
3
8
.8
17
14
19
14
30
24
49
80
72
55
57
9
27
1
2
1
18
50
10
44
32
49
41
123
83
58
50
14 . ...
16
1
1
8
7
6
8
10
9
21
30
32
39
63
55
195
212
27
30
212 143
196; 97
!
i
4
15
*2
317 158
209 42
2
1
W E A V E R S : F e m a le .
Maine:
11 establishments.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments. .
New Jersey:
3 establishments..
New York:
2 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments. .
/1912
\1913
190
263
58.0 $0.1987
58.0 .2104
2
11
7
10
13
16
26
28
58
73
74
(1912
\1913
1,390
1,072
54.0
54.0
.2311
.2154
3
17
19
31
35
54 141 173
58 128 169
494
411
f1912
\1913
700
761
57.9
57.9
.1911
.1842
1
1
11
15
21 74 144 219
33 125 202 193
188
152
37
30
5
9
/1912
\1913
615
722
55.0
55.0
.1718
.1693
/1912
\1913
94
79
60.0
58.2
.2130
.2028
/1912
(.1913
371
374
56.0
56.0
.1951
.1993
1
31
2
2
93
96
71
85
144
106
38
46
1
lL
9
5
9
16
16
17
43
31
14
6
2
1
58
35
66
60
56
71
113
101
38
48
11
76 83 78
68 182 126
1
1 ” *2
6
17
25
30
19
38
W O O L S O R T E R S : M a le.
Massachusetts:
6 establishments..
Rhode Island:
3 establishments..
40
1
4
2
233 ~ 4
154 " 1
74
13
3
23
-
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF L A B O R , 1907 TO 1913-----W O O L E N .
127
T able I V .— A V E R A G E
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W E E K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUMBER.
Aver
age
Num
full
ber of
Year.
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Occupation, sex, and number of establish
ments.
Burlers, female:
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Over
54 and
under
57
54
57 and
under
60
60
18 establishments.................
1907
1908
1909
1910
611
494
582
598
58.3
58.0
58.0
56.9
57
60
73
404
372
342
394
95
182
92
115
99
26 establishments.................
{ 1911
1910
1,034
1,010
56.5
56.6
839
799
96
79
99
132
43 establishments.................
1911
1912
1,516
1,471
56.8
55.9
712
979
243
405
412
132
104
1912
1913
1,562
1,635
55.9
55.6
724
733
268
464
466
398
104
40
19 establishments.................
1907
1908
1909
1910
145
136
134
133
58.6
58.6
58.4
57.3
13
13
13
69
70
64
74
35
62
59
47
29
26 establishments.................
1910
1911
201
196
56.9
56.9
132
133
40
36
29
27
40 establishments.................
1911
1912
1913
320
412
329
57.1
56.4
56.3
176
76
79
112
137
119
32
52
25
89
79
17
15
13
32
38
39
42
30
34
25
25
26
104
100
32
32
26
23
116
37
58
82
94
102
25
40
9
39
21
21
44 establishments.................
Carding-machine tenders, male:
Card strippers, male:
18 establishments.................
1907
1908
1909
1910
88
58.2
58.1
58.1
57.7
27 establishments.................
1910
1911
162
155
57.0
56.9
1911
1912
1913
223
240
238
57.1
56.9
56.4
147
106
42
{
establishments.............
Combers, male:
80
69
69
4
establishments...............
1907
1908
1909
1910
52
29
29
42
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.2
29
13
8
8
13
6
establishments...............
{
1910
1911
106
124
56.5
56.5
93
108
13
16
1911
9
establishments...............
1913
I 1912
188
181
115
56.5
55.1
54.8
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
117
111
110
Combers, female:
4
establishments...............
{
154
14
7
18
22
19
16
15
55.7
55.8
55.8
55.4
79
91
85
106
18
20
22
4
6
4
4
125
114
6 establishments...................
{ 1911
1910
129
118
55.5
55.4
7 establishments...................
1911
1912
1913
139
150
163
55.8
55.8
56.1
19 establishments.................
1907
1908
1909
1910
119
97
126
126
27 establishments.................
{ 1911
1910
214
215
130
89
Dressers, male:
4
4
114
123
123
21
20
25
4
7
13
58.8
58.4
58.3
57.9
6
7
17
45
57
60
66
37
59
30
43
44
57.1
57.1
131
136
39
35
4
4
2
128
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
T able IV.—AV ER A G E
AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Con.
NUMBER—Continued.
Aver
age
Num
full
Year. ber of
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Occupation, sex, and number of establish
ments.
Dressers, male—Concluded.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Over
54 and
under
57
57 and
under
60
196
136
129
54
94
98
103
47
42
16
60
1911
1912
1913
337
384
346
57.1
56.4
56.2
19 establishments..........
1907
1908
1909
1910
434
385
514
570
58.1
57.8
57.9
56.5
50
63
82
444
283
260
324
70
101
62
108
56
27 establishments.,
1910
1911
837
877
56.3
56.5
708
719
73
60
56
98
45
1911
1912
1913
1,116
1,093
1,033
56.6
55.5
55.5
821
272
302
193
185
231
102
75
25
19 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
223
218
242
260
58.0
57.9
58.1
57.0
31
32
29
172
140
151
160
35
52
35
53
53
27 establishments.
1910
1911
429
390
56.6
56.6
338
309
38
37
53
44
46
1911
1912
1913
569
589
578
56.7
55.9
55.7
389
191
182
136
125
142
44
51
20
1907
1908
1909
1910
403
341
583
498
58.5
58.4
58.8
58.0
57
61
73
170
158
112
179
116
188
168
331
212
868
801
116
75
212
239
46 establishments..........
Laborers, dyehouse, male:
establishments.
Loom fixers, male:
establishments.
Menders, female:
18 establishments.
108
98
561
475
222
234
25 establishments...
{
1910
1911
1,196
1,115
56.8
56.9
44 establishments...
{
1911
1912
1,623
1,668
56.8
55.7
892
1,161
339
223
236
239
201
42 establishments...
Spinners, frame, male:
2 establishments___
{
1912
1913
1,589 |
1,388 |
55.6
55.3
892
797
314
314
182
221
201
56
{
1910
1911
114 i
134
56.0
56.0
1911
1912
1913
194
244
115
56.0
54.0
54.0
1907
1908
1909
1910
323
284
295
286
57.6
57.5
57.5
56.0
1910
1911
578
683
56.0
56.0
1911
1912
1913
1,002
1,070
751
56.4
55.2
55.5
1907
1908
1909
1910
384
267
297
320
58.6
58.2
58.2
57.5
1910
1911
529
454
57.0
56.9
1911
1912
1913
638
719
759 1
57.3
56.5
56.4
3 establishments___
Spinners, frame, female:
5
establishments_
8
establishments_
10
{
establishments...
Spinners, mule, male:
19 establishments...
26 establishments...
40 establishments...
{
114
134
.............
194 ............ 1
244
115
:
!
|
1
50
60
60
269
256
208
222 1
1
561
671
17
16
13
17
17
12
801
345
252
!
1
255
259
189
151
174
12
7
48
48
48
122
147
116
140
127
189
103
109
71
322
286
567
325
136
101
71
67
315
107
132
242
275
315
81
82
53
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
129
T a b l e I V . — A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Con.
NUMBER—Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and number of establish
ments.
Twisters, female:
Aver
age
Num
full
time
Year. ber of
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
54
Over
54 and 57 and
under under
60
57
60
1907
1908
1909
1910
186
138
223
216
57.2
57.6
58.0
57.2
78
44
50
120
67
56
93
29
41
38
80
67
10 establishments.
1910
1911
332
342
56.9
56.8
227
258
29
76
84
12 establishments.
1911
1912
1913
600
751
598
56.7
55.7
55.4
456
209
227
60
36
47
84
121
52
19 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1,653
1,409
1,589
1,716
58.5
58.6
58.6
57. 8
185
43
49
704
743
849
1,001
468
725
517
539
544
27
1910
1911
2,907
2,563
57.1
57.1
1,880
1,653
483
361
544
549
1911
1912
1913
4,049
4,476
3,845
57.1
56.3
56.1
2,430
1,257
1,213
1,032
1,057
1,220
587
668
185
19 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1,873
1,882
1,807
2,116
58.0
57.7
57.6
56.4
280
343
406
1,697
1,186
1,314
1,168
161
407
225
233
258
27 establishments.
1910
1911
2,855
2,366
56.3
56.4
2,411
1,924
186
148
258
294
46 establishments.
1911
1912
1913
3,384
3,586
3,481
56.8
55.9
55.9
1,390
1,096
2,146
1,002
1,111
944
909
1,219
294
285
55
11 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
184
164
186
193
58.0
57.8
57.9
56.5 ............
17
22
15
162
145
128
156
9
22
14
15
22
18 establishments.
1910
1911
289
335
56.3
56.3
255
299
12
13
22
23
19 establishments.
1911
1912
1913
444
471
246
56.4
55.2
55.0
369
101
52
52
66
35
23
15
7
establishments..
Weavers, male:
establishments.
46 establishments.
Weavers, female:
Wool sorters, male:
385
272
1,494
1,227
289
159
PER CENT.
Burlers, female:
18 establishments.
[ 1907
1 1908
1 1909
1 1910
611
494
582
598
58.3
58.0
58.0
56.9
9.3
12.1
12.5
67.6
60.9
69.2
67.7
15.9
29.8
18.6
19.8
16.6
26 establishments.
/ 1910
l 1911
1,034
1,010
56.5
56.6
81.1
79.1
9.3
7.8
9.6
13.1
43 establishments.
/ 1911
\ 1912
1,516
1,471
56.8
55.9
48.4
64.6
16.5
26.7
28.0
8.7
7.1
44 establishments.
I 1912
\ 1913
1,562
1,635
55.9
55.6
46.4
44.8
17.2
28.4
29.8
24.3
6.7
2.4
43944°— Bull. 150—14-----9
130
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LxUBOR S T A T IS T IC S .
T able IV.—AV ER A G E
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN THE U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Con.
PER CENT—Continued.
O c c u p a t i o n , s e x , a n d n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
Y ear.
A ver
age
fu ll
tim e
hours
per
w eek.
Num
ber of
em
p lo y e e s .
E m p l o y e e s w h o s e f u l l -t i m e h o u r s
p e r w e e k w e re —
54
O ver
54 a n d
under
57
57 a n d
u nder
60
60
Carding-machine tenders, male:
19 establishments.......
: 1907
1908
1909
. 1910
145
13 6
134
133
5 8 .6
5 8 .6
5 8 .4
5 7 .3
9 .0
9 .6
9 .7
5 1 .9
4 8 .3
4 7 .1
5 5 .2
2 6 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .4
3 5 .1
2 1 .8
26 establishments.......
' 1910
k 1911
201 |
196
5 6 .9
5 6 .9
6 5 .7
6 7 .9
1 9 .9
1 8 .4
1 4 .4
1 3 .8
1911
1912
. 1913
32 0
41 2 !
329
5 7 .1
5 6 .4
5 6 .3
5 5 .0
1 8 .4
2 4 .0
3 5 .0
3 3 .3
3 6 .2
1 0 .0
1 2 .6
7 .6
18 establishments.......
' 1907
1908
1909
. 1910
89 1
79
80
88
5 8 .2
5 8 .1
5 8 .1
5 7 .7
1 9 .1
1 9 .0
1 6 .3
3 6 .4
4 2 .7
4 9 .4
5 2 .5
3 4 .1
3 8 .2
3 1 .6
3 1 .3
2 9 .5
27 establishments.......
1910
. 1911
162
155 |
5 7 .0
5 6 .9
6 4 .2
6 4 .5
1 9 .8
2 0 .6
1 6 .0
1 4 .8
42 establishments.......
' 1911
1 9 12
. 1913
223
24 0
238
5 7 .1
5 6 .9
5 6 .4
5 2 .0
1 5 .4
2 4 .4
3 6 .8
3 9 .2
4 2 .9
1 1 .2
1 6 .7
3 .8
7 5 .0
7 2 .4
7 2 .4
40 establishments.......
Card strippers, male:
Combers, male:
establishments......
r 1907
1908
1909
1 9 10
6
establishments...............
r 1910
, 1911
9
establishments......
1911
1912
. 1913
4
Combers, female:
52 i
29
29
42
3 5 .7
3 2 .2
2 8 .8
2 9 .0
5 8 .5
58. 6
5 8 .6
5 7 .2
6 9 .0
2 5 .0
2 7 .6
2 7 .6
3 1 .0
106
124
5 6 .5
5 6 .5
87. 7
8 7 .1
.3
1 2 .9
188
181
115
5 6 .5
5 5 .1
5 4 .8
11
0
11
1
10
1
5 5 .7
5 5 .8
5 5 .8
5 5 .4
7 8 .2
7 7 .8
7 6 .6
9 6 .4
9 6 .9
9 6 .6
1
4 establishments........
' 1907
1908
1909
1910
6 establishments........
' 1910
1911
129
118
5 5 .5
5 5 .4
7 establishments........
' 1911
1912
. 1913
139
150
163
5 5 .8
5 5 .8
5 6 .1
19 establishments.......
' 1907
1908
1909
. 1910
119
97
126
126
27 establishments.......
' 1910
1911
46 establishments.......
1911
1912
1913
7 1 .8
7 7 .4
Dressers, male:
Laborers, dyehouse, male:
117
8 1 .9
7 .7
6.1
1
2
9 .6
1 .2
2
1 7 .8
1 7 .1
1 9 .8
8 2 .0
8 2 .0
7 5 .5
1 5 .1
1 3 .3
1 5 .3
2 .9
4 .7
5 8 ,8
5 8 .4
5 8 .3
5 7 .9
5 .0
7 .2
1 3 .5
3 5 .7
47. 9
6 1 .9
5 2 .4
2 9 .4
4 7 .1
3 0 .9
3 1 .1
3 4 .9
214
215
5 7 .1
5 7 .1
6 1 .2
6 3 .3
1 8 .2
1 6 .3
2 0 .5
337
384 ,
346
5 7 .1
5 6 .4
5 6 .2
5 8 .2
3 5 .4
3 7 .3
2 7 .9
2 5 .5
2 9 .8
1 3 .9
1 0 .9
4 .6
2 3 .3
1 6 .1
1.2
2 8 .1
2 8 .3
' 1907
1908
1909
. 19 10
434
385
514
57 0
5 8 .1
5 7 .8
5 7 .9
5 6 .5
1 1 .5
1 6 .4
1 6 .0
7 7 .9
6 5 .2
6 7 .5
6 3 .0
1 2 .3
27 establishments.......
' 19 10
. 1911
837
877
5 6 .3
5 6 .5
8 4 .6
8 2 .0
8 .7
1911
1912
1913
1 ,1 1 6
1 ,0 9 3
1 ,0 3 3
5 6 .6
5 5 .5
5 5 .5
7 3 .6
2 4 .9
2 9 .2
1 7 .3
1 6 .9
2 2 .4
e s t a b lis h m e n t s .
4 .0
5 .1
3 .6
3 .6
3 .1
3 .4
19 establishments.......
45
8 .5
8 .3
1 6 .5
i
5 1 .3
4 6 .0 i
6.8
8.0
2 .6
0
21.0
9 .8
6 .7
11.2
9 .1
6 .9
2 .4
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907
TO
1913-----W O O L E N .
131
T able
IV.— V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
A
P E R W E E K IN TH E UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913— Con.
PER CENT—Continued.
A ver-
age
Num- | f l
ul
Year. ber of time
em hours
ployees. per
week.
O c c u p a t i o n , s e x , a n d n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h
m e n ts.
Loom fixers, male:
E m p L y e e s w h o s e f u l l -t i m e h o u r s
per w ee k w ere—
54
Over
54 and 57 and
under under
60
57
60
19 establishments_
_
'1907
1908
1909
,1910
223
218
242
260
58.0
57.9
58.1
57.0
13.9
14.7
12.0
66.2
62.8
69.3
66.1
13.5
23.3
16.1
21.9
20.4
27 establishments_
_
1910
.1911
429
390
56.6
56.6
78.8
79.2
8.9
9.5
12.4
11.3
1911
1912
1913
569
589
578
5 .7
6
55.9
55.7
68.4
32.4
31.5
23.9
21.2
24.6
7.7
8.7
3.5
18 establishments_
_
•1907
1908
1909
.1910
403
341
583
498
58.5
58.4
58.8
58.0
14.1
17.9
12.5
34.1
39.2
32.8
30.7
23.3
46.7
49.3
56.8
42.6
25 establishments_
_
' 1910
k 1911
1,196
1,115
56.8
56.9
72.6
71.8
9.7
6.7
17.7
21.4
44 establishments_
_
r 1911
, 1912
1,623
1,668
56.8
55.7
53.5
71.5
20.3
13.7
14.1
14.7
12.1
r 1912
L 1913
1,589
1,388
55.6
55.3
56.1
57.4
19.8
22.6
11.5
15.9
12.6
4.0
L 1911
19
10
114
134
56.0
56.0
[ 1911
1 1912
[ 1913
194
244
115
56.0
54.0
54.0
79.3
73.2
75.3
5.3
5.6
4.4
5.9
46
establishments_
Menders, female:
42 establishments_
_
Spinners, frame, male:
2 establishments----3 establishments___
^pinners, frame, female:
r
37.7
40.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5
establishments_
r 1907
I 1908
| 1909
[ 1910
323
284
295
286
57.6
57.5
57.5
56.0
15.5
21.1
20.3
94.1
8
establishments_
r 1910
L 1911
578
683
5 .0
6
56.0
97.1
9 .2
8
r i9ii
1912
[ 1913
1,002
1,070
751
56.4
5 .2
5
55.5
19 establishments...
1907
1908
1909
1910
384
267
297
320
26 establishments...
r 19
10
[ 1911
2.9
1.8
79.9
32.2
33.6
18.9
14.1
23.2
1.2
.7
58.6
58.2
58.2
57.5
12.5
18.0
16.2
38.1
38.3
43.4
47.1
39.7
49.2
38.6
36.7
22.2
529
454
57.0
56.9
60.9
; 63.0
25.7
22.2
13.4
14.8
[
[ 1911
1912
1913
638
719
759
57.3
56.5
56.4
1 49.4
14.9
17.4
37.9
38.2
41.5
12.7
11.4
7.0
7 establishments___
r 1907
I 1908
| 1909
[ 1910
186
138
223
216
57.2
57.6
58.0
57.2
41.9
31.9
22.4
55.6
36.0
40.6
41.7
13.4
22.0
27.5
35.9
31.0
10 establishments...
r
[
1911
19
10
332
342
56.9
56.8
68.4
75.4
8.7
22.9
24.6
f 1911
1912
1913
600
751
598
56.7
55.7
55.4
76.0
27.8
38.0
10.0
4.8
7.9
14.0
16.1
8.7
10
establishments...
Spinners, mule, male:
40 establishments...
Twisters, female:
12 establishments...
[
53.0
43.3
35.5
34.1
51.3
45.5
132
B U L L E T IN
OE T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T able I V .— AV E R A G E
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W EE K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S, 1907 TO 1913.— Con.
PER CENT—Concluded.
Aver
age
Num
full
ber of
Year.
time
em
ployees. hours
per
week.
Occupation, sex, and number of establish
ments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
54
Over
54 and 57 and
under under
60
57
60
Weavers, male:
19 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1,653
1,409
1,589
1,716
58.5
58.6
58.6
57.8
1L 2
3.1
3.1
41.0
44.9
60.3
63.0
27. 3
43.9
36.7
33.9
31.7
27 establishments.
1910
1911
2,907
2,563
57.1
57.1
64. 7
64.5
16. 6
14.1
18.7
21.4
f 1911
1912
l 1913
1907
1908
1909
1910
/ 1910
\ 1911
( 1911
^ 1912
[ 1913
1907
1908
1909
1910
/ 1910
\ 1911
1911
1912
1913
4,049
4,476
3,845
1,873
1,882
1,807
2,116
2,855
2,366
3,384
3,586
3,481
184
164
186
193
289
335
444
471
246
57.1 .......... .
56.3
33. 4
56.1
31.9
58.0
57.7
57.6
56.4
56.3
56.4
56.8 .......... .
55.9
38.8
55. 9
31.5
58.0
57.8
57.9
56.5
56.3
56.3
56.4 ............
55. 2
61. 4
55.0
64. 6
60.0
28.1
31.5
14.9
18.2
22.5
80.2
84.4
81.3
63.4
27.9
31.9
9. 2
13. 4
8.1
83.9
88.2
89.3
83.1
21.4
25.5
23.6
31.7
63.3
69.8
64.6
7.6
14.5
14.9
46 establishments.
\
Weavers, female:
(
19 establishments.
27 establishments.
46 establishments.
Wool sorters, male:
(
11 establishments.
18 establishments.
19 establishments.
21.1
4.8
21.7
12.0
12.9
12.2
9.0
12.4
8.7
27.9
25.3
35.0
78. 8
12.0
78.0
8.5
83.9
8.1
4. 7
11.4
4.2
7.6
3.9
6.9
11. 7
5. 2
14. 0
3. 2
14.2 ............
T a b l e V . — AV ERA G E
AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
PE R W EE K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
B U R L E R S : F em ale.
Year and State.
Aver
Num Num
age
full
ber of ber of
time
estab
em
hours
lish
ments. ployees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
54
Over 54 57 and
and un under
der 57
60
60
1912.
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
New Jersey..........................................................
New York..........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
12
6
3
2
5
16
724
253
186
85
186
128
54.0
58.0
57.0
60.0
56.0
58.3
724
Total................. ........................................
44
1,562
55.9
724
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
New Jersey.........................................................
New York.........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
12
6
3
2
5
16
721
275
291
52
167
129
54.0
57.9
55.4
58.6
56.0
58.0
721
Total..........................................................
44
1,635
55.6
733
4
78
249
108
85
186
109
i9
268
466
104
6
291
269
1913.
12
40
167
129
464
398
40
W AGES
AND H O U R S
OF
LABOR;
1907 TO 1913-----W O O L E N .
133
T able V .— AVERA G E
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
PE R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued.
DRESSERS: Male.
Aver
Num Num
age
ber of ber of
full
estab
time
em
lish
hours
ments. ployees. per
week.
Year and State.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Over 54 57 and
and un under
60
der 57
54
60
1912.
Massachusetts.....................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States.......................................................
13
5
28
154
71
159
54.6
56.0
58.2
108
46
71
19
98
42
Total.........................................................
46
384
56.4
108
136
98
42
Massachusetts....................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
13
5
28
134
72
140
54.6
56.0
57.8
95
3
39
72
18
103
16
Total.........................................................
46
346
56.2
98
129
103
16
66
6
88
112
90
1913.
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le .
1912.
Massachusetts.. .
New Hampshire.
New Jersey.........
Rhode Island___
Other States.......
13
7
3
5
17
627
96
88
112
170
54.2
57.8
55.1
56.0
58.9
561
95
75
Total.........
45
1,093
55.5
561
272
185
75
Massachusetts. . .
New Hampshire.
New Jersey.........
Rhode Island___
Other States.......
13
7
3
5
17
512
126
131
116
148
54.2
57.8
55.2
56.0
58.0
464
48
7
131
116
119
112
25
Total........
45
1,033
55.5
475
302
231
25
31
2
89
69
51
51
51
1913.
11
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
1912.
Massachusetts.. .
New Hampshire.
Rhode Island___
Other States.......
13
7
5
21
253
76
89
171
54.2
57.9
56.0
57.4
222
Total.........
46
589
55.9
222
191
125
Massachusetts.. .
New Hampshire.
_
Rhode Island_
Other States......
13
7
5
21
250
81
86
161
54.2
57.9
56. 0
56.7
226
8
24
2
86
70
63
20
Total........
46
578
55.7
234
182
142
20
74
1§13.
79
M E N D E R S : F e m a le .
1912.
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts....................................................
New York...........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States......................................................
Total........................................................
10
13
2
5
12
105
892
164
277
151
58.0
54.0
60.0
56.0
57.8
42
1,589
55.6
105
892
164
277
37
892
77
37
314
182
201
134
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e V .— A V ERA G E
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K
P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
Concluded.
M ENDERS: Female—
NumYear and State.
X llT ,
T V
estab- ; be‘
ments. P10^ '
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Over 54 57 and
and un under
der 57
60
54
60
,
/
1913.
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts.....................................................
New York..........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
Total.........................................................
10
13
2
5
12
96
755
98
281
158
58.0
54.0
57.4
56.0
57.4
755
42
42
1,388
55.3
797
96
56
281
33
125
314
221
56
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M a le.
1913.
Massachusetts. ..
3
244
54.0
244
3
115
54.0
115
1913.
Massachusetts...
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : F e m a le .
i
1913.
Massachusetts
New Jersey__
Rhode Island.
Other States..
1
3
2
3
2
54.0
55.2
56.0
58.1
567
10
1,070
55.2
567
3
2
3
2
316
82
170
183
54.0
55.2
56.0
57.8
316
10
Total...
567
114
231
158
751
55.5
325
252
255
24
114
231
345
151 |
7
151 |
7
1913.
Massachusetts
New Jersey...
Rhode Island.
Other States..
Total...
9
i
82 1
170
1
174 ............
174 :............
1
S P IN N E R S , M U L E : M a le.
1913.
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States.......................................................
11
11
7
4
7
139
279
113
65
123
58.0
54.2
58.0
56.0
59.0
Total..........................................................
40
719
56.5 |
1913.
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States..........................................
11
11
7
4
7
153
284
124
79 '
119 |
58.2
54.2
58.0
56.0
58.1
Total..........................................................
40
759 | 56. 4
65
18
139
113
23
82
275
82
138
15
255
107
256
28
3
79
25
53
38
259
132
315
53
124
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907 TO
1913-----W O O L E N .
135
T able V .— A V ERA G E
AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
PE R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
TW ISTER S: Female.
Number of employees whose fun
time hours per week were—
Aver
Num Num
age
ber of ber of
funestab
time
em
lish
hours
ments. ployees. per
week.
Year and State.
1912.
Massachusetts
New Jersey__
New Y ork...........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States______ _______
_ _______
54
Over 54 57 and
and un under
der 57
60
Total___
54.0
55.4
60 0
56.0
58.2
385
751
55.7
385
3
2
2
3
2
246
129
78
98
47
54.0
55.1
58.0
56.0
58.0
246
12
1913.
Massachusetts
New Jersey__
New Y ork............................................... ...........
Rhode Island......................................................
OtherStates______ _ _________________
_
385
73
116
136
41
12
Total_
_
3
2
2
3
2
598
55.4
272
227
1,494
329
38
60
73
136
26
209
116
1
36 1
36
129
98
5
121
52
47
47
52
192
410
39
W E A V E R S : M a le.
l
i
1912.
Connecticut_____
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
4
H
13
7
231
410
1,823
493
58.3
58.0
54.4
57.8
New Jersey.........................................................
New Y ork...........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
OtherStates______
. ___ _ . _
3
2
5
1
207
359
683
270
55.0
60.0
56.0
60.0
46
4,476
56.3
Connecticut_____
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
4
11
13
7
216
398
1,347
502
58.4
58.2
54.4
57.8
New Jersey.........................................................
New Y ork...........................................................
Rhode Island.....................................................
OtherStates______
3
2
5
1
279
234
647
222
55.0
56.6
56.0
58.0
131
3,845
56.1
1,227
1,213
1,220
16
615
684
Total..........
1913.
Total_____
46
{
455
207
359
683
1,494
1,096
1,257
251
36
270
1,057
668
174
358
42
40
466
279
647
103
222
185
W E A V E R S : F e m a le .
Maine___ __ .
1912.
OtherStates_____
Total..........
1913.
Maine__________
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
New Jersey.............
New Y o rk ,.........................................................
Rhode Island.................
.
__
OtherStates________ ______ ______
Total_____
11
13
7
3
2
5
5
190
1,390
700
615
94
371
226
58.0
54.0 i 1,390
57.9
55.0
60.0
56.0
59.7
46
Massachusetts....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
New Jersey.........................................................
New Y ork...................................................... 1
Rhode Island......................................................
3,586
55.9 i 1,390
11
13
7
3
2
5
5
263
1,072
761
722
79
374
210
58.0
54.0
57.9
55.0
58.2
56.0
58.0
46
3,481
55.9
190
371
191
1,002
909
285
15
722
746
1
263
1,072
24
374
1,096
94
35
1,111
55
210
1,219
55
136
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O E S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e V . — A V E R A G E AND C L A SSIFIE D
FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W EE K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
W O O L S O R T E R S : M a le.
Aver
Num Num
age
ber of ber of
full
estab
time
em
lish
hours
ments. ployees. per
week.
Year and State.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
54
1912.
Massachusetts....................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States.......................................................
6
3
10
289
81
101
54.0
56.0
58.2
289
Total........................... ..............................
19
471
55.2
289
6
3
10
159
38
49
54.0
56.0
-57.4
246
55.0
159
60
159
19
Over 54 57 and
and un under
der 57
60
1913.
i
Massachusetts.....................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States.......................................................
Total..........................................................
81 ..........................
20
66
i5
101
66
38
14
35
52
15
35
T a b l e V I . — AV ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W EE K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
B U R L E R S : F e m a le .
State, and number of establishments.
Aver
Num agefull
time
Year. ber of hours
em
ployees. per
week.
Massachusetts:
1912
12 establishments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . / 1913
\
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
Ut uL t U
J
e
llulllllvli lo. .
\ 1913
New Jersey:
/ 1912
o t qhi iqi lD 'n
q
I P tQ
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
« cotct U
lioU
IU lI. •
U to
....................................................
.
.
\ 1913
Rhode Island:
( 1912
O potQhli’drmontQ
C b U
u d
lloililluli to . .. .......................
\ 1913
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
54
Over
54 and
under
57
57 and
under
60
724
721
724
721
54.0
54.0
253
275
58.0
57.9
4
6
249
269
186
291
57.0
55.4
78
291
108
85
52
60.0
58.6
186
167
56.0
56.0
85
40
12
186
167
D R E S S E R S : M a le.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
60
1912
1913
154
134
54.6
54.6
1912
1913
71
72
56.0
56.0
108
95
46
39
71
72
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
1907 TO
LABOR,
1913---- W O O L E N .
137
T a b l e V I . — AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED
FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
LABORERS, DYEHOUSE: Male.
Aver
Num agefull
ber of
time
Year.
em
hours
ployees. per
week.
State, and number of establishments.
Number of employees whosefulltime hours per w
reek were—
54
S1
57
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments..
New7Jersey:
3 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
!
60
60
/ 1912
\ 1913
627
512
54.2
54.2
/ 1912
\ 1913
96
126
57.8
57.8
/ 1912
\ 1913
88
131
55.1
55.2
88 '............
131 ............
/ 1912
\ 1913
112
116
56.0
56.0
112 '______
116 5
............ ..............
!
|
561
464
66 ............
48 1 ...........
5
3
*
.
6
7
90
119
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
/ 1912
\ 1913
253
250
54.2
54.2
/ 1912
\ 1913
76
81
57.9
57.9
2
2
/ 1912
1913
89
86
56.0
56.0
69
86
\
222
226
31
24
74
79
M E N D E R S : F e m a le .
Maine:
10 establishments.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New York:
2 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
1912
1913
105
96
58.0
58.0
1912
1913
892
755
54.0
54.0
892
755
1912
1913
164
98
60.0
57.4
42
277
281
56.0
56.0
1912
1913
iI
105
96
164
56
277
281
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M a le .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments
/ 1912
•\ 1913
244
115
54.0
54.0
244
115 .
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : F e m a le .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.
New Jersey:
2 establishments.
Rhode Island:
3 establishments.
1912
1913
567
316
54.0
54.0
1912
1913
114
82
55.2
55.2
114
82
1912
1913
231
170
56.0
56.0
231
170
567
316
138
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e V I ___ AV ER A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Continued.
S P IN N E R S , M U L E : M a le.
State, and number of establishments.
Maine:
Massachusetts:
New Hampshire:
Rhode.Island:
Aver
Num agefull
time
Year. ber of hours
em
ployees. per
week.
/ 1912
\ 1913
139
153
279
284
54.2
54.2
/ 1912
\ 1913
113
124
65
79
56.0
56.0
57 and
under
60
58.0
58.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
Over
54 and
under
57
54
58.0
58.2
/ 1912
\ 1913
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
I
:
255
256
60
139
138
15
24
28
113
124
65 l
79
T W I S T E R S : F e m a le .
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.
New Jersey:
2 establishments.
New York:
2 establishments.
Rhode Island:
3 establishments.
1912
1913
385
246
54.0
54.0
1912
1913
73
129
55.4
55.1
1912
1913
116
78
60.0
58.0
1912
1913
136
98
56.0
> 56.0
385
246
73
129
116
52
26
136
98
W E A V E R S : M a le .
Connecticut:
4 establishments..
Maine:
11
establishments.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments.,
New Jersey:
3 establishments..
New York:
2 establishments..
Rhode Island:
5 establishments..
!
192 |
174
/ 1912
\ 1913
231
216
58.3
58.4
f 1912
{ 1913
410
398
58.0
58.2
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,823
1,347
54.4
54.4
f 1912
\ 1913
493
502
57.8
57.8
38
36
( 1912
{ 1913
207
279
55.0
55.0
207
279
f 1912
{ 1913
359
234
60.0
56.6
f 1912
{ 1913
683
647
56.0
56.0
410
358 i
[
1,494
1,096
39
42
40
329
251 ............ 1
455
466
359
103
131
683
647
i
W E A V E R S : F e m a le .
Maine:
11 establishments.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.
New Hampshire:
7 establishments..
1912
1913
190
263
58.0
58.0
1912
1913
1,390
1,072
54.0
54.0
1912
1913
700
761
57.9
57.9
190
263
1,390
1,072
____
16
15
684 ............
746 ............
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR;
1907
TO 1913— W O O L E N .
1 39
T able VI.—A V ERA G E
AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O RK
P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded.
WEAVERS: Female—Concluded.
State, and number of establishments.
Aver
Num agefull
time
Year. ber of
em
hours
ployees. per
week.
New Jersey:
/ 1912
\ 1913
r 1912
£ esiciDiLSiinieiibS...........................................................1913
New York:
Rhode Island:
|
5 establishments.......................................... !| Jgjg
615
722
60.0
58.2
371
Over
54 and
under
57
54
55.0
55.0
94
79
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
56.0
56.0
374
57 and
under
60
60
615
722
94
24
55
371
374
W O O L S O R T E R S : M a le.
Massachusetts:
6 establishments................................. ......
Rhode Island:
9 uolaUUoUllluiito. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tif a
O nafohli chm O
/ 1912
\ 1913
289
159
54.0
54.0
/ 1912
\ 1913
81
38
56.0
56.0
289
159
81
38
VII.—AV ER A G E FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND
A V E R A G E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
Table
[The average full-time weekly earnings of occupations not tabulated by States in this table will be found
in the table on p. 93.]
B U R L E R S : F e m a le .
1913
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
State.
1913
Aver Aver
Num age full age full Num
ber of
time
time
ber of
em
hours weekly em
earn ployees.
ployees. per
week.
ings.
Aver Aver
age full age full
time
time
hours weekly
per
earn
week.
ings.
Massachusetts....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
New Jersey.........................................................
New York...........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States.......................................................
12
6
3
2
5
16
724
253
186
85
186
128
54.0
58.0
57.0
60.0
56.0
58.3
$7. 99
7. 73
6. 80
10. 43
9. 86
7.38
721
275
291
52
167
129
54.0
57. 9
55. 4
58.6
56.0
58.0
$7. 65
9. 60
7.37
9. 88
9. 29
7.32
Total.........................................................
44
1,562
55.9
8. 25
1,635
55.6
8.13
134
72 5
140
54.6
56.0
57.8
$15.12
15.66
13.70
346
56.2
14.66
D R E S S E R S : M a le.
154
13
54.6 $15.15
Massachusetts....................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
71
56.0
15. 68
58.2
13. 84
Other States.......................................................
28
159
Total.........................................................
46
384
56.4
14. 71
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
140
T
V I I . — AV ER A G E FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND
A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, B Y STATES, 1912 AND
1913— Continued.
able
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le.
1912
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
State.
1913
Aver Aver
Num age full age full Num
time
ber of
ber of
time
hours weekly
em
em
ployees. per
earn ployees.
week.
ings.
Aver Aver
age full age full
time
time
hours weekly
per
earn
week.
ings.
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
New Jersey.........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
13
7
3
5
17
627
96
88
112
170
54.2
57.8
55.1
56.0
58.9
$8.52
9. 49
8. 97
8. 77
8.83
512
126
131
116
148
54.2
57.8
55.2
56.0
58.0
$8.36
9. 62
9. 45
8. 74
9.08
Total.........................................................
45
1,093
55.5
8.72
1,033
55.5
8.81
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
13
Massachusetts....................................................
..... ...........................................
New Hampshire 7
5
Rhode Island......................................................
21
Other States.......................................................
253
76
89
171
54.2
57.9
56.0
57.4
$17.66
14.82
17.90
16. 98
250
81
86
161
54.2
57. 9
56. 0
56.7
$16.35
14. 90
18. 03
16. 93
46
589
55.9
17.13
578
55.7
16.56
Total.........................................................
M E N D E R S : F e m a le .
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts....................................................
New York...........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
10
13
2
5
12
105
892
164
277
151
58.0
54.0
60.0
56.0
57.8
$8. 32
10.70
12.05
10.58
11.22
96
755
98
281
158
58.0
54.0
57.4
56.0
57.4
$8.48
9.58
12. 40
10.92
10. 77
Total.........................................................
42
1,589
55.6
10. 71
1,388
55.3
10.11
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : F e m a le .
Massachusetts.....................................................
New Jersey.........................................................
Rhode Island......................................................
Other States........................................................
3
2
3
2
567
114
231
158
54.0
5'5.2
56.0
58.1
$8.47
6. 72
7.62
7.25
316
82
170
183
54.0
55.2
56.0
57.8
$7.89
7.05
7. 72
7.97
Total.........................................................
10
1,070
55.2
7.92
751
55.5
7.78
S P IN N E R S , M U L E : M a le.
Maine..................................................................
Massachusetts...................................................
New Hampshire.................................................
Rhode Island....................................................
Other States........................................................
11
11
7
4
7
139
279
113
65
123
58.0
54.2
58.0
56.0
59.0
$13.05
13. 69
13. 42
13. 91
13. 78
153
284
124
79
119
58.2
54.2
58.0
56.0
58.1
$12. 66
13. 68
12. 99
13. 59
13. 92
Total..........................................................
40
719
56.5
13.56
759
56.4
13. 39
T W I S T E R S : F e m a le .
Massachusetts...............................
............
.........................................................
New Jersey
New York...........................................................
Rhode Island....
.................
..........
Other States.......................................................
Total..........................................................
3
2
2
3
2
385
73
116
136
41
54.0
55.4
60.0
56.0
58.2
$8.00
6. 32
6. 47
7.87
8. 84
246
129
78
98
47
54.0
55.1
58.0
56.0
58.0
$7. 53
7.01
6. 60
8. 23
8. 66
12
751
55.7
7. 62
598
55.4
.7. 50
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- WOOLEN.
T
141
V I I . — A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W EE K AND
AV ER A G E FULL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, B Y STATES, 1912 AND
1913— Concluded.
able
W E A V E R S : M a le.
1912
Num
ber of
esta b
lis h
m e n ts.
S ta te .
1913
A ver
A ver
A ver
A ver
N u m ag e f u ll ag e f u ll N u m ag e fu ll age fu ll
tim e
tim e
t im e
tim e
ber of
ber o f
em
w e e k ly
hours
em
h o u rs w e e k ly
per
e a rn
per
ea rn
p lo y e e s .
p lo y e e s .
w eek.
w eek.
in g s.
in g s.
C o n n e c t i c u t .................................................................................
M a i n e ...............................................................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ............................................................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ......................................................................
N e w J e r s e y ...................................................................................
N e w Y o r k .....................................................................................
R h o d e I s l a n d .............................................................................
O t h e r S t a t e s ..........................................................................
4
11
13
7
3
2
5
1
231
410
1 ,8 2 3
493
207
35 9
683
270
5 8 .3
5 8 .0
54. 4
5 7 .8
5 5 .0
6 0 .0
5 6 .0
6 0 .0
11 4. 49
12. 47
13. 69
1 2 .3 7
1 2 .2 8
12. 46
1 4 .0 2
12. 74
216
39 8
1 ,3 4 7
50 2
27 9
234
647
222
58. 4
58. 2
54. 4
5 7 .8
5 5 .0
56. 6
5 6 .0
5 8 .0
$1 4. 86
1 3 .3 8
12. 96
1 2 .2 6
1 2 .0 2
1 2 .6 6
13. 65
1 2 .5 6
T o t a l ...................................................................................
46
4 ,4 7 6
5 6 .3
1 3 .3 0
3 ,8 4 5
5 6 .1
1 3 .0 3
W E A V E R S : F e m a le .
N e w H a m p s h i r e ....................................................................
N e w J e r s e y ...................................................................................
N e w Y o r k .....................................................................................
R h o d e I s l a n d ..............................................................................
O t h e r S t a t e s ................................................................................
11
13
7
3
2
5
5
263
190
5 8 .0
$1 1. 52
5 8 .0
$ 1 2 .2 0
12. 48
1 ,0 7 2
M,3 s s a c h u 5 e t 0s ............................................................................ 63
1 a90
s4 .t
5 4 .0
11.
761
700
57. 9
1 1 .0 7
57. 9
10. 67
9. 45
722
615
9 .3 1
5 5 .0
5 5 .0
94
5 8 .2
12. 78
6 0 .0
79
11. 76
56. 0
10. 91
374
371
5 6 .0
1 1 .1 6
12. 43
12. 74
22 6
21 0
5 8 .0
5 9 .7
T o t a l ...................................................................................
46
3 ,5 8 6
M a i n e ...............................................................................................
5 5 .9
11. 48
3 ,4 8 1
5 5 .9
1 1 .0 0
W O O L S O R T E R S : M a le.
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ............................................................................
R h o d e I s l a n d ..............................................................................
O t h e r S t a t e s ................................................................................
T o t a l.
.......................................................................
6
3
10
28 9
81
101
5 4 .0
5 6 .0
5 8 .2
$ 1 4 . 44
1 5 .3 2
15. 04
159
38
49
5 4 .0
5 6 .0
5 7 .4
$ 1 5 .0 2
16. 5 8
1 5 .8 5
19
471
5 5 .2
14. 72
24 6
5 5 .0
15. 43
SILK GOODS MANUFACTURING.
This report, based on information obtained from representative
establishments, shows the full-time weekly earnings, the full-time
hours of labor per week, and the rates of wages (or earnings) per
hour in the principal occupations of the silk-goods industry of the
United States. Figures relating to full-time hours of labor per week
and rates of wages (or earnings) per hour are presented for the years
1907 to 1913, inclusive, and for full-time weekly earnings for the
years 1910 to 1913, inclusive.
Earlier reports1 of the Bureau have presented wages and hours of
labor in the industry from 1890 to 1912.
Briefly summarized, the average full-time weekly earnings of
employees in this industry in 1913 were 5.6 per cent higher than such
earnings in 1912, 8.8 per cent higher than in 1911, and 10.1 per cent
higher than in 1910. The full-time hours of labor per week in 1913
were 0.4 per cent lower than in 1912, 1.3 per cent lower than in 1911,
and 1.4 per cent lower than in 1910. The rates of wages (or earnings)
per hour were 5.8 per cent higher in 1913 than in 1912, 10.1 per cent
higher than in 1911, and 11.7 per cent higher than in 1910.
The summary figures concerning the several occupations covered by
this report are presented in Table I, pages 159 to 167. The data for the
years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911. Owing to the difficulty of
finding establishments having records extending back for a period of
years and also owing to the amount of work involved, data for 1907
to 1909 were secured from a smaller number of establishments, some
of them perhaps less representative, than have furnished data for the
later years.
The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the pay roll
ending nearest May 15 being selected, except in a very few estab
lishments in which conditions in May were abnormal.
The figures for the years 1907 to the first presentation for 1912
are reproduced from Bulletin No. 128, except the average full-time
weekly earnings for 1910 to 1912, which figures have been com
puted for this Bulletin from the data gathered for thos'e years.
Owing to the work involved and the lack of funds, the average full
time weekly earnings have not been computed for the period 1907
1 P r e v io u s r e p o r t s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s o f l a b o r i n s i l k -g o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y t h e
B u r e a u , a s f o llo w s : N i n e t e e n t h A n n u a l R e p o r t , c o v e r in g 1 8 9 0 t o 1 9 03 ; B u l l e t i n N o . 59 ( J u l y , 1 9 0 5 ), c o v e r in g
19 03 a n d 1 9 0 4 ; B u l l e t i n N o . 6 5 ( J u l y , 1 9 0 8 ), c o v e r in g 19 04 a n d 1 9 0 5 ; B u l l e t i n N o . 71 ( J u l y , 1 9 0 7 ) ,c o v e r in g
1905 a n d 1 9 0 3 ; a n d B u l l e t i n N o . 77 ( J u l y , 1 9 0 8 ), c o v e r in g 1 9 06 a n d 1 9 07 , a n d B u l l e t i n N o . 12 8 ( A u g u s t , 1913)
c o v e r i n g 1 9 07 t o 1 9 1 2 , i n c l u s i v e .
142
WAGES AND HOURS
OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- SILK.
143
to 1910. It will be observed that the average full-time weekly earn
ings are not exactly the same as the product of the average rate of
wages per hour and the average full-time hours per week. This dif
ference is explained and illustrated on page 23.
Referring to Table I, page 159, it is seen that in 1913 the average
full-time weekly earnings of males engaged in silk manufacturing as
represented by eight occupations varied from $6.61 for spinners, to
$18.83 for warpers. The average full-time weekly earnings of
females, represented by five occupations, varied from $5.70 for
doublers to $13.46 for ribbon weavers. The full-time hours of labor
per week in 1913 varied from 44 to 60, the average being about 56
hours per week.
Wages and hours of labor differ in different establishments, hence
the inclusion or exclusion of an establishment in a group, if the
wages and hours therein differ considerably from the average, may
raise or lower the average for the group. In Table I it is seen
that data were presented for doublers for 12 establishments for
the years 1911 and 1912, and for 11 establishments for the years
1912 and 1913. The average full-time weekly earnings decreased
from $5.56 in 1911 to $5.41 in 1912 in the group of 12 establish
ments. In 11 establishments the full-time weekly earnings increased
from $5.38 in 1912 to $5.70 in 1913. As the two groups of estab
lishments do not show exactly the same earnings for 1912, it would
not be a correct comparison to say that weekly earnings increased
from $5.56 in 1911 to $5.70 in 1913. The movement from one
year to another is indicated with the greater degree of accuracy
by the figures for identical establishments. The difference between
$5.56 and $5.41 represents the change between 1911 and 1912, and the
difference between $5.38 and $5.70 represents the change between
1912 and 1913 as nearly as can be determined from the data available.
In the table the comparable data for identical establishments are
bracketed together.
Owing to a change in the number of establishments from year to
year, it is difficult to make a comparison of the actual data over a
period of several years which will give an exact measure of the
changes. To aid in the making of such a comparison, relative (or
index) numbers have been computed from the averages in Table I for
full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly
earnings for each occupation for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive.
These relative numbers, which are shown in the table following,
are simply percentages in which the figures for 1913 are taken as the
base or 100 percent. The relative for each year is the per cent that
the average in that year is of the average for 1913, as determined by
the method explained on page 25. Thus, in the table the full-time
144
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOK
S T A T IS T IC S ,
weekly earnings of doublers in 1910 were 92.4 per cent of the full
time weekly earnings in 1913.
It will be observed that the general tendency of the several occu
pations is toward a reduction of working hours and an increase in
rates of wages per hour and of earnings per full week. No data are
available to show the amount of work afforded employees each year
or the variation from year to year. The relative full-time hours per
week indicate the change in the hours of labor of employees working
full time, but do not reflect in any way the greater or less amount of
full-time work afforded. This point is further discussed on page 22.
R E L A T IV E
F U L L -T I M E
F U L L -T I M E
W E E K L Y
HOURS
PER
E A R N IN G S IN
M A N U F A C T U R I N G , 1910 T O
W E E K ,
TH E
RATES
P R IN C IP A L
OF
W AG ES
PER
O C C U P A T IO N S IN
H O U R,
AND
S I L K -G O O D S
19 13.
(1 9 1 3 = 1 0 0 .0 * )
D o u b l e r s , s ilk t h r o w
i n g , fe m a le .
Y ear.
1 9 1 0 ..
1 9 1 1 ..
1 9 1 2 ..
1 9 1 3 ..
R e la
tiv e
ra te o f
w ages
per
h our.
R e la
tiv e
fu H tim e
w e e k ly
ea rn
in g s .
R e la
tiv e
fu l l
tim e
h ours
per
w eek.
R e la
tiv e
r a te o f
w ages
per
hour.
R e la
tiv e
fu U tim e
w e e k ly
ea rn
in g s .
R e la
tiv e
fu U t im e
h ours
per
w eek.
R e la
tiv e
r a te o f
w ages
per
h our.
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .4
9 5 .3
9 3 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .4
9 7 .0
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .5
9 5 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .5
9 5 .1
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .5
9 4 .0
9 6 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .1
9 5 .2
9 5 .5
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .6
9 7 .4
9 6 .1
1 0 0 .0
S p in n e r s , f e m a le .
1 9 1 0 ..
1 9 1 1 ..
1 9 1 2 ..
1 9 1 3 ..
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .0
9 4 .0
9 5 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 3 .2
9 5 .2
9 5 .5
1 0 0 .0
W a r p e r s , f e m a le .
1 9 1 0 ..
1 9 1 1 ..
1 9 1 2 ..
1 9 1 3 ..
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
8 9 .6
8 6 .4
9 2 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .9
8 7 .6
9 3 .1
1 0 0 .0
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , fe
m a le .
1 9 1 0 ..
1 9 1 1 ..
1 9 1 2 ..
1 9 1 3 ..
L o o m f ix e r s , m a l e .
R e la
tiv e
fu H tim e
h ours
per
w eek.
Q u ille r s , f e m a le .
1 9 1 0 ..
1 9 1 1 ..
1 9 1 2 ..
1 9 1 3 ..
L ab orers, d y eh o u se,
m a le .
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .0
9 2 .3
9 4 .1
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .5
9 2 .8
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
7 2 .9
8 0 .4
8 2 .7
1 0 0 .0
7 4 .5
8 1 .7
8 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
T w i s t e r s -i n , m a l e .
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
8 8 .4
9 3 .9
9 5 .1
1 0 0 .0
9 3 .1
9 4 .8
9 7 .1
1 0 0 .0
R e e l e r s , fe m a le .
R e e le r s, m a le .
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .1
1 0 0 .0
R e la
tiv e
fu n
tim e
w e e k ly
e a rn
in g s .
8 9 .7
9 5 .3
9 5 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .2
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .5
9 2 .1
9 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .0
9 2 .6
9 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
T w i s t e r s -i n , fe m a le .
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .1
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
8 9 .7
9 0 .9
9 7 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .7
9 2 .0
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
W e a v e r s , b ro a d silk ,
m a le .
W e a v e r s , b ro a d silk ,
fe m a le .
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .5
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .1
9 0 .7
9 3 .5
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .2
9 1 .7
9 4 .0
1 0 0 .0
W in d e r s , h a rd silk ,
fe m a le .
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .0
8 7 .8
9 0 .5
9 2 .7
1 0 0 .0
8 9 .4
9 2 .1
9 3 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .9
8 6 .0
9 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 3 .3
8 8 .2
9 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
W i n d e r s , s o ft s i l k ,
fe m a le .
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .5
9 4 .6
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .4
9 6 .3
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
P ic k e r s , c l o t h , fe m a le .
R e la
tiv e
fu n
t im e
h ours
per
w eek.
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
R e la
R e la
tiv e
tiv e
fu ll
r a te o f
tim e
w ages
w e e k ly
per
ea rn
h our.
in g s .
8 1 .0
8 7 .5
8 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
8 2 .7
8 9 .4
8 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
S p in n e r s , m a l e .
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .1
1 0 0 .0
8 4 .4
8 5 .4
8 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
8 5 .6
8 6 .7
8 7 .0
1 0 0 .0
W a r p e r s , m a le .
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .7
9 6 .7
9 3 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .9
9 6 .9
9 4 .1
1 0 0 .0
W ea v ers, rib b o n , m a le .
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .0
8 6 .6
8 9 .6
9 4 .5
1 0 0 .0
8 7 .2
9 0 .2
9 5 .2
1 0 0 .0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- SILK.
145
A like table of relative numbers is next shown for the industry as
a whole as determined by a combination of the data for the several
occupations covered. Data were obtained for the principal occupa
tions of the industry, but not for all occupations. The method of
computing this table is explained on page 26.
R E L A T IV E
F U L L -T I M E
F U L L -T I M E W E E K L Y
H O U RS
PER
W E E K ,
RATES
OF
W AG ES
PER
H O U R ,
AN D
E A R N I N G S I N S I L K - G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G , 1 9 10 T O 1913.
(1913 = 100.0.)
Y ear.
1 9 1 0 .................................................
1 9 1 1 .................................................
1 9 1 2 .................................................
1 9 1 3 .................................................
R e la tiv e
f u l l-t i m e
hours per
w eek.
R e la tiv e
r a te o f
w ages per
h our.
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
8 9 .5
9 0 .8
9 4 .5
1 0 0 .0
R e la tiv e
f u l l -t i m e
w e e k ly
e a rn in g s.
9 0 .8
9 1 .9
9 4 .7
1 0 0 .0
From the table it is seen that the relative or index number for
full-time hours per week in the silk industry as a whole decreased
from 101.4 in 1910 to 100. 0 in 1913; or, in other words, full-time
hours per week were 101.4 per cent in 1910 of what they were in
1913. The relative or index number for rates of wages per hour
increased from 89.5 in 1910 to 100 in 1913. Owing to the reduc
tion of hours, the increase in full-time weekly earnings were some
what less than the increase in wages per hour, the increase being
from an index of 90.8 in 1910 to 100 in 1913.
In examining the relative or index numbers for the several occu
pations, on page 144, and for the industry as a whole, in the table
above, it will be observed that they have been computed with 1913,
taken as a base, or 100 per cent. In the preceding reports of the
Bureau relating to this industry relative numbers for full-time hours
of labor and rates of wages per hour were presented back to
1890, and the base, or 100 per cent, was not the average rate of
wages per hour or the average full-time hours per week in any one
year, but the average rate of wages per hour and the average full
time hours per week for the 10-year period, 1890-1899. The table
of such relative numbers for the years 1890 to 1912 appears in the
appendix, page 178.
The reasons for changing the base of the relative numbers to the
most recent years are stated on page 15.
The relative numbers for the several occupations shown in the new
series here presented differ from those of the old series, shown in
preceding reports, because of the change of the base; but the ratio
existing between any two years is the same in both series. The
relative numbers for the industry as a whole have likewise been
recomputed with 1913 as the base.
43944°— Bull. 150— 14-----10
146
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
In addition to making a change of the base year in computing
the industry relatives, a change has also been made in the method
of computing the industry relatives, and because of this change the
relative or index for the industry as a whole here presented not only
differs from the relative computed by the former method, but shows a
slightly different ratio of change from year to year.
In Bulletin No. 128 the relative numbers for this industry were
averages of the relative numbers of the several occupations. For
each year, for example, the relative rate of wages per hour of each
occupation was multiplied (weighted) by the number of employees
in that occupation, the products thus computed for the several occu
pations were added, and the sum of the products for all occupations
divided by the total employees in all occupations.
In computing the relative numbers from 1910 to 1913 for the
industry as a whole, as presented in this Bulletin, a combination
was made, not of the relative numbers for the several occupations,
but of the actual hours and wages of the several occupations. For
each year the average hours and wages were computed for all em
ployees in all occupations, and the average for each preceding year
was compared with the average for 1913 to determine the index.
It was deemed necessary to make this change in method, because
by computing the industry relative by averaging the occupation
relatives a change in the industry is not always accurately reflected
by the relative thus computed. This reason is more fully explained
on page 26.
In addition to the relative numbers shown for the several occupa
tions and for the industry, three tables are here presented, showing
the per cent of increase or decrease in full-time hours of labor per
week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings in 1913
as compared with each preceding year back to 1910. The figures of
these tables are computed from the relative numbers shown on pages
144 and 145 and simply reverse the method of comparison. Each of
the three tables also shows the increase or decrease in 1912 as com
pared with 1911 and in 1911 as compared with 1910.
Referring to the first line of the first table, it is seen that the full
time hours of labor of doublers in 1913 was 1.6 per cent lower than
in 1910, 1.3 per cent lower than in 1911, and 1.3 per cent lower than
in 1912.
Further, it is seen that the full-time hours of labor in this occupa
tion were the same in 1912 as in 1911 and 0.3 per cent lower in 1911
than in 1910.
The other figures of the table are read in like manner.
W AGES
PER
CENT
PARED
AN D
AND
HOURS
O F IN C R E A S E
W IT H
1911
EACH
COM PARED
OR
OF
3
F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K ,
IN
YE A R S
147
1907 TO 1913-----S I L K .
LABOR,
DECREASE
TH E
W IT H
OF
P R E C E D IN G ,
1912
COM PARED
1913 C O M
W IT H
19 11 ,
1910.
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) or lo w e r ( — )
in 1913 t h a n in —
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) or
lo w e r ( — ) i n —
O c c u p a tio n .
1910
D o u b l e r s , s ilk t h r o w in g , f e m a l e ...........................
L a b o r e r s , d y e h o u s e , m a l e .........................................
L o o m f ix e r s , m a l e ...........................................................
P ic k e r s , c l o t h , f e m a le ...................................................
Q u ille r s , f e m a l e .................................................................
......................................................................
R e e l e r s , f e m a l e ..................................................................
S p in n e r s , m a l e ...................................................................
S p in n e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
T w i s t e r s -i n , m a l e .............................................................
T w i s t e r s -i n , f e m a l e .........................................................
W a r p e r s , m a l e ....................................................................
W a r p e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
W e a v e r s , b r o a d s ilk , m a l e ........................................
W e a v e r s , b r o a d s ilk , f e m a l e ....................................
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , m a l e ................................................
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , f e m a l e ............................................
W i n d e r s , h a r d s ilk , f e m a l e .......................................
W i n d e r s , s o f t s ilk , f e m a l e .........................................
1911
— 1 .6
0)
— . 7
-1 .4
— 2 .2
— 1 .6
+ .5
— 1 .6
— 1 .6
— 1 .4
-1 .2
.4
-1 .4
— 1 .4
-2 .6
— .7
— .7
— 2 .0
-1 .6
T h e i n d u s t r y .......................................................
— 1 .3
0)
— . 7
-1 .6
— 2 .2
R e e l e r s ,1. 4a l e
— m
— .2
— 1. 6
— 1 .4
— 1 .4
-1 .1
.4
— 1 .4
-1 .6
-2 .4
— .5
.5
— 2 .0
-1 .4
-1 .4
-1 .3
1912 t h a n
in 1911
1912
— 1 .3
0)
— .4
— . 7
— 1 .1
+ .2
— 1 .1
— .5
— .2
.5
.5
— .2
— .5
— .2
— .5
— .4
.9
.2
-
.4
1911 t h a n
in 19 10
-0 .3
C
1)
0)
— .3
— 1. 6
— 1 .5
— .3
— .4
— .5
.9
— 1 .2
.6
+ .1
— 1 .2
— 1 .1
— 2 .2
C
1)
C
1)
+
— .2
+ .7
C
1)
-
.2
w - . i
( !)
C
1)
+
-
.2
.2
.2
.2
-
.2
-
C
1)
.1
-1 .1
-1 .2
-
.2
0)
.1
0 )
.9
1 N o chan ge.
PER
CENT
PARED
AN D
OF
IN C R E A S E
W IT H
1911
EACH
COM PARED
OF
OR
DECREASE
TH E
W IT H
3
IN
Y E A R S
R A T E S OF W A G E S P E R H O U R ,
P R E C E D IN G ,
1912
COM PARED
19 13 C O M
W IT H
19 11,
1910.
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) or lo w e r ( — )
in 1913 t h a n in —
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) or
lo w e r ( — ) in —
O c c u p a tio n .
1910
D o u b l e r s , s ilk t h r o w in g , f e m a l e ...........................
L a b o r e r s , d y e h o u s e , m a l e .........................................
L o o m f ix e r s , m a l e ...........................................................
P ic k e r s , c l o t h , f e m a l e ...................................................
Q u ille r s , f e m a l e .................................................................
R e e l e r s , m a l e .......................................................................
R e e le r s , f e m a l e ..................................................................
S p in n e r s , m a l e . . . .............................................................
S p in n e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
T w i s t e r s -i n , m a l e .............................................................
T w is t e r s -in , f e m a l e ......................................................... i
W a r p e r s , m a l e ....................................................................
W a r p e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
W e a v e r s , b r o a d g o o d s , m a l e ...................................
W e a v e r s , b r o a d g o o d s , f e m a l e ...............................
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , m a l e ................................................
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , f e m a l e ............................................
W i n d e r s , h a r d s ilk , f e m a l e .......................................
W i n d e r s , s o f t s ilk , f e m a l e ..........................................
The
in d u stry..........................................
1911
1912 t h a n
i n 1911
1912
1911 t h a n
in 1910
+ 1 0 .6
+ 5 .8
+ 8 .1
+ 2 3 .5
+ 5 .2
+ 3 7 .2
+ 9 .3
+ 1 8 .5
+ 8 .7
+ 1 3 .1
+ 1 1 .5
+ 2 .4
+ 1 1 .6
+ 9 .8
+ 1 0 .0
+ 1 5 .5
+ 9 .9
+ 1 3 .9
+ 8 .1
+ 4 .9
+ 5 .3
+ 6 .4
+ 1 4 .3
+ 5 .0
+ 2 4 .4
+ 8 .6
+ 1 7 .1
+ 6 .4
+ 6 .5
+ 1 0 .0
+ 3 .4
+ 1 5 .7
+ 1 0 .3
+ 1 6 .3
+ 1 1 .6
+ 8 .3
+ 1 0 .5
+ 5 .7
0 )
+ 3 .4
+ 1 6 .8
+ 4. 7
+ 2 0 .9
+ 1 0 .6
+ 1 5 .7
+ 5 .3
+ 5 .2
+ 2 .9
+ 6 .7
+ 7 .8
+ 7 .0
+ 1 0 .6
+ 5 .8
+ 6 .3
+ 7 .9
+ 2 .6
- 2 .1
+ 5 .3
+ 2 .9
- 2 .2
+ .3
+ 2 .9
- 1 .8
+ 1 .2
+ 1 .1
+ 1 .3
+ 6 .9
-3 .1
+ 7 .4
+ 3 .1
+ 5 .1
+ 5 .5
+ 2 .0
+ 2 .4
+ 3 .1
+ 5 .4
+
.5
+ 1 .6
+ 8 .0
+
.1
+ 1 0 .3
+
.7
+ 1 .2
+ 2 .2
+ 6 .2
+ 1 .3
- 1 .0
- 3 .6
+
+
+
+
5 .4
3 .5
1 .4
3 .1
2 .3
+ 1 1 .7
+
+
+ 4 .1
+
1 .5
1 N o change.
1 0 .1
+
7 .2
5 .8
.4
148
PER
B U L L E T IN
CENT
OF
COM PARED
AN D
19 11
OF T H E
IN C R E A S E
W IT H
EACH
COM PARED
OR
OF
W IT H
BUREAU
DECREASE
TH E
IN
3 YE A R S
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
F U L L -T IM E W E E K L Y
E A R N IN G S ,
P R E C E D I N G , 1912 C O M P A R E D
W IT H
1913
1911,
1910.
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) o r lo w e r ( — )
i n 1913 t h a n in —
P e r c e n t h ig h e r ( + ) o r
lo w e r ( — ) in —
O c c u p a t io n .
1910
D o u b l e r s , s ilk t h r o w in g , f e m a l e ...........................
L a b o r e r s , d y e h o u s e , m a l e ........................................
L o o m f ix e r s , m a l e ...........................................................
P ic k e r s , c l o t h , f e m a l e ...................................................
Q u ille r s , f e m a l e .................................................................
R e e l e r s , m a l e .......................................................................
R e e l e r s , f e m a l e ..................................................................
S p in n e r s , m a l e ...................................................................
S p in n e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
T w i s t e r s -i n , m a l e .............................................................
T w i s t e r s -i n , f e m a l e .........................................................
W a r p e r s , m a l e ....................................................................
W a r p e r s , f e m a l e ...............................................................
W e a v e r s , b r o a d g o o d s , m a l e ...................................
W e a v e r s , b r o a d g o o d s , f e m a l e ...............................
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , m a l e ................................................
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , f e m a l e ............................................
W i n d e r s , h a r d s i lk , f e m a l e .......................................
W i n d e r s , s o f t s ilk , f e m a l e ..........................................
T h e i n d u s t r y ........................................................
+ 8 .2
+ 5 .8
+ 7 .4
+ 2 0 .9
+ 2 .5
+ 3 4 .2
+ 9 .9
+ 1 6 .8
+ 7 .3
+ 1 1 .5
+ 1 0 .3
+ 2.1
•
+ 1 0 .0
+ 8 .5
+ 7 .2
+ 1 4 .7
+ 9 .3
+ 1 1 .9
+ 5 .9
+ 10.1
1911
+ 3 .1
+ 5 .1
+ 5 .5
+ 1 1 .9
+ 2 .7
+ 2 2 .4
+ 8 .0
+ 1 5 .3
+ 5 .0
+ 4 .9
+ 8 .7
+ 3 .2
+ 1 4 .2
+ 9 .1
+ 1 3 .4
+ 1 0 .9
+ 7 .8
+ 8.6
+ 3 .8
+ 8.8
1 9 12 t h a n
in 1 9 1 1 j
1912
+ 5 .9
.1
+ 3 .0
+ 1 6 .8
+ 4 .1
+ 1 9 .9
+ 1 0 .9
+ 1 4 .9
+ 4 .7
+ 4 .9
+ 2 .2
+ 6 .3
+ 7 .4
+ 6 .4
+ 1 0 .6
+ 5 .0
+ 5 .9
+ 7 .2
1911 t h a n
i n 1910
+ 2.2
+ 6 .3
-2 .9
+ 6 .3
+ 2 .5
+ 2 .5
+ 5 .5
+ 1 .7
+ 1 .3
+ 3 .6
+ 5 .0
+ .6
+ 1 .8
+ 8 .1
.2
+ 9 .7
+ 1 .8
+ 1 .3
+ 2 .1
+ 6 .2
+ 1 .4
-1 .0
-3 .6
.5
-5 .5
+ 3 .4
+ 1 .4
+ 3 .0
+ 2 .0
+
+ 3 .0
+ 1.2
5 .6
-2 .7
+ 5 .3
+ 2 .4
-4 .3
-1 .3
+ 2 .1
-2 .6
+ .3
+ .3
C1)
1 N o change.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This report on silk-goods manufacturing includes establishments
engaged in silk throwing and establishments engaged in the manu
facture of broad silks and ribbons. Establishments manufacturing
exclusively machine twist, sewing and embroidery silks, silk braids,
laces, novelties, etc., have not been included.
All information in this report was secured from pay rolls of the
various establishments by agents of the bureau. The number of
establishments for which data were secured varied considerably
during the period included in this report, as follows:
1907
1910
1911
1912
to 1910............................................................10
and 1911.........................................................42
and 1912.........................................................42
and 1913.........................................................51
identical establishments.
identical establishments.
identical establishments.
identical establishments.
As before stated, the data for 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911,
and the number of establishments included for the full period from
1907 to 1910, inclusive, was limited, owing to the difficulty of finding
establishments that had preserved acceptable records for those years
and also owing to the large amount of work involved. Data were not
secured from a greater number of establishments in the more recent
years because of the limited funds available for the purpose.
The establishments vary from year to year, as establishments go
out of business or cease to be representative, and new establishments
must be substituted in the wage study. Occasionally occupations
149
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— SILK.
are dispensed with in a mill, or new occupations are introduced,
and sometimes data are not available for all occupations desired
from a mill.
Data for a group of establishments in any year will not be pre
cisely the same as for a different group in the same year, even
though nearly all of the establishments may be common to both
groups. In using the actual figures in this report, comparison from
year to year should be made only between data coming from
identical establishments. In the tables the data from identical
establishments are bracketed together. Data from an establishment
are not included in the report unless the information for at least two
years is available.
In selecting establishments from which to secure data, the Bureau
undertook to represent all States in which silk-goods manufacturing
is of material importance, the measure of importance being the
number of employees as reported by the United States Census of
Manufactures. The table which follows shows by States the number
of employees in this industry as reported by the United States Census
Office for 1910; the total number on the pay roll in the establish
ments from which the Bureau secured data for 1913; and the number
in the selected occupations for whom data for 1913 are shown.
TO TAL N U M BER
EM PLO YEES
O F E M P L O Y E E S IN
IN
S IL K
E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N U M B E R
FO R
S t a t e.
W H IC H
D ATA
N u m b e r of
em p lo y e e s
rep orted
b y U n ite d
S ta t e s C e n
s u s O ffic e ,
19 10.
AR E
SH O W N
FOR
OF
1913.
E s t a b l i s h m e n t s fo r w h i c h d a t a are
sh o w n b y th e B u re a u of L a b o r
S t a t i s t i c s fo r 1913.
N u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s—
N u m b er of
e s ta b lis h
m en ts.
On pay
r o ll.
For w hom
d a t a a re
sh ow n .
P e n n s y l v a n i a ...................................................................................................
N e w J e r s e y .........................................................................................................
N e w Y o r k ........... ...............................................................................................
C o n n e c t i c u t ........................................................................................................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ..................................................................................................
O t h e r S t a t e s 2...................................................................................................
3 6 ,4 6 9
3 0 ,2 8 5
1 2 ,9 0 3
8 ,7 0 3
4 ,1 0 9
6 ,5 6 8
14
5
1
18
23
7 ,6 8 0
6 ,9 2 4
75 9
5 ,2 2 8
58 4
5 ,2 1 2
4 ,5 8 1
430
1 ,8 5 2
345
T o t a l .........................................................................................................
9 9 ,0 3 7
51
2 1 ,1 7 5
1 2 ,4 2 0
1 T h e s ilk i n d u s t r y i n N e w Y o r k S t a t e is c o n fin e d la r g e ly t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f b r a id s , la c e s , n o v e lt ie s ,
e t c ., a n d e s t a b li s h m e n t s e n g a g e d e x c l u s i v e l y in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f s u c h a r t ic le s a r e n o t i n c l u d e d in th is
re p o rt.
2 I n c l u d e s S t a t e s h a v i n g le ss t h a n 2 ,0 0 0 e m p l o y e e s i n 1910.
According to the census of 1910, 93 per cent of the total number of
employees in the industry are found in the States in which the estab
lishments furnishing information to the Bureau are located. The
number of employees in the establishments from which the Bureau
obtained data for 1913 was equal to 21.4 per cent of the total number
in the industry in 1910, and the number of such employees for which
150
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
the Bureau secured detailed information for 1913 was equal to 12.5
per cent of the total number in the industry in 1910.
The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the pay roll end
ing nearest May 15, except in a very few establishments where abnor
mal conditions made it advisable to take some other period.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables of the
report are the regular full-time hours of work of the occupation under
normal conditions in the establishment, or, if any establishment was
running under unusual working time because of rush work or of slack
work, the hours to which both employer and employee expect to
return when conditions become normal. The working time is the
hours on duty, including intervals of waiting for work.
The full-time hours per week and the relatives based thereon do not
in any way indicate the extent of unemployment. Employees may
work overtime, or broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary reduction
may be made in working hours without such change affecting the
full-time hours per week as presented in this bulletin.
The rate of wages per hour appearing in the tables include the
wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers. All time
rates by the day or week have been reduced to rates per hour, and the
earnings of pieceworkers or of persons working at both time and
piece rates have been reduced to rates per hour by dividing the earn
ings by the hours worked. The time workers and pieceworkers of
each occupation are combined as one group.
Silk manufacturing is an industry in which much piecework is
found. This is particularly true of broad silks. In a considerable
number of establishments visited in preceding years the piecework
system was found in operation with such inadequate records of hours
worked that it was not deemed advisable to attempt to tabulate
classified rates of wages or earnings per hour.
In 1913, however, where there was no record regularly kept of the
actual time worked by pieceworkers, the firms, at the request of the
Bureau, kept a special record for the pay period taken, making it
possible to present the classified rates in Table IV. The importance
of such a record for factory purposes is causing more firms each year
to keep a record of time worked by all employees.
A change in the earnings per hour of pieceworkers does not of
necessity indicate a change in piece rates. Without a change in
piece rates, a change in methods or of machinery, a speeding up or
more steady work resulting from greater volume of business may
increase the hourly earnings; or, on the other hand, changes in
methods, a slowing down in speed, or a lull in business may reduce
the hourly earnings. Varying intervals of waiting for work while on
duty may also affect hourly earnings.
WAGES AND HOURS
OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- SILK.
151
The full-time weekly earnings are the earnings per week of em
ployees working full time, or the earnings on broken time reduced to
equivalent earnings for a full week. In considering changes in full
time earnings per week, notice should also be taken of full-time hours
of labor per week. A reduction in the hours of a pieceworker may
reduce his earnings in a week and leave his earnings per hour un
changed, while a reduction of hours for a week worker will, if his
weekly rate remains the same, increase his rate per hour.
The averages of full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are computed by adding the data for
each individual employee and dividing the total by the number of
employees.
In studying the tables it will be observed that the average full
time weekly earnings generally is not exactly the same as the result
that would be obtained by multiplying the average rate per hour by
the average hours per week, owing to the change in the relative
weight of the items. This point is illustrated on page 23.
The change in the basis of comparison in computing the relative
numbers from the average of 1890-1899 to 1913 is referred to on page
145. A more extended explanation is given on pages 23 to 25. The
relative rates of wages per hour and the relative full-time hours per
week from 1890 to 1912 on the basis of 1890-1899 equals 100, pub
lished in Bulletin No. 128, are reproduced in this Bulletin in the appen
dix, page 178.
The method used in computing the relative or index numbers for
the several occupations herein published can best be explained by an
illustration. Such an illustration is given on page 25.
A word of caution is given as to the use of relative numbers. The
per cent of increase or decrease from one year to another is not the
difference between relative numbers for the years. Thus, as shown
in the table on page 145, the relative full-time weekly earnings in the
silk industry increased from 90.8 in 1910 to 94.7 in 1912, an increase
of 3.9 in the relative for 1912 over the relative for 1910, making an
increase of 4.3 per cent.
The base for the computation of the relative numbers of the several
occupations, as stated above, has been changed from the average of
1890-1899 to 1913. The same change of base has been made in com
puting the relative numbers for the industry as a whole. In addi
tion to the change of base in computing the relative numbers for the
industry, a change has been made in the method of computation.
The relative numbers for the industry here presented, covering 1910
to 1913, are computed directly from the average hours of labor, rates
of wages per hour, and weekly earnings of all employees in all occu*
pations combined into one group. In other words, the relatives for
the industry as a whole have been computed for this report in the
152
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUBEAU
OF
LABOB
S T A T IS T IC S .
same manner as the relatives for each occupation. This change of
method is explained and illustrated on pages 26 to 30.
Four general tables are presented for tne silk industry, as follows:
Table I.— Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work
per week in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table II.— Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work
per week in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table III.— Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work
per week, in each State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table IV .— Average full-time hours of work per week and average
and classified rates of wages per hour, by States, 1913.
In Table I, in addition to actual data, percentages computed there
from are given.
When data for a State are available in sufficient amounts to warrant
presentation, such data are presented by States in Tables II, III, and
IV.
Table III repeats the data for the several States given in Table II,
rearranged for the convenience of the reader.
DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS.
With the exception of learners, helpers, laborers, etc., practically
all classes of productive labor below the rank of foremen in silk mills
have been reported. The different operations have become so thor
oughly systematized that the per cent of persons in productive work
who fall without the classifications adopted is not large. At the same
time it should be borne in mind that many of the so-called occupations
in the silk industry are regularly filled by young persons, often mere
boys or girls, who possess little skill and who are hardly removed from
the learners’ class. Moreover, it has been found that in some kinds
of work, as winding, doubling, reeling, etc., the line of demarcation
between learners and regular workers is largely an imaginary one.
In such cases, where classification could not be made by the person
furnishing the information, an arbitrary minimum wage limit for
persons to be included had to be adopted.
Of the usual silk mill occupations, those believed to be of sufficient
importance to warrant their inclusion in the tabulation are as follows:
Doublers, silk throwing.
Laborers, dyehouse.
Loom fixers.
Pickers, cloth.
Quillers.
Reelers.
Spinners.
Twisters-in.
Warpers.
Weavers, broad silk.
Weavers, ribbon.
Winders, hard silk.
Winders, soft silk.
WAGES AND
HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- SILK.
153
About two-thirds of all employees in the average throwing or
weaving establishment are included within these occupations.
D O U B L E R S , S IL K T H R O W I N G .
In the manufacture of thrown silk, doubling follows the first-time
spinning process and closely resembles winding in its nature. In
this operation two or more silk filaments are united by drawing them
from as many separate bobbins and winding them onto a single one,
at the same time twisting them into one strand. This work is com
monly performed by females, often young girls, and requires little
skill. In many throwing mills an improved type of spinning frame
has been installed which provides for doubling as a part of the spin
ning process and obviates the need of separate employees for this
work.
LABORERS, D YEH O U SE .
This term is here broadly used to include all classes of adult male
labor in dye works except such men as are charged with directing or
supervising the work of others.
In the larger and more important silk-dyeing establishments there
are usually three main groups or classes of employees. These are
generally styled head dyers, dyers, and helpers, respectively. The
head dyers rank as foremen, often having a considerable number of
men under their direction, and are chosen for their technical knowl
edge of materials and processes. They command large salaries. The
next group, called dyers, may properly be regarded as subforemen,
each having a gang of men under him, numbering as high as 30 or 40
at times, but usually less, according to the kind of work being done.
These men also must possess some technical knowledge and ability
to direct work, which facts are considered in fixing their wages.
The third class of employees, commonly known as “ helpers,” are the
ones who do the actual manipulation of the materials to be dyed and
who are believed to correspond more nearly to the journeyman class
of workers in other industries. In some establishments the work is
so specialized that dyehouse hands may be split into various groups
as strippers, dyers, weighters, finishers, etc., according to the particu
lar operations which they perform, but usually all classes of employees
are included under the general terms dyers and helpers, and sub
divisions of the latter class can not be made.
In general, the work performed in skein-dyeing establishments is
as follows: '
After being weighed, the skeins of silk are taken to the stripping
tanks, where they are worked in a soap bath near the boiling point to
remove all gummy substances from the fiber. This operation requires
about an hour and furnishes the boiled-off liquor used as an addition
154
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
to the dye bath later. After stripping, the silk is washed in a weak
solution of soda. The stripper proper directs the work of his helpers,
who do the actual manual work. Usually a few men are employed
to tend the centrifugal machines used for extracting the water from
the silk. These are better paid than the helpers. Above the helpers
also are “ box fixers,” or “ end men,” who act as gang leaders and are
paid slightly higher wages. The stripping process is also designated
as “ boiling off” or “ degumming.”
The dyeing operation follows stripping. Long vats filled with the
dyeing solution are used, in which the skeins are suspended from rods
and are worked back and forth in the dye and also turned on the rods
to cause the color to strike in uniformly. The dyers proper, often
called “ journeymen dyers,” do little manual labor, each having a
gang of helpers to work the silk about in the dye.
The weighting process usually takes place before dyeing. This is
accomplished by repeatedly soaking the silk fiber in the weighting
solution. Weighted silk is usually brightened by working it in a
dilute solution of acetic, sulphuric, or tartaric acid for a short time.
After weighting and dyeing the silk is “ finished” to give it a glossy
appearance. “ Shaking out men” hang the skeins on stout wooden
arms or pegs and shake out the fiber by hard jerks. The finishers
stretch the silk and give it luster by working it on the pegs with a
stout wooden club like a marlinspike. Considerable skill is required
to know when the fiber has been sufficiently “ worked.” For glossing,
the skeins are twisted up tight and allowed to remain so several hours.
In lustering the skeins are stretched and steamed at the same time.
The final process is drying, in which the silk is placed in heated rooms
until thoroughly dry, when it is ready for shipment.
In piece dyeing, the lengths of silk fabric are continuously immersed
in tanks of dye solution from revolving frames until the proper color
is obtained. They are then put through a finishing process and
dried by being passed between hot rollers. The class of labor em
ployed in piece dyeing is quite similar to that found in skein-dyeing
establishments.
L O O M F IX E R S .
These are skilled mechanics who adjust and repair the looms.
A good loom fixer must be familiar with all the different processes
employed in a weaving mill and must be able to repair and keep
all parts of the loom in good running order. They are usually on
a semisalaried basis.
P IC K E R S , C L O T H .
Cloth pickers examine and remove defects from the fabric after
it is woven. Rough ends of threads are picked off and grease spots
or other stains are removed with wood alcohol or gasoline. Some
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907 TO 1913-----S I L K .
155
times the latter work is done by girls or women called cleaners, but
usually it is done by the pickers. Persons called examiners usually
do the final picking. Most pickers are females, but examining is
often done by expert males.
Q U IL L E R S .
From the winding frame, or the doubling frame, if this operation
is used, the bobbins of silk used for tram (or filling) are taken to
the quiller, who places them on a series of metal pins set on the quill
ing frame, from which the silk is wound on quills for the use of the
weaver. These quills, when full, are cone shaped if for use in the
shuttle of broad looms, or cylindrical if for a ribbon loom. Quilling
is somewhat similar to winding, but is usually done by a younger
class of operatives, often girls. Little skill is required for the work,
but the quiller must be on the alert for broken threads. When a
thread breaks or when a quill is full, that particular spindle stops
automatically and it becomes the duty of the quiller to tie up the
broken ends or replace the full quill with an empty one without delay.
REELERS.
Reeling is a throwing-mill occupation. While regarded as un
skilled work, it contains a sufficient number of employees to warrant
its inclusion in the tabulation. It consists in transferring the spun
silk from the bobbins to the hexagonal power-driven reels in order
to make up the skeins for dyeing. It is the reverse of winding and
is usually done by females, but often by boys. Where reeling is
done by females, reel lifters are employed to carry the heavy reels
to the lacers, who lace or tie the skeins to prevent tangling during
the dyeing process. The reeler must watch her work closely to tie
up broken threads and keep all reels running.
S P IN N E R S .
The work of spinning follows winding in throwing mills, and is
usually done by males, often young boys, although in some estab
lishments female spinners are employed exclusively. With the
ordinary type of machine, the wound bobbins of silk are placed on
the lower row of spindles on the spinning frame, from which the
fiber is transferred to bobbins turning on spindles set on the upper
rail of the frame. In first-time spinning of organzine (warp fiber),
the thread is given about 15 twists to the inch, while in second-time
spinning, which follows doubling, the thread is twisted about the
same number of times per inch, but in the opposite direction. In
tram (filling) spinning, only 5 or 6 twists to the inch are given the
fiber. Spinning is considered the most important operation in silk
throwing. Improved machines which combine the doubling and
spinning operations have been introduced into many throwing mills.
156
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
T W I S T E R S -I N .
Twisting, as the term is employed in silk weaving, is a highly
skilled occupation. It consists in joining the ends of a new warp
which is ready for the loom to the ends of the preceding warp by a
twisting motion. This is accomplished by deftly rolling the two
threads between the thumb and the finger tips. In broad silk
weaving, the twister sits in the frame of the loom in a fairly com
fortable position, but in twisting for ribbons, owing to the construc
tion of the loom, he has to reach over the harness with his chest press
ing against the latter, thus working in a very cramped position.
Twisting is usually done by males, but some expert female twisters
have been found in broad silk mills. A twisting machine has been
introduced into a few mills, but generally the work is done entirely
by hand. In most establishments twisters also do the entering
whenever necessary.
W ARPERS.
The spools of organzine silk (silk to be used as warp) are taken from
the winder to the warper by boys or girls called “ bobbin carriers.”
The warper places these spools on the creel, which is an inclined board
or stand containing from 400 to 900 metal pins for holding the spools.
The end of each thread is then drawn through a rack or comb having
a series of glass pins for guiding the thread. The threads are then
led through a reed, which keeps them separate, and are attached to
the warping mill. This machine is of two kinds— the Swiss and the
horizontal. The Swiss mill, which is the older and is still much used,
consists of a cylinder about 9 feet in circumference and 6 feet long,
which rests horizontally in its frame and revolves on pivots formed by
an iron bar or rod running through its center and projecting at each
end, forming an axis. A belt connecting the central rod with a shaft
causes the mill to revolve.
The horizontal warping mill consists of a drum-shaped frame, from
24 to 30 feet in circumference and about 6 feet wide, resting hori
zontally upon a support. To start this machine, the operator presses
a foot lever. Kemoving the pressure stops the mill. Many hori
zontal warping mills are now fitted with the Swiss attachment, which
is said to admit of as fine work being done as is possible on the Swiss
mill, with the advantage of a considerable saving of time. No appre
ciable difference in the pay of warpers on the horizontal and the
Swiss mills has been observed. In Paterson warping is usually done
by males; elsewhere it is done largely by females. It is a skilled
occupation.
In addition to the two kinds of warping mills described, a third
class, operated by hand, is sometimes used. This is a small frame
which revolves vertically by means of a hand crank. It is in use to
WAGES AND
HOURS
OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- SILK.
157
some extent in a few ribbon mills and where warping is let out by
manufacturers to home workers of the neighborhood.
Direct warping is sometimes done in ribbon mills. The direct
warper is a simple, compact machine for winding the warp direct
from the bobbins to the warp beam of the ribbon loom. It is gen
erally operated by girls and is not difficult to handle. Many manufac
turers say that the direct warping machine is not satisfactory.
Edge warping consists in preparing the warp for the edges of
ribbons and broad goods. This is done on a special machine which
requires little skill and is easy to operate. The work is usually done
by girls.
W E A V E R S , B R O A D S IL K .
While weaving requires less skill than some other occupations, such
as loom fixing or twisting-in, it employs far more people. Weaving is
largely an automatic process, the duty of the weaver being merely to
watch the loom, see that all its parts are working properly, and cor
rect defects in the fabric before they are carried too far. These
defects in the texture can not be remedied after they have passed
beyond a certain point, usually but a few inches from the edge or
pick line.
The weaver does not regulate the speed of his looms. All looms
producing a particular kind of silk in the mill are speeded uniformly,
and the yardage turned out by an individual weaver depends, apart
from the quality of material used and number of looms tended,
entirely on his dexterity in piecing up broken ends of the warp threads
and drawing them into place through the harness and reed, in filling
empty shuttles with new quills and placing them in the loom properly,
in taking off cuts of cloth, and in performing other necessary opera
tions with the least possible delay in the interruption of the weaving
work.
Weavers in broad silk mills are almost invariably pieceworkers.
Their earnings depend on a number of circumstances. In the first
place, the number of looms operated by a weaver affects his earnings.
The common rule is 2 looms per weaver, but instances have been
noted where the weaver had 3 and even 4 looms. On plain goods
an efficient weaver can tend 3 or 4 looms, while on looms with Jac
quard attachment 1 loom is usually considered all a weaver can look
after. The number of looms operated by a weaver depends on the
amount of work on hand and may vary within the pay-roll period.
During dull seasons many mills reduce the number of looms per
weaver instead of reducing the number of weavers.
Again, the weaver’s earnings depend on the quality of silk being
woven at the time. Frequent changes occur in this respect. At
times the weaver’s earnings may be so impaired that it is necessary to
158
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
put him temporarily on a time basis. On easy weave plain goods,
as messalines, satins, etc., it is said that a good weaver can average
about 35 yards per day of 10 hours on 2 looms or about 20 yards per
day on a single loom. On Jacquard work and on other figured goods
the average is considerably lower. On some grades of fine silks
7 or 8 yards per day is considered a good average for 1 loom. The
rate of pay per yard is based, of course, on the kind of silk being woven
at the time.
W E A V E R S , R IB B O N .
The duties of the ribbon weaver, while of the same general nature
as those of the broad-silk weaver, are greater and more arduous.
A loom of a radically different type is used. Instead of a single-warp
beam, harness, reed, and batten, with a single shuttle carrying the
filling, there are as many of these accessories as there are strands of
ribbon to be woven. This may vary from 6 to 100, according to the
type of the loom or width of the ribbon. Looms producing 24
pieces of ribbon at a time are a common type. With a greater num
ber of shuttles to keep filled, a greater number of warp threads to
piece together, and more mechanism to be kept in operation it
naturally follows that ribbon weavers must as a rule possess greater
skill and command better wages than do broad-silk weavers. For
this reason they have been tabulated separately. As a rule, ribbon
weavers are paid by the week. The work is usually done by males,
but with the introduction of improved automatic machinery there
is a growing tendency to replace skilled male weavers with females
of less skill and experience.
W I N D E R S , H A R D S IL K .
Winding done in throwing mills is commonly designated as
hard-silk winding to distinguish it from the similar operation
on dyed or soft silk in weaving mills. It is usually performed
by females, and requires but a small degree of skill. After the
soaking process, winding is the first operation in throwing mills.
The skeins of raw silk are taken to the winding frame and
placed on hexagonal-shaped revolving reels called swifts. From
these swifts the silk filament is wound on spools or bobbins set on
swiftly revolving spindles. The winder has to exercise constant
watchfulness to tie broken threads, to replace filled bobbins with
empty ones, and to see that all the swifts are kept running. Each
winder usually tends two rows or “ decks” of swifts, standing between
them. In some establishments double-decker winding frames have
been found, but these are objected to on the ground that they necessi
tate too high reaching.
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
159
1907 TO 1913-----S I L K .
LABOR,
W IN D E R S , S O F T S IL K .
In weaving mills the work of the soft (dyed) silk winder is
practically the same as that of the hard (undyed) silk winder
in throwing mills. Much the same processes are employed, and
much the same kind of labor is utilized in the two branches
of the industry. In soft-silk winding, however, the thread has
been spun and doubled, and is thus stronger and less liable to
break. Also, being soft, it is less apt to cause the fingers of the
winder to become sore than is the case with hard silk. In view of
these facts, and also because silk throwing and silk weaving are
recognized as distinct branches of the industry, it appears desirable
to report winders, hard silk, and winders, soft silk, as separate occu
pations. Occasionally, undyed silk or hard silk is wound for use in
ribbon mills, also for weaving certain kinds of fabrics in broad-goods
mills. It has been noted that as a rule soft-silk winders appear to
be better paid than are hard-silk winders, due possibly to the fact
that employees of the former class are often more mature than those
of the latter class.
T a b l e I . — A V E R A G E RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W EE K IN THE UN ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUM BER.
Aver
age
Num
full
Occupation, sex, and num Year. ber
of em time
ber of establishments.
ployees. hours
per
week.
Doublers, silk throwing, fe
male:
4 establishments
1907
1908
1909
1910
72
67
78
64
13 establishments
1910
.1911
255
237
57.3
57.1
12 establishments
1911
.1912
316
302
11 establishments........ /1912
\1913
Laborers, dyehouse, male:
(1907
] 1908
4 establishments.
11909
(1910
8establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
of
time
Over
50
57
54
wages weekly and
and
54
per
and under
earn under
60
hour.
under
ings.
54
60
57
57.6 $0.1037
.1030
56.9
.0992
56.4
56.2
. 1053
0)
0)
0)
C
1)
34
36
39
37
. 0938
.0989
$5.37
5.64
101
97
126
126
56.2
56.2
.0988
.0967
5.56
5.41
192
190
112
269
249
56.0
55.3
.0962
. 1031
5.38
5.70
222
195
74
27
1,231
'888
55.6
55.5
55.5
55.6
.1856
998
709
1,123
949
217
179
232
226
16
1,355
1,175
(1910
\1911
1,746
2,052
55.8
55.8
.1973
.1985
10.99
11.05
1,364
1,636
226
248
156
168
11 establishments.
(1911
\1912
2,516
2,670
55.6
55.6
.2116
.2010
11.15
11.74
2,145
2,204
203
132
168
275
12 establishments,
(1912
[1913
2,739
2,625
55.6
55.6
.2105
.2104
11.67
2,273
2,150
132
132
275
264
.2021
.2009
.2014
0)
* C
1)
(i)
1 Not computed.
0)
11.68
38
38
55
21
21
24
10
39
27
38
21
28
14
124
160
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e I . — A V E R A G E RA TE S OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E
W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AN D A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED F U L L -T IM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S ,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
N U M BER—Continued.
Aver
age
Num
full
Occupation, sex, and num Year. ber
of em time
ber of establishments.
ployees. hours
per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
of
time
Over
50
57
wages weekly
54
and
and
per
earn
54
and
60
under
hour.
ings. under
under
54
60
57
t
Loom fixers, male:
8
establishments.
f 1907
1908
11909
1910
75
72
89
90
138
144
56.5
56.5
57.4 $0.2597
57.1
.2717
57.2
.2677
56.9
.2759
0)
18
50
49
0)
0)
2
0
21
28
$16.28
16.56
69
69
69
75
45
44
7
3
62 !
.2888
.2934
77 !
69 1
0)
22
establishments.
jl910
(1911
19
establishments.
/1911
(1912
128
125
56.8
56.6
.2896
. 2979
16.40
16.81
/1912
(1913
230
243
56.1
55.9
. 3070
.3175
17.20
17.71
(1907
11909
[1910
177
168
225
253
57.8
57.4
57.5
57.2
.1314
.1292
.1327
.1306
C)
C)
1
0)
0)
19 establishments,
/1910
(1911
394
418
56.7
56.8
.1244
.1344
17
(1911
(1912
503
493
56.8
55.9
(1912
(1913
570
523
(1907
11908
11909
[1910
107
7 establishments..
23
6
12
12
6
8
125
120
95
97
27
32
37
41
116
124
173
201
7.09
7.66
156
165
227
242
. 1504
. 1471
8.55
8.19
242
303
250
190
55.9
55.9
.1342
. 1568
7.50
8.76
362
326
190
173
58.0
57.9
57.7
57.5
.0965
.0962
.0907
.1045
G)
C)
1
0)
C)
1
19
130
146
25
34
22
55
67
77
93
33
33
2«
93
11910
(1911
340
382
56.2
56.2
.1074
.1075
6.04
6.03
18
18
189
225
114
123
19
16
23 establishments
11911
(1912
538
528
56.2
55.4
.1113
.1110
6.24
6.16
18
218
355
172
149
138
16
31 establishments,
Reelers, male:
10establishments
/1912
(1913
520
557
55.7
55.3
.1117
.1170
6.47
42
26
338
359
140
133
11910
(1911
104
97
58.0
57.9 '
.0906
.0999
5.27
5. 78
21
17
72
63
11911
\1912
133
118
57.1
56.9
.1014
.1042
5.80
5.92
57
43
72
67
(1912
(1913
111
77
56.9
56.3
.1091
. 1320
6.20
42
41
63
32
(1907
11908
11909
(1910
41
36
29
25
56.8
56.3
56.0
56.2
.0862
.0888
.0991
.1064
0)
(!)
0)
0)
26
27
19
15
10
10
7 establishments.
11910
(1911
82
108
57.2
57.6
.0937
.0943
5.34
5.43
44
47
13
19
25
42
10 establishments,
(1911
(1912
256
271
56.4
56.2
.0978
.0960
5.53
5.39
j
159
148
73
70
24
30
11 establishments
11912
(1913
199
194
56.6
56.7
.0911
.1008
5.17
5.73
;
110
59
79
30
19
29 establishments.
Pickers, cloth, female:
7 establishments..
establishments
25 establishments
Quillers, female:
12
establishments
establishments
11 establishments
Reelers, female:
2
establishments.
1
1908
122
6.22
3
16
5
18
21
3
239
8
6
7.43
4
i
23
i
1 Not computed.
2Including 9 employees whose hours were 44 per week.
5 1
91
34
12
15
11
11
11
11
15
13
4
15
9
WAGES AND HOURS
T
OP LABOR, 1901 TO 1913---- SILK,
161
I . —A V E R A G E R A TES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AN D A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED FULL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN THE U N ITE D STATES, B Y Y E A R S ,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
a b l e
N U M BER—Continued.
Aver
age
Num
full
Occupation, sex, and num Year. ber
time
of em
ber of establishments.
ployees. hours
per
week.
Spinners, male:
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
time
of
Over
50
57
54
wages weekly and
and
54
per
earn under
and under
60
hour.
ings.
under
54
60
57
(!)
(!)
(!)
(!)
4 establishments.
(1907
11908
11909
(1910
153
162
174
134
56.8 $0.0975
.0928
56.8
.0916
56.3
.0949
56.0
99
101
96
87
8
78
47
16 establishments
/1910
\l911
327
396
57.5
57.5
.0942
.0954
$5.40
5.47
14 establishments.
/1911
\1912
338
327
57.6
57.3
.1010
.1022
5.80
5.82
120
139
146
176
61
81
99
81
201
168
38
46
/1912
\1913
277
262
57.2
56.6
.1008
.1166
5.75
6.61
87
126
122
79
46
37
2 establishments.
(1907
11908
11909
(l910
45
33
30
33
58.7
58.5
57.2
57.1
.0829
.0898
.0844
.0845
(!)
(!)
(i)
(i)
12
10
8
10
22
23
9 establishments. . .
/1910
\1911
86
85
56.9
56.8
.0909
.0929
5.15
5.26
39
38
41
45
6
2
12 establishments /.
<1911
(1912
369
395
56.5
56.0
.1225
.1238
6.90
6.92
97
233
154
134
133
2
19
/1912
\1913
282
340
56.6
56.3
.1043
.1098
5.92
6.20
18
154
176
117
134
11
12
7 establishments. . .
(1907
J1908
11909
(1910
50
51
54
49
57.8
57.6
57.5
57.4
.2463
.2296
.2536
.2427
(!)
(i)
(i)
(i)
7
7
7
7
34
37
45
40
1
7
2
2
17 establishments.
<1910
\1911
85
92
56.7
56.7
.2557
.2717
14.49
15.40
1
2
35
35
47
54
2
1
/1911
\1912
166 !
184 !
56.4
55.7
.2589
.2622
14.60
14.60
2
60
103
61
60
63
1
ri9i2
\1913
192
206
55.8
55.7
.2735
.2875
15.23
15.98
12
11
122
118
58
64
5 establishments.
! (1907
J1908
11909
(1910
36
58
68
85
56.5
55.9
56.0
55.7
.1352
.1161
.1343
.1299
(!)
(i)
(!)
0)
22
45
48
66
7
6
13
14
7
7
7.
5
9 establishments.
/1910
(1911
92
99
55.7
55.6
.1366
.1385
7.63
7.74
2
1
71
80
14
13
5
5
6 establishments.
/1911
\1912
46
46
58.0
57.7
.1565
.1673
9.07
9.64
1
3
2
38
43
5
/1912
\1913
76
51
56.6
56.3
.1918
.1973
10.82
11.06
1
32
24
43
25
3 establishments.
(1907
J1908
11909
(1910
27
25
32
34
57.0
56.8
57.2
57.3
.3056
. 3062
.2977
. 3150
5
7
5
4
22
18
27
30
7 establishments,
/1910
(1911
51
50
56.6
56.6
.3166
.3135
21
20
30
30
14 establishments
Spinners, female:
11 establishments..
Twisters-in, male:
21 establishments.
28 establishments.
Twisters-in, female:
11 establishments,
Warpers, male:
1
1 Not computed.
43944°— Bull. 150— 14------11
(!)
(i)
(!)
(!)
17.88
17.69
32
22
20
i.3
!
1
2
54
53
33
23
B U L L E T IN
162
OE T H E BU BEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
I . — AV ER A G E RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED FU LL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O RK P E R W EE K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
T able
N U M B E R —C o n t in u e d .
O c c u p a tio n , s e x , a n d n u m
b e r o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts .
Y ear.
Num
ber
of em
p lo y e e s .
A ver
age
fu ll
tim e
hours
per
w eek.
A ver
age
ra te
of
w ages
per
h our.
A ver
age
fu ll
tim e
w e e k ly
e a rn
in g s .
E m p lo y e e s w h o se fu ll-t im e h o u rs
hours p er w e e k w ere—
50
and
u nder
54
O ver
54
and
under
57
54
57
and
under
60
00
W a r p e r s , m a le — C o n td .
5 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .............
(1911
\1912
42
37
5 6 .8
5 6 .9
$ 0 .3 1 0 5
.3 0 0 7
$ 17 .5 7
13 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ............
(1912
\ l9 1 3
79
84
5 5 .9
5 5 .6
.3 1 7 9
.3 3 9 3
1 7 .7 2
1 8 .8 3
6 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ..............
11907
11908
11909
ll9 1 0
169
176
233
155
5 7 .8
5 7 .0
5 7 .1
56 . 7
.1 6 2 4
.1 5 7 6
.1 5 3 8
.1 5 3 4
17
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
/1 9 1 0
\ l9 1 1
290
346
5 6 .3
5 6 .3
.1 7 9 2
.1 7 2 7
1 0 .0 8
9. 72
19
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
/1 9 1 1
\ l9 1 2
508
539
56. 7
5 6 .0
.1 8 5 9
.1 9 9 8
1 0 .5 0
1 1 .1 5
26 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
/1 9 1 2
\1913
666 1
65 9
5 5 .9
5 5 .8
.1 8 9 9 j
.2 0 4 6
1 0 .6 0
1 1 .3 9
5 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .............
(1907
11908
11909
11910
36 9
438 !
585
587 S
57 . 7
5 7 .4
5 7 .5
5 7 .5
.2 0 6 3
.1 8 4 8 !
.1 9 9 6
. 1989
14
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
(1910
\1911
1 ,0 0 8
1 ,0 3 7 i
5 6 .9
5 7 .0
.2 1 3 3 !
.2 1 2 5
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
(1911
\1912
1 ,4 6 2
1 ,4 4 1
5 6 .9
5 6 .3
20 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
(1912
11913
1 ,4 0 3 !
1 ,5 7 1 :
6 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ..............
[1907
11908
11909
11910
14
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ........... .
17
14
25
23
56
63
23
18
46
65
79
68
70
94
127
78
53
17
27
9
186
213
95 i
118
9
15
275
170
218
225
15
144
27
32
414
383
225
216
22
60
74
70
346
377
50 2
51 3
1
1
9
1 2 .1 7
1 2 .1 0
38 9
381
615
654
4
.2 1 4 0 :
.2 2 0 5
1 2 .1 5
1 2 .4 5
813
731
2
37 9
64 7
331
5 6 .4
5 6 .1
.2 2 3 5
.2 3 9 1 |
1 2 .5 9
1 3 .4 0
103
97
569
525
731
793
719
801
870
964
5 7 .1
56. 9
56. 7
56. 6
.1 4 2 9 (
.1 2 7 4
. 1283
.1 3 0 4
( i)
(!)
(!)
(!)
275
33 8
441
502
33 8
374
33 0
364
106
89
99
98
(1910
\1911
1 ,1 9 0
1 ,1 4 5
56. 7
5 6 .6
. 1410
.1 3 3 4
8 .0 2
7 .5 8
569 1
577
523
497
98
71
1 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ........... .
1
(1911
11912
1 ,3 7 8
1 ,4 5 0
5 7 .2
55 . 9
.1 8 1 2
.1 9 0 4
1 0 .3 2
1 0 .5 8
612
136
695
627
71
687
19
(1912
\ l9 1 3
1 ,6 2 6
C 647
5 6 .1
5 6 .0
. 1731
.1 9 1 5
9. 69
10. 72
24
32
975
981
62 7
603
(1907
11908
11909
(1910
52
34
45
61
5 7 .2
5 7 .1
5 7 .1
5 7 .6
.2 2 4 5
.2 3 0 6
.2 0 2 8
.2 1 3 8
13
10
12
6
39
24
32
55
(1910
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
\1911
353
426
5 5 .3
5 5 .2
.2 3 7 4
.2 4 5 7
1 3 .1 1
1 3 .5 6
44
62
254
31 0
55
54
6 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...............
(1911
\1912
369
386
5 4 .8
5 4 .8
.2 4 7 7
.2 6 1 4
1 3 .5 7
1 4 .3 3
62
65
30 7
321
12 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .............
(19 12
11913
720
718
5 4 .9
5 4 .6
.2 7 7 0
.2 9 3 0
1 5 .2 1
1 5 .9 7
65
65 3
64 9
1 7 .0 7
3
W a r p e r s , f e m a le :
(!)
0)
(!)
0)
!
‘ " '2 8 '
W e a v e r s , b r o a d s ilk , m a le :
13
0)
(!)
(!)
(1)
156
4
2
W e a v e r s ,b r o a d s i l k ,f e m a l e :
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ........... .
31
W e a v e r s , r ib b o n , m a le :
2 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...............
8
1 computed.
Not
(i)
( i)
( i)
0)
69
2
WAGES AND
163
HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- SILK,
T a b l e I . — A V E R A G E RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FULL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
N U M BER—Concluded.
Aver
age
Num
full
Occupation, sex, and num Year. ber
time
of em
ber of establishments.
ployees. hours
per
week.
Weavers, ribbon, female:
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
time
Over
of
50
57
54
wages weekly and
and
and
54
earn under
per
60
under
under
hour.
ings.
60
54
57
(i)
(i)
(!)
0)
4 establishments.
r1907
1908
1909
.1910
317
227
280
230
57.2 SO 1983
.
57.0
.2022
56.9
.1981
56.6
.2089
10 establishments
1910
.1911
591
683
55.6
55.5
.2259
.2292
S12.53
12.70
9 establishments.
1911
i.1912
635
580
55.3
55.2
.2266
.2310
12.51
12.73
11 establishments
1912
11913
638
704
55.1
54.9
.2310
.2455
12. 71
13.46
4 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
.1910
149
165
181
140
57.6
57.1
56.5
56.4
.0985
.0871
.0886
.0931
(!)
(!)
(!)
(!)
17 establishments
1910
1911
559
592
57.3
57.3
.0927
.0955
5.30
5.46
18 establishments.
1911
.1912
889
834
56.8
56.2
.1037
.1062
5.88
5.96
19 establishments
;1912
\1913
787
836
56.8
56.3
.1035
.1117
5.88
6.30
8 establishments........
1907
1908
1909
.1910
431
315
394
400
58.0
57.6
57.6
57.2
.1028
.0991
.1039
.1079
(!)
(!)
0)
(1)
24 establishments
1910
1911
675
730
56.6
56.5
.1191
.1219
6. 74
6.88
22 establishments
1911
1912
900
891
56.7
56.0
.1261
.1299
7.14
7.25
28 establishments
/1912
\1913
836
874
55.8
55.7
.1358
.1393
7.57
7. 74
Winders, hard silk, female:
Winders, soft silk, female:
121
108
123
118
129
65
128
89
67
54
29
23
14
18
465
548
89
101
23
16
18
17
548
509
53
54
16
17
599
649
22
29
73
88
90
72
18
91
68
221
243
267
268
71
81
181
483
305
361
310
45
38
43
43
323
399
383
328
38
46
86
57
67
104
208
211
277
271
137
47
50
25
15
15
291
365
344
329
25
21
236
453
286
426
369
21
41
49
546
551
249
244
0)
(l)
0)
(l )
47.2
53.7
50.0
57.8
14.9
50.0
42.2
26
20
30
76
59
PE R CENT.
Doublers, silk throwing, fe
male:
4 establishments.........
[ 1907
1
1908
1
1969
[1910
72
67
78
64
13 establishments,
0910
1.1911
255
237
57.3
57.1
.0938
.0989
So. 37
5.64
39.6
40.9
49.4
53.2
12 establishments.
11911
[1912
316
302
56.2
56.2
.0988
.0967
5. 56
5. 41
60.8
62.9
39.2
37.1
11 establishments
ri9i2
[1913
269
249
56.0
55.3
.0962
.1031
5.38
5.70
72.5
89.2
27.5
10.8
57.6 SO 1037
.
56.9
.1030
56.4
.0992
56.2
. 1053
1Not computed.
52.8
31.3
11.0
5.9
164
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
T a b l e I . — AV E R A G E RA TES OF W AGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND AV E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN THE UN ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
P E R CEN T—Continued.
Num
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
ber
of em
ber of establishments.
ployees
Laborers, dyehouse, male:
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
time
of
Over
50
57
wages weekly and
54
and
54
per
earn under
and
under
hour.
ings.
under
54
60
57
4 establishments.........
f 1907
11908
11909
11910
1,355
1,175
55.6 $0.1856
.2021
55.5
.2009
55.5
.2014
55.6
8 establishments.........
/1910
\1911
1,746
2,052
55.8
55.8
11 establishments.......
/1911
\1912
2,516
2,670
/1912
12 establishments........ \1913
Loom fixers, male:
1907
1908
8 establishments.........
1909
1910
22 establishments.......
1,231
17.6
C
1)
(1)
81.1
79.8
82.9
80.8
.1973
.1985
$10.99
11.05
78.1
79.7
12.9
55.6
55.6
.2010
.2116
11.15
11.74
1.4
85.3
82.5
8.1
4.9
6.7
10.3
2,739
2,625
55.6
55.6
.2105
.2104
11.68
11.67
1.4
2.1
83.0
81.9
4.8
5.0
10.0
10.1
75
72
89
90
57.4
57.1
57.2
56.9
.2597
.2717
.2677
.2759
24.0
27.8
23.6
31.1
66.7
9.3
4.2
/1910
\1911
138
144
56.5
56.5
.2888
.2934
16. 28
16.56
50.0
47.9
50.0
52.1
19 establishments.......
f 1911
\1912
128
125
56.8
56.6
.2896
.2979
16.40
16.81
4.7
9.6
35.2
35.2
60.2
55.2
29 establishments.......
Pickers, cloth, female:
f 1912
11913
230
243
56.1
55.9
.3070
.3175
17. 20
17.71
5.2
52.2
51.4
41.3
39.9
7 establishments.........
11907
1
1908
11909
[1910
177
168
225
253
57.8
57.4
57.5
57.2
.1314
.1292
.1327
.1306
P)
15.3
19.0
16.4
16.2
65.5
73.8
76.9
79.4
19.2
7.1
6.7
4.3
19 establishments.......
11910
\1911
394
418
56.7
56.8
.1244
.1344
7.09
7.66
39.6
39.5
57.6
57.9
2.8
17 establishments........
11911
\1912
503
493
56.8
55.9
.1504
.1471
8.55
8.19
48.1
61.5
49.7
38.5
2.2
25 establishments.......
Quillers, female:
11912
\1913
570
523
55.9
55.9
.1342
. 1568
7.50
8.76
63.5
62.3
33.3
33.1
1907
1908
1909
1910
107
7 establishments.........
130
146
58.0
57.9
57.7
57.5
.0965
.0962
.0907
.1045
17.8
18.0
19.2
23.3
51.4
54.9
59.2
63.7
30.8
27.0
21.5
13.0
23 establishments........
11910
\1911
340
382
56.2
56.2
.1074
.1075
6. 04
6.03
5.3
4.7
55.6
58.9
33.5
32.2
5.6
4.2
23 establishments.......
11911
\1912
538
528
56.2
55.4
.1110
.1113
6.24
6.16
3.3
41.3
32.6
66.0
27.7
26.1
3.0
31 establishments.......
Reelers, male:
10 establishments.......
11912
\1913
520
557
55.7
55.3
.1117
.1170
6.47
8.1
65.0
64.5
26.9
23.9
11910
\1911
104
97
58.0
57.9
.0906
5.27
5.78
16.3
21.6
69.2
64.9
14.4
13.4
12 establishments.......
(1911
1,1912
133
118
57.1
56.9
.1014
.1042
5.80
5.92
42.9
36.4
54.1
56.8
3.0
11 establishments.......
11912
\1913
111
77
56.9
56.3
.1091
.1320
6.20
7.43
37.8
53.2
56.8
41.6
888
122
1 Not computed.
0.8
P)
P)
1.3
6.6
2.1
8
P)
3.2
4.0
6.22
7.0
4.6
5.4
5.2
1.3
20.2
17.1
19.2
12.1
68.1
76.4
68.9
2.6
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 190*7 TO 1913— SILK,
165
T a b l e I . — A V E R A G E RA TES OF W AGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED FULL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
PE R CENT—Continued.*
1
9
7
2
Aver
age
Num
full
Occupation, sex, and num Year. ber
time
of em hours
ber of establishments.
ployees. per
week.
Beelers, female:
Employees whose full-time working
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
Over
of
time
50
57
54
wages weekly and
and
54
and
per
60
earn under
under
under
hour.
ings.
54
60
57
C
1)
0)
0)
0
63.4
75.0
65.5
60.0
34.5
40.0
.0937
.0943
$5.34
5.43
53.7
43.5
15.9
17.6
30.5
38.9
56.4
56.2
.0978
.0960
5.53
5.39
8.5
62.1
54.6
28.5
25.8
9.4
11.1
199
194
56.6
56.7
.0911
.1008
5.17
5.73
2.6
55.3
46.9
29.6
40.7
15.1
9.8
(1907
1
1908
•11909
(1910
153
162
174
134
56.8
56.8
56.3
56.0
.0975
.0928
.0916
.0949
0
0)
0
0
64.7
62.3
55.2
64.9
4.9
44.8
35.1
16 establishments,
/1910
■\1911
327
396
57.5
57.5
.0942
.0954
5.40
5.47
36.7
35.1
44.6
44.4
18.7
20.5
14 establishments,
/1911
■\1912
338
327
57.6
57.3
.1010
.1022
5.80
5.82
9.8
29.3
24.8
59.5
51.4
11.2
14.1
14 establishments,
Spinners, female:
(1912
■\1913
277
262
57.2
56.6
.1008
.1166
5.75
6.61
7.9
31.4
48.1
44.0
30.2
16.6
14.1
2 establishments.,
(1907
J1908
11909
11910
45
33
30
33
58.7
-58.5
57.2
57.1
.0829
.0898
.0844
.0845
0
0
0
0
26.7
30.3
26.7
30.3
73.3
69.7
9 establishments..
J1910
\19U
86
85
56.9
56.8
.0909
.0929
5.15
5.26
45.3
44. 7
47.7
52.9
7.0
2. 4
12 establishments.
/1911
\1912
369
395
5/6.5
56.0
.1225
.1238
6.90 .
6.92 .
63.1
39.0
36.3
33.7
.5
2.8
11 establishments.
Twisters-in, male:
(1912
\1913
282
340
56.6
56.3
.1043
.1098
5.92 .
6.20 . . . . . . .
54.6
41.5
51.8 - 39.4
3.9
3.5
7 establishments..
(1907
J1908
11909
11910
50
51
54
49
57.8
57.6
57.5
57.4
.2463
.2296
.2536
.2427
0
0
0
0
17 establishments.
J1910
11911
85
92
56.7
56.7
.2557
.2717
14.49 .
15.40 .
21 establishments.
/1911
\1912
166
184
56.4
55.7
.2589
.2622
14.60 .
14.60 .
/1912
\1913
192
206
55.8
55.7
.2735
.2875
15.23 .
15.98
(1907
J1908
11909
[1910
36
58
68
85
56.5
55.9
56.0
55.7
.1352
.1161
. 1343
.1299
/1910
11911
/1911
|
\1912
i11912
!\1913
92
99
46
46
76
51
2 establishments.
(1907
J1908
- ‘ 1909
11910
41
36
29
25
7 establishments.
/1910
*\1911
82
108
57.2
57.6
10 establishments.
(1911
- \1912
256
271
/1912
- \1913
4 establishments.
11 establishments.
Spinners, male:
28 establishments.
Twisters-in, female:
5 establishments..
9 establishments..
6 establishments..
11 est ablishmen ts.
56.8 $0.0862
56.3
.0888
56.0
.0991
.1064
56.2
.1366
55.7
55.6
. 1385
58.0
.1565
. 1673
57.7
56.6
.1918
56.3
.1973
i Not (5ompute(i.
7.6
24.6
5.3
73.3
69. 7
68.0
72.5
83.3
81.6
18.0
13.7
3. 7
4.1
1.2
2.2
41.2
38.0
55.3
58.7
2.4
1.1
1.2
32.6
62.0
33.2
36.1
34.2
.6
6.3
5.3
63.5
57.3
30.2
31.1
61.1
77.6
70.6
77.6
6.3
19.4
10.3
19.1
16.5
19.4
12.1
10.3
5.9
77.2
80.8
4.3
15.2
13.1
82.6
93.5
56.6
49.0
5.4
5.1
10.9
■
■
.
7.63
7.74
9.07
9.64
10 82
11.06
35.3
32.7
14.0
13. 7
13.0
14.3
■
■
0
0
0
0)
36.6
25.0
.
.
.
.
2.2
1.0
2.2
6.5
1.3
3.9
42.1
47.1
166
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
T a b l e I . — AV E R A G E RA TES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V ERA G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W EE K IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913— Continued.
PER CENT—Continued.
Aver
age
Num
full
Occupation, sex, and num Year. ber
time
ber of establishments.
of em hours
ployees. per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
57
of
Over
time
50
54
and
wages weekly and
and
and
per
60.
earn under 54.
hour.
under under
ings.
54.
57.
60.
Warpers, male:
11907
3 establishments........... 11908
11909
11910
27
25
32
34
57.0 $0.3056
.3062
56.8
57.2
.2977
.3150
57.3
7 establishments........... /1910
\1911
51
50
56.6
56.6
5 establishments.......... 11911
42
37
13 establishments......... /1912
\1913
Warpers, female:
11907
6 establishments.......... 11908
11909
11910
C)
1
0)
0)
C)
1
18.5
28.0
15.6
11.8
81.5
72.0
84.4
.3166
.3135
$17.88
17.69
41.2
40.0
58.8
60.0
56.8
56.9
.3105
.3007
17.57
17.07
40.5
37.8
59.5
62.2
79
84
55.9
55.6
.3179
.3393
17.72
18.83
70.9
75.0
29.1
21.4
169
176
233
155
57.8
57.0
57.1
56.7
.1624
.1576
.1538
.1534
C)
1
0)
C)
1
0)
27.2
36.9
33.9
43.9
41.4
53.4
54.5
50.3
31.4
9.7
11.6
5.8
11910
17 establishments......... \1911
290
346
56.3
56.3
.1792
.1727
10.08
9.72
64.1
61.6
32.8
34.1
3.1
4.3
11911
19 establishments......... \1912
508
539
56.7
56.0
.1859
.1998
10.50
11.15
54.1
31.5
42.9
41.7
3.0
26.7
11912
26 establishments......... \1913
Weavers, broad silk, male:
11907
1
1908
5 establishments........... 11909
11910
666
659
55.9
55.8
.1899
.2046
10.60
11.39
4.1
4.9
62.2
58.1
33.8
32.8
369
438
585
587
57.7
57.4
57.5
57.5
.2063
.1848
.1996
.1989
C
1)
C)
1
C
1)
0)
6.0
13.7
/1910
14 establishments......... \1911
1,008
1,037
56.9
57.0
.2133
.2125
12.17
12.10
11911
13 establishments......... \1912
1,462
1,441
56.9
56.3
.2140
.2205
12.15
12.45
11912
20 establishments......... \1913
Weavers, broad silk, female:
11907
1
1908
6 establishments........... 11909
11910
1,403
1,571
56.4
56.1
.2235
.2391
12.59
13.40
719
801
870
964
57.1
56.9
56.7
56.6
.1429
.1274
.1283
.1304
11910
14 establishments......... \l911
1,190
1,145
56.7
56.6
11911
11 establishments......... \1912
1,378
1,450
/1912
19 establishments......... \1913
Weavers, ribbon, male:
11907
2 establishments........... J1908
11909
(1910
11910
8 establishments........... \1911
\1912
3.6
4.2
88.2
86.1
11.9
85.8
87.4
.3
.2
1.5
.7
38.6
36.7
61.0
63.1
.4
.2
26.3
44.3
23.0
55.6
50.7
7.3
6.2
40.6
33.4
52.1
50.4
C
1)
O
C
1)
C)
38.2
42.2
50.7
52.1
47.0
46.7
37.9
37.8
14.7
11.1
11.4
.1410
.1334
8.02
7.58
47.8
50.4
43.9
43.4
8.2
6.2
57.2
55.9
.1812
.1904
10.32
10.58
47.4
44.4
9.4
50.4
43.2
1,626
1.647
56.1
56.0
.1731
.1915
9.69
10.72
1.5
1.9
60.0
59.6
38.5
36.6
52
34
45
61
57.2
57.1
57.1
57.6
.2245
.2306
.2028
.2138
C
1)
C)
0)
C)
1
25.0
29.4
28.9
9.8
75.0
70.6
71.1
90.2
353
426
55.3
55.2
.2374
.2457
13.11
13.56
72.0
72.8
15.6
12.7
1 Not computed.
12.6
9.9
1.9
12.5
14.6
93.8
10.2
WAGES AND
HOURS
167
OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- S I L K .
T a b l e I . — A V E R A G E RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E
W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND C LA SSIFIED FULL-TIM E
HOURS OF W O R K P E R W EE K IN THE UN ITED STATES, B Y Y E A R S,
1907 TO 1913— Concluded.
PER
O c c u p a tio n , s e x , a n d n u m
b e r o f e s t a b li s h m e n t s .
W e a v e r s , r ib b o n ,
C o n c lu d e d .
C E N T — C o n c lu d e d .
Aver
age
Num
full
Year. ofber
time
em hours
ployees. per
week.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
rate
full
Over
time
of
57
50
54
wages weekly and
and
54
and under
60
per
earn under
under
hour.
ings.
60
54
57
m a le —
16.8
16.8
83.2
83.2
9.0
90.7
90.4
9.3
38.2
47.6
43.9
51.3
40.7
28.6
45.7
38.7
21.1
23.8
10.4
10.0
2.4
2.6
78.7
80.2
15.1
14.8
3.9
2.3
2.8
. 2.9
86.3
87.8
8.3
9.3
2.5
2.6
93.9
92.2
3.4
4.1
(i)
C)
(i)
49.0
53.3
49. 7
51.4
10.9
50.3
48.6
.0927
.0955
5.30
5. 46
39.5
41.0
47.8
45.3
12.7
13.7
56.8
56.2
.1037
.1062
5.88
5.96
21.7
54.3
36.6
40.6
37.2
5.1
4.6
787
836
56.8
56.3
.1035
.1117
5.88
6.30
5.5
5.1
41.0
47.7
48.7
39.2
4.8
5.5
0907
J1908
11909
[l910
431
315
394
400
58.0
57.6
57.6
57.2
.1028
.0991
.1039
.1079
(!)
(i)
(!)
(!)
20.0
18.1
17.0
26.0
48.3
67.0
70.3
67.8
31.8
14.9
12.7
6.3
24 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ,
0910
\1911
675
730
56.6
56.5
.1191
.1219
6. 74
6.88
43.1
51.0
45.1
3.7
5 0 .0
2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s
2
0911
\1912
900
891
56.7
56.0
.1261
.1299
7.14
7.25
26.5
50.3
32.1
47.3
41.4
2.3
28 e s t a b lis h m e n t s 1
0912
\1913
836
874
55.8
55.7
.1358
.1393
7.57
7.74
4.9
5.6
65.3
63.0
29.8
27.9
6 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...............
11911
\1912
369
386
54.8 $0.2477
.2614
54.8
$13.57
14.33
12 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ____
(1912
\1913
720
718
54.9
54.6
.2770
.2930
15.21
15.97
4 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ..........
0907
1908
1909
[l910
317
227
280
230
57.2
57.0
56.9
56.6
.1983
.2022
.1981
.2089
(i)
(i)
(i)
10 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
/1910
\1911
591
683
55.6
55.5
.2259
.2292
12.53
12.70
9 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ..............
0911
\1912
635
580
55.3
55.2
.2266
.2310
12.51
12.73
11 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
0912
\1913
638
704
55.1
54.9
.2310
.2455
12.71
13.46
0907
J1908
11909
(1910
149
165
181
140
57.6
57.1
56.5
56.4
.0985
.0871
.0886
.0931
(})
4 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .............
17 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
0910
\1911
559
592
57.3
57.3
18 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
0911
\1912
889
834
19 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ...........
0912
\1913
8 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .............
W e a v e r s , r i b b o n , f e m a le :
9.6
(!)
3.7
i
!
*
W i n d e r s , h a r d s i l k , f e m a le :
2.4
51.0
35.8
W i n d e r s , s o f t s i l k , f e m a le :
1 Not computed.
2.2
2.1
3.4
2 .9
168
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S ,
I I . — A V ERA G E RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, A V E R A G E FU L L
TIM E W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED F U LL
TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913.
T able
D OU BLERS, S IL K T H R O W IN G : Fem ale.
Year and State.
Num Num
ber of
estab ber of
em
lish
ments. ployees.
Aver
age full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age age full
rate of time
Over
wages weekly
50
per
earn
and
54 and 57 and
54
60
hour.
under under
ings. under
60
54
57
1912.
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
6
5
220
49
56.2 $0.0916
55.1
.1166
$5.14
6.43
148
47
72
2
Total..........................
11
269
56.0
.0962
5.38
195
74
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
6
5
204
45
55.4
55.1
.0990
.1216
5.48
6.70
179
43
25
2
Total..........................
11
249
55.3
.1031
5.70
222
27
1913.
L A B O R E R S, D YE H O U SE : M ale.
1912.
Connecticut.........
New Jersey.........
Pennsylvania___
Other States.......
2
3
6
1
170
l,6y
14
934
21
56.5 $0.1856
55.0
.2190
56.5
.2013
.1722
54.0
Total..........
12
2,739
55.6
2
187
3
1,359
6 ' 1,055
1
24
56.1
55.0
57.3
54.0
$10.48
12.04
11.31
9.30
38
.2105
11.68
38
.2049
.2164
.2045
.1667
11.43
11.90
11.46
9.00
55
55.6 | .2104
1
11.28
55
21 !
21
1,614
659
2,273
132
275
132
275
1913.
Connecticut.........
New Jersey..........
Pennsylvania___
Other States.......
Total..........
12
2,625
24
1,359
791
24 S2,150
i
132
264
132
L O O M F IX E R S : M ale.
!
1912.
Connecticut.........................
New Jersey..........................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
4
15
6
4
57
65
89
. 19
Total..........................
29
230
56.1
Connecticut.........................
New Jersey..........................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
4
15
6
4
61
73
89
20
Total..........................
29
243
$16.00
19.13
16.38
17.98
3
12
65
51
4
.3070
17.20
3
12
120
57.9
54.9
56.2
52.3
.2703
.3533
.3137
.3481
15.66
19.41
17.62
18.15
1
15
5
55.9
.3175
17.71
16
5
57.9 $0. 2762
55.0
.3478
56.2
.2914
54.1
.3326
57
38
95
1913.
72
53
125
61
36
97
P IC K E R S , C L O T H : Fem ale.
1912.
Connecticut.........
New Jersey..........
Pennsylvania___
Other States.......
4
14
6
1
132
213
207
18
57.9 $0.1480
55.0
.1106
55.8
.1455
54.0
.1809
$8.58
6.08
8.09
9.77
18
Total..........
25
570
55.9
.1342
7.50
18
2i3
149
362
132
58
190
264
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR; 1907
16 9
TO 1913— SILK.
T a b l e II.— A V E R A G E RA TES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E F U L L
TIM E W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND C LA SSIFIED F U L L
TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913— Continued.
P IC K E R S, C L O T H : F em a le—Concluded.
Year and State.
Aver
Num
ber of Num age full
ber of
time
estab
em
lish ployees. hours
peri
ments.
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age age full
rate of time
Over 57 and
wages weekly
50
earn
per
and
54 and under
54
60
under
hour.
ings. under
60
54
57
1913.
Connecticut.........................
New Jersey..........................
Pennsylvania......................
4
14
6
1
119
196
187
21
57.9 $0.1594
.1343
54.9
.1776
55.8
.1695
54.0
$9.24
7.37
9.87
9.15
3
Total..........................
25
523
55.9
.1568
8.76
3
Other States
21
193
133
119
54
|
21
326
$6.53
6.57
5.86
5.30
42
208
120
10
42
338
140
240
119
60
359
133
$4.71
6.77
110
14
45
30
110
59
30
91
14
65
19
173
Q U IL LE R S : Fem ale.
1912.
Connecticut..........
New Jersey
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
5
16
6
4
92
208
168
52
58.0 $0.1138
.1194
55.0
.1053
55.8
54.1
.0979
Total..........................
31
520
55.7
.1117
6.22
New Jersey..........................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
5
16
6
4
73
242
179
63
57.9
55.0
56.0
51.4
.1310
.1220
.1108
.0995
7.57
6.70
6.19
5.09
137
26
Total..........................
31
557
55.3
.1170
6. 47
139
26
92
48
1913.
Connecticut
......
2
73
R E E L E R S : Fem ale.
1912.
Pennsylvania......................
Other States
7
4
154
45
56.2 $0.0837
58.0
.1167
Total..........................
11
199
56.6
.0911
5.17
Pennsylvania..... ................
Other, States........................
7
4
124
70
56.1
57.6
.0900
.1199
5.06
6.91
5
Total..........................
11
194
56.7
.1008
5.73
5
91
79
19
$5.31
7.32
22
55
32
115
7
46
22
87
122
46
1913.
S P IN N E R S : M ale.
1912.
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
8
6
216
61
57.9 $0.0917
.1332
55.0
Total..........................
14
277
57.2
.1008
5. 75
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
8
6
189
73
57.1
55.2
.1055
.1452
6.02
8.00
84
42
68
11
37
20
Total..........................
14
262
56.6
.1166
6.61
20
126
79
37
1913.
1 Including 9 employees whose full-time hours per week were 44.
170
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
T a b l e I I . —A V E R A G E RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, AV E R A G E FU LL
TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL
TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913— Continued.
SP IN N E R S: Fem ale.
Year and State.
Num Num
ber of
estab ber of
em
lish
ments. ployees.
Aver
age full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age age full
rate of time
wages weekly
50
Over
per
earn
and
54 and 57 and 60
54
hour.
ings. under
under under
60
54
57
1912.
Connecticut..........................
Pennsylvania......................
Other'States........................
3
6
2
52
198
32
57.9 $0.1218
56.0
.0949
58.5
.1346
Total..........................
11
282
56.6
.1043
5.92 !..........
92
Connecticut..........................
3
222
6
...................... Pennsylvania
2
26
Other States........................
57.9
55.9
54.3
.1256
.0983
.1527
7.29
5.50
8.29
18
168
8
56.3
.1098
6.20
18
176
$10. 26
12. 84
9.24
11.86
27
182
205
27
27
414
225
193
190
i22
145
9
52
42
23
11
154
$7.05
5.31
7.93
117
1
92
42
12
134
12
1913.
Total..........................
11
340
W A R P E R S : Fem ale.
1912.
Connecticut.........
New Jersey.........
Pennsylvania___
Other States.......
4
13
Total.........
3
107
182
323
54
58.0 $0.1770
55.0
.2335
56.1
. 1650
54.3
.2176
26
666
55.9
.1899
10. 60
Connecticut..
New Jersey..
Pennsylvania
Other States.
4
13
3
94
195
312
58
58.0
54.9
56.1
53.7
.1994
.2478
.1756
.2239
11.56
13. 61
9. 84
12. 00
26
T otal...
26
659
55.8
.2046
11.39
28
6
107
iis
1913.
6
94
2
32
216
W EA V E R S, B ROAD S IL K : M ale.
1912.
Connecticut..........................
New Jersev..........................
New York’ ............................
Pennsylvania.......................
Other States........................
4
7
2
6
1
460
408
93
339
103
Total...........................
20
1,403
56.4
Connecticut..........................
New Jersey..........................
New Y ork ............................
Pennsylvania.......................
Other States.........................
4
7
2
6
1
511
475
123
365
97
Total..........................
20
1,571
57.9 $0.2203
55.0
.2443
.2601
54.6
57.4
.1864
54.0
.2453
$12.77
13.43
14.21
10.69
13.25
103
.2235
12.59
103
57.9
54.7
53.4
57.3
54.0
.2323
.2667
.2317
. 2055
.2763
13.46
14.56
12.38
11.77
14.92
33
123
56.1
.2391
13.40
156
408
93
68
569
460
271
731
1913.
511
442
83
282
525
793
97
97
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907
TO
171
1913-----S I L K .
T able I I . —A V E R A G E RA TES OF W AGES P E R H O U R, A V E R A G E FU LL
TIM E W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL
TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913— Continued.
W EAVERS, BROAD S IL K : Female.
Year and State.
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish ployees.
ments.
Aver
age full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age age full
rate of time
wages weekly
Over
50
per
earn
and
54 and 57 and
54
hour.
ings. under
under under 60
60
54
57
1912.
Connecticut..........................
New Jersev..........................
Pennsylvania.......................
Other States........................
4
7
6
2
318
208
1,051
49
57.9 $0.1643
55.0
.2299
55.9
.1612
54.5
.2451
Total..........................
19
1,626
56.1
Connecticut..........................
New Jersey..........................
Pennsylvania.......................
Other States........................
4
7
6
2
300
244
1,042
61
Total..........................
19
1,647
$9.52
12.64
9.00
13.38
.1731
9.69
57.9
55.0
55.8
53.9
.1817
.2449
. 1797
.2278
10.53
13.47
10.03
12.26
29
32
56.0
.1915
10.72
31
32
318
309
24
208
742
25
24
975
627
242
739
303
981
603
552
101
2
653
2
1913.
2
300
W EAVERS, R IB B O N : M ale.
1912.
New Tersev
Pennsylvania......................
Other States
.......
8
3
1
552
103
65
55.0 $0.2818
.2380
55.0
.2980
54.0
Total..........................
12
720
54.9
8
3
1
543
106
69
12
718
$15.50
13.10
16.09
65
.2770
15.21
65
55.0
55.0
50.3
.2963
.2574
.3216
16.30
14.16
16.18
69
54.6
.2930
15.97
69
1913.
New Jersev..........................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States
Total
......................
543
106
649
W EAVERS, R IB B O N : Fem ale.
1912.
N ew J er sey ................. ..............
7
O ther States
3
1
509
112
17
55.0 $0.2395
. 1888
55.5
54.0
.2527
11
638
55.1
565
113
26
704
Pennsylvania
T otal
509
90
12.71
17
55.0
55.6
50.3
.2541
.1976
.2667
13.97
10.87
13.42
.2455
13.46
26
22
29
649
29
26
54.9
599
17
.2310
22
565
84
$13.17
10.46
13.65
1913.
N ew Jersev
Pennsylvania
O ther States
Total
7
3
1
11
'
B U L L E T IN
172
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
LABOR
S T A T IS T IC S .
T a b l e II.— A V E R A G E RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, A V E R A G E FU LL
TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AN D CLA SSIFIED F U L L
TIM E H OURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K IN EACH Y E A R , B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913— Concluded.
WINDERS, HARD SILK: Female.
Year and State.
Aver
Num Num age full
ber of
time
estab ber of hours
em
lish
per
ments. ployees. week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age age full
rate of time
Over
50
wages weekly
54 and 57 and 60
earn
and
per
54
under under
hour.
ings. under
60
54
57
1912.
Connecticut
New Jersey
3
4
9
3
80
92
551
64
57.9 $0.1279
55.0
.1200
.0943
57.0
55.9
.1284
19
787
56.8
Connecticut...............
New Jersey ......................
Pennsylvania
............
Other States
3
4
9
3
108
105
560
63
Total..........................
19
836
Pennsylvania
Other States
Total..........................
$7.41
6.60
5.39
7.15
43
.1035
5.88
43
57.9
55.0
56.6
52.8
.1334
.1270
.1029
.1274
7.73
6.98
5.84
6.76
20
43
56.3
.1117
6.30
20
92
231
80
282
21
38
323
383
38
105
294
220
46
43
399
328
46
49
249
1913.
108
WINDERS, SOFT SILK: Female.
1912.
Connecticut .
..............
New Jersev..........................
Pennsvlvania ...................
Other States........................
4
16
5
3
200
257
312
67
57.9 $0.1261
55.0
. 1563
.1166
55.4
.1758
54.3
$7.32
8.60
6.46
9.54
41
257
263
26
Total..........................
28
836
55.8
.1358
7.57
41
546
Connecticut..........................
New Jersev..........................
Pennsvlvania......................
Other States........................
4
16
5
3
187
304
308
75
57.9
54.9
55.5
53.8
.1286
.1578
.1196
.1723
7.45
8.67
6.63
9.27
26
49
Total..........................
28
874
55.7
.1393
7.74
30
49
200
1913.
4
300
251
551
187
57
244
—
WAGES AND
173
HOXJES OF LABOR, 190*7 TO 1913---- SILK.
T a b l e I I I . — A V E R A G E RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, A V E R A G E F U L L
TIM E W E E K L Y EARNIN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLA SSIFIED F U LL
TIM E HOURS OF W O RK P E R W E E K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912
AND 1913.
DOUBLERS, SILK THROWING: Female.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
Num
ber of
State, and number of estab Year. em
lishments.
ploy
ees.
Pennsylvania:
[1912
[1913
220
204
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
Aver
time hours per week were—
Aver
age
full
age
rate of time
Over
wages weekly 50 and
57 and
per
earn under
54 54 and under
60
under
hour.
54
ings.
60
57
56.2 $0.0916
55.4
.0990
$5.14
5.48
148
179
72
25
LABORERS, DYEHOUSE: Male.
Connecticut:
2 establishments.
New Jersey:
3 establishments
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments.
/1912
[1913
170
187
56.5 $0.1856
56.1
.2049
$10.48
11.43
[1912
\1913
1,614
1,359
55.0
55.0
.2190
.2164
12.04
11.90
1,614
1,359
/1912
[1913
934
1,055
56.5
57.3
.2013
.2045
11.31
11.46
659
791
38
55
132
132
275
264
LOOM FIXERS: Male.
Connecticut:
4
establishments.
New Jersey:
15
establishments
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments.
/1912
[1913
57
61
57.9 $0.2762
57.9
.2703
/1912
[1913
65
73
55.0
54.9
.3478
.3533
19.13
19.41
/1912
[1913
89
89
56.2
56.2
.2914
.3137
16.38
17. 62
$16.00
15.66
57
61
1
05
72
51
53
38
36
PICKERS, CLOTH: Female.
Connecticut:
4 establishments.
New Jersey:
14 establishments,
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments.
[1912
[1913
132
119
57.9 $0.1480
.1594
57.9
[1912
[1913
213
196
55.0
54.9
.1106
.1343
6.08
7.37
[1912
[1913
207
187
55.8
55.8
.1455
.1776
132
119
8.09
9.87
$8.58
9.24
3
213
193
149
133
58
54
QUILLERS: Female.
Connecticut:
5 establishments.
New Jersey:
16
establishments,
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments.
[1912
[1913
92
73
[1912
[1913
208
242
[1912
[1913
168
179
92
73
58.0 $0.1138
.1310
57.9
$6.53
7.57
55.0
55.0
.1194
.1220
6.57
6.70
................
2 ..........
208 ..........
240 ..........
55.8
56.0
.1053
.1108
5.86
6.19
.................
.................
120
119
48
60
174
T
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF L A B O R
S T A T IS T IC S ,
I I I . — A V E R A G E RA TES OF W AGES P E R HOUR, A V E R A G E FU LL
TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED FU LL
TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W EE K IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912
AND 1913— Continued.
able
R E E L E R S : F e m a le .
Num
ber of
State, and number of estab Year. em
lishments.
ploy
ees.
Pennsylvania:
11912
7 establishments........... \1913
154
124
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time
Over
wages weekly 50 and
per
54 and 57 and
54
earn under
60
under under
hour.
54
ings
60
57
56.2 $0.0837
56.1
.0900
$4.71
5.06
110
91
14
14
30
19
55
84
115
68
46
37
S P IN N E R S : M a le.
Pennsylvania:
8 establishments
(1912
\1913
216
189
57.9 $0.0917
57.1
.1055
$5.31
6.02
S P IN N E R S : F e m a le .
Connecticut:
3 establishments
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments
ri9i2
\1913
52
92
/1912
\1913
198
222
57.9 $0.1218
57.9
. 1256
56.0
55.9
.0949
.0983
$7.05
7.29
52
92
5.31
5.50
145
168
42
42
11
12
W A R P E R S : F e m a le .
Connecticut:
4 establishments...........
New Jersey:
13 establishments.........
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments...........
/1912
\1913
107
94
58.0 $0.1770
58.0
.1994
/1912
\1913
182
195
55.0
54.9
.2335
.2478
12. 84
13.61
/1912
\1913
323
312
56.1
56.1
.1650
.1756
i
9.24
9. 84
$10.26
11.56
..........
2 .......... l
..........
.
.
107
94
182
193
205
. j . 190 .
.
118
. 122.
.
W E A V E R S , B R O A D S I L K : M a le.
Connecticut:
/1912
4 establishments - - - - - - - \1913
New Jersey:
/1912
\1913
Now York:
/1912
\1913
Pennsylvania:
/1912
\1913
460
511
57.9 $0.2203
57.9
.2323
408
475
55.0
54.7
.2443
.2667
13. 43
14.56
33
93
123
54.6
53.4
.2601
.2317
14.21
12. 38
123
339
365
57.4
57.3
.1864
.2055
10.69
11.77
$12. 77
13.46
460
511
408
442
93
68
83
271
282
.
W AGES
T
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR,
1907
TO
175
1913-----S IL K ,
III.— A V E R A G E RATES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, AV E R A G E F U L L
TIM E W E E K L Y EARN IN GS, AND A V E R A G E AND C LA SSIFIED F U L L
TIM E H OURS OF W O RK P E R W EEK IN EACH STATE, B Y Y E A R S, 1912
AND 1913— Concluded.
able
W E A V E R S , B R O AD S I L K : F e m a le .
Num
State, and number of estab Year. ber of
em
lishments.
ploy
ees.
Connecticut:
4 establishments
New Jersey:
7 establishments
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full
time hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time
wages weekly
Over 57 and
50 and
per
earn under
54 54 and under
60
hour.
under
ings.
54
00
57
/1912
\1913
318
300
57.9 $0.1043
.1817
57.9
89.52
10.53
11912
\1913
208
244
55.0
55.0
.2299
.2449
12.64
13.47
11912
\1913
1,051
1,042
55.9
55.8
.1012
9.00
10.03
.1797
318
300 ’
208
242
2
742
739
309
303
W E A V E R S , R I B B O N : M a le .
New Jersey:
8 establishments,
Pennsylvania:
3 establishments.
11912
11913
552
55.0 $0.2818
55 0
.2963
$ 1 5 .50
54 3
16.30
552
543
11912
\1913
103
106
55.0
55.0
.2380
.2574
13.10
14.16
101
106
2
W E A V E R S , R I B B O N : F e m a le .
New Jersey:
7 establishments,
Pennsylvania:
3 establishments
11912
\1913
509
565
55.0 $0.2395
.2541
55.0
$13.17
13.97
509
505
11912
\1913
112
113
55.5
55.6
. 1888
.1976
10.46
10. 87
90
84
22
29
W IN D E R S, H A R D S IL K : Fem ale.
Connecticut:
3 establishments
New Jersey:
4 establishments
Pennsylvania:
9 establishments
/1912
\1913
80
108
57.9 $0-1279
. 1334
57. 9
$7.41
7. 73
11912
\1913
92
105
55.0
55.0
. 1200
. 1270
6.60
6.98
92
105
11912
\1913
551
560
57.0
56.6
.0943
.1029
5.39
5.84
231
294
80
108
282 !
220 !
W IN D E R S , S O F T S I L K : F e m a le .
Connecticut:
4 establishments.
New Jersey:
16 establishments
Pennsylvania:
5 establishments.
(1912
\1913
200
187
57.9 $0.1261
57.9
. 1286
$7.32
7.45
J1912
\1913
257
304
55.0
54.9
.1563
. 1578
8.60
8.67
/1912
\1913
312
308
55.4
55.5
.1166
.1196
6. 46
6.63
200
187
4
.
...!
1
.......... !
!
!
!
257
300
263
251
49
57
38
46
176
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E
BUREAU
OF
L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ,
I V . —A V ERA G E FU LL-TIM E H O U RS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AN D
A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, B Y
STATES, 1913.
T able
D O U B L E R S , S IL K T H R O W I N G : F e m a le .
State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
7
8
of
wages and and and
un un un
per
hour. der der der
7
8
9
cts. cts. cts.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
Pennsylvania............
Other States..............
6
5
204
45
55.4 $0.0990
55.1 .1216
6
8
18 102
43
20
23
25
2
11
249
55.3
6
8
18 102
63
48
2
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and 30
un cts.
der and
30 over.
cts.
2
Total................
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
2
.1031
L A B O R E R S , D Y E H O U S E : M a le .
2
187
3 1,359
6 1,055
1
24
Connecticut..
New Jersey..
Pennsylvania
Other States.
12 2,625
Total..
56.1 $0.2049
55.0 .2164
57.3 .2045
54.0 .1667
55.6
36 64
85 86 101
62 153 89
24
I
.2104
61 22
906 181
695 55
147 299 254 1,662 258
t
L O O M F I X E R S : M a le.
1
Connecticut...............
New Jersey................
Pennsylvania............
Other States..............
4
14
6
1
119
196
187
21
57.9 $0.1594
54.9 .1343
55.8 .1776
54.0 .1695
18
2
3
10
9
23
74
18
15
37
23
21
13
29
7
17
6
23
7
18
14
22
7
20
19
43
2
5
9
9
Total................
25
523
55.9
20
22 115
75
70
53
61
82
16
9
12
87
50
23
4
.1568
1
Q U IL L E R S : F e m a le .
5
16
6
4
O th er States
Total................
73
242
179
63
57.9 $0.1310
55.0 .1220
56.0 .1108
51.4 .0995
3
1
22
19
8
6
4
16
8
1
23
12
20
19
99
29
4
18
25
14
9
2
4
4
2
9
31
Connecticut...............
New Jersey................
Pennsylvania............
557
55.3
25
28
34
56 172 151
57
15
15
.1170
4
i
R E E L E R S : M a le.
11
Total
77
56.3 $0.1320
6
7
3
14
16
15
R E E L E R S : F e m a le .
Including 1 employee earning 5 and under 6 cents per hour.
10
3
2
1
' '
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
177
1907 TO 1913---- S I L K .
LABOR,
I V .—A V E R A G E FU LL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND
A V E R A G E AND CLASSIFIED RA TES OF WAGES P E R H O UR, B Y STATES,
1913— Concluded.
T able
SPINNERS: Male.
State.
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
8
7
of
and and and
wages un un un
per
der der
hour. der 8
9
7
cts. cts. cts.
Aver
N um age
ber of full
em time
p loy hours
ees.
per
week.
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
Pennsylvania.............
Other States...............
8
6
189
73
57.1 $0.1055
55.2 .1452
16
25
30
1
17
47
10
23
18
22
12
4
29
2
3
3
T otal..................
14
262
56.6
16
25
31
17
57
41
34
33
5
25
and 30
un cts.
der and
30 over.
cts.
3
.1166
SPINNERS: Female.
Connecticut,.................
Pennsylvania.............
Other States...............
3
6
2
92
222
26
57.9 $0.1256
55.9 .0983
54.3 .1527
3
17
21
3
76
15
92
3
72
11
4
2
2
5
10
4
T otal..................
11
340
56.3
.1098
3
17
21
79 110
87
9
10
4
4
11
TW ISTER S-IN: Male.
28
Total
206
55.7 $0.2876
39
53
TW ISTER S-IN : Female.
T otal.............................
11
51
3
56.3 $0.1973
4
11
6
4
13
8
2
WARPERS: Male.
13
Total
84
$0.3393
WARPERS: Female.
Connecticut.................
New Jersey.................
Pennsylvania.............
Other States................
4
13
6
3
94
195
312
58
58.0 $0.1994
54.9 .2478
56.1 .1756
53.7 .2239
2
4
4
2
7
1
24
7
44
5
8
3
41
9
11
3
36
6
12
7
74
5
T otal..................
26
659
55.8
2
10
35
53
61
56
98
.2046
39 14 .
64 106
58 22
3
164
WINDERS, HARD SILK : Female.
Connecticut.................
New Jersey.................
Pennsylvania.............
Other States...............
3
4
9
3
108
105
560
63
57.9 $0.1334
55.0 .1270
56.6 .1029
52.8 .1274
T otal..................
19
836
56.3
.1117
22
41
1
3
9
2
4
8
52 155 191
5 18 10
50
90
70
9
46
1
20
8
7
6
2
2
4
22
42
59 180 218 219
75
13
4
4
88 26
54 132
72 58
6
4
7
59
14
28
3
28
9
27
3
19
1
5
4
1
31 132 220 220 108
67
28
5
WINDERS, SOFT SILK: Female.
4
Connecticut.................
New Jersey.................
Pennsylvania.............
Other States...............
16
5
3
187
304
308
75
57.9 $0.1286
54.9 .1578
55.5 .1196
53.8 .1723
T otal..................
28
874
55.7
43944°— B u ll. 150— 14------ 12
.1393
1
3
17
24
18
18
24
21
1
3
24
3
55
5
70
2
12
4
16
APPENDIX
In order that the summary figures in regard to rates of wages and
hours of labor in the three industries covered in this Bulletin, here
tofore published for the years 1890 to 1912, may be available for
reference, the tables following are reproduced from Bulletin No. 128.
T a b le
R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S
W A G E S P E R H O U R IN C O TTO N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1913.
1 .—
OF
[Data are included from 26 establishments, 1890-1903; 23 establishments, 1903, 1904; 30 establishments,
1904, 1905; 30 establishments, 1905, 1906; 38 establishments, 1906, 1907; 36 establishments, 1907-1910; 59
establishments, 1910, 1911; 88 establishments, 1911, 1912; and 88 establishments, 1912, 1913.]
Relative
full-time
hours
per week.
Relative
rate of
wages
per hour.
A verage, 1890-1899..............................
100.0
100.0
1890.........................................................
1891.........................................................
1892.........................................................
1893.........................................................
1894.........................................................
100.0
101.2
101.6
100.0
97.5 r
101.6
1895.........................................................
1896.........................................................
1897.........................................................
1898.........................................................
1899.........................................................
99.8
99.5
99.1
100.3
100.3
98.2
104.1
100.4
96.7
95.8
1900.........................................................
1901.........................................................
1902.........................................................
1903.........................................................
1904.........................................................
100.1
99.9
99.5
99.3
99.2
108.4
108.8
113.3
117.5
117.1
1905.........................................................
1906.........................................................
1907.........................................................
1908.........................................................
1909.........................................................
99.2
98.7
97.5
96.3
96.4
118.7
131.3
149.8
148.4
143.0
1910....................................................... .
1911.........................................................
1912.........................................................
94.1
94.1
92.4
147.7
149.1
164.1
Year.
178
99.4
99.2
105.0
98.9
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- APPENDIX.
179
2 . — R E L A T IV E
F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S OF
W A G E S P E R H O U R IN T H E P R IN C IP A L O C C U PA TIO N S IN C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U
F A C T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1912.
T a b l e
[Data are included from 26 establishments, 1890-1903; 23 establishments, 1903, 1904; 30 establishments,
1904, 1905; 30 establishments, 1905, 1906; 38 establishments, 1906, 1907; 36 establishments, 1907-1910; 59
establishments, 1910,1911; 88 establishments, 1911,1912; and 88 establishments, 1912.]
Card strippers,1 Drawing tend
2
male.
ers, male.
Drawing tend
ers, female.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
A verage, 1890-1899..
100.0
1890..............................
1891..............................
1892..............................
1893..............................
1894..............................
100.7
101.1
101.2
99.6
97.8
1895..............................
1896..............................
1897..............................
1898..............................
1899..............................
Rela
tive
full
tim e
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Dyers, male.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.0
99.8
99.5
101.4
102.1
99.1
98.9
99.7
99.6
100.3
106.3
107.2
105.1
104.1
95.6
99.7
100.0
98.9
100.5
100.5
101.4
101.9
100.8
97.8
97.0
100.7
100.2
100.6
100.3
100.7
92.3
95.2
96.9
99.4
97.8
1900..............................
1901..............................
1902..............................
1903..............................
1904..............................
100.5
100.8
100.2
100.2
99.9
1 0 f5
103.2
108.3
10$. 9
109.3
100.5
100.0
98.6
98.8
98.7
100.9
102.3
107.1
107.7
104.8
1905..............................
1906..............................
1907..............................
1908..............................
1909..............................
100.1
99.8
98.5
97.7
97.7
112.3
11$. 8
134.3
126.7
123.3
2 100.0
2 98.8
2 98.8
2 100.0
2 97.9
2 98.8
2 100.0
2 98.5
2 98.7
2 100.0
2 100.7
2 97.8
98.6
98.2
95.4
(3)
105.7
112.0
123.5
(3)
1910..............................
1911..............................
1912..............................
95.2
95.0
93.0
126.2
128.4
142.2
2 96.8
2 97.1
2 94.5
2 97.8
2 99.0
2 110.5
2 96.5
2 95.7
2 94.4
2 96.5
2 101.0
2 116.9
Fine speeders,
male.
Year.
Fine speeders,
female.
Loom fixers,
male.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
2 100.0
295.6
2 95.8
2 95.5
2 95.5
2 93.2
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
2 100.0
2 105.9
2 111.2
2 112.9
2 116.4
2 122.5
Slashers, male. Spinners, frame, Spinners, frame,
male.
female.
Average, 1890-1899
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
100.4
101.0
100.8
99.9
97.4
99.6
99.9
99.3
100.7
100.9
100.6
100.5
99.7
99.8
99.9
102.6
100.4
101.2
103.9
99.2
98.0
100.5
99.9
97.6
96.4
97.3
100.5
102.4
100.2
100.4
100.9
98.3
99.2
100.5
100.3
111.6
89.7
91.6
89.9
85.7
91.2
127.0
109.2
98.9
105.8
99.8
99.4
95.4
102.1
97.9
99.5
108.3
104.1
97.6
96.3
100.0
99.0
98.0
96.4
97.8
99.9
99.6
97.7
95.9
96.1
105.7
105.8
110.3
111.4
108.8
108.4
115.6
128.8
125.7
122.8
97.8
94.2
92.4
91.5
91.7
128.5
135.8
147.3
185.9
169.7
200.4
275.7
303.8
292.8
287.9
93.7
93.5
92.1
125.8
127.9
141.7
89.0
88.7
87.1
292.6
304.6
359.6
100.2
101.0
101.5
100.3
98.1
100.0
99.6
98.8
100.1
100.2
100.1
99.5
99.2
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.6
97.2
95.5
95.3
93.2
93.4
91.7
1899
1900.
1901..............................
1902. . . .
1903...............
1904..............................
1905..........................
1906. .
1907.............................. 2 100.0 2 100.0
1908.............................. 299.7
299.1
2 96.8
1909.............................. 299.7
2 96.3
1910.............................. 297.2
1911.............................. 297.4
2 97.7
1912.............................. 295.2 2 106.9
2 100.0 2100.0
2 98.8
2 98.5
2 100.0
2 98.2
2 96.3
2 96.5
2 94.7
2 109. 7
2 98.9
2 98.7
1 Employees in this occupation were reported as carding-machine tenders for 1890 to 1907.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; com puted with 1907=100.0.
* Discontinued. See laborers, dyehouse, cotton-goods finishing.
108.7
111.8
117.1
123.7
125.0
132.4
149.4
171.4
166.7
165.1
173.8
177.3
196.8
180
BUIzLETISF OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, f
Ta b l e
—R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S O F
W A G E S P E R H O U R IN T H E P R IN C IP A L O C C U PA TIO N S IN C O T T O N -G O O D S M A N U
F A C T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1912—Concluded.
Spinners, mule,
male.
Relative
full-tim e
hours
per
week.
Y ea r.
Relative
rate o f
wages
per
hour.
Trimmers, or in
spectors, female.
Relative
full-time
hours
per
week.
Relative
rate of
wages
per
hour.
W eavers, male.
Weavers, female.
Relative
full-time
hours
per
week.
Relative
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Relative
full-time
hours
per
week.
Relative
rate of
wages
per
hour.
A v e r a g e , 1890-1899..
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890..............................
1891..............................
1892..............................
1893.............................
1894..............................
101.0
101.0
101.0
99.7
99.4
91.4
93.2
110.7
114.2
96.2
99.2
100.7
101.5
99. 5
99.0
1895..............................
1896..............................
1897..............................
1898..............................
1899..............................
99.7
99.2
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
98.9
99.0
99.0
99.0
98.9
98.4
98.1
98.3
95.4
95.4
93.5
97.8
99.5
102.3
98.2
96.4
99.7
99.3
100.1
100.5
100.5
100.0
100.2
99.5
98.9
98.5
98.6
97.7
96.6
95.5
95.8
93.4
93.4
91.6
113.5
103.1
99.0
107.6
98.6
96.6
102.9
95.3
91.5
92.1
101.1
101.5
101.8
100.2
96.6
99.8
99.6
98.6
100.3
100.3
100.1
99.9
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
99.4
98.7
97.9
98.1
95.6
95.6
93.9
99.1
98.6
99.7
105.2
99.6
98.3
103.5
100.8
98.4
96.8
109.8
109.6
112.2
114.3
113.5
114.4
121.8
136.5
137.1
129.6
135.9
133.0
146.7
1900..............................
1901..............................
1902..............................
1903..............................
1904..............................
1905..............................
1906..............................
1907..............................
1908............................
1909..............................
1910..............................
1911..............................
1912..............................
110.0
110.0
116.5
115.2
111.0
113.-4
117.6
138.4
132.9
130.5
128.8
132.0
144.6
1100. 0
199.3
198.6
1 100.0
199.0
197.6
196.1
196.8
195.6
198.9
1 101.3
1 110.3
105.1
104.3
110.7
118.3
115.3
116.9
128.2
147.1
145.9
137.7
141.2
144.9
157.2
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; com puted with 1907=100.0.
3 . —R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T IV E R A T E S O F
W A G E S P E R H O U R IN W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D GO ODS M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1890
T O 1912.
T a b le
[Data are included from 16 establishments, 1890-1903; 17 establishments, 1903, 1904; 27 establishments,
1904, 1905; 26 establishments, 1905, 1906; 29 establishments, 1906, 1907; 19 establishments, 1907-1910;
27 establishments, 1910, 1911; 46 establishments, 1911,1912, and 46 establishments, 1912.]
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
100.0
99.6
99.3
100.7
105.7
94.9
1895.........................................................
1896.........................................................
1897.........................................................
1898............................................ ............
1899.........................................................
100.0
101.0
101.0
101.0
99.5
99.0
100.1
100.1
98.4
99. 9
100.0
95.3
98.1
100.4
103.3
m 3
1900.........................................................
1901............................................ ............
1902.........................................................
1903.........................................................
1904.........................................................
99.8
99.9
98.8
98.7
97.9
111.3
111.9
114.9
118. 7
115. 4
1905...................................................
1906.........................................................
1907........................................................
1908.........................................................
1909.........................................................
98.5
98.4
97.9
97.7
97.8
. 1910.........................................................
1911.........................................................
1912.........................................................
96,1
96.2
94.6
119. 3
127.1
135.3
128.1
129.0
132.5
133.3
149.1
Year.
A verage, 1890-1899..............................
1890.........................................................
1891.........................................................
1892.........................................................
1893.........................................................
1894.........................................................
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913----APPENDIX.
181
R E L A T IV E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S O F W A G E S
P E R H O U R IN T H E P R IN C IP A L OCC U PA TIO N S IN W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O O D S
M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1890 T O 1912.
T a b l e 4 .—
[Data are included from 16 establishments, 1890-1903; 17 establishments, 1903, 1904; 27 establishm ents,
1904,1905; 26 establishments. 1905.1906; 29 establishments, 1906, 1907; 19 establishments, 1907-1910; 27
establishments, 1910,1911; 46 establishments, 1911,1912, and 46 establishments, 1912.]
Burlers,
female.
Year.
Relative
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Relative
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Carding ma Carding ma Card strip
chine tend chine tend pers, male.
ers, male.1 ers, female.1
Relative
fulltime
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Rela Rela
tive tive
full rate
of
time
hours wages
per
per
week. hour.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Combers,
male.
Combers,
female.
Rela Rela
tive tive
full rate
of
tim e
hours wages
per
per
week. hour.
Rela Rela
tive tiv e
full rate
of
time
hours wages
per
per
week. hour.
A verage, 1890-1899...
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
103.1 93.3 101.9 99.1 100.5 104.1 100.0 92.4 102.4 95.7 100.5 98.3
103.1 93.7 101.8 99.6 100.5 104.6 100.0 99.3 102.4 98.9 100.5 98.8
102.8 97.5 101.8 101.7 100.5 101.1 100.0 103.3 102.4 95.7 100.5 98.5
99.5 100.5 100.5 103.4 100.5 79.1 100.0 99.5 99.0 99.5 99.4 101.3
92.8 99.2 100.5 98.5 96.3 97.6 100.0 99.0 99.0 107.2 99.9 93.4
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
...........................
...........................
......................................
...........................
...........................
101.7
101.6
92.4
101.7
101.2
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
l0 l.4
...........................
101.5
...........................
100.1
...........................
...................................... 99.6
98.1
...........................
111.3 100.2 110.9 100.5 107.0
108.3 100.3 106.2 100.4 112.8
113.3 99.9 106.7 100.5 108.9
119.4 99.5 109.4 100.5 111.9
118.7 98.6 115.0 99.4 127.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.4
111.4
112.2
116.6
117.6
120.5
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.6
106.6
107.9
103.8
102.1
93.3
99.9
99.8
98.3
98.4
98.0
110.3
111.1
112.6
110.4
105.8
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
98.9
98.6
97.9
97.4
97.4
124.4 100.0 116.8 100.9 123.6
129.5 100.0 121.0 (*)
(*)
136.7 99.6 128.7
129.6 99.6 124.1
137.5 99.3 126.9
98.1
97.1
96.9
96.7
96.7
121.8
122.6
125.5
125.7
131.0
99.3
99.5
98.4
98.6
98.6
94.8
95.3
96.9
95.6
99.9
97.4
97.0
96.3
96.5
96.5
101.7
105.4
106.5
106.2
109.8
1910 .......................
1911 .......................
1912 .......................
99.6
107.9
100.4
102.9
105.5
95.5 138.3
95.7 135.9
94.2 154.4
Dressers,
male.
100.4 97.7 100.5
100.5 98.1 100.2
91.8 101.7 100.5
100.4 99.8 99.9
100.3 100.0 100.5
103.5
100.3
96.0
108.1
105.5
97.4 128.2
97.4 142.3
96.2 142.0
Laborers,
dyehouse,
male.a
100.0 96.5
100.0 104.0
100.0 100.2
100.0 98.9
100.0 106.7
96.0 131.2
95.8 131.6
95.5 142.0
Loom fix
ers, male.
Menders,
female.
99.0 94.0 100.0 96.3
99.0 104.6 99.9 103.1
99.0 95.4 99.8 102.9
99.0 95.9 99.8 104.0
99.0 113.3 99.8 103.3
96.2 101.9
96.2 101.2
93.7 112.0
Spinners,
frame, male.
95.8 118.8
95.6 116.8
95.6 123.7
Spinners,
fram e, fe
male.
A vera ge, 1890-1899.
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
100.2 100.5 98.3
101.5 100.4 98.2
100.7 100.3 100.2
103.1 99.9 102.0
101.8 95.5 97.1 96.4
100.9 96.7
100.9 97.6
100.9 98.4
99.6 103.5
99.8 94.2
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
101.4 96.5
100.4 98.5
97.8 99.4
100.7 101.4
100.8 102.6
96.7
101.2
102.0
102.0
102.8
99.8
99.7
99.6
99.5
99.3
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903..
1904.,
100.5 109.3 100.3 112.5
100.6 106.8 100.5 112.2
99.1 108.4 99.1 114.0
99.6 108.2 99.0 115.9
98.9 108.9 98.2 112.7
99.2
99.4
97.7
98.0
98.61
99.5
99.6
99.5
98.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.2
100.4
1 E m ployees in this occupation were reported as carders for 1890 to 1907.
* Occupation discontinued.
• E m ployees in this occupation were reported as dyers for 1890 to 1907.
95.1
101.1
102.5
104.4
106.5
118.0
115.4
122.8
123.2
120.2
182
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S O F W A G E S
P E R H O U R IN T H E P R IN C IP A L O C C U P A T IO N S IN W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O ODS
M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1912—Concluded. 1
T a b l e * .—
Dressers,
male.
Rela Rela
tive tive
full rate
time
of
hours wages
per
per
wegk. hour.
Year.
Laborers,
dyehouse,
male.
Rela Rela
tive tive
full rate
of
tim e
hours wages
per
per
week. hour.
1905...........................................
1906..........................................
1907.......................................... i 100.0 1 100.0
1908.......................................... 1 99.3 1100.8
1909.......................................... i 99.1 1 100.2
99.9
99.8
98.9
98.4
98.6
1910.......................................... 198.4 1102.0
198.4 1 101.0
1911................................... .
1912......................................... 197.0 1 108.8
96.2 120.7
96.5 122.0
94.6 132.0
Spinners,
mule, male.
109.3
114.8
122.3
118.6
116.1
Spinners,
female.
L oom fix
ers, male.
Rela
tive
full
tim e
hours
per
week.
98.8
98.5
97.8
97.6
97.9
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Menders,
female.
Rela
tive
full
tim e
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Spinners,
frame, male.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
96.0 130.2 199.1 1102.2 2100.0 2100.0
96.0 129.8 1 99.3 1 101.8 2100.0 2102.8
94.6 145.0 197.4 1120.5 296.4 2 123.4
Weavers,
male.
Weavers,
female.
A verage, 1890-1899...............
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.7 96.6 100.0 99.1
102.7 95.5 100.0 99.8
102.6 93.9 100.0 99.6
99.2 101.5 100.0 110.3
90.4 98.1 100.0 97.3
100.6
100.6
100.6
99.5
99.7
1895..........................................
1896..........................................
1897..........................................
1898..........................................
1899..........................................
101.6 96.2 100.0
101.6 103.7 100.0
94.6 104.2 100.0
101.6 111. 1 100.0
102.9 99.0 100.0
98.0
97.7
99.3
98.9
99.5
1900..........................................
1901..........................................
1902..........................................
1903..........................................
1904..........................................
101.8
101. 7
100.9
100.4
98.8
115.6
114.3
114.0
124.8
125.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
100.9
104.7
121.4
113.8
135.1
1905..........................................
1906..........................................
1907..........................................
1908..........................................
190$..........................................
98.6
98.7
98.5
97.8
97. 8
131.1
140.6
143.3
140.8
145.6
(3)
03)
1910..........................................
1911..........................................
1912.........................................
96.6 145.7
96.4 150.2
95.1 162.3
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
121.6
125.6
139.8
134.5
136.4
94.1 140.5
94.1 146.1
92.1 167.5
W ool sort
ers, male.
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1890..........................................
1891..........................................
1892..........................................
1893..........................................
1894..........................................
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
97.9
97.9
96.8
96.6
96.6
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
114.5
122.7
128.9 1100.0 1 100.0
126.6 1 99.8 1 102.3
127.0 1 100.5 194.7
Twisters,
female.
Spinners,
frame, fe
male.
101.6 101.0 100.4
102.2 101.0 99.1
103.8 101.0 100.8
109.7 99.5 106.7
92.8 99.6 94.3
99.7 94.9
99.8 94.7
99.7 98.0
99. 8 101.1
99.8 100.9
99.6 93.8
99.7 96.7
99. 7 100. 7
99.4 104.6
99.4 102.4
99.6
99.6
98. 7
98.4
98.1
111.7
113.6
120.4
124.7
116.6
99.4
99.4
98.2
98.2
97.1
109.8
112.5
112.5
115.9
113.4
1100.0 1 100.0
1 100.7 1 101.5
1101.4 1 100.3
98.5
98.3
97.9
98.1
98.1
123.8
136.0
142.1
137.1
139.8
98.0
98.0
97. 8
97.3
97.1
117.1
126.4
137.1 1 100.0 1 100.0
121.6 199.7 195.8
121.4 199.9 1 102.7
1100.0 1 102.0
199.8 1 102.8
1 98.0 1108.0
96.8 139.2
96.8 141.1
95.4 159.1
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; com puted with 1907 =100.0.
3 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; com puted w ith 1910=100.0.
5 Occupation discontinued.
95.1 127.2 1 97.5 1 105.8
95.3 125.9 1 97.5 1107.0
93.8 140.5 195.4 1118.6
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 190*? TO 1913— APPENDIX.
183
T able 5 .—R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S O F W A G E S
P E R H O U R IN S ILK -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1913.
[Data are included from 12 establishments, 1890-1903; 12 establishments, 1903, 1904; 18 establishments,
1904, 1905; 19 establishments, 1905, 1906; 19 establishments, 1906, 1907; 10 establishments, 1907-1910; 42
establishments, 1910,1911; and 42 establishments, 1911,1912.]
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative
rate o f
wages per
hour.
A verage, 1890-1899..................................
10
0.0
10
0 .0
1890.............................................................
1891.............................................................
1892.............................................................
1893.............................................................
1894.............................................................
102.6
102.9
101.9
98.8
98.6
98.6
93.2
98.6
102.0
102.9
1895.............................................................
1896.............................................................
1897.............................................................
1898.............................................................
1899.............................................................
98.5
99.0
99.1
99.3
99. 5
101.5
106.5
99.1
98.4
97.4
1900.............................................................
1901.............................................................
1902.............................................................
1903......................................................... .
1904.............................................................
99.6
99.2
98.7
98. 8
97.2
98. 4
98.1
101. 4
102. 6
101.8
1905.............................................................
1906.............................................................
1 9 0 7 .........................................................
: 1 9 0 8 .........................................................
1909...........................................................
98.2
98.4
98.0
97.6
97.5
102.5
106.1
112.1
109.2
110.5
1910.............................................................
1911.............................................................
1912.............................................................
97.4
97.4
96.6
112.5
113.3
117.1
Year.
6 . —R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S O F
W A G E S P E R H O U R IN T H E P R IN C IP A L O C C U PA TIO N S IN S IL K -G O O D S M A N U F A C
T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1912.
T a b le
Data are included from 12 establishments, 1890-1903; 12 establishments, 1903, 1904; 18 establishments
1904, 1905; 19 establishments, 1905, 1906; 19 establishments, 1906, 1907; 10 establishments, 1907-1910
42 establishments, 1910,1911; and 42 establishments, 1911, 1912.)
Beamers,
male.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Doublers,
female.
R ela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Laborers,
dyehouse,
male.i
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
L oom
fixers,
male.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Pickers,
male.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Pickers,
female.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
A verage, 1890-1899...............
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1890..........................................
1891..........................................
1892..........................................
1893..........................................
1894..........................................
104.0
104.0
104.0
98.2
98.2
104.5 102.8 107.0
99.8 102.8 98.6
102.1 102.2 99.6
102.1 98.7 98.4
102.1 98.3 101.8
1895..........................................
1896..........................................
1897..........................................
1898..........................................
1899..........................................
97.5 99.8
98.2 102.1
98.5 93.0
99.9 88.0
97.4 106.6
1900..........................................
1901..........................................
1902..........................................
1903..........................................
1904..........................................
99.9
98.2
99.1
98.6
98.3
93.2
100.6
100.2
101.3
104.5
103.1 97.2 104.4
103.1 96.1 104.5
103.1 95.1 101.6
103.1 92.6 98.6
98.7 100.9 98.4
94.7 100.0 109.7 100.0 84.9
93.8 100.0 111.7 100.0 108.6
96.4 100.0 98.6 100.0! 119.8
99.0 100.0 84.2 100.0 1 108.2
97.7 1 100.0 96.8 100.0 ; 97.9
98.7 102.5
98.7 102.0
99.3 95.5
99.1 97.9
99.4 96.2
98.2
97.9
96.9
97.9
97.8
102.0
103.1
106.6
102.3
104.0
98.2
98.6
98.4
98.4
98.7
103.7
|
101.0
104.2 ;
105.1
104.3
100.0 104.2 100.0
100.0 82.3 100.0
100.0 94.2 100.0 '
100.0 110.6 100.0
100.0 107.7 100.0
99.3
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.5
98.1
97.4
94.8
94.8
94.8
103.8
105.2
102.2
103.1
103.4
98.5
98.6
98.6
98.6
98.2
106.2
105.3
103.0
103.3
104.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
97.0
106.9
114.3
123.4
130.2
1 Employees in this occupation were reported as dyers for 1890 to 1907.
111.4
107.3
111.5
119.4
117.4
100.9
80.2
93.2
101.5
104.8
100.0 107.2
100.0 107.1
100.0 103.9
100.0 123.2
100.51 121.9
184
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
6 __ R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS P E R W E E K AND R E L A T IV E R A T E S OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN SILK-GOODS MANUFAC
TURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
T a b le
Doublers,
female.
Beamers,
male.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Year.
1905.......................................
1906.......................................
1907.......................................
1908.......................................
1909.......................................
Rela Rela
tive tive
rate full
of time
wages hours
per
per
hour. week.
98.5 99.5
98.5 100.7
98.4 103.4
0)
U)
97.7
97.7
96.8
95.6
94.8
Laborers,
dyehouse,
male.
Rela Rela
tive tive
rate full
of time
wages hours
per
per
hour. week.
126.2
132.5
146.1
145.1
139.7
94.8
94.9
94.9
94.7
94.7
Loom
fixers,
male.
Rela Rela
tive tive
rate full
time
of
wages hours
per
per
hour. week.
104.1
103.7
100.9
109.9
109.3
98.3
98.3
98.1
97.6
97.8
Rela Rela
tive tive
rate full
time
of
wages hours
per
per
hour. week.
94.9 109.6
94.9 110.3
94.9 116.1
Rela Rela
tive tive
rate full
time
of
wages hours
per
per
hour. week.
97.3 117.0
97.3 118.9
97.0 122.3
Reelers,
male.
Quillers,
female.
Pickers,
female.
Rela
tive
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
104.4 100.3 112.8 101.7 120.6
105.6 (U
C2 101.7 123.9
1
)
101.0 133.2
110.1
115.2
100.3 131.0
113.5
100.5 134.6
94.5 148.3
94.2 156.4
94.2 153.1
1910.......................................
1911.......................................
1912.......................................
Pickers,
male.
Reelers,
female.
Spinners,
male.
100.0 132.5
100.2 143.2
98.6 140.1
Spinners,
female.
Twisters-in,
male.
Average, 1890-1899.............. 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
1890....................................... 104.0 103.1
1891....................................... 103.4 99.5
1892....................................... 101.9 94.8
1893....................................... 98.4 104.7
1894....................................... 98.1 96.3
102.7 103.12
102.7 93.9
100.1 99.9
99.2 98.5
99.5 95.9
106.2 98.2
106.2 100.2
106.2 109.5
97.3 97.7
97.3 104.2
98.9 99.7
99.1 103.4
99.0 104.4
99.3 99.7
99.6 101.|5
97.3 104.8
97.3 98.9
97.3 j 102.3
97..3 95.2
97.3 1 98.0
1
1895.......................................
1896.......................................
1897.......................................
1898.......................................
1899.......................................
97.9 97.4
98.5 109.8
99.3 99.2
99.0 99.2
99.4 95.6
1900.......................................
1901.......................................
1902.......................................
1903.......................................
1904.......................................
99.8 95.9
99.4 96.4
99.3 97.6
98.7 107.9
98.9 107.7
1905.......................................
1906.......................................
1907.......................................
1908.......................................
1909.......................................
98.8
99.0
99.0
98.8
98.5
1910.......................................
1911.......................................
1912.......................................
98.2 128.8 3100.0 3100.0 2 99.0 2 123.4
98.2 128.9 3 99.8 3110.3 299.7 2124.2
96.8 129.2 3 99.5 3113.3 299.4 2121.9
107.1
111.0
119.0
118.6
111.8
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.8
97.7
2100.0 2100.0
2 99.1 2103.0
298.6 2114.9
97.2
106.3
103.3
105.3
109u5
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
102.6
87.4
100.2
103.4
100.3
98.2
98.2
96.0
96.0
95.2
113.4
125.0
127.2 2100.0 2 100.0
121.1 299.I 2 108.3
119.5 297.5 2101.8
97.2
97.2
97.2
96.9
96.7
101.9
103.2
110.7
10'3.2
114.0
94.7 123.8 2 97.3 2 101.9
94.7 125.4 2 97.1 2104.1
94.2 130.6 2 96.2 2 105.2
1 Occupation discontinued.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.
•Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.
96.5 109.1
96.5 115.9
95.3 117.4
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- APPENDIX.
185
T ab le 6 .—R E L A T I V E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D R E L A T I V E R A T E S O F
W A G E S P E R H O U R IN T H E P R IN C IP A L OC C U PA TIO N S IN S IL K -G O O D S M A N U F A C
T U R IN G , 1890 TO 1912—Concluded.
T w i s t e r s -i n ,
fe m a le .
Year.
R e la
tiv e
fu l l
tim e
hours
per
w eek.
R e la
tiv e
r a te
of
w ages
per
h our.
W arp ers,
m a le .
R e la
tiv e
f u l l
tim e
hours
per
w eek.
R e la
tiv e
ra te
of
w ages
per
hour.
W arp ers,
fe m a le .
R e la
tiv e
fu ll
tim e
hours
per
w eek.
R e la
tiv e
ra te
of
w ages
per
h our.
W eavers,
b road g o o d s,
m a le .
W eavers,
b road g o o d s,
fe m a le .
R e la
tiv e
fu ll
tim e
h ours
per
w eek.
R e la
tiv e
fu ll
tim e
hours
per
w eek.
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
R e la
tiv e
ra te
of
w ages
per
h ou r.
R e la
tiv e
ra te
of
w ages
per
hour.
100.0 100.0
100.0
1 8 9 0 ........................................................
1 8 9 1 ........................................................
1 8 9 2 ........................................................
1 8 9 3 ........................................................
1 8 9 4 ........................................................
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .4
1 0 2 .9
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 3 .1
9 0 .6
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .4
9 3 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .1
9 8 .4
9 7 .8
9 6 .1
8 8 .6
9 7 .6
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .3
1 0 2 .9
10 3. 7
1 0 1 .1
9 8 .2
9 8 .2
9 5 .6
9 8 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .8
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 8 .7
9 9 .0
9 5 .6
8 9 .9
1 0 0 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 1 1 .0
1 8 9 5 ........................................................
1 8 9 6 ........................................................
1 8 9 7 ........................................................
1 8 9 8 ........................................................
1 8 9 9 ........................................................
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
1 1 0 .1
9 6 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 0 5 .0
1 0 1 .7
9 8 .6
98. 4
9 8 .6
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
1 0 5 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 0 5 .7
9 0 .8
9 6 .5
9 8 .3
9 8 .1
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .2
9 7 .3
1 1 1 .2
9 7 .9
9 5 .5
9 4 .6
9 8 .7
100. 2
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 1 3 .3
9 3 .1
9 4 .5
9 2 .8
1 9 0 0 ........................................................
1 9 0 1 ........................................................
1 9 0 2 ................................................. ..
1 9 0 3 .......................................................
1 9 0 4 ........................................................
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
1 1 1 .6
1 1 6 .3
1 2 2 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .2
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .4
9 0 .0
8 8 .3
9 4 .4
9 0 .9
9 7 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .1
9 S .9
9 0 .8
9 7 .4
9 4 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .2
9 9 .4
9 9 .7
9 9 .4
9 6 .1
9 4 .0
1 0 0 .5
9 9 .5
9 2 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .8
1 3 4 .9
9 9 .4
9 9 .5
9 8 .8
9 7 .4
9 7 .6
9 6 .0
1 0 0 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .2
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
9 9 .4
9 9 .6
1 0 4 .1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 4 .7
1 0 2 .7
1 1 0 .9
9 9 .4
9 9 .6
9 9 .1
9 8 .8
9 8 .5
9 4 .4
9 7 .6
1 0 7 .5
9 5 .8
9 6 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 4 1 .3
1 3 6 .8
9 8 .5
9 8 .5
9 7 .3
1 0 0 .9
9 7 .2
1 0 4 .5
9 9 .6
9 9 .8
9 8 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 1 3 .4
9 8 .3
9 8 .1
9 5 .9
8 .. 1
9 2 .8
9 7 .5
1 9 0 5 .................................................
1 9 0 6 ......................................................;.
1 9 0 7 ........................................................ ^ i o o . o
1 9 0 8 ........................................................ ^ 9 8 .9
1 9 9 .1
1 9 0 9 ........................................................
1100.0
1 8 5 .9
i 9 9 .4
9 6 .5
9 6 .6
9 6 .8
9 6 .5
9 7 .2
1910*
1 9 1 1 ...................................................... ..
1 9 1 2 ........................................................
i 9 6 .1
i 97! 4
1 1 0 4 .1
97 . 4
9 7 .4
9 7 .6
i 9 8 .4
1 9 7 .9
W e a v e r s , r ib b o n , :m a le .
W e a v e r s , r ib
b o n , fe m a le .
W in d e r s ,
f e m a l e .2
Average, 1890-1899.............
100.0
100.0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .3
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
1 1 6 .5
9 8 .4
9 8 .7
1 0 7 .1
9 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .3
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .1
1 0 2 .2
9 8 .4
9 8 .7
9 5 .9
8 4 .3
9 2 .8
9 8 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 8 9 5 ........................................................
1 8 9 6 ........................................................
1 8 9 7 ........................................................
1 8 9 8 ........................................................
1 8 9 9 ........................................................
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 0 2 .1
8 8 .7
9 9 .1
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .6
9 9 .7
9 7 .7
1 0 4 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .7
9 9 .0
9 9 .0
9 8 .8
9 9 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 7 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 9 0 0 ........................................................
1 9 0 1 ........................................................
1 9 0 2 ........................................................
1 9 0 3 ........................................................
1 9 0 4 ........................................................
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 4 .4
9 3 .0
8 3 .4
8 2 .8
8 6 .8
8 6 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .2
9 5 .2
9 5 .4
8 4 .6
8 9 .7
8 3 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .1
9 9 .2
9 9 .3
9 8 .9
1 0 5 .3
1 0 9 .1
1 1 1 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .2
1 9 0 5 ........................................................
1 9 0 6 ........................................................
1 9 0 7 ........................................................
1 9 0 8 ........................................................
1 9 0 9 ........................................................
9 4 .8
9 4 .6
9 4 .6
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
8 6 .3
8 9 .1
9 8 .6
1 0 1 .3
8 9 .1
9 2 .6
9 2 .2
9 1 .7
9 1 .4
9 1 .2
8 9 .2
9 0 .4
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .2
9 8 .2
9 9 .1
9 9 .3
9 9 .0
(2)
1 1 6 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 2 5 .5
1 9 1 0 ........................................................
1 9 1 1 ........................................................
1 9 1 2 ........................................................
9 5 .2
9 5 .0
9 5 .0
9 3 .9
9 7 .2
9 0 .7
9 0 .5
9 0 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .1
W i n d e r s , s o ft
s i l k , fe m a le .3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 8 9 0 ........................................................
1 8 9 1 ........................................................
1 8 9 2 ........................................................
1 8 9 3 ........................... ............................
1 8 9 4 ........................................................
W in d e r s , h ard
s i l k , f e m a le .3
102.6
( 2)
1100.0 1
100.0 1100.0 1100.0
1 9 9 .1
1 9 8 .1
1 8 8 .4
1 8 9 .9
1 9 9 .3
1 9 9 .3
1 9 6 .4
1 1 0 1 .1
1 9 7 .9
1 9 7 .9
1 9 6 .9
1 9 4 .5
1 9 7 .4
1 9 9 .7
1 9 8 .6
1 9 8 .4
1 9 7 .2
1 1 0 5 .0
1 1 0 7 .5
1 11 0. 7
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; com puted with 1907=100.0.
2 Employees reported as winders for 1890 to 1907 are reported as winders, hard silk, or winders, soft silk,
for subsequent years.
8
The occupations, winders, hard silk, and winders, soft silk, include employees reported as winders
for 1890 to 1907.
O
@FedFRASER