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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UN ITED STA TE S ) BU REAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S / WAGES AND HOURS OF * * • LABOR • No. 345 SERIES WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING 1922 AUGUST, 1923 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction and summary...................................................................................... Explanatidh of scope and method........................................................................... General tables........................ . .................................................................................. Table A.—Earnings and hours, by occupation, sex, and State, 1922........... Table B.—Average and classified earnings per hour for spinners and weav ers, by sex and State, 1922............................................................................. Table C.—Average and classified actual hours worked in pay period for spinners and weavers who made as many starts as the mills operated in pay period, by sex and State, 1922............................................................... Table D.—Average and classified actual earnings in pay period for spinners and weavers who made as many starts as the mills operated in pay period, by sex and State, 1922................................................................................... HI 1-11 12,13 13-27 14-21 22, 23 23-25 26, 27 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS no . 34s WASHINGTON au gust, 1923 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN COTTON-GOODS MANU FACTURING: 1922. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. This bulletin contains data for 62,833 wage earners employed in 97 representative establishments located in 12 States for the year 1922. Data were obtained from representative pay rolls for periods varying in the different mills from January to December. Dining the year wages were reduced in certain mills, but later in the year they were raised so that as a whole the figures are fairly comparable. Summaries are shown for each year from 1907 to 1922, except 1915, 1917, 1919, and 1921, for which years no figures were obtained. Previous reports of this bureau 1 have presented wages and hours of labor in the industry from 1890 to 1918 for both manufacturing and finishing. Since 1918 data for finishing have not been collected. Table 1 shows a summary of available data for the principal occupa tions in the years 1907 to 1922, inclusive, covering earnings per hour and full-time and classified hours, and full-time earnings per week. By reference to “ drawing-frame tenders, male” in this table it will be seen that the average earnings per hour were 10 cents in 1907, and that wages did not change materially until in 1918 when the average reached 19.9 cents. The peak, 42.7 cents per hour, was reached m 1920. From 1920 to 1922 the level receded to 27 cents per hour. The classified hours for the same occupation show a considerable number of employees working 60 hours or more per week from 1907 to 1918, inclusive. In 1920 to 1922, the large group of male drawingframe tenders are found in the column “ Over 54 and under 57” hours. The hours for female drawing-frame tenders in the years 1920 to 1922 show a more marked decrease as compared with earlier years, the largest group falling in the 48-hour classification. Other items in the table and other occupations may be studied in a like manner.i i N ineteenth A nnual R ep ort; B ulletin N o. 59, July 1905; B u lletin N o. 65, Ju ly, 1906; B u lletin N o. 71, July, 1907; B ulletin N o. 77, Ju ly, 1908; B ulletin N o. 128, A ugust 1913; B u lletin N o. 150, M ay, 1914; B ulletin N o. 190, M ay, 1916; B u lletin N o. 239, A p ril, 1918; B ulletin N o. 262, N ovem ber 1919; and B u lletin N o. 288, Septem ber, 1921. 1 2 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. 3 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. TABUS 1 .—SU M M A R Y O F E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y O C C U PA TIO N A N D S E X , IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1922—C ontinued. N um N um ber ber of of O ccupation, sex, and year. estab em lish p loy m ents. ees. Spinners, m ule: M ale.................... 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Spinners, fram e: M ale....................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. A ver age fu n tim e hours per w eek. A ver age earn ings per hour. N um ber o f em ployees w hose full-tim e hours per w eek w ere— A ver age fuUOver tim e Over 57 48 earn U n 54 and ings der and and un 48 un 54 60 O ver per un 60. 48. w eek. der der der 54. 57. 80. 11 • 199 11 193 11 156 222 14 288 16 266 16 258 16 245 14 334 17 303 17 14 253 11 220 58.6 $0,234 $13.71 58.4 .225 13.14 58.5 .221 12.93 57.0 .219 12.50 56.8 .255 14.44 55.7 .279 15.48 55.6 .281 15.58 54.9 .291 15.95 54.7 .345 18.85 54.3 .487 26.40 48.9 .826 40.39 50.0 .638 31.90 25 25 25 36 46 49 49 38 41 53 34 49 184 214 188 261 700 564 530 483 489 383 345 547 59.4 58.8 58.9 57.2 57.2 56.7 56.9 54.7 56.6 54.3 50.7 53.4 .124 7.37 .119 7.00 .117 6.89 .120 6.83 .126 7.18 .144 8.14 .143 8.07 .150 8.19 .164 9.21 .248 13.48 .475 24.08 .292 13.59 36 36 36 59 88 88 90 90 104 105 95 96 2,317 2,114 2,408 3,704 5,981 6,?64 6,762 6,906 7,706 7,752 6,330 6,634 61.0 59.9 59.8 59.0 59.1 58.0 57.8 56.9 57.2 56.1 51.8 52.6 .110 6.71 .107 6.41 .106 6.34 .108 6.33 .111 6.51 .124 6.98 .128 7.33 .132 7.45 .149 8.24 .233 12.89 .427 22.12 .301 15.83 23 14 416 363 2,640 176 1,991 99 102 89 91 3,206 2,857 2,717 2,716 57.9 56.1 53.1 53.5 .139 8.15 .231 12.87 .453 24.05 .302 16.16 37 333 207 104 690 524 19 26 21 28 537 703 543 460 55.0 52.6 49.8 50.9 .162 8.92 .255 13.46 .389 19.37 .324 16.49 38 109 72 20 265 197 104 105 95 95 3,662 3,759 3,010 3,091 57.2 56.2 52.2 52.7 .137 7.73 .207 11.46 .386 20.15 .264 13.91 15 152 94 1,211 84 861 1 1,085 569 33 1,841 125 11 211 1,249 113 309 1,617 9 13 27 30 54.8 55.6 .393 21.54 .304 16.90 1 26 27 3 Fem ale............... 1920.. 1922.. W arper tenders: M ale.................... 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 62 74 428 417 52.6 52.6 .347 18.25 .244 12.83 21 38 190 206 42 20 25 30 27 35 75 82 85 101 59.4 59.6 55.8 55.9 .176 .243 .525 .353 10.41 14.48 29.30 19.73 7 5 2 3 67 74 68 77 15 22 Fem ale............... 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 78 82 77 77 562 595 506 502 56.0 55.4 50.9 51.8 .182 .259 .460 .348 10.15 14.20 23.41 18.03 237 428 49 75 143 26 117 170 Fem ale................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. D offers: M ale.................... 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Fem ale.............1 9 1 6 .. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Spooler tenders: Fem ale............... 1916.. 1918.. 1920..i 1922.. Creelers or tiers-in: M ale....................1920.. 1922.. 118 122 165 66 228 37 46 216 150 117 179 64 60 37 229 75 14 55 41 61 165 71 9 51 2 167 146 1 1 1 1 3 301 122 136 jl35 53 228 269 186 18 16 22 74 41 44 52 45 118 75 189 96 15 71 17 164 52 10 106 275 1,000 896 1,107 1,313 621 1,590 1,639 1,688 192 1,667 1,925 193 1,742 2,259 1,385 349 2,269 1,385 544 3 4,181 162 64 510 2,221 151 1,036 3,069 9 8 2 61 35 38 9 9 24 ! 160 402 237 204 212 232 222 18 60 138 158 118 96 100 84 76 43 39 3 16 5 6 8 30 305 1,012 923 295 951 350 1,087 683 1,811 941 2,600 217 2,778 124 2,874 16 3,465 29 2,950 40 528 4 211 620 429 976 47 97 1,383 169 1,724 129 1,964 1 1,470 336 144 171 589 195 219 179 147 5 8 8 270 1,714 1 1,598 234 107 57 1 40 4 12 4 18 13 5 123 131 28 13 18 30 4 8 9. 2 2 4 WAGES AND HOTJBS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. T able 1 .—SU M M A R Y O F E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y O C C U PA TIO N A N D S E X , IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S , 1907 T O 1922-C ontin ued. N um N um ber ber of of O ccupation , sex, and year. estab em lish p loy m ents. ees. Bearner tenders: M ale ............... 1916.. 1916.. 1920.. 1922.. FfttYlftlA,. . . . . . . ,1916. _ 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Slasher tenders: *1*1*.................... 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. D raw ers-in: F em ale............ .1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. W arp - tyin g m achine tenders: M ale.................... 1920.. 1922.. L oom fixers: M ale.....................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. W eavers: M ale.....................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Fem ale........ .......1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. A ver age fuUtim e hours per w eek. A ver age earn ings per hour. N um ber o f em ployees w hose fun-tim e hours per w eek were— A ver age fu ll O ver Over tim e 57 earn 54 48 U n and ings der 48 and 54 and un 60 O ver per un un der 60. 48. der w eek. der 60. 54. 57. 22 24 21 26 328 280 246 313 56.0 $0,271 $15.01 56.3 .404 22.63 50.9 .711 36.19 50.9 .538 27.38 5 7 5 5 91 113 100 85 54.8 54.1 48.3 51.5 .224 .315 .578 .377 12.28 17.06 27.92 19.42 35 35 35 57 85 85 87 87 96 99 89 92 159 60.3 158 59.6 167 59.4 276 58.4 455 58.5 449 57.4 485 57.5 528 56.8 581 56.8 608 • 56.5 504 52.1 547 52.7 .183 .183 .180 .178 .194 .216 .212 .211 .241 .340 .579 .426 11.03 10.91 10.69 10.33 11.26 12.34 12.09 11.81 13.48 18.73 30.17 22.45 86 91 80 77 926 834 632 664 56.0 55.3 50.7 51.8 .191 .273 .485 .352 10.47 15.00 24.59 18.23 72 79 154 191 52.6 52.9 .590 31.03 .425 22.48 36 36 36 59 88 88 90 90 102 103 93 95 631 619 680 1,267 2,200 2,290 2,370 2,491 2,776 2,709 2,366 2,456 60.8 59.7 59.8 58.7 58.6 57.7 57.6 56.8 56.8 56.4 52.2 52.9 .207 .202 .197 .200 .203 .224 .227 .233 .270 .391 .685 .500 12.59 12.06 11.78 11.64 11.80 12.84 12.96 13.09 15.17 21.79 35.76 26.45 36 2,769 36 2,848 36 3,123 58 5,334 88 8,855 88 9,775 89 9,485 89 9,755 100 10,279 103 8,301 93 6,077 95 7,410 60.3 59.6 59.8 58.8 58.6 57.5 57.6 56.8 56.7 56.2 51.8 52.6 .161 .160 .151 .151 .156 .169 .170 .176 .205 .301 .573 .389 9.71 9.54 9.03 8.83 9.08 9.67 9.73 9.93 11,54 16.78 29.68 20.44 36 3,724 36 3,903 36 3,930 59 6,334 88 10,792 88 10,998 89 11,236 89 11,188 101 11,546 103 10,993 92 7,681 95 7,644 59.5 59.0 59.1 57.8 57.9 56.9 56.7 55.8 55.7 55.4 50.3 51.6 .151 .152 .144 .147 .148 .163 .164 .167 .201 .285 .528 .380 8.98 8.97 8.51 8.47 8.54 9.26 9.30 9.30 11.12 15.62 26.56 19.59 1 146 185 84 23 16 18 109 103 32 111 56 3 2 43 > 5 25 382 281 8 8 50 399 579 60 85 227 41 148 226 55 58 6 6 13 27 70 90 1,078 795 1 1 116 149 17 15 118 123 16 213 246 226 177 7 11 9 96 123 140 144 174 196 349 31 70 2 2 12 8 3 208 167 3 5 528 729 566 191 643 178 833 591 904 639 1,613 89 188 867 15 328 1,039 93 77 75 82 53 144 153 154 29 46 6 67 29 69 73 72 106 133 167 204 215 239 29 22 53 14 12 35 56 6 5 1 .1 4 228 191 26 19 3 3 1 10 10 277 278 304 232 659 701 692 151 208 1 9 105 270 286 293 543 779 817 889 972 910 193 157 249 71 90 214 269 53 40 27 53 96 25 28 9 19 57 22 2,885 40 2,606 1,397 1,424 1,497 2,190 703 3,129 2,366 2,937 766 2,322 2,708 607 2,200 3,363 1,965 436 3 3,677 1,944 674 4,794 358 22 11 ^401 2,487 140 727 3,546 502 870 1,006 418 1,156 470 1,440 1 001 2,195 1,165 3,614 136 3,889 81 8 3,974 3,959 3 6 3,064 271 351 12 25 112 89 5,042 41 3,535 2,267 2.473 2'363 3,210 1,676 4,216 4,442 3,890 626 4,464 4,340 571 4,355 4,780 3,286 736 4 5,103 3,416 793 7,980 370 62 744 1,454 228 1,648 1,998 809 1,197 1,345 849 1,422 1,908 1,874 2,337 2,182 2,486 290 194 648 233 222 599 712 110 96 37 23 45 5 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. T able 1 .—SU M M A R Y O P E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y O C C U PA TIO N A N D S E X , IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1922-C oncluded. N um ber of O ccupation, sex, and year. estab lish m ents. Trim m er? or inspectors: Male.................... 1920.. 1922.. 22 28 N um ber of em p loy ees. 76 78 A ver age fu ll tim e hours per week. A ver age earn ings per hour. N um ber o f em ployees w hose full-tim e hours per w eek were— A ver age fu ll Over Over tim e 57 48 54 earn U n and and ings der 48 and un 54 60 Over un un der per 60. der der 60. w eek. 48. 54. 57. Fem ale............... 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918. 1920.. 1922.. Other em ployees: M ale.................... 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 30 251 30 261 30 285 46 408 75 712 77 708 77 687 74 720 83 971 87 1,175 76 1,045 78 1,056 60.4 60.0 59.6 58.3 58.7 57.7 57.9 57.2 56.7 55.6 51.6 52.5 .102 6.16 .101 6.06 .099 5.90 .099 5.78 .103 6.02 .112 6.41 .111 6.39 .113 6.41 .129 7.25 .186 10.29 .333 17.18 .246 12.92 88 29,861 105 27,395 106 25,740 96 13,336 97 14,991 57.5 57.7 56.8 52.6 53.9 .151 .176 .270 .419 .289 Fem ale............... 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 88 12,143 101 5,913 102 6,350 94 4,685' 96 4,421' 56.3 55.7 54.4 51.1 51.8 .123 6.89 .140 7.82 .224 12.06 .322 16.45 .244 12.64 1 6 19 9 53.4 $0,426 $22.75 54.3 .251 13.63 16 31 28 15 473 355 8.59 186 10.05 220 4 15.18 1,126 22.04 789 4,350 15.58 464 3,606 129 152 14 665 585 1,984 279 1,435 10 12 204 185 239 316 748 164 215 56 63 161 226 22 31 77 165 42 312 429 102 103 115 100 202 194 176 101 169 70 120 147 109 205 271 270 303 295 348 58 30 79 38 23 38 79 17 25 10 6 7,852 7,084 1,496 12,334 909 25 6,801 6,133 1,973 11,250 993 3 13,195 719 116 9,428 1,149 156 1,082 5,588 9 1,362 100 360 1,856 7,224 36 936 509 4,554 2,897 5 2,317 1,753 19 4,177 151 37 251 1,317 204 701 1,620 802 3,722 303 1,355 1,315 511 182 39 28 9 In Table 2 the average earnings per hour and a classification of employees in percentage form, by hourly rates, is shown for all available years from 1907 to 1922 for three of the most important occupations as examples of the spread of individual earnings. The classification in the earlier bulletins stopped at “ 25 cents and over,” which makes it impossible to show, as desired, the higher spread for mule spinners. 51997°—23----- 2 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. 103 93 95 8,301 6,077 7,410 .301 .573 .389 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 36 36 36 59 88 88 89 89 101 103 92 95 3,724 3,903 3,930 6,334 10,792 10,998 11,236 11,188 11,546 10,993 7,681 7,644 .151 .152 .144 .147 .148 .163 .164 .167 .201 .285 .528 .380 0) 0) C1) (!) 7 5 6 6 5 3 3 3 0) 14 15 18 19 16 10 10 10 5 1 0) b) 2 (i) « 3 M 17 20 22 22 22 15 15 13 7 2 C) w 19 20 26 25 23 19 18 17 10 3 C1) 1 22 20 18 15 18 20 20 20 11 4 C1) 1 i cl 1 Less than 1 per cen t. 2 Classified in form er bulletins as “ 25 cents and over.” 8 Classified in form er bulletins as “ 40 cents and over.” 4 Classified in form er bulletins as “ 60 cents and over.” 8 Less than 1 per cent and classified in form er bulletins as “ 40 cents and over.” 8 Less than 1 per cen t and classified in form er bulletins as “ 60 cents and over.” 4 (1)2 14 12 6 8 10 16 16 16 15 5 C1) 2 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 8 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. Index numbers have been computed for full-time hours per week, full-time earnings per week, and earnings per hour for all occupations for which data are available for the industry, 1907 to 1922, inclusive. These index numbers are based on the averages shown in Table 1 and are percentages in which the figures for 1913 are used as the base or 100 per cent; that is, the index number for each year is the per cent that the average for that year is of the average for 1913. The figures for 1913 are used in order to bring into direct comparison the earlier and later years with the year immediately preceding the beginning of the World War. Table 3 shows, for example, that relatively the full-time weekly earnings of female drawing-frame tenders in 1910 were 20 per cent lower than for 1913. In 1918, they were 75 per cent higher; in 1920, 188 per cent higher; while in 1922 they were 119 per cent higher than in 1913. In the same manner, the trend of other occupations may be studied. The summary for the industry as a whole at the end of the table has been carried back only to 1910. It shows the full-time weekly earnings for the industry to be 192 per cent higher in 1920 than in 1913; that is, nearly three times as high, and 105 per cent higher in 1922 than in 1913, which indicates a drop of approximately 30 per cent from 1920 to 1922, but still leaving the weekly earnings more than twice as high as in 1913. Average earnings per hour m 1920 were 3J times the earnings in 1913, while in 1922 tney were still 23times the earnings of 1913. The decrease in hourly earnings between 1920 and 1922 was 31 per cent. T ables 3 .—IN D E X N U M B ER S O F F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D F U L L -T IM E E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K , B Y O C C U PA TIO N A N D S E X , IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1922. In d ex num bers of— O ccupation, sex, and year. Fun tim e Earn ings hours per per w eek. hour. Funtim e earn ings per w eek. In d ex num bers of— O ccupation, sex, and year. Fun F un tim e tim e E arn earn hours ings p er in gs per er w eek. hou r. wpeek. D raw ing-fram e tenders: M ale.........................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 104 103 103 103 103 100 100 100 101 99 93 93 92 90 91 88 89 99 100 106 116 183 392 248 96 93 94 90 91 99 100 106 116 180 366 230 Speeder tenders: M ale........................ 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 107 102 102 103 102 100 100 99 98 97 91 90 80 85 89 90 93 98 100 106 120 183 368 247 85 86 90 92 94 97 100 104 116 175 331 222 Fem ale....................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 106 105 105 103 102 101 100 98 98 97 89 91 81 81 79 78 83 96 100 103 118 182 323 240 86 85 83 80 84 96 100 100 116 175 288 219 Fem ale....................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910..* 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. 105 105 105 102 102 100 100 99 98 97 89 90 91 90 88 87 89 97 100 101 123 181 318 241 96 95 93 89 91 98 100 101 121 175 283 219 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY, 9 T able 3 .—IN D E X N U M B ER S O P F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D F U L L -T IM E E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K , B Y O CC U PA TIO N A N D S E X , IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1922—C oncluded. In d ex num bers of— O ccupation, sex, and year. Spinners, m ule: M ale.........................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Spinners, fram e: M ale.........................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Fem ale.................... 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Slasher tenders: M ale.........................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. F ull tim e Earn hours ings per per w eek. hour. F u ll tim e earn ings per w eek. 105 105 105 103 102 100 100 99 98 98 88 90 83 80 79 78 91 99 100 104 123 173 294 227 88 84 83 80 93 99 100 102 121 169 259 205 104 103 104 101 101 100 100 96 99 95 89 94 87 83 82 84 88 101 100 105 115 173 332 204 91 87 85 85 89 101 100 101 114 167 298 193 106 104 103 102 102 100 100 98 99 97 90 91 86 84 83 84 87 97 100 103 116 182 334 235 92 87 86 86 89 95 100 102 112 176 302 216 105 104 103 102 102 100 100 99 99 98 91 92 86 86 85 84 92 102 100 100 114 160 273 201 91 90 88 85 93 102 100 98 111 155 250 186 In d ex num bers of— O ccupation, sex, and year. L oom fixers: M a le .....................1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. W eavers: M ale........................ 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Fem ale.................... 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. Trim m ers or inspectors: Fem ale.................... 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 1918.. 1920.. 1922.. F ull tim e Earn hours ings per per w eek. hour. F u ll tim e earn ings per w eek. 106 104 104 102 102 100 100 99 99 98 91 92 91 89 87 88 89 99 100 103 119 172 302 220 97 93 91 90 91 99 100 101 117 168 276 204 105 103 104 102 102 100 100 99 98 98 90 91 95 94 89 89 92 99 100 104 121 177 337 229 100 98 93 91 93 99 100 102 119 172 305 210 105 104 104 102 102 100 100 98 98 98 89 91 92 93 88 90 90 99 100 102 123 174 322 232 97 96 92 91 92 100 100 100 120 168 286 211 104 104 103 101 101 100 100 99 98 96 89 91 92 91 89 89 93 101 100 102 116 168 300 222 96 95 92 90 94 100 100 100 113 161 269 202 99 97 90 91 120 179 324 222 T H E IN D U S T R Y . 1910.............................................. 1911.............................................. 1912.............................................. 1913.............................................. 1914.............................................. 102 102 100 100 98 88 90 99 100 103 90 92 99 100 101 1916.............................................. 1918.............................................. 1920.............................................. 1922.............................................. In the New England mills there was a general reduction of wages of about 22\ per cent in December, 1920. There were further reduc tions late in 1921 or early in 1922 of about 20 per cent. Late in 1922 this cut was restored by an increase of 25 per cent in many of WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. 10 the mills. Thus at the close of 1922 the wage level in New England was as a whole about the same as at the beginning of the year. One establishment in Connecticut reported an increase of hours from 48 to 54 per week in February, 1922. The New York and Pennsylvania mills showed about 25 per cent reduction for the 5 mills reported as compared with 1920. In the Southern States the 58 mills reported showed reductions in wages ranging from 23£ per cent to 50 per cent, with an average for all mills of about 38 per cent, as compared with the high point in 1920. Not much overtime was worked during the period canvassed and only a few mills paid more than regular rates for overtime. About 40 per cent of the mills in the South paid bonuses of various kinds for production or attendance, each mill having its own system. No bonuses were reported in New England. New York and Penn sylvania had a few mills paying production or attendance bonuses. The next table (4) shows the average and classified days the establishments canvassed were in operation and the number oi days idle, by specified causes, for the year ended December 31, 1921. It will be observed that of the 96 establishments reporting 35 were in operation more than 300 days, 35 were in operation 285 days and under 300, and 11 were in operation 270 and under 285 days. In other words 81 establishments or more than 84 per cent of the total were in operation more than 10 months during the year. The most important cause of idleness was slack work, with holidays and vacation coming next. Under other causes, the average of 5.7 days was caused mainly by interruption of power and by strike. Certain mills in North Carolina and in South Carolina had strikes which were the chief cause of idleness reported in this column. T A B L E 4 .—A V E R A G E A N D C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S M IL L S W E R E IN O P E R A T IO N , A N D A V E R A G E N U M B E R O F W E E K D A Y S ID L E W IT H C AU SE O F ID L E N E S S , B Y S T A T E , F O R Y E A R E N D IN G D E C E M B E R 31, 1921. S tate. N um ber of N um days ber in of op estab era lish tion m erits. dur in g year. A labam a............. C on n ecticu t........ G eorgia................ M aine.................. M assachu setts... N ew H am pshire N ew Y o rk .......... N orth C arolin a.. P e n n sy lv a n ia ... R h od e Is la n d .. . S outh C arolin a.. V irginia............... T ota l......... N um ber of establishm ents in op eration— U n der 225 days 225 and un der 240 days 240 and un der 255 days 255 and un der 270 days 270 and un der 285 days A verage num ber o f w eek days id le during year cm account of— 285 and 300 H oli Slack In d ays un days and busi- ven - R e O ther der and vaca tory. pairs. 300 t io n . days 6 292.5 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 14 4 19 6.3 6.8 285.5 292.1 291.8 284.5 295.2 297.0 271.4 268.5 299.3 289.0 297.0 196 285.3 4.4 7.2 9 .9 16.0 6.5 11.0 6.8 6.3 5.7 11 35 35 14.2 16.8 11.9 14.0 16.4 4 .0 2.0 1.8 1.9 6.0 2.5 .9 1.0 19.2 11.8 .3 6.2 1.0 5.7 0.7 .1 10.5 37.8 7.5 12.0 4.0 8.3 12.6 .1 1.8 .4 1 N ot including 1 establishm ent fo r w hich data w ere n ot reported. Table 5 illustrates the number of starts made both by the establish ments and by the employees during the pay period studied. B y INTRODUCTION AND SUM M ARY. 11 starts is meant the number of calendar days on which the m ill operated or the employees worked. This study determines the opportunity afforded for work and the regularity on the part of the employees. These data have been tabulated for selected occupations only, but these groups may be accepted as representative of all employees. There are two sections of the table. The first relates to a one-week pay period, the second to a two-week pay period. A two-week pay period was taken for all weavers because of more or less unfinished work carried over from week to week. It will be seen by reference to this table that the mills wherein cer tain occupations were carried for one week made an average of 5.6 to 6.0 starts, while the average for the spinners ranged from 4.7 to 5.8 for the one-week pay period. In the case of the two-week pay period, the average for the mills was 11.8 starts and for the weavers from 10.2 to 10.6 starts in the two-week period. T able 5 .—A V E R A G E A N D C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F D A Y S F O R P A Y P E R I O D ON W H IC H M IL L S O P E R A T E D , A N D O N W H IC H S P IN N E R S A N D W E A V E R S S T A R T E D TO W O R K . ONE-WEEK PA Y PERIOD. Average starts for Num ber establish o f estab ments, lish weighted ments. b y number o f em ployees. Occupation and sex. Spinners, m ule, m ale.................. Spinners, fram e, m ale................. Spinners, frame, fem ale.............. Occupation and sex. Spinners, m ule, m ale.................. Spinners, frame, m ale................. Spinners, fram e, female__"....... 10 46 88 6.0 5.6 5.9 Number o f em ployees. Average starts (days) per employee. N um ber o f establishments in which starts (days worked) in period were— 3 4 5 6 10 36 83 10 4 1 N um ber o f em ployees w hose starts (days worked) in period were— 1 2 1 33 164 5.8 4.7 5.1 210 517 6,377 2 1 3 2 25 194 4 5 5 71 745 3 36 366 6 10 170 1,373 189 182 3,535 TWO-WEEK PA Y PERIOD. Occupation and sex. Average start for N um ber establish o f estab m ents, lish weighted b y number ments. of em ployees. W eavers, m a le ____ W eavers, fem ale— Occupation and sex. 95 95 Num ber o f em ployees. Weavers, m ale___ Weavers, fe m a le .. 7,410 7,644 Num ber o f establishments in which starts (days worked) in period were— 5 6 8 7 10.2 10.6 10 2 2 11.8 11.8 Average starts (days) per employee. 9 11 6 2 12 2 2 85 89 N um ber o f em ployees whose starts (days worked) in period were— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 77 54 86 67 97 72 118 102 194 146 460 536 142 115 310 192 396 270 749 376 769 579 12 4,012 5,135 12 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD. This report includes data from establishments which make woven cotton goods having a wide range o f weight and quality but not including narrow goods and novelties. Mills making m ixed cotton and silk goods are not included. A ll data were obtained from the pay rolls and records of the various establishments b y agents of the bureau. The number of establishments included or summarized in the reports has varied since 1907, as follow s: 1907 to 1909........................................................................ 36 establishm ents. 1910 ..................................................................................... 59establishm ents. 1911 ..................................................................................... 88establishm ents. 1912 ..................................................................................... 88establishm ents. 1913 ..................................................................................... 90establishm ents. 1914 ..................................................................................... 90establishm ents. 1916...................................................................................... 105 establishm ents. 1918...................................................................................... 106 establishm ents. 1920........................................................................................ 96establishm ents. 1922........................................................................................ 97establishments. In the selection of establishments from which to obtain data, all States in which cotton manufacturing is of material importance nave been represented, the measure of importance being the number of wage earners as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures. Table 6 shows b y States the number o f employees in the industry as reported b y the United States Census, 1919, the number of estab lishments from which the bureau obtained data for 1922, and the number of employees in such establishments. T able 6 ^ -T O T A L N U M B E R O P E M P L O Y E E S IN C O TTO N -G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S F O R W H IC H D A T A A R E S H O W N F O R 1922. State. Establishments and employees for which N um ber of data are shown for employees 1922 in this report. reported b y United States Census, Num ber of Number 1919. estab of lishments. employees. A labam a............................ Connecticut....................... Georgia................................ Maine.................................. Massachusetts................... N ew Hampshire............... N ew Y ork .......................... N orth Carolina................. Pennsylvania.................... R hode Island.................... South Carolina.................. Virginia.............................. Other States...................... 18,102 15,647 38,283 11,763 122,499 21,183 9,220 67,297 9,767 31,405 48,079 6,518 31,203 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 5 4 19 3 4,824 2,180 5,891 3,117 16,391 5,751 1,958 7,371 1,258 2,307 9,188 2,597 T otal........................ 430,966 97 62,833 According to the census of 1919, m ore than 92 per cent o f the total number of employees in the industry are found in the States in which the establishments furnishing information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics are located. The number of employees for which the bureau obtained 1922 data and for which detailed information for 1922 is presented is more than 15 per cent of the total in the industry as shown by the 1919 census. GENERAL TABLES. 13 Full-time hours per week are the regular hours during which, under normal conditions, employees are on duty. Such hours do not in any way indicate the extent of unemployment. Employees may work overtime, or broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary reduc tion m ay be made in working hours without affecting the full-tim e hours as here presented. The rates o f wages or earnings per hour as shown include the wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers and are obtained by dividing the total earnings by the total number o f hours worked. In cases where no record of the actual time worked was regularly kept, the establishments, at the request of the bureau, kept a record for the pay-roll period selected. The full-tim e earnings per week are the earnings of employees working full time, or the earnings on broken time reduced to equivalent earnings for a full week. Figures relating to wages and hours are shown separately for 19 of the more im portant occupations, and all employees not included under any of the selected occupations are combined and shown under “ Other employees.77 The occupations are arranged in the tables approximately in the order of m anufacture, as follow s: Picker tenders. Card tenders and strippers. Card grinders. Drawing-frame tenders. Slubber tenders. Speeder tenders. Spinners, m ule. Spinners, frame. Doffers. Spooler tenders. Creelers or tiers-in. Warper tenders. Beamer tenders. Slasher tenders. Drawers-in. W arp-tying m achine tenders. Loom fixers. W eavers. Trimmers or inspectors. Other em ployees. Of the 19 occupations tabulated, data are shown for males only in 7; for females only in 2; and for both males and females in 10 occupations. GENERAL TABLES. In addition to the text tables already shown, four general tables of 1922 data only are presented as follows: Table A .— Earnings and hours, by occupation, sex, and State, 1922. A ll occupations except weavers are shown on the basis of a weekly pay roll. Data for all weavers were obtained for a twoweek period and are so tabulated. T able B .— Average and classified earnings per hour for spinners and weavers, by sex and State, 1922. These two m ajor occupations illustrate the spread of individual earnings. T able C.— Average and classified actual hours worked in pay period for spinners and weavers who made as many starts as the mills operated in pay period, by sex and State, 1922. This table presents the average full-tim e hours o f all employees in these selected m ajor occupations in comparison with the average hours actually worked by the employees who worked as many starts (days) as the mills operated. Further, the table presents in classified form the hours actually worked by the spinners and weavers who worked as many starts as the mills were in operation. Although an employee may have worked on as many different days as the mill was in operation, he or she m ay not have worked the full mill hours each day, or even on any day. To illustrate, the table shows one female frame spinner 14 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS, in North Carolina working 16 and under 20 hours in the week. This girl worked, on each of the 6 days but all told made but 17 hours in the mill where the full-time made by many of the spinners was 55 hours. Such employees as did not make as many starts as did the mills in which they worked are omitted from the classification. T able D .— Average and classified actual earnings in pay period for spinners and weavers who made as many starts as the mills operated in pay period, by sex and State, 1922. T a b l e A .— E A R N I N G S AND HOURS, BY O C C U P A T IO N , SEX, AND STATE, 1922. ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD. Num ber of estab lish ments. State. Number of employees whose full time hours per week were— Aver Aver Aver Aver Per Num Aver age age age age cent ber age full earn full hours of Over Over 57 earn time ings of full 48 54 em ings earn re time work ed time Un and and and ploy per ings ceived hours 54 un 60 Over per in one work der 48 un 60. un ees. hour. per in one week. week. ed. 48. der der der week. week. 54. 57. 60. P I C K E R T E N D E R S : M a le . A la ........ Conn— G a......... M e......... Mass__ N . H ___ N . Y ----N . C____ P a......... R. S. Va........ $9.91 19.56 12.03 18. 43 19.10 19.63 15. 74 13.47 16.64 18.52 9.33 14.13 56.2 53.1 55.7 54.0 48.0 53.7 50.0 55.3 52.3 48.0 55.0 55.2 48.7 86.7 52.9 99.6 . ... 56.5 101.8 51.7 95.7 46.8 97.5 .... 96.6 51. 46.0 92.0 50.4 91.1 49.5 94.6 47.4 98.7 . . . . 46.7 84.9 51.5 93.3 .305 16.20 15.15 53.1 49.7 65 $ 0 . 6 4 15 69 9 49 5 160 13 110 5 19 2 21 89 18 5 20 3 I ................. 122 19 C................. 41 3 Total... 95 $11.41 19.59 11.86 19.22 19.58 20.30 17.10 14. 77 17. 57 18.77 10. 95 15.12 93.6 . ... 1 4 2 49 160 27 71 4 6 11 13 i 20 198 47 .... 11 57 12 2 88 .... 17 10 1 122 41 34 137 380 .... 28 C A R D T E N D E R S A N D S T R I P P E R S : M a le . A la ... C onn.. G a .... M e .... M ass.. N . H .. N . Y .. N . C .. P a ... . R . I... S . C... V a . .., Total... 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 5 3 19 3 113 $0,209 $11. 70 $10.19 36 .365 18.80 18.60 111 .226 12.70 10.34 46 .368 19.87 19.36 194 .436 21.28 20.54 166 .404 21. 74 20.90 26 .445 22.25 20.62 131 .288 15.90 13. 82 27 .325 16.93 16. 43 19 .459 22.03 22.48 182 .232 12.76 9.85 45 .312 17.19 15.65 56.0 51.0 56.2 54.0 48.8 53.8 50.0 55.2 52.1 48.0 55.0 55.1 48.8 87.1 51.0 99.0 45.8 81.5 52.6 97.4 47.1 96.5 51.7 96.0 46.3 92.6 47.9 86.8 50.6 97.1 48.9 101.9 42.4 77.1 50.2 91.1 .325 17.39 15.53 53.5 47.7 96 1,096 89.2 3 18 180 2 25 18 3 19 8 238 38 2 46 135 5 85 18 82 6 3 131 25 27 12 16 182 45 204 552 .... 64 C A R D G R I N D E R S : M a le . Va.............. 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 20 4 3 19 3 Total... 94 Ala............. Conn........... Ga.............. Me.............. Mass.......... N. H .......... N. Y .......... N. C............ Pa.............. R .I ............ S .C ............. 25 $0,322 $17.90 $17.48 55.6 13 .447 22.89 23.20 51.2 33 .327 18.38 16.62 56.2 18 .476 25.70 25.72 54.0 77 .525 25. 24 25.24 48.1 32 .527 28.30 28.56 53.7 8 .501 25.30 25.38 50.5 43 .376 20. 76 18.97 55.2 6 .412 21. 63 22.15 52.5 10 .468 22. 46 23.82 48.0 51 .347 19. 09 18. 77 55.0 16 .362 19.98 19. 48 55.2 332 .424 22.43 21.89 52.9 54.2 51.9 50.8 54.0 48.1 54.2 50.6 50.5 53.7 51.0 54.0 53.8 51.6 97.5 101.4 90.4 100.0 100.0 100.9 100.2 91.5 102.3 106.3 98.2 97.5 97.5 . . . . 7 75 5 1 2 8 1 10 1 98 12 1 18 23 1 3 2 0 .... 4 6 ......... 24 . . . . 8 1 2 43 1 51 16 46 164 12 15 GENERAL TABLES. T able A .— E AR N IN G S AND H O U RS, B Y OCCU PATIO N , S E X , AN D STA TE , 1922— Continued. ONE-WEEK PA Y PERIOD—Continued. State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Num Aver ber age of earn em ings ploy per ees. hour. Number of employees whose full time hours per week were— Aver Aver Aver Aver Per age age age cent full earn age of time ings full hours Over Over 57 work full earn re time 48 54 and hours Un time ed ings ceived and and un 60 Over per work der 48 in one 54 per in one der un un 60. week. week. week. week. ed. 48. der der 60. 54. 57. D R A W IN G -F R A M E T E N D E R S : M ale. Ala.............. Conn........... Ga............... Me............... Mass............ N . Y .......... N .C ............ Pa............... R. I ............. S. C............. V a ............... Other States Total... 4 .4 9 3 9 2 21 2 2 19 3 1 79 $9.74 $9.12 14.37 13.46 11.22 8.39 15.22 13.58 17.91 16.95 17.75 16.52 16.25 13.67 12.98 12.47 16.70 15.64 12.04 8.86 17.33 15.40 15.33 15.07 54.4 51.7 56.1 52.3 49.6 53.3 55.1 50.7 48.0 54.5 55.2 52.5 51.0 48.4 42.0 46.7 46.9 49.5 46.3 48.7 45.0 40.2 49.1 51.6 93.8 4 93.6 74.9 2 89.3 94.6 92.9 84.0 96.1 93.7 73.8 ” 7 88.9 98.3 .270 14.53 12.14 53.8 44.9 83.5 32 $0.179 17 .278 64 .200 12 .291 79 .361 12 .333 110 .295 11 .256 9 .348 154 .221 40 .314 12 .292 552 13 4 2 55 28 49 . . . . 14 5 7 5 .... 3 14 2 9 11 1 10 2 110 9 147 40 12 68 39 20 393 19 ........ D R A W IN G -F R A M E T E N D E R S : Female. A la ........ Conn........... Ga............... Me............... Mass........... N .H ........... N. Y .......... Pa............... R . I ............. S. C............. 4 14 5 T otal.. 49 5 3 8 2 4 2 2 60 $0,162 23 .269 64 .189 64 .271 247 .314 98 .301 24 .295 17 .247 21 .335 5 .228 623 $9.12 13.56 10.62 14.63 15.07 16.19 14.25 13.17 16. Q/B 12.54 $7.52 8.43 14.39 13.37 15.48 13.05 11.32 13.95 9.26 56.3 50.4 56.2 54.0 48.0 53.8 48.3 53.3 4a 0 55.0 46.3 47.1 44.5 53.1 43.8 51.4 44.3 45.9 41.7 40.6 82.2 93.5 79.2 98.3 91.3 95.5 91.7 .276 14.21 12.79 51.5 46.4 91.0 12.68 2 12 i 45 . . . . 9 47 . . . . 15 16 64 2 245 16 86.1 •••• 86.9 73.8 82 1 23 2 21 15 5 4 303 16 163 106 . . . . 31 ........ SL U B B E R T E N D E R S : M ale. A la.............. Conn........... G a............... M e............... Mass........... N . H ........... N . Y ........... N .C ............ R . I ............. S. C............. V a ............... OtherStates T o t a l .. 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 3 19 3 1 92 59 $0,276 $15.48 $13.65 16 .448 23.25 22.20 84 .316 17.73 13.41 33 .483 26.08 24.57 126 .479 23.28 22.65 102 .475 25.60 24.87 16 .419 21.12 21.33 89 .350 19.36 16.43 20 .512 24.58 21.89 117 .291 16.01 13.28 25 .389 21.47 20.86 2 .319 17.21 17.21 56.1 51.9 56.1 54.0 48.6 53.9 50.4 55.3 48.0 55.0 55.2 54.0 49.4 88.1 49.6 95.6 . . . . 42.4 75.6 50.9 94.3 47.3 97.3 . . . . 52.4 97.2 50.9 101.0 . . . . 47.0 85.0 42.8 89.2 . . . . 45.6 82.9 53.7 97.3 54.0 100.0 689 53.5 47.7 .390 20.87 18.63 89.2 . . . . 1 7 116 1 33 3 15 10 76 4 44 . . . . 9 65 . . . . 2 .... 11 2 87 . . . . 2 4 2 5 2 T o t a l.. 15 4 $0,366 $20.13 $19.23 31 .430 20.64 19.48 7 .447 24.15 24.15 22 .311 16.05 14.51 9 .392 18.82 16.74 55.0 48.0 54.0 51.6 48.0 52.5 95.5 45.3 94.4 54.0 100.0 46.7 90.5 42.7 89.0 73 50.1 46.6 .388 19.44 l a o s .... .... 93.0 .... 5 2 20 2 19 116 4 9 7 7 11 44 7 18 153 117 25 362 S L U B B E R T E N D E R S : F e m a le . Conn........... Mass........... N . H ........... P a ............... OtherStates 14 18 4 31 4 39 16 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. Table A.—EARNINGS AND HOURS, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND STATE, 1922—-Continued. ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD—Continued. State. N um ber of estab lish ments. N um A ver age ber earn of em ings ploy per ees. hour. N um ber o f employees whose full » tim e hours per week were— A v e r A v er Aver* A v e r Per age age age cent full earn full hours of Over Over 57 tim e ings work full time 54 and 48 earn re hours ed tim e U n and ings ceived and Over per in one w ork d er 48 un 54 un dun p er per e r 60 60. der 60. der week. week. week. week. ed. 48. 57. 54. SPEED ER T E N D E R S : M ale. A la .............. Conn........... G a............... M e............. M ass______ n . ht ........ n . y .......... N .C ............ R .I S .C ............. V a ............... OtherStates T o t a l .. 6 4 9 4 12 5 2 21 4 19 3 1 136 $0,253 53 .450 233 .293 25 .420 267 .501 83 .463 42 .431 327 .353 32 .450 414 .277 132 .391 1 .330 90 1,745 $14.07 $12.41 23.45 21.32 16.47 12.45 22.68 21.80 24.75 22.00 24. 82 23.37 22. 89 21.75 19.49 16.97 22. 86 17.93 15. 24 11.96 21.58 18.67 17.83 17.83 55.6 52.1 56.2 54.0 49.4 53.6 53.1 55.2 50.8 55.0 55.2 54.0 49.0 88.1 47.4 91.0 42.5 75.6 51.8 95.9 43.9 88.9 50.5 94.2 50.4 94.9 48.1 87.1 39.8 78.3 43.1 78.4 47.8 86.6 54.0 100.0 .358 19.37 16.36 54.1 45.6 2 22 1 8 25 224 4 24 10 53 10 17 15 116 31 167 18 58 17 6 22 323 21 4 414 132 1 84.3 1 273 30 112 1,228 . . . . 101 ........ SP EED ER T E N D E R S : Fem ale. A la .............. Conn........... G a ............... Me............... Mass........... N .H ........... N . Y ............ N .C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. S. C............. V a ............... T o t a l.. 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 14 5 4 18 3 89 $0,230 $12.79 $11.24 152 .384 19.47 18.38 111 .263 14.86 11.12 236 .382 20.63 19.54 937 .402 19.30 18.16 243 .419 22.46 21.56 152 .357 17.49 16.66 37 .322 17.74 14.47 63 .296 15.57 14.32 157 .393 19.41 16.99 168 .250 13.73 10.98 27 .328 18.14 15.51 55.6 50.7 56.5 54.0 48.0 53.6 49.0 55.1 52.6 49.4 54.9 55.3 48.8 47.9 42.4 51.1 45.2 51.5 46.7 45.0 48.4 43.3 43.8 47.3 87.7 94.5 75.0 1 94.6 94.2 96.1 95.3 81.7 92.0 3 87.7 79.8 " 2 85.5 .369 18.82 17.20 51.0 46.6 91.4 89 2,372 93 4 235 79 59 74 * 10 33 937 68 i75 18 11 44 37 128 5 120 6 37 166 27 6 1,283 79 513 448 .... 43 SP IN N E R S, M U L E : M ale. Conn........... Me............... Mass............ OtherStates 3 3 3 2 T o t a l.. 11 56 $0,550 $28.05 $27.33 36 .501 27.05 25.29 108 .751 36.05 34.84 20 .563 28.71 27.25 51.0 54.0 48.0 51.0 49.7 50.5 46.4 48.4 97.5 93.5 96.7 94.9 .... .... 220 50.0 48.1 96.2 .... .638 31.90 30.68 32 24 36 108 10 10 150 46 24 S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : M ale. A la.............. Conn........... G a............... M e............... Mass............ N .H ........... N . Y ............ N .C ............ P a ................ R . I ............. S. C............. OtherStates 3 3 5 2 6 2 2 8 2 2 13 1 41 $0,174 12 .372 44 .240 6 .277 124 .375 34 .448 51 .397 22 .191 13 .288 10 .326 165 .179 25 .362 T o t a l .. 49 547 $9.83 19.72 12.67 14.96 20.06 24.19 21.28 10.07 14.75 17.21 9.45 19.77 $8.54 15.61 10.20 9.98 17.41 23.59 17.96 8.01 12.86 14.01 6.66 12.92 56.5 53.0 52.8 54.0 53.5 54.0 53.6 52.7 51.2 52.8 52.8 54.6 49.1 41.9 42.4 36.0 46.4 62.7 45.2 42.1 44.7 43.0 37.2 35.7 86.9 79.1 1 80.3 10 66.7 86.7 7 97.6 84.3 79.9 * 5 87.3 81.0 70.5 ” 37 65.4 1 .292 15.59 12.48 53.4 42.8 80.1 61 29 9 34 2 .... 12 6 58 59 34 8 9 9 2 34 17 4 8 128 24 71 9 60 275 .... 71 17 GENERAL TABLES.' T able A .— EARNINGS AND HOURS, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND STATE, 1922—Continued. ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD—Continued. State. N um N um A v e r ber age ber of earn of estab em ings lish ploy* per ments. hour. Num ber o f employees whose full tim e hours per week were— A v e r A v e r A v e r A v e r Per age age cent age age fu ll earn fullof Over 57 time ings tim e hours Over work full 48 54 and earn re tim e U n hours ed un ings ceived and 54 and d e r 60 Over per in one per in (me work d e r 48 un un der week. week. week. week. ed. 48. der 60. 54. 57. S P IN N E R S , F R A M E : F e m a le . T o t a l .. $8.39 17.12 9.53 15.50 16.79 19.33 15.62 10.98 12.13 17.10 8.18 13.88 55.7 52.2 55.8 54.0 48.0 53.7 49.4 54.5 51.4 49.6 54.2 55.2 46.9 49.7 42.3 46.8 43.5 49.2 43.7 43.8 43.7 45.8 39.8 43.6 84.2 95.2 75.8 86.7 90.6 91.6 88.5 80.4 85.0 92.3 73.4 79.0 . 301 15.83 13.22 52.6 44.0 83.7 1761,9911,2331,0361,988 505 10.179 155 .345 654 .225 348 .331 1,585 635 . 393 230 . 357 775 .251 87 .277 242 .374 1,175 .206 243 .318 A la .............. Conn........... Ga............... Me............... Mass........... N. H ........... N. Y ........... N. C............ P a ............... R . I ............. S. C............. V a ............... 96 6,634 $9.97 18.01 12.56 17.87 18.53 21.10 17.64 13.68 14.24 18.55 11.17 17.55 52 16 348 81 417 96 509 121 1,578 106 177 525 38 15 709 11 173 1,081 242 211 D O F F E R S : M a le . A la ........ Conn— G a.......... M e.......... Mass— N. H .... N. Y .... N . C ___ P a .......... R . I ........ S. C........ V a .......... T o t a l.. 6 4 9 2 14 4 302 $0,228 $12.70 $11.06 61 .318 16.41 16.40 353 .259 14.50 11.38 21 .382 20.44 19.59 418 .403 19.46 17.98 127 .422 22.45 21.08 .380 19.15 17.90 518 .279 15.18 12.19 14 .266 14.12 13.08 89 .419 20.66 20.11 574 .245 13.45 1QL18 139 .311 16.89 14.30 55.7 51.6 56.0 53.5 48.3 53.2 50.4 54.5 53.1 49.3 54.9 54.3 48.5 51.5 43.9 51.2 44.6 50.0 47.1 43.7 49.2 48.0 41.6 46.0 87.1 99.8 78.4 95.7 92.3 94.0 93.5 80.2 92.7 97.4 75.8 84.7 .302 16.16 13.58 53.5 44.9 83.9 104 100 2 21 3 4 19 3 91 2,716 13 250 . . . . 38 267 . . . . 385 49 . . . 73 16 43 *6 2 16 462 . . . . 45 6 566 i25 524 51 735 1,158 . . . . 144 - - - - - D O F F E R S : F e m a le . Conn............ M e............... M ass............ N . H ............ P a ............... R . I ............. S. C............. Other States T o t a l.. 2 5 6 5 4 2 2 2 4 $0.285 $14.9&$14.92 52.4 170 .295 15.93 14.05 54.0 193 .344 16.41 15.20 47.7 46 .357 18.96 17.18 53.1 27 .259 13.36 12.24 51.6 15 • - .453 21.74 21.46 48.0 3 .264 14.52 12.42 55.0 2| .254 14.10| 7.76J 55.5 460 H .324 16.49 14.95 50.9 52.4 100.0 47.6 88.1 44.1 92.5 48.2 90.8 47.1 91.3 47.4 98.8 47.0 85.5 30.5 55.0 46.1 90.6 1 3 170 17 2 176 6 15 9 7 35 14 3 2 20 197 16 219 8 S P O O L E R T E N D E R S : F e m a le . A la .............. Conn........... G a ............... M e............... Mass............ N . H ........... N . Y ............ N .C ............ P a ............... 280!$0,178 105 .291 349 .194 146 .303 693 .353 167 .375 75 .324 438 .239 70 .227 96 .320 543 .188 129 .260 R . I ............. 8. C............. V a ............... T o t a l.. 3,091 $8.09 13.91 8.69 14.99 15.52 18.59 15.08 10.75 9.90 15.04 7.66 12.77 55.8 51.1 55.7 54.0 47.9 53.4 49.1 54.8 50.1 49.4 54.4 55.1 45.5 47.7 44.9 49.4 44.0 49.6 46.6 45.0 43.6 47.0 40.8 49.1 82.1 **i7 87.0 2 95.1 75.0 **3i 89.1 2 .264 13.91 11.84 52.7 44.9 85.2 84 14.87 10.81 16.36 16.91 20.03 15.91 13.10 11.37 15. 81 10.23 14.33 ! 14 • 4 39 14 679 3 10 146 70 97 14 8 74 40 20 22 861 113 61 230 52 278 .... 57 418 .... 3 47 512 127 309 1,617 .... 107 18 WAGES AND HQURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. T able A .— EARNINGS AND HOURS, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND STATE, 1922—-Continued. ONE-WEEK PA Y PERIOD—Continued. N .C ........... s . C............ Other States 9 3 1 T o ta l.. 13 23 $0,302 $16.64 $14.83 4 .200 11.00 10.23 3 .434 26.03 26.03 55.1 55.0 60.0 49.0 88.9 51.3 93.3 60.0 100.0 .304 16.90 15.34 55.6 50.4 30 23 4 90.6 3 27 .... 3 7— 1 21 C R EEL ER S O R T IE R S -IN ; Fem ale. N .C ........... P a.............. S. C............ Other States 4 2 19 3 6 1 T o ta l.. 35 Ga.............. ~M~a.sK............... 8 $0,267 $14.85 $12.49 21 .473 28.39 28.39 58 .318 17.46 15.62 4 .363 19.06 19.06 9 .308 16.94 13.60 1 .280 15.40 15.40 101 .353 19.73 17.98 55.6 60.0 54.9 52.5 55.0 55.0| 46.8 84.2 60.0 100.0 49.1 89.4 52.5 100.0 44.1 80.2 55.0 100.0 1 55.9 50.9 1 91.1 1 3 1 3 57 9 1 74 . . . . W AR PE R T E N D E R S: F em ale. Conn.......... M e............... Mass.......... N .C ........... T ota l... 11 $0,514 $27.60 $26.43 3 3 .420 22.68 22.70 3 171 .583 27.98 26.74 6 100 .422 23.29 20.76 9 5 Other .572 29.69 25.70 28 States 26 313 .538 27.38 25.37 51.5 95.9 — 54.0 100.0 45.9 95.6 . . . . 49.2 89.1 44.9 86.5 . . . . 171 12 2 50.9 47.2 185 5 92.7 . . . . 2 9 53.7 54.0 48.0 55.2 51.9 3 ioo 14 123 22 GENERAL TABLES. T able A .— EARNINGS 19 AND HOURS, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND STATE, 1922—C ontinued. ONE-WEES ?A T PKRIOD—Oontinusd* N um N um A v er ber ber age of of earn estab em ings lish p loy per ments. ees. hour. A v e r Aver- A verage full earn time ings fullearn re tim e ings ceived hours per in one per week. week. Aver* hours w ork ed in one week. N um ber of employees whose full tim e hours per week were— Per cent of full tim e U n work der 48. ed. Over 48 and un der 54. 48 Over 54 57 Over and and un un der 60 60. der 57. 60. 54 B E A M E fi T E N D E R S : Female* Mass........... O thers tates 2 3 23 10.385 $18.46 $16.89 62 .372 19.68 18.00 48.0 52.9 43.9 4a 4 91.5 91.5 T ota l... 5 85 51.5 47.2 91.7 .377 19.42 17.82 23 .... 23 18 43 1 18 43 1 i 26 9 39 S L A S H E R TENDERS: M ale. A la .............. Q a............... Me............... Mass........... N . H ........... N . Y ........... N .C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. S. C............. V a............... 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 19 3 4 18 3 31 $0,271 $15.04 $15.17 16 .519 26.94 26.00 59 .299 16.98 15.66 23 .499 26.95 25.88 147 .564 27.07 27.45 49 .575 30.82 31.20 16 .485 23.81 24.44 66 .360 19.87 18.56 11 .419 21.70 20.85 17 .526 25.62 25.62 87 .260 14.30 12.80 25 .373 20.78 2a 08 55.5 51.9 56.8 54.0 48.0 53.6 49.1 55.2 51.8 4a 7 55.0 55.7 56.0 50.1 52.4 51.9 48.7 54.2 50.4 51.6 49.8 4a 7 49.2 53.8 1<XX9 9a 5 92.3 96.1 101.5 101.1 102.6 93.5 96.1 100.0 89.5 96.6 T o t a l.. 92 547 52.7 5a 9 9a6 Conn.......... .426 22.45 21.69 1 7 4 18 1 1 23 147 8 13 5 36 3 6 5 2 65 15 .... 177 25 70 1 87 20 5 246 6 22 26 — 25 20 .. . . 17 D R A W E R S -IN : Female. A la .............. Conn........... G a............... Me............... M a ss.......... N . H ........... N . Y ........... N .C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. C............. V a ............... 5 4 7 5 13 5 2 14 3 3 14 2 28 39 42 35 215 73 11 47 21 43 80 30 T ota l... 77 664 s. $8.66 19.74 13.21 16.62 1A15 20.46 20.63 13.94 11.18 16:28 9.95 16.35 55.4 52.5 56.7 54.0 48.0 53.3 49.1 55.4 51.3 48.6 54.8 55.3 47.1 85.0 43.8 83.4 49.2 s a 8 * " i 41.9 77.6 43.3 90.2 .. . . 48.8 91.6 49.1 100.0 .. . . 46.9 84.7 43.7 85.2 47.6 99.2 45.5 83.0 *"~2 49.9 90.2 .352 18.23 16.04 51.8 45.6 $10.19 23.68 15.20 21.38 20.11 22.33 20.62 16.45 13.13 ia 4 2 12.00 18.14 88.0 3 14 4 35 2 215 36 37 2 14 7 9 47 43 78 30 281 50 85 226 . . . . 19 ........ W A R P -T Y IN G M A C H IN E T E N D E R S : M ale. A la .............. Conn........... G a ............... M e............... Mass___ N . H ........... N . C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. s. c ............. V a ............... Other States T ota l... 6 4 8 5 13 5 11 2 4 17 3 20 $0,302 $16.70 $15.48 6 .448 23.61 25.47 20 .350 19.78 18.93 11 .470 25.38 25.32 46 .527 25.30 25.36 16 .511 27.44 28.28 22 .372 2a 53 19.35 3 .419 21.49 21.49 8 .557 27.57 27.57 29 .349 19.30 18.88 6 .388 21.46 22.81 55.3 52.7 56.5 54.0 48.0 53.7 55.2 5L3 49.5 55.3 51.3 56.8 54.1 53.8 4ao 55.4 52.0 51.3 49.5 54.1 92.8 107.8 95.8 99.6 io a o 103.2 94.2 io a o 100.0 97.8 55.3 58.8 106.3 1 4 .491 23.57 25.55 48.0 52.0 ioas .... 79 191 .425 22.48 22.18 52.9 52.1 9a5. . . . 1 2 11 46 6 s 13 ..... 2 17 4 14 58 6 22 2 27 4 2 6 2 6 27 90. . . . 10 20 T WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— COTTON GOODS. able A.—E A R N IN G S AN D H O U R S, B Y O CCU PATIO N , S E X , AND ST A T E , 1922—-Continued. ONE-WEEK PA Y PERIOD—Continued. State. N um Num A v e r ber age ber of o f earn estab em ings lish p loy per ments. ees. hou r. A v e r A v e r A v er A v er age age age full earn age hours tim e ings full work tim e earn re ed ings ceived hours in one per in one per week. week. week. week. N um ber of employees whose full tim e hours per week were— Per cent of fu ll tim e Un* work- d e r ed. 48. Over 54 and un der 57. Over 48 54 48 and un der 54. 57 and un 60 Over 60. der 60. L O O M F IX E R S : M ale. A la .............. Conn........... G a ............... M e............... Mass........... N . H ........... N . Y ........... N . C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. s.c.:...... V a ........... T o ta l... , 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 4 4 18 3 55.7 53.2 57.2 54.0 48.2 53.2 50.5 55.2 51.0 49.0 55.8 55.2 51.6 52.4 52.0 53.0 46.8 51.5 49.9 51.1 50.6 48.1 50.7 52.6 92.6 99.2 98.2 90.9 95.3 .500 26.45 25.01 52.9 50.0 94.5 95 2,456 156 44 112 2 188 80.363 820.22 818.74 59 .573 30.48 30.05 206 .353 20.19 18.35 109 .577 31.16 30.58 643 .620 29.88 29.03 253 .628 33.41 32.36 76 .575 29.04 28.66 296 .420 23.18 21.45 35 .465 23.72 23.50 121 .617 30.23 29.66 376 .360 20.09 18.27 94 .475 26.22 24.98 15 90.9 98.1 97.1 626 '* ’ 7 47 .... 7 7 100 795 4 109 4 71 **i69 '* " 6 14 15 295 1 11 16 21 316 94 93 328 1,039 T R IM M E R S AND IN S P E C T O R S : M ale. 3 A la .............. ......... M ars......... N . C ............ P a ............... S. C............. OtherStates 5 2 T o t a l .. 28 4 2 9 3 21 80.171 8 .216 5 .365 22 .265 6 .447 12 .207 4 .347 78 88.45 11.20 17.20 12.52 23.70 10.85 17.44 55.0 54.9 48.0 55.5 53.0 55.0 50.0 49.3 89.6 51.9 94.5 47.1 98.1 47.2 85.0 53.0 100.0 52.3 95.1 50.2 100.4 .251 13.63 12.44 54.3 49.6 89.41 11.86 17.52 14.71 23.69 11.39 17.35 .... 91.3 .... 1 21 7 5 i 22 5 12 1 3 9 T R IM M E R S AN D IN S P E C T O R S : Fem ale. 6 63 .... .... .... 30 90 1,3 ........ .... 1 9 23 28 9 157 28 21 GENERAL TABLES, T able A.—EARNINGS AND HOURS, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND STATE, 1922—Concluded. ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD—Concluded. State. N um ber of estab lish ments. N um ber of em ploy ees. Aver age earn ings per hour. Aver A ver A ver age age age tim e ings tim e earn re ings ceived hours per in one per week. week. week. O T H E R E M P L O Y E E S : Fem ale. TWO-WEEK PAY PERIOD. State. N um N um Aver ber o f ber of age estab em earn lish p loy ings per ments. ees. hour. Aver Aver age age Aver Averfull earn age age time ings tail- hours earn re tim e work ings ceived hours ed in in in in tw o tw o tw o tw o weeks weeks weeks weeks N um ber o f em ployees whose full-time hours per week were— Per cent of fulltim e Un work der ed. 48. Over 48 48 and un der 64. 54 Over 54 and un der 57. 57 and un 60 Over 60. der 60. W E A V E R S : M ale. A la .............. Conn........... G a ............... M e............... Mass........... N . H ........... N . Y ............ N . C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. S. C............. V a ............... T o t a l .. 6 426 10.255 $28.46 $24.66 4 464 .452 45.83 42.72 9 610 .282 32.01 24.49 5 325 .471 50.87 46.85 14 1,967 .460 44.48 40.95 5 434 .466 49.26 44.31 2 263 .455 46.59 41.93 21 1,050 .350 38.54 31.71 4 63 .340 34.27 30.28 4 321 .454 44.54 40.31 18 1,104 .286 31.46 24.11 3 383 .403 44.49 35.13 95 7,410 111.6 101.4 113.5 108.0 96.7 105.7 102.4 110.1 100.8 98.1 110.0 110.4 96.6 94.5 86.8 99.5 89.1 95.1 92.1 90.5 88.9 88.9 84.3 87.1 86.6 286 93.2 76.4 92.1 3 1,888 92.1 90.0 27 138 89.9 82.2 * *7 28 88.1 266 90.6 76.6 ’ *3 78.9 .389 40.88 35.02 105.1 90.0 85.6 5 14 325 17 103 15 281 32 347 178 382 74 214 59 23 93 1,039 4 20 55 1,101 383 40 2,606 140 13 727 3,546 .... 351 ........ W E A V E R S : F e m a le . A la .............. Conn........... G a ............... Me............... Mass........... N . H ........ N . Y ........... N . C ............ P a ............... R . I ............. S. C............. V a ............... T o t a l.. 6 327 $0,231 $25.76 $21.12 4 367 .404 41.05 37.74 9 386 .274 31.07 23.67 5 437 .419 45.25 41.73 14 2,856 .415 39.84 36.58 5 1,169 .428 45.97 42.44 2 193 .416 41.27 39.12 21 647 .313 34.49 28.36 4 174 .324 32.85 30.96 4 367 .405 40.05 34.72 566 .260 28.55 21.02 18 3 155 .368 40.59 32.90 95 7,644 253 147 248 132 636 1 111.5 101.6 113.4 108.0 96.0 107.4 99.2 110.2 101.4 98.9 109.8 110.3 91.4 93.5 86.4 99.7 88.1 99.2 94.1 90.7 95.6 85.7 80.7 89.3 82.0 92.0 220 76.2 92.3 91.8 15 2,841 92.4 9 141 94.9 82.3 **io 94.3 54 86.7 279 73.5 *7 81.0 153 1,007 52 .380 39.18 34.44 103.1 90.7 88.0 228 1,648 1,998 41 3,535 6 437 62 61 58 88 559 155 .... 194 T able B .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR FOR SPINNERS AND WEAVERS, BY SEX AND STATE, 1922. to N um ber o f em ployees whose earnings per hour were— Occupation, sex, and State. 6 4 9 5 14 2 21 Rhnrlfl T,slanrl Smith Carolina Virginia...................................... Total Spinners, m ule, m ale: riftnnftptimit Mflinfi MftQSftphl1«fitt<! New Ham pshire....................... Other States.............................. Total Weavers, m ale: Alabama Conn fioti out............................. Cfiorgia . . . Afaino Mas<;aph17softs N p.ot TTampjshirfi Now Vorlr North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island........................ South Carolina Virginia...................................... T ota l....................................... Weavers, female: Alabama ............................... Connecticut............................... 4 4 19 3 96 3 3 3 2 11 505 155 654 348 1,585 635 230 775 87 242 1,175 243 6,634 $0,179 .345 .225 .331 .386 .393 .357 .251 .277 .374 .206 .318 56 36 108 .550 .501 .751 20 .563 .638 220 12 16 14 20 25 40 50 10 18 30 70 90 60 80 1A and and and and and and and cents $1 ilU $1.25 and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under under under under and under and 18 14 16 25 30 50 60 80 12 20 40 over. 70 90 under $1. 25. u6lits >cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. $1. 16 24 52 76 15 12 2 16 3 35 2 6 10 2 35 3 84 46 3 130 23 1 1 86 12 * 1 44 .301 18 3 426 464 610 325 1,967 434 263 1,050 63 321 1,104 383 95 7,410 .255 .452 .282 .471 .460 .466 .455 .350 .340 .454 .286 .403 .389 6 4 327 367 .231 .404 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 4 4 121 4 98 5 4 3 99 8 2 70 5 2 240 6 250 557 46 143 8 209 40 34 21 15 267 26 4 485 24 1,276 20 22 182 70 115 32 16 193 30 13 153 45 891 97 51 151 672 286 164 155 24 127 18 115 1,860 ____ 1 1 ===== = 1 = 6 224 53 2 36 2 1 1 1 2 1 = ===== = 16 15 26 2 5 19 17 5 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 26 1 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 9 16 36 2 ■■ 147 13 147 3 30 3 2 80 3 3 232 18 21 1 71 710 270 32 5 1 84 1 37 1,232 2 49 25 1 13 17 19 24 15 3 18 3 2 32 39 13 1 16 58 3 26 32 39 13 110 36 1 3 124 462 101 50 15 1 73 16 160 52 1 1 19 6 3 18 1 1 3 2 26 33 6 1 1 50 123 18 198 23 85 27 5 152 11 10 383 30 89 104 204 53 479 90 44 537 30 59 378 119 6 173 15 103 724 153 160 235 13 139 44 187 1 6 1 85 1 ___ ===== = ----- 2 4 14 33 60 124 681 1,065 2,186 1,952 962 285 2 2 4 2 5 1 22 2 20 2 39 5 116 16 85 26 33 117 1 129 58 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H O U R S OF LABOR ----- CO TTON GOODS. 5 Number Average earnings of emplovees. per hour. WAGES AND Spinners, fram e, f emale: Num ber of establishlii6u Lb. 9 5 14 Georgia............... Maine................... Massachusetts... N ew Hampshire. N ew Y o r k .......... N orth Carolina.. P enn sylvania... B hode I s la n d ... South Carolina.. Virginia............... T otal................ 5 2 21 4 4 18 3 95 386 437 2,856 1,169 193 647 174 367 566 155 7,644 .274 .419 .415 .428 .416 .313 .324 .405 .260 .368 .380 4 20 1 5 3 2 1 2 6 3 11 11 118 6 66 91 32 183 34 3 68 8 14 9 100 20 8 21 1 121 15 167 11 169 37 26 208 15 672 948 8 1 3 4 13 3 7 4 4 9 5 13 20 25 53 79 123 125 976 361 75 302 73 10 78 182 1,185 475 85 48 28 144 4 46 2,472 2,337 88 121 379 189 21 4 3 54 103 793 T able C.—A VE RA G E AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS W O RKED IN P A Y P E R IO D FOR SPINNERS AND W EAVERS WHO M ADE AS M ANY STARTS AS THE MILLS O PERATED IN P A Y PE R IO D , B Y S E X AND STATE, 1922. ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD. Occupation, sex, and State. N um ber o f estab lish Num Average Num Average actual ments. ber. full-time ber. hours per hours. pay period. Spinners, fram e, fem ale: A labam a..................... Connecticut............... Georgia....................... M aine......................... Massachusetts........... N ew Ham pshire___ N ew Y o r k .................. N orth Carolina.......... Pennsylvania............ B hode Island............ South Carolina.......... Virginia...................... T o ta l..................... Spinners, m ule, m ale: Connecticut........... Maine...................... Massachusetts........ Other States.......... T otal. Employees work ing total starts m ill operated. 88 N um ber o f employees who m ade as m an y starts as m ill operated and whose hours in a one-week p a y period were— 16 and un der 20 and un der 20. 24. 24 and un der 28. 28 and un der 32. 32 and un der 34. 34 and un der 36. 36 and un der 38. 38 and un der 40. 40 and un der 42. 42 and un der 44. 44 46 and and un un der der 46 48 48 438 155 654 348 1,585 635 230 603 69 242 1,175 243 55.8 52.2 55.8 54.0 48.0 53.7 49.4 54.6 51.7 49.6 54.2 55.2 284 234 1,157 443 180 348 40 193 471 6,377 52.5 3,771 50.4 56 36 108 51.0 54.0 48.0 48.0 51 30 98 31 10 51.0 54.0 47.9 48.0 49.8 189 49.6 136 10 210 188 121 112 Over 48 and un der 50. 52 50 and and un un der d er 52. 54. Over 54 56 and 54 and un un der der 58. 56. 22 55.4 53.5 51.7 53.9 47.8 53.3 48.1 51.4 52.1 49.9 48.4 54.2 58 and un der 60. 15 34 15 34 GENERAL TABLES, A ll employees. 1,110 1 14 142 7 24 21 30 213 20 825 35 55 129 4 41 111 134 1,415 28 165 104 691 19 30 95 10 19 to CO T able C .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL HOURS WORKED IN PAY PERIOD FOR SPINNERS AND WEAVERS WHO to MADE AS MANY STARTS AS THE MILLS OPERATED IN PAY PERIOD, BY SEX AND STATE, 1922—Concluded. ^ TWO-WEEK PAY PERIOD. Employees working total starts mill operated. Number of employees who worked as many starts as mill operated and whose hours in a two-week pay period were— Spinners, frame, female: North Carolina Pennsylvania. Other States.. 172 18 67 108.8 100 7 110.0 13 1 110.8 Total 8 257 108.6 56 105.6 Spinners, mule, male: All Statp.s 1 10 108.0 5 105.0 6 426 464 610 325 1,967 111. 6 209 390 209 274 1,639 110.3 99.7 109.0 107.8 96.5 106.4 102.4 105.2 99.5 98.2 107.0 109.9 102.0 Weavers, male: Aiahama Connecticut. (reorpia Mpinp. Massachusetts New Hamp shire New York.. . . North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island. South Carolina Virginia Total.......... 4 9 5 14 5 101*. 4 113.5 108.0 96.7 31 12 4 4 18 3 434 263 1 050 ’ 63 321 1,104 383 98.1 110.*0 110.4 334 206 509 48 216 298 149 95 7,410 105.1 4,481 2 21 105.7 102.4 110.1 100.8 64 68 72 76 80 and and and and and un un un un un der der der der der 68. 72. 76. 80. 84. 84 88 92 and and and un un un der der der 88. 92. 96. 1 106.2 98.5 1 1 1 96 2 1 1 7 4 7 Over 96 and un der 100. 1 1 100 and un der 104. 6 1 2 3 240 12 3 1 3 11 1,573 7 111 5 49 1 6 2 1 2 6 1 2 1 3 14 26 174 1 1 13 64 31 5 49 4 18 3 14 17 1 31 2,136 2 2 2 3 8 25 2 11 1 7 1 1 1 8 78 1 3 269 3 4 2 3 153 82 3 112 1 25 33 5 5 33 1 18 225 24 66 2 353 56 191 127 14 9 1,102 76 20 7 2 1 12 6 24 52 7 24 149 177 .1 3 Over 115 110 Over and and 120 120. un un der der 115. 120. 4 1 12 12 2 Over 108 108 and un 110 der 110. 1 1 1 104 and un der 108. 40 1 574 1 2 38 64' 5 GOODS, 5 2 1 60 and un der 64. H O U R S OF LABOR ----- CO TTON Number of Occupation, sex, estab Over 52 56 and State. Average Aver lish 48 and and ments. Num age Num actual 48 and un un full hours un der ber. time ber. per pay der 56. der 60. period. hours. 52. W AGES AND All em ployees. Weavers, female: Alabama....... Connecticut.. Georgia.......... Maine............ Massachusetts New Hamp shire........... New York___ North Carolina Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina Virginia......... 6 4 9 5 14 327 367 386 437 2,856 111.5 101.6 113.4 108.0 96.0 131 309 137 359 2,302 5 2 21 4 4 18 ‘3 1,169 193 647 174 367 566 155 107.4 99.2 110.2 101.4 98.9 109.8 110.3 959 168 327 136 241 164 68 107.4 99.1 107.2 il 101.1 99.0 107.0 110.0 Total....... 95 7,644 103.1 5,301 101.3 il 110.0 99.5 109.8 107.7 95.9 1 2 1 5 2 1 11 1 193 4 1 7 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 3 18 1 3 2 2 "*i* 2 1 3 16 11 55 19 1 6 1 7 1 8 124 4 3 32 10 5 10 42 1 12 139 1 1 1 354 3 1 90 59 74 3 255 32 99 63 4 640 39 15 22 10 13 2,269 5 1 1 122 51 177 1 20 2,818 821 44 1 47 62 1 191 1,331 5 1 23 25 1Under 48. G ENERAL TABLES, to OX T able D.—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED ACTUAL EARNINGS IN PAY PERIOD FOR SPINNERS AND WEAVERS WHO MADE to AS MANY STARTS AS THE MILLS OPERATED IN PAY PERIOD, BY SEX AND STATE, 1922. & ONE-WEEK PAY PERIOD. Spinners, frame, fe male: Alabama............. Connecticut......... Georgia................ $9.81 188 121 17.95 284 12.58 17.80 234 18.52 1,157 21.04 443 180 17.69 11.91 348 40 14.75 18.58 193 11.17 471 17.67 112 $9.66 18.78 U35 17.72 18.52 21.09 17.13 13.23 15.56 18.56 9.91 16.00 no 88 6,377 15.43 3,771 16.09 10685 176 226 230 219 174 237 284 108 10 26.48 27.03 36.04 28.49 29.62 27.22 36.04 28.49 210 31.59 32.51 Massachusetts__ New Hampshire.. New York............ North Carolina... Pennsylvania...... Rhode Island...... South Carolina... Virginia............... Spinners, mule, male: Connecticut......... Maine................... Massachusetts__ Other States... Total__ $10 $11 $12 $13 $14 $15 $16 $17 $18 $19 $20 $22 $24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $42 $44 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and $46 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. $11. $12. $13. $14. $15. $16. $17. $18. $19. $20. $22. $24. $26. $28. $30. $32. $34. $36. $38. $40. $42. $44. $46. 438 155 654 348 1,585 635 230 603 69 242 1,175 243 Mflina................... Total................ Number of employees who worked as many starts as mill operated and whose earnings in a one-week pay period were— 56 10 1Includes 96 under $10. 8Includes 2 under $10. «Includes 85 under $10. 4 includes 5 under $10. 11.66 24 15 «106 6 18 6 14 7 73 4 »7 9305 69 13 491 232 110 25 12 13 16 11 10 14 15 28 31 5 includes 7 under $10. «Includes 3 under $10. 1 1ncludes 51 under $10. 15 14 13 16 11 10 8 Includes 6 under $10. »Includes 231 under $10. » Includes 493 under $10. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— ^COTTON GOODS. Employees work ing total starts All employees. mill operated. Num ber Occupation, sex, and of Average State. Average lish- Num full-time actual earnings ments. ber. earnings Num ber. per pay per pay period. penod. TW O-W EEK P A Y PERIOD . O ccupation , sex, and State. Spinners, fram e, fem ale: N orth C arolina............................ Pennsylvania............................... Other States................................. W eavers, fem ale: A labam a....................................... C onnecticut.................................. Georgia.......................................... M aine............................................ M assachusetts.............................. N ew H am pshire.......................... N ew Y o rk .................................... N orth C arolina............................ Pennsylvania............................... R hode Island............................... South C arolina............................ V irginia......................................... T otal.......................................... 5 2 1 8 172 18 67 257 $28.15 24.74 22.11 26.21 31 12 13 56 $28.25 24.86 21.96 26.05 1 10 57.67 5 57.47 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 4 4 18 3 426 464 610 325 1,967 434 263 1,050 63 321 1,104 383 209 390 209 274 1,639 334 206 509 48 216 298 149 95 7,410 28.57 45.76 31.99 50.78 44.27 49.35 46.60 38.46 34.38 44.38 31.52 44.47 40.33 28.34 45.08 31.53 50.96 44.93 50.03 47.12 37.38 34.34 45.05 31.03 41.08 42.38 6 4 9 5 14 5 2 21 4 4 18 3 327 367 386 437 2,856 1,169 193 647 174 367 566 155 7,644 25.81 40.82 31.02 45.30 39.91 46.03 41.29 34.36 32.79 39.97 28.57 40.65 131 309 137 359 2,302 959 168 327 136 241 164 68 5,301 95 38.73 4,481 8 Includes 3 under $10. .... 1 1 __ 1 *T 1 3 1 2 1 7 1 4 7 3 3 2 4 5 7 16 8 3 2 13 36 7 23 2 9 60 9 28 1 42 4 3 2 2 1 .... 1 114 5 2 1 .... 1 9 1 1 1 .... 1 1 2 1 __ 1 2 25.37 H I 40.68 3 30.60 *T 45.26 ‘ T 40.15 46.53 41.44 34.22 2 33.51 40.38 U 2 "2 28.38 39.06 i 40.20 1 68 7 ‘T 1 2 2 4 17 2 2 7 3 4 1 1 20 2 3 26 20 125 260 11 3 4 6 2 1 1 1 4 *3* 11 19 45 9 4 58 1 1 7 1 5 39 3 1 44 26 21 4 3 19 29 60 43 68 58 39 20 19 49 47 34 11 8 13 11 17 20 28 37 43 52 36 82 155 227 298 229 215 161 95 77 12 25 21 32 55 51 41 26 22 8 5 23 28 57 50 34 52 91 94 101 71 24 8 1 6 3 1 7 6 12 12 12 35 37 37 25* 24 14 10 80 70 41 11 4 2 7 32 28 27 35 19 1 376 509 613, 618 599 481 352 216 164 32 34 26 1 1 9 5 5 13 23 34 53 64 37 30 14 27 29 23 26 7 1 6 21 34 40 48 55 *58* 5 32 103 224 361 397 434 377 210 8 18 32 60 95 176 162 148 2 1 7 14 45 33 44 17 21 41 49 73 64 44 24 2 10 19 19 32 17 12 13 5 8 13 18 33 41 39 25 27 4 23 40 46 25 9 3 2 4 1 23 16 8 13 159 318 495 721 808 870 755 501 u Under $10. 24 1 42 97 115 4 1 1 22 6 9 8 32 21 3 10 17 1 2 2 69 42 10 1 2 2 24 46 55 21 9 52 4 5 31 1 6 .... 1 6 3 1 1 308 141 87 43 10 2 3 5 *T 10 3 1 .... 1 1 2 GENERAL TABLES, T ota l........................................... Spinners, m ule, m ale: A ll States...................................... W eavers, m ale: A labam a....................................... C onnecticu t.................................. Georgia.......................................... M aine............................................ M assachusetts.............................. N ew H am pshire.......................... N ew Y ork ..................................... N orth C arolina............................ Pennsylvania............................... R hode Island............................... South C arolina............................ V irginia......................................... T otal........................................... E m ployees w ork N um ber of em ployees w ho w orked as m any starts as m ill operated and whose earnings in a A ll em ployees. ing total starts tw o-w eek p ay period were— m ill operated. Num ber of Average $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $24 $28 $32 $36 $40 $44 $48 $52 $56 $60 $64 $68 $72 $76 $80 $84 $10 estab actual Average lish , Num Num earnings and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and full-tim e un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un m ents. ber. earnings. ber. per der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der pay^ $12. $14. $16. $18. $20. $24. $28. $32. $36. $40. $44. $48. $52. $56. $60. $64. $68. $72. $76. $80. $84. $88. period. 1 1 1 to ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION M A Y BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS G O VERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE W A SH IN G TO N , D . C. AT 5 CENTS PER COPY PURCHASER AG R EES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS COPY FOR PROFIT.— P U B . R E S. 5 7 , APPROVED M A Y 11, 1922
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