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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . N . DOAK, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \
BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IST IC S/
WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
.
.
LABOR
.
.
CQO
llO . OOU
SERIES
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN
C0TT0N-G00DS MANUFACTURING
1910 TO 1930
JUNE, 1931
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1931
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington* D. C.
-
Price 10 cents
CONTENTS
Page
Average hours and earnings, 1910 to 1930_________________________ ____
Average hours and earnings, 1928 and 1930, by sex and State____________
Average and classified earnings per hour, 1910 to 1930, by occupation----Full-time hours per week and per day, 1910 to 1930____________________
Changes in hours since July 1, 1928--------------------------------------------------Changes in wage rates since July 1, 1928-------------------------------------------Overtime and Sunday and holiday work, 1930________________________
Bonus systems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1930-----------------Importance of the industry-------------------------------------------------------------Prices and index numbers of cotton and cotton goods__________________
Scope and method___ ______________________________________________
General tables_____________________________________________________
T a b l e A.—Average number of d a y s on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1930, by occu
pation, sex, and State________ ._______________________________
T a b l e B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified
occupations, 1930, by sex and State---------------------------------------T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week hi 10
specified occupations, 1930, by sex and State----------------------------
m
1
8
10
14
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
28
29
37
42
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
n o.
539
WASHINGTON
ju n e ,
1931
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN COTTON-GOODS
MANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1930
This bulletin reports the results of a study made in 1930 by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of hours and earnings of wage earners in
the cotton-goods manufacturing industry in the United States, and
also summary figures for studies in each of the years from 1910 to
1914 and in each of the even-numbered years from 1916 to 1928.
Studies were not made in the odd years, 1915 to 1929.
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1910 TO 1930
Summaries of average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time earnings per week for 1930 and for each of the specified
years from 1910 to 1928 are presented in Table 1. Industry averages
and index numbers of the same, with the 1913 average as the base or
100 per cent, are given at the beginning of the table and are followed
by like figures for the wage earners in each of the important occupa
tions in the industry and also for the group of “ other employees,”
which includes wage earners in all occupations other than those
referred to as important occupations.
Full-time hours for the industry, or the 90,053 wage earners included
in the 1930 study, averaged 53.4 per week or the same as for the
88,006 covered in 1928. Earnings per hour averaged 32.5 cents in
1930 and 32.4 cents in 1928, and full-time earnings per week for the
industry averaged $17.36 in 1930 and $17.30 in 1928.
The industry averages for the years from 1910 to 1914 are a com
bination of the figures of the wage earners in the selected occupations
only and are comparable one year with another. Those for the speci
fied years from 1914 to 1930 are for the wage earners in all occupations
in the industry and are also comparable one year with another, but
should not be compared with the 1910 to 1914 averages for the wage
earners in the selected occupations.
The index numbers are for the purpose of having continuous and
comparable figures one year with another over the entire period from
1910 to 1930. The indexes for the years 1910 to 1914 for selected
occupations are simple percentages. Those for all occupations for 1916
and each of the specified succeeding years to 1930 were computed by
increasing or decreasing the 1914 index for selected occupations in
proportion to the increase or decrease in the averages for all occupa
tions as between 1914 and the specified succeeding years. Indexes are
also shown for each of the occupations in the table for which 1913
averages are available, the average for that year being the base or
100 per cent.
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Average full-time hours per week for the industry decreased from
an index of 102.1 in 1910 to 98.4 in 1914; increased to 98.6 in 1916 and
to 97.0 in 1918; dropped to 89.7 in 1920—a decrease in the two years
of 7.5 per cent. There was then a gradual increase from year to year
to 92.5 in 1928 and 1930. Average earnings per hour increased from
an index of 87.5 in 1910 to 323.5 in 1920, the year of short hours and
peak earnings; decreased to 222.4 in 1922, a drop of 31.3 per cent in
the two years; increased to 250.7 in 1924; decreased to 221.0 in 1926
and to 218.3 in 1928. The index then increased to 219.0 in 1930.
Average full-time earnings per week did not increase or decrease in
the same proportion as average earnings per hour because of the change
from year to year in average full-time hours.
By occupations, average full-time hours of males in 1930 ranged
from 48.5 for mule spinners to 55.5 for frame spinners, and of females
ranged from 49.8 for drawing-in machine tenders to 53.9 for creelers.
In 1928 average full-time hours of males ranged from 48.3 for mule
spinners to 57.8 for frame spinners, and of females ranged from 49.6
for slubber tenders to 54.0 for creelers.
By occupations, average earnings per hour of males in 1930 ranged
from 21 cents for spooler tenders to 67.4 cents for mule spinners, and
of females ranged from 24.8 cents for trimmers or inspectors to 40.8
cents for drawing-in machine tenders. In 1928 averages of males
ranged from 22.4 cents for spooler tenders to 62.7 cents for mule
spinners, and of females ranged from 23.9 cents for creelers to 44.2
cents for beamer tenders.
By occupations, average full-time earnings per week of males in
1930 ranged from $11.61 for spooler tenders to $32.69 for mule
spinners, and of females ranged from $13.04 for trimmers or inspectors
to $20.32 for drawing-in machine tenders. In 1928 averages of males
ranged from $12.30 for spooler tenders to $30.28 for mule spinners,
and of females from $12.72 for trimmers or inspectors to $22.67 for
beamer tenders.
T a b l e 1 . — Average
hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1980, by
occupation, sex, and year
THE INDUSTRY
Index numbers
'Aver
Aver
(1913=100.0)
Num Num
age
Aver
age
full
full
ber of ber of
age
Full
Full
estab wage
earn
time
time
Earn
time
time
lish earners hours ings per earn
hours
ings
per
earn
ments
hour ings per
per
hour ings per
per
week
week
week
week
Ocoupation and sex
Year
Selected occupations...............
1910
1911
1912
1913
11914
59
88
88
88
90
20,725
34,397
35,941
36,498
36,578
58.5
58.4
57.4
57.3
56.4
$0.140
.144
.158
.160
.165
$8.16
8.36
9.00
9.12
9.24
102.1
101.9
100.2
100.0
98.4
87.5
90.0
98.8
100.0
103.1
89.5
91.7
98.7
100.0
101.3
All occupations „
*1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
90
106
106
96
97
114
151
158
162
78,582
85,233
81,121
59,548
62,833
77,995
82,982
88,006
90,053
56.8
56.9
56.0
51.8
52.8
53.0
53.3
53.4
53.4
.153
.179
.267
.480
.330
.37?
.328
.324
.325
8.63
10.08
14.95
24.86
17.42
19.72
17.48
17.30
17.36
98.6
97.0
89.7
91.5
91.8
92.3
92.5
92.5
120.6
179.9
323.5
222.4
250.7
221.0
218.3
219.0
118.3
175.5
291.8
204.5
231.5
205.2
203.1
203.8
1 Two sets of averages are shown for 1914 for the industry: one for selected occupations and the other for
all occupations in the industry. The 1910 to 1914 figures for selected occupations only are comparable
one year with another, as are those for all occupations one year with another from 1914 to 1930.
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING,
T able
1910-193 0
3
1.— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1980, by
occupation, sex, and year—Continued
BY OCCUPATIONS
Occupation and sex
Picker tenders:
Card tenders and strippers:
Card grinders:
Drawing-frame tenders:
Male............... - ................
Female..............................
Slubber tenders:
Male__________________
Female______________ __
Year
Index numbers
(1913=100.0)
Aver
Aver
Num Num
age
Aver
age
full
ber of
age
full
estab ber of
earn
Full
Full
time
time
wage hours
lish earners
ings per earn
Earn time
time
ments
per
hour ings per hours ings per earn
week
week
per
hour ings per
week
week
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
93
95
114
161
157
160
919
777
1,048
964
1,171
1,005
52.3
53.1
53.6
54.1
54.5
53.8
$0,436
.305
.331
.297
.282
.284
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
96
96
114
151
157
160
1,1*56
1,096
1,367
1,644
1,757
1,742
52.9
53.5
53.6
54.1
54.2
53.8
.471
.325
.356
.322
.814
.§14
24.92
17.39
19.08
17.42
17.02
16.89
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
92
94
Hi
147
149
155
355
332
418
475
507
542
52.5
52.9
52.9
53.7
53.9
53.7
.590
.424
.470
.414
.407
.403
30.98
22.43
24.86
22.23
21.94
21.64
1910
1911 .
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
56
84
84
82
76
82
84
75
79
96
123
135
140
436
750
723
624
660
681
515
567
552
762
822
987
916
59.5
59.5
57.9
58.0
57.9
58.4
57.3
54.1
53.8
54.9
55.0
54.9
54.3
.096
.097
.108
.109
.116
.126
.199
.427
.270
.295
.279
.282
.280
5.70
5.73
6.22
6.31
6.66
7.32
11.37
23.10
14.53
16.20
15.35
15.48
15.20
102.6
102.6
99.8
100.0
99.8
100.7
98.8
93.3
92.8
94.7
94.8
94.7
93.6
88.1
89.0
99.1
100.0
106.4
115.6
182.6
391.7
247.7
270.6
256.0
258.7
256.9
90.3
90.8
98.6
100.0
105.5
116.0
180.2
366.1
230.3
256.7
•243.3
245.3
240.9
1910
1911
1932
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
27
45
45
32
32
43
55
52
49
55
68
58
62
359
502
525
594
574
660
818
693
623
653
682
667
595
58.2
57.8
57.0
56.7
55.5
55.6
54.8
50.5
51.5
51.3
51.9
52.5
52.6
.090
.095
.110
.115
.118
.138
.209
.371
.276
.311
.281
.272
.278
5.20
5.46
6.23
6.50
6.51
7.53
11.40
18.74
14.21
15.95
14.58
14.28
14.62
102.6
101.9
100.5
100.0
97.9
98.1
96.6
89.1
90.8
90.5
91.5
92.6
92.8
78.3
82.6
95.7
100.0
102.6
118.3
181.7
322.6
240.0
270.4
244.3
236.5
241.7
80. Q
84.0
95.8
100.0
100.2
115.8
175.4
288.3
218.6
245.4
224.3
219.7
224.9
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
100
103
92
92
112
148
155
159
834
766
695
689
859
1,091
1,104
1,106
57.5
56.7
53.0
53.5
53.5
54.3
54.5
54.1
.192
.307
.551
.390
.421
.377
.365
.365
11.21
17.22
29.20
20.87
22.52
20.47
19.89
19.75
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
13
17
11
15
9
11
11
12
60
74
52
73
37
52
42
25
54.2
54.1
49.0
50.1
50.8
50.1
49.6
50.7
.188
.257
.499
.388
.448
.398
.403
.390
10.18
13.89
24.45
19.44
22.76
19.94
19.99
19.77
$22.80
16.20 **
17.74
16.07
15.37
15.28
4
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOB
T able
1.—Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1980, by
occupation, sea?, and 2/ear— Continued
BY OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Occupation and sex
Speeder tenders:
Male...................... : .........
Female..............................
Spinners, mule:
Male..................................
Spinners, frame:
Male.................................
Female..............................
Year
Index numbers
(1913=100.0)
Aver
Aver
Aver
Num Num
age
age
full
full
age
ber of ber of
earn
Full
Full
estab wage
time
time
Earn
lish
hours ings per earn
time
time
ments earners per
hour ings per hours ings per earn
week
per
week
hour ings per
week
week
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
32
62
62
61
58
95
98
87
90
109
139
147
152
426
623
666
745
799
1,739
1,478
1,506
1,745
2,177
2,545
2,913
2,939
61.4
61.2
59.7
59.8
59.3
58.5
58.2
54.2
54.1
54.3
55.1
55.1
54.8
$0,131
.135
.142
.145
.153
.174
.265
.533
.358
.394
.343
.345
.343
$8.03
8.24
8.47
8.72
9.04
10.13
15.28
28.89
19.37
21.39
18.90
19.01
18.80
102.7
102.3
99.8
100.0
99.2
97.8
97.3
90.6
90.5
90.8
92.1
92.1
91.6
90.3
93.1
97.9
100.0
105.5
120.0
182.8
367.6
246.9
271.7
236.6
237.9
236.6
92.1
94.5
97.1
100.0
103.7
116.2
175.2
331.3
222.1
245.3
216.7
218.0
215.6
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
57
82
82
79
79
95
100
82
89
105
124
127
133
1,175
1,753
1,784
1,946
2,001
2,986
3,214
2,476
2,372
2,703
2,950
2,995
2,971
57.8
57.9
56.6
56.5
55.8
55.6
55.0
50.2
51.0
51.2
51.0
51.2
51.3
.133
.136
.149
.153
.155
.188
.277
.486
.369
.411
.368
.859
.349
7.68
7.86
8.42
8. 61
8. 61
10.38
15.10
24.40
18.82
21.04
18.77
18. 38
17.90
102.3
102.5
100.2
100.0
98.8
98.4
97.3
88.8
90.3
90.6
90.3
90.6
90.8
86.9
88.9
97.4
100.0
101.3
122.9
181.0
317.6
241.2
268.6
240.5
234.6
228.1
89.2
91.3
97.8
100.0
100.0
120.6
175.4
283.4
218.6
244.4
218.0
213.5
207.9
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
14
16
16
16
14
17
17
14
11
8
8
13
8
222
288
266
258
245
334
303
253
220
186
200
316
163
57.0
56.8
55.7
55.6
54.9
54.7
54.3
48.9
50.0
49.1
48.4
48.3
48.5
.219
.255
.279
.281
.291
.345
.487
.826
.638
.746
.656
.627
.674
12.50
14.44
15.48
15.58
15.95
18.85
26.40
40.39
31.90
36.63
31.75
30.28
32.69
102.5
102.2
100.2
100.0
98.7
98.4
97.7
87.9
89.9
88.3
87.1
86.9
87.2
77.9
90.7
99.3
100.0
103.6
122.8
173.3
294.0
227.0
265.5
233.5
223.1
239.9
80.2
92.7
99.4
100.0
102.4
121.0
169.4
259.2
204.7
235.1
203.8
194.4
209.8
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
36
46
49
49
38
41
53
34
49
64
54
43
48
261
700
564
530
483
489
383
345
547
906
561
487
623
57.2
57.2
56.7
56.9
54.7
56.6
54.3
50.7
53.4
53.2
55.1
57.8
55.5
.120
.126
.144
.143
.150
.164
.248
.475
.292
.369
.289
.339
.322
6.83
7.18
8.14
8.07
8.19
9.21
13.48
24.08
15.59
19.63
15.92
19.59
17.87
100.5
100.5
99.6
100.0
96.1
99.5
95.4
89.1
93.8
93.5
96.8
101.6
97.5
83.9
88.1
100.7
100.0
104.9
114.7
173.4
332.2
204.2
258.0
202.1
237.1
225.2
84.6
89.0
100.9
100.0
101.5
114.1
167.0
298.4
193.2
243.2
197.3
242.8
221.4
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
59
88
88
90
90
104
105
95
96
114
151
158
162
3,704
5,981
6,364
6,762
6,906
7,706
7,752
6,330
6,634
8,314
9,684
10,418
10,420
59.0
59.1
58.0
57.8
56.9
57.2
56.1
51.8
52.6
53.1
53.5
52.9
53.5
.108
.111
.124
.128
.132
.149
.233
.427
.301
.319
.282
.276
.266
6.33
6.51
6.98
7.33
7.45
8.24
12.89
22.12
15.83
16.94
15.09
14.60
14.23
102.1
102.2
100.3
100.0
98.4
99.0
97.1
89.6
91.0
91.9
92.6
91.5
92.6
84.4
86.7
96.9
100.0
103.1
116.4
182.0
333.6
235.2
249.2
220.3
215.6
207.8
86.4
88.8
95.2
100.0
101.6
112.4
175.9
301.8
216.0
231.1
205.9
199.2
194.1
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 30
5
1*—Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1930, by
occupation, sex, and year—Continued
T able
B Y OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Occupation and sex
Doffers:
Male.
Female..
Spooler tenders:
Male............
Female.
Creelers:
Male.
Female..
Warper tenders:
Male............
Female..
42924°—31----- 2
Year
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
Index numbers
(1913® 100.0)
AverAverAver
Num Num
age
ber of ber of
Full
earn
estab wage
time
Full
time
hours ings per earn
lish
time
Earn
time
hour ings per hours ings per earn
ments earners per
week
per
week
hour ings per
week
week
99
89
91
109
146
164
168
3,206
2,857
2,717
2,716
3,133
3,657
3,945
4,114
57.6
56.1
53.1
53.5
54.0
54.2
54.6
54.1
$0,139
.231
.453
.302
.334
.307
.311
.315
$8.15
12.87
24.05
16.16
18.04
16.64
16.98
17.04
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
19
26
21
28
27
32
23
28
537
703
543
460
478
502
392
320
55.0
52.6
49.8
50.9
60.9
51.4
51.4
51.5
.162
.255
.389
.324
.380
.344
.325
.313
8.92
13.46
19.37
16.49
19.34
17.68
16.71
16.12
1924
1926
1928
1930
8
6
8
37
24
16
23
55.0
59.2
54.9
55.3
.192
.190
.224
.210
10.56
11.25
12.30
11.61
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
104
105
95
95
113
151
168
161
3,662
3,759
3,010
3,091
3,646
4,136
4,617
4,454
57.2
56.2
52.2
52.9
53.3
53.6
53.7
53.5
.137
.207
.386
.264
.285
.246
.243
.261
7.73
11.46
20.15
13.91
15.19
13.19
13.05
13.43
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
9
13
21
21
19
27
30
59
49
65
100
54.8
55.6
55.5
55.1
65.2
55.2
.304
.298
.274
.298
.279
21.54
16.90
16.54
15.10
16.45
15.40
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
62
74
84
117
126
105
428
417
543
640
718
541
52.6
52.6
53.0
53.7
54.0
53.9
.347
.244
.272
.249
.239
.262
18.25
12.83
14.42
13.37
12.91
13.58
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
25
30
27
35
41
48
52
62
75
59.4
59.6
55.8
55.9
54.7
65.3
55.4
55.1
.176
.243
.525
.353
.388
.348
.332
.354
10.41
14.48
29.30
19.73
21.22
19.24
18.39
19.51
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
78
82
77
77
93
118
119
119
56.0
56.4
50.9
51.8
52.2
52.6
52.8
52.4
.182
10.15
14.20
23.41
18.03
20.41
18.25
17.37
17.19
102
101
133
157
164
203
562
595
506
502
544
581
572
.348
.391
.347
.329
.328
6
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able
1.— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1980, by
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
B Y OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Occupation and sex
Beamer tenders:
Male__________________
Female________________
Slasher tenders:
Male.— . .........................
Drawers-in, hand:
Male.................................
Female________________
Drawing-in machine tenders:
Male_______ _____ _____
Female___ ____ _________
Warp-tying machine tend
ers:
Male__________________
Loom fixers:
Male..................................
Index numbers
Aver
Aver
(1913-100.0)
Num Num
age
Aver
age
full
full
ber of ber of
age
Full
FullYear estab wage
earn
time
time
Earn
time
time
lish earners hours ings per earn hours
ings
per
earn
ments
per
hour ings per per
hour ings per
week
week
week
week
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
22
24
21
26
27
43
46
30
328
280
246
313
331
269
270
208
56.0
56.3
50.9
50.9
51.7
53.0
64.7
64.6
$0,271
.404
.711
.638
.621
.493
.441
.464
$15.01
22.63
36.19
27.38
82.11
26.18
24.12
25.33
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
5
7
6
5
7
5
6
5
91
11$
100
85
108
32
31
36
64.8
64.1
48.3
51.6
51.9
49.8
51.3
53.3
.224
.315
.578
.377
.448
.411
.442
.373
12.28
17.06
27.92
19.42
23.25
20.47
22.67
19.88
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
57
85
85
87
87
96
99
89
92
114
146
164
156
276
455
449
485
528
581
608
504
547
636
761
786
827
58.4
68.6
57.4
57.5
56.8
56.8
56.5
52.1
52.7
53.0
63.3
53.7
53.6
.178
.194
.216
.212
.211
.241
.340
.579
.426
.467
.411
.396
.384
10.33
11.26
12.34
12.09
11.81
13.48
18.73
30.17
22.45
24.75
21.91
21.27
20.58
1924
1926
1928
1930
18
19
7
9
61
44
11
17
55.5
55.1
55.2
53.5
.339
.330
.299
.320
18.81
18.18
16.50
17.12
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
86
91
80
77
91
116
127
128
926
834
632
664
726
947
990
917
56.0
55.3
50.7
51.8
51.8
52.1
52.5
52.7
.191
.273
.485
.352
.383
.357
.359
.352
10.47
15.00
24.59
18.23
19.84
18.60
18.85
18.55
1928
1930
63
59
110
112
53.3
52.7
.441
.444
23.51
23.40
1928
1930
11
9
21
17
52.7
49.8
.414
.408
21.82
20.32
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
72
79
91
113
108
112
154
191
221
278
254
360
52.6
52.9
53.5
54.0
54.1
53.7
.690
.425
.452
.422
.407
.412
31.03
22.48
24.18
22.79
22.02
22.12
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
59
88
88
90
90
102
103
93
95
114
151
168
158
1,267
2,200
2,290
2,370
2,491
2,776
2,709
2,366
2,456
2,962
3,329
3,541
3,700
58.7
58.6
57.7
57.6
53.8
56.8
56.4
52.2
52.9
52.9
53.5
53.7
53.5
.200
.203
.224
.227
.233
.270
.391
.685
.500
.553
.489
.482
.483
11.64
11.80
12.84
12.96
13.09
15.17
21.79
35.76
26.45
29.25
26.16
25.88
25.84
101.6
101.7
99.8
100.0
98.8
98.8
98.3
90.6
91.7
92.2
92.7
93.4
93.2
84.0
91.5
101.9
100.0
99.5
113.7
160.4
273.1
200.9
220.3
193.9
186.8
181.1
85.4
93.1
102.1
100.0
97.7
111.5
154.9
249.5
185.7
204.7
181.2
175.9
170.2
101.9
101.7
100.2
100.0
98.6
98.6
97.9
90.6
91.8
91.8
92.9
93.2
92.9
88.1
89.4
98.7
100.0
102.6
118.9
172.2
301.8
220.3
243.6
215.4
212.3
212.8
89.8
91.0
99.1
100.0
101.0
117.1
168.1
275.9
204.1
225.7201.9
199.7
199.4
7
COTTON-GOODS M AN"UFACTTJBING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
T able
1.—Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1980, by
occupation, sex> and year—Continued
B Y OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Occupation and sex
Weavers:
Male................................
Female-............................
Trimmers or inspectors:
M a le ____ -__ ____ _____
Female......... ....................
Other employees:
Male
Female,_........_____ .
Year
Index numbers
(1913=100.0)
Aver
Aver
Aver
age
Num Num
age
age
full
ber of ber of full
Full
estab wage
time
earn
time
Full
lish
hours ings per earn
Earn time
time
hour ings per hours ings per earn
ments earners per
per
hour ings per
week
week
week
week
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
58
88
88
89
89
100
103
93
95
114
151
158
156
5,334
8,855
9,775
9,485
9,755
10,279
8,301
6,077
7,410
9,024
8,603
10,326
8,789
58.8
58.6
57.5
57.6
56.8
56.7
56.2
51.8
52.6
52.8
53.2
53.4
52.7
$0.151
.156
.169
.170
.176
.205
.301
.573
.389
.449
.396
.392
.400
$8.83
9.08
9.67
9.73
9.93
11.54
16.78
29.68
20.44
23.71
21.07
20.93
21.08
102.1
101.7
99.8
100.0
98.6
98.4
97.6
89.9
91.3
91.7
92.4
92.7
91.5
88.8
91.8
99.4
100.0
103.5
120.6
177.1
337.1
228.8
264.1
232.9
230.6
235.3
90.8
93.3
99.4
100.0
102.1
118.6
172.5
305.0
210.1
243.7
216.5
215.1
216.6
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
59
88
88
89
89
101
103
92
95
114
151
158
155
6,334
10,792
10,998
11,236
11,188
11,546
10,993
7,681
7,644
8,493
7,596
8,123
6,653
57.8
57.9
56.9
56.7
55.8
55.7
55.4
50.3
51.6
51.8
51.9
52.2
52.0
.147
.148
.163
.164
.167
.201
.285
.528
.380
.429
.375
.371
.381
8.47
8.54
9.26
9.30
9.30
11.12
15.62
26.56
19.59
22.22
19.46
19.37
19.81
101.9
102.1
100.4
100.0
98.4
98.2
97.7
88.7
91.0
91.4
91.5
92.1
91.7
89.6
90.2
99.4
100.0
1Q1.8
122.6
173.8
322.0
231.7
261.6
228.7
226.2
232.3
91.1
91.8
99.6
100.0
100.0
119.6
168.0
285.6
210.6
238.9
209.2
208.3
. 213.0
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
22
28
36
45
50
59
76
78
158
190
201
248
53.4
54.3
55.3
53.0
54.7
54.0
.426
.251
.304
.295
.278
.326
22.75
13.63
16.81
15.64
15.21
17.60
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
46
75
77
77
74
83
87
76
78
92
132
141
133
408
712
708
687
720
971
1,175
1,045
1,056
1,602
1,932
2,255
1,995
58.3
58.7
57.7
57.9
57.2
56.7
55.6
51.6
52.5
52.7
52.6
52.8
52.6
.099
.103
.112
.111
.113
.129
.186
.333
.246
.268
.246
.241
.248
5.78
6.02
6.41
6.39
6.41
7.25
10.29
17.18
12.92
14.12
12.94
12.72
13.04
100.7
101.4
99.7
100.0
98.8
97.9
96.0
89.1
90.7
91.0
90.8
91.2
90.8
89.2
92.8
100.9
100.0
101.8
116.2
167.6
300.0
221.6
241.4
221.6
217.1
223.4
90.5
94.2
100.3
100.0
100.3
113.5
161.0
268.9
202.2
221.0
202.5
199.1
204.1
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
88
105
106
96
97
114
151
158
162
29,861
27,395
25,740
13,336
14,991
20,578
21,226
20,930
25,516
57.5
57.7
56.8
52.6
53.9
53.7
53.8
53.7
53.8
.151
.176
.270
.419
.289
.347
.308
.302
.312
8.59
10.05
15.18
22.04
15.58
18.63
16.57
16.22
16.79
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
88
101
102
94
96
110
149
157
161
12,143
5,913
6,350
4,685
4,421
5,092
6.369
6,304
7,303
56.3
55.7
54.4
51.1
51.8
51.9
53.1
52.5
53.3
.123
.140
.224
.322
.244
.292
.252
.256
.253
6.89
7.82
12.06
16.45
12.64
15.15
13.38
13.44
13.48
8
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1928 AND 1930, BY SEX
AND STATE
Average hours and earnings are shown in Table 2 for wage earners
covered in each State in 1928 and 1930. The averages are for each
sex separately and also for both sexes combined, or the industry, in
each State and year.
By States, average full-time hours per week of males ranged from
48.1 to 56.5 in 1930 and from 48.6 to 56.2 in 1928; of females ranged
from 47.7 to 56.5 in 1930 and from 47.9 to 56.0 in 1928; and of males
and females combined, or the industry, ranged from 47.9 to 56.5 in
1930, and from 48.5 to 56.1 in 1928. Averages of males in all States
combined were 53.9 in 1928 and 53.7 in 1930, and of females were
52.9 in each year.
By States, average earnings per hour of males ranged from 27.9 to
49.2 cents in 1930 and from 26.5 to 45.5 cents in 1928; of females
ranged from 21.7 to 40.0 cents in 1930 and from 21.6 to 38.1 cents in
1928; and both sexes combined, or the industry, ranged from 25.5 to
45 cents in 1930 and from 24.4 to 41.9 cents in 1928. Averages of
males in all States combined were 34.6 cents in 1930 and 34.5 cents
in 1928, and of females were 29.3 cents in 1930 and 29.6 cents in 1928.
By States, average full-time earnings per week of males ranged
from $15.43 to $24.38 in 1930 and from $14.58 to $24.52 in 1928; of
females from $11.98 to $20.12 in 1930 and from $11.88 to $20.31 in
1928; and of males and females combined, or the industry, ranged
from $14.10 to $22.43 in 1930 and from $13.42 to $22.46 in 1928.
Averages of males in all States combined were $18.58 in 1930 and
$18.60 in 1928, and of females were $15.50 in 1930 and $15.66 in
1928. The greatest difference between the averages for males and
for females in any State in 1930 was $4.59 per week, and the smallest
difference was $2.85 per week. As shown in the table, the earnings
in certain localities were less than in others. It was reported that
the lower earnings were supplemented by lower charges for rental of
homes and for fuel and by various forms of welfare work. No infor
mation was available as to the amount of the differential due to the
items enumerated.
9
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
T a b l e 2 . — Average
Sex and State
hours and earnings, 1928 and 19S0, by sex and State
Number of
establish
ments
Number of
employees
Average
full-time
hours per
week
Average
earnings
per hour
Average
full-time
earnings
per week
1928
1930
1928
1930
1928
1930
1928
1930
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
3,185
1,645
6,679
1,163
9,223
1,969
945
12,561
2,990
8,116
1,385
3,611
1,692
7,355
1,519
8,443
2,159
1,184
13,318
2,786
9,924
1,252
55.0
50.9
56.2
54.1
49.7
53.9
48.6
55.8
52.1
55.0
55.2
55.3
50.8
56.5
53.7
49.0
53.7
48.1
55.0
51.8
54.8
54.7
$0,265
.423
.281
.370
.427
.455
.439
.312
.443
.281
.345
$0,279
.417
.286
.372
.431
.454
.492
.322
.440
.292
.307
$14.58
21.53
15.79
20.02
21.22
24.52
21.34
17.41
23.08
15.46
190.4
$15.43
21.18
16.16
19.98
21.12
24.38
23.67
17.71
22.79
16.00
16.79
158
162
49,861
53,243
53.9
53.7
.345
.346
18.60
18.68
6
6
16
5
23
6
3
52
15
23
3
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
2,433
1,386
4,272
1,481
7,724
1,908
1,159
6,963
2,537
6,039
908
55.0
50.7
56.0
54.0
47.9
53.3
48.4
55.8
52.2
55.0
55.1
55.2
50.7
56.5
53.8
48.0
53.1
47.7
55.0
51.3
54.8
54.8
.216
.352
.228
.291
.353
.381
.375
.262
.373
.224
.272
.217
.341
.232
.304
.353
.379
.400
.257
.367
.240
.246
11.88
17.85
12.77
15.71
16.91
20.31
18.15
14.62
19.47
12.32
14.99
11.98
17.29
13.11
16.36
16.94
20.12
19.08
14.14
18.83
13.15
13.48
158
162
38,145 I 36,810
52.9
52.9
.296
.293
15.66
15.50
6
6
16
5
23
6
3
52
15
23
3
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
5,611 ! 6,044
3,078
3,109
11,277
11,627
3,000
2,640
16,167
18,335
3,987
4,067
2,101
2,343
20,281
19,510
5,754
5,323
15,963
13,370
2,160
2,312
55.0
50.8
56.1
54.1
48.8
53.6
48.5
55.8
52.2
55.0
55.1
55.3
50.8
56.5
53.8
48.5
53.4
47.9
55.0
51.6
54.8
54.7
.244
.391
.260
.327
.392
.419
.404
.295
.410
.260
.316
.255
.383
.268
.340
.395
.420
.450
.301
.406
.274
.282
13.42
19.86
14.59
17.69
19.13
22.46
19.59
16.46
21.40
14.30
17.41
14.10
19.46
15.14
18.29
19.16
22.43
21.56
16.56
20.95
15.02
15.43
158
162
88,006
53.4
53.4
.324
.325
17.30
17.36
1928
1930
6
6
6
16
5
23
6
3
52
15
23
3
MALES
Alabama_______________
Connecticut____________
Georgia________________
Mftijie .
Massachusetts_________
New Hampshire________
New York_____ ________
North Carolina_________
Rhode
South Osvrnlvnft .
V ir g in ia
________
Total......................
!
!
j
!
FEMALES
Alabama__________ ____
Connecticut____________
Georgia_____________ __
M aine,_____________ __
Massachusetts_________
New Hampshire..._____
New York_____________
North Carolina.___ ____
Rhode Island__ ________
South Carolina_________
Virginia_______ - _______
Total____________
2,426
1,464
4,598
1,477
9,112
2,018
1,156
6,949
2,764 ;
5,254
927 |
MALES AND FEMALES
A la b a m a
,
Connecticut____________
Georgia________-_______
Maine______________ __
Massachusetts_________
New Hampshire________
New York_____________
North Carolina_________
Rhode Island__________
South Carolina_________
Virginia............................
Total____________
90,053
10
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1910 TO
1930, BY OCCUPATION
Average earnings per hour and the per cent of wage earners at each
classified group of such earnings are shown by occupations in Table 3
for frame spinners and for weavers for each of the specified years
from 1910 to 1930, and also for wage earners in eight other important
occupations for 1926, 1928, and 1930. Prior to 1926, classification
of wage earners by average hourly earnings was made in only the two
occupations mentioned above. The percentage distribution of wage
earners in the 10 occupations illustrates the variations in the trend
and spread of average earnings per hour of the wage earners in all
occupations in the industry in each of the years 1926 to 1930.
Average and classified figures are presented in the table for males
only in four, and for both males and females in six occupations. The
24,010 males in these occupations constitute 45 per cent of the males
and the 26,813 females 73 per cent of the females in all occupations
in the mills included in the 1930 study, and the 50,823 males and
females combined constitute 56 per cent of the wage earners included
in the study in that year.
Classified figures for spinners and weavers are graphic in effect.
During the years 1910 to 1914 less than 2 per cent of the female frame
spinners earned as much as an average of 20 and under 25 cents per
hour. In each of the years 1918 to 1930 more than 45 per cent of the
females in this occupation earned an average of 25 cents or more per
hour. In 1920, the peak year in earnings, 10 per cent of the 6,330
females in the occupation earned an average of 25 and under 30 cents;
23 per cent earned 30 and under 40 cents; 29 per cent earned 40 and
under 50 cents; 24 per cent earned 50 and under 60 cents; 5 per cent
earned 60 and under 70 cents; 1 per cent earned 70 and under 80
cents; less than 1 per cent earned $1 and under $1.10 per hour; and
about 7 per cent earned less than 25 cents per hour. In 1930, 25 per
cent of the 10,420 females in the occupation earned an average of less
than 20 cents per hour; 26 per cent earned 20 and under 25 cents; 18
per cent earned 25 and under 30 cents; 25 per cent earned 30 and
under 40 cents; 6 per cent earned 40 and under 50 cents; 1 per cent
earned 50 and under 60 cents; and less than 1 per cent earned 60 and
under 70 cents and 70 and under 80 cents per hour.
Average and classified earnings per hour for 1930 for the wage
earners in this and the nine other occupations in the table are shown
in Table B (p. 37) by States.
Table 3.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1910 to 1980, by occupation, sea?, and year
Occupation and sex
Female.
58
100
103
93
95
114
151
158
156
$0,289
.339
.322
.108
.111
.124
.128
.132
.149
.233
.427
.301
.319
.282
.276
.266
4
3
5
40
35
21
20
18
17
1
<*)
1
1
1
1
2
5
3
4
23
26
23
22
21
13
3
(l)
1
2
2
1
2
4
3
5
23
25
21
18
17
13
5
0)
2
3
2
2
3
8
3
4
11
11
25
25
24
10
8
(0
3
3
3
3
4
7
3
2
3
3
7
10
14
12
9
1
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
5
(l)
0)
3
4
5
21
9
1
8
6
7
7
9
20
11
10
0)
C1)
1
1
1
12
20
4
19
18
25
26
26
5.334
8,855
9,775
9,485
9,755
10,279
8,301
6,077
7,410
9,024
8,603
10,326
8,789
6.334
10,792
10,998
.151
.156
.169
.170
.176
.205
.301
.573
5
4
3
3
3
(*)
(0
16
12
9
10
7
4
0)
0)
0)
0)
21
19
15
14
12
8
1
0)
21
22
16
15
15
11
2
0)
0)
0)
0)
(0
(l)
25
23
19
17
19
19
18
17
12
3
0)
1
0
1
1
0)
15
18
20
10
13
16
16
16
12
4
0)
2
1
1
1
1
8
10
16
9
11
19
21
25
29
18
0)
9
5
7
6
5
4
6
15
.392
.400
.147
.148
.163
0
C1)
C1)
6 " "19"
16
5
10
3
b
0)
0)
22
22
15
* Less than 1 per cent.
2 Less than 1 per cent and classified in former bulletins as “ 25 cents and over."
* Classified in former bulletins as “ 25 cents and over.”
* Less than 1 per cent and classified in former bulletins as “ 40 cents and over.”
* Less than 1 per cent and classified in former bulletins as “ 60 cents and over/*
0)
0)
10
13
15
16
19
18
*1
31
»3
33
35
18
22
1
14
9
14
14
14
0)
(,)i
0)
16
23
28
19
24
24
25
C1)
24
C)
(4)
11
20
26
24
23
25
25
0)
0)
(5)
25
4
11
5
4
4
11
0)
0)
3
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
1910-1930
Female-
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1910
1911
1912
90
90
104
105
95
96
114
151
158
162
561
487
623
3,704
5,981
6,364
6,762
6,906
7,706
7,752
6,330
6,634
8,314
9,684
10,418
10,420
M A N U F A C T U R IN G ,
Weavers:
M ale-
1926
1928
1930
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
OOTTON-GOODS
Spinners, frame:
Male_______
Year
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour in cents were—
Num Num Aver
ber of ber of
age
estab em
earn
20,
40,
90, | 100, 110, 125,
25i
50,
12,
16,
70,
18,
14,
lish
ings per Un 10, under
under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and
ments ployees hour der 10 under
25
30
50
12
40
60
70
80
100 110
125 over
14
16
18
20
90
T able
3.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1910 to 1980, by occupation, sex, and year— Continued
Occupation and sex
Weavers—C ontinued.
Female_________
Card tenders and strippers:
Male..............................
Speeder tenders:
Male..............................
Female..........................
Doffers:
Male..............................
Female............. .............
Spooler tenders:
Male..............................
Female______ ________
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour in cents were—
Num Num Aver
ber of
age
of earn
estab ber
20,
26,
30,
40,
50,
90,
100, 110,
em ings
125
lish
per Un
1SJ under under under under under under under
12a under under under
70J under under under under and
under
ments ployees hour der 10 under
14
12
18
20
25
40
60
60
70
80
100
16
90
110
125 over
$0.164
.167
103
92
95
114
151
158
166
11,236
11,188
11,546
10,993
7,681
7.644
8,493
7,596
8,123
6,653
1926
1928
1930
151
157
160
964
1,171
1,005
.297
.282
.284
1926
1928
1930
151
157
160
1.644
1,757
1,742
.322
.314
.314
1926
1928
1930
1926
1928
1930
147
152
124
127
133
2,545
2,913
2,950
2,995
2,971
.343
.345
.343
.368
.359
.349
.307
.311
.315
.344
.325
.313
.190
.224
89
101
1926
1928
1930
1926
1928
1930
146
154
158
28
3,657
3,945
4,114
502
392
320
1926
1928
1930
1926
1928
1930
6
8
8
151
158
161
24
16
23
4,136
4,617
4,454
18
17
10
3
<l)
.201
.285
.528
.380
.429
.375
.371
.381
.210
.246
.243
.251
1
W,
1
(0
5
4
3
4
8
4
1
1
1
(l)
C
1)
8
0)
0)
1
1
1
0)
0)
1
1
0)
(1)!
1
1
1
0)
16
16
15
5
0)
2
1
2
2
1
20
20
11
4
8
25
4
(<)
6
26
31
27
22
20
22
32
13
7
6
1
2
2
1
18
23
27
22
17
18
1
1
1
1
24
22
23
12
17
17
14
15
14
31
28
25
23
25
26
9
7
18
14
11
13
16
11
13
0)
4
19
17
17
18
22
0)
31
10
22
11
11
11
(6)
20
1
0)
7
3
2
2
1
1
1 0)
1
0)
(*)
0)
8
0)
(’)
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOB
Picker tenders:
Male__...........................
Year
to
>fZ6Zf
Slasher tenders:
Male............. ....................
Loom fixers:
Male______ ______ _____
Female........... ..................
146
154
155
751
786
827
.411
.396
.384
1926
1928
1930 '
151
158
158
3,329
3,541
3,700
.489
.482
.483
0
1926
1928
1930
1926
1928
1930
45
50
59
132
141
133
190
201
248
1,932
2,255
1,995
.295
.278
.326
.246
.241
.248
0
0
0)
0
0
0)
(i)
0
0
1
i Less tuan l per cent.
4 Less than 1 per cent and classified in former bulletins as “ 40 cents and over.”
* Less than 1 per cent and classified in former bulletins as “ 60 cents and over.”
6
4
3
2
1
2
7
7
8
0
2
3
5
12
12
8
0)
- 0
35
39
13
24
33
38
9
11
12
0
0
0
21
22
16
33
30
27
34
36
39
18
22
20
23
22
19
8
2
1
30
27
22
25
30
33
19
20
26
21
19
16
4
3
1
33
27
43
17
13
12
5
4
15
1
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
0)
0
0
0
0
0
0)
0
0
0)
1
MANUFACTURING, 1910-193 0
8
8
9
(0
COTTON-GOODS
Trimmers or inspectors:
Male____________ ____
1926
1928
1930
CO
14
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 4 shows the number and per cent of wage earners of each sex
and of both sexes together at each classified group of average earnings
per hour. The figures in this table are for all wage earners included in
the 1930 study of the industry. The largest number of males and
females in any one group is 8,606, or 10 per cent, at 25 and under 27%
cents per hour. The next largest number is 7,889, or 9 per cent, at 30
and under 32% cents per hour.
T able
4.— Number and per cent earning each classified amount per hour%1980,
by sex
Number
Per cent
Classified earnings
Males
2 and under 3 cents.....................................
3 and under 4 een„s......................................
4 and under 5 cents.....................................
5 and under 6 cents.....................................
6 and under 7 cents........... -. ................
7 and under 8 cents.....................................
8 and under 9 cents.....................................
9 and under 10 cents....................................
10 and under 11 cents................ .................
11 and under 12 cents..................................
12 and under 13 c e n t s ................... ..........
13 and under 14 cents..................................
14 and under 15 cents..................................
15 and under 16 cents..................................
16 and under 17 cents........... .....................
17 and under 18 cents.............. ...................
18 and under 19 cents.................................
19 and under 20 cents..................... ............
20 and under 21 cents.................................
21 and under 22 cents..................................
22 and under 23 cents.................................
23 and under 24 cents_____ _____ ________
24 and under 25 cents.................................
25 and under 27K cents.......................... .
27M and under 30 cents..............................
30 and under Z2H cents...............................
32H and under 35 cents...............................
35 and under 37H cents...............................
37^ and under 40 cents...............................
40 and under 42K cents...............................
42H and under 45 cents...............................
45 and under 47K cents...............................
47M and under 50 cents...............................
50 and under 55 cents............................. .
55 and under 60 cents..................................
60 and under 65 cents..................................
65 and under 70 cents..................................
70 and under 75 cents..................................
75 and under 80 cents..................................
80 and under 85 cents..................................
85 and under 90 cents........................ .........
90 and under 95 cents_______ ____ _______
95 and under $1________________________
$1 and under $1.10...................
$1.10 and under $1.20...................................
$1.20 and under $1.30...................................
$1.40 and under $1.50__________________
7
17
27
33
34
73
103
105
407
665
729
935
707
2,334
1,692
2,174
1,717
1,952
4,907
3,916
4,788
3,885
4,085
3,254
3,183
2,099
1, 798
1,234
2,473
1,814
1,104
382
206
166
124
27
32
6
18
2
4
3
Total......... ........................................
53,243
3
2
3
14
Females
1
25
20
30
37
100
83
162
194
278
466
397
671
677
942
1,097
1,226
1,648
1,356
1,840
1,537
1,704
3,699
3,327
3,101
2,695
2,392
1,878
1,636
997
663
583
721
349
158
50
32
16
18
2
2
36,810
Total
3
3
28
34
30
44
117
110
195
228
351
569
502
1,078
1,342
1,671
2,032
1,933
3,982
3,048
4,014
3,254
3,656
8,606
7,243
7,889
6,580
6,477
5,132
4,819
3,096
2,461
1,817
3,194
2,163
1,262
432
238
182
142
29
32
6
20
2
4
3
90,053
Males
(l)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(*)
0)
0)
1
1
1
2
1
4
3
4
3
4
9
7
9
7
8
6
6
4
3
2
5
3
2
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
«
0)
0)
0)
100.0
Females
Total
0)
(l)
(1)
(i)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(1)
0)
(11
0)
(x)
0)
0)
1
l
l
l
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
4
5
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
2
1
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
100.0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
3
4
4
4
10
,8
9
7
7
6
5
3
3
2
4
2
1
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
100.0
1Less than 1 per cent.
FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK AND PER DAY, 1910 TO 1930
Full-time hour§ are the regular or customary hours of operation
when a mill is working its recognized standard hours as established
by a regular time of beginning and quitting work, not including the
regular time off duty for meals, or any overtime, and not deducting
15
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 30
Table 5 shows for each specified year and for each of the 10 im
portant occupations the per cent of employees having each classified
number of full-time hours per week.
The classified full-time hours per week of the 426 male speeder
tenders included in the 1910 study was 64 per cent at 60 hours and
36 per cent at over 60 hours per week, the average being 61.4 hours
per week. The average for the 2,939 in 1930 was 54.8 hours, and the
percentage distribution was 7 per cent at 48; 4 per cent at over 48
and under 54; 4 per cent at 54; 75 per cent at over 54 and under 57;
1 per cent at 57 and under 60; 8 per cent at 60; and less than 1 per cent
at over 60 hours per week.
T a b l e 5 . — Average
and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1910 to 1930, by occupation, sex, and year
Occupation and sex
Picker tenders:
Male__________________
Card tenders and strippers:
Male_________________
Speeder tenders:
Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female________________
Spinners, frame:
M ale...—. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1Less than 1 per cent.
Year
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
time
estab em
Over
Over 57,
54,
48,
lish ploy hours Un
per der 48 un? 54 un un
ments
ees
60 Over
60
week 48
der
der der
60
54
57
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
93
95
114
151
157
160
919
777
1,048
964
1,757
1,005
52.3
53.1
53.6
54.1
54.5
53.8
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
96
96
114
151
157
160
1,156
1,096
1,367
1,644
1,575
1,742
52.9 (l)
53.5
53.6 _____
54.1
54.3
53.8 C)
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
32
62
62
61
58
95
98
87
90
109
139
147
152
426
623
666
745
799
1,739
1,478
1,506
1,745
2,177
2,545
2,913
2,939
61.4
61.2
59.7
59.8
59.3
58.5
58.2
54.2
54.1
54.3
55.1
55.1
54.8
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
57
82
82
79
79
95
100
82
89
105
124
127
133
1,175
1,753
1,784
1,946
2,001
2,986
3,214
2,476
2,372
2,703
2,950
2,995
2,971
57.8
57.9
56.6
56.5
55.8
55.6
55.0
50.2
51.0
51.2
51.0
51.2
51.3
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
36
46
49
49
38
41
53
34
49
261
700
564
530
483
489
383
345
547
57.2
57.2
56.7
56.9
54.7
56.6
54.3
50.7
53.4
(l)
0)
f1)
<*)
0)
45
25
23
21
14
18
1
4
(0
1
5
5
8
18
17
13
10
10
33
49
52
55
61
60
38
22
22
20
17
18
1
3
1
1
4
5
7
19
16
13
8
9
41
50
55
54
62
60
3
0)
3
2
1
1
3
20
16
15
10
8
7
0)
(1}
0)
1
4
69
54
52
54
51
49
48
13
11
3
62
70
69
69
75
75
C)
1
1
i 1
51 | 27
46 31
6 30
5 31
19
10
23
11
5
13
19
22
21
24
27
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
61
57
42 —. . .
38
44 34
U
47
3
58
5 31
11
50
3
14
12
11
1
44
46
50
51
79
12
22
23
21
20
19
0)
(1)
(l
(l)
1
2
8
5
11
15
28
4
6
8
5
5
4
1
20
33
48
35
4
3
11
4
7
7
9
6
CO
3
1
0)
11
6
6 m
W
10
i
8
6 (0
64
76
87
93
87
71
69
13
6
8
15
11
8
14
15
18
18
21
16
15
4
2
3
1
2
1
17
7
8
22
16
39
25
36
21
a
i
0)
(i)
i
(9
8
8
2
1
(i)
(1)
0
2
3
2
1
____
4i
13 1
16
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 5.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupations, 1910 to 1980, by occupation, sex, and year—Continued
Occupation and sex
Spinners, frame—Continued.
Male............................ —
Female___ ____________
Doffers.
M a le .......__ - _________
Female________________
Spoolers:
Male.................................
Female________ _______
Slasher tenders:
M a le______ ___ _______
Loom fixers:
Male______ ___ ________
*Less than 1per cent.
Year
Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
Over
time
Over 57,
estab em
lish ploy hours Un
48,
54,
ments
ees
per
der 48 un 54 un un
60 Over
60
week 48
der der
der
60
54
57
1924
1926
1928
1930
64
54
43
48
906
561
487
623
53.2
55.1
57.8
55.5
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
59
88
88
90
90
104
105
95
96
114
151
158
162
3,704
5,981
6,364
6,762
6,906
7,706
7,752
6,330
6,634
8,314
9,684
10,418
10,420
59.0
59.1
58.0
57.8
56.9
57.2
56.1
51.8
52.6
53.1
53.5
52.9
53.5
0)
0)
5
6
3
1
0)
0)
1
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
99
102
89
91
109
146
154
158
3,206
2,857
2,717
2,716
3,133
3,657
3,945
4,114
57.6
56.1
53.1
53.5
54.0
54.2
54.6
54.1
1
12
8
4
0)
1
0)
0)
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
19
26
21
28
27
32
23
28
537
703
543
460
478
502
392
320
55.0
52.6
49.8
50.9
50.9
51.4
51.4
51.5
7
16
13
4
1
0)
1924
1926
1928
1930
8
6
8
8
37
24
16
23
55.0
59.2
54.9
55.3
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
104
105
95
95
113
151
158
161
3,662
3, 759
3, 010
3, 091
3,646
4,136
4,617
4,454
57.2
56.2
52.2
52.9
53.3
53.6
53.7
53.5
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
57
85
85
87
87
96
99
89
92
114
146
154
155
276
455
449
485
528
581
608
504
547
636
751
786
827
58.4
58.5
57.4
57.5
56.8
56.8
56.5
52.1
52.7
53.0
53.3
53.7
53.6
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
59
88
88
90
90
102
1,267
2,200
2,290
2,370
2,491
2, 776
58.7
58.6
57.7
57.6
56.8
56.8
'
1
1
1
(0
0)
4
3
3
1
1
C1)
C1)
32
I
16
12
3
13 j 14
j
I
t
!
j
|
!
42
30
26
24
20
19
1
2
1
1
3
4
0)
25
19 ! 2
18 !; C1)
17 0)
13
i
16
3
! «
49 i 1
43 ! 3
47 i 3
42
2
43
14
39
5
40
28
24
24
21
24
(1)
1
(1)
4
0)
0)
2
1
0)
45
32
30
27
21
20
1
5
1
1
3
2
_
49
7 "'56
29
6
8 35
12
0)
15
33
19
6
7
18
11
29
30
41
41
42
45
38
8
3
4
7
7
4
18
16
3
2
0)
C1)
1
0
27
28
3?
29
54
8
16
16
13
10
8
35
27
3
3
20
18
2
35
46
53
54
61
63
17
27
26
26
5
7
0)
19
34
4
6
8
6
7
6
13
2
51
63
67
66
68
67
4
0)
32
84
36
48
44
50
33
53
27
1
1
2
4
5
9
3
33
8
6
100
17
94
100
30
49
7
10
11
9
7
7
16
3
41
52
59
59
63
62
7
0)
31
30
33
34
57
6
13
15
14
11
10
42
33
4
3
22
21
3
42
45
51
53
59
62
19
32
34
32
5
8
25
27
33
33
42
33
8
8
24
23
1
1
1
1
1
61
51
12
5
6
9
10
7
0)
(»)
1
0)
(0
i
i
0)
21
54
47
43
8
3
4
7
6
5
0)
0)
13
12
1
1
0)
0)
1
2
26
23
30
34
39
37
39
6
4
3
4
6
3
18
30
31
29
6
7
23
25
34
34
36
35
17
12
2
2
1
2
0)
1
1
1
0)
(1}
0)
1
0)
(»)
17
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
Table 5.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1910 to 1980, by occupation, sex, and year—Continued
Occupation and sex
Loom fixers—Continued.
Male__________________
Weavers:
Female__— ___________
Trimmers or inspectors:
Male__________________
Female__ ___ - _________
Year
PiBr cent of einplojrees w hose ifull-ti me
hoursi per xveek i«rereAver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
estab em
Over
Over 57,
time
54,
lish ploy hours Un
48,
per der 48 un 54 un un
ments
ees
60 Over
60
week 48
der
der der
60
54
57
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
103
93
95
114
151
158
158
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
58 5,334
88 8,855
88 9,775
89 9,485
89 9,755
100 10,279
103 8,301
93 6,077
95 7,410
114 9,024
151 8,603
158 10,326
156 8,789 .
1810
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
59
88
88
89
89
101
103
92
95
114
151
158
155
6,334
10,792
10,998
11,236
11,188
11, 546
10,993
7,681
7,644
8,493
7,596
8,123
6,653
57.8
57.9
56.9
56.7
55.8
55.7
55.4
50.3
51.6
51.8
51.9
52.2
52.0
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
22
28
36
45
50
59
76
78
158
190
201
248
53.4
54.3
55.3
53.0
54.7
54.0
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
46
75
77
77
74
83
87
76
78
92
132
141
133
408
712
708
687
720
971
1,175
1, 045
1,056
1,602
1,932
2,255
1,995
58.3
58.7
57.7
57.9
57.2
56.7
55.6
51.6
52.5
52.7
52.6
52.8
52.6
2,709
2,366
2,456
2,962
3,329
3,541
3,700
56.4
52.2
52.9
52.9
53.5
53.7
53.5
58.8
58.6
57.5
57.6
56.8
56.7
56.2
51.8
52.6
52.8
53.2
53.4
52.7
(l)
0)
46
32
32
27
23
23
(0
0)
1
0)
1
47
35
33
33
29
31
(1)
0)
1
1
1
0)
0)
<0
C1)
0
1
2
4
0)
2
0)
0)
1
2
0)
66
46
44
45
42
43
25
12
5
32
7
11
2
3
3
1
0)
2
(*)
1
0)
1
4
1
45
34
31
36
30
29
1
3
1
1
1
2
0)
10
l
l
l
l
2
4
60
8
13
15
11
11
10
3
37
42
49
52
55
56
0)
30
29
34
36
58
7
10
12
7
8
7
41
35
8
6
20
19
4
41
48
51
51
53
53
13
27
24
23
4
7
35
39
43
44
73
10
22
20
11
8
8
51
39
6
5
29
30
3
19
26
33
39
43
44
1
8
10
4
2
9
74
81
77
63
85
69
29
27
33
33
64
16
20
20
17
16
18
39
32
3
5
11
17
4
30
41
45
40
46
42
0)
3
0)
1
26
41
41
39
7
7
1
34
8
6
4
8
7
4
27
25
37
41
41
39
37
4
5
3
7
9
5
13
13
17
17
21
19
23
4
3
2
4
5
2
8
2
5
2
25
28
27
26
14
17
2
27
29
38
39
42
30
30
6
3
2
6
5
2
4
1
1
0)
1
1
<9
19
13
1
1
<9
(i)
1
2
<9
9
7
1
1
(9
1
(9
(9
9
11
4
1
1
1
1
The hours per week and on each day, Monday to Thursday, Friday,
and Saturday, in Table 6, are the regular or customary hours of oper
ation for day work and for night work of each of the mills of each
State included in the 1930 study of the industry.
Full-time hours per week for day work ranged from 48 in 32 mills
to 60 in 8 mills, and for night work ranged from 25 in 2 mills to 70 in
1 mill. There was a day shift in each of the 162 mills covered in the
study and a night shift in 87 of them.
18
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
The hours per day for day work on each day, Monday to Friday,
ranged from 8% to 11, and on Saturday from 3 to 7%. Eight mills
did no work on Saturday, the 5-day week being in operation in them.
The hours per night for night work on Monday to Friday ranged
from 5 to 14. There was no night work on Saturday in any of the
mills. The night force of each of the mills that had both aay and
night shifts was less than the day force and usually limited to certain
departments or occupations.
The full-time hours per week of 99 or 61 per cent of the 162 mills
that had day shifts were 55; of 21 or 13 per cent were 54; of 32 or
20 per cent were 48 per week. The hours of 51 or 59 per cent of
the 87 mills that had night shifts were 55 per week.
Table 6.— Number of establishments in each State with specified number of full
time hours per week and per day, 1980
Day Work
Full-time hours per
day
Number of establishments in -
Full-time hours
per week
i
JG-S s©-3l
O C8
S3
xi
tf
m
8r
9
9H
m
4H
4H
3
9k
m
m
m
5K
5
m
9
48.
1
0
23
Total..
m
w
54_
24
4
__3
32
10
10
4%
4 !
Total.
111
10
11
1
Total7H|
lOfcl 10H mr
ii
ii
Grand total.
5 L
26
94
__5
99
26
__ 8
162
26
9 !9*41 m
5657.
60-
*1
1
1
1I
85 !
15 !
24 i
6
55
15
Night Work
2
5
8
12
10
11
25.
40.
48.
50-
1
1
12
2
Total..
54.
5556.
57-
im
11
12
11*4
12
13
13H
14
6 5 --
65H-
7 0 --
Grand total.
10H
19
11
8
11
12
13
13H
14
1
1
1
51
11
2
1
1
10
9
28
22
87
11 plant works 9H hours Monday to Friday, 5 on Saturday, or 51H per week during 5 months daylightsaving time.
* Females work 8U hours Monday to Friday, 4H on Saturday, or 48 per week.
* In 1 plant weave room, cloth room, and part of carding room work 10 hours on Monday to Friday,
5 Saturday, or 55 per week.
4 In 1 plant part of employees work 11 hours Monday to Friday, or 55 per week.
19
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 -1 9 30
CHANGES IN HOURS SINCE JULY 1, 1928
Only 15 of the 162 mills included in the 1930 study of the industry
reported changes in the regular full-time hours per week since July 1,
1928.
Table 7 shows the hours per week and per day before and after
change for each of the 15 mills:
Tabie 7.— Hours per week and per day of mills before and after change between
July 1, 1928, and period of 1980 study
Hours after change
Hours before change
Day work or night work
Day.............................................
D o........................................
D o........................................
D o........................................
D o.......................................
D o........................................
Night.......................................... /
D o........................................
Day.............................................
Number
of mills
Monday Saturday Per week Monday Saturday
Per week to
to Friday
Friday
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
1
48
48
60
60
55
J60
\55
55
54
m
m
11
11
10
11
11
11
m
4H
m
5
5
5
5
0
0
5H
55
48
55
55
55
55
50
50
151H
10
m
10
11
11
10
10
10
19H
5
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
15
i Only during 5 months of day-light saving, other 7 months same as before change.
CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE JULY 1, 1928
Changes in wage rates between July 1, 1928, and the period of the
1930 study were reported by 28 of the 162 mills for which figures are
given in this report.
Table 8 shows that wages were increased in 10 and decreased in
18 mills:
T a b l e 8 .—
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Changes in wage rates in 28 mills in the cotton-goods industry between
July 1, 1928, and the period of the 1980 study
Per cent or amount of change
Employees affected by change
1 All employees______________________________
1 ____do._J.......................................... ....................
............................. ..............
5 ____do.............._
1 Loom fixers, machinists, second hands, section
hands, slashers, and smash hands.
(Fixers, grinders, helpers, loom fixers, machinists,
2 •j overseers, second hands, and slasher tenders.
[Weavers___________________________________
1
1
1
U
1
1
1
All employees____________ ____ __ _________
....... do............................................... ........... ........
____do................................... ........... ............ ........
____ do...... .................... .....................................
All except overseers______ _______ ___________
Doffers, sewers, spinners, and weavers________
Weavers___________________________________
[B earners___________________________________
1 •{Loom fixers___ _____________________________
IWeavers___________________________________
Increase
Decrease
10 per cent______________
5^> per cent_____________
5 per cent_______________
____do_..............................
1 to 6% cents per hour
VA to i n cents per 1,000
picks.
20 per cent.
10 per cent.
8 per cent.
5 per cent.
Do.
20 per cent.
5 per cent.
20 cents per beam.
2 cents per hour.
2 per cent.
20
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
OVERTIME AND SUNDAY AND HOLIDAY WORK, 1930
Overtime is any time worked in excess of the regular full time per
day or per week, regardless of the rate paid for such time. Work
on Sunday and holidays is extra time only when done by employees
whose regular hours per day and week do not include work on those
days.
In reply to inquiries concerning overtime and work on Sunday and
holidays, 118 of the 162 mills covered in the 1930 study reported
overtime and 35 reported extra work on Sunday and holidays dur
ing the pay period covered by the study. Only 24 of the 118 mills
in which there was overtime aud only 25 of the 35 mills in which there
was extra work on Sunday and holidays paid a higher rate for such
work than for regular working time. The same rate was paid for
overtime in 94 mills and for extra work on Sunday and holidays in
10 mills as for regular working time.
Table 9 shows the number of mills in which there was provision
for extra pay for overtime and for work on Sunday and holidays,
the employees who were entitled to the extra rate or time for such
extra work, and the number of times the regular rate paid for such
work. The rates for overtime and extra work on Sunday and holi
days ranged by mills from one and one-tenth times the regular rate
for those with the lowest to two times the regular rate for those
with the highest rate. In one mill the rate for overtime was one
time the regular rate and for extra work on Sunday and holidays
was two times the regular rate. There was no provision for a higher
rate for overtime in 138 mills, nor for work on Sunday and holidays
in 137 mills.
T a b l e 9 . — Times
regular rate paid for overtime and for work on Sunday and
holidays, and employees affectedy 1930
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Times regular rate
for—
Employees entitled
Repair men.................... .
Shop employees_________
Maintenance departmentTime workers.....................
AllDay workers.............. ...................................................................
Card room employees______________________________________
Mechanical department employees, except master mechanic___
Machinists, machinists’ helpers, and painters................ .............
Repair department and wood shop...............................................
Shop workers............. .................... ..............................................
Shop and repair departments.......................................................
Part of employees____________________ ____________ ________
/Carpenters, machinists, slashers, and machine-roora employees.
\Other departments______________________ _____ ____________
fSecond hands in weave room...................... ................... ..........
\Second hands in picker room_______________________________
1 Carpenters, machinists, painters, and roll coverers_______ ____
1 Wage earners.................... .............................................................
1 Repair men......................................... ...................... ........... ........
1 ___ do............................................. ................ ........... .....................
137 None........................................ ......................................................
1And Saturday afternoon.
Work on
Sunday
Overtime and
holi
days
IK
1M
VA
l'A
m
M
m
l'A
VA
2
m
1H
2
IMo
IX
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
21
BONUS SYSTEMS
A bonus is compensation in addition to earnings at time or piece
rates.
Thirty-four of the 162 cotton mills included in the 1930 study of
the industry reported bonus systems in operation. The basis of the
bonus in each mill, the wage earners entitled to the bonus payments,
and the amount of and conditions necessary to get the bonus are
shown in Table 10.
The basis of the bonus in 14 mills was production; in 5, production
and efficiency; in 2, attendance; in 3, attendance and production;
in 6, efficiency; and in 4, efficiency and economy.
T able
10.— Bonus systems in the cotton-goods industry, 1980
Num
ber of
of or per cent
entitled Amount
estab Bonus based on— Employees
of earnings paid as
to bonus
lish
bonus
ments
Loom-fixers.
(
Production.......
Weavers___
___ do_.............
All except salaried
employees.
___ do________
Second hands and
section hands in
weave room.
Nearly all of time
workers.
....... do...............
....... do...............
_.do_-..........
....... do------------
....... do...............
....... d o . . ...........
....... do...............
- — do.............
Efficiency...
(Production.
[Efficiency.......
Production by looms of 95 per
cent or more of set standard.
Produce 92y2 per cent or more of
set standard.
Produce over 60 per cent of set
standard.
Keep all looms in good running
order.
75 per cent of produc Produce more than 60 points
tion over set stand
per hour.
ard paid for at basic
rate.
Loom fixers .
1 per cent of earnings Produce more than set standard.
for each per cent of
production over set
standard.
All except burlers-. ___ d o -....................... . Produce over 60 per cent of set
standard.
Produce over 95 per cent of set
Loom fixers, smash $2 per week.
standard.
hands, and sec
ond hands in
weave room.
Do.
-doLoom fixers and
second hands.
Cloth-room work 75 per cent of produc Produce more than set standard.
tion over set stand
ers.
ard paid at basic
rate.
Not reported............... Produce over 91 per cent of set
Loom fixers.
standard.
[5 per cent of earnings Produce 85 and under 90 per cent
of set standard.
at basic rate.
do._
10 per cent of earnings Produce 90 per cent or more of set
standard.
at basic rate.
5 per cent of earnings Produce 85 and under 90 per cent
Weavers on plain
of set standard.
at basic rate.
looms.
.10 per cent of earnings Produce 90 per cent or more of set
standard.
at basic rate.
cent earnings at Produce 80 and under 85 per cent
Weavers on box '5 per
of set standard.
basic rate.
looms.
10 per cent of earnings Produce 85 per cent or more of set
standard.
at basic rate.
Weavers on plain 5 per cent of earnings Produce 75 and under 80 per cent
of set standard.
at basic rate.
looms.
Magazine looms___ 10 per cent of earnings Produce 80 per cent or more of set
• standard.
at basic rate.
Weavers.........
5 per cent of earnings Produce no seconds.
at basic rate.
$5 per week................. Produce more than any other
Section hands..
section.
Produce less than 6 per cent of
Loom fixers.......
$2.50 per week..
seconds.
Weavers_______
5 per cent of earnings Produce less than 3 per cent of
at basic rate.
seconds.
{
42924°— 31-
$6 per 2-week pay
period.
$2.75 to $5.50 per 2week pay period.
1 per cent of earnings
at basic rates for
each per cent of pro
duction over 60 per
cent of the set stand
ard.
Not reported............ .
Necessary to get bonus
22
WAGES AND HOTJKS OP LABOR
T able
10.— Bonus systems in the cotton-goods industry, 19S0— Continued
Num-1
ber o f !
entitled Amount of or per cent
estab Bonus based on— Employees
of earnings paid as
to bonus
lish
bonus
ments
Production...
{
Efficiency__
Loom fixers .
rs per cent of earnings
l at basic rate.
Necessary to get bonus
Produce 100 per cent or over of
set standard.
{
Produce less than 3 per cent of
Production and Loom fixers
and 10 per cent of earnings
seconds.
efficiency.
towel weavers.
at basic rate.
Production and quality higher
than set standard.
Production........ fLoom fixers............ ----- do..........................
VWeavers................. 5 per cent of earnings Produce more than set standard.
at basic rate.
Do.
-do.
___ do..........................
Efficiency..........
Cloth with less than specified
Attendance....... All except salaried 10 per cent of earnings
number of imperfections.
at basic rate.
employees.
Full-time attendance.
....... do................ All.......................... 5 per cent of earnings
at basic rate.
Full-time attendance unless ex
Attendance....... Spooler tenders-.
10 per cent of earnings
cused.
at basic rate.
Full-time attendance.
3H per cent of earn
Loom fixers____
Production..
ings at basic rate.
Second hands...
6 per cent of earnings Produce more than set standard.
at basic rate.
Attendance.
Spare piece work 10 per cent of earnings Full-time attendance.
ers and all time
at basic rate.
workers, except
scrubbers, waste
house, shop, and
warehouse em
ployees.
All piece workers Varies with the per Produce set standard or more.
Production..
e x c e p t sp are
cent of production
hands.
Attendance and Weave room sec Varies with kind of Produce more than set standard.
cloth.
tion hands.
f Spinners................. $1 per 100 flaws found.. Detect flaws in bobbins.
Efficiency______ \Looxn fixers__ ____ $4 per week_________ Looms produce not more than set
number of seconds.
(Inspectors in cloth $1 per week.
Pass no faulty work.
room.
....... do-------------- <
ISlasher tenders___ 15 cents per hour........ Proper regulation of sizing.
____do__............. Weavers and loom 10 per cent of earnings Produce 5 per cent or less of
fixers.
at basic rate.
seconds.
Loom fixers and $2 per week:............... Produce 95 per eent or more of
capacity.
second hands in
weave room.
Weavers,
loom One-fourth cent for Produce over set standard of
....... do........... .
each yard of firsts
firsts.
fixers, and second
overset standard.
hands.
____do_............... Spinners............... . 25 cents for each 100 Detect imperfections in card
room production.
imperfections found.
Not reported............... Keep all looms in good running
Efficiency and Loom fixers.
condition and save supplies.
economy.
(
INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS,
1923 TO 1930
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the cotton-goods
industry are presented in Table 11 for each month, January, 1923,
to December, 1930, inclusive. These numbers were computed from
the volume of employment and the amount of the pay rolls for each
of the months and years, with the 1926 average as the base or 100
per cent. The index numbers are as published by the bureau in
monthly reports on “ Trend of employment” in the United States.
During the period covered by the table employment was highest
at 128.2 in March, 1923, and lowest at 72.9 in August, 1930. Pay
rolls were highest at 135.9 in May, 1923, and lowest at 61.5 in August,
1930.
23
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
Index numbers of employment by years were 120.3 in 923
in 1924, 101.1 in 1925, 100.0 in 1926, 105.0 in 1927, 95.. i ,
95.5 in 1929, and 80.6 in 1930; and of pay rolls were 123.5 m
99.6 in 1924, 101.1 in 1925, 100.0 in 1926, 108.5 in 1927, 91.7 in
94.3 in 1929, and 73.3 in 1930.
T able
99.9
1928,
1923,
1928,
11.— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January, 1928, to
September, 1980, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100.0]
Index numbers of—
Month
Pay-roll totals
Employment
1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
January........
February___
March...........
April.............
M ay..............
June..............
July..............
August..........
September...
October.........
November...
December___
126.2 112. 4 105.1 103.0
126.7 112. 0 106.1 103.5
128.2 108. 1 105.7 104.5
127.8 103. 5 105.8 103.5
127.7 99. 8 104.0 100.8
125.5 97. 0 101.9 98.3
115.6 87. 8 93.4 91.9
113.0 89. 7 93.7 91.7
114.4 91. 8 92.4 97.5
111.0 96. 5 100.0 100.4
112.8 96. 6 102.3 101.3
115.2 103. 4 102.8 103.0
103.7 102.4
105.2 101.3
105.7 99.5
105.4 97.1
105.1 92.4
105.4 91.7
104.9 89.9
104.2 88.6
105.3 90.4
105.8 94.1
105.8 97.0
103.7 98.3
98.6
99.1
98.6
96.7
96.9
96.8
93.5
91.6
94.0
94.8
93.8
92.0
90.4
88.7
87.7
86.9
83.9
81.3
75.9
72.9
74.5
74.5
75.4
74.7
120.5 122.6 107.9 105.4
120.7 120.0 108.9 106.7
123.3 111.0 109.6 108.0
127.2 104.8 108.8 106.3
135.9 97.8 106.0 98.5
130.0 90.1 99.3 95.6
119.0 79.1 91.0 85.2
120.9 83.7 91.5 88.1
125.2 88.4 84.1 96.4
116.0 95.8 98.6 101.0
116.2 94.1 101.5 102.3
126.5 107.9 105.8 106.9
106.0
109.9
111.6
110.0
109.6
109.3
106.3
107.2
108.8
110.2
107.4
106.2
99.8 97. 6
98.0 100. 3
95.4 100. 1
91.4 98. 7
87.5 97. 5
85.7 95. 2
84.8 90. 9
82.7 88. 4
86.4 91. 2
93.1 94. 2
96.3 89. 6
99.8 87. 9
85.5
84.6
82.7
82.2
77.7
73.5
64.8
61.5
64.6
66.8
66.8
69.1
Average___ |120.3 99. 9 101.1 100.0 105.0 95.2 95.5 80.6 123.5 99.6 101.1 100.0 108.5 91.7 94. 3 73.3
i
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY
Table 12 shows for the industry the number of establishments,
average number of wage earners, the amount paid in wages, the cost
of materials, the value of products, and the value added by manufac
ture, as published by the United States Census of Manufactures.
The figures are for the United States as a whole in each of the specified
years from 1899 to 1927, and in 1927 for each of the 11 States included
in the 1930 study.
From the census figures the average per wage earner of each item
was computed by the bureau, as was the per cent that amount of
wages was of the value added by manufacture.
Average annual wages per wage earner was $815 in 1927 and ranged
by years from $286 in 1899 to $816 in 1923; by States, the averages
in 1927 ranged from $642 to $1,053.
Wages formed 55 per cent of value added by manufacture in 1927
and by years ranged from 42 per cent in 1919 to 60 per cent in 1914;
in 1927 the per cent by States ranged from 49 to 63.
24
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
12.— Establishments, wage earners, wages, cos£ o/ materials, uaZtze of prodwcZs, t>aZwe added by manufacture, and per capita earnings, e£c.,
to 1927
T able
[From United States Census of Manufactures, 1927]
State and year
Number
Average
of estab number of
lishments wage earners
Amount paid
in wages
973
1,077
1,208
1,179
1,288
i 1,328
11,375
i 1,366
11,347
297,929
310,458
371,182
388,726
445,423
425,319
485,784
445,184
467,596
68
35
139
17
163
17
35
374
66
163
11
259
24,825
12,639
56,607
10,195
90,875
14,722
7,572
95,786
26,203
75,069
8,426
44,677
United States:
1899................................
1904................................
1909................................
1914................................
1919................................
1921...............................
1923................................
1925................................
1927................................
States—1927:
Alabama........................
Connecticut...................
Georgia..................... —
M aine..........................
Massachusetts...............
New Hampshire............
New York..... ................
North Carolina..............
Rhode Island.................
South Carolina..............
Virginia....... .................
All other States..... ........
State and year
United States:
1899.................................
1904.................................
1909.................................
1914............. ............... 1919....................... -........
1921............... ......... ........
1923.............................. 1925..................................
1927-..............................
States—1927:
Alabama....................... Connecticut....................
Georgia....... - .................
Maine.............................
Massachusetts............ —
New Hampshire_______
New York...................
North Carolina..............
Rhode Island.............. —
South Carolina.............
Virginia-.........- ..............
All other States..............
Value added
by manufac
ture
Average
annual
wages per
wage
earner
Cost of
materials
Value of
products
$85,126,310
94,377,696
129,789,717
146,129,628
355,474,937
328,226,744
396,602,644
353,882,870
380,909,543
$173,441,390
282,047,648
364,013,504
431,602,540
1,277,785,597
707,442,097
1,147,372,215
1,077,152,614
871,591,901
$332,806,156
442,451,218
615,217,702
676,569,115
2,125,272,193
1,278,220,831
1,901,125,703
1,714,367,787
1,567,400,612
15,927,634
13,140,400
36,908,790
9,781,130
88,089,667
15,142,435
7,872,864
66,149,690
27,586,550
49,383,478
7,057,919
43,868,986
49,850,441
26,021,426
106,882,283
17,350,564
145,630,938
26,772,287
14,477,202
184,509,360
45,669,205
135,085,027
14,177,760
105,165,408
80,833,617
49,177,763
180,509,344
34,414,143
284,706,007
57,721,546
29,102,221
310,299,158
90,053,620
231,272,599
27,295,233
192,015,361
Cost of
material
per wage
earner
Value of
products
per wage
earner
Value
added by
manufac
ture per
wage
earner
Per cent
wages
are of
value
added
$159,364,766
160,403,570
251,204,198
244,966,575
847,486,596
570,778,734
753,753,488
637,215,173
695,808,711
$286
304
350
376
798
772
816
795
815
$582
908
981
1,110
2,869
1,663
2,362
2,420
1,864
$1,117
1,425
1,657
1,740
4,771
3,005
3,914
3,851
3,352
$535
517
677
630
1,903
1,342
1,552
1,431
1,488
53
59
52
60
42
58
53
56
55
30,983,176
23,156,337
73,627,061
17,063,579
139,075,069
30,949,259
14,625,019
125,789,798
44,384,415
96,187,572
13,117,473
86,849,953
642
1,040
652
959
969
1,029
1,040
691
1,053
658
838
982
2,008
2,059
1,888
1,702
1,603
1,819
1,912
1,926
1,743
1,799
1,683
2,354
3,256
3,891
3,189
3,376
3,133
3,921
3,843
3,240
3,437
3,081
3,239
4,298
1,248
1,832
1,301
1,674
1,530
2,102
1,931
1,313
1,694
1,281
1,557
1,944
51
57
50
57
63
49
54
53
62
51
54
51
* Data for establishments with products less than $5,000 in value not included.
PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS OF COTTON AND COTTON
GOODS
Table 13 shows the average wholesale New York market price per
pound of middling, upland cotton, and index numbers of the average
wholesale price of cotton, of cotton goods, and also of average earn
ings per hour of wage earners in cotton mills, 1913 to 1930, with the
1913 average the base or 100 per cent. “ Cotton goods,” as here
used, includes all of the various kinds of cottons for which wholesale
prices are shown in Bulletin No. 521 of the Bureau of Labor Statis
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 30
25
tics, supplemented by information for 1930,. The figures used in
computing the index numbers for cotton goods were obtained by
weighting the price of each kind of cotton goods by the quantity
(as nearly as could be determined) thereof sold in the markets in 1923
and 1925. (For the kinds of cotton goods and weightings see pp.
243 and 244 of Bulletin No. 473.)
Between 1913 and 1930 the average wholesale price per pound of
cotton ranged from 10.2 cents in 1915 to 33.9 cents in 1920. It
dropped from an index of 100 in 1913 to 94.5 in 1914, and to 79.7 in
1915; increased from year to year to 264.8 in 1920; dropped abruptly
to 118 in 1921, a decrease of 55.4 per cent; increased to 228.9 in 1923;
decreased to 136.7 in 1926; increased to 156.3 in 1928, and dropped
to 149.2 in 1929 and to 110.9 for the average for the first 10 months
in 1930.
Wholesale cotton goods prices decreased from an index of 100 in
1913 to 96.6 in 1914 and 90.2 in 1915, then increased each year to
328.8 in 1920, an increase of 228.8 per cent between 1913 and 1920,
as compared with an increase of 164.8 per cent in the wholesale price
of cotton. Cotton goods prices dropped from an index of 328.8 in
1920 to 171.6 in 1921; increased to 201.6 in 1923; dropped each year
to an index of 168.8 in 1927; then increased to 174.5 in 1928; de
creased to 171.4 in 1929, and to 153.3 for the average for the first 10
months in 1930.
Average earnings per hour of wage earners in cotton mills increased
from an index of 100 in 1913 to 323.5 in 1920; dropped to 222.4 in
1922; increased to 250.7 in 1924; decreased to 218.3 in 1928; and
increased to 219.0 in 1930.
13.— Average wholesale prices of cotton and index numbers of average whole
sale prices of cotton and cotton goods, and of average earnings per hour of wage
earners in the cotton goods industry, 1913 to 1980
T able
[1913= 100.0]
Year
1913.......................................
1914 ____________ ______
1915 .......
.................... .
1916 .................... ...............
1917.......................................
1918............ ........... ................
1919______________________
1920______________________
1921....................... ..............
1922............................ ...........
1923______________________
1924............................... ........
1925........................... ............
1926......................... ..............
1927.................... ...................
1928........................................
1929.......................................
1930........................................
Index numbers of—
Average
whole
sale price
per
Average
pound of Average Average
whole earnings
cotton,
whole sale
per
hour
price
sale price of cotton in cotton
New
of cotton
York
goods
mills
market
$0,128
.121
.102
.145
.235
.318
.325
.339
. 151
.212
.293
.287
.235
. 175
.176
.200
. 191
*.142
* Wage data were not collected for this year.
* For the first 10 months of this year.
100.0
94.5
79.7
113.3
183.6
248.4
253.9
264.8
118.0
165.6
228.9
224.2
183.6
136.7
137.5
156.3
149.2
2 110.9
100.0
96.6
90.2
118.4
170.2
252.8
254.3
328.8
171.6
179.8
201.6
197.8
189.7
172.4
168.8
174.5
171.4
2 153.3
100.0
103.1
0)
120.6
0)
179.9
0)
323.5
0)
222.4
0)
250.7
0)
221.0
0)
218.3
0)
219.0
26
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
SCOPE AND METHOD
In 1930 data as to days, hours, wage rates, and earnings of each
wage earner in each occupation in the industry were collected by
agents of the bureau from the pay rolls and other records of 162 repre
sentative cotton mills in 11 States. The mills had at the time of the
study approximately 9,000,000 spindles and 225,000 looms in opera
tion, and in one week produced 13,499,275 pounds of cotton yam and
13,214,702 pounds of cloth. The yam was generally for the use of
the mills in which it was produced. The States included in the study,
based on the 1927 report of the United States Census of Manufactures,
were the most important in number of wage earners.
The studies of this industry have been limited to mills whose
principal products were woven cotton goods as follows: Sheetings,
pillow tubing, print cloths, voiles, ginghams; tobacco, cheese, butter,
bunting, and bandage cloths; lawns, nainsooks, cambrics, madras,
shirtings, drills, twills, and sateens; ticking, denims, osnaburgs, cotton
flannels, and ducking. Mills that manufactured yarns only or those
whose principal products were specialties, such as bedspreads, ham
mocks, towels, napkins, handkerchiefs, braid, tire fabrics, etc., and
those that made goods of cotton mixed with more than 25 per cent
of wool, silk, or rayon were excluded. Plants engaged in dyeing and
finishing textiles and the dyeing and finishing departments of cotton
mills were also excluded.
To get the number of wage earners allocated to a few States in
1930 it was necessary to take wage figures from 13 mills in which part
of the cloth was made of cotton yam only, and in which part was
made from a mixture of cotton and wool, rayon, or silk. Table 14
shows for each of the 13 mills the kind of fiber used, the per cent
of cloth made of cotton only and of cotton and other fiber, and the
per cent that cotton and that other fiber was of the mixture. Mill
No. 1 used cotton and rayon in making cloth, part of which (96.3 per
cent) was made of cotton only and part (3.7 per cent) of a mixture
of cotton and rayon. The mixed cloth was 60 per cent cotton and
40 per cent rayon.
Table 14.— Kind of fiber used, per cent of cloth made of cotton only, and of mix
ture of cotton and other fiber, and per cent in mixture of cotton and other fiber
Per cent of cloth
made of—
Mill
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1_______
2.............
3.............
4_______
5.............
6.............
7.............
8.............
9.............
10...........
11...........
12...........
13...........
Kind of fiber used
Cotton and rayon___________________________
Cotton, rayon, and silk- -.
-- -T
Cotton and rayon___________________________
....... do...................................... ............................
....... do...................................................................
____do............ ........ ................... ..........................
Cotton, rayon, and silk-______________ _______
Cotton and wool..................................................
Cotton and rayon___________________________
____ do...... ......... .................................. ................
Cotton, rayon, and silk______________________
Cotton and rayon___________________________
____do...................... ..... .......................................
Per cent in mixture
of—
! Mixture
Cotton sof cotton Cotton
fiber only and other fiber
fiber
3.7
10.8
22.1
10.8
1.9
6.7
35.1
60.9
100.0
5.1
7.3
52.4
100.0
96.3
89.2
77.9
89.2
98.1
93.3
64.9
39.1
94.9
92.7
47.6
i
60.0
96.3
50.0
57.0
50.0
30.0
62.9
94.0
92.0
65.0
76.8
78.0
80.0
Other
fiber
40.0
3.7
50.0
43.0
50.0
70.0
37.1
6.0
8.0
35.0
23.2
22.0
20.0
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
27
Except for a very few mills the data used in compiling the 1930
wage figures were taken from a representative pay period in March,
April, or May, and therefore reflect the condition of the industry in
those months.
Table 15 shows by States the number of wage earners in the industry
in 1927 according to the United States Census of Manufactures. The
number of mills from which the Bureau of Labor Statistics obtained
data for 1930 and the number of wage earners therein for whom data
are presented are also shown in the table. According to these figures
90.4 per cent of the total number of wage earners in the industry were
in the 11 States in which the mills furnishing information to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics are located. The 90,053 (53,243 males
and 36,810 females) wage earners included in the 1930 study by the
bureau is 19.3 per cent of the total in the industry in 1927.
15.— Number of wage earners in cotton goods manufacturing in 1927 and
number of establishments and wage earners for which 1980 data are shown, by
State
T able
State
Alabama_____________________
Connecticut__________________
Georgia_______________________
Maine________________________
Massachusetts.,.______________
New Hampshire._____________
New York____________________
North Carolina_______________
Rhode Island_________________
South Carolina________________
Virginia______________________
Other States__________________
Total___________________
Establishments an d
Number of
wage earners for
wage
which
data
are
earners
shown for 1930 in
reported
this report
by United
States
Census
Number of Number of
Office in
establish
wage
1927
ments
earners
24,825
12,639
56,607
10,195
90,875
14,722
7,572
95.786
26,203
75,069
8,426
44,677
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
6,044
3,078
11,627
3,000
16,167
4,067
2,343
20,281
6,323
15,963
2,160
467,596
162
90,053
Data for each of the mills with a pay period of more than one week
were reduced to a 1-week basis.
Because of the carry-over of incomplete cuts from one week to
another, wage figures for weavers were taken for two weeks in all mills
and then reduced to a 1-week basis.
Average full-time hours per week were computed by dividing the
combined full-time hours per week of all employees in the occupation
by the number of employees in the occupation in one week. The
full-time hours per week of each employee were used in arriving at
this average, even though some employees worked more or less than
full time on account of overtime, sickness, disability, or other cause.
Where no record of actual hours worked by piece workers was regu
larly kept, the officials of the mills, at the request of the bureau, had
a record of the actual hours worked kept for a representative pay
period.
Average earnings per hour include the earnings of both time workers
and piece workers and were obtained by dividing the total earnings of
28
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
all employees in an occupation in one week by the total number of
hours worked in that week by such employees.
Average full-time earnings per week were computed by multiplying
the average earnings per hour of employees in the occupation by their
average full-time hours per week. This is on the assumption that
the earnings for full time would have been at the same average per
hour as for the time that was actually worked in one week.
A description of each of the occupations or operations in a represen
tative cotton mill appears in Bulletin No. 239 of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
The occupations as published in this bulletin are approximately in
the order of manufacture, as follows:
Picker tenders.
Card tenders and strippers.
Card grinders.
Drawing-frame tenders.
Slubber tenders.
Speeder tenders.
Spinners, mule.
Spinners, frame.
Doffers.
Spooler tenders.
Creelers.
Warper tenders.
Beamer tenders.
Slasher tenders.
Drawers-in, hand.
Drawing-in machine tenders.
Warp-tying machine tenders.
Loom fixers.
Weavers.
Trimmers or inspectors.
Other employees.
GENERAL TABLES
In addition to the preceding text tables, three general tables are
presented as follows:
T ab le A —Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1930, by occupa
tion, sex, and State.
The presentation in this table in parallel columns of “ Average full
time hours per week” and “ Average hours actually worked per week”
is for the purpose of easy comparison of the hours that would have
been worked in the week had an employees in the occupation worked
no more nor less than full time, with the average hours that were
actually worked in the week. One shows the full-time hours under
normal conditions, while the other shows the hours actually worked
in the week by all employees in the occupation in each State and in
all States combined.
On page 36, near the end of the table, it is seen that the 53,243 males
in the 162 mills worked on an average of 4.7 days in one week; that
their average full-time hours in one week were 53.7; that they actually
worked 43.9 hours in the week or 81.8 per cent of full time; that they
earned an average of 34.6 cents per hour and $15.19 in the week; and
that had they worked full time of 53.7 hours at the same average per
hour as was earned in the 43.9 hours they would have earned $18.58
in the week.
The 36,810 females in the 162 mills worked on an average of 4.6
days in one week. Their average full-time hours per week were 52.9
and they worked an average of 40.9 hours in the week or 77.3 per
cent of full time. They earned an average of 29.3 cents per hour and
$11.98 in the week. Had they worked the average full time of 52.9
hours per week at the same average as was earned in the 40.9 hours*
they would have earned an average of $15.50 per week.
29
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
The 90,053 males and females in the 162 mills worked on an average
of 4.6 days in one week. Their average full-time hours per week were
53.4, and in the week they worked an average of 42.7 hours or 80
per cent of full time. They earned an average of 32.5 cents per Hour
and $13.88 in the week. Had they worked their average full-time
hours of 53.4 per week at the same average per hour as was earned in
the 42.7 hours they would have earned an average of $17.36 per week.
T a b le B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified
occupations, 1930, by sex and State.
T able C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10
specified occupations, 1930, by sex and State.
A .—Average number of days on which employees workedy average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1980, by occupation, sex, and State
T able
Occupation, sex, and State
Picker tenders, male:
Aver
age
Num Num days
on
ber of ber of which
estab em
em
lish ploy ployees
ments ees worked
in week
Aver Aver
Per
age
age
full hours cent of
full
time actu
ally
hours
time
per worked worked
week in week
Onnnfifttifiut
-- Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire __________
New York
______________
North Carolina
...
Rhode Island _____________
South Carolina. ___________
Virginia___________________
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
54
15
25
3
92
25
159
39
143
83
26
225
41
145
27
4.0
5.6
4.6
5.2
4.9
4.8
4.2
4.5
4.8
4.2
4.8
55.4
51.6
56.5
53.4
48.7
53.7
48.0
55.0
52.0
54.8
54.4
38.3
£2.5
45.5
49.3
41.6
42.9
37.6
43.3
44.8
40.4
46.0
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time actual
earn
earn
ings
ings
in
per
week week
69.1 $0.222 $12.30
101.7
.337
17.39
80.5
.225
12.71
92.3
.328
17.52
85.4
.362
17.63
79.9
20.35
.379
78.3
.404
19.39
78.7
.265
14.58
86.2
.379
19. 71
73.7
.224
12.28
84.6
.240
13.06
$8.49
17.69
10.23
16.16
15.05
16. 26
15.19
11.48
16.94
9.04
11.03
Total____________________
160
1,005
4.6
53.8
43.0
79.9
.284
15.28
12.20
Card tenders and strippers, male:
Alabama. ____ __________
Connecticut________________
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts_____________
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island______________
South Carolina_____________
Virginia___________________
6
5
15
4
23
6
3
54
15
26
3
144
50
273
54
224
111
46
423
105
273
39
4.4
5.5
4.0
4.4
4.9
4.7
4.1
4.1
4.9
4.4
4.2
55.4
51.4
56.5
53.3
49.3
53.7
48.5
54.9
51.6
54.8
54.7
41.6
50.7
40.5
41.2
44.5
44.6
35.3
40.3
45.0
42.5
40.4
75.1
98.6
71.7
77.3
90.3
83.1
72.8
73.4
87.2
77.6
73.9
.250
.354
.252
.329
.423
.398
.444
.279
.421
.259
.272
13.85
18.20
14.24
17.54
20.85
21.37
21.53
15.32
21.72
14.19
14.88
10. 39
17.96
10.21
13. 54
18.83
17.76
15.68
11. 25
18.95
11.01
10.98
Total____________________
160
1,742
4.4
53.8
42.0
78.1
.314
16.89
13.20
Card grinders, male:
Alabama___________________
Connecticut________________
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts.......... ..............
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island__________ ____
South Carolina_____________
Virginia___________________
6
5
14
4
24
6
3
53
14
23
3
43
13
79
15
83
35
14
137
31
73
19
5.1
5.5
5.0
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.7
5.0
5.2
4.9
4.6
55.4
50.7
56.5
54.0
48.1
53.8
48.9
55.1
52.1
55.0
54.7
47.5
51.4
50.8
53.8
44.6
47.6
42.1
49.4
48.3
47.6
44.1
85.7
101.4
89.9
99.6
92.7
88.5
86.1
89.7
92.7
86. 5
80.6
.370
.444
.354
.417
.482
.500
.539
.364
.487
.371
.331
20.50
22. 51
20.00
22. 52
23.18
26.90
23.36
20.06
25.37
20.41
18.11
17.55
22.81
17.99
22.44
21. 51
23.81
22. 71
17.97
23. 53
17.65
14.60
Total............................ ........
155
542
5.0
53.7
48.1
89.6
.403
21.64
19.38
Drawing-frame tenders, male:
Alabama___________________
Connecticut_______. ________
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire __________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island...........................
5
4
14
2
15
4
54
13
62
18
116
19
94
13
310
32
4.1
5.4
3.9
4.9
4.6
4.8
4.3
4.5
55.1
49.9
56.6
51.3
49.5
54.3
54.9
52.1
39.2
46.9
40.2
52.5
41.3
47.5
41.1
40.2
71.1
94.0
71.0
102.3
83.4
87.5
74.9
77.2
.230
.333
.247
.284
.373
.332
.279
.346
12.67
16.62
13.98
14. 57
18.46
18.03
15.32
18.03
9.03
15.62
9.94
14.91
15.41
15.80
11.46
13.94
30
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1930, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
T able A .—
Occupation, sex, and State
Drawing-frame tenders, male—
Continued.
South Carolina_____________
Virginia __ ________________
Total
..............................
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num Num
Per
age
age
days
on full
ber of ber of which
hours cent of
estab em
full
time actu
em
lish ploy ployees hours
time
ally
ments ees worked
per worked worked
in week week in week
26
3
140
218
34
916
4.1
4.3
4.3
54.8
54.7
54.3
38.5
41.0
40.7
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
70.3 $0,248
75.0
.288
75.0
.280
Drawing-frame tenders, female:
4
85
4.7
55.6
43.7
4
33
5.6
50.1
48.0
9
147
4.1
56.2
39.7
47
3
43.2
4.7
53.5
16
127
4.6
48.0
36.8
Massachusetts_____________
5
64
4.7
New Hampshire____________
53.7
41.6
3
39
New York _______________
3.6
48.0
30.4
1
North Carolina_____________
0
0
0)
0
4.7
51.4
______________ Rhode12Island46
41.1
5
5
4.4
41.5
South Carolina_____________
55.0
62
595
4.5
52.6
Total____________________
40.1
Slubber tenders, male:
4.4
6
55.4
Alabama............ .
96
40.4
Dormecticut. _ ....
5
22
5.7
52.1
53.7
185
15
4.0
Georgia___________________
56.6 . 40.7
4
43
4.7
53.2
Maine_____________________
45.0
Massachusetts ____________
22
130
4.8
49.2
41.4
6
55
4.7
New Hampshire __________
53.8
43.8
New York_________________
3
23
4.0
48.0
32.6
North Carolina_____________
55
282
4.2
54.9
40.2
5.1
52.2
45.2
34
40
Rhode Island_____________ _
195
4.3
54.8
South Carolina.._- _________
26
41.0
3
35
3.4
Virginia___________________
54.6
32.0
4.4
54.1
Total.....................................
159 1,106
41.0
Slubber tenders, female:
1
Connecticut________________
0
0
0
Massachuestts______________
2
(1>3
4.0
34.7
48.0
1
New Hampshire____________
(>)
0
0
0)
2
8
New York
________________
30.3
3.8
48.0
1
North Carolina_____________
0
0
0
(,)7
Rhode3Island______________
30.8
3.3
53.1
2
2
South Carolina_____________
31.0
5.0
52.5
25
12
3.9
50.7
33.1
Total....................................
Speeder tenders, male:
5
147
4.3
39.0
Alabama__________________
55.3
4
54
50.7
Connecticut_______________
4.8
43.5
474
56.4
40.9
Georgia____________________
15
4.0
4
43
M ain e____________________
4.7
44.2
52.8
Massachusetts ___________
211
4.5
18
43.6
54.0
55
5
5.2
48.2
New Hampshire____________
53.8
3
47
New York_________________
33.2
4.0
48.0
972
41.4
North Carolina_____________
55
4.3
55.0
14
80
41.4
Rhode Island______________
4.6
52.6
744
4.2
South Carolina_____________
54.7
40.5
26
3
112
4.1
Virginia___________________
54.6
38.6
41.1
152 2,939
4.3
54.8
Total....................................
Speeder tenders, female:
6
55.2
40.3
Alabama__________________
170
4.5
174
5
5.1
43.8
50.0
Connecticut............................
155
4.3
56.5
40.9
Georgia____________________
12
43.7
4
211
4.9
53.9
Maine_____________________
24 1,023
Massachusetts_____________
5.0
47.9
40.0
191
New Hampshire____________
6
5.1
53.2
44.5
New York...............................
3
182
3.9
48.0
32.5
174
North Carolina_____________
55.1
42.2
30
4.3
43.4
15
350
4.7
Rhode Island______________
51.6
39.4
South Carolina_____________
25
308
4.2
54.7
3
44.2
33
Virginia___________________
55.0
4.6
40.9
T o ta l___________________
133 2,971
4.7
51.3
i Data included in total.
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time actual
earn earn
ings
ings
in
per
week
week
$13.59
15.75
15.20
$9.54
11.82
11.37
78.6
95.8
70.6
80.7
76.7
77.5
63.3
0)
80.0
75.5
76.2
.219
.312
.210
.241
.367
.316
.341
0
.308
.211
.278
12.18
15.63
11.80
12.89
17.62
16.97
16.37
0
15.83
11.61
14.62
9.56
14.95
8.35
10.40
13.49
13.17
10.36
0
12.63
8.74
11.16
72.9
103.1
71.9
84.6
84.1
81.4
67.9
73.2
86.6
74.8
58.6
75.8
.287
.420
.320
.404
.483
.479
.558
.341
.482
.316
.288
.365
15.90
21.88
18.11
21.49
23.76
25.77
26.78
18.72
25.16
17.32
15.72
19.75
11.58
22.55
13.00
18.18
19.98
21.01
18.18
13.71
21.78
12.97
9.22
14.97
0
72.3
0
63.1
0
58.0
59.0
65.3
0
.493
(1)
.446
0)
.350
.267
.390
0
23.66
0
21.41
0)
18.59
14.02
19.77
0
17.08
0
13.49
0
10.76
8.27
12.91
70.5
85.8
72.5
83.7
80.7
89.6
69.2
75.3
78.7
74.0
70.7
75.0 |
.292
.423
.300
.344
.483
.458
.456
.340
.441
.312
.319
.343
16.15
21.45
16.92
18.16
26.08
24.64
21.89
18.70
23.20
17.07
17.42
18.80 |
11.40
18.40
12.28
15.20
21.06
22.08
15.13
14.10
18.27
12.66
12.32
14.11
73.0
87.6
72.4
81.1
83.5
83.6
67.7
76.6
84.1
72.0
80.4
79.7
.257
.377
.297
.319
.372
.413
.399
.295
.385
.284
.288
.349
14.19
18.85
16.78
17.19
17.82
21.97
19.15
16.25
19.87
15.53
15.84
17.90
10.36
16.51
12.13
13.96
14.89
18.36
12.94
12.43
16.69
11.21
12.75
14.28
31
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 -1 9 3 0
A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1980, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T able
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Num Num days
on
ber of ber of which
estab em
em
lish ploy ployees
ments ees worked
in week
Spinners, mule, male:
3
72
Connecticut______________
3
_____________ Massachusetts
57
2
34
Rhode Island______________
Total____________________
8
163
Spinners, frame, male:
2
84
Oon'HActicut,.. ..........
6
Georgia____________________
43
1
Maine_____________________
0
10
_____________Massachusetts
?13
3
New Hampshire____________
13
New York_________________
2
20
7
North Carolina_____________
65
17
144
South Carolina________ ____
Aver Aver
age
Per
age
full hours cent of
full
time actu
hours
ally
time
per worked worked
week in week
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time actual
earn
earn
ings
ings
in
per
week
week
$31.24
31.39
37.63
$21.33
28.44
30.12
.674
32.69
25.65
74.8
71.1
0
65.9
69.7
90.6
59.6
54.7
.350
.205
0)
.405
.412
.520
.199
.172
17.61
11.85
0
23.98
22.04
24.96
10.85
9.37
13.19
8.40
0
15.79
15.36
22.62
6.47
5.12
3.8
5.0
4.0
49.2
48.0
48.0
33.6
43.5
38.4
68.3 $0.635
.654
90.6
80.0
.784
4.3
48.5
38.1
78.6
3.8 • 50.3
3.6
57.8
0
0
3.9
59.2
4.0
53.5
4.8
48.0
3.5
54.5
3.5
54.5
37.6
41.1
0
39.0
37.3
43.5
32.5
29.8
Total....................................
48
623
3.8
55.5
36.5
65.8
.322
17.87
11.77
Spinners, frame, female:
Alabama
nnnnp.ntinnt
Georgia____________________
Maine___________________
Massachusetts_______ _____ _
New Hampshire____________
New Y o rk _______
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island______ ________
South Carolina___
Virginia.................................
6
5
16
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
694
?28
1,311
266
1,440
467
250
2,449
570
2,527
218
4.2
5.3
4.0
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.1
4.1
4.6
4.0
3.4
55.2
51.2
56.6
53.9
48.0
52.2
46.6
55.0
51.0
54.8
54.4
38.7
46.6
39.9
43.7
38.4
42.1
32.9
38.7
41.9
36.9
36.9
70.1
91.0
70.5
81.1
80.0
80.7
70.6
70.4
82.2
67.3
67.8
.215
.321
.222
.311
.342
.400
.416
.231
.355
.222
.245
11.87
16.44
12.57
16.76
16.42
20.88
19.39
12.71
18.11
12.17
13.33
8.33
14.99
8.83
13.62
13.15
16.86
13.71
8.94
14.89
8.19
9.05
162 10,420
4.3
53.5
38.8
72.5
.266
14.23
10.34
Doffers, male:
Alabama____________ ____
Connecticut________ _____
Georgia_____________ ____
Maine____-____ ______ ____
Massachusetts...................... .
New Hampshire....................
New York...............................
North Carolina....... ...............
Rhode Island_______ _______
South Carolina.......................
Virginia......... .........................
6
330
5
105
15
616
3
37
22
509
5
118
3
76
55 1,138
15
205
26
873
3
107
4.4
5.2
4.1
5.0
5.0
5.4
4.2
4.1
4.7
4.1
4.0
55.2
51.8
56.8
53.1
49.3
53.9
48.0
55.0
51.2
54.7
54.7
39.6
47.0
42.1
43.2
42.9
49.2
37.0
38.7
42.2
39.2
37.7
71.7
90.7
74.1
81.4
87.0
91.3
77.1
70.4
82.4
71.7
68.9
.280
.311
.288
.330
.394
.411
.443
.303
.405
.271
.261
15.46
16.11
16.36
17.52
19.42
22.15
21.26
16.67
20.74
14.82
14.28
11.07
14.59
12.12
14.23
16.90
20.23
16.37
11.73
17.10
10.64
9.87
Total....................................
158 4,114
4.3
54.1
40.6
75.0
.315
17.04
12.79
49.7
53.5
48.0
54.0
0
55.0
51.3
38.3
40.5
40.1
39.8
0
50.0
39.9
77.1
75.7
83.5
73.7
0
90.9
77.8
.232
.293
. 366
.361
0
.310
.231
11.53
15.68
17.57
19.49
0
17.05
11.85
8.89
11.86
14.65
14.34
0
15.49
9.21
Total.......................
Doffers, female:
Connecticut_____ _______
Maine.......... .........................
Massachusetts_____________
New Hampshire................ —
New York..............................
North Carolina.......................
Rhode Island..........................
Total.
____
___
4
4
5
2
1
2
10
21
113
57
46
46
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.4
0
5.4
4.4
28
320
4.5
51.5
39.1
75.9
.313
16.12
12.24
12
0
4.3
0)
0
55.0
0
0
42.6
0
0
77.5
0
0)
.227
0
0
12.49
0
0
9.68
0
23
4.4
55.3
43.3
78.3
.210
11.61
9.11
Spooler tenders, male:
Alabama__________________
North Carolina_____________
South Carolina_______ _____
1
6
1
Total....................................
8
>Data included in total.
0
0
32
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
A *—Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1930, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
T able
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver Aver Aver
Aver
age
Num Num dayson
Per
age
age
age
ber of ber of which full hours cent of earn
estab em
full
actu
time
em
ings
lish ploy ployees hours
time
ally
per
ments ees worked
per jworked worked hour
in week week :in week
Spooler tenders, female:
Alabama___________ _______
Connecticut________________
Georgia............. _..................—
Maine__________ ______ ____
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire________ ___
New York.......... ...................
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island______ ________
South Carolina...................... .
Virginia................................. .
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
14
26
3
Total________ ____ _______
161
379
177
624
88
825
122
91
1,239
202
617
90
4.6
4.9
3.8
4.5
4.9
4.9
3.9
4.1
5.0
4.2
3.8
55.4
51.1
56.7
53.9
47.9
53.7
48.0
55.1
52.1
54.9
54.6
39.3
43.8
37.8
41.0
39.7
43.6
32.1
39.3
45.5
39. 5
36.7
70.9 $0.190
85.7
.261
66.7
.222
76.1
.292
82.9
.289
81.2
.351
66.9
.368
71.3
.238
87.3
.296
71.9
.234
67.2
.230
Aver
age
full
time
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
week
$10.53
13.34
12.59
15.74
13.84
18.85
17.66
13.11
15.42
12.85
12.56
$7.47
11.42
8.39
11.99
11.48
15.31
11.82
9.36
13.45
9.25
8.45
4,454 1
4.4
53.5
39.6
74.0
.251
13.43
9.95
Creelers, male:
Alabama.
4
1
OoTlTiAP.t-Hvnt............................
6
_____ ______ ________Georgia
1
Mairift
. __
13
North Carolina....... .... ......... .
1
Rhode Tfiland ,. ..
South Carolina.......... .............
13
7
0)
14
0)
39
0)
34
4.1
0)
4.1
0)
4.6
0)
4.3
55.1
0
57.2
0)
55.4
0)
54.7
38.4
0)
41.0
0)
44.1
(0
42.7
69.7
0)
71.7
0)
79.6
(0
78.1
.190
(0
.235
(0
.313
0)
.250
10.47
(0
13.44
0)
17.34
0)
13.68
‘7.30
0)
9.63
0)
13.80
0)
10.65
39
100
4.4
55.2
43.3
78.4
.279
15.40
12.07
5
4
11
2
10
3
3
41
10
13
3
44
20
112
8
72
10
19
147
38
48
23
4.1
4.4
3.7
5.4
5.0
4.4
3.3
4.2
4.7
4.5
3.1
55.3
50.1
56.9
54.0
48.0
53.6
48.0
55.1
52.7
55.0
54.8
35.6
39.1
37.3
48.6
41.7
40.0
25.9
40.9
42.7
41.3
30.0
64.4
78.0
65.6
90.0
86.9
74.6
54.0
74.2
81.0
75.1
54.7
.225
.290
.201
.214
.294
.366
.328
.245
.279
.270
.249
12.44
14.53
11.44
11.56
14.11
19.62
15. 74
13.50
14.70
14.85
13.65
8.00
11.33
7. 51
10.39
12.25
14.64
8.49
10.03
11.89
11.14
7.46
105
541
4.2
53.9
39.0
72.4
.252
13.58
9.84
1
0)
0)
0)
4
5.3
56.5
13
Georgia____________________
1
Maine.. ___________________
0)
0)
0)
3
Massachusetts ____________
4
59.5
3.8
3.8
54.0
New Hampshire____________
2
12
45
144
4.4
55.1
North Carolina_____________
4
South Carolina_____________
17
5.2
55.0
4.1
54.4
Virginia___________________
2
8
0)
51.8
0)
33.8
36.3
41.5
49.7
39.4
0
91.7
0)
56.8
67.2
75.3
90.4
72.4
0)
.293
0)
.366
.470
.358
.338
.298
0)
16.55
0)
21.78
25.38
19.73
18.59
16.21
0)
15.19
0)
12.39
17.08
14.86
16.79
11.72
T o ta l-.............................
Creelers, female:
Alabama__________________
Connecticut_______ ________
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts_____________
New Hampshire____________
New York _______________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Islan d._____________
South Carolina_____________
Virginia___________________
Total....... ........................ .
Warper tenders, male:
Alabama__________________
T ota l...................................
62
203
4.5
55.1
42.6
77.3
.354
19.51
15.08
Warper tenders, female:
Alabama__________________
Connecticut________________
Georgia___________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts_____________
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island________ ______
South Carolina_____________
Virginia___________________
6
5
13
4
23
6
3
18
14
25
2
29
52
71
17
149
33
12
46
48
94
12
4.8
5.2
4.0
4.6
4.9
4.8
4.0
4.4
5.0
4.6
4.1
55.2
51.1
56.6
53.8
48.0
53.7
48.0
55.1
52.0
54.7
55.0
41.5
46.5
39.4
41.5
40.4
43.1
32.8
41.6
45.1
44.0
39.2
75.2
91.0
69.6
77.1
84.2
80.3
68.3
75.5
86.7
80.4
71.3
.281
.345
.280
.338
.347
.440
.409
.270
.368
.296
.322
15.51
17.63
15.85
18.18
16.66
23.63
19.63
14.88
19.14
16.19
17.71
11.65
16.04
11.02
14.05
14.02
18.98
13.41
11.24
16.60
13.02
12.61
Total____________________
119
563
4.7
52.4
42.0
80.2
.328
17.19
13.78
1Data included in total.
33
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 30
T able A .—Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per weeky average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1980, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver Aver Aver
age
Per
age
Num Num days
age
on full
hours cent of
ber of ber of
time
actu
estab em which
full
em hours
lish ploy ployees
ally
time
• per worked worked
ments ees worked
in week week in week
Beamer tenders, male:
Connecticut............................
Gerogia____________________
Massachusetts_________ ____
New Hampshire_____ _____ _
North Carolina____________
Rhode Island........ ................
Virginia...................................
Total....................................
2
3
2
1
20
1
1
30
Beamer tenders, female:
Georgia----- -----------------------Massachusetts........................
New Hampshire.................. .
North Carolina.......................
1
1
1
2
Total....................................
5
Slasher tenders, male:
Alabama.................................
Connecticut.........................-_
Georgia....................................
Maine.....................................
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island............. .............
South Carolina-------------------Virginia...................................
Total............... ....................
6
5
14
4
23
6
3
52
14
25
3
155
Drawers-in, hand, male:
Georgia____________________
Maine_______ _____________
Massachusetts-.......................
North Carolina............. .........
South Carolina................. ......
Virginia................................
Total................. ..................
1
2
1
3
1
1
9
6
33
20
(9
141
0)
(9
108
6.0
5.2
5.0
(9
4.4
(9
(9
4.7
53.8
55.5
48.0
(9
55.4
(9
(9
54.6
55.2
48.1
35.5
(9
40.7
(9
(9 1
42.3
(9
(9
(9
2
(9
(9
(9
4.5
(9
(9
(9
55.0
(9
42.5
36
5.1
53.3
45
23
108
21
127
45
18
206
44
172
18
827
5.0
5.5
4.4
5.6
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.6
5.2
4.8
5.2
4.9
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time actual
earn
earn
ings
ings
in
per
week week
102.6 $0.481
86.7
.404
.524
74.0
(9
(9
73.5
.465
(9
(9
(9
(9
.464
77.5
$25.88
22.42
25.15
(9
25.76
(9
(9
25. 33
$26.52
19.42
18.63
(9
18.95
<9
(9
19.62
P
(9
(9
77.3
(9
(9
(9
.239
(9
(9
(9
13.15
(9
(9
(9
10.17
44.6
83.7
.373
19.88
16.63
55.4
51.0
56.2
54.0
48.7
53.8
48.0
55.0
51.8
54.9
55.0
53.6
45.2
54.3
45.9
51.6
46.2
45.5
41.2
45.5
48.6
45.7
50.5
46.3
81.6
106.5
81.7
95.6
94.9
84.6
85.8
82.7
93.8
83.2
91.8
86.4
.274
.483
.309
.451
.505
.513
.577
.367
.484
.293
.331
.384
15.18
24. 63
17.37
24.35
24.59
27. 60
27. 70
20.19
24.64
16.09
18.21
20.58
12.36
26.24
14.18
23.29
23.32
23.32
23.79
16.71
23.51
13.40
16.71
17.78
5
(9
(9
17
(9
6.0
(9
5.0
(9
(9
4.6
(9
54.0
(9
55.0
(9
(9
53.5
(9
55.3
(9
48.0
(9
(9
44.0
(9
102.4
(9
87.3
W
(9
82.2
(9
.297
(9
.286
(1)
<9
.320
(9
16.04
(9
15.73
(9
(9
17.12
(9
16.45
(9
13.72
(9
(9
14.07
(9
5
(9
Drawers-in, hand, female:
Alabama.................................
Connecticut............................
Georgia....................................
Maine............ ............... .........
Massachusetts.....................
New Hampshire____________
New York.............................
North Carolina............... ........
Rhode Island—.................... .
South Carolina-....................
Virginia................................ .
Total.................... ............... j
6
5
11
3
16
5
3
40
12
24
3
128
40
45
61
36
208
54
38
187
73
138
37
917
4.9
4.7
4.6
5.9
5.3
5.4
4.5
4.7
4.2
5.1
5.4
5.0
55.2
52.4
56.8
54.0
48.0
53.9
48.0
55.1
51.2
55.0
55.0
52.7
42.2
41.1
41.1
52.8
43.2
49.2
39.2
43.3
38.3
45.0
49.6
43.7
76.4
78.4
72.4
97.8
90.0
91.3
81.7
78.6
74.8
81.8
90.2
82.9
.220
.440
.301
.336
.419
.357
.445
.315
.421
.292
.314
.352
12.14
23.06
17.10
18.14
20.11
19.24
21.36
17.36
21. 56
16.06
17.27
18.55
9.28
18.07
12.38
17. 72
18.12
17. 53
17.42
13. G6
16.11
13.14
15. 57
15. 35
Drawing-in machine tenders,
male:
Alabama................................ .
Connecticut............................
Georgia....................... ............
Maine.................. ................. .
Massachusetts....... .............. .
New Hampshire....... ..............
North Carolina............ ...........
Rhode Island—................. ......
South Carolina....... ...............
Virginia...................................
2
3
7
1
11
3
24
4
3
1
3
4
14
(9
35
7
33
9
4
(9
4.3
6.0
4.5
(9
5.2
4.6
4,0
5.1
5.8
(9
55.3
53.3
56.6
(9
48.0
53.7
55.3
52.0
55.0
(9
38.6
53.8
44.8
(9
43.2
40.5
39.9
48.1
56.4
(9
09.8
100.9
79.2
(9
90.0
75.4
72.2
92.5
102.5
(9
.326
.478
.336
(9
.530
.476
.407
.481
.364
(9
18.03
25.48
19.02
(9
25. 44
25.56
22. 51
25. 01
20. 02
(9
12. 57
25. 70
15.07
(9
22.92
19. 30
16. 25
23.12
20.50
(9
59
112
4.8
52.7
43.7
82.9
.444
23.40
19.40
Total....................................
1Data included in total.
34
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOB
A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per houry and per cent
of full time worked, 1930, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
T a b le
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Num Num days
on
ber of ber of which
estab em
em
lish ploy ployees
ments ees worked
in week
Drawing-in machine tenders, fe
male:
3
2
Connecticut............................
3
6
_____________Massachusetts
1
New Hampshire____________
0)
■Rhnd« Tsland
3
7
Aver Aver
Per
age
age
full hours cent of
full
time actu
hours
ally
time
per worked worked
week in week
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
4.7
3.8
0)
5.3
50.3
48.0
0)
50.6
42.3
32.2
(0
46.1
84.1 $0,484
67.1
.374
0)
0)
91.1
.401
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time actual
earn
earn
ings
ings
in
per
week week
$24.35
17.95
(0
20.29
$20.47
12.04
0)
18.50
Total....................................
9
17
4.7
49.8
41.0
82.3
.408
20.32
16.74
Warp-tying machine tenders,
male:
Alabama........................... .
Onnnflfit.ient _______ _____ ™.
Georgia________ ____ _______
Maine................... .................
Massachusetts........................
New Hampshire..... ................
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island...........................
South Carolina
. . . __
Virginia...................................
6
5
14
2
11
3
3
32
8
25
3
24
10
49
8
56
14
8
85
14
76
6
5.3
5.8
4.4
5.3
5.2
5.5
5.5
4.8
5.0
4.8
4.7
55.3
50.8
56.4
54.0
48.4
53.8
48.0
55.1
53.1
54.8
55.0
48.8
52.1
43.4
48.1
43.8
49.6
51.8
47.0
47.4
47.2
47.3
88.2
102.6
77.0
89.1
90.5
92.2
107.9
85.3
89.3
86.1
86.0
.352
.580
.337
.390
.482
.467
.575
.394
.539
.377
.339
19.47
29.46
19.01
21.06
23.33
25.12
27.60
21.71
28.62
20.66
18.65
17.15
30.24
14.61
18.79
21.08
23.14
29.75
18.50
25.57
17.83
16.05
Total....................................
112
350
4.9
53.7
46.5
86.6
.412
22.12
19.15
Loom fixers, male:
Alabama____ ______ ____ ___
■Connecticut.............................
Georgia___________________
Maine_________ ___________
Massachusetts________ ____
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina.......................
Rhode Island....... ............ ......
South Carolina_____________
Virginia...................................
6
5
15
4
23
6
3
54
14
25
3
229
117
415
122
634
164
98
883
237
723
78
5.0
5.4
4.8
5.4
5.3
5.1
5.0
4.8
4.8
4.8
5.5
55.6
50.7
56.7
53.9
48.8
53.8
48.1
55.0
51.3
54.8
54.7
45.8
46.7
48.6
49.3
44.9
48.2
42.9
46.8
44.5
47.9
51.3
82.4
92.1
85.7
91.5
92.0
89.6
89.2
85.1
86.7
87.4
93.8
.396
.580
.379
.537
.586
.613
.737
.457
.590
.403
.436
22.02
29.41
21.49
28.94
28.60
32.98
35.45
25.14
30.27
22.08
23.85
18.16
27.13
18.42
26.48
26.30
29.55
31.64
21.37
26.26
19.31
22.37
Total_______________ ____
158 3,700
5.0
53.5
46.8
87.5
.483
25.84
22.60
Weavers, male:
Alabama___________________
Connecticut________________
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island______________
South Carolina_____________
Virginia...................................
412
6
4
427
15
932
4
173
22 2,285
6
148
3
167
54 2,142
14
631
25 1,289
3
183
4.5
5.2
4.4
4.9
5.4
5.1
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
5.3
55.3
50.4
56.2
53.7
48.0
54.1
48.3
55.1
51.3
54.8
54.7
42.4
45.5
43.5
44.6
45.2
49.6
38.8
43.7
42.9
43.9
49.8
76.7
90.3
77.4
83.1
94.2
91.7
80.3
79.3
83.6
80.1
91.0
.327
.435
.308
.449
.460
.460
.554
.372
.489
.347
.340
18.08
21.92
17.31
24.11
22.08
24.89
26.76
20.50
25.09
19.02
18.60
13.86
19.78
13.42
2a 05
20.78
22.79
21.51
16.23
21.00
15.21
16.93
Total....................................
156
8,789
4.8
52.7
44.2
83.9
.400
21.08
17.67
Weavers, female:
Alabama___________________
Connecticut__________ _____
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________ _____ __
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Camilla
Rhode Island______________
South Carolina__ - _________
Virginia___________________
6
5
14
4
22
6
3
53
14
25
3
348
326
592
150
2,206
183
159
1,188
585
782
134
4.6
5.4
4.5
5.2
5.6
5.0
4.9
4.5
4.7
4.4
5.1
55.4
50.6
56.0
53.9
48.0
53.6
48.0
55.1
50.9
54.8
54.9
42.0
46.7
43.6
46.1
43.8
45.8
41.7
43.0
43.5
39.0
47.7
75.8
92.3
77.9
85.5
91.3
85.4
86.9
78.0
85.5
71.2
86.9
.300
.409
.303
.408
.415
.493
.527
.337
.463
.312
.321
16.62
20.70
16.97
21.99
19.92
26.42
25.30
18.57
23.57
17.10
17.62
12.61
19.09
13.21
18.84
18.17
22.58
21.99
14.51
20.17
12.14
15.31
Total.....................................
155
6,653
5.0
52.0
43.2
83.1
.381
19.81
16.47
i Data included in total.
35
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
T able A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1930, by occupation, sex, and State—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Trimmers or inspectors, male:
Alabama__________________
Connecticut __ ___ ______
Georgia______ - _____ _____
Maine______________ - _____
New Hampshire____________
New York____________ - ____
Rhode Island______________
South nftjrrtinft
Virginia__ . . __
Aver
Aver Aver Aver
age
Aver
age
Per
age
age
Num Num dayson
full
age
full hours cent of earn time
ber of ber of
full
actu
time
estab em which
ings
earn
em
time
hours ally
lish ploy ployees
per
ings
per worked worked hour
ments ees worked
per
in week week in week
week
2
2
6
1
8
4
1
21
5
7
2
6
3
20
3.8
6.0
4.9
55.0
50.3
55.8
37.7
50.3
46.5
5.2
4.8
49.8
53.1
43.7
42.9
5.0
4.2
4.8
5.3
55.0
51.6
55.0
55.0
(9
0)
0)
(0
13
30
1‘22
25
20
4
0)
0)
0)
0
47.2
39.4
42.7
52.3
68.5 $0.197
100.0
.399
83.3
.227
0)
0)
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in
week
$10.84
20.10
12.67
$7.42
20.10
10.55
<*)
0)
87.8
80.8
.411
.494
20.47
26.23
17.94
21.20
85.8
76.4
77.6
95.1
.302
.377
.238
.311
16.61
19.45
13.09
17.11
14.22
14.84
10.16
16.23
(*)
0)
0)
0)
59
248
4.9
54.0
45.2
83.7
.326
17.60
14.74
6
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island______________
South Carolina_____________
Virginia.____ ______________
4
14
4
21
5
3
39
13
21
3
130
71
238
129
424
173
46
292
225
233
34
4.7
5.4
4.7
5.7
5.3
4.6
5.4
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.4
55.0
49.8
56.1
54.0
47.9
52.2
48.0
54.9
51.7
55.0
55.0
43.3
45.3
45.9
47.4
42.3
40.9
45.0
43.6
44.0
42.2
50.0
78.7
91.0
81.8
87.8
88.3
78.4
93.8
79.4
85.1
76.7
90.9
.179
.255
.204
.244
.271
.336
.336
.238
.279
.196
.$$4
9.85
12.70
11.44
13.18
12.98
17.54
16.13
13.07
14.42
10.78
13.97
7.73
11.55
9.34
11.56
11.47
13.76
15.11
10.36
12.27
8.28
12.68
Total....................................
133
Total.......... -........................
Trimmers or inspectors, female:
Alabama__Connecticut _____- _ _ _
Georgia____________________
Maine.,..
-- - - Massachusetts _ _ New Hampshire____________
1,995
5.0
52.6
43.7
83.1
.248
13.04
10.84
Other employees, male:
Alabama__________________
Connecticut_______________
Georgia— ______- __________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire______ _____
New York_________________
North Carolina___________
Rhode Island______________
South Carolina___________
Virginia.._________________
6 1,962
5
657
15 3,811
4
890
24 3,602
6 1,255
3
637
55 5,954
15 1,255
26 4,919
3
574
4.6
5.4
4.6
5.4
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.6
4.9
4.6
4.7
55.2
51.0
56.5
53.8
48.6
53.6
48.1
55.0
52.0
54.8
54.6
42.9
48.3
45.1
49.8
44.0
47.0
43.1
43.9
45.5
44.5
44.8
77.7
94.7
79.8
92.6
90.5
87.7
89.6
79,8
87.5
81.2
82.1
.257
.388
.270
.340
.380
.441
.445
.283
.387
.266
.282
14.19
19.79
15.26
18.29
18.47
23.64
21.40
15.57
20.12
14.58
15.40
11.02
18.72
12.17
16.95
16.75
20.74
19.21
12.43
17.58
11.81
12.62
Total....................................
162 25,516
4.8
53.8
44.7
83.1
.312
16.79
13.93
Other employees, female:
Alabama_________________
Connecticut________________
Georgia______ —_________
Maine___________________ _
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire......................
New York_______________ _
North Carolina___________ _
Rhode Island....... ...................
South Carolina........................
Virginia______________ _____
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
54
15
26
3
514
234
958
416
1,179
536
283
1,231
340
1,285
327
4.2
5.3
4.0
5.1
5.0
5.2
4.8
• 4.2
4.7
4.5
4.6
55.0
50.7
56.6
53.8
48.0
53.4
48.0
55.0
51.5
54.8
55.0
39.8
46.3
39.4
45.9
40.5
46.6
39.5
39.4
43.8
41.2
43.7
72.4
91.3
69.6
85.3
84.4
87.3
82.3
71.6
85.0
75.2
79.5
.172
.317
.201
.282
.287
.338
.336
.233
.330
.219
.199
9.46
16.07
11.38
15.17
13.78
18.05
16.13
12.82
17.00
12.00
10.95
6w83
14.69
7.91
12.96
11.63
15.76
13.26
9.18
14.46
9.00
8.70
Total....................................
161
7,303
4.6
53.3
41.4
77.7
.253
13.48
10.47
All male employees:
Alabama__________________
Connecticut._______________
Georgia____________________
Maine_____________________
Massachusetts_____________
New Hampshire____________
New York.............................
North Carolina.................... .
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
3,611
1,692
7,355
1,519
8,443
2,159
1,184
13.318
4.6
5.2
4.4
5.2
5.2
5.1
4.7
4.5
55.3
50.8
56.5
53.7
49.0
53.7
48.1
55.0
42.4
46.4
44.3
48.4
44.1
46.9
41.1
43.2
76.7
91.3
78.4
90.1
90.0
87.3
85.4
78.5
.279
.417
.286
.372
.431
.454
.492
.322
15.43
21.18
16.16
19.98
21.12
24.38
23.67
17.71
11.82
19.37
12.68
17.98
19.00
21.28
20.21
13.91
*Data included in total.
36
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
A .—Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full tune worked, 1930, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued
T able
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
Num Num days
on
ber of ber of which
estab em
em
lish ploy ployees
ments ees worked
in week
Aver Aver
age
Per Aver
age
age
full
hours cent of earn
full
time actu
ings
hours
ally
time
per
per worked worked hour
week in week
All male employees—Continued.
Rhode Island_______________
South Carolina.______ ______
Virginia___________________
15 2,786
26 9,924
3 1,252
4.8
4.5
4.7
51.8
54.8
54.7
44.3
43.4
44.3
85.5 $0.440
79.2
.292
81.0
.307
Total................................... -
162 53,243
4.7
53.7
43.9
All female employees:
Alabama_____ _____________
Connecticut________________
Georgia __________________
M aine____________________
Massachusetts______________
New Hampshire____________
New Y o r k ._______________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island_______ ____
South Carolina___________ _
Virginia___________________
Total___________________ _
All employees, male and female:
Alabama__________ .
__ _
Connecticut_______________
Georgia_______________ _ _
Maine_______________ ___
Massachusetts_____________
New Hampshire____________
New York_________________
North Carolina_____________
Rhode Island______________
South Carolina_____________
Virginia_________________ _
Total....... .............................
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time actual
earn
earn
ings
ings
in
per
w€ek
week
$22.79
16.00
16.79
$19.48
12.69
13.60
81.8
. 346 j 18.58
15.19
72.6
89.5
71.3
83.1
85.4
83.1
75.5
73.1
84.0
71.2
76.8
.217
.341
.232
.304
.353
.379
.400
.257
.367
.240
.246
11.98
17.29
13.11
16.36
16.94
20.12
19.08
14.14
18.83
13.15
13.48
8.70
15.47
9.36
13.59
14.47
16.72
14.40
10.33
15.83
9.35
10.33
2,433
1,386
4,272
1,481
7,724
1,908
1,159
6,963
2,537
6,039
908
4.4
5.2
4.1
5.0
5.1
5.0
4.3
4.2
4.7
4.3
4.5
55.2
50.7
56.5
53.8
48.0
53.1
47.7
55.0
51.3
54.8
54.8
i
40.1 1
45.4
40.3
44.7
41.0
44.1
36.0
40.2
43.1
39.0
42.1
162 36,810
4.6
52.9
40.9
77.3
.293
15.50
11.98
6,044
3,078
11,627
3,000
16,167
4,067
2,343
20,281
5,323
15,963
2,160
4.5
5.2
4.3
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.5
4.4
4.8
4.4
4.6
55.3
50.8
56.5
53.8
48.5
53.4
47.9
55.0
51.6
54.8
54.7
41.4
46.0
42.8
46.6
42.6
45.6
38.6
42.1
43.1
41.8
43.4
74.9
90.6
75.8
86.6
87.8
85.4
80.6
76.5
84.7
76.3
79.3
.255
.383
.268
.340
.395
.420
.450
.301
.406
.274
.282
14.10
19.46
15.14
18.29
19.16
22.43
21.56
16.56
20.95
15.02
15.43
10. 57
17.61
11.46
15.81
16.84
19.14
17.34
12.68
17.74
11.43
12.23
162 90,053
4.6
53.4
42.7
80.0
.325
17.36
13.88
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
55
15
26
3
T able
B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and State
Occupation, sex, and State
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
6
5
15
4
24
6
3
54
15
25
3
Total..........................................
160
1,005
.284
Card tenders and strippers, male:
A1fl.hft.mfl.______________________
Connecticut___ ____ _______ _
Georgia.__— ___ ___ _________
____________ ____ ______
Massachusetts. ______________
New Hampshire_______________
New York _______________ ___
North Carolina.___________ ___
Rhode Island____ - __ —_- __
South Carolina________________
Virginia. ______ - ___ ________ __
6
5
15
4
23
6
3
54
15
26
3
144
50
273
54
224
111
46
423
105
273
39
.250
.354
.252
.329
.423
.398
.444
.279
.421
.259
.272
160
1,742
.314
5
4
15
4
18
5
3
55
147
54
474
43
211
55
47
972
.292
.423
.300
.344
.483
.458
.456
.340
T o t a l . ...............................
8peeder tenders, male:
Alabama________________ _____
C onnecticut _______ ________ __
Georgia._________ ___________
M ain e_________ ________ __
Massachusetts_
_____ ___
New Hampshire_______________
New York_____________________
North Carolina------------------------
10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
8,
Un un
un un un un
der der un
der
der der der der
8
20
10 12 14 16 18
92 $0,222
25
.337
159
.225
39
.328
143
.362
83
.379
.404
26
225
.265
41
.379
145
.224
27
.240
20,
un
der
25
25,
un
der
30
30,
un
der
35
21
5
26
8
6
3
10
1
22
56
4
11
48
11
6
9
2
7
45
77
1
2
17
1.
2
28
1
10
4
10
2
1
1
1
7
6
1
109
35
33
2
45
40
16
4
9
18
6
1
6
2
20
10
36
5
13
17
95
3
2
45, 50, 60, 70, 80,
un un un un un
der der der der der
50
60
70 80 90
1
4
1
1
67
1
10
106
21
106
1
17
6
8
35
38
328
196
172
161
54
4
60
1
159
4
70
4
91
3
1
188
1
127
15
99
16
28
10
5
61
48
1
23
32
1
7
112
10
11
12
41
4
12
2
96
4
45
8
7
477
472
245
209 , 232
78
22
60
9
136
19
10
1
2
317
9
14
39
3
32
9
4
266
9
3
2
41
19
19
37
9
1
2
53
12
9
13
2
4
32
40
1
5
1
55
2
208
6
1
1
1
140
10'
81
90,
un
der
100
1
1
2
2
40,
un
der
45
1
1
1
35,
un
der
40
13
23
8
49
13
12
102
100,
un
der
no
110,
un
der
125
MANUFACTURING, 1910-1930
Picker tenders, male:
Alabama ____ ____ _
C5mrnp.r»t.ip.Tit
Georgia___ __ _______
_____
Maine_____
M assachusetts_ ______________
New Hampshire
__
New York____________________
North Carolina________________
Rhode Island__________________
South Carolina________________
Virginia. ___ ___ _
___ __ ___
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
COTTON-GOODS
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish
ploy
ments
ees
23
1
1
1
1
Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Virpinia, ,
Total..........................................
Speeder tenders, female:
Alabama
Connecticut
Georgia
Maine
New Hampshire
New YorkNorth Carolina.
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia
Total_______________ ________
Spinners, frame, male:
Connecticut
Georgia
Maine
Massachusetts____ _
New Hampshire
New "York
North Carolina
South Carolina
Total..........................................
Spinners, frame, female:
Alabama
- . .
Connecticut
—flprtrcna
Maina _______________ ___
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Aver
age
earn
35,
45, 50, 60, 70, 80,
40,
25,
30,
20,
10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
8,
ings Un un
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der un
per
der
der
der der der der der der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
8
hour
40
45
70
35
50
60
25
30
80 90
14 16 18
20
10 12
14
26
3
80
744
112
$0,441
.312
.319
152
2,939
.343
Q
5
12
4
24
6
3
30
15
25
3
170
174
155
211
1,023
191
182
174
350
308
33
.257
.377
.297
.319
.372
.413
.399
.295
.385
.284
. 288
133
2,971
.349
1
2
2
4
236
36
5
272
40
18
132
16
21
26
4
9
4
2
18
1
1
5
29
244
673
871
542
271
145
118
27
3
1
8
1
1
1
10
54
23
12
24
2
79
6
69
61
83
9
7
98
41
15
1
25
15
24
9
4
1
36
38
122
12
49
5
24
263
48
40
7
104
4
1
1
42
8
66
5
2
57
14
36
282
45
81
25
98
23
4
12
4
2
8
21
48
43
67
232
20
35
55
50
82
10
236
515
663
667
545
199
1
1
3
4
2
3
3
1
3
1
64
9
2
7
2
2
1
5
2
7
2
2
1
2
1
10
13
1
1
35
2
6
1
10
3
2
7
17
84
43
5
5
3
10
1
4
7
23
37
1
42
2
80
6
0)
213
13
20
65
144
.350
.205
0)
.405
.412
.520
.199
.172
9
6
13
7
15
10
16
13
7
48
623
.322
10
21
23
33
6
5
15
4
694
228
1,311
266
.215
.321
.222
.311
5
11
12
20
30
1
35
2
20
2
41
1
2
1
5
3
5
9
8
0)
12
29
5
0)
28
4.
6
13
5
40
2
8
13
30
63
51
97
19
193
10
313
11
539
30
2
2
110,
un
der
125
1
1
2
23
72
100,
un
der
no
1
4
2
2 -------
!1
1
1
90,
un
der
100
9
1
24
3
0)
22
1
8
0)
90
4
1
4
6
0)
38
1
1
40
80
132
61
97
17
229
23
23
96
101
117
9
54
17
63
7
2
0)
12
4
18
1
1
11
1
n
1
1
48
41
3
1
1
26
1
8 ’"Y
1
2
__
1
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Speeder tenders, male—Continued.
Rhode Tslarid .
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish
ploy
ments
ees
Massachusetts------------------New Hampshire—
New York______________
North Carolina_________
Rhode Island___________
South Carolina—
Virginia------------Total._____
Spooler tenders, male:
Alabama_________
North Carolina___
South Carolina___
Total—
Spooler tenders, female:
Alabama—________
Connecticut_______
Georgia____________
Maine.....................—
Massachusetts....... .
New Hampshire.......
New York_________
North Carolina...
Rhode Island________________
105
616
37
509
118
76
158
.266
54
873
107
4,114
113
57
46
.232
.293
.366
.361
46
320
%0
.231
.313
<9
12
0
.227
0)
210
379
177
.190
.261
.222
.292
.289
.351
122
91
1,239
*80* 154
115
7
138
1
186
100
15
374
202
1Data included in total.
18
158
4
176
5
20
67
2
6
4
1
265
786
6
19
280
843
15
73
911 2,688
11
1
11
19
22
1
3
5
15
11
10
*24"
29
52
22
1
75
4
135
4
9
1
223
2
197
4
12
137
16
2
612
35
647
77
138
43
195
3
24
4
1
333
5
297
37
11
30.
414 475
71
146
22
116
237
55
226
161
194
13
24
1,525 1,109
87
45
149
7
70
22
6
323
53
45
13
18
34
0
0
1
13
29
0
0)
33
1
37
1
7
47
3
54
2
15
1
64
14
73
4
22
1
65
8
110
2
42
”
162
5
107
58
15
183
2
10
1
51
62
260
74
32
6
97
511
130
4
5
18
17
6
80
22
166
18
6
157
41
"in'
27
20
55
58
15
14
5
16
1
572
385
73
220
25
1,007
20
0
23
825
48
22
.280
.311
.288
.411
.443
.303
.405
.271
.261
.315
(\
28
26
7
39
17
21
15
0)
82
67
13
151
47
8
137
14
7
10
104
25
27
42
14
10
3
2
0
„
24
3
0)
37
54
65
33
220
10
15
289
42
101
1
1
3
62
19
24
11
* At $1.2!
2
MANUFACTURING, 1910-1930
Doffers, female:
Connecticut_____
Maine..................
Massachusetts___
New HampshireNew York______
North Carolina__
Rhode Island____
Total—
162
.342
.400
.416
.231
.355
.222
COTTON-GOODS
Doffers, male:
Alabama________
Connecticut_____
Georgia..... ...........
Maine..................
Massachusetts__
New HampshireNew York............
North Carolina__
Rhode Island.......
South Carolina.-.
Virginia________
Total.................
1,440
467
250
2,449
570
2,527
218
10,420
4
7
13
7
1
GO
CO
T a b l e B . — Average
Occupation, sex, and State
and classified earnings per hour in 10 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and State— Continued
Num Num
ber of ber of
estab em
lish
ploy
ees
ments
•
Spooler tenders, female—Continued.
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
North Carolina
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia_____ _____ ____________
Total...................... —
Loom fixers, male:
Alabama
Connecticut
Georgia.
Maine
_ _ __ _
Massachusetts „
New Hampshire_______________
Nflw York
_
■Mort.h rarnHnft
Rhode Island
__
South Carolina.
Virginia. ____ _______________
Total
.......
Weavers, male:
Alabama
. ________ ________
Connecticut
_____________ __
fteorgia
..... . ...
. ...
Maine
-«
. --_
A
/
f
. . . . . ___ _
New Hampshire _____________
26
3
161
617
90
4,454
$0,234
.230
.251
6
5
14
' 4
23
6
3
52
14
25
3
155
45
23
108
21
127
45
18
206
44
172
18
827
.274
.483
.309
.451
.505
.513
. 577
.367
.484
.293
.331
.384
0
5
15
4
23
6
3
54
14
25
3
158
229
117
415
122
634
164
98
883
237
723
78
3,700
.396
.580
.379
.537
.586
.613
.737
.457
.590
.403
.436
.483
6
4
15
4
22
6
412
427
932
173
2,285
148
.327
.435
.308
.449
.460
.460
5
1
5
13
58
31 27
4
4
120 227 290
8
250
72
47
16
483 1,293
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
5
3
1
4
14
5
123
3
2
25
2
1
6
1
1
4
5
75
74
16
99
55
16
192
129
44
• 2
5
2
65
19
96
105
4
79
130
187
1
2
1
1
9
5
9
6
11
2
3
5
2
46
297
166
30*
18
1
43
1
2
1
3
46
47
75
1
32
8
1
6
1
11
45
11
1
8
12
3
12
3
72
24
12
1
29
5
3
3
98
153
11
63
3
116
373
36
9
242
124
14
48
3
246
97
33
30
109
11
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
15
8
2
48
50
1
2
107
100
4
246
1
9
253
578
249
57
909
93
21
316
980
577
25
48
6
103
1
34
1
94
17
296
115
48
292
23
216
15
96
72
141
30
325
14
42
93
61
32
354
24
10
82
11
36
346
47
95
2
43
667
35
13
1
7
179
9
12
137
3
100,
un
der
110
110,
un
der
125
3
246
17
1
1
38
3
592
11
1
1
182
16
963
90,
un
der
100
3
1
1
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR
Virginia.........................................
Total
Slasher tenders, male:
Alabama
Connecticut
Georgia
Number of employees whose earnings in cents per hour were—
Aver
age
earn
40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,
30,
35,
20,
25,
10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
8,
ings Un un
un un un un un un un un un un un un un un
der der un
per
der der der der der der
der der der
der der der
der
der
der
8
hour
70 80
90
45
50
60
40
35
25
20
30
10 12 14 16 18
.554
.372
183
8,789
.347
.340
.400
348
156
150
2,206
183
159
1,188
585
782
134
6,653
.300
.409
.303
.408
.415
.493
.527
.337
.463
.312
.321
.381
2
2
6
1
8
4
1
21
5
7
2
59
6
3
20
0)
13
30
0)
122
25
20
4
248
.197
.399
.227
(0
.411
.494
(*)
.302
.377
.238
.311
.326
6
4
14
4
21
5
3
39
13
21
3
133
130
71
238
129
424
173
46
292
225
233
34
1,995
.179
.255
.204
.244
.271
.336
.336
.238
.279
.196
.254
13
1
5
2
19 | 45
422
75
7
101
11
2
61
1
3
130
13
117
11
521
19
7
25
507 312
109
70
299 152
21
53
1,619 1,614 1,225
5
463
19
370
132
7
79
99
14
178
11
71
46
195
24
335
159
4
11
5
5
241
305
20
35
256 200
52
27
1,014 1,279
70
85
58
33
482
18
18
244
70
148
34
1,260
180
116
50
156
223
35
2
931
32
58
10
151
26
48
106
72
132
40
1
2
0)9 (03
90
2
4
17
20
6
23
13
26
233
70
4
5
19
196
60
56
116
‘T
1
765
4
542
0)
16
1
1
211
33
...
1
26
15
28
18
10
1
1
26
52
4
"I § "
310
49
15
3
2
16
13
16
1
2
85 46
2
9
30
2
20
36 22
416 272 382 72
28
67
28
24
16
19 27
37
2
104
70 45
120 117 161 30
1
5
32
1
5
905 589 751 155
2
0)1
1
0)16
20
'is'
1
18
MANTTFAOTUBING, 1910-19 30
* Data included in total.
156
167
2,142
631
OOTTON-GOODS
New York______
North Carolina—
Rhode Island----South Carolina—
Virginia...............
Total.................
Weavers, female:
Alabama................
Connecticut______
Georgia_____ •____
Maine____________
Massachusetts____
New Hampshire—.
New York________
North Carolina___
Rhode Island_____
South Carolina___
Virginia..................
Total___________
Trimmers or inspectors, male:
Alabama.................................
Connecticut____________
Georgia___________ ________
Maine______________ ______
Massachusetts.......................
New Hamsphire—......... ........
New York...................... ........
North Carolina._____ ______
Rhode Island.........................
South Carolina_____ _______
Virginia___________________
Total____________ _______
Trimmers or inspectors, female:
Alabama__________________
Connecticut_______________
Georgia__________ _____ ___
Maine____________________
Massachusetts—.....................
New Hampshire....................
New York_________________
North Carolina______ ____ —
Rhode Island__ _____ ______
South Carolina............ ..........
Virginia___________________
Total____________________
42
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR
T able
€ .—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1980, by sex and State
Occupation, sex, and State
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
AverNum Num age
ber of ber of full
Over
estab emtime
Over 57,
48,
lish ploy- hours Un
Over
48 un 54 uncfer un
ments
per der
der 60
der
week 48
57
54
Picker tenders, male:
Alabama________
Connecticut__ . . .
Georgia-...............
Maine...................
Massachusetts___
New HampshireNew York............
North Carolina...
Ehode Island____
South Carolina...
Virginia____ ____
Total..
92
25
159
39
143
83
26
225
41
145
27
55.4
51.6
56.5
53.4
48.7
53.7
48.0
55.0
52.0
54.8
54.4
1,005
53.8
144
50
273
54
224
111
46
423
105
273
39
55.4
51.4
56.5
53.3
49.3
53.7
48.5
54.9
51.6
54.8
54.7
160
1,742
53.8
5
4
16
4
18
5
3
55
14
26
3
147
54
474
43
211
55
47
972
80
744
55.3
50.7
56.4
52.8
54.0
53.8
48.0
55.0
52.6
54.7
54.6
160
Card tenders and strippers, male:
Alabama..................................
Connecticut.............................
Georgia....................................
Maine......................................
Massachusetts.........................
New Hampshire.....................
New York...............................
North Carolina.................... .
Rhode Island...........................
South Carolina........................
Virginia...................................
Total..
Speeder tenders, male:
Alabama...... ..........
Connecticut............
Georgia..... ..............
Maine.....................
Massachusetts........
New Hampshire__
New York..... .........
North Carolina......
Rhode Island_____
South Carolina___
Virginia.............. ....
Total..
Speeder tenders, female:
Alabama...... ............
Connecticut_______
Georgia..__________
Maine.......................
Massachusetts..........
New Hampshire___
New York................
North Carolina........
Rhode Island______
South Carolina_____
Virginia....... ............
Total..
Spinners, frame, male:
Connecticut............
Georgia...................
Maine.....................
Massachusetts__...
New Hampshire__
New York...............
North Carolina..__
South Carolina___
Total..
>Data included in total.
112
54.8
152
6
5
12
4
24
6
3
30
15
25
3
133
170
174
155
211
1,023
191
182
174
350
55.2
50.0
56.5
53.9
47.9
63.2
48.0
92
13
104
12
40
26
214
14
27
181
100
26
44
195
46
311
55
84
599
14
144
24
177
26
56
261
37
25
147
21
318
38
115
106
14
4
""47
"'l9 '
214
139
24
157 1,050
33
61
106
33
’ ®Il
702
102
129 21,205
38
233
16
40
170
60
124
198
100
6
14
1,002
182
171
66.1
51.6
54.7
55.0
139
2,971
51.3
26 1,447
67
84
43
0)
213
13
12
63
65
144
60.8
67.8
0)
59.2
53.6
48.0
54.5
54.5
623
66.5
79
20
14
129
83
566
817
15
24
93
70
117
70
181
88
48
22!
43
COTTON-GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 0
T able
C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupa
tions, 1980, by sex and State— Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Number of employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
Over
Over
time
estab em
48,
lish ploy- hours Un
Over
der
48 un 54 uncfer
ments
per
der
week 48
57
54
Spinners, frame, female:
Alabama.................
Connecticut............
Georgia...................
Maine.....................
Massachusetts____
New Hampshire__
New York...............
North Carolina___
Rhode Island..........
South Carolina____
Virginia..................
694
228
1,311
266
1,440
467
250
2,449
570
2,627
218
55.2
51.2
56.6
53.9
48.0
52.2
46.6
55.0
51.0
54.8
54.4
Total....................
Doffers, male:
Alabama.................
Connecticut............
Georgia...................
Maine.....................
Massachusetts........
New Hampshire___
New York...............
North Carolina.......
Rhode Island_____
South Carolina.......
Virginia..................
162 10,420
53.5
330
105
616
37
509
118
76
138
205
873
107
55.2
51.8
56.8
53.1
49.3
53.9
48.0
55.0
51.2
54.7
54.7
Total....................
Doffers, female:
Connecticut............
Maine.....................
Massachusetts........
New Hampshire___
New York...............
North Carolina.......
Rhode Island_____
Total....................
Spooler tenders, male:
Alabama.................
North Carolina.......
South Carolina.......
Total..... ......... .
Spooler tenders, female:
Alabama.................
Connecticut............
Georgia....................
Maine......................
Massachusetts........
New Hampshire___
New York...............
North Carolina.......
Rhode Island..........
South Carolina.......
Virginia...................
Total....................
Slasher tenders, male:
Alabama.................
Connecticut............
Georgia....................
Maine......................
Massachusetts........
New Hampshire___
New York...............
North Carolina____
Rhode Island..........
South Carolina.......
Virginia...................
158
4,114
54.1
21
113
57
46
49.7
53.5
48.0
54.0
” 57
5
46
320
55.0
51.3
51.5
"21
(012
0)
55.0
Total....................
i Data included in total.
0)
28
694
103
833
125
1
1,435
235
352
193
65
325
54
367
2
50
"7 6
55.4
51.0
56.2
54.0
48.7
53.8
48.0
55.0
51.8
54.9
55.0
827
53.6
155
453
1,061
‘ "74
122
828
100
13
641
121
253 2,737
50 292
16
15
-(f)"
0)12
<9
23
55.3
45
23
108
21
127
45
18
206
44
172
18
70
95
0)
0)
55.4
51.1
56.7
53.9
47.9
53.7
48.0
55.1
52.1
54.9
54.6
>3.5
2,318
2,408
194
859 6,551
453
0)
379
6
177
5
624
15
4
88
825
24
122
6
91
3
55 1,239
202
14
617
26
90
3
161 4,454
95
379
78
407
15 202
1,207
28
599
82
312 2,752
230
99
12
86
813
~ ~ 9l
“ 64
138
12 1,057
15
120
"~l8
"‘S'
167
197
28
18
167
18
512
15
27
44
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR
T able
€ .—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 10 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and State—Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
Loom fixers, male:
Alabama___ -r
__________
Georgia __- _____ ______ ___ _
Maine
— __ ___________
New Haxppsbirft,.
North Carolina
Rhode Island_________________
South Carolina
T o ta l__ ___________________
Weavers, male:
Alabama..,
Connecticut
___ __ _
Georgia _________ - ___ ______
M aine________ __________- - __
Massachusetts..
New Hampshire______________
New York___________ -________
North Carolina_______________Rhode Island_____ - ________ _
South Carolina________________
........................................
Virginia
Total.........................................
Weavers, female;
Alabama_____________________
Connecticut__________________
Georgia_________ - _________ __
Maine___________ __ _____ __
Massachusetts_________ - ___ __
New Hampshire_______________
New York___________ ________
North Carolina_______________
Rhode Island_________________
South Carolina________________
Virginia_________ - ___________
Total..........................................
Trimmers or inspectors, male:
Alabama_____ ________________
Connecticut_________ - ________
Georgia________________ - _____
Maine____________ ___________
Massachusetts________________
New Hampshire*..___ __________
New York______ _____________
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island__________ _______
South Carolina____ _____ ______
Virginia______________________
Total..........................................
Trimmers or inspectors, female:
Alabama.....................................
Connecticut____________ ______
Georgia.
- - ____
Maine________________________
Massachusetts..............................
New Hampshire...........................
New York_______________ ____
North Carolina............................
Rhode Island...............................
South Carolina___ ____________
Virginia........................................
Total.........................................
*Bata included in total.
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
Over
estab em time
Over 57,
lish ploy hours Un
48,
Over
per der 48 un 54 under un
ments ees
60
der 60
der
week 48
57
60
54
6
5
15
4
23
6
3
54
14
25
3
158
6
4
15
4
22
6
3
54
14
25
3
156
6
5
14
4
22
6
3
53
14
25
3
155
229
117
415
634
164
98
883
237
723
78
3,700
55.6
50.7
56.7
53.9
48.8
53.8
48.1
55.0
51.3
54.8
54.7
53.5
412
427
932
173
2,285
148
167
2,142
631
1,289
183
8,789
55.3
50.4
56.2
53.7
48.0
54.1
48.3
55.1
51.3
548
54.7
52.7
348
326
592
150
2,206
183
159
1,188
585
782
134
6,653
55.4
50.6
56.0
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----
@FedFRASER