Full text of Wages and Hours of Labor in Cane-Sugar Refining Industry, 1930 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 547

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . N . DOAK, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Com m issioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS J
WAGES

AND

HOURS

OF

• • • • [H Q .

LABOR

CA 7

SERIES

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN
CANE-SUGAR REFINING INDUSTRY
1930

DECEMBER, 1931

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
W ASHINGTON: 1931

For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents* Washington* D. C,




Price 10 cents




CONTENTS
Page

Average hours and earnings, 1930, by occupation and sex______________
Average hours and earnings, 1930, by sex and district_________________
Average and classified earnings per hour______________________________
Full-time hours per week and per day________________________________
Overtime and work on Sunday and holidays---------------------------------------Bonus systems------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1930___________
Importance of cane-sugar refining____________________________________
Scope and method---------------------------------------------------------------------------Brief description of cane-sugar refining and definitions of occupations_____
General tables:
T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which employees worked, aver­
age full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earn­
ings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1930, by occupation,
sex, and district______________________________________________
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 23 specified
occupations, 1930, by sex and district--------------------------------------T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 23
specified occupations, 1930, by sex and district___________________




m

1
2
3
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7
7
8
9
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11

16
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24




BULLETIN OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
n o . 547

WASHINGTON

D e c e m b e r , i93 i

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE CANE-SUGAR
REFINING INDUSTRY, 1930
In 1930 a study of wages and hours of labor of wage earners, by
occupations, in the cane-sugar refining industry in continental United
States was made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The study
included workers in all processes, beginning with the receipt of the
raw-cane sugar at the refineries, including all operations or occupa­
tions in the process of refining, and ending with the work of packing
and shipping the refined sugar from the plants in the form of gran­
ulated, cube, powdered, and brown sugar.
The United States Census of Manufactures reported an average of
13,920 wage earners in cane-sugar refineries in continental United
States in 1929. The bureau’s study covered 11,027 male and 863
female employees of 21 refineries and therefore represents practically
the entire industry.
AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1930, BY OCCUPATION
AND SEX

The study showed that the average full-time hours per week for
males in this industry ranged, in the various occupations, from 51.7
for boilermakers to 64.3 for blow-up tankmen. The occupation of
packer was the only one in which women were employed, with the
exception of a small number (too small to be tabulated separately)
included in the group of “ other employees” ; the hours of the woman
packers averaged 50.8 per week. For all employees in the industry
the average was 58.7 per week. In plants with a 2-shift cycle in
which employees alternated, working on the day shift one week and
the night shift the next week, the average* for each employee for the
two shifts was used in computing average full-time hours per week for
them. The hours of employees who worked 13 consecutive days,
followed by 2 days off duty, were adjusted to a full-time week basis.
By occupations, average earnings per hour for males ranged from
41.3 cents for laborers to 69.4 cents for sugar boilers. The average
for packers, female, was 28.9 cents; for females in the group of “ other
employees,” 29 cents. For both sexes in all occupations combined
the average was 46.1 cents per hour. Average full-time earnings per
week for males ranged from $24.74 for laborers to $37.13 for sugar
boilers; the average for packers, female, was $14.68, for females in the
^roup of “ other employees,” $16.97; and for both sexes in all occupa­
tions combined, $27.06.
Details are shown in Table 1.




1

2

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REPINING

T a b le 1.— Average full-time hours and earnings in the cane-sugar refining industry,
1930, by occupation and sex
Average Average Average
Number Number full-time
of estab­ of wage hours per earnings full-time
weekly
lishments earners
per hour earnings
week

Occupation

Sex

Minglers__ __________________________
Centrifugal tenders..................................
Melters____________________ ____ ____
Pumpmen......................... ........._ .
Blow-up tankmen....................... ............
Filter pressmen
_ ....... .......... ........
Char-house laborers.................................
Char-kiln firemen.....................................
Liquor runners_______________________
Evaporator tenders..................................
Tankmen___________________________
Sugar boilers................ ........................ ..
Crystallizers and mixers______________
Granulators_________________________
Packers_____________________________

Male____
_._do_____
...d o .........
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o _____
Female___
Male_____
...d o _____
...d o _____
__do_____
...d o _____
...d o _____
...d o .........
...d o _____
Female___

19
21
21
19
21
21
21
21
21
20
19
21
21
21
21
18
21
21
21
10
20
18
19
21
14

49
841
94
90
77
268
507
138
79
65
118
225
108
68
1,323
780
355
183
3,956
37
145
69
99
2,133
83

60.2
60.6
63.0
63.6
64.3
61.8
62.2
62.3
60.0
58.8
62.5
53.5
62.1
62.3
60.6
50.8
58.7
63.2
59.9
51.7
55.5
59.4
52.9
55.9
58.5

$0.434
.463
.461
.451
.444
.453
.442
.500
.529
.530
.461
.694
.447
.474
.440
.289
.504
.477
.413
.682
.657
.469
.663
.556
.290

$26.13
28.06
29.04
28.68
28.55
28.00
27.49
31.15
31.74
31.16
28.81
37.13
27.76
29.53
26.66
14.68
29.58
30.15
24.74
35.26
36.46
27.86
35.07
31.08
16.97

Male........
Female___

21
19

11,027
863

59.3
51.5

.472
.289

27.99
14.88

21

11,890

58.7

.461

27.06

Weighers and checkers________________
Oilers.................... ........... ......... ..............
Laborers____________________________
Boilermakers________________________
Electricians___________________ ______
Elevator men________________________
Pipe fitters__________________________
Other employees_____________________
All employees.................................
All employees, male and female

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1930, BY SEX AND
DISTRICT

Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week for wage earners of each sex and for both sexes in
all occupations combined, or the industry, are presented in Table 2
by districts. (The averages are shown by districts instead of by
States to avoid presenting wage figures for one refinery.) District 1
includes the cane-sugar refineries in Massachusetts, New York, and
New Jersey; district 2, those in Pennsylvania and Maryland; dis­
trict 3, those in Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas; and district 4, those
in California.
Average full-time hours per week for males ranged in the various
districts from 47.8 to 61.8, #the average for all districts combined being
59.3; for females the average ranged from'48 to 54, the average for
all districts combined being 51.5. For both sexes combined the range
was from 47.8 to 61.
By districts average earnings per hour of males ranged from 30.3
to 63.3 cents and for all districts combined averaged 47.2 cents; those
of females ranged from 19.1 to 42.2 cents and averaged 28.9 cents;
and those of both sexes combined ranged from 29.5 to 62.2 cents.
Average full-time earnings per week of males ranged from $18.30 to
$32.38; and for all districts averaged $27.99; those of females ranged
from $10.31 to $20.26, and for all districts combined averaged $14.88;
and those of males and females combined ranged from $17.67 to
$31.48 per week.




3

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS

T a b le %.— Average hours and earnings in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1930,
by sex and district

Sex and district

Average
Number Number Average Average full-time
of estab­ of em­ full-time
earnings earnings
hours
lishments ployees per week per hour per week

Males:
District No. 1__________________________ _____
_______________________________
District No. 2
District No. 3.........................................................
District No. 4.........................................................

8
4
7
2

4,514
2,015
2,982
1,516

61.8
60.6
60.4
47.8

$0,524
.490
.303
.633

$32.38
29.74
18.30
30.33

Total....................................................................

21

11,027

59.3

.472

27.99

Females:
District No. 1__________ ___________________ _
District No. 2........... .......................................
District No. 3.........................................................
District No. 4______ _________________________

7
4
6
2

310
183
274
96

49.2
53.6
54.0
48.0

.362
.262
.191
.422

17.85
14.04
10.31
20.26

Total_______ ____________________________

19

863

51.5

.289

14.88

Males and females:
District No. 1_____________________ _____ ____
District No. 2_____________ _____ _______ _____
District No. 3_____________ _______ __________
District No. 4_______________________________

8
4
7
2

4,824
2,198
3,256
1,612

61.0
60.0
59.9
47.8

.516
.475
.295
.622

31.48
28.50
17.67
29.73

Total_____________________________________

21

11,890

58.7

.461

27.06

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR

Table 3 presents average earnings per hour and a percentage dis­
tribution by average earnings per hour of the wage earners in each
occupation in the industry, and also in all occupations combined.
The 841 centrifugal tenders (the second occupation in the table)
employed by the 21 refineries included in the study earned an average
of 46.3 cents per hour. The earnings per hour of 6 per cent of them
were within the classified group of 25 and under 27% cents per hour.
The earnings of the other wage earners in this occupation ranged by
classified groups from 27% and under 30 cents to 65 and under 70
cents per hour.
Approximately 11 per cent of all employees in all occupations com­
bined earned an average of less than 25 cents per hour, while 4 per
cent earned an average of 75 cents or more. The earnings of 85 per
cent of the whole group fell within these extremes. The very wide
range in earnings was due largely to variance in wage rates from one
refinery to another, rather than to difference in earnings of wage
earners in an occupation in the same plant, there usually being little
difference in average earnings per hour of employees in an occupation
within the same refinery.




4

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING

T a b le 3.— Average hourly earnings and per cent earning each classified amount
per hour in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1980, by occupation and sex

Occupation.............................

Minglers

Cen­
Evap
trifu­ Melt- Pump­ Blow­
Filter Char- Charup
house kiln Liquor
gal
run­ orator
ers
men tank­ press­
labor­ fire­
tend­
tend­
men
ners
men
ers
men
ers
ers

M
M
Sex_________ ______ _______
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
19
21
21
21
21
Number of establishments..
19
21
21
21
20
49
841
90
77
268
507
Number of employees______ 138
79
65
Average earnings per hour— $0.434 $0,463 $0.461 $0.451 $0.444 $0. 453 $0,442 $0.500 $0,529 $0.530
Per cent earning each classified amount per hour
CLASSIFIED EARNINGS
12 and under 13 cents
___
13 and nndftr 14 rents
14- and jindftr 15 rivnt.s
15 and under 16 cents_______
16 and nndftr 17 rents
17 and nndftr 18 rents
18 and nndp.r 19 rents
1ft and nndftr 2ft rents
,
2ft and nndftr 21 rents
21 and under 22 cents________
22 and under 23 cents________
25 and under 27J^ cents______
27Y l and under 30 cents______
3ft and nndftr 321% r>en1s
3214 and nndftr 3fi rents
35 and under 3 7 cents______
37^ and under 40 cents______
40 and under 423^ cents______
42^ and under 45 cents______
45 and under 47}^ cents______
473^ and under 50 cents_____
50 Mid nndftr 55 cents________
55 Mid under 60 cents________
60 and under 65 cents________
65 and under 70 cents________
70 and under 75 cents___ __ _
75 and nndftr 80 cents________
80 and under 85 cents________

2
_ __

1

o:)

2
3
10
2

4
4
6
2
2
2
10
4
33
8
10

2

i

4
2
6

6
3

2
1

1
8
8
2
3
17
6
29
8
8
0)

4
4
5
3

2
1
7
3

11
6
37
10

6
11
33
18

4
4

4

0)

10

1
1
2
4
1
4
5
4
1
4
1
3
17
6
28
2
15
2

4
3
1
1

9
3
6
14
32
6
5
4

CrysSugar tallizers Gran­
Occupation...........................j Tank­
men boilers
and ulators
mixers
M.
M.
M.
M.
21
21
21
19
Number of establishments—
108
68
118
225
Number of employees...........
Average earnings per hour— $0.461 $0,694 $0.447 $0.474

l
1

1

1
1

1
3

3
3
3

■t
6
7

13
33
12
12
1

3
3
3
9
6
27
20
6
3
5
5
4

Weigh­
ers
Oilers
and
check­
ers

F.

18
780
$0,289

3
3

2

3
7
3
2
5
li
8
36
4
9

Packers

M.
21
1,323
$0,440

1

1
0)I
2
4

M.
21
355
$0. 504

M.
21
183
$0.477

6
5
3
6
37
5
11
5
9
8

La­
borers

M.

21
3,956
$0.413

Per cent earning each classified amount per hour
CLASSIFIED EARNINGS
11 and under 12 cents_______
12 and under 13 cen ts______
13 and under 14 cents _____
14 and under 15 cents
14 and under 16 cents
16 and under 17 cents
17 and under 18 cents
18 and under 19 cents
19 and under 20 cents __ 20 and nndftr 21 cents
___
21 and under 22 cents
22 and under 23 cents_______
23 and under 24 cents
24 and under 25 cents
_ _
25 and under 27^ cents ___
27^ and under 30 cents __
80 and under 32^ cents
32^£ and under 35 cents
35 and under 37J^ cents ___
37K and under 40 cents.........

1Less than 1 per cent.




2

1

3

2
5

4[

1
]

2

6
3

3

0)

1
9

( i)

1

a)

1
2►
3

6

2
1
1
4

1

0)

7

( i)

1

4

£

I

A

7

1
7

0 )I
( i) l

14
1
1
2
5
3
6
3

5
5
8
13
7
7
7

3

2
3
4

1
3

1
3
1

0)

2
1
4
4

2
1
5

(9

0)
0)

1
1
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
5
6
2

5

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS

T a b le 3.— Average hourly earnings and per cent earning each classified amount
per hour in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1930, by occupation and sex—

Continued

Occupation............ — ......... |

CrysTank­ Sugar tallizers Gran­
men boilers
and ulators
mixers

50 and under 55 Rents
55 ^nd under 60 cents

r ,
_

2
14
3
32
17
7
1

100 and under 110 cents

2
8
12
20
7
9
15
13
3
5
3
1

3
8
6
35
11
6

4
1
15
13
31
7
10

M.
Sex_______________________
10
Number of establishments.
37
Number of employees...........
Average earnings per hour... $0.682

6(5553°— 31--- 2



3
3
4
3

4
7
9
1
21
8
16
8
3
3
2

0

M.
M.
19
18
99
69
$0.469 $0.663

Other employ­
ees
M.
21
?, 133
$0. 556

F.
14
83
$0. 290

9

7
1
2
4
34
17
5
6
2

4
8
6
28
4
4
1

All emDlovees

M.
21
11,027
$0.472

F.

19
863
$0,289

Total
21
11,890
$0.461

Per cent earning each classified amount per hour

CLASSIFIED EARNINGS

* Less than 1 per cent.

M.
20
145
$0,657

6
4
8
5
36
7
4
1
w

Boiler Elec­ Eleva­ Pipe­
Occupation_______________ j makers tricians tor
fitters
men

8 and under 9 cents________
11 and under 12 cents_______
12 and under 13 cents_______
13 and under 14 cents_______
14 and under 15 cents______
15 and under 16 cents_______
16 and under 17 cents_______
17 and under 18 cents_______
18 and under 19 cents_______
19 and under 20 cents_______
20 and under 21 cents______
21 and under 22 cents_______
22 and under 23 cents_______
23 and under 24 cents_______
24 and under 25 cents______
25 and under 27H cents_____
27J^ and under 30 cents_____
30 and under 32^ cents_____
323^ and under 35 cents_____
35 and under 37H cents_____
37H and under 40 cents_____
40 and under 4 2 % cents_____
423^ and under 45 cents_____
45 and under 47K cents_____
47J4 and under 50 cents_____
50 and under 55 cents_______
55 and under 60 cents_______
60 and under 65 cents_______
65 and under 70 cents_______
70 and under 75 cents_______
75 and under 80 cents_______
80 and under 85 cents______
85 and under 90 cents_______
90 and under 95 cents_______
95 and under 100 cents______
100 and under 110 cents_____
110 and under 120 cents_____
140 and under 150 cents_____
170 and under 180 cents_____

La­
borers

Per cent earning each classified amount per hour

CLASSIFIED EAENINGS— COn.

471^ and nndpr 50 cents

Weigh­
ers
Oilers
and
check­
ers

Packers

0

0
0
0)
0
0
(1)
0
0

11
8
8
22
5
8
32
3

1
12
1

1

2

5

2

5
8
18
6
7
2
8
6
5
2

1

0

1
2

1
3
3
1

(,)i

1
1
1
1
14
21
16
12
8
7
11
2

7
6
6
7
14
41
9

2
4

17
11
21
18
3
14
3
2
0
0
0)

0

1

(1)2
1

0)

7

0
0
0
0

0

1

0

2

0)

1
1
1

0

1
9

5
5
9
12
7
6
7
3
4
4
3

0)

1
2
4
3
4
3
6
3
8
5
27
8
7
3
2
1
2
1

2
2
1

0
0)

0
0

0)

0

1
2
1
1
2

1

1
2

13

(1)

1
2
2
1
1
5
2
3
3
18
12
11
9
7
4
6
2
1
1

2
1
1

1

0

I

1

1

3

1
5

0
0

0

0)

0

0

0)

0
0
0
0

2
2
5
3
4
3
5
3
7
5
25
7
7
3
2
1
2
1

6

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING

FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK AND PER DAY

Full-time hours per week and per day are the regular hours of
operation as fixed by the regular time of beginning and quitting work
on each day, less the regular time off duty for lunch or dinner, with
no overtime, and without deducting time lost for any cause. The
full-time hours in Table 4 are the hours that would have been worked
had each wage earner in each occupation or in all occupations com­
bined worked no more nor less than full-time.
The table shows for the wage earners in each occupation and also
for those in all occupations combined, or the industry, average full­
time hours per week, and the per cent in each classified group of
full-time hours per week. For a distribution of the number of wage
earners in each occupation and in all occupations combined, or the
industry, in each district by full-time hours, see Table C, pages
24 to 27.
Average full-time hours per week for the 11,890 wage earners of
both sexes combined in all occupations, or the industry, as shown at
the end of the table, were 58.7. The percentage distribution by
classified groups of full-time hours per week is less than 1 per cent at
44; 25 per cent at 48; 5 per cent at over 48 and under 54; 14 per cent
at 54; less than 1 per cent at over 54 and under 60; 17 per cent at 60;
1 per cent at over 60 and under 66; 17 per cent at 66; 7 per cent at
over 66 and under 72; 12 per cent at 72; and less than 1 per cent at
over 72.
T a b le 4.— Average and classified full-time hours per week, in all occupations, 1980,
by sex

Occupation and sex

Per cent of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver­
Num­
age
ber
Num­ full­
Over
Over
Over
Over
ber of
of
54
60
48
66
time
estab­ wage hours
and
and
and
and 72 Over
lish­ earners per
44 48 un­ 54 un­
un­
un­
72
ments
der
der
der
der
week

54

Minglers, male....................
Centrifugal tenders, male_.
Melters, male......................
Pumpmen, male.................
Blow-up tankmen, male___
Filter pressmen, male.........
Char-house laborers, male—
Char-kiln firemen, male___
Liquor runners, male-------Evaporator tenders, male..
Tankmen, male...................
Sugar boilers, male..............
Crystallizers and mixers,
male..................................
Granulators, male...............
Packers, male.................... Packers, female................ —
Weighers and checkers,
male..................................
Oilers, male.........................
Laborers, male.....................
Boilermakers, male.............
Electricians, male...............
Elevator men, male............
Pipe fitters, male............
Other employees, male.......
Other employees, female...
Total, males...........
Total, females..........
Total, males and
males................... .

i Less than 1 per cent.




49
841
94
90
77
268
507
138
79
65
118
225

60.2
60.6
63.0
63.6
64.3
61.8
62.2
62.3
60.0
58.8
62.5
53.5

108

62.1
62.3
60.6
50.8

68

1,323
780
355
183
3,956
37
145
2,133
83
11,027
21

11,8

58.7 3 18
63.2 ... 25
59.9 .... 17
22
51.7
55.5
38
35
59.4
29
52.9
23
55.9
29
58.5
0) 24
51.5
58.7 0) 25

60

72

17

0)

28

(0

0)

3 13
28 29

0)

40
19
17

ill

(0

18

0)

17

7 12 0

BONUS SYSTEMS

7

OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAY AND HOLIDAYS

Overtime is any time worked in excess of regular full-time hours
per day or per week regardless of the rate of pay for the time worked
m excess of regular working hours. Work on Sunday and holidays
is extra time only when performed by employees whose regular hours
per day and per week do not provide for work on those days.
In reply to inquiries concerning overtime and work on Sunday and
holidays it was found that in 16 of the 21 refineries covered in the
study there was provision for the payment to all or to a specified part
of the wage earners in them of a higher rate for either overtime or
extra work on Sunday and holidays or for both than for regular
working time.
In six refineries there was provision for the payment to all wage
earners in them of one and one-half times the regular rate for overtime
and also for extra work on Sunday and holidays.
In six refineries there was provision for the payment to all wage
earners of the regular rate for overtime and of one and one-half times
the regular rate for each hour of extra work on Sunday and holidays.
In one refinery the rate to sugar boilers was one and one-half times
the regular rate for overtime and two times the regular rate for extra
work on Sunday and holidays, and the rate to all wage earners except
sugar boilers was one and one-half times the regular rate for overtime
and for extra work on Sunday and holidays.
In one refinery the rate for overtime to wage earners in the mechani­
cal department was the same as for regular working time and for
extra work on Sunday and holidays was one and one-half times the
regular rate. The rate to all except those in the mechanical depart­
ment was the same for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and
holidays as for regular working time.
In one refinery the rate for overtime and for extra work on Sunday
and holidays to mechanics and warehouse workers was one and onehalf times the rate for regular working time. The rate for overtime
and for extra work on Sunday and holidays to all except mechanics
and warehouse workers was the same as for regular working time.
In one refinery the rate for overtime to mechanics was the same as
for regular working time and for extra work on Sunday and holidays
was one and two-sevenths times the regular rate. The rate for over­
time and for extra work on Sunday and holidays to all except mechan­
ics was the same as for regular working time. In five refineries the
rate for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays was the
same as for regular working time.
BONUS SYSTEMS

A bonus as generally understood is compensation in addition to
earnings of wage earners at regular basic time or piece rates. In 11
of the 21 cane-sugar refineries that were included in the study in 1930
there was provision for increasing the earnings of all or of a specified
part of the wage earners of each refinery by the addition of certain
bonus payments.
Table 5 shows the number of refineries in which there were bonus
systems, the kind or basis of each bonus, the wage earners who were
entitled to get the bonus, and the amount and conditions of the bonus.




8

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING
T a b le 5.— Bonus system in 11 sugar-cane refineries

Num­
ber of
estab­ Kind of bonus
lish­
ments

Wage earners entitled

Amount

Conditions

Attendance. Females and boys in 2 cents for each hour.............. Perfect attendance in pay
package department.
period.
..— do.......... All except sugar driers.. 10 per cent of earnings at Perfect attendance for 12
basic rates.
weeks.
___ do_____ Laborers, colored......... $2 per pay period of 2 weeks. Perfect attendance for 2
weeks and also for 6
Also $3 per 6 months.
months.
Production. Females in small-pack- 15 cents for each two pack­ Production in excess of 10
age department.
packages per hour.
ages over 10 per hour.
___ do_____ Females in packing de Not reported......................... Production in excess of set
standard.
partment.
___ do_____ Packers of small pack­ 15 cents for each package Production in excess of set
ages.
standard per week.
over set standard.
___ do_____ Packers_____________ 0.63 cent for each package Production in excess of set
over set standard limited
standard per day.
to 50 packages or 31H cents
per day.
Packers in crystal dom­ 10 per cent of earnings at
ino department.
IProduction equal to or in
....... do_____
basic rates.
Trimmers and feeders.. 5 per cent of earnings at f excess of set standard.
basic rates.
|___ do____
Packing department Not reported............ ............ Production in excess of set
standard per hour.
and machinists.
[Safety____
Truck drivers............... $5 per month....................... . No accident in month.
Service___
All at 40 cents per hour 5 per cent of earnings in year In service 60 days or more
in year and at end of
at basic rates.
or less.
season in December.
AH at hourly rates....... 5 per cent of earnings in year IIn service at end of calenat basic rates.
___ do_____
I
dar year.
All at monthly rates.__ Half of monthly rate_______

(

{

INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS,
1923 TO 1930

Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the cane-sugar
refining industry are presented in Table 6 for each month, April, 1923,
to December, 1930, and for each of the years 1923 to 1930, inclusive.
These numbers were computed from the volume of employment and
the amount of the pay rolls for each of the months and years, with the
1926 average taken as the base or 100 per cent, and are as published
by the bureau in monthly reports on “ Trend of employment” in the
United States. The figures in this table are for 16 sugar refineries,
while those in the other tables in this report are for 21, or almost the
entire industry.
During the period April, 1923, to December, 1930, monthly em­
ployment was highest at an index of 128.2 in April, 1923, and lowest
at 76.4 in December, 1923. Pay rolls were highest at 123.1 in June,
1924, and lowest at 77.9, in January, 1924. Index numbers of em­
ployment by years ranged from 91.1 in 1928 to 106.8 for the 9 months
in i923, and of pay rolls from 94.4 in 1930 to 105.4 in 1924.




IMPORTANCE OF CANE-SUGAR REFINING

9

T a b le 6 .— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, April, 1928, to December,
1930, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100]
Pay-roll totals

Employment
Month

1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
January_______
February.........
March................
April..................
M ay...................
June...................
July....................
August...............
September.........
October..............
November.........
December..........

78.4 85.3 98.2 88.8
90.1
96.0
128.2108.2 108.2 106.0 99.4
125.1116.0 111.1 103.1 103.0
119.0117.2 109.1 103.8 105.4
111.0115.9 110.1 99.6 106.8
97.0110.4 107.3 99.8 105.4
100.9113.4 105.1 97.5 101.6
102.7,100.5 102.2 94.3 102.5
101.4 89.7 98.2 95.0 96.3
76.4 83.7 99.5 86.1 90.5

___ 110.8 105.0 108.9
___ 111.0 112.6 107.3

83.3
87.7
89.5
92.2
86.6
85.0
95.0
95.8
93.4
96.3
95.9
92.1

90.4
92.4
98.1
98.1
94.4
97.5
96.4
99.2
89.5
96.8
90.8
84.2

77.9 86.9 95.0 87.4 86.1 92.8 95.0
90.6
89.9 __ 112.3 104.2 109.5 91.7 91.4 95.8 92.0
93.8 __ 110.9115.3109.1 95.7 96.9 104.0 100.4
94.8 118.3 107.6 107.0 106.4 98.8 95.1 105.7 94.0
97.4 120.6 117.4110.61105.0 105.4 89.0 102.5 102.8
93.5 116.41123.1109.0104.1 109.2 88.3 103.6 99.4
99.8 103.7)113.3 107.2 97.3 105.6 98.8 97.8 103.6
92.6 92. 5:113.3 108.8 100.3 104.8 100.0 104.8 94.8
91.3 101.6 113.6105.6 94.4 99.6 96.4 92.1 95.5
87.3 106.8 99.9 98.7 98.0 101.8 101.7 103.0 89.0
88.0 99.9 89.5100.6 91.9 95.1 96.9 90.5 87.1
79.8 81.8 86.5 100.9 88.8 90.1 97.8 89.5 79.2

Average__ U06.8jl04.6 104.5jl00.0 98.8 91.1 94.0 91.6 104. 6jl05.4104.6 100.0 98.8 94.9 98.5 94.4
l For 9 months, April to December.

IMPORTANCE OF CANE-SUGAR REFINING

Table 7 shows for the cane-sugar refining industry in the United
States the number of refineries; average number of wage earners;
amount paid in wages; cost of fuel, power, and materials; value of
products; value added by manufacture or refining; and tons of raw
cane sugar melted in 1914, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1929.
From these figures, which are from the Census of Manufactures,
averages per wage earner of yearly wages, cost of materials, value of
products, value added by manufacture, and of tons of cane sugar
melted have been computed by the bureau. The per cent that wages
were of the value added by manufacture have also been computed and
are given in the table.
Average annual wages per wage earner, which were $695 in 1914,
increased to $1,248 in 1919, and from year to year to $1,349 in 1925;
dropped to $1,265 in 1927, and then increased to $1,282 in 1929.
Tons of sugar melted per wage earner were less in 1919 and more in
1925 than in any of the other years in the table.
In 1929 wages were only 26 per cent of the value added by manu­
facture, as compared with 39 per cent in 1927; 33 per cent in 1925
and 1919; 45 per cent in 1923; 49 per cent in 1921; and 31 per cent in
1914.
T a b le 7.— Number o f establishments, wage earners, cost of materials, value of
products, value added by manufacture, and meltings in the sugar refining industry,
1914 to 1929
[From the United States Census of Manufactures]

Year

1914..............................................
1919...............................................
1921...............................................
1923...............................................
1925..............................................
1927...............................................
1929...............................................




Number
of estab­
lishments

18
20
20
20
21
21
21

Average
number
of wage
earners

11.253
18,202
15,457
15.254
14,502
13,996
13,920

Cost of fuel,
and
Wages (in power,
thousands) materials,
(in thou­
sands)
$7,823
22,710
19,463
20,044
18,955
17,707
17,850

$264,085
662,144
426,601
681,880
549,896
551,594
438,664

Value of
products
(in thou­
sands)

$289,399
730,987
466,602
726,242
606,633
597,446
507,389

Value
added by
manufac­
ture (in
thousands)
$25,313
68.843
40,001
44,361
56,737
45,851
68,725

10

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING

T a b le 7.— Number o f establishments, wage earners, cost o f materials, value of
products, value added by manufacture^ and meltings in the sugar refining industry,
1914 to 1929— Continued

Year

1914..............................................
1919..............................................
1921..............................................
1923..............................................
1925-...........................................
1927............................................
1929..............................................

Value
Sugar
Sugar
Average Cost of Value of added
by- melted,
Per cent
melted,
annual
products manufac­ tons
are
tons (in wages per materials
per wages
ture
per
per
wage
per
wage
of value
wage
thou­
wage
earner
wage
earner
added
earner
sands)
earner
earner
3,560
4,298
3,980
4,647
5,726
5,468
5,350

$695
1,248
1,259
1,314
1,349
1,265
1,282

$23,468
36,378
27, 599
44,702
37,919
39,411
31,513

$25,717
40,160
30,187
47,610
41,831
42,687
36,450

$2,249
3,782
2,588
2,908
3,912
3,276
4,937

316
236
257
305
395
391
384

31
33
49
45
33
39
26

SCOPE AND METHOD

The wage figures presented in the various tables in this bulletin are
limited to the wage earners in cane-sugar refineries in continental
United States. In compiling the tables the bureau did not include
any wage data for executives, supervisors, chemists, clerks, and per­
sons engaged in the construction of new or the repair of old buildings.
The figures used in the report were collected by a representative
of the bureau directly from the pay rolls of each of the 21 refineries
that were included in the study of the industry and were for a repre­
sentative pay period in 1930. The length of the pay period was every
week in 16 refineries, every two weeks in 3, and twice each month in 2.
Data for each of those with a pay period of more than one week were
reduced to a 1-week basis. The bureau here expresses its apprecia­
tion of the cooperation and courtesies extended by the officials of all
the refineries that were visited by the agent of the bureau.
Average full-time hours per week of wage earners in each occupa­
tion were obtained by dividing the aggregate full-time hours of all
wage earners in the occupation by the number of wage earners. The
full-time hours per week of each wage earner were used in arriving at
this average, even though some employees may have worked more or
less than full time on account of overtime, sickness, disability, or other
cause.
Average earnings per hour of wage earners in each occupation in
the various tables in this report were computed by dividing the com­
bined earnings of all wage earners in the occupation by the total hours
worked by them.
Average full-time earnings per week of wage earners in each occu­
pation were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour
by the average full-time hours per week. This shows what the earn­
ings would have been had all wage earners in the occupation worked
full time, no more nor less, at the same average earnings per hour as
in the one week covered in the 1930 study of the industry.




WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING

BRIEF

DESCRIPTION OF CANE-SUGAR REFINING
DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS

11
AND

The occupations for which data are presented in this bulletin are
arranged below as nearly as possible in order of process or operation.
In the description of refining each of these occupations is italicized.
Minglers.
Centrifugal tenders.
Melters.
Blow-up tankmen.
Filter pressmen.
Char-house laborers.
Char-kiln firemen.
Liquor runners.
Evaporator tenders.
Tankmen.
Sugar boilers.
Crystalizers and mixers.

Granulators.
Packers.
Weighers and checkers.
Pumpmen, all departments.
Laborers, all departments.
Oilers, all departments.
Boilermakers.
Electricians.
Elevator men, all departments.
Pipe fitters.
Other employees.

Receiving at refineries.—About 97 per cent of the cane sugar refined
in the United States comes from without the continental area of
of the country. It is carried by ships from the islands on which it is
produced and delivered to the docks of the refineries. The sugar is
m jute bags; the weight per bag, if from Hawaii, Porto Rico, and
the Philippine Islands, is from 100 to 140 pounds, and from 300 to
325 pounds if from Cuba.
The bags of raw sugar are unloaded from the ships by cranes to the
docks of the refineries and weighed. Samples are taken from the
bags for the purpose of determining the grade or purity of the sugar
by the polariscope test. Raw cane sugar grading 96 degrees by this
test is the commercial standard. One hundred pounds of standard
raw sugar contains 96 pounds of pure sugar, 1 pound of moisture, and
3 pounds of impurities and foreign substance. After being weighed
and sampled the bags are moved, by mechanical conveyors, slings
hung from traveling cranes, or trucks, from the docks to the refinery
warehouse or to the melt house where the sugar is emptied from the
bags, mixed with liquid, washed, and melted. Raw sugar is refined
to remove the moisture, impurities, and color.
The various occupational terms found in this department or division
of the refineries are cranemen, longshoremen, weighers, samplers,
conveyor men, truckers, laborers, pilers, warehousemen, sweepers, and
inspectors.
Emptying bags and mixing with liquor.—From the docks or the
refinery warehouse the raw sugar is transferred to the melt house, and
as the bags arrive in the house they are opened and emptied into a
hopper. The sugar passes from* the hopper to the mingler or vat
trough between pronged (meisching) rolls which crush any lumps which
may have formed while the sugar was in the bags. As the sugar
enters the mingler it is sprayed with a gaged stream of “ affination
liquor,” sweetened water, or molasses, and thoroughly mixed, making
a thick liquid mass called “ magma.” This liquid is added to dissolve
a thin film of sirup or molasses which covers each crystal of raw sugar,
and also that the sugar may flow freely from the mingler to centrifugal
separators. This thin film of molasses contains most of the impurities
in raw sugar. The various occupational terms found in this depart­
ment or division of the refineries are cutters, cutters-in, dumpers,
minglers, grating men, conveyor men, oilers, and trolleymen.




12

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-STJGAB REFINING

The empty sugar bags, after being shaken to obtain from them as
much sugar as possible, are sent to the bag laundry and repair depart­
ment where they are washed or brushed to recover the sugar that still
adheres when the bags are emptied and shaken. The bags are then
used again for packing refined sugar or sold for bagging for cotton
bales and for other usage. In a refinery in which 2,500 tons of raw
sugar is refined per day, approximately 12,500 pounds of sugar is
recovered each day from empty bags. The various occupational
terms found in the bag laundry and repair department of the refineries
are bag washers, brushers, hangers, dryers, turners, sorters, menders,
makers, sewers, liners, and trimmers.
Washing or purifying.—The centrifugal separators or washing
machines run at a speed of from 100 to 1,200 revolutions per minute.
The revolutions cause the “ magma” in them to rise against the
inside screen or wall of the separators and also force the “ affination
liquor” or other liquid, which was mixed with the raw sugar in the
mingler, through the perforations or screen of the machine. The
impurities and any adhering liquor or molasses are then almost
entirely washed from the sugar crystals by a timed and measured
spray of water, thrown against the wall of sugar while the machine is
still in operation. This leaves the sugar approximately 99 per cent
pure and almost white. Other operations are necessary to further
reduce the impurities until the sugar is almost 100 per cent pure.
As the machine stops revolving, the washed and crystallized sugar is
removed from the centrifugal separators by hand or automatic scraper,
dropping it through the bottom of the machine, and then conveyed to
the melter pans. The various occupational terms found in this depart­
ment of the refineries are centrifugal engineers, centrifugal tenders,
oilers, mechanics, laborers, helpers, sweepers, belt men, and water
tenders.
The water used in washing the sugar in the centrifugals, with the
impurities therein, is now a sirup and is called “ affination liquor.”
This liquor is drawn from the machine and part of it returned to the
mingler to be mixed with other incoming raw sugar, while the remain­
der is transferred to low-grade remelt pans for the recovery of the
sugar that was dissolved by washing.
Melting.—The sugar, after being washed and purified in the centrif­
ugal separators, is conveyed to the melter pans where it is dissolved
and changed by steam and hot water to sirup or liquor called “ massacuite.” Sugar melts at 160° F. While the sugar is being melted, it
is agitated or stirred by machinery, and milk of lime is added to
correct acidity. The sirup is then pumped from the melter pans in
the melt house to the defecators or “ blow-up” tanks. The various
occupational terms found in this department of the refineries are
melters, laborers, sweepers, and pump men.
Filtering.—After the sirup is delivered to the defecators or “ blow­
up” tanks, it is heated by steam coils in the tanks to, and kept at, a
temperature of 180 to 185 degrees. This temperature decreases the
glutinous thickness of the sirup. Milk of lime as well as filter aid in
the form of kieselghur (diatomaceous earth), paper pulp, or phosphoric-acid paste are added to the sirup. These are thoroughly
agitated and mixed by jets of compressed air forced through perforated
pipes, around the bottom of the tanks, and up through the mixture
in the tanks.




BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CANE-SUGAR REFINING

13

In forcing the sirup or liquor from the tanks through the filter
presses, the kieselghur or the paper pulp forms a porous coating against
the screens or filter cloths of the filters and assists materially in re­
moving insoluble impurities from the liquor as it passes through the
screens. Phosphoric acid precipitates the impurities, causing them
to float off in the scum of the surface of the liquid in the filtration
tanks by the heating and flotation process.
The liquor leaves the filter presses practically free of insoluble
impurities and passes through the liquor gallery for grading and pas­
sage to the bone-char filtration tanks. These tanks are cylindrical,
25 feet deep and 10 feet in diameter, and filled with screened bone
charcoal. The charcoal is made from bones of animals, the bones
having been thoroughly cleaned and purified by chemical treatment
and then ground into small pieces. The liquor enters at the top of the
tanks ana flows slowly down through the charcoal, which absorbs all
soluble impurities and coloring matter, resulting in nearly 100 per
cent pure, colorless, liquid sugar.
The various occupational terms found in this department of the
refineries are pump men, defecators or blow-up tank men, sweepers,
helpers, laborers, lime watermen, and kieselghurmen, filter pressmen,
press operators, press laborers, press cleaners, water tenders, sweepers,
blanket sewers, menders, mud cartmen, truckers, kieselghur regen­
erators, mechanics, char-house laborers, char-kiln firemen, pump men,
liquor runners, liquor galley men, swivel men, fillers, emptiers, cleaners,
washers, dryers, filter top men, dust sackers, conveyor men, wet
belt men, helpers, and oilers.
Crystallizing.—The liquor from the char fillers is run into vacuum
pans or boilers where by boiling under vacuum at low temperature
the surplus moisture is driven off or evaporated. This causes crystal­
lization which is hastened by adding dry sugar crystals at certain
stages of density or concentration of the liquor. On the completion
of crystallization the contents (magma) of the pans or boilers, con­
sisting of sugar and molasses, are dropped from the bottom of the
vacuum pans to a vat which is called a mixer, and slowly agitated to
prevent setting and to blend different shades of color while being
conveyed to centrifugal machines. These machines, by revolving
motions, spin off the molasses, leaving the white sugar crystals on the
wall of the machine. The crystals are then washed by a spray of
distilled water, while the machine is still in operation, and also partially
dried. The various occupational terms found in this department of
refineries are evaporator tenders, tank men, sugar boilers, helpers, pan
droppers, laborers, sweepers, crystallizers} mixers, centrifugal tenders,
belt men, and repair men.
Drying, finishing, and sorting.—The partially dried sugar crystals
are conveyed from the centrifugal machines to the driers or granu­
lators, consisting of long cylindrical tubes or series of tubes 4 to 6
feet in diameter. The sugar crystals in passing through the tubes
are agitated and thoroughly dried, by means of a current of hot air
which absorbs the moisture in the sugar. The last section of the tube
may or may not be equipped with screens for the purpose of sorting
the crystals by sizes—coarse, medium, and fine granulated sugar.
Sugar in all refineries is sorted.
66553°—31----- 3




14

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING

Powdered sugar is made by running the granulated crystals through
grinders or mills. Other specialties of different shapes, such as cube,
loaf, etc., are also made. One shape (cube) is made from refined white
granulated sugar dampened with sirup and pressed in special re­
volving presses. Another is made by running the sirup from a
special vacuum pan into a mold, then centrifuged, dried in slabs, and
baked, after which the slabs are sawed crosswise and split into domino
shape. The various kinds of sugar are then ready for transfer to the
packing room to be placed in containers for shipment. The various
occupational terms found in this department of the refineries are
wet-sugar bin men, granulators, driers, laborers, sweepers, hummerscreen tenders, bolters, powder millers and helpers, sugar boilers,
oven men, pressmen, truckers, conveyor men, mold men, centrifugal
tenders, crane men, packers, sawyers, choppers.
Packing in containers.—Each of the many different grades of re­
fined sugar is packed in various types and sizes of containers—barrels
of about 300 pounds capacity, bags of 1 to 100 pounds, and card­
board boxes of 1 to 10 pounds. The sugar is fed into the containers
from overhead spouts leading from storage bins, the spouts usually
being equipped with automatic weighing and dumping devices.
The container while being filled is also on a scale or passes over one
later for checkweighing. To insure an even standard of packing,
barrels and large bags, while being filled, are placed on platforms
equipped with automatic jolting devices. The machines used in filling
small cartons also have devices to shake the sugar down into the
packages. Barrels, cartons, and most of the large bags are lined with
paper or light cotton cloth to prevent leakage. After the containers
have been filled, the barrels are headed by coopers, the open end or
tops of bags are closed by semiautomatic sewing machines, and the
tops of cardboard boxes are glued and sealed. The filled containers
are then moved by mechanical conveyors, or hand or power trucks,
to the shipping room or to cars for shipment from the refinery. The
various occupational terms found in this department of the refineries
are packers, weighers, gluers, conveyor men, carton-machine operators,
filling-machine tenders, mechanics, sewing-machine operators, labor­
ers, bag closers, sweepers, liners, turners, coopers, trimmers, truckers,
shippers, and talley men.
Boilermakers repair boilers, tanks, and other sheet-metal work.
Electricians do electrical repair and installation work in all depart­
ments.
Elevator men operate freight and passenger elevators in all depart­
ments.
Pipefitters, including plumbers and steam fitters, install and repair
all pipes for steam, water, and transfer of melted or liquid sugar.
“ Other employees” include all wage earners in those occupations in
the cane-sugar refining industry in which there was an insufficient
nuiLber of employees to warrant publishing wage figures for any one
occupation.




WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REFINING

15

GENERAL TABLES

In addition to the preceding text tables, data as to days, hours, and
earnings of wage earners by occupations and districts, are presented
in three general tables as follows:
T a b l e A.—Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1930, by occupa­
tion, sex, and district.
The purpose of this table is to show all of the various averages that
have been computed for the wage earners in each occupation in each
district; for wage earners in all occupations combined in each district;
and also for all districts or the industry. The presentation of “ Aver­
age full-time hours per week,” “ Average hours actually worked in one
week,” and the “ Per cent of full time worked” make easy the com­
parison of the figures as to hours, one district with another. “ Aver­
age full-time earnings per week” and “ Average actual earnings in one
week” are given in the last two columns of the table. One column
shows the average amount that each employee would have earned in
one week had all employees in an occupation, a district, or the in­
dustry worked full time at the same average earnings per hour as was
earned in the hours actually worked in the one week covered by the
study. The other column shows the amount actually earned in the
one week.
The figures for the 286 centrifugal tenders, male, in 8 refineries in
district 1, the second occupation in the table, are here given in ex­
planation of the table. The days on which they worked in one week
averaged 5.4. (Any part of a day was counted a day.) Their full­
time hours per week averaged 68.1, but they actually worked 58.7
hours in one week, or 86.2 per cent of full time. They earned an
average of 49.1 cents per hour, or $28.82 in one week. Had they
worked the full time of 68.1 hours in the week at 49.1 cents per hour,
the same as was earned in the 58.7 hours actually worked in the week,
they would have earned an average of $33.44. The 841 employees in
this occupation in the 21 refineries covered in this report in all dis­
tricts averaged 5.6 days in one week. Their full-time hours averaged
60.6 per week; they actually worked 56.1 hours in one week, or 92.6
per cent of full time. They earned an average of 46.3 cents per hour,
or $25.97 in one week, and had they worked full time at the same
average per hour as was earned in the 56.1 hours they would have
earned an average of $28.06 in one week. For like averages for males
and females separately and for both sexes combined in all occupations
see end of the table, page 18.
T a b l e B.—Average and classified earnings per hour in 23 specified
occupations, 1930, by sex and district.
T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 23
specified occupations, 1930, by sex and district.




16
T

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REPINING

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of
full time worked, 1980, by occupation, sex, and district

able

IDistrict 1.—Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. District 2 —Pennsylvania and Maryland.
District 3.—Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. District 4.—California]

Occupation, sex, and district

Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ days
on
ber of ber of which
estab­ em­
em­
lish­ ploy­ ployees
ments ees worked
in week

f
Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ age Aver­
Per
age
age
full­
age
age
cent of earn­
full­ hours
time actual
earn­
time actually full
ings earn­ ings
hours worked time
ings
per
per
worked hour
in
per
week in week
week week

Minglers, male:
District 1 __________________
District 2 __________________
District 3 __________________
District 4___________________

7
4
6
2

16
9
14
10

5.6
6.1
5.6
5.7

68.3
60.0
60.0
48.0

60.0
61.5
54.9
45.6

Total_____________________

19

49

5.7

60.2

55.9

92.9

.434

26.13

24.24

Centrifugal tenders, male:
District 1___________________
District 2 __________________
District 3 __________________
District 4 __________________

8
4
7
2

286
177
238
140

5.4
5.9
5.6
6.0

68.1
60.5
59.1
48.0

58.7
59.9
54.5
48.6

86.2
99.0
92.2
101.3

.491
.475
.346
.597

33.44
28.74
20.45
28. 66

28.82
28.46
18.87
29.04

87.8 $0.497 $33.95
.478 28.68
102.5
91.5
.238 14.28
95.0
.578 27.74

$29.81
29.41
13.04
26.35

Total ___________________

21

841

5.6

60.6

56.1

92.6

.463

28.06

25.97

Melters, male:
District 1___________________
District 2 _________________
District 3 _________________
District 4___________________

8
4
7
2

35
19
25
15

5.0
6.2
5.5
6.0

69.6
62.8
62.9
48.0

55.2
65.9
55.6
48.1

79.3
104.9
88.4
100.2

.500
.490
.291
.631

34.80
30.77
18.30
30.29

27.63
32.29
16.17
30.33

Total .................... ..........

21

94

5.5

63.0

56.3

89.4

.461

29.04

25.95

Pumpmen, male:
District 1 _________________
District 2 _________________
District 3___________________
District 4_________ __________

8
3
6
2

39
15
25
11

5.6
6.2
6.0
5.9

67.5
62.4
64.2
50.2

63.7
64.7
62.5
47.3

94.4
103.7
97.4
94.2

.513
.499
.276
.592

34.63
31.14
17.72
29.72

32.68
32.25
17.25
27.99

Total......................................

19

90

5.8

63.6

61.5

96.7

.451

28.68

27.75

Blow-up tankmen, male:
District 1 _________________
District 2___________________
District 3 __________________
District 4___________________

8
4
7
2

28
11
27
11

5.5
6.2
5.6
6.3

70.1
60.0
62.9
48.0

61.8
62.6
57.1
50.2

88.2
104.3
90.8
104.6

.503
.499
.292
.614

35.26
29.94
18.37
29.47

31.08
31.21
16.65
30.82

Total............ .........................

21

77

5.7

64.3

58.6

91.1

.444

28. 55

26.00

Filter pressmen, male:
District 1 ................................
District 2 _________________
District 3 _________________
District 4___________________

8
4
7
2

110
40
77
41

5.5
6.1
5.8
6.2

67.9
59.7
61.6
48.0

60.8
62.1
58.5
50.1

89.5
104.0
95.0
104.1

.495
.470
.301
.626

33.61
28.06
18.54
30.05

30.10
29.21
17.61
31.32

Total_____________________

21

268

5.8

61.8

58.7

95.0

.453

28.00

26.57

Char-house laborers, male:
District 1....... ...........................
District 2 .................................
District 3...................................
District 4 ___________________

8
4
7
2

183
131
127
66

5.5
5.7
5.9
5.8

66.8
64.2
60.9
48.0

60.1
61.5
59.5
47.1

90.0
95.8
97.7
98.1

.492
.474
.268
.604

32.87
30.43
16.32
28.99

29.55
29.16
15.92
28.44

21

507

5.7

62.2

58.6

94.2

.442

27.49

25.89

Char-kiln firemen, male:
District 1............ ......................
District 2 ____________ ______
District 3 _____ ______ _______
District 4 __________________

8
4
7
2

58
39
23
18

5.7
6.0
6.3
6.1

67.5
62.2
60.5
48.0

63.9
61.7
61.7
48.5

94.7
99.2
102.0
101.0

.525
.484
.371
.655

35.44
30.10
22.45
31.44

33.54
29.86
22.86
31.81

Total___________ _________

Total......................................

21

138

6.0

62.3

60.9

97.8

.500

31.15

30.49

Liquor runners, male:
District 1___________________
District 2_____ _____________
District 3_________ - _________
District 4___________________

8
4
7
2

36
14
16
13

5.6
6.4
6.2
6.3

63.6
58.3
63.0
48.0

61.2
63.1
63.5
50.5

96.2
108.2
100.8
105.2

.530
.503
.401
.758

33.71
29.32
25.26
36.38

32.43
31.71
25.45
38.25

Total............... ......................

21

79

6.0

60.0

60.2

100.3

.529

31.74

31.85




17

GENERAL TABLES

A .— Average number of days on which employees workedf average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
o f fu ll time worked, 1980, by occupation, sexy and district— Continued

T a b le

Occupation, sex, and district

Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ age
Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ days
age
Per
full­
age
on
age
full
of earn­ time
ber of ber of
hours cent
full­
estab­ em­ which
time actually
ings
earn­
em­
lish­ ploy­ ployees hours worked time
per
ings
per in week worked hour
ments ees worked
per
in week week
week

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

Evaporator tenders, male:
District 1_______________
District 2............................
District 3............................
District 4............................

8
4
6
2

26
17
17
5

6.0
6.4
6.4
6.0

60.2
59.3
59.3
48.0

60.3
63.9
61.4
48.0

100.2 $0,592 $35.64 $35.72
107.8
.533 31.61
34.06
.407 24.14
24.98
103.5
.688 33.00
100.0
33.00

Total............................ -

20

65

6.2

58.8

60.6

103.1

.530

31.16

32.11

Tankmen, male:
District 1 -......... ...............
District 2.................. .........
District 3............................
District 4.................. .........

7
3
7
2

58
9
29
22

5.9
5.9
5.7
6.0

69.1
61.3
60.6
48.0

64.0
60.7
57.0
47.8

92.6
99.0
94.1
99.6

.500
.480
.280
.595

34.55
29.42
16.97
28.56

32.01
29.15
15.99
28.44

Total................................

19

118

5.8

62.5

59.0

94.4

.461

28.81

27.19

Sugar boilers, male:
District 1.................. .........
District 2.................. .........
District 3.................. .........
District 4............................

84
7
2

98
51
49
27

6.0
5.7
6.1
6.1

56.0
51.8
53.5
48.0

56.3
50.4
54.5
48.6

100.5
97.3
101.9
101.3

.695
.722
.594
.835

38.92
37.44
31.78
40.08

39.18
36.37
32.38
40.53

Total............... ...............

21

225

6.0

53.5

53.7

100.4

.694

37.13

37.22

Crystallizers and mixers, male:
District 1.................. .........
District 2............................
District 3............................
District 4...^......................

8
4
7
2

33
26
37
12

5.4
6.0
5.5
6.4

67.3
63.7
60.8
48.0

59.4
63.0
54.6
51.4

88.3
98.9
89.8
107.1

.511
.485
.304
.607

34.39
30.89
18.48
29.14

30.34
30.58
16.62
31.19

Total...............................

21

108

5.7

62.1

57.7

92.9

.447

27.76

25.79

Granulators, male:
District 1............................
District 2............................
District 3________ _______
District 4________________

8
4
7
2

27
11
20
10

5.6
6.4
5.7
6.3

69.0
62.2
60.3
48.0

61.6
66.8
55.2
50.4

89.3
107.4
91.5
105.0

.499
.491
.366
.606

34.43
30.54
22.07
29.09

30.71
32.78
20.22
30.56

Total_________________

21

68

5.9

62.3

58.9

94.5

.474

29.53

27.94

Packers, male:
District 1............................
District 2.......... .................
District 3..... .......................
District 4__.........................

8
4
7
2

578
251
280
214

5.2
5.7
5.4
6.1

63.5
63.4
61.7
48.0

52.8
62.2
55.0
49.3

83.1
98.1
89.1
102.7

.484
.446
.254
.573

30.73
28.28
15.67
27.50

25.55
27.71
13.97
28.24

Total................................

21

1,323

5.5

60.6

54.5

89.9

.440

26.66

23.94

Packers, female:
District 1.................. .........
District 2............................
District 3.............................
District 4............................

7
4
5
2

284
178
232
86

4.7
5.5
5.1
5.1

49.3
53.6
51.6
48.0

38.6
48.8
41.1
40.7

78.3
91.0
79.7
84.8

.359
.259
.185
.425

17.70
13.88
9.55
20.40

13.86
12.66
7.62
17.28

Total................................

18

780

5.0

50.8

41.9

82.5

.289

14.68

12.11

Weighers and checkers, male:
District 1............................
District 2............................
District 3._.........................
District 4............................

8
4
7
2

163
71
82
39

5.8
5.9
5.5
6.2

59.6
58.2
62.5
48.0

57.2
60.3
57.2
49.3

96.0
103.6
91.5
102.7

.448
.523
.327
.678

26.70
30.44
20.44
32.54

31.38
31.50
18.68
33.41

Total................................

21

355

5.8

58.7

57.0

97.1

.504

29.58!I 28.70

Oilers, male:
District 1............................
District 2............................
District 3............................
District 4............................

8
4
7
2

75
42
53
13

6.1
6.5
6.6
6.2

64.9
62.6
65.1
48.0

64.8
67.4
67.7
49.3

99.8
107.7
104.0
102.7

.555
.509
.310
.672

36.02
31.86
20.18
32.26

35.99
34.35
20.95
33.12

Total................................

21

183

6.3

63.2

65.1

103.0

.477

30.15

31.05




18

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REPINING

T a b l e A *— Average number of days on which employees worked. average full-time

and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of fu ll time worked, 1930, by occupation, sex, and district— Continued

Occupation, sex, and district

Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ days
on
ber of ber of
estab­ em­ which
em­
lish­ ploy­
ments ees ployees
worked
in week

Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ age Aver­
Per
age
age
full­
age
age
full
hours cent of earn­ time actual
time actually full­
earn­
ings earn­ ings
hours worked time
ings
per
per in week worked hour
in
week
week

Laborers, male:
District 1...................................
District 2_ _ ..............................................
District 3...................................
District 4...................................
Total................................... —

8 1,553
4
678
7 1,254
2
471
21 3,956

5.4
5.8
5.0
6.0
5.4

61.5
61.6
61.4
48.0
59.9

53.6
60.0
50.0
48.3
52.9

87.2 $0,479 $29.46
97.4
.445 27.41
81.4
.243 14.92
.580 27.84
100.6
88.3
.413 24.74

$25.67
26.70
12,17
28.03
21.85

Boiler makers, male:
District 1—.............................. .
District 2...................................
District 3...................................
District 4...................................
Total.......................................

3
3
2
2
10

11
7
4
15
37

5.6
6.3
6.8
5.5
5.8

54.5
57.0
55.5
46.1
51.7

51.6
63.8
59.0
46.1
52.5

94.7
111.9
106.3
100.0
101.5

.652
.599
.532
.812
.682

35.53
34.14
29.53
37.43
35.26

33.67
38.21
31.38
37.43
35.80

electricians, male:
District 1—. ..............................
District 2................................. .
District 3...................................
District 4—................................
Total......................................

8
4
6
2
20

58
33
26
28
145

6.1
6.6
6.5
6.0
6.3

57.9
55.6
58.2
48.0
55.5

60.5
63.5
62.6
48.5
59.2

104.5
114.2
107.6
101.0
106.7

.670
.680
.482
.797
.657

38.79
37.81
28.05
38.26
36.46

40.53
43.18
30.15
38.66
38.91

Elevator men, male:
District 1...................................
District 2...................................
District 3...................................
District 4...................................
Total......................................

8
4
4
2
18

27
21
10
11
69

5.9
6.5
5.6
6.2
6.1 1

62.9
61.7
57.6
48.0
59.4

61.5
67.2
53.9
50.5
60.4

97.8
108.9
93.6
105.2
101.7

.500
.473
.313
.518
.469

31.45
29.18
18.03
24.86
27.86

30.75
31.81
16.89
26.17
28.34

Pipe fitters, male:
District 1...................................
District 2...................................
District 3...................................
District 4....... ...........................
Total......................................

7
4
6
2
19

37
23
18
21
99

5.8
5.9
6.3
6.2
6.0

i 53.5
| 55.8
54.7
1 46.9
j 52.9

51.4
53.1
54.8
49.5
52.0

96.1
95.2
100.2
105.5
98.3

.699
.636
.505
.779
.663

37.40
35.49
27.62
36.54
35.07

35.96
33.73
27.68
38.57
34.49

Other employees, male:
District 1~ ................................
District 2...................................
District 3....... .............. ............
District 4....... ...........................
Total......................................

8
4
7
2
21

979
320
531
303
2,133

5.8
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.9

57.3
57.1
57.5
47.1
55.9

55.0
59.8
55.3
47.6
54.8

96.0
104.7
96.2
101.1
98.0

.599
.568
.387
.728
.556

34.32
32.43
22.25
34.29
31.08

32.94
33.96
21.40
34.63
30.46

Other employees, female:
District 1—...............................
District 2...................................
District 3...................................
District 4 .................................
Total......................................

6
2
5
1
14

26
5
42
0)
83

5.6
5.0
5.5
0)
5.5

49.2
52.4
67.6

47.3
45.0
59.1
0
53.1

96.1
85.9
87.4
0
90.8

.385
.364
.214
.290

18.94
19.07
14.47
0
16.97

18.22
16.38
12.66
0)
15.38

All occupations, male:
District 1...................................
District 2...................................
District 3...................................
District 4....... ...........................
Total.......................................
All occupations, female:
District l._ ................................
District 2...................................
District 3......... ...... ...................
District 4...................................
T otal.....................................
All occupations, male and female:
District 1....................................
District 2_ _ _ ............................................
District 3................. ...... ...........
District 4...................................
Total.......................................
* Data included in total.




i

i

i

(*)

58.5

(l)

8 4,514
4 2,015
7 2,982
2 1,516
21 11,027

5.5
61.8
5.9
60.6
5.5 i 60.4
6.0 I1 47.8
5.7 | 59.3

55.7
60.6
53.8
48.4
55.1

90.1
100.0
89.1
101.3
92.9

.524
.490
.303
.633
.472

32.38
29.74
18.30
30.26
27.99

29.17
29.74
16.27
30.63
25.96

7
4
6
2
19

4.8
5.4
5.1
5.2
5.1

49.3
53.6
54.0
48.0
51.5

39.3
48.7
43.8
41.3
43.0

79.7
90.9
81.1
86.0
83.5

.362
.262
.191
.422
.289

17.85
14.04
10.31
20.26
14.88

14.22
12.76
8.39
17.44
12.42

5.5
5.9
5.4
6.0
5.6 i

61.0
60.0
59.9
47.8
58.7

54.6
59.6
52.9
48.0
54.2

89.5
99.3
88.3
100.4
92.3

.516
.475
.295
.622
.461

31.48
28.50
17.67
29.73
27.06

28.21
28.3S
15.61
29.85
25.00

310
183
274
96
863

8 4,824
4 2,198
7 3,256
2 1,612
21 j11,890

i

T a b l e B . — Average and classified earnings per hour in £8 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and district
[District 1.—Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. District 2.—Pennsylvania and Maryland.

District 3.—Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

District 4.—California]

Number of wage earners whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—
Sex, occupation, and district

Minglers, male:
District 1_________ _______
District 2..............................
District 3................................
District 4................................

um­
um­
ber of ber of age
13,
estab­ wage, earn­ 8, 11, un­
un-! un­
lish­ earn­ ings
per
der
der
■
der
ments ers
hour 9 13 15

7
4
6
2

15,
un­
der
17

17,
un­
der
19

19, |21,
un - !bin­
der der
21 23

23,
un­
der
25

25,
un­
der
30

30,
un­
der
35

35, 40,
un­ un­
der der
40 45

50, 55, 60, 65,
un­ un­ un­ un­
der der der der
55
60 65 70

45,
un­
der
50

1

5

1

2

2

1
3

2

6
1

1

5

1

2

2

4

2

7

9 ....
4

1

3

3

4

16

4

5

19

49

.434

8
4
7
2

286
177
238
140

.491
. 475
. 346
.597

6
13 126

38
11

124
58
13

158
72
5
10

3
3

1

70

63

64

3

Total____________________
Melters, male:
District 1................................
District 2............. ....................
District 3................... .............
District 4............................ .

21

841

i
— i___
|
.463 .__

70

13 132

49

195

245

69

65

3

8
4
7
2

35
19
25
15

.500
.490
.291
.631

1

5....

3

4

1
8

3

11
5

23
11

1
2

1

6

4

4

Total.......................... ..........
Pumpmen, male:
District 1.................................
District 2.................................
District 3__________________
District 4________ __________

21

94

.461

1

5 -----

1

3

4

9

3

16

35

9 -----

4

4

8
3
6
2

39
15
25
11

.513
.499
.276
.592

4

7

2

7

3

21
8

9 ....
1

1

2

8
6
1

1

6 ....

3

Total...............................
Blow-up tankmen, male:
District 1____ _____________
District 2........... ........... ..........
District 3...................... ..........
District 4_____ _____ _______

19

on
i

.451

2

4

7

2

7

3

15

30

16 -----

4

8
4
7
2

28
11
27
11

.503
.499
.292
.614

2 ....

7

2

8
6
2

17
4
1
3

2
1
2

3 -----

3

Total........... .........................

21

77i

. 444

2— -

7

2

16

25

5

4— -

3




8 ....
8 ....

5....

80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110
un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ and
der der der der der over
85 90 95 100 110

TABLES

Total________________ _
Centrifugal tenders, male:
District 1.... .................. _........
District 2__________________
District 3________ _____ ____
District 4........ ......................

1

75,
un­
der
80

GENERAL

16 $0.497
9
.478
14 .238 . . . .
10 .578

70,
un­
der
75

1

T a b l e B . — Average

Sex, occupation, and district

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­ Aver­
age
ber of earn­
8, 11,
wage ings
earn­ per un­ un­
der
ers
hour 9 der
13

21

268

.453

g
4
7
2

183
131
127
66

492
474'

507

.442

Char-house laborers, male:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
Total
Char-kiln firemen, male:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
Total

Total
Evaporator tenders, male:
District 1
District 2........... .....................




17,
un­
der
19

110 $0.495
.470
40
.301
77
41
.626

4
4

21,
un­
der
23

9

28

7

9

28

46
11
4

56
17
1

4

4

8
3

1

35

5

11

61

74

5

39

5

2 5
-1i1-----

19

! 15
14 34

25
6

82
11
3

5

19

14

31

96

2

49

|

2

2

21

138

.500

2

8
4
7
2

36
14
16
13

21

79

2

I1
3

2
2

2
6

2

2

3i

4

8

.401 1
.758 !

2

2

2

2

2
2

.529 1------

2

2

2

2

4

l1

K031
i
!

592'

50, 55, 60, 65,
un­ un­ un­ un­
der der der der
60 65 70
55

45,
un­
der
50

40,
un­
der
45

12

. 525
.484
.371
.655

26
17

35,
un­
der
40

4
9
25
1
|
25! 13

58
39
23
18

4

25, '|30,
un­ un­
der der
30 35

12

4; 15
t
4| 15

g
4
7
2

a

23,
un­
der
25

i

7
fi04

!

19,
un­
der
21

__ __ __ __ __

m u

I
!

_L—

70,
un­
der
75

75,
un­
der
80

80,
un­
der
85

85, 90, 95, 100, 110,
un­ un­ un­ un­ and
der der der der over
95 100 110
90

96
4
1
80:
1
8 i1 1
4 44
184| 18 45
i

17
11

22! 13
22! 2
2, 1|

28

46;

7
5

17
4

7
3i
6

5

12

21

16

5

2
2

10
10!

2

2
3

I

is

1

1

6
3
8

6

4

17

6

4

2

4

4

2

4

4

2
1

3

5

3

--3 --- 1-- ,-- -- .—
!

REPINING

Liquor runners, male:
District 1
District 2
District 2
District 4

21

15,
un­
der
17

HOURS— CANE-SUGAR

Total

13,
un­
der
15

AND

District 4

g
4
7
2

Number of wage earners whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—

WAGES

Filter pressmen, male:

and classified earnings per hour in 28 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and district— Continued

.407.

4

4

65

.530’.

4

4

Tankmen, male:
District 1.............................
District 2............................ .
District 3............................ .
District 4............................ .

7,

11

22

. 500 .480,.
.280. 595 -

Total............................... .

118

.461!-

District 3......................... —
District 4...... ..................... .
Total_________ ________ _

20

Sugar boilers, male:
District 1........................
District 2............................ .
District 3............................ .
District 4........ .....................

4
24

20

7i 11

38! 20
8' 15

.722
.594

6' - _ _ .

lj
—

20, 34

5!
18.
3.
4
30

.511
.485
.304
.607
103

15

5' 12

.447

38

TABLES

21

Granulators, male:
District 1............................ .
District 2............................ .
District 3............................ .
District 4............................ .

15

.499
.491
.606

Total................................

68

Packers, male:
District 1..................- . .......
District 2.............................
District 3.............................
District 4____.............. .......

578
251
280
214

Total................................

1,323

Packers, female:
District 1.............................
District 2...... ......................
District 3........ ....................
District 4.............................

284
178
232




15

3
2

18

780

.484
.446
.254
. 573;

62

.440'.

62

.359
.259
.185
.425

12

56

12

56

1
2
100
10

78
35

19

21

168
10

287
109

475

GENERAL

28

Crystallizers and mixers, male:
District 1 . . . ...................... .
District 2............................ .
District 3................ ........... .
District 4............................ .

Total.................................

5L

17

Total............................... .

Total............................... .

6|

79

30 103 122

133

182

132 67
2i;-.

48

16

7

ll.

j ____I.

41
82 113

39' 104 158 103

57j

fcO

T a b l e B . — Average and classified earnings per hour in 28 specified occupations, 1980, by sex and district— Continued

Bex, occupation, and district

8
4
7
2

District 4__ __. . . . _ .

21

19,
un­
der
21

17,
un­
der
19

21,
un­
der
23

23,
un­
der
25

25,
un­
der
30

30,
un­
der
35

35,
un­
der
40

10

29

38

37

73

30| 58

8
4
7
2

1,553
678
1,254
471

.479
.445
.243
.580

1 90 243 138

36

64

181
12 121 476 73

Total....................................

21

3,956

.413 _

1 90 243 138

36 64

12 121 476 254

3
3
2
2

11
7
4
15

.652
.599
.532
.812

.............................

10

37

.682

Electricians, male:
District 1
- - - - - - __ ____
District 2
. . . . . .... ..
District 3
District 4

8
4
6
2

58
33
26
28

.670
.680
.482
.797

20
145
r------------

.657




-

4

.3 1 0

.672
1 4

12
121

7

4

10

2
12

i

i
71
1

4

10

14

12

63

32

9

11

322
170

463
42

714
284

52
1

1

1

1

!

i

1
11

1

163

37

560 1,096 171 164

38

55
492

I

98 118

1

1
1
2

1

4

80, 85, 90,
un­ un­ un­
der der der
85 90
95

6
6

4|

1

i

1 7
2 ....

1
1
3

11

1

3

3

8

2

3

12

l!

10
8

11
4
2

4
5

3
1

2

2
1
1
6

17

11

10

16

1

5

1

3

2

2

11
3
3
3

15
10
6

1

5

1

3

2

2

20

31

’ "’ 5
23

95, 100, 110
un­ un­ and
der der over
100 110

REFINING

. .

......................

3

9

.477

Total -

9

3

183

Total -

1

18

13

21

______

2

13

2

Total....................................

Boiler makers, male:
District 1
District 2 .
District 3
Dktript 4

9

2

.504
.555
.509

. . .

9

16
18
3

38
7

29

20
5
13

14
14

10

75
42
53
13

.

9

9

8
4
7
2

_

29

3

54
19

13

1
40 22
20 9
3
1 1

75,
un­
der
80

9

2

355

70,
un­
der
75

8
1

4
7

163 $0,448
.523
71
82
.327
39
.678

Oilers, male:
District 1________ __ ___ _
District 2__________________
District 3
District 4
_

Laborers, male:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4

50, 55, 60, 65,
un­ un­ un­ un­
der der der der
60 65 70
55

45,
un­
der
50

40,
un­
der
45

HOURS— CANE-SUGAR

Total____ . . . . ____ _____

15,
un­
der
17

AND

Weighers and checkers, male:
District 1..............................
District 2________ _________

Number of wage earners whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—

WAGES

Aver­
Num­
age
ber of ber of earn­
8, 11, 13,
estab­ wage ings un­
un­ un­
lish­ earn­
per der der der
ments ers
hour 9 13 15

1

2
1

12
3

1Data included in total.




18
37
.505
.779
19
979

21

531
303
2,133

0)
83
4,514
2,015
1,516
21 11,027
310
183
274
96

72
.568
.387
.728
.556

31

46

31

46

41
40 101

.385
.364
.214
0)
.290

0)

.490
.303
.633
.472

109 303 291 112 175

.362
.262
.191
.422
.289

4,824
2,198
3,256
1,612

.516
.475

21 11,890

.461

175

109

127

46

32 335 782 727

<0

242
121 97
90
31
16
379 266 232 199

44
10.
9
27
90

16
1.
3
20
40

13

23

17

10

0)

501 1,071 1,860 363 234 141
794 107! 81
316
246
62 44' 57
143
61
224 355 442
130
960 1,447 2,940 >9j 814
251 159 205

2

3
39
67 ‘

TABLES

Total...................................

.500
.473
.313
.518

2.

4
8

27

20"

17

86 117

15

317 292 198

15

317 292 198 292

126

45
115

58
554
317
143
4

246
61

365 235 141 139
794 107j 81 60 48
62 44 57 30 18
224
148 46

23
2

130

39

71 461 951 842 1,018 1,506 2,943 871 815 379, 251 159 205

67

111

17
2.
2
20

GENERAL

Elevator men:
District 1...............................
District 2...............................
District 3__....... ...... .............
District 4_______ ____ _____
T o t a l ................................
Pipe fitters, male:
District 1_________________
District 2_.............................
District 3_.............................
District 4............. ..................
Total..................................
Other employees, male:
District 1 _ ............................
District 2...............................
District 3_________________
District 4...............................
Total..................................
Other employees, female:
District 1______ __________
District 2_.............................
District 3________ _________
District 4_________ ____ ___
Total...................................
All occupations, male:
District 1__.............. .............
District 2__.............. .............
District 3........ ......................
District 4__...........................
T o ta l..................................
All occupations, female:
District 1 _ ............................
District 2__................. .........
District 3............................ .
District 4...............................
T otal-.................................
AH occupations, male and female:
District l . _ ...........................
District 2...............................
District 3..............................
District 4_________________

13

24

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REPINING

T a b le

O*— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 23 specified occupa­

tions, 1930, by sex and district
[District 1.—Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. District 2.—Pennsylvania and Maryland.
District 3.—Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. District 4.—California]
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—

Number of—

Occupation, sex, and
district

Aver­
age
full­
time
Estab­ Wage hours
lish­
44
per
ments earners week

Minglers, male:

Over
Over
Over
Over
54
60
48
66
and 54 and 60 and
and 72 Over
66
un­
un­
un­
un­
72
der
der
der
der
54
60
72
66

48

District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_________

7
4
6
2

16
9
14
10

68.3
60.0 —
60.0
48.0

3
6
10

Total...................

19

49

60.

19

8
4
7

286
177
238
140

68.1
60.5 —
59.1
48.0

63
106
140

21

841

60.6

309

Centrifugal
male:
District
District
District
District

2
2

4
2
4

4

6
2
4

4

10

4

12

144

84
70
46

144

200

8

22
4
14

t e n d e rs ,
1_________
2_________
3_________
4_________

Total__________
Melters, male:
District 1___ _____
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_________
Total...................

2

35
19
25
15

69.6
62.8 —
62.9
48.0

4
9
15

21

94

63.0 —

28

Pumpmen, male:
District 1__ - _____
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4__.______

8
3
6
2

39
15
25
11

67.5
62.4
64.2 —
50.2

Total...................

19

90

8
4
7
2
21

Blow-up tan k m en ,
male:
District 1_________
District 2 . . . . _____
__ - _____
District 3
District 4___ _____
Total...................

7

102
5
2

3
3
7
8

1
3

63.6 —

21

4

28
11
27
11

70.1
60.0 —
62.9
48.0

3
8
11

77

64.3 —

22

67.9
59.7 ::::
61.6
48.0

6
14
13
41

20
20

Filter pressmen, male:
110
8
District 1_________
4
40
District 2_________
77
7
District 3_________
41
2
District 4_________

-

21

268

61.8 —

74

Char-house la b o re rs,
male:
District 1 ______
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4___ _____

8
4
7
2

183
131
127
66

66.8
64.2 —
60.9
48.0

19
51
66

Total__ . _______

62.2 —

136

Total__________

58
44

8
4
7
2

58
39
23
18

67.5
62.2
60.5 __
48.0

7
11
9
18

3

T o t a l ......__ . . .

21

138

62.3 . . . .

45

3




8

40

2
6

4

19

11
6
15

8

6

19

32

6

19
2
10

6

31

80

18
10
23

6
10

507

9
2
11

7

21

86

7

3
4

Char-kiln fi r e m e n ,
male:
District 1___ __
District 2 ____
District 3 _____
District 4 _ ____

86

2

2
9
11

6
21

16

27

80

51

44
32

46
31
31

51

42
49
45

76

108

51

136

1
10

3

21

26
18
11

11

3

21

55

25

GENERAL TABLES
T a b le

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 28 specified occupa­
tions, 1980, by sex and district— Continued
Number of—
Aver-

Occupation, sex, and
district

fulltime
Estab­ Wage hours
lish­
per
ments earners week

Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—

Liquor runners, male:
District 1_________
District 2_________
District 3__ ______
District 4 . . . . _____

8
4
7
2

36
14
16
13

63.6
58.3
63.0 _
48.0

Total...................

21

79

60.0

Evaporator t e n d e r s ,
male:
District 1_________
District 2_________
District 3_________

Over
Over
Over
Over
54
48
60
66
and
and
and
and
Over
54
60
48 un­
un­ 66 un­ 72 72
un­
der
der
der
der
54
60
72
66

44

12
6
6
13

4

37

4 ..

!..

5

19
4
10

5

33

l
8
4
6
2

26
17
17
5

60.2
59.3
59.3
48.0

12
9
9
5

6

8
8
8

Total...................

20

65

58.8

35

6

24

Tankmen, male:
District 1_________
District 2__ ______
District 3_________
District 4________

7
3
7
2

58
9
29
22

69.1
61.3
60.6
48.0

3
3
12
22

2

Total...................

19

118

62.5

40

Sugar boilers, male:
District 1__ - _____
District 2 . . . . _____
District 3_________
District 4__ „__ __

2

8
4
7
2

98
51
49
27

56.0
51.8
53.5
48.0

64
43
37
27

1
1

6

20

5

4

29
4
8

11

24

41

10

24
8
11

10

43

4

16
16
10

Total...................

21

225

53.5

171

Crystallizers and mix­
ers, male:
District 1 ---______
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_________

8
4
7
2

33
26
37
12

67.3
63.7
60.8
48.0

3
8
14
12

2
2

4

21

4

42

4
2
2

3
2
3

5

15
4
7

8

8

5

26

13

94
47
34

266
114
114

130

1851 13

175

494

130

Total...................

21

108

62.1

37

Granulators, male:
District 1_________
District 2__ ______
District 3_________
District 4 . . . . _____

8
4
7
2

27
11
20
10

69.0
62.2
60.3
48.0

3
8
10

Total...................

21

68

62.3

21

Packers, male:
District 1_________
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_________

8
4
7
2

578
251
280
214

63.5
63.4
61.7
48.0

41
214

Total...................

21

1,323

60.6

255'

Packers, female:
District 1______ __
District 2................
District 3_____ _
District 4_________
Total__________

7
4
5
2
18

284
178
232
86
780

49.3
53.6
51.6
48.0
50.8

8
4
7
2
21

163
71
82
39
355

59.6
58.2
62.5
48.0
58.7

Weighers and checkers,
male:

District 1..............
District 2__ _____
District 3____
District 4................
T ota l--...............




34
51
100

82 202
17 161
82
"136
86!
3C4[ 219| 243

9

9

22
3
39
64

11
15
26

22
26
48

8
13

39
32
71

14

„1
3

3

14

59
10
10

u

79

11

9
22
12

34

4
2
15

1

16

43

50

21

i

26

WAGES AND HOURS— CANE-SUGAR REPINING

T a b le

C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 28 specified occupa­
tions, 1980, by sex and district— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—

Number of—

Occupation, sex, and
district

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
Estab­
lish. Wage per
44
ments earners week

Over
Over
Over
Over
60
48
54
66
and
and
and
Over
48 un­ 54 un­ 60 un­ 66 and
un­ 72
72
der
der
der
der
54
60
66
72

Oilers, male:
District 1______ __
District 2_____ ___
District 3_________
District 4_________

8
4
7
2

75
42
53
13

64.9
62.6
65.1
48.0

15
6
12
13

2
2

46

4

11

19

1

17

95
142
414

10
9

620
249
149

121

283
200
530

247
16

29
72
110

651

19 1,018

121 1,013

263

211

Total...................

21

183

63.2

Laborers, male:
District 1_________
District 2_________
District 3__............
District 4__............

8
4
7
2

1,553
678
1,254
471

61.5
61.6
61.4
48.0

6
35
471
660

J

Total...................

21

3,956

59.9

Boiler makers, male:
District 1 - -............
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_________

3
3
2
2

11
7
4
15

54.5
57.0
55.5
46.1

7

Total___________

10

37

51.7

7

Electricians, male:
District 1_________
District 2__............
District 3_________
District 4___ _____

8
4
6
2

58
33
26
28

57.9
55.6
S8. 2'
48.0

Total...................

20

145

Elevator men, male:
District 1_________
District 2____ ____
District 3_________
District 4_________

8
4
4
2

1

1
18

1

17

10

8
3

38
16
24

7

78

7

3

1
3

1

3

8
11

4

4

6
18
6

4
12
2

2

7

55.5

15 i 16
3
9!
28j1
55 1 16

30

18

2

24

27
21
10
11

62.9
61.7
57.6
48.0

3
6
4
11

1

3
2
2

4

5

8

3
17

1

9
1

3
2

4
9
3

1

10

5

16

1

Total...................

18

69

59.4

24

1

7

Pipe fitters, male:
District 1_________
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_____ __

7
4
6
2

37
23
18
21

53.5
55.8
54.7
46.9

5

19

5
16
3

1

8
7
2

3

6

9
15

52.9

6

29

19

24

1

17

3

7
57.3
4
57.1
57.5
47.1 ’ "66

114
22
124
237

246
39

124
122
179

319
75
88

4
6
2

70
15
53

39

3
6

56
32
79

2

425

9

482

12

138

39

167

2

Total______ ____

19

99

Other employees, male:
District l - _ ............
District 2_________
District 3_________
District 4_________

8
4
7
2

979
320
531
303

T o ta l..................

21

2,133

55.9

77

497

285

Other employees, fe­
male:
District 1_______ _
District 2__ ______
District 3______ __
District 4___ __ __

6
2
5
1

26
5
42

49.2
52.4
67.6
0)

__

8

18
2

Total________ __

14

i Bata included in total.




0)

83

58.5

6

3
2

1

33

5

1

33

0)

24

20

27

GENERAL TABLES
T a b le

C .— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 28 specified occupa­

tions, 1980f by sex and district— Continued
Number of employees whose full-time hours per week
were—

Number of—

Aver­
age
full­
Occupation, sex, and
time
district
Estab­ Wage hours
per 44
lish­
ments earners week

All occupations, male:
District 1................
District 2__............
District 3.............. .
District 4__............

4,514
2,015
2,982
1,516

60.4
47.8

Total. .................

21 11,027

59.3

2,633

All occupations, female:
District 1................
District 2__............
District 3 _ .............
District 4................

310
183
274

49.3
53.6
54.0
48.0

142

51.5

328

Total...................

19

61.8

269
376
754

1238
538

358 1,399

64 2,065

473 300
235 58
491
1434

90

All occupations, male
and female:
District 1__............
District 2__............
District 3 _ .............
District 4 . . ....... .

4,824
2,198
3,256
1,612

61.0
60.0
59.9
47.8

235
633
1530

Total...................

21 11,890

58.7

99 2,961




Over
60
and
un­
der

Over
Over
54
48
and
48 un­ 54 and
un­
der
der
54

220
19

138
9

Over

66

and
un­
der
72

72 Over
72

728
404
887

487
375
495

149 2,019

874 1,357

2

164
84

47

239

248

47

520
77

269
540

1238
538
289

597 1,647

64 2,065

138
9
3

728
404
887

487
375
542

150 2,019

874 1,404

10

10




LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list o f all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulle­
tins published since that date, will be furnished on application• Bulletins marked thus (*)
are out of print•
Conciliation and arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦No. 133. Beport of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
♦No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.]
♦No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927.
No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]
Cooperation.
No. 313.
No. 314.
No. 437.
♦No. 531.

Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries.
Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Consumers’ credit, and productive cooperative societies, 1929.

[1922.]

Employment and unemployment.
♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States
[1913.]
♦No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
♦No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
♦No. 196. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., January
19 and 20,1916.
♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10,1916.
♦No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
♦No. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,
1917.
♦No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
♦No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
♦No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
♦No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
No. 520. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1929.
No. 542. Report of the Advisory Committee on Employment Statistics. [1930.]
No. 544. Unemployment benefit plans in the United States and unemployment Insurance in foreign
countries. [1931.]
Foreign labor laws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries.
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.]
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of Latin American countries. [1930.]




in

[1914.]

Housing.
♦No. 158. Qovemment aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
No. 263. Housing by employers in the United States. (1920.]
No. 295. Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
No. 545. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1930.
Industrial accident and hygiene.
•No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene of painters' trade. [1913.]
•No. 127. Danger to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
*No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188 Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting
of buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance costs of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
♦No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. T1917.]
♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
♦No. 234. The safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munitions Workers
Committee. [1919.]
♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
♦No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
♦No. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry. 1910-1919.
No. 306. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazard­
ous occupations. [1922.]
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925].
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phos-.
phorus. [1926.]
No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.,
July 14-16, 1926.
No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488, Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
No. 507. Causes of death, by occupation. [1929.]
Industrial relations and labor conditions.
No 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
No. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
No. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
No. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
No. 380. Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
No. 383. Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
No. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
No. 399. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.]
No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930.
Labor laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
No. 229. Wage payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
No. 285. Minimum wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
No. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
No. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
No. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
No. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
No. 408. Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
No. 517. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1927-1928.
No. 528. Labor legislation, 1929.




[H]

Proceedings of annual conventions of the Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the United
States and Canada. (Name changed in 1928 from Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the
United States and Canada.)
♦No. 266. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
No. 307. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
♦No. 323. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922.
♦No. 352. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
♦No. 389. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
♦No. 411. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15,1925.
♦No. 429. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
♦No. 455. Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927.
♦No. 480. Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928.
No. 508. Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7, 1929.
No. 530. Seventeenth, Louisville, Ky., May 20-23, 1930.
Proceedings of annual meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Com­
missions.
No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916.
No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27,1918.
♦No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919.
No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921.
No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, M d., October 9-13, 1922.
♦No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26,1923.
No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20,1925.
No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926.
♦No. 456. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29, 1927.
No. 485. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14, 1928.
No. 511. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y ., October 8-11, 1929.
No. 536. Seventeenth, Wilmington, Del., September 22-26, 1930.
Proceedings of annual meetings of the International Association of Public Employment Services.
No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915.
♦No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y ., September 15-17, 1925.
No. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 25-28, 1927.
No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928.
No. 538. Seventeenth, Philadelphia, September 24-27, 1929, and eighteenth, Toronto, Canada, Sep­
tember 9-12, 1930.
Productivity of labor.
No. 326. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.1
♦No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.]
No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.]
Retail prices and cost of living.
♦No. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
♦No. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
♦No. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
No. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
No. 357. Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
No. 369. The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
No. 495. Retail prices, 1890 to 1928.




[m]

Safety codes.
♦No. 331.
No. 336.
No. 350.
♦No. 351.
No. 375.
•No. 382.
No. 410.
•No. 430.
No. 433.
No. 447.
No. 451.
No. 463.
No. 509.
No. 512.
No. 519.
No. 527.

Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places.
Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
Buies for governing the approval of headlighting devices for motor vehicles.
Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
Code of lighting school buildings.
Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.
Safety code for rubber mills and calenders.
Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
Textile safety code.
Code for identification of gas-mask canisters.
Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised, 1930.
Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.

Vocational and workers’ education.
♦No. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.1
♦No. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
•No. 199. Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
No. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
No. 459. Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]
Wages and hours of labor.
♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
•No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
•No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 218. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1915, with a glossary of
occupations.
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.

No. 297.
No. 356.
No. 358.
No. 360.
No. 365.
No. 394.
No. 407.

Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
•No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 476. Union scales of wages and hours of labor: Supplement to Bulletin 457.
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
No. 497. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1928.
No. 498. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928.
No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928.
No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 503. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1928.
No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1928.
No. 513. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1929.
No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in wage
negotiations in 1927.
No. 516. Hours and earnings in bituminous coal mining, 1929.
No. 522. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1929.
No. 523. Hours and earnings in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929.
No. 525. Wages and hours of labor in the Portland cement industry, 1929.
No. 526. Wages and hours of labor in the furniture industry, 1910 to 1929.
No. 532. Wages and hours of labor in the cigarette manufacturing industry, 1930
No. 533. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930.
No. 535. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1929.
No. 537. Wages and hours of labor in the dyeing and finishing of textiles, 1930.
No. 539. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930.
No. 540. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1930.
No. 546. Wages and hours in rayon and other synthetic textile manufacturing, 1930.




[IV]

Welfare work.
♦No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
•No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.]
No 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.
Wholesale prices.
•No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1823 to July, 1927.
No. 543. Wholesale prices, 1930.

[1921.]

Women and children in industry.
No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
•No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
•No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.]
No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
•No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
•No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.]
•No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
•No. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
[1915.]
•No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
•No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
•No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass.
[1916.]
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
•No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ­
ment of women and children. [1918.]
•No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.]
No. 467. Minimum wage legislation in various countries. [1928.]
Workmen’s insurance and compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
•No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911.
No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.]
No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
•No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
•No. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D.C., December 5-9,1916.
♦No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and 1918.
No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925.
No. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States and Europe [1929.]
No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January 1,
1929. (With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.)
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]
Miscellaneous series.
♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May
1,1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics. [1923.]
No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 461. Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.]




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Miscellaneous series—Continued.
No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.]
*No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.]
No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
*No. 489. Care of aged persons in the United States. [1929.]
No. 505. Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [1929.]
No. 506. Handbook of American trade-unions: 1929 edition.
No. 518. Personnel research agencies: 1930 edition.
No. 541. Handbook of labor statistics: 1931 edition.




[VI]